L. M. B. C. REPORTS. No. I.

THE FIRST REPORT

UPON THE

FAUNA OF LIVERPOOL BAY

AND THE

NEIGHBOURING SEAS,

WRITTEN BY THE MEMBERS OF THE

LIVEEPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE,

AND EDITED BY

W. A. HERDMAN, D.Sc, F.L.S.,

PROFESSOB OF NATURAI/ HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.

WITH TEN PLATES AND TWO MAPS.

LONDON :
LONGMANS, GREEN & CO,

1886.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction, by Prof. Herdman, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.L.S. 1

Pioneers in Local Biology, by Rev. H. H. Higgins, M.A. 16
On Shallow Water Faunas, by Prof. Milnes Marshall, M.D.,

D.Sc, F.R.S 32

The Foeaminifera, by J. D. Siddall, Chester 42

The Porifera, by T. Higgin, F.L.S. 72

The Hydroid Zoophytes, by Dr. Sibley Hicks, F.L.S.,

W. R. Melly, and Prof. Herdman 95

The Medusa and Ctenophora, by J. A. Clubb ... ... 114

The Alcyonaria, by Prof. Herdman... ... ... ... 120

The Actiniaria, by Dr. Ellis 128

The Echinodermata (Crinoidea, Asteroidea, Echinoidea

and Holothuroidea), by Prof. Herdman ... ... 131

The Ophiuroidea, by H. C. Chadwiek, Manchester... ... 140

The Vermes, by R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A., F.R.S.E.,

F.R.M.S 144

The Polyzoa, by J. Lomas, Assoc. N.S.S. ... 161

The Copepoda, by I. C. Thompson, F.R.M.S 201

The Cirripedia, by F. P. Marrat, Liverpool Museum ... 209
The Edriophthalmata, by G. H. Fowler, B.A, Owens'

College 212

The Podophthalmata, by A. 0. Walker, F.L.S., Chester ... 221

30407

IV "^ "* CONTENTS.

Page.

The Pycnogonida, by W. B. Halhed 227

The Testaceous Mollusca, by R. D. Darbishire, B.A.,

F.a.S., Manchester 232

The NuDiBRANCHiATA, by Prof. Herdman ... ... ,.. 267

The Cephalopoda, by W. E. Hoyle, M.A., M.R.C.S.,

F.R.S.E 278

The TuNicATA, by Prof. Herdman ... ... ... 281

Preliminary List OF THE Alg^, by Alfred Leicester ... 312

Notes on the Fauna of Penmaenmawr, by I. C. Thompson 315
The Fauna of the South End of the Isle of Man, by

Prof. Herdman 318

Notes on some of the Polych^ta, by R. J. Harvey Gibson 342

Notes on Variation in the Tunicata, by Prof. Herdman 354
On a New Species of Sycandra, by R. J. Harvey

Gibson ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 365

Note on Venus Mercenaria, by T. J. Moore, C.M.Z.S. ... 368

INTRODUCTION.

It seems desirable to make a brief statement in regard to the
mode of origin and the objects of the Liverpool Marine
Biology Committee as an introduction to this First Report
on the Fauna of Liverpool Bay,* As the result of an
informal conversation with some of the local naturalists, an
address was given on March 6th, 1885, by Professor Herdman
to the members of the Liverpool Microscopical Society, point-
ing out some of the characteristics of the Marine Fauna, and
urging the necessity for an exploration of the estuary of the
Mersey. In consequence of the discussion which took place
on this occasion, the following circular was shortly afterwards
sent out to members of the local scientific societies and others
likely to be interested in the matter : —

"MARINE BIOLOGY.

A Meeting will be held in the Zoological Laboratory, University

College, Liverpool, on Saturday, March 14th, at 8 p.m., to discuss tlie

proposed scheme for a thorough investigation of the Fauna and Flora

of the neighbouring seas.

W. A. Herdman."

This meeting was attended by representatives of the
scientific societies and museums of Liverpool, Manchester,
and Chester, and by a number of the local naturalists.
After a considerable amount of discussion it was unani-
mously resolved " that steps should be taken to investigate
the Marine Biology of Liverpool Bay during the coming
summer, with the view of compiling a * Fauna ' of the neigh-

* The L. M. B. C. District, or Liverpool Bay in a wide sense, is that part
of the Irish Sea bounded by the coast of Lancashire, the north coast of
Wales, and the Isle of Man.

2 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

bourhood, the arrangement of details being left in the hands
of a small committee." The following gentlemen were then
appointed as the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee : —

F. Archer, Esq., B.A., Crosby.

R. D. Darbishire, Esq., B.A., F.G-.S., Manchester.

R. J. Harvey Gibson, Esq., M.A., F.R.S.E., University

College, Liverpool.
Professor Herdman, D.Sc, F.R.S.E., F.L.S., Univer-
sity College, Liverpool.
Rev. H. H. Higgins, M.A., Free Public Museum,

Liverpool.
A. Leicester, Esq., Waterloo.
Professor A. Milnes Marshall, D.Sc, F.R.S., Owens'

College, Manchester.
T. J. Moore, Esq., C.M.Z.S., Curator, Free Public

Museum, Liverpool.
James Poole, Esq., J. P., Liverpool.
Isaac Roberts, Esq., F.G.S., Maghull.
I. C. Thompson, Esq., F.R.M.S., Liverpool.
A. 0. Walker, Esq., F.L.S., Chester.
This Committee resolved to make arrangements for —
1st, organising dredging, tow-netting, and other

collecting expeditions ;
2nd, the examination and description of the speci-
mens obtained ; and,
3rd, the publication of the results.
It was intended at first to obtain subscriptions from those
interested in the work for the purpose of hiring a steam-tug
for the dredging expeditions, but, owing to the liberality of a
few gentlemen in placing suitable vessels at the disposal of
the Committee, that step has not yet been found necessary.

Early in April, a letter was received from Mr. George
Holt ofiering to provide a steam-tug for the first dredging

INTRODUCTION. 3

expedition of the Committee. The expedition took place on
the 9th of May, in the tug " Merry Andrew," chartered by
Mr. Holt, and was attended by most of the members
of the Committee and a few other naturalists. After some
unsuccessful hauls of the dredge in the Kock Channel,*
opposite Bidston Lighthouse, at a depth of five fathoms, on
a sandy bottom, when only a few Zoophytes and Polyzoa
were obtained, the " Merry Andrew " proceeded to Hilbre
Swash, the deep channel which runs northwards from Hilbre
Island, at the eastern mouth of the river Dee, and there
dredging, trawling, and tow-netting operations were carried
on during the remainder of the day. Hilbre Swash is the
deepest part of the area of Liverpool Bay inside the Bar
Lightship, depths of nine, ten, and eleven fathoms being
frequently found in it. The bottom varies from a fine stifi"
grey mud to sand and gravel, with occasional lumps of coarse
red sandstone, more or less covered with Hydroids, Polyzoa,
Sponges, and other incrusting animals. The most prolific
locality examined was found to be a spot close to the north-
west end of Hilbre Island, at a depth of ten fathoms.

The more important species obtained in this expedition
were the following: — ^

Ccelenterata. — Hydractinia echinata, Tuhularia indi-
visa, Garveia nutans^ Calycella syringaj Sertidaria
Jilicula, Actinoloba dianthuSf and Alcyonium digita-
tum.
Polyzoa.- Crisia ehurnea, Celleporapumicosa, Idmonea
serpens, Flustra foliacea, Scrupocellaria scrupea,
Amathia leridigera, Gemellaria loricata.
PoLYCH^TA. — Sabella penicillus, Serpula vermicularis.

* For this and the other localities mentioned, see the accompanying
Chart (PL XI).

t Preliminary accounts, giving the results of the various expeditions,
have been published in the Liverpool papers. See Liverpool Daily Post,
May 11, May 28, June 15, June 22, July 14.

4 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Crustacea. — Caprella linearis, Pagurus bernhardus,
Porcellana longicornis, and P. platycheles, Hyas
araneus, Portumts depurator, and Stenorhynchus
rostratus,
MoLLUSCA. — PJiolas Candida, Ancula cristata, Tritonia
pleheia, Doto coronata.
In the tow nets, Pleurobrachia, Medusoid Gonophores
(chiefly species of Thaumantias), and Copepoda were taken
in great abundance. The specimens collected were all
brought to the Zoological Laboratory of University College,
and were there roughly arranged in groups, preserved in
alcohol or picric acid solution, labelled, and stored away.

The most important result of this expedition was,
undoubtedly, the discovery of Garveia nutans. This rare
Zoophyte * had not been previously found in this neighbour-
hood, although the investigations of the Liverpool Marine
Biology Committee have shown that it is widely distributed
over the area, and, apparently, is fairly abundant in the
neighbourhood of Hilbre Island.

About the middle of May, a letter was received from
Mr. N. RuNDELL, Jun., offering, on behalf of the Liverpool
Salvage Association, to allow the Marine Biology Committee
to have the use of the S.S. " Hyaena " for a three days' cruise
along the coast of North Wales. This afforded a welcome
opportunity for investigating one of the more outlying parts
of the district which could not be overtaken in a single day's
expedition ; so it was decided that the region in the neigh-
bourhood of the Great Ormes Head, Puffin Island, and the
entrance to the Menai Straits, should be specially explored.
About twenty naturalists took part in the expedition, which
occupied three complete days, the 23rd, 24th, and 25th of
May. Between thirty and forty hauls of the dredge and trawl
* See Report upon the Hydroida, p. 99.

INTRODUCTION. 6

were taken during this cruise of the " Hyaena," and the collec-
tion of animals obtained was very considerable.

On the 23rd May, the dredge was first let over on the
western end of the Constable Bank, near Llandudno. At
this spot three hauls were taken in depths of from six to
seven fathoms, resulting in the capture of various species
of Hydroids and Polyzoa, Pectinaria belgica, Corystes
cassivelaimus, Thia polita, and Lolif/o media. Later on in
the same day, several hauls of the trawl were taken a
short distance off the Great Ormes Head, in depths of
from seven to eight fathoms. Amongst the animals obtained
were : —

Hydroida. — Coppinia arcta, Tubulai^ia i7idivisa,
'PohYCB.MT A. — Sabellaria alveolata.
EcHiNODERMATA. — Solastev papposci, Echinocyamns
pusillus, Echinocardium cordatiwi, Cucumaria pen-
tactes.
Crustacea. — Hyas coarctatus, Stenorhynchus rostratiis^

Piliimnus hirtellus, and Portunus depurator.
MoLLUSCA. — Mactra solida (large), Mactra stultorum
(pale variety), Anomia patelliformis^ Pecten pusioy
Pecten varius, Pholas Candida, Trochiis zizyphinus,
Pleurotoma turricida, Fusus gracilisy Murex erina-
ceus, and Dendronotus arhorescens.
On the 24th of May, operations were commenced to the
north of Puffin Island,* where several successful hauls were
taken in depths of from eleven to fourteen fathoms.

Amongst other species obtained in this locality were : —
Crustacea. — Mysis spiritus, Pandalus brevirostris,
Hippolyte cranchii, Crangon trispinosus and (7.
fasciatus, Hippolyte pusiola, Portunus corrugatus
and Eurynome aspera,
Pycnogonida. — Pephredo hirsuta(?)y AcheUa echinata
* See Chart, PI. XI.

6 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

and A. hisjnday Phoxichilidiwm femoratum, Phoxi-
chillis spinosus,
MoLLUSCA. — Doto coronata, Doto fragilis, Eolis gracilis,
Mytiliis barbatuSf Anomia patelliformis, and Sepiola
atlantica.
Later on in the day, in the Menai Straits, nearly opposite
Bangor, at a depth of about ten fathoms, the small red
Ascidian, Styela grossularia, was obtained in quantity.
Specimens of Ascidia virginea, Polycyclus savignyi, and
Alcyonidiuni gelatinosum were also obtained in the Straits,
along with many dead shells.

On the morning of the 25th, the third day of the cruise,
a few hauls of the dredge were taken in fourteen fathoms,
between Puffin Island and Anglesea. In this channel,
Ophiothrix pentaphyllum must be very abundant since it
came up in dredgefuls. Amongst the Mollusca obtained
here were : — Modiola harbdta, Sj^henia hinghami, Scrohicu-
laria prismatica, Scrohicidaria alba, Tellina donacina, Saxi-
cava rugosa, Cardium norvegicum, and Eledone cirrhosa.

The trawl was then let down off Ked Wharf Bay, on the
north coast of Anglesea, but resulted in little worthy of
note except Dentalium entale and a large specimen of
Eolis picta. On the way back to Liverpool, a few hauls
were taken in fourteen fathoms, about six miles to the north
of the Grreat Ormes Head. Here a large specimen of
Astropecten irregularis was obtained, with the rare Annelid
Malmgrenia castanea * as a commensal in one of the
ambulacral grooves. Amongst the other species observed
were : —

Hydroida — Garveia nutans, Campamdaria verticillata,

Sertularella polyzonias and Sertularia opercidata,
PoLYZOA. — Vesicidaria spinosa.
Tunicata. — Botrylloides rubrum.

* See Report, upon the Vermes, p. 149.

INTRODUCTION. 7

PoLYCHiETA. — ApJivodite aculeata,

MoLLUSCA. — Li7na loscombii and Corbula gibba.

The most important forms obtained during the cruise of
the " Hyaena" were : — Garveia nutans, Cucumaria pentactes,
Malmgrenia castanea, Mysis spiritus, Thia polita, Pilumnus
hirtellus, Pandalus brevirostris, Eolis gracilis, Eolis picta,
Sepiola atlantica, and Loligo media.

The tow-nets were used frequently, capturing Medusoid
Gonophores, Pleurobrachia, many Copepoda, and various
larval forms (chiefly Crustacea).

During May, June, and July, several expeditions were
organised to explore Hilbre Island and the neighbourhood at
low tides. These were largely attended, and very con-
siderable collections have been formed of the species living
between tide marks on the shore.

Hilbre Island is well known amongst the local naturalists
on account of its comparatively rich marine fauna. It is
certainly the most interesting spot in Liverpool Bay from a
biological point of view, and it would be the most suitable
locality, within a reasonable distance from Liverpool, for the
establishment of a marine laboratory for carrying on biolo-
gical investigations.

The rocks at the northern end of the Island are covered
at and about low water mark by a rich and varied assemblage
of invertebrate animals, and form a particularly favourable
locality for certain Hydroid Zoophytes, Actiniae, Polyzoa, and
Nudibranchs. A complete account of the fauna of Hilbre
Island, with a description of the conditions, so far as they are
known, under which the various species live, is one of the
objects which the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee have
set before them, and it will probably form a considerable
part of one of their future Keports.

Among the more important species which were found

8 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

last summer on the shores of Hilbre Island are the fol-
lowing : —

PoRiFERA. — Sycandra ciliata, Isodictya varianSy Su-

berites carnosa, Halisarca dujardinii,
CcELENTERATA. — Clava multicomiSf Garveia nutans^

Tabulariaindivisa, Tubular ia larynx ^ Coryne pusilla,

Obelia dichotomaj Sertularella rugosa, Actinoloba

dianthus, var. rubida, Cylista undata.
EcHiNODERMATA. — Echiuus esculetitus, Asterias rubens,

Echinocyainus pusillus,
PolychjETA. — Sabellaria alveolata, Sabella penicillus,

Siphonostomum gelatinosuin, Pectinaria belgica.
Polyzoa. — PediceMina cernua, var. glabra, Bowerbankia

imbricata, Anguinella palmata, Bugula flabellata

and B, turbinata, Flustra foliacea, Bicellaria ciliata,

Amathia lendigera.
Pycnogonida. — Pycnogonum littorale, Phoxichilus spi-

nosus.
Crustacea. — Hyas araneus, Stenorhynchus rostratus,

Porcellana platycheles. My sis Jlexuosa, Caprella

linearis.
MoLLUSCA. — Tapes pullastra, var. perforans, Pholas

crispataj Eolis despecta, Eolis drummondi, Eolis

coronata, Eolis nana, Ancula cristata, Doto coronata,

Dendronotus arbor escens, Tritonia plebeia, Doris

pilosa, Eledone cirrhosa,
TuNiCATA. — Ciona intestinalis, Clavelina lepadiformis.

The specimens of Garveia nutans were found living, and
with gonophores, on June 13th, attached to the rocks just
beyond low water mark at the north end of the Island,
exactly opposite the spot in Hilbre Swash where the species
was dredged on the "Merry Andrew" expedition, on May 9th.
It is intended during next summer to divide the littoral

INTRODUCTION. 9

zone at Hilbre into a series of regions or sub-zones, separated
by contour lines parallel with low water mark, and to investi-
gate the fauna and flora of each region separately, so as to
determine their characteristic animals and seaweeds, and the
relative capacities the diff'erent species possess for with-
standing exposure to air and sunshine. Flustrella hispida
was found, last summer, attached to the rock, within about
one yard of high water mark, in a living and healthy condition.
From its position, this animal can only be immersed in water
during a small proportion of its life, at and about the time of
high tide. It will be interesting to discover whether it shares
this condition with other marine animals and to determine
the nature of the food in such cases, and whether the species
is able to stand considerable variation in the amount of its
periodic exposure to air.

On some parts of the Hilbre shore, especially at the
northern end where sand and rock meet, a gregarious tubi-
colous annelid, Sahellaria alveolata, is present in great
abundance, and produces, by building up tubes formed of
sand-grains, a loose, porous, but crisp and brittle, mass, which
crumbles when walked upon, but which is constantly being
renewed, and has its injuries repaired by the living annelid
within. This, from its abundance and thickness, must have
a very considerable effect in protecting the shore from the
erosive action of the sea. The masses, hummocks, pla-
teaux, ledges, and small reefs of this rock-building annelid,
have often a curious external resemblance, superficial only,
of course, to the forms produced by coral masses amongst
coral reefs and islands. It might be possible, by a con-
tinuous study on the spot of this Sahellaria at Hilbre, to
determine what part the various factors — food, currents,
muddy water, presence of sand and rock, exposure to waves,
and arrangement of animals in the mass — take in producing
the different shapes, and in favouring and retarding growth.

10 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

A considerable amount of variation was noticed in the
relative numbers of certain species at the various expeditions
to Hilbre Island. As an example, the large Dendronotus
arborescens was almost absent from the shore early in the
summer (May), while in July it occurred in abundance.
This suggests that there is possibly a considerable amount
of migration from deep water on to the shore, and back
again, in the case of some species of molluscs and other
animals.

The discovery of Clavelina lepadiformis at Hilbre is
interesting, as the Tunicata seem particularly rare in this
neighbourhood. Clavelina was dredged in abundance, during
August, off the south end of the Isle of Man, in deep
water.

In the middle of June, Mr. James Poole, a member of
the Committee, offered to provide a tug, the " Spindrift," for
a dredging expedition on the 20th of June. The channel
between Hilbre Island and Point of Ayr, on the Welsh coast,
was chosen for exploration on this occasion, and, notwith-
standing very unfavourable weather, a considerable amount
of work was done. Dredging, trawling and tow-netting
were carried on in Hilbre Swash, in Welshman Gut, and in
a deep hole lying a short distance off Point of Ayr. In this
last locality, the following species amongst others were
obtained : —

CcELENTERATA. — Hydractifiia echinata, Halecium haled-
num, Alcyonimn digitatum^ Actinoloba dianthus,
Lafoea dtwiosa, Sertularia abietina, Sertularia oper-
culata, Sertularia Jiliculaf Antennularia antennina.
PoLYzoA. — Idmonea serpens, Scrwpocellaria scrupea,
Amathia lendigera, Crisia eburnea, Alcyonidium
gelatinosum*
Crustacea. — Montagua alderi, Caprella linearis, My sis

INTRODUCTION. 11

spiritus, Paguriis bernhardtis, Galathea intermedia^
Portunus arcuatus.
MoLLUSCA. — Natica catena, Tellina tenuis, Sepiola
atlantlca.

Surface organisms seemed to be almost confined on this
occasion to Noctiliica miliaris, a few Copepoda, and vast
quantities of a small spherical gelatinous Alga. This last
organism was met with again, later on in the summer, by
Mr. Thompson, at Penmaenmawr.*

Probably the region at the mouth of the Dee, lying
between Hilbre Island and the Point of Ayr, will prove
a very good dredging locality, when carefully investigated
under more favourable circumstances.

It was thought desirable by the Liverpool Marine Bio-
logy Committee that the marine fauna at the extreme
limits of the Liverpool Bay district f should be investigated,
and collections made at these places, so that comparisons
might be instituted with the faunas of Hilbre Island and of
the immediate neighbourhood of the Mersey. Consequently
one of the members of the Committee conducted dredging
and tow-netting observations for several weeks in July, in
the neighbourhood of Penmaenmawr, and another member
spent five weeks in July and August in continuous dredging
and collecting along the southern ^nd of the Isle of Man.
For a detailed account of these observations, reference may be
made to the separate Keports upon these outlying localities.!

Several Ascidians (Ascidia virginea, Ascidia scabra, Styela-
grossularia and Botrylloides ruhrum), which had not been pre-
viously obtained in the district, were found at Penmaenmawr.

* See Report upon Fauna of Penmaenmawr, p. 315.

t The western limits are the Isle of Man to the north and Anglesea to
the south.

\ See Report on Fauna of Penmaenmawr, by I. C. Thompson, F.K.M S.,
p. 315 ; and Report on Fauna of Isle of Man, by Prof. Herdman, D.Sc,
p. 318.

12 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Amongst the other more notable species observed were
Aglaophenia pluma, Vermilia triquetra, Thelepus circinatus,
Amathia lendigeraf Bugula flabellata, Philine aperta, and
Pycnogonum littorale.

The marine fauna at the south end of the Isle of
Man was found to be particularly rich, and a number of
rare species were collected, amongst which were the follow-
ing :—

PoRiFERA. — Halisarca dujardinii, Hymeniacidon san-
guinea, Cliona celata, Dictyocylindrus stuposus,
Chalina limbata, Isodictya elegans^ Halichondria
incrustans, Leucandra gossei, Leucandra nwea\
Leucandra johnstonii, Leucandra Jistulosa, Ascetta
coriacea,
CcELENTERATA. — Gaweia nutans, Campanularia hincksii,
Campanularia caliculata, Plumularia pinnata, Cory-
nactis viridis, Polythoa arenacea, Sarcodictyon
catenata, Halcampachrysanthellimi,Adamsia palliata,
Heliactis vejiusta, Bunodes gemmaceus, Bougainvillea
hritannica, Thaumantias octona, Thaumantias
thompsoni, Tubularia simplex.
EcHiNODERMATA. — Antedon rosaceuSf Asterina gibhosa,

Genus brunneus, Cucumaria hyndmanni.
PoLYCH^TA. — Hermadion assimile, Hermione hystrix,
Harmothoe haliceti, Sthenelais zetlandica, Sagitta
bipunctata, Filograna implexa.
PoLYZOA. — Pedicellina gracilis, Cellaria Jistulosa,
Schizoporella hyalina, Membranipora aurita, Um-
bonula verrucosa, Mimosella gracilis, jEtea truncata
and JE, recta, Mucronella coccinea, Eucratea chelata,
var. elongata, nov.
Crustacea. — Proto pedata, Inachus dorsettensis, Eury-
nome aspera, Ebalia tuberosa, E, tumefacta and
E, cranchii, Pagurus cuanensis.

INTRODUCTION. 13

Pycnogonida. — Pephredo hirsuta (?), Phoxichilus spin-
08US, Phoxichilidium femoratum.

MoLLUSCA. — Pectunculus glycimeris, Lima loscombiif
and L. ellijJtica, Pecten tigrinus, var. costata,
Modiolaria marmorata, Fissurella grceca, Dentalium
entale, Trivia europcea, Trochus zizyphinus^ Phasia-
nella pulliis, Pleurobranchiis memhirtnaceus, Aplysia
punctata, Eolis picta, Eolis amoenay Eolis tricolor,
Goniodoris castanea. Astarte sulcata, Venus casina,
Thracia prcetenuis.

TuNiCATA. — Botryllus violaceus, Botrylloides albicans,

Morchellium argus, Morchellioides alderi, n.sp.,

Clavelina lepadiformis, Perophora listeri, Diplosoma

crystallinum, Corella parallelogramma, Ascidia ple-

beia, Eugyra glutinans, Molgula occulta and Poly-

carpa monensis, n.sp.

Other members of the Committee continued, during the

summer, to make collections at Hilbre Island, and various

points on the coast in the neighbourhood of Liverpool.

Early in October, a meeting of the Biology Committee
was held at University College, when all the collections,
which had been preserved and stored in the Zoological
Laboratory, were inspected and roughly classified. The
conclusion was unanimously arrived at, that so much new
and interesting material had been brought together during
the summer's work, that it was desirable that the collections
should be worked up by specialists, and the results published
before the next season's dredging investigations commenced.
The various groups were then placed in the hands of the
members of the Committee and other naturalists who had
consented to take charge of them, and whose Reports com-
pose this volume ; and shortly afterwards, on October 19th,
Professor Herdman, at the request of the Committee, laid

14 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

■Si prelimiDary Report upon the first year's work before
the members of the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical
Society.

A proposal was then made that the Council of that Society
should undertake the publication of the series of Reports, as
an Appendix to the annual volume of Proceedings, and also
as a separate publication ; being aided, if necessary, by grants
from the other local scientific societies, and by private sub-
scriptions. * This proposal was accepted, and the present
volume is the result. All the chief groups of invertebrate
animals which were collected have been reported upon, but
a few of the smaller groups, such as the Rotifera, the
Ostracoda, the Turbellaria, and some others, have not yet
been overtaken. These, along with supplementary reports
upon those larger groups which need them, and monographs
upon special animals, and a report upon the fishes of the
district which Mr. T. J. Moore has undertaken to draw up,
will form the subject matter of a second, and possibly of
several additional volumes, which will probably be published
by the Committee after one or two years of dredging, and
other investigations in the locality.

In order to render this Fauna of Liverpool Bay as nearly
complete as possible, the species recorded by all previous
investigators have been discussed along with those actually
collected by the Committee. Consequently most of the
Reports may be regarded as including records of all the
work done upon the particular groups of animals in this
District, brought up to date.

It only remains to record the numerical results of the
first year's work of the Committee ; for all further details
the separate reports on the groups must be consulted. Prior

* A list of the subscriptions will be found on p. 371, at the end of this
volume.

INTRODUCTION. 16

to 1853, investigators* in this locality, as recorded in Mr.
Byerley's Fauna, \ had discovered in all about 270 species
of Marine Invertebrata. Since that date there has been no
general work on the subject. The Liverpool Marine Biology
Committee have to place on record altogether 913 species, I
of which at least 235 had not been found before in the
locality. Sixteen of these species have not been previously
discovered in British seas, and at least seven species and
three varieties are new to science.

University College, Liverpool,
January, 1886.

* For full details in regard to the work of previous observers, see Mr.
Higgins' Report, p. 16.

j- Appendix to vol. viii of Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. of Liverpool, 1855.

J Including previous records. The district investigated by the L. M. B. G.
is of somewhat wider extent than that treated of by Mr. Byerley.

16

PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY.
By Rev. H. H. Higgins, M.A.

The earlier workers in the field of our local Natural History,
before the word Biology in its more restricted sense had
come into use, or the special study for which the term now
often stands was more than rarely and imperfectly appre-
ciated, belonged to a class of observers capable of doing
excellent service to the science of their own day. Take for
example the aid rendered to Geology by conchological
collectors. Not a few memories are warmly cherished in
Liverpool, of fellow-townsmen devoted to the pursuit of
natural science, whose contributions to the literature of the
subject extended only to the occasional appearance of their
names as donors of specimens to authorities such as
Johnston, Jeffreys, Yarrell, Carpenter, Alder, Landsborough,
and others.

But at the outset of a series of papers, the materials for
which must to an important extent depend on the use of the
marine dredge, Liverpool naturalists will be glad to be
reminded that one of the first explorers of the sea-bottom
for scientific purposes was a Liverpool merchant, Robert
McAndrew, who, with his friend, Edward Forbes, have left
undying names amongst the members and in the volumes of
the British Association. Mr. McAndrew was a liberal con-
tributor to the museums of Liverpool, and a generous
promoter of every effort made to investigate the Natural
History of the vicinity. His very fine collection of British
and foreign Shells is now in the Museum of the University
at Cambridge. It is remarkable for a large number of series
illustrating the growth of shells from the nucleus, of micro-

PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY. 17

scopic proportions, to the full-sized shell. A considerable
number of the species were collected within the Liverpool
Bay. Mr. McAndrew was President of the Liverpool Literary
and Philosophical Society in 1855.

By far the best and most important memoir claiming to
be here noticed, has been thus mentioned* : —

Fauna of Liverpool, by Isaac Byerley, F.L.S., M.R.C.S.E.,
Literary and Philosophical Society. Appendix to Pro-
ceedings, vol. viii., 1853-54, pp. 125.

Species, Mammalia 42, Aves 195, Reptilia 5, Amphibia 6, Pisces 100,
Mollusca 18), Crustacea 70, Lepidoptera 714, Annelides 33,
Acalepha3 12, Ecliinodermata 11, Hydrozoa 35, Anthozoa 6,
Polyzoa 26, Spongia 5.

A valuable work, the best portions of which are those which were
contributed mainly through Mr. Byerley's own investigations.

During the excursions of the L. M. B. C. in the summer
and autumn of 1885, so small a number of vertebrate animals
was collected that it was thought better to defer an account
of previous work done in this department till the appearance
of a second volume ; more especially, since a very considerable
amount of interesting materials might be collected from
various sources. Long lists of Mammalia, Aves, and Pisces,
are given by Mr. Byerley in his Fauna, often accompanied
by valuable details, especially in the fishes. Our esteemed
friend, Mr. T. J. Moore, Curator of the Public Museum,
has given some short but valuable communications on our
locally-collected vertebrate animals to the Literary and
Philosophical Society. Most of these, but not all, have
been noticed in the Proceedings of the Society. Occurrences
of rare species are described in scattered records, which may
possibly require careful weeding, as well as industrious
finding.

* List of local papers on Nat. Hist., L. N. F. C. Proceedings, 1874.

B

18 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Mr. Byerley's Fauna recorded the occurrence of more than
one specimen of the bottle-headed Dolphin, Hyperoodon ;
also of the Dormouse and of the Marten.

The Mollusca of the district, land, fresh-water, and
marine, are represented in Mr. Byerley's Fauna by a fine
series of 181 species, of which 123 are marine ; most of
them, with many others, have been more recently taken
within our area. The local workers in marine shells, most
frequently quoted, are Dr. Donald Cameron, Mr. Webster of
Upton Hall, Mr. F. P. Marrat, and for the shell-less marine
species, Mr. John Price.

To the north of Anglesea, within our area, must be some
dredging ground very prolific in the Mollusca ; for about the
time when Mr. Byerley's Fauna was printed, the writer spent
three days on the sands and low rocks of Red-wharf Bay,
eight miles from Beaumaris, and succeeded in collecting 84
species, an unusual number to be obtained without the use
of boat or dredge.

Not long after, whilst the writer was collecting with
Mr. Byerley, on Caldy Blacks, in the river Dee, one lovely
midsummer's morning, betwen four and five a.m., the in-
coming tide, approaching from Daw-pool Deeps, cut us off,
and though we rushed to our trap, and drove as rapidly as
possible through the impatient stream, for a time it seemed
more than likely that the horse would have to swim, and the
trap be upset. I venture to recommend the members of the
Marine Biology Committee, visiting Caldy Blacks during the
low spring-tide of a June morning, to place a sentinel on the
out-look, as a possible substitute for their own fascinated
powers of attention to environments. The following species
were found at Caldy Blacks : — Venus fasciata, a valve,
Trochus cinerarius, Chiton cinereus, Doris, three species,
EoliSy one species, and many Hydrozoa.

In the Crustacea, Byerley's list of 70 species includes

PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY. 19

some which have very rarely been taken since ; e.g., Nephrops
norvegwus and Pasiphoea sivado. The Entomostraca seem
to have been chiefly collected by Mr. H. Weightman, who
has recently occupied the chair of the Microscopical Society.

After enumerating 11 species of Echinodermata, Mr.
Byerley next supplies a list of 35 Hydrozoa, in which for the
first time prominently appears the aid of our veteran col-
lahoiriteur, K. A. Tudor, of Bootle, who in earlier days was
a valued correspondent of some of the most distinguished
men in *' Marine Biology," including Alder, Hancock,
Landsborough, and Mr. Bean of Scarborough.

The writer has selected from the Fauna some remarks by
Mr. Byerley, on Actinia troglodites, as illustrating the true
spirit of a Biological Observer : —

Actinia troglodites.

Has been found in pretty good numbers upon the Leasowe shore
and near Egremont slip. I have kept as many as eight or ten
together for upwards of six weeks. They were very often ill-used for
want of a fresh supply of sea water, but seemed to be most tolerant
under the infliction. It was seldom until after having been kept for
ten or twelve days in the same water that they began to droop con-
siderably, and they were speedily restored by a change. No food was
given at auy time. At first they threw off a great number of germs or
ova, which, before they were extruded, could be plainly seen through
the external envelope, and especially at the bases of those specimens
which had not attached themselves, and could be turned over for exam-
ination. It appeared quite clear to me that these germs, young actiniae
(or whatever they may be called), made their exit through breaches of
continuity in the outer envelope, near its junction with the bnsal disk,
and sometimes through ragged apertures in the base itself; in fact,
I have hooked out the germs which were just on the point of emerging
with a blunt probe, which was delicately used, and did not make the
opening. The germs were about the size of a pin's head, and
perfectly globular ; the}^ showed, by careful watching, a very sluggish
motion. Three or four were put into a wide-necked 1^-oz. bottle,
having a ground glass stopper, with sea water, and were intended for
a microscopic inspection in the evening; they were quite forgotten

20 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

however, and at the expiration of two months one was found to have
become developed into a perfect but very small actinia. It is now
(after six months) alive, but has never increased in size ; it continues
closely shut up, when there is a fresh supply of water, for some days,
but after a week, and from that to a fortnight, fully expands again,
For this reason the water has not been changed more than six times
since it has been in my possession. No pabulum of any kind has
ever been given. It seems to make no difference whether the stopper is
kept in the bottle or not, so far as the animal's health is concerned.
These creatures were shy of expanding during the day, and then were
as flat as a coin. I used always to pay them a visit before bedtime,
knowing that I should be repaid by a view of their full-blown expan-
sion during the previous darkness. The stimulus of candle light used
to set their tentacula in active motion, without making them " retire
for the night."

Mr. Byerley is still, and we trust may long continue to
be, with us ; more cannot, therefore, be said than that the
author of the Fauna was more anxious for justice to be done
to the labours of his friends than to his own ; a proclivity
which may account for the following sentence in the preface
to the Fauna ; —

" These remarks are made as an apology for any short-comings in
this first attempt at a Fauna, the materials for which must always be
receiving additions, and thus it never can be perfect. Much as I may
feel on my own account, I must not dilate upon its imperfections, in
justice to several industrious workers who have kindly assisted. Whilst
dredging, the Rev. H. H. Higgins, Messrs. Webster, Samuel Archer,
Marrat, and Cameron, afforded the greatest help ; without their efforts
much of the information relative to the creatures in the neighbouring
waters could not have been obtained. The last-named gentleman
undertook, single-handed, the not over agreeable or safe duty of
dredging the Mersey."

That Mr. Byerley still continues to take a lively interest
in our Local Marine Biology, is evident by a note the writer
received from him, January 23rd, 1886 : —

"I should be very glad if you will keep a good look out for

PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY. 21

Noctiluca when aggregated in patches. I saw one of these at Hilbre,
where they had collected together in myriads, forming a circumscribed
red patch about four or five feet in diameter. When I put my hand
into it, it came out of the water completely covered with the little
globules, all of a deep pink colour, so very different from the clear
hyaline aspect of them as we usually find them. Similar patches have
been observed by Dr. Collingwood, and more recently ; but the animals
forming them were not examined. It is very desirable to Imow if this
is a matter of not unusual occurrence, and what purpose it serves in
the economy of the animal. In the Southampton water a Flagellate
animalcule, Peridinium fuscum, I think, aggregates in the same way,
but not in patches, as it is generally diffused, and continues to embrown
the Southampton water from the end of July to September."

Amongst the sons of biological toil on the shores of the
Mersey and the Dee no one has gained a wider reputation, or
secured a larger amount of affectionate regard, than the
writer's very old friend, John Price, M.A., St. John's, Cam-
bridge, out of whose many eligible characteristics one alone
shall here be noticed — his facility in finding stores of natural
beauty and instruction in, apparently, the most barren scenes
and objects. His " History of Birkenhead Shore " was pub-
lished in ten or twelve numbers of Old Plaice's Remains,
1863^64. Only the Ctenophora can now be mentioned —
Berod and Cy dipper with which the name of Mr. Price will
long be associated.

His first introduction to Cydippe occurred at the Wood-
side slip : —

" My eye fell upon a small object of transcendent brilliancy lying in
a crevice on the wet stones just left bare by the ebbing tide. It looked
like a pebble of the finest rock crytal, fashioned with consummate skill
into the shape of a diminutive melon. After gazing on it in amaze-
ment, I took it up and found it was composed of a firm but tremulous
jelly, about the size of a nutmeg, and exhibited on its eight ribs the
most exquisite sculpturing I had ever seen, like the engravings of a
signet. . . . Its perfect transparency was most remarkable. . .
It was indeed ' a gem of purest ray serene. ' "

22 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

" It is curious to think that these two gentle creatures, Cydippe
and Bero'e, which I encountered at such a long interval, and with
which I became such good friends, proved to be mortal enemies I
At least, that the Bero'e should be the natural foe of the Cydippe,
which she pursues and swallows, one after another (if small enough, to
the number of three, four, or even five), till the ingerent and ingesta,
both equally transparent, look like a gauze bag crammed with
decanters ! Whilst, if the victim be the larger of the two, as is very
often the case, the captor will fasten on its prey like a lamprey, and
take a large piece out of the side, leaving the poor unresisting Cydippe
to sail about with cabin window wide open,"

The paper on ''Beroid Babies" {Remains, p. 532), directs
the willing observer to select, at the close of summer, *' a
large damaged specimen oi Beroe'' which he would reject for
any other purpose, . . " and place it in a sample bottle
of very clear sea- water ; this will soon swarm with eggs."
These, in his own metaphorical style, Mr. Price discourses
on, especially noting that from the very first they are " so
very like their own mama." Regarded as Hydrozoa, this
might be noteworthy.

In the correspondence elicited by the preparation of the
present paper, the writer received the following note : —

Jan. 23, 1880.

Dear Mr. Higgins, — I ought to have stated that C. pileus was
always abundant at Birkenhead, C. pomiformis rare, hut perhaps often
unnoticed ; Beroe ovata only occasional, sometimes tinted mauve, some-
times olive-green. Alcinoe veriniformis (Cuvier), which Patterson called
Bolina hibernica, occurred twice only aS marvels ! I made fifty draw-
ings of the first I saw ! I met with several swimming past the little
pier at Blairmore, on the north side of the Clyde, and caught one
which greatly astonished Mr. Young, curator of the Glasgow Museum.
It is a creature of extraordinary beauty, and very curious structure :
"vermiformis " is a bad name, referring only to some very small wrigg-
ling tentacles, at the edge of the mouth. Look for him at the obsolete
Monks' Ferry slip, south side, at half-flood or ebb. " Nature is true to
herself," said Ed. Forbes, and there the creature came, twice, at any

PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY. 23

rate. The same is a good station for Cijdippe, and Beroe, and Medusa ;
and the shore and walls are most productive, in great variety, A large
shabhy-looldng Cydippe is very apt to be " in spawn," and the ova will
Jioat, visible to the naked eye, and may be mistaken for Noctiluca (see
Remains, " Beroid Babies.") A rushlight shews such objects extremely
well. — Our kind regards to all. Yours truly, J. Price.

These lineB will elicit heartfelt admiration and sympathy
in all who know the painful circumstances under which they
were written.

Mr. Price regards Cydippe as the most beautiful of all
invertebrate living things. When Cydippe is seen in perfec-
tion, the writer is quite inclined to agree with the estimate of
Mr. Price, who adds : —

I never saw Beroe take any food but Cydippes, nor Cydippe any
but a very ghost-Uke Shrimp with staring eyes {My sis ?), refusing
other Crustacea. Two large Cydippes were dissolved away in four and
a quarter hours, and then replaced by two others. Cydippes may be
often taken with the vessels full of a milky fluid, which shews the
further process of digestion admu'ably. The Beroe is too flimsy to
shew this so well. The trains and ciha work briskly after being
swallowed. Query — How can the Beroe bite a hole out of the Cydippe
when too large to bolt ? — See Remains.

The Liverpool Naturalists' Scrap Book. — Issued in
the form of a pamphlet, with lithographic text. Sixteen
monthly numbers appeared, commencing March, 1863. A
copy may be consulted in the Free Public Library. A few
brief extracts only can here be given : —

1. Are Shrimps nocturnal ?

Their habits, as observed in aquaria, indicate that Shrimps are
noctural, but Prawns diurnal animals (p. 4). Thomas J. Moore.

2. Reasons for including blintshire in the Liverpool district.
F. Archer, p. 32.

3. Hidden marine shells and the tracks they make. F. P. Marrat,
p. 126.

4. Syrinx harveii, two or three specimens. Long and interesting

24

LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

morphological and anatomical details, p. 142. Charles H. Brown,
Southport. Locality, where S. harveii was taken, not certain.

5. Entomostracon. New to the district ; described and figured by
T. J. Moore, p. 216.

6. Annelid. New to the district ; described and figured by
T. J. Moore.

7. Alga. Delesseria sanguinea.
Thomas J, Moore,
Sepiola atlantica, Formby.
Clava multicornis, Dingle.
Eledone cirrhosus, Mersey, with
very interesting and full details.
Portunus arcuatus. On the bar.
Mysis Chamceleon, Bootle.
Corystes cassivelaunus.

Near the Alt. C. S. Gregson.

F. P. Marrat.
Marine Algae, 19. 44. 21. 10. 5.

Total 99.
Mr. Marrat's Algae were found in

the restricted district, and were

carefully identified.

Comparatively small space is given in the Liverpool
Naturalists' Scrap Book to Marine Biology. Other kindred
subjects occupy five-sixths of the volume.

On June 22nd, 1865, during an expedition of the Liver-
pool Naturalists' Field Club in the steamer *'Eblana,"
Mr. F. P. Marrat collected the following species of Algas on
the shores of Puffin Island, at the entrance to the Menai
Straits. The names are taken from Harvey's Phycologia
Britannica : —

Phyllophora rubens
Halidrys siliquosa
Gorallina officinalis
Jania rubens
Enteromorpha ramulosa
Enteromorpha intestinalis
Enteromorpha compressa
Hydnea purpurascens
Oelidium corneum
Ceramium deslongchampsii
Geramium rubrum
Rhizodonium riparium

Delesseria sanguinea, very rare and

bad
Delesseria sinuosa
Delesseria alata
Rhodymenia ciliata
D union tia filiformis
Cladophora Jlexuosa
Phyllophora membranifolia
Gladostephus spongiosus
Gladostephus verticillatus
Porphyra vulgaris
Gladophora diffusa

PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY. 25

Ptilota sericea Gladophora rupestris

Piilota plumosa Gladophora rudolpkiana

Ulva linea Bryopsis jdumosa

Oriffithsia setacea Asjwrococcus echinatus

Oriffithsia equisetifolia Chordaria Jiagetliformis

TridcBa edulis, a torn specimen Desmarestia aculeata

Sphacelaria plumosa, rare Oracilaria confervoides

Sphacelaria scojiaria Rhodomela subfusca

Sphacelaria cirrhosa Melohesia fasciculata

Sphacelaria fusca Chondrus crispus
Cladojjhora loetevirens

To Cuthbert CoUingwood, M.A., M.B., author of Rambles
of a Naturalist on the Shores of the China Sea, Hon. Sec. of
the Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Soc, 1860-65,
must be assigned a distinguished place amongst the pioneers
of our local Natural History; and though his writings,
attractive in style as they are, indicate a compiler and a
chronicler rather than an investigator, he was a zealous
worker as well as a wide and an appreciative observer.

In two papers published in the Proceedings of this
Society, 1863-4, on the Geological Fauna and the Historic
Fauna of the District, Dr. CoUingwood has quoted a very
large number of authorities, principally on the fossil remains
or recent occurrences of vertebrate animals.

In June, 1859, September, 1860, and January, 1861,
Dr. CoUingwood published in the Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, three papers on the Nudibranchiate Mol-
lusca of the Mersey and the Dee, from which the following
list is taken : —

List of the Nudibranchiata of the Mersey and the Dee.

1. Doris tuherculata. Mersey and Dee ; common.

•Z. johnstoni. Mersey and Dee ; once or twice.

3. proxima. Mersey and Dee ; common (found nowhere else).

4. bilamellata. Mersey and Dee ; abundant.

o. pilosa, Mersey and Dee ; not uncommon.

26 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

6. Doris subquadrata. Dee ; once (the second known specimen).

7. depressa. Dee; once.

8. Polycera lessonii. Between Mersey and Dee ; once.

9. ocellata. Mersey and Dee ; occasional.

10. Ancula cristata. Mersey and Dee ; common.

11. Tritonia homhergii. Mersey and Dee ; occasional.

12. pleheia. Mersey and Dee ; occasional.

13. Dendronotus arboresoens. Mersey and Dee ; common

14. Doto Goronata. Mersey and Dee ; very common

15. Eolis papulosa. Mersey and Dee ; common.
16. coronata. Mersey and Dee ; common.

17. drummondi. Mersey and Dee ; very common.

18. rufibranchialis. Mersey and Dee ; not uncommon.

19. landsburgii. Mersey and Dee ; rare.

20. Goncinna. Mersey ; common (the second known locality).

21. olivacea. Dee : once taken.

22. auratitiaGa. Mersey and Dee ; common.

23. /jiicirt. Mersey and Dee ; not uncommon.

24. exigua. Mersey ; apparently rare.

25. despeGta. Mersey; common.

26. Embletonia pallida. Mersey (the only known locality) : very rare.

27. Antiopa Gristata. Dee ; occasional.

28. Antiopa hyalina. Dee (the only known locality) ; very rare.

All these papers are excellent, but, in the Annals, they
are so thoroughly within easy reach of students that any
lengthened reference to them would be needless in the pre-
sent paper. But let those who feel inclined to study this
beautiful group by all means read these three papers in the
Annals. It is truly refreshing to find objects of natural
beauty exciting a freshness of enthusiasm that is easily lost
but impossible to be recovered.

About the same time, 1859, John Baker Edwards, Ph.D.,
F.C.S., read a paper before the Literary and Philosophical
Society, on '* The Marine Animals of the Mersey Shore,"
with especial reference to the management of marine aquaria
for the study of the habits, life-histories, and physiology of

PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY. 27

our local species. Dr. Baker Edwards was a very energetic
and successful worker in aquaria, thus becoming a pioneer
in an advanced department of our local Biology.

The Liverpool Naturalists' Field Club, since its estab-
lishment in 1860, has held many expeditions for dredging,
and excursions to various parts of the coast. At the close
of each year, prizes in the form of books on Natural Science
are given to the most successful collectors. Two prizes have
been gained in Algae, two in marine shells, and two in
Hydrozoa and Polyzoa. In the latter classes, the collection
made by Mr. and Mrs. Howard Chapman, wholly from
specimens found on the shore, was remarkably good, and
contained many rare forms.

The Chester Society of Natural Science has published its
Proceedings in three parts, well worthy of the scientific
work they represent, which does honour to the distinguished
founder of the Society, Charles Kingsley, Canon of West-
minster.

Dr. Henry Stolterfoth, M.A., in Proc. C.S.N.S., Part 2,
1874, gives a List of Diatomaceae found in Chester and the
district, and Cwm Bychan, N.W. Very many of the species
were collected in the estuary of the Dee. The list is copious,
and occupies twelve pages. Fifty -eight genera are included,
of which Navicula alone is represented by eighty species.
The same author contributes to Part 3, a paper on " Surface
dredging on the Dee." The paper describes many special
forms, of microscopic life found on the surface of the estuary
of the Dee, with the author's method of collecting them.

Mr. J. D. Siddall has contributed to Part 2 an excellent
paper on the Foraminifera of the River Dee. About 134
species are recorded, and Mr. Siddall makes some valuable
observations upon the living Foraminifera.*

* See Mr. Siddall's " Eeport upon the Foraminifera of the L. M, B. C.
District," p. 44.— Ed.

28 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Mr. A. 0. Walker, F. L. S., although one of the most
thorough-going of our local Pioneers in Marine Biology,
has given his name less frequently than his valuable
assistance. In the opening pages of Part 2, P.G.S. N.S.,
occurs a short paper of his, entitled, " Observations on
Phenomena connected with the deposition of Sediment at
the present day in the estuary of the Dee, and their bear-
ing upon older deposits." It is a short paper, but leads
to results higher than even the finding of rare or undescribed
species. Very little has been done locally in the philosophy
of life at the bottom of the sea.

Free Public Museum of Liverpool.
The specimens now exhibited in the table cases as British
representatives in the six groups assigned to Sertularian
and allied Zoophytes, and to the Polyzoa, were, with few
exceptions, collected on the shores of the Mersey and the
Dee, by the Kev. Henry H. Higgins, and were by him pre-
sented to the Museum, together with many of the exhibited
British representatives of the Marine Mollusca.

Liverpool Naturalists' Journal. — Published in connection
with the Liverpool Naturalists' Field Club. Printed in
monthly numbers, of which 20 appeared, commencing
June, 1866.

It was designed to be " an organ by means of which naturahsts
might record their observations and communicate their ideas for
their common benefit."

The Journal contains about 120 communications, which, though not
confined to local natural history, include much information on the
subject. Amongst the contributions of a more general character
may be mentioned a valuable series of papers on the " Develop-
ment of Plants," by J. B. Nevins, M.D., and various articles by
F. Archer, Jun. A copy may be consulted in the Free Public
Library of Liverpool.*

* List of local papers on Nat. Hist., L.N.F.C., H.H.H., 1874.

PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY. 29

No. 5, p. 77. I. Byerle}^ Spontaneous fission in Anthea
cereus and Sagartia Candida. The latter into four fragments.
The writer noticed indications of a similar action in a stony
coral, Halomitra, but is unable to recover the paper in which
the phenomenon is described.

No. 14, p. 155. I. Byerley. Tenacity of life in the cilia
of a mussel, and in a Littorina.

T. J. Moore. Cuttle-fish, Sejna officinalis, from Burbo
Bank,

No. 16, p. 174. W. Banister. Habit in Dianthus plu-
nwsa, of throwing off mucus when irritated.

The communications made to the Liverpool Naturalists'
Journal were almost entirely botanical.

Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire

AND Cheshire.

A considerable number of papers on local Zoology and
Botany may be found scattered in these Transactions ;
very few, however, relate to the special subject of the
Report.

Thomas Comber. Trans., vol. xi, 1859.

" List of Diatomaceae found in the vicinity of Liverpool."
Mr. Comber ofi'ered this paper as a contribution to the Flora
of Liverpool, already fairly represented in most of the other
groups. The list contains 257 species, included in fifty-one
genera, and has been named and arranged after W. Smith.
Mr. Comber mentions as his fellow-workers, G. Mansfield
Browne, T. Sansom, and L. Hardman.

Richard A. Tudor. Trans., vol. viii, 1856.

*' General Remarks on the Natural History of the Shores
of the Mersey." Mr. Tudor's name occurs in the Annals,
and in the volumes of the Ray Society as a correspondent
and fellow-worker with the distinguished authors of Mono-
graphs, but his published remains are so uncommon that the

30 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

writer was gratified in finding some short extracts from the

above-named paper.

" In many patches, nearer to high water mark, on the shore, may-
be observed millions of worm casts. These are produced by the lob or
lug-worm. A few inches from the cast may invariably be seen a round
hole, through which the animal came and fed while the tide covered the
surface ; and the cast is deposited after the nutritious portions have
been extracted. These creatures are very much sought for by fisher-
men, and when first taken, they display the prismatic colours very
beautifully by their movements. The rings of the head of this animal
are very peculiarly constructed, forming a regular cone, which it has
the power of drawing in and extending as circumstances require. In
these localities the ripple marks, formed by the recent action of the
water, present very beautiful appearances, and the shade produced by
the varying altitude of the sun cannot but attract the attention of the
observer. They partake of great similarity in shape and character."

On February 3rd, 1886, the writer received a note from
Mr. R. A. Tudor, who speaks of having collected on the
shores of the Mersey, with Mr. Johnson, Curator of the
Royal Institution ; and in the Isle of Man, with Professor
Edward Forbes. Mr. Tudor has now entered his 89th year.

The following table is a Report* drawn up by Mr. Byerley
and Dr. Collingwood, in behalf of a Dredging Committee of
the Estuary of the Mersey, appointed by the British Associa-
tion, at the Oxford Meeting, 1860.

NAMES OF COMMITTEE.

Dr. J. GwYN Jeffreys. Isaac Byerley.

Dr. C. Collingwood. Dr. J. B. Edwards.

Rev. H. H. Higgins. Thos. J. Moohe.

The writer's desire to collect together as many as possible
of his old Natural History friends, some of them very old
friends, yet all, with two exceptions, still living, arose from
his recognising the issue of the present volume as epoch-
making in the study of the Fauna of the Liverpool Bay.
' From Brit. Assoc. Report for 1861.

PIONEERS IN LOCAL BIOLOGY.

31

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12

On SHALLOW WATEK FAUNAS.
By a. Milnes Marshall, M.A., M.D., D.Sc, F.R.S.,

BEYER PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY IN OWENS COLLEGE.

Animals may be classed according to their habitat as
terrestrial or aquatic, and the latter subdivided into fresh
water forms and marine forms. The marine fauna, again,
falls very naturally into three main groups, — the shallow water
and shore animals, the deep-sea animals, and the pelagic or
oceanic animals.

The entire animal kingdom may thus be divided into
five groups ; and, although it is impossible to separate these
by sharp boundary lines, and an animal may in the early
stages of its existence belong to one group, and when adult
to another, yet the division is very generally accepted as a
real and natural one, and it is both possible and profitable to
enquire into the general characters of the several groups,
and to attempt to determine their mutual relations.

I have chosen shallow water animals as the subject of" the
present paper, because it is with these that the Liverpool
Marine Biology Committee will be chiefly concerned ; and
I propose to confine myself to the general characters of the
shallow water fauna, and its relations to the other great
groups. The application of these general principles to
the special features of the area with which the Committee
is occupied will, I think, be wisely postponed until further
knowledge and experience of its fauna have been acquired.

The materials for the preparation of this paper are mainly
derived from the reports of the various dredging and exploring
expeditions which have been sent out by our own and other
governments during the last twenty years. To the writings

ON SHALLOW WATER FAUNAS. 33

of Professors Moseley and Semper I am under very special
obligation.

The shallow water fauna is found in the greatest profusion,
and in its most characteristic form, between tide marks, and
at depths extending from low water level down to about fifty
fathoms. From fifty to two hundred fathoms it occurs in
less typical condition, and below the latter depth passes
gradually into the deep sea fauna.

The most marked features of this shallow water fauna are
the great profusion and variety of forms which it presents.
Representatives of nearly every one of the great groups of
animals occur, and the actual number of species very greatly
exceeds that of the other ocean faunas.

As regards environment, the chief point is its extrerne
variability, which stands in the most marked contrast with
the almost absolute uniformity of external conditions affecting
the deep sea fauna. Thus, animals living between tide marks
are exposed daily, and may spend half their lives in and half
out of water, while both they and animals living at rather
greater depths are subject to changes of enormous violence at
times of storms. Again, shallow water animals, especially
those that are periodically exposed, are liable to considerable
variations of heat and cold, and of light and darkness.

The varying nature of the sea-bottom, whether rock, sand
or mud ; the proximity of great rivers, or other causes that
may modify the quality of the water ; and the various changes
effected round the coasts by human agency, all help to swell
the list of causes that render the environment of shallow
water animals singularly inconstant. Another special feature
is the abundance and variety of plant life, affording a copious
supply of food denied to the inhabitants of deeper waters.
The actual bathymetrical distribution of plants is less
accurately known than that of animals, but the ordinary
seaweeds do not extend below fifty fathoms, while below

c

34 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

two hundred fathoms vegetable life almost completely dis-
appears.

This extraordinary variability in the external conditions of
life is undoubtedly the great cause of the extreme diversity
shown by the fauna exposed to it, and is perhaps best
realised by comparing it for a moment with the environment
of the deep sea fauna. Here we have animals living for
the most part in absolute darkness, in water that is never
more than a few degrees above the freezing point, on a sea
bottom that is perfectly uniform over areas of very great
extent, and largely dependent for food on other animals
which, having died at or near the surface, have slowly sunk
to the depths below.

Turning now to the special characters of the shallow water
animals themselves, perhaps the most general feature they
present is the power of fixing themselves in, or to, the sea
bottom in order to resist the tides and storms, which would
otherwise destroy them, or carry them out to sea.

This fixation is brought about in very various ways. It
may be either a temporary one, such as is effected by the
muscular loot of a limpet or chiton, or by the base of a
sea-anemone ; or a permanent one, as in barnacles, oysters,
ascidians, etc., where the animal is immoveably attached
to rock or other firm support.

In other cases, the requisite anchorage is obtained by
burrowing in the sand or mud of the shore or sea bottom.
These burrows may be simple holes, such as those made by
many bivalves, or may be lined by tubes secreted by the
animal. Similar tubes may be formed for protection by
animals that do not burrow, and are then attached to foreign
bodies, either by their basal ends, as in many hydroid
zoophytes and worms, or along their entire length, as in
Serpula.

It is a very noteworthy fact that, in all cases in which the

ON SHALLOW WATER FAUNAS. 85

adult is attached, and these include a large proportion of the
shallow-water fauna, the animal in the early stages of its
existence leads a free swimming life, and is often entirely
unlike the parent in appearance and structure. This fact,
which will be referred to again further on, is to be regarded
as evidence of the strongest kind that the attached condition
is a secondary one, acquired in accordance with the habitat
of the animal ; in other words, that the attached forms are
descended from free-swimming ancestors.

A large number of these attached forms, especially in
the more lowly organised groups, e.g., Sponges and Coelen-
terates, have the power of reproducing asexually, as well as
by means of eggs, the asexual process being usually one of
budding. A bud is commonly a hollow process of the body
wall of the parent, w^hich gradually increases in size and
complexity until it becomes a second animal in all respects
like its parent. It may then either separate and become a
distinct animal, or, as is more usually the case, may remain
permanently attached to, and in communication with the
parent. Both the bud and the parent may give rise to
fresh buds, and in this way a "colony" is formed, this
being the name given to such an aggregation of individuals
formed by budding, and remaining organically connected
together.

Such colonies are not confined to the shallow-water
fauna, but are far more abundant and more varied there than
in either the deep sea or the open ocean, and hence may be
very suitably considered in this place.

From their mode of formation, described above, it
follows that the several members of a colony are funda-
mentally equivalent to one another. In the sim-pler forms
they remain all alike, and, although organically connected
with one another, still practically independent. Examples
of such colonies are presented by many of the Polyzoa,

36 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

which form flattened leaf-like colonies, either growing inde-
pendently, or encrusting the surface of rocks or seaweed. In
Sponges, the connection between the several individuals of
a colony is a more intimate one, and it is usually impossible
to determine the boundaries of the several component mem-
bers, which are blended indistinguishably with one another,
and traversed by a common canal system serving for the
nutrition of all alike.

In other cases, as in the hydroid zoophytes, and to a
less extent in the sea-pens and other corals, the several
members of the colony, though retaining their essential
similarity, become modified in various ways so as to better
adapt them to fulfil some one or more functions. As this
can only be done at the expense of other functions, a certain
amount of mutual dependence is at once set up ; and, in
many instances, this differentiation is carried so far that
certain individuals of the colony are alone able to digest food,
which they do for themselves and for all the others as well.
Of these latter, some members are specially modified for
capturing prey, others are either actively or passively pro-
tective in function, while to others is assigned the formation
and ripening of the eggs.

The structural differences between the several members
of such a colony are as marked as the functional, and it is
often only by tracing their development that their essential
identity can be established. The egg-bearing members of
the hydroid colony usually take the form of jelly-fish or
medusae, which not unfrequently separate from the colony
when ripe, and lead a free swimming existence for a time.

Of the shallow water fish, many, as the pilchards, white-
bait, etc., go about in large shoals ; but perhaps the most
interesting are the Pleuronectidse, or flat-fish, such as the
turbot, plaice, sole, etc. In these, the body is very much
compressed laterally, and the two sides are differently

ON SHALLOW WATER FAUNAS. 37

coloured, one being white and the other variously tinted,
according to the nature of the sea bottom. The fish when
at rest lies on the white side, which in most flat fish is
the left, and so exposes the coloured side only. By flapping
movements of the fins it is able to bury itself more or less
completely in the sand of the sea bottom, and further pro-
tection is afi'orded by the colour of the exposed surface
changing until it resembles very closely that of the bottom
on which it is resting. This power of changing colour
depends on varying degrees of contraction and dilatation of
certain pigmented cells in the skin — the chromatophores. It
appears to be an entirely involuntary action, and does not
occur in animals that are blind.

The same power is exercised in a still more marked
degree, and here apparently voluntarily, by the Octopus, a
shallow water animal, living in holes in rocks, and able by
its great strength and the powerful suckers with which its
arms are provided to successfully resist the tidal action of
the waves.

Keturning to the flat-fish, the most curious feature in
their organisation is the fact that, in accordance with their
habit of lying on one side, both eyes are situated on one
side — the coloured one — of the head. When quite young a
sole swims vertically with its back up, and has its eyes one
on each side of the head. Very soon it acquires the habit of
swimming and Ij'ing on its left side, and in accordance with
this the head becomes twisted so that the left eye is brought
over to the right side, and both eyes can be used when the
animal is lying at rest at the bottom.

There can be no doubt that flat-fish are descended from
more ordinarily constituted fish with their eyes one on each
side of the head, and in the above history we have an
excellent illustration of the Recapitulation Theory, which
explains the early developmental stages and metamorphoses

38 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

of animals as due to a tendency to recapitulate in their
individual development the characters of their ancestors.

Turning now to the relations of the shallow water fauna
to the other faunas, we find that, though animal life is
present on the bottom of the ocean at all depths, yet that it
is not nearly so abundant at extreme as at moderate depths.

Concerning the deep-sea animals, we find the fauna is a
very miscellaneous collection, including representatives of all
the main groups of animals. We find further, that although
some of the deep sea forms, notably the curious group of
Holothurians known as Elasipoda, are more primitive than
their shallow water allies, yet that this is not true of the deep
sea fauna as a whole. Indeed, of the more archaic or primi-
tive forms in existence at the present day, some, as Limulus,
Amphioxus, the Ganoids, and the Dipnoi, are either shallow
water or fresh water forms ; while those that do occur in
deep water, such as Pentacrinoids and Brachiopoda, are found
in shallow water as well.

