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S S : = x Is E = Wee > Wa] —_ ews 4 be a] Ee = b = i bb = o Zz z - ALILSNI NVINOSHLINS S31YVYSIT_ LIBRARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION NVINOSHLINS S31u¥vuait z g = “€ ak ‘S 5 nl fo 2 WN = SS a 2 ) 3 \ =) ee ARI ES. SMITHSONIAN _INSTITUTION | NOILNLILS |_NVINOSHLIWS =S3 1uVvyegit 2 ee _ ao us | ae. 4% Md a oc a ow a be > - > Dw oN SNS — zn eee > oe SN : a 52 5 r m He oe = vs = m) ARIES SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION tt NOILNLILSNI NWINOSHLINS S31uVvugit _— IS iS IN IS 1D i? deaf “REP OwT Division of -URON Sectiona] Moll Tasks Library OF | ie fr | ie LS acti Phi ; . y ae mE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE REGION. | | me BY Baile E. VERRILL and S. I: SMITH, (SHEFFIELD cetabadine SCHOOL, NEW Packie CONN.) | \ Dated “EXTRACTED FROM THE REPORT OF PROFESSOR S. F. BAIRD, COMMISSIONER : ? OF FISH AND PISHERIES, ON THE CONDITION OF THE SEA- | ty FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH COAST OF NEW | | ENGLAND. IN 1871 Anp 1872: im. ba aoe aa 5 | WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1874. Fee a eatoui ay 5d et A ahs ont < ny at ad THE INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND AND ADJACENT WATERS, WITH AN ACCOUNT OF THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE REGION. BY A. E. VERRILL and S. I. SMITH, (SHEFFIELD SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL, NEW HAVEN, CONN.) EXTRACTED FROM THE REPORT OF PROFESSOR S. F. BAIRD, COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, ON THE CONDITION OF THE SEA- FISHERIES OF THE SOUTH COAST OF NEW ENGLAND IN 1871 AnD 1872. WABHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1874. TABLE OF CONTENTS. [The figures refer to the inside paging of the report.| A. Habits and distribution, (of the invertebrate animals) .........-......---.. He Gr ONeraenG la ais ete taretetal alate ciokatetststarae = clots ey clatzleiaisjelaie cis(eleisie seis steie Sais Ei ——Eiarciriay Of tlie baysr ands SOUMGS ccc okies mtclalis sjatatercisieiet elaieS ores alecioleict= malta 1. Animals of the rocky shores between high and low water marks.... GEMOLa TEM ALKS sonics iaaq se cise a sisteiel acie s Sa ete aeieval aja eine mininiai eis sie Articulates : LEDGER BES CIS RE ano COD Sen BRR DEBS BOC ORE ADE SOMOS COCOA OR Onemcer OTDIGIIE CEE SES SE ic Re Oro EERIE ei Ree Ne Re A cd Soe oe eee Annelids: @hwtopods)ssasce.cwee so moss Asinee se este gaat Semleceiceers Olicochsotareaessiae sae eioe sect sot wise dae aces Bhs /siaralsiererar INGNTOLUGAN S| Acres cetetares eters sleraltN ais ay cia’ Cisleicleroiue's siselafeaVacieni eee aa eRLaN Sy sets ot are eras cee eke snc te cians mem « s.ecieiacesteees INGIMALOGDES == sacccis occ cece CPR Sey NON [eo ansia' 2 Se ee CIDE Mollusks : Gastropodsio4-.sass< ates oe oO siatseercteys Hesleeyaciere Aasieei aces amellibranehs 25. ---- CoO o HSS COs Es Ss bOSeeS 2. Animals of the sandy shores of the bays and sounds....-..-.-.-- earenam Goeneralkremarksmaeoecs =e ctociee Sarees eee aeere ace se oraereae seas Articulates: Annelids: CHB TOPO Syraratars varcnare yaysrera sofort errs hstnrew nor oc mnatefatet emeteeetece cee ~Oligoch eta. os. 62 sca 50 erence ate wctns wets Meme eeies coe INGTON TESTIS emienaek ten serore more rajcnic tok ure tara (Oo nee a ihe Seiki Sipunculoid este. -c.-ua.w~ chon cote eee Ree Mollusks : Gastropods: 2... cc0 cece eer ecerreeee Bfseeine eb skct = cic Lamellibranchs Radiates : Echinoderms z Pol ppaesa sass 5 2s SaaS > > em ee ee AM ce Hist OR specleseeeecedacacei ges eee kt oo. shes A EEE IV CONTENTS. A. Habits and distribution of invertebrate animals—Continued. 3. Animals of the muddy shores along the bays and sounds.-..---.---- 366 Goneral- TEMaArkKs owes... ccc be coe ceca ce emcees esleeee CAE eee emer Oe Articulates : O@rustaceaecccccece vesee oes sie lene = Se ee eee eee eee ate 367 JT IGS eae dado saad soos US SOE Sao SSO USaDoO saScan choses 371 Mollusks: Gastropods 22222 - a6 <== = isin ee ol ele ole) eee eal eel 371 Wamelltbranchsccs <<.. 2 =e as rele ere eine eee eine 372 ASCICIANS cq = cece eee wee Oboe letersi ae 375 Radiates : Eehinoderms..<-- Ss. 25... cence ee eee serene eee 376 INCPUGI NMS) ce esse cean ooegor SSesSe cosedo cessor Ssoscorsssae-- 76 WGISTLOLISPOCIOS paste ee cle sees eae a a tee ae 377 4, Animals inhabiting the piles and timbers of wharves and bridges, bottoms of vessels, buoys, and other submerged wood-work.-...--- 378 General! remarks 3225 oni 5 22) Soe ac eeh eee eee ceases Seite 318 Articulates : Insets :« 220,02 wate ace ls Amimals inhabiting the eel-prass. 0.5 5522. <- <2 ccc end snetecenciecenes Generaluremanrks:. 2-2 sssce- Bae Sie PS Orn ee ee Articulates...-- Ane SEO S ROC ee aa Re oat ccna asin ae 5. Animals inhabiting piles of wharves, bridges, floating timbers, &c.. (CrOneralerOmarks oss setscoses Soe o ee pares ah ees co eee Articnlatesics ss s2ca< AOE ROO OO Aa Sco CEO CICERO AIS] a} neneee 1V.—Fauna of the colder waters of the ocean shores and outer banks and channeleaesae nico ee a ee i ae aise laa re See Bee BRO CAAG BOO EE « 4. Animals inhabiting the rocky shores.----.....,.---.- aeeicon pees. 5 Generdstomdrknsesns. ome Sos Sees ae Reet ata aale teat ote ~Reeee ATbiCGulanes mass asses ca- es = sles Fase oe ee sis aaloreelweior Deuece WUE cG55650 SSeS Bee bas ee et Siatch ISS Se Sa eee RA CIAteSs saeete sane a=, sa 5 se SiR ei csemteeia eisa) Scie) ice haje's aie FB ctcince CONTENTS. A. Ilabits and distribution of invertebrate animals—Continued. IDS), OL S| NOI -oesoeonse Bab seo coaead bOdoD dec base soccc ces sesececoe 2. Animals inhabiting the sandy shores... ~~... <<< = ee--o- =n onoe Generalremarks® . o2s aac os ce decrees cress eke es = eee e ae eee eee AT tICUIALES 2:3 <.cc.ccn.c oa ucieele cles salee nos ciclcee sone ee eee ee eee eee NMolluske? a5 1s ec eee eee s ps9 222 oor e sender epee ae RACTaCS Soa. oko Mae aeece ee a aeasens Pe oe Seen cor sone o- WGISTIOLSPOCLES elem aeteeeeiatale sie etetete fara = ete tate ee eee 3. Anunals inhabiting rocky bottoms --.-. ss eco PMU PALA. aw sist ees’ Lee cicy N. pelagica Marphysa Leidyi..-.... s=s« Lumbriconereis opalina. .-.. WME INULIS oe (a diner a pit siiyeie. of Ws ans Rhynchobolus Americanus. . %. dibranchiatus ..... Cirratulus grandis.........- ee Halodrillus littoralis. .2...2. Nemertes socialis Meekelia ingens: -.)....2..-. M. rosea err areeeee Planocera nebulosa..-. Stylochopsis littoralis aes cee Pontonema marinum Page 320 | Cirrhinereis fragilis ...-... 320 | Ophelia simplex..........- 321 | Sabellaria vulgaris ........ 349 | Cistenides Gouldii ..-. ery 349 | WNicolea simplex... -).- 2. .c2s 349 | Amphitrite ornata........- 319 | Scionopsis palmata.....-.. ol? | Polycirrms @ximius 2.2256 a: 318 | Cheetobranchus sanguineus. 319 | Potamilla oculifera.......- 319 | Sabella microphthalma..... 520.) Mabricia Aveidyi cf 52..6. snes 320 | Serpula dianthus....-..--. 319 | S. dianthus, var. citrina.... 319 | Spirorbis spirillum ......-.