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Guernsey : BICHARD’S PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY, LTD., BORDAGE STREET. * iy RINGO aX. 0o-—-———- Alderney Flora, additions to ye Marine Zoology of . oo Mosses and Lichens, additional 43 Rainfall Algues marines des iles Anglo-Normandes Amias Andros and Edward his son .. te Amphres Rocks (The Humps), vegetation of Ancient beach at Vazon .. », human remains found i in peat Animal mimicry te Anneville Manor House .. Antiquities, notes on Ascidians of Guernsey Birds of Guernsey, additional species .. on are they British? .. Bon Repos Cove, study of rocks Books and publications received Botanical Reports, annual Burhou Island, vegetation of Canoe (ancient), found at Coutanchez.. Cave researches in Guernsey ‘ Cave-dwellings (Paleolithic) in J ersey Channel Islands Peat beds - and British Fauna Chapelle Dom Hue, San of Chapels, Manorial Chausey Islands, flora of. Cist or Dolmen at L’Islet Clay, Glacial, deposit in Guernsey Codes of signals in 1805 .. Comparisons of Guernsey Dolmens Concretions in clay (Lossmanchen) Corbiére Promontory, geology of Council of the Society Crevichon, vegetation of.. Cuckoo Ray, a new Guernsey fish Derrick, George Thomas, obituary... De Vic, Sir Henry, history of (1597-1672) Dolmen of new type at L’Islet . Du Gueselin’s connection with Guernsey Earliest steamboat seen in Guernsey .. Ecrehos Rocks, vegetation of Elephant and his ancestors Entomological Reports, annual.. Excursions of the Society ey # + WN wo UD i 183, 140, 325, 391 ie aie itd ls .. 346 46 258 11 255 259 381 199 LJex ) ee 10, 22 304 en, LOO 13) 157, 164, 260, 352 eft 15, 356 45 55 281 vs 3, 143, 251, 337 ye 4 : : oe . = =—49 we 2. 255 ale 17, 167, 263, 357 300 ae ° eg oe lv. INDEX. Feudalism in Guernsey .. Fig-tree disease .. Fight for Privileges in 1309 Fish new to Guernsey Fleas, three new species . Flint Implements at Grandes Rocques — Flora of Alderney, additions to », Guernsey, o ,, Jethou, a 5. mark; ys Folklore Report, annual. . Forest and Peat beds of Channel Islands Gall growing on acorns .. Geological Reports, annual : i Notes during Excursions .. 90 Study of Corbiére Point Glacial clay deposit in Guernsey Governors of Guernsey, Hereditary Guernsey Ascidians Ny Birds, additional species ae Birds, are they British ? is Feudalism in , a5 Hereditary Governors ‘ o History, some important events o Insects, additional és Lichens, additional 3 Mosses, ‘additional 2 5 Pezomachi (Ichneumonidee) 5 Rainfall : sh Stories and superstitions 3 Sunshine . Tunicata (Ascidians) . Vole, a new mammal — Guernseyman, an eminent (Sir Henry De Vic) Guernseymen at Siege of Mont St. Michel Guy Fawkes celebrations Halley’s Comet as seen at Guernsey Hepatice, Mosses and Lichens, notes on Hereditary Governors of Guernsey Herm rainfall Hippocampus (Sea Horse) at Bordeaux Harbour History of Guernsey in middle ages Homo Breladensis (Paleolithic man) in J ersey Houmet Benest, vegetation of . as oe 5s Homtolle, vegetation of % Paradis, vegetation of.. Ice-mother of the Great Lakes.. : Ichneumonide (Pezomachi) of Guernsey Insects of Guernsey, additional ; ae Jersey, additional 8 Sark, additional Invasion of Guernsey in 1295 or in 1356 of Yvain de Galles sus 55 Islets and Rocks, vegetation of bi me Jersey Insects, additional oe : sit », Mosses and Lichens ie oy se », Prehistoric researches in ot fe 11 ais 18, 167, 263, 307 : 16, 88 122. 227, 314, 391, 415 9 oie ; 129, 235, 320, 421 ‘ 199 "" 18, 263, 357 INDEX. Kiln, prehistoric, at Hougue Noirmont Lee, Rev. G. E., obituary es ors Pi Lepidoptera new to Guernsey .. oe Lichens of Guernsey, additional : ,, Mosses and Hepatice, notes on Life in a rockpool Life history of the Sleeping Disease Lihou Priory, historical and architectural notes L’Islet, Cist or Dolmen at ; Luff, William Ambridge, obituar y Mammal, new to science (Guernsey Vole) .. Manor of Anneville oe a s ae Manorial chapels .. Matter : Marine Zoology of Alderney fe Reports, annual Members of the Society . Meteor of February, 1909 Mimicry, animal . y of Starling é Mont St. Michel, Siege of a Mosses, Hepaticee and Lichens, notes on “5 and Lichens of Guernsey, additional 5a Bhenssis Sark, additional Neolithic Man in Channel Islands a m Obituary notice of G. E. Lee .. iy ie W.A. Luff. G. T. Derrick Ornithological Reports, annual.. Paleolithic cave-dwellings in Jersey man in Jersey Pezomachi (Ichneumonide) of Guernsey Plan of the Priory of Lihou ome Plant associations Plat Houmet (Herm), vegetation (0) a Potter’s Kiln, ancient, discovered at the Vale Prehistoric researches in J ersey ‘ Research Fund balance sheet Privileges of Channel Islanders Quicksilver in virgin soil Rainfall of Alderney ss Guernsey a Herm ., Sark Rambles in Sark .. Reports: Annual General Treasurer’s Botanical Entomological Folklore es Geological are Marine Zoology Ornithological ab So oe Reptiles, some great extinct .. oe “6 Rock features at the Corbiére .. ote oe Vv. Page 348, 381 co aoe 167, 357 es 16 88 156 8 . 080 9, 401 147, 152 21, 173, 268, 362 4, 144, 252, 338 10 .. 183, 240, 325, 391 122, 227, 314, 391, 415 los LBS 240, 325, 391 : 188 12, 160, 259, 350 14, 166, 262, 355 : 15, 3560 17, 167, 263, 357 Bes 264. 359 20, 168, 267, 361 21, 173, 268, 362 Ry 22, 169, 270, 363 ae an 156 , Be ve 6231 e Vi. INDEX. Rocks of Guernsey, notes on .. “¢ Rue Frairie Manor * Sark, new fern new flowering plant Hepatice, additional Se Insects, additional list of.. Lichens, additional Mosses, additional.. », Rambles in. » Rainfall ‘ Seaweeds, additional wild flowers of Saumarez Manor .. Sea Anemones, winter states oe Seal seen in Sark . : Shells, semi-fossil, found i in Guernsey | Siege of Mont St. Michel, Guernseymen at "i Sleeping Disease, Life history 0 of Soirées of the Society Solar Spectrum Some great extinct Reptiles St. Martin’s stone idol Starling’s mimicry : Statue-menhirs of Guernsey Steamboat, earliest arrival in 1823 Submerged Peat and Forest beds Subterranean chamber at Mont Cuet . Sunshine of Guernsey Superficial Deposits Treasurer’s Balance Sheet Tunicata (Ascidians) of Guernsey Two-handled (ancient) vase Types of Heavenly bodies Van Heurck’s Flore des Algues Marines Vegetation of Small Islets a - Burhou i Chapelle Dom Hue 0 Chausey Islands . is Crevichon 5 Ecrehos Rocks 5 Galeux 5 Houmet Benest. . c A Homtolle sls sh Paradis... o Longue Pierre Plat Houmet Vole, new Guernsey species Warren or Garenne d’ Anneville Whales and Sharks, visits of Wild Flowers of Sark... Wist of the Weird (Aikman) .. Wryneck’s call imitated by starling 7, 155, 255, 345 Jai ae 156 181 276 177 9 25 259 |! 199, 235, 320, 421 285, 376 14, 166, 262, 355 oo, GUERNSEY OCIETY oF A ATURAL SCIENCE LOCAL RESEARCH. REPORT AND TRANSACTIONS : 1909. SOSSOSSS COS SHESSSOSSCSSOOSCOOOOOOSOE —6 Guernsey : ICHARD’S PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY, LTD., ; ee BORDAGE STREET. . : EE I I IS IO ID a PS Pg PS Ta Rt Pa TS PS Pca INES PITT PINE TRIS Fin | fetes aE Png SD DE OD PTE GG ON I ID A I I PII IAD ace et Pen gt i RED trac Et Rit Pe et ant Rt I TS Res a. = = 2 Leh ee | ee PES aS PS ag ES IS PISS INES RS a ES a fl I RD TR OD aS NST bi ; ha.) 1 950 es : GUERNSEY SOCIETY OF NATURAL SCIENCE AND LOCAL RESEARCH. + 1) —_—-- REPORT AND TRANSAUHIONS. 1909. Gareriisey : BICHARD’S PRINTING AND PUBLISHING COMPANY, LTD. BORDAGE STREET. COUNCIb FOR THE YEAR 1910. Ra a aE a I tI I Dm gE PRESIDENT: WILLIAM CAREY, Esq., Bailiff of Guernsey. VICE-PRESIDENTS: Mr. BE. D. MARQUAND, A.L.S. Mr. A. COLLENETTEH, F.C.S. Mr. G. T. DERRICK. Mr. W. A. LUFF, F.ES. Mr. W. SHARP. Dr. J. AIKMAN, M.D., C.M., L.R.C.S. Rev. W. C. PENNEY, M.A., Principal of Elizabeth College. Rev. G. BE. LEHR, M.A., F.S.A.. Rector of St. Peter-Port. Hon. SECRETARY! HON. TREASURER: Mr. G. T. DERRICK. Mr. W. A. LUFF, F.ES. COMMITTEE: Mr. C. G. DE LA MARE. Mr. J. L. PITTS, F.S.A. (Normandy). Mr. F. L. TANNER, L.D.S., F.R.C.S. LIEUTENANT-COLONEL T. W. M. DE GUERIN. Miss A. L. MELLISH, M.A. Mr. B. T. ROWSWELL. LIST OF MEMBERS (909). Aikman, Dr., M.D., C.M., L.R.C.S. Queen’s Road. Aikman, Mrs.) 940-03. 5.2) ee eee Queena heads Aikman, Miss |... i. %. «. | 4. Quleen’s Road: Allés, Mr. G. F. 1s ae ae, te MGothie’ Cottage, St. Marth: Ashburne, Miss R. ie . Granville House. Auld, Maj.-Gen. R., C. B., Lieut. - Governor of Gulcmneey .. «. Saumarez Park. Benson, Dr., M.D., C.M., F.R.C:S : Hain puTsH Pe oe Car tee ehumacer Place. Bichard, Mr. Mis. =. |. =. Verendes: Bishop, Mr. Julius, Jurat of the Royal Court.. .. . Grange. Bishop, Dr. Henry Depart! M. i, M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. .. .. .. St. Monica, Vale Road, St. Sampson’¢: Bisson, Mr. T. we Gs Sie oe. os ne Meurelst: Walle: Blampied, Mr.C.” ..... .. '.. dda Posse,’ St, Marim’s Blieg, Miss Blo. Sikes). orc) oe Kine’ schoad.: Bostock, Miss 42. a. 7 .e OMith, Street, Brown, Miss Mary, B.A. .. «+ Ladies’ College. Buller, Dr. .. ..,.. <<... .. Carlson Crescent, Southamppan: @arey, Mite Kae. a a. .. .. Summerland, Mount Durand. Carey, Mari dod.) FR. G. S. ian. CONDO: Carey, Miss B..). Gapi.. .. «.. Cambridge Park Road, Carey, Mr. T. W. Se re . Somerset Place, Queen’s Road. Carey, Mr. William, Bailiff of Gist BCY.c 4 ou Siisvss fev. cope Ge meQQUueen s7hond: Carré, Miss Bae decid Meer ates, pe een e Grove: Chalmers, Mr. A.L... .. .. .. Corbiére, St. Pierre-du-Bois. Collenette, Mr. A., F.C.S.. .. =~... Fort Road. Collings, Colonel A. 2.6... Grange: Collings, Missi. Baia ts. See). Chikton: Cole Miss /R. 4.) ie ee eee Camuchens: Corbin, Dr. E. K., M-R.C.S: .. |... Saumarez Street. Corbin, Miss itis). .. “s2 =. Stanleysioad: Cox, Miss Mi ue) aa! 4h Na OO ordierE Eni, Cromartie, Mr. D. B. dole 4) he te NOEQUETLES. Cumber, Mr. Joseph... .. .. Fountain Street. De Guérin, Lieut.-Col. T. W. M. .. Le Mont Durand, Mount Row. De Guérin, MissC. M. .. .. .. Le Mont Durand, Mount Row. De Jersey, Colonel Grant... .. .. Grange Lodge. LIST OF MEMBERS. Meta Ware, Mr.C.G. .. .. .«. Crottes. Weer, Mr. G. TT... < .. .. °.. King’s Road. De Saumarez, Lord .. .. .. .. Grosvenor Square, London, W. Durand, ell Cl: wee te Granece Valle. Balta, Mr. Ao... .. ..» Les Hauteurs, Vale. Fleure, Dr. Herbert a D. aes, . .. University College, Aberystwyth. Foote, Advocate W. H .. se ee 6, New Street. Poster, Miss F.A. .. . Granville House. Guilbert, Mr. T. J., State ee Rohais. Guille, MissS. .. .. .. .. .. 4, De Beauvoir Terrace. itarvey,-General,.. .. ../... .. Oakleigh, Mount. Durand, Henry, Me-S. M. ..° .. .. ..)Mount.Row. ewan, Mia. We 2... ©. 2 Nosse Landry. Hocart, Mr. J. S. ie feist) davlbes, Miclles,; Viale: irish, Mos John W.B:. .. ..* .. Elm Grove. seremic, Mri A.J, <<. 0)...» +. .Hubits. Jessup, Mr.JA.C. .. .. °.. .«. Montville, Hauteville. eco yery Ny Hit te ee LE ae 3 Catel. Des Feuvres De la Landelle Des Queux... Des Forgiers Moullinets ... Canviére Au Breton ... i. sig Cleres de l Krée Mauxconvenants ... wel Ge Ge tae rEETIET time RSA oe tela ce i OE Trois Vattiaux . .. Du Quartier du Camp Rout Au Carpentier Robert Gosselin Richard de Nermont Ane Du Quartier des Goubies... Du Camp des Hais Richard de la Felie Dame Alianor Vale. In addition to these, the Seigneurs du Comte formerly held the fiefs of Le Groignet, Videclin, and Carteret, Castel ; FEUDALISM IN GUERNSEY. 81 Beuval, St. Peter’s-in-the-Wood ; Bruniaux, St. Martin’s ; Bruniaux de Nermont, St. George and Le Canelly, but only the first three were dependencies of Fief du Comte, the remainder being distinct fiefs. SAUSMAREZ Manor, St. MArrtiIn’s. The ancient name of this manor was “le fief de Jer- bourg.” From a letter which has very recently come to light in the Patent Rolls of 1230, it seems to have belonged in the twelfth century to the great Norman family of de Barneville. At the commencement of the following century it had descended to an heiress, Nicholaa de Barneville, wife of Maurice de Lucy, probably a relative of Geoffrey de Lucy, Warden of the Isles, 1206-7 and 1224-26. Maurice was killed during an invasion of Guernsey in the reign of John, and his estates fell to the Crown during the minority of his * heir. On the 27th January, 1230, * the king restores to Jordan de Lucy (in another letter called de Barneville) f son of Maurice de Lucy, his father’s and mother’s lands of Jerbourg (Gereburg). How it passed into the possession of the de Sausmarez is not known, possibly by marriage with a de Barneville heiress. Anyway, in a King’s Writ of the year 1319, relative to proceedings of Placita de quo Waranto concerning Matthew de Sausmarez’ rights on his fief of Jerhourg, it is stated that his father Matthew, and grandfather Nicholas, had enjoyed the manor and all its privileges before him tf. The manor was held, as already stated, by grand serjeantry of acting as the third butler to the king when he should visit the island, also by homage, relief, and suit of court at the three Chief Pleas. In the sixteenth century Sausmarez Manor passed to the Andros family by marriage in 1542 of Judith, daughter and heiress of Thomas de Sausmarez, with John Andros, of Nor- thamptonshire, who came to Guernsey with the Governor, Sir Peter Meutis. About the middle of the eighteenth century Mr. Charles Andros sold it to Mr. John de Sausmarez, a descendant of a junior branch of its former owners. La Rue Frarriz, St. ANDREW’S. The name of this manor is a corruption of La Refrerie which belonged in the 13th and |4th centuries to the Abbey of La Croix Saint Leufroy, near Evreux. Through some * Cal: Pat: Rolls, 14 Henry III., p. 282. + Cal: Pat: Rolls, 15 Henry III, p. 514. - t Record Office, Exch. Accts. Bundle 89. No. 8. F 8? FEUDALISM IN GUERNSEY. inexplicable cause not only has its name become most bar- barously corrupted, but an imaginary Abbot of La Rue Frairie has dispossessed the Abbot of Longues from the list of Seigneurs owing suit at the Court of Chief Pleas and consequently the Abbot of La Croix Saint Leufroy virtually figures twice over. At the Assizes held in 1304 the Abbot of La Croix St. Leufroy was sued for failing to perform his duties in connection with this manor and by an inquisition then held it appears that he was bound to keep monks at La Refrerie (apud Refreria) in the parish of St. Andrew’s to say masses for the souls of “our lord the king, his ancestors ‘and successors.” The suit ended in a compromise, the Abbot being permitted to let his lands in Guernsey for a year, and was excused the saying of the masses on payment of 100 sols tournois to the king. Another reference to this manor is to be found in the accounts of John des Roches, Governor of the Isles, 1827-1330, as follows:—“labe de la referie (corrected to labé de la Croes) a une priorté a Saint André et 1 dvivet estre moignez residens et chantez III messes checune semaine en la dite eglise por le roi dengletere et fera aumones.” The correction of “Vabé de la refrerie” to “Vabé de la Croes”’ is instructive as it gives a possible nel to the origin of our modern “ Abbé de la Rue Frairic,’ and it would seem to indicate that the Abbot of La Croix Saint Leufroy was locally called PAbbé de la Refrerie as early as the 14th century. | At the Inquest held 1248 it is recorded that the Abbot of La Croix Saint Leufroy held three carucates of land by service of keeping the king’s prisoners. The charters of this Abbey are now in the Bibliothéque Nationale, Paris, but as far as I am aware they have never been examined by our local historians. It is quite possible that much interesting matter concerning the Abbey’s Guernsey fief might be found in them. THE GREAT METEOR OF FEBRUARY 22np, 1909. BY MR. B. T. ROWSWELL. oO £ RESIDENTS in the Channel Islands, in common with the dwellers along the south coast of England and the north of France, were privileged to enjoy a magnificent view of the creat Meteor of Monday evening, February 22nd, and of the long-lived trail of light it left behind. Had the phenomenon occurred with an overcast sky we should have missed what Mr. W. F. Denning, of Bristol, the celebrated observer of comets and meteors has described as “ the meteoric spectacle of a generation.” But as it fortunately happened the weather was perfect for the observation of celestial phenomena ; we were passing through a delightful imterval of cloudless days —in fact the 22nd was the fifth successive day of unbroken sunshine, each of which five days was followed by a clear starlight night. On the evening in question a very light E. breeze prevailed and the moon, a delicate crescent less than two and a half days old, lay low in the 8.W. sky. The regrettable thing of course in connection with the passage of meteors is that the time of their visibility cannot be foretold. Eclipses of the sun and moon are predicted to the second, every movement of the planets among the starry host is charted long before, and occultations of stars by the moon can be tabulated years in advance if necessary, but the day and hour on which a magnificent meteor will flash through our sky no man knoweth or can venture to predict. Without the slightest warning of its approach the celestial visitor is in our midst, and before we have time to realize the fact it is gone—streak and all as a rule. The most that astronomers can do in connection with shooting stars is to say that on certain days of the year the earth, in its revolution round the sun, is likely to encounter a larger number of these little bodies than at other times, so that a careful watch on these well-known dates may result in something out of the ordinary being seen— perhaps a shower of fiery trails, or, it may be, a large meteor. Owing to the fact that these several known meteor [1909]. 84 THE GREAT METEOR. streams always radiate from a definite region of the sky, they have been given the name of the Constellation from which they appear to emanate, and so we read of the Leonids from the constellation Leo, and the Perseids, from the constellation Perseus. The former are the celebrated November meteors, and the latter are seen in the month of August. It was in connection with the Leonids that astronomers predicted a brilliant shower of falling stars for November 15th, 1899— a prediction that unfortunately failed completely. But to return to the recent Meteor. Many in Guernsey were fortunate to see the actual passage of the body across the sky and witnessed the accompanying blaze of light as the fusing mass swept past the island. Wery many more, however, saw the wonderful trail or streak of light it left behind, which slowly drifted across the sky in a N.W. direction and only finally faded from view at 9 o’clock, a full hour and a-half after its formation. Speculation was rife as to what the phenomenon really was, while we know for sure that not a few good people were considerably alarmed at the very unusual appearance in the heavens. On the other hand many who would have sacrificed much for the sight of a spectacle which thousands live through a long life and never see were all too blissfully unconscious of the wonderful event taking place out-of-doors. Amongst the latter class must be numbered the writer and other members of our Society, all of whom had just cause to bemoan their ill-fortune the next morning. The local papers, of course, commented on the pheno- menon. In the Star of the 23rd, for instance, we read as follows: “ Last evening at about 7.30 a most brilliant meteor travelled across the sky from the North-East to the South-West. From what we gather it was in sight for at least 8 seconds, and left a glow behind it which lasted for almost an hour.” And the Evening Press of the same date said :—‘* The bursting of a meteor in the sky last night was observed by a number of people in all parts of the island. To the unscientific observer the phenomenon resembled a_ rocket coming from the north, dashing like a streak of fire across the sky until it appeared directly overhead from the town, then changing its course to an easterly direction, and bursting with a splendid “fireworks” effect. The meteor left a wide track of vapour across the sky, which gradually dissolved. The track, however, was distinctly visible half-an-hour after the bursting of the meteor, and was faintly visible much later.” THE GREAT METEOR. 85 In the same issue of the Evening Press Mr. Collenette (who, I believe, has been in correspondence with Mr. Denning on the subject) contributed interesting particulars as to the appearance of the streak of light as it drifted slowly across the sky. In a valuable contribution to Nature, of March 4th, on the subject of the meteor and streak, Mr. Denning supplied the following particulars :— “One of the most notable meteors of recent years appeared on February 22nd at 7.30 p.m. and was observed from the southern counties of England. It was a brilhant object, at first emitting an orange light, varying in intensity, then when about half its flight had been performed it suddenly blazed out with a steely-blue lustre and ht up the foge atmosphere as though a huge rocket had exploded. It left a short, luminous streak where the chief outburst occurred, but this streak immediately intensified and soon extended along the whole path traversed by the meteor. Becoming bent and contorted, it assumed a variety of shapes and drifted to north-west under the action of upper wind currents. Diffusing itself into a broad, fait band of irregular form, it was ultimately lost amid the Milky Way about two hours after the time of its first projection. The long duration of the streak is almost without parallel in this country, though the Madrid meteorite of 1896, February 10, lett a luminous band or cosmic cloud visible in the sky for 54 hours ! “The meteor of February 22nd was a Leonid, but the radiant is not quite accurately defined, as the flight of the object was very similar at most of the stations, for it slightly descended from Canis Minor to the southern region of Orion. But there is no doubt that the direction was from Leo, and the point of radiation seems well indicated at. 175° + 16° near B. Leonis. Just possibly the radiant may have been at 155° + 12°, for I saw a fairly bright meteor on the same night passing slowly from 150° + 40° to 148° + 49°, and directed from this centre 5° KE. of Regulus. The height of the large meteor was from about sixty to twenty-six miles over the English Channel, about forty miles south of the coasts of Sussex, Hampshire and Dorset. The luminous course was about 135 miles in length, and the velocity 20 miles per second. Several observations indicate a greater length of path and a lower elevation (22 miles) at the end, vertically over a point 50 miles S. of Plymouth. The best estimates for the duration of flight are 5-6 secs., 6-7 secs., and 8 secs. . . . . One bright bend in the 86 THE GREAT METEOR. luminous material moved to N.W. at a rate of eighty miles per hour, and appears to have retained approximately the same height of thirty-two miles while it travelled from over a point N. of Alderney Island to over Dartmoor. *¢ The phenomenon may be aptly described as the meteoric spectacle of a generation. As the nucleus sailed along its nearly horizontal course, its light was far from being even. It gave a series of outbursts, the brighter of which much exceeded the lustre of Venus. This comparison applies to a distance of 100 miles. The mate of a vessel in the Channel near Start Point says the light was astonishing, and broke out with startling vividness, so that anyone could have easily seen to read. ie “The nucleus of the meteor as it traversed its course threw off a train of fiery sparks, such as is often seen, but these quickly died away. Then slowly the durable streak or trail came out, intensifying rapidly and stretching across the sky like a silver ribbon very irregularly arranged. By one observer in the Channel it was watched for three hours, until it became faintly blended with the Milky Way in Cepheus and Cygnus. . . . At the termination of the meteor’s career it evidently suffered disruption by two violent explosions, the places of which were definitely marked by brilliant condensations at the angles of the bent streaks.” In a further contribution on the subject of the streak, to Nature the following week, its length as observed at Guernsey at 7.45 o’clock is given as 65°, and Mr. Denning says: “The meteor had a long way still to travel before it could have reached the earth had it continued its course westwards. Could it have withstood disruption and dispersion, it would have fallen into the sea about forty miles south of the Scilly Isles, and this is about 129 miles W. of the point where it appears to have collapsed, and its material to have been deflected southwards.” On March 18th yet one more contribution from Mr. Denning appeared in Nature as follows :— “The observations of this unusual object [the Meteor of February 22] are exceedingly numerous, but some of them are discordant, and occasion doubts as to the exact path which the meteor traversed in our atmosphere. The radiant _ point being inaccurately defined the direction and height ‘are also to some extent uncertain. Apart from the determination already mentioned in Nature, I have worked out two others, which do not differ very materially except in the elevation at the end. Further descriptions from THE GEEAT METEOR. 87 France of a trustworthy and precise nature will enable the real path over the English Channel to be more certainly ascertained. Radiant point .:....... ah te oe tae LI, > 20> etoht at first: <3... 50 miles ... 56 miles. Idtersht at end ...3..:. Oe ass epee aes. Length of path ...... 