The general conclusion, then, to which we are led is that
the deep sea fauna is not, as was once supposed, an essen-
tially primitive one ; that there is no evidence of the shallow
water fauna having been derived from it ; but that, on the
other hand, the actual facts are much better explained by
supposing the deep sea fauna to consist of forms that have
been driven down from shallow water, by the struggle for
existence, to regions where opportunities for bettering them-
selves are indeed not so great, but where competition is less
keen.

A final argument may be derived from the supply of food.
The deep sea has no ultimate supply of food in itself, for, as
we have seen, plant life is unknown in it. Hence it is
impossible that a deep sea fauna should have existed before
a pelagic, or else a shallow water, fauna and flora had become
well established.

ON SHALLOW WATER FAUNAS. 39

The relation of the shallow water to the terrestrial fauna
is an interesting one, but cannot be considered here in detail.
It appears to have been of a give and take nature, for while
on the one hand certain marine animals, such as crabs, have
left the sea and become adapted more or less completely
to a terrestrial habitat ; on the other, Oncliidium^ a slug
found on the shores of the Pacific and Indian oceans, and
which by its whole organisation shows its descent from land
slugs, is certainly no solitary example of a terrestrial form
that has become more or less completely marine.

The mutual relations of the shallow water and fresh water
faunas are of much greater importance. Geologically con-
sidered, the land is far less constant than the sea, and there
are probably few spots on the earth that cannot be proved to
have been under water at least once. It hence follows
that the terrestrial and fresh water faunas are most probably
derived from the more constant marine fauna, and in most
cases presumably from the shallow water fauna, as being that
immediately adjacent to the land.

In the case of the fresh water hydroid, Cordylophora,
this migration from a marine habitat can actually be traced
historically, and in the case of those fish, as the salmon and
lamprey, which are partly marine and partly fresh water,
such a derivation may be regarded as proved.

The general characters of the fresh water fauna entirely
bear out this view. Of the great groups of animals the
Echinoderms are absolutely unrepresented, and the Sponges
and Coelenterates have not half-a-dozen fresh water genera
between them. The other large groups are all present, but
many important divisions of them, as the Cephalopoda and
Tunicata, are completely absent. Here, very much as in
the case of the deep sea fauna, certain members of most of
the groups seem to have worked their way from the sea up
the rivers, the determining causes being the same in the

40 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

two cases, i.e, the possibility of obtaining new supplies of
food, and of escape from enemies.

One of the most characteristic features of fresh water
forms, as compared with their marine allies, is the large size
of the eggs of the former. Thus, a crayfish, though but a
third of the length of a lobster, has actually larger eggs.
The explanation of this is probably to be found, as Professor
Sollas has suggested, in the following considerations.

The effect of increased size of the egg is that the young,
having a larger supply of food in the egg itself, hatch of
larger size and greater perfection of development than would
be possible were the egg smaller. Hence, in forms with
large eggs, the earlier larval stages will be passed in the egg
before hatching. This is of special advantage in the case
of fresh water forms, firstly, because larval forms of very
small size would be unable to withstand the currents in the
streams and rivers in which they dwell, and so would be
carried down slowly but surely to the sea; and secondly,
because these earlier larval forms representing stages prior to
the acquisition of a fresh water habitat, would not be suited
to it, and might very conceivably be unable to live in it.

These considerations offer a ready explanation of such
points as the passing of the early stages of development in
the gills of the mother in the case of the fresh-water Anodon,
and the subsequent attachment of the glochidia larvae to fish,
until they have attained sufficient size and strength to with-
stand the currents of the streams they inhabit.

Finally, the relation of the shallow water to the pelagic
or oceanic fauna remains to be considered, and on this point
it is very difficult to speak with certainty.

On the one hand, we find that in the pelagic fauna a com-
paratively small number of groups are represented. Sponges
and Echinoderms are absent ; there are but few pelagic
worms, and of Arthropods, Molluscs and Vertebrates, only

ON SHALLOW WATER FAUNAS. 41

certain groups have pelagic members. These facts, taken in
conjunction with the further fact that pelagic animals are, as
a rule, highly modified in accordance with their habits, point
strongly to the pelagic fauna being a derived, and not a
primitive, one ; and if this be true, they must be derived
from the shallow water fauna, which would thus become the
most primitive of the faunas, and the parent of all the others.
On the other hand, we have the fact, already alluded to,
that the larvae and young of almost all marine animals are
free swimming, and if these represent ancestral forms, as by
the Recapitulation Theory we are compelled to suppose they
do, then we must conclude that the ancestors of all marine
animals were free swimming, presumably pelagic forms. It
seems scarcely possible to regard these larval forms as
secondarily acquired, and hence the conclusion to which we
are led is that, while existing pelagic animals have probably
with few exceptions acquired pelagic habits secondarily, yet
that the most primitive animals were primarily pelagic, and
that from them have sprung the shallow water fauna, from
which in turn the others have been derived later on.

v

42

REPORT upon the FORAMINIFERA of the L. M. B. C.

DISTRICT.*

By John D. Siddall, Chester.

For the preparation of the following Report very little new
material has been examined ; but a careful revision has been
made of work done previously, more particularly that for the
compilation of a list of the Foraminifera of the River Dee.f
This river is included within the district, therefore the forms
found there are also included in the list given below. With
his usual great kindness, Mr. H. B. Brady revised the Dee
list, and carefully examined the whole of the examples referred
to therein. As might be expected, the naming of a large
series of organisms obtained in brackish-water, but whose
natural habitat is the sea, was a matter of very considerable
difficulty. Under such altered conditions the various forms
do not always attain to their full development, either in size,
or substance, or characteristic form. Further, also, the ex-
amination of the River Dee was most carefully and thoroughly ,
done. Several years were given to the work, and conse-
quently single examples of many interesting species were
found. Several of these were new to British seas ; a few
had only been known previously as fossil forms — one was
altogether new to science. Some few were so much modified
in form that their nomenclature was a matter of considerable
uncertainty. In such cases, the name given could, of course,
only be considered as possibly right, but not beyond doubt.
I have, therefore, very carefully re-examined the examples
then obtained, and have compared them with the figures

* The limits of this district are— first, a line from the Isle of Man to
the opposite coast of Lancashire ; second, a line from the Isle of Man to
Holyhead (see Chart, PI. XI).

+ Proceedings Chester Society of Nat. Science, part II, 1878, Chester.

THE FORAMINIFERA. 43

and descriptions given in Mr. Brady's splendid monograph
on the Foraminifera collected during the cruise of H.M.S.
" Challenger." The thorough and comprehensive character
of this publication will render comparatively easy all future
work upon Foraminifera. From the knowledge gained
by the examination of such large series of examples, Mr.
Brady has re-classified and arranged the Foraminifera,
and has considerably modified their nomenclature. I have
not hesitated to adopt fully all these changes. This will
account, in part, for the differences between the list above
referred to and that appended below. The same fact must
also be borne in mind when comparing the lists of forms
occurring in Dublin Bay and not in Liverpool Bay, and vice
versa, some few of them being mere differences of name,
Messrs. Balkwill and Wright's list of " Recent Dublin Bay
Foraminifera,"* having been published just prior to the
" Challenger " volumes.

Material for examination has been obtained chiefly by
scraping the sand or mud in the most promising-looking
places between high and low water marks. The most prolific
gatherings have been obtained at the following points : —

A sandbank opposite the old Cheesestage at Chester.

A sandbank opposite the wharf at Saltney.

A sandbank opposite Connah's Quay.

Tide pools on muddy shore at Holywell,

Between the rocks at Hilbre Island.

The shore, Isle of Man.

Stony shore, laminarian zone, Llandulas Point.

Muddy and stony shore, laminarian zone, Colwyn Bay,
near Little Ormes Head.

Under the pier, Llandudno.

The Conway shore of Great Ormes Head.

* Vide The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, vol. xxviii,
March, 1885.

44 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

The material from the above localities has been collected
and dried as usual, and the shells separated in the main by
the process of " floating ;" but several of the rarer species
have been obtained by the re-examination of such material as
refused to float at all.

Dredgings have also been made at various points in the
Kiver Dee ; ofi" Khyl ; in Colwyn and Llandudno Bays, and
the Menai Straits ; and the material examined as usual ; but
not one example has been obtained in this manner which has
not also been found in shore gatherings. I do not mean to
infer by this statement that dredging is not likely to add to
the list ; on the contrary, I think it is from such sources that
any additions of importance are likelj to accrue. A glance
at the comparative lists of Dublin Bay, the material for which
was obtained chiefly by dredging, and Liverpool Bay will be
instructive in this respect.

Surface dredgings have yielded absolutely nothing. The
estuary of the Dee teems at times with Diatoms and other
floating microzoa, and the tow net on such occasions, is soon
thickly coated with them. It is the same off Rhyl, Colwyn
and Llandudno ; but Foraminifera are conspicuous by their
absence. The experience of collectors in other seas proves
beyond doubt that certain species of Foraminifera are almost
exclusively pelagic when living ; but such is not the case with
our comparatively shallow water British forms. I have ob-
tained alive, and kept in bottles, and repeatedly examined
specimens of most of the types of Foraminifera enumerated
in the following list ; but these have invariably been got from
the mud at the bottom of shore pools of greater or less depth.
Under the influence of the sunlight, the Diatoms and other
Algae which grow in the mud at the bottom of such pools,
often rise to the surface in patches. These act as rafts, and
carry the Rhizopoda up with them. Once up, the outspread
pseudopodia enable even the largest and heaviest forms we

THE FORAMINIFERA. 45

get in our district to float perfectly. I have seen a shore
pool at Holywell covered quite thickly with Polystomella
striato -pun data (the commonest form in the Dee), its reddish
coloured sarcode rendering it easy to distinguish on the
surface of the water.

So little is even yet known of the life history of the
Rhizopoda, that it seems of some importance to know where
and how to obtain living specimens for study, and how best
to separate and keep them. They may always be got by
carefully scraping the surface of the velvety brownish mud at
the bottom of pools left by the tide ; or by skimming the top
of the water, if this mud be found to have risen under the
influence of sunlight. The oozy mud may be got rid of by
washing through a fine muslin net, and the residuum put
into small bottles filled with sea water. The bottle should
be kept uncorked in a cool place, out of direct sunlight, when
the Foraminifera will creep up the bottle sides, and live there
for months. They are readily transferred by means of a fine
pointed camel hair pencil to a slide or cell for microscopical
examination.

The great abundance of the dead shells of Foraminifera
in and upon the sand banks of the Dee, even as high up as
Chester, eighteen miles from the sea, is due to the tide, the
" bore " of which collects them from the banks near the
mouth of the river. The frothy scum which floats with the
tide contains large numbers of forms ; but no living speci-
mens have ever been found so far from the sea. These shells
are deposited in streaks, and between ripple marks, upon the
banks by the receding tide ; beautifully clean and prolific
gatherings being always obtainable from these places.

I can off'er no detailed information respecting the Rhizo-
podal fauna of the River Mersey. Beyond an occasional
scraping of the sands at Eastham and at New Brighton, and
the observation of numerous Foraminiferal shells in both

46 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

places, I have made no attempt at an examination of that
part of the district.

Details as to localities and relative frequency of occurrence
of the various species enumerated are appended below in a
tabular form ; and more extended notes are given upon some
of the most interesting forms. The references in the table
are to the plates and figures in Mr. Brady's " Challenger"
monograph. In the few instances where no figure is there
given I have given a reference in the extended notes.

The list includes 162 species and varieties, of which three
species are now for the first time named and figured. Messrs.
Balkwill and Wright's list of Dublin Bay Foraminifera enu-
merates 148; 112 of these are to be found in both lists. The
forms found in one locality, but not the other, are as under: —

Foraminifera included in Foraminifera included in

" Dublin Bay and Irish Sea" the "L.M.B.C. district," but

list, but not yet observed in not yet observed in " Dublin

the '' L. M. B. C. district." Bay and Irish Sea."

Biloculina ringens, var. Lieberkuhnia wageneri.

Miliolina tenuis. Shepheardella tcenifoi'mis.

Ophthalmidium carinatum. Gromia dujardinii.
Cornuspira foliacea. „ oviformis.

Haplophragmium glomeratum. Squamulina Icevis,

I, pseudospirale. Nubecidaria lucifuga.

II agglutinans. Biloculina elongata,

Trochmnmma inflata, var. Spiroloculina excavata.

Textularia gramen, Miliolina boueana,

I, globulosa. „ venusta,

Spiroplecta biformis. „ spiculifera, n. sp.

Gaudryina filiformis. Ophthalmidium inconstans.

Bulimina subteres. Dendrophrya radiata.
Bolivina textilarioides. „ erecta.

II dilatata, Haliphysema tumanowiczii.

Lagena lineata. Reophax findens.

THE FORAMINIFERA.

47

Lagena curvilineata, n. sp.
,/ crenata.
II lagenoides.
,, carinata.
I, castrensis.
Nodosaria raphanus.

„ consohrina.
Lingidina carinata.
Rhahdogonium trlcarinatum,
Vaginidina linearis,
Polymorphina fusiformis.
„ rotundata.

I, myristiformis.

Glohigerina inflata,
Pullenia quinqueloha.
Discorhina bertheloti.
„ ivrightii.

I, parisiensis,

Pulvinulma karsteni,
II menardii.

Gypsina vesicidaris.
Nonionina pauperata, n. sp.
boueana.

Reophax moniliforme, n. sp.

„ nodidosa.
Placopsilina bulla,

I, kingsleyi, n. sp.

Textularia agg. var. porrecta.

„ variabilis,
Bulimina elegans,

II squamigera.

Bolivina pygmoea,

I, oenariensis,
Lagena lyelli,

I, gracillima,
II apicidata,
II distoma,
II lucida.
I, ornata.
Polymorphina cBQualis,
I, communis.

If thouini.

II laiiceolata,

Uvigerina canariensis,
Sphoeroidina dehiscens,
Spirillina margaritifera.

11 limbata,
Discorbina ochracea.
u biconcava.

II turbo,

Truncatulina haidengerii,
„ ungeriana.

I, refidgens.

Pidvinulina repanda.

II canariensis.

Nonionina asterizans.
,1 umbilicatida.

48 liverpool marine biology committee report.

Notes on Liverpool Bay Foraminifera.

Lieherkuhnia ivageneri, Claparede.

Claparede and Lachmann, Etudes sur les Infusoires et les Bhizo-

podes, Geneva^ 1850-1861.
Carpenter, Introduction to the Study of the Foraminifera.
Siddall, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, April, 1880,

pi. xvi, figs. 8-12.

This very interesting Rhizopod is occasionally quite
common in Colwyn Bay. The delicacy of the membranous
" test " is such that the organism is quite unrecognisable
when dead. But if small colonies of living Polyzoa or
Hydrozoa be placed in glass bottles in clear sea water, and
allowed to stand undisturbed for a few days (even weeks
sometimes), this and many other Rhizopoda may frequently
be obtained from the sides of the bottle, from whence, as
already stated, they are easily transferred to a trough or slide
for microscopical study by means of a camel hair pencil, the
point of which has. been reduced to but a few hairs, or by a
small pipette. The early spring I have always found to be
the best period of the year to obtain these or other living
Rhizopoda.

The very fine specimen of Lieherkuhnia which I have
figured as quoted above, was mounted in glycerine jelly prior
to drawing fig. 12, which is a representation in optical
section, x 1,000 diameters, showing, besides other parts, the
transparent integument beset by short rod-like spicules. The
presence of these led Dr. Carpenter, in the latest edition of
his Microscope and its Revelations, to suggest that this was
not the typical species. But I find that the spicules are due
to a crystallisation from the mounting medium. They are not
present on the many living examples I have examined since.

Habitat. — Colwyn Bay, near Little Orme's Head, on
Algae and Hydrozoa, &c., from low water.

THE FORAMINIFERA. 49

Shepheardella toeniformisj Siddall.

Siddall, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science^ April, 1880,
pi. XV, xvi.

The ''test" of this remarkable form, as in the last species,
is only membranous ; and this may account for the fact that
no record, except the above, has ever been made of its appear-
ance in British or foreign seas. The only way to obtain it
is by searching on the sides of bottles in which have been
kept the finer marine Algae and Hydrozoa, &c. From such
a source I obtained last year, in examples from Colwyn Bay,
a specimen which measured two inches in length when
stretched out on the bottle side. It looked just like a very
delicate pale yellow hair, from each end of which was
extended a ramifying network of vigorous pseudopodia.
This specimen, after examination, I mounted and still have
in my cabinet.

Habitat. — On Hydrozoa, &c., dredged in Colwyn Bay.
Frequent in spring at Tenby.

Gromia dujardinii and G. oviformis,

Oromia oviformis, Dujardin, 1835. Ann. des. Sci. Nat., ser. 2,
vol. ill, p. 318, and vol. iv, p. 345, pi. 0, fig. 1.

Gromia dujardini, Max Schultze, 1854. Ueber den Organ.
Poly thai. ^ p. 55, pi. 7, figs. 1-7.

Although generally distributed among shore Foramini-
fera, Gi'omia is, so far as my observation goes, more at
home in brackish water than in the sea. In the tide pools
left upon the muddy shore of the Dee, near Holywell, I have
on several occasions found both species liviiig in great abun-
dance, in company with numerous other very varied forms.
A careful scraping of the surface of the mud at the bottom of
such pools is sure to yield, after resting awhile in a bottle of
sea water, a rich harvest of living Khizopoda. If the sun
has been shining upon the pool for a short time, so much
the better, as thin flakes of mud then rise to the surface of

D

50 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

the water, and may readily be skimmed off with the organ-
isms upon them.

The test is rare among shells obtained by the usual pro-
cess of drying and floating from sand. Firstly because the
form is most frequent on mud, and secondly owing to the
great tenuity of the test, which is little more than mem-
branous, and generally collapses when dry.

Habitat. — Muddy shores round the coast generally,

Squamulma lavis, Schultze.

A minute scale-like form, round, or irregular in outline,
and with simple, often central, circular orifice, occurs
occasionally on the polypidoms of Zoophytes from the coast
generally. I have also collected living examples. It corres-
ponds most nearly to the above named species.

Nuhecularia lucifuga, Defr,

I have referred provisionally to the genus Nuhecularia,
several obscure adherent and detached forms from the mouth
of the Dee and other localities in the district, but I am in
some doubt as to whether they are not merely aberrant
examples of other genera.

Biloculina ringens, Lamk.

This species is generally distributed round the coast, but
by no means common. It occurs also in the river Dee.
The allied species B. elongata, d'Orb. and B. depressa,
d'Orb. are of much more frequent occurrence.

Spirolocidina spp., d'Orb.

S, limhata, S. planulata, and S. excavata, occur sparingly
over the whole area included within the limits of the Com-
mittees' observations, extending even in weaker form into the
estuary of the Dee, from which locality I have also obtained
a single example of the rare form S. acutimargo, Brady.
Messrs. Balkwill and Wright also report the occurrence of
this species in Dublin Bay.

THE FORAMINIFERA. 61

Mlliolina spp., Will.

Of this genus, the species M, ohlonga, M, seminidumt and
M, suhrotimda, are common throughout the whole district.
Very interesting chitinous brackish water examples of the
latter species occur in the river Dee. M. secans and M.
bicornis are rather less frequent. M. trigonula is generally
distributed but not common. The allied form M. tricarinata
is very rare, and has been found only at the mouth of the
Dee. Of M. venusta and M. hoiieana, a single scarcely typical
example of each has been obtained from the same locality.
M, agglutinans is sparingly distributed over the whole
district. M. fiisca occurs in the river Dee.

Mlliolina sjnculifera, n.sp. (PI. I, fig. 3).

The only remaining species of Miliolina does not appear to
have been previously noticed. It is an elongated form allied
to M, agglutinans, and has a "test" composed entirely of
sponge spicules. The selective habit so indicated, has, in
reference to other genera, been considered sufficient to war-
rant a separate specific name. I have, therefore, named this
form M. spiculifera. A single example only, from the
estuary of the Dee, has yet been obtained (see PI. I, fig. 3).

Ophthalmidium inconstans, Brady.

In the paper above referred to, Messrs. Balkwill and
Wright also record the occurrence, generally round the Irish
coast, of a small species of Ophthahnidium not previously
described. The genus had not been noticed before in British
seas ; so it is an addition to our British fauna. They figure
and describe the species as 0. carinatum, nov. sp. I have
found several examples of a somewhat similar form in the
Dee estuary, but they do not appear to me specifically
distinct from 0. inconstans, Brady.

Cornuspira involvens, Reuss.

This form is generally distributed, but T have not yet

52 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

found a single example of the more exclusively marine form
Cfoliacea, Philippi. This is a form which should be sought
for in subsequent examination of dredged material.

Dendrophrya spp., Strethill Wright.*

" Test adherent, consisting of a sessile chamber with
erect or spreading arms. Arms tubular, erect, often
branching, with apertures at the distal ends. Walls
chitinous, coated with mud." — Brady. Dendrophrya is
quite common along the N. Wales coast, especially in low
water pools near the Little Ormes Head. Its branching,
interlacing, muddy tubes frequently cover the whole surface
of the polypidoms of Polyzoa and Hydrozoa. I have found
both host and Rhizopod living and active together on many
occasions, and I do not doubt the genus is equally common
in similar localities, i.e,, muddy places, round the coast
generally. And yet, as Mr. Brady observes, *' the genus
appears to have remained entirely unnoticed by Bhizo-
podists." The description and figures given in the Chal-
lenger Report are from specimens obtained from the West
Coast of Scotland, by Mr. D. Robertson of Glasgow, who
sought specially for them at the request of Mr. Brady.
Wright describes the "sarcode of the organism as diflfering
from that of other Rhizopods, in being filled with delicate
short fibres instead of the usual molecular matter, and
containing both within the shell and tubes the highly
refractive bodies I have mentioned in a former paper as
ova."t The occurrence of the genus in some quantity in a
locality which is the annual health resort of many of our
local students of Natural History, offers special inducements

* Wright, Ann. and Mag. of Natural History, ser. 3, vol. viii, p. 122,
pi. iv, figs. 4, 5. H. B. Brady, Report on the Foram., vol. ix, " Challenger"
Beports, p. 237, pi. xxxviia, figs. 7-9, 10-12.

t On the Keproductive Elements of the Ehizopoda, Ann. and Mag.
Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol. vii, 1861, p. 360.

THE FORAMINIFERA. 53

to follow up the suggestion here made. Further careful
observation of this form could hardly fail to be productive of
most valuable results. There is probably no point in
Zoology bearing on which there has been less reliable
information accumulated, or on which information is more
desirable than the reproduction and life history of the
members of the Class Rhizopoda.

Examples of both species, D. radiata and D. erecta, occur
in the locality named, but they merge so insensibly into
each other that it seems to me impossible to define the
limits of either.

Technitella legumen, Norman.

A few specimens of this very curious little form, the test
of which is entirely built up of sponge spicules, have been
found in material from the estuary of the Dee.

Psammosphoera fusca, Schultze.

The specimens of this form are small and rare in our
district, and hardly typical.

Hyperammina elongata, Brady.

Messrs. Balkwill and Wright (Recent Dublin Foraminifera)
say of this : — " Large and very abundant at Lambay, muddy
bottom ; also met with in other places in Irish Sea." The
few specimens I have seen are small and weak.

Haliphysema Uunanowiczii, Bowerbank.

Typical examples of this remarkable form are frequently
to be found in the same prolific corner of Colwyn Bay, near
to the Little Ormes Head, already quoted as the special
habitat of other rare species. I have found it there on
several different occasions, always fixed upon the polypidom
of Cellularia avicularia,

Reophax spp., Montfort.

R, fusiformis and R. scorpiurus, are rare among those

54 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

gatherings or dredgings. R. nodulosa^ is very rare. jR.
findens, the typical " split " or divided form, is exceedingly
rare ; one perfect example being all I have ever seen.

Reophax moniliforme, n.sp. (PL I, fig. 2).

There occur here quite frequently, fragments of an
unbranched cylindrical moniliform Reophax, which closely
resembles R. Jinde7is, but is not divided. Perfect speci-
mens of this form are rare, but I have found several.
Balkwill and Wright figure fragments of the form in
question on pi. xiii, figs. 22, 24, of their Recent Dublin
Foraminiferaf but they do not give it a specific name. I
venture, therefore, to propose for it, for convenience sake,
the name jR. moniUforme (see PI. I, fig. 2).

Placopsilina spp., d'Orb.

The first examples obtained from this district of the
forms I have referred to the genus Placoimlina, were
adherent to a Sertularia dredged from the Dee estuary, off
Hilbre Island, by Mr. A. 0. Walker. They do not perfectly
harmonise with the generic description in Mr. Brady's
monograph ; being somewhat more delicate and hardly as
smooth on the exterior surface as the type forms. The
single-chambered globular or ovoid form agrees fairly with
P. bulla; the specific distinction of which is the mono-
thalamous character.

Placopsilina kingsleyi, n.sp. (PL I, fig. 1).

On the same Seriidaria referred to above, and frequently
also from the same and other localities, I have obtained a
double chambered form which seems intermediate between
P. bulla and P. cenomana. This is figured on plate I,
fig. 1, and as a distinguishing name for it, I venture to pro-
pose P. kingsleyi, in honour of the late Canon Kingsley, the
founder of the Chester Society of Natural Science, and the
friend and helper of all men.

THE FORAMINIFERA. 55

Ammocliscus spp., Eeuss.

A. incertus occurs rarely in shore gatherings and dredg-
ings, and is sometimes very fine. A. gordialis and A.
charoides are much more rare. A, shoneanus is also very rare,
but it is interesting to note that since it was first recorded
from the river Dee in 1878 (Siddall, Proceedings of Chester
Society Nat. Sci., part ii, p. 46, figs. 1, 2), it has been
recorded by several observers from the coast of Ireland, and
by Mr. H. B. Brady from 120 fathoms, ofi" Christmas
Harbour, Kerguelen Island, and from 3,950 fathoms — the
very deepest part — in the North Pacific.

Trochammina spp., P. and S.

T. nitida and T. inflata are both generally distributed,
but nowhere common in the district. T. meter escens, which
is apparently but a feeble brackish-water form of inflata^
occurs occasionally in the Dee.

Textularia spp., Defrance.

Further examination of dredgings and shore-gatherings
will probably yield other species of this genus. The examples
I have so far obtained do not include several that have been
found on the opposite Irish coast.

Verneuilina spp., d'Orb.

The arenaceous form V. polystropha is generally distri-
buted over the district ; but of V. spinulosa only a single
enfeebled example has yet been found. It is more essen-
tially a deep-water form.

Bigenerina digitata, d'Orb.

Examples of this form are rare and small, but typical.

BuUmina spp., d'Orb.

The type form of Bidimina, viz., B. piipoideSy is frequent
at all depths, B. elegans and B. clegantissima are much less
common. The remaining species are rarely met with. Of

56 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

B, squamigera I have only a single example, of the identity
of which I am not at all assured.

Virgulina schreibersii, Cygjek.
Very rare, but specimens typical.

Bolivina spp., d'Orb.

B, cenariensiSf Costa, was erroneously described in the
Foraminifera of the Eiver Dee, as J5. costata, d'Orb.

Cassidulina spp., d'Orb.

C, kevigata and (7. crassa are both of rare occurrence and
feeble development in the district.

Lagena spp., Walker and Jacob.

The beautiful genus Lagena is represented by a great
variety of forms, every one of which has been found to extend
even into the brackish water of the River Dee. L. sulcata
and L. Icevis are universal and are common everywhere
round the coast. The species L. semistriata, L, striata, L.
marginata, L. squamosa, L. lucida, and L. apiculata are
also general, but much less common. The remaining
species have not yet been observed in our district beyond
the estuary of the Dee. Previous to its occurrence in the
Dee L. aspera had only been known as a Tertiary fossil
form. L. gracilis, L. orhignyana, L. ornata, L, pulchella,
and L. hispida are also exceedingly rare. The twenty-nine
species named in this list do not include all those known
as British, and it is very probable that further observations
will considerably extend the list.

Nodosaria spp., Lamk.

Of this genus all the six species observed are of general
distribution, excepting only N. hispida, of which I have seen
only one specimen, and that a broken one, from the river
Dee, near Hilbre Island. Uncertainty as to its name caused
me to omit it from the List of Dee Foraminifera, but Messrs.

THE FORAMINIFERA. 57

Balkwill and Wright describe and figure it in their admirable
list of Dublin Foraminifera. Their two specimens were
obtained respectively from ofi" the Hen and Chickens, Isle
of Man, and between the Isle of Man and the Mourne
mountains.

Marginulina spp., d'Orb.

Both ikf. costata and M. glabra are very rare. Of the
latter I have several very fair examples, but only one of the
former, and that has its terminal chamber broken.

Vagimdina legumen, d'Orb.

V. legumen is the only species of the genus I have seen,
and of this only a single example.

Cristellaria spp., Lamk.

C. crepidula is by far the most common of the three
species obtained in the district. A very fine example of this
species (now in the cabinet of my friend, Mr. W. Shone,
F.G.S.), was found by his mother, who was a most inde-
fatigable student of Foraminifera, in material obtained at
Hilbre Island. Several of the later chambers of the specimen
contain young Cristellaria, Most of these consist only of the
small globular shell which forms the primary chamber in the
genus, but several others have also added a second chamber
upon the first. The size of these young forms is such that
they could only be liberated upon the breaking up of the
parent shell. Mr. Brady has figured this peculiar specimen
on pi. Ixvii of his " Challenger " Foraminifera, in which
work may also be found numerous other examples of a
similar viviparous method of reproduction.

Polymorphina spp., d'Orb.

P. lactea, P, gihba, and P. communis are generally
present in all gatherings. P. thouini is a very rare form.
P. spinosa is exceedingly rare; previous to its discovery in

58 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

the Dee, it had only been known as a miocene fossil form.
P. lanceolata was described as P. fusiformis in the Dee cata-
logue. P. concava is a small rare form, concave on one
surface and with a wing, or flattened out extension of shell
substance surrounding it. It is said to be parasitic ; but all
our specimens are free. P. orhignyi is a name given to
several species with numerous irregularly projecting aper-
tures. Mr. Brady does not figure any of the three last-
named forms.

Uvigerina spp., d'Orb.

U. pygmcsa and U. angulosa are of frequent occurrence,
and generally distributed. U. canariensis (U. irregularis,
Brady, Dee catalogue) is very rare.

Orbidina, d'Orb.

I have several examples of what I take to be this form
from the River Dee, which are brown and chitinous, but not
perfectly calcareous. This imperfectly calcified condition is
frequent among the porcellanous group Miliolidse, but very
unusual in the Perforata.

Glohigerina bulloides, d'Orb.
General, but never common.

Pullenia sphoeroides, d'Orb.

Is very diminutive, and very rare. Only Dee specimens
observed.

Sjyhoeroidina dehiscens, P. and J.

Essentially a deep water form ; very small and feeble
with us. Only one example from Dee estuary found.

Spirillina spp., Ehrenb.

All the four species of this genus are rare. Of S. mar-
garitifera, I have only one specimen, which I obtained in a
tow-net from the " bore " of the tide at Chester. S. tuber cu-
lata is also very rare, and was first described (though not

THE FORAMINIFERA. 59

first discovered) in the Dee catalogue, from Mr. Brady's
MS. notes. S. I'lmhata is very rare.

Patellina corrugata, Will.

A very pretty, distinct, and well-marked form, which is
frequent, though very small, in our district.

Discorhina spp., P. and J.

Z). globidaris is common everywhere in the district.
D. ochracea was figured and described by Prof. Williamson,
in his Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain ; but is not
figured or described by Mr. Brady. D. biconcava is a well-
marked form, which when found in the Dee, was new to the
British Fauna. D. tuherculata is figured and described by
Messrs. Balkwill and Wright in the Dublin catalogue. It is
a rare but distinct form, studded with large tubercles, each of
which is perforated in the only specimen I have found.

Planorbulina mediterranensis, d'Orb.

Is very distinct and well developed, and frequent over the
whole district. I have also found two of the very singular
rolled-up forms of the shell.

Truncatidina spp., d'Orb.

T. lobatula is one of the common shells of the district ;
the other three species are rare, and barely typical.

Pidvinulina spp., P. and J.

This is essentially a deep water genus, and the forms we
get in the district are always feeble and ill-developed.

Rotalia spp., Lamk.

R. beccarii is as common as possible, and occurs in
abundance in every locality. R. nitida is probably only its
young state.

Gypsina inhcerens, Schultze.

Described as Tinoporus lucidus in the Dee list. It is
very rare in the district.

60 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Nonionina spp., d'Orb.

N, depressula is very common. Atl the others are rare,
and none of them well-developed.

Polystomella spp., Lamk.

P. striata-punctata is present in abundance everywhere, —
P. crispa is comparatively rare.

The following Table gives a complete list of the species
and varieties which have been observed in the district,
with their localities] and indications of their relative fre-
quency of occurrence.

Explanation of Plate I.

Fig. 1. — Placopsilina kingsleyi, n.sp., attached to a Ser-

tularia, x 40 diameters.
Fig. 2. — Reophax moniliformef n.sp., x 50 diameters.
Fig. 3. — Miliolina spiculiferaf n.sp., x 100 diameters.

THE FORAMINIFERA.

61

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72

0

V^^\5t^BEP0RT on the PORIFEKA of the L. M. B, C.

DISTRICT.

By Thos. Higgin, F. L. S.

The following classification will show the systematic position
of the species discussed in this Report, while the right hand
column will serve as a list of all the species collected.

PORIFERA {= Class SPONGIDA, Huxley).
Order I.— CARNOSA (Carter).

Family. Group. Genus. Species.

Halisarcida.... .. ... Halisai'ca dujardinii, J.

Order IIL-PSAMMONEMATA (Carter).

Family. Group. Genus. Species.

Arenida. ... Arenosa, ... Dysidea fragilis, J.

Order IV.— RHAPHIDONEMATA (Carter).

Family. Group. Geuus. Species.

Chalinida. ...Digitata. ... Chalina oculata, Bk.

Reptata. ... Chalina linibata, Bk.

Order V.— ECHINONEMATA (Carter).

Family. Group. Genus. Species.

FtCTYoiiiBA.Dictyoci/lindrina. Dictyocylindrus sUiposus, Bk.
Plumohalichondrin a.Plumohalicho7idria pliLmosa, C.
Echinoclathrma. ...Ophlitaspongia sei^iata, Bk.

Order VI.— HOLORHAPHIDOTA (Carter).

Family. Group. Geuus, Species.

. Renierida. ...Amoiyliosa. ... Amorphina panicea, S.

Amorphina coccinea, S.
Amorphina albescens, S.
Amorphina caruncula, S.

THE PORIFERA.

73

Family. Group.

Genus. Species.

Renierida. ...Isodictyosa, ...

Isodictya varians, Bk.

Isodictya elegans, Bk.

Isodictya simidans, Bk.

Isodictya pallida, Bk.

Isodictya densa, Bk.

Isodictya fistidosa, Bk.

Isodictya clava, Bk.

Isodictya fucorum, Bk.

Halichondrina.

Halichondria incriistans, J.

Esperina.

Esperia cegagropila, C.

SvBEHiTiD A,,, S^oheritina. . . .

Cliona celata, J.

Raphyrns griffithsia, Bk.

Suberites carnosa, S.

Suherites snberea, S.

Hyineniacidon sangidnea, Bk.

'PACRYTRAGiBx.Geodina.

Pachymatismajohnstonia, Bk.

Stellettina. ...

Ecionema ponderosa, Bk.

Stelletta grahii, Sdt.

'PACRASTR^LJjiDA.Pachastrellina.Dercitus niger, C.

Order. VIII. CALCAREA (Haeckel).

Family. Group.

Genus. Species.

ASCONES

Ascetta coriacea

Ascaltis botryoides

Leucones. ...

Leitcandra fistidosa

Sycones.

Leucandra gossei
Leucandra nivea
Leucandra johnstonii
Sycandra ciliata
Sycandra coinpressa
Aphroceras ramosa, n.sp.

The arrangement of all Sponges, excepting the Calcarea,
followed in these notes is that puhlished hy Mr. Carter, in

74 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

his "Notes introductory to the study and classification of the
Spongida,"* and corresponds with the "teaching collection,"
arranged hy me in the Free Museum, Liverpool, in trays
containing examples of all the groups.

The specimens obtained by Professor W. A. Herdman
will be alluded to with the letters L. M. B. C, with locality
and a number, being part of the collection of the Liverpool
Marine Biology Committee, and those found by Mr. T. J.
Moore and Mr. Higgin, under the letters L. F. M., being
part of the collection of the Liverpool Free Museum.

The specimens in the L. F. M. collection of species,
named by Dr. Bowerbank, to which the letter V is attached,
were verified by him a few years before his death. This is
of considerable importance, because the student finds it very
difficult, and in many cases impossible, to recognise Bower-
bank's species from his descriptions of them ; whilst, in
many instances, his illustrations afi'ord no assistance.

Order I.— CARNOSA.
Family — Halisarcida.

Halisarca dtijardinii, Johnston.
This interesting species, having no spicules or skeletal
parts, was first observed by Dujardin on the coast of
Normandy in 1838, and by him it was named Halisarca.
In 1842 Dr. Johnston found it, and described it in " British
Sponges " as Halisarca dujardinii. In 1862 Dr. Oscar
Schmidt described a new species difi'ering in form and colour
from H. dujardinii, as Halisarca lohidaris. In 1847 Nardo
described another aspiculous sponge under the generic name
of Chondrosia, and stated that it had for many years been
known to the fishermen of the Mediterranean as Carume di

* Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1875; ser. 4, vol. xvi.

THE PORIFERA. 75

Mar, and since that time several other species have been
described. The different varieties of Carnosa now known,
including both aspiculous and spiculous species, have lately
been grouped by Mr. H. J. Carter, F.R.S., in two families —
Halisarcida and Gumminida {Annals and Mag, Nat. Hist.,
October, 1881), embracing in all twenty-five species."

The specimens of H. diijardinii found at Holyhead in
March, 1873, contained ova in the first stage of development
only, that is before any duplicate subdivision had taken
place, but those obtained by Mr. Carter in July and August
the following year contained ova as well as embryos in
every stage of development. The Port Erin examples also,
gathered in July and August last year, contained embryos in
the later stages of development.

Dr. Bowerbank would not believe in the existence of
sponges without any spicules, and assumed that Dr.
Johnston was mistaken in not finding spicules in the sponge
he described. He has figured a thin coating sponge
amongst his Hymeniacidons as Hymeniacidon dujardinii,
under the impression that this must have been the species
Dr. Johnston had described (Mon. Brit. Spon., vol. iii,
pi. 38, fig. 1 to4).f

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 1., near low-water mark, Bay-ny-
Carrickey, between Port St. Mary and Poyllvaaish, Isle of
Man, Aug. 8., 1885 ; from Laminar ia roots on shore between
Port St. Mary and Spanish Head, Isle of Man, Aug. 13,
1885; in rock-pools, near Port Erin, Isle of Man, Aug.,
1885.

L. F. M., No. 22. 4. 74, 3. Collected at Holyhead.

* See also Carter's papers in 1874 in Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
"On the Spongozoa of Halisarca dujardinii,*' and "On the Ilalisarca
lohularis,*' also '' Development of Marine Sponges," &c.. &c., 1874.

i For excellent work on Halisarca, with beautiful and faithful plates, see
the papers by F. E. Schultze in Zeitschrift f. iciss. Zoologie, 1877, Bd.
xxviii, and 1879, Bd. xxix.

76 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Order ITL— PSAMMONEMATA.
Family. — Arenida.
Dysideafragilis, Johnston.

This sponge, which is found all round our coasts, and is
widely distributed over other parts of the world, was called
fragilis by Dr. Johnston* because when dried it is easily
made to crumble away. This arises from the nature of its
skeletal parts. The skeleton is composed of grains of sand
taken up by the sponge from the wash of the tide, and
worked into a network by being agglutinated together by a
very small quantity of horny material. Consequently when
the sponge is dried, the horny matter being in such small
proportion, the grains of sand easily become separated and
the skeleton breaks up. It is the Spongelia of Dr» 0.
Schmidt. + Only two British representatives of arenaceous
sponges have been described. Mr. Carter has placed them in
his order Psammonemata, which also contains the " Sponge of
Commerce " or " bath sponge," whose skeleton is clear horny
material, almost entirely, if not altogether, free from grains
of sand. Mr. Carter, however, states that there are always
some grains of sand to be found in some parts of the fibre of
even the best specimens of " Turkey Sponge." The order,
therefore, contains every variety of arenaceous fibre, from
Si)ongia officinalis to such sponges as Dysideafragilis,

L. F. M., No. 24. 5. 73. 14. Collected at Holyhead.

Order IV.— RHAPHIDONEMATA.
Family. — Ch alinida.

Chalina oculatay Bk.

Halicliondria oculata, J.
Chalina pohjcliotoma, Carter.
Spongia polychotoma, Esper.

* British Sponges, p. 187; see also Bowerbank, Mon. Brit. Spong.,
vol. i, pi. xiv., fig. 270 ; vol. ii, p. 381, and vol. iii, pi. Ixix.
^ Spong ienfauna Allan., 1870, p. 77.

THE PORIFERA. 77

This digitate species is representative of Mr. Carter's
family Chalinida, and of his order Rhaphidonemata, which
embraces all sponges having a horny fibre cored with spicules
produced by the sponge.*

L. F. M., No. 29. 12. 61. 1. Collected at Morecambe Bay.

Chalina limbata, Bk.

Spongia Limbata, Johnston.

This is a Chalina of quite different form and appearance
from C. ociilata, but it is distinctly a Chalina, a pretty net-
work of horny matter enclosing the acerate spicules of the
species. It is a sessile species, t

L. M. B. C, No. 85.2. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man.

L. F. M., No. 24. 9. 73. 1. Collected at Holyhead.

Order V.— ECHINONEMATA.
Family. — Ectyonida.
Dictyocylindrus stuposus, Bk.
This is a Dictyocylindrus with a stellate flesh spicule,
and is most probably the Puispalia stelligcra of Schmidt.
Mr. Carter has lately broken up his group Pluriformia into
three divisions, the last of which is Dictyocvlindrina, to
receive sponges of this type. The appearance of the stellate
spicule in this species t is a noticeable feature, probably
evidencing a relationship to some species in the next order,
Holorhaphidota.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 3. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man.

L. F. M., No. 29. 10. 73. 1. Collected at Holyhead.

* See fig. 262, pi. xiii, vol. i, Bowerbank's Mon. Brit. Spong. ; Johnston's
Brit. Spong., fig. 94, pi. iii ; Mo7i. Brit. Spong., vol. iii, pi. Isvi ; Esper.,
1794, taf. xxxvi ; Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., October, 1885.

t See Mon. Brit. Sponges, vol. ii, p. 373 ; vol. iii, pi. Ixvii.

X Mon. Brit. Spon., vol. iii, pi. xix, figs. 1-7; Spongienf. Atlan., p. 60,
taf. 5, fig. 14.

78 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Plumohalichondria 2>luinosa, C.

Hymeniacidon plumosa, Bk. = Microciona plumosa, Bk.
Halichondria plumosa, J.

This species, as well as Ophlitaspongia seriata, represents,
with a few other species, the British examples of Mr. Carter's
order Echinonemata, which embraces all sponges whose fibre
is echinated with spicules.*

L. F. M., No. 32. 3. 73. 2. Collected at Holyhead.

Ophlitaspongia seriataf Bk.

Ghalina seriata, Bk. = Halichondria seriata, J.

This species t is plentiful at Holyhead, surrounding in
a layer about a quarter of an inch thick, the stems of
Laminar ia.

L. F. M., No. 25. 9. 73. 12. Collected at Holyhead.

Order VI.— HOLORHAPH IDOTA.

Family. — Eenierida.

Group. — Amorphosa.

Amorphina panicea, S.
Halichondria panicea, J.

This is a species t without any fibrous skeletal structure,
the spicules, which are simple acerate, being dispersed
throughout the sponge substance, and loosely congregated
together in support of the areolar mass, which, when cut
through, has the appearance of a slice of bread (bread-

* For illustrations of this kind of fibre see figs. 287, 288, 289, 290 and
291, pi. xvii, Blon. Brit. Spong., vol. i. For illustration of the fibre of this
species, see fig. 13, pi. xxiv, vol. iii.

t For illustration of the fibre of this species, see fig. 287, pi. xvii, vol. i,
Mon. Brit. Spong. For figure of sponge coating a piece of rock, see pi. ixv,
vol. iii.

I For good illustrations of the usual forms of this sponge, see pi. xl,
vol. iii, Mon. Brit. Spong. Johnston's Brit. Spong., p. 114, pi. xxxi;
Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. i, pi. xix, fig. 300; vol. ii, p. 229; vol. iii, pi.
xxxix and xl,

THE PORIFERA. 79

crumb). Sponges of this character come under Schmidt's
genus Amorjihina, and into Mr. Carter's group Amorphosa.
Amorphosa is the first group in Mr. Carter's Order VI,
which embraces the Reniera of Schmidt, the Snberites and
the Pachytragida, or Corticata, as well as the Lithistina and
Spo7igilla. It is a very large order, but the divisions of it
are very marked, and easily distinguishable.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 4. Collected at Hilbre Island, and
also at Port Erin, Isle of Man.

L.F. M., No. 24. 5. 73, 4. From the Egremont shore
and Holyhead.

Amorphina coccineay S.

Hymeniacidon coccinea, Bk.

This species is, as its name implies, a scarlet coloured
sponge, and having acerate spicules, I have placed it in the
group Amorphosa. It is a sessile species. The specimen in
the L. F. M. Collection is mentioned by Dr. Bowerbank in
his third volume, page 353.

L. F. M., No. 24. 5. 73, 16. Collected in Belfast
Lough. V.

Amorphina albescens, S.
Hymeniacidon albescens, Bk.

This is a sessile species, which puts out usually one, but
sometimes more than one, branch, about a couple of inches in
length, with a diameter of a quarter of an inch or less. It is
yellow when living, but in the dried state is greyish white.
Its spicules, like those of the preceding species, are acerate.

L. F. M., No. 22. 4. 9. 74, 5. Holyhead. V.

Amorpliina carunculay S.

Hymeniacidon caruncula, Bk.

Dr. Bowerbank makes this species to differ from its very
near relative Hymeniacidon sanguinea in colour, and in the
size of its spicules. In the living state it is '' light to deep

80 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

orange," whilst the other is " blood red ; " and its spicules
are rather stout acuates, whilst those of H. sanguinea are of
the same form but longer.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 5. Collected in shore pools at
Kitterland, near Port Erin, Isle of Man.

L. F. M., No. 32. 3. 73, 1. Collected at Holyhead. V.

Group ISODICTYOSA.

Isodictya varians, Bk.
This sponge, belonging to the group Isodictyosa, rather
resembles Chalina ocidata in appearance — compare plates
Ixvi and Ixxxviii in Dr. Bowerbank's third volume — but it
differs greatly under the microscope. The skeleton of
C. ocidata is a horny fibre cored with spicules, whilst that
of I. varians is a structure made up of spicules merely
held together, where they touch each other, with horny
matter ; the spicules are simply cemented together thus,
and are not enclosed in horny fibre. This difference
distinguishes the Chalinas from the Isodictyas, and these
species, which rese-mble each other so much in form, are good
examples of the two groups. The orders Rhaphidonemata
and Holorhaphidota run together in Isodictya, and perhaps
the group of Isodictyosa might without disadvantage be
taken out of the latter order and placed in the same order
with Chalinida. Dr. Bowerbank's plate Ixxxviii in his
third volume is from a specimen in the Liverpool Free
Museum, one of a large number taken at low water near the
old ferry slip at Egremont by myself, in company with Mr.
T. J. Moore, in 1869. It was found flourishing in the
bed of a stream of warm fresh water running from the
engine-house connected with the slip. The fact that this
marine species was found in brackish water growing luxuri-
antly within the influence of a fresh water stream, becomes
of great interest when considered in relation to a fresh-

THE PORIFETIA. 81

water sponge found in very deep pools in a South American
river, more than two hundred miles from the sea (river
Uruguay),* together with some others of like form from deep
parts of an inland lake (Lake Baikal), t Dr. Bowerbank
described this Uruguay species in his " Monograph of the
Spongillidae " (Proc. ZooL Soc, Nov., 24, 1863), under the
name Sponr/iUa coralloides, but Mr. Carter (Annals and
Mag, Nat. Hist., Feby. 1881), created a new genus for it,
Uriiguaya, and grouped it with the other sponges of similar
growth just alluded to, Luhomirskia baicalensis, and its
varieties.

Isodictya varia^is, until the discovery of the sponge in
the Mersey, was only known by ''a small fragment surround-
ing two adjoining branches of a small Fuciis, forming two
parallel and united cylinders of sponge, an inch in length,
and seven lines in width, and varying in thickness from
one to two lines, sent to Dr. Johnston by Mr. Barlee,
from Shetland." Whether this fragment was brought up
by the dredge or was picked up on the shore does not
appear. It is, however, clear that it is not common on our
coasts as a marine species, whilst the great profusion in
which it was found at Egremont under the circumstances
already stated (for the bed of the stream was thickly covered
with it), indicates that the conditions of life there were most
favourable for its growth and development. It thus appears
to form a link between marine and fresh water sponges.
Marine sponges reproduce by means of ova and spermatozoa,
and fresh water sponges can also reproduce in this way, as was
shown by Lieberkiihn in 1856 {Beitrdge zur Entwickelungsge-
chichte der Spongillen, Archiv /. Anat. u. Physiologie, Heft
i, u. ii, pp. 1-19, January), but all fresh water sponges, with

* Proc. Lit. and Fhil. Soc. Liverpool^ 1877-8, vol. 32, p. Ivi— *' On a
fresh-water Sponge from Babia," T. Higgin, F.L.S.

\ Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Feby., 1881, and July, 1884.

F

82 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

the exception of the one from the river Uruguay and those
from Lake Baikal, have been proved to reproduce in addition
by means of a seed-like body or " statoblast." The method of
reproduction in the case of Uruguay a coralloides, and of
Luhomirskia haicalensis with its varieties and allies, is not
known, but the most diligent search by various observers has
not resulted in finding the statoblast in any examples of the
different species. In this respect, for the present, these fresh
water species stand apart from the rest of the Spongillidae
which are classified according to the spicules of the statoblast,
the body spicules of the various species not being sufficiently
different from each other for the purpose. Isodictya varians *
in its form bears a very strong resemblance to Uriiguaya
coralloides and to Luhomirskia haicalensis , and it also con-
tains in quantity in its spiculation the curved cylindrical
form of spicule common to them. The points of resem-
blance, or, it may be, of relationship, therefore, between these
marine and fresh water species seem well worth recording.

L. M. B. C„ No. 85. 6. Collected at Hilbre Island.

L.F.M., No. 32. 12. 69. 40. Type specimen. Collected
on the Mersey shore, at Egremont, in 1869.

Isodictya elegans, Bk.
Dr. Bowerbank figures three fragments, as type speci-
mens of this species, f Professor Herdman obtained one
specimen at Port Erin, of reptant growth; but in a shore
pool where the sponge was protected and could grow freely,
he obtained two nice complete specimens of erect growth,
tubular and branched. The colour of these when taken
was lilac pink, a colour which is seen in some species of
Chalina, and which, coupled with other characters common to
both, may be regarded as indicating a relationship between

* Mon. Brit. S-pong., vol i, pi. xx, fig. 309 ; for skeletal network of
spicules, vol. ii., p. 281 ; vol. iii., pis. xlviii and Ixxxviii.

t Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 283, and vol. iii, pi. xlix, figs. 1-5.

THE PORIFERA. R3

the genera Isodictya and Chalina. Professor Herdman's
specimens abound with ova in an advanced state of duplicate
sub-division, and ciliated embryos. They were obtained in
July and August.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 7. In shore pool, Port Erin, Isle
of Man ; also dredged near Port Erin.

Isodictya simulans, Bk. *
This is a compact form of Isodictya of pretty well marked
character, and, therefore, is more easily recognised than
many species of the genus. Its spicules are short, rather
stout, acerates. It is usually found of a branching growth,
but it is polymorphous.

L. F. M., No. 24. 5. 73, 16. Collected at Douglas Bay. V.

Isodictya pallida^ Bk. f

The colour of this sponge is pale grey, or cream. Its
spicules are stout and very slender acerates. It is of massive
coating growth, and is not difficult to recognise.

L. F. M., No. 24. 5. 73. 7. Collected at Douglas Bay. V.

Isodictya densa, Bk. |
This is a massive spreading growth with stout acerate
spicules.

L. F. M., No. 24. 9. 73, 2. Collected at Holyhead. V.
L. M. B. C, No. 85. 19. Collected at Port Erin.

Isodictya fistulosa, Bk. §

This is a massive form throwing up thin-walled tubes or
fistulffi. Its colour alive is white, with a pinkish tint. Its
spicules are two kinds of acerates, the one fairly stout and
the other very slender.

L. F. M., No. 4. 9. 74, 10. Collected at Holyhead. V.

* Hon. Brit. Spong.,\6\. ii., p. 308; vol. iii, pi. 51.

f Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 297 ; vol. iii, pi. 50.

% Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 292 ; vol. iii, pi. 50.

§ Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 299; vol. iii, pi. 53.

84 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Isodictya clava, Bk. *

The examples collected at Douglas Bay were long slender
stems, about a couple of inches long, with a diameter of a
line or less, sometimes branched; the specimens figured by
Dr. Bowerbank have the appearance of immature forms. The
spicules are rather short stout acerates.

L. F. M., No. 2. 5. 9. 73, 8. Douglas Bay. V.

Isodictya fucorum, Bk. f

This is a pink or red coloured sponge, of amorphous
growth, with acerate spicules and an equianchorate flesh
spicule.

L. F. M., No. 24. 5. 73, 12. Douglas Bay. V.

Group Halichondrina.

Halichondria incriistans, Johnston.

In the preceding species of the orders IV, V, and VI,
which produce spicules, we have been dealing generally with
sponges having simple acerate or acuate spicules, but in
H. incrustans I we have a species supplied abundantly with
flesh spicules, in addition to the spicules of the skeleton
which consist of smooth or spined acuates and curved or
straight cylindrical forms, sometimes inflated at the ends,
sometimes pointed and microspined near the ends. The
flesh spicules are C-shaped, bihamate and equianchorate.
Mr. Carter has made this sponge representative of the group
Halichondrina. It is of wide distribution, having been
found in the West Indies, the Falkland Islands, and in other
parts of the world. In one example, the spined acuate is

* Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 316 ; vol. iii, pi. 53.
+ Op. cit., vol. ii, p. 322 ; vol. iii, pi. 56.

J See Johnston's Brit. Spong., p. 122, pi. xii, fig. 3 ; Mon. Brit. Spong.,
vol. ii, p. 249, and vol. iii, pi. xliv, fig. 7-12.

THE POKIFERA. 85

found ecbinating the skeleton fibre, thus bringing this
variety into Mr. Carter's order Echinonemata.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 8. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man.

L.F. M., No. 4. 9. 74, 5. Collected at Holyhead.

Esperia oegagropila, C.

Desmacidon cegagropila, Bk.
Halichondria cegagropila^ Bk.

This species* is also the British representative of a large
group of wide distribution, the genus Esperia of Nardo.
The skeleton spicule is a sub-pin-like form, the inflated end
of which is usually of less diameter than the shaft, and the
flesh spicules are bihamate, tricurvate, and inequianchorate.
A characteristic feature of the genus is a beautiful polygonal
lace-like dermal reticulation covering the surface, by which
examples are readily recognised.

L. F. M., No. 18. 10. 73. 4. Collected at Holyhead.

Family. — Suberitida.
Cliona celata, J.
Raphyrus griffitJisia, Bowerbank.

Johnston described two varieties of this sponge, one
"massive," the other "sinuous." The massive variety Dr.
Bowerbank made a new genus for, and named it Raphyrus
griffithsia ; the sinuous variety, that found boring into shells,
he placed iu his genus Hymeniacidorif as Hymeniacidon
celata. Mr. Carter has found Johnston's view more correct
than that of Bowerbank, and asserts that the sinuous form
becomes the massive form. In support of this view, from
a large number of examples of this sponge (which is

* Johnston's Brit. Spong., p. 119, pi. xi, fig. 1 ; Jilon. Brit. Spong., vol.
ii, p. 352 ; vol. iii, pi. Ixiii, figs. 8-14 ; pi. Ixxxiii, fig. 23. Spovgienf.
Atlan., Schmidt, 1852, pp. 53-57, pi. v, fig8. 2-8, 14.

86 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

very abundant all around our coast), it is said that one
may select gradations of every variety of form, from the
shell bored with small circular holes, through various stages
during which the shell becomes more and more perforated and
the sponge grows over it, surrounds it and encloses it, until it
reaches the massive free form christened by Dr. Bowerbank
Raphyrus griffithsia. On the other hand, however, Schmidt
makes Raphyrus griffithsia equal to his Papillina suherea.

This species* belongs to the large family Suberitida,
which embraces another sponge {Suberites suherea, see below)
common on our coasts surrounding shells of various sizes,
and in fact, in some instances, converting the shell into
sponge substance, whilst to some extent the form of the
shell is retained. The characteristic form of spicule is " pin-
like." The well-known " Neptune's Cup " sponge Raphio-
phor a patera (Gray), also belongs to this group.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 9. Collected at Port Erin.

L. F. M., No. 9. 2. 75. 6. Collected at Holyhead.

Suberites suherea, S.
Hymeniaciclon suherea^ Bk.
Halicliondria suherea^ J.

This is the species t alluded to in the notes on Cliona
celata as surrounding shells. It is the Suberites domuiicula
of Schmidt, and is representative of the compact forms
(group Compacta) of the family.

L. F. M., No. 15. 6. 62. Collected at Holyhead, Liverpool
Bay, and Morecambe Bay.

Suberites carnosa, S.
Hymeniacidon carnosa^ Bk.
Halicliondria carnosa, J.
This is another Suberite of compact form. The spicules

* Johnston's Brit. Sponges, p. 125 ; Mo7i, Brit. Spong. vol. ii, p. 212 ;
vol. iii, pi. xxxviii, and pi. Ixiv ; Spongf. Atlan., p. 65.

+ Johnston's Brit. Spang., pp. 139-141, pi. xii, figs. 5, 6; Man. Brit.
Spong, vol. ii, p. 200 ; vol. iii, pi. xxxvi, figs. 1-4; Spongf. Atlan., p. C7.

THE PORIFERA. 87

are very similar to those of S. suberea, but the growth of the
sponge is different, and the surface is more hispid.*
L. M. B. C, No. 85. 10. Collected at Hilbre Island.

Hymeniacidon sanguinea, Bk.
Halicliondria sanguinea, J.

This species t Schmidt places in his genus Amorphina,
but Mr. Carter places it in the family Suberitida, though
the spicules are acuate and not pin-like, with the remark
that Bowerbank found on Johnston's type specimen in the
the British Museum, No. 47. 9. 7. 19, flesh spicules (which,
however, he does not appear to have regarded as belonging
to the specimen) like those of Vioa johnstonii, Schmidt,
a Suberite. Mr. Carter has placed it in his group Laxa,
which also contains Vioa johnstonii.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 11. Collected in tidal pools near
Port Erin.

L. F. M., No. 24. 5. 73. 10. Collected at Holyhead and
Douglas Bay. V.

Family.— Pachytragida.

Pachymatisma johnstonia, Bk.
This sponge belongs to a family quite different from any
previously considered in these notes. It has a crustular sur-
face,! and is embraced in Mr. Carter's family Pachytragida,
which also contains the genera Geodia (Lamarck), Tethya
(Johnston), and Stelletta (Schmidt). It corresponds with
Schmidt's group Corticatse. The pachytragous sponges
possess the various forms of four rayed spicules (quadrira-

* See Johnston's Brit. Spon. ; Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 203 ; vol. iii,
pi. xxxvi.

f Johnston's Brit. Spong., p. 133, pi. xiv, fig. 3 ; Mon. Brit. Spon.,
vol. i, p. 239, pi. iii, fig. 72 ; vol. ii, p. 168 ; vol. iii, pi. xxxii, fig. 5-8.

X See Mon. Brit. Spang., vol. i, pi. xxvii, fig. 353; vol. ii, p. 51; vol.
iii, pi. viii, figs. 1-7. Annals, 1869, vol. iv, p. 8, pi. ii, figs. 7, etc.

88 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

diate). The crust in the genus Geodia consists of globular
or ellipsoidal siliceous bodies closely packed together, upheld
by the short arms of the four rayed spicules. The species
of Stelletta have no globular siliceous bodies on the surface,
but have a thick dermal layer of cells charged with the
stellates of the species, whilst the surface of the genus
Tethya is hirsute with tufts of spicules projecting through
the dermal layer.

L. F. M., No. 4. 9. 74, 2 (spirit). Collected at Holyhead.

Stelletta gnibii, Schmidt.

This species is described by Schmidt in his Atlantic
Sponges,* and has also been found by Mr. Carter at Budleigh
Salterton.

L. F. M., No. 4. 9. 74, 6. Collected at Holyhead.

Ecionema po7iderosa, Bk.

This is no doubt the same sponge which Mr. Carter
described in 1871 as Stelletta aspera. It is undoubtedly a
species allied to Stelletta. t

L. F. M., No. 4. 9. 74, 3. Collected at Holyhead.

Family. — Pachastrellida.

Dercitus niger, C.

Hymeniacidon buoklandi, Bk.
Battersbyia bucklandi, Bk.

Before issuing his third volume in 1874, Dr. Bowerbank
removed this sponge from his genus Hymeniacidon and
created a new genus for it, Battersbyia, and gave a section of
it in one of his illustrations. It had been, however, more
particularly described and figured by Mr. Carter in 1871 as

* Spongf. Atlan., 1862, p. 46, pi. iv, fig. 2.

^Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 56, and vol.iii, pi. viii, fig. 8-15 ; Annals
and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1871, vol. vii, p. 7, pi. iv, fig. 7, etc.

THE PORIFERA. 89

Dercitus niger.-' This is the sponge which Dr. Bowerbank
likened in appearance to a piece of bullock's liver.

Mr. Carter has included it in his family Pachastrellida,
which embraces Schmidt's genus Pachastrella, and the
Lithistid, or stony sponges.

L. F. M., No. 4. 9. 74, 4. Collected at Holyhead.

Order VIII.— C A LC AREA.

The only monograph of the Calcarea or sponges which have
calcareous spicules is that published by Professor Haeckel f
in 1872. Previous and subsequent writers have described a
few species only, but Haeckel had a large number before him.
There has been a general concurrence in his classification,
though exceptions have been taken to some of his views and
speculations. The Calcarea of the " Challenger " Expe-
dition were examined and reported upon by Dr. N. Pole-
jaeiF, I of the University of Odessa, a distinguished pupil of
Professor F. E. Scliultze ; and, at the present moment, Mr.
H. J. Carter, F.R.S., of Budleigh Salterton, has under
examination a very large collection from Australian waters.
Dr. Polejaeff had only a few species to report upon.