- 519 Oligocheta. Page. | 824\\s@litellio irroratais.: +... -% - Nemerteans. Page. € | 1) 324 | Cerebratulus (?)......-..-. O24 | Cosmocephala ochracea. . - . O24 | Polinia glutinesa..2. eof Planarians. Page. | 325 | Procerodes frequens .-....- 325 | Monocelis agilis.......-... Nematodes. Page. 325 | Pontonema vacillatum..... MOLLUSCA. Gastropods, ( Univalves.) Urosalpinx cinerea Purpura lapillus.. 22. -~ 2-56 Eupleura caudata Page. 306: |"Huleur Carica .’... .- -2-setee- 306 | Sycotypus canaliculatus ...-. oil | Tritia trivittata .......-.... [332] [333] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. Page Astyris lunata ..........-.- 306 | Bittium nigrum........... ABEHIS AVALA . 22.) Sass. 2k. 306 | Cerithiopsis Greenii....... Odostomia producta........ 307 | Triforis nigrocinctus....... MRPLUSCO SL ccs mere eee 307 | Crepidula fornicata........ ee bisuturaliv:: 222 Siero OUP Pi COUVER aa as... : REP GCMG ar. 2). Lah pment o0f Cs une oiformis sis...) SaTiMpressa: Lees 307 | Acmvea testudinalis ....... Rissoa aculeus.2...5....... a0G | Dons pittdate 42h. ves. Poh Skenea planorbis........-... 383 | Polycera Lessonii ......... Littorina palliata........... 305 | Doridella obscura .....-.... PeerPUCIGts 3 Peeper ee 305 AXolis, undetermined. hucuna vincta Pest ses 62s 2. 305 Lamellibranchs, (Bivalves.) Page. Mya arenariay..--...-3.:.-. 30g | Mytilus edulis soa. .-e-c5 Saxicava arctica ..... ator: 309 | Modiola plicatula ......-.. Kellia planulata............ oLOh| Mi, modiolus’.2.3:-92-.<.-: Scapharca transversa.....-.- 309 | Anomia glabra............ PAE id) POXALA .-.----..---5 309 | Ostreea Virginiana........ Ascidians. Page. | Molgula Manhattensis ..... 311 | Cynthia partita ......-.... re Bryozoa, (or Polyzoa.) Page Grisia eburmea..-\. 22). 52-2 - ok: WB sa bellataira 2.058 tac < =x Tubulipora flabellaris....... 405 | Membranipora pilosa... -.-. Aleyonidium ramosum...... HE ie Mie lati @aitiais:sisa'3 sanyo = eae Alcyonidium hirsutum ..... 404 | Escharella variabilis ...... “GLU NCOT eee 312 | Discopora coccinea(?)...... Vesicularia gracilis......... Ou OMEAlIA, SP), <.< « = sagem Vesicularia cuscuta .......- 404 | Cellepora ramulosa......-- WerCeMELOM A 5:6.. 0'3k) 5. aye 50k « 404 | Pedicellina Americana. .... Bee ala LOUribans ss 5 \es~ « 311 RADIATA. Echinoderms. Page. | Arbacia punctulata........- 326 | Asterias arenicola........- Page. J12 424 420 AO REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [334] Acalephs. Page. | Page. Obelia commissuralis ......- 32% | Halecium gracile... ..+-. 328 OQ) PYTUOLMIS . eigetnin = acho 390 | Sertularia argentea.._.... - 408 OMe: ich oe ar. Dai, | eMiROinla eck eee). ip ie 327 Oy eenwe lata. <0. < «inj ait sj 407 | Bougainvillia superciliaris. 328 Clytia Johnstoni .........-- 408 | Margelis Carolinensis ...--- Orthopyxis caliculata.....-.. 408 | Clava leptostyla ......:-..- 328 Platypyxis cylindrica....... 408 | Pennaria tiarella.......-- ae 3) Campanularia volubilis ...-. 408 | Hybocodon prolifer......-. 328 Ae LOU OSE) (a/b irene leieticie me 327 | Hydractinia polyelina ..... 328 Lafoéa calcarata .....-.---- 408 Polyps. Page. Page. Metridium marginatum..... 329 | Halocampa producta ...... 350 Sagartia leucolena .......-. 329 | Astrangia Dane .......... 329 SS mMOUeSta. c=). Wicecd ee. ee 300 PROTOZOA. Sponges. Page. Page. Grantia ciliata ............. 330 3 Dedania, Spins wa. «/ecieeee 330 Leucosolenia botryoides (?).. 391 | Renieria, sp .....-..-...-- 330 FialighOnGria, Spo. -= 12 =~ 33 It.—2. FAUNA OF THE SANDY SHORES OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS. These sandy shores vary considerably in character according to their situations and composition. In the more exposed positions the beaches of fine loose sand differ but little in character from those that prevail so extensively on the ocean shores, from Cape Cod to North Florida. In more sheltered situations there is generally more or less mud mixed with the sand, which often forms shores with a very gentle slope, run- ning down to broad flats, bare at low-water; such flats of sandy mud are the favorite homes of large numbers of burrowing creatures; but even on the exposed beaches of loose siliceous sand, which are completely torn up and remodeled by every storm, there are still to be found many kinds of animals perfectly adapted to such conditions, finding there their proper homes. In other cases there is more or less gravel and pebbles mixed with the sand, which, under some conditions of expos- ure, produce a firm and compact deposit, admirably adapted to the tastes and habits of certain tube-dwelling and burrowing creatures. In other places, especially in sandy coves or other sheltered situations, the sandy flats are partly covered by tufts and patches of eel-grass, and [335] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 41 there are many animals that find congenial resorts on such flats. Then there will sometimes be pools or rivulets of sea-water on the sandy flats, in which certain creatures often spend the short time while thus impris- oned by the tide. The special localities where the sand-dwelling species of this region were chiefly studied, are the beaches on Naushon and adjacent islands ; Nobska Beach and several other beaches near Wood’s Hole; the exten- sive sand-beach between Falmouth and Waquoit; the beach at Menem- sha Bight, on Martha’s Vineyard ; several beaches on the shores of Buzzard’s Bay; the beaches at South End, Savin Rock, and other local- ities near New Haven; the beaches on Great South Bay, Long Island ; _ the beaches at the mouth of Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, &c., be- sides the outer beaches at various other points. Along the upper part of the sand-beaches there is generally an almost continuous belt of dead sea-weeds, broken shells, fragments of crabs, lobsters, and various other débris cast up by the waves. Although many of the dead shells, &c., which occur in this way, belong really to the sandy shores near low-water, others have come, perhaps, from deeper water and other kinds of bottom. ‘Therefore, although such rubbish- heaps may afford good collecting grounds for those who frequent the shores after storms, it would be useless to enumerate the species that more or less frequently occur in them. Beneath such masses of decay- ing materials many insects and crustacea occur, together with certain genuine worms. Part of these are truly marine forms, and are never found away from the sea-shores, but many, especially of the insects, are in no sense marine, being found anywhere in the interior where decay- ing matters abound. The two-winged flies (Diptera,) of many kinds, are especially abundant, and their larvee occur in immense numbers in the decaying sea-weed. Some of these flies are, however, true marine species, and live in the larval state in situations where they are sub- merged for a considerable time by the tide. I have often dug such larvee from the sand near low-water mark, and have also dredged them at the depth of four or five fathoms off