1a eae Set bon” ayy Velocity per second... Cones Sea ON has “In the event of the position at 190° + 20° being the correct one, the meteor was really a Come Berencid, and several fairly good observations from France and the Channel Islands indicate that it is entitled to some degree of confidence.” To all this official and interesting information from the pen of so great an authority on the subject of meteors as Mr. Denning, little can be added, but I should just like to say in conclusion that the meteor’s path in mid-air having been 40 miles southtof the coasts of Sussex, Hampshire and Dorset, that is directly over the English Channel, its distance from Guernsey must have been roughly the same, or perhaps a little less. But however this may be, the actual flight of the body, as seen from here, must have been north of the island and very high in the sky. And its passage from I. to W. across our field of view must have been an imposing spectacle to those fortunate Guernsey people who happened to be out of doors at the moment and in a situation to observe the unusual phenomenon to advantage, for undoubtedly both the meteor and the streak were quite as well seen from this island as from anywhere else. NOTES ON MOSSES, HEPATIC.® AND LICHENS FROM THE CHANNEL ISLANDS. BY P. G. M. RHODES, B.A. THE following list comprises some of the more interesting of the mosses, hepatice and lichens collected by me in the Channel Islands in 1907-1909, during the months of March and April of each year. Besides these I found many more or less common species in Guernsey and Sark, but as localities for these are specified in Mr. Marquand’s Flora of Guernsey and the Lesser Channel Islands there is no need to include them in the present list. As regards Jersey I do not know what has already been recorded, so I have noted some of the common species. A few are apparently new records for the Channel Islands. In the case of the mosses, vouchers of such have been submitted to Mr. Ingham. Nearly all the lichens have been verified by the Rev. H. P. Reader, O.P. No very important discoveries are reported here ; but it may be mentioned that Grimmia subsquarrosa appears to be another instance of a plant which, while rare in Great Britain, is well distributed and locally abundant in the Channel Islands. It is also curious that among the lichens of the north coast of Jersey there are several (e.g., Lecidea geminata) which seem to occur chiefly among the Welsh and Scotch mountains. MOSSES. Polytrichum aloides, Hedw. Jersey, St. Martin’s. Campylopus pyriformis, Brid. Jersey, St. Martin’s. C. introflexus, S7id. Guernsey, Le Gouffre. Jersey, cliffs, Bouley Bay. Dieranum scoparium, Hedw. Sark, between Creux Harbour and Dixcart. Jersey, cliffs, Rozel. Fissidens viridulus, Wahi. Guernsey, Fermain Valley. F. bryoides, Hedw. Jersey, Rozel. F. rivularis, Spr. Guernsey, still near Le Gouffre, as recorded in the Flora of Guernsey. [1909. ] NOTES ON MOSSES, HEPATIC AND LICHENS. 89 Grimmia subsquarrosa, Wiis. Guernsey, Petit Bot. Jersey, La Coupe. Alderney, La Tchue. There is also a specimen in the Cambridge Uni- versity Herbarium from near St. Aubin’s, Jersey. All the above have been verified by Mr. H. N. Dixon, and belong to a form of G. subsquarrosa which slightly approaches G. azorica. I believe this plant to be frequent on the cliffs, but has been overlooked as G. trichophylla. Hedwigia ciliata, Zirh. Jersey, Bouley Bay. Pottia viridula, J/itt. Guernsey, bank by road, Varclin, St. Martin’s. Tortula ruraliformis, Dizon. ‘Guernsey, Cobo. Alderney, Longy Com- mon. Weisia verticillata, Brid. Guernsey, under Fort George. Trichostomum mutabile, Bruch. Sark, T. flavo-virens, Bruch. Alderney, La Tchue. Philonotis fontana, Brid. Jersey, Bouley Bay. Bartramia stricta, Brid. Alderney, fruiting sparingly on the cliffs, La Tchue. This very rare British moss was discovered there in 1900 by Mr. Marquand. Bryum pseudotriquetrum, Schwaeg. Jersey, Bouley Bay. B. argenteum, L. var. lanatum, B.g§ 8. Sark, Point Chateau. This variety is new to Channel Islands. Mnium hornum, Ll. Jersey, Rozel. Pterygophyllum lucens, Brid. Jersey, Douet de la Mere, Rozel; Bouley Bay. Thuidium tamariscinum, 2B. ¢ 8. Sark, Dixcart. Brachythecium velutinum, 2. ¢ S. Guernsey, roadside St. Sampson’s. New to Channel Islands. B. illeeebrum, De Not. Alderney, La Tchue. Eurhynehium prelongum, Hots. Interior of Sark. E. ruseiforme, Jide. Approaching var. inundatum, Brid. Guernsey, cliffs. The var. atlanticum recorded by Mr. Marquand is probably var. inundatum, which has been confused with it by British bryologists. E. speciosum, Schp. Guernsey, waterfall, Le Bigard. Plagiothecium silvaticum, 2. § 8. Guernsey, Fermain Valley. Hypnum cupressiforme, L., var. resupinatum, Schp., Sark. Var. elatum, B. § S., Guernsey, Le Gouftre. HEPATIC. Targionia hypophylla, Z. Jersey, wall near Rozel Mill. Conocephalus conicus, Dum. Jersey, Douet de la Mer. Pellia epiphylla, Dum. Jersey, Bouley Bay. Fossombronia angulosa, Raddi. Sark, near Point Chateau. F. sp. (sterile). Guernsey, sands at Vazon Bay. Probably this is F. pusilla. Lophocolea spicata, Zay/. Guernsey, still at Les Messuriers, Forest, as recorded in the Flora of Guernsey. Kantia Trichomanis, Gray. Jersey, St. Martin’s. Diplophyllum albicans, Dum. Jersey, Rozel Manor. Sark, Dixcart Valley. Seapania compacta, Dum. Jersey, banks, Rozel. Lejeunia ecavifolia, Zd. Sark, interior. Anthoceros levis, Step. Guernsey, Saints’ Bay valley. 90 NOTES ON MOSSES, HEPATICH AND LICHENS. LICHENS. Collema melzenum, 4ch. Guernsey, sea wall, Fermain Bay. Leptogium palmatum, Mont. Guernsey, Moulin Huet valley. Cladonia endiviefolia, Fr. Jersey, banks by sea, Rozel. C. aleicornis, Fiérke. Jersey, Bouley Bay. C. eervicornis, Schacr. Guernsey, Grandes Rocques. C. macilenta, Hoffm. Jersey, Roman wall, Rozel. Ramalina seopulorum, f. incrassata, Ny/. Guernsey. R. breviuseula, Ny/., f. gracilescens, Cromb. Guernsey, Hommet Benest. Roecella fuciformis, DC. Guernsey, Hommet Benest, exceptionally large. Jersey, Tour de Rozel. R. phyeopsis, 4ch. Guernsey, Grandes Rocques, &c. Parmelia conspersa, 4ch. Guernsey, Fermain Point. P. omphalodes, Ach. Jersey, Rozel. P. Delisei, Vy. Jersey, cliffs, Rozel. P. prolixa, Vy/. Guernsey, under Doyle’s Pillar and at Grandes Rocques. Peltigera canina, Hofim. Jersey, common on Rozel cliffs. P. polydactyla, Hofim. Jersey, shady banks, St. Martin’s. Physcia flavicans, DC. Guernsey, La Moye. Jersey, cliffs at Rozel, scarce. P. erosa, Leight. Jersey, on conglomerate rocks by road to Rozel Bay. Leproloma lanuginosum, Ny/. Guernsey, Grandes Rocques, with hypo- thallus remarkably developed. Lecanora saxicola, Ach. Jersey, La Coupe, &c. L. lobulata, Somm. Guernsey, Hommet Benest and La Moye. L. erythrella, Ny/. Sark, Point Chateau, well developed. L. atroecinerea, Vy/. Jersey, near Tour de Rozel. L. subfusea, var. campestris, Vy/. Guernsey, Vale Castle. Spores smaller than any known measurements. See Lich. Exch. Cl. Rep. 1909. L. gangaleoides, Vy/. Jersey, Tour de Rozel. L. badia, Ach. Jersey, Tour de Rozel. L. cinerea, Somm. Guernsey, Le Jaonnet. Pertusaria ceuthoecarpa, 7. § B. Guernsey, Moulin Huet. P. eonereta, Ny/., f. Westringii, Ny/. Jersey, rocks near Tour de Rozel. P. pustulata, Vy/. Jersey, Rozel Manor. Lecidea alboezrulescens, Wulf. Jersey, Rozel. L. atroalba, Ach. Jersey, La Coupe. L. atroalbella, Vy/. Jersey, Bouley Bay. L. confluens, Web. Jersey, Rozel. L. contigua, 77. Jersey, Rozel. Also a curiously acervate form on stone in hedge by Le Catel, Rozel. See remarks by Miss A. Lorrain Smith in Lich. Ex. Cl. Rep. 1909. L. cupularis, Zirh. Jersey, Tour de Rozel. L. geminata, Flot. Jersey, Rozel Fort. L. latypea, 4ch. Guernsey, Hommet Benest. L. myrioearpa, DC. Jersey, Roman wall, Rozel. A curious terricolous form. L. Salweii, Bory. Guernsey, sandy bank above Petit Port. L. sanguineo-atra, Ach. Jersey, sandy bank on Roman wall, Rozel. NOTES ON MOSSES, HEPATIC AND LICHENS. ol Opegrapha atra, f. parallela, Leight. Jersey, St. Martin’s. Arthonia varians, Dav. Guernsey, Icart. Graphis sophistica, Vy/. Jersey, St. Martin’s. Endoearpon miniatum, 4ch. Guernsey, shore at Bec du Nez. Verrucaria halophila, Vy/. Guernsey, Moulin Huet. V. ethiobola, Whind. Guernsey, Petit Port. Jersey, Le Catel, Rozel. V. mauroides, Schaer. Jersey, Rozel Fort. V. nitida, Weig. Sark, near Creux. Jersey, St. Martin’s. SOME NOTES ON THE MARINE ZOOLOGY OF ALDERNEY. BY MR. ERIC W. SHARP. ALTHOUGH the land fauna of this island is well known, thanks to the energetic work of the members of this Society, the Marine Fauna has been practically untouched, with the exception of the shells. Low spring tides happened to coincide with the Easter vacation, so I determined to spend a few days in Alderney, and do some shore hunting. The coast gives one the impres- sion of being a good hunting ground. It has rocky capes separated by stretches of sand and zostera; the rocks are broken up into gullies and caves such as marine creatures love, and the tides run with such force as to ensure the perpetual renewal of the water. My hopes were by no means groundless, in fact the coast turned out to be far more productive than I anticipated. The richness of these shores may be gauged from the statement that I obtained as many as 120 species in the three days spent there. Quantity 1s not everything, but in this case there was quality as well; for many of our rarest forms were found, besides one species new to the Sarnian area, as far as I know. In the following pages will be found notes on the most interesting of my captures, but as they are chiefly rarities, I have refrained from giving the exact localities where they were found. In conclusion I would like to thank the authorities of the Marine Biological Station of Plymouth for kindly identifying specimens submitted to them. PORIFERA. Although the structure of the coast seems eminently suited to the needs of the Sponges, their numbers, taken all around, were disappointing. If not as numerous as in Guernsey, however, they were there in tolerable plenty and [1909.] fing ALDERNEY MARINE ZOOLOGY. 93 one or two good species were found. Dercitus niger, a black india-rubber like sponge. occurred once—a prize. Tethya lyncurium was quite common; much more so than in Guernsey. It resembles a Tangerine orange. Leucontu nivea and Dysidea fragilis also occurred, while Dietyocy- lindrus was quite plentiful. CQHLENTERATA. Alderney seems a happy hunting ground for Anemones. No less than fifteen species were found, including several of great rarity. Of the commoner species the Dahlia (Tealia erassicornis) seemed more plentiful than with us, while the Daisy (Sagartia bellis), so common here, was comparatively rare in Alderney. The Opelet (Anthea cereus) is finer than in Guernsey, many specimens over six inches across being met with. "Turning to rarities, the first place must be given to the scarlet and gold Cup Coral of Gosse (Balanophyllia regia), an exquisite little gem with scarlet disc and golden orange tentacles. These latter have no terminal knobs. The only previous record is in Ansted’s “ Channel Islands,” while Gosse in his “Sea Anemones ” records it only for Devon. It is quite small, about one-third of an inch each way, and lives in colonies on the sides of gullies at extreme low tide. Our other Coral (Caryophyllia ‘Smithii) was quite common, and many very fine specimens were seen. Near the rocks on which the above were found was a patch of sand sparsely covered with Zostera. This proved a very good hunting ground, especially on the turn of ae tide. Here three of our rarest anemones were found. There were eighteen specimens in a radius of six feet. These three species were Peachia undata, P. triphylla, and Cerianthus Lloydii. In that spot there were twelve specimens of P. undata, which has now been found in Guernsey, Alderney, and Herm. One specimen of P. triphylla was obtained ; 1 was formerly considered peculiar to Guernsey. Five specimens of C. Liloydii were seen. This is a long worm-like form which builds a leathery tube to live in. Two other zoophytes are important and worthy of note. One is a purple Lucernarian, identified as L. Cumpanulata. The only previous record is in Ansted. It differs from our ordinary species Haliclystes octoradiata, in that it has no capsules between the tufts of tentacles. It was growing on the tip of a frond of the purple seaweed Porphyra, as was its companion. Antennularia antennina, a tall compound zoo- phyte, is new to the Alderney list. 94 ALDERNEY MARINE ZOOLOGY. ECHINODERMS. These, with the exception of a Sea Cucumber and a Sand Star, were not numerous. Cucumaria Pentactes, with a white skin and black tentacles, was quite common in the crevices of the rocks. It is about five inches long. Ophiura albida, a small sand-loving Brittle Star, was common at low tide, though I have not seen it in Guernsey in similar places. Asterina gibbosa, so common with us, was very rare in Alderney, only two specimens being met with. A Synapta, presumably S. inherens, occurred in the sand. , MOLLUSCA. Univalves, bivalves, and nudibranchs are all as much in evidence in Alderney as they are in Guernsey. Chief interest centres around a Nudibranch, which is new to the Sarnian list. This is a species of Holis, a red tentacled animal about an inch long, which has not yet been satisfactorily identified. Elysia viridis, living on Codium as usual, was rare. It has been very rare in Guernsey during 1908 and 1909, while in 1907 it swarmed everywhere. Very fine specimens of Doris tuberculata were found, besides eggs of several other species of sea slugs. An exceptionally fine specimen of the beautiful golden Triopa claviger was found. Chiton ruber, a reddish mail shell or multivalve, is new to the Alderney list ; while Natica Alderi, Anomia patelliformis, and Pecten Maximus are not recorded living, although dead shells have been found. P. varius, extremely common with us, was represented by a single specimen. The Crustacea found, with the exception of Perimela denticulata, were very ordinary ; while the Worms, Ascidians and Fishes, were all of the common types, and need not be mentioned in these notes. I append a list of additions to the recorded fauna of Alderney. CGLENTERATA. Sagartia bellis, v. tyriensis. S. venusta. A few colonies. S. nivea. Fairly frequent. S. sphyrodeta. Fairly frequent. Adamsia palliata. One fine specimen. Anthea cereus. v. Smaragdina. Common. v. rustica. Not common. Actinia mesembryanthemum. v. hepatica. Common. ALDERNEY MARINE ZOOLOGY. Actinia olivacea. Common. v. umbrina. Common. Bunodes gemmacea. Abundant. Tealia erassicornis. Very common. Peachia undata. Several. P. triphylla. One specimen. Cerianthus lloydii. Several. Corynactis viridis. v. rhodoprasina. Common. v. smaragdina. Rare. Caryophyllia Smithii. Common. Balanophyllia regia. Fairly frequent. Aleyonium digitatum. One specimen. Lucernaria campanulata. Two specimens. Antennularia antennina. Two specimens. Sertularia abietina. Common. ECHINODERMATA. Antedon rosaceus. Occasionally. Ophiura albida. Common. Ophiotria bellis. Not common. Amphiura elegans. Common. Uraster rubens. One specimen. Asterina gibbosa. Common. Echinus lividus. One specimen. Eehinocordium eordatum. One specimen, dead. Cucumaria pentactes. Common. Synapta ? inhzrens. Rare. CRUSTACEA. Carecinus mzenas. Common. Caneer pagurus. Common. Portunus puber. Common. Perimela denticulata. Two specimens. Porcellana platyeheles. Common. P. longicornis. Common. Galathea squamifera. Common. Pagurus bernhardus. Common. P. prideuxii. One specimen. P. cuanensis. Six specimens. Inaechus ?. One specimen. Palzemon serratus. Not common. P. Squilla. Not common. Hippolyte eranchii. One specimen. H. varians. Common. Athanas nitescens., One specimen. 95 96 ALDERNEY MARINE ZOOLOGY. MOLLUSCA. Chiton ruber. One specimen. Doris tuberculata. Very fine. D. pilosa. Egg clusters common. Eolis papillosa. Egg clusters common. Triopa elaviger. Fairly common. Elysia viridis. One specimen. Aplysia punctata. Very common. Pleurobranechus plumula. ‘Two specimens. Hermea dendritica. One specimen found on Codium tomentosum at Cobo in 1908. It is a small greenish sea slug, and is new to Guernsey. “al THE PEZOMACHI (Ichneumonidae) OF GUERNSEY. BY W. A. LUFF, F.E.S. THE insects comprising the genus Pezomachus are at once distinguished by the entire absence of wings in most of the species, and their general ant-like appearance. Up to the appearance of the following list two or three species only were recorded for Guernsey. Mr. HE. D. Marquand, whilst collecting other insects this summer, captured all the specimens he could find in different parts of the island, with the result that we have now a fine list of twenty-one species. The Pezomachi are all very small Ichneumons that pass the larval stage in the bodies of spiders and the larve of moths and other insects. When in the perfect state, they are very nimble and active in their movements, and it requires a sharp eye and quick hand to capture them. Up to the present they have been let severely alone by most collectors, on account of the difficulty in getting them satisfactorily named. Mr. Claude Morley has however overhauled them, and has des- cribed all the species found in Great Britain, in the second volume of his valuable work on British Ichneumons. Mr. Morley kindly undertook to name the specimens taken by Mr. Marquand, so that the accuracy of the present list is assured. This is a valuable addition to our local insect fauna, especially as it represents a section not often worked by collectors. I have added the dates when the specimens were captured, as well as the localities. Pezomachus kiesenwetteri, Férst. Seven specimens taken at Moulin Huet on July 29th ; Icart, 11th and 16th June, 31st July; Saints’ Bay, June 8th, and Petit Bo, 26th August. P. zonatus, Férst. This species has several times been bred from the nests of a spider (Agroeca brunnea, Bl.). 'Two specimens were taken, one on the 7th September, and one on July 31st. P. rufipes, Forst. One at Saints’ Bay, June 8th. One at Jerbourg, 14th June, and one at Bec du Nez, July oth. P. ecautus, Forst. This is a rare species, four specimens only have been mentioned as taken in Great Britain. One was captured on 16th June at Icart. One at Saints’ Bay on 21st June. Two were also captured in Sark. [1909.] G 98 THE PEZOMACHI OF GUERNSEY. \ P. semulus, Forst. Two were captured at Petit Bo on May 18th. Brischke has bred this parasite from a comparatively large Noctua moth, Cucullia argentea. P. acarorum, Zinn. One specimen taken at Saints’ Bay on the 8th of June. P. nigritus, Forst. The male only of this species is winged. One specimen of the female taken at Icart Point on July 31st. P. mierurus, Férst. Has been bred from the egg bag of a spider Ocyale (Pisaura) mirabilis, One taken at Bec du Nez on 11th June. P. analis, Forst. Both sexes of this species have been bred from the Burnet Moth, Zygena filipendule. It is recorded in the Transactions of this Society for 1904 as taken in Herm. P. attentus, first. One taken at Grande Mare, Vazon, on June 18th. P. anthracinus, Férst. The male of this species is winged. One female taken at Icart on July 3lst. This specimen, Mr. Morley says, is unusually large. P. modestus, Férst. Mr. Morley says that this species is very abundant in Great Britain, in spring and autumn. Four specimens were taken at Jerbourg, 14th June; one at Fermain Cliffs, 27th August, and two at Grande Mare, Vazon, on 28th August. P. agilis, Grav. Several specimens taken in 1902 in Guernsey, as mentioned in the Transactions for 1903. P. earnifex, Férst. One taken at Bez du Nez on June 11th. P. nigricornis, Férst. Not common; one taken in 1903, see Transactions for that year. P. ecorruptor, Férst. Two at Petit Bo on August 26th. One at Saints’ Bay, August 2nd. P. instabilis, Fost. A very common species in Great Britain. One taken at Petit Bo, 26th August. One, avery large specimen, at Moulin Huet Bay on June 10th. P. fasciatus, Fad. Three specimens taken at Petit Bo on August 26th ; one at Grande Mare, Vazon, on August 28th. P. palpator, Grav. This is one of the largest species of the genus. One specimen taken at the Corbiére on May 7th. P. linearis, Férst. One specimen taken at Saints’ Bay on 4th May. P. ecostatus, Bridg. Captured last year on May Ist at Jerbourg and recorded in the Transactions. | SOME IMPORTANT EVENTS IN GUERNSEY HISTORY.* BY LIEUT.-COLONEL T. W. M. DE GUERIN. THE INVASION OF 1295. A trivial brawl between some English and Norman seamen at Bayonne, resulting in the death of one of the latter, is said to have been the cause of the war between England and France at the end of the thirteenth century. The story says that in revenge for their comrade’s death, the Normans attacked an English ship and hanged the English sailors and dogs from the yard-arms, “and so,” says Hemingbureh, “ they sailed over the sea, making no difference between a dog and an Englishman.” Indignant at this outrage, the Knglish gathered together their ships, while the French did the same, and on the 15th May, 1293, a pitched battle took place off St. Mahé, in Brittany,t resulting in a complete victory for the English, who returned to Portsmouth with much booty. Edward I. strove to keep peace, but Philip le Bel took up his subjects’ cause and summoned Edward to answer in January, 1294, before the Parliament of Paris, for the misdeeds of his mariners.{ After long debates it was arranged that Edward should make a formal surrender of Gascony to the French king, it being proposed that he should marry Philip’s sister, Margaret, and that the duchy would be restored to him and settled on the children of the marriage. Philip having obtained possession of the chief strongholds of the duchy repudiated the bargain and in a Parliament held in June, 1294, Edward resolved on war. Our islands were in great danger ; the (rovernor, Otho de Grandison, was in the Holy Land on a pilgrimage, and his lieutenant in the Isles was the Prior of Wenlock, who not being deemed capable of their * Lecture delivered in the Ladies’ College on March 18th, 1909. + Guillaume Guiart places this battle near Guernsey. ** Vers les illes de Guernesie, Que mer profonde ataint et lie, En lun costé de Normendie.” (Dupont. Contentin et ses Iles, Vol. II., p. 185. Branches des roy lig, edit. Buchon, t. IT., p. 146.) t Political Hist. of England, Vol. II., p. 187-8. [1909.] ) 100 GUERNSEY HISTORY. defence was superseded by the king, and Henry de Cobham was appointed Governor in June, 1294.* He fell ill a few days after his appointment, but the danger was too imminent to permit of delay, so he was replaced by Nicholas de Chesney, July 10, 1294,f who held the office until de Cobham was well enough to take up his duties. The first few months after his arrival in the islands passed by without incident, but in the spring of 1295 the French fleet, probably that under the command of John de Harcourt and Mahé de Montmorency, which burnt Dover later in the summer, descended on the islands, and they experienced one of the most terrible invasions on record, the horrors of which left an indelible mark on the memories of the inhabitants, and it is referred to by them many years later as the time “when . . . . the islands were burnt and destroyed and more than 1,500 men were killed.”t It was a raid of extermination and destenca The churches were sacked and desecrated, the holy vessels and vestments carried off or destroyed, the images torn down from the altars and burnt; even the Host itself thrown down on the ground and spat upon. Women and girls were torn from the sanctuary, the town and most of the houses in the country burnt, the newly built pier partly destroyed and over fifteen hundred men and women killed. "The castles were not taken, and many persons sought safety in them with their goods. It took several years for our island to recover from the damage inflicted on “it by the enemy. In 1304, we find the churches were still in a state of dilapidation, and the Abbot of Marmoutier being sued to contribute his share of the expense of their restoration. § Jiven in the year following the town was still partly in ruins, for on November Ist, 1305, the king authorised a toll on shipping for the purpose of repairing the pier and rebuilding the town. | THE FIGHT FOR OUR PRIVILEGES. The long fight for our priveleges which lasted for over thirty years, frou 1309 to 1341, is one of the most important and interesting episodes of our history. It is also one on which we Channel Islanders pride ourselves for in the end we won the day. To understand the question we must first glance at the condition of the island at the end of the * Cal. Patent Rolls, Ed. I., p. 75. +t Cal. Patent Rolls, Ed. I., p. 80. t Ancient Petitions, Pub. Société Jersiaise, p. 50. § Assize Roll, 1304, Record Office. || Cal. Patent Rolls, 1302-1307, p. 392. GCUBRNSEY HISTORY. 101 thirteenth century, that in part led to the dispute. In 1276 Edward I. had appointed Otho de Grandison as Governor of the Isles, and two years later gave him for life the whole of the royal revenue from them for his own use. Otho de Grandison was one of the most trusted servants of Edward L., in whose service he had risen from the position of esquire to the king, to posts of the highest trust. In 1278 he was Seneschal of Gascony, secretary to the king, 1280, captain of his forces in Wales, 1281, etc., but his chief employment was as ambassador. There was hardly a single embassy sent by Edward I. during the last twenty years of his reign in which Otho did not take part. We find him sent to the Pope and the Emperor in 1282, to the king of France, 1286, to the king of Armenia, 1292, to the Pope in 1298, and again to the king of France to treat for peace in 13800—13803. In 1303 he was one of the commissioners sent to Gascony to receive seisin of the lands restored by the king of France, and also to settle the affairs of the province after the war. In 1299 he was summoned to Parliament as baron.* It may well be imagined that he was too occupied with the affairs of State to pay much attention to our unfortunate islands, ‘which were exploited by his lieutenants for the purpose of raising the largest possible revenue for their master, and for their own enrichment. For the first twenty years of Otho’s rule his heutenants were chiefly local men, and we hear few complaints about them. However, about 1292, the exactions of Guillaume de Saint Remy, Bailiff of Guernsey, were the subject of grave complaint to the king, who sent over a commissioner, Thomas de Sandwich, to investigate them. De Saint Remy finding that the commissioner sided with the complainants on all points, and fearing for his personal safety, fled to the sanctuary of the Church, and abjured the island.t He fled to England, and laid his case before the king, who pardoned him in 1294.