Professor Haeckel divided the whole order into three
families, Ascones, Leucones, and Sycones, according to the
canal system, and these again into groups and genera,
according to the prevailing forms of spicules. " The
Ascones present the simplest form of the canal system. The
thin wall of the sponge consists of three parallel layers, ecto-
derm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Here and there the cells
separate, and thus give origin to the pores " (Vosmaer.) The

* Mon. Brit. Spong. vol. ii, p. 226 ; vol. iii, pi. xxxviii, fig. 9-12, and
pi. xcii, fig. 8, p. 346. Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1871, vol. vii, p. 3,
pi. iv, fig. 1, etc. Proc. Zool. Soc , 1867, p. 542.

i Die Kalkschicamme, Haeckel, 1872.

\ Report on the Calcarea, by Dr. N. Polejaeff, M.A., Zool. Cliall. Exp.,
part xxiv, 1883.

90 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Leucones are those with branched canals, and the Sycones
those with a radial canal system. Polejaeff does not agree
with Haeckel's distinction of Leucones from Sycones, but
proposes to group the Ascones in one order, Homocoela, and
both the others in another order, Heteroccela, treating the
Calcarea as a separate Class.

The Calcarea found on our coasts are usually very small.
I have never found an example of Sycandra compressa more
than one-and-a-half inches in length, but Dr. Bowerbank
speaks of one from Ipswich River five inches long by three-
and-a-quarter broad. Sycandra ciliata is generally a quarter
to half an inch in length, but Ipswich River produced one
for Dr. Bowerbank three inches long by three-quarters
of an inch in diameter. The size evidently depends on the
locality being favourable for growth or otherwise.

Family. — Ascones.
Ascaltis botryoides, H.

Leucosolenia botryoides, Bk.

Orantia botryoides, Fleming and Johnston.

The specific name is descriptive of the way in which a
number of individuals of the species are found congregated
together in branches or tufts.* Colour white.

L. F. M., No. 25. 9. 73. 3. Collected at Holyhead.

Ascetta coriacea, H.

Leucosolenia coriacea, Bk.

Grantia coriacea, Fleming and Johnston.

This is a pretty encrusting species. f Colour greyish
white or dark crimson, or lemon yellow or nut brown.

* Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 28 ; vol. iii, pi. iii, figs. 1-4. Bie
Kalksclno amine, vol. ii, p. 65 ; vol. iii, taf. 9, fig. 10.

\Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 34; vol. iii, pi. iii, fig. 11-14. Die
Kalkicliwdmme, vol. ii, p. 24 ; vol. iii, taf. 3.

THE PORIFERA. 91

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 12. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man. L. F. M., No. 22. 4. 74. 6. Collected at Holyhead.

FamHy. — Leucones.

Leucandra gossei, H.
Leucogypsia gossei, Bk.

This is a massive sessile species.'^

It is readily recognised by the large acerate spicules lying
longitudinally on its surface. Colour white.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 13. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man.

L. F. M., No. 22. 4. 74. 3. Collected at Holyhead.

Leucandra nivea, H.
Leuconia ?iivea, Bk.
Orantia nivea, Fleming and Johnston.

Coating smooth or lobular.! Colour white.
L. M. B. C, No. 85. 14. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man.

L. F. M., No. 25. 9. 73. 4. Collected at Douglas Bay.

Leucandra johnstonii, H.
Leuconia Johns tonii, C.

Mr Carter says, a good feature for recognising the species
is the large four-rayed surface spicule with a dark centre,
the dark centre being the fourth ray, or shaft, penetrating
the sponge substance, J Colour white.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 15. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man.

L. F. M., No. 26. 8. 82. 1. Collected at Holyhead.

• Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 42 ; vol. iii. Die Kalkschwdmme, vol. ii,
p. 177 ; vol. iii, taf. 37.

i Mon. Brit. Spang., vol. ii, p. 36; vol. iii, pi. v, fig. 1-8. Die
Kalkschwdmme, vol. ii, p. 211 ; vol. iii, taf. 39.

\ Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1871, ser. iv, vol. viii, p. 3, pi. i, figs.
5-12. Die Kalkschwdmme, Haeckel, vol. ii, p. 216, pi. 34.

92 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Leitcandrajistidosa, H. *
Grantia fistulosa, J.
Leuconia fistulosa, Bk.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 16. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man.

Family. — Sycones.

Sycandra compressa^ H.
Grantia compressa, Fleming.

This is a very easily recognised species from its hollow
compressed form ; it is found in quantity all round our coasts
attached to seaweed. It is well figured both by Haeckel
and Bowerbank.f

L. M. B. C, No. 85.17. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man.

L. F. M., No. 22. 4. 74. 2. Collected at Holyhead.

Sycandra ciliataf H. I
Grantia ciliata, H.

L. M. B. C, No. 85. 18. Collected at Port Erin, Isle of
Man.

L. F. M., No. 22. 4. 74. 4. Collected at Holyhead.

DESCRIPTION OF A NEW SPECIES BY H. J. CARTER,

F.R.S.

Aphroceras ramosa, n.sp.

Small, cylindrical, branched, sessile ; branchlets more or

less acuminated, horn-shaped ; withoilt peristome. Colour

whitish-yellow. Surface even, consisting of long, large,

fusiform acerates arranged parallel to each other and closely

* Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 39 ; vol. iii, pi. v, figs. 9-16. Die
Kalkschwatnme, Haeckel, vol. ii, p. 197; vol. iii, pi. 31.

t Moil. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 17 ; vol. iii, pi. i. Die Kalkschwamme,
vol. ii, p. 360 ; vol. iii, taf. 57.

+ Mon. Brit. Spong., vol. ii, p. 19 ; vol. iii, pi. ii, figs. 1-15. Die
Kalkschwdmme, vol. ii, p. 296 ; vol. iii, taf. 58, firr. 9.

THE PORIFERA. 93

approximated, on the same plane, more or less covered by
small sagittiform triradiates. Pores situated in the inter-
stices between the arms of the triradiates, along the intervals
of the large acerates. Vent single, at the end of each branch,
naked, i.e., without peristome ; leading into a cylindrical,
cloacal cavity, about the same shape as the sponge, and
equally branched ; presenting on its surface a great number
of circular holes in juxtaposition, rendered more or less
polygonal by the intercrossing of the rays of the radiates
that form the skeletal structure of the cloaca, which is
sparsely echinated by the fourth ray of the quadriradiates.
Wall consisting of simple, cancellated sarcode, traversed
horizontally, at intervals, by the shafts of large, sagittiform
triradiates which, coming from opposite sides and over-
lapping each other, have their heads in the internal surface
of the cortex and that of the cloaca respectively.

Spicules of three kinds, viz., acerate, triradiate, and
quadriradiate. 1st, acerate, very large, long, fusiform, slightly
curved, and often lance-pointed anteriorly, averaging ^th inch
long by 2 lyth inch in its greatest transverse diameter ;
2nd, triradiates, small and large, the latter averaging t^ho by
Y^'ooth inch in the shaft, and the arms respectively frds of
this size ; 3rd, quadriradiates, of the same size as the large
triradiates, with the addition of the fourth arm which is short
and curved, about y^^ooths inch long. No. 1 is confined to
the surface with the arrangement before stated ; No. 2 in its
larger form, to the wall, also as above stated ; and the
smallest, which are chiefly sagittiform, to the outer and
inner surfaces ; No. 3 to the inner part of the cloaca, where
they are formed by the addition of the fourth arm to the
heads of the large triradiates of the wall which abut against
this part ; thence projecting into the cavity of the cloaca^
Size of specimen, which is much broken, under yVth inch
in the diameter of the stem ; length unknown ; longest

94 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

fragment Aths of an inch ; thickness of the wall, including
the cortex and the cloaca, ahout ith inch.

L. F. M., No. 22. 4. 74. 7. Collected at Holyhead.

This species in spiculation is very much like Leucogyima
gossei, Bowerbank, who, when he made a genus of it under
the name of ^'Leiicogyijsia^' in 1862 {Phil. Trans., p. 1095),
stated that he had not seen another species in Great Britain.
In 1858, Dr. J. E. Gray described and illustrated a cylindri-
cal branched species from Hong Kong, to which he gave
the name of Apliroceras alcicornis {Proc. Zool. Soc, Lond.,
p. 114, pi. X, figs. 1 and 2), and in 1867 (Ih., p. 558) he
made a family for it under the name of " Aphrocerasidae."
This species is closely allied in form to that discovered by
Mr. Higgin, but differs greatly in structure ; while the struc-
ture of A. alcicornis is almost identical with that of Leiico-
gyima gossei, hence Haeckel has placed them among his
Leucones; but the structure of Aphroceras ramosa is Syconid,
and belongs to a genus which I have named ** Heteroina^^ in
my forthcoming description of the Calcareous Sponges from
the neighbourhood of Port Phillip Heads, S. Australia, sent
to me by Mr. Bracebridge Wilson ; meanwhile, Haeckel's
illustration of the '' Eadial-tuben," in his Sy cilia cylindrus,
represents it well {Die Kalkschivdnime, Atlas, taf. 43, fig. 6).

Note. — A species of Sycandra, probably new to science,
was also dredged near Port Erin, Isle of Man. It has been
examined by Mr. Harvey Gibson, and his description and
fiofures will be found further on in this volume. — Ed,

95

KEPORT on the HYDROIDA of the L. M. B. C.

DISTRICT.

By Mr. W. R. Melly, J. Sibley Hicks, L.R.C.P., F.L.S., and
Prof. Herdman, D.Sc.

A FEW words of explanation are necessary in regard to the
joint authorship of this Report. Before the Liverpool
Marine Biology Committee commenced their investigations,
Dr. Sibley Hicks had done a good deal of work at the
Hydroid Zoophytes of this neighbourhood, and had drawn
up a list of thirty-eight species found in the estuary of the
Mersey. This list was exhibited before the Literary and
Philosophical Society of Liverpool, in 1880, but has not
been published. As Dr. Hicks found that he could not spare
sufficient time to undertake the Report upon the Hydroida,
he handed over his list of species to the Committee, and has
also given some assistance in identifying the specimens.

Mr. W. R. Melly, while working as a student in the
Zoological Laboratory of University College, paid special
attention to the Hydroids, and on the dredging expeditions
which he took part in, he assisted me in collecting and
preserving the smaller species of Zoophytes. Consequently,
when it was found that Dr. Hicks could not undertake the
preparation of this Report, I handed the collections over to
Mr. Melly for examination. The work has been carried on
during the present Winter Session in the Laboratory, under
my direction. The greater part of the labour of preparing
the Report has, then, been performed by Mr. Melly. He has
examined and identified every specimen in the collection, and
hasdrawn up the list of species, with records of their previous
occurrence in the locality. My share of the work has been

96 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

confined to a general supervision of Mr. Melly's investigations,
and some assistance in identifying the more difficult species.

W. A. Herdman.

The Hydroida are well represented in the neighbourhood
of Liverpool, and are especially abundant on the shores of
Hilbre Island. Former investigators in this locality have
paid more attention to the Zoophytes than to most other
groups of animals, and consequently there are comparatively
few species to add to the existing lists as the result of the
Committee's dredging investigations. Mr. Byerley, in his
Fauna, published in 1855, records thirty-three species, of
which twenty-six have been found by members of the Com-
mittee during 1885; fifteen of the species previously recorded
from this neighbourhood have not been found during 1885.
Dr. Sibley Hicks records thirty-eight species, including
six not mentioned by Byerley, in his list drawn up in
1880. A few localities within the L. M. B. C. District have
been given by Hincks, Allman, and Pennington in their
works on the Hydroid Zoophytes. Mr. A. 0. Walker, of
Chester, has furnished us with records of the species which
he has found in the neighbourhood.

The large collections made by the Liverpool Marine
Biology Committee yielded forty-two species, eleven of which
had not been previously recorded from this neighbourhood.
Seven of the species were collected at Hilbre Island, sixteen
were from various parts of Liverpool Bay, seven were
obtained during the cruise of the " Hyaena," seven were
obtained at Penmaenmawr by Mr. Thompson, and thirty
were collected off the south end of the Isle of Man by
Professor Herdman.

The classification and nomenclature of species given by
Mr. Hincks * have been followed.

* History of the British Hydroid Zoophytes, Y(xn Voorst, London, 1868.

THE HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. 97

Order.— HYDROI DA.

Sub-order I.— ATHECATA.

Family I. — Clavid^.

Clava multicorniSf Forskal.

Clava discreta, Allman, Ann. N, H., Nov., 1859.

Recorded by Byerley as having been found on floating
Fuci by Mr. Price. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

Found at Hilbre Island, May 17th, 1885, and June 13th,
1885, on the under surfaces of stones. The specimens
found on May 17th had gonophores.

Some of these specimens, obtained at Hilbre Island, lived
in the laboratory at University College in a small 1-oz.
bottle of sea water for over six months. A few specimens
were obtained at the south end of the Isle of Man adhering
to Corallina officinalis,

Clava leptostyla, Agassiz.

Mentioned by Hincks as being found at Morecambe Bay.
Also recorded by Allman from the same locality.

Family II. — Hydractiniid^.
Hydra ctinia echinata, Fleming.

Alcyonidiwm echinatum, Johnston, B. Z. (1st. edit.) 304,
pi. xiii, figs. 3, 4.

Recorded by Byerley. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

Dredged at Hilbre Swash, June 20th, 1885, from a depth
of ten fathoms ; also dredged on the Constable Bank, near
Llandudno, during the cruise of the *' Hyaena," May 23rd,
1885. Found by Mr. Thompson at Penmaenmawr, and at
Point of Ayr by Mr. A. 0. Walker ; in all cases on shells
inhabited by Hermit Crabs.

Family V. — Corynid^.
Coryne sp. (?).

A species of Coryne was found attached to masses of wood
at the breakwater, near Port Erin, Isle of Man, in August,

G

98 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

1885. The specimens are not in the collection, and are
recorded on the authority of Prof. Herdman, who examined
them in a living condition.

Coryne pusilla, Gaertner.

Recorded by Byerley as being found on the Dingle rocks
by Mr. Price. Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Hilbre Swash (A. 0.
Walker). Bangor (A. S. Pennington).

Found at Hilbre Island, June 13th, 1885. The speci-
mens are not in the collection, but the species was identified
and recorded at the time.

Family IX. — Eudendriidje.

Eudendrium rameumy Pallas.

Tuhularia ramosa, Johnst. Trails. Newc. Soc, ii, 253, pi. x.
E. rameum, Johnst. B. Z. (2iid edit.) 45, pi. v, figs. 1, 2, &c.

Recorded by Byerley. Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Men-
tioned by Hincks as being plentiful at Lytham. Recorded by
Allman from Morecambe Bay.

Eudendrium ramosum, Linnaeus.
Recorded by Byerley as having been found on Bootle
shore by Mr. Marrat. Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Common in
the district (A. 0. Walker). Mentioned by Allman as being
found at Morecambe Bay.

One large colony, growing on a stone, was dredged ofi" the
south end of the Isle of Man from a depth of ten to twenty
fathoms, during August, 1885. This specimen resembles
the figures given both by Hincks and by Allman, but it has
no gonophores.

Eudendrium capillar e. Alder.

Gorymbogoniwm capillare, Allman, Aim. N. H. for August,
1861, p. 168.
Found at Colwyn Bay in September, 1882, by Mr. A. 0.
Walker.

THE HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. 99

One colony, about IJ inches in height, attached to the
back of a specimen of Hyas coarctatus, and a second colony,
about 2J inches in height, were dredged off the south end of
the Isle of Man, in August, 1885, from a depth of ten to
twenty fathoms. Gonophores are present in both.

Neither Hincks nor Allman give any very good distinguish-
ing characteristics by which E. capiUare can be known from
E. ramosum. The colonies of the former species seem to
branch more irregularly, and, according to Allman, they
develop gonophores between June and September, while in
E, ramosum these are produced in April. The Manx speci-
mens were obtained in August and have the gonophores well
developed : they probably belong to E, cajpillare.

Family X.— Atractylid^.

Gai-veia nutans, T. S. Wright.

Eudendrium (Corythamnium) bacciferum, Allman, " Notes on
Hydroid Zoophytes," Atin. N. H., July, 1859.

This rare Zoophyte was first found by Dr. Strethill
Wright on the island of Inch Garvie, in the Firth of Forth,
and almost simultaneously by Prof. Allman in the same
locality (see Allman, Gymnohlastic Hydroids, p. 294). It
has since been found in Shetland by Hincks, and at More-
cambe Bay by Allman. It had not been previously found in
Liverpool Bay, but last summer, during the expeditions of
the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee, it was discovered
in several localities, and seems to be fairly abundant novv off
the north end of Hilbre Island. It was found at low water on
Hilbre Island on May 17th, with well developed gonophores ;
at the same locality, on June 13th ; and was dredged in
Hilbre Swash on May 9th, and again on June 20th, from
depths of ten fathoms. It was also obtained during the
cruise of the " Hyaena," on May 25th, off the Great Ormes

100 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Head. It was found living at Colwyn Bay on drift stuff on
April 19th, 1885, by Mr. A. 0. Walker.*

Bimeria vestita, T. Strethill Wright.
This species is mentioned by Allman as having been
found at Morecambe Bay.

Bougamvillia miiscus, Allman.
Found at Colwyn Bay on April 27th, 1884, by Mr. A. 0.
Walker,

Family XI. — Tubulariid-s:.
Tubularia indivisa, Linnaeus.

Kecorded as being very abundant by Byerley. Mersey
(J. S. Hicks).

Dredged in the Welshman's Gut, June 20th. Found
growing at Hilbre Island in large quantities, near low
water mark. Dredged in Hilbre Swash on June 20th,
depth ten fathoms. Dredged off the Great Ormes Head,
from seven to eight fathoms, during the cruise of the
'' Hy^na," May 23rd, 1885.

Tubularia coi'onata, Abildgaard.

Tubularia larynx, var. /3, Johnst., B. Z. (1st edit) 116.

Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Mentioned by Hincks as being
plentiful at Lytham.

Some dried stalks, which are probably those of T.
coronata, were dredged in Welshman's Gut, on June 20th,
from a depth of seven fathoms.

Collected at low water on Hilbre Island, on June 13th.

Tubularia simplex, Alder (?).

Tubularia dumortierii, Johnst., B. Z. 50.

A specimen which was dredged from deep water between

Port St. Mary and the Calf, off Spanish Head, Isle of Man,

on August 3rd, 1885, probably belongs to this species.

* Garveia nutans has also been recently found on Dalkey Island, Dublin
Bay, by Prof. Haddon (see Proc. R. J, Acad., ser. ii, v. iv, p. 524.)

THE HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. 101

Tuhularia larynx, Ellis and Solander.
Recorded by Byerley as being very common round the
coast. It has not been found during our investigations, and
is not mentioned by Dr. Sibley Hicks. Possibly it may
have been T. coronata.

Tuhularia hritannica, Pennington.
This species was found by Mr. Pennington in the Menai
Straits.

Ectopleura dumortierii, Van Beneden.

Tuhularia dumortierii, Johnst., B. Z. pi. vii, figs. 1, 2 (not the
species described in the text) .

Mentioned by Allman as being found at the Isle of Man,
and recorded by Pennington from Point of Ayr.

Corymorpha nutans, Sars.
Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Isle of Man (Pennington).

Sub-order II.— THECAPHORA.
Family I. — Campanulariid^.

Clytia johnstoni, Alder.

Conipanularia volubilis, Jolmst., B.Z. 107, 108, woodcut fig. 18.
Camj^anularia johnstonii, Allman, Proc. Roy. Soc. Ed. fforDec.
6th, 1858.

Hilbre Swash and Abergele Bay (A. 0. Walker). Mersey
(Hicks).

Several very large colonies were dredged. during August,
1885, ofif the south end of the Isle of Man, in the neigh-
bourhood of Port Erin. One well-developed colony was
attached to the siphons of a specimen of Molgula occulta.
Another colony, with gonothecae, was found adhering to the
stalk of a Tuhularia. A third colony from the Isle of Man
differed considerably from the typical condition. It was of
much smaller size, and the calycles were much longer and

102 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

narrower than is shewn in Hincks' figure. It may be
regarded as a small variety of the species.

Possibly this is the species mentioned by Byerley under
the name of Campanularia volubilis.

Obelia geniculata, Linnaeus.

Kecorded by Byerley under the name of Laomedea geni-
culata, as being very abundant upon Algse, dead shells, &c.
Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

Obelia gelatinosa, Pallas.

Kecorded by Byerley under the name of Laomedea
gelatinosa, as being common. Found in Hilbre Swash on
July 2nd, 1872, by Mr. A. 0. Walker. Liverpool (Colling-
wood). Menai Straits (Pennington).

This species is recorded by Hincks as being very common
on the Dingle rocks, Egremont, Hilbre Island, and other
places near Liverpool, in 1868. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

One colony of this species, about 2 J inches in height, was
obtained at the south end of the Isle of Man, August, 1885.
This colony differs from Hincks' figure and description
in having the margins of the hydrothecae distinctly not
denticulated. The hydrothecas are very thin, and the edges
are slightly ragged in some cases, but never denticulated.
In all other respects the zoophyte agrees with Hincks'
description.

Obelia longissima, Pallas.

Laomedea dichotoma, var. ^3, B. Z. p. 102.

Found off the Little Ormes Head on June 22nd, 1880, by
Mr. A. 0. Walker. Recorded from Blackpool by Pennington.

Obelia flabellata, Hincks.

Campanulai'ia fiabellata, Hincks, Ann. N. H. ('3rd series), xviii,
297.

Not previously recorded from this neighbourhood.

THE HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. 103

This species was found at Hilbre Island on June 13th,
1885. Several colonies were also obtained from the Isle of
Man, growing on the stalk of a Tuhularia. Some of these
specimens have gonothecae.

A specimen, which was dredged off the Isle of Man in
August, 1885, resembles Hincks' figure in most respects,
but is a little less zigzag in its growth, though not so
straight as 0. dichotoma. Hincks figures three rings above
each joint; our specimen has only one. Hincks does not.
mention the presence of tendrils in the species, while our
specimen shews several. The hydrothecse spring in some
cases from the axils, a condition which Hincks mentions in
his description of Obelia dichotoma, but not in the case of
0. fiahellata.

Obelia dichotoma, Linnaeus.

Laomedea dichotoma, var, a, Johust., B. Z. 1 02, pi. xxvi, figs. 1, 2.

Kecorded by Byerley under the name of Laomedea
dichotoma, as growing in small tidal pools. Mersey (Hicks).

Several small colonies were obtained off the south end of
the Isle of Man ; no gonothecae were present. One small
colony, also without gonothecae, was found at Penmaenmawr,
by Mr. Thompson. One of the specimens showed tendrils
like those figured by Hincks for Campanularia angulata.

A colony found at Hilbre Island on June 13th, is
mentioned in the notes taken at the time, as being probably
0. dichotoma, and is recorded as having had medusoid gono-
phores attached.

Campanulaiia volubilis, Linnaeus.

Recorded by Byerley as " Adhering to shells and Fuci
in pools on the shores." Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Point of
Ayr (A. 0. Walker).

Several small colonies were dredged ofi" the south end of

104 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

the Isle of Man during August. They were adhering both to
the stalks of Tuhularia and also to colonies of Sertularia
filicula. None of these specimens had gonothecae.

Campanularia hincksii, Alder.

Campanularia volubilis, var., Hincks, Ann. N. H. (2nd ser.) xi,
p. 180.

Several colonies, attached to the stalks of Tuhularia, were
dredged off the south end of the Isle of Man, in August,
1885. They had gonothecae.

Campanularia caliculata, Hincks.
Several small colonies of this species were obtained off
the south end of the Isle of Man, from depths of ten to
twenty fathoms, during August, 1885.

Campanularia verticillata, Linnaeus.

Recorded by Byerley as being very common. Mersey
(J. S. Hicks). Common in the neighbourhood (A. 0.
Walker).

Two colonies, about 2^ inches in height, were dredged at
Penmaenmawr in July, 1885, by Mr. Thompson.

One large colony, about 3 inches long, was dredged
between Port St. Mary and the Calf, off Spanish Head, Isle of
Man, in ten to twenty fathoms, August, 1885.

Campanularia flexuosa, Hincks.

Laomedea gelatinosa, Johnst., B. Z. 105, pi. xxv, figs. 3, 4.
Laomedea Jiexuosa, Hincks, Devon and Cormv Cat., Ann. N. H.
(3rd series), viii, 260. Allman, Ann. N. H. for May, 1864.

Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Mentioned by Hincks as being
found at the Isle of Man. Point of Ayr (A. 0. Walker).

Several colonies attached to sea-weeds and to the old
stalks of Tuhularia, were dredged at the south end of the Isle
of Man in August, 1885. Some of them have gonothecae.

THE HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. 105

Campanularia angulata, Hincks.

Kccorded from the Menai Straits by Pennington.

A great many colonies attached to Algae, were obtained at
the south end of the Isle of Man, in August, 1885. The long
claspers are present on several of the colonies.

Most of the specimens have the pedicels much shorter
than those figured by Hincks. He describes the pedicels
as consisting of nine to twelve rings, while those on most
of our specimens have not more than six or seven. None of
our specimens have gonothecae.

Campanularia neglecta. Alder.
Found in Colwyn Bay on September 14th, 1878, by
Mr. A. 0. Walker.

Several colonies about t% iiich in height were dredged at
south end of Isle of Man in August, 1885. They are
attached to a stalk of Tubular ia, and have no gonothecae.

Gonothyrcea lovenif Allman.

This species is not recorded by either Sibley Hicks or
Byerley. It was found in Hilbre Swash on July 12th, 1878,
by A. 0. Walker ; and has been recorded from the Menai
Straits by Pennington.

Four colonies were dredged off the Isle of Man, in
August, 1885. Two were attached to the stalk of a
Tubularia, and the other two, about f -inch in height, were
attached to Algae.

Family II. — Campanulinid^.

Opercularella lacei'ata, Johnston.

Campanularia lacerata, Johnston, B. Z. iii, pi. xxviii, fig. 3.
Laomedea lacerata, Hincks, Ann. N. H. (2 series), x, 86.
Calycella lacerata, Allman, Ann. N. H. for May, 18G4, 81.

Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Mentioned also by Hincks as
being found at the Isle of Man,

106 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Family IV. — Lafoeid^.
Lafo'ea dumosay Fleming.

Tubularia tuhifer a, Johnston, Edin. Phil. Jour., xiii, 222, pi. iii,

figs. 2, 3.
Calicella dumosa, Hincks, Cat. Devon and Gornw. Zooph, 23 ;

Ann. N. H. (3rd series), viii, 293.

Recorded by Byerley under the name of Campanularia
dumosa as being common, parasitic upon Zoophytes, &c.
Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Colwyn Bay (A. 0. Walker).

Dredged in Hilbre Swash on June 20th, 1885.

Several colonies were dredged at the south end of the Isle
of Man in August, 1885.

Calycella syringa, Linnaeus.

Oamjjanularia syringa, Johnston, B. Z. 110, woodcut 19.

Recorded by Byerley, under the name of Campami-
laria syringa, as being fairly common. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).
Hilbre Swash (A. 0. Walker).

Very common on stalks of Tubularia off south end of Isle
of Man. Found in Hilbre Swash, June 20th, 1885, depth
ten fathoms.

This species seems to some extent to have taken the
place of the other Zoophytes of its family in this neigh-
bourhood as it is commoner than Lafoea dumosa.

Filellum serpens, Hassall.

Beticularia serpens, Hincks, A7171. N. H. (2nd ser.) xviii, 469
(1856).

Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

Family VI. — Coppiniid^.

Coppinia arcta, Daly ell.
This species has not been previously recorded from this
neighbourhood.

It was dredged during the cruise of the *' Hyaena," off the

I

THE HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. 107

Great Ormes Head, at a depth of seven to eight fathoms, on
May 23rd, 1885, and was found at Colwyn Bay on June
13th, 1885, by Mr. Walker.

It was dredged from fifteen fathoms at the Isle of Man,
off Port St. Mary, on August 3rd, 1885.

It has also been found cast ashore on the sands at West
Kirby, opposite Hilbre Island.

Family VII. — Haleciid-s:.

Halecium halecinum, Linnaeus.

Kecorded by Byerley as abundant. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).
Very common (A. 0. Walker).

Dredged in Hilbre Swash on June 20th, from ten fathoms.

Two large colonies, one male and the other female, both
with gonothecae, were dredged at Penmaenmawr, July, 1885.

Five colonies, without gonothecae, and one female and
two male colonies, with gonothecae, were dredged off Port
Erin, Isle of Man, in August, 1885.

In one of the male specimens from the Isle of Man, the
gonothecae are not " borne in rows on the upper side of the
pinnae ; " but are borne at the base of the calycles, as in
H. beanii. But in the latter species there is no pedicel to
the gonotheca ; while in our specimen a short pedicel of
about two rings is always present. In all other respects our
specimens agree with Hincks' description of H. halecinum,

Hincks mentions in his Appendix a colony of H. beanii
dredged off the Isle of Man, which presents a curious modi-
fication of the gonothecae ; probably our abnormal specimen
is similarly only an unusual condition of H. halecinum,

Halecium beanii, Johnston.

Thoa beanii, Johnston, B. Z. (1st edit.) 120, pi. iii, figs. 1, 2.

Mr. Walker states that this species is not uncommon in
the district, and he has also found the variety mentioned by
Hincks in his Appendix (p. 324).

108 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Two small colonies without gonothecge, dredged off the
Isle of Man in August, 1885, resemble H. heanii more
nearly than any other species. The hydrothecse are mostly
single-jointed, but some have two joints. The polypites are
large. One large colony, about three inches in height, with
male gonothecse, about which I think there is not much
doubt, was also obtained off the south end of the Isle of
Man, in August, 1885.

Family VIII. — Sertulauiid^.

Sertidarella polyzonias^ Linnaeus.

Recorded by Byerley as not uncommon among drift sea-
weeds ; seldom or ever found with living polypes. Mersey
(J. S. Hicks). Little Orme, June, 1880 (A. 0. Walker).

Several good colonies with gonothecse were dredged off
the south end of the Isle of Man, in August, 1885.

Dredged off Puffin Island and Anglesey, during the cruise
of the " Hyana" in May, 1885.
Sertularella rugosa, Linnaeus.

Recorded by Byerley as being parasitic on Flustra
foliacea. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

Found at Hilbre Island, attached to colonies of Flu sir a
foliacea, on June 13th, 1885.

Diphasia rosacea, Linnaeus.

Sertularia rosacea, Johnst., B. Z. 64, pi. xi, fig. 1, ; 468, fig. 83.

Recorded by Byerley under the name of Sertularia
rosacea, as being found rarely at New Brighton and else-
where, attached to Plumularia falcata. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).
Found at Puffin Island in June, 1880 (A. 0. Walker).

Several colonies were obtained from the Welshman's Gut
during the *' Spindrift" expedition, on June 20th, 1885.

A small colony, about half-an-inch in height, attached to
the stalk of a Tuhularia, along with some other zoophytes,

THE HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. 109

was dredged at the south end of the Isle of Man, in August,
1885.

Diphasia attenuata, Hincks.

Sertularia rosacea, Jolinst., B. Z. 470.
Sertularia pinaster, var., Johnst , B. Z. 72, fig. C. D
Sertularia attenuata, Hincks, " On New British Hydroida,"
Ann. N. H., October, 18G6 (3rd series), xviii, 298.

Several large colonies of this species were dredged from
Hilbre Swash on May 9th, 1885.

Diphasia pinaster y Ellis and Solander.

Sertularia margareta, Johnston, B. Z. 7 2, 73, fig. 13.

Mr. Byerley records this species under the name of
Sertularia margareta as being found at the mouth of the
Mersey by Mr. K. A. Tudor, and at New Brighton by
Mr. Marrat. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

Diphasia tamarisca, Linnaeus.

Sertularia tamarisca, Johnston, B. Z., pi xiii, figs. 2, 3, 4.

Recorded by Byerley under the name of Sertularia
tamarisca as having been found on the Bootle coast by Mr.
Tudor.

One small piece, about an inch in height, was dredged in
Hilbre Swash, from ten fathoms. May 9th, 1885.

Sertularia pumila, Linnaeus.

Recorded by Byerley as *' having been found by Mr. Marrat
between Seacombe and Egremont. Not common." Mersey
(J. S. Hicks). Very common on Fucus, Colwyn Bay (A. 0.
Walker.)

One colony showing gonothecae was dredged off the
south end of the Isle of Man in August, 1885.

Found at Hilbre Island, on May 17th, with gonothecae.

Diphasia fallax, Johnst.

Sertularia fallax, Johnst., B. Z. 2nd ed., p. 73.

Point of Ayr (A. 0. Walker).

110 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Sertidaria gracilis, Hassall.
This species is recorded from Blackpool and from Bangor
by Pennington.*

Sertularia operculata, Linnaeus.

Recorded by Byerley as having been found without polyps
by Mr. Marrat. Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Very common, dead
(A. 0. Walker).

A large number of colonies were obtained from Hilbre
Swash on May 9th, 1885, and on June 20th ; and also from
the Welshman's Gut, on June 20th.

Dredged during the cruise of the "Hyaena" on May 25th
near Puffin Island.

Sertularia filiculay Ellis and Solander.

Recorded by Byerley as being ** a general but not a very
abundant species." Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

Dredged in Hilbre Swash on June 20th, 1885, from a
depth of ten fathoms.

Several small colonies were obtained from the Isle of
Man. No gonothecae were present.

Sertularia abietina, Linnaeus.

Recorded by Byerley as being common upon the coast.
Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Common, dead (A. 0. Walker).

One small colony was found at Penmaenmawr in July,
1885. Some large colonies were dredged off the south end of
the Isle of Man in August, 1885. One of these colonies was
much covered by specimens of Cr'isia de^iticulata. Dredged
at Hilbre Swash on June 20th. Several large colonies were
dredged from Welshman's Gut on June 20th. Dredged off
the Great Ormes Head on May 23rd, during the cruise of the
''Hyaena."

Sertularia argentea, Ellis and Solander.
Recorded by Byerley as being very common. Mersey

* British Zoophytes, 1885.

THE HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. Ill

(J. S. Hicks). Very common (A. 0. Walker). Menai
Straits (Pennington).

Several very small pieces were obtained from the Isle of
Man in August, 1885. A great many large colonies with
gonothecae were dredged from Hilbre Swash on May 9th,
1885. Also a large amount was dredged from Welshman's
Gut on June 20th, 1885, with gonothecsB.

Sertularia cupressina, Linnaeus.

Eecorded by Byerley as being not quite so common as
S. argentea. Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Common (A. 0. Walker).

Several large colonies were dredged from the Welshman's
Gut, June 20th, 1885, with gonothecae. Also large colonies
were obtained in Hilbre Swash, on May 9th, 1885, with
gonothecae.

Hydrallmania falcata, Linnaeus.

Recorded by Byerley under the name of Pliimularia
falcata, as being frequent in pools at low water. Mersey
(J. S. Hicks). Very common, dead (A. 0. Walker).

One small colony was obtained from Penmaenmawr, in
July, 1885. A young colony was dredged off Port St Mary,
on August 3rd, 1885. A great number of very large colonies
were dredged from Hilbre Swash, on May 9th and June
20th, 1885. Also large colonies, with gonothecae, were
found in Welshman's Gut, on June 20th, 1885. On all of
these occasions, large masses were brought up in the dredge,
along with other zoophytes. Also obtained attached to
Bucciiiuni, Fiisus, and Natica, on May 23rd, during the
cruise of the " Hyaena."

Thuiaria articulata, Pallas.

Recorded by Byerley as being found at Hilbre, New
Brighton, and elsewhere. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

This species has not been found during our investiga-
tions.

112 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Family IX. — PLUMULARiiDiE.

Antennularia antennina^ Linnaeus.

Eecorded by Byerley as being picked up frequently with
out polyps. Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Not uncommon (A. 0
Walker).

Several very large colonies, from three to ten inches in
height, with gonothecae, were obtained from the south end
of the Isle of Man in August, 1885.

Obtained in Hilbre Swash on June 20th.

Antennularia ramosa, Lamarck.
Recorded by Byerley as being about as common as the
preceding species. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

A small piece, very much broken, showing neither gono-
thecae nor nematophores, was dredged from the Welsh-
man's Gut on June 20th, 1885.

Aglaophenia pluma, Linnaeus.

Plumularia cristata, Johnston, B. Z. 92, pi. xxiii, figs. 1-3.
pi. xxiv, fig. 1.

Recorded by Bj^erley under the name of Plumularia
cj'istata as having been found on the Bootle coast by Mr.
Tudor. Rare, and frequently with polyps alive, parasitic on
Halidrys siliquosa, Mr. Marrat. Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Also
mentioned by Hincks as being common at the Isle of Man.
Menai Straits (Pennington). Colwyn Bay (A. 0. Walker).

Found at Penmaenmawr in July, 1885, by Mr. Thompson.

Aglaophenia myriophyllum, Linnaeus.

Plumularia myriophyllum, Johnston, B. Z. 99, pi. xxiii, figs. 4, 5.
Lytocarpus myriophyllum, Pennington, Brit. Zooph.

Recorded by Byerley under the name of Plumularia
myrioyhyllum as being very rare ; found once by Mr. Marrat
at Waterloo, and once between Egremont and Seacombe.
Mersey (J. S. Hicks). Isle of Man (Forbes).

1

THE HYDROID ZOOPHYTES. 113

Pluviularia pinnata, Linnaeus.
Several very large colonies, from three to four inches in
height, all shewing gonothecae well, were dredged at the
Isle of Man during August, 1885.

One colony, shewing gonothecae on the pinnae, as well
as in double rows on the stem, was dredged off Port Erin,
Isle of Man, from a depth of fifteen fathoms.

Plumularia setacea, Ellis.
Recorded by Byerley as having been found at Bootle and
New Brighton. Not common. Mersey (J. S. Hicks).

Plumularia catharina^ Johnston.
Common at the Isle of Man (Hincks).

Plumularia similis, Hincks.
Mentioned by Hincks as being common at the Isle of
Man.

114

LIST of the MEDUSyE and CTENOPHORA of the
L. M. B. C. DISTRICT.

By J. A. Clubb,

ASSISTANT IN THE ZOOLOGICAL LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL,

The Medusoid Gonophores enumerated below were all, with
the exception of Thaumantias convexa, and the species
recorded by Mr. Byerley, collected by Professor Herdman off
the south end of the Isle of Man, during July and August,
1885. Thaumantias convexa was taken by Mr. I. C. Thomp-
son off Penmaenmawr, in July. The true Medusae and the
Ctenophora were obtained at the mouth of the Mersey.

The method of preservation adopted in the case of the
Isle of Man specimens was as - follows : — The tow-net was
inverted in a large jar, containing about a gallon of salt
water, to which about five or six grains of picric acid was
added. The Medusoid Gonophores, and other organisms,
which settled in a layer at the bottom of the jar, were shortly
afterwards removed from the solution, and placed in weak
alcohol. In the case of many of the Medusoid Gonophores
so treated, there was found to be considerable contraction,
especially of the tentacles, and the colour was always obli-
terated by the yellow staining due to the picric acid. Hence
there is considerable difficulty in identifying them, and,
in a few cases, the specimens are in such a condition that
the species cannot be satisfactorily determined.

The specimens have been examined and identified in the
Laboratory, under the direction of Professor Herdman ; and I
have followed the nomenclature given by Professor Edward
Forbes in his '' Monograph of the British Naked-eyed
Medusae," Ray Society, 1848.

THE MEDUS-^ AND CTENOPHORA. 115

Of the four species of Medusoid Gonophores recorded by
Byerley, in 1853, not one has been found by the L. M. B. C. ;
and of the four species of the true Medusae, recorded from
the neighbourhood by Byerley, only the two commoner
species were obtained during last Summer's investigations.

HYDROMEDUS/E.*
Order.— HYDEOIDA.
Family. — Clavid^.
Turris neglecta, Lesson.
" Taken rarely in the Mersey, by Mr. Price " (Byerley).

Family. — CoRYNiDiE.
Sarsia tubulosaf Sars.
" Caught in the Mersey. Rare. Mr. Price " (Byerley).

Family. — Atractylid-e.
Bougainvillia hritannica, Forbes.
Several specimens of this species were taken on August
1st (mid-day) ; on August 21st ; and one specimen on
August 22nd (noon, stiff breeze), off Port Erin, Isle of Man.
The specimens were all small. This species is new to the
locality.

Family. — Companulariid^.

Thaumantias pilosella, Forbes.
Found abundantly by Mr. Garner,! in Douglas Bay.

Thaumantias octona, Forbes.

This species is fairly common off Port Erin, Isle of Man.
Specimens were obtained on August 19th, 21st, and 22nd.

Some of the specimens differ from Forbes' description in
having the tentacles much shorter and thicker, and the
tentacle-bulbs larger. Also, in one or two specimens, I could

* For the Hydroid forms of the Hydromedusae, see Report on the
Hydro ida, p. 95.

t Holiday Excursions of a Naturalist, p. 82. 1867.

116 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

only make out one colourless tubercle between the tentacles,
whereas Forbes describes two. This species is new to the
locality.

Thaumantias convexa, Forbes.

Found by Mr. I. C. Thompson, off Penmaenmawr, in
July, 1885. This species is new to the locality.

Thaumantias thompsoni, Forbes.

This species was obtained in fairly large numbers, on four
different occasions, off Port Erin, Isle of Man, viz., on
August 1st, 19th, 21st, and 22nd.

The specimens are generally small and contracted, the
breadth of the umbrella varying, after preservation in picric
acid and alcohol, from about tV inch to ^ inch ; while Forbes
describes it as being, when living, and full-grown, about
J inch across the umbrella. This species is new to the
locality.

Thaumantias hemisphcerica, Miiller.
This species was obtained in great profusion on August
21st, from the sheltered harbour of Port Erin, Isle of Man,
inside the Breakwater. I may here remark that the surface
material of August 21st was the most fruitful in Medusoid
G-onophores, four species in all being obtained ; thus bearing
out Forbes' statement, that '* they (Medusoid Gonophores),
abound most in sheltered bays." This species was also
obtained on the following day, August 22nd, but in much
smaller numbers. The specimens varied very much in size,
and the adult formula of Forbes for the tentacles (7x4 + 4)
was by no means constant. This species is new to the
locality.

Thaumantias lucida, Forbes.

Medusa hemisphcBrica, var. lucida, Macartney, Phil. Trans.
(1810).

Two small specimens only of this species occurred on

THE MEDUSiE AND CTENOPHORA. 117

August 1st, oflf Port Erin, Isle of Man. This species is new
to the locality.

Thaumantias punctata, Forbes.

"Rare in the Mersey" (ByerJey). This species was
obtained off the Isle of Man, in June, 1839, by Professor
Forbes {British Naked- Eyed Medusa, p. 53).

Family. — Leptoscyphid^.
Lizzia octopunctata, Sars.
" Taken by Mr. Price, in the River Mersey." (Byerley).

Order.— ACALEPHA.

Sub-order.— DISCOPHORA.

Family. — AuRELiDiE.

Aarelia aurita, Linn.

" Mr. Price, who has paid great attention to this beautiful
tribe of animals, finds this species most abundantly about the
month of May every year" (Byerle\). It was obtained by
members of the L. M. B. C, during last summer, stranded on
the shore at New Brighton.

Family. — Pelagid^ .
Chrysaora hyoscella, Esch.
" Rare. Seen mostly during the months of July and
August " (Byerley). This species has not yet been obtained
by the L. M. B. C. ; but Mr. Walker informs me that it is
frequently very common all along the coast.

Family. — Cyaneid^.
Cyancea capillata, Esch.

" A very common species. Appears on our shores from
July to October. Mr. Price has observed a yellow Medusa,
very like this species, during the May month " (Byerley).

118 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

This species has been obtained by the L. M. B. C, stranded
on the shore at New Brighton.

Family. — Rhizostomid^.

Rhizostoma pidmo, Linn.
" This large species may be considered rare in the district.
Mr. Price informs me that he has commonly observed about
three or four in a year. Mostly seen in the month of Sep-
tember, and later in the year " (Byerley). This species has
not been found during the last year ; but Mr. Walker states
that it is sometimes very common, and that he has often
seen many hundreds in a day.

[None of the Siphonophora belong properly to the Liver-
pool Bay Fauna, but Mr. T. J. Moore informs me that"
numerous specimens of Physalia pelagica were found cast
ashore at Southport, after strong westerly gales, at the end
of Feb., 1860, and several examples were obtained for the
Liverpool Museum.]

CTENOPHORA.
Order.— SACGATA.
Family. — Cydippid^ .

Pleurobrachia pileus, Flem.

This species appeared in great profusion in the neighbour-
hood of Hilbre Island, towards the end of May, 1885. A few
specimens were also obtained by Professor Herdman off
the south coast of the Isle of Man, during the month of
August, in the same year.

Byerley records it as being " found mostly early in April,
but also, more sparingly, at other times." Mr. Price *
records it as being very plentiful at Woodside Slip, in 1834.

* Old Price's Remains, Liverpool.

THE MEDUSiE AND CTENOPHORA. 119

Pleurobra cliia pomiforviis .
*' Very rare" (Byerley). Has not yet been obtained by
the L. M. B. C.

Order.— EUEYSTOMATA.
Family. — Beroid^.

Beroe ovatus, Lam.
" Irregular in the time of its appearance, but sometimes
as early as Cydippe pileus'' (Byerley). Has not yet been
obtained by the L. M. B. C.

Order.— LOBATA.

Family. — Mnemiid^ .

Bolina hihernica.
This species (= Alcinoe vermiformis, Cuvier) has been
found twice by Mr. Price at Birkenhead.

f 120

REPORT on the ALCYONARIA of the L. M. B. C.

DISTRICT.

By Professor Herdman, D.Sc.

Only two species belonging to the Alcyonaria — the common
Alcyonium digitatum and the rare Sarcodictyon catenata —
can be recorded here. None of the British Pennatulida,
although they all occur on the West Coast of Scotland,
have yet been found in this neighbourhood.

ALCYONARIA,
ALCYONIDA.

Family I. — CoRNULARiDiE.

Sarcodictyon catenata, Forbes (PI. II, figs. 1 and 2).

Several colonies of this rare species were dredged in
August, 1885, between Port St. Mary and Spanish Head,
Isle of Man, from a depth of twenty fathoms ; bottom,
Nullipores. They all belong to the red variety, and one
of them shows that widening of the stolon in places to
form expansions upon which the polypes are grouped in
twos and threes, which Forbes supposed to be characteristic
of his Sarcodictyon agglomeratum.* The colonies vary in
size from three to nearly thirty polypes. They agree in all
respects with the Scotch specimens described in my paper
on, Sarcodictyon referred to below.

In specimens of Sarcodictyon catenata, dredged from
Loch Fyne, I had never succeeded in inducing the polypes
to expand in captivity, but in the case of a large colony
obtained in Lamlash Bay, in the autumn of 1884, and again

* See Forbes, Trans. Roy. Soc, Edin., vol. xx, p. 307, 1853; and
Herdman, Proc. R. Phys. Soc, Edin., vol. viii, p. 31, 1883.

REPORT ON THE ALCYONARIA. 121

in the colonies dredged off the Manx coast, after being
kept in an aquarium for a few days, the polypes expanded
fully, and then presented the appearance shewn in PI. II,
figs. 1 and 2. Figure 1 represents the colony, about natural
size, and figure 2 one of the polypes enlarged. These shew
that the polype may expand to over three times its normal
height, the clear upper part of the body being about twice the
length of the opaque lower part. This expanded upper part
of the body is of a translucent white colour. The tentacles
are exceedingly slender and graceful, and may be extended to
a great length ; they are usually as long as the entire body
of the polype. They are very delicate, and have an entirely
different shape from that which they present when dead and
preserved in alcohol.* The stomodseum is usually dis-
tinctly visible in the expanded polype (see PI. II, fig. 2)
as a less translucent white band running from the mouth
downwards to the opaque red lower part of the body.

The colonies which expanded in captivity were very
sluggish in their movements, and slow in responding to
stimulation. The specimens were dredged and placed in the
small aquarium on August 7th, and it was not until August
12th that the first polype of the first colony elongated its
body and expanded its tentacles. On the following day
(Aug. 13th), the whole colony of fifteen polypes was in a
completely expanded condition (see PI. II, fig. 1). But when
once expanded the polypes remained so, with very slight
movement of any kind, and it was not very easy to induce
them to retract the tentacles — agitation of the water sur-
rounding them, and even shaking of the stone to which they
were attached, seemed to have no efi'ect whatever. When the
tentacles were pricked with the point of a needle they slowly
retracted, and if the irritation was continued the upper part
of the body wall was slowly and gradually drawn inwards

* Herdman, loc. cit., see pi. i, figs. 8, 9, 10.

122 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

until the polype was completely retracted. But the neigh-
bouring polypes of the same colony were not affected in the
least degree ; they remained in a fully expanded condition.
On the following day (Aug. 14th), the polypes were all
retracted, and they remained in that condition until August
18th, when a few of them again became elongated and showed
their tentacles. On the next day again, most of the colony
was fully expanded for a short time, and then all the polypes
retracted until August 21st, when a few of them again
expanded for the last time. On this day, the second colony
in the aquarium expanded for the first time, exactly a fort-
night after it was dredged. Some of the polypes of this
second colony expanded again on August 23rd, and a few
days later, both colonies were placed in alcohol.

Family II.— Alcyonid^.

Alcyonium digitatum^ Linn.
This species is fairly abundant at Hilbre Island at low
water mark, attached to the rocks. Byerley records it also
from New Brighton and shore-pools at Egremont, where,
however, the specimens were much smaller. There are
probably none at all in these latter localities now. Both the
common varieties, the deep orange and the pure white, are
found at Hilbre. As in the case of Sarcodictyon catenata,
the difference in colour is entirely due to the spicules.

This species was also dredged between Port St. Mary and
the Calf, Isle of Man, from a depth of fifteen fathoms, during
August ; and it was obtained on the " Spindrift " Expedition,
off Point of Ayr ; and in Hilbre Swash, on several occasions,
from depths of nine to eleven fathoms. During the cruise of
the " Hyaena," it was dredged to the north of Puffin Island,
from a depth of fourteen fathoms.

123

REPORT on the ACTINIARIA of the L.M.B.C.

DISTRICT.

By John W. Ellis, L.R.C.P., F.E.S.

The classification and nomenclature of species ^iven by
Dr. Andres ^^ in his recent monograph on the Actiniae of the
Bay of Naples have been followed in this Report, but the old
and well-known names used by Gosse f and other writers
on British Anemones have been inserted, when required, as
synonj^ms.

ACTINIARIA.

Family. — Actinid^ .
Sub-family. — Halcampin^.

Halcampa chri/santhellum, Peach (?).

A single specimen of a species, which from the presence
of twelve tentacles only would seem to be correctly placed
in this genus, was dredged from a depth of ten to twenty
fathoms off the S.E. coast of the Isle ot Man, by Professor
Herdman, in August, 1885, but from its contracted state and
loss of colour, the specimen is not capable of being identified.
Very probably it is Halcampa chrysanthelkim, which accord-
ing to Professor Haddon, is a very variable species, and is
found on the Irish coast, near Dublin.

Sub - family . — S ag artin^ .

Actinoloba dianthtis, Ellis (1767).

This species, the Plumose anemone, is probably one of
the most common anemones in the immediate vicinity of
Liverpool.

• Fauna und Flora des Gnlfes von Neapel. IX Monographia. Die
Actinien. Leipzig, 1884.

t Actinologia Britannica, London, 186C.

124 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

It is recorded by Byerley as being found at " Hilbre
Island at low ebbs ; some specimens pure white, and others
of a deep buff colour. The white variety is plentiful on the
Dingle shore."

Mr. Wood, the attendant in the aquarium at the Derby
Museum, Liverpool, informs me that the species still occurs
on the pontoons of the Liverpool landing-stage, the locality
recorded by Gosse in Actinologia Britannica. Fine speci-
mens are frequently procured by him for the tanks at the
museum at extreme low water-mark on the Leasowe shore,
opposite the embankment, on a gravelly and stony bottom,
the handsome semi-translucent white specimens (var. sidonea,
Gosse) being the most plentiful. In one of the tanks at the
museum there are now (December, 1885) two beautiful speci-
mens, found by him in this locality, with the column of a
rich purple-brown and the tentacles pure white; evidently
a form of the variety hrimnea, Gosse.

A few large specimens, all of the white variety, have been
dredged during the expeditions of the Marine Biology Com-
mittee ; and in one of the shore excursions to Hilbre Island,
a large number of the flesh-coloured variety {ruhida, Gosse),
all, however, very young, were found studding an overhanging
detached piece of rock at the extreme north end of the island.
Professor Herdman found small specimens of this form at
the south end of the Isle of Man in August last. Mr. Gosse
(A ctinologia Britannica) records this species from Morecambe
Bay, his authority being Mr. F. H. West. Mr. A. 0. Walker
has taken the variety sidonea in Colwyn Bay ; . and Mr.
J. Chard has taken the species at Moelfra Bay, Anglesea.

Heliactis bellis, Ellis and Solander (1786).
Sagartia bellis, Gosse and other authors.

Recorded from Puffin Island and from the Isle of Man, by
Gosse, in Actinologia Britannica. We have no record of its
occurrence in the immediate vicinity of Liverpool.

REPORT ON THE ACTINIARIA. 125

Heliactis miniata, Gosse (1853).
Saga/rtia miniata, Gosse and others.

The Menai Straits and Hilbre Island are given by Gosse
as localities for this species, but no specimens have been
found there by members of the Committee.

Heliactis venusta, Gosse (1854).
Sagartia venusta, Gosse.

This species was obtained in the vicinity of the Calf of
Man, by Professor Herdman, in August last. It is also
recorded from Puffin Island by Gosse. on the authority of
Mr. E. L. Williams.

Cylista viduata, Miiller (1776).
Sagartia viduata, Gosse.

This is a species which is recorded by Gosse as abundant,
in the Menai Straits, and also as occurring at Puffin Island,
and at the mouth of the Kiver Dee, but which, so far as can
be ascertained, has not been procured during the expeditions
of the Marine Biology Committee. It was found at Beaumaris
on August 13th, 1881, by Mr. A. 0. Walker.

Cylista undata, Miiller (1788).

Sagartia troglodytes, Johnston (1847).

Kecorded by Gosse as occurring in the Menai Straits
and the estuary of the Mersey, and at Birkenhead, Hilbre
Island, Morecambe Bay, and the Isle of Man. Recorded by
Byerley as having been found upon the Leasowe Shore and
near Egremont Slip. Mr. Byerley {Fauna, p. 106), gives an
account of the habits of this species in captivity.

This species was found very abundantly during one of the
shore expeditions of the Marine Biology Committee to Hilbre
Island, but out of a very large number of individuals collected
and observed, very few differed from the type form as described
by Gosse (var. scolopacina) . Several specimens were noticed

126 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

with orange tentacles surrounding a dull blue disc, but
these were so injured by the attempt to detach them that
they died without expanding, and whether these belonged to
the variety nohilis, Gosse, first brought under his notice by
the Honourable Lady Gust, will remain for future observa-
tions to verify. This variety was found by Mr. Walker at
Llandrillo, in 1879.

Among the specimens brought home by myself on this
occasion (July 11th, 1885), was one which I was quite
unable, after repeated endeavours, to identify with any of the
varieties of this most protean species described by Gosse.
This form is so very distinct that I have ventured to append
a description and a figure of it, and since it possesses a disc
of the purest white, I propose the name of var. Candida
for it. The following is a description taken from the
specimen during life.

Cylista uiidata, Miill., var. candid>a, nov. (see PI. II, figs.
3 and 4).

Column. — Capable of great elongation, pale drab, with
darker longitudinal lines at the base, disappearing at about
half the height.

Disc. — Pure opaque white, the radii not indicated ; the
extreme margin of the disc is translucent deep purple.

Mouth. — Concolorous with the disc, slightly elevated on
a cone.

Tentacles. — Not very numerous, in about five rows, the
inner ones being longest. All are pellucid grey, tipped with
opaque white ; the inner row, six in number, have a dark
purple longitudinal stripe on the face and back; the
remainder have similar stripes of scarlet, the whole of the
base of the tentacle being sufi*used with the same colour as
the stripe. Near the foot of the inner tentacles only, is a
faintly indicated dark cloud representing the B mark of the
typical form of this species.

REPORT ON THE ACTINIARIA.

127

Habitat. — Hilbre Island, at the extreme north extremity,
near low-water mark.

The varieties of Cylista undata recorded by Mr. P. H.
Gosse as inhabitants of our district, principally on the
authority of Mr. F. H. West, are as follows : —

Var.

hypoxantha . . .

Morecambe Bay.

badifrons

do.

alhicornu

do.

nigrifrons

do.

fidvicornis

do.

pallidicornis ...

do.

melanoleuca . . .

do.

aiiricoma

do.

luna ...

do.

nox

do.

eclipsis

do.

nycthamera . . .

do.

nohilis . .

Cheshire coast.

Adamsia palUata, Bohadsch (1761).

Recorded from the Isle of Man, by Gosse.

Several specimens were dredged off Spanish Head,
between Port St. Mary and the Calf, Isle of Man, from a
depth of twenty fathoms, by Professor Herdman, these being,
as usual with this species, attached to shells inhabited by the
hermit-crab, Pagurus prideauxii.

Sagartia sphyrodeta, Gosse (1858).
Recorded (Gosse's Actinologia Britannicd) from Hilbre
Island, on the authority of Mr. E. L. Williams.

Sub -family. — Actinin^ .

Actinia equina^ Linne (1766 to 1768).

Actinia mesembryayithemum, EUis and Solander (1780).

This species, in most localities the commonest anemone,

128 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

is not at all common in the district investigated by the
Marine Biology Committee. It has only been taken by mem-
bers of the Committee on the Manx coast. The fact of its
absence from the Mersey district is thus noted by Gosse * : —

"It is a curious fact, for which I am indebted to Mr.
E. M. Williams, Jun., that * the Mersey estuary is the only
place on the coasts where he has not found this species,'
which he attributes to the foulness of the water. This
absence would be less remarkable were it not that Tealia
crassicornis is abundant there ; but Actinia is clean and
Tealia is dirty in its habits. In the neighbouring estuary
of the Dee the former is common as usual."

Byerley, in his Faunae remarks : — " Mr. Price states
that he met once with this species upon our shore. I have a
specimen now (1855) alive, which I took at Hilbre ; rare on
this coast until this year, when several have been taken."
It has not been found at Hilbre Island on any of the expedi-
tions of the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee during
1885. The species is common at the south end of the Isle
of Man, and also at Colwyn Bay.

Anemonia sulcata, Pennant (1766).

Anthea cereus, Auct.

This species has been obtained by one of the members of
the Committee, at Douglas, Isle of Man, the only locality in
our district recorded for this species by Gosse, but the con-
tracted and bleached state of the specimens prevents any
differentiation of varieties. It was also obtained in rock
pools on the shore at Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Sub-family. — Bunodinje.
Tealia crassicornis, Miill. (1776).

This is probably the species referred to as Actinia
coriacea by Byerley. It is abundant throughout the dis-

* Actinologia Britannica.

REPORT ON THE ACTINIARIA. 129

trict, but it has nearly disappeared from one locality where
it used to be common, viz., below the New Brighton light-
house. Most of the specimens seem to belong to the
ordinary type form, but Professor Herdman noticed speci-
mens at the Isle of Man which answer to the descriptions of
the varieties insignis and purpurea of Gosse, while one of
the latter form is now in one of the tanks at the Liverpool
Museum.

Mr. Price recorded the species from New Brighton thirty
years ago. It was then very abundant.

Bunodes genwiaceus, Ellis and Solander (1786).

Recorded by Gosse, from Douglas, Isle of Man.

Professor Herdman obtained a number of specimens of
this species at Port Erin. The medium-sized specimens
shew best the characteristic variation in the size and colour
of the warts.

Family. — Stichodact ylid^e .
Sub -family. — CoRYNAcxiNiE,

Corynactis viridis, Allman (1846).
This species, which is recorded from the Irish coast by
Gosse, was obtained by Professor Herdman, by dredging in
deep water off Spanish Head, at the south extremity of the
Isle of Man, in August last. From descriptions given to
me of the appearance of the specimens during life, I believe
these to be of the variety rhodoprasina, Gosse.

Capnea sanguinca^ Forbes (1841).
Obtained by Professor Forbes, '' in deep water off the
Isle of Man, on Nullipore beds." Since, with the exception
of Falmouth, this is the only locality recorded for this beau-
tiful species, it is very desirable that it should be specially
looked for in any future dredgings off the Manx coast.

I

130 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Family. — Zoanthid^.
Sub-family. — ZoANTHiNiE .
Polythoa arenacea, Delle Chiaje (1886).

Zoanthus coucJiii, Johnston (1838).
Several examples of this species, which is not recorded
by Gosse from any locality nearer to us than the Irish coast,
were obtained by Professor Herdman, along with Corynactis
viridis, off Spanish Head, at the south end of the Isle of
Man, from a depth of twenty fathoms. This is therefore a
new locality for both these species. The specimens are
adherent to fragments of a Nullipore.

Family. — Cerianthid^ .
Sub-family. — Cerianthin^e .

Ceriauthus lloydii, Gosse (1859).

So named by Mr. Gosse from its discoverer, Mr. Alfred
Lloyd, who found it in the Menai Straits, in July, 1856.
This species also deserves to be specially looked for in future
expeditions.

Of the twenty species of Actiniaria recorded by Gosse as
inhabiting the Irish Sea (for one of which, however, Sagartia
nivea, he gives no Irish Sea locality), seventeen are known
to inhabit the Liverpool Bay district, and of these eleven
have been collected by members of the Committee.

Only four distinct species {Actinia equina, Cylista
undata, Tealia crassicofiiis, and Actinoloha dianthus) are
recorded in Byerley's list. They were all obtained in the
immediate neighbourhood of Liverpool.

131

REPORT upon the CRINOIDEA, ASTEROIDEA,
ECHINOIDEA, and HOLOTHUROIDEA of the
L. M. B. C. DISTRICT.

By W. a. Herdman, D.Sc,

PBOFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE. LIVERPOOL.

This Report deals with all the groups of the Echinodermata
with the exception of the Ophiuroidea, which are discussed
in a separate paper by Mr. H. C. Chad wick (see p. 140). Most
of the species were obtained off the southern end of the Isle
of Man, where there is a rich and varied Echinoderm fauna.
In the immediate neighbourhood of Liverpool comparatively
few species were obtained, although some of them exist in
great profusion (e.g., Asterias ritbens at Hilbre Island). The
numbers of species to be recorded in the different Echino-
derm groups are as follows : — Crinoidea, 1 ; Asteroidea, 11 ;
Echinoidea, 6 ; Holothuroidea, 5. Mr. Chadwick (p. 140)
discusses six species of Ophiuroidea, making in all twenty-
nine Echinodermata.

For previous records of occurrence I have made use of
Mr. Byerley's Fauna, Forbes' British Star Fishes, The
British Association Report upon Marine Zoology, and a
List compiled by the Isle of Man Natural History Society, in
1884. I have to thank my friend. Professor Jeffrey Bell, for
assistance in regard to the nomenclature and synonymy of
some of the species.

CRINOIDEA.
Family. — Comatulid^.
Antedon rosaceus, Link.