shore. During unusually high tides immense quantities of the fly-larvee will be carried away by the encroachment of the waters, and thus become food for fishes of many kinds, and especially for the young ones, which frequent the shallow waters along the shores. There are also many species of beetles (Coleoptera) which frequent these places, and several of them are genuine marine insects, living both in the larval and adult conditions in burrows be- tween tides. Among these are two or three species of Bledius, belong- ing to the Staphylinide ; several tiger-beetles (Cicindela,) and represen- tatives of other families. The “ tiger-beetles ” are very active, carnivo- rous insects and frequent the dry sands just above high-water mark; when disturbed they rise quickly and fly away to the distance of sey- eral yards before alighting. They are so wary that it is difficult to catch them without a net. Most of the species reflect bright, metallic, bronzy or 42 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [336] green colors, and many of them have the elytra more or less marked with white. Mr. 8S. I. Smith found the larva of our largest species (C. gene- rosa) at Fire Island, living in holes in the sand below high-water mark, associated with the species of Talorchestia. Beneath the decaying sea-weeds on the sandy shores immense num- bers of the lively little crustacean, Orchestia agilis, (p. 314, Plate IV, fig. 14,) may always be found. Two other relatetl species, of larger size and paler colors, but having the same habit of leaping, though not in such a high degree, occur among the weeds, or burrowing in the sand, or beneath drift-wood, &c., a little below high-water mark. In fact the sand is sometimes completely filled with their holes, of various sizes. Both these species are stout in form, and become about an inch long - when mature. One of them, Talorchestia longicornis, can be easily dis- tinguished by its very long antenne ; the other, 7. megalophthalma, by its shorter antenne and very largeeyes. Both these species are pale gray- ish, and imitate the color of the sand very perfectly. When driven from their burrows by unusuallyjhigh tides or storms they are capable of swimming actively in the water. They make dainty morsels for fishes and many shore birds, as well as for certain crabs, especially Ocypoda arenaria. On sandy beaches near high-water mark, especially where the sand is rather compact and somewhat sheltered, one of the “ fiddler-crabs,” Gelasimus pugilator, is frequently found in great numbers, either run- ning actively about over the sand, or peering cautiously from their holes, which are often thickly scattered over considerable areas. These holes are mostly from half an inch to an inch in diameter, and a foot or more in depth, the upper part nearly perpendicular, becoming horizontal be- low, with a chamber at the end. Mr. Smith, by lying perfectly still for some time on the sand, succeeded in witnessing their mode of dig- ging. In doing this they drag up pellets of moist sand, which they carry under the three anterior ambulatory legs that are on the rear side, climbitig out of their burrows by means of the legs of the side in front, aided by the posterior leg of the other side. After arriving at the mouth of their burrows and taking a cautious survey of the landscape, they run quickly to the distanceoften of four or five feet from the bur- row before dropping their load, using the same legs as before and carry- ing the dirt in the same manner. They then take another careful sur- vey of the surroundings, run nimbly back to the hole, and after again turning their pedunculated eyes in every direction, suddenly disappear, soon to reappear with another load. They work in this way both in the night and in the brightest sunshine, whenever the tide is out and the weather is suitable. In coming out or going into their burrows either side may go in advance, but the male more commonly comes out with the large claw forward. According to Mr. Smith’s observations this species is a vegetarian, feeding upon the minute alge which grow upon the moist sand. , In feeding;themales use only the small claw with which [337] . INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 43 they pick up the bits of algw very daintily ; the females use indifferently either of their small claws for this purpose. They always swallow more or less sand with their food. Mr. Smith also saw these crabs engaged in scraping up the surface of the sand where covered with their favorite algee, which they formed into pellets and carried into their holes, in the Same way that they bring sand out, doubtless storing it until needed for food, for he often found large quantities stored in the terminal chamber. Mr.T. M. Prudden has since ascertained that one of the other species of “fiddlers” on our shores (@. minax) is also a vegetarian and feeds upon similar algie, which grow on the muddy salt-marshes. The Ocypoda arenaria is a crab allied to the “ fiddlers” and similar in some of its habits. Itis a southern species, ranging as far as Brazil, and adult specimens have not yet been observed on the coast of New England, but Mr. Smith has observed the young in abundance at Fire Island, and we have the young from Block Island; it oceurs at Great Zgg Harbor, New Jersey, of larger size, and therefore it may be looked for onthe beaches of Nantucket and Martha’s Vineyard. This crab lives on the beaches at, and even far above, high-water mark. It digs large holes like the fiddlers, often in the loose dry sand, back from the shore, yet when disturbed it will sometimes take to the water in order to escape. though it soon returns to the shore. In digging its holes, according to Mr. Smith’s observations, it works in the same way as the “fiddler- crabs,” except that it is quicker in its motions, and often, instead of car- rying the pellets of sand to a distance from the hole, it throws it away with a sudden and powerful jerk, scattering the sand in every direction, It is even more cautious in its movements, andis always on the alert, even the slightest movement on the part of one who is watching them is sure to send them all into their holes instantly. In color this species imitates the sand very perfectly, especially while young, when they are irregularly mottled and speckled with lighter and darker shades of gray. They also have the habit of crouching down closely upon or into the sand, when suddenly frightened, and aided by their colyrs will often thus escape observation. At other times they will trust to their speed and scamper over the sand with such swiftness that they are not easily captured. This crab is carnivorous in its habits and, according to Mr. Smith’s observations, it lives largely upon the ‘ beach-fleas ” (Talorchestia) which inhabit the same localities. It will lie in wait and suddenly spring upon them, very much asa cat catches mice. It also feeds upon dead fishes and other animals that are thrown on the shore by the waves. Another inhabitant of the upper part of the sand-beaches, just below high-water mark, is the Scyphacella arenicola SMITH, which has, as yet, been found only on the coast of New Jersey, but probably oceurs far- ther north. It is a small, sand-colored Isopod crustacean, which has no near relatives, so far as known, except in New Zealand. It burrows in the sand, making a little conical mound around the mouth of the holes. 