§ Guillaume de Saint Remy returned and obtained restitution of his lands, but was killed shortly after on the invasion of the island by the French in 1295. In 1299 we hear the first mutterings of the storm over our privileges. Previous to the appointment of the justices for the usual tri-annual assizes the king had ordered the people of Guernsey to commit their customs to writing. This, however, was not done, and the justices ordered them to comply with * Roles Gascons. Charles Brémont, pp. xvili-xxix. + Havet. Cours Royale des Iles Normandes, p. 126. { Lettres Closes, p. 54, pub. Société Jersiaise. § Lettres Closes, p. 56, Societé Jersiaise, 102 GUERNSEY HISTORY. the demand within a fortnight, from the 16th to the 30th October, 1299. The appointment of English justices for these assizes was looked upon as a novelty and with disfavour by the people. One John du Vivier boldly refused to recognise them as rightly appointed, and was fined £30 tournois for his temerity.* In a sense it was a novelty, as for many years previous the custom had crept in of appointing as justices for the assizes, the Bailiffs of the islands or prominent local men. There is little to detain us on the assizes of 1299 or those of 1304. The question of our privileges was raised, but nothing further was done.t In 1309 the fight began, the justice, John Fressingfield, called upon the people to show by what right they claimed their privileges. They replied that they and their ancestors had enjoyed them from time imme- morial, but this the king’s attorney denied and demanded proof. The justices adjourned the matter for decision before the King’s Bench at Westminster, and the latter postponed the case from term to term until 1318, or even later. In the meanwhile affairs in the islands were rapidly becoming worse. The Bailiff, Massy de la Cour, refused, by order of the Governor, to take oath to the jurats to maintain our privileges on his appointment. The jurats refused to obey him and appealed to the king.{ The king sided with the Governor and ordered the jurats to obey Otho de Grandison or appear before the king and his Council.§ To these grievances was added the more pressingly felt one, the rapacity of the shoal of foreign adventurers with whom Otho de Grandison had filled every lucrative post in the island. These preyed upon the people by illegal fines and exactions. They imposed fines on their own authority without consulting the jurats, imprisoned people in the castle without trial on all sorts of pretences, refusing to release them except on heavy payments, and committed various other oppressions. Finally, in 1320, at the urgent prayer of the people, the king appointed new justices to hold the assizes, William de Bourne, Nicholas de Chesney, and John de Carteret. These gave judgment in favour of the islanders on every point concerning their privileges. Also many of the seigneurs of the island, who had been deprived of their liberties by Otho’s Bailiffs, obtained judgment in their favour, and the Governor’s officers were ordered to restore all that had been received from the * Assize Roll, No. 1157. 27, Edw. I., Record Office. t Havet. Les Cours Royales des Iles Normandes, p. 10. t Ancient Petitions, p. 26. No. 5689. § Cal. Close Rolls, March 8, 1314. GUERNSEY HiSTORY. 103 sequestrated liberties. Further, these officers were heavily fined for their misdeeds, and the most notorious of them, Gaultier de la Salle, was, immediately after the assizes, tried for the murder of Ranulph Gautier, who he and his accomplices had tortured to death in Castle Cornet, found guilty and hanged. The triumph of the islanders was complete. Unfor- tunately they were not content, they wanted more, nothing less than the indictment of Otho de Grandison and _ his dismissal from the governorship of the Isles. The justices seem to have demurred, and the question was submitted to Parliament. Thomas d’lstefield, sent as attorney of the people of Guernsey to Parliament, was set upon, beaten and illtreated by the followers of Otho, in the streets of London, and dared not proceed ; so the islanders petitioned the king, praying for remedy, and requesting that “Sir Otho may be removed from the said islands as one who has forfeited all his estates for the wrongs of which he is attainted.”* Otho de Grandison, on his side, represented to the King that the royal revenue of the islands was seriously affected by the decisions of the justices, who had exceeded their mandate to the injury of the crown, and according to the islanders’ version he paid large sums of money to obtain his ends.f| The. king ordered the suspension of all the judgments of these assizes on the plea that the “commissioners had exceeded the bounds of their commission to the king’s disherison and prejudice of the said Otto. He also ordered that all lands, tenements, liberties and rents of any of the islanders that had been delivered to them in accordance with these judgments, should be again taken into the king’s hands. There was a general refusal to obey, and we read of force having been used against the Governor's officers who attempted to execute the order.§ On the 29th July, 1323,91 the king appointed Sir Henry Spigurnel, Henry de Cliff, John de Ifeld and William de Denum, as justices, to examine and correct the errors in the judgments of the previous assizes. They reversed all the judgments of their predecessors, but on the question of our privileges they came to no definite decision, and left the matter in abeyance. Again there was refusal on the part of the islanders to give up “their lands in accordance with these judgments, and we hear of Otho de Grandison, who had come * Ancient Petitions, p. 31-32. No. 12834. +t Ancient Petitions, p. 61. No. 2648. { Calendar of Patent Rolls, p. 9. 15 Edw. II., Part I., m. 22. 30 July, 1321. § Cal. Pat. Rolls, 16 Edw. II., p. 235, Feb. 2 iGo { Cal. Pat. Rolls, p. 437, 17 Edw. IL, p. 1, m. 19, 104 GUERNSEY HISTORY. over to look after his rebellious subjects, accompanied by his lieutenant, Gerard d’Oroms, superintending in person the reaping and carrying away of Thomas d’Estefeld’s corn at * La Ville au Roi,” * which evidently was one of the lands in dispute. ; The question of our privileges remained in abeyance until 1331, when Edward III. appointed Robert de Scarde- burgh, Robert de Norton and others as justices to hold fresh assizes. The islanders were again called upon to declare by what warrant they claimed their privileges, but their patience was getting exhausted, and we hear of organised opposition. A meeting was held in Jersey at the Priory of l’Islet early in July, previous to the arrival of the justices. There Laurent du Gaillard, one of the Governors, Peter de Garis and Ranulph Le Gay, ex-Bailiffs, the Priors of the Vale, and of St. Clement’s, Jersey, and many of the principal people of the islands, including Sir William de Chesney, Matthew de Sausmarez, Simon and Philip de St. Martin, &c., bound themselves on oath to demand the recognition of our privi- leges. They presented themselves before the justices at Guernsey on the 27th July, accompanied by a large crowd of people, and formally protested against the pretensions of the crown to meddle in their affairs, maintaining that “ their customs belonged to them alone, that the king had no right to modify them »r impose new ones, and that they were ready to defend them with their lives.” The justices refused to listen to them, and there was a great tumult, the crowd applauding the malcontents and shouting “oui, oui, oui,” to the injury of the lord the king, the terror of the people, and the peril of the lives of the justices.” When the tumult was appeased, the justices ordered the Vicomte to cite before them, Laurent du Gaillard and John le Viner, probably the two leaders. They appealed to judgment by a jury of the country, who unanimously acquitted them. The justices then adjourned the proceedings against the other covenanters to Jersey, where only one, Philip de St. Martin, appeared and was fined twenty shillings. They then ordered the arrest of the defaulters, but unfortunately we do not know what was the ultimate termination of the conflict.—| This scene was certainly one of the most dramatic in our annals. It showed the authorities that the patience of the islanders was at an end, and possibly had a considerable influence in leading to the * Ancient Petitions, p. 33, No. 13171. Thomas d’Estefeld came to the island in the service of Sir Nicholas de Chesney. and married Alice, widow of Matthew de Sausmarez, senior, sister and co-heiress of the Bailiff, William de St. Remy. + Dupont Hist, Cotentin et de ses Iles, t. II., pp. 245-247. Second report of the commissioners (1846, p, 310.) id GUERNSEY HISTORY. 105 subsequent abandonment of all proceedings concerning our liberties. This incident did not prevent the justices “from coming to a decision on the principal point of their commission. The communities of Guernsey and Jersey were successively called upon to justify their pretensions regarding their privileges. At Guernsey, the justices adjourned the question to Jersey for decision. The Guernseymen pleaded that a cause commenced in their island could not be adjourned out of it, and refused to appear. The justices declared their customs to be provisionally forfeited by default, and adjourned the question to the King’s Bench for settlement, where they had also referred those of Jersey. After many adjournments of the question by the King’s Bench, the people of the Isles * petitioned the king in Parliament in 1333, setting forth their erievances, and appending a list of their cherished privileges. This petition is to be found in the Record Office, Coram Rege Rolls, Michaelmas, 1333.f In it the islanders set forth their claim to retain the customs of Normandy as well as certain other privileges which differed from them. They assured the king of their unswerving loyalty in spite of the many perils that surrounded them, for they were in the march of all nations, and never knew when they might be raided and burnt. They ended by requesting that new justices might be sent to the Isles to investigate the question. The king ordered all proceedings against them to be suspended, and referred the matter to his Council. It would take too long to go into the points on which we differed from the Gaeroine of Normandy, that formed the chief ground of dispute during these twenty-four years. They comprised the right of electing our jurats, the powers of the Royal Court and many other customs very similar to those of the Cinque Ports or the Gascon communes. The answer of the islanders, when asked for proof of their claims, was invariably they had enjoyed them from time imme- morial.f A very loose expression, one which the justices were well acquainted with, for 1t was the plea set up by the majority of the defendants at each “Placita de quo * Havet Les Cours Royales, pp. 13-14. + Havet Les Cours Royales, p 228. { In the proceedings in Coram Rege against Drogo de Bar entin concerning his rights to the manor of Rozel, Jersey, it is evident that at the assizes of 1323 he had pleaded that he held the manor and its liberties from time immemorial, but when the case was adjourned before the King’s Bench at Westminster, he pr oduced the charter of Henry III., dated 16 June, 1247, granting them to his erandfather, and explained his former plea by stating that ‘time immemorial meant forty years according to the customs of the Isles.” (a) (a) Placitorum in Domo Capitulari Westmonasteriensi Asservatorum P ( 116 GUERNSEY HISTORY. himself into his service and then murdered him in cold blood. Rymer’s Foedora, under date of 18 September, 1381, contains an entry recording the gift of one hundred franes to John Lambe and his companions, who had brought the king the joyful news of Yvain’s death.* : It was recently stated by the Rev. Gallienne, in a lecture at the Guille-Allés Library, that the invasion of Guernsey, in 1372, by Yvain de Galles never took place, the chief reason brought forward in support of this view being the fact that while Froissart states that Aymon Rose was the captain of the English force in Guernsey, we know from documentary . evidence that he never held any official post in our island, but was appointed captain of Mont Orgueil Castle, Jersey, on the 25th March, 1372, therefore Froissart must have con- founded the invasion with that of Jersey, in 1373, by du Gueselin, and has made errors in the date, name of the island, &c., &c. The invasion of Jersey by du Gueselin has been the subject of an admirable article, by M. Jean Lemoine, in La Revue Historique for 1897. M. Lemoine gives in an appendix copies of Royal letters, extracts from the accounts of the Receivers of the Isles, &c., &c., referring to this invasion. An examination of the extracts from the accounts of Aymon Rose is however fatal to Mr. Gallienne’s theory, for they clearly show that Aymon Rose’s term of office, as captain of Mont Orgueil Castle, expired on the 3rd June, 1373, when he handed the castle over to William de Asthorp, who had been appointed Governor of the Isles on the 20th April preceding. On the 6th July he was appointed to the command of a London barge in the king’s service for four months and consequently at the time of du Gueselin’s invasion of Jersey, which M. Lemoine proves to have taken place between the 12th July and the 16th August of the same year, he was not in Jersey, but only returned there with the fleet of Philip de Courtenay, Admiral of the Fleet towards the West, who on the 16th August of that year was ordered by the king to proceed immediately to the relief of Jersey, which had been invaded by the king’s enemies. Therefore for Mr. Gallienne’s view to be correct Froissart must have made errors not only in the names of the commanders of both the English and French forces, but in the date, the name of the island and the name of the castle beseiged ! * Clarke’s Guernsey Magazine. October—December, 1879. The Invasion of Guernsey by Yvain de Galles, in 1872, by Sir Edgar MacCulloch. GUERNSEY HISTORY. hy The invasion of Guernsey by Yvain de Galles, in 1372, has up to the present been accepted as an historical fact by all our historians, including M. Lemoine. We have for early authorities Froissart, our Guernsey ballad La descente des Saragousais and the Chronique des quatre premiers Valovs. The latter gives the fullest and most circumstantial account, agreeing in many particulars with our Guernsey ballad, but differing from it in many details, showing that our ballad is derived from a separate source of information and is not merely a versification of the chronicle. As regards the accuracy of the writer of the Chronique des quatre premiers Valois, on events: happening in Normandy, in our immediate néighbourhood, at this period, no higher testimony can be produced than that of M. Leopold Delisle, the greatest modern authority on Norman history. He writes in his Histoire du chateau et Sires de St. Sauveur le Vicomte* “que l’auteur de la Chronique des quatre premiers Valois a été bien mieux rensigné que Froissart sur le siege et la capitula- tion de Saint Sauveur. Presque tous le détails qwil raporte sont parfaitement d’accord avec les documents officiels dont jai précédement fait usage.” His statements therefore are not to be lightly set on one side without official documentary evidence to disprove them. We have official docnmentary proof of two facts men- tioned by the author of the Chronique in his narrative of Yvain’s expedition in 1372. First, the preparation of the expedition by the northern French Naval Arsenal, Le Clos des Galées at Rouen, the accounts of which for the years 1382-1384 have recently been publishedt and contain inven- tories “d’amoures qui furent achettées pour le fait d’Yvain de Galles.” Second, Yvain’s journey to Spain after leaving Guernsey is proved by a receipt of his dated from Santander, July, 1372, which is now in the Archives Nationale, Paris, Cabinet des titres, le serie, mot Galles.t We have thus docu- mentary proof of the commencement and end of the narrative, for this was the only naval expedition undertaken by Yvain de Galles. A careful examination of the accounts and rolls referring to our island at the Record Office would most pro- bably give official confirmation of the central portion of the story, the invasion of Guernsey.. The accounts of Nicholas de la Salle, King’s Receiver in Guernsey from Michaelmas, 1372, to Michaelmas, 1373, are * Page ou t Les Comptes du Clos des Galées de Rouen au XIVe siécle (1382-1384) par Charles Bréard, p. 152. t Delisle. Hist. St. Sawveur le Vicomie, p. 180. 118 GUERNSEY HISTORY. at the Record Office and were hastily examined by Colonel J. H. C. Carey a few years age. Two items in his notes point to an invasion of the Isles having recently taken place. First the loss of a large portion of the royal revenue from Alderney “on account of the destruction of the island.” Second, the very large repairs made to the Crown Mills in Guernsey. These repairs have an important bearing on another point which will now be touched on. GUERNSEY AND DU GUESELIN The history of du Gueselin’s invasion of Jersey has been exhaustively treated by M. Jean Lemoine, in La Revue Historique, 1897. He has proved by extracts from English State Rolls and the accounts of the Receivers and Lieutenants of the Isles, now in the Record Office, London, the accuracy of the main outline of the narrative given by Cabaret d’Orville in his Chronique du bon duc de Louis de Bourbon, but he deals with Jersey only and consequently omits all reference to what d’Orville says of du Gueselin and the Duc de Bourbon’s in- vasion of Guernsey. D’Orville relates that “ from Jersey they passed over to Guernsey, where there was a castle which the garrison did not dare to defend when they saw the other castles taken, and it was the strongest of them all. The men of the Isles promised to be true and faithful to the King of France, and they remained so, so long as the good Admiral de Vienne lived. Messire Jean Hedangest and Thibault his brother were appointed to guard the Isles of Jersey and Guernsey, and then the duke and his force returned to Quim- per.” This account was written about the year 1429, and no doubt is greatly exaggerated, but the raiding of Guernsey by a French force during the year 1373, and most probably by that of du Gueselin, is clearly proved by a comparison. of Colonel Carey’s extracts from the accounts of Nicholas de la Salle, Receiver in Guernsey, from Michaelmas, 1372, to Michaelmas, 1373, with those of William de Asthorp, Warden of the Isles, from 21st December, 1373, to 1st February, 1374. In Nicholas de la Salle’s accounts we find a long list. of the Crown Mills repaired, probably those burnt at the time of Yvain’s invasion in the spring of 1372. Also he accounts for the farm of the revenue of Sark for the year. Inde Asthorp’s accounts we find a totally different state of affairs. All the mills, except four, Maen, Petit Bo, Petit Moulin, and Les Grands Moulins have been burnt by the king’s enemies and no revenue can be obtained from them. Also only a GUERNSEY HISTORY. 119 portion of the revenue of Sark can be recovered, because the island had been destroyed by war; and further only one hundred and seventy-three hens can be received for the poulage of Guernsey because of the destruction of houses, which had been burnt and destroyed by the enemy.* We have then clear proof of an invasion of Guernsey in 1373 from these extracts. The presumption is that the invaders were du (Gueselin and the Duc de Bourbon as d@’Orville relates. It is, however, most improbable that Castle Cornet surrendered as he states, but it is quite possible that the islanders may have been compelled to ransom them- selves by payment of a heavy fine in a similar manner as the people of Jersey did for at least three years. The disorgan- ised state of England’s finances during the closing years of Edward III.’s reign prevented any successful attempt being made to cripple the power of the French navy under the Admiral de Vienne. On the other hand it is also possible, the town of St. Peter-Port being walled and defended by the Tour de Beauregard, that the people of Guernsey were not left in such a helpless coudition as those of Jersey. They had a safe retreat within the town walls for themselves and valuables, and consequently may have escaped paying this ransom. GUERNSEYMEN AT THE SIEGE OF MONT ST. MICHEL. Recently there has come to light in the appendix of La Chronique de Mont St. Michel, published by La Société des Anciens Textes Francais, some interesting documents referring to the history of our island, during the wars between England and France, in the reign of Henry VI. Up to the present, this period has been the least known of our history, very few documents bearing upon it having come to light, but it is most probable that further research both in London and Paris would greatly add to our information. Shortly after the battle of Agincourt, Henry V. com- pleted the conquest of the whole of Normandy with the exception of the famous abbey-fortress of Mont St. Michel, which alone held out for upwards of thirty years for its rightful king. In the year 1425 the English made a deter- mined attempt to capture it, and for the purpose of block- ading it, a fleet of twenty vessels were collected from Rouen, Danzig, Orwell, Winchelsea, Portsmouth, Dieppe, South- ampton, Blainville, Guernsey, and Caen. These were placed * Du Gueselin a Jersey, par J. Lemoine. La Revue Historique, 1897, p.56. 120 GUERNSEY HISTORY. under the command of Richard Pouvoir and Lawrence Hauden, Captain of Tombelaine. From the accounts of this expedition that have come down to us, we find that the Guernsey contingent consisted of three ships, La Pitié, La Marie, and La Trinité, commanded respectively by Denis Le Marchant, Pierres Nicholas, and Hemon Henry, who had under them twenty-nine men-at-arms and eighty-nine archers and sailors. These three vessels took part in the first month of the blockade. They were reviewed by the Vicomte of Carentan, Guillaume Biote, in the harbour of Chausey, on the 17th May, 1425, and seem to have terminated their engage- ment on the 30th of the same month, up to which date the captains and crew received payment. If so, they possibly escaped the terrible disaster that overtook the English force at the end of the month of June, of the same year, when it was totally defeated both on land and sea. The entire [inglish fleet was either burnt or captured, and the Channel, from St. Malo to Calais, was left at the mercy of the ships ‘of St. Malo and Mont St. Michel for the remainder of the summer of 1425. The names of the three Guernsey captains are well known to us from local documents. Denis Le Marchant and Pierre Nicholas were both of them jurats of the Royal Court. Hemon, or Edmond Henry, was the son of Nicholas Henry, of La Perelle, the foundry of the Chapel of Notre Dame de la Perelle, now called St. Apoline. He was also one of the jurats in 1421. It had long been known that several Jerseyman had taken part in the campaigns of Henry V. in Normandy, three of whom, John de St. Martin, John Lempriere, and Ralph Tourgis having been rewarded by the king for their services, by erants of forfeited manors in that. province, but this is the first notice concerning (Gruernseymen that has as yet come to light. There are also several other letters in the appendix of the above mentioned Chronique, showing that our islands at this period were used as a base for the English fleet, and for the collection of reinforcements to harass the flanks of the French forces as they gradually drove the English out of Normandy. Thus, in 1436, Thomas, Lord Scales, Seneschal of Normandy, sends urgent orders to the Isles of “Guelnerry,” to the English force appointed to guard the sea, for their assistance in his attack upon the town of Granville, which the French had _ recently captured. Another letter of 1443 refers to a similar project GUERNSEY HISTORY. Het against the same town. The commission sent by Henry VI, to Normandy for this purpose, despatched John Bandulph, Vicomte of Caen, to the Isles of Jersey and Guernsey to collect as many vessels as possible, as well as men at arms and sailors to assist in the attack. It is evident that the vessels from our islands did great damage to the French on the coasts of the Cotentin, so much so, that in 1451, after the final expulsion of the English from Normandy, Charles VII. refused to give up to its rightful owners the Castle of Pirou, which stood on the coast nearly opposite to Jersey, on the plea that “it was on the sea shore near the islands of Gerry and Gernesey, occupied by our adversaries, and in a place of danger.” Ars Inches a PANUATY. ec. s 4 5% 2°23 |_3°74 | —L‘d1 | 0°72 | 12th 6°54 1073. | fo Hebruatyic... «. | eel ON 82607 fe ten On 02225) oth B°2 | 42 110 ais Manche tm ans | O19 | 2°54 | 4-265 | 0°73 | 29th | 15:3 |) 7:0), aOits ACOUUL fect eerehe 2°16 |: 2°34 | —0:18 | 0°63 | 19th | G6°4.|> Go Ie Miaygerwecen asm 0-75. | 2:11.| 1-36) 0°35. | 24th | 2°9 \tGeg Gieid DUTIO™ \;. seeker eel 3°81 2°03 | +4+-1°78 | 1°44] 38rd | 11°2 a oe es ea TUNA ee Gin cat 1°49 | 2°13 |, —0°64 | 0°55 | Oth | 44) SO) Iiieat AUISUSi TE trees ate 1-03 | 2°40 | —1'37 | 0:39) 10th | 3:0 | =a A) 12 September....| 1°87 3°05 | —1°18 | 0°47 | 30th = 5°5 8-4 | 19): T4 October olka. Ta8 | 4°89 | 2°69 | 1:02 | 16th |). 22:3 | 1341 ae ee November ....| 2°21 | 4°36 | —2:15 | 0°63 | 29th | 65 | 11:9; 14) 19 December ....| 4°58 | 4:10 | —0°48 | 0°73 | 2nd | 13° | 11:2 | 24) 19 he Yeats... c% 34:00 36°29 | —2:29 | 1:44] 3rd |100-0 |100-0 | 186/180 | June RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. TABLE III, DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL OVER THE ISLAND, 1909. North-East. 3 na A g o B Seles a | 3 zie Gl, 45 oD) 8 9 in. in. 2:04.) 