Comatula rosacea, Link. Forbes, British Star Fishes, p. 5.
This species occurs in. deep water around the shores of

132 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

the Isle of Man. It has been dredged by Mr. R. Garner off
Douglas Bay, and near Port Erin and The Calf. It is also
recorded by Forbes (Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1850), as having
been taken off the Isle of Man in twenty-five fathoms.

It occurred in abundance in depths of from ten to twenty
fathoms off Port Erin, Port St. Mary, and Spanish Head, at
the southern end of the Isle of Man, last summer. The
specimens were of fair size, and shewed the usual variations
in colour ; yellow, tawny, orange, and crimson individuals
being obtained.

Some of the specimens of Antedon were infested with
the interesting little ectoparasite, Myzostoma.

The Pentacrinoid larvae of Antedon were obtained during
the last week of July and first fortnight of August, attached
to seaweeds, from a depth of ten to twenty fathoms, off Port
Erin, Isle of Man.

ASTEROIDEA.

Family. — Asteriad^.

Asterias rubenSf Linn.
This species, the Uraster ruhens of Forbes' British Star
Fishes, and of Byerley's Fauna, is exceedingly abundant on
the rocks at the north end of Hilbre Island, between tide
marks. In some places the star fishes are so closely placed
as to almost entirely cover the rocks for some yards. They
seem to have been increasing in numbers at Hilbre Island of
late years, and possibly they may be driving away or extermi-
nating some of the other animals of the littoral zone.

The common star fish is also found in this neighbour-
hood by dredging. It was obtained in abundance, and of
large size, in Hilbre Swash, during the "Merry Andrew" and
** Spindrift " expeditions, and was dredged, during the cruise
of the " Hyaena," off the Great Ormes Head, depth seven to
eight fathoms, on May 23rd, 1885.

REPORT UPON THE ECHINODERMATA. 133

It is plentiful around the south coast of the Isle of Man,
and also in the neighbourhood of Penniaenmawr, and at
Fleetwood.

Asterias glacialis, Linn.
This large species, the Ur aster- glacialis of Forbes and
other authors, has been taken in deep water off the Manx
coast (Wallace, recorded by Forbes), and has also been found
at Port Erin and the Calf of Man, by Mr. Garner.* It has
apparently not been found nearer Liverpool. The species is
not uncommon further up the west coast. I have dredged it
in Lamiash Bay,t Arran, and at the entrance to Loch Fyne,
and in the Sound of Mull.

Asterias hispida, Pennant.

Uraster hispida, Penn. Forbes, British Star Fishes, p. 95.

I have referred to this species a small star fish with
short and rather rounded rays, which was obtained during the
cruise of the " Hyaena," on May 24th, 1885, in the entrance
to the Menai Straits, near Bangor. The specimen measures
2*5 cm. in diameter, and seems to agree with the description
and figure given by Forbes.

This species was originally found by Pennant in Angle-
sea, and Dr. Coldstream came upon it on the limestone rocks,
near Castletown, Isle of Man.

Family. — SoLASTERiDiE.
Cribrella sanguinolenta, Sars.

Crihella oculata, Penn. Forbes, British Star Fishes, p. 100.

Several specimens of this species were dredged off Port
Erin, and between Port St. Mary and The Calf, Isle of Man,
during August, 1885. It has not been recorded from the

• The Holiday Excursions of a Naturalist, by R. Garner, 1867.
t ♦* Notes on the ^'auna of Lamiash Bay." Proc. Roy. Phys. Society y
Edin., vol. v, p. 193, 1880.

134 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

immediate neighbourhood of Liverpool, and does not occur
in the list of Echinodermata drawn up by the Isle of Man
Natural History and Antiquarian Society* in 1884. It was
found, however, by Pennant, on the shores of Anglesea ; and
Forbes, in his British Association Rej)ort,\ records having
dredged the species both off the Isle of Man and off the
North Wales coast, from depths of twenty to twenty-five
fathoms. Mr. A. 0. Walker informs me that he has found
it on the shore at Colwyn Bay.

The Manx specimens which we have found are rather
small, and have the rays relatively narrower, and the upper
surface less spinose, than is usual in the species.

Solaster endeca^ Linn.
Forbes {Brit. Star Fishes, p. Ill) records this species as
being not rare in deep water off the Isle of Man. We have
not found it.

Solaster papposa, Linn.

This common species, the sun-star, is recorded by Byer-
ley as being not uncommon at Hilbre Island, Caldy Blacks,
New Brighton, &c. Forbes dredged it in deep water around
the Isle of Man, and also off the North Wales coast.

This species was obtained frequently, during last August,

off the southern end of the Isle of Man. It was also

obtained during the cruise of the '' Hyaena," off the Great

Ormes Head, depth seven to eight fathoms, on May 23rd ;

and north of Puffin Island, depth eleven to thirteen fathoms,

on May 24th. It has been found on shingle at low water at

Blackpool.

Family. — Asterinid^.

Asterina gibbosa, Pennant.
This small species was obtained in abundance during

* For a copy of this paper I am indebted to the President of the Society,
Mr. P. M. C. Kermode, of Ramsey.

+ " Report on British Marine Zoology," Part I, British Association
Report, 1850, p. 211.

REPORT UPON THE ECHINODERMATA. 135

July and August, 1885, at various points on the eastern,
southern, and western shores of the Isle of Man. It was
found at Bay-ny-Carrickey, near Poyllvaaish, Port 8t. Mary,
Port Erin, Fleshwick Bay, etc., always in tidal pools, and
usually attached to Corallina officinalis.

Prof. Forbes and Dr. Coldstreana found the species in
tidal pools at Castletown, Isle of Man, and Mr. R. Garner
obtained it from pools amongst the rocks, north-west of the
Stack.

The specimens which I have collected vary in extreme
diameter from 2'5 mm. to 2*8 cm. They were, when living,
nearly all of a dull greenish colour, although a few yellowish
and reddish specimens also occurred. The specimens from
Port St. Mary and the neighbourhood were much larger than
those from Port Erin.

Palrnipes membranaceuSy Retz.
"This species is by no means uncommon in deep water
off the coast of the Isle of Man, where I have dredged many
specimens." (Forbes, Brit. Star Fishes.)

Porania pulvillus^ Gray.

Ooniaster tempUtoni, Forbes, Wern. Mem., and Brit. Star Fishes,
p. 12 J.

Recorded by Forbes from deep water, off the Isle of Man ;
and by Garner from near The Calf.

Family. — Astropectinid^.

Astropecten irregularis, Penn.

Asterias aurantiaca, Linn. Forbes, Brit. Star Fishes, p. 130.
This species is recorded by Forbes from the Manx coast,
and from the coast of North Wales. It is often found cast
ashore by storms at Penmaenmawr (Darbishire) ; and has
been found at Formby Point (G. H. Morton).

A very fine specimen, with the Annelid Mabngrenia

136 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

castanea stretched along one of the ambulacral grooves, was
dredged during the cruise of the ** Hyaena," from a depth of
fourteen fathoms, at about six miles north of the Great
Ormes Head.

Luidea savignii, Audouin.

Luidea fragillissima, Forbes, Brit. Star Fishes, p. 135.

Prof. Forbes states that he has taken this species several
times on the Manx coast — always with seven rays.

ECHINOIDEA.

Order I.-DESMOSTICHA.
Family. — Echinid^.

Echinus esculentus, Linn.

This common species, the Echinus sphcera of Forbes'
British Star Fishes, and other works, is common off the
south end of the Isle of Man. It was taken frequently last
summer in the neighbourhood of Port Erin, and some
very large specimens occurred. In one case the Annelid
Hermadion assimile was found coiled around the edge of
the peristome of the Echinus.

One or two specimens have been found, cast ashore near
Liverpool, by Mr. Marrat (Byerley) ; and it was obtained at
low tide at Hilbre Island, on June 13th, 1885.

Forbes {Brit. Assoc. Rep.) records this species from the
Isle of Man, but not from the shores of North Wales. It was
obtained during the cruise of the " Hyaena," between Puffin
Island and Anglesea, on May 25th, 1885, and was taken by
Mr. Thompson in the neighbourhood of Penmaenmawr.

Echinus miliariSf 0. F. Miiller.
This species is recorded by Mr. Byerley as having been
taken sparingly in the dredge at the entrance of the Dee ; and
by Prof. Forbes from the Isle of Man, and from the coast of
North Wales.

REPORT UPON THE ECHINODERMATA. 137

It was obtained during the cruise of the " Hyaena " near
Puffin Island, on May 24th ; and was taken frequently in the
neighbourhood of Port Erin and Port St. Mary, at the south
end of the Isle of Man, last summer. The largest specimens
measure from 1 cm, to 1*5 cm. in diameter (exclusive of
spines). It was also obtained in the neighbourhood of
Penmaenmawr in July.

Order H.— CLYPEASTRIDA.
Family. — Euclypeastrid^.

Echinocyamus pusillus, Gray.

This little species is not uncommon in this locality.
Byerley records having taken several specimens by dredging ;
and Forbes {Brit. Assoc. Rep.) has found it both at the
Isle of Man and also on the North Wales coast. It was
obtained by the Marine Biology Committee, at the follow-
ing places in the district during last year's investigations : —
(1.) During the cruise of the " Hyaena," on May 23rd, off
the Great Ormes Head, depth seven to eight fathoms. (2.)
Off the south end of the Isle of Man, near Port Erin, ten to
twenty fathoms, and off Spanish Head, fifteen fathoms,
bottom Nullipores. (3.) At Hilbre Island, at low tide, on
June 13th, 1885.

Some dead tests of this species were found worked into
the sandy investments of Molgula occulta, dredged off Port
Erin, Isle of Man.

Order III.— PETALOSTICHA.

Family — Spatangid^.

Spatangus purpureus, Miiller.
Forbes {Brit. Star Fishes, p. 182) records this species as
being abundant on the scallop-banks, off the Isle of Man. He
has also found it off the coast of North Wales, at a depth of

138 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

twelve fathoms. It is found living of large size at low water
in muddy gravel near Beaumaris (Darbishire).

One rather small specimen was dredged in August, off
Port Erin, Isle of Man, from a depth of fifteen fathoms.

Echinocardiuin cordatum, Pennant.

Amjihidotus cordatus, Penn. Forbes, Brit. Star Fishes^ p. 190.

This species is common in the locality. Byerley records

having dredged living specimens, and found dead shells

cast ashore. It is very abundant at low water from Pen-

maenmawr to Southport.

It has been found by the Marine Biology Committee at
various points on the coast.

Echinocardium Jiavescem, 0. F. Miiller.

Amphidotus roseus, Forbes, Brit. Star Fishes, p. 194.
This species was found by Forbes, in deep water, on the
Manx coast, and also on the North Wales coast.

It was dredged last August off Port Erin, Isle of Man,
from a depth of fifteen to twenty fathoms ; and a number of
small specimens, about 7 mm. in greatest length, probably
belonging to this species, were dredged off Bradda Head,
near Port Erin, from a depth of fifteen fathoms.

HOLOTHUROIDEA.

Order.— PEDATA.
Family. — Dendrochirot^.
Thyone papillosa, Miiller.

Forbes dredged this species on the scallop-banks, off the
Isle of Man, in 1838, and a single specimen was obtained in
August, 1885, from a depth of fifteen fathoms, off Port Erin,
Isle of Man.

Thyonidium drummondii, Thompson.
Oucumaria drurnmondii, Thompson.
Guaumaria communis, Forbes and Goodsir.
Thyone portlockii, Forbes.

REPORT UPON THE ECHINODERMATA. 139

Byerley states that a single specimen of Cihcumaria
communis was obtained by a fisherman at Hoylake. Pro-
bably it was the present species.

A large Holothurian which was found cast ashore alive on
the north end of Hilbre Island by the Committee agrees
closely with Forbes' description and figure of Thyone
portlockii, which is identical with Thyonidium drmmnondii.
It has also been found on the beach at Penmaenmawr.

Ocnus brunneuSf Forbes.
= Ocnus lacteusy Forbes and Goodsir (?)
Forbes records this species from the Isle of Man, and a
small specimen was dredged in August, 1885, from a depth
of fifteen fathoms, off Spanish Head, Isle of Man.

Cucumaria pentactes, Miiller.
This species is recorded by Forbes (Brit. Assoc. Rep.)
from the Isle of Man, twenty fathoms.

A single specimen was obtained during the cruise of the
"Hyaena," on May 24th, 1885, near Pu£&n Island, from a
depth of fourteen fathoms.

Cuciimaria hyjidmanni, Thompson.
A single specimen of this species was dredged in
August, 1885, from a depth of twenty fathoms, off Port
Erin, Isle of Man,

140

REPORT on the OPHIUROIDEA of the L. M. B. C.

DISTRICT.
By Herbert C. Chadwick.

The specimens of Ophiuridas, or Brittle Stars, collected in
the dredging expeditions of the Liverpool Marine Biology
Committee, during the summer of the year 1885, and placed
in my hands for examination, include examples of six well-
known species, referable to five genera. None of the
specimens present features of special interest.

OPHIUROIDEA.

Family. — Ophiurid^ .

Ophioglypha ciliata, Retzius (sp).

Asterias ciliata, Retzius, Diss, sisUns species cognitas Astejria-

rum, p. 29, 1805.
Ophioglypha ciliata, Ljungman, Dr. Goes, Oph. Of. Kong.

Akad., p. 651, 1871.
Ophiura texturata, [pars], Lamarck, Hist. Anim. sans Vert.,

p. 542 ; Forbes, Wern. Mem., vol. viii, p. 125, pi. 4, figs. 3, 4 ;

British Star Fishes, p. 22.
Ophioglypha lacertosa. Lyman, III. Gat. Mus. Comp. Zool.,

No. I, p. 40 ; Ludwig, Echin. des Mittelmeeres, p. 546.

Specimens of this species were dredged from a muddy
bottom, at a depth of ten fathoms, in the Menai Straits, oflf
Bangor, during the cruise of the " Hyaena." Associated
with the next species it occurs in considerable numbers in
that locality. It was also found off Port Erin during
August. Mr. Byerley * records it as having been taken at

* Isaac Byerley " Fauna of Liverpool," Proc. Lit. and Phil. Soc. of
Liverpool, 1853-4, No. VIII, Appendix.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 141

Hilbre Island, and dredged at "various points around the coast.
It has been found at Formby Point by Mr. Morton.

Ophioglypha albida, Forbes (sp).

Ophiura albida, Forbes, Wern. Trans., vol. viii, p. 125, pi. 4,
figs. 5, 6 ; British Star Fishes, p. 27 ; Lutken, Addit. ad
Hist., part i, p. 39, pi, 1, figs. 2a, b

Ophioglypha albida, Lyman, III. Cat. Mus. Com]). ZooL, No. I,
p. 49, 1805 ; Ludwig, " Anatomie der Ophiuren," Zeits. filr
Wissen. Zoologie, vol. xxxi, p. 241 ; Echin. des Mittel-
meeres, p. 547.

This species, associated with the foregoing, occurs in
great numbers in the Menai Straits, where it was dredged
during the cruise of the " Hyaena," on May 24th. It was
also dredged in August, from a depth of twelve fathoms, ojBf
Port Erin, Isle of Man ; bottom gravel and stones ; and
from depths varying from ten to twenty fathoms, off
Spanish Head and Port St. Mary to The Calf, Isle of Man ;
bottom chiefly nuUipore and gravel. Also obtained off Pen-
maenmawr. Byerley {loc. cit.) records it as occurring in
deep water about the mouth of the Dee and north of Wirral.

Ophiopholis acideata, Ketzius (sp).

Asterias aculeata, Retzius, Asteria Gen., p. 240, 1783.
Ophiojjholis aculeata, Gray, Rad. Animals Brit. Mus., p. 25,

1848 ; Lutken, Addit. ad Hist., part i, p. 60, pi. 2, figs. 15, 10.
Ophiocoma bellis. Forbes, Wern. Mem., vol. viii, p. 126; British

Star Fishes, p. 63.
Ophiopholis bellis, Lyman, Ul. Cat. Mus. Camp. Zool., No. I,

p. 96, pi. 1, figs. 4-6.
Polypholis echinata (?), Duncan, Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. xv,

p. 73, pi. 3 (young).

Specimens of this species were dredged in August, off
Port Erin, Isle of Man ; depth twelve fathoms ; bottom
gravel and stones ; also off Port St. Mary, from a depth of
twenty fathoms.

142 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Forbes * records it as occurring commonly in deep
water off the Isle of Man.

Amphiura squamatciy Delle Chiaje (sp).

Asterias squamata, Delle Chiaje, Mem. sulla storia e anatomia

degli animali del regno di Napoli, pi. 34, fig. I, 1828.
Amphiura squamata, Sars, Oversigt af Norges Echinodermer,

p. 21, 1861.
OpMocoma neglecta, Forbes, British Star Fishes, p. 30.
Amphiura neglecta, Forbes, Trans. Linn Soc, vol. xix, p. 150.
Amphiura elegans, Norman, Biology " Valorous " Cruise, Proc.

Roy. Soc. Lond., vol. xxv, p. 215.
Amphipholis lineata, Ljungman, Dr. Goes, Oph. Of. Kong, Akad,

p. 634, 1871.

Specimens of this species were dredged during the cruise
of the ** Hyaena," in the Menai Straits, off Bangor, from a
depth of ten fathoms; bottom muddy. It was again taken in
August, from a depth of twelve fathoms, off Port Erin, Isle of
Man ; and from rock-pools at Fleshwick Bay, Port Erin, and
elsewhere in that neighbourhood, almost always on Corallina
officinalis.

Byerley (loc. cit.) records it at Hilbre Island, among sea-
weed and sponge. We have found it in great abundance
under stones at low water spring-tides at Llandudno and
Beaumaris ; and, more sparingly, in deep water in the Menai
Straits, from Puffin Island to Menai Bridge.

Ophiocoma nigray Abildgaard (sp).

Asterias nigra, Abildgaard in Miill., Zool- Dan., pi. 98, 1789.

Ophiocoma nigra, Miill. and Tr., Wieg. Archiv, p 328, 1840 ;
Ast., p. 100. Lyman, III. Cat. Mus. Gomp. Zool., No. 1,
p. 81 ; 8yst. Ludwig, Anatomie der Ophiuren, Zeits. fur
Wissen. Zoologie, vol. xxxi, p. 241.

Ophioeoma granulata, Forbes, British Star Fishes, p. 50.

Ophiocoma Nilsonii, Miill. and Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 100, 1842.

Specimens of this species were dredged in August, from

* Forbes A Hiatory of British Star Fishes.

REPORT ON THE OPHIUROIDEA. 143

depths varying from ten to twenty fathoms, off Spanish Head,
and from Port St. Mary to Calf, Isle of Man, bottom chiefly
Nullipore and gravel.

Ophiothrix pentaphyllum, Pennant (sp).

Asterias pentaphyllum, Pennant, Brit. Zool., vol. iv, pp. 54, 55,

1812.
Ophiothrix pentaphyllum, Ljungman, Dr. Goes, Oph. Of. Kong.

Akad., p. 622.; Lyman, Bull. Mus. Gomp. ZooL, vol. ill,

part X, p. 249.
Ophiocoma rosula, Forbes, British Star Fishes, p. 60.

From a depth of fourteen fathoms, in the Sound between
Puffin Island and Penmon, Anglesea, the dredge was brought
up several times during the cruise of the " Hyaena," com-
pletely filled with specimens of this species. It was also
obtained opposite Bangor, on May 24th. During August, it
was found to occur in great numbers off Spanish Head and
Port St. Mary, Isle of Man, at depths varying from ten to
twenty fathoms ; bottom chiefly Nullipore and gravel ; and at
low-water mark in Douglas Bay. It was also found at Pen-
maenmawr, in July. Byerley {loc, cit,) records it as occur-
ring plentifully at Hilbre Island. We have found it in large
numbers under stones and among the roots of Laminaria at
low water spring-tides at Beaumaris, and in deep water at
several points between that town and Puffin Island.

/«: 144

K.

REPORT on the VERMES of the L. M. B. C. DISTRICT.
By R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A., F R.S.E., F.R.M.S.

DEMONSTRATOR OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.

Introduction.

The Vermes collected by the Liverpool Marine Biology
Committee during the summer of 1885 form a fairly
representative series of types of all the main groups. The
Chaetopoda, are especially well represented, numbering no
less than thirty-seven out of the total number of forty-two
species collected. Some of these are particularly interesting,
not only as having been found here now for the first time,
but also as having been observed only very rarely around our
coast. Most of the Tubicolous Annelides are, however, com-
mon forms.

The classification I have adopted is that of Claus ; * in
the nomenclature of species I have followed Mcintosh in his
Monographs t on the various groups of British Vermes and
his " Challenger " Report, I desire specially to acknowledge
my indebtedness to Dr, Mcintosh, F.R.S., for the uniform
kindness with which he has answered many questions with
regard to the identification of species with which I had
difficulty.

Of the more important additions to our Fauna, as
recorded by Byerley, the following seem worthy of special
mention : — Carinella linearis among the Nemertea ; Lagisca
propinqua, Harmothoe haliceti, Malmgrenia castanea, Iphione
imiricata, Hermadion assimile, Sthenelais zetlandica, Spio-

* Traite de Zoologie, 1884.

+ " Monograph on British Nemerteans," Ray Soc, 1874. Trans. Zool.
Sfoc,, vol, 9. Trans. Roy Soc, Ed. 1868-69. "Keport on the Annelida,"
' Ghall. ' Exp. Repts.

REPORT ON THE VERMES. 145

chcetopterus typicus, Thelepus circinatus, Dasychone lucul-
lana, Filograna implexa, Protula protensa, among the
PolychsBta.

A few observations, more especially on the Polychseta of
the collection, form a distinct paper.

Class.— Platyelmia.
Order IV. — NEMERTEA.

Sub-order.— ANOPLA.

Family .^Malacobdellid^ .

Malacohdella grossa, 0. F. Miiller.
A fine specimen of Malacohdella grossa was obtained
parasitic in the shell of a live Cyprina islandica, which was
found on Lavan Sands, Llanfairfechan.

Family. — Lineid-e.

Carinella linearis, Montagu.
An example of this species was dredged off Port Erin,
Isle of Man. In colour, form, and anatomical features it
agreed entirely with Montagu's description, as also with
Mcintosh's notes in his Ray Society Monograph on the
Nemertea. The specimen was of a brick red colour, with
white bands, when living, but after preservation in alcohol
was of a yellowish white colour, the pale bands and annula-
tions being pure white. Only about 1^ in. of the worm
was preserved, and that fragment tended to break into
segments at the white annul ations.

Lineus mai-inus, Montagu.
A specimen of this species was obtained in Bay Fine,
Isle of Man, coiled around the dredge and its contents.
The bottom was composed of stones and loose seaweed. A
specimen was also found by Mr. R. D. Darbishire on the
beach, east of Beaumaris.

K

146 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

This is the Borlasia nigra of Byerley's list.

Borlasia octoculata, Johnston.
Lineus scmguineus, Rathke.
Eecorded by Byerley as having been found by Mr.
Weightman on oysters.

Class. — Nematelmia.
Order.— CH/ETOGNATHA.

Sagitta hipunctatay Quoy and Gaimard.
This form was found in abundance by tow-netting off
Port Erin. During July and August it seems to have
occurred in greatest quantity when the water was rather
rough and while a strong breeze was blowing. It does not
occur in Byerley's list.

Class.— Gephyrea.
Order.— CH/ETIFERA.

Thalassema sp. (?).
One specimen of a species apparently belonging to the
genus Thalassema was obtained at the entrance to the Menai
Straits on the " Hyaena " expedition. The body had a length
of 10 mm., while the sheath of the proboscis measured
25 mm. The sheath was grooved and, though swollen
at the end, not bifurcated. The body was smooth poste-
riorly, but bore two spines anteriorly, ventrally placed
and recurved. The alimentary canal was coiled, but the
anus was terminal. I have not been able to make out as
yet whether the species is one already described, and post-
pone further observations till I have investigated that point.

Class.— Annelida.

Sub-class.— Hirudinea.

Family.— Rhynchobdellid-s:.

Pontobdella muricata, Linnaeus.

REPORT ON THE VERMES. 147

Found by Mr. Darbishire on skates at Southport, and
also at Penmaenmawr.

Subclass— Chaetopoda.
Order.— OLIGOCH>€TA.
Family. — LuMBRiciDiE.
Lumbricus lineatus, Miiller.
Two small worms which I refer doubtfully to this species,
were found in mud, in a dredging obtained oflf Hilbre Id., in
company with Sahellaria alveolata. They were unmistakably
Oligochaeta of the genus Lumbricus, but I am doubtful as
to the species. Carrington * mentions L. lineatus as being
found in mud at Southport, though " very rare," so that the
probability is that the examples obtained by the L. M.B.C.
are not far off the form mentioned. Carrington also records
L. capitatuSy John., and L. pellucidus, Flem.

Order.— POLYCH/ETA.
Section A.— ERRANTIA

Family. — APHRODiTiDiE.
Hermione hystrix, Savigny.
Two specimens of this form were obtained, one on a
gravelly bottom at a depth of fifteen fathoms, half way
between Port Erin and the Calf, Isle of Man, and one on a
bottom composed of Nullipores, in twenty fathoms water, off
Spanish Head, near Port St. Mary, Isle of Man. It does not
occur in Byerley's list. It is noted as occurring at the
Channel Islands, on the S. English coast, in the Mediter-
ranean, and at St. Vincent. It is figured by Mcintosh in
his Report on the '* Challenger " Annelides (pi. viii, fig. 3).
Hermione hystrix, under the generic name of Aphrodite, is
mentioned by Forbes t as having been found at the Isle
of Man and S. Wales.

* " Polychaeta of the Southport Shore." Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil.,
1865.

British Assoc. Report, 1850.

148 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Aphrodite aculeata, Linnaeus.
Mentioned by Byerley as having been found " once at
Leasowe, and rarely on other parts of the shore ; " and by
Forbes (loc, cit.), as having been taken at the Isle of Man,
and also by Carrington on the Southport sands. A
specimen of A. aculeata was dredged by the L.M. B. C. in
the Channel between Puffin Island and Anglesea. It has
also been frequently brought for the Liverpool Museum
Aquaria by Liverpool fishermen ; and used to be found
occasionally at Egremont, and on the Bootle shore, by the
Museum Collector, Mr. Wood.

Family. — Polynoid^ .
Lagisca projnnquay Malmgren.

One specimen of this species was obtained in Hilbre
Swash, from a depth of four fathoms. The specimen was in
a rather mutilated condition, but the characteristic markings
on the spines, the scales, the dark spots at the bases of the
feet, and the absence of the tentacle proved its identity with
Malmgren's species, corresponding with Mcintosh's figures. *
The colouring of the head region did not agree with
Mcintosh's description, but the colour is not of much
specific value.

The species does not occur in Byerley' s list ; it is
mentioned, however, by Mcintosh as having been found at
St. Andrews and Shetland.

Harmothoe lunulata^ Delle Chiaje.

Polynoe maculosa, Carrington, Proc. Manch. Lit. Phil. Soc , 1865.
This species is described by Mcintosh {loc, cit.) and by
Carrington {loc. cit.), in detail.
Acholoe astericola, Delle Chiaje.

Polynoe asterince, Carrington, Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil , 1865.
This species is described both by Mcintosh and Carring-
* Trans. Zool. Soc, vol. ix, p. 376, pi. Ixvii, 12.

REPORT ON THE VERMES. 149

ton ; by the latter as being found commensal on Astroj^ecten
irregularis {Asterias aurantiaca of Forbes) from Southport.

Harmothoe haliceti, Mcintosh.
This species was first dredged in fifty-three fathoms in
the Minch by Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, and afterwards during the
" Knight Errant " Expedition in the Faroe Channel.
Mcintosh describes and figures the species in the Trans.
Zool. Soc. (loc. cit.), and the body and scales in the " Chal-
lenger " Keport (p. 96). Unfortunately the scales in the
specimen obtained by the L. M. B. C. were absent; the
spines, position of the eyes, and cirri, however, agree with
Mcintosh's account. The specimen was found at Port Erin,
Isle of Man, in about fifteen fathoms water. It was about
20 mm. in length. It is not recorded by Byerley.

Harmothoe imbricata, Linnaeus.
A large number of examples of this form were found
under stones, and on rocks and loose stones, covered with
seaweed, and also abundantly in rock pools. They were
most plentiful at low water-mark. Most of the specimens
were obtained at Bay ny Carrickey, between Port St. Mary
and Poyllvaaish, Isle of Man. A few were also obtained
from Hilbre and the Anglesea coast. Probably this is the
Polynoe cirrata of Byerley's and Carrington's lists. The
latter mentions them as '' very rare " ; that may, no doubt,
be explained by their preferring a rocky shore.

Malmgrenia castanea, Mcintosh.
This rather rare species, which has not been previously
recorded as having been observed on this coast, was found as
a commensal in the ambulacral groove of AstroiJecten irregu-
laris, between the rows of pedicels. The head of the worm
was level with the peristome. It has been dredged by Gwyn
Jeffreys off North Unst, Shetland, in ninety to ninety-six
fathoms, in 1867, and again in 1868, as a commensal near

150 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

the mouth of Spatangus purpureus, from a depth of eighty-
five fathoms, and a shell-sand bottom. He also obtained it in
eighty fathoms ofi* Valentia, in a hundred and ten fathoms
off Blasquet, and in the Channel Islands (Mcintosh, Trans,
Zool, SoCf loc. cit.) The two specimens obtained by the
L. M. B. C. were dredged with their host from a depth of
fourteen fathoms from a sandy bottom, six miles north of the
Great Ormes Head. The species is fully described but not
figured (save the spines) by Mcintosh (loc. cii.)*

Iphione muricata, Savigny.
One specimen of this species was obtained from the
Beaumaris shore. It was very large, but all the scales were
unfortunately removed. There was, however, no difficulty in
including it under Savigny' s species, with which it agreed
in the structure of the head, spines, and cirri. Mcintosh, in
the Report on the '' Challenger " Annelida, describes this
form, which he contrasts with Iphione cimeXy collected on
that expedition. Savigny describes and figures Iphione
muricata. f

Polynoe floccosa, Savigny.

One large and two small specimens of this Polynoe were

found along with Harmothoe imbricata at Bay ny Carrickey.

It is a common form round our coast, and is described and

.the spines figured in the Trans. Zool. Soc. (loc. cit.)^ by

Mcintosh. It is not recorded by Byerley.

Polynoe squamata, Linnaeus.
A number of examples of Polynoe squamata were found
on the shore at Hilbre, and also in dredgings in eight
fathoms in Hilbre Swash from a gravel bottom. One small
specimen was obtained at Port St. Mary, Isle of Man.
Byerley mentions it as having been found at Hilbre and at
New Brighton.

* Syst. des Annel., p. 21 and pi. iii, fig. 1.
f Vid. Notes on some of the Polychceta of the L.M.B.C. District Report I.

REPORT ON THE VERMES. 151

The species is worked out in detail by Bourne. *
Carrington {loc. cit.) mentions two varieties of this form,

both of which occur in the collection of the L. M. B. C.

The markings on the scales are, however, very variable.

Hermadion assimile, Mcintosh.
This form was first found by Mcintosh at St. Andrews,
and afterwards (according to that author) " on the west coast
of Ireland, south of England, and off the Spanish coast in
the ' Porcupine ' expedition." The species is described by
Mcintosh in Trans. Zool. Soc. {loc. cit.) Two examples were
found by the L. M. B. C. They were coiled round the
peristome of Echinus esculentus hidden by the peristomial
spines. The Echinus was dredged from a gravel bottom, in
ten fathoms water, at Bay Fine, near Port Erin, Isle of Man.
The species has not been previously recorded from this coast.
Most of the scales fell off so soon as the animal was removed
from the Echinus^ otherwise both examples were very perfect
and agreed entirely with the characters of the species as laid
down by Mcintosh. t

Family.— SiGALioNiD^ .

Sthenelais zetlandka, Mcintosh.
This form, first dredged by Gwyn Jeffreys, off Shetland,
was met with near Port Erin. One specimen only, was
obtained in the dredge, in twenty fathoms of water. The
example from which Mcintosh described the species was a
fragmentary one, the anterior region being injured and the
head absent. His description of those parts which he was
able to observe tallies, however, with the specimen obtained
at Port Erin. The head was absent also in the Port Erin
specimen, and from the length of the fragments obtained
one being over 30 mm. long), after having been for some

* Trans. Linn. Soc, 1883.
t Vid. Notes on some of the Polychceta of the L.M.B.C. District Re-port I.

152 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

months in spirit), the complete animal appears to be of con-
siderable dimensions.

Pholo'e minuta, Fabricius.
Pholoe inornata, Johns.
Mentioned by Carrington * as having been very rarely
found on the sands at Southport. It was not found by the
L. M. B. C, although, it is true, comparatively little shore
work was done on the expeditions.

Sigalion sp. (?).

Carrington (loc, cit.), describes a Sigalion as having been
found at Southport (Sigalion Carriiigtonii, C. H. Brown),
which does not however seem to be recognised by subsequent
authors.

Family. — NEPTHYiDiE.

Nepthys longisetosa. Oersted.

Nepthys hombergii, Aud. & M. Edw.

One specimen of this form was dredged off Hilbre Island.
It is a native of the Mediterranean and the North Sea, and
has been found at Hilbre, and recorded by Byerley under the
synonym of Nepthys hombergii.

A small fragment of a worm, which was, by its spines,
referred to this species, was obtained at Port Erin.

Carrington records N, hombergii, from Southport Sands.

Nepthys margaritacea, Sars.
Recorded by Carrington from Southport.

Family. — PnYLLODociDiE.

Eulalia viridis, 0. F. Miiller.
A small specimen of this species was obtained in the
" Hysena " Expedition, off Grreat Ormes Head. The pro-
boscis was very long and fully everted. The specimen
* Proc. Manch. Lit. and Phil., 1865.

REPORT ON THE VERMES. 153

seems to have been young, and the spines were small and in
various stages of development. This is probably the Phyl-
locloce viridis of Byerley's list.

Phyllodoce lamelligeray Johnston.

Phyllodoce vittata, Ehlers.

Phyllodoce attenuata, Carrington.

Phyllodoce clava^ Carrington.
These species are all recorded by Carrington as having
been found by him on the sands at Southport. Probably his
P, clava is P. clavigera (of Aud. and Ed.). P. attenuata seems
to be only a variety of P. lamelligera. None of these were
however obtained by the L. M. B. C, probably for the reason
already assigned, viz., that no systematic shore exploration
has yet been organised.

Family. — Syllid Ji: .

Syllis armillariSf 0. F. Miiller.
Three specimens were obtained in the dredge in eleven to
thirteen fathoms north of Puffin Island, on the Anglesea
coast. It is mentioned by Byerley as being rare on this
coast.

Syllis prolifera, Miiller.
Mentioned by Carrington as " abundant in wet places,
but covered by a stratum of mud, and hence, as also from its
minute size, easily overlooked."

Pollicita peripatiis, Johnston.
Carrington says, " Several specimens were found at the
base of Alcyonium digitatum brought from deep water after
storms."

Syllis noctilucay Savigny.
This form was found by Dr. Edwards, and recorded by
Byerley, from the mud at the Landing Stage, Liverpool. It

154 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

has probably been exterminated during the formation of the
new stage.

Myrianida fasciata, M. -Edwards.
Found at Hilbre by Byerley, but not observed since.

Family. — Nereids.

Nereis pelagica, Linnaeus.
Abundant at Hilbre and the coast generally ; also at
Pufi&n Island, Anglesea, and Penmaenmawr. Some large
specimens were obtained at Port St. Mary, Isle of Man. It
is probably the Nereis margaritacea of Byerley's list.

Nereis viridis, Linnaeus.
This species was also obtained from Port St. Mary, Isle of
Man. Byerley mentions it, but does not specify the locality.
Both this species and N. pelagica, are recorded by
Carrington from Southport.

Nereis hrevimana, Johnston.
Nereis margaritacea, Leach.
Nereis dumerillii, Aud. and M.-Edw.
Nereis hilineata, Johnston.
These species are all recorded by Carrington as having
been found in refuse of fishing-boats, &c., at Southport.

Family. — Lumbriconereid^.

Lumhriconereis fragilis, 0. F. Miiller.

One specimen of this species was obtained from Port St.

Mary, Isle of Man, and fragments of three or more from

Puffin Island, Anglesea. It is described by Miiller as being

common in the North Sea, and was found during the

" Porcupine " expedition, in fifty- three fathoms, near the

island of Bona.

Family. — Eunicid^.

Eunice sp. (?)

One or two fragments of Annelides were obtained from

REPORT ON THE VERMES. 155

Port St. Mary, Isle of Man, which from their general
appearance and from the structure of the spines were
obviously to be referred to the genus Eunice, but the species
could not be made out with certainty.

Family. — Goniadid^ .
Goniada macidata, Johns.
This species is recorded by Carrington from Southport,
but neither that, nor the following one, was collected by the
L. M.B.C.

Goniada alcockiama, Carrington.
This species has not been included by more recent writers
on the Annelida. If identical with a previously-named
species, I have not been able to discover its synonym.

Family. — Glycerid^ .

Glycera alba, Miiller.
Mentioned by Carrington {loc. cit.), as having been found
by him ''among the tufts of Antennularia antennina.''

Section B — SEDENTARIA.

Family. — Opheliad^.

Ophelia coarctata, M.-Edw.
Recorded by Carrington from Southport.

Family. — M^ ad^ .

Mcea mirabilis, Johnston.
A rare Annelid, first described by Johnston, and found by
Carrington at Southport.

Family. — Ch^topterid^.
Spiochcetopterus typicus, Sars.
A large example of this species was found at low water at
Beaumaris. The specimen inhabited a pergamentaceous tube

156 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

which was buried in shingly sand. The specimens obtained

in the '* Porcupine " Expedition, were dredged from five

hundred fathoms. Mcintosh however, remarks that the

species found by the " Challenger," were all shallow water

forms.

Family. — Spionid^.

No members of this family were found by the L. M. B. C,
but the following species are recorded by Dr. Carrington, from
Southport : —

Spio seticornis, Fabricius. Probably this is the Spio
crenaticornis of Montagu.

Spio quadricornis, Lamarck.

Nerine vulgaris^ Johnston (doubtfully).

Nerine coniocephala, Johnston.

Family. — Telethusid^ .

Arenicola piscatorum, Lamarck.
Everywhere abundant, and used for bait along the coast,
from the Dee estuary northwards.

Family. — Cirratulid^.

Cirratulus horealis, Lamarck.
Very abundant on the Cheshire coast. A large number
of species were obtained also at various places on the coast,
near Port St. Mary and Port Erin, Isle of Man, under stones,
in mud, and amongst decaying Algae.
Cirratulus cirratus, 0. F. Miiller.
One specimen was dredged off Port St. Mary, Isle of
Man, but was in a rather mutilated condition. It has not
been recorded before from this locality.

Family. — Hermellid-^.
Sahellaria alveolata, Savigny.
Sahellaria anglica, Grube.
The tubes of this species form great encrusting masses

REPORT ON THE VERMES. 157

at Hilbre and other places on the coast. Tubes were also
dredged in Hilbre Swash, and trawled in eight fathoms
water off the Great Ormes Head. Very large beds are also to
be found near the Lighthouse, at Fleetwood. Its geological
significance has been referred to by Herdman.*

It is recorded by Byerley as being very abundant at New
Brighton, Caldy Blacks, and Hilbre.

Carrington also mentions it under the synonym of S.
anglica, as being parasitic on the whelk and other shells.

Sabellaria crassissimciy Lamarck.
"Rare" (Carrington).

Sabella unispira, Savigny (?).
The worm recorded as Sabellaria unispira by Byerley, is
probably Sahella unispira of Savigny, and as such is marked
" a doubtful species " in the Brit. Assoc. List, 1860, and
does not appear in subsequent lists.

Family.— Amphictenid^.
Pectinaria helgica, Pallas.
Recorded by Carrington.

This species was dredged in six to seven fathoms on a
sandy bottom from the west end of Constable Bank, Llan-
dudno ; from a gravel bottom in twenty fathoms at Port
Erin, Isle of Man ; and at low water, in great abundance, on
Waterloo shore.

Pectinaria auricoma, 0. F. Muller.

This is the Amphitrite auricoma of Byerley's list.

These two forms seem to be in want of re-description
in order to decide whether there are any real points of
distinction. t Many empty tubes were obtained which might
have belonged to this species, but no live forms were obtained
in the collection of the L. M. B. C.

• Froc. Geol. Soc. Liverpool, Sess. 1884-5.
t See separate Paper on this subject further on in this volume.

158 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Ops, spp. (?).

Carrington describes two new species of a genus Ops.
I am in some doubt as to the name as the genus does not
seem to be recognised by more recent investigators.

Amphitrite ventilahrum, Kiss.

Mentioned by Byerley as often confounded with A,
{Pectinaria) auricoma.

No example was dredged by the L. M. B. C. Sabella
ventilahrum of Carrington's list is probably the same form.

Family. — Chlor^mid-si

Siphonostomwn gelatinosum,
Dr. Herdman informs me that he found and identified
an example of this species at Hilbre, on July 11th, 1885.
The worm was unfortunately not preserved.

Family. — Terebellid^.

Terehella conchilega, Pallas.
This common form was obtained plentifully at Hilbre. It
is recorded by Byerley and by Carrington as having been
found generally about the shore. A number of specimens
were also obtained from Port Erin, Isle of Man.
Terehella crysodon, Montagu.
Terehella constrictor, Montagu.
These forms are mentioned by Carrington, but were not
found by the L. M. B. C.

Terehella nehulosa, Grube.

Found abundantly in the dredge off Port Erin, Isle of
Man, its muddy tubes coiled in the interior of large lamelli-
branch shells, &c.

Recorded from Hilbre by Byerley.

Thelepus circinatus, Fabricius.
One specimen of this form was obtained from Penmaen-

REPORT ON THE VERMES, 159

mawr. The species was dredged by the *' Knight Errant "
off the north coast of Scotland in 1880. It does not appear
in Byerley's list.

Family. — SABELLiDiE.
Sabella penicilhis, Linnaeus.
Sabella pavonia, Savigny.

One very large specimen and a few smaller ones were
obtained, the former in the dredge off the Great Ormes Head,
the latter at Hilbre. It is not recorded by Byerley.

Dasychone lucidlana, Delle Chiaje.
Two specimens of the animal were obtained, but no
tubes. They were dredged off Puffin Island, on the Anglesea
coast, from a depth of twelve fathoms. It does not occur in
Byerley's list.

Family. — Serpulid^e.

Serpula vermicularis, Linnaeus.
This species, the common Serpula, is found abundantly
over rocks and shells on the coast. Specimens were obtained
from Hilbre, and plentifully at the Isle. of Man. It occurs
in Byerley's list.

Serpula triquetra, Linnaeus.
This form was obtained at Penmaenmawr, and is
recorded by Carrington, and by Byerley, under the synonym
of Vermilia triquetra.

Spirorbis borealis, Davidson.
Spirorbis communis, Fleming.

This Serpulid is very abundant on the seaweed, stones,
&c. on the shore. Some very fine specimens were found
encrusting CoralUna officinalis, at Fleshwick Bay, Isle of
Man. Mentioned by Carrington under the synomyn S. com-
munis.

160 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Spirorbis lucidus, Montagu.

Spirorbis minutus, Montagu.

Both mentioned by Carrington. S, lucidus is recorded by
Byerley.

Byerley also mentions S. nautiloides and S, rugosa. I
have not been able to discover for what these names are
synonyms ; neither specific name occurs in any list of
Spirorbes that I am acquainted with.

Filograna implexa, Berkeley.
This species was obtained at low water, between Port
St. Mary and Spanish Head, Isle of Man, attached to the
roots of Laminaria. It is not recorded by Byerley.

Protula protensa, Grube.
A number of tubes of this form were dredged between
Port St. Mary and Spanish Head, Isle of Man, depth, twenty
fathoms. No animals were found however, in the tubes, and
they have been referred to this species doubtfully. It has
not been recorded by Byerley, but was dredged during the
" Porcupine " expedition, in five to thirty fathoms, north of ^
the Island of Bona.

(?).

Certain tubes of small size forming an irregular mass
were dredged at Port Erin, Isle of Man. No inhabitants
were found in the tubes. They are leathery, and resemble
some Annelid tubes. Dr. Mcintosh, F.K.S., to whom I
referred the matter, gives it as his opinion that they are the
tubes of a Crustacean, probably a species of Cerapus, but
thinks it unsafe to dogmatise.

Family. — Tomopterid-^.

Tomopteris onisciformis, Eschscholtz.

Young specimens of this form were found in the tow-net

off Port Erin, Isle of Man, on August 7th, 1885. This is

the common Tomopteris of the British seas, and does not

call for more detailed notice. It is not recorded by Byerley.

161

REPORT on the POLYZOA of the L. M. B. C.

DISTRICT.

By Joseph Lomas,

ASSOCIATE OF THE NORMAL SCHOOL OF SCIENCE.

Introduction.

In the autumn of 1751, a collection of Sea-plants and Coral-
lines, gathered from the shores of Anglesey and Ireland, was
sent to a London merchant named Ellis.

He disposed of this material *' on thin boards covered
with clean white paper, in such a manner as to form a kind
of landscape, making use of two or three sorts of Ulva
marina or Sea-Liverwort, of different colours, in designing a
variety of hills, dales, and rocks, which made proper ground-
work and keeping for the little trees, which the expanded
Sea-plants and Corallines not unaptly represented." *

Her Royal Highness the Princess Dowager of Wales was
pleased to accept some of these landscapes from Mr. Ellis,
and, in order to get a greater variety, he collected specimens
from other localities.

While examining and arranging this material by means
of a microscope '* in order to distinguish their proper
characters with the greater accuracy," he soon discovered
" that they differed not less from each other, in respect to
their form, than they did in regard to their texture ; and
that, in many of them, this texture was such, as seemed to
indicate their being more of an animal than vegetable
nature." t

Peysonnel, a French physician, had made this discovery

* Ellis, CoralL, Introd., p. v. ilbid. p. vi.
L

162 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

some time before, but he was discredited, and the leading
naturalists of the day stoutly opposed his views.

In 1755, Ellis published an Essay towards a Natural
History of the Corallines, in which he described and figured
the forms he believed to be animals. Considering the means
of observation at his command, the illustrations strike us
with wonder on account of their marvellous accuracy.

Among the Corallines, he described a considerable num-
ber of Polyzoa, so I think we can fairly claim that Ellis
was the first one to work at this group of animals in our
neighbourhood.

Since that time other eminent naturalists have been
attracted to this field of labour. Notable amongst these I
may mention Prof. E. Forbes, F.R.S., and the Eev. Thos.
Hincks, B.A., F.K.S., whose invaluable work on the British
Marine Polyzoa has furnished a great portion of the material
for this report.

The whole of our district, however, has not been
thoroughly examined, for while the Isle of Man, the coast of
North Wales, and the neighbourhood of Hilbre Island have
been the favourite resorts of collectors, the coast of Lanca-
shire, particularly the part extending from Liverpool to
Blackpool, seems to have been almost untouched.

Up to the present I have been able to record ninety-eight
species occurring in our area, divided among the four great
groups as follows : —

Cheilostomatous forms 66.
Cyclostomatous forms 13.
Ctenostomatous forms 17.
Entoproctous forms 2.

One species I insert with considerable hesitancy — viz.,
Memhranipora flemingii. In the British Marine Polyzoa it
is described as " common, and generally distributed on our
coasts," but no special localities are given. But as we could

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 163

not expect to get all the common forms even, as the result
of one season's labour, we may hope for additions to our
lists as the results of further search.

I have followed mainly the classification of Mr. Hincks,
as laid down in the British Marine Polyzoa, with a few
alterations rendered necessary by the researches of Prof.
Lankester.*

In conclusion, I must express my gratitude to the Eev.
Thos. Hincks, B.A., F.R.S., whose valuable help in deter-
mining species, about which I was in doubt, has always been
very willingly given ; to Mr. Quelch, B.Sc, of the Natural
History Museum, South Kensington, for kindly placing the
National Collection at my disposal for reference, and also for
kindly advice and help in naming the specimens ; and to
Professor Herdman, D.Sc, whose valuable assistance, amid
pressing avocations, has always been most readily accorded
me.

Class.— POLYZOA. J. V. Thompson.

Syn. Bryozoa. Ehrenberg, &c.

Tentaculihranchia. E. Ray Lankester.

Section.— Eupolyzoa. E. R. Lankester.
Sub- Class.— Ectoprocta. Nitsche.

Order.— GYM NOLCEM ATA. Allman.
Syn. Polyzoa infundihulata Busk, B. M. Cat.

Sub-order. I.— CHEILOSTOMATA. Busk.
Syn. Celleporina. Ehrenberg.

Family I. — Aeteid-e.
Genus Aetea, Lamouroux.

Only three species of Aetea have been found m British
Seas, and they are all represented in our area.

* Ency. Brit., 9th edit. ; article ♦' Poljrzoa."

164 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Aetea anguina^ Linnaeus.

Anguinaria spatulata, Lamk., A7i. s. Vert. (ed. 2) ii, 196. Busk,
Trans. Micr Soc. for 1849, 123, pi. i, figs. 7, 8. Johnston,
B. Z., (ed 2), 290, pi. i. figs. 7, 8.

Found in great abundance on Hydrozoans cast up on
shore at West Kirby (Lomas) ; also occurs at Ramsay, Isle of
Man, and Llandudno (Hincks). Holyhead (Higgins).

Aetea recta, Hincks.

Hippothoa sica, Johnston, B. Z. (ed. 2) 292.

Smitt {(Efvers K. Vel-akadf Forhandl, 1867), regards
this as a variety of A, anguina.

Occurs in the Isle of Man (Hincks). Dredged in con-
siderable abundance by Professor Herdman, off Port Erin,
(ten to fifteen fathoms).

Aetea tru7icata, Landsborough.

Anguinaria truncata, Landsb. (Bop. Hist. Brit. Zoojyh., 288).

Common in the Isle of Man, on oyster-shells (Hincks).
Erect and composite forms near Port Erin (ten to fifteen
fathoms), on sea-weed.

Family II. — Eucratiid^.

Genus Eucratea, Lamouroux.
Syn. Sertularia (part). Linn.
Scruparia, Busk.

Only two species have been described belonging to this
genus, E. ambigua, D'Orb., a native of South America, and
E, chelata, abundant in Australia and Europe.

Eucratea chelata, Linn.

Scruparia ehelata, Busk, B. M. Cat, i, 29.

In the British Marine Polyzoa Mr. Hincks describes two
varieties of this species : —

Var. «. repens. Zooecia decumbent and adnate ; aper-

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 165

ture scarcely marginate, branches given off from the sides of
the cells (B. M. P., plate v, fig. 3).

Var. (3. gracilis. Zooecia very slender and elongate,
tubular below and enlarged above.

While examining the material dredged by Professor
Herdman last summer about the south-west coa^t of the Isle
of Man, I came across some forms of this species which were
very much more elongated than the forms described and
figured in the B. M. P.

This character held for a great number of specimens, and
it may be well to class them as a distinct variety, (y)
elongata, of which I give a figure. (See Plate III, fig. 1.)

Var. a. repens was dredged by Mr. Hincks off the
Maughold Head, near Ramsey, "where it is common, and
spreads in rather large dendritic patches over oysters and
other shells."

Bangor, Rhyl (Shrubsole). Beaumaris (Walker). Holy-
head (Higgin).

Genus Gemellaria, Savigny.
Syn. Crisia (sp.) Lamx., Lamk.

This genus only includes one British species.
Gemellaria loricata, Linn.

Gemellaria loricata, Johnston, B. Z. ; Alder.
Cellaria loriculata, Ellis & Sol. ; Lamk.
Found in great abundance on the Lancashire coast at
Lytham, &c. Llandudno (Hincks). Rhyl (Shrubsole). Puffin
Island (Walker). Hilbre I. (Lomas).

Dredged in the '' Merry Andrew" Expedition (May 9th),
(ten to eleven fathoms), at Hilbre Swash.

Family III. — Cellulariid^e.
Syn. Cellularidte. (part). Johnst., Brit. Zooph.
Cellulariada, Busk, B. M. Gat.
CabereaxlcB, id. ibid.
Cellulariea (part), Smitt.

166 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Genus. Cellularia, Pallas.

Only one British member of this genus.

Cellularia peachii, Busk.

Cellularia neritina, var., Johnston.

Given as occurring near Liverpool, by Byerley.

Genus. Scrupocellaria, Van Beneden.
Syn. Cellularia, Pall., Johnst., Smitt.
Canda, Busk.

This genus forms a large group, and is widely distribu-
ted. About twenty species are known. Found sparingly in
northern latitudes, but more common in southern seas. Five
British species.

Scrupocellaria scruposa, Linn.

Cellularia scruposa, Pall., Flem., Johnst., Smitt.

Generally distributed around our coasts (Hincks). Isle
of Man. Penmaenmawr (Lomas). Hilbre Island (Rev.
H. H. Higgins). Colwyn Bay (Shrubsole, Walker). Holy-
head (Higgin).

Scrupocellaria scrupea. Busk.
Found on shore at West Kirby (Lomas), and dredged off
Port Erin (five to ten fathoms), by Professor Herdman ; and
in the " Merry Andrew " Expedition, at Hilbre Swash (ten to
eleven fathoms). North Wales (Shrubsole). Not previously
recorded in this district.

Scrupocellaria reptans, Linn.

Cellularia reptans, Pall, Johnston, Smitt.
Canda reptans, Busk, B. M. Cat

Very common. Isle of Man, on Pecten and Laminaria;
Penmaenmawr, West Kirky, &c. Colwyn Bay and Beaumaris
(Walker). Holyhead (Higgin).

Family IV. — Bicellariid-^.
Syn. Bicellariece. Smitt.

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 167

Genus Bicellaricif Blainville.

Syn. Cellularia. Pallas (part), Flem., Jolinst.
Crisia fpart) Lam,, Van Ben.

Confined to Australian Seas, except two British forms,
B. ciliata and B. alderi (N. Scotland).

BiceMaria ciliata, Linn.

Cellularia ciliata. Pall., Flem., Johnst.
Crisia ciliata, Lam., Van Ben.

Fleetwood, on a buoy ; Menai Straits (Hincks). West

Kirby, on Algae, abundant. Hilbre (Lomas). Bangor and

Southport (Pennington). Ehyl (Shrubsole). New Brighton

(Marrat). Bootle (Tudor). Colwyn Bay (Walker). Holyhead

(Higgin).

Genus Bugula, Oken.

Syn. Cellularia, Pall., Johnst.
Bugulina, Gray.
Avicularia, J. V. Thompson, Gray.

Very widely distributed. Eight British species are
known.

Bugula turhinata, Alder.
Dredged off Gt. Orme's Head ; Isle of Man (Hincks) ;
Menai Straits (Alder) ; Hilbre Island, in great abundance
(Lomas). Colwyn Bay (Shrubsole).

Bugula flahellata, J. V. Thompson.

Flustra avicularis, J. Sowerby, Flem., Johnst.
Bugula avicularia, Smitt.

On Flustra, Isle of Man (Lomas) ; Bootle (Tudor) ;
Llandudno, N.W. (Hincks) ; West Kirby (Lomas) ; Menai
Straits (Pennington) ; Seacombe (Marrat). Colwyn Bay
(Shrubsole).

Dredged during the " Hyaena '* Expedition.

168 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Bugula aviciilaria, Linn.
Sertularia avicularia, Linn.
Cellularia avicularia^ Landsb., &c.

Blackpool (Pennington) ; Hilbre Island (Byerley) ; Colwyn
Bay (Shrubsole). Holyhead (Higgin).

Bugula pkimosa, Pallas.
Grisia plumosa, Lamx.

Crisularia plumosa, Gray, B.M. Cat., Rad. iii.
Cellularia plumosa, Pallas, Couch.

Found at Fleetwood on a buoy (Hincks.)

Very beautiful specimens have been dredged during the
summer off Penmaenmawr by Mr. Thompson, and off Port
Erin by Prof. Herdman ; Menai Straits (Pennington), Bootle
Shore and Hilbre (Marrat).

Bugula imrpurotincta, Norman.

Cellularia plumosa, Johnst., B.Z., Sars.

Bugula fastigiata, Alder, Cat. Zooph., North and Durham, 59.

Bugula avicularia forma fastigiata, Smitt.

Menai Straits (Hincks).

This is a northern form, and Menai Straits is the most
southern locality yet noted.

Genus Beania, Johnst.

Only one British representative.

Beania mirabiliSf Johnston.

Found on weed. Isle of Man (Hincks).

Dredged by Prof. Herdman off Port Erin (five to ten

fathoms).

Family V. — Notamiid^.

With single representative Notamia hursaria, Linn., not
found in our area.

Family VI.— Cellariid^.
Syn. JEscharida (part), Johnst.
Salicornaridoi, Busk.
CellariecD, Smitt.

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 169

Genus Cellaria, Lamouroux (part).

Salicornaria, Cuvier, Johnst., Busk.
Farcimia, Fleming.

This genus ranges from New Zealand and Tasmania to
Spitzbergen, and geologically as far back as the Cretaceous
epoch.

It was obtained during the " Challenger " expedition at
depths from 2,000 to 3,000 fathoms. Three British species.

Cellaria Jistulosay Linn.

Salicornaria salicornia, Cuvier.

Farcimia Jistulosaf Flem.

Salicornaria far ciminoides, Johnst., Busk, Reuss.

Hincks {Brit, Mar, Poly., 106) gives no less than
twenty-four synonyms which have been applied to this
species.

Generally distributed. Dredged in large quantities in
the Isle of Man by Prof. Herdman off Spanish Head (twenty
fathoms). Colwyn Bay (Shrubsole). Isle of Man (twenty-
five fathoms) (Forbes). Holyhead (Higgin).

This species is met with at great depths, being found on
the Falmouth and Lisbon Cable at 89 to 205 fathoms (Sir
James Anderson).

Family VII.— Flt] stride.

Syn. Escharidce (part), Johnst., Pall.
FlustradcB (part), Busk.

Genus Flustra, Linn.

Syn. Eschara (part), Pallas, Linn.

Flustra sp., Linn., Lamk., Johnst., Busk, Smitt.
Carbasea, Gray, Busk.

Universally distributed. Most abundant in northern
latitudes. Five British species.

170 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Flustra foliacea, Linn.

Eschara foliacea, Linn, Ell. and Sol., Lamk., Van Ben,
Found everywhere. Very abundant at Hilbre Island,
West Kirby, New Brighton, Holyhead, Isle of Man, &c., at
low-water mark.

Flustra papyracea, Ellis and Sol.
Flustra chartacea, Couch, Johnst.
Hilbre, very scarce (Byerley).

Flustra carbasea, Ellis and Solander.

Carbasea papyracea, Gray, Bt. M. Cat.
Carbasea Papyrea, Busk, B.M. Cat., Alder.

Bootle, rare (Tudor).

Flustra securifrons, Pallas.

Narrow-leaved hornwracTc, Ellis.

Eschara securifrons, Pallas.

Flustra truncata, Linn., Lamk., Flem., Johnst., Busk.

Chiefly a northern form. Rhyl (Shrubsole). Not pre-
viously recorded.

Family VIII. — Membranipgrid.^.
Syn. CelUporidcB, Johnst.

Genus Membranipora, Blainville.

Syn. Flustra (part), Linn, Lamk., Flem., Lam.

Has a wide range both in space and time, ranging to the
Cretaceous epoch. 23 British species.

Membranipora lacroixii, Audouin.
Bijlustra lacroixii^ Smitt., Flor., Bryoz.
Membranipora membranacea, Johnst.
Flustra lacroixii, Savigny.

Ramsey, Isle of Man, on stones in tide-pools (Hincks).
Altcar and New Brighton on Buccinum (Lomas). Colwyn
Bay (Shrubsole).

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 171

Memhranipora monostachySy Busk.

Memhranipora pilosa forma Monostachys, Smitt.

Dredged on a stone in Liverpool Bay, by Professor Herd-
man. Not previously recorded in this district.

Memhranipora catemdaria, Jameson.

Hippothoa catenularia, Flem., Johnst., Busk.

Isle of Man, dredged by Prof. Herdman. Not previously
recorded in our district.

Memhranipora pilosa, Linnaeus.

Flustra pilosa, Liun, Lamk., Flem.
Annulipora dentata, Gray.

This species is found everywhere, and is the most
abundant form met with in our seas.

The masses of sea-weed left by the tide at high-water
mark are frequently found covered with it.

On Sertularians, it usually has the appearance of a brown
hairy covering, but when found on Laminaria, or red Algae,
it forms a beautiful silvery crust.

Memhranipora memhranacea, Linn.

Flustra membranacea, Linn., Ellis and Sol., Johnst., &c.

Found mostly on Fuci, and is very generally distributed.
(Byerley). North Wales (Shrubsole). Hilbre (Marrat). It
is remarkable that this species, which is regarded as a very
common one, was not once met with among the specimens
collected during the present season.

Memhranipora hexagona, Busk.
Flustra coriacea, Johnst.

Found on shells and stones. Only a few localities have
been recorded where this species occurs, viz. : — Isle of Man
on Pecten opercularis (E. Forbes), and on the coast of
Devon (Miss Cutler), Peterhead (Peach).

172 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Membranipora lineata, Linnaeus.

Flustra lineata, Linn., Johnst.
Callopora lineata, Gray.

Common in the Isle of Man. Forms rounded patches
on Laminaria,

Memhranipora craticulay Alder.

Flustra lineata. Couch.

Membranipora lineata forma craticula, Smitt.

Very abundant on shells dredged off Maughold Head,
Isle of Man (Hincks).

Membranipora spinifera, Johnston.
Flustra lineata (part), Johnston.
Isle of Man, between tide marks (Hincks).

Membranipora flemingiij Busk.

Membranipora membranacea (part), Johnst.
Common, and widely distributed (Hincks).

Membranipora dumerilii, Audouin.

Membranipora membranacea (part), Johnst.
Membranipora Jlemingii, Busk, B M. Cat.
Membranipora pouilletii, Alder, Busk, Crag Polyzoa.

Isle of Man (Hincks).

Membranipora rosselii, Audouin.
Flustra rosselii, Aud., Savigny.
Off Maughold Head, Isle of Man (Hincks).

Membranipora aurita, Hincks.

Found on a piece of wood near Spanish Head, Isle of
Man. Not previously found in our area, and the only other
localities are Devon and Cornwall (Hincks), Antrim (Hynd-
man), Northumberland (Alder), and Brighton on flints
(Lomas).

Family IX. — Microporid-s:.

MembraniporidcB (part), Busk.

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 173

Genus Microporay Gray.

Syn. Discopord (part), Lamarck.
Memhranipora (part), Busk

Two British species.

Micropora coriacea, Esper.

Flustra coriacea, Esper.

Memhranipora coriacea, Busk, B.M Cat. ii.

Isle of Man (Forbes).

Family X. — Cribrilinid^.

Syn. EscharidcB (part), Johnston.
Memhraniporiclce (part). Busk.
EschariporidcB (part), Smitt.

Genus Cribrilina, Gray.