5 Vv 44 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [338] The only Annelid observed high up on the sand-beaches is the slen- der, white Halodrillus littoralis, referred to on page 324, which lives under the decaying sea-weeds in great numbers. On the lower parts of the sand-beaches, toward low-water mark, and especially on the broad flats, which are barely uncovered by the lowest tides, a much larger number of species occurs. Among the Crustacea of these sandy shores we frequently find the common Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) which is very cosmopolitan in its habits. Occasionally we meet with a specimen of Carcinus granulatus, but this is not its favorite abode; but the “lady-crab” or ‘‘sand-crab,” Platyonichus ocellatus, (Plate I, fig. 4,) is perfectly at home among the loose sands at low-water mark, even on the most exposed beaches. This species is also abundant on sandy-bottoms off shore, and as it is furnished with swimming organs on its posterior legs, it can swim rapidly in the water and was taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound in several in- stances, and some of the specimens thus taken were of full size. When living at low-water mark on the sand-beaches it generally buries itself up to itseyes and antenne in the sand, watching for prey, or on the look- out for enemies. If disturbed it quickly glides backward and down- ward into the sand and disappears instantly. This power of quickly burrowing deeply into the sand it possesses in common with all the other marine animals, of every class, which inhabit the exposed beaches of loose sand, for upon this habit their very existence depends during storms. By burying themselves sufficiently deep they are beyond the reach of the breakers. The means of effecting this rapid burrowing are very diverse in the different classes. Thus one of the fishes (Ophidium marginatum), which lives in these places, has a long acute tail and by its peculiar undulatory motions can instantly bury itself tail-first im the sand. Others have acute heads and go in head-first. The “lady-crab” is predacious in its habits, feeding upon various smaller creatures, but like most of the crabs it is also fond of dead fishes or any other dead animals. In some localities they are so abun- dant that a dead fish or shark will in a short time be completely covered with them, but if a person should approach they will all suddenly slip off backwards and quickly disappear in every direction beneath the sand ; after a short time, if everything be quiet, immense numbers of eyes and antenne will be gradually and cautiously protruded from beneath the sand, and after their owners have satisfied themselves that all is well, the army of crabs will soon appear above the sand again and con- tinue their operations. The color of this crab is quite bright and does not imitate the sand, probably owing to its mode of concealment. The ground-color is white, but the back is covered with annular spots formed by specks of red and purple. Itis devoured in great numbers by many of the larger fishes. Another curious burrowing creature, living under the same circum- stances as the last, is the Hippa talpoida, (Pate LI, fig. 5.) But this [339] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 45 species burrows like a mole, head-first, instead of backward. It can also swim quite actively and is sometimes found swimming about in the pools left on the flats at low-water. Itis occasionally dug out of the sand at low-water mark, and is often thrown up by the waves, on sand- beaches, but it seems to live in shallow water on sandy bottoms in great numbers, for in seining on one of the sand-beaches near Wood’s Hole for small fishes, a large quantity of this species was taken. Its color is yellowish white, tinged with purple on the back. It is one of the favorite articles of food of many fishes. Mr. Smith found the young abundant at Fire Island, near high-water, burrowing in the sand. This species is stillmore abundant farther south. The curious long-legged “ spider-crab,” Libinia canaliculata, is fre- quently met with at or just below low-water mark on sandy shores, but its proper home is on muddy bottoms. Creeping, or rapidly running, over the bottom in shallow water, or in the tide-pools on the flats, the smaller ‘‘ hermit-crab,” Hupagurus longi- carpus, (p.313,) may almost always be observed ensconced in some dead univalve shell, most commonly that of Ilyanassa obsoleta. This species is still more abundant among eel-grass, and on muddy shores. The common ‘“sand-shrimp,” Crangon vulgaris, (Plate ILI, fig. 10,) always occurs in great numbers on the sandy flats and in the tide-pools and rivulets, as well as on the sandy bottoms in deeper water off shore. This species is more or less specked irregularly with gray, and imi- tates the color of the sand very closely. When resting quietly on the bottom, or when it buries itself partially and sometimes almost entirely, except the eyes and long slender antenne, it cannot easily be distin- guished by its enemies, and, therefore, gains great protection by its colors. When left by the tide it buries itself to a considerable depth in moist sand. It needs all its powers of concealment, however, for itis eagerly hunted and captured by nearly all the larger fishes which fre- quent the same waters, and it constitutes the principal food of many of them, such as the weak-fish, king-fish, white perch, blue-fish, flounders, striped bass, &c. Fortunately it is a very prolific species and is abun- dant along the entire coast, from North Carolina to Labrador, wherever sandy shores occur. The young swim free fora considerable time after hatching, and were taken at the surface in the evening, in large num- bers. The common prawn, Palemonetes vulgaris, (Plate Il, fig. 9,) often occurs, associated with the Crangon, but itis much more abundant among the eel-grass, and especially in the estuaries where it has its proper home. As this is one of the most abundant species and of great importance as an article of fish-food, it will be mentioned again, with more details, in connection with the fauna of the estuaries. Several species of smaller crustacea also burrow in the sand at low- water mark. One of the most remarkable of these is an Amphipod, the Lepidactylis dytiscus, which by its external form reminds one of Hippa, with which it agrees in habits, for it burrows in the sand like a mole. 46 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [340] It is also occasionally found under stones in sandy places. Its color is pale yellowish white. The Unciola irrorata (Plate 1V, fig. 19) often lives