2571 0°94 | 0°96 HOG Wao E96.) 1°76 0:70 | 0°81 SOM sonae 1°34) 1°33 12045 | 079R lei: | 1-83 ULOe i dee 1°92 | 1°86 4°06 | 4:03 32°81 | 31°80 96 94 165 169 ‘South & South East. East. South-West. wn : ; w A | 4 ane Bers es a Months. | © = 2 iS ‘A 3 5 re acy 3 ro) was 2 Ss an S) — 3 2 FA S 4 em : 2) a g s D Ss 4 ch A) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Bit: in. in. in. in. in. Caine in. Samuary ..| 2°20 | 2:22 | 1°88 | 2°11 | 2°33 | 2°19 | 2°29 February..| 1:10 | 1°06 | 0°88 | 087 | 0°88 | 0°69 | 0°78 March....} 5°19 | 4°94 | 4°62 | 5:08 | 5°41 | 4°89 | 5°03 April Deowie gS | 188) 1°87 | 196 | 2716 | 1°89 DEAYS ciissi mOgor- O73 | O67 |-O-73 | 0:89 | O74 | 0:69 June MoOlinoaii| ofa 3 62-| oop | 2°64’) 2°56 July AOR ietoon ssi! Age 100 | alolt |, 1°38 August 105 5/"O7904..) 0:89) 1°00) 1:49" 0°80) | 0°92 peptember,; 1°87 | 1°84) 1°71 | 1°77 | Y79 | 1°70. | 1-75 October (oon dle Ol). 738), 1780) 16°96) | 7°68 INowember.| 2°21 | 2°02 | 1°95 | 2°18 | 2°10 | 1°85 | 2°03 December.| 4°58 | 4°15 | 3:94 |} 4°20 | 4°60 | 3°99 | 4°41 The Year.| 34°00 | 32°32 |30°50 | 32°22 |33°95 |29°78 |31°66 Comp’rison' 100 95 90 95 99 88 94 Wet Days.; 186 | 189 | 169 182 192 175 nei Averages of all Stations. 126 TABLE IV. DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL, Showing the percentages of rainfall measured in various parts of the Island taking that of ‘‘ Brooklyn ”’ as 100. RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. a | ons e ae Sis ist fag | ole [ola | djs yas) Stations. Slalala | al a-| Seth eeee Ore 7, (5) 13 |‘‘Breoklyn’’ and Hauteville |100 |100 100 100 100 |100 |100 |100 100 | 3 12 |‘* Les Blanches,’’ 8. Martin’s| 98 | 94 | 96 | 98 | 95 | 95 | 92 | 94.| 96) 4 6 |*‘Hautnez,’”? Forest .. — |— | 97! 99 | 92 | 94 | 89 | 94 | 91 8 fal GAT OC sten clashes acai ees — | 90 | 94 | 90 |-91> 92 | 95°1°92 | 91 TM ROWAIS cw oc os shane eeece — | 97 | 99 |100 | 95 | 95 | 98 | 96 | 95 | 5 De COWLES NAS sem citer Siren — | 95 | 95 | 95 | 94] 91 | —| — 92] 7 3 | St. Peter’s-in-the-Wood..| — | — | — | — | — | 92 | 88 | — 90) 9 pail teams MANS tice.) oetaveve cts — |— | — | — | 92 |118*) 90 | 98 | 93 O (Sta SAM PSO Sas. ce. ne ae — | 92 | 98 | 938 | 96 | 90 | 88 | — | 93 6 Sale ANCresse aa hake ee 87 | 91 | 98 | 94 | 91 | 91 | 96 | 96 | 93 DAC OOOK «eal eee tetera oe 87 | 84 89 | — | —|—]—]— _ 86; 10 Si Perelle ee heat sake acne 80 | 79 | —| — | — |] — — 80/ ll 2 tO erland viv. sc cts eisras eetenieeele — | — |) — |104 |101 | — | — | — 102} 2 Latib ew CONE CGM as ta. ome — 104 -- —|— — 104; 1 ZIUSte SAViOUrsiys wou: dienes or —-|—t(—/|—l—l—i1—({ 94 94 — * TABLE V. HEAVY FALLS OF 0.60 INCH, AND OVER, IN ONE DAY, 1909. Probably incorrect, some returns being inconsistent. Omitted in the mean. Stations. 1 2 3 January 12..| 0°72 | 0°63 | 0°60 March 6..| 0°61 | — | 0°63 5a 29-.| O13 | Old | Oct4™ April 19..| 0.63 | 0°64 | 0°69 June Ls) 1:09) 1-10 5) -41:09 4 3..{ 1.44 | 1:31 | 1°42 October 4..| — — — 9 best 0°61 — | — | . 165.) 1502"). 00576)) 20788 - 20)-5) 0-7 ON | Osis 0 sial a 2) OxGon| 0:63 Os00 - 26..| 0°67 | 0°64 | 0°60 i 27..| 0°64 | 0°72 | 0°82 November 15..) — =a i) == ae 29..| 0°63 | — | 0°62 December 2..! 0.73 — a 21,.| O67 | — | — 4 5 0°70 | 0°72 0°60 | 0°67 0°73, | 0°65 — |. 0°65 1:05 | 1:08 1°32 | 1°34 0:97 | 1:05 0 75 | 0°67 — 0°67 — | 0°69 0:69) 70:77 0°64 | 0°64 0°68 | O71 — 0°61 6 7 0°60 | 0°65 0°76 | 0°70 0°85 | 0°80 0°73 | 0°63 0°80 |. 0°99 0°78 | 1°25 — | 0°60 82 | 0°84 0°73 | 0°70 0°68 | 0°66 0°80 | 1°04 — | 0°62 0°68 | 0°73 ° | | (ve) ar) “10> G1 O © bb © Co, Soret Gul imeem leet eae S we RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. 127 TABLE VI. Droughts, 1909. Number of Consecutive Dry Days. Stations. Day of com- mencement. 1 2 3 4 5 | 6 7 8 9 April tst..... | 23 23 23 23 23 | 23 23 23 23 | July 3lst.... Lgl 15 uh aed aes C7 15 14 days without rain = a drought. TABLE VII. PREVIOUS YEARS OF LOWEST RAINFALL WITH THE 5 YEARS BEFORE AND AFTER THE MINIMA. In.| 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 485s || 1859 | 1860 | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 56 | ys | 48-04 . 43°41 34°98 34:47 99-99 | 80°42 | 80°36 | 31°90. aaa 26 25°03 BL In.| 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 | 1870 | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 56 56°96 46 36 37 07 | 36°26 37°72 | . 44 | 36°28 ere 35°38 | 32-99 | 26 | 27:05. 5 In.| 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908) 1909 | 36 37°72 34°12 33°43 34°00 Rapes 26 26°22 128 -RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. TABLE VIII. AVERAGE ANNUAL VALUE OF RAINFALL. : Average Effect of The Year No. of | Dry or Rainfall of full éach wear Gh included Years. Wet. of Year. Berea pees Inches. Inches. Inches. IPPevIOUS).%2. «60s)- 58 — — 36°62 — OGY oe otitis 59 Dry. 27°97 36°54 —0°08 DOD Fe a roietenc cacis 60 Dry. 33°98 36°52 —0°02 OOD ete se ena 61 Wier. 40°88 36°62 -+- 0°10 OOS oor A torah Bie 62 Wet. 37°72 36°62 — WOODY oF eek icus 55 63 Dry. 34°12 36°59 —0°03 NOOG: Gali vhee ee 64 Dry. 33 43 36°46 —0°13 TO Ge oss cnet 65 Dry. 34°00 36°50 -++- 0°04 NOOB) ate eens kine 66 | Very Dry. 26°22 36°32 —0°18 TOD is Fre ys ten 67 Dry. 34°00 36°29 —0°03 Whole period of OVCATS) sti. os — Dry. 33°99 — 0°33 — SUNSHINE IN GUERNSEY. BY MR. A. COLLENETTE, F.C.S. 0 WE now have 16 years averages of sunshine., Compared with the 67 years period for rainfall this is a very short time and it is not to be expected that the figure quoted as the average sunshine, 1917°2 hours, is really the sunshine of Guernsey, for we have just passed through and for all we know, may be still passing through a cold series of years. The year just concluded has been one of average heat it is true, but the summer had no pericd of sustained summer heat and the average temperature has been kept up more by the relatively high temperature of the winter months than by the warmth and sunshine of the summer months. We would have fared very badly had it not been for the excessive sunshine of one month, May. This month stands out as an altogether unusual one. The average daily sunshine we expect in May is 7°9 hours, raised this year to 8 hours, and when I say that the mean daily value this year was 10°9 hours, say 11 hours, you will realise that there has been last May a mean of 3 hours excess per day for the whole month. The following analysis of the duration per day will enable you to realise the excess. Days’ without sunshine S25 0 ,. under 6 hours ... oh 2 5, between 5 and 10 hours 9 ry) » 10 ,, 1] ” 1 ” » Ll » 12 ,, 1 ry) » 12, 13 4, 6 as eon ends g. Pe no 5. A or ai eat » under 10 hours ote ate full » over 10 hours ... , ae 20 The excess for the month of May was 89 hours, as it appears in the table where the average for May stands at 250°4, hours but as this avesage has been raised by the month itself from 244°4 hours it follows that the gain of this May [1909.] I 130 SUNSHINE OF GUERNSEY. over the average of past Mays is the difference between 339°4 and 244°4 or 95:0 hours. Then if we deduct 95 hours from the total of the year we get (1968-95) 1,873 hours or a year 44 hours less than average. We are right therefore in describing the year, on the whole, as being one under the average, but containing. an exceptional month which swelled the total of the year above the average. ; February, April, August and November were above their averages, but the seven other months were below and July stands out as being the worst month, being 47 hours in deficit. June and July were very disappointing as summer months. Both these months lost an hour a day for their whole duration, and when we consider that these are the month of the sun’s highest position in the sky we realise that the loss was greater than it seems. | As regards records the year is poor, the total of May being the only one. In the second table you will find that no month of 1909 has reached the previous lowest. The gloomiest year we have had, 1894 with 1,724°5 hours, was very much gloomier than last year, even if we remove the excess of May. for then it stands as 1,873 against 1,724 hours and is a small mercy to be thankful for. In considering the cloudiness of the year as given in Table I. it must be remembered that the cloud is estimated at night as well as during the day, hence there appears to be a want of consistency which is not real because the columns of sunshine and cloud are not comparable. The distribution of sunshine throughout the year (see Table I.) has been disturbed by May’s excess. iol SUNSHINE OF GUERNSEY. 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BY BASIL T. ROWSWELL. THROUGH the continued and kindly co-operation of Captain Henry, of La Vallée du Creux, Sark, and of Mr. W. J. Picot, of Le Huret, Alderney, I am again able to supplement Mr. Collenette’s valuable paper on the year’s rainfall at Guernsey by a Table giving the rainfall at Sark and Alderney with, in addition, a few notes on the weather experienced in those islands and at Herm as compared with our own. On the other hand, it is with regret that I have to report the closing of the station at Herm, but, owing to an unexpected change vf observer, the readings there became unreliable because of difficulties in the way of a systematic visit to the gauge presenting themselves. The station was therefore definitely closed at the beginning of July. I must, however, tender very hearty thanks to Mr. Leicester Gore, with whose help the station was kept open for three years. The year 1909 both at Sark and Alderney, as at Guernsey, proved decidedly more rainy than its predecessor. At Sark the difference was 7.62in. and at Alderney 8 97 in. This great increase of rainfall, however, was not supported by a proportionate increase in thenumber of “rain days,” and here again we have complete agreement with the Guernsey observations. The explanation of course is that 1909 had a bigger number of heavy falls than 1908, a statement amply borne out by the figures in the Table. In 1908 it was apparently always raining more or less, but in such small quantity the totals grew very slowly; in 1909 rain fell practically as often (at Alderney indeed somewhat oftener) as in 1908, but with much better effect as regards the ageregate rainfall. The stations at Sark and Alderney have not been established a sufficiently long time to allow of an average being worked out for those islands, but since at Guernsey the [1909.] 134 RAINFALL AT SARK, HERM AND ALDERNEY. year (1909) was again a dry one (the 5th in succession), it is reasonable to suppose that the twelvemonth as a whole was also dry in the smaller islands, although, as already stated, much less so than in 1908. But if averages are as yet out of the question, one thing seems pretty clearly established as a result of the four years’ observations, viz., that Sark is a decidedly drier place than Alderney, while as regards Herm the available material seems to point to its occupying an intermediate position. (ruernsey, there is no doubt, heads the list as the wettest island of the group. And here, in connection with the rainfall shortage of the last few years and the probable cause of it, I should like to quote from a letter of Dr. H. R. Mill, the Chief of the British Rainfall Organization, to Mature of October 28th, 1909. Writing on “ Drought in South-West Ireland,” he says :—** It is frequently found that parts of the country often quite narrow strips, show a marked deficiency of rainfall for several successive years, and afterwards revert to an average condition or show an excess. The most probable explanation seems to be a change, perhaps a slight one, in the prevailing tracks of the centres of barometric minima, but I have not found data in a form suitable for testing the truth of the suggestion.” It will be extremely interesting to hear of corroborative evidence in support of Dr. Mill’s suggestion for we know that, quite apart from other people’s experience, our own rainfall has given anxiety and been the subject of considerable comment from the water supply point of view in recent years. That our springs are entirely dependent for their supply upon the rainfall I for one do not doubt—indeed I am in the possession of evidence very much on the side of this theory. Since the autumn of 1901 I have taken regular measurements of the depth of water in our well at Les Blanches, and a comparison of the figures with the rainfall totals shows quite clearly, for instance, that the very low springs of 1902 and 1909 followed, in each case, a remarkably dry year. These two unusually dry years, viz., 1901 and 1908, are by a long way the driest at St. Martin’s of the period 1894-1909, and, beginning with 1902, the spring in that year and in 1909 averaged much lower than in any of the six intervening years of much bigger rainfall. And as an illustration of a wet twelvemonth being followed by abundance of water in the well I can instance the years 1903 and 1904. The rainfall of 1903 is the biggest at Les Blanches of the last 16 years, and in 1904 the springs literally overflowed their banks. At wit =— RAINFALL AT SARK, HERM AND ALDERNEY. = 135 St. Martin’s the average height of water in 1904 was seven feet against three feet only in 1902 and in 1909. But I must now return more particularly to the weather of 1909 in the smaller islands as recorded by the rainfall registered there. The year began with a dry month and by a curious coincidence, as shown in the Table, the total measurement at Sark and Herm was exactly similar. An “ absolute ” drought, which in the technical sense of the word means an interval of more than 14 days without any rain at all, was noted by Capt. Henry, at Sark, in January. It began on the 19th of the month and ended on February 2nd, having lasted 15 days. Droughts in the winter portion of the year are rarities—at any rate at Guernsey. In February, an exceptionally dry month, Sark narrowly escaped another drought, for no rain fell at the station for 14 days, viz., from the 12th to the 25th. Alderney on the other hand enjoyed one of 15 days’ duration, for Mr. Picot’s returns show that no rain fell there from the 12th to the 26th. At Les Blanches (Guernsey), because of the occurrence of slight precipitation during both the January and February dry spells, no drought was noted. Apart from these small technicalities, however, and speaking practically, the weather was just as dry im all the islands. At the end of February and the beginning of March a sharp, cold snap reigned over the Bailiwick and we experienced a week of snowy conditions. Snow fell in varying amounts at all the stations from February 26th to March 4th and keen frosts occurred. Alderney appears to have had most snow and and Sark least, for the seven (lays’ precipitation yielded 0°86 in. of water in the former island and 0°60 in. only in the latter, Les Blanches (Guernsey) with 0°76 in. occupying an inter- mediate position. Throughout the Bailiwick March was the second wettest month of the year. From beginning to end we were treated to an unbroken succession of depressions the passage of which kept the barometer unusually low and the rain gauges continuously busy. Several dry days, it is true, occurred both at Sark and Alderney, but at Les Blanches (Guernsey ) one day only out of the thirty-one proved dry. April began dry everywhere and continued so until past the middle of the month—indeed but for a little rain at the several stations on the 12th (Kaster Monday) another drought would have been put on record as the change to unsettled only set in on the 17th. Two days later, during the afternoon of the 19th, an early spring thunderstorm burst over the 136 RAINFALL AT SARK, HERM AND ALDERNEY. islands quite unexpectedly. In (Guernsey at any rate the electrical disturbance was not particularly severe and here too (Les Blanches) the rainfall, 0°64 in., was slightest. At Herm the thunder shower yielded 0°72 in. of water, at Alderney 0°77 in., but at Sark no less than 1:10in, It is rather curious to note in this connection that in spite of Sark being recognized, and rightly so I think, as the driest of the islands, it was, this distinction notwithstanding, the first station to register an inch of rainfall in 1909. With the advent of May a sudden return to very dry weather occurred, a return as sudden as that which developed at the beginning of April, only on this occasion it lasted without break until the 24th of the month when the passage of a shght thunderstorm at night brought a 23 days’ drought to an abrupt end everywhere. Herm, for a change, had the heaviest of the thunder rain this time, just over half-an- inch (0°54 in.) being reported, while Alderney had the comparatively small amount of 0°13 in. only. The month of May was extremely dry at Alderney, the total measurement, 0°22 in., making it the driest month in that island during the four years 1906—1909. June opened with an unusually wet week occasioned principally by a depression which hung about in our neigh- bourhood from the lst to the 4th, and in addition to heavy downponrs gave intensely gloomy skies and a yery low temperature. The persistence with which the low pressure area clung to us was, indeed, remarkable, and we know that wretchedly unseasonable as our weather was far worse conditions were experienced along the south coast of England. At Les Blanches (Guernsey) the depression gave two falls of over one inch each and a total for the four days of 2°87 in. ; at Sark where as much as 1°38in. was measured by Capt. Henry on the 3rd, the total reached 2°39 in. Alderney had a total of 2°12 in., and no inch fall, the heaviest being 0°93 in. on the Ist. The deluge at Sark on the 3rd is the biggest daily fall in that island since observations were begun in January, 1906. Qn the night of the 21st a thunderstorm is reported to have occurred at Alderney. Broken weather was our lot throughout July, but no thunderstorms passed because the distribution of atmospheric pressure was not favourable to their occurrence in the islands. Easterly winds, with a high barometer over England, are the ideal conditions for summer thunderstorms here, whereas westerly winds, and consequently relatively low pressure over England, was the prevailing distribution. RAINFALL AT SARK, HERM AND ALDERNEY. 137 Again, as in April and May, all the early part of August was anticyclonic and dry. At Sark no rain fell from July 28th to August 16th inclusive, or for:0 days. At Alderney the drought was of 16 days’ duration only, it having begun four days later in that island. Very warmand sunny weather was experienced during the prevalence of this drought—in fact it was practically our sole taste of summer this year. The heat burst began on the 5th, and ended on the 16th with the approach of showery weather which lasted rather over a week. The figures for September, given in the Table, show a marked difference in the totals for the two smaller islands. The Alderney amount is actually double that for Sark with which island we may also couple Les Blanches (Guernsey) where the month’s aggregate was 1°84in. One day’s rainfall, Friday, the 10th, appears to have been responsible for the difference. On that and the following day the centre of a well-marked but not deep depression lay over Brittany, and in some way or other Alderney managed to get included in a portion of the system from which very heavy precipitation occurred. “At any rate against 0°15 in. only at Sark and U°24in. at Les Blanches (Guernsey), Alderney had no less than 1°49in.—an inch and a-half practically. It fell during the might from the 10th to the 11th, and in writing about it Mr. Picot said :—*“ Rarely has there been in Alderney such a downpour of rain.” It 1s interesting also to note, by the way, that the area of tremendous rain must have stretched right across the Channel, for the observer at Portland Bill recorded 1:07in. for the same day. In the afternoon of the 7th September, “a huge waterspout” was seen seven miles N.E. of Braye Roadstead, Alderney. October was a particularly wet and unsettled period. At Les Blanches (Guernsey) the month’s total rainfall, 7°18 in., has only been exceeded three times as a monthly total in the sixteen years 1894—1909. At Sark itis the wettest month on record so far, while Alderney can show but one worse—October, 1907, with 7°97 in. It was a typical October, not cold, but boisterous, wet and gloomy with, in addition, at Alderney, thunder and lightning on the 8th and 24th. Sark had an unusually large number of heavy showers this month ; on five occasions the gauge contained over half-an-inch of rain and on five other occasions the measurement reached or exceeded a quarter of an inch. Heavy rainfalls are not by any means the rule at Sark, but of course exceptions will occur from time to time. k 138 RAINFALL AT SARK, HERM AND ALDERNEY. Unusually big as was the downpour at Alderney on September 10th, that island was destined to record a still heavier fall on November 15th—the heaviest daily fall in fact registered by Mr. Picot during the four years he has had charge of the station. And, again, the visitation was peculiar to Alderney, for whereas the amount for that day was 0°41 in. at Sark and 0°54 in. at Les Blanches (Guernsey), Alderney had 1°551in., and the report ran :—‘'There is no mistake. The rainfall that day and night was so exceptional here (Alderney) that old folks aver never having seen such . , Rain came down continuously, at times as if by a waterspout.” November, on the whole, was not at all a disagreeable month, considerable dry intervals, for the season, were enjoyed in all the islands, and owing to the prevalence of Easterly and Northerly winds, temperature ranged low. December began with very boisterous weather. Several deep depressions passed and a lot of rain fell during the first week. At Alderney “a heavy thunderstorm with much lightning and rain passed over” on the evening of the 3rd, and at night on the 6th electrical disturbance was again noted. The week’s rainfall amounted to :—Sark, 2°10 in. ; Alderney, 2°42 in.; Les Blanches (Guernsey), 2°28 in. No settled weather occurred during December, while the middle of the month was cold and frosty. Alderney reported a fall of wet snow on the 15th, and on the 20th, “hard frost and ice.” The 20th was a cold day, too, at Guernsey—indeed frost held the whole time in the shade and a minimum temperature of 30°6 deg. was recorded by the screened instrument at Les Blanches. Mention has been made of the fact that Sark is proving itself a decidedly drier island than either Alderney or Guernsey. Leaving Guernsey out of the discussion in the present Report, the average difference between Sark and — Alderney for the four years 1906—1909 is 4°40in. In 1906 and 1907 the actual difference was 2°56 and 2°69in. respect- ively ; in 1908 it increased to 5°51 in. and last year was no less than 6°86in. Last year’s big difference is in part at any rate accounted for by the two exceptionally heavy downpours of September and November, both of which Sark may be said to have missed altogether. RAINFALL AT SARK, HERM AND ALDERNEY. 139 ABSOLUTE DROUGHTS. An Absolute Drought is a “period of more than 14 consecutive days no one of which is a rain day.” Sark. January 19 to February 2 = 15 days. Wha yeh COIZ3.. sc sswttescescss: Oar SONNE! (A LOND Weekes), eceien due +e a Ny July 28 to August 16...... = 20h Alderney. Ereprugty 12°t0: 26 ..6...0.. = 15 days. My 10 aon oe =, 93a Postel CO. Gea .ee sob este 5s == ||) es PARTIAL DROUGHTS. A Partial Drought is a “period of more than 28 con- secutive days, the mean rainfall of which does not exceed Ol in. per day.” Sark. July 10 to August 16 = 38 days with a total of 0°31 in. of rain which fell on 7 days. Alderney. April 80 to May 31 = 32 days with a total of 0°29 in. of rain which fell on 5 days. LONGEST RAIN SPELL. Inclusive dates giving the longest unbroken succession of rain days in each island for the year. Sark. November 27 to December 7 = 11 days with a total of 2°80 in. of rain. Alderney. _ January 6 to 16 = 11 days with a total of 1°83 in. of rain. RAINFALL AT SARK, HERM AND ALDERNEY. 140 -kourepry | lia esi esta elt ce be IE MOT 9 LT FL 4 rg ot Va Le ia Ti | % AT 2 pA | “9A0q’ PUB “UING.