Syn. Lepralia (part), Jolinst., Busk.
Escharipora, Smitt.

Five British species.

Cribrilina radiatay Moll.

Lepralia innominata, Couch., Johnst., Busk., &c.

A Mediterranean form, abundant on south and south-west
coasts of England, ranging to Isle of Man (Hincks).

Cribrilina punctata^ Hassall.

Lepralia punctata, Has., Johnst., Busk

Isle of Man (Hincks).

Found on wood near Spanish Head, Isle of Man.
The punctures are very large, and arranged regularly,
forming a beautiful network over the front of the cell.

Cribrilina annulata, Fabricius.
Lepralia annulata, Johnst., Busk.
Isle of Man, rare (Hincks).

174 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Genus Memhraniporella (part), Smitt.

Syn. Lepralia (part), Johnst. and Gray, Busk , &c.
Memhranipora (part), Smitt.
Berenicea (part), Fleming.

Two British species. M. melolontha has not been
observed in our area. It is found on shells, oysters mostly,
at the mouths of rivers, as the Thames, Orwell, etc.

Memhrani'porella nitida, Johnston.

Lepralia nitida, Johnst., Couch , Busk, Hincks, Smitt.
Escharoides nitida, M. Edw.

Isle of Man (E. Forbes) ; on Pecten, off Spanish Head,
Isle of Man (twenty fathoms), dredged by Prof. Herdman.

Family XI. — Microporellid^.

Syn. Celleporida (part), Johnst.

MemhraniporidcB (part), Busk.
Porinidce (part), d'Orbigny.
EschariporidcB (part), Smitt

Genus Microporella, Hincks.

Syn. Po7'ina, Smitt

Escharina (part), Gray, M. Edwards.

All the four British species are found in our area.

Microporella ciliata, Pallas.

Lepralia personata, Busk.
Lepralia ciliata, Johnst , Busk.
Porina ciliata, Smitt.

Isle of Man (Hincks).

Microporella malusii, Audouin.

Herentia biforis, Gray.
Lepralia malusii, Busk, &c.
Porina malusii, Smitt.

Isle of Man (Hincks). Dredged off Spanish Head (Isle
of Man), on Pecten (twenty fathoms), by Prof. Herdman.

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 175

Microporella impressa, Audouin.

Fhistra impressa , Aud., Sav
Lepralia granifera, Jolinst., Busk.

Isle of Man (Hincks).

Microporella violacea, Johnston.

Lepralia violaaea, Johnst , Busk, &c.
Porina violacea, Smitt.

Isle of Man (E. Forbes).

Genus Chorizopora, Hincks.

Syn. Flustra (sp.), Audouin.

Lepralia (sp.), Jolinst , Busk.

Only one British representative.

Chorizopora hrongniartii, Audouin.
Lepralia hrongniartii, Busk.
Isle of Man (Hincks).

Family XII. — Porinidae.
Not found in Liverpool Bay.

Family XIII. — Myriozoid^.

Syn. CelleporidcB (part), Johnst.
Memhraniporidce, Busk.

Genus SchizoporeUa, Hincks.
Syn. Lepralia (part), Johnston, Busk, &c.
This genus has eighteen British species.

SchizoporeUa spinifera, Johnst.

Lepralia ciliata, Hass. and Couch.
Lepralia spinifera, Johnst., Busk (in part).

Llandudno (Hincks), and Isle of Man, off Port Erin,
dredged by Prof. Herdman (ten to fifteen fathoms).

176 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Schizoporella auriculatay Hassall.

Lepralia auriculata, Hass., Johnst , Busk.
Escharella auriculata, Smitt.

Isle of Man (Hincks).

Schizoporella hyalina, Linnaeus.

Cellepora hyalina, Linn., Fabr.

Lepralia hyalina, W. Tliomp., Johnst , Busk

MoUia hyalina, Smitt.

Found in considerable abundance in the Isle of Man on
Laminaria (Hincks). Also on the telson of Homarus
vulgaris brought into Liverpool market (Lomas).

Schizoporella linearis, Hassall.

Lepralia linearis^ Hass., Johnst., Busk, Norman, &c.
Lepralia hastata, Hincks, Dev. and Corn. Cat
Herentia linearis. Gray.
Escharella linearis, Smitt.

Very abundant and generally distributed (Hincks). Colwyn
Bay (Shrubsole).

Genus Hippothoa, Lamouroux.

Syn. Catenicella (part), Blainville.
Mollia (part), Smitt.

Contains three British species and one doubtful one,
H. cassiterides, Couch.

Hippothoa distans, MacGillivray.
Hippothoa jiagellum, Manzoni, Hincks.
Isle of Man.

In Hincks' British Marine Polyzoa (1880), this is
described as H, flagellum ; but in A. M. N. H. for July,
1881, the name is withdrawn in favour of the above.

Hippothoa divaricata, Lamouroux.

Mollia hyalina forma divaricata, Smitt.
Generally distributed (Hincks). Colwyn Bay (Shrubsole).

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 177

Family XIV.— Escharid^.

Syn. Celleporidoi (part). Johnst.
EscharidcB (part), Busk.
Memhraniporidce (part), Busk.

Genus Lejjralia, Johnston (part).
Syn. Eschar a (part), Auctt.
Contains eight British species.

Lepralia pallasiancit Moll.

Cellepora jJcillasiana, Lamx.
Lepralia pediostoma, Johnst.

Llandudno; Isle of Man, common (Hincks).

Lepralia foliacea y Ellis and Solander.

Eschara retiformis, Ray, d'Orb.
Stony foliaceoxis coralline, Ellis.
Millepora foliacea, Ellis and Sol.

Isle of Man (Dr. Brown) ; Holyhead (Higgin).

Lepralia pertusa, Esper.

Cellepora pertusa, Esper.
Cellepora perlacea, W. Thomp.
Escharella pertusa, Smitt.

Isle of Man (E. Forbes).

Genus Umhonula, Hincks.

Syn Lepralia (part), Johnst,
Discopora (part), Gray.
Eschara (part), Smitt.

Only one British species.

Umhonula verrucosa^ Esper.

Cellepora verrucosa, Esp.

Lepralia verrucosa, W. Thomp , Johnst , Busk, &c.

Dredged by Prof. Herdman off Port St. Mary (Isle of

jM

178 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Man), also found on wood near Spanish Head. Not
previously recorded in this locality.

Genus Porella, Gray.
Syn. Cellepora (part), Fleming.

Eschara (part), Sars., Busk, Alder, Smitt, &c.
Hemeschara (part), Norman, &c.

Contains five British species.

Porella concinna, Busk.

Lepralia concinna, Busk, Hincks.
Porella Icevis, Smitt.
Lepralia belli, Dawson.

Isle of Man (Hincks).

Porella compressa, Sowerby.
Milleptora compressa, Sow.

Cellepora cervicornis, Flem., Johnst., Couch, Busk, Alder.
Eschara cervicornis, Busk, Hincks, Smitt, &c.

Dredged off Spanish Head, 20 fathoms, by Professor
Herdman. Very fine specimen, not previously recorded.

Genus Smittia, Hincks.
Syn. Eschara (part), Auctt.

Lepralia (part), Jolinst., Busk, &c.

Seven British species.

Smittia landsborovii, Johnston.

Lepralia Landsborovii, Johnst., Busk, Hincks.
Eschara Landsborovii, Alder.
Lepralia crystallina, Norman.

Found off the Great Orme's Head (erect form) (Hincks),
and on a piece of wood from the Isle of Man.

Smittia reticulata, Macgillivray.

Lepralia 7'eticula, Macgill., Johnst., Busk, &c.

Dredged by Prof. Herdman off Spanish Head, Isle of
Man (twenty fathoms), on Pecten. Not previously recorded
in this district.

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 179

Smittia trispinosa, Johnston.
Discopora trispinosa, Johnst.
Lepralia trispinosa, Jolmst., Busk, Hincks,
Escharella jacotini, Smitt.

Isle of Man (Hincks).

Genus Phylactella, Hincks.
Syn. Lepralia (part), auctt.
Alysidota (sp.), Busk.
Three British species.

Phylactella collaris, Norman.
Lepralia collaris, Norman.
Isle of Man (Hincks.

Genus Mucronella, Hincks.
Syn. Lepralia (part), Johnst,, Busk, &c.
Escharella, Gray.
Discopora, Smitt.

Eight British species.

Mucronella peachii, Johnston.

Lepralia peacldi, Johnst , Gray, Busk.
Escharella immersa. Gray.

Dredged oflF Spanish Head (Isle of Man), on Pccten, by
Prof. Herdman. Not previously recorded in this district.

Mucronella variolosa, Johnston.

Lepralia variolosa, Johnst., Couch, Busk.
Found encrusting Mytilus cdulis at Kamsey, Isle of Man.
Not previously recorded.

Mucronella coccinea, Abildgaard.
Cellejjora coccinea, Abildgaard.
Lepralia coccinea, Johnst., Busk.
Lepralia mamillata, Searles Wood, Busk, Manzoni.

Dredged by Prof. Herdman off Spanish Head, on Pecten,
and off Port St. Mary, on Laminaria roots. Also found on
Anomia (five fathoms). Very common in the Isle of Man.

180 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Family XV. — Celleporid^.

Syn. Escharida (part), d'Orb.
Myriozoidcs (part), Smitt.

Genus Cellei^ora (part), Fabricius.

Syn. Tubipora (part), Linn.

Millejjora, Ellis and Sol.
Madrepora (part), Esper.

Seven British species.

Cellepora pumicosa, Linnaeus.
Porous Eschara, Ellis.
Common ; very large and beautiful specimens are found
encrusting shells, sea-weeds, &c., in the Isle of Man, Eamsey,
West Kirby, Hilbre (Lomas) ; Holyhead (Higgin).

Welshman's Gut, " Spindrift " Expedition.

Cellepora costazii, Audouin.

Cellepora bimucronata, Hass.
Cellepora hassallii, Busk, Manzoni.
Celleporaria hassallii^ Smitt.

Isle of Man, Kamsey, and Point of Ayr (Hincks).
Dredged in the deep hole off the Point of Ayr (N. Wales),
in the " Spindrift " Expedition.

Sub-order II.— CYCLOSTOMATA, Busk.

Syn. Tubuliporina. Milne-Edwards, Johnston.

Group a.— IRaDtcellata, d'Orbigny.
Syn. Articulata s. radicata, Busk (1859), Crag Polyzoa.

Family I. — Crisiid^.
Genus Crisia (part), Lamouroux.
Syn. Sertularia (part). Linn.
Three British species, all found in our area.

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 181

Crisia cornutaj Linn,

Crisidia cornuta, M. Ed., Johnst., Busk.

Found almost e7ei7where in our area. Llandudno, Isle
of Man (Hincks) ; West Kirby, var. geniculata (Lomas) ;
Menai Straits (Pennington) ; Holyhead (Higgin).

Crisia ehurnea^ Linn.

Crista aculeata, Hassall, Johnst.

Isle of Man. Dredged on Pecten off Spanish Head (ten
to fifteen fathoms) by Prof. Herdman ; Blackpool, Menai
Straits (Pennington). Found in a deep hole off the Point of
Ayr in the *' Spindrift" Expedition. Colwyn Bay (Shrubsole) ;
Holyhead (Higgin).

Crisia denticulata, Lamarck.

Gellaria denticulata, Lamk.
Crisia luxata, Flem,, Sec.

Very generally distributed (Hincks).

Isle of Man (Lomas) ; Leasowe (Higgins).

Group h. 3-ncrustata, d'Orbigny.
Syn. Inarticulata, Busk.

Family II. — Tubuliporid^.
Genus Stomatopora,
Contains twelve British species.
Stomatopora expansa, Hincks.
Found on dead shells in the Isle of Man (Hincks). Not
recorded in any other locality.

Stomatopora major, Johnston.

Alecto repens, Wood, Busk.
Alecto major, Johnst., Busk.

Isle of Man, in deep water (Hincks).

Genus Tiibtdipora, Lamarck.
Three British species.

182 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Tuhulifora lohulata, Hassall. *

Extremely abundant off Maughold Head, Isle of Man
(Hincks).

Ramsey Bay, on Mytilus (Lomas).

Tuhulipora flabellaris, Fabricius.

Tubipora Jlabellaris, Fabr.

Tuhulipora phalangea, Couch, Johnst., Hincks, Busk.

Colwyn Bay (Shrubsole). Not previously recorded in our
district.

Genus Idmonea, Lamouroux.

Syn. Tuhulipora, Lamk

Tuhulipora, subgenus Idmonea, Smitt.

Two British species.

Idmonea serpens ^ Linn.

Tuhij)ora serpens, Linn., &c.
Millepora tuhuhsa, EUis and Sol.
Tuhulipora serpens, Flem., Johnst., Busk, &c

Generally distributed. Extremely abundant on the shore
at West Kirby, on Hydrallmania falcata (Lomas). The
specimens vrere collected from among the masses of sea weed
left by the tide at high water mark, and they differ con-
siderably from those forms which are found on shells and
stones, &c. This species affords a good example of the
changes which a form may undergo when placed under
varying influences. The same form also dredged in the
Welshman's Gut (seven fathoms), and Hilbre Swash,
"Merry Andrew" expedition (ten to eleven fathoms). Sea-
combe (Byerley). Colwyn Bay (Walker) ; Holyhead (Higgin).

Genus Diastopora, Lamouroux.

Syn. Tuhulipora (sp.) Johnst., &c.
Patinella (sp.) Busk, Hincks.

Four British species.

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 183

Diastopora patina, Lamarck.

Tuhulipora patina, Lamk., Johnst.
Patlnella patina. Busk.

Found on Pecten dredged by Prof. Herdman off Spanish
Head, Isle of Man (twenty fathoms). Holyhead (Higgin).
Also found by Mrs. Beever.

Diastopora suhorhicidaris.

Diastopora simplex, Busk, Cra(j Pol. ; Smitt.
Diastopora obelia, Johnst.

Found in Isle of Man (Hincks).

Diastopora ohelia, Johnst.
Tubulipora ohelia, Johnst.
Generally distributed on our coasts (Hincks). Rhyl
(Shrubsole). Anglesea, fourteen fathoms (Forbes).

Family III. — Hornerid.e.
Not represented in our area.

Family IV. — Lichenoporid^.
Genus Lichenopora, Defrance. ,
Syn. Discoporella. Gray, Busk, Smitt.
Tuhulipora (part), Johnst.
Heteroporella (sp.) Hincks.
Four British species.

Lichenopora hispida, Fleming.
Tubulipora hispida, Johnst.
Discoporella hispida, Gray, Busk, Smitt, Sars., Alder, &c.

Found in the Isle of Man (Hincks). Dredged by Prof.
Herdman off Spanish Head (twenty fathoms) on Pecten.

Lichenopora verrucaria, Fabricius.
Madrepora verrucaria, Fabr., Linn.
Discoporella verrucaria, Smitt., Busk
Rhyl (Shrubsole). This is a northern form, and it has
not been recorded so far south before.

184 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Sub-order III.— CTENOSTOMATA, Busk.

Syn. Halcyonellea and Vesicularina, Jolmston.

Group a. l)alCBonellea, Ehrenberg.

Syn. Alcyonidulce, Johnst., Brit. Zooph., edit. 1.
Polyzoa carnosat Gray.

Family I. — Alcyonidiid^.
Syn. AlcyonidulcB, Couch.
Halcyonellece, Smitt.

Genus Alcyonidiuyn, Lamouroux.
Syn. Alcyonium (part), Linn, Pallas, &c.

Cycloum, (sp.), Hassall.
Nine British species.

Alcyonidium gelatinosum, Linnaeus.
Sea ragged staff, Ellis.
Alcyonium gelatinosum, Linn., Pallas, Ellis and Sol., Lamx., &c.

This species is very abundant in our district, and grows
to an enormous size.

Isle of Man and Llandudno (Hincks). Dredged in the
'* Hyena " Expedition in the Menai Straits opposite Bangor,
and in a deep hole off the Point of Air in the " Spindrift "
Expedition. Hilbre (Marrat).

Alcyonidium hirsutum, Fleming.
Alcyonium hirsutum, Flem.
Cycloum papillosum^ Hassall, Johnst., Byerley, &c.

Isle of Man, Llandudno, Menai Straits (Hincks). Dredged
off Port Erin (ten to fifteen fathoms) by Prof. Herdman, and
by Mr. Thompson off Penmaenmawr.

Alcyonidium mytili, Daly ell.
Syn. Alcyonidium hexagonum, Hincks, Alder
Alcyonidium parasiticum, Smitt.

Llandudno. Isle of Man, common. Menai Straits
(Hincks).

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 185

Alcyonidiiim parasiticuvif Fleming.
Alcijonium parasiticum, Flem., Blainv.

Menai Straits (Hincks). Liverpool Bay (Higgins). North
Wales (Shrubsole).

Family II. — Flustrellid^.
Syn. Halcyonellea (part), Smitt.

Genus Flustrella, Gray.

Syn. Flustra (part) , Flem., Blainv., Johnst., Couch., Hincks, &c.
Alcyonidium (part), Smitt.

Only one British species.

Flustrella hispiday Fabricius.

Flustra Tiispida, Fabr., Flem., &c.
Alcyonidium MspiduTn, Johnst., Smitt, &c.
Cycloum hispidu7n, W. Thomp.

Common and widely distributed.

Dredged in the summer by Mr. Thompson off Penmaen-
mawr. Colwyn Bay (Shrubsole) ; Hilbre, Isle of Man, &c.

Family III. — Arachnidiid^.

Syn. AlcyonidiadfB (part), Hincks, 1862 ; Alder.

Genus Arachnidium, Hincks.
Syn. Arachnidia, Hincks, Alder.
This Genus contains three British forms.

Arachnidium hippothooides, Hincks.
Arachnidia hipjyothooides, Hincks.

On a Cyprlna, dredged off the Isle of Man (Hincks).
Only one other locality, Torbay, is known where this
form occurs.

Group b. Stolonitcra, Ehlers.
Syn. Vesicular ina. Johnst.

186 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Section I. — Orthonemida, Hincks.

Family IV. — Vesiculariid^.
Genus Vesicularia (part). J. V. Thompson.

Syn. Sertularia, Linn , Pallas, &c
Valkeria, Flem., &c.

Only contains one British species.

Vesicularia spinosa, Linnaeus.

Silk coralline, Ellis.

Sertularia spinosa, Linn., Ellis and Sol., Lamk.

This species is very common in our area.

Menai Straits, Llandudno, Lytham, Isle of Man (Hincks).
Liverpool (Landsborough). Blackpool (Pennington). Hilbre
and New Brighton (Marrat). Colwyn Bay (Walker).

Dredged in large quantities in fourteen fathoms about six
miles from Great Orme's Head, in the " Hyaena " expedition.

Genus Amathia, Lamouroux.

Syn Sertularia (part), Lint), &c.

Serialaria, Lamk. (1816), Flem., Johnst., &c.

Only one British species.

Amathia lendigera, Linnaeus.

Nit coralline, Ellis.

Sertularia lendigera, Linn., Pall., &c.

Serialaria lendigera, Lamk., Johnst, Couch, Landsb., Alder, &c.

Very common.

Llandudno, Menai Straits, Isle of Man (Hincks) ; Pen-
maenmawr, dredged by Mr. Thompson ; Blackpool (Pen-
nington) ; West Kirby, on shore (Lomas) ; Puffin Island and
Hilbre Island (Marrat) ; Beaumaris (Walker) ; Anglesea
(Forbes) ; Holyhead (Higgin).

Dredged in Hilbre Swash, "Merry Andrew " Expedition
(ten to eleven fathoms), and in the hole off Point of Air,
" Spindrift" Expedition.

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 187

Genus Boiuerbankia, Farre.
Syn. Valheria (part), Jolmst., Hassall, Couch.
Contains five British species.

Boiverbankia imhricata, Adams.

Sertularia imhricata, Adams, Thomp.
Valkeria imhricata, Johnst , Couch.

Very common. Dredged off Port Erin, by Professor
Herdman (ten to fifteen fathoms). Hilbre Island (Lomas).
Menai Straits (Pennington).

Boiverbankia pustulosa, Ellis and Sol.

Dichotomous tubular coralline.. Ell.
Sertularia pustulos a, Ellis and Sol.
Vesicularia pustulosa, J. V. Thomps.
Valkeria pustulosa, Johnst.

Menai Straits. Llandudno (Hincks). Isle of Man,
dredged by Professor Herdman.

Genus Farrella, Ehrenberg.

Syn. Lagenella, Farre, W. Thompson, Hassall.
Laguncula, Van Ben.

Only has one British representative.

Farrella repejis, Farre.

Lagenella repens, Farre, W. Thomp.
Bouerhankia repens, Johnst.
Farrella producta, Hincks.

There are two varieties of this species, repens and
elongata.

In the British Marine Polyzoa, p. 530, Hincks says : —
*' As to the distribution of the species, it is somewhat
peculiar that the elongata form, which is too remarkable
readily to escape observation, has only been noticed on
certain portions of the Lancashire coast, where it occurs in
amazing profusion, investing all kinds of marine substances."

188 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Form elongata. Fleetwood, on a buoy; Lytham,
extremely abundant (Hincks).

Family V.— Buskiid^.
Syn. Vesicularidce Alder.

Genus Buskia, Alder.
Only one British species.

Buskia nitenSy Alder.
Llandudno (Hincks).

Family VI. — Cylindr(eciid^.
Syn. Vesicula7'iada part), Busk, Alder, Hincks.

Genus Cylindrceciumf Hincks.

Syn. Farrella (part), Busk. Gosse, Hincks.
Avenella, Alder, Hincks, Gosse.

Contains three British species.

C ylindroecmm dilatatum, Hincks.

Farrella dilatata, Hincks.
Farrella fusca, Busk.

Llandudno ; Isle of Man (Hincks).

Dredged off Port Erin (ten to fifteen fathoms) by Prof.
Herdman.

Genus A7igumella, Van Beneden.
Only one British species.

Anguinella palmata, Van Beneden.
Hilbre Island (Herdman).

Family VII. — Triticellid.^:.
Not yet found in our district.

r».

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 189

Section II. — Campylonemidaf Hincks.

Family VIII. — Valkeriid^.
Syn. VesiculariadcB (part), Johnst., Alder.

Genus Valkeria (part), Fleming.
Syn. Sertularia (part), Linn., Pallas, &c.

Vesicularia (part), J. V. Thompson, Smitt.
Campylonema, Hincks.

Contains two British species.

Valkeria uva, Linnaeus.

Eepent form. Grape Coraline. Ellis.

Sertularia uva, Linn., Ellis and Sol.
Erect form. Climbing dodder-like Coralline, Ellis.

Sertularia cuscuta, Linn., Pall., Lamx, &c.

Form uva. Menai Straits, on larger Fiici, in immense
quantity (Hincks).

Form cuscuta, Landudno. Menai Straits, on larger
Fuci (Hincks). Isle of Man, dredged by Professor Herdman.

Valkeria tremida, Hincks.

Campylonema tremulum, Hincks.
Dredged oflf the Isle of Man (Hincks).

Family IX. — Mimosellid^.
Genus Mimosellay Hincks.
Only one British representative.

Mimosella gracilis, Hincks.
Valkeria cuscuta, Couch.
Dredged by Prof. Herdman off the Isle of Man, between
Port Erin and the Calf (ten to fifteen fathoms). Not pre-
viously recorded.

Family X. — Victorellid^, Saville Kent.
Not found in our area. This family only contams one
species, Victorella pavicla, a brackish and fresh water form,
which has been found in the Victoria Docks, London, and

190 LTVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

recently in the Regent's Canal by Mr. Bousfield. Probably
a good search in our estuary and docks might lead to its
discovery.

Sub-class II.— Entoprocta, Nitsche.
Order.-PEDICELLINEA.
The only order.

Family I. — Pedicellinid^.
Syn. Pedicellince, Johnston.

Genus Pedicellina, Sars.
Syn. Hydra (part), Bosc, Blainville.
Contains three British representatives.

Pedicellina cernua, Pallas.

" Fleshy Polypes of a red colour and a particular kind." Ellis.
Pedicellina echinata, Sars., Hassall, Smitt, &c.
Pedicellina helgica, Gosse, Hincks.

Both the smooth and spinose varieties of this species are
common in the Isle of Man (Lomas).
Pedicellina gracilis ^ Sars.

Isle of Man; Fleetwood, on a buoy; Llandudno (Hincks).

Dredged by Prof. Herdman between Port Erin and the
Calf (ten to fifteen fathoms).

Var. nodosa, nov. (PI. Ill, fig. 2).

Among the material dredged in the Isle of Man, I found
the form which Hincks describes as having the stem " very
much elongated, and consists of several sections separated by
knots or swellings^ which are also muscular in character."
At first I thought it was P. helgica. Van Beneden, which is
characterised by a swelling in the stem, but on separating
the stolon from the sea weed on which it was growing, I
discovered that on the same stolon there was the ordinary
form without the medial swelling. The swelling in P.
helgica, moreover, is gradual, while in this form it is abrupt
and sharply defined from the rest of the stem.

REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 191

The stems are arranged alternately, with great regularity
on opposite sides of the stolon. There is a swelling at the
junction of the stolon with the stem-basal cylinder of Hincks,
which, in this case, is wider than in the one figured in
B. M. P., and the muscular substance is continued for a little
distance on each side into the stolon. Then about the
middle of the stem is another swelling, and just under the
head a third, which is constricted so as to have the appear-
ance of two swellings, both muscular, and the lower one
rather less than the upper one. It is easy to see that these
swellings would be of great use to the creature in giving
it a variety of movements in order to search for food and
to retreat in face of danger.

It is possible that the individual without the medial
swelling may be an imperfectly developed form so far as the
stem is concerned. How the median swelling has been
formed I do not know, but it is quite possible that the head
swelling may be converted into the median one by an elonga-
tion of the stem above it. I am the more inclined to this
view since, in some individuals, there is a short stem between
the uppermost swelling and the head, and the part of the
stem above the median swelling varies much in size, while the
part between the base and middle swelling is pretty constant
(PI. Ill, fig 2).

There is little doubt, I think, that it should be referred
to P. gracilis, yet the characters mentioned above show it to
be a well marked and very aberrent variety, for which I
propose the name, var. nodosa.

Family II. — Loxosomid^.
Not recorded in our area.

Explanation of Plate III.
Fig. i. Eucratea chelata, var. elongata, nov.
Fig. 2. Pedicellina gracilis , var. nodosa, nov.

192 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

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LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

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REPORT ON THE POLYZOA. 197

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201

REPORT on the COPEPODA of the L. M. B. C.

DISTRICT.

By Isaac C. Thompson, F.R.M.S.

The Copepoda reported upon were collected during the
summer of 1885, between May and August inclusive.
Many of them were captured during the cruise of the
" Hyaena" and on the second Hilbre expedition, and a large
number later in the season, off Port Erin, at the south end
of the Isle of Man.

It is a remarkable fact that with special opportunities for
dredging and tow-netting off Penmaenmawr during July,
scarcely any Copepoda were found. Their absence at that
time may probably be accounted for by the wide-spread
diffusion throughout the sea of the minute gelatinous
spherical bodies referred to in the Report on the Fauna of
Penmaenmawr. ^^^

In this connection it is interesting to fiud that Mr.
Pearcey observed, t while conducting tow-netting investiga-
tions in the Shetland Seas in the summer of 1884, that in
regions -where the diatom Rhizosolenia shruhsolei was pre-
sent in great abundance animal life was almost entirely
absent in the surface waters.

The strained material from water containing the specimens
captured by the tow-net was treated in two different ways for
preservation. Firstly, by hardening with a saturated solution
of Picric Acid and then with Alcohol ; and, secondly, by pre-
serving in a mixture of Glycerine, Alcohol and Water. The
former method, though admirable as a preservative of the

* See farther on in this Volume.

t " Movements and Food of the Herring," &c., Proc. Boy. Physical Soc,
Edin., vol. viii, p. 389, 1885.

202 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

tissues, has the disadvantage of destroying any natural
colours the animal may have, and it also appears to render
the specimens somewhat brittle. Glycerine, besides possess-
ing most valuable preservative qualities itself, has the happy
advantage of mixing in any proportion with both alcohol and
water, and it has been found that a solution composed as
follows — Water 1 part, Proof Spirit 2 parts, and Glycerine
1 part, with 1 per cent, of Carbolic Acid added, is admirably
adapted for preserving these small Crustaceans. Any
tendency that the glycerine alone might have to dissolve out
carbonate of lime is probably counteracted by the addition of
the spirit and water.

From either the picric acid and alcohol solution (after
washing), or from the glycerine mixture, the objects may
without further preparation be at once mounted in Farrant's
solution as permanent slides, by which their natural charac-
teristics are maintained intact.

The collection of Copepoda includes nineteen species, of
which thirteen are previously unrecorded as belonging to this
locality. Three, at least, are altogether new to Britain, and
one is possibly an addition to science.

The tow-netting observations made at Port Erin, at
various times of the day and evening, do not seem to show
any marked variation according to the time ; the Copepoda
being very much the same in gatherings taken in the middle
of the day and after sundown.

My thanks are due to Dr. G. S. Brady, F.R.S., for
having kindly examined and identified some of the more
difficult specimens, and for additional information in regard
to some of the species described in his Ray Society Mono-
graph and " Challenger" Report.*

* A Monograph on the British Copepoda, Eay Society, 1878 and 1880.
Keport upon the Copepoda collected during the Voyage of H.M.S. * Chal-
lenger,' ZooL CJiall. Exp., Part xxiii, 1883.

REPORT ON THE COPEPODA. 203

These works have been followed in the arrangement and
nomenclature of the species.

Order COPEPODA.
Family I.— Calanid^.

Calanus finmarchicus, Gunner.

Getochilus septentrioualis, Goodsir, Ed. New Phil. Journ., xxxv,

p. 339, t. vi, figs. 1-11 (1843).
Getochilus septentrionalis, Baird, Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom.,

p. 235, t. XXX, tigs, la-g (1850).

Quantities of this species were found in most of the tow-
net gatherings taken by Prof. Herdman off Port Erin, at
the south end of the Isle of Man, during August. This is
probably the most abundant and most widely diffused of all
the Copepoda, and it is somewhat singular that it does not
occur in any of the tow-net gatherings taken off the Welsh
coast or in the neighbourhood of Hilbre Island earlier in
the season. It luxuriates in the open sea.

Pleuromma abdoviinale, Lubbock.
Pleuromma gradle, Glaus.

One female Copepod taken in the tow-net off Port Erin,
Isle of Man, in the evening, after sunset, appears to belong
to this species, which has not hitherto been found in British
seas. The specimen, after having been mounted as a
microscope slide, was examined by Dr. Brady, and he has
stated that he felt unable to name it positively without
dissection, but that it seemed to be new to the British
Fauna.

The specimen on a careful examination is found to agree
in all essential points with the description and figures Brady
gives * of an immature condition of Pleuromma abdominale
undoubtedly identical with Glaus' Pleurom^ma gracile.

* " Challenger " Report, p. 46.

204 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Metridia armatay Boeck.

Paracalanus hibernicus, Brady and Robertson, Annals and
Mag. of Nat. Hist., ser. 4, vol. xii, p. 126, pi. viii, figs. 1-3
(1873).
Found sparingly in the gatherings taken off Port Erin,
Isle of Man. All the specimens obtained were males.

Pseudocalauus elongatus, Boeck.

Glausia elongata, Boeck, Oversigt Norges Gopep., p. 10 (1864).

This species occurs in several of Professor Herdman's
tow-net gatherings from Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Candace truncata (?), Dana.
A few specimens belonging to the genus Candace were
found among Prof. Herdman's Port Erin gatherings, and
were referred to C. truncata , a species new to Britain. The
chief distinctive feature of the only known British species
C. pectinata appears to be the presence in the male of a long
spine at one side only of the last joint of the thorax ; and as
all the specimens examined are females, it is just possible
they may be C. pectinata ; they do not, however, exhibit the
peculiar shape of abdomen figured by Brady as characteristic
of the female of C. pectinata. Some more important charac-
teristic by which the females of C. pectinata and C. truncata
may be satisfactorily distinguished is much wanted.

Dias longiremiSf Lilljeborg.

Calanus euehceta, Lubbock, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2,
vol. XX, p. 401, pi. X, figs. 1-6 (1857)

This strongly marked characteristic species was found
plentifully in Prof. Herdman's Port Erin gatherings.

Temora longicor7iis, Miiller.

Cyclops longicornis, Miiller, Entom., p. 115, t. xix, flgs. 7-9

(1785).
Temora finmarchiea, Baird, Brit. Entom., p. 228, t. xxviii, figs.

\a-g (1850).

REPORT ON THE COPEPODA. 205

Multitudes of this species were taken in the tow-net
near Puffin Island during the cruise of the " Hjaena." It
also occurs plentifully among Prof. Herdman's Port Erin
gatherings.

Centropages typicus, Kroyer.

fcthyophorba denticornis, Glaus, Die frei-lehenden Coyepoden,

p. 199, pi. XXXV, figs. 1, 3-9 (1863).
Icthyophorha denticornis, Brady, Nat. Hist. Trans. N. and D,,

vol. i, p. 40, pi. iv, figs. 1-6 (1864).

One specimen only of this species was found in the tow-
net material collected in Hilbre Swash during the " Merry
Andrew " expedition.

Centropages hamatus, Lilljeborg.

This common species was found abundantly during the
cruise of the '* Hyaena," off Puffin Island, as well as in
Hilbre Swash, and in the Port Erin gatherings.

Brady refers to the " spines of the swimming feet differ-
ing remarkably from those of Centropages typicus, in having
their serrated armature much stronger, and the teeth sepa-
rated one from another by a wider interval"; but the
specimens of the two species which I have examined seem
very similar in this respect.

Anomalocera pater soniiy Templeton (PI. IV, fig. 2).

IrencBus patersonii, Goodsir, Bdin. New Phil. Journ., xxxv,

p. 339, t. vi, figs. 12-17 ; t. iv, figs. 1-9 (1843).
IrencBus patersonii, Glaus, Vie frei-lehenden Copepoden, p. 206,

taf. ii, fig. 1, t. xxxvii, fig. 1-6 (1863).

A few specimens of this most interesting species were
taken during the cruise of the " Hyaena." It is remarkable
for its various colours, many of which are still preserved
after mounting in Farrant's solution.

Brady says he has " never been able to find the spine
which is said by Dr. Claus to exist in the first segment

206 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

of the male abdomen; " it is, however, very well defined in
one of the specimens taken ofi" Puffin Island (see PI. IV,
fig 2).

Family III. — CYCLOPiDiE,

Oithona spinifrons, Boeck.
One female specimen of this species was found amongst
Prof. Herdman's Port Erin material. It is a very minute
species, and therefore difficult to dissect. Dr. Brady, who
has examined the specimen, regards it as an Oithona, hut
considers it doubtful whether or not it really belongs to this,
the only hitherto known British species. The specimen
seems to me, however, to agree with the essential characters
of 0. spinifrons in all respects.

Family IV. — Notodelphyid^..

Ascidicola rosea, Thorell.

Notodelphys ascidicola, Allman, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,
vol. XX, pi. i, figs. 1-13 (1847).

One specimen of this parasitic species was found in the
branchial sac of a Simple Ascidian dredged off the South
end of the Isle of Man.

Family VI.— Harpacticid^.

CanthocamptKs stromii (?), Baird.
Byerley records this species as having been found by
Mr. Weightman at New Brighton, in tide pools, 1853.

Canthocainptus furcatus.
Recorded by Mr. Byerley as found at Hilbre, and in
pools amongst seaweed around the coast.

Harpacticus chelifer, Miiller (PL IV, fig. 3).

Cyclops chelifer. 0. F. Miiller, Zool. Dan. Prodr., 2413 ; Ento-
mostraca, p. 114, taf. xix, figs. 1-3, 1776.

Recorded by Mr. Byerley as being "not uncommon upon

REPORT ON THE COPEPODA. 207

the shores of Wirral." Found in rock pools on Hilbre
Island.

All the specimens of this species which I have examined
were females bearing ovisacs ; and the dorsal edge of the
Cephalothorax was strongly spinose (see PL IV, fig. 3).

Peltidium depressum, Baird.

Alteutha depressa, Baird, Trans. Berwick Nat, Club, ii, p. 155,
1845; Nat. Hist. Brit. Entom., p. 216, tab. xxx, figs. 1-2
(1850).

Kecorded by Byerley as " found occasionally in pools
upon the shore."

Family IX. — Artotrogid^.

Caligus rapax, Milne Edwards.
Kecorded by Mr. Byerley as parasitic upon the Sapphirine
Gurnard.

Caligus milllerif Leach.
Recorded by Mr. Byerley as having been found attached
in great numbers to a Cydopterus lumpus, and on a very
large Thornback.

Family. — Doubtful.

, new species (?).

A single specimen of a very curious female Copepod,
with a remarkable constriction in the middle of the cephalo-
thorax, was obtained in the townet, in the neighbourhood of
Puffin Island, during the cruise of the "Hyaena." It is
unlike any species which has previously been described, and
Dr. Brady, to whom the specimen was submitted, states that
he considers it a very remarkable form, but that he can say
nothing positive in regard to it without dissection and careful
examination.

Probably this form is new to science, but it is impossible

208 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

to decide the matter definitely, or to give a full description
from the single specimen which is now mounted.

It will be interesting to see whether, during next
summer's investigations by the Committee, any further
specimens of this form are found in the same locality off
Pufiin Island.

Explanation of Plate IV.

[Fig. 1, — Protella phasma, Dana ; young. See page 218.]
Fig. 2. — The spines on the right side of the last thoracic

segment, and the first abdominal segment of the

male Anomalocera patersonii.
Fig. 3. — Harpacticus chelifer, female, showing spinose back.

209

NOTES on the CIKRIPEDIA of the L.M.B.C.

DISTRICT.

By F. p. Marrat, Free Public Museum.

What is known of the Cirripedes of this district is almost
all contained in Byerley's Fauna. No satisfactory collec-
tion of the species enumerated is to be found either in
our Public Museum or in any private collection. Under
these circumstances, it is evident that if we wish to pro-
cure satisfactory evidence regarding our local species, the
specimens must be re-examined and a collection formed.
The specimens obtained by the dredging investigations of
the Liverpool Marine Biology Committee have added
Chthamalus stellatus and Verruca stromia to the list of
species previously recorded.^ I take this opportunity of
correcting the nomenclature of Mr. Byerley's list.

THORACICA.

Family. — B al anid^ .

Balanus porcatiis, Costa.

Balanus scoticus, Wood. = Balanus ehurneus, Brown.
This is the Balanus scoticus of Byerley's list. I remem-
ber specimens of this species having been shown to me
attached to Modiola modiolus which had been brought in by
the Liverpool fishing boats.

Balanus hameri, Ascan.
Isle of Man and Anglesea, twelve fathoms (Darwin).

* Foreign species brought into the Mersey attached to ships have been
omitted.

210 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Balanus balanoides, Linn.
This is the very abundant small species of this
neighbourhood.

Balanus perforatus, Brug.
Balanus communis, Pult.
Occasionally found upon Buccinum and other shells.
Two specimens were dredged from fourteen fathoms, oflf
Puffin Island, during the cruise of the " Hyaena."

Balanus crenatus, Brug.
Balanus rugosus, Pult.
Recorded by Byerley under the name of B. rugosus as
" very abundant, attached to seaweed, shells, sea-walls, &c.
Thickly set upon the Rock Lighthouse."

The Balanus clavatus of Byerley's list is probably only
an elongated variety of B. crenatus. It is recorded as
having being found " in the clefts of the wooden piles about
piers," &c.

Chthamalus stellatus, Poli.

Very common in shore pools at Fleshwick Bay, Isle of
Man.

Family. — Verrucid^

Verruca stromia, 0. F. MuUer.
On Laminaria, Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Family. — Lepadid^ .

Lepas anatifera, Linn.
A few years ago a balk of timber was seen floating near
the entrance to the Mersey, and was drifted into one of the
northern docks. It had evidently been a long time in the
water, and was literally covered with specimens of Lepas
anatifera, ranging in size from about six inches or less to a
foot or more in length. From the Balani attached to the

NOTES ON THE CIRRIPEDIA. 211

wood all being British species, I infer that the pedunculated
Cirripedes had also become fastened, and had continued to
grow, in some situation not far from the Liverpool district.

RHIZOCEPHALA.

Family. — Peltogastrid^ .

Sacculina carcini, Thompson.
Common, attached to the abdomen of Crabs, in Hilbre
Swash, &c.

212

LIST of the AMPHIPODA of the L. M. B. C. DISTRICT.

By G. Herbert Fowler, B.A., Oxon.,

BERKELEY FELiLiOW OP THE OWENS COLLiEGE, MANCHESTER.

The classification on which this list is based is that of
Messrs. Spence-Bate and Westwood, in their British Sessile-
eyed Crustacea.

The letter W signifies that species so marked were
obtained and named by Mr. A. 0. Walker, of Chester;
while [N] and [S] mark species determined by the Rev. A,
M. Norman and the Rev. T. R. R. Stebbing, respectively. I
take this opportunity of thanking these gentlemen for their
kind assistance. Finally, the letter F denotes those species
which were collected during the dredging expeditions of the
Liverpool Marine Biology Committee.

Family L— ORCHESTiiDiE.

Talitrus locusta, Latreille.
Colwyn Bay ; abundant in drift seaweed at high water

mark. W.

Family II. — Gammarid^.

Sub-family — Stegocephalides.

Stenothoe (Montagua) marina, Sp. Bate.

Bar of Dee ; W. Hilbre Island, one specimen ; F., [S.]
Montagua alderi, Sp. Bate.
One specimen, Welshman's Gut, " Spindrift " expedi-
tion, June 20th. F.

Sub - family — Lysian asside s .

Lysianassa costce, M. -Edwards.
Off Puffin Island, fifteen fathoms, on cruise of " Hyaena,"

LIST OF THE AMPHIPODA. 213

May 24th, 1885 ; F., W., [S.] The characters of the antennae
in this species are not reliable for specific distinction, the
flagellum varying in length, and the accessory appendage in
the number of joints.

" One of the specimens from Puffin Island has the flagellum
of the lower antenna about four times as long as the peduncle,
while in the other they are about the same length as the
peduncle. In both, the secondary appendage is four to five-
jointed, instead of two-jointed, as stated by Spence-Bate
{Brit, Sess. Crust., vol. i), and by Boeck." W.

Lysianassa longicornis, Lucas.
Off Puffin Island, fifteen fathoms ; F., W., [S.] " Probably
only a male of the last species " ; W.

Orchomene minutus, Kroyer.
Colwyn Bay ; one specimen, found in a tidal pool. W., [S.]

Sub-family — Phoxides.
Iphimedia obesa, Rathke.
Port Erin, Isle of Man, August, one specimen. F.

Sulcator arenarius, Sp. Bate.
Llanfairfechan. W., [S.]

Urothoe marinus, Sp. Bate.
Llanfairfechan. W., [S.]

Sub-family.— Gammartdes.
Amathilla sabiniy Leach.

Common at times, in tidal pools, at Rhos Bay. W.
Aora gracilis^ Sp. Bate.
Point of Ayr, Rhyl, Puffin Island, fifteen fathoms ; Car-
narvon Bay, five to ten fathoms. W., F.

Atylus swammerdamiiy M.-Edw.
Very common in and below the Laminarian zone ;
common off Bagillt, July 25, 1876, W. ; Hilbre Swash,
eighteen specimens. May 9th ; Penmaenmawr, one specimen,

214 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

July; Welshman's Gut, June 20th, seven specimens; Port
Erin, Isle of Man, August, one specimen. F.

Atylus gibbosus, Sp. Bate.
Port Erin, Isle of Man, August, one specimen. F.

Atylus (Haiirages) bispinosus, Sp. Bate.
Rhos Bay. W.

Bathyporeia pilosa, Lindstrom.
Llanfairfechan. W., [S.]

Bathyporeia pelagica, var. robertsoni, Sp. Bate.
Llanfairfechan ; W., [S.] This form, along with Bathy-
poreia pilosa^ Sulcator arenariuSf and Urothoe marinus, was
dug out of the sand at Llanfairfechan by the Rev. T. R. R.
Stebbing and Mr. Walker.

Calliope Iceviuscula, Kroyer.

Very common in tidal pools, Colwyn Bay; W. One
specimen was dredged in Hilbre Swash, ten fathoms, F., [S.]

Calliope bidentata, Norman.
Point of Ayr. F,, W., [N.]

Dexamine spinosa, Leach.
Rhos Bay, Carnarvon Bay; W. Port Erin, Isle of Man,
August, eight specimens (two very small specimens lack the
characteristic tooth on the first antennae, = Dex. tenuicor-
nis?); F.

Gammarus locusta, Linn.

Recorded by Byerley as abundant in tide pools everywhere
around the coast.

Very common under stones, Colwyn Bay; W.

Hilbre Swash ; Port Erin, Isle of Man ; Welshman's Gut ;
Penmaenmawr ; F.

"A black form is common. The red spots on the
abdominal segments are not always present." W.

LIST OF THE AMPHIPODA. 215

Gammarus marinus, Leach.

Port Erin, Isle of Man, four specimens. F.

Some specimens dredged from Welshman's Gut are
apparently a variety between G. locusta and G. marinus,
having the first two abdominal segments rounded ofi", but
still not agreeing with G. campylops in the form of the last
pair of feet. F.

Gammaropsis (Eurystheits) erythrophthalmus, Lilljeborg.
Puffin Island, fifteen fathoms, " Hysena." F., W.

Megamoera othonis, M.-Edw.
One specimen, cruise of ** Hyaena." F.

Melita palmata, Montagu.
Rhos and Colwyn Bays. W.

Melita ohtusata, Montagu.
Point of Ayr; F., W. Ofi" Puffin Island, "Hy^na;" F.,W.

Moera hatei, Norman.

Megamoera multidentata, Bate and West., Brit. Sess. Crust.,
vol. ii. p. 515.

Puffin Island, fifteen fathoms. F., W., [N.]
"The specimen, taken April 27th, 1881, was named
by the Rev. A. M. Norman. It is a female, and it difi'ers
widely from the figure given by Bate and Westwood, as
regards the second cheliped (gnathopod of B. and W.). In
our specimen, the wrist is three times as long, and nearly
as wide, as the hand." W.

Pherusa bicuspis, Kroyer.
= Pleustes bicuspis.
Bar of Dee, Rhyl, Puffin Island, cruise of " Hyaena,"
fifteen fathoms. F., W.

Pherusa fucicola, Leach.
(See Sp. Bate, Cat. Amphib. Crust. Brit. Mus., pi. xxvii,
fig. 10 — not fig. 9.) Rhos Bay ; W., [N.] One specimen was

216 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

obtained in a tidal pool between Llandrillo yn Rhos and the
Little Ormes Head.

Photis reinhardi, Kroyer.

Eiscladus longicaudatus, Sp. Bate.
One specimen from oyster-bed in Colwyn Bay, three to five
fathoms. W.

Family III. — CoROPHiiDiE.
Sub-Family. — Podocerides.

Amphithoe podoceroides, Rathke.

A. littorea, Sp. Bate = A. rubrieata, Monta^.
Tidal pools, Rhos Bay; W. Port Erin, Isle of Man.
Seven young specimens, one adult ; F., [S.]

Podocerus falcatus, Montagu.
Generally distributed ; W. Two specimens Port Erin,
Isle of Man. F.

Podocerus pelagicus, Leach.
Five specimens, Port Erin, Isle of Man. F.

Podocerus pulchellus, Leach.
Six specimens, Port Erin, Isle of Man. F.
The last two species may be varieties of P. falcatus.

Podoceropsis sophia, Boeck.
Naenia tuberculosa, Sp. Bate.
Bar of Dee, Colwyn Bay. W.

Sunamphithoe hamula, Sp. Bate.
Six specimens. Port Erin, Isle of Man. F.

Cerapus abditus, Templeton.
Point of Ayr. F., W. "When alive, this species is
prettily freckled, and the antennae barred with red ; eyes
bright scarlet " (A. 0. W.)

LIST OF THE AMPHIPODA. 217

Sub-family. — Corophiides.

Corophium grossipes, Linn.
G. longicorne, Fabr.
On mud flats, its burrows covering acres in the Dee. W.
In tide pools. Byerley,

Naenia rimipalmata , Sp. Bate.

N. excavata = Xenoclea batei, Boeck.
Penmaenmawr, one specimen ; " HyaBna," one specimen.
F., [S.]

Family IV. — Chelurid^.

Chelura terebrans, Philippi.

In great numbers, in wood from the breakwater, Port
Erin, Isle of Man. F.

Family V. — Dulichiid^.

Dulichia porrecta, Bate.
Recorded by Bate and Westwood " from deep water
between the Dee and the Mersey." (Dr. Walker.)

Family VI. — Hyperiid^.

Hyperia medusarum, Miiller. '

H. galba, Montagu.
Colwyn Bay, etc. ; common in Rhizostoma. W.

Family VII. — Caprellid^.

Proto pedata, Mont.
Two specimens. Port Erin, Isle of Man. F.

Protella phasma, Dana.
"Very plentiful amongst seaweed. Zoophytes, and Sponges
at Hilbre and elsewhere " (Byerley). Probably Mr. Byerley's
specimens were Caprella linearis, which appears to be the
commonest species of the family at Hilbre Island.

218 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Seven adult and six young specimens of P. phasma were
obtained off Port Erin, Isle of Man. F.

Note. — The six specimens from Port Erin, recorded as
the young of Protella phasma, are thus regarded in conse-
quence of a note of Mayer {Fauna u. Flora d. Golf, v, Neapel,
VI, p. 30), though at first believed to be a new species. To
prevent future error an outline drawing is appended, PL IV,
fig. 1 ; none of the characteristic spines on the back are
developed except that on the head ; and the palm of the
second cheliped is much simpler than that of the adult,
exhibiting only one, not very strong, tooth. F.

Caprella linearis, Linn.
Forty-four specimens, mainly from Hilbre; one from Port
Erin. Under this species is now ranked C. lohata as the
male, as was suggested by Bate and Westwood, and
definitely laid down by Mayer in his recent monograph on
the Naples Caprellidse. F.

Podalirius typicus, Kroyer.
On the interambulacral spaces of Asterias rubens. Off
Prestatyn, abundant, July 10th, 1885. W.

The above list of species is entirely new to the district,
except for the three recorded by Mr. Byerley, namely : —
Corophium longicorne, Oammarus locusta, and Caprella
phasma.

LIST OF THE ISOPODA.*
Family I. — Cymothoid^.
Eurydice pulchra, Leach.

* I have drawn up this list from Byerley's Fauna and from notes supplied
to me by Mr. A. 0. Walker and Mr. I. C. Thompson.— Ed.

LIST OP THE ISOPODA. 219

*' This species swarms in the Dee, where it bites
bathers." W.

Family II. — SpHiEROMiDiE.

Sphcsroma serratum, Fabr.

Colwyn Bay; Mersey, above EUesmere Port, under
stones. W.

Family III. — iDOTEiDiE.

Idotea tricuspidata, Desmarest.

Colwyn Bay, Dee, etc. W.

Idotea linearis, Pennant.

Along the coast.

These two species of Idotea are often found on floating
drift weed. W.

Arcturns longicornis, Sow.
Dredged at the mouth of the Dee. Byerley.

Family V. — Asellid^.

Jaera albifrons, Mont.
Colwyn Bay and Rhos Bay, in tidal pools. W.

Janira maculosa, Leach. '

Bar of the Dee. W.

Limnoria lignomm, Rathke.

Dee and New Brighton. Bate and Westwood.

Byerley records this species from the Mersey, under the
name of L. terebrans, and states that the wooden piles of
the Rock Lighthouse are completely drilled by it.

" I have never seen or heard of any signs of this wood-
boring pest in the Dee, though I have asked men who have
removed old piles." W.

220 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Family VIII. — Oniscid^e.

Ligia oceanica, Linn.

Sparingly at Hilbre and Egremont. Byerley.

Colwyn Bay. W.

I am informed by Mr. Moore, that he and Mr. Marrat
have seen at nightfall vast numbers of this species issue
from between the layers of rock at Hilbre.

221

REPORT on the PODOPHTHALMATA of the
L. M.B.C. DISTRICT.

By Alfred 0. Walker, F.L.S., Chester.

Order.— PODOPHTHALMATA.

Sub-order.- -SCHIZOPODA.

Family. — Mysid^ .

My sis flexuosa, Miiller.

My sis Chameleon, Bell.

Dee, opposite Flint. Common in tidal pools at Rhos
Bay (Colwyn Bay).

My sis spirituSf Norman.
Rhos Bay.

Dredged off Puffin Island, depth fifteen fathoms, during
the cruise of the " Hyaena," on May 24th, 1885.

Sub-order.— DECAPODA.

Section I.— MACKOUEA.

Family. — Caeidid^.

Pasiphoea sivado, Risso.
Two specimens were taken in 1884, below Point of Ayr.
Mr. Moore informs me that two specimens of this species
were brought to him from the Mersey in 1864, and that one
specimen was taken on the Cheshire coast late in 1885.

Paloemon serratus, Penn.
Common Prawn ; sometimes taken in considerable num-
bers with the Shanks, but not very abundant anywhere.

222 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Pandalus hrevirostris, Kathke.
Hippolyte thornpsoni, Bell.
Dredged off Puffin Island, depth fifteen fathoms, during
the cruise of the '' Hyaena," May 24th, 1885.

Pandalus annulicorfiiSf Leach.
The Shank or (Esop Prawn. Very abundant on stony
ground. Immense quantities are taken by the shrimp
trawlers off Prestatyn.

Hippolyte pusiola, Kroyer.

One specimen was obtained off Puffin Island during the
cruise of the " Hyaena," on May 24th, 1885.

The colouring of this species, when fresh, is very beauti-
ful. The upper portion of the carapace is generally milky
white, the under part and legs spotted with red ; the abdo-
minal segments more or less yellow, with a ring of white just
above the tail.

Hippolyte cranchii, Leach.
One specimen was obtained off Puffin Island, during the
cruise of the " Hyaena," on May 24th, 1885.

Hippolyte varians, Leach.
Common in tidal pools.

Crangon (Cherophilus) trispinosus, Hailstone.
Obtained off Puffin Island, from a depth of fifteen
fathoms, during the cruise of the *' Hyaena," May 24th,
1885.

Crangon {Mgeon) sculptus, Bell.
Three specimens were dredged off the south end of the
Isle of Man.

Crangon {JEgeon) fasciatus, Eisso.
Two specimens were dredged off Puffin Island, in fifteen
fathoms, during the cruise of the "Hyaena," on May 24th,
1885.

REPORT ON THE PODOPHTHALMATA. 223

Crangon vulgaris, Fabr.
Very abundant on sandy shores.

Family. — Astacid^.
Nephrons norvegicus, Linn.
Said to have been taken at Holyhead (BelVs Brit. Crust.,
p. 254).

Homarus vulgaris , Edw.
Common Lobster. As far as I know this is not fished
for nearer Liverpool than Amlwch, but it has been taken in
Khos Bay east of the Little Orme ; it has been found on
Hilbre Island by F. P. Marrat.

Family. — Galatheid^ .
Galathea strigosa, Fabr.
One small specimen of this species, not half-an-inch long,
but with eggs, was dredged off Puffin Island, fifteen fathoms,
during the cruise of the " Hyaena," on May 24th, 1885.

Galathea intermedia, Lilljeborg.
Oalathea andrewsi, Kinahan.
Obtained in the Menai Straits during the cruise of the
*' Hyaena," on May 24th, 1885 ; also in Hilbre Swash, depth
ten fathoms ; and off Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Galathea squamifera, Mont.
One specimen was dredged off the south end of the
Isle of Man.

Section II.-ANOMOURA.

Family. — Pagurid^.
Pagurus hernhardus, Linn.
Very abundant from Hilbre Swash and Point of Ayr all
along the coast.

Pagurus prideauxii, Leach.
Off Port St. Mary, Isle of Man, along with Adamsia
palliata.

224 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Pagurm cuanensis, Thompson.
One specimen was dredged off the south end of the Isle
of Man in August.

Family. — Porcellanid^e.

Porcellana platycheles, Penn.

Hilbre Swash. Formerly common under stones at Pen-
maenmawr and Colwyn Bay, but I have seen none there
lately.

Found at Hilbre Island last summer by some members of
the Committee.

Porcellana longicornis, Penn.
Common under stones at Colwyn Bay, Penmaenmawr, etc.
A specimen found by Mr. Thompson at Penmaenmawr
has the chelipedes equal.

Section III.— BRACK YUR A.
Family. — CoRYSTiDiE .

Thia polita, Leach.

One specimen was obtained on the western end of the
Constable Bank, near Llandudno, from a depth of six to seven
fathoms, during the cruise of the " Hyaena," May 23rd, 1885.

Corystes cassivelaunus, Penn.
Along the coast from Hilbre Swash to Menai Straits.

Family. — Leucosiad^.

Ebalia, tuber osa, Penn.
Ehalia pennantii, Leach.
Off the south end of the Isle of Man, one male specimen.

Ebalia tumefacta, Montagu.
Ehalia bryerii. Leach.

Off the south end of the Isle of Man, two female speci-
mens.

REPORT ON THE PODOPHTHALMATA. 225

Ebalia cranchii, Leach.
Off the south end of the Isle of Man, one male specimen.
It seems doubtful whether the last two species are
distinct.

Family. — Gonoplacid^.

Gonoplax angulata, Fabr.
One specimen has occurred at Southport (C. H. Brown).

Family. — Pinngtheridte.

Pinnotheres pisum, Penn.
In Mussel shells.

Family. — Portunid^ .

Carcinus moenas, Linn.
Very abundant. Is there any reason why Portunus
carcinoides (Kinahan, in Nat. Hist. Revieiv, 1857), should
not be referred to this species ?

Portunus puber, Linn.
Point of AjYf one specimen, 1878.

Portunus arcuatuSf Leach.
Mouth of the Dee ; Colwyn Bay. Not common.

Portunus depurator, Linn.
Very abundant, three to seven fathoms.

Portunus pusilluSf Leach.
Off Port Erin, Isle of Man, one specimen.

Portumnus latipes, Penn.
Beach, Penmaenmawr (R. D. D.)

Family. — Eriphid^.

Pilumnus hirtelluSy Linn.
Great and Little Ormes Heads ; Puffin Island, seven to
fifteen fathoms ; Bar of Dee.

p

226 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Family.— CANCRiDiE.

Cancer pagurus, Linn.
Rhos Bay; common, but small.

Family. — Parthenopid^ .

Eurynome aspera, Penn.
One specimen was obtained oflf Puffin Island, from a
depth of fifteen fathoms, during the cruise of the " Hyaena,"
May 24th, 1885 ; off the south end of the Isle of Man,
August, 1885.

Family. — Maiid^ .

Stenorynchus rostratus, Linn.
Stenorynchus phalangium, Penn.
Very common in stony places, five to ten fathoms.

Achceus cranchii, Leach.
Off Port Erin, Isle of Man, twenty fathoms (L. Adams),

Inachus dorsettensis, Leach.
Off Port Erin, Isle of Man ; one specimen.

Hyas araneus, Linn.
Off Little Ormes Head, seven to ten fathoms.

Hyas coarctatus, Leach.
Stony places, five to ten fathoms.

227

KEPORT on the PYCNOGONIDA of the L. M. B. C.

DISTRICT.

By W. B. Halhed.

This group does not appear to have hitherto engaged
much attention in this locality, the only previous record of
examples found in the Liverpool Bay being in Mr. Byerley's
Fauna, published in 1855, where only two species are men-
tioned, namely, Pycnogonum litor-ale and Nymphon gracile,
which latter title, as a convenient name for all long-legged
Pycnogonida, seems generally to have satisfied observers who
have lacked the time or the interest to make careful examina-
tions, and to mark the distinct differences which characterise
the various genera of this interesting group of animals.

The L.M. B.C. dredging investigations of this first
season enable us to add to the brief list at least five addi-
tional species, to wit : —

Phoxicliiliclium femoratum, Rathke.

Phoxichilus spinosus, Montagu.

Achelia echinata, Hodge.

Achelia hispida, Hodge.

Pallene brevirostris, Johnston.
and doubtless future work in the locality will still further
extend the number.

As no complete detailed description has ever been given
of the British Pycnogonida, it is necessarily a laborious and
somewhat difficult matter to trace the history of the various
species, and identify the specimens correctly. Fortunately,
Dr. Hoek's '* Challenger " Report, recently published, gives
a list of all known species of the group, with references to

228 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

previous records ; but these records are widely scattered, and
not all available. The more important of the references are
given below, under the head of the species to which they refer.

Some specimens, found both off the Isle of Man and off
Puffin Island, have the characteristics of Mr. H. Goodsir's
Pephredo hirsuta, a species which has never been sufficiently
described. On account, however, of the uncertainty as to
the exact characters of Goodsir's species, it is deemed better
to place the specimens provisionally under the title of
'* Nymphon gracile,'' a species to which they are at least
closely allied.

Some of the specimens of Pycnogonids collected had
masses of ova, or embryos, attached, all apparently in a
very early stage of development.

It is to be hoped that the investigations of the Liverpool
Marine Biology Committee, during the coming summer, may
lead to the acquisition of a larger number of specimens
belonging to this interesting but obscure group. The British
Pycnogonida seem to be still very imperfectly known. They
require to be thoroughly examined, the species in some
cases re- described and figured, and the synonymy cleared up.
This, however, cannot be satisfactorily done until a consider-
able collection has been obtained.

In the arrangement and nomenclature of species, I have
followed Hoek's Keport upon the " Challenger" Pycnogonida
{Zool. Chall. Exp.f Part x, 1881). The four families
recognised by Hoek (Nymphonidae, Colossendeidae, Palle-
nidae, and Phoxichilidse). are all represented in the Liverpool
Bay collection.

Family I. — Nymphonid^.

Nymphon gracile (?), Leach.

Nymphon gracile, Leach, Zool. Misc., vol. i, p. 45, 1814;
Hoek, " Challenger" Report, p. 20.

This species is recorded by Mr. Byerley as being in most

REPORT ON THE PYCNOGONIDA. 229

rocky pools at Hilbre, New Brighton, &c. That may have
been so in 1855, but it is certainly not the case now. How-
ever, it is really very doubtful what species was meant by
Nymphon gracile, as that name has been applied by natural-
ists to a number of the commoner species of Nymphonidae
and the allied families indiscriminately.

Under this species may be placed provisionally some
specimens obtained both off the south end of the Isle of Man
(fifteen fathoms) and also off Pufi&n Island (eleven to thirteen
fathoms), which show some of the characteristics of Peph-
redo hirsuta, a species described briefly by H. Goodsir in
1842. Goodsir's specimen was from the Isle of Man, but it
has not been found since, and its position and relations are
still very uncertain. The Liverpool Bay specimens appear to
have more than three joints in the palpus, and therefore ought
not to belong to the genus Pephredo. The examination of
more material from this neighbourhood is much to be de-
sired, as it may result in the clearing away of the existing
doubts as to Mr. Goodsir's species.

Family II. — Colossendeidje.
Achelia echinata, Hodge.