in tubes in the sand in abundance, but is by no means confined to such localities, for it occurs on all kinds of bottoms and at all depths down to at least 430 fathoms (off St. George’s Bank,) and is abundant all along the coast, from New Jersey to Labrador. It is particularly abundant on shelly and rocky bottoms, and although it habitually lives in tubes, it does not always construct its own tube, but is ready and willing to take possession of any empty worm-tube into which it can get, and having once taken possession it seems to be perfectly at home, for it remains near the end of the tube protruding its stout claw-like antennz, and looking out for its prey, in the most independent manner. It will also frequently leave its tube and swim actively about for a time, and then return to its former tube, or hunt up anew one. It seems, however, to be capable of constructing a tube for itself, when it can- not find suitable ones ready-made. Its color is somewhat variable, but it is generally irregularly specked with red and flake-white, and the antenne are banded with red. It contributes very largely to the food of many fishes, such as scup, pollock, striped bass, &e. On the moist sand-flats curious crooked trails made by the Idotea ceca (Plate V, fig. 22) may generally be seen. This little Isopod bur- rows like a mole just beneath the surface of the sand, raising it up into a little ridge as it goes along, and making a little mound at the end of the burrow, where the creature can usually be found. This species is whitish, irregularly specked with dark gray, so as to imitate the color of the sand very perfectly. It is also capable of swimming quite rapidly. The Idotea Tuftsii is another allied species, having the same habits and ‘living in similar places, but it is much more rare in this region. It has also been dredged on sandy bottoms off shore. It is a smaller species and darker colored, with dark brown markings. The Idotea trrorata (p. 316, Plate V, fig. 23) also occurs on sandy shores wherever there is eel-grass, among which it loves to dwell. The well known ‘horseshoe-crab” or ‘ king-erab,” Limulus Poly- phemus, is also an inhabitant of sandy shores, just below low-water mark, but it is more abundant on muddy bottoms and in estuaries, where it burrows just beneath the surface and feeds upon various small animals. At the breeding season, however, it comes up on the sandy shores to deposit the eggs, near high-water mark. According to the statements of Rey. S. Lockwood, (in American Naturalist, vol. iv, p. 257,) the Spawning is done at the time of high tides, during May, June, and July; they come up in pairs, the males, which are smallest, riding on the backs of the females and holding themselves in that position by the short feet, provided with nippers, which are peculiar to the males. The female excavates a depression in the sand and deposits the eggs in it, and the male casts the milt over them, when they again return to— deeper water, leaving the eggs to be buried by the action of the waves. [341] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 47 In aquaria, under favorable circumstances, the eggs hatch in about six weeks, but in their natural conditions they probably hatch sooner than this; under unfavorable conditions the hatching may be delayed for a whole year. The eggs are very numerous. In addition to the interest- ing observations of Mr. Lockwood, Dr. A. 8. Packard has since given more detailed accounts of the development of the embryos and young of Limulus in the proceedings of the American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, 1870, p. 247, and in the Memoirs of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. ii, p. 155, 1872. Annelids are quite numerous on the sandy shores where the condi- tions are favorable. It is evident that these soft-bodied creatures would be quickly destroyed by the force of the waves and the agitation of the sand, were they not provided with suitable means for protecting theim- selves. This is effected mainly in two ways: the sand-dwelling species either have the power of burrowing deeply into the sand with great rapidity, or else they construct long durable tubes, which descend deeply into the sand and afford a safe retreat. . Many of the active burrowing species also construct tubes, but they usually have but little coherence and are not very permanent, nor do they appear to be much relied on by the owners. There is, however, great diversity both in the structure and composition of the tubes of different species, and in the modes by which the rapid burrowing is effected. The large green Nereis (N. virens, p. 317) is found on the sandy shores in places that are somewhat sheltered, especially if there be an admixture of mud or gravel with the sand to give it firmness and solidity. This species burrows deeply beneath the surface and lines the interior of its large irregular burrows with an abundant mucus-like secretion, which gives smoothness and some coherency to the walls, but does not form a solid tube. With this, and in greater numbers, the smaller species, Nereis limbata, (p. 318,) is also found, and its habits appear to be essentially the same. Both this and the preceding can burrow rapidly, but much less so than some other worms, and conse- quently they are not well adapted to live on exposed beaches of moving sands, but prefer coves and harbors. The two large species of Rhyn- chobolus are much better adapted for rapid burrowing. Their heads are very small and acute, and destitute of all appendages, except four minute tentacles at the end; the body is long, smooth, and tapers gradually to both ends, and the muscular system is very powerful, and so arranged as to enable these worms to coil themselves up into the shape of an open spiral, like a corkscrew, and then to rapidly rotate them- selves on the axis of the spiral. When the sharp head is inserted into the loose mud or sand and the body is thus rotated, it penetrates with great rapidity and disappears almost instantly. Both these species are found on sandy as well as on muddy shores and flats near low-water mark, and also in deeper water. The one usually most abundant is 2. dibranchiatus, (Plate X, figs. 43, 44;) this is readily distinguished by hav- 48 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [342] ing a simple gill both on the upper and lower sides of the lateral append- ages. The other, R. Americanus, (Plate X, figs. 45, 46,) has gills that are more or less branched on the upper side of the appendages, as shown in fig. 46, but none on the lower side; the appendages are also longer, especially posteriorly, and differently shaped. The proboscis is remarka- bly long and large, and when full y protruded itshows four large, black, sharp, fang-like jaws or hooks. Both these worms are destitute of true blood-vessels, such as most of the allied worms possess, but have the general cavity of the body filled, between the various organs, with bright red blood, which shows through the skin, giving a more or