¢9 Jo, STIR FO “ON 118 “AON 8.0 as “199° T-1 wpe “dy TG] “AON 1G UAT W486 W4OT U4LT UILG 4ST WG WI6T 449 U48e WEL “SUL 89-0 C¢-T TL:0 6P- 1 6§-0 &P-0 €6-0 61-0 LL-O 18:0 GV-0 LV-0 *LOULOPTV v0 I GGT WWE TS-0 "SUI “ULIOF] UFTL Y 196 TE-0 | T4186 9UNL OT.T Wigé “AON TI-T UOT “FA 69-0 pig eunp gg.T pug 09-0 1166 87-0 WI9T VL-O | 16 S-0 410@ 0€-0 716 «9-0 prg 8é-T UWVG 646-0 W6L OL-T 416¢ 99-0 WIT SG-0 “SUI "WIRE “‘T[VJULVY, ATIVG JSOTABO FL | SOE Proceedings of the Linnean Society” for 1905 to 1909 (five Nos), and fourteen unbound parts of the “Journal of the Linnean Society ” published 1905 to 1909. Thanks to Mr. Marquand the Library now possesses Vols. XXXVI., XXXVILI. and XX XVIII of the “Journal” complete. Mr. Marquand also presented ten, mounted and labelled, rare plants from Guernsey and Alderney—a valuable addition to the Society’s Herbarium. This donation includes specimens of Salvia Marquandii, a species of Salvia new to science and found apparently only at Vazon. The plant is described and figured in the 1906 Transactions. Mr. E. D. Marquand read a paper “ Rambles in Sark in search of Wild Flowers.” This was a popular description of what wild flowers the visitor to Sark may expect to find in his rambles, with some brief reference to the Island’s rarities. A hearty vote of thanks was accorded the lecturer for his interesting paper, and Mr. W. Sharp, in calling attention to the fact that Mr. Marquand was shortly leaving Guernsey, said an immense debt of gratitude was owing to him for his invaluable help to the Society, and he was sure they were all very sorry to be losing him. This statement was loudly endorsed by the meeting. Mr. Eric W. Sharp read a paper entitled “ The Ascidians of Guernsey,’ which he illustrated with drawings and -speci- mens collected by himself. This valuable contribution to our knowledge of these curious marine animals which frequently form a conspicuous adornment of the rocks round our coast was listened to with great interest, and the specimens handed round fur examination were much admired. Mr. Sharp was very heartily thanked for his excellent paper, and in the discussion which followed Mr. EK. D. Marquand spoke most highly of Mr. Sharp’s researches in Marine Zoology, and congratulated the Society. on posssessing such an energetic worker in this branch of Natural Science. B 158 MEETINGS. Mr. Tanner informed the meeting that he hoped to organize excursions to the Gouilot Caves (Sark) in August and September next, and he would be glad to hear of any members of the Society who would like to join the party. More definite announcements of the excursions would be made later. Mr. H. EK. Marquand (Editor of the Star) said he would like to see the Society organize an excursion to the caves between Moulin Huet and Petit-Port. He had _ himself visited them on one occasion with friends. The caves were so very unique in formation he felt sure the Society would derive much pleasure from a visit. The easiest way to get to them was by boat from Moulin Huet, the cliff descent at this particular spot being rather dangerous. Monthly Meeting held Wednesday, November 16th, 1910, at §, William Carey, Esq., President, in the chair. The attendance of members at this, the first meeting for the season, numbered 18. Weather very rainy. The two following gentlemen were elected members :— Mr. EK. A. Luff, of Brock-road, proposed by Mr. D. B. Cromartie, seconded by Mr. B. T. Rowswell. Mr. J. EK. Blicq, of Bordage-street, proposed by Mr. G. F. Allés, seconded by Mr. B. T. Rowswell. Colonel de Guérin presented Déchelette’s ‘* Manuel d’Ar- chéologie Préhistorique Celtique et Gallo-Romaine,” Part 2, to the Society’s Library, and exhibited a large and interesting collection of locally-found flint instruments. Some of these had been picked up at Grande Rocque, Le Crocq, Créve Coeur (L’Ancresse), and many were from the Colonel’s estate at Le Mont Durant. At the latter place from 150 to 200 in all had been found and the Colonel was of opinion that the spot marked the site of an old settlement. Two valuable papers were afterwards read by Colonel de Guérin, the first of which, “ Our Statue-Menhirs and those of France and Italy,” was illustrated by 23 specially prepared lantern pictures which included slides of the old stone figures at St. Martin’s and the Castel churches. This dissertation was very much enjoyed as was also the Colonel’s second paper, “ Our Hereditary Governors.” Brief discussions, in which Mr. Collenette, Mr. De La Mare and Mr. Cromartie took part, followed the reading of each paper, and Colonel de Guérin was warmly thanked for his very instructive contributions. MEETINGS. 159 Both of these papers will be published in this year’s Transactions. The meeting rose just before 9.30 o’clock. Annual General Meeting, held Wednesday, December 14th, 1910, Wilham Carey, Esq., President, in the chavr. Nineteen members were present. [H:vening very showery as day had also been. Mr. W. E. Coles, of Mount Row,: proposed by Mr. E. A. Luff, and seconded by Mr. B. Rowswell, was elected a member. Mr. Rowswell showed a recent publication of the Ray Society, a work on the British Annelids, containing, amongst others, some very fine illustrations in colour of worms found in Channel Island waters. The annual sectional Reports were read as follows : Geology.-—Mr. C. G. De La Mare. Marine Zoology.—Mr. F. L. Tanner. Ornithology.— Mr. B. T. Rowswell. Hntomology.—The Rev. F. E. Lowe. Mr. Collenette spoke about an apparently new disease which is attacking the roots of an indoor-growing fig tree. He had been called recently to examine the tree and had sent a specimen of the diseased roots to the Board of Agriculture who had replied that they were unable to arrive at any conclusion as to what insect was doing the mischief. Mr. Collenette said he had not seen the matured insect, but had secured a grub. The Acting Hon. Secretary then read the Report of the Council, and Mr. C. G. De La Mare, as Acting Hon. Treasurer, supplied particulars as to the financial status of the Society. From his remarks it appeared that the year closed with a balance in hand of £12 2s. 3d. Mr. J. Linwood Pitts and Mr. Basil T. Rowswell were appointed auditors. The President then read a “ Report on the Exploration of the Paleolithic Cave-dwelling known as La Cotte, St. Brelade, Jersey.” The Report had been received from Mr. E. Toulmin Nicolle, Hon. Secretary of the “ Société _dersiaise,” who in a letter dated October 29th and addressed to our President said “ The importance of the discovery is such that it was decided to communicate the result to the principal learned Societies in England and France and also to yours. It is the first time that implements of the Mousterian type 160 REPORTS. have been found in Jersey, indeed in the Channel Islands, with teeth of the Rhinoceros and Reindeer.” This official account of the exploration of the La Cotte Cave, undertaken by the “Société Jersiaise” during the past summer, proved intensely interesting. In view of the importance of the discoveries it was decided, at Mr. Collenette’s suggestion, to postpone the discussion of the Report to another occasion when more time than was then available might be devoted to it. Mr. E. D. Marquand’s Memoir of the late Mr. W. A. Luff was not read owing to the lateness of the hour. Two new sectional Secretaries were announced as follows: The Rev. F. E. Lowe, M.A., succeeds the late Mr. Luff as Secretary of the Entomological Section, and Mr. B. T. Rowswell replaces Mr. IX. D. Marquand as Secretary of the Ornithological Section. After announcing that Colonel T. W. M. de Guérin was to succeed him as President, Mr. Carey was very warmly thanked for his services to the Society. In replying Mr. Carey said that although now obliged, according to the rules, to vacate the chair, his interest in the Society’s welfare would not diminish. Mr. H. E. Marquand and Mr. C. G. De La Mare were unanimously elected Secretary and Treasurer respectively. In connection with the change of Secretary a vote of thanks was passed to Mr. Rowswell for his services as Acting Honorary Secretary. 3 The election of the Council for 1911 resulted in the following ladies and gentlemen being returned :— Mr. J. Linwood Pitts, M.J.L, F.S.A. (Normandy). Mr. F. L. Tanner, L.D.S., F.R.C.S. Miss A. L. Mellish, M.A. Mr. B. T. Rowswell. Rev. F. EK. Lowe, M.A. Miss M. Browne, B.A. The meeting did not break up until 10.15 o’clock. Report of the Council, 1910. In presenting their usual annual Report the Council have pleasure in reporting another year of successful work, not- withstanding the fact that the Society has suffered several severe losses—losses which in a sense have plunged the Society into deep mourning. _ Jha REPORTS. 161 As regards work an amount of systematic observation and study has been going on in the various sections of research in which our Society so usefully interests itself. Of this work, and of the activity of the members by whom it has been accomplished, the Transactions for 1910, to be published in due course, will bear ample testimony. Recent important discoveries in Jersey of a pre-historic nature, the result of cave excavations undertaken by that very energetic body, “ La Société Jersiaise,” raises the question whether our own Society should not turn its attention (with the prospect of as good results as in the sister island) to the examination of some our south coast caves. Of the excellent work done in Jersey in this direction we shall hear something this evening—something that should stimulate us, as members of an old and flourishing Natural Science and Research Society, to emulate the doings of our Jersey friends. Something might perhaps be done in this direction during the coming year. Money spent on the excavation of one or two of our island caves most likely to yield fruitful results would be money very well spent indeed. Several new names have been added to the roll of mem- bership this year which now numbers some 90 ladies and gentlemen. Members, who from lack of time, or some other cause, are unable to take any very active part in the Society’s work, can usefully help by showing the annual volume of Transactions to their friends and inducing them to become members. The scope of the Society’s work naturally depends upon its funds ; the bigger the latter the more the work that can be undertaken. Attendance at the monthly meetings has been quite up to the average, and a lively interest has been taken in the papers read on these occasions. On Tuesday evening, February 8th, the Seventh Annual Soirée in aid of the Society’s funds was held in the Guille- Allés Lecture Hall (kindly lent for the occasion as in former years) and was well attended by members and the general public. Particulars of the soirée will be published in the Transactions, and the Treasurer’s Report will deal with the financial side of the undertaking. The Council tender their very hearty thanks to all the ladies and gentlemen who so materially helped to make the Soirée a success, and in particular to Mr. F. L. Tanner who, as usual, undertook the preparation of the programme. The Council of the Lukis Museum, represented by the Rev. G. E. Lee and Col. T. W. M. de Guérin, received and entertained the members of our Society at the Grange on 162 REPORTS. Thursday evening, February 17th. Notices of this specially arranged-for visit were sent out to all the members, and a large “number availed themselves of the opportunity to be present. Altogether a most enjoyable evening was spent, thanks to the ‘courtesy of Mr. Lee and Col. de Guérin, who were untiring in their efforts to point out and describe the treasures contained in this extremely valuable collection of mostly local archeological finds. For convenience Mr. Lee had temporarily withdrawn from their proper place in the show cases a number of specially valuable objects, including stone hammers and axes, arrow heads, &c., and on these Mr. Lee spoke principally. The richness of the Lukis Museum in these pre-historic imple- ments, as compared with those to be seen in other well-known collections in Great Britain and on the Continent, was frequently commented upon by Mr. Lee. Col. de Guérin afterwards spoke about and described the pottery found by the Lukis’ in several of the Dolmens on the island, and which makes such a_ splendid display in the Museum. Captain Francis Du Bois Lukis, who, conditionally, bequeathed his valuable Museum to the States of Guernsey, died on December 15th, 1907, aged 81 years. On March 18th, 1908, the States accepted the gift, and on April 29th of the same year purchased the house in the Grange Road where for so many years the Museum had been located and looked after by Capt. Lukis. On Friday afternoon, September 17th, 1909, the Museum was formally thrown open to the public. Turning now to the losses sustained by our Society this year, it is with the sincerest regret the Council finds itself called upon to record the decease of the Hon. Treasurer, Mr. William Ambridge Luff, F.E.S., which occurred at his residence, Brock Road, on May 19th, at the comparatively early age of 59 years. Mr. Luff was one cf the Founders of our Society. He was present at the meeting held on October 10th, i882, when the Society first saw the light, and he was then and there made Hon. Treasurer, a post he continued to hold without break to the day of his death. Science generally, and Entomology in particular, but most of all this Society has lost a devoted worker in Mr. Luff. The Society's Vran- sactions, from the beginning to the present time, are full of the valuable results of his labours in the field of Entomology, of which he was the great authority in the Channel Islands. Deceased was laid to rest in the Foulon Cemetery on May 23rd in the presence of a vast concourse of sorrowing friends. REPORTS. 163 Mr. Luff has gone from our midst, but his work remains a lasting monument to his memory. Two Memoirs of deceased will be published in the 1910 volume of Transactions, one from the pen of his almost life-long friend, Mr. E. D. Marquand, A.L.S., the other a reprint of an Apprecia- tion which appeared in the July number of the Fnto- mologists’ Record, and bears the initials F. EH. L. As regards the Entomological Section, of which the late Mr. Luff was Secretary, the Council have much pleasure in announcing that the Rev. Frank EK. Lowe, M.A., has very kindly consented to succeed Mr. Luff in that capacity. Misfortunes never come singly, we are told, and so it has been with our Society this year. In the early spring Mr. George T. Derrick, another of the Founders and our highly valued Hon. Secretary, was taken seriously ill, and an Acting Honorary Secretary (Mr. Basil T. Rowswell) was named to temporarily attend to the duties of the post. In September our President received a letter from Mr. Derrick tendering his resignation of the post of Secretary on account of continued ill-health. In acceding to Mr. Derrick’s request the Council did so regretfully, and now wish to put on record their high appreciation of his long and valued services to the Society since its foundation in 1882, and during the last ten years especially as its Hon. Secretary. Mr. Derrick was elected Hon. Secretary on December 19th, 1900, in succession to Mr. W. Sharp, our first Hon. Secretary, who that evening was raised to the Presidential chair for the usual two years. In addition to the foregoing, two valued workers have left the island—Mr. I. D. Marquand who, with his family, has gone to reside at Paris, and Mr. Eric W. Sharp, who has entered upon a course of studies in London. Itnergetic workers are not easily replaced, and Mr. Sharp’s particular branch of research, Marine Zoology, has had few devotees in the past although offering rich rewards to its disciples. Of Mr. Marquand’s work, not for our Society alone, but for the island and science generally, his well-known and popular book, “ Flora of Guernsey and the Lesser Channel Islands,” published in 1901, is a living witness. As an all- round naturalist, Mr. Marquand is a worker no Society can afford to lose, and the Council deeply deplore his departure from amongst us. Mr. Marquand’s special line of study is Botany as we all know, but his sincere devotion to Natural History in all its branches, as revealed by the pages of our Transactions, as also by his presence at the monthly meetings, is too well known to need commenting upon here. We feel 164 REPORTS. sure, however, that absence from the island will not lessen Mr. Marquand’s deep interest in this Society for which he has done so much and such good work in the past. In conclusion the Council desire to again thank the Board of Management of the Guille-Allés Library for the use of a room for the monthly meetings, for the loan of the Lecture Hall for the Soirée, as also for the continued, and deservedly appreciated, interest taken in the Society’s work. For the Council, Bastin T. Rowswk.u, Acting Hon. Secretary. December 14th, 1910. _ Donations to the Society’s Library. The Council regret having to report that very little use has been made of the Library this year, to which of course all the members have free access with privilege of borrowing the volumes for home reading. The usual exchange of Transactions has been made with scientific societies in England, France and America, and the list has been increased by the addition of those of the Torquay Natural Science Society, and the Marine Zoology Laboratory at Concar- neau, a request having been received from both places for copies of our Transactions in exchange for their own. The donations and exchanges have resulted in the following additions to the Library :— From Col. T. W. M. DE GUERIN :— Dechelette (Joseph), Manuel d’Archéologie Preéhis- torique Celtique et Gallo-Romaine. IIe Partie. Archéologie Celtique ou Protohistorique, avec Appendices. 2 vols., 1910. From Mr. E. D. MARQUAND, A.L.S. :-— Proceedings of the Linnean Society, 1905 to: 1909 (Five Nos.) Journal of the Linnean Society, 1905 to 1909. (Four- teen Nos.) ; Bulletins de la Société d’Archéologie d’Avranches, 1907 and 1908. (Four Nos.) From Dr. ROBERT L. WOOLCOMBE, M.A., of Dublin :— Contributions to the Natural History of Lambay, County Dublin. Being the January and February numbers of the Jrish Naturalist for 1907. From the Author :— Haize (Jules). La Tour Solidor. Notice Historique. Norr.—M. Haize is Secretary of La Société Historique et Archéologique de l’arrondissement de St. Malo. REPORTS. 165 From La Société Jersiaise, Jersey :— Journal de Jean Chevalier. 4me et dSme Fascicules. Trente-Cinquieme Bulletin Annuel, 1910. From the Trustees of the British Museum :— Sharpe (R. Bowdler), LL.D., Hand-list of the Genera and Species of Birds. Vol. V. 1909. Guide to the British Vertebrates. 1910. Guide to the Crustacea, Arachnida, Onychophora and Myriopoda. 1910. Memorials of Charles Darwin. Special Guide No. 4. 1910. From the London County Council :— Kighth Annual Report of the Horniman Museum and Library, Forest Hill, London, 8.E. 1909. From the Torquay Natural History Society, Founded 1844 :— Journal of the Torquay Natural History Society. Vol. I. Nos. l and 2. 1909-1910. From France, etc. :— Phytogeographical Nomenclature (IIIme Congres In- ternational de Botanique, Bruxelles, May, 1910). Reports and Propositions, by Flahault & Schroter. Travaux Scientifiques du Laboratoire de Zoologie et de Physiologie Maritimes de Concarneau. Tome I. (2me Partie), 1909. Travaux Scientifiques de lUniversité de Rennes. Tome VI., 1907. Do. (2me Partie), 1907. From Portici, Italy :— Bolletino del Laboratorio di Zoologia Generale e Agraria della R. Scuola Superiore d’ Agricoltura in Portici. Wolk V., 1910; From the United States of America :— Boston Society of Natural History.— Proceedings. Wol) XXXIV., Nos. 5 to 8. 1909-1910. Do.—Allen (Glover M.), Fauna of New England. II. List of the Aves. 1909. Cincinnati, Ohio.—Bulletin of the Lloyd Library of Botany, Pharmacy and Materia Medica. Pharmacy Series, No. 2, 1910, and Mycological Series, No. 4, 1909. Philadelphia.— Academy of Natural Sciences, Vol. LXI., Rarts;2 and 3, and Vol. IXIl., Parts I and 2. 1909-1910. Washington.—Library of Congress. Report for year ending June 30, 1909. Do.—Smithsonian Institution. Annual Report for year ending June 30, 1908. 1909. Do.—Do. Report of the U.S, National Museum for the year ending June 30, 1909. 1909. SHEET. BALANCE 166 “MIANSDAAL,T, HULIOP ‘HUVA VI Ad‘) ‘0 TI O es Cc G GL eee eee eoe eee puey ul soured OUP ReQp- ae “OW ‘SUOLIIDSUDAT, yo esv1soq 10f sasuedxy s,AI1vJ01000 ) ee ses "* TayrjaIV 07 UOTYUOG T “+ suOTydIIOSqng JO WOLZDeT[OD Fo SUONIDSUDAT, JO 3S0D T 600. 00 ef =HOCu | 000 09 Ssurystqng UDIS! Z “90dl0G YIIM poqvouuod sosuodxy Se “dg ner hide) We) es) =H GUO Si! Sa 1 0 25 ‘OI6T “UIGT szequis.eq THMSMOE *L TISVA SLLId GOOMNIT ‘fC *‘qoeIIOD PUNOJ PUB POULMILX yurg 7e yse10JUT SUOTICLIOSqNE SIIqUI]L ie: USED yo sotdog te tee 8" QOILOG JO Sposd01g JUNODDYW s.Tvedk ySe] JO vouvpeg “aq OL6L ‘YIGT “aquiaveg 07 9s—T hunnunp wows ENOOOODV S:cveaaasSVaaL HHL TO DPOVuULsSayv REPORTS. 167 Report of the Entomological Section, 1910. Owing to the irreparable loss our Society has sustained by the death of the Veteran Entomologist and Special Secre- tary, no full report of the Society’s work in this section is possible. I have been requested to attempt to supply the deficiency and have consented to do my best, chiefly because I believe Mr. Luff would wish it. I am not aware that Mr. Luff has left notes of any points brought to his notice during the first half of the year, and I, of course, having no official position have received no reports. I am only able therefore to place at the disposal of the Society the slender material provided by my own experience, and confined to the single branch of my own pursuit of Entomology, viz., Lepidoptera. The year 1910 has been one of almost continued cold and rain, and the insects observed have been few. This does not necessarily mean that they have been greatly rednced in number, but that in unfavourable weather they are less active and consequently less in evidence. And for the same reason probably the field naturalist has been less energetic and given himself fewer opportunities of observation. However, we can add three moths to our local list which are very desirable additions. The one of first importance 1s Wola albula. Its discovery was due to a happy chance. A schoolboy of Marlborough College, spending his summer holidays in Guernsey, brought to me a box of very ordinary moths to name for him, but among the common herd was a good specimen of Nola albula. Of this genus Ao/u some five species only are recorded for Iingland ; though for Europe Standinger’s list includes four- teen or fifteen. Albula is a very rare moth in England, only seven specimens are known to have been taken. It is, how- ever, a widely distributed species, and is found not uncom- monly throughout Northern aud Central Hurope, extending as far south as Italy and Dalmatia. and eastward to Japan. The German dealers are therefore able to offer it in their lists at the low price of 8d. Our Guernsey specimen was beaten out of the hedge in a lane near Cobo, and alas! ranks as a “foreigner.” In the same box was a rather wasted specimen of Pelurga comitata, an insect which has not before been recorded for Guernsey, though taken by Mr. Luff in Alderney in 1873. This is a fairly common moth on waste eround in England. Another interesting capture by the same boy were several specimens of Agrotis vestigialis, Rott. ( Valligera Hb.) ‘The only previous record of this species in 168 REPORTS. Guernsey was made by myself in the early eighties, and as I had never seen it since I had begun to suspect some mistake —the more that I had not preserved a Guernsey specimen. All my own come from North Wales. On September 8th I took flying to light at the Imperial Hotel, Pleinmmont, a fine male Epineuronia (Heliophobus ) popularis. ‘This handsome moth, though very common in the south of England, has never been noticed in Guernsey before. This is the more strange as it is too large and too boisterous in its behaviour to be easily overlooked. The male is readily attracted by lght, the female never, but is a very sluggish insect and can only be found by searching at night with a lantern the stems of coarse grass on which it rests and on which the larva feeds. Frank E. Lowe, Sec. Ent. Sect. Report of the Geological Section, 1910. 1.—* Hougue du Mottier” Quarry, S. Sampson. The working of this quarry has exposed a fine section of a@ vein presenting some peculiarities. This vein is of a uniform width of about 2 feet, but its course is very sinuous, which may in great measure be accounted for by faulting and displacement subsequent to its intrusion. The “ country rock” is the usual diorite, but the composition of the vein is variable. In those parts where it seems least altered, it consists almost entirely of crystallized quartz and felspar, but elsewhere it passes into ci syenite, while in other parts it has been altered by the formation of secondary products, such as chlorite and epidote, and the vein has a very mottled appear- ance due to the presence of iron in various combinations. The diorite into which it intrudes is also much altered in places, resembling serpentine, while on the east side of the quarry there is a patch where it is distinctly banded, some of the bands consisting entirely of hornblende in crystals averaging + of an inch in diameter, while the alternating bands contain much quartz. This patch of banded rock is cut through by the vein, so that its banded formation is evidently anterior. 2.—Rue Piette, Catel. The bank having been cut back for the purpose of building a well, shewed superficial deposits ranging from nothing at the south end to 5 or 6 feet in thickness at the lower or north end. These deposits consist of the usual REPORTS. 169 roughly stratified alternations of sand and clay. The under- eee ; aa lying rock is decompose! gneiss, with intrusive veins of granite corresponding to that at Cobo. C. G. De La Mare, Sec. Geo. Sect. Report of the Ornithological Section, 1910. The recent departure from the island of Mr. E. D. Marquand, A.L.8., has deprived the Ornithological Section of its valued Secretary, whose annual Report on the bird migra- tion to and from the island it has been our privilege ‘and profit to hear read for several years past. In 1889 (twenty-one years ago) I commenced making a few notes on some of our summer bird visitors, and having, with a few additions, continued these observations regularly since, I offer this as my sole excuse for attempting, however imperfectly, to keep up the work begun by Mr. Marquand for our Society in connection with bird migration here. Several ladies and gentlemen, whose names appear lower down, have assisted me materially with this Report, and to each and all of these I am deeply indebted for notes, the more especially as my own observations are mostly confined to St. Martin’s, while some of theirs include the district of the Vale at one end of the island and Torteval at the other. The bigger the field of observation the better. In sending me his notes, Mr. J. 8. Hocart, of Les Mielles, Vale, wrote :—“ To all appearance I believe that birds are getting each year scarcer at the Vale. The large area of ground now covered with glass, and the disappear- ance of ti ees, bushes, &e., which used to afford them shelter and cover, is probably helping to keep them away. The great number of air-guns now used by boys is also depriving us of our songsters ; even the chirping sparrow is far less abundant than it was at one time.” Mr. Hocart’s reference to air-guns has struck a sympa- thetic chord. For the sake of the poor defenceless birds I heartily wish there was no such thing as air-guns. In many instances the little bird shot at is not killed outright, only wounded more or less badly, and left, very often with perhaps a broken wing or leg, to die a painful, lingering death. I certainly think something might be done to protect. the birds from this cruelty, if in no other way by licensing the owners of air-guns and fixing an age, before attaining which boys should not be allowed to use them. I wish our legisla- 170 REPORTS. tors could be induced to move in the matter just for the sake of our feathered songsters without whose sweet singing the country-side, even in spring and summer, would be dull indeed. Ornithological Reports have been published in our Society’s Transactions since 1903, and as supplementing this year’s observations, I have added in brackets at the end of each note the earliest and latest recorded date for that particular bird with the year and the authority responsible for the observation. Chiff Chaff.