Achelia echinata, Hodge, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 3rd
series, vol. xiii, p. 115, 1864 ; and Hoek, " Challenger "
Report, p. 26.

One example of this Pycnogonid was obtained during the
cruise of the ** Hyaena," on 24th May, 1885. It has all the
characteristics of Hodge's description. The species has
previously been found at the Isle of Man, as well as at a few
other points on the English coast.

Achelia hispida, Hodge.

Achelia hispida, Hodge, Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 3rd
series, vol. xiii, p. 115, 1864; and Hoek, "Challenger"
Report, p. 27.

230 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Two specimens, found during the cruise of the "Hyaena,"
appear to be referable to this species, which has only been
previously found on the Cornwall coast. Hoek doubts
whether this is a good species.

Family III. — Pallenid^.

Pallene hrevirostris, Johnston.

Pallene brevirostris, Johnston, Mag. of Zool. and Bot., vol. i,
1837 ; and Hoek, " Challenger" Report, p. 30.

A single specimen of this species was found off Spanish

Head, Isle of Man, depth 20 fathoms.

Phoxichilidiumr femoratum (?), Rathke.

Nymphon femoratum, Rathke, Naturh. Selsk. Skr., vol. i, p.

201, 1799.
Orithyia coceinea, Johnston. Mag. of Zool and Bot., vol. i, p.

378, 1837.
Phoxichilidium femoratum (Rathke), Hoek, "Challenger"

Report, p. 32.

One of the specimens dredged off Puffin Island during
the cruise of the " Hyaena " belongs undoubtedly to the
genus Phoxichilidium, and is probably the Orithyia coccinea
of Johnston, which Hoek regards as the same species as
Rathke's Nymphon femoratum. A further examination will,
however, be necessary before the matter can be settled con-
clusively.

An immature specimen, obtained off Port Erin, Isle of
Man, from a depth of twelve fathoms, probably belongs to
this genus, but cannot be referred to its proper species.

Family IV. — Phoxichilid^.

Phoxichilus spinosus, Montagu.

Phalangium spinosum, Montagu, Linn. Transact., vol. ix, p. 100,

1808.
Phoxichilus sjnnosus (Montagu), Hoek, " Challenger " Report,

p. 35.

REPORT ON THE PYCNOGONIDA. 231

Three specimens of this species were obtained during
the dredging expeditions, one male and one female, brought
up near Puffin Island from a depth of fourteen fathoms,
during the cruise of the ''Hyaena," on May 24th, 1885;
and one female, dredged off Port Erin, Isle of Man, from
fifteen fathoms, in August, 1885.

The Puffin Island specimens had been preserved in glyce-
rine, and shewed well the characteristic colour of the species
(purple red), but this colour was lost in the other specimen,
which had been preserved in alcohol.

On the male specimen, obtained in May, ova in large
quantity were attached to the legs.

Pycnogonum litorale, Strom.

Phalangium litorale, Strom, Phys. og (Econ. Beskr., dtc, Soroe,
1762.

Pycnogonum litorale (Strom), Kroyer, Bidrag til Kundskab,
Nat. Tid. Ny. Raehke, vol. i, p. 126, 1845 ; Hoek, " Chal-
lenger " Report, p. 35.

This well known and widely distributed species is fairly
common in Liverpool Bay. It is recorded by Byerley as
being "abundant amongst seaweed and Zoophytes where
there are patches of rock."

It has been taken by members of the Liverpool Marine
Biology Committee, during 1885, on the rocks at Hilbre
Island, and in the neighbourhood of Penmaenmawr.

232

KEPORT on the TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA* of the
L.M.B.C. DISTRICT.

By R. D. Darbishire.

During the past, their first season, the Committee's
operations have necessarily been tentative only. At best, a
dredge 30 inches wide, dragged for twenty minutes, at
intervals of from half a mile to two miles or more apart,
over unselected and unknown bottom, subject to unknown
conditions of tidal or fluviatile influence, can exhibit only
the merest glimpses of a fauna, and few indeed of accurate
biological history. And the repetition of such a day's work
at various times during the quiet days of summer, over
different grounds, scarcely adds quality to the " research."
Moreover, the Committee's district is characteristically want-
ing in rocky shores or bottom, and consequently in the
vegetable growths on which many Mollusca feed.

The Committee has endeavoured to systematize specific
observation at Hilbre Island (which is of red sandstone rock),
and has already recognised the special gains of repeated
visitation and record.

It is to be hoped that a similarly thorough examination
of other particular localities will become part of their work, or
will be undertaken by individual naturalists. The nature of
the sea bottom has to be ascertained, mapped, apportioned,
and studied, and the varying conditions of submarine
equilibrium duly noted — partly by the help of actual survey

* The Nudibranchiata are discussed in a separate Keport (see p. 267) ;
and the specimens of Cephalopoda collected by the L. M. B. C. have been
examined by Mr. Hoyle, of the " Challenger " Office, Edinburgh, who has
furnished me with the notes forming the supplemental Report on the
Cephalopoda found at p. 278.— [Ed.]

REPORT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA. 233

in regular lines, and partly by means of the experience of
fishermen.

When information of this kind is accessible, the Com-
mittee or volunteers can select localities where the conditions
of habitat can be carefully observed, and the assemblage of
animals and their life histories definitely studied on the scale
at which the Committee aims. If the naturalists' investi-
gation is to assume any real completeness, such researches
must in many cases moreover be repeated, not only month
after month, but at dawn, at noon, at sunset, and at
midnight.

For really effective work of the kind they contemplate, the
Committee cannot long dispense with the employment of a
special steamer and trained assistance. It is to be hoped that
the narrative of what they have already done may help to
bring about such an extension of their apparatus. As
necessary a development must eventually be the establish-
ment of a laboratory.

With regard to the Testaceous Mollusca, the actual
experience of the Committee has been so slight that they can
only offer a few memoranda rather than a detailed report.

The observations hitherto made have been only experi-
mental, and, it is only too true that, except at and near
the shore at Hilbre Island, if there are any spots between
Formby Point and Puffin Island where Molluscs flourish,
the Committee have not yet been fortunate enough to find
them. A certain assemblage of dead shells, with a few
living ones, was observed whenever the dredge was used,
but the number of species, and indeed that of specimens,
has been disappointing so far.

In what follows there has been no attempt to record the
name of every species of which a dead shell was found (except

234 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

in § 3), but only to set down the more notable occurrences
and a few observations."^'

The matter in the reporter's hands is offered as follows :

(1.) A list of notable species taken, alive or dead, during
any of the Committee's expeditions, including Mr. Thompson's
Penmaenmawr and Professor Herdman's Isle of Man shells.

(2.) Some notes by collectors on particular species at
different places on the shores of the Committee's district.

(3.) A table of local lists within the same district.

(1.) The Committee's List.

The Committee dredged on the 9th of May in Hilbre
Swash ; and on the 24th, 25th, and 26th of May (from the
" Hygena ") off Llandudno, in the Menai Straits, and round
Puffin Island ; and again on the 20th of June off Hilbre
Island and Point of Ayr.

They have had several special excursions for shore work
on Hilbre Island at low water, and two or three members
explored at Hoylake, and at Blundellsands and Waterloo ;
while Mr. Thompson worked continuously at Penmaenmawr
and in dredging round Puffin Island. Professor Herdman
dredged and searched the shores at the south end of the
Isle of Man, for some weeks in July and August.

LAM ELLI BRANCH I ATA.

Anomia ephippium, L.
Off Port Erin, Isle of Man.

* It is a question how long dead shells may drift about on a sandy shore,
buried and washed out again. A shore may be full of shells of many years'
deposit. On the other hand, it seems certain that the multitude of country
people and children who take shells home do really dispose of such accumu-
lations. At Southport, Turritella terebra on the beach, and Helix nemoralis
on the sandhills, are very much less common than they used to be.

REPORT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA. 235

Anomia patelliformis, L.
Valves, 14 fathoms, north of Puffin Island.

Ostrea edulis, L.
Single old specimens in Menai Straits, and off Peumaen-
mawr, and off Puffin Island.

Pecten pusio, L.

Pecten vanus, L.

Pecten tigriiius, Miill.
Dead valves of these species, off Puffin Island, north, and
off the south end of the Isle of Man. Young specimens of
P. varius were also found at Port Erin, and also valves of
P. tigrinus, var. costata.

Pecten opercularis, L.
Small specimens dredged on Constable Bank, Menai
Straits, off Penmaenmawr, and off Puffin Island, and at Port
Erin, Isle of Man, but not one full-grown one.

Lima loscombii, Sow,
Valves off Great Ormes Head, and at south end of
Isle of Man.

Lima elUptica, Jeff.
Valves off south end of Isle of Man.

Mytilus edulis, L.
Occurs in large beds in the estuary of the Conway River,
and at various places on the shore, and in deeper water east
and west of Great Ormes Head.

Mytilus barbatus, L.
Off Puffin Island, alive, amongst a mass of dead shells.

Modiolaria marmorata, Forbes.
Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Nucula nucleus, L.
Dredged oft' south end of Isle of Man.

236 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Pectunculus glycimeriSf L.
Valves and young specimens dredged off Port Erin and
Port St. Mary, Isle of Man.

Cardium echinatum, L.
Penmaenmawr.

Cardium norvegicuniy Speng.

Young shells living in Menai Straits, and off south end of
Isle of Man.

Astarte sulcata, Da C.
Two specimens from Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Venus fasciata, Da C.
Living with the last.

Venus casina, L.
Living, both large and small, off Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Venus gallina, L.

One large old specimen and several smaller, from Port
Erin and Port St. Mary, Isle of Man. They are rather pale
in colour. Common at low-water at Penmaenmawr and
Southport.

Venus exoleta, L.

Large valves were dredged off Port Erin, Isle of Man.
Venus ovata, Penn.

Dead valves, fourteen fathoms, off Puffin Island, N.

Tapes pullastra (perforans), Mont.

At Hilbre Island.
Tapes virgineus, L.

Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Tellina donacina, L.
Fourteen fathoms, off Puffin Island.

Tellina halthicaf L.

New Brighton, Port Erin, &c. Everywhere on sandy
shores.

REPORT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA. 237

Psammobia tellinella, Lam.
One large and well-coloured shell taken living in Menai
Straits.

Psammobia ferroensiSy Chem.
Valves. Occurs alive and fine, in channels at low-water,
near Penmaenmawr.

Mactra solida, L.
Not unfrequent off Constable Bank, Menai Straits, and
north of Puffin Island, living, old and young, many charac-
teristic and fine specimens ; also, off Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Mactra solida, var. elliptica.
Young, from Port Erin, and off Great Ormes Head.

Mactra stultorurriy L.
With the last, but not so common or so fine. Valves
common on Waterloo Shore.

Lutraria elliptica, Lmk.
Valves frequent at Penmaenmawr, and occur at South-
port.

Scrobicularia prismatica, Mont.
A few valves off Puffin Island, N.

Scrobicularia alba, Wood.
Living specimens rare, and dead valves frequent with the
last. Extremely abundant on the Ked Wharf Bay sands.
Sometimes, in summer, a ridge of these shells, quite fresh,
but without the animal, will lie on high-water mark for very
many yards.

Thracia pratenuis, Pult.
Port Erin, Isle of Man. Dredged alive.

Corbida gihba, Olivi.
During cruise of " Hyaena," six miles off Great Ormes
Head, fourteen fathoms.

238 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Mya binghami, Turton.
One alive in a crevice at the base of Alcyonium, from
fourteen fathoms, north of Puffin Island.

Mya arenaria, L.

Abundant in mud at Bagillt, and sometimes eaten.
Large specimens used to be obtained alive in the Mersey.
This species is now spreading and multiplying northwards
from Crosby, in muddy places. It is sold for food at
Crosby.

Saxicava rugosa, L.
Same locality, and also common on Laminaria, off Port
St. Mary, Isle of Man.

Pholas crisjKita, L.
In red sandstone rock, at Hilbre Island, up to about two
inches in length.

SCAPHOPODA.

Dentalium entale, L.
Alive, off south end of Isle of Man. Dead, trawled off
Red Wharf Bay, seven to eight fathoms. Not uncommon on
beach at Penmaenmawr and Southport.

POLYPLACOPHORA.

Chiton cancellatus, Sow.
Off south end of Isle of Man.

Chiton alhus, L.
Off south end of Isle of Man.

Chiton cinereus, L.
Off south end of Isle of Man. Also in Menai Straits and
at Penmaenmawr. Very common.

Chiton Icevis, Mont.
Off south end of Isle of Man. Also in Menai Straits.

REPORT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA. 239

GASTROPODA.

Patella vulgata, L.
Common on shore at Port Erin.

Helcion pellucidum, L.
On Laminaria, Port St. Mary, and Colwyn Bay.

Emarginula fissura, L.
Port Erin.

Fissurella grceca, L.
Off south end of Isle of Man.

Trochus maguSj L.
Several large specimens of the (Manx) coarse pallid form,
from near Port Erin.

Trochus cinerarius, L.

Port Erin and Port St. Mary, on the shore, large. Bar
of Dee, Colwyn Bay, Great Ormes Head.

Trochus tumiduSf Mont.
Off south end of Isle of Man.

Trochus zizyphinus, L.
Alive, off south end of Isle of Man.

Alive, with Mactra solicla, off Great Ormes Head, seven
to eight fathoms.

Phasianella pullus, L.
Off south end of Isle of Man.

Velutina kevigata, Penn.
Off Port Erin, etc.. Isle of Man.

Aporrhais pespelicani, L.
Off north end of Isle of Man, ten to twenty fathoms.

Buccinum undatum, L.
Very common all along the Welsh coast, living at and
below low-water. •

240 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Murex erinaceus, L.
Off Port St. Mary, etc. Fine specimens dredged in
Menai Straits, off Puffin Island.

Natica catena, Da Costa.
Natica alderi, Forbes.

Fusus antiquus, L.
From south end of Isle of Man.
Off Great Ormes Head, seven to eight fathoms.

Fusus gracilis, Da Costa.
Dead, both localities with last species. Alive, off the
Little Ormes Head (A. 0. W.)

Trophon muricatus, Strom.
Off south end of Isle of Man.

Trophon barvicensis, John.
Young, Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Mangelia turricula, Mont.
Living, Port Erin, and also off Penmaenmawr.

Mangelia nebula,
Port Erin, Isle of Man.

Philine aperta, L.
Off Penmaenmawr, living.

Cyprcea europcea, Mont.
Off Penmaenmawr, and off south end of Isle of Man ;
adult and young.

Aplysia punctata, Cuv.
Off Port Erin, Isle of Man, ten to twenty fathoms,
common.

Pleurobranchus meynbranaceus , Mont.
South end of Isle of Man, shore, common in some places.

[For the list of Cephalopoda see end of Special Notes,
p. 245.— Ed.J

report on the testaceous mollusca. 241

(2.) Special Notes.

Anomia patelliformis and Pecten pusio occur frequently
as dead valves of very old individuals on the beach at Pen-
maenmawr, telling of some oyster bed within reach of the shore
currents. The oyster bed may have ceased to exist for years.

Pecten maxivius, L. Dead valves occasionally at Pen-
maenmawr.

Mytiliis edulis. Young and small pellucid shells some-
times clothe the large stones at low water at Blackpool, where
large shells are seldom found.

Since the railway very greatly increased the export into
Lancashire, etc., of mussels from Conway Bay, the average
size has greatly decreased. Some years ago, large quantities
of mussels were raked up in Conway Bay, and boiled in huts
on the east shore to get seed pearls. These were bought by
a traveller at 4s. per oz. A woman could earn 12s. per week
at this harvest (see Land and Water , Oct. 15, 1872). The
trade has ceased, but large masses of blue shells (which have
been described as raised sea bottom) remain above the shore.

Mytilus modiolus, L. Sometimes, in summer, a number
of specimens of this animal will be thrown up on Penmaen-
mawr beach, alive, often enclosing Pinnotheres pisum,

Cardium echinatum occurs fresh and fine at Penmaen-
mawr and at Southport, but I have never seen the animal,
and do not know where it lives (D.)

Cardium edide is largely collected on Conway and Lavan
sands, and on the banks off Bagillt and Holywell, and at
Southport and Blackpool.

A curious variation of habit arises when 3'oung cockles
get amongst mussels, and, being anchored by the byssus
threads of the latter animal, grow and develop freely with-
out being buried in sand, as well-bred cockles should be.
These open-water cockles produce a circular, delicate, and
very pretty variety of shell (Conway Bay).

Q

242 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Cyprina islandica hds, not unfrequently, been found alive
in the channels between banks of the Lavan Sands, off
Llanfairfechan (probably cast out from some of the seagoing
hookers as they are cleaned up while running in to Bangor).

In one such shell was found a fine specimen of Mala-
cobdeUa grossa. A workman at Penmaenmawr, who ate
Cyprina, was said to have been badly " mussellcd."

Venus lincta, Pult., and F. exoleta, L. Valves occur at
Penmaenmawr.

Venus fasciata. Common at low-water, at Beaumaris.

Tapes virgineus occurs on the beach at Penmaenmawr
and ColwyU; and dredged off Llandudno and Conway.

Tapes pullastra is common on the same beaches, but I
have not found its habitat (D.).

Tapes decussatus. The like remarks as to this. Large
valves occurred in a kitchen midden on the Ormes Head, at
Gwyfyd, near Llandudno.

Lucinopsis undata, Penn. Occurs fresh, but without
the animal, at Penmaenmawr.

Tellina crassa, valves found at Colwyn Bay.

Ceratisolen legumen and Solen vagina, both species some-
what localised occur in abundance and well grown in the low
water channels below Penmaenmawr. The former, and a
small form of Solen ensis, very abundant at Southport.

Mactra stultorum. Very common and large at South-
port and Blackpool, where they used to be eaten boiled or
raw. Sometimes immense quantities of young shells are
cast up along high-water mark, quite fresh, but without the
animals.

Solen pellucidus is dredged fine in Conway Bay, four to
six fathoms.

Thracia convexa, dead valves occur occasionally on the
beach at Southport. I have dredged fresh valves (but not
the mollusc) off Whitehaven (D.).

REPORT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSC A. 243

Thracia papyracca is often thrown up on the beach at
Penmaenmawr in considerable numbers, but I have never
found it at home (D.).

Mya truncata lives in the channels below Bangor, in stink-
ing black mud, growing large, but discoloured in the shell.

A form, greatly abbreviated, occurs within the influence
of the Conway River.

Sometimes large numbers are thrown up by the sea on
Colwyn sands, with the chitinous siphon cases quite perfect,
but the animal altogether gone.

Saxicava rugosa, which is extraordinarily abundant in
the limestone on Puffin Island and Anglesey tidal rocks, may
sometimes be dredged amongst dead shells in Conway Bay of
a large size and free growth.

Pholas crispata. This shell occurs rarely at Southport,
and more frequently from Point of Ayr to Rhyl and Abergele
as very worn dead valves of large size. It lives in the red
sandstone rock at Hilbre Island, where it grows to about two
inches in length.

A prolonged search at last found this animal living in
abundance, and of very great size, in coarse sandy mud near
Beaumaris. Specimens measuring 3*4 inches are not un-
common, and 3*7 inches and 3*8 inches have occurred to me.
I have found shells of this species, subfossil, at Bracklesham
Bay 4*2 inches long (D.).

Pholas Candida. A curious distribution of valves along
the shore from Southport past Formby Point was noticed.
North of the Point, one valve was common and the other
rare; southward, the latter valve was the common one.
Experiment proved that this separation was probably due to
the behaviour of a shell, so peculiarly shaped and balanced,
in the prevailing tidal flux, as it brought the valves up
from low-water. Great colonies in blue clay at low-water at
Blackpool. Sometimes eaten boiled.

244 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Chiton Jascicularis occurs of large size amongst stones
west of Kedwharf Bay, Anglesey.

Helcion pellucidum occurs of lar^ size amongst Lami-
naria on Puffin Island.

Tectura testudinalis occurs rarely amongst shingle at low
water at Fleetwood.

Crepidula fornicata, L., has been found amongst the
shells of Ostrea virginica, Gmel., of which vast numbers were
planted (apparently in vain) on the shore near Beaumaris.

Natica alderi, lives and grows large in channels near low
water below Penmaenmawr.

Lamellaria perspiciia, L., under stones at Bagillt.

Velutina IcBvigata, dredged in Menai Straits.

Aporrhais pe^pelicani. Common on the beach, Red Whai'f
Bay, and found from Formby to Blackpool. At Southport
sometimes with the animals.

Fusus antiquus. The large form of this mollusc, with its
fine white shell, measuring 7'5 to 8 inches in length, is said
by Mr. Jeffreys to be " peculiar to the Cheshire coast." It is
certainly fished by men from Menai Bridge on the way
to Fleetwood, whither they take large quantities to be sold for
bait. It would be a fit object for the Committee to aim at
to find where this Fusus, our largest testaceous mollusc and
our most beautiful shell, is actually at home, and to investi-
gate the conditions of his life there.

Fusus gracilis is washed up abundantly on Red Wharf
beach.

Fusus pi'ojnnquus also.

Fusus jeffreysianus also has occurred on the same shore.

Cylichna cylindracea, Penn. Beach, Penmaenmawr and
Southport.

Actceon tornatilis, L. Frequent on the beach (dead) at
Penmaenmawr and Southport,

Scaphander lignariuSj L. Beach, Red Wharf Bay and
Southport.

REPORT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA. 245

CEPHALOPODA.

Ommastrephes sp. ? A fine specimen, taken 25 m. S.E.
of Douglas Head, was brought quite fresh to the Liverpool
Museum, in April, 1860 (T. J. Moore).

Loligo media, L., of which four specimens were captured
on May 23rd off the Constable Bank, near Llandudno, during
the cruise of the " Hyaena," is common in the Menai Straits,
frequent in the dredge, and in the fishing wires, and not
uncommon when the " seine " is drawn on Penmaenmawr
sands on a summer evening. Dredged at Leasowe (T. J.
Moore).

Bunches of spawn, differing from, but similar to, that of
L. vulgaris, occur on Penmaenmawr beach.

Loligo vulgaris J L., is taken in the fishing wires in
Menai Straits.

Rossia macrosoma, Delle Ch., has been taken alive at
Southport after a S.W. storm ; and has been found at Bhyl
and Bagillt, by Mr. A. 0. Walker. Also at Bed Wharf Bay,
Anglesey (D.). Also at New Brighton, and at Egremont
(T. J. Moore).

Sepia officinalis, Linn. The shell is drifted on shore
occasionally from Penmaenmawr to Southport. One indivi-
dual was brought to the Liverpool Museum alive, twenty
years ago. It swam in the tank with great rapidity, struck
the end violently, and died immediately (T. J. Moore).

Sepia hiserialis has been found at Southport. Mrs. Plant
found a number of the shells at Cymmeran Bay, on the
west coast of Anglesey.

Octopus vulgaris, Lmk. A large female was taken in
the Albert Dock, Liverpool, September, 1854 (T. J. Moore).

Eledone cirrosa. Lam., is not infrequent amongst the
stones at low water at Great Ormes Head. In 1885, one
large specimen was found alive on Hilbre Island, and a

246 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

young specimen was dredged to the north of Puffin Island.
It has been found several times at Colwyn Bay, by Mr. A. 0.
Walker. Found at Seacombe, and at New Brighton, and
frequently brought to the Liverpool Museum alive by local
fishermen (T. J. Moore).

Sepiola atlantica, D'Orb. Six specimens were dredged
in the Menai Straits on May 24th, and one small specimen
was obtained on May 25th, north of Puffin Island. One
specimen was dredged off Point of Ayr in June. Frequent
in the fishing wires in the Straits (A.). Frequently brought
alive to the Liverpool Museum (T. J. Moore).

REPORT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA. 247

(3.)

COMPARATIVE TABLE OF OCCURRENCE OF THE

SPECIES.

Explanation.

a. abundant, c. common, r. rare. i. only occasional individuals.
D. dead shells, l. living. + occurrence only.

Menai Straits, Bridges to Penmaenmawr. — Dr. T. Alcock,
R. D. D., and A. O. Walker.

North of Puffin Island, Redwharf Bay. — Prof. E. Forbes,
British Marine Zoology, British Association, 1860,
and R. D. D.

Liverpool,* including Dee Mouth. — Mr. Byerley, Literary
and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, Proceedings,
viii, 1853-4. Mr. T. J. Moore, Mr. F. Archer, and
others.

Formby and Southport. — Mr. C. B. Brown, in Dr. Nichols'
Southport, 1861, and Naturalists' Scrap Book,
Liverpool. Dr. Alcock and R. D. D.

Blackpool and Fleetwood. — R. D. D.

Isle of Man (South). — Prof. Herdman.

Isle of Man (North). — Prof. E. Forbes, Malacologia
Monensis.

Glacial Drift. — Moel Tryfaen and Blackpool, from Mr.
Shone's paper. Geological Soc. Q. J., May, 1878.
Liverpool and Wirral, by Mr. G. H. Morton, F.Gr.S.,
and from Mr. Reade's paper, Q. J. G.S., Feb., 1874.

* The indication of frequency in the Liverpool column is not of
certainty, as Mr, Byerley's notes do not in every case deal with that
question.

248 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

3«

Liver-
pool
and

Wirral.

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REPORT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA. 249

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250 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

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252 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

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253

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254 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Glacial
Drift.

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pool
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Wirral.

+

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255

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256 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

.1-

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Liver-
pool
and

Wirral.

1

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pool.

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REPOPtT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSCA. 257

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258 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

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REPORT ON THE TESTACEOUS MOLLUSC.V.

259

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260 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

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262 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

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267

REPORT on the NUDIBRANCHIATA of the
L. M. B. C. DISTRICT.

By W. a. Herdman, D.Sc, F.L.S.,

PROFESSOR OF NATURAI, HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.

This region of the Irish sea has an abundant Nudibranch
fauna, and one spot in the neighbourhood of Liverpool,
namely, Hilbre Island, is justly celebrated as being the
original locality for Antiopa hyalina, and some other rare
forms, and also on account of the number of other species
found on its shores.

Mr. Byerley, in 1855, gave a list of twenty-two species
of Nudibranchs, illustrated by a coloured figure of Antioim
hyalina. This list included several very rare forms which had
been first discovered by himself and by Mr. Price, and had
been described by Messrs. Alder and Hancock, in their Ray
Society Monograph.*

A few years later (1860), Dr. Collingwood published lists
of the Nudibranchiate Mollusca of the Mersey and the Dee
in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History A Dr.
Collingwood recorded twenty-eight species.

I am indebted to Mr. J. Price, of Chester, for having
very kindly placed at my disposal his MS. notes on the
Fauna of the Estuary of the Mersey, dating back as far as
1840 ; some of the records of species given below are on
Mr. Price's authority.

* " British Nudibranchiate Mollusca," 1844-1855.
• t See this volume, p. 25. — Ed.

268 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Sub-order.— ACANTHOBKANCHIATA.

Family. — Doridid jr. .

Archidoris * tuherculata, Cuvier.
This species is not uncommon in this neighbourhood.
Byerley records it from Hilbre Island, Caldy Blacks, and the
rocks at New Brighton. It is very variable in size and
colouring. Alder and Hancock state that a specimen five
inches in length was obtained by Mr. Price on the coast of
North Wales in 1852. It has been taken by the Committee
frequently at Hilbre Island, and other places in the neigh-
bourhood.

It was found frequently on the rocks at Port Erin, Isle of
Man, during August.

Archidofis johnstoni, Alder and Hancock.
One specimen was found by Mr. Byerley, at Hilbre Island,
in 1851. Mersey and Dee, once or twice (Oollingwood).

Archidoris flammea. Alder and Hancock.
This rare species was dredged by Prof. Ed. Forbes off
Ballaugh, Isle of Man, from a depth of twenty-five fathoms.

Lamellidoris hilamellatciy Linnaeus.
Recorded by Byerley and by Price from New Brighton,
Hilbre Island, &c. Byerley states that the large brown
variety is sometimes plentiful on the rocks at Hilbre, while
*'a smaller and lighter coloured variety is abundant on the
dock wall at Woodside, and along the Cheshire side of the
Mersey." Mr. Price informs me that this species used to be
of particularly large size at Tranmere. It spawns in March,
and disappears from the shore at the end of May.

* Bergh, in \x\b Report upon the " Challenger ^^ Nudibranchiata, replaces,
for reasons there explained {lac. cit., p. 84), the Linnaean Doris by the new
generic title Archidoris, which I have adopted.

REPORT ON THE NUDIBRANCHIATA. 269

Lamellidoris depressa, Alder and Hancock.
Mr. Byerley states that he once met with a specimen of
this small species at Hilbre Island.

Lamellidoris proxima, Alder and Hancock.
This species was first discovered on the Birkenhead shore
by Mr. Price. He informs me that he found it abundant
and spawning, on February 21st, 1845. Mr. Byerley records
that it was extremely common on the shore between Egre-
mont and New Brighton in August, 1855. He has also
taken it freely at Hilbre Island, and had met with white and
yellow varieties.

Acanthodoris pilosa, Miiller.

This species is not uncommon ; Byerley records it from
" Hilbre Island, Caldy Blacks, and other rocky places." He
also mentions having obtained a deep purplish-black variety
at Hilbre ; this is the Doris nigricans of Fleming, it has
been taken in the Firth of Forth.*

The ordinary light-coloured form of Acanthodoris pilosa
has been found several times lately at Hilbre Island by the
Committee.

Acanthodoris quadrangidata, Alder and Hancock.
Doris subquadrata. Alder and Han.

The second specimen known of this rare species was
found by Mr. Byerley and Mr. Webster at Caldy Blacks,
and was examined and named by Mr. Alder.

Family. — Polycerid^ .

Goniodoris nodosa, Montagu.
Isle of Man (Forbes).
Penmaen-rhos and Llandrillo Bay, North Wales (Price.)

* See Leslie and Herdman, The Invertebrate Fauna of the Firth of Forth,
Edinburgh, 1881, p. 103.

270 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Goniodoris casta7iea, Alder and Hancock.
A fine specimen of this rare species, IJ inches in length
and of rather a dark colour, was dredged in August, 1885,
between Port St. Mary and Spanish Head, Isle of Man, from
a depth of twenty fathoms ; bottom, Nullipore. I dredged a
similar specimen a few years ago in deep water off Holy Isle,
Lamlash Bay, Arran.

Triopa claviger, Miiller.

This species has been dredged by Forbes off the Isle of
Man.

Polycera lesso7ii, d'Orbigny.
Mr. Byerley dredged one specimen of this species on the
north coast of Wirral in 1852.

Polycera ocellata, Alder and Hancock.
Frequently taken at Hilbre, Egremont, and elsewhere
(Byerley).

Polycera quadrilineata, Miiller.
Found at the Isle of Man (Forbes).

Ancula C7istata, Alder.
This species is common in this neighbourhood, especially
at Hilbre Island. It has been recorded by Price and by
Byerley from various points on the coast. It was taken at
Hilbre Island on May 17th, June 13th, and July 11th ; and
was dredged in Hilbre Swash on May 9th.

Specimens fully one inch in length have been found at
Hilbre.

Sub-order.— POL YBKANCHIATA.

Family. — Tritoniid.^ .

Tritonia homhergiy Cuvier.
Forbes dredged large specimens of this species from
twenty-five fathoms off the north coast of the Isle of Man.
He found two varieties, of which the yellow one was larger
than the purple, and attained a size of six inches.

REPORT ON THE NUDIBRANCHIATA. 271

One specimen of this species was found at Hilbre
(S. Archer). Byerley records it as having been also found
upon the western shore of the Mersey, near the entrance
of the river. Mersey and Dee, occasional (Collingwood).

Tritonia pleheia, Johnston.

Dredged north of Wirral (Byerley). Mersey and Dee,
occasional (Collingwood).

This species was found on Hilbre Island at low-water
mark on May 17th, 1885 ; and was dredged in Hilbre Swash
on May 9th.

Family. — Dendronotid^.

Dendronotiis arhorescens, Miiller.

This large and very beautiful species is usually one of the
commonest Nudibranchs at Hilbre Island. In mid-winter I
have found it in great abundance creeping over the stones
and seaweeds close to low-water mark. In some of the
L. M. B. C. expeditions to Hilbre, in early summer, on the
other hand, very few specimens were found ; but later on, in
July, Dendronotiis was again abundant. Mr. Price and Mr.
Byerley record it from Hilbre, New Brighton, and Woodside
Slip, but say that it is (1855) by no means so abundant as in
former years. I am inclined to think that these variations in
the abundance of this species at Hilbre are due to a habit of
migrating periodically from the shore into deep water. It is
intended in future expeditions of the L. M. B. C. to Hilbre
Island to make careful observations upon the relative
abundance of this and other species.

Recorded from the Isle of Man by Forbes.

This species was dredged during the cruise of the
" Hyaena " off the Great Ormes Head, from a depth of seven
to eight fathoms, and was obtained during August between
Port St. Mary and Spanish Head, Isle of Man, from a depth
of twenty fathoms.

272 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Family. — Melibid^ .

Doto coronata, Gmelin.

Taken at Woodside (Price). Mersey and Dee, very
common (Collingwood). Isle of Man (Forbes).

This species is not uncommon now at Hilbre Island,
although at the time when Byerley's Fauna was written it
had only been found once in the neighbourhood.

It was dredged in August off the south end of the Isle of
Man, near Port Erin.

It was obtained during the cruise of the *' Hyaena " off
the north end of Puffin Island, from a depth of eleven to
thirteen fathoms, on May 24th ; it was found at Hilbre
Island on June 13th, and was dredged in Hilbre Swash on
May 9th.

Doto fragilis, Forbes.

Forbes first found this species off the Manx coast in deep
water, and described and figured it in his Malacologia
Monensis (1838) under the name oi Melihcea fragilis.

It was dredged during the cruise of the " Hyaena " off
the north end of Puffin Island, from a depth of eleven to
thirteen fathoms, on May 24th ; and also off Port Erin, and
between Port St. Mary and Spanish Head, Isle of Man,
during August, from depths of fifteen to twenty-five fathoms.

Family. — PROCTONOTiDiE,

Antiopa cristata, Delle Chiaje.
This species is recorded from the Menai Straits by Mr.
Alder ; and from the Dee by Dr. Collingwood.

Antio2)a hyaliiia, Alder and Hancock.

This rare species was first found in July, 1851, by Mr.

Byerley and Mr. Price, junior, who each picked up a single

specimen at Hilbre Island. In August, 1854, Mr. Byerley

found another fine specimen in the same locality, and sent

REPORT ON THE NUDIBRANCHIATA. 273

it to Mr. Alder for examination and description. The species
has since been found at Hilbre Island by Mr. Higgins ; and
Mr. T. J. Moore informs me that he has also found two
specimens there.

It is figured by Byerley in his Fauna (p. 46).

Family. — Eolidid^.

Eolis papulosa f Linn.

Recorded by Byerley from Hilbre, Caldy Blacks, New
Brighton, &c. The small light -coloured variety formerly
described as a distinct species, under the name of Eolis
ohtusaliSf by Alder and Hancock, was found by Mr. Byerley
at Hilbre and at Egremont. Mr. Price informs me that it
used to be found at Woodside slip.

This species has been taken several times during the last
year at Hilbre Island.

Eolis alauca, Alder and Hancock.
Dredged oif Beaumaris, Menai Straits (Alder and Han-
cock) .

Facelina coronatay Forbes.
Recorded by Byerley from Hilbre Island, Egremont, &c. ;
and by Price from Seacombe.

This is a common species in the neighbourhood. Some-
times a large number of specimens may be found creeping
over the stones at Hilbre Island. It was collected at Hilbre
Island on May 17th, and June 13th, 1885.

Flahellina drummondi, Thompson.
Recorded by Byerley as the commonest species of the
neighbourhood. Seacombe (Price). Mersey and Dee, very
common (Collingwood).

It is frequently found in abundance at Hilbre Island.
Alder and Hancock describe a remarkable variety of this

s

274 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

species from the Menai Straits, opposite Bangor, having the
branchial processes of a sage green colour.

Coryphella lineata, Loven.

Isle of Man (Forbes). Dredged from shallow water,
Douglas, Isle of Man (Alder).

Two specimens of this species were dredged during
August off Port Erin, Isle of Man, from a depth of fifteen
fathoms.

Coryphella gracilis, Alder and Hancock.

Menai Straits (Alder).

One specimen of this rare species was dredged during the
cruise of the " Hyaena " off the north end of Puffin Island,
from a depth of eleven to thirteen fathoms, on May 24th.

Coryphella landsburgi. Alder and Hancock.
The second specimen known of this rare species was
found in 1849, by Mr. Byerley, at Hilbre. Another speci-
men of probably the same species, but much larger size, was
found in the same locality in June, 1853.

Coryphella rufihvanchialis, Johnst.
Recorded by Dr. Coilingwood as being not uncommon in
the Mersey and the Dee.

Cavolina concinnay Alder and Hancock.
" Mersey ; common (the second known locality) "
(Coilingwood).

Cavolina olivacea, Alder and Hancock.
" Dee ; once taken " (Coilingwood).

Cavolina amoena, Alder and Hancock.
One specimen of this small Eolid was dredged off Port
Erin, Isle of Man, in August, 1885, from a depth of fifteen
fathoms.

REPORT ON THE NUDIBRANCHIATA. 275

Cavolina aurantiaca, Alder and Hancock.
Mr. Price, Mr. Byerley, and Dr. Colling wood have
found this species occasionally at Hilbre, Woodside, New
Brighton, &c.

Cavolina arenicola^ Forbes.
This species was dredged in 1844 by Prof. Forbes off
Anglesey, at the entrance to the Menai Straits, from a depth
of ten fathoms, on a weedy bottom.

Cavolina viridis, Forbes.
First discovered by Prof. Forbes on Antennulariay dredged
from deep water olBf the Manx coast.

Cuthona nana. Alder and Hancock.
This species was collected on July 11th, 1885, at Hilbre
Island, during one of the expeditions of the L. M. B. C.

Galvina picta, Alder and Hancock.

Found occasionally at Hilbre and Egremont (Byerley).
Mersey and Dee, not uncommon (Collingwood). Menai
Straits (Forbes). Off Red Wharf Bay, May 25th, 1885.

This species was dredged off Port Erin, Isle of Man, in
August, from a depth of fifteen fathoms.

Galvina tricolor^ Forbes.
Euhranchus tricolor, Forbes, Malacologia Monensis, p. 5.

Off Isle of Man, tw^enty fathoms, and off Anglesey
(Forbes).

This large and beautiful species was first found by Prof.
Ed. Forbes in September, 1836, off the Manx coast, at a
depth of twenty fathoms, and is described and figured in
his Malacologia Monensis under the name of Euhranchus
tricolor. Since then it has been found at various places on
the west coast, and is not uncommon in the neighbourhood
of Lamlash Bay, Arran.

One large specimen was dredged during August, between

276 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Port St. Mary and Spanish Head, Isle of Man, from a depth
of twenty fathoms.

Tergipes despecta, Johnston.

Several specimens of this small Eolid were found on June
13th by the L. M. B. C. adhering to Zoophytes at the north
end of Hilbre Island, near low-water mark ; the small
kidney-shaped masses of spawn were abundant. It was
found again at Hilbre Island on July 11th.

The species has been recorded from G-arth Ferry, Bangor,
North Wales, by Alder and Hancock ; and from the Mersey
by Collingwood.

Tergipes exigiia, Alder and Hancock.
This species was found along with the preceding one at
Garth Ferry, Bangor, North Wales, by Alder and Hancock.
It is also recorded by Dr. Collingwood as being rare in the
Mersey.

Emhletonia pallida, Alder and Hancock.

This rare species was discovered amongst seaweed on the
shore at Birkenhead in the spring of 1854, and sent for
description to Messrs. Alder and Hancock.

As the Nudibranchs are not included in the distributional
tables of the Mollusca on pp. 247 to 266, a table is here
appended showing the distribution of the above noted species
in the three parts of the L. M. B. C. district in which they
have been collected and recorded. The first column includes
Hilbre Island ; and the second takes in the entrance to the
Menai Straits and the coast of Anglesey.

Probably the greater number of species recorded from the
Mersey district is mainly due to that region having been so
thoroughly investigated by Mr. Price, Mr. Byerley, Dr.
Collingwood, and other naturalists of this neighbourhood.

REPORT ON THE NUDIBRANCHIATA.

277

NUDIBRANCHIATA.

Archidoris tuberculata

A, johnstoni

A. fiammea
Lamellidoris bilamellata

L. depressa

L. proxima
A canthodoris pilosa . . .

A. qiiadrangulata
Goniodoris nodosa

G, castanea
Triopa claviger
Polycera lessoni

P. ocellata

P. quadrilineata ...
Ancula cristata
Tritonia homhergi

T. pleheia
Dendronotus arbo7'escens
Doto coronata

D.fragilis
Antiopa cristata

A. hyalina
Eolis papulosa

E. glauca
Facelina coronata
Flahellina drummondi
Coryphella lineata ...

C. gracilis

C. landshurgi

C. rufihranchialis
Cavolina concinna

C. olivacea

C. aurantiaca

C amoena

C, viridis

C. arenicola
Cuthona nana
Galvina picta

G. tricolor
Tergipes despecta

T. exlgiia
Embletonia pallida . . .

thf Key. iNorth Wales.

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X

X

X

X

X
X
X
X

X

X

X

X
X

X
X

Isle of Man.

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X

X
X

X
X

278

NOTES on the CEPHALOPODA Collected by the
L. M. B. C. during the Summer of 1885.*

By W. E. Hoyle, M.A., M.R.C.S., F.R.S,E.,

NATURALIST TO THE "CHALLENGER" EXPEDITION COMMISSION, EDINBURGH.

Eledone cirrosa (Lamarck), d'Orbigny.

177(5. Sepia octopodia (?), Pennant, Brit. ZooL, vol. iv., p. 58,

pi. xxviii, fig. 44.
1799. Octopus cirrhosus, Lmk., Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris.

t.i, p. 21,pl. i,fig. 2.
1853. Eledone cirrhosus, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll.,

vol. iv, p. 211, pi. KKK, fig. 4 ; pi. mmm, fig. 1.
1869. Eledone cirrosa, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol. v, p. 146,

pi. vii, fig. 2.

Two specimens (both females) were placed in my hands
for examination, one labelled ** Hilbre Island, low water,
1885," the other " Hyaena, May 24, 1885."

This species is the commonest Octopod of the northern
British shores, and, indeed, of those of the north-west of
Europe generally. The males are distinguished by having
the third or ventro-lateral arm of the right side modified into
a spoon-shaped copulatory organ. The males should be care-
fully looked for in future expeditions, because Steenstrupf
has described a peculiar modification of the tips of the other
arms, which it is very important should be confirmed,
because his specimen was not in good condition. The
suckers cease a few millimeters from the extremity, and each
is replaced by a pair of minute cirri.

* For the complete record of the Cephalopoda see Report on the
MoUusca, p. 245.— Ed.

t K. dansk. Vidensk. Selsk. Skriv., Rk. iv, Bd. iv, p. 206, Tav. ii, fig. 6 :
for translation, see Ann. Mag. Nat. I^ist., series 2, vol. xx, p. 102.

NOTES ON THE CEPHALOPODA. 279

This fact would have an important bearing on the
question of the identity of this species with the Eledone
aldrovandi of the Mediterranean, which closely resembles it,
but has the tips of the arms like those of Eledone moschata,

Eledone Pennantii and Eledone Aldrovandi of Macgil-
livray,* found near Aberdeen, are probably both referable to
this species, but the latter is rather doubtful ; it cannot,
however, be referred with more probability to any other.

Sepiola atlantica, d'Orbigny.

1839. Sepiola atlantica, d'Orb, Geph. acet., p. 235 ; Sepioles, pi.

iv, figs. 1-12.
1853. Sepiola atlantica, Forbes and Hanley, British Moll,

p. 217, pi. MMM, fig. 2.

1869. Sepiola Bondeleti, JeflEreys, Brit. Conch., vol. v, p. 136

{pars).

Three female specimens, labelled " May 24, 1885."
This species has been confused with Sepiola Rondeletij
Leach, by most British naturalists ; even by one so eminent
as the late Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys. He remarks, that ** the male
[of S, Rondeleti] is Sepiola atlantica of d'Orbigny," a state-
ment that is absolutely without foundation, as both sexes of
both species are known, and both in the present one bear the
numerous rows of suckers, on the tips of the ventral arms,
which are characteristic of the species.

All the three specimens submitted to me had been pre-
served in picric acid, a re-agent which, in future expeditions
should be avoided for Cephalopoda.

Loligo media (Linne), Thomson.

1767. Sepia media, Linn, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1096.

1799. Loligo subulata. Lmk., Mem. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, t. i,

p. 15.
1844. Loligo media, Thomson, Mep. Brit Assoc, p. 248.
1849. Teuthis parva, Gray, Brit. Mus. Gat. Moll., vol. i, p. 76.

* Moll. Anim. Scot., pp. 31, 32, 1843.

280 LIVERPOOL . MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

1851. Loligo marmora, Ver., Geph. Medit., p. 95, pi, xxxvii.
1853. Loligo marmorce and L. media, Forbes aud Hanley, Brit.
Moll , vol. iv, p. 228-230, pi. qqq, figs. 1, 2
1869. Loligo media, Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., vol v, p. 132.

Two specimens, labelled " May 25 and 24, 1886," one
male, one female.

Of the two specimens examined, one has the caudal
extremity produced into a slender tapering process several
centimetres long, while in the other it terminates in a point
only about one centimetre long ; such differences in the
form of the body are frequent in this species, and have led
previous observers to establish new species based in error on
this character. Verany's Loligo marmorce, for example, is
only one of the short-bodied individuals, and was recognized
by d'Orbigny as a female. It has been suggested that the
difference between these two forms is a sexual one, and this
is borne out by the two specimens in the present collection,
for while the shorter is a female, the longer is a male, and
has the ventral arm on the left side modified in the usual
way, that is, on the distal half of it the suckers are converted
into conical papillae. Steenstrup,* however, states that he
has seen males and females of both long and short forms.

* Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 2, vol. xx, p. 87.

281

REPOKT on the TUNICATA of the L. M. B. C.

DISTRICT.

By W. a. Herdman, D.Sc, F.L.S.,

PR0FES30K OF NATURAI. HI8T0BT IN UNIVBRSITY COLLEOE, LIVERPOOL.

The great majority of the Tunicata discussed in this Report
were obtained ofif the South end of the Isle of Man during
August, 1885. A few species were obtained at Penmaen-
mawr, and during the cruise of the " Hyaena," and three
species were found at Hilbre Island. Very few Tunicata
have been previously recorded in this district. Byerley, in
his Fauna, mentions two species of Ascidia as having
been found at Hilbre Island ; and Forbes, in the Malacologia
Monensisy records five species of Simple Ascidians from
the shores of the Isle of Man. In the British Mollusca
four species of Compound Ascidians, from the same locality,
are added to the list. Thus, the previous records in all
amount to eleven species.

The present Report deals with forty-seven species, of
which at least two are new to science, while seven have not
been previously recorded from British seas. Nineteen of the
species are Simple Ascidians, twenty-seven are Compound,
and the remaining species is the pelagic Oikopleura flabellum.
I am convinced that, long as this list is, it is still far from
complete. The rich Tunicate Fauna of the Manx seas
requires a good deal of further investigation before it can be
said to be thoroughly known.

LARVACEA.

Family. — AppENDicuLARiiDiE.
Oikopleura flabellum, J. Miiller.

Appendicularia jlagellum, Huxley, Phil. Trans.. lH51, part ii,
p. 696.

282 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

An Appendiculariaf which apparently belongs to this
species, was very abundant on the surface of the sea near Port
Erin, Isle of Man, on certain days in July and August. It
was taken in the tow-net on July 30th, August 1st, August
7th, August 18th, August 19th, August 21st, and on August
22nd. All the specimens seem to belong to the one species,
and they are all of about the same size.

The British species of the AppendiculariidaB have never
been critically examined, and they are probably more
abundant than is generally supposed.

In 1845, Forbes and McAndrew found a species of
Appendicularia in abundance off the north coast of Scotland.
It gave a red colour to the surface water, and, from Forbes'
figure,* it seems to have been unlike any of the known
species ; it was a short-bodied form with a cleft at the end of
the appendage. Huxley, in 1856, t described specimens of
Appendicularia flahellum which he had obtained in the
Bristol Channel, near Tenby. In 1858, Allman found a
species of Appendicularia in the Firth of Clyde, and Strethill
Wright recorded one from the Firth of Forth. | Various
species from other seas have been described by Gegenbaur,
Moss, and Fol. In 1874, Sanders § described two species, one
an Oikopleura, and the other a Fritillaria, but both apparently
new to science, from Torquay harbour.

These are the published records of Appendiculariidge in
British waters. A few years ago Dr. Sorby, F.R.S., sent me
a large number of specimens, mostly of the present species,
which he had obtained during the cruise of his yacht, " The
Glimpse," round the south coast of England; and while
dredging during the last few summers on the west coast of

* British Mollusca, vol. i, pi. W., fig. 1.

f Quart. Journ. Micro. Soc, vol. iv, p. 181, 1856.

+ Proc. R. S. Edin., vol. iv, p. 123,

§ Monthly Microsc. Journ. vol. xi, p. 141.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 283

Scotland, I have taken Appendiculariidse in the tow-net at
Lamlash Bay, Arran, in Loch Fyne, and in the Sound of
Mull. Mr. Thomas Bolton, of Birmingham, informs me
that he has found Appendicidaria (species undetermined) at
Brodick Bay, Arran, off the pier at Llandudno, at Tenby,
and at Falmouth. Dr. John Lowe writes to me that he
found Appendicularia flahelliim in considerable quantity on
various occasions, from 1867 to 1873, in the river Ouse at
King's Lynn ; Prof. Haddon noticed the genus in Berehaven,
on the S. W. coast of Ireland, in the summer of 1885 ; Mr.
W. H. Shrubsole has frequently taken it with the tow-net at
Sheerness in 1885, 1884, and some previous summers ; and
Prof. Mcintosh, in answer to a query I sent to Nature, states
that Appendicidaria is prevalent in summer and autumn
along the east coast of Scotland.

ascidiacea.
asciditE composite.

Family. — Botryllid^ .

Polycyclus savignyi, Herdman.

Botryllus polycycluSf Savigny, Mem., p. 202, 1816.

A large species of Polycyclus, which appears to be not
uncommon in deep water off the west coast, is, I believe,
identical with Savigny's Botryllus polycyclus. It is not the
same species as Polycyclus renierii (= Botryllus stellatus,
Renier), which has been described by Lamarck, and since by
Grube, Delia Valle, and von Drasche.* Whether this is the
Botryllus polycyclus, Sav. (?) of Alder, t is doubtful. He des-
cribes it as living under stones within tide marks. My
specimens have always been dredged from depths of from five
to twenty fathoms.

* See, Die Synascidien der Bucht von Rovigno, p. 13, 1883.
f Cat. Mar. Moll., dc, Trails. Tyneside N.F.C, vol. i, p. 111.

284 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

This species is undoubtedly a Polycyclus* It forms
rounded masses up to five cm. or more in length and
breadth, and 1*5 cm. in thickness. These colonies are never
incrusting, and are usually very slightly attached to a frag-
ment of seaweed or a Zoophyte. Half a dozen specimens
were dredged ofi" Bradda Head, near Port Erin, on July 30th,
1885, from a depth of twenty fathoms, and one colony was
dredged ofi" the Halfway Rock, near Port Erin, in August,
from a depth of fifteen fathoms. This last specimen had
the test of a dark blue colour with brown Ascidiozooids.

Several small colonies attached to Hydrallmania falcata
and other Zoophytes, which were dredged during the cruise
of the " Hy^na," on May 24th, 1885, off Bangor, from a
depth of ten fathoms, may possibly belong to this species or
to a closely allied one. They are certainly referable to the
genus PolycycluSf but although the colonies are small, the ,
Ascidiozooids are larger and more conspicuous than in the
Manx specimens. The internal structure seems, however,
to be much the same in the two cases.

In all the colonies the system of vessels in the test is
very well developed, and the terminal bulbs form conspicuous
red or brown dots which are clearly visible from the outside.
The tentacles are sixteen in number, eight large and eight
very small. The pigment masses which are placed in the
mantle over the median lateral tentacles in Polycyclus
jeffreysi are also visible in the Manx specimens. Some of
the smallest of the "Hyaena" specimens show pallial
budding in various stages, but no stolonial buds were
noticed.

Botrylkts morio, Giard (?)
I refer to this species, with a certain amount of doubt, a
small colony of Botryllus, which was found adhering to

* For the characters of the genus, see Herdtnan, "Challenger" Report,
" Tunicata," part ii, 1886.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 285

AlgfT in a shore-pool at Port Erin, Isle of Man, on August
25th. Unfortunately, Giard, in most of the new species
which he formed, described only the external appearance,
and especially the colours ; consequently it is almost im-
possible to identify spirit specimens from his descriptions;
and even in the case of living specimens, on account of the
great amount of individual variation found in the Botryllidae
it is very desirable to have some anatomical characters to
supplement the surface markings.

This species is in external appearance more like Botryllus
moriOf or some of the many allied varieties and species* than
any other described form. When living, the colony as a
whole was of a dark colour. The test was dull grey, marked
with opaque grey or white dots. The Ascidiozooids are not
large ; there are from six to twelve in a system, and the
systems are not crowded. The colour of the Ascidiozooid
was darkish brown, with a lighter streak along the centre,
and with distinct white tentacles in the branchial siphon, of
which three were more conspicuous than the fourth. The
margins of the common cloacal apertures are marked with
opaque white lines.

Botryllus sviaragdm, Milne-Edwards. (PI. VI, fig. 7.)
One large and several smaller specimens of this species
were found on the shore near Port Erin, during August.
Giard f states that the specimens of this species which he
examined, had the tentacles yellow, and the ends of the
vessels in the test also yellow. In the manx specimens
(when alive), the tentacles were white, while the vessels
had their terminal bulbs (which were particularly large and
conspicuous), of a dark green colour. This species is very
variable in its colouring, and several tints of green may
even be found in the one colony.

*See Giard, Archives de Zool. exper., t. 1, p. 629, 1872.
fLoc. cit., p. 62G.

286 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

The region at the base of the branchial siphon in this
species is shown in Plate VI, fig. 7. The tentacles are of
three lengths. There are two of the largest size which are
placed laterally, and have masses of pigment cells of a
greenish yellow colour at their bases. Those of the next size
are also two in number, and are dorsal and ventral in
position, while the smallest size consists of a series of four
tentacles alternating with the others, but springing from a
line placed nearer to the branchial aperture. The dorsal
tubercle is small, and is nearly circular in outline (PL VI,
fig. 7, d. t.) ; there is no distinct peri-tubercular area. At
the ventral edge the peripharyngeal band turns very dis-
tinctly posteriorly, to become continuous with the edges of
the endostyle (see PI. VI, fig. 7, en.)

Botryllus violaceus, Milne-Edwards.

This striking species is fairly common around the south
end of the Isle of Man, and it seems to extend further up
the shore than any other species of Botryllus, or than any
other Compound Ascidians, except perhaps some of the
species of Leptoclinum.

Botryllus violaceus is usually found attached to the under
surfaces of large flat stones in tidal pools, and it often forms
colonies of very considerable size, several inches in diameter.
The colonies are always very thin, and difficult to detach
without tearing. The species is very variable in colouring,
and Giard * has formed a number of varieties based upon the
particular tint of blue and the breadth of the characteristic
white lines. Of these the Manx specimens seem to belong
to the three varieties, cyanus, scalar and nigricans, and most
of them are certainly var. scala, which is, I believe, the
commonest British form.

This species has not previously been recorded from the
locality. I have found it before at Lamlash Bay, in the

* Arch, de Zool. Exper., t. 1, p. 621.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 287

Clyde district, and in the Sound of Mull. The Isle of Man
specimens were found on the shore at Port Erin, and at
Bay-ny-Carrickey, near Port St. Mary.

Botrylliis schlosseri, Pallas.
This species is not uncommon on the shores of the south
end of the Isle of Man. It was taken at Port Erin and at
Bay-ny-Carrickey, attached to FucuSf and under stones near
low water mark, and in tidal pools.

Botrylliis yemmeus^ Savigny.
Recorded by Forbes {Brit. Moll.) as having been found
by himself at Ballaugh, Isle of Man, adhering to stones at
low water.

Botrylliis pruinosus, Giard (?).
A few colonies obtained under stones, near low water
mark, at Port Erin and Bay-ny-Carrickey, may possibly
belong to this species ; but, in the absence of any anatomical
characters in Giard' s description, it is impossible to settle
the question definitely.

Botrylloides rubrtim, Milne-Edwards.
This species is common around the south end of the Isle
of Man. It was found in deep water by dredging oif Spanish
Head, attached to Algae and Zoophytes, and also on the
shore, attached to Algge, etc., at Port Erin, and at Bay-ny-
Carrickey. It was also collected at Penmaenmawr, by Mr.
Thompson, in July.

The Manx specimens show great variation in colour and
in the size, both of the systems and also of the Ascidiozooids.
The colour most commonly seen is a brilliant scarlet, but
yellow tints are also found.

Botrylloides albicans^ Milne-Edwards.
A pure white Botrylloides, several specimens of which
were found at the Isle of Man, appears to belong to

288 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

this species. It generally forms small rounded colonies of
one or two systems each, which are attached to Algae and
Zoophytes ; but one colony of larger size, several centimetres
in diameter, and composed of half a dozen systems, was
found incrusting the lower surface of a stone in a shore-pool at
Port Erin. The other colonies of this species were obtained
at Bay-ny-Carrickey, near Port St. Mary, at low tide.

Botrylloides, sp. (?)
A beautiful white Botrylloides, one colony of which was
obtained at Port Erin incrusting a specimen of Hydrall-
mania falcata, may either be an abnormal specimen of
Botrylloides albicans, or may possibly be new to science.
The systems in this specimen are so ramified and involved
that the Ascidiozooids seem to be scattered quite irregularly
through the clear and transparent investing mass.

Botrylloides leachii, Savigny (?)
A small purplish species of Botrylloides, which was found
several times in the neighbourhood of Port Erin, Isle of
Man, may possibly belong to this species. The test is clear
and transparent, with yellowish vessels ; while the Ascidio-
zooids are of a pale purple tint, and are small and numerous.
The specimens were attached to Algae, near low water mark.

Family. — DisTOMiDiE.

Distoma ruhrum, Savigny (?).
A species of Distoma forming large rounded colonies is
not uncommon at the south end of the Isle of Man attached
to Laminaria, Fucus, and other Algae, and occasionally to
stones near low water mark. It is not so brilliantly coloured
as the specimen figured by Savigny,* and in this respect
agrees with colonies collected by Mr. W. Thompson in
Belfast Bay. t The Manx specimens have the test of a

* Memoires, part ii, pi. iii, fig. 1.
+ See Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., v. i, p. 18.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 289

greyish colour, while the Ascidiozooids are red, with whitish
markings on the anterior end ; the systems are very dis-
tinct.

This species was found in shore pools at Port Erin, on
Laminaria cast ashore near Spanish Head, and at low water
mark at Bay-ny-Carrickey. It has not been recorded from
the neighbourhood before.

Distoma vitreum, Alder (?).

Two small specimens of a Distoina, which were collected
in a shore pool at Port Erin, either belong to this species or
to one which is undescribed. They are of a grey colour, and
semi-transparent, but the surface is somewhat incrusted with
minute sand-grains. In other characters they agree with
Alder's short description. *

A colony dredged at Port Erin, attached to the inside of
a shell, may also possibly belong to this species. It forms
several recumbent ovate masses united by a stolon. It is
of a pale grey colour, with a good deal of opaque white
pigmentation. The Ascidiozooids are small, and, from their
structure, evidently belong to the genus Distoma.

Distoma sp. (?).
Some specimens of a Distoma which were dredged near
Port Erin, Isle of Man, from a depth of twenty fathoms, are
unlike any species with which I am acquainted, and may
possibly be new to science. They form small rounded or
pyriform masses, of a clear transparent grey colour, and
somewhat incrusted with sand. The body of the x\scidiozooid
is short, the alimentary canal projecting very little beyond
the branchial sac. In other respects the structure agrees
with that of the genus Distoma. A more detailed examina-
tion of fresh specimens will be necessary before it can be
definitely settled whether this is a new species or not.

*Ann. and Mag. N. H., v. xi, 1863.
T

290 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Family. — Polyolinid^ .

Aplidmm fallax, Johnston (?).
A specimen apparently belonging to this species was
found by Forbes at the Isle of Man, and figured in the
British Mollusca (vol. i, pi. A, fig. 1).

Parascidia forhesiiy Alder.

Sidnyum turbinatum, Sav., Forbes, Brit. Moll., v. i, p, 14.

Forbes recorded, in the British Mollusca, Savigny's
species Sidnyum turbinatum from the north shore of the
Isle of Man, but in the description mentioned that the
Ascidiozooids had 8-lobed branchial apertures. This point
showed that Forbes' specimen could not be referred to the
genus Sidnyum, and therefore Alder very properly trans-
ferred it to Parascidia, and gave it the specific name,
forhesii. It has apparently not been found since.

Morchellium argus, Milne-Edwards.

Amaroucium argus, Milne-Edwards, " Observations," etc., p, 291.

This species was first described as an Amaroucium by
Milne-Edwards, in 1842, and was afterwards placed in a
distinct genus by Giard, on account of the areolated or
irregularly thickened condition of the stomach wall.

It is common around the south coast of the Isle of Man,
in deep water. It was dredged during August, 1885, off"
the Halfway Rock, and Bay Fine, near Port Erin, and ofi"
Spanish Head, near Port St. Mary, from depths of fifteen to
twenty-five fathoms. The specimens obtained showed a
good deal of variation in colour. Some were pale greyish
yellow, others orange, and others bright red, and all inter-
mediate conditions were found. Many of the larger colonies
were of considerable size, and had long peduncles. In some
cases the peduncle was entirely covered with an incrusting
layer of sand and shell fragments.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 291

Morckellioides alderi, n. sp. (PI. VI, figs. 1-4).

External Appearance. The colony is elongated, and is
rudely cylindrical in shape. It is attached by the lower part,
and the upper end is rounded. The colour is a light semi-
transparent grey, sometimes tinged with yellow or pink.
The surface is smooth and glistening. The length of the
colony is about 1*5 cm., and the greatest breadth about 1 cm.

The Ascidiozooids are conspicuous externally. They are
elongated antero-posteriorly, and are not distinctly divided
into regions. They are closely placed, and there is no
apparent arrangement in systems.

The Test is soft and gelatinous. It is of a light grey
colour, and is transparent. The small test cells are very
abundant, and present the usual variety in shape.

The Mantle is delicate. The chief muscle bands run
longitudinally ; they are very distinctly seen on the post-
abdomen. The branchial aperture is eight-lobed, and there
is a long atrial languet.

The Branchial Sac is very long. The transverse vessels
are numerous, and all of the same size. The stigmata are
of moderate size, and are arranged with great regularity.

The Alimentary Canal forms rather a short loop. The
stomach is large, and its wall is areolated.