less red or purple color to the whole body and proboscis. The two species of Lumbriconereis already referred to (p. 320,) occur in similar localities, and are usually associated with the two preceding spe- cies, but they are less rapid burrowers and require for their safety lo- calities where the sand is compact and mixed more or less with mud, or where it is somewhat sheltered from the force of the waves. In sandy coves, and especially on:the flats of sandy mud, close to low- water mark, the smaller species, L. tenwis, is generally very abundant, penetrating the sand, beneath the surface, in every direction. It is often a foot or more in length when extended, and not much larger than coarse thread or small twine, and bright red in color. When the sand in these localities is turned up with a spade, their drawn-out, red, thread- like bodies can usually be seen in large numbers, but they are so fragile that it is difficult to obtain an entire specimen. The head is obtusely conical, a littie flattened, smooth, pale red, and iridescent, without eyes. The other species, L. opalina V., (Plate XIII, fig. 69,) is much larger, grow- ing to the length of eighteen inches or more, and about .10 to .12 of an inch in diameter. Its color is dark bronze, or reddish brown, or pale red, the surface reflecting the most brilliant opal-like colors. It is easily distinguished from the DZ. tenuis by its four eyes in a row across the back part of the head. Both these species, when removed from their burrows, coil themselves in a long spiral. They burrow readily and deeply, but not so rapidly as many other worms, and do not seem to have permanent tubes. Another worm, found in similar places and readily mistaken for LD. tenuis on account of its long, slender, almost thread-like body and red color, is the Notomastus jiliformis V.; but in this species the head is very acute, the lateral appendages and sete are very different, and the color is paler red, with bands or rings of bright red. This species has, moreover, a smooth, subglobular pro- boscis, without jaws, while the former has a powerful set of compli- cated jaws, without a distinct proboscis, and they are widely different in : internal anatomy. The latter feeds upon the organic matter contained in the nud that it swallows, while the species of Lumbriconereis are carnivorous, feeding upon other worms, &c. A secondand much larger species of Notomastus occurs in similar places, though apparently pre- ferring a greater proportion of mud. This species, V. lwidus V., grows [343] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 49 to be about ten inches long and .10 in diameter. Its color is a dark purplish or lurid brown, specked with white, and sometimes inclined to red. Its head is very acute, and it has a smooth, swollen, dark blood-red proboscis. It is a rapid burrower, penetrating deeply into the fine mud and sand. The Maldane elongata V. is another worm allied to the last, and usually associated with it, but this species constructs rather firm, round tubes out of the fine sand and mud, which are very long and descend deeply into the soil, and are often .20 to .25 of an inch in diameter. This worm is six or eight inches long, with a round body of nearly uniform diameter, which looks as if obliquely truncated at both ends, but the obliquely-placed upper surface of the head is bor- dered by a slight ridge or fold on each side and behind. The color is dark umber-brown, or reddish brown, the swollen part of each ring often lighter grayish or yellowish brown, but usually bright red, owing to the blood-vessels showing through. The intestine is large and filled with sand. ~ Another worm, belonging to the same family with the last and, like it, constructing long, round tubes of agglutinated sand, is the Clymenella torquata, (Plate XLV, figs. 71, 72, 73,) but this species often lives where the sand is more free from mud, or even in nearly pure, sili- ceous sand, and sometimes considerably above low-water mark, though itis also found in deep water. It generally constructs its long and nearly straight tubes very neatly, of fine white sand, without mud. It loves, however, to dwell in sheltered spots, in coves, or in the lee of rocks and ledges, and is also partial to those spots on the sandy shores where eel-grass grows, building its tubes among the roots. Itisa rather handsomely colored species, being usually pale red, with bright red bands around the swollen parts of the rings, but it is sometimes brownish red or dull brown. It can always be recognized by the pecu- liar collar on the fifth ring, and by the peculiar funnel-shaped caudal appendage, surrounded by small papillee, and preceded by three seg- ments or rings that are destitute of sete. The large and singular worm, Anthostoma robustum V., (Plate XIV fig. 76,) lives like the last, with which it often occurs, in nearly pure sand, where it is somewhat sheltered from the violence of the waves, but is also fond of places where there is more or less gravel mixed with the sand. It sometimes occurs some distance above low-water mark, and constructs a large, thick, somewhat firm tube by consolidating and cementing the sand around its burrow. These tubes descend nearly perpendicularly to a great depth, and can usually be distinguished by a slightly elevated mound of dirt around the opening, which is usually different in color from the surrounding sand; and sometimes there are recently-ejected cylindrical masses of such earth on the summit of the little hillocks. The worm itself, when full grown, is fifteen inches or more in length, and nearly half an inch in diameter. The head is very acute and the front part of the body is firm and muscular, with very small lateral appendages, and fascicles of sete in four rows; but back 50 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [344] of the twenty-fourth body-segment an appendage develops below the lower fascicles of set, and farther back becomes broad, foliaceous, and divided into several lobes; back of the twenty-eighth segment the branchiz appear in a row on each side of the back, and soon become long and ligulate; at the same time other ligulate appendages develop from the upper lateral appendages, which become dorsal, and these, with the gills, form four rows of processes along the back, outside of which are the elongated setz and other appendages. The posterior part of the body is more slender and much more delicate than the an- terior part, and so fragile that an entire specimen can rarely be obtained, and those that are obtained, when in confinement very soon detach fragment after fragment, until only the anterior part is left. In their natural habitations they would undoubtedly be able to reproduce their lost parts, like many other annelids. The color of this worm is ocher- - yellow, tinged with orange, or dark orange ; there are usually two rows of dark-brown spots along the back ; the branchie are blood-red; and posteriorly there is a brownish red median dorsal line. The proboscis is very singular, for