— Heard several of these early Spring arrivals on March 23rd in the Fermain Bay valley. They were in song almost as in the height of the season: it was most delightful to hear them once more. Exactly when they arrived I cannot say, as this was my first visit to the valley in search of them. Before the end of the month the birds were quite plentiful at St. Martin’s. I continued to hear the bird until the early days of October, my last date being the 8th, when I heard one at Moulin Huet, below the Courtes Fallaises. [March 23rd in 1910.—Mr. B. T. Rowswell. | | October 22nd in 1908.—Mr. E. D. Marquand. | Wheatear.—Mr. E. D. Marquand and his son saw two Wheatears at Icart Point, St. Martin’s, on the 28th of March, one day later than last vear. The first I saw was on April 5th, on the Moulin Huet cliffs. At VAncresse Mr Hocart did not see any until the 10th of the month, and the last seen by him in that district was on October 11th. At St. Martin’s I continued to see Wheatears off and on at Petit Port up to October 25th. [March 12th in 1903.—Mr. G. Dalgliesh. ] [ October 25th in 1910.—Mr. B. T. Rowswell. ] Wrynececk.—The cry of this always most welcome harbinger of Spring and of the Cuckoo was first heard on March 29th by the Rev. R. H. Tourtel, at Torteval, who reports hearing it several times that afternoon. A week later, on April 5th, the bird was heard by Mr. E. Durman at St. Saviour’s, and on the 8th I heard the cry myself at the bottom of the Water Lane, St. Martin’s. At the Vale Mr. Hocart’s notes give April 11th as the date of arrival in his district. Mr. Hocart says :— ‘‘'The bird was seldom heard, and disappeared unusually early,’’ and he mentions June 25th as the last occasion on which he heard the bird calling in his neighbourhood. The Rev. R. H. Tourtel gives July 15th as his last date. At St. Martin’s I continued noting the sound until July 18th on which date, while walking along the Moulin Huet cliffs, I heard the bird for the last time. Two days earlier, and on the same cliffs, I got almost within touching distance of a Wryneck still in full song. The strength of the cry at close quarters is almost startling and the clearness of the note delightful. [March 29th in 1910.—Rev. R. H. Tourtel. |] [July 30th in 1908.-Mr. J 8. Hocart.] Cuckoo.—This, probably the best known of all our feathered visitors, was heard first on April 21st and again on the 22nd by Miss Boley, in the Sausmarez Manor grounds at St. Martin’s. On the 25rd the bird was heard generally all over the island for Rev. Tourtel, at Torteval; Capt. Lenfestey, at Le Bordage, St. Peter’s-in-the- Wood ; Mr. Robert, at New Place, Vauvert; Mr. Durman, at St. Saviour’s, and Mr. Hocart, at the Vale, all report hearing the familiar call, in the districts named, on this day. It was also recorded in several parts of St. Martin’s, and the Evening Press stated that it was both seen and heard at Les Varendes at 6am. This well distributed, and I may add thoroughly trustworthy | a REPORTS. 7 testimony to the general appearance of the Cuckoo in all parts of Guernsey on April 23rd, is, | consider, very interesting. With the close of the month of June, the Cuckoo’s voice practically ceases to be heard in the land although, as is well known, the bird remains with us for some weeks longer. Mr. Hocart tells me that June 22nd was the last day on which he heard the bird at the Vale, and Mr. Tourtel gives June 30th for himself at Torteval. At St. Martin’s the Vallon trees, below the Courtes Fallaises, is a favourite haunt of the Cuckoo, and at this spot I have frequently loitered in the gathering twilight at the end of June and the beginning of July to listen to the rich full note coming from one of the tree-tops. On July Ist of this year, for instance, at 8.30 o’clock in the evening, I was sauntering along the old pathway when a bird started singing and only stopped after saying ‘‘ cuckoo ’’ 140 times. I heard a bird there again on July 4th, 5th, 6th and 8th. At 7.45 a.m. on the 9th, my old friend, | presume, said ‘‘cuckov’”’ 72 times, and at 8 o’clock on the evening of the same day I heard him for the last time when all he could manage was a few calls in a very husky voice. The next day, July 10th, Mr. G. J. Tourtel heard a bird at the same spot and this is the latest date for hearing the Cuckoo of which I have reliable information. [April 13th in 1905.—Mr. E. D. Marquand. | [July 13th m 1907.—Rev. R. H. Tourtel. | Swallow.—On April 12th, my brother-in-law, Mr. G. F. Allés, and myself saw a Swallow skimming over a field near Les Naftiaux, at S. Andrew’s. I did not chance to see any again until April 22nd, but on the 26th and 29th they were plentiful at Moulin Huet. At L’Ancresse Mr. Hocart first saw some on April 21st, a date he considers as rather late. As regards their departure, Mr. Hocart wrote :—‘‘ The bulk of them left the Vale during some rough cold days at the middle of September, but a few were still seen daily until October 16th, when I saw the two last.’’ Of the departure of the main body I have no personal observations to report, but I noticed while out driving in the country for several hours, both on October 10th and 11th, that very few Swallows were about. I saw some in different places on Sunday, the 23rd, at Petit Port on the 25th, at Les Blanches on the 28th, and a solitary one along the Fort road on the 31st. This I thought was going to be my latest date for seeing Swallows this year, but exactly a fortnight later, on November 14th, a couple were seen flying about at the top of George-road. [April 6th in 1909.—Mr. EK D. Marquand. ] [ November 14th in 1910.—Mr. B. T. Rowswell. ] House Martin.—About this pretty little member of the Swallow tribe I have been supplied with no notes, so only can give you the result of my own observations. With many people Swallows proper, House Martins and Swifts, are all Swallows, and yet each have very distinctive characteristics. ‘The House Martin, for instance, is smallest of the three, and has a short blunt tail. Then, in addition, the snow-white patch of feathers on the back near the tail easily distinguishes it from the other members of the family. The first I saw this year was a solitary one flying about over the Moulin Huet cliffs on April 29th, and I did not see any more until May 9th, when another was observed at the same place, after which they became normally plentiful for the season. Throughout October I continued to see House Martins from time to time. On the 23rd for example several were sporting themselves in a gully at Petit Port, and I saw some again at Les Blanches on the 28th and at Moulin Huet on the 31st. On November loth I saw one (the last) at the top of George Road at 10 a.m. [April 3rd in 1905.—Mr. E. D. Marquand. | | November 17th in 1908.—Mr. B. T. Rowswell. ] Swift.—Mr. George J. Tourtel, of St. Martin’s, was the first to observe the arrival of the ‘‘ Black Swallows”’ this year. On April 29th he saw one 172 REPORTS. of these interesting birds at Moulin Huet, but I did not see any until May 9th, when I watched three sporting themselves over the Fort Road. On Whit-Monday, May 16th, the birds showed decided indications of becoming more plentiful. On Thursday evening, August 11th, my brother-in-law and myself witnessed a great assembly of Swifts over the cliffs at Les Fontenelles, Forest. We had been spending a lazy afternoon amongst the gorse, smoking and reading, when about 6 o’clock the birds began to attract our attention. At first the party was comparatively small in number, perhaps fifty, then grew steadily until we estimated the number at over 200. The birds were circling about at all elevations— many so low that the peculiar click of the wings and the rush of the birds through the air were distinctly heard. Once the whole flock without exception rose suddenly to such a great height that had we not known they were Swifts, it would have been impossible to identify them. When we left the spot at 7 o’clock, the birds had again descended to lower levels and were flying about in all directions in as large numbers as ever. We noticed, too, that the birds were perfectly silent, never once uttering the harsh scream for which Swifts are noted when chasing one another on warm summer days as, for instance, the little Town Church band may often be heard doing during the height of the season. It was certainly a most interesting sight, unlike anything we had ever seen before. Swifts are the last «f the Hirundines to reach our shores as they are the first to leave, departing in bulk towards the end of August. Stragglers, however, may still be seen in the early days of September. Durmg the week ending September 2nd this year, I saw a few almost daily and on the morning of the 4th a couple were flying high over St. Martin’s church. On the 9th I noted the last, a solitary one, at the Courtes Fallaises, St. Martin’s. [April 24th in 1909.—Mr. E. D. Marquand. | [September 26th in 1907.—Mr. KE. D. Marquand. ] Cornerake.—This interesting Summer migrant, the scarcity of which in Nig Jay.—In last year’s Ornithological Report, Mr. Marquand was able to put - recent years has been commented upon by Mr. Marquand on several occasions, appears to have been rather more abundant this season, although the whole of the observations recorded in connection with it are embraced within the small compass of eleven days. The bird was first heard by my brother-in-law (Mr. Allés) and myself on Whit- Monday afternoon, May 16th, at Les Jaonnets, St. Saviour’s. On the evening of the same day my friend, Mr. KE. Rammell, heard Corncrakes at three different spots near St. George, Catel. On Saturday evening, May 21st, whilst observing Halley’s Comet from Les Bemonts, St. Andrew’s, In company with Mr. Rammell, the pleasant if somewhat unmusical sound floated up to us from the lowlands in the distance. This was my last date for hearing the bird, but the Rev. R. H. Tourtel reports that it was heard again at St. George on the 26th. Mr. J. S. Hocart did not once hear the bird this summer. [May 5th in 1907. ] [No records for being last heard. | htjar.— Mr. E. Rammell reports seeing one of these birds on the evening of May 25th near Les Bemonts, St. Andrew’s. The Nightjar although, I believe, a regular summer visitant, is not by any means a familiar or well known bird here, possibly owing to its nocturnal habits. on record that in the Autumn of 1899 or 1900, Mr. G. E. Kinnersly had seen a couple of Jays in the shrubbery at Le Vallon, St. Martin’s. This year Mr. Kinnersly reports seeing two of these pretty birds on November 21st at Le Moulin de Haut, Catel. Blaeckstart.—On October 23rd, between Moulin Huet and Petit Port, I chanced upon one of these, when on the wing, remarkably pretty birds. The red patch at the base of the back was strikingly brilliant.. On ad bei REPORTS. 733 November 3rd, 1908, I saw a Blackstart at practically the same spot, and Mr. E. D. Marquand also reported seeing several about the same time on the cliffs between Icart and Petit Bot as well as one on the heights above Petit Port. B. T. RowsweE.u, Sec. Orni. Sect. Report of Section for Marine Zoology. There is unfortunately very little to report this year on this branch of our Society’s work. The only serious worker left to us—Mr. Eric Sharp— was only here for part of the year, and now he too has gone. There are three additions to our list to record :— (a) A new sponge—Leuconia fistulosa—at Cobo by Mr. Eric Sharp. (0) A new anemone, the Glaucous Warty Anemone-— Bunodes Hallia—in Grande Gréve Bay, Sark, by myself. The specimen is at present living in my aquarium. (c) Also a distinct variety of the Globe-horn Anemone, red in colour—Corynactis corallina. Although this variety has been known to me for many years as occurring in large numbers in the Gouliot Caves, Sark, it has not hitherto appeared on our list. And yet the year has not been entirely devoid of interest. Thanks to Miss Mellish and Miss Browne a number of the pupils at the Ladies’ College have commenced to take an active interest in this subject and have established a marine aquarium. I trust that some of them, at least, may in time become workers for our Society. Towards the end of October I conducted a number of these pupils, accompanied by Miss Fraser and Miss Browne, to Sark with the object of exploring the Gouliot Caves. Unfortunately the day turned out very stormy, very wet and very cold, and great masses of seaweed, carried in by the waves, partially choked the inner caves. Though we were prevented from seeing and obtaining speci- mens of many things we had hoped to, the visit was of the ereatest interest to me. I have visited these caves nearly every year for seven- teen years, but have never been into them so late in the year before, and the change since September, when I was last there, was most remarkable. The walls of one of the inner caves during the summer are closely studded with tens of thousands of Corynactis—the little Globe-horn Anemone. On the right side they are almost exclusively of a red variety— Corynactis C 174 REPORTS. corallina, on the left side the commoner yellowish-green one— Corynactis viridis. Now all were gone. | Be s | 2 3 | = Ss] e S E > o| 88 ea a = 5 5 = > | 4,08 | 25 09 5 S ee P= @ oO Gs oO to ed ® 2 0 ot n O pmary << p = | zs ct BHee | & | : oS: | 22 oer _|F°°3 | a3 "172109 8,180.4 cee SLL ATU} UOT | 98 i aN s Taga Ae euo Ley ‘spioo0y ‘i “uor10do1g | 489}BIIN) SnolAcig Treyurey “soyouy ‘OI6T ‘VOU S.\NILUVI LS LV TIVANIVY ‘I ATEaViL Cremer 230 RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. TABLE II, DISTRIBUTION OF RAINFALL OVER THE ISLAND 1910. 1910. August September .... October The Year..;.- Comparisons .. Wet Day Observers South & South East. East. ae) Et : Sie ots eg (Se, & | #8) Fz 8 |2e8 |e oma ee ae | ne ¢ ee rie OA 2 eee ee ale x SS 1 2 3 4 5 in. in. in. in. in. 5-54 | o12 | 4°49 | 5-98 | 5°45 5°00 | 4:80) 4°12) 4.94, | 5-45 2°03: | >1-93> |) 1:67 | 1-93 191-88 1°39) T:460)- 1:38.43) eat | 134 2°30 | 2°22 | 2°06 | 9-90 | 2-13 1°96 | 1°99 | 2°30 | 1:96 | 2°18 2°83. | 2°50) | 2°43 | 2:69 | 2°73 2°33 | Qeal | 2:29 =| 9-=98 | 2-96 0°36 | 6°35 | 0°35 | 0°39 | 0°37 15D) \ tro9e) (6241 127-59") 7e6s 10°75, | 11°18 | 10°36 | 10:20 | 10°29 4:10 | 4°14 | 3°59 | 3°89 | 3°94 46-17 [45°54 40-36 | 40-32 | 45-72 100 96 85 85 99 232 243 225 215 221 Sia lok 3 g E e) : o D a D Fe = = 5 rd 2 * to) fe) 3 5 S) =} 5 6) es) nie eee ce ety Fis 4 H ; H sd | Cee) eae a South-West. ® e hone fq) $8 fe 4 S a oD 6 7 ae in. 0°43 | 4°76 4°79 | 4°63 138 awa 1°79 | 1°58 2°02 | 1°99 2°09 | 2°03 2°60 | 2°48 2°03 | 2°96 0°24 | 0°34 6:29" "6562, 8°80 | 10°53 3°89 | 3°89 89 93 224 223 8 a | § mH | § A 3 a North-| Whole East. | Island Ss | a CS lea A Bee 45 4) | [ee aoe Ses ry | 8 +2) in. in. 4°62 | 5:08 4°47 | 4°78 395 1g 1°224) teat 1°67 | 2°08 1:90 | 2°05 24d | (eT 1°90 | 2°20 0°14 | 0°31 6°70 | 7°06 8°53 | 10°07 3°65 | 3°88 94 79 181 | 220 3 i eS 3 oO ° f= Hi =i a“ 231 GUERNSEY. RAINFALL OF ‘skep yom FL ‘skvp Arp 6 ‘OAISN[OUI ISTE IaquisdaqT 0} TIOT 10q0100 ‘GOldad LAM AUAA “YOUr GZ-0 [IBF 1830} ‘sAvp ge— “* ** = quSnorp Teryaeg “WIGT ore utorzz sXvp Ap c[—pvoy survey “49 38 IWSnoig *porjddns Jou STreqoqd 3 6 00-T | GO-T | 06-0 | 96-0 | IT-T | 7S-0 | H0-T | GO-T | SL-0 | 48-0 | 86-0 ||"°"*° "0g “ 6 00-T | FI-L | S8-0 | 6L-0 | 9L-0 | 88-0 | 78-0 | 06-0 | LL-O | 00-T | 76-0 ||""°"*' EZ - 6 LO-T d vO-T | 09-0 | ST-T | 00-T | 06-0 | 960 | 06-T | SF-T | €Z-T ||" ****9T tequreaony 6 d 6 20-1 )-98-0 | VL-E 80-0 | OLE -|°c0:E | 0F- | L0-1 | Z0-T °° 2°" <2 ie 19 78:0 e- | 0S-T crt 0C7 ecm 10-1 |-fet | cea | eer | tot Woo er OL-T || TIT 6 60-T | 00-T | 48-0 | GL-0 | €0-T | LI-T | 90-1 | €@-1 | €@T |/"""°°° IE 19q09090 d 6F-0 | 80-1 | &&-0 | L9-0 | TZ-0 | €6-0 | SF-0 | 68-0 | 9€-0 | ZE-0 | G8-0 I]"""*"*'8 oun? 9L-0 || OL-O | 80-T | G9-0 | 91-0 | 94-0 | F¥-0 | T8-0 | F8-0 | TL-0 | 92-0 | 18-0 ||°°** °° TT yore cs a — | 08-0 | 69-0 | ¢8-0 | 80-T | 8L-0 | TL-0 | ZL-0 | €8-0 | 9L-0 ||""***'eg Axenuse me BGs) ay) || Ae teeo is ep a kee ete fe a = : 3 ‘II 9148,L, Ul se potoyunu suoeyg Aasuseny n *soyouy “ABp ours WO sUOT}RIS [[B 4B poInsvow sound YT ‘SNOLLVILS TIV LV ‘UHAO GNV ‘HONI ANO JO STIVA TH ATa VL 232 TABLE IV. RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. AVERAGE ANNUAL VALUE OF RAINFALL. The Year No. of | Dry or Rainfall included. Years. Wet. of Year. Inches. PYeVIOUS sa... 58 — — WER Gansngao as 59 Very Dry 27:97 DOOR vcr ere eee 60 Dry. 33°98 POS Se cree 61 Wet. 40°88 1904 6 ccm 62 Wet. 37°72 1905» ee te 63 Dry. 34°12 EGOGS Rivak oe eee 64. Dry. 33 43 USOT oO van aeecea: 65 Dry. 34:00 DOS Se eats arr 2 66 Very Dry 26°22 L909” Cees heteton 2 67 Dry. 34°00 AGLO ie whe o ces 68 Wet 46°16 Whole period of 10 years...... = Dry. 34°84 TABLE V. Average Effect of of full each year on Period. Average. Inches. Inches. 36°62 — 36°54 —0°08 36°52 —0°02 36°62 -+- 0°10 36°62 — 36°59 —0°03 36°46 —0°13 36°50 -+- 0°04 36°32 —0°18 36°29 —0°03 36.51 -+- 0°22 — 011 — YEARS OF MINIMUM AND MAXIMUM RAINFALL WITH THE TWO SUCCEEDING YEARS. Yeargot Minimum || _Teargot Medium | Years of Mazina 3 following Minimum. Minimum. | Year. | Inches. Year. Inckes. Year. Inches. 1844 | 27°6 1845 Ba°3 1846 42°5 1847 | 29°2 1848 48:0 1849 36°4 1851 | 29°3 1852 49°1 1853 34°9 1854 29°9 1855 30°4 1856 34°3 1858 25:0 1859 43°4. 1860 -48°0 1864 32°6 1865 43°3 1866 44°4 1870 2020 1871 36°2 1872 56°9 1887 28-7 1888 3874 1889 Boe 1901 27°9 1902 33°9 1903 40°9 1908 26°2 1909 34°0 1910 46:2 10 | Mean 10 Mean 10 Mean Years. | 28:3 Years. 38-9 Years. 41°8 7 | Mean a Mean a Mean Years. 28°0 Years. 36°3 Years. 44°7 | The seven years’ totals do not include the lines beginning with the years 1847, 1851 and 1887. RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. TABLE VI. PREVIOUS YEARS OF LOWEST RAINFALL WITH THE 5 YEARS BEFORE AND AFTER THE MINIMA. 233 In. 26 1853 34°98 1854 | 1855 | 1856 99:29 30°42 | 30°36 1857 31 90 1858 1859 | 1860 43°41 1861 31°22 1862 32°50 1863 34°47 In. 56 1865 | 1866 | 1867 1868 34°76 1869 32-99 1871 | 1872 56°96 1873 37°72 1874 35°38 1875 36°28 1903 1904 1910 46°16 234 RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. TABLE VII. RAINFALL OF ALDERNEY AND SARK, 1910. Compared with the Elevated Gauge on the Guille-Allés Library, | Communicated by Mr. B. Rowswell. Inches. G. & A. Library, by Mr. B. Rowswell. AON NH NYRR CN Ki od DONDE DED MOO HOO OR WD WwW oOo forge} a 43°77 Wet Days. S BB is! D2 a a | 24 24 24 26 25 24 7 6 9 13 11 13 16 19 20 1] 13 11 13 16 15 15 16 17 6 5 5 20°; 18 20 21 27 28 20 23 23 192 | 203 | 209 Rainfall. my S BS Months. B a : = pou Bo op | 2 3 > > ~ $ Hours. < -+- 2°7 3°6 3°3 13 10 76 | 30th SEZ, 76 6°6 + 3:3 4°9 4-4 5 6 6°6 8th Si 6°7 6°2 ++ 45°3 teh? TT 2 3 10°9 | 28th | 11°8 6°8 5°D — 6:2 10°7 | 10°2 3 1 12°07) 26th) 438 6:1 4°8 —20°8 1931 -13"2 0 it 14°7*| 24th | 14°5 671 Ad — 73 13°5 | 12°9 2 1 15°1 3rd | 15°6 61 4°8 —79°0 10°7 | 14°71 5 0 14:2 4th | 15:0 6°6 4°6 —50°1 10°8 | 12°6 1 1 12°3 | 10th | 14°4 | 6°5 4°5 —14°5 9°5 wer) 2 1 11°8 8th | 12°4 | 5°5 4°6 -+- 4:3 6°7 6°0 5 4 91 | 14th | 10°8 4°] 5°9 —11°4 3°2 3°6 8 | 61 2nd 8°8 Ts 6°4 -+- 6°9 2°9 2°3 11 11 5° | 14th Wes 7:3 5°8 —138:°0 100 | 100 57 | 46 15°1 | June | 15°6 6°4 5°3 * New Record. 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TABLE ITI. THE REDUCTION IN HOURS OF SUNSHINE DURING THE LAST SEVEN YEARS OF THE SUMMER MONTHS. Period. Averages for TE Yeatsevis.ss.. May. 261 253 207 251 246 244 250 248 13 June. 270 258 253 254 250 249 248 247 33 239 Hours of Sunshine. Averages, July. 287 283 282 280 280 217 274. 269 18 August. September 191 190 186 189 189 188 187 186 NOTES ON THE RAINFALL AT SARK AND ALDERNEY DURING THE YEAR 1910.* BY BASIL T. ROWSWELL. 0) THE year 1910 will stand out in the annals of local Meteo- rology as one of excessive rainfall. As far as my own Station at Les Blanches in this island (Guernsey) is con- cerned the total measurement for the twelve months, viz., 45°54 in., exceeded the average of the 10 years, 1894-1903, by no less than 11°59 in. Of the 17 years during which rainfall observations have been taken at Les Blanches, 1910 was by 7°34 in. the wettest year of the series, and its total exceeds that of 1908 (24°33 in.), the driest of the seven- teen, by 21:21 in. October with 7°59 in. of rain and November with 11°13 in. (aggregate 18°72 in.) together represent no less than 55 per cent. of the year’s average total. Five one-inch rainfalls were measured at Les Blanches during October and November, the heaviest downpour of the year, 1°53 in., occurring on October 13th. Only one really dry month was experienced, September, the full rainfall of which was but 0°35 in. In writing of 1910 as having been excessively wet, one should do so guardedly. The year began with two very wet months, but these were followed by a long interval of just ordinary rainfall. As a matter of fact there was nothing to point to the year being one of extraordinary rainfall until the advent of November when, however, it became abundantly clear that the accumulated fall for the twelve months would certainly be an unusually heavy one and that 1910 would finish up with a “grand total” unknown at Guernsey for very many years. Incidental reference has been made to the great rainfall shortage of 1908. This was followed in 1909 by a further, if much smaller, loss, but together the deficiency for the two years reached the big figure of 11°25in. This alarming drought, however, was more than wiped out by the 11°59 in. *The incidental references in these Notes to the Rainfall Station at Les Blanches are included merely for the sake of comparing the Sark and Alderney figures with those at a Guernsey Station. B.T.R. [1910.] RAINFALL AT SARK AND ALDERNEY. 