This new species is formed for some small colonies (see
PI. VI, figs. 1, 2) of a clear transparent, or in some cases,
slightly yellowish Compound Ascidian, which were found
in some of the deeper shore pools near Port Erin, and
which, on examination, turned out to belong to the genus
Morchellioides. This group was formed * for some of the
new ** Challenger " species, and it is characterised by having
an eight-lobed branchial aperture, and an areolated stomach,
while the post-abdomen is not pedunculated. These charac-
ters are all found in the present species (see PI. VI, fig. 3),
* Report on " Challenger" Tanicata, part ii, p. 176, 1886.

292 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

which has probably, if observed at all, been confused with
Amaroucium proliferum, a species which it closely resembles
in external appearance.

The colonies of Morchellioides alderi are sometimes ovate
or pyriform, with short stout peduncles (PI. VI, fig. 2), in
other cases they are nearly cylindrical. The thorax of the
Ascidiozooid is long (PI. VI, fig. 3), the abdomen is short,
and the post-abdomen is very long and slender, it is not
separated from the abdomen by any marked constriction.
The eight lobes surrounding the branchial aperture are long
and pointed (PI. VI, fig. 3, br.). The atrial aperture is placed
on the dorsal edge some way back from the anterior end. It
is a large rounded opening with a long narrow atrial languet
placed upon its anterior margin. There are a large number
of rows of stigmata in the branchial sac. The ciliated cells
are distinct. The endostyle undulates from side to side in
its course (PI. VI, fig. 3, en,).

The oesophagus leads backwards from the posterior end
of the branchial sac to the large globular areolated stomach
(PI. VI, fig. 3). The intestine, after running for a short
distance posteriorly from the stomach, turns dorsally and
then anteriorly to become the rectum, which runs forwards
along the dorsal edge of the abdomen and thorax. The post-
abdomen is very long and narrow (PL VI, fig. 3, p, ah.). All
the Ascidiozooids in the colonies examined had the male
reproductive organs developed, but none showed ova. The
vas deferens is long and conspicuous. Its course is some-
what convoluted. Well developed tailed larvae were found
in some of the specimens. They had the single pigmented
sense organ placed far back in the body.

This species may possibly be the one briefly described
under the name of " Sidnyum turbinatum, Sav. ? " by Alder,
in 1848.* It is certainly not a Sidnyumy and so far as I

* Gat. Mar. Mollusca, <£;c., p. 109.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 293

know Alder did not afterwards re-describe it. Whether it is
our species is difficult to say, as Alder's brief description is
confined to the external appearance. I have named this
Manx Morchellioides after Mr. Alder.

Amaroucium proliferumy Milne-Edwards.
A few small colonies of this species were obtained at low
water on the shore at Bay-ny-Carrickey, near Port St. Mary,
but it is not nearly so common a species here as it is further
north, in the Clyde district.

Amaroucium, sp. (?).
A large colony of an Amaroucium, differing from all the
known British species, was obtained attached to the " roots *'
of Laminaria from Spanish Head, near Port St. Mary, Isle
of Man. It forms an incrusting mass of moderate thickness,
and was of a rose colour when living. The test is grey
and semi-transparent, and the Ascidiozooids are large, and
irregularly scattered. The branchial aperture is six-lobed,
and there is a long atrial languet. The branchial sac is
large and well developed. The tentacles are of at least two
sizes, placed alternately. The stomach is folded longitudi-
nally. I hesitate to describe this form as a new species, as
it may possibly be identical with one of the species of
Amaroucium described by von Drasche from the Adriatic.

Family. — Didemnid^.

Leptoclinum durum, Milne-Edwards.

Leptoclmum aureum, M.-Edw., Forbes, Brit. Moll, v. i,p. 17 .

Several small colonies of this species, which is readily
distinguished by its yellow colour, were found attached to
the "roots" of Laminaria, from near Port St. Mary and
Spanish Head, Isle of Man.

Leptoclinum maculosum, Milne-Edwards.
This species is common, chiefly attached to the *' roots "

294 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

of Laminaria and other large Algae, in shallow water, around
the south end of the Isle of Man. Some of the colonies
found were beautifully variegated with violet.

It was obtained near Spanish Head, near Port Erin, and
at Bay-ny-Carrickey, at low water mark.

Leptoclinum candiduiiif Savigny (?) .

Didemnum candidum, Sav., Mem., p. 194.
Leptoclinum candidum, Delia Valle and von Drasche.

A smooth pure white species of Leptoclinum, which is
common under stones near low water and in tidal pools, may
possibly be identical with this species, which has been found
in the Gulf of Suez, the Bay of Naples, and the Adriatic. It
seems to be distinct from the known British species.

Leptoclinum asperum, Milne-Edwards.
This species is common under stones, near low water
mark, and attached to Algae, at Bay-ny-Carrickey, and near
Port Erin, Isle of Man. It varies considerably in colour and
thickness.

Family. — Diplosomid^.

Diplosonia punctatum, Forbes.

Leptoclinum punctatum, Forbes, Brit. Moll., vol. i, p 18.

The species which was described in 1850 by Forbes
under the name of Leptoclinum punctatum, from specimens
which he had obtained at the Isle of Man, is probably a
Diplosoma, but whether it is a distinct species, or is iden-
tical with one of the other known forms of that genus, it is
impossible to say from Forbes' brief description. Possibly
it may be Giard's Diplosoma crystallinum, which is common
on some parts of the west coast, or it may be the species
described as a Polyclinum by Lister, in 1834, and afterwards
named Leptoclinum listerianum by Milne-Edwards. The
species of this genus require to be carefully revised.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 295

Diplosoma gelatinosum, Milne-Edwards.

Didemnum gelatinosunit M -Edw., " Observations," etc., p 79.

Colonies of this species were found attached to Algae and
stones at low water mark, and in tidal pools, at Port Erin,
and at Bay-ny-Carrickey, Isle of Man.

Diplosoma crystallinum, Giard.

Pseudodidemnum crystallinum, Giard, Recherches, etc., p. 650.

This species was obtained attached to Zoophytes, Poly-
zoa, Algae, and in some cases to stones, off Port Erin and
Port St. Mary, Isle of Man. It is very much more delicate
and more transparent than the last species, and the Ascidio-
zooids are less conspicuous in the investing mass.

A good deal of variation is present in the Manx specimens
as to the pigment-cells in the test. In some cases, a large
amount of yellow pigment is present ; while in other cases
the test is free from pigment, and is then perfectly clear and
transparent.

ASCIDI/E SIMPLICES.

Family. — Clavelinid^.

I use this family in the sense of Milne-Edwards' Ascidiae
Sociales, including Perophora as well as Clavelina, and
allied forms. For reasons which I have given elsewhere,*
I regard Clavelina as more nearly allied to the Simple
than to the Compound Ascidians ; by most continental
authors, however, the Clavelinidae are regarded as belonging
to the Synascidiae. In a paper t published recently. Dr.
Sluiter, of Batavia, has brought forward additional evidence
supporting my view that the genus Ecteinascidia forms a
transition from Clavelina to the Ascidiidae, and that the

* "Challenger" Exp. Report ; Zool., Tunicata, Part I, 1882.
f Ueber einige einfachen Ascidien, &c., Natuurkundig Tijdschrift v.
Nederlandsch- Indie, Band, xlv, p 160, 1885.

296 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Clavelinidae as a whole, are nearer to Simple than to Com-
pound Ascidians.

Two members of this family have been found in the
district.

Clavelina lepadiformis, 0. F. Miiller.

Several colonies of this species were obtained at Hilbre
Island, on July llth, 1885, attached to the under surface
of a large stone, just beyond low-water mark. It had not
been previously found in this locality.

Forbes recorded it in the Malacologia Monensis as being
rare at the Isle of Man. OjBf the south end of the Island,
however, it is abundant. It was brought up constantly in the
dredge, off the Halfway Rock, and Bay Fine, near Port Erin,
and off Spanish Head and Port St. Mary, from depths of ten
to twenty-five fathoms. The Ascidiozooids were large and
well-formed, the colonies in many cases being very fine.
They were generally attached to stones and dead shells.

Several varieties occurred amongst the specimens dredged
off Port Erin. The form with two distinct yellow bands
around the anterior end of the thorax (Giards' variety
bicincta), was found. The pigmented bands on the thorax
differed greatly in colour. In some specimens they were
white (Giards' sub-variety rissoana = Clavelina rissoana
of Milne Edwards ?) ; in others, pale lemon yellow (the typical
form) ; in others, golden (Giards' sub-variety auronitens) ;
and in some, of a rich cinnamon tint. This last form has
apparently not been previously noticed ; it might be called
variety cinnamomea. Some specimens have these bands
much wider and more distinct than others.

Most of the colonies dredged in August between Port
Erin and the Calf were budding profusely, the young buds
showing as opaque white knobs of various sizes, upon the
transparent creeping stolons. These stolons were in many
cases very long and very abundant, and the small gravel

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 297

which forms the bottom in some places off Bay Fine, was
bound together, to form an irregularly rounded mass, to
which the colony adhered by the stolons.

In size, the Ascidiozooids varied from a few millimetres
up to 2*5 cm. antero-posteriorly.

Perophora listeria Wiegmann.
This interesting form was first found on the English
coast in 1834, by Lister,* and has since been minutely
examined by Giard t upon the coast of Brittany. Some
colonies of Perophora listeri were dredged during August,
1885, off Spanish Head, near Port St. Mary, from a depth of
twenty fathoms. They are attached to Algae and Zoophytes.
This species was dredged by McAndrew and Forbes on the
coast of Anglesea, in 1843, but, so far as I am aware, it has
not been found in the neighbourhood since.

The branchial sac of this species possesses the peculiarity
of having papillae upon the transverse vessels, like those of
Tylobranchion speciosum, | I am inclined to regard these
papillae as being rudimentary connecting ducts corresponding
to those which bear the internal longitudinal bars in most of
the Simple Ascidians.

Family. — Ascidiid^ .
Ciona intestinalisj Linn.

Ascidia intestinalis, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., v. i,p. 31.
A few specimens of this widely distributed species were
dredged off Port St. Mary, and off Port Erin, Isle of Man,
from depths of ten to twenty fathoms. A single specimen
was found by some members of the L. M. B. C. attached to
the under surface of a stone at the north end of Hilbre
Island, near low water mark. The species had not been

* Phil. Tram., 1834, part ii, p. 365.

t Arch, de Zool. Exper., t. i, p. 615.

X See " Challenger" Report, part ii, p. 157.

298 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

previously recorded from the neighbourhood of Liverpool ;
but Forbes mentions having found it rarely on the Laxey
Bank, Isle of Man. It is a very common species further
north, on the west coast, in the Clyde district.

Ascidia mentula, 0. F. Miiller.
Forbes (Malacologia Monensis, p. 58) records this large
species as being found o£f the north coast of the Isle of Man.

Ascidia virginea, 0. F. Miiller.

This common species is the Ascidia sordida of Alder
and Hancock, and other British authors.* It is recorded by
Byerley under that name, as having been found occasionally
at Hilbre and dredged in the neighbourhood rarely ; and it
has been dredged by Edward Forbes off the Manx coast, from
a depth of twenty fathoms.

Two large specimens were obtained during the cruise of
the " Hyaena," on May 24th, in the Menai Straits opposite
Bangor, depth ten fathoms. They are attached to a dead
shell, and have rather thin and flaccid tests, giving them
somewhat the appearance of Ciona intestinalis in the re-
tracted condition.

One of the specimens is noteworthy on account of one of
its long slender tentacles being bifurcated at the end. In
most other respects, the specimens are normal. The dorsal
lamina, however, is rather more distinctly toothed upon the
free margin than is usual in the species.

Two smaller specimens (9 mm. and 12 mm. respectively),
with more of the ordinary appearance and strength of test,
were dredged along with those above described. They are
young animals. The larger of them had a specimen of
Modiolaria marmorataf 3 mm. in length, imbedded in its
test on the right side of the body.

* For the synonomy of the species, see Herdman, " Notes on British
Tunicata," Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. xv, p. 279.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 299

A few small specimens of the species were also obtained
off Port Erin and Port St. Mary, Isle of Man, from depths of
ten to twenty fathoms. One of these, about 1*5 cm. in
length, had a Modiolaria, fully 5 mm. in length, living in
its branchial sac.

Ascidia scabra, 0. F. Miiller.
Two specimens of this species, one of them rather large,
were dredged by Mr. Thompson, off Penmaenmawr, in July,
1885; and several specimens were obtained off Port Erin,
Isle of Man, in August. The larger specimen from Pen-
maenmawr has several small Modiolaria imbedded in its
test, and several of the Manx specimens are also infested
with this Mollusc.

The branchial sac of this species seems particularly liable
to variation.* In some parts of the Penmaenmawr specimens
the internal longitudinal bars in place of being parallel to
the interstigmatic vessels, are inclined at a considerable
angle to them, consequently the stigmata cross the meshes
obliquely. There is a considerable amount of opaque white
pigmentation in the mantle, especially in the walls of the
very long branchial siphon. One of the Manx specimens
is most brilliantly marked with opaque white and scarlet.

Ascidia elliptica, Alder and Hancock.
This species is recorded by Byerley as having been found
at Hilbre three or four times, attached to stones. No des-
cription of the species, except Alder and Hancock's account
of the external appearance,! has been published, and I have
not met with the species at Hilbre. Possibly it is the same
as Ascidia scabra.

* See Herdmau, Journ. Linn. Soc, ZooL, vol. xv, pi. xvii, fig. 3.

t Catalogue of Moll, of Northumb. and Dur., Trans. Tynes. Nat. F. C,
V. i, p. 107, 1848.

300 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Ascidia aspersa, 0. F. Miiller.
Ascidia aculeata, Alder, Ann. and Mag. N. H., v. xi, p. 156, 1803.

Several small specimens of this common west coast
species were dredged off Port Erin during August. They are
decidedly smaller than the usual specimens from Lamlash
and Loch Fyne, and the outer surface of the test is not so
distinctly roughened. The tentacles, which are small, rather
distantly placed, and of three distinct sizes, and the dorsal
tubercle * are good, and, so far as my experience goes, fairly
constant characters by which the species may be determined.
In some of the specimens the internal longitudinal bars of
the branchial sac showed a good deal of variation, being
frequently incomplete or wanting for several meshes. This
was especially the case in the neighbourhood of the dorsal
lamina, and of the endostyle.

Ascidia plebeia, Alder. (PI. VI, fig. 5.)

Several specimens of this species were dredged from a
depth of twenty fathoms, off Spanish Head, Isle of Man.
It has not been previously recorded from the neighbourhood.

The specimens show considerable variation in the external
appearance, one being quite smooth on the surface, nearly
transparent, and very much compressed laterally; it is
attached by the entire left side to the inner surface of a
Lamellibranch shell. Another specimen is only attached
slightly by the posterior end of the body, and has the test
rough and of a dull green colour ; various foreign particles
are attached. There is a good deal of variation also in the
position and length of the branchial and atrial siphons.

In one of the Manx specimens, the dorsal lamina has
long projections from its free edge, opposite the transverse
vessels of the branchial sac. It looks much more like a
series of languets connected by a slight membrane, than like

* For the shape see Herdman, Journ. Linn. Soc, vol. xv, pi. xvi, fig. 3.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA- 301

a toothed dorsal lamina (see PI. VI, fig. 5). The other
specimens have the organ in the usual condition.

One of the specimens shows very distinctly the peculiar
arrangement of tentacles which I figured in 1880,* and which
is rarely seen in the species, viz., the larger tentacles spring-
ing from a point distinctly posterior to the line of origin of
the smaller series. This specimen has also a good deal of
dark brown pigmentation in the prebranchial zone at the
anterior extremity of the endostyle, and the greater part of
the prebranchial zone is papillated.

Ascidia depressa, Alder and Hancock.

Two specimens of this species were found attached to the
under surfaces of stones near low water, on the shore at
Bay-ny-Carrickey, Isle of Man. One has the body short,
while in the other it is elongated antero-posteriorly. The
difference is due chiefly to the size of the branchial siphon,
which is in the latter case, drawn out to a great length.

I may add to the description of the internal structure of
this species published previously,! that the smaller inter-
mediate papillae upon the internal longitudinal bars of the
branchial sac are not invariably present. In the Manx
specimens they are seen in some meshes, and not in others.

Ascidia prunum, 0. F. Mtiller.
Forbes, in his Malacologia Monensis, records this species
as being frequent on the Manx shores. As it has not been
found since, it is possible that Forbes may have confused it
with Ascidia scabra, or Ascidia virginea.

Corella parallelogramma, 0. F. Miiller.

Ascidia parallelogramma, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll.,
V. i, p. 34.

Two specimens of this most beautiful species were

* Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. xv, pi. xix, fig. 4.
t Herdman, Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. xv., p. 287.

302 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

dredged off Spanish Head, near Port St. Mary, from a depth
of twenty fathoms ; and several were obtained off the Half-
way Kock, near Port Erin, from the same depth. The
largest specimen is 2*5 cm. in length, and nearly 2 cm. dorso-
ventrally. Very much larger specimens are found a little
further north on the west coast, at Lamlash Bay, Arran.

This species has not been recorded hitherto either from
the neighbourhood of Liverpool or from the Isle of Man.

That peculiarly imperfect condition of the internal longi-
tudinal bars of some parts of the branchial sac, which I first
described in 1880 * in this species and another, and which
has been found since in a number of other Ascidians belong-
ing to various genera, is seen very well in one of the Manx
specimens.

Family. — C ynthiid^ .

Styela grossulariay Van Beneden.

Ascidia grossularia, Van Beneden, Recherches s. VEmhryogen.,
etc., des Ascid. Simp., p. 61.

This common and widely diffused species was found in

abundance during the cruise of the '* Hygena " in the Menai

Straits, nearly opposite Bangor, and close to the training

ship " Clio," on May 24th, 1885. The depth was ten

fathoms, and the bottom muddy. The Ascidians were

attached to cinders and dead shells, in some cases in great

profusion. The specimens on the shells were mostly small, f

and were of the pale depressed blister-like form, but some of

those on the cinders were large and of a red colour. Some

of the specimens contained many embryos in various stages

of development, and completely formed tailed larvae were

present in the peribranchial cavities. This species was also

obtained in abundance off Port Erin, off Port St. Mary, and

near Spanish Head, at the south end of the Isle of Man,

* *' Notes on British Tunicata," Journ. Linn. Soc, ZooL, vol. xv. , p. 284.
t Some of these were very minute, less than 0*5 mm. in diameter, and
were evidently very young.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 303

from depths of ten to twenty-five fathoms. Styela grossularia
was first described by Van Beneden* from the Belgian coast,
but it has since been found in many parts of the British
seas. It was obtained from a depth of 363 fathoms in the
Faroe Channel, N. W. of Scotland, during the cruise of the
" Porcupine," in 1869. f It has not been previously recorded
from this neighbourhood.

Polycarpa rustica, Linn. (?)

Cynthia rustica, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., v. i, p. 39.
Styela rustica, Traustedt, Oversigt, &c , Vid. Medd., &c., Kjobnh.
1880, p. 412.

Large numbers of a small red Ascidian were obtained

attached to the basal parts of Laminaria and other large

Algae, on the shore, and in shallow water near Port St. Mary

and Spanish Head, at the south end of the Isle of Man. In

all probability they belong to the present species. They

agree closely in external appearance with the Cynthia rustica

of British authors, and in all anatomical details with the

descriptions of Kupff'er, Traustedt, and others, except in

regard to the reproductive organs. The above-mentioned

authors both refer to the single tube-like ovaries on each side

of the body, while in the Manx specimens the genitalia are in

the form of numerous rounded polycarps. The species

consequently must belong to the genus Polycarpa, and if

Kupfi'er and Traustedt are correct in referring their specimens

with elongated ovarian tubes to the Ascidia rustica of

Linnaeus, then my specimens ought to be placed in a distinct

species under the genus Polycarpa.

Polycarpa comata, Alder.

Cynthia comata, Alder, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1863, p. 103.
Cynthia ampulla, Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll , vol. i, p. 40.
Cynthia comata, Kupflfer, Jahresbericht, 1875, p. 217.
Styela comata, Traustedt, Oversigt, etc., 1880, p. 414.

* Recherches s. VEmbryog., etc., des Asc. Simp.
t Trans. Roy. Soc, Edin., vol. xxxii, part ii, p. 223.

304 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

One large specimen of this species was dredged off the
Halfway Rock, near Port Erin, Isle of Man, from a depth of
fifteen fathoms, in August, 1885. It forms an irregular
mass, nearly 3 cm. in longest diameter, and the sandy
investment is about 8 mm. in thickness in some places.

A smaller specimen from the same locality is probably
also referable to this species. Its branchial and atrial
siphons are free from sand, and form relatively large clear
grey projections. The stigmata in this specimen are relatively
larger than in the adult form, but the vessels of the branchial
sac have the usual arrangement.

This species has not been previously found in the
neighbourhood, unless it is the form recorded by Forbes
[Malacologia Monensis^ p. 57) from the Isle of Man, under
the name of Ascidia (Pandocia) conchilega.

Polycarpa pomaria, Savigny.

Cynthia pomaria, Savigny, Mem. s. I. Anim. s. Vert., 1816,

p. 156.
Cynthia tuberosa, MacGillivray, Hist. Moll. Aberdeen, p. 311,

1843.
Polycarpa varians. Heller, Untersuchung., iii Abth, p. 19.
Sty ela pomaria, Traustedt, Oversigt, etc., p. 415.

One large specimen of this widely distributed species was
dredged off Bay Fine, near Port Erin, Isle of Man, from a
depth of twelve fathoms. It occurs on various parts of the
English coast, but has not been previously recorded from
this neighbourhood.

The Manx specimen has an abnormal dorsal tubercle.
This organ is typically, in this species, of cordate or nearly
circular outline, with both horns coiled inwards, and the
aperture either on the right side* or the anterior end.t In

* See Kupffer, Jahresber., p. 217.

f See Herdman, Report on the " Triton " Tunicata, Trans. R. S. Edin.,
vol. xxxiii, part i, p. 96.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 305

the present specimen, the tubercle is of large size (1*5 mm.
in diameter). The outline is perfectly circular, and the
horns have evidently united on the right side so as to form a
ring-shaped structure with no aperture.

Polycarpa monensis, n. sp. (PI. V, figs. 1-8).

External Appearance. — The shape of the body is trans-
versely ovate, the dorso-ventral diameter being the larger.
There is slight lateral compression and the body is not
attached. The surface is rough and irregular from the
presence of attached stones and other foreign objects. The
colour, where the test is visible, is a dull grey. The length
of the body (antero-posteriorly) is 1*5 cm. ; the breadth
(dorso-ventrally) is fully 2 cm. ; the thickness (laterally) is
1*2 cm.

The Test is thin but firm. It has shell fragments, and
small stones attached firmly to its outer surface. There are
no adhering processes. The test matrix is clear and trans-
parent. There are no bladder-cells, and the test-cells are
small and inconspicuous.

The Mantle is thin and has the musculature feeble. It
is closely adherent to the inner surface of the test through-
out. The sphincters are moderately strong. Over the rest
of the mantle the muscle fibres run in all directions, and
form a close but delicate network.

The Branchial Sac is not very large. Its walls are
delicate. There are three or four folds upon each side.
Each fold has about five closely placed internal longitudinal
bars upon its surface, while there are one or two bars only in
each interspace. The transverse vessels are narrow, and all
of much the same size. The meshes are square or slightly
elongated transversely. Each contains from four to six rather
wide stigmata, and is divided transversely by a narrow
horizontal membrane. On the right side of the endostyle
there are four rows of meshes of which the most ventral is

u

306 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

larger than usual. On the left side of the endostyle there
are only three rows before the ventral fold of. that side is
reached. The stigmata are much wider than the fine
longitudinal vessels between them. They are regularly
arranged, and have straight sides with rounded ends.

The Endostyle is rather narrow and inconspicuous.

The Tentacles are exceedingly small. They are of two
sizes, placed alternately. There are twelve or fourteen larger
and the same number of smaller intermediate ones.

The Alimentary Canal is small. The stomach is ellip-
soidal, and has slight longitudinal folds. The intestinal
loop is narrow.

The Reproductive Organs are in the form of polycarps,
partly embedded in the mantle and projecting into the peri-
branchial cavity.

A single specimen of this new species of Polycarpa was
dredged on August 1st, 1885, off Port Erin, Isle of Man,
from a depth of fifteen fathoms. In external appearance (see
PL V, fig. 1,) it is rather like one of the Molgulidse, as the
test is incrusted externally with pieces of stone and frag-
ments of shells, etc. There are no branched hairs, the
incrusting foreign objects being merely attached to the sur-
face of the test or partly embedded in its substance. The
apertures are distinctly visible, and by their quadrangular
shape show at once that the Ascidian belongs to the Cyn-
thiidse, not the Molgulidte.

The pale grey test is rendered stiff by the attached
stones ; when these are removed it is weak and flexible.
The musculature of the mantle (PI. V, fig. 4), is not divided
into separate layers, as it is in many Cynthiidae, but merely
forms a dense reticulum of very delicate muscle fibres. No
definite bundles are formed except on the branchial and
atrial siphons. The ectoderm is very distinct (PI. V,
figs. 2, 3).

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 307

The branchial sac is notable on account of the large size
of the stigmata compared with that of the interstigmatic
vessels (PI. V, fig. 7). The narrow horizontal membranes
which divide the meshes transversely, in some places inter-
rupt the stigmata (see PI. V, fig. 8). On the right side of
the branchial sac, there are four longitudinal folds, while on
the left side three only are present. The internal longi-
tudinal bars are strong (PL V, fig. 7, id). In some places
on the folds they are corrugated.

The small size of the tentacles (see PL V, fig. 5), is
remarkable, and forms one of the most noteworthy charac-
teristics of the species. There are betv/een twenty and thirty
altogether. They are placed far apart, and the two sizes
alternate with regularity.

The oesophagus is short (PL V, fig. 6, ce). It runs
ventrally and posteriorly to open into the stomach, which
has its long axis directed dorso-ventrally. The intestine
runs at first ventrally and then turns anteriorly, then dorsally
so as to form a narrow loop. After running along the
anterior edge of the stomach, it turns forward to become the
long straight rectum, which terminates close to the atrial
aperture. The anus (PL V, fig. 6, a) has a white thickened
edge. The polycarps are not numerous. They occur on
both sides of the body, and are ovate, and of a pale yellow
colour. Each polycarp is hermaphrodite.

Family. — Molgulid^.

Molgula occulta, Kupffer. (PL VI, fig. 6.)
A large number of specimens of the genus Molgula were
dredged during August, off the south end of the Isle of Man,
chiefly between Port Erin and the Calf, and off Spanish
Head, from depths of ten to twenty fathoms. They differ
considerably in external appearance, some being coated with
small stones and fragments of Nullipores and shells, while

308 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

others have merely a sandy investment ; they all, however,
seem to belong to the one species, Kupffer's Molgula
occulta.'^^ This species has been previously found off the
coast of Denmark (Kupffer), at Arendal in Norway (Kupffer),
on the coast of Greenland (see Traustedtt), in the Adriatic
(Hellert), and at Torbay§ on the English coast. I have
recently seen some specimens of the same species which
were dredged last summer by Professor Haddon in Bantry
Bay, on the S. W. coast of Ireland.

The Manx specimens vary in size from 0*5 cm. to 3 cm.
in extreme length ; they are of the usual more or less ovate
shape. In the case of one specimen dredged off Bradda
Head, near Port Erin, on August 22nd, from a depth of
fifteen fathoms, several large colonies of the Hydroid Clytia
johnstoni were found to be attached to the branchial and
atrial siphons. When the Ascidian retracted, and the
siphons disappeared under the surrounding sandy test, the
Zoophytes were crowded together, and to a certain extent
drawn in with the siphons, but this compulsory retraction
did not seem to have affected the healthy development of the
Zoophytes in the least. Probably it was more than compen-
sated for by the abundant food supply brought within reach
of the zooids by the Ascidian's inhalent and exhalent
currents.

The branchial sac in the Isle of Man specimens agrees
in all respects with the descriptions given by Kupffer,
Heller, and Traustedt ; the tentacles, however, appear to be
usually six large (A), six of median size (B), and twelve small

* Kupffer, Jahresberichte der Kommission zur Untersuchung der deutschen
Meere in Kiel, Berlin, 1874, vii, Tunicata, p. 224.

f Oversigt over de fra Danmark og dels nordlige Bilande kjendte Ascidice
Simplices^ Kjobenhavn, 1880, p. 427.

X Untersuch. ii. d. Tunicaten d. Adriat.u. Mittelm. iii, Abth. Wien, 1877.

§ Sorby and Herdman, Journ. Linn. Soc. Loud., Zool., vol. xvi, p. 533,
1882.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 309

(C), arruiiged with regularity as follows : — A, C, B, C, A.
KupfFer and Traustedt describe their specimens as having
twelve large and twelve small tentacles placed alternately.

The dorsal lamina in the Manx specimens is usually a
plain membrane ; the free edge may be irregular, but it is not
actually toothed. The dorsal tubercle is very variable. It
is usually cordate in outline, and has the aperture placed
laterally, or even posteriorly. In one specimen, one of the
horns was observed to give off a short curved branch directed
inwards (see PL VI, fig. 6).

Eugyra glutinanSf Moller.

Cynthia glutiyians, Moller, Index Moll.. Gronlmid, p. 21.

Molgula tubulosa, Forbes, Brit. Moll., v. i, p. 36.

Molgula arenosa, Aid. and Han , Ann. and Mag. N. H. 1863,

p. 160.
Eugyra arenosa, Hancock, Ann and Mag. N. H , 1870, p. 367
Eugyra glutinans, Traustedt, Vid. Medd. f. d. Naturh. For.

Kjobnh., 1880, p. 428.

This widely diffused species is fairly abundant off the
Halfway Rock, between Port Erin and the Calf of Man, and
also off Spanish Head, Isle of Man, at depths of ten to
twenty fathoms. The specimens vary considerably in size,
although most of them are small (1 cm. in diameter). They
are covered by a light yellowish sandy investment, containing
many fragments of shells. The largest specimen was 2 cm.
in greatest length.

This species has been fully described by Kupffer * and
by Traustedt. f It has been found on the coast of Denmark,
Norway, Holland, France, the Faroes, Greenland, Siberia,
and at various localities on the English coast. It has not
been previously recorded from the Isle of Man.

* Jahresbericht.
t Oversigt over de fra Danniark, etc., AscidiiB Simplices, loc. cit.

bio liverpool marine biology committee report.

Explanation of the Plates.

Plate V.
Polycarpa monensiSf n, sp.

Fig. 1. Specimen of Polycarpa monensis, from side, natural
size.

Fig. 2. Ectoderm cells seen in profile, magnified 300
diameters.

Fig. 3. Ectoderm cells, surface view, magnified 300 diame-
ters.

Fig. 4. Part of mantle, magnified 50 diameters.

Fig. 5. Tentacles, magnified 50 diameters.

Fig. 6. Alimentary canal, natural size.

Fig. 7. Part of branchial sac, magnified 50 diameters.

Fig. 8. Small portion of branchial sac, magnified 300
diameters.

Plate VI.

• Figs. 1-4. Morchellioides alderi, n. sp.

Fig. 5. Ascidia plebeia. Alder.

Fig. 6. Molgula occulta, Kupfier.

Fig. 7. Botryllus smaragdus, M.-Edw.

Fig. 1. Several small colonies of Morchellioides alder I,

natural size.
Fig. 2. Single larger colony of Morchellioides alderi,

natural size.
Fig. 3. An ascidiozooid of Morchellioides alderi, seen from

right side, magnified 50 diameters.
Fig. 4. Small part of the branchial sac of Morchellioides

alderiy magnified 50 diameters.
Fig. 6. The dorsal tubercle and anterior part of the dorsal

lamina of Ascidia plebeia, magnified 50 diameters.
Fig. 6. The dorsal tubercle of Molgula occulta, an abnormal

specimen, magnified 50 diameters.

REPORT ON THE TUNICATA. 311

Fig. 7. The anterior end of an ascidiozooid of Botryllus
smaragdus, showing the arrangement of the
tentacles, &c., magnified 300 diameters.

a, anus ; at, atrial aperture ; br, branchial aperture ;
br.f, fold in branchial sac ; en, endostyle ; e.gr, epibranchial
groove ; d.l, dorsal lamina ; d.t, dorsal tubercle ; gl.d, duct
of neural gland ; i, intestine ; i.l, internal longitudinal bar ;
I, dorsal languet ; Lv, fine longitudinal vessel ; m.f, muscle
fibres ; oe, oesophagus ; pig, mass of pigment cells ;
p.p, peripharyngeal band ; p. ah, post-abdomen ; r, rectum ;
sg, stigmata of branchial sac ; st, stomach ; sph. sphincter ;
tri, tentacles ; tr, transverse vessels.

312

PKELIMINARY LIST of the ALG^ of the L. M. B. C.

DISTRICT.

By Alfred Leicester.

The Algae collected during last summer's expeditions were
few, and none of them specially rare. It should be
remembered, however, that no particular search was made
for Algae, the primary object of the expeditions being to
collect animals. During the coming summer, it is intended
to devote some time to a special study of the Algae of
the district, and it is hoped that a detailed report will be
ready for the second volume of the Liverpool Marine Biology
Committee's series.* In the meantime it is thought desirable
to give a list of those species of Algae which have been
already found in the locality. The classification and nomen-
clature are those of Harvey's '* Phycologia Britannica.''

Class.— ALG/E.

Sub-class I.— MELANOSPERME^.

Order I. — Fucace^.

Halidrys siliquosa,
Fucus vesiculosus.
Fucus serratus.
Fucus nodosus.

* Mr. F. P. Marrat, who has been working for some years at the sea-
weeds of the district, will probably also contribute a report upon certain
groups of the Algee.— Ed.

PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE ALGiE. 313

# Order II. — Sporochnace^.
JDesmarestia aculeata.
Desmarestia viridis.

Order III. — LAMiNARiACEiE.

Laminaria digitata,
Laminaria saccharina.

Order IV. — Dictyotace^.

Dictyota dichotoma,
Punctaria latifolia.

Order VI. — Ectocarpace-e.

Cladostephus spongiosus.
Sphacelaria plumosa.

Sub-class II.-RHODOSPERME^.

Order VII. — Rhodomelace^.

Polysiphonia formosa.
Polysiphonia fihrillosa.
Polysiphonia fastigiata,
Polysiphonia hyssoides.
Dasya coccinea.

Order IX. — Corallinace^.
Corallina officinalis.

Order X. — Delesseriace^.
Plocamium coccineum.

Order XI. — Rhodymeniace^.
Rhodym enia palmetta.

Order XII. — Cryptonemiace^.

Chondrus ctispus.
Peyssonelia duhyi.
Catenella opuntia.

314 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Order XIII. — Ceramiace^.

Ptilota plumosa.
Ceramium rubrum
Griffithsia corallina,
Callithamnion pedicellatum.

Sub-class III.— CHLOROSPERME^.
Order XVI.— Ulvace^.
Ulva latissima.

315

FIRST REPORT on the MARINE FAUNA in the

Neighbourhood of PENMAENMAWR.

By Isaac C. Thompson, F.R.M.S.

During the month of July, 1885, I spent a few weeks in the
neighbourhood of Penmaenmawr examining the Marine
Fauna of the district, by dredging and tow-netting from a
boat, and also by collecting on the rocks at low water.

The district explored included the Mouth of the Menai
Straits, the sea between the Welsh Coast and Puffin Island
(seven miles across), and, in the other direction, towards the
Great Ormes Head, as well as the region about Colwyn Bay.

The depth in this locality rarely exceeds four fathoms,
and the sea bottom is generally clayey and sandy ; patches of
round stony masses were occasionally met with.

Near to Puffin Island I dredged over a large mussel bed,
a very prolific region, yielding quantities of Zoophytes, the
abode of innumerable Amphipoda. A similar mussel bed
was passed over at the East side of the Little Ormes Head,
near Colwyn Bay.

On one rather stormy day early in July the tow-net
yielded a large number of specimens of the Megalopa stage
of crabs ; although they were conspicuously absent from all
subsequent tow-net gatherings.

During the whole period tow-net work was much impeded
by the abundance of some peculiar gelatinous bodies which
were distributed throughout the sea. These little bodies
were always distinctly visible on holding a bottle of sea water
up to the light. They varied in size from yV to t,, of an
inch in diameter, and were spherical or oblong in form,

316 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

the translucent bounding membrane appearing under the
microscope to be composed of minute particles with spicules
imbedded therein. So completely did the gelatinous mass
diffuse itself over the tow-net that it was most difficult to find
or pick out any small surface animals.

Although the little gelatinous bodies were quite perfect
in form when taken in a bottle, the rush of water into the
tow-net always broke them up, the result being a mass of
debris (apparently vegetable) which clung tenaciously to the
muslin of the net. The gelatinous spheres appeared to be
most numerous a few feet below the surface, and were
distinctly visible on looking down into the water from the
boat side. Weather seemed not to affect them, as they were
apparently equally prevalent on calm and on rough days ;
but it was noticed while rowing across from Penmaenmawr
to Puffin Island that they were less plentiful about the
middle of the entrance to the Menai Straits than nearer each
side. Early in June they were noticed in profusion about
the mouth of the Dee, on the " Merry Andrew " expedition.

Associated with these gelatinous bodies were always
found quantities of Noctiluca miliaris, which were con-
gregated about the surface of the collecting jar, while the
gelatinous spheres, if not fractured, remained suspended in
the water, and the broken debris from the tow-net fell to the
bottom.

These spherical gelatinous bodies are probably Algae, and
they have been noticed previously by several observers on
different parts of the coast as occurring at times in very
great abundance. In Nature for July 16th, 1885, Mr.
Shrubsole records having noticed them in quantity on the
East coast.

In a paper " On the Movements and Food of the
Herring,"* Mr. F. Pearcey describes the occurrence in the

' Froc. Roy. Phys. Sue , Ediu vol. viii, p. 389.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF PENMAENMAWR. 317

Shetland Seas of vast banks of Rhizosolenia shruhsolei, a
marine diatom ; and he noticed also what was so conspicuous
at Penmaenmawr, namely, the almost total absence of the
ordinary surface organisms in the tracts of sea infested by
the gelatinous Algae.

A list of the animals obtained by dredging and shore
collecting around Penmaenmawr has been drawn up,* but as
this is probably far from complete, it has been thought best
to keep it for one of the future volumes, so that at least
another season's work might be incorporated with it. The
following species may, however, be mentioned as being
amongst those which have been collected at Penmaenmawr
this year : —

Coryne pusilla, Thaumantias convexa, Aglaophenia
pluma, Vermilia triquetra, Thelepus circinatus, Bugula
flabellata, Amathia lejidigera, Pycnogonum littorale, Botryl-
loides 7'ubrum, Ascidia virginea, Ascidia scabra, Styela
grossularia, Philine apertcii and CyprcBci euroycea.

* The specimens collected by Mr. Thompson have been distributed to
the Authors of the various Reports, and will be found noticed under the
groups to which they belong. — Ed.

318

NOTES on the MARINE INVERTEBRATE FAUNA of
the SOUTHERN END of the ISLE OF MAN.

By W. A. Herdman, D.Sc,

PB0FES80R OF NATDSAL HISTORY IN UNIVEESITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.

The shores of the southern end of the Isle of Man are very
varied in their characters, and they support an abundant
littoral and shallow-water Fauna. Precipitous cliffs extend
nearly all the way from Spanish Head to Port Erin, and
from Port Erin to Fleshwick Bay ; at Port St. Mary, at Bay-
ny-Carrickey, and at Port Erin there are sandy or muddy
bays enclosed by rocks ; in the neighbourhood of Poyllvaaish
and of Port St. Mary, long, flat, shelving reefs run out to
sea ; while at various places stony shores occur, composed of
angular fragments broken off from the cliffs and reefs, and
forming perhaps the most prolific of all localities to the
marine biologist.

Five weeks in July and August, 1885, were spent in
exploring this district, and in making collections, chiefly by
dredging, tow-netting, and shore work. My headquarters
were at Port Erin,* where there is a long narrow bay facing
to the west, and enclosed by rocky sides. Most of the
dredging was done at the mouth of this bay, at depths of
from ten to fifteen fathoms, the bottom being chiefly gravel.
Occasional dredging expeditions were carried out further
round the coast— to the north, off Bradda Head,^ and a little
further; and to the south, off Bay Fine* and the Halfway
Rock,* and onwards towards the Calf.* One day was spent
in dredging off Port St. Mary and off Spanish Head, and
around the eastern side of the Calf.

* See Chart, PI. XII.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 319

The bottom between the Calf and Port St. Mary, at a
depth of fifteen to twenty-five fathoms, is almost entirely
composed of living Nullipores, in which, however, a rich
and varied Fauna is found. In this locality, the following
animals amongst others were obtained : —
Leucandra nivea, Halisarca dujardinii.
Garveia nutans, Tubularia simplex.
Adamsia palliata, Corynactis viridis, Polythoa arenacea,

Halcampa chrysanthellum.
Sarcodictyon catenata,

Antedon rosaceus, Cribrella sanguinolentaj Ocnus hrunneus.
Lineus marinus, Filograna implexa, Hermione hystrix.
Cellaria fistidosa, Cribrilina punctata, Membranipora

aurita, Umbonrda verrucosa, Porella compressa,
Pagurus prideauxii, Pagurus cuanensis, Eurynome

aspera, Ebalia tumefacta.
Lima loscombii, Pecten pt^^^^^i Pecten similis, Pecten

maximus, Area tetragona, Pectuncidus glycimeris.
Phasianella pullus, Trochus zizyphinus, Fissurella

grceca, Miirex erinaceus.
Doto fragilis, Dendronotus arborescens, Eolis tricolor,

Goniodoris castanea.
Clavelina lep)adiformis, Peropliora listeri, Ciona intesti-
nalis, Ascidia plebeia, Corella parallelogramma,
. Eugyra glutinans.
Morchellium argus, Botrylloides ridjrum.
A large dead valve of Pecten maximus, with the following
ten species of Polyzoa attached to it, was dredged in this
locality : — Scrupocellaria scruposa, Cellaria fistidosa, Mem-
branipora catemdaria, Mucronella peachii, Microporella
malusii, Smittia reticulata, LicJienopora hispida, Diastopora
patina, Membraniporella nitida, Crisia eburnea.

In shallower water in this region (between Port St. Mary
and the Calf) there are large tracts covered with Laminaria,

320 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

which are nearly exposed at low water, and from which
masses of Laminaria are often cast ashore during storms.
Attached to the Laminaria^ especially at the root-like
lower ends, are found commonly the following animals : —

Halisarca dujai'dinii, Leucandra gossei.

Harmothoe imbricata, Filograna implexa, Terehella
nehulosa, Liimhricus capitatus,

Crisia denticulata, Crisia cornuta, Scrupocellaria scruposa.

Verruca stfdmia.

Modiolaria marmorata, Saxicava rugosa, Anomia ephip-
pium,

Helcion pellucidum, and the variety Iceve.

Polycarpa rustica.

Amaroucium sp., Leptoclinum maculosum, Diplosoma
crystallinum.

The specimens of Helcion pellucidum, var. IcBve, attain a
large size. The Compound Ascidians, especially Leptoclinum
maculosum and Diplosoma C7'ystallinumf are very numerous
and form large colonies.

The shore at Kitterland,* immediately opposite the Calf,
has a number of deep and well-stocked tidal pools. The
rocks are covered by great expanses of a white Nullipore,
which must protect the shore to a considerable extent against
marine erosion. A brilliant scarlet anemone (Heliactis
venusta) is common in these pools, and along with* it is
found a sponge {Amorphina caruncula) of precisely the
same hue. The result of this association is that it becomes
sometimes almost impossible to detect the anemone without
a close examination.

The other anemones which were noticed on the shores in
the neighbourhood of Port Erin were : — Actinia equina,
Anemonia sulcata, Tealia crassicornis, vars. insignis and
purpurea, and Bunodes gemmaceus.

* See Chart, PI. XII.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 321

The rocks on the north-western side of Port Erin,
extending outwards towards Bradda Head, form a good
collecting ground at low water, and many of the tidal pools
are well-stocked, and contain some rare species. A couple of
large and well-formed specimens of the rare sponge Isodictya
elegans were obtained from the bottom of a deep pool lined
with NuUipore. Many of the pools are almost choked up
with Corallina officinalis, attached to which may be found
Asterina gibhosa, and Amphiura squamata. The specimens
of Asterina gibbosa obtained from the pools at Port Erin
were all much smaller than those found on the shore at Bay-
ny-Carrickey, between Port St. Mary and Castletown.

Port Erin is a very good locality for Compound Ascidians.
Magnificent specimens of Morchellium argus may be obtained
from the deeper tidal pools or hanging from ledges of rock
near low water mark. Several species of Leptoclinwn were
found attached to stones lying in the rock pools, and a
species of Diplosoma was not uncommon in similar situa-
tions.

In a very limited area, on the northern side of Fleshwick
Bay, there are a number of well-stocked tidal pools. Some
of these contain quantities of Corallina officinalis, in which
may be found Asterina gibbosa, Caprella linearis, Pephredo
hirsuta (?), Amphiura squamata, Modiolaria marmorata,
Sycandra compressa, and Chthamalus stellatus.

Large numbers of a beautiful anemone, with a large
brown disk, probably a variety of Actinoloba dianthus, are
found in these pools, generally attached in crevices of the
rock from which it is almost impossible to extract them.

Patella vulgata, variety athletica, is also very common
attached to the rocks at Fleshwick Bay. The specimens are
of fair size and of very irregular form. The shell is white
and chalky, and the tactile processes of the mantle edge are
pure opaque white, and very long.

X

322 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

The only other piece of shore which requires special
mention is the flat region, known as Bay-ny-Carrickey,
lying between Port St. Mary and Poyllvaaish, near Castle-
town. Some parts of this beach are wide expanses of sand
and sandy mud, with occasional stones and stony pools ;
while other parts, especially at the Poyllvaaish end, are
formed by long low reefs of rock, with many pools and cre-
vices, and overhanging ledges, and well-covered with sea-weed
and incrusting animals. Pleurobranchus memhranaceus is
common in this locality, chiefly on the under surfaces of
large stones in the pools, along with very fine specimens of
Asterina gibbosa, much larger than those found at Port
Erin. Trochus zizyphinus is also common here at low tide.

Compound Ascidians are particularly abundant and
large. The following species were collected : —

Botryllus violaceus, Botryllus schlosseri, Botryllus
pruinosus, Botrylloides rubrum, Botrylloides albicans.

Distoma rubrum.

Amaroucium p>roliferum„

Leptoclinuin maculosum, Leptoclinum asperum.

Diplosoma gelatinosum.

Some projecting masses of hard clay which occur on one
part of this shore, are penetrated in all directions by the
burrows of Pholas crispata, and those of a small Annelid.
Under the stones in the more muddy parts, Cirratulus
boi'ealis is common ; while in the cleaner regions and in
the rock-pools. Nereis pelagica and Harmothoe imbricata are
found. Amongst the other species obtained on this shore,
were : — Halisarca duj(trdmii, Leucandra nivea, Amorphina
panicea^ Anemonia sulcata^ Bunodes gemmaceus, Polyno'e
jioccosa, and Galathea squamifera.

The most prolific dredging ground in the neighbourhood
of Port Erin was found to be in front of Bay Fine and the
Halfway rock, between the breakwater and the Calf. Here,

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OP MAN. 323

at a short distance from the shore, on a bottom composed of
stones and sea- weed and dead shells, the following animals
were found to be abundant : — Antennularia ramosa, Plumu-
laria pinnata, Antedon rosaceuSy Echinocyamus pusillus,
Pectinaria belgica, Terehella nebulosa, Galathea intermedia y
Stenorhynchus rostratuSj Pectuncidus glycimeris, Velutina
Icevigata, Trochus magus, Aplysia punctata^ MorcheUlum
argus, Clavelina lepadiformisj Ciona intestinalis, Corella
parallelogramma, Styela grossulai'ia, Eugyra glutinans,
and Molgula occulta.

The following rarer forms were obtained once or twice in
the same locality : — Halisarca dujardinii, Halcampa chry-
santhellum, Thyone papillosa, Cucumaria hyndmanni, Her-
madion assimile (on the peristome of Echinus esculentus),
Hermione hystrix, Carinella lineata, Amathia lendigera,
Crangon scidptus, Ebalia cranchii and E. tuherosa, Inachus
dorsettensis, Trivia europcea, Doto fragilis, Eolis picta,
Eolis amoena, Eolis lineata, Polycyclus savignii, Polycarpa
monensisy n.sp.

The tow-net was used on most days, generally in the
neighbourhood of Port Erin. On some few days, when it
was too rough to dredge, it was possible to work the tow-net
in the more sheltered parts of Port Erin Bay. Whenever
the tow-net gathering was at all good, or seemed to shew any
peculiar organisms, it was preserved in the following manner
for future examination : — The tow-net on being brought on
board was turned inside out into a wide-mouthed gallon jar
of sea water, in which the organisms could be roughly
examined with a pocket lens. A few grains of solid picric
acid was then added, so as to kill and precipitate the
organisms. A great difference was noticed in the amount of
picric acid which the different kinds of animals were able to
withstand. All the larvae, the Medusoid Gonophores, and
the Sagittse die first, while the Crustacea are still quite lively

324 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

and active ; then, on the addition of more picric acid, the
Copepoda stop swimming and fall to the bottom, leaving
Evadne and any higher Crustaceans, such as Amphipoda
and Isopoda, still alive and able to swim about in the picric
solution. After all the organisms have been killed and
have fallen to the bottom, the superjacent fluid may be
poured off so as to reduce its amount, and what remains
along with the organisms may then be transferred to a
small (1 or 2-oz.) bottle. Then, after settling for a few
minutes the greater part of the picric acid solution may be
again poured off, and the bottle filled up with alcohol.
This process gave fairly good results. The animals were
thoroughly preserved, and in most cases had not suffered
from excessive or irregular contraction. The previous
hardening in picric acid appears to prevent them from being
shrivelled by the alcohol. The natural colour, however, is
in all cases entirely obliterated as everything is stained
opaque yellow by the picric acid.

The following lists have been drawn up* from the tow-
net gatherings which were preserved. They shew that,
although a slight difference was present in the surface
fauna on different days, and at different times, still no
definite relation can be established between the time of day,
the state of the sea, or the meteorological conditions on the
one hand, and the abundance or nature of the surface life on
the other : —

I. — July 30th, Port Erin, mid-day.
Peridinium tripos, few.
Thaumantias, many.
Pleurohrachia pileus, few.

* I have to acknowledge the help of Mr. J. A. Clubb, the assistant
in the Zoological Laboratory of University College, Liverpool, in making
these lists. Mr. Clubb went carefully through the whole of the material,
picked out and mounted the species, and identified many of them. — Ed.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 325

Plutei (both Echinid and Ophiurid), many.
Annelid larvae {Polynoe ?), many.
Sagitta bipunctata.

Copepoda, numerous (Dias longiremis, Calanus Jin-
mar chicus, and Oithona spinifrons),
Nauplei, few.

ZoeaB, and other Crustacean larval forms.
Evadne nordmanni, numerous.
Oikopleura flahelluiiit very few.

II. — July 30th, Port Erin, evening, sea calm.

Peridinium tripos^ few.
Annelid larvae, several kinds.
Sagitta bipunctata, few.
Polyzoon larvae ? (cf. Mitraria).

Copepoda, very numerous (Calanusjinmarchicus, Metridia
armata, Dias longiremis, etc.)
Nauplei.

Zoeae, numerous.
Evadne nordmanni, many.
Gastropod larvae, few.
Oikopleura flabellum, very few.

III. — Aug. 1st, Port Erin, mid-day.

Peridinium tripos, and P. furca.

Diatoms, various species.

Thaumantias thompsoni, many ; and T. lucida.

Bougainvillia britannica.

Pleurobrachia pileus, few.

Echinopaedia, few.

Tomopteris onisciformiSf one.

Sagitta bipunctata.

Nauplei.

Zoeae.

326 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Copepoda, numerous (Calanus Jinmarchicus, Metridia
armata, Diets longiremiSf Temora longicornis, etc.).
Evadne nordmanni, numerous.
Amphipod, one.
Oikopleura flahellum,

IV. — Aug. 7th, Port Erin, mid-day.

Peridinium tripos, a few.

Medusoid gonophorea, numerous ; several species.
Sagitta hipunctata.

Copepoda, numerous (Calanus Jinmarchicus, Metridia
armata, etc.).

Evadne nordmanni, few.

Nauplei.

Zoese.

Amphipoda, several species.

Oikopleura flahellum, few.

V. — Aug. 18th, inside the breakwater. Port Erin, noon.
Peridinium tripos.

Medusoid gonophores, several species of Thaumantias.
Sagitta hipunctata.
Copepoda, few.
Evadne nordmanni.
Oikopleura flahellum, few.

VI. — Aug. 19th, inside the breakwater, Port Erin, noon.

Medusoid gonophores, numerous (Thaumantias thomp-
soni, and Thaumantias octona).

Plutei.

Sagitta hipunctata.

Copepoda, fairly numerous (Calanus flnmarehicus, Pseu-
docalanus elongatus, Temora longicornis, Centropages hama-
tus, etc.).

Zoeae.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 327

Evadne nordmanni, a few.
Oikopleura jiabellum.
Ascidian larvae.

VII. — Aug. 21st, inside breakwater, Port Erin.

Peridiniwm tripos , very few.

Medusoid gonophores, very many {Thaumantias hemi-
spherica, T. octona, T. thompsoni, and Bougainv'dlia hrit-
annica).

Echinopaedia, a few.

Annelid larvae.

Sagitta bipunctata.

Copepoda, fairly numerous (Calamis Jinmarchicus, Dias
lofigiremis, Temora longicorniSf Centropages hamatus, etc.).

Evadne nordmanniy few.

Isopoda, several.

Zoeae and other larval Crustaceans.

Oikopleura Jiahellum, very numerous.

VIII.— Aug. 22nd, Port Erin, noon ; stiff breeze.

Peridinium tripos, few.

Medusoid gonophores, numerous (Thaumantias hemi-
spherica, T. thompsoni, T. octona, and BougainviUia hrit-
annica).

Plutei, few.

Sagitta bipunctata, numerous, and of very large size, up
to 16 mm. in length.

Copepoda, fairly numerous {Calanus fimnarchicus, Dias
longiremis, Centropages hamatus, etc.).

Nauplei and Zoeae.

Evadne nordm,anni, few.

Isopoda, several species.

Oikopleura jiabellum, fairly numerous.

IX. -Aug. 22nd, Port Erin, after sunset; windy.
Medusoid gonophores.

328 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Sagitta bipunctata.
Tomopteris onisciformis.

Copepoda, various (including Pleuromma abdominale,
one specimen).

Evadne nordmanni.
Isopoda.
Oikopleura flabellum.

The following is the list of species in the collection made
on the Southern shores of the Isle of Man, from Fleshwick
Bay* to near Castletown, by shore-collecting, dredging, and
tow-netting, during five weeks in July and August, 1885.

PORIFERA.

Halisarca dujardinii, ofi" Port St. Mary ; also shore. Port
Erin, Bay-ny-Carrickey, &c.

Chalina limbata, shore. Port Erin.

Dictyocylindrus stuposus, ofi" Port Erin.

Amorphina panicea, shore. Port Erin, &c.

Amorphina carunculay shore pools, Kitterland.

Isodictya elegans, in shore-pool, Port Erin.

Isodictya densa, Port Erin.

Halichondria incrustans, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey.

Cliona celata, off Port Erin, and off Spanish Head.

Hymeniacidon sanguinea, shore pools. Port Erin.

Ascetta coriacea^ shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey and Port Erin.

Sycandra compressa, shore, Fleshwick Bay, Port Erin, etc.

Sycandra ciliata, shore. Port Erin.

Sycandra aspera, n.sp., off Port Erin.

Leiicandra nivea, off Spanish Head, twelve to twenty
fathoms.

Leucandra fistulosa, shore. Port Erin.

* See Chart PI. XII.

;S.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 329

Leucandra johnstonii, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey and Port
Erin.

Leucandra gossei, off Port St. Mary, &c.

CCELENTERATA.

Hydromedus^.

Clava multicornis, on Corallina officinalis, Port Erin.

Coryne sp., on wood of old breakwater, Port Erin.

Garveia nutans, off Spanish Head, fifteen fathoms.

Tubularia indivisa, dead, off Spanish Head and Port
Erin.

Tubularia simplex (?) off Spanish Head, fifteen fathoms.

Eudendrium ramosum, off Port Erin, ten to twenty
fathoms.

Eudendrium capillar e (?), on Hyas coarctatus, off Port
Erin.

Clytia johnstoni, off Bradda Head, near Port Erin.

Obelia flabellata, off Port Erin.

Obelia dichocoma, off Port Erin.

Obelia gelatinosa (?), Port Erin.

Campanularia volubilis, off Spanish Head.

Campanularia verticillata, off Port St. Mary, fifteen
fathoms.

Campanularia hincksii, off Spanish Head.

Campanularia caliculata, off Port Erin.

Campanularia angulata, off Port Erin.

Campanularia Jiexuosa, off Port Erin.

Campamdaria neglecta, off Port Erin.

Gonothyrcea loveni, off Port Erin.

Lafoea dumosa, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty fathoms.

Calycella syringa, off Port Erin.

Coppinia arcta, off Spanish Head ; shore. Port Erin.

Halecium halecinum, off Spanish Head and Port Erin,
ten to twenty fathoms.

330 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Halecium beanii, ofif Spanish Head.
Sertularella polyzoniaSj off Port Erin.
Diphasia rosacea, on Tubularia, off Port Erin.
Sertularia ahietina, off Spanish Head.
Sertularia operculata, off Spanish Head.
Sertularia pumila, shore, Port Erin.
Sertularia Jilicula, off Port Erin.
Sertularia argentea, off Port Erin.
Hydrallmania falcata, off Spanish Head.
Plumularia pinnata, off Port Erin, fifteen fathoms.
Antennularia ramosa, off Port Erin.
Antennularia antennina, off Spanish Head.

Medusoid Gonophores,

Thaumantias hemispherica, surface, Port Erin.
Thaumantias octona, surface, Port Erin.
Thaumantias thompsoni, surface. Port Erin.
Thaumantias lucida, surface. Port Erin.
Bougainvillia britannica, surface. Port Erin.

Ctenophora.
Pleurobrachia pileus, surface. Port Erin.

ACTINIARIA.

Halcampa chrysanthellum (?), off Halfway Rock, Port
Erin, ten fathoms.

Actinoloba dianthus, shore, Port Erin, Fleshwick Bay.

Heliactis venusta, shore, Kitterland, in rock pools.

Adamsia palliata, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty
fathoms.

Actinia equina, Port Erin, Fleshwick Bay, etc.

Anemonia sulcata, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey, Port Erin.

Tealia crassicornis, shore. Port Erin. The varieties
insignis and purpurea were also noticed.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 331

Bunodes gemmaceus, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey ; shore,
Port Erin.

Corynactis viridis, off Spanish Head and The Calf, fifteen
to twenty-five fathoms. The specimens seemed to belong to
the variety rhodoprasina, Gosse.

Polythoa arenacea, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty
fathoms.

Alcyonaria.

Alcyonium digitatum, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty
fathoms.

Sarcodictyon catenata, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty
fathoms.

ECHINODERMATA.

Antedon rosaceus, off Port Erin, Halfway Kock ; off
Spanish Head, ten to twenty fathoms. Pentacrinoid larvae
on Algae in same locality.

Asterias ruhens, off Port St. Mary.

Crihrellci sanguinolentaf off Spanish Head and Port
Erin.

Solaster papposa, off Port Erin.

Asterina gibbosa, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey, Port Erin, etc.

Ophioglypha ciliata, off Port Erin.

Ophioglypha albida, off Port Erin, Port St. Mary, etc.

Amphiura squamataf Port Erin, Fleshwick Bay, etc.

Ophiopholis aculeata, off Port Erin, twelve fathoms, etc.

Ophiothrix pentaphyllumy off Spanish Head, common.

Ophiocoma nigra, off Spanish Head, fifteen to twenty
fathoms.

Echinus miliaris, off Spanish Head and Port Erin.

Echinus esculentus, common off Port Erin, Port St.
Mary, etc.

Echinocardium Jlavescens, off Bradda Head, fifteen
fathoms.

332 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Echinocardium cor datum , off Port Erin.

Spatangus purpureitSf one specimen, off Port Erin,
fifteen fathoms.

Echinocyamus pusillus, off Bradda Head, etc., Port Erin ;
off Spanish Head.

Thyone papillosa, off Cassells, Port Erin, fifteen fathoms.

Genus brunneus, off Spanish Head, fifteen fathoms.

Cucumaria hyndmanniy off Port Erin, twenty fathoms.

Vermes.

Leptoplana sp., off Port Erin, ten fathoms.

Leptoplana sp.. Port St. Mary, five fathoms.

Carinella linearis, off Port Erin.

Lineus marinus, between Port St. Mary and Spanish
Head, twenty fathoms ; also, Bay Fine, ten fathoms.

Sagitta bipunctata, surface. Port Erin.

Hermione hystrix, off Halfway Rock, Port Erin, and off
Spanish Head, fifteen to twenty fathoms.

Sthenelais zetlandica, Port Erin, twenty fathoms.

Polynoe squamata, off Spanish Head.

Polynoe floccosa, Port St. Mary, five fathoms ; Bay-ny-
Carrickey.

Hermadion assimile, on Echinus, off Bay Fine, ten
fathoms.

Harmothoe halimti, Port Erin, fifteen fathoms.

Harmothoe imbricata, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey, etc.

Nephthys longisetosa. Port Erin.

Syllis armillaris, Port Erin.

Nereis pelagica, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey, etc.

Nereis viridis, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey, and off Spanish
Head.

Lumbriconereis fragilis, Port St. Mary.

Eunice sp., Port St. Mary.

Terebella conchilega, Port St. Mary, five fathoms ; etc.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 333

Terehella nehulosa, off Port Erin, etc., ten to twenty
fathoms ; common.

Dasychone lucidlana, Port Erin.

Pectinaria helgica, off Port Erin, twenty fathoms.

Filograna implexa, off Port St. Mary, five fathoms.

Cirratulus cirratuSy off Port St. Mary.

Cirratidus borealis, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey, Port
Erin, etc.

Serpula vermicularis, off Spanish Head, Port Erin, etc.

Spirorhis borealis, Fleshwick Bay, etc.

Protula protensa, off Spanish Head, twenty fathoms.

Tomopteris onisciformis, surface. Port Erin.

POLYZOA.

Mtea recta, off Port Erin, ten to fifteen fathoms.

Mtea truncata, on Algae, Port Erin, ten to fifteen
fathoms.

Eucratea chelata, var. elongata, nov., off Port Erin.

Scrupocellaria scrupea. Port Erin, five to ten fathoms.

Scrupocellaria scruposa. Port St. Mary, five fathoms.

Scrupocellaria reptans, on Pecten, etc., off Port Erin.

Bugula plinnosa, Port Erin.

Beania mirabilis. Port Erin, five to ten fathoms.