it is divided into several long, flat, digitate pro- cesses, separate nearly to the base, and somewhat enlarged at the end. Another species of this genus, of smaller size, A. fragile V., often oc- curs in the sandy flats in great numbers, its small holes sometimes com- pletely filling the sand over considerable areas and extending nearly up to half-tide mark. This species grows to the length of four inches or more, with a diameter of about .10. Its head is even more acute than in the last species, with a very slender, translucent apex. The body has the same form, but is more slender. The processes above and below the fascicles of setze begin to appear at the fourteenth segment, and the sete begin to be decidedly elongated at the fifteenth. The dorsal branchiz begin on the sixteenth segment, and become long and ligulate at the twentieth. The coloris yellowish orange to orange-brown ; the dorsal surface, posteriorly, and the branchiw are red. The body posteriorly is very slender and extremely fragile. The last or caudal segment is smooth, oblong, with two long filiform cirri at the end. The proboscis is large and broad, consisting of numerous, often convoluted, lobes or folds, united by a thinner membrane or broad web. The Aricia ornata V. is another related species, living in similar places with the last and having similar habits. The head is acute in this species, but the dorsal branchiz and lateral appendages com- mence much nearer the head, and the side appendages are developed into crest-like, transverse series of papillae, which cover the lateral and ventral surfaces of the body anteriorly. Two species of Spio also occur in similar situations inhabiting small round tubes or holes made in the sand near low-water, often occuring in great numbers in certain spots. They prefer localities that are not exposed to the full force of the storms. One of these, S.setosa V. (Plate XIV, fig. 77,) is remarkable for the length of the seta in the dorsal [345] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. aN bundles; the two large tentacles (of which only one is drawn in the figure) are usually folded backward between the red dorsal branchiie, which form a row along the back on each side. The other, S. robusta V., is a stouter species, which has much shorter set in the dorsal fasci- cles; the middle lobe of the head is emarginate in front and the lateral lobes are convex. Both species have four small eyes on the top of the head, those of the posterior pair nearest together. In similar places, and often associated with the two preceding species, another allied worm often oceurs in great abundance, completely filling the sand, in its chosen abodes, with its round vertical holes, and throwing out cylin- ders of mud. It is so gregarious that in certain spots hundreds may be found within a square foot, but yet a few yards away, on the same kind of ground, none whatever may be found. This is Scolecolepis viridis V. This species, like the two preceeding, has a pair of large-tentacles on the back part of the head, which are usually recurved over the back between the rows of ligulate branchiw, and four eyes on the top of the head ; the central lobe of the head is slightly bilobed in front, the lateral ones convex; the branchiz are long, slender, ligulate, meeting over the back, and exist only on about one hundred segments, or on about the anterior third part of the body. The body is rather slender, depressed, and about three inches long when full grown. The color is usually dark green, or olive-green, but sometimes light green, or tinged with reddish anteriorly; the branchis are bright red; the large tentacles are light green, usually with a row of black dots, and often crossed by narrow flake-white lines or rings. This species has been found abundantly on Naushon Island, and other localities in that region; at New Haven; and at Somer’s Point and Beesley’s Point, New Jersey. With the last species at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, another more slender species of the same genus occurred, Scolecolepis tenwis V. This was three or four inches loug and very slender; the body was pale green; the tentacles longer and more slender than in the last, whitish, with a red central line; the branchiz red, often tinged with green, shorter than in the last. The head is relatively broad, with the central lobe rounded in front. The branchi are confined to the anterior part of the body. The sete in the upper fascicles are much longer than in the last species, those of the three anterior segments longer than the others and forming fan- shaped fascicles, directed upward and somewhat forward. Another singular Annelid, belonging to the same tribe and having nearly the same habits, is represented in Plate XIV, fig. 78, this has been found by Mr. A. Agassiz burrowing in sandy mud at about half- tide, both at Naushon Island and at Nahant, Massachusetts, and he has also described its development and metamorphoses, but I have not met with the adult myself in this region, although the young were frequently taken in the towing-nets in the evening. Mr. Agassiz regards it as perhaps identical with Polydora ciliatum of Europe. It occurred in large colonies, closely crowded together, building upright tubes in the Be REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [346] mud. The presence of a large group of peculiar stout setze on each side of the fifth segment will distinguish this from all the preceding species. The young of this, like those of most of the annelids, swim free at the surface for some time, and are often taken in great numbers in the towing-nets. The Nerine ajilis V., is still another representative of the group to which the last five species belong, and like them it has two long and large tentacles on its head, but it is a far more active and hardy species than any of them, and much better adapted for rapid burrowing. It accordingly lives on exposed beaches even where the sand is loose, and can also maintain itself on the exposed sandy beaches of the outer ocean- shores, exposed to the full force of the surf, its extremely quick burrow- ing affording it the means of protecting itself against the action of the sea. It lives in small round holes near low-water mark; unlike the related species, already mentioned, it has a very sharp conical head. The two large tentacles are about half an inch long, and originate close together on the upper side of the back of the head, and are usually re- curved over the back when the worm is swimming in the water, as if is capable of doing, but when it is wriggling about on the sand they are twisted about in all directions and variously coiled; and when in their holes the tentacles are protruded from the opening. The eyes are four, small, black, placed close together in front of the base of the tentacles. The upper lobe of the lateral appendages is large and foliaceous and connected with the branchiz along the anterior part of the body, but partially free farther back. The body is two or three