241 excess in the 1910 rainfall. There is every reason to believe that excesses and deficiences of rainfall always balance themselves in time. Sooner or later, no matter how great the departure from the normal may be, a restoration to par occurs. The year 1910 began with a distribution of atmospheric pressure which had in it great possibilities for the making of fine weather in the Channel Islands; everything seemed to point to the likely development of a cold snap. But it never came off, for after a week of wavering uncertainty the tide turned in the direction of “unsettled,” which as the days advanced became more pronounced in every respect and, in the end, made the month one of marked cyclonic activity, variable temperature and heavy rainfalls. In all the islands very little rain fell until the 11th when the first big fall of the year occurred, and a stiff gale with heavy thunderstorm was reported from Alderney. Lightning and thunder also occurred at Guernsey between 6 and 7 p.m. that day. Very heavy rain again fell on Sunday, the 23rd, in connection with the passage of a deep Atlantic disturbance. The measurements were: Sark, 0°67 in.; Alderney, 0°83 in. ; (Guernsey (Les Blanches), 0°83 in. From Guernsey on Wednesday, the 26th, the ad- jacent French coast and Alderney were observed to be thickly covered with snow. In confirmation Mr. Picot’s weekly report stated that a heavy fall of snow had been experienced at Alderney during the night from the 25th to the 26th. On the 26th itself an interesting peculiarity in rainfall was noted, for while Capt. Henry at Sark reported a perfectly dry day, and 0:01 in. only of rain fell at Guernsey (Les Blanches), a “steady snowfall” yielding 0°35 in. of water in the gauge, occurred at Alderney during the “ after- noon and evening.” Roughly from four to five inches of snow are represented by Mr. Picot’s measurement given above. On Saturday evening, January 29th, the Great Daylight Comet (1910a) was seen at Alderney; it was also seen at Gruernsey the same day. February proved mild but exceedingly unsettled. Both at Sark and Alderney it was the wettest February of the five years 1906-1910; at Les Blanches it was the wettest month of the name since 1900. Out of the 28 days rain was measured on 25 at Sark, 26 at Alderney and 27 at Les Blanches. Lightning occurred at Alderney on the 7th, “thunder and lightning” during the evening of the 20th, 242 RAINFALL AT SARK AND ALDERNEY. and ‘thunder and hail” on the night of the 23rd. Another peculiarity in the distribution of the rainfall was noted on the 21st for while long showers, giving 0°27 in. at Guernsey (Les Blanches), and 0°28 in. at Sark, fell in this part of the Bailiwick, Alderney escaped with a paltry 0°01 in. With the advent of March much drier weather set in and nearly the whole of the month’s rainfall occurred in the second week. On the 11th a downpour amounting to three quarters of an inch roughly, fell in the three islands. Two days before this date Alderney had been deluged with a fall amounting to 0°82 in., while Les Blanches and Sark received respectively 0°42 and 0:41 in. only. Different in amount, however, as the rainfalls were on the 9th, a much greater difference was noted on the 12th, and on this occasion again Alderney came in for the bigger quantity. Here the measurement was 1°03 in. and Mr. Picot reported “thunder, lightning, rain extraordinary.” At Guernsey and Sark where, by the way, no electrical disturbance was experienced but a dull sunless day the rainfall totalled 0°20 in. at Les Blanches and 0°12 in. at Sark! In the six days ending March 12th Alderney received 2°68 in. of rain, Guernsey (Les Blanches) 1°58 in., and Sark 1:39 in. From the 19th to the end of the month the weather was absolutely dry at all the stations. The dry interval came to an end at Guernsey and Alderney on the 2nd of April and at Sark on the 3rd. This was the longest rainless spell of the whole year in the islands. On April 4th when 0:05 in. of rain fell at Guernsey (Les Blanches) Sark had 0:14 in. and Alderney as much as 0°37 in. April was more or less an unsettled period all through, but with deficient rainfall. At Sark, where Capt. Henry measured a total of less than one inch, it was the driest of the last five Aprils, but at Alderney the month was drier in 1906. May was an unsettled month for the time of year. Rain fell almost daily during the first three weeks, but the fourth week was fine and absolutely dry both at Sark and Alderney. This is the week during which Halley’s comet was best seen in the islands. Smart hail showers fell at Alderney and Guernsey on the 7th and 8th, and on the 14th Alderney experienced the ‘tail-end rain” of a heavy thunderstorm raging in the Channel, north of that island, at 8 pm. At Le Huret, Mr. Picot’s station, the gauge collected 0°08 in. only of water. In the early part of June two severe thunderstorms visited the Bailiwick, the first, which, (at Guernsey) com- RAINFALL AT SARK AND ALDERNEY’ 243 menced late in the evening of Monday the 6th and prevailed until well into the morning of the 7th, appears to have been heaviest in this island, 0°70 in. of rain falling at Les Blanches and as much as 0°97in. at Les Héches, St. Peter’s-in-the Wood. At Sark, Capt. Henry measured 0.49 in. only as a result of the storm, while Alderney escaped with a paltry 0°03 in. There the disturbance must have been of the slightest for Mr. Picot’s description of the day’s weather was merely “thunder and lightning at night.” Two days later, however (on the 8th) when the second thunderstorm occurred Alderney abundantly made up for what it had lost on the earlier occasion for the observer’s note ran: “ severe thunderstorm, 8.30 p.m., tropical downpour ;” and the tropical downpour was nothing less than 1:0Sin. At Sark only 0°45 in. of rain fell in the storm and at Les Blanches still less, viz. : 0°32in. In another part of Guernsey (1 Ancresse) 0°67 in. was measured. At Guernsey and Sark, by the way, the thunderstorm prevailed during the afternoon, but at Alderney in the evening. On the 27th of June, by a curious coincidence, 0°05 in. of rain fell in the three islands, but on the 29th while 0°08 in. only fell at Alderney, Sark had 0°26 in. and Guernsey (Les Blanches) 0°32in. Very great differences in rainfall are noted from time to time in the Channel Islands and that quite apart from a thundery state of the weather when, as is well known, places but a short distance apart will frequently show a marked diversity of rainfall. For instance, on the 9th of June no less than 1°32 in. fell at St. Aubin’s, Jersey, against O°31lin. at Les Blanches, 0°33in. at Sark and 0°14in. at Alderney. July was an abnormally cold month for the time of year and it proved a wet period as well. Both at Sark and Alderney it was by a long way the wettest July of the five years 1906-1910, and the total measurement in each island (see Table) was practically the same. A week and two days of absolutely dry weather was experienced beginning on the 6th, but from the 15th onwards continuously wet and rough conditions prevailed, rain falling almost daily and frequently heavily. The unseasonable weather of the last half of July spread into August which ran its course to the tune of deficient sunshine, low temperature and frequent showers. Again in both of the smaller islands it was the wettest month of the name since rainfall observations were commenced in 1906. A thunderstorm occurred during the evening of Sunday the 14th, 244 RAINFALL AT SARK AND ALDERNEY. both at Alderney and Guernsey. As far as Guernsey is concerned the storm was a slight one; in each island the rainfall was the same, viz. : 0°06 in. The next month, September, was the driest of the twelve, and more than that. The figures show it in fact to have been to date the driest month on record (since January, 1906) at both Sark and Alderney. At Guernsey (Les Blanches) it was with May, 1905, the driest month since May, 1896. The dry weather notwithstanding there was no drought in the technical acceptance of the term for a little rain fell at all the stations on the 14th, and more heavily at Sark and Guernsey on the 15th. Beginning on the 16th, however, a run of twelve dry days was enjoyed everywhere. In October a most regrettable break in the records occurred at Alderney. From the 2nd to the 29th inclusive no measurements of rainfall were made at Le Huret. The interruption in the observations is all the more to be regretted, occurring as it did at a time of unusually heavy rainfall when a comparison of the daily falls at this Station with those at Sark and Guernsey would have been particularly interesting. Fortunately, however, the observations were resumed before the beginning of November—a month, as far at any rate as Guernsey is concerned, of almost unpre- cedented rainfall. The change from dry to wet—a change destined to last to the end of the year—developed suddenly on October 10th and the weather at once became excessively unsettled. Already on the 11th the Sark gauge collected 1:11. in. of rain, and two days later (Thursday, the 13th), when also a great N.E. gale raged, the amount was no less than 1°84 in. As a daily fall this latter is the biggest reported either from Sark or Alderney in the five years 1906-1910. At Guernsey (Les Blanches) 1°23 in. fell on the 11th, and 1°53 in, on the 13th. October at Sark was to-date a record for wetness (7°09 in.) and it is rather curious that it immediately followed the month holding the record for drought, viz., September with 0°29 in. only of rain. This is for the five year period, 1906-1910. Unusually wet as October proved itself it was nothing compared with the torrential downpours that deluged the Bailiwick throughout November. The grand total for November, in Guernsey and Sark at any rate, is one that will take a lot of beating. At Alderney the figure is much lower but appears to be in agreement with observations taken at Totland Bay in the Isle of Wight and at other RAINFALL AT SARK AND ALDERNEY. Q45 places on the south coast of Hngland all of which show a much smaller November rainfall than was experienced at Guernsey and Jersey. The reduction in the November rainfall northward of Guernsey is well shown in the following table which gives the totals for October and November at the several places named. The October figures are included merely on account of that month having been (though on a smaller scale) a very wet period also. 1910. Jersey. Guernsey. Sark. Alderney. Wight St. Aubin’s. Les Blanches. Totland. in. in. in. in. in. October ...:...... Devoe ao, 09) ioe ene OW U6) November ...... Ossie eel ere PO 2. 18779 cA, Totals .....: MOSS LO ke ee ces NOY HEAVIEST DAILY RAINFALL IN NOVEMBER. 1910. Jersey. Guernsey. Sark. Alderney. Wight. : in. in. mn. in. in. WNewembers. 1°21 0c 1:43/2.. 1:07 ... t4 ... O82 23rd 16th 16th 23rd 30th Jersey (St. Aubin’s) had two one-inch rainfalls during November; Guernsey (Les Blanches), two; Sark, three ; Alderney, two; Isle of Wight (Totland), none. This month, probably more than any other in the five year period (1906-1910) covered by the observations, was rich in differences of daily rainfall over the Bailiwick. Some of the more striking of these differences are tabulated below : Sark. Alderney. Guernsey. Les Blanches. in. in. in: November 3rd............ OGG aes O22 8) ceak 0°65 ¥ Oe Wt se ceaea cs OSM eke se. ORO) aes 0°49 a Abe eee O08) uses ON ee eas. 0°65 " NES ENG oes ches Os Bure coe: — devece 0°35 Es GO thes cease IAG Ip toe ee Ore vec css 1°43 UG was tice sa esie O80: Soc. LOU Aese 1:00 ip DAT eater es TOO nose OP 9G esaces 0°69 = PAP el bese etree ee 0 il als ee O63) 25aee: 0°17 a DO tee. oe Monn 0°64. 3.8% OG esos 0°78 On the evening of Saturday, November 5th, when thunder and lightning occurred here, Mr. Picot reported “thunder, evening,” at Alderney. The following day his report ran: “S.W. gale, rain, thunder, lightning,” and for the 7th: “thunder, evening, and rain.” At Guernsey thunder H 246 RAINFALL AT SARK AND ALDERNEY. and lightning was noted during the evening of the 7th, but none occurred on the 6th. te (4 f A ‘ ‘ es COUNCIb FOR THE YEAR 1918. PRESIDENT: Mr. F. L. TANNER, L.D.S., B.C.S. VicE-PRESIDENTS: DR. J. AIKMAN, M.D., C.M., L.R.C.S. Mr. WM. CAREY, Bailiff. Mr. A. COLLENETTE, F.C.S. LIEUT.-COLONEL T. W. M. DE GUERIN. Mr. E. D. MARQUAND, A.L.S. REV. W. CAMPBELL PENNEY, M.A.,, Principal of Elizabeth College. Mr. WM. SHARP. HON. SECRETARY: HON. TREASURER: Mr. 8S. C. CURTIS, A.R.I.B.A. Mr. C. G. DE LA MARE. COUNCIL: Mr. A. C. BESCOBY, B.Sc. Miss M. BROWNEH, B.A. REV F. eh. LOWE, M.A. Miss A. L. MELLISH, M.A. Mid. LINWOOD PITTS, M.J.1.,. F.S:A. (Normandy). Mr. B. T. ROWSWELL. LIST OF MEMBERS (1912). 1891—Aikman, Dr., M.D., C.M., L.R.C.S. Queen’s Road. 1903—Aikman, Mrs. 1903—Aikman, Miss 1904—Allés, Mr. G. F... - 1911—Banks, Mr. T. B. Cth tate 1912—Bescoby, Mr. A. C., B.Sc. 1882—Bichard, Mr. T. M. 1904—Bishop, Mr. Julius, Jurat of the Royal Court . 1903—Bishop, Dr. Hee “ae M. Di, MOR.C.S., Goh.C2r. 1907—Bisson, Mr. T. egaih. hate vtiont 1904—Blampied, Mr. C. ce a OS 1910—Blicaa Mas JiHevon eee 1912—Blocaille, Mr. EK... Re ae 1907—Bostock, Miss .. .« 2 «» 1912—Bourde de la Rogerie, Rev. A. 1909—Browne, Miss Mary, B.A... 1911—Brownsey, Mr. J.. 58 1889—Carey, Mr. F. 1890—Carey, Mr. J. J., late M.LC.E., PRG IS. thin. ee Fe 1897—Carey, Miss EB. 3. 1. 20 oe 1908—Carey, Mrod Woe.) Ge a 1891—Carey, Mr. William, Bailiff Guernsey re Shy ea 1890—-Carré, Miss B. .. 1. oe 1911—Carruthers, Dr. J... 1907—Chalmers, Mr. A. L. .. 1911—Cheeswright, Miss E. S. : 1912—Clarke, Mrs. B:.J.° 15) 2h: \ 05 1882—Collenette, Mr. A., F.C.S. ia 1882—Collings, Colonel A. H. 1890—Collings, Miss M: B... .. .. 1912—Collings, Miss Amy .. .. «. 1882—Cole, Miss R. 56 00 56 1906—Corbin, Dr. E. K., M.R. c. S. 1908—-Corbin, Miss R. .. 2 «+ «s 1899—Cromartie, Mr. D. B... .. .. - Queen’s Road. -- Queen’s Road. .. Gothic Cottage, St. Martin’s. .. High Street. . Care of Elizabeth College. . Varendes, St. Andrew’s. . Grange. . Yandilla, Grange Road. .. The Laurels, Vale. .. La Fosse, St. Martin’s. .. Melrose Villa, Brock Road. . La Chaumette, Forest. Smith Street. . Burnt Lane. . Ladies’ College. . Pollet. . Summerland, Mount Durand. . Les Pins, Cobo. .. The Elms, Cambridge Park. .. Somerset Place, Queen’s Road. of . Queen’s Road. . Elm Grove. . College Terrace. Corbiére, St. Pierre-du- Bois. . The Studio, Sark. Mount Durand. . Brooklyn, Fort Road. . Grange. .. 24, Saumarez Street. .. 24, Saumarez Street. 39, Canichers. .» Saumarez Street. .- Stanley Road. .. Norfolk Lodge, Doyle Road. 1912. | LIST OF MEMBERS. 339 1912—Curtis, Mr. S. Carey, A.R.I.B.A. .. Mont Saint, St. Saviour’s. 1912—De Carteret, Miss .. .. .. .. Village de Putron, St. Marttn’s. 1893—De Guérin, Lieut.-Col. T. W. M., Jurat of the Royal Court ... .. Le Mont Durant, Mount Row. 1893—De Guérin, MissC.M. .. .. .. Le Mont Durant, Mount Row. 1906—De Jersey, Colonel Grant.. .. .. Pierre Percée. 1882—De La Mare, Mr.C.G. .. °.. .. Crottes. 1894—De Saumarez, Lord .. .. .. .. 43, Grosvenor Sq.. London, 8.W. 18938—Durand, Colonel C. J. lta ene, Grange Villa, 1906—Falla, Mr. A. ote . .. Les Hauteurs, Vale. 1904—Fleure, Dr. Herbert I Dy ce .. University College, eye 1908—Foote, Advocate W. HL. ~» «- ‘. 6, New Street. 1896—Foster, Miss F. A. .. .. . Granville House. 1905—Guilbert, Mr. T. J., States Airecto: Rohais. 18382—Guille, MissS. ..° .. .. .. .. Cressington, Gravées. 1893—Harvey, General J. R. .. .. .. Oakleigh, Mount Durand. 1906—Henry, Mr. 8S. M. Mews) oe COMMELCIALbanic, 1893—Hocart, Mr. J. S. er . Les Mielles, Vale. 1911—Hocart, Mr. A. J., Jurat of me oval Couric 25. . as ee Ls blanc Bois, Castel, 1906—Irish, Mr. John W.B. .. .. ... Evening Press Office, Smith Street. 1903—Kelson, Mrs. a fea ean eee DOVE oad: 1882—Le Cocq, Mr. San ater a AOR uO lbh acayal. J bree kexer 1893—Le Cocq, Captain «2» ee ee «. Beau Séjour, Cambridge Park-rd. 1ot2—e Weuvre, Miss C. .. ~. .. .., Brock Terrace. 1912—Le Messurier, Mr. H.C... .. .. Beauséant, St. Martin’s Road, 1903-—Le Mottée, Colonel G. H., Jurat of tie Royal Court ).. .. .. .. Hauteville. ie Eelley, Me J. QQ... .. «. <<. Vauvert. 1912—Le Pelley, Mr. H. .. . City & Midland Bank, HighStreet. 1884—Lee, the late Rev. G.E., M. ie F. 8. rv George Place. 1882—Lowe, Rev. F. E., M.A., BES. ; Membre de la Société Lepidop- | terede Genéve .. .. .. .. St. Stephen’s Vicarage. 1911—Luff, Mr. E. A... .. .. «- «+ La Chaumiére, Brock Road. 1903—Macleane, Mr. KE. F.H. .. .. .. La Bigoterie. 1894—Mainguy, General F. B., Jurat of the Royal Court .. .. .. .. Les Rocquettes. 1888—Marquand, Mr. E. D. a L.S... .. 46, Kimbolton Road, Bedford. 1896—Marquand, Mr. H.E.. .. . . Star Office. 1907—Mauger, Mr. H. E., H.M.’s Sheriff, . King’s Road. 1900—Mellish, Miss A. ie MOA. sr ss «. Ladies’ College. 1911—Metman, Mr. R... ; Les Vaurioufs, St. Martin’s. 1908—Moon, Miss A. .. ... .. King’s Road. 1905—Naftel, Mr. A.M. .. .. .. .. 13, George Road. 1907—Nicolle, Mr. E.T. .. .. .. .. 8, Norfolk Terrace, Jersey. 1899—Penfold, Rev. J.B. V. .. .. .«. Albecq, Cobo. 1889—Penney, Rev. W.C., M.A. .. .. Elizabeth College. A 340 LIST OF MEMBERS. 1882—Pitts, Mr. J. L., F.S.A. Cate Guille-Allés Library. — 1906—Randell, Miss Clara .. .. .. Grove End, Doyle Road 1912—Ridge, Mr. P. H. «. (os oe «sn MavOnia, Hones: 1896—Robilliard, Mr. P. KE... .. .. .. la Piette. 1903—Robinson, Dr. KE. L., M.R.C.S., | ERE CAR ae tes). at . Melrose, Gravées. 1911—Ross-Taylor, Dr., M.D. Ch: B. (Glas gow) .. oe oe os 9s 2, Queen sean 1904—Rowswell, Mr. B. T. .. .. ..» Les Blanches, St. Martin’s. 1911—Ryder, Colonel F. J. oof oe las OG pElonele 1883—Sharp, Mr. W. .. .. .. .«. .. ‘*Sherborne,’’ Rocquettes. 1907—Sinel, Mr. Joseph... .. ~.. +~«.. 12, Royal Crescent, Jersey. 1912—Smith, Miss W., B.Sc. .. .. «.. Ladies’ College. 1911—Smith, Mr. W.H. .. «= .: .. North Msplanade: 1909——Spencer, Mr. Ri Ps 3.0 a. .. Brock Road. 1912—Stevens-Guille, Rev. H. G. ae C. .. St. George Castel. 1903—Tanner, Mr. F. L., L.D.S., R.C.S... Vauvert House. 1905—Tanner, Mrs. .. .. «. «. .. Vauvert House, 1893—Tourtel, Rev. R. H., M.A., B.D., F.S.A. (Normandy) .. .. .. Torteval Rectory: 1906—Végeais, Miss -. .. -. +. .. Brock Read: 1912 —Warren, Mr. J. P., B. Soe. <4 . 10, Mount Row. 1903— Wild, Dr. H. 8. ML. R.CS., an RIC: P. Gravées. logs ayeolcemme! De Robert eed MAW 2 LL.D., F.R.G.S., M.R.I.A. .. 14, Waterloo Road, Dublin. NEw MEMBERS (19195). 1913—Butler, Mr. Edmund.. .. .. .. Delancey. 1913—Clarke, Mr. F. J. os Jee’ ae 4% States Arcade, 1913—-Cohu, Rev. J. R... .. .. «. .. Aston Clinton Rectory, Tring. 1913—Creswell, Dr. W.G. .. .. .. .. La Banquette, Cobo. 1913—O’Reilly, Dr. B.C. N. .. .. .. La Plaiderie. 1913—Tourtel, Miss M... .. .. .. .. Havilland Vale, St. Martin’s. JUNIOR MEMBERS (1913). 1913—Carré, Miss Marjorie.. .. .. .. Care of Ladies’ College. 1913—Dorey, Miss Claire .. .. .. .. Care of Ladies’ College. In Memoriam. GHRORGE THOMAS DERRICK. eee BETWEEN two and three years ago this Society sustained a severe loss when, as the result of sudden illness, Mr. GEoRGE Tuomas DERRICK was compelled to relinquish all active co-operation in the Society’s work, to which he had previously contributed much valuable service. And early this year, in spite of many hopes to the contrary, that loss became permanent by the regretted death of Mr. DeErrick. on April 10th [1912] in the 73rd year of his age. Mr. DERRICK was one of the original members of the Society, joining it at the time of its inception [ Oct. 10th, 1882], and thence forward for about eight and twenty years, until incapacitated by illness, he was a regular attendant at its meetings, and was most energetic in promoting its success, He was its first Vice-President, the late Sir Edgar MacCul- loch (then Mr. MacCulloch) being elected the first President. Mr. DERRICK also ably filled other positions in connec- tion with the Society as time went on. He was President in 1897-1898, and for about ten years (from 1901 to the Spring of 1910, when failing health compelled his retirement) he was Hon. Sec. Although his speciality was Botany, yet he always took a general all-round interest in every branch of the Society’s work; and the Guille-Allés Museum contains several inte- resting flnds of his in Natural History and Archeology, which were presented by him to the Collection. He also contributed many valuable papers to the Society’s Transactions. Mr. DERRICK was a native of Bristol, his connection with Guernsey dating from 1860, when he first came to reside in the Island and took up the head-mastership of the “ British” Boys’ School, a position which he held for more than forty Dae IN MEMORIAM. years, when he retired. Among other social activities to which Mr. DERRICK applied himself, was the work of the St. John’s Ambulance Association-- and in this latter he was enthusiastically aided by Mis. Derrick, who for many years was a most valuable helper in the practical part of the work. Mr. Derricx also filled the offices of a People’s Deputy; a Member of the States Education Committee; a Director of the Guernsey Gas-Light Company; a Member of the Guille-Allés Library Council, &c., &c. Mr. Derrick’s funeral roe place on Wednesday, April 12th [1912], the friends meeting at St. James’ Church, and the interment being at the Foulon Cemetery. Mrs. Derrick who, at the time of her husband’s death, was lying seriously ill at the Victoria Cottage Hospital, passed away at that Institution on Monday, April 22nd [1912], just twelve days after the death of her husband. She was 75 years of age. PAPERS BY MR. DERRICK PRINTED IN THE “TRANSACTIONS.” The Ferns of Guernsey (1882). An Excursion to Icart Point (1883). Changes in the Relative Level of Sea and Land round Guernsey (1883). Excursion to Herm (1889). A Visit to Jethou (1890). Guernsey Clays (1892). A Visit to Lihou (1895). Cup Markings (1896). The Flora of Sark (1896). Additions to the Sark Flora, since the publication of the proceedings of 1896; further remarks on the Flora and Notes on the List of 1896 (1897). Additions to the Sark Flora (1889). An Excursion to St. Pierre-du-Bois (1902). Jerbourg and its Fortifications—a Contribution to Guernsey History (1903). The Antiquities of Alderney (1906). Archeological Remains in Guernsey (1906). St. Peter- Port i in Bygone Times, by Mr. C. J. Cox; revised and edited by Mr. G. T. Derrick (1907). With reference to Mr. DreRRICK’s work as a botanist, Mr. E. D. Marquand, A.L.S., the author of the Flora of. Guernsey and the Lesser Channel Islands, writes as follows : 1912.] IN MEMORIAM. 343 Perhaps the most memorable stroke of work in Mr. DERRICK’s botanical career was the discovery in Guernsey as far back as the year 1877 of Gymnogramma leptophylla, a fern which up to that time was supposed to grow only in Jersey. Mr. DrrRRiIcK was a great lover of ferns, and knew them well. One day in the course of a walk in the country his sharp eyes detected this delicate and graceful little fern growing in considerable abundance in a hedgebank at St. Baviter’ s. hat was thirty-five years ago, and although the plant still flourishes in its old habitat, it has never been discovered anywhere else in these islands, in spite of deter- mined and persistent searching as well by Mr. Derrick himself as by many other botanists. It was a famous find, quite on a par with Wolsey’s discovery in 1854 of another non-British fern, Ophioglossum lusitanicum, on the cliffs above Petit Bot Bay. Mr. Derrick had quite a fair knowledge of the flowering plants of these islands, though he was not by any means what -is called a critical botanist, in fact his acquaintance with the indigenous flora was general rather than special. He never troubled much about hair-splitting differences and microscopical details: he was emphatically a field botanist, and not a herbarian student, and it is probable that he would not willingly have undertaken to name off-hand a miscellaneous collection of dried plants. But once in the open country, on the rugged cliff-sides, or in the shady water lanes he loved so well, he was ever on the alert, watchful for something new: his eyes were always wide open, and any unfamiliar flower was carefully gathered and brought home for determination. The publication of a list of the Flowering Plants and Ferns of Sark may be placed among the most important of Mr. DERRICK’s achievements as a botanist. During a series of visits extending over three years—1896 to 1898—he collected notes and materials which enabled him from personal observation to draw up an excellent and reliable localised list of nearly 350 species of wild flowers growing in the small island of Sark. This was a fine piece of work, and the thoroughness of his search is proved by the fact that more 344 IN MEMORIAM. than fifty plants noted by him had never been previously detected, although several well-known botanists had from time to time published notes and lists of the Sark Flora. During his residence of half-a-century in Guernsey Mr. DERRICK seems never to have got tired of visiting Sark, and few people knew the island as thoroughly as he did. Seeing what valuable work he had done among the flowering plants, I persuaded him to direct his attention to the Mosses and Hepatice of Sark about which very little indeed was known, though the island seemed to offer a promising field for investigation. Always enthusiastic about anything that concerned his favourite island—for he considered Sark as peculiarly his own—he agreed to hunt for and collect specimens and hand them over to me if I would undertake to identify them and publish a list. Several visits of a week or two at a time he made specially for this purpose, and the final result of an omnium gatherum made in every part of the island, and in all kinds of localities where mosses are to be found, was the compilation of a most valuable list of some 80 species with their local distribution. This list was printed in the Transactions of this Society for the year 1903. Some years earlier than this Mr. Derrick had assisted with great zeal and activity in collecting the fungi of Guernsey for the preparation of a systematic list. ) 4 WJ “1 = Qa . SS fe} a ato? cite ki *] 8 w € of & wal 3 : 3 > me oe 0 y) : Resse.) | oo i A Baie 0°02. ve. O13 ... 4°05 t. 20 oe Wet RTD then cleke, crate cle 0°30 2... O14 2... O16. ... np OZ eee 1a yudiersaseeeedele 0-24 ... 032 ... 032 ... O25 ... O41 dias Moree mo. OBL). 00796 Cs, oe er eee 0°01 66. O55 sn O24 su OE Le etm REE ekhieel O74... 0°06 J. 0°05) 1 9004 ee Lotals:. ...... 1°41 9... 1°85) wie B04) ce PROT 1912. ] BAILIWICK RAINFALL. 395 Notice the very small rainfall at Alderney and Portland Bill on the Ist and 2nd and the big measurement at Sark and Jersey on the Ist. The Alderney total for the week is in keeping with that at Portland Bill, while Jersey, on the south side of the Channel, experienced the heaviest fall of all, followed by Sark as a very good second. The effect of this peculiarity in the rainfall was to alter the normal relative positions of the islands as regards the June aggregate, Sark, usually the driest place, registering the biggest total. As a matter of fact Capt. Henry’s total for Sark exceeded the Guernsey (Les Blanches) amount by 0°18in., and that at Alderney by no less than 1 73 in. June was unsettled all through, a cyclonic westerly type of pressure distribution prevailing from beginning to end, but onward from the 7th rainfall though frequent was not by any means heavy. July was the warmest month of 1912, but very cold at that. As asummer month nothing of good can be said of 1t— more days were cold than warm, no seasonable hot interval was experienced, the period was unsettled all through and became very wet at the close. On the evening of Saturday, the 13th, the islands were visited by a thunderstorm which deposited 0°55 in. of rain at Guernsey (Les Blanches), 0°63 in. at Sark, and 0°62in. at Alderney. On Friday, the 26th, a day of little wind, and that little variable in direction—in fact with everything pointing to the presence of a shallow depression in our neighbourhood if not actually over us—one of those big differences of rainfall occurred in the islands which is worth putting on record. The measurements on the morning of the 27th were as follows :— GUERNSEY. SARK. ALDERNEY. JERSEY. OBSAN. aie 0 Qe sale oe 795, 11. wise 1°46 in. In connection with the downpour at Jersey (St. Aubin’s) a thunderstorm is reported to have occurred, and thunder was heard at Guernsey during the evening. The next day (Saturday, the 27th) a cloud burst of exceptional violence deluged Guernsey and to a lesser extent Sark. At Guernsey, in something like 15 minutes, beginning at 7 p.m., from three-quarters of a inch to one inch of rain fell at Les Blanches. Many shops in St. Peter-Port were flooded, and at the Vauxlaurens walls were washed away by the rush of water. This day’s measurements, as given below, were again very different everywhere—in fact the order of the previous day was exactly reversed. GUERNSEY. SARK. ALDERNEY. JERSEY. 102 tm. 22. ODa ie, fuss O 2th ime ssa. OL S.10 396 BAILIWICK RAINFALL. August was the wettest month of the year at all the stations. Unsummerlike as July had proved itself August turned out many times worse. For downright all round un- seasonableness it was fortunately an August we are not likely to see a repetition of ina hurry. At Sark, where rain fell on 25 days, it was, with a total of 6°57in. of rain, the third wettest month of the 7 years 1906-1912. At Alderney, contrary to the usual order, somewhat less rain fell than at Sark, but the state of things may be gauged by the following : “Special prayers for the cessation of rain were offered up in the St. Anne’s places of worship on Sunday last.”—Evening Press, August 19th. Court of Alderney, Tuesday.—“ The Court, taking into con- sideration the extraordinary bad weather which has hindered the harvesting of 1912, and that the safe and rapid garnering of the crops is of the greatest public utility, after having heard the King’s Procureur, passed an Act granting permission to whomever wished, to reap and harvest during the remaining Sabbaths of the season, said permission to date from Sunday, August 25th, and ordered the publication thereof in the ordinary places.” —Hvening Press. “A number of farmers availed themselves of the recent Act of Court relating to Sunday harvesting, and worked hard at reaping on Sunday last.”—Hvening Press, September 12th. . At Guernsey (es Blanches) the month had 27 rain days and its total of rainfall (7:43 in.) made it the wettest August of the 19 years 1894-1912; it was also the coldest. August 12th was the wettest day of the year both at Sark and Alderney where 1°35in. and 1°30 in. respectively of rain fell with a freshening east wind and a steadily dipping barometer. At Guernsey (Les Blanches) 1:°19in. was measured while at Jersey (St. Aubin’s) the amount reached 2-1 Sane! Two cloud-bursts at Guernsey on the 19th, both accompanied by thunder and lightning, gave a rainfall of 0:90in. at Les Blanches. At Sark the day’s rainfall only totalled 0°23in., but at Alderney the measurement reached 0°55in. and Mr. Picot reported: “squally, cloudy, thunder- storm, much rain.” Sark had a big downpour all to itself on Sunday, the 25th. It was another of those still days when, often, heaviest rain- falls occur. A depression of some depth (Barometer 29°5 in. ) but little energy lay near us, and while Guernsey (Les Blanches) measured 0°3lin. only of rain and Alderney 0°35 in., Capt. Henry’s gauge at Sark collected 0°92 in. September brought no improvement as regards tempera- ture—it was again miserably cold all through and the coldest month of the name at Les Blanches of the 19 years period 1912. | BAILIWICK RAINFALL. 397 1894-1912. But in the matter of rainfall an anticyclonic distribution of pressure gained the ascendancy in the early days and a lengthy spell of dry weather was experienced. At Sark only 0°20in. fell in the four weeks ending on the 28th, and at Alderney the figure was still smaller, viz., 0°12 in. In both islands an “absolute ” drought was experienced (see Table). A sudden change to cyclonic on the 28th resulted in two very wet days as shown below :— SARK. ALDERNEY. GUERNSEY. JERSEY. Sore ee OSS ine os es. 1°241n. ....05 Ld5in. 2... 152m: ee Os O86 We: soe... OsO3:ms tea ce: Ted Danis once tae 0°72 in. On Tuesday, October Ist, Sark was visited by a deluge of rain, with thunder and lightning, between 3 and 4 p.m. That day’s rainfall, as measured by Capt. Henry, reached the very big figure of 0°95in. Alderney, which escaped the cloud-burst, had less than a quarter of an inch of rain (0°'22in,). At Guernsey, where thunder and hghtning occurred between 3.30 and 4 p.m. in connection with a smart squall of wind and rain, the day’s total was 0°36 in. A spell of absolutely dry weather, of 11 days’ duration at Sark and Alderney, and of 10 at Guernsey, began on October 3rd, and then the weather broke up for good, cyclonic con- ditions prevailing practically without break onward to the end of the year. One feature of the weather of 1912 is the large number of big downpours bordering on or passing the inch in amount. Several of these have already been referred to and one more remains to be mentioned. This latter fell on October 20th during the passage north of the islands of a well-marked Atlantic low-pressure area. At Sark the fall reached 0°80 in., at Alderney 0°94 in., and at Guernsey (Les Blanches) 1:21 in. A thunderstorm, severe at Sark, was felt in the three islands during the early morning of October 21st. The disturbance was of the winter or “cyclonic” type known as a “line squall,” and occurred with a shift of wind from 8.W. to N.W. November was a typical month of the name, cold on the whole because of much northerly wind, and continuously unsettled in spite of a frequertly high barometer. In the last week the weather became rough and very wet, 1°68 in. of rain falling at Sark in the four days, 26th-29th, 2°20in. at Alderney, and 2°17 in. at Guernsey (Les Blanches). December’s weather was a continuation of that ex- perienced in November with this difference, that the prevailing direction of the wind being west a much milder temperature 398 BAILIWICK RAINFALL. obtained and also a heavier rainfall. No cold at all visited the Bailiwick (at Les Blanches the screened thermometer dropped below 40 deg. on two days only), but rain was of almost daily occurrence, and for several days about Christmas- time fell in big amount. For the week ended the 28th the totals were: Sark, 2°16in.; Alderney, 2.46in.; (ruernsey (Les Blanches), 2°23 in. As shown in the Table the year, at Sark, is the second wettest of the seven years, 1906-1912; at Alderney it is the wettest of the series, but owing to a gap in the series (1910— a very wet twelvemonth) the comparison for that island includes six years only. At Guernsey (Les Blanches) the year is the wettest on record—that is since 1894. In conclusion I have again to tender hearty thanks to Capt. Henry, of Vallée du Creux, Sark, and to Mr. W. J. Picot, of Le Huret, Alderney, for their valued co-operation in recording the rainfall in their respective islands, and in sending me weekly returns of the measurements for tabulation and comparison with the Guernsey figures. Seven years have now elapsed since the establishment of the stations in these smaller islands of the Bailiwick, and already a good general idea of their rainfall as compared with our own has been obtained. ABSOLUTE DRoUGHTS IN 1912. An Absolute Drought, as defined in British Rainfall, is “a period of more than 14 consecutive days, no one of which is a rain day.” SARK. April 10 to May 2... = 23 days. September 11 to 26 age =a LG wet ALDERNEY. April 11 to May 2... = 22 days. September 12 to 27 =) baying, ; GUERNSEY (Les BuancuHeEs). April 11 to May Qi... | we.) vie eal oe PartTiaL DrRovuGcuHtTs IN 1912. - A Partial Drought, as defined in British Rainfall, is “a period of more than 28 consecutive days, the mean rainfall of which does not exceed ‘01 in. per day.” SARK. Apr. 1 to May 6 ... = 36 days. Rainfall 0°34 in. on 6 days. Aug. 30 to Sept.28. = 30 ,, js. ? yO? 2a eee ALDERNEY. Apr. 1 to May 5... = 35 days. Rainfall 0°26 in. on 6 days. Aug. 29 to Sept. 28 = 31 ,, x 0°19 in. ,, Ga 1912. ] NOTES ON THE RAINFALL. 399 GUERNSEY (Les Biancues). April 1 to May 3... = 383 days. Rainfall 0°32 in. on 9 days. Long@est Rain SPELL IN 1912. Inclusive dates giving the longest unbroken succession of “rain days” for the year. | SARK. March 12 to 24... = 13 days. Total rainfall, 3°16 in. ALDERNEY. August 11 to 26 ... = 16 days. Total rainfall, 4°19 in. GUERNSEY (Les Biancuss). Feb. 26 to Mar. 24.. = 28 days. Total rainfall, 5.75 in. SARK AND ALDERNEY RAINFALL, 1912. Falls of Monthly Rain . . . 0°50 in morale. Days. Heaviest Daily Rainfall. a above Months. Bb b b = SI 4 F a Sark Alderney. ess oD) 4¢0) made in 1900. The surface of the field was, like the adjoining fields, covered originally with blown sand, but being to leeward of them, the prevailing wind, S.W., brought more sand on to it than on to its neighbours, and hence instead of being brought into cultivation like them, was used chiefly as a sand pit for building operations in the neighbourhood. Local tradition says the field was covered at one time to a depth of 30 feet with sand. The result of this removal of the sand was that mounds of various * Gu. Fr. Fouaille = mod. Fr. fougére = Engl. Bracken, indicating a fern--brake at one time stood on the spot. 402 DISCOVERY OF A CIST. sizes stood scattered over the field, and it was under one of these mounds, at the N.E. or higher end of the field, the furthest removed from the road, and hence the last portion to be attacked, that the discoveries were made. Under the sand, and exposed in places, was a layer of peaty mould, and dotted here and there were boulders of all sizes and shapes of a greyish syenite, and underneath the whole was a_ bed of rounded sea-worn pebbles, apparently an old sea beach. The surface of the sand heap was rough and irregular as might be expected following the operation of carting away. A few points of boulders projecting above the surface, some patches of wiry turf, a large clump of brambles, were all there was to be seen. These boulders, where they were most seen, were obviously in the form of a circle about 10 feet in diameter ex- ternally. (See plan at A). They were of the same syenite as the boulders dotted over the rest of the field. From one face of this rough circle projected a line of points of boulders running approximately 17° West of magnetic North. (Plan at B.) In the rear of this line were dotted about in the heap of sand, which here rose quickly off the bed of peaty mould, other points of the same syenite as those already described. The preliminary examination of the spot led the observers to believe that the line of boulders referred to was one line of stones, leading to what was almost certainly a rude circle, and evidently placed there by the hand of man. A few days later a volunteer working party of members commenced work. A very short spell of digging was sufficient to show that the circle was complete, and that it was put in place by the hand of man. [Excavations carried down to the base of the stones showed that they had been placed on the beach, and what was more remarkable, that they had in some cases been “trigged.”* The stratification of the soil surrounding the stones was as follows: 1 ft. 3 inches (38 cm.) of the same peaty mould with which the field was covered, and next about 12 inches (30 cm.) of so-called clay (decomposed oneiss), and lastly 6 inches (15 em.) of finer clay, almost mud, on the top of the beach. This mud may have arisen from the further decomposition of the gneiss forming the “clay ” in conjunction with the hard pebbles. After the circle had been cleared of the overlying soil, which was carefully examined for signs of human activity, but without success, search was made on the exterior and also *To “trig” is an expression used by the Guernsey quarrymen to denote the process of wedging a block of granite with smaller stones round the bottom to prevent its rocking while being worked. — CRE a8 INCH CENTIM: A.—THE POTTERY FOUND DURING EXCAVATION WITH SECTIONS. B.—CENTRAL CIST FROM N. DURING EXCAVATION SHOWING “ TRIGGING.”’ : 3 ; i : : : , P é é . 7 } ; ; ; ji : 3 = : : f - ‘ f 5 . bs 7 R ¥ : / fs : 4 7 . — Sees Sree ooney seine = pas ele eeies, 1912.] DISCOVERY OF A CIST. 403 between the stones, with the result that four pieces of pottery of a thick and pronounced dolmenic type were found about 1 foot (30 cm.) above the pebble floor and at the spot marked X in the circle A onthe plan. These pieces were later found to fit together. See illustration A, No. 5. The line of stones marked B on plan was also examined, and was found to be continuous, and wherever a sinking was made the base of each stone was found to be resting on the beach already mentioned. A few days later the party resumed operations. A point of a larger boulder at C, which on being struck by a spalling hammer gave indication of being a stone of consider- able size, presented a promising spot on which to commence work. A start was made by digging a trench from the point C in aline parallel to B. After an hour’s digging it was ascer- tained that the point showing at C was the top of a large boulder, triangular in section, resting on two other boulders at a lower level, and also that, as in the case of the circle A, it had been “ trigged,” a line of small flat stones being set between the two (see illustration B). Further digging showed the upper stone and also the two lower ones extended in a Westerly direction, and that the end in this direction was not reached at 4 feet from the point C, and also that on digging to the Southward, the width of the two lower stones was found to be about 4 feet. At one place where the upper stone was not “trigged,” it was found that the space under was hollow and filled with blown sand. The strata met with during this day were practically the same as on the previous working day. There was on top also 1 foot of blown sand and then a depth (on this occasion not determined) of the peaty mould. No objects of interest of pottery or flints were found during this day’s work. The prospects now being so promising, the Society decided to proceed with the work of clearing away the mound which covered the stones at its own expense, and men were en- gaged. Work had not long proceeded when it became an assured fact that the workers had come across a discovery of great interest. The upper stone, on being uncovered, was found to be about 6ft. long, with the longer axis running East to West. This was resting on two other stones of approximately the same length, forming a chamber about 5ft. 8in. (1°70m.) Jong and 2ft. 3in. (67° Sem.) to 2ft. 6in. (75cem.) wide. The depth 404 DISCOVERY OF A CIST still remained to be ascertained. It was also discovered that the Eastern end of this chamber was closed in by a well-fitting stone, and in such a way as to preclude any possibility of its having served as the entrance to the chamber. The entrance was obviously to the West and was open, but on further excavation a stone was discovered in front of it in a half fallen position, having either fallen or been purposely thrown down. This left no doubt as to its having served the purpose of closing in the chamber. a e e = , re ; _ GS Le : ra i oa ; ! , t e 7 —_— e - 4 = ‘ i one ; ' 1 t t a ‘ 4 ' " <. a t 24> \ : se ‘ ) oe a : ty ae oe , { 4 rs M ; : é z : f ; £ 8 = : : : 2, t 5 -! oa ( 7 7 tae - ei S ‘ ; : Po - 1 Wa re) oe F i fe ri _ } " Snres foe f ‘ ’ z Onn | bag ts ; 1 i? 7 oe 7 i . - » F.—-CIST AND SOUTHERN CIRCLE. a is Te G.—CIST AND NORTHERN CIRCLE, esate pasar saree > : Sar ae te ve 1912.] DISCOVERY OF A CIST. 407 The clearing of the enclosure was carried on, and as anticipated it completely encircled the central cist in an irregular ellipse. The stones were fairly regular, some gaps however occurring, but at H the stones were of much greater size than elsewhere in the line, and this was found to be the case until the original circle A was reached. As on the opposite side, in the angle formed by the circle A and the enclosure, was a confused mass of smaller stones, and this on being cleared was found to be a part of another circle partly of dry walling, partly of boulders as in other parts, subsidiary to circle A, with a single cist in it, 2ft. 5in. (67'5em.) long x 1ft. (30cem.) wide, formed as in the other double cist of two side stones set on edge, with two end stones fitted in between the side stones, and also on edge. A large flat stone lying a or Ott, (1° 50m.-2m. ) away, might have formed the covering stone to this cist (see letter I on plan and illustration G). On being cleared this cist only contained a sherd of the same type of pottery found on the rest of ths site. The clearing of the enclosure and the cists being now completed, all excavations were filled up to a uniform level, which was about half way up the component stones of the enclosure, or about 1ft. (80cm.) above the underlying beach. In this way the stones will not be lable to displacement by traffic, and will not be so deeply buried as to preclude any further measurements or examination of them. In addi- tion, any stones which were not fast were made secure from moving. Most of the stones, from having been so long buried in the peaty mould, are stained, but the bleaching action of the sun, wind and rain will soon restore their colour, and when the grass has grown over the site the general plan and disposition of the stones will be quite clear. 408 DISCOVERY OF A CIST. Notes. OBSERVATIONS ON THE ARRANGEMENTS OF THE COMPONENT STONES OF THE VARIOUS PARTS. (1) THe EncLosvure.—A glance at the plan will show that it is in different sections or compartments. Thus the circle A is self contained and this is also the case with circle K. Take either of these away and a gap in the general line of the enclosure results. This points to their having been in place before the construction of the main enclosure took place. Take again the smaller enclosures containing the cists; each was an appendage to its particular enclosure. They can be removed from the general plan without inter- fering with their own circles A and E, but their removal would cut into the larger enclosure. (2) THe Crenrrat Cist.—The stones of which it is composed have been obviously selected with care. The two top flat surfaces of the lower supporting stones are almost level, not only in themselves, but also to one another, and are also as nearly as possible parallel with one another. The Eastern closing stone is a very excellent fit and, in most parts, it is almost a hair joint. But no marks of tooling or working are evident. (3) THe SMALLER Cists.—The walls of these are set truly and are nearly parallel with one another. ORIENTATION.—The orientation of the central and the smaller cists is similar. H.—GENERAL VIEW OF CIRCLE AND CIST FROM S.W. BEFORE EXCAVATION WAS COMPLETED. Sie: 1.—GENERAL VIEW OF CIRCLE AND CIST FROM N. AFTER COMPLETION OF EXCAVATION. i ( i 2 nad Wh 7% ‘ / ‘ i I ¥ = — oe a: oe , Sine ee se meh rwedos mye ce ta wise So Sl eras sf fener ets may 1912.] DISCOVERY OF A CIST. 409 oe ONS OF THE L ISLET DISCOVERY WITH GUERNSEY DOLMENS. Certain divergences in details are noticeable between this and the dolmens hitherto found in Guernsey and the Channel Islands. GUERNSEY DOLMENS. I.—The capstones have their longer axis North and South and are laid transversely to the length of the structure. IJ.—The props are three or more to each capstone and are always in the form of a menhir, set on their ends. Ili.—The props are always buried in the ground and rest on the underlying rock. LISLET DISCOVERY. I.—The covering stone has its longer axis Kast and West and is laid the long way of the Cist. II.—The supports of the covering stone are on their sides and are only two in number. III.—The supporting stones are placed with very little if any excavation on the beach. N.B.--There is a dolmen at Herm on the beach, but the props are buried as in the other dolmens. IV.—The enclosing stones have always a form of a circle. V.—The enclosing circles had no attached monuments. VI.—Enormous banks of limpet shells surround each dolmen. At Du Tus, the bank was 3 or 4 ft. thick. VII.—The Entrance to all the Dolmens is to the East. VIII.—All Dolmens have some sort of paving to the chamber. IV.—The enclosure is irre- gular, has no definite form ; if it has any particular shape, it is an irregular ellipse. V.—Adjoining the enclosure are two smaller enclosures, each with another enclosure having one or more cists in each. VI.—Only sporadic limpet shells were found. Vil.—The Entrance lies to the West. VIII.—The chamber bore no signs of having been paved. 410 DISCOVERY OF A CIST. THE POTTERY (see illustrations A and E). The nearly perfect urn (illustration EZ) found in the recess at the entrance of the chamber has already been described. It resembles very nearly in shape the cinerary urn found at Clahar Garden, Mullion, Cornwall, illustrated in Abercromby’s Study of the Bronze Age Pottery of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol II., Plate XCI., fig. 429a, except that the latter has no “mamelon” between the handles. He > cD to iwer) oc me Oo 1 ONwoww roo : Sonwouw a we Te ve} Villiaze, Forest. —o = 2°97 Means of all Stations 41°90 | 40°14 | 43°07 Mr. F. Lilley. Waterworks Co. — se 418 RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. TABLE III. PREVIOUS YEARS OF LOWEST RAINFALL WITH THE 5 YEARS BEFORE AND AFTER THE MINIMA. In. | 1853 | 1854 | 1855 | 1856 | 1857 | 1858 || 1859 | 1860 | 1861 | 1862 | 1863 56 | ie 48°04 a | 43°41 34°98 | | 34°47 ‘99 | 32°50 9-99 |-20°42'|30°86 |» > 81°22 “ 26 ee | ieee 25°08 Bato) In. | 1865 | 1866 | 1867 | 1868 | 1869 1870 | 1871 | 1872 | 1873 | 1874 | 1875 56} | | 56°96 46 36 37-07 | | 36-26 37°72 | . aq | 36°28 34-76 | | 35°38 | 32°99 | a Ses | | 27-05 In.} 1903 | 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908 | 1909 | 1910 | 1911 | 1912 56 | | | 46 | | 46°16 46°51 40°88 ne 37°72 87°11 | (3412 | 33.43 | 34°00 | 34:00 26 | | | 26-22 419 GUERNSEY. OF RAINFALL 1912.) v t T z g ii G ¢ Wy fd 10-1 — — — — — = 10-T Ecal _ seeseee* 110% 1840990 Col 03-1 = 08-T IGA FET 0¢-T ST-T CET Cletee ste "U0 LET GET — OPT E-T Gc. PF-1 9F-T G8.T SG ee 2) IETS W16Z tequieydag Ra =a s = oe ae 66-1 = zs LIT pe wer 9L-T = FEL d d 8-1 61-1 0Z-T 61-T Ze. ae oe PoE AEs eke eae as — — — — = = €0-T OLT jit tttt** Wg ysnsny om 9L-T — = ZO-T Mitel! Alsi = Z0-1 POs wo SPB UU Ao yp a 02-1 — — -- = ae Des 00-1 GO-T 10-T Rp ORO USOT oY ACN “ul “Ul ul Ul “Ul “ul | “Ul “Ul “Ul su ‘TAORV AGNV HONI I AO STTIVA PNG | 62-0 62-0 12-0 ¥G-0 0¢-0 FZ-0 €Z-0 8Z-0 13-0 GZ. \|sjuNOUIG == “ul HULL “UL “Ul Ul “UL Ul "ul “Ul “Ul 8Z ifs 0¢ 62 0¢ 6z 8Z SZ 8% SZ skep*'**' og ysusny 92.0 FE-0 F&-0 ¥Z-0 LI-0 6-0 62-0 1-0 9¢-0 GZ: Olea STUNOUTG Ae "ul “ul "ul “UL “Ul “Ul “Ul "Ul “UH “UL 9g 9¢ LE 9¢ 9¢ 9¢ 9¢ 9¢ 98 OC. 7 SAC pees 4st Indy ‘SINQOWV GNV SAVG ‘SLHSONOUd TVILYVd : SUTOMSTAMO/) ial 9T 91 | ial 9I oT 9T | FI = Vi. CMe WET toquieydag GG 16 GE eG ZG CC We ae ZZ Go AN Ee UIT dy ‘SAVG ‘SLHYDNOUG : Suroueuru109 wp S " 5 a ~ 2 oy Dis . on Ss) 2 mp g Ss st 2 2 © “GI6T = 5 g a = rs ° @ o sat ‘ITAO GNV HONI I} JO STIVA AGNV SLHDNOUC IVILYVd ‘SLHDNOUA "AI WIGViL RAINFALL OF GUERNSEY. 420 ee — a LEI 0-68 || LET | L8-L¢ || ITZ ra WLZ | $9.0 | FoF || 33 UWIGZ_~—s«9-0 | BL-E || LB y3¢e | S¢.0 91 WLS «| SL-0 | ZF-E || LT Wi6S=—Ss«wG9-0 | GL'S || 0B 4962 =|: 08-0 ST 4902 =|: ¥6-0 | F8-S || LT ST | ¢6-0 | L9-F | 8T 4302 ~—s|:«00--T 9 4966 =| «FG-T | 63-6 || 9 W6Z «68-0 | 96-T |] 2 4966 | «98. GG YI «|: O$-T | 18-9 || gz wT | Ge, | LS9 || 2 WGI =| «88-1 02 4993 ~=+| G6-0 | 8S-€ || ST Mel | 9.0 | 86-2 | LT Te. | God ial 79 =|: GG.0 | &F-% |] 0G 98ST 78-0 | 9L-F || 8ST 19g 08-0 OT q9 ~=—s« ST-0 | 39-0 || OT 4y0E | $2.0 | L-0 || aT IZ | 22-0 i 146 91-0 | 02-0 || F 446 10-0 | 91-0 || 9 WOT =|: 90-0 GZ prez = -GF.0 | 02-F || GZ 4302 0S-0 | 88-F || & 410Z ~—s|s«89-0 IZ puzz~—s«éaT'F-0 | 99-3 |] 6T Pugs —s«wGG.0 | BT-Z | ST puzz | FF-0 91 1I9T =| «Z9.0 | S8-8 || LT W9 =| @L-0 | 10-€ || 9T 119 | ¢9.0 ee as “UT ul rege “ul e s-|- & aie = “Teyurey 5 5 “Treyurey 5 5 "TTeyurey, =) qSOTABOFT S, Ky qSOTABOTT = a qSoTAvay] ‘AUNUACTIV “SUVS “AAVAAIT SATIV-ATIIND ety | ape io, (Mess ce eae 1Z-¢@ °° °° *¢** raquiecog 6g-@ |icct ttt aoquieaony 6G-¢ [ttt tees taqoq0Q 06-2 eoe ois coe Iequieydag 68-L eececeeeeeee qsnsny 61-F she 2:8) Shree gies PATIO E gy. trerccseees oume 16-0 e@oce pede athe SOO LT-0 [lise tatatctSie teaser Indy Goig) |e een oan Z6-e- | °°: «=Arenaqay 9F-¢ heeecetemmel oy A TBTUILG (s ‘Ul ae] = = “O16 “IIVANIVY ‘AANYACTV GNV WUVS ‘AUVUAIT SATIV-ATTING ‘A GTa&ViL THE SUNSHINE OF GUERNSEY FOR THE YEAR 1912. BY MR. A. COLLENETTE, F.C.S. —_— () ———— WE have just experienced the gloomiest year on record. The year has yielded 1,704 hours. The previous record was 1,724 hours in 1894. Last year, being over 2,000 hours, increased the average from 1,912 to 1,923 hours, but 1912 has been calamitous and the average is now reduced to 1,905 hours. Only one record has been made, October had 3 hours more sunshine than its previous highest. The falling off in monthly totals were chiefly in July and August which had totals of practically 100 hours each below their averages. These deficits practically decided the character of the year. Instead of the year yielding 45% of the possible sunshine the proportion was only 38%. As regards the monthly totals, May to August inclusive should have yielded over 50% of the possible, but this year only May came up to this standard. SUNSHINE OF GUERNSEY. TABLE I. DURATION OF SUNSHINE AND Campbell-Stokes SUNSHINE. Percentages Mean Daily | Monthly Totals. | Nearest Hours. oe tae Range. AMOntHe. ossible. n B 6 : 5 : rn & g : ‘ww 5&0 ae 25 @ Pe 8 fp 1912. iS S a S g 5 1912.) 5 5 3 S| 1912. | 28 oe A Yo} Oe o > | “one o> ae an eS mt = md 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 January .... 58 59 82 28 | 21) °22 1°80 |7 1°8 19 February 31 84 119 45 | 27 | 28 | 40] 2°5 2°9 Mareh. 33.6 113 145 228 84 | 31 | 39 | 62 7| 36 A'7 April. 3... :s 248 199 261 129 | 60 | 49 | 68 | 8:0 6°4 MBY |}. Coxe 260 251 309 181 | 55 | 58 | 72 | Sra 81 JUNE: ws siass 231 247 314 192 | 48 | 51 | 65 | 7:6 8°2 ay eee cs Lil 270 382 187 = 4°35. 4:0)2k We es 8°7 August 139 239 326 186 | 31°) 54.) 74 September .. 157 187 269 107 | 41) 49) 721 Bee 6°2 October .... 157* 109 157 85 | 47 | 838 | 47 | 50 3°6 November .. AT 69 113 40 | 17 | 25| 42 ies 2°3 December .. 44 46 Ht 18°") 17 | 18 28 ee 15 The Year 1704* | 1905 2215 1724 | 38 | 43 | 50] 4:6 5°2 Highest .... 260 270 1899 Lowest 44 46 1894 * New Record. 1912.] SUNSHINE OF GUERNSEY. 423 TABLE I. PREVALENCE OF CLOUD. Instrument. SUNSHINE. Sunniest Days. CLOUD. Sunless Days. Proportion of the 1912. ro 0 to 10. Year’s Total. 5 Differences , S goo Fe Seiad g Stale : d land2, | igo | 2 | ioe) & | S ID 5 = f Fa A ty = ay. o 1912, Me o oO fa] a oO > > | = > | 16th | 15:5 TA 4°6 — 100 8°2 | 12°6 4 1 10°3 2nd | 13°9 T'4 4°6 — 30 9-1 9°8 1 1 11°3 Ith | 12°4 4°3 4°6 + 48 9°2 5'8 Z 4 9°6 Sth | 10°8 54 5°9 — 22 ik 3°6 a 7 6°2 | 24th 8°8 8 6°4 — 2 2°5 asia 13 11 5-0 | 8lst | 7:9 6°9 5°8 200 100 100 49 46 14°6 15°6 6°4 5°3 SUNSHINE OF GUERNSEY. 424 TABLE II. ANNUAL TOTALS OF SUNSHINE IN GUERNSEY, 1894 to 1912. Hours. ane AO: from 1700 to 1800 . from 1800 to 1900 ED WAR on dd oan oo Bi MGOWESE sce bie ace 1912—1894—1902—1903—1905—1910 .. 1896—1897—1901—1907 ........... ») E9041 908 — L008 esi es olncei rene sres oeatens a cerehdsl Banoo a6 Ayears .... from 1900 to 2000 3 years .. . over 2000 1895—1898—1899—1900—1906—1911 . 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