Cellaria fistulosa, off Spanish Head, etc., common, ten to
twenty fathoms.

Cribrilina punctata, on decayed wood, Spanish Head,
fifteen fathoms.

Membraniporella niticla, on Pecten, off Spanish Head,
twenty fathoms.

Membranipora catenularia, off Port Erin.

Membranipora aurita, on decayed wood, Spanish Head,
fifteen fathoms.

Membranipora pilosa, off Port St. Mary, five fathoms,
etc.

334 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Microporella malusiiy on Pecten, off Spanish Head, twenty
fathoms.

Schizoporella spinifera, off Port Erin, ten to fifteen
fathoms.

Umhonula verrucosa, off Port St. Mary, and near Spanish
Head.

Porella compressay off Spanish Head, twenty fathoms.

Smittia reticulata, on Pecten, off Spanish Head, twenty
fathoms.

Mucronella peachii, on Pecten, off Spanish Head, twenty
fathoms.

Mucronella coccinea, on Pecten, off Spanish Head, twenty
fathoms ; also on Laminaria roots, and on Anomia, Port St.
Mary, common.

Cellepora pumicosa, off Spanish Head.

Crisia ehurnea, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty fathoms.

Crista denticulata, off Port St. Mary.

Crisia cornuta, Port St. Mary, five fathoms ; shore, Port
Erin.

Diastopora patina, on Pecten, off Spanish Head, twenty
fathoms.

Lichenopora hispida, on Pecten, off Spanish Head,
twenty fathoms.

Alcyonidium hirsutum, off Port Erin, ten to fifteen
fathoms.

Fkistrella hispida, Port Erin, etc.

Amathia Undigera, off Cassells, Port Erin, twelve
fathoms.

Bowerbankia imbricata, on base of Amaroucium, Port
Erin.

Bowerbankia pustulosa, off Port Erin, ten to fifteen
fathoms.

Cylindroecium dilatatum. Port Erin, ten to fifteen
fathoms

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 335

Valkeria uva, var. cuscuta, Port Erin.

Mimosella gracilis^ off Bay Fine, ten to fifteen fathoms.

Pedicellina gracilis, and also var. nodosa, nov., off Bay

Fine.

Crustacea.

CiRRIPEDIA.

Verruca stromia, on Laminaria, Spanish Head.
B alarms balanoides, off Port St. Mary, very large.
Chthamalus stellatus, shore, Fleshwick Bay.

Copepoda.
Calanus Jinmarchicus, surface, Port Erin.
Pleuromma abdominalCf surface. Port Erin.
Metridia armata, surface, Port Erin.
Pseudocalanus elongatus, surface. Port Erin.
Candace truncata {?), surface. Port Erin.
Dias longiremisy surface. Port Erin.
Temora longicornis, surface, Port Erin.
Centropages hamatus, surface. Port Erin.
Oithona spiriifrons, surface. Port Erin.
Ascidicola rosea, in Ascidian, Port Erin.

Amphipoda.
Iphimedia obesa.
Atylus swammerdamii.
Atylus gibbosus.
D examine spinosa.
Gammarus locusta.
Gammarus marinus.
Amphit^oe podoceroides.
Podocerus falcatus.
Podoceriis pelagicus.
Podocerus pulchellus.
Sunamphithod hamula.
Caprella linearis, shore, Fleshwick Bay.

336 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Proto pedata.
Protella phasma.

Chelura terebrans, great number in wood of old break-
water, Port Erin.

ISOPODA.

Idotea linearis, Port Erin, etc.

PODOPHTH ALM AT A .

Crangon sculptus, off Port Erin.

Galathea intermedia, off Port Erin, ten fathoms, common.

Galathea squamifera, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty
fathoms ; shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey.

Pagurus bernhardus, off Port Erin, etc., common.

Pagurus prideauxii, off Port St. Mary.

Pagurus ciianensis, off Spanish Head.

Porcellana longicornis, off Port St. Mary.

Pinnotheres pisum, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty
fathoms.

Portunus pusillus, shore, Port Erin.

Ebalia cranchii, off Port Erin.

Ebalia tuberosa, off Port Erin.

Ebalia tumefacta, between Port St. Mary and Spanish
Head, twenty fathoms.

Inachus dorsettensis, off Port Erin.

Hyas araneus, off Port Erin.

Hyas coarctatus, off Spanish Head.

Stenorhynchus rostratus, off Port Erin, ten fathoms.

Eurynome aspera, off Spanish Head, twenty fathoms.

Pycnogonida.

•

Pallene brevirostris, off Spanish Head.
Phoxichilidium femoratum. Port Erin.
Pephredo hirsuta (?), off Port Erin, fifteen fathoms ;
shore, Fleshwick Bay.

Phoxichilus spinosus, off Port Erin, fifteen fathoms.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 337
MoLLUSCA.

Anomia ephippium, off Spanish Head, Port St. Mary, etc.

Ostrea edidis, off Port St. Mary, ten to twenty fathoms.

Mytilus edulis, off Port St. Mary

Mytilus modiolus, off Spanish Head.

Modiolaria discors, shore, Fleshwick Bay, Port Erin.

Modiolaria marmorata, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty
fathoms.

Lima loscombii, off Spanish Head.

Lima elliptica, off Spanish Head.

Pecten varius, young. Port Erin.

Pecten similis, off Spanish Head.

Pecten pusio, off Spanish Head.

Pecten opercidaris, off Port St. Mary, etc.

Pecten maximus, off Spanish Head.

Pecten tigrinus, var. costata, off Spanish Head.

Nucida nucleus, off Spanish Head, fifteen fathoms.

Pectuncidus glycimeris, off Port Erin and Halfway Rock,
off Spanish Head, etc., ten to twenty fathoms.

Area tetragona, off Spanish Head.

Venus fasciata, Port Erin.

Venus casina, Port Erin, Port St. Mary, ten to twenty
fathoms.

Venus gallina, Port Erin.

Venus exoleta, off Port Erin.

Astarte sidcata, off Port Erin.

Mactra solida, and var. elliptica, off Port Erin.

Tapes virgineus, off Spanish Head.

Saxicava rugosa, off Port St. Mary, Spanish Head, etc.

Psainmobia telUnella, off Spanish Head.

Tellina balthica, off Port Erin.

Cardiam norvegicum, off Port Erin, young.

Thracia prcetenuis, off Port Erin.

Pholas crispata, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey.

Y

338 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Chiton cancellatuSf off Port Erin.

Chiton albuSy Port Erin.

Chiton ci7iereus, off Spanish Head.

Chiton Icevis, Port Erin.

Dentalium entale, off Spanish Head, twenty fathoms.

Patella vulgata, common everywhere.

Patella vulgata^ var. athletica, Fleshwick Bay.

Helcion pellucidum, var. Iceve, off Port St. Mary.

Emarginula fissura, off Port Erin, ten to fifteen fathoms;
off Spanish Head.

Fissurella grcsca, off Port Erin, off Spanish Head, fifteen
to twenty fathoms.

Trochus zizyphinus, off Port Erin, fifteen fathoms.

Trochus cinerarius, off Spanish Head ; shore, Bay-ny-
Garrickey.

Trochus magiiSy off Port Erin, ten to twenty fathoms.

Trochus tumidus, off Spanish Head.

Purpura lapillis, Fleshwick Bay.

Lacuna divaricata, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey.

Littorina ohtusata^ Fleshwick Bay.

Littorina littoraliSf Port Erin, etc.

Velutina Icsvigata, off Port Erin.

Phasianella pullus, off Spanish Head, fifteen fathoms.

Buccinum undatiim, off Spanish Head.

Murex erinaceuSj off Spanish Head.

Nat'ica catena, off Spanish Head.

Natica alderi, off Spanish Head.

Fusus gracilis, off Spanish Head.

Fusus antiquus, off Spanish Head.

Trophon harvicensis, off Port St. Mary.

Trophon muricatus, off Port Erin.

Pleurotoma 7iehila, off Port Erin.

Pleurotoma turricula, off Spanish Head.

Cyprcea europcEa, off Port Erin and Port St, Mary.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 389

Aplysia punctata, off Cassells, Halfway Rock, Bay Fine,
Port Erin, etc., ten to twenty fathoms.

Pleurobranchus inembranaceus, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey.

Doris tuber culata, shore. Port Erin.

Eolis lineata, two specimens, dredged off Port Erin, ten
fathoms.

Eolis picta, off Port Erin.

Eolis amoendf one specimen, off Halfway Eock, Port
Erin.

Eolis tricolor, off Spanish Head, twenty fathoms.

Dotofragilis, off Port Erin ; off Spanish Head.

Dendronotus arborescens, off Spanish Head, twenty
fathoms.

Goniodoris castanea, off Spanish Head, twenty fathoms.

TUNICATA.

Molgula occulta, many, dredged off Bradda Head, fifteen
fathoms ; off Spanish Head, twenty fathoms.

Eugyra glutinans, off Spanish Head, and off Half-way
Rock, ten to twenty fathoms.

Polycarpa monensis, n.sp., off Port Erin, fifteen fathoms.

Polycarpa pomar'ia. Bay Fine, twelve fathoms.

Polycarpa comata, off Halfway Rock, Port Erin.

Polycarpa rustica, on Laminaria, Port St. Mary, five
fathoms.

Styela grossularia, off Port Erin, Port St. Mary, Spanish
Head.

Corella par allelo gramma, off the Cassells, Port Erin,
fifteen fathoms ; off Spanish Head.

Ascidia depressa, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey.

Ascidia plebeia, off Spanish Head, twenty fathoms.

Ascidia aspersa, off Port Erin, ten to fifteen fathoms.

Ascidia virginea, off Port Erin, ten fathoms.

Ascidia scabra, off Port Erin, ten to fifteen fathoms.

340 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Ciona intestmalis, off Port Erin, ten fathoms ; off
Spanish Head.

Perophora listeriy off Spanish Head, twenty fathoms.

Clavelina lepadiformis, off Bay Fine and Halfway Rock,
ten to twenty fathoms; and off Spanish Head, fifteen fathoms.

Morchellium argus, off Bay Fine and Halfway Rock ; and
off Spanish Head, ten to twenty fathoms.

Morchellioides alderi, n.sp., shore pools, Port Erin.

Amaroucium prolifermny off Port Erin ; shore, Bay-ny-
Carrickey, etc.

Amaroucium sp., Port St. Mary, five fathoms.

Distoma rubrum, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey, Port Erin,
etc.

Distoma vitrea, shore, Port Erin.

Distoma sp.. Port Erin, twenty fathoms.

Botryllus violaceus, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey, Port Erin,
etc.

Botryllus morio, shore pool, Port Erin.

Botryllus smaragdus, Port Erin.

Botryllus sMosseri, shore. Port Erin, Bay-ny-Carrickey,
etc.

Botryllus pruinosuSy shore. Port Erin and Bay-ny-
Carrickey.

Polycyclus saoignii, off Halfway Rock and Bradda Head,
Port Erin.

Botrylloides albicans, shore, Port Erin, Bay-ny-Carrickey.

Botrylloides sp.. Port Erin.

Botrylloides rubrum, off Spanish Head, ten to twenty
fathoms, common ; also shore, Port Erin, etc.

Botrylloides leachii, Port Erin.

Leptoclinum maculosum, shore, Bay-ny-Carrickey, Port
Erin, Spanish Head, etc.

Leptoclinum asperum, off Port Erin, and at Bay-ny-
Carrickey.

NOTES ON THE FAUNA OF THE ISLE OF MAN. 341

Leptoclinum durum, off breakwater, Port Erin, ten
fathoms.

Leptoclinum c(uididum, Port St. Mary, five fathoms, etc.

D'lplosoma fjelatinosum, on Zoophytes, etc., Port Erin
and Bay-ny-Carrickey.

Diplosoma crystalliniun, Port St. Mary, five fathoms ;
shore, Port Erin.

342

NOTES on some of the POLYCH^TA collected by the

L. M.B.C.

By R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A., F.R.S.E., F.R.MS.,

DEMONSTRATOR OP ZOOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.

This paper deals with —

. (1.) The value of the setae of the Polychseta as specific
characters.
(2.) The structure of the following Aphroditidae : —
(a.) Malmgrenia castanea, Mcintosh.
(b.) Hermadion assimile, Mcintosh.
(3.) On Pectinaria auricoma, Miiller,
and Pectinaria helgica, Pallas.

1. With reference to the first of the above subjects, a
few remarks may appropriately be made here.

Mcintosh* lays great stress on the importance of the
setaB as specific characters, and insists on the accurate
delineation of typical examples. In speaking of the setae,
he says : —

" It is impossible, for example, to describe too minutely in groups
like the Polynoidse, in which the specific separation rests on so many
fine characters The mere statement that a bristle is slender and
serrated conveys Httle more to the mind than the assertion, in com-
paring the hair of a bat with that of a sheep, that each is serrated.
Even some of the most distinguished investigators of the Annelida
have failed to appreciate the valuable results derived from a strict and
faithful apprehension of the structure of the bristles, the other cha-
racters, of course, being duly attended to. The characteristic mark-
ings at the tips of the bristles of Hermadion pellucidwn and H. assimile,
for instance, shew how valuable such characters will some day be in

* On British Annelida, Trans. Zool. Soc, Lend., ix, 371.

NOTES ON SOME OF THE POLYCH^TA. 343

classification. . , The distinctions between many of the species are
nice, yet exact, and afford a good field for scientific accuracy in
microscopic work."

Bourne* mentions the neuropodial and notopodial setae as
variable in the series of Polynoe clava examined by him, but
remarks that the characters of equivalent setae were constant.

After a careful examination of the Polynoidae of the
L. M. B. C. collection,! I can scarcely think that the setae are
such trustworthy guides in the identification of species as
Prof. Mcintosh believes them to be. In the first place, in
the individual the setae vary much, as Bourne observes, not
only in colour, but in size, in curve, markings, and serrations.
I mounted the entire series of parapodia from three examples
of Harmotho'e imbricata, and was astonished to find that the
amount of variation was very considerable. I was fortunately
able to mount entire two or three young specimens of
H, imbricata, and there also the difi'erences between the
bristles of the young and those of the adult were observable.
I did the same for Polynoe clava, with similar result. No
doubt, in aberrant Polynoidae like Hermadion assimile
(PL VIII), the spines are reliable guides, but no one would
require to look at the spines to identify such a form.

I agree with Bourne, that comparison of equivalent setae
is useful, but with all due deference to so high an authority
as Dr. Mcintosh, I would feel doubtful of resting the identi-
fication of species so much on the character of the setae as
he seems to be inclined to do. + I would equally doubt the
advisability of trusting too much to the form of the para-
podia themselves as is done by Dr. Hj. Theel, in his

* Trans. Linn. Soc. Lond., ZooL, 2nd ser., vol. ii, p. 349.

t See Report on the Vermes, p. 144.

I Compare *' Challenger" Report ou Annelidas, by Professor Mcintosh,
F.R.S. Dr. Mcintosh does not state, in many cases, from what segment
of the body the bristles are taken.

344 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Annelides Polychetes des Mers de la Nouvelle-Z&nihle."'
As is pointed out by Bourne {loc. cit.), the shape of the
parapodia is variable in one and the same individual, and
equivalent parapodia must in all cases be compared. At
the same time, even then the normal shape of the parapodia
may be altered by the presence of eggs in the body cavity,
the amount of retraction of the acicula, and the condition
of the caeca of the alimentary canal. The general appear-
ance, the number of segments, and a typical transverse
section require to be more attended to than they are ; the
merest outline of the form, natural size, with any striking
character, seems an accompaniment to a description of new
or rare species very much needed.

Since writing the above, I have been glad to find my
opinion supported by Hansen, in his Keport on the Anne-
lides of the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition.! I quote
the sentences more especially bearing on the point in ques-
tion. After pointing out that Malmgren has attached espe-
cial weight to the distinctive features of the pedal bristles,
considering them, indeed, as of generic value, he goes on to
say :—

" From what is stated here, a considerable difference might be
inferred to exist between the members of the family Polynoidce, and
not only as concerns the structure of the bristles, but also with regard
to the external anatomical features of the animals. This, however, is
not the case, as will at once appear from a glance at Malmgren's own
drawings. Indeed, unless carefully examined in detail, it is hardly
possible to distinguish between them, so closely do the animals
resemble one another. . . . The last feature to adduce as a generic
character would be, if justly considered, the structure of the bristles,
which are so remarkably alike in well-nigh all Polynoce that very con-
siderable difficulty is frequently experienced in distinguishing between

* Kongl. Svenska. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handling ar, Bandet xvi,
No. 3, 1879.

f Den Norske Nordhavs-Expedition, 1876-78, Zoologi, Annelida, ved
G. Armauer Hansen, 1882.

NOTES ON SOME OF THE POLYCH^TA. 345

them ; and as for types of bristles, there is nothing of the kind,
characters founded on such an assumption being altogether spurious.
The fact of the dorsal bristles being shorter or thicker than the
ventral, or vice versa, and that of the ventral bristles being cleft or
not cleft at the points, cannot be regarded as typical peculiarities of
structure, generic or specific. . . . And this, as I conceive, peculiar
unfitness of the bristles to furnish a sure and obvious basis on which
might be established a natural division of the Polynoidae into numer-
ous genera, extends, I think, with equal force to specific diagnoses."

2. Among the Aphroditidse dredged by the L. M. B. C,
are the rare forms, Malmgrenia castanea, McI., and Herma-
dion assimile, McI. These seem to merit fuller notice than
they have obtained in the general report.*

(a.) Malmgrenia castanea, Mcintosh, Travis, ZooL Soc,
vol. ix, p. 376.

Localities (by Gwyn Jeffreys). — N. Uist, 90-96 fathoms,
1867, and in 1868.

On Spatangus purpnreus (near mouth), eighty-five
fathoms. Off Valentia, in eighty fathoms, and off Blasquet,
in a hundred and ten fathoms, off the Channel Islands.

Six miles north of Great Ormes Head, fourteen fathoms, in
ambulacral groove of Astropecten irregularis (L. M. B. C).

The head was not present on the specimens obtained by
the L.M.B. C, but according to Mcintosh, ''the head is
slightly pinkish in life, as is also the proboscidian region, two
eyes are situated near the posterior border, and two laterally
on the anterior prominence. The tentacle is moderately
developed, and has a slight enlargement below the tapering
tip. The antennae have brownish pigment a little above the
base."

The body is very long, there being about eighty to a
hundred segments. Mcintosh states that there are fifteen
pairs of scales. The scales, which are " reniform " or

* See Report on Vermes, p. 144.

346 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

quadrate, and have a dark belt along their anterior margin,
are attached to the dorsal surface of the body on every fourth
segment (see PL VII, fig. 6). Every elytron-bearing segment
possesses two protuberances, rounded or quadrate on surface
(PI. VII, fig. 6, d), and each forming a low column, about
tV in. high. The surface of the protuberance is attached to a
depression in the under surface of the scale to the left (or
right, for the right-hand scales of the middle line). The
segments which bear the elytra have no dorsal cirri. The
non-elytron-bearing segments have cirri (PI. VII, fig. 6, a),
but they have also protuberances identical in position, but
not in form, with the elytron-bearing protuberances. Both
segments intervening between two elytron-bearing segments
have similar protuberances (PL VII, fig. 6, b, c). Each of
these is a short column, oval in section, having its long
axis at right angles to the long axis of the body, and having
its internal and external angles produced into horns. These
horns on their ventral sufaces, and a considerable portion of
the columns, are covered by ciliated epithelium (see PL VII,
fig. 3), which probably fulfils a branchial function. The
scales are arranged so that the left-hand scale overlies the
right-hand one. Their posterior margins are inserted between
the two branchial protuberances, overlying the anterior and
underlying the posterior of these. The dorsal cirri, as stated
by Mcintosh, are perfectly smooth (PL VII, fig. 6, a). The
bristles are described and figured by Mcintosh {loc. cit.).

In transverse section the attachment of muscles to the
elytron -bearing protuberance is seen (PL VII, fig. 1). Two
pseudhaemal vessels appear one above the alimentary canal,
between the two masses of the dorsal muscles, the other
beneath the alimentary canal, and lying in connection with
the reproductive follicles and immediately above it. The
vessels are not lined by epithelium, and are probably simply
portions of the coelome cut off". The outer wall of the

NOTES ON SOME OF THE POLYCH^TA. 347

ventral vessel is covered by large epithelial cells, which ,
on its under aspect become aggregated into a plate with
lateral ridges, forming the genital gland (PI. VII, fig. 2).
From these ridges the ova (or spermatozoa) are budded
off into the coelome.* The alimentary canal shews very
well the relationship of the intestinal caeca to the intestine
itself. Prolongations of these caeca are carried up into
the dorsal protuberances (PI. VII, figs. 1 and 5). Like
Bourne, I have not discovered any communication between
the scale cavity and the body cavity ; the epithelium cover-
ing the surface of the knob is entire, even over the attach-
ment of the muscle. Moreover, the epithelial cells bearing the
cilia on the *' branchiae " are quite as large as anywhere else,
and there are bands of muscle and connective tissue between
the superficial epithelium and the wall of the caecum. The
intestine is lined by columnar ciliated epithelium in one or
more layers. The epithelial layer is frequently folded, but
the folds do not affect the muscular wall. The folds are
epithelial only ; the muscular wall is extremely thin, con-
sisting of a very few fibres, arranged, the inner layer
circularly, the outer longitudinal. The caeca open into the
alimentary canal by funnel-shaped openings. The funnel is
lined by columnar ciliated epithelium, the cilia being very
long and pointing towards the cavity of the intestine (PL VII,
fig. 5). The caeca are branched and send prolongations
into the dorsal protuberances, as above stated. The funnel
has a layer of circular muscle, slightly thicker than that
forming the body wall of the intestine. The cells lining
the caeca are glandular and secretory (PI. VII, fig. 5), and
frequently shew clear superficial portions which often contain
concretions. I can scarcely agree with Haswell in considering
that intestinal respiration goes on to any great extent, at

* See Haswell, *' Monograph on the Australian Aphroditida," Proc.
Linn. Soc, N.S.W., vol. vii.

348 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

least in this form, and in those where, owing to the power of
movement of the scales, the muscle layer is well developed.
Further, the ova frequently become pushed up to form a
distinct layer between the muscle and the wall of the caecum,
so that a considerable thickness of tissue intervenes between
the superficial epithelium and the intestinal wall.

Finally, the acicular muscles fill up the ccelome beneath
the caeca and intestine (PI. VII, fig. 1). The muscles are
large, and are attached to the inner end of the aciculum only
in a radiating manner. The aciculum has a knob-shaped
end, which forms a basis for attachment of the muscles.
The acicula are, moreover, connected to each other by muscle
bands at their bases (PI. VII, fig. 4).

(6.) Hermadion assimile, Mcintosh, Trans. Zool. Soc ,
ix, 387.

Localities. — St. Andrews ; west coast of Ireland ; south
of England ; ofi" the Spanish coast, in the " Porcupine "
expedition ; and, by the L.M. B. C, at Bay Fine, near Port
Erin, Isle of Man, in ten fathoms, from a gravelly bottom.

One or two points in the anatomy of this species seem
worthy of note.

The alimentary canal does not present the usual branched
lateral caeca which are so characteristic of the Aphroditidae.
On the contrary, it presents merely a series of alternate con-
stictions and bulgings, the sv/ellings corresponding to the
segmental space. The entire canal is lined by granular
columnar non-ciliated cells, corresponding to those found in
the caeca of the ordinary tj^pe. The parapodia are very large
and elongated. Mcintosh figures the spines {loc. cit.) which
are tolerably numerous and more uniform throughout the
series of parapodia than one usually finds them. Mcintosh
mentions the presence of a median tentacle on the head ;
that was, however, absent in the specimen obtained ojff the

NOTES ON SOME OF THE POLYCH^TA. 349

Manx coast ; a very clearly-defined scar was, however, pre-
sent, indicating probably the position of the lost tentacle
(see PL VIII, fig. 1). The proboscis was long, and presented
in section a quadrate lumen, owing to the arrangement of
the layers of muscle.

Along the ventral surface of the anterior part of the
body, more especially upon the ridges formed by the longitu-
dinal muscle bands, a large number of minute globular pro-
jections were seen (PI. VIII, fig. 2). Each projection was
ovoid or elliptical in vertical section. Each has a central
core, covered by a thick cuticle, which is continuous with the
cuticle over the ventral surface of the body. The cuticle
over the papilla is faintly striated at right angles to the
surface (PI. VIII, tig. 4). The core is granular and fibrillar,
and towards the base shews larger nuclear looking bodies.
The core is directly continuous with fibrillse from nerve
fibres, which are abundantly distributed to the ventral sur-
face of the body. The stalk of the papilla is very thin and
hyaline in appearance, and contains a central core, composed
of fibrillse, connecting the nerve fibres with the core of the
papilla (PL VIII, fig. 3). The nervous system is very much
flattened dorso ventrally, and gives off very large nerves to
the sides of the body, fibres from which supply the above-
mentioned papillae, which are doubtless some form of tactile
sense organ not previously noticed.

The specimen examined was a female, and every available
space in the coelome was filled with eggs, which took on
carmine staining very deeply.

(c.) On the synonymy of Pectinaria helgica, Pallas, and
Pectinaria aiiricoina, Miilier.

Pectinaria helgica was described under the synonym of
Nereis cylindraria, var. helgica by Pallas, in his "' Mis-
cellanea Zoologica," 1766 ; and Pectinaria auncoma was

350 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

described under the synonym of Amphitrite auricoma by
0. F. Miiller, in his " Zoologica Danica," in 1788. Pennant,
in his *' British Zoology," describes Amphitrite auricomay
and mentions, as a synonym, Nereis cylindraria of Pallas,
that is to say, the variety belgica above mentioned. Dalyell,
in his *' Powers of the Creator," describes Amphitrite
auricoma f but calls it Sabella helgica. Glaus, in his " Traite
de Zoologie," acknowledges both P. auricoma of Muller, and
P. belgica of Pallas. Gosse acknowledges P. belgica only
{" Marine Biology "). Similarly, P. auricoma is omitted from
the List of British Marine Invertebrata, drawn up by a
Committee of the British Association, in 1861, and from
Forbes's paper in Brit. Assoc. Keport, 1850. Mcintosh
(Ency. Brit., art. "Annelides") figures P. belgica of Pallas,
after Malmgren. Finally, Mobius (" Zoologische Ergebnisse ")
acknowledges both P. auricoma of Miiller and P. belgica of
Pallas. Apparently, two distinct species are first of all
figured and described by Pallas and Muller respectively,
Pallas having the precedence in time ; Pennant, Dalyell,
and others mix up the two species together ; more recent
authorities omit either one or other, consider them as one
species, or acknowledge them to be distinct. It seems
worth while to compare Pallas's and Miiller's accounts, in
order to determine whether there are points of distinction
between them of sufficient importance to justify their being
separated from each other.

Miiller (loc, cit.) gives as the specific characters of his
Amphitrite auricoma the presence of two cirri on either side
of the head, and two rigid yellow fans in front. On examin-
ing Pallas's drawings of P. belgica, his Nereis cylindraria,
var. belgica {loc. cit.), the pair of cirri are found to be
present on either side of the head, just as Miiller describes
them in P. auricoma ; but his figure of the stiff golden comb
shews one continuous and uniform series of teeth, not two

NOTES ON SOME OF THE POLYCH^TA. 351

series, as in P. auricoma. At the same time, Pallas does
not distinctly state the condition of the comb in the form
he describes. He compares it, however, with Nereis cylin-
draria var. capensis, and says: '' Maxime insignes in eo
(capite) sunt palmulse binse (figs. 1,2; 7, 8, 9, a) rotundatse,
factae ex paleolis sen aciculis planis, auratis, linearis-acutis,
interioribus in qualibet palmula sensim minoribus et angus-
tioribus, exterioribus pariter decrescentibus, at latioribus ;
omnibus versus dorsum leviter recurvatis. Hse paleolae itae
carnoso capiti implantatae sunt, ut imbricatim (instar remigum
in ala avis) exteriores interioribus superadcubent." All these
characters are equally true of the combs of P, auricoma.
Further, Pallas refers to a plate on which both var. capensis
and var. helgica are figured ; figs. 1 and 2 are of the
former, and there the double comb is quite distinguishable,
although not very accurately drawn ; figs. 7, 8 and 9, how-
ever, which are referred to at the same place (see quotation),
are of var. belgica, and do not shew the binary condition at
all, with the exception of fig. 9, which does shew the teeth
divided into two series. Dalyell figures {loc. cit.) a form
which he calls " Sabella helgica or Amphitrite auricoma,'"
and in his drawing two combs (whose existence he mentions
in the text) are visible.

Mcintosh's figure {loc. cit.) of P. helgica shews the two
combs with perfect accuracy and distinctness. Either Pallas's
draughtsman * has made an error in most of the figures of
P. helgica, and failed to represent the comb with sufficient
accuracy, hence leading Miiller into error when comparing
his form with that of Pallas, or Pallas's figures are correct
(although his references in the text are wrong), and his
species is distinct from that of Miiller (for the condition of
the comb appears to be the only important difi'erence between
the two). Looking at the inaccuracy of the drawings as com-
* It is to be noted that Pallas did not draw his own plate.

352 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

pared with var. capeiisis in Pallas's work, and taking into
account the indistinctly double series of teeth shewn in figs.
5, 8 and 9 of var. belgica, I think that probably the former
view is the most likely to be the correct one. In that case
P. auricoma of Miiller disappears, and becomes P. belgica
of Pallas.

Dalyell, then, is right in considering them as one form,
and Malmgren is right in figuring as P. belgica a form
with a comb in all respects identical with that described by
Miiller as peculiar to P. auricoma. Other writers have pro-
bably not compared the original authorities, and so have
simply taken for granted the existence of two distinct species.
I have reproduced in Plate VIII (figs. 5-7) the original
figures of Miiller and Pallas in order that they might be
compared with that of Malmgren (fig. 8).

Explanation of the Plates.

Plate VII.

Malmgrenia castariea, Mcintosh.

Fig. 1. Transverse section of the body, magnified 50 dia-
meters.

Fig. 2. Transverse section of the sub-intestinal pseud-
haemal vessel, magnified 300 diameters.

Fig. 3. Transverse section of the elytron-bearing protuber-
ance, magnified 300 diameters.

Fig. 4. The bases of the acicula, shewing the mode of
attachment of the muscles, magnified 300 diame-
ters.

Fig. 5. Transverse section of the alimentary canal and its
caeca, magnified 300 diameters.

Fig. 6. The dorsal surface of four segments from the
middle of the body, magnified 50 diameters.

NOTES ON SOME OF THE POLYCHiETA. 353

Plate VIII.

Figs. 1-4. Hermadion assimile^ Mcintosh.
Figs. 5-9. Pectinaria helgica, Pallas.

Fig. 1. Head and part of the everted pharynx of H,
assimile, x 10 diameters.

Fig. 2. Vertical section of ventral surface of i3. assimiie, x
50 diameters, h. Nervous system.

Figs. 3 and 4. Ventral papillae of H, assimile, x 300 diame-
ters. '

Figs. 5 and 6. P. helgica, after Pallas enlarged ; a. Comb.

Fig. 7. P. helgica, after Miiller (his P. aitricoma); enlarged.

Fig. 8. P. helgica, after Malmgren ; enlarged.

Fig. 9. P. helgica, from a specimen in the L. M. B. C.
collection ; enlarged.

354

NOTES on VARIATION in the TUNIC AT A.
By W. A. Herdman, D.Sc, F.L.S.,

PROFESSOR OP NATURAL HISTORY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.

It is often a matter of very great difficulty to fix upon good
diagnostic characters in the Tunicata, and to distinguish
between allied species, and varieties, and mere individual
variations. I propose to discuss in this paper the most
reliable characters for making use of in describing the
species, and to give examples of some of the variations to
which these and other parts of the body of an Ascidian are
liable.

In the first place, it is quite absurd to attempt to
describe, or even, in most cases, to identify, an Ascidian,
without dissection and microscopic examination. As Savigny
long ago said,* ''Les Ascidies ont I'organisation variee et
I'aspect uniforme. La configuration qui leur est afi'ectee ne
permet pas que les differences interieures se manifestent
au-dehors par des signes fort sensibles. Aussi les distinc-
tions necessaires a la parfaite connaissance des especes sont-
elle difficiles a tracer."

In some cases the genus, and even sometimes the
family, cannot be determined without dissection. For
example, in many museums and other collections, all
Simple Ascidians which are incrusted with sand and shell
fragments are labelled " Molgulaj" but some of these speci-
mens usually belong to the genus Eugyra (to distinguish
which the branchial sac ought to be examined), and in

* MemoireSf p. 84. 1816.

NOTES ON VARIATION IN THE TUNICATA. 355

some cases they belong to Polycarpa, a member of the
family Cynthiidae, and they may even be Ascidiidse {e. g,,
Ascidia involuta, Heller). It is even possible that such
forms might be Compound Ascidians, as Polyclinum sahu-
losum and various species of Psammaplidium are incrusted
with sand, and, in external appearance, mimic the Molgu-
lidae.

This instance is sufficient to shew how rash it is to
attempt to identify a series of Ascidians without a thorough
anatomical examination; and it is of the greatest importance
that new species should be sufficiently described, not only in
their external appearance, but in their internal structure.
Most of the older descriptions of Ascidians are, on this ■
account, of little or no value. With a very few exceptions,
they consist merely of more or less minute accounts of the
external appearance of the animal, and frequently give no
clue to even the genus to which the species belonged. Con-
sequently, many of the British Ascidians, both Simple and
Compound, require to be carefully re-examined and fully
described before they can be referred to their proper genera,
and before they can be compared with the species described
from other European seas by such careful investigators as
Traustedt, Lacaze-Duthiers, von Drasche, and others.

One of the first matters to be determined is, which ana-
tomical characters are of most importance in distinguishing
allied species ; and, with the view of settling this important
point, I have taken advantage of every opportunity afi'orded
me during the last six years, of examining the structural
details of large numbers of the commoner British species.
While conducting this investigation, I have been greatly
struck by the large amount of individual variation present
within the limits of a species, even in the case of important
organs such as the branchial sac and the tentacles. I have
already discussed such individual variations in the case of

356 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

some few species in former papers,* but the specimens
collected during last summer in Liverpool Bay, taken along
with those formerly dredged on various parts of the west
coast, have supplied me with additional examples, some of
which seem worthy of being recorded. The general conclu-
sion at which I have arrived is that not one of the characters
usually employed in the description of species of Ascidians
is constant. They are all liable to more or less variation,
and, in the case of some of them, the range of variation is
very great. I regard the following as the characters which
should be attended to in describing a Simple Ascidian : —

1. The External Appearance. This is liable to con-
siderable variation according to the surroundings. The more
important points to mention are — the general shape, the
position and extent of the area of attachment, the position
and condition of the branchial and atrial apertures, their
lobes, the condition of the surface (rough, smooth, etc.), the
colour, the length (antero-posterior), the breadth (dorso-
ventral), and the thickness (lateral).

2. The Test. Its consistence (leathery, gelatinous,
cartilaginous, etc.), thickness, strength, transparency, colour
(on surface and in section), and minute structure. Under
the last head may be mentioned the presence and condition
of vessels, test-cells, bladder-cells, pigment-cells, etc.

3. The Mantle. Its relative thickness, its transparency
and colour, the condition of its musculature, the condition of
the branchial and atrial siphons, and any peculiarities of the
body as seen on removal of the test.

4. The Branchial Sac. Its relative size, its shape,
relative thickness of its walls ; the presence of folds, their
number, size, and direction; the arrangement of the internal
longitudinal bars in relation to the folds, the presence or

* See especially Journ. Linn. Soc. Lond., Zool., vol. xv, p. 329, and
Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edin., vol. vi, p. 256. 1881.

NOTES ON VARIATION IN THE TUNICATA. 357

absence of minute plication in the wall, the papillae on the
internal longitudinal bars, the condition of the transverse
vessels, the shape of the meshes ; the shape, size, and
arrangement of the stigmata.

5. The Dorsal Lamina. Its condition, a membrane or
languets ; if a membrane, its relative size, and the presence
and condition of transverse ribs and marginal teeth or
processes ; if languets, their size and shape.

6. The Tentacles. Simple or compound ; their number,
size, and arrangement.

7. The Dorsal Tubercle. Its relative size, its position,
the peri-tubercular area, the shape of the tubercle, the posi-
tion of its aperture, and the curving of its horns — if
present.

8. To these characters may be added any noteworthy
points in regard to the alimentary canal and the reproductive
organs.

In describing a Compound Ascidian, besides attending to
the above-mentioned characters, or most of them, it is
necessary to examine the shape of the body of the Ascidio-
zooid, the arrangement of the Ascidiozooids in systems (or
coenobii), and the arrangement of the systems in the colony
(or cormus).

The test is always liable to be affected by surroundings
such as the object to which the Ascidian is attached, still it
very frequently affords good specific characters.

The number of lobes surrounding the branchial and
atrial apertures is perhaps the most constant of all the
external characters, and yet even it is liable to a certain
amount of variation ; for example, it is the rule for the genus
Ascidia to have eight branchial lobes and six atrial, but
in some species (e. g., Ascidia mentula) the number of
branchial lobes may be seven or nine, and the number of
atrial lobes five. I have seen a specimen of Ciona intesti-

358 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

nalis with only six lobes, in place of eight, round the
branchial aperture.

The mantle very rarely gives definite characters which
can be made use of in specification, but, in some cases, its
proportions and the general appearance of its musculature
afi'ord indications to those who are familiar with the species.
The mantle is also of importance in distinguishing some
genera {e.g., Ciona and Molgula).

Probably the most important organ is the branchial sac.
It gives characters which serve to distinguish families,
genera, and species. Its larger features, such as the pre-
sence or absence of folds, and the arrangement of the
internal longitudinal bars, are of great importance in classify-
ing the Simple and Compound Ascidians, and these charac-
ters are constant.

Other less conspicuous features, such as those derived
from the transverse vessels, the meshes, and the stigmata,
are useful in distinguishing species, and should always be
described, but they are liable to a great deal of variation,
especially towards the dorsal and ventral edges of the sac.
(Figure 8 on Plate IX. shews an example of this in the case
of Ascidia pleheia.) Consequently, the part of the wall
selected for examination should be taken from about the
middle of one side of the branchial sac.

It is not uncommon in the Ascidiidae to find that,
towards the edges of the sac, the internal longitudinal bars
become broken up and imperfect, so as to be reduced to
irregular split papillae, attached to the transverse vessels at
the corners of the meshes (PI. IX, fig. 8). I figured this
condition in 1880,* in the case of an Ascidia, and in
1882, t in Corella jai^onica-, since then I have met with it
in a number of other species of Simple Ascidians, and

* Journ. Linn. Soc, ZooL, vol. xv, pi. xvi, fig. 6.
t " Challenger" Expedition Keport, Zool., No. xvii, pi. xxvi, fig. 8.

NOTES ON VARIATION IN THE TUNICATA. 359

one of the new Compound Ascidians, obtained during the
"Challenger" expedition, Tylohranchion speciosurn, from
Kerguelen Island, has a number of branched papillae on
the transverse vessels of the branchial sac, which are, I
believe, simply connecting ducts with rudimentary internal
longitudinal bars attached to them. Similarly, I am in-
clined to regard the small papillae which project from the
transverse vessels in Perophora listeri as being really
connecting ducts upon the ends of which internal longi-
tudinal bars might possibly have been developed. Figures 1
to 4 on Plate IX. shew a series of stages by which a complete
internal longitudinal bar (fig. 1, L I) might be reduced to
simple papillae, projecting from the transverse vessels at the
angles of a mesh (fig. 4, c. d). All these stages may be seen
as irregularities or variations in the branchial sacs of some
British Ascidians.

In describing the shape of the meshes and the number
of stigmata they contain, it is necessary to avoid the edges
of the sac, since the dorsal and ventral rows of meshes
are usually very much larger than the rest, and sometimes
contain twice as many stigmata. In some branchial sacs the
stigmata are, as individual varieties, exceedingly irregular in
their arrangement, and this appears to be especially the
case where there are several orders of transverse vessels
present {e.g., large, small, and medium-sized vessels,
arranged alternately), some stigmata being twice or even
thrice as long as their neighbours (see PI. IX, fig. 5).

The small transverse vessels (or horizontal membranes)
are very inconstant, and cannot be depended upon. In those
species where they occur, they may be present in one mesh,
dividing it horizontally into two parts, and absent in all the
neighbouring meshes, or they may be present in nearly every
mesh of the sac (PI. IX. figs. 5 and 6, tr"). In some cases,
they interrupt the stigmata, while in others the stigmata pass

360 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

continuously behind the horizontal membranes from one
transverse vessel to the next. Koule, in his important work
on the Simple Ascidians of the coasts of Provence,* seems
to consider that these horizontal membranes, or transverse
vessels of the third order, are characteristic of Ciona intesti-
nalis, and also that they are always present in the branchial
sac of that species. The fact is that (1) the horizontal
membranes are present in many other species of Simple
Ascidians, and (2) that they are liable to variation in Ciona
intestinalis just as they are in other cases. I figure here
(PI. IX. fig. 6) a part of the branchial sac of a specimen
of Ciona intestinalis from the Isle of Man, which shews the
delicate vessels in question present in some meshes and
absent in others.

The endostyle is not of much value as a diagnostic
feature. Its characters are very much the same in all allied
species.

The dorsal lamina is of importance. In the different
species of the Ascidiidse it presents all intermediate con-
ditions between a plain broad membrane (the true dorsal
lamina) with a straight margin, and a series of long tentacle-
like languets. Ascidia plebeia is particularly instructive in
connection with these intermediate stages. This species has
a true dorsal lamina, but the membrane is crossed by trans-
verse ribs or ridges, and, at the margin, these are continued
into projecting teeth or processes. In some specimens the

* Annates du Musee de Marseille, Zoologie, tome ii, Memoire No. 1,
1884. I take this opportunity of correcting an erroneous statement made
by M. Eoule in a footnote on page 212 of his work. In referring to wood-
cut fig. 9 of the first part of my Eeport upon the " Challenger" Tunicata,
he says that I have erroneously represented the viscera of Ascidia on the
right side of the body in place of on the left. That is not the case. My
figure represents a transverse section of the body, viewed from its anterior
surface. The top is dorsal. The animal's right side is on the observer's
left, and the viscera are placed on the left side of the branchial sac, as they
oucht to be.

NOTES ON VARIATION IN THE TUNICATA. 361

marginal teeth are slight, but in others they are long tentacle-
like projections comparable with languets.*

The tentacles at the base of the branchial siphon are of
considerable value in characterizing species, genera, and
families. In most Ascidians they are simple elongated pro-
cesses, but in the Molgulidae, and in two sub-families of the
CynthiidaB, they are compound and branched. In many
species the tentacles are of two or more sizes, and the differ-
ent orders are arranged with regularity. The smaller and
more numerous tentacles are always the most liable to
variations, such as suppression, reduplication, and irregu-
larity in position. Sometimes, in place of all the tentacles
springing from the same line, one order is inserted further
forward or further back than the others. This is sometimes
the case in Ascidia plebeia, f and I have recently found
the same condition in a Compound AscidianI (Botryllus
smaragdus).

The dorsal tubercle, which is the more or less com-
plicated aperture of the duct from the subneural gland, is
a very variable organ, and must be used with great caution in
characterizing species. I have already discussed elsewhere §
the range of variation of the dorsal tubercle in some of the
commoner species of British Ascidians, and, in examining the
collection of Tunicata from Liverpool Bay, I have met with
some marked cases of variation in this organ. In a specimen
of Polycarpa pouiaria, a species in which the dorsal tubercle
is usually cordate in outline, it was found to be a complete
ring — a condition sometimes seen as a variation in Sti/ela
grossularia. In a specimen of Molgula occulta, again, one of

* See PI. VI. fig. 5, I, illustrating the Eeport upon the Tunicata of the
L. M. B. C. district, in this volume.

t See Journ. Linn. Soc, Zool., vol. xv, pi. xix, fig. 4.

\ See PI. VI., fig. 7, illustrating the Report upon the Tunicata of the
L. M. B. C. district, in this volume.

§ Especially in Proc. R. Fhys. Soc. Edin., vol. vi, p. 250. 1881.

362 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

the horns of the dorsal tubercle was found to bifurcate, a
condition which has apparently not been previously noticed.

Some Ascidians vary greatly in the amount, the position,
and the colours of their pigmentation. Ascidia scabra and
Ascidia virginea may be mentioned as being particularly
variable in this respect. I have recently examined a large
number of specimens of Ciona intestinalis, in the living con-
dition, from the Isle of Man and other parts of the west
coast, with the view of determining what amount of variation
exists in regard to the two conspicuous red pigment spots
placed in that species near the anterior end of the body, one
on the dorsal and the other on the ventral edge (see PI. IX.
fig. 7) of the branchial sac.

The dorsal pigment spot (PI. IX. fig. 7, and fig. 9,
d, p.) is a rounded mass placed on the outer {i,e. dorsal and
anterior) surface of the nerve ganglion ; it must not be con-
fused with the pigmented glandular mass of the same colour
placed a little further back, upon the anterior extremity of
the vas deferens, and which is regarded by Koule * as a
renal organ. The ventral pigment spot (PL IX. fig. 7, and
fig. 10, V. p.) is a mass of crescentic form which curves
round the anterior extremity of the endostyle, in front of the
peripharyngeal bands (PL IX. fig. 10, v,p,).

After noticing these red spots in many specimens of
Ciona intestinalis, it was natural to conclude that they are
always present in the species, and consequently, I was rather
astonished to find that amongst half a dozen specimens,
living in a small aquarium, two had no pigment spots at the
anterior end of the body. I then examined, in the fully
expanded condition, every specimen ot Ciona intestinalis
which I dredged until one hundred and fifty had been col-
lected. This series shewed that the four possible variations
in regard to the pigment spots — viz., with both spots present,

* Eecherches sur les Ascidies Simples des Cotes de Provence, p. 170. 1884.

NOTES ON VARIATION IN THE TUNICATA.

363

with both absent, with only the dorsal spot, and with only
the ventral spot — were all found. The specimens examined
were all of moderate size, and, consequently, immaturity
could not account for the absence of the pigment in any of
the cases.

The following table shews the number of individuals
with each particular variation in the first twenty, the next
eighty, and the last fifty specimens examined : —

Number of
specimens
examined.

20
80
50

With both
pigment

spots
present.

With, only

the dorsal

spot

present.

150

10

28
26

With only

the ventral

spot

present.

With

neither

of the spotg

present.

2
14

7

64

12

23

5
32
14

51

So far as these numbers go, they shew that about two-
thirds of the individuals of Ciona intestinalis have the
anterior end of the body pigmented, and more than half of
those (about one-third of the whole) have both the pigment
spots present. Of the four conditions found, that with both
spots and that with neither are the most frequently met
with, while specimens with the dorsal pigment spot alone
are rarer than those with a ventral spot only. These spots
are merely aggregations of round pigmented connective-
tissue cells in the mantle. Their function, if they have any
definite function, is still unknown.

Explanation of Plate IX.

Figs. 1-4. Variations in the internal longitudinal bars and
connecting ducts of Simple Ascidians.
Variations m the branchial sac of Ciona
intestinalis, x 50 diameters.

Figs. 5 and 6.

364 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Fig. 7. Anterior end of Ciona intestinalis, showing pigment

spots, enlarged.
Fig. 8. Imperfect internal longitudinal bars of Ascidia

pleheia, x 50 diameters.
Fig. 9. Dorsal pigment spot, &c., of Ciona intestinalis,

X 300 diameters.
Fig. 10. Ventral pigment spot, &c., of Ciona intestinalis,

X 300 diameters.

at, atrial aperture ; hr, branchial aperture ; c.d, connecting
duct ; d.p, dorsal pigment spot ; d,t, dorsal tubercle ; en,
endostyle ; h.jn, horizontal membrane ; i.l, internal longitu-
dinal bar ; l.v, fine longitudinal vessel ; n.g, nerve ganglion ;
n, nerves ; p.p\ large and small papillae ; p.p, peripharyngeal
band ; sg, stigmata ; tr, tr', tr", transverse vessels ; i\p, ven-
tral pigment spot.

365

On a NEW SPECIES of SYCANDRA.
By R. J. Harvey Gibson, M.A., F.R.S.E. F.R.M.S.,

DEMONSTRATOR OF ZOOLOGY IN UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, LIVERPOOL.

In the collection of worms dredged off the south end of the
Isle of Man, a specimen was found which, at first sight,
seemed to be extremely like the rare and interesting genus
Chcetoderma, and as such was labelled and put aside for
further examination. When, however, it was sectionized and
examined in detail, it was soon found to be a calcareous
sponge.

In shape it is fusiform, the narrower end being provided
with a slight rim or fold (PL X, fig. 1). Its length is
8 mm. ; its breadth, at the narrow end, 1 mm. ; at its
thickest part, 3J mm. ; and at the terminal opening 1^ mm.
The entire surface of the body is studded with blunt-headed
calcareous spicules, which had at first suggested the possi-
bility of its being a Chcetoderma,

In transverse section (PL X, fig. 2) the usual poriferal
characteristics appear, namely, a central cavity communi-
cating with the exterior by a series of closely placed ciliated
canals or chambers. The chambers are ovoid in horizontal
section, communicating with the interior and exterior by
slightly-constricted openings. These were well seen on the
sloughing of the superficial layer of tissue and spicules,
which took place when the animal was put in gum, as a
preliminary to freezing and sectionizing. In a section taken
from the centre of the thickest portion of this body, twenty-
eight of these chambers are seen in horizontal section.
They lie in a hyaline syncytium, containing a number of

366 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

branched granular corpuscles (PL X, fig. 3, 4). The chambers
themselves are lined by cubical granular nucleated endoderm,
each cell having the characteristic collar and cilium (see
PI. X, fig. 4). In the syncytium, externally, internally, and
between the chambers, the spicules are placed. These are
of four different forms. Inserted between the chambers, as
a rule, are long club-shaped spicules, the pointed ends
plunged into the syncytium, while the clubbed heads are
free and extend for some distance beyond the surface of the
body (PL X, fig. 3). In addition to these spicules, there are
also a large number of the ordinary triradiate type, some
large and T-shaped, others much smaller, and having their
rays diverging at equal angles to each other (PL X, fig. 5).
Amongst these are short needle-shaped spicules, lying irre-
gularly in the syncytium ; these might, however, be the
broken ends of the club-shaped forms.

None of the species described by Haeckel * seems to agree
with this form, nor have I been able to place it under any of
the species described by more recent authors. The club-
shaped spicules, which were generally in pairs, lying close
together, seem to be characteristic, and it is probably new to
science.

The specific diagnosis is as follows : —

Sycandra aspera, n. sp. (PL X, figs. 1-7).

Shape. — Elongated and fusiform, attached by one end.

Size. — 8 mm. long, and from 1 to 3*5 mm. in breadth.

Spicules. — Four different forms — large and small tri-
radiates, short straight spicules, and large club-
shaped spicules, whose bent blunt ends extend
outwards beyond the surface of the body.

Locality. — Off the south end of the Isle of Man, depth
fifteen fathoms.

* Die Kalkschwdmme, 3872

ON A NEW SPECIES OF SYCANDRA. 367

Explanation of Plate X.

Fig. 1. Sycandra asperay n.ap., x 8 diameters, a. Super-
ficial layer sloughed, and shewing the openings
of the ciliated chambers. The natural size is
indicated at the side.

Fig. 2. Semi-diagrammatic transverse section of the body.
a. Ciliated chamber ; h. syncytium.

Fig. 3. Body-wall, transverse section, x 50 diameters.
a. Club-headed spicules, h. Needle-shaped spi-
cules ; c. connective tissue cells ; d. triradiate
spicules ; e. cavity of ciliated chamber, with
epithelium wanting; /. do. do. with epithelium.

Fig. 4. Part of wall of a ciliated chamber, X 300 diameters.
a. Connective tissue cells ; h, epithelium.

Fig. 5. Triradiate spicule, large size, x 60 diameters.

Fig. 6. Club-headed spicules, x 60 diameters.

Fig. 7. Triradiate spicule, small size, x 60 diameter.

368

Note on the possible Naturalization of the American Clam,
VENUS MERCENARIA, on the Coasts of Lancashire
and Cheshire.

By Thomas J. Moore,

CORE. MEMB. ZOOL. SOC, LONDON,
eURATOR OF THE LIVERPOOL FREE PUBLIC MUSEUM.

Various attempts having been made to naturalize the
Quahaug or American Hard-Clam, Venus mercenaria^ in
our local waters, Prof. Herdman has asked me to give a
summary account of them.

In February, 1869, Capt. John H. Mortimer, commander
and part owner of the ship ** America," entrusted to my care
a considerable supply of live Clams. A portion was sent to
Mr. Frank Buckland, who, I believe, laid them down in his
enclosure at Reculvers, but of which I have heard nothing
more.

The remainder were divided into lots and cast into the
sea at Southport, at the Great Burbo Bank, and at Crosby.
At Crosby they were carefully placed by Mr. Frank Archer,
assisted by Mr. R. Paden, of the Museum staff. Mr. Archer
and others kept a long and careful look-out for results, but
none have been forthcoming beyond the rumoured finding of
a doubtful valve. This distribution is referred to in the
Proceedings of the Lit. and Phil, Soc., Liver^oolf vol. xxxiii,
p. 192.

In February, 1883, Mr. F. P. Marrat printed, for distri-
bution among his friends and correspondents, a record (a few
copies of which he still has on hand) of some valves of Venus
mercenaria, found in the previous September at Hilbre, by
Mr. Geo. W. Shrubsole, of Chester, and subsequently by

NOTE ON VENUS MERCENARIA. 369

Mr. J. Chard, of the Museum staff. " Over a hundred single
and double valves came into Mr. Shrubsole's possession."
On these Mr. Marrat remarks (and I thank him for permis-
sion to quote from his paper) that, " although none of the
specimens contained the living animals, yet the condition of
the shells found as above is that of fresh and not of dead
specimens, the ligapaents being unbroken, and the interior
glassy ; and many of them were so small, as not to be likely
to have been worth importing for table use."

There was no evidence to induce the supposition that
these specimens were descended from the 1869 distribution.
On the contrary, personal testimony was given by Mr. F. T.
Paul, F.R.C.S., that a recent resident, Mr. H. D. Brandreth,
carrying on business in Liverpool, and living on Hilbre
Island, which he rented for a time, had certainly laid down
Clams (as well as American oysters) in the sea near Hilbre.

On the 28th of April, 1884, I communicated to the
Literary and Philosophical Society {Proceedings, vol. xxxviii,
p. xc), the following particulars of another distribution : —

In the month of May, 1883, a barrel of living specimens of the
Quahaug or American Hard-Clam, Venus mercenaria, was sent to the
Museum, from New York, by Captain J. H. Mortimer, Premier
Associate of the Society, through the kind offices of Capt. Hamilton
Perry, K.M.S.S. "Britannic," for the purpose of laying down on the
neighbouring shores with a view to naturalization. A few specimens
were placed in the Museum Aquaria, and, notwithstanding the
extremely limited accommodation afforded by the small glass vessels
in which they were placed (only twelve inches in diameter with three
inches depth of sand), several are still living, and prove that the
Molluscs were in healthy and favourable condition on arrival.

In reference to the planting of these Clams, Mr. F. P. Marrat kindly
accompanied me, on the 19th May, to the Hoylake shore, at low water,
with a view to distributing a portion there, but not thinking it suffi-
ciently promising, we contented ourselves with casting a number into
the stream beyond the bridge above the Great Float, or Birkenhead
line of docks.

AA

370 LIVERPOOL MARINE BIOLOGY COMMITTEE REPORT.

Subsequently I cast a larger number of Clams into the Dee, near
Queen's Ferry, also at low water : and, to multiply chances, placed a
few score at the disposal of Mr. Alfred 0. Walker, of Chester ; others
I gave to Mr. Shrubsole ; and both gentlemen placed them in favourable
parts of the Dee.

Up to the present date, March 16th, 1886, no further
captures of any kind have come to my knowledge. In the
event of any such being made, both Mr. Marrat and myself
will be pleased to hear of them.

371

The Liverpool Marine Biology Committee is indebted to
the following gentlemen for assistance : —

To Mr. George Holt, Mr. J. Poole, and Mr. N.
RuNDELL, Junr., for the use of steam-tugs for the
dredging expeditions.

To Mr. R. D. Darbishire and Mr. T. J. Moore, for the
use of apparatus.

To the Senate of University College, for permission to
use the Zoological Laboratory for Committee meet-
ings, etc.

SUBSCRIPTIONS RECEIVED.
I. — For general purposes :

£

s. d.

Mr. James Smith

...

... ... ...

5

0 0

Mr. J. J. Wood

..

...

...

5

0 0

Mr. A. 0. Walker

..

...

... ... ...

2

2 0

Manchester Lit. and Phil, Soc

. (Nat. Hist. Section)

5

0 0

II. — For the publication fund :

£

s.

d.

£ s.

d.

Naturalists' Field

Wm. Unwin

0

Club

10

0

0

B. L. Benas

0

Isaac Roberts

5

0

0

Jas. Birch all ...

0

Dr. Carter

2

2

0

Josiah Marples...

0

Professor Herdman...

2

2

0

C. W. Jones ...

0

Professor J. Campbell

J. Linton Palmer

0

Brown

2

2

0

Thos. J. Moore...

0

Dr. Drysdale

2

2

0

Alfred Leicester

0

R. J. Harvey Gibson

2

2

0

David Gamble ...

0

W. B. Halhed

o

o

0

John Vicars

0

F.Archer

2

0

R. D. Darbishire,

0

Sir J. A. Pictou

0

Wm. Crosfield ...

1 0

0

Dr McClelland

0

Isaac Byerley ..

1 0

0

Malcolm Guthrie ...

0

Geo. Melly

1 0

0

Dr. Hay ward

0

J. J. Fitzpatrick

<..

0 10

(i

Isaac C. Thompson...

0

W. R. Melly ...

..

0 10

0

^<::)

»«

372

PLATES.

Plate I. illustrates Mr. Siddall's Report on the Forami-
nifera (p. 42).

Plate II. illustrates Prof. Herdman's Report on the Alcyo-
naria (p. 120), and Dr. Ellis' Report on the
Actiniaria (p. 123).

Plate III. illustrates Mr. Lomas' Report on the Polyzoa
(p. 161).

Plate IV. illustrates Mr. Fowler's Report on the Amphipoda
(p. 212), and Mr. Thompson's Report on the
Copepoda (p. 201).

Plates V. and VI. illustrate Prof. Herdman's Report on the

Tunicata (p. 281).

Plates VII. and VIII. illustrate Mr. Harvey Gibson's
Notes on the Polychceta (p. 342).

Plate IX. illustrates Prof. Herdman's Notes on the Tunicata
(p. 364).

Plate X. illustrates Mr. Harvey Gibson's Note on Sycandra
(p. 365).

Plate XI. Chart of Liverpool Bay (the L. M. B. C. District).
Plate XII. Chart of the Southern end of the Isle of Man
(see p. 318).

JPRINTED BY D. MARPL.ES AND CO. LIMITED, LORD STREET, LIVERPOOL..

LM.B.C.Rep.I.

PLATE I

PIG. 1.

^^£M

Fia.

FIG. 3.

J DSoc/c/et//, /}s/.

a.M*RPL£S * C. '.iVC. c'/ERPOOl.

FI&.I. PLACOPSILINA KINGSLEYI, o.sp.x 4.0clla.
FI&.2. REOPPIAX MONILIFORME, n.sp.x 50 dia.
FIG.3. MLIOLINA SPICULIFEKA, n.sp.x iOOdla.

LM.E.C. Rep 1.

PLATE H.

PIC- i. fig: ?..

SARCODICTYON CATE]N[ATA. Forbes.

Pia3.

riG 4.

- -t ot\e.\s. ut':

:ylista undata, var, cakdiba. ncv.

L.M3 C Rep.I.

PL^TE ni

'^ Zofntvs del ctUih.

F.g.l. EUCRATEA CHELATA, var ELOKGATA,
F.g.2. PEDICELLINA GRACILIS, var I^ODOSA, nov.

M«'(PL£5 h I • I M"

,nov.

L.M.B.C.Rep.l.

PLATE 12:

FIG. 3.

/. C T/)ompson De/.

M*WPlES i ^* IIM" lU'ERPOOL

Pig.l. PROTELLA PHASMA, Dana (young)
Fig.2. ANOMALOCERA PATE RSONil, Temp.
Pia3. HARPACTICUS CHELIFER, Mlilt.

L.MB.C Rep.I

PLATE V.

Fig"' /.

Ffg.^.

F/g'. 5.

Fig. 4.

Z,' V-

•Ljk.

Fi^r^ 5,

W.A H.

> -spX

L?»

m

'i

refill 'ij'f "ii» '

7r-

1- - - oe .

..st

■ir.

m.

-r ?>

r/^. 8.

M«rPi.l: i ; ". ^iMMIVEBPOOL

POLYCARPA MONENSIS, n.sp.

L.M.B.C. Rep.l

PLATE m

XI.

•/'> ^'3 T

W.A.H.

0 M«PPl£S & C • LIM». Ll^'tffPOOt

Figs 1-4'. MORCHELLIOiriES ALDERI , n.sp.
Pig 5. ASCIDIA PLEBEIA, Alder.
Fig 6. MOLGULA OCCULTA, Kupffer.
Fig 7. BOTRYLLUS SMARAGDUS, M.Edw.

LM.B C.RepI

PLATE VII

' W..ifS^!^lG2

k^^^^sM^.

Tvx^N^^^

la b.

Fig. 4.

r- Dai

M<si '. s • HM" ir/tRP)

MALMGRENIA CASTANEA, Mcintosh.

i.M.B.C. Rep.l

PLATE vnr.

■5,y,C^--

PIG. ] .

' ^^

Fw

%

...iss^i

Fig. 2

i,;__^*i*^^

..-^

Fig. S.

Fig. 4.

%t "

FIG. 7,

FIG. S.

*FIG. 9

fi.j M.G, Oe/.

D MARPlt:

Pigs.1.2.3 4'. HERMADIOK ASSIMILE , M*? Intosh.
r;gs.5.6.7.6.S. PECTINAPJA BELGICA, Pallas.

L.M.B.C.Rep.i

c.a.

..x.l.

l.v-
iT..

f^

PLATE IX.

Vv...

Fiq. Z

Fid's.

tr-

a.l.

"br

il.

en.. >

a.i.

Fl<j.lO.

W. A.H.

Figs, 1.2. 3. 4. Internal longitudinal bars of various Ascidians.
F,5s.5.6.7.8.9.10. CIONA INTESTINALIS, Linn.

SOUTH END

OF THE

SLE ofMAN

THE STMKS X

e^hbdd/e Point

SLE

O F

BR ADDA HEAD

(,..-•■ -iS'ac/r fit,c/< ,-■'
t S' Mary poyil i/AA/s/t

^^The Carrie k <', ^'-<

Bay Sfscfra
SPANISH HEAD

Man

~~ Dres^ick Point

S' Michael's
Island

1