inches long and rather slender; the color is reddish or brownish anteriorly, greenish white on the sides, except on the anterior third; the branchia, which extend the whole length of the body, are light red; tentacles greenish white. One of the largest and most beautiful Annelids of this region is the Diopatra cuprea, (Plate XILI, figs. 67 and 68.) This species grows to be more than a foot long, with the body depressed and. often nearly half an inch broad. It constructs a very curious permanent tube in which it dwells very securely. The part of these tubes beneath the surface of the sand is composed of a tough parchment-like material, and often descends obliquely to the depth of two or three feet or more; the upper end of the tube projects two or three inches from the surface of the sand or mud, and is thickly covered with bits of eel-grass and sea-weeds, fragments of shells, and other similar things, all of which are firmly attached to the tube, but project externally in all directions, giv- ing this part of the tube a very rough and ragged appearance exter- nally, but it is very smooth within, and often it has an opening half an inch in diameter, or large enough so that the worm can turn around, end for end, inside of it. When undisturbed the occupant thrusts its head and the anterior part of the body out of the tube to the distance of several inches in search of food, or materials to add to its tube, ex- [347] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 5g posing the curious bright red gills, which are shaped something like miniature fir trees. The central stem is long and tapering, with a blood- . vessel winding spirally up to its summit, and another winding in the opposite direction down to its base; the basal part is naked, but above this slender branches are given off, forming spirals all along the stem and gradually decreasing in length to the tip; each of the branches con- tains two slender blood-vessels. These branchizw commence at the fifth segment and do not extend to the end of the body, the last ones being much smaller, with few branches. The first four setigerous segments have an acute, conical, papilliform ventral cirrus at the base of the lateral appendages; on the fifth and following segments these become low, broad, rounded, whitish tubercles, with longitudinal wrinkles or grooves, and with a dark spot in the middle; these appear to contain the glands which secrete the cement used in constructing the lining of the tube, for when attaching any additional object at the end, after adjusting it in the de- sired position the worm constantly rubs this part of the lower surface back- ward and forward over the edge of the tube and the object to be cemented to it, until a perfect adherence is effected, and a smooth coating of firm mucus is deposited, and this operation is repeated for every piece added to the tube. It is very interesting to watch these worms, when in con- finement in an aquarium, while engaged in constructing their tubes. By placing bits of bright colored shells, tinsel, cloth, or even pieces of bright colored feathers, near the tubes, they can be induced to use them, and thus some very curious looking tubes will be produced ; but they evidently prefer the more rough and homely materials to which they are accustomed, when they can be had. The iridescent, opaline colors of this species are usually very brilliant and beautiful, especially on the back, head, and bases of the antenne. The general color of the body is reddish brown, or deep brown, thickly specked with gray; the an- tenn are paler brown; the lateral appendages yellowish brown, finely specked with white and dark brown; the gills usually blood-red, but varying from light red to dark brown. There are two, small, black eyes between the bases of the odd median and upper lateral antenne. This species is often quite abundant on the sand-flats near low-water mark, especially where there is more or less mud mixed with the sand, but it is still more abundant in the shallow or moderately deep waters off shore, on muddy and shelly bottoms. It is difficult, however, to obtain entire specimens with the dredge, for it usually merely cuts off the up- per end of the tube, while the occupant retreats below; occasionally the head of the worm is cut off in this way. On the shore, also, it is not easy to obtain entire specimens unless the tubes be cautiously ap- proached and the retreat of the worm prevented by a sudden and deep thrust of the spade below it, so as to cut off the tube. This species is carnivorous and has a very powerful set of black jaws, which are une- qual on the two sides of the mouth, (fig. 68.) The Marphysa Leidyi (p. 319, Plate XII, fig. 64) is allied to the pre- 54 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [348] ceding species, and has somewhat similar habits, but does not construct such perf ct tubes. It is occasionally dug out =) the sand at low- water, but is much more common in ¢ eeper water. The Stawrocephalus pall dus V. is a’so an inhabitant of these sandy Shores, burrowing in the sand at low-water. It is a slender species, about two inches long and o1 e-tenth lroad. It is ba in having four long, slender antenn or tentacles on the front of the head, ar- ranged in a cross-like manner, to which the generic name alludes. There are also four, small, dark red eyes on the upper side of the head, The cour is pale yellowish, the red blood-vessels showing through an- teriorly. This worm is allied to the two preceding, and to Lumbri- conereis, and like them it is predacious in its habits and has a very complicated set of jaws, consisting of numerous sharp, fang-like pieces of various shapes, arranged in several rows on both sides. The Sthenelais picta V. is another curious Annelid, which is some- times found burrowing in the sand at low-water mark, but it also occurs on selly and muddy bottoms in deep water. It has a long, slender body, six inches or more in length, and the back is covered with two rows of thin, smooth seales, which are very numerous. The head is usually brownish, with a whitish spot on each side; there is generally a dark brown band along the back; the seales are translucent, and vary in their color-markings, but more commonly there is a border of dark brown or blackish along the inner edge, which is usually con- nected with a similar border along the anterior edge, or with an ante- rior angular spot, and often with a dark border along the posterior edge, leaving more or less of the central part of each scale white and translucent. The Nephthys picta (Plate XII, fig. 57) is also sometimes found bur- roving in sandy mud at low-water mark, but it is much more frequent in the deeper waters of the sounds. It can be distinguished at once from all the other species of Nephthys found in this region by its greater slenderness, and by having the body whitish and variously marked or mottled on the back, toward the head, with dark brown; it sometimes has a dark brown median dorsal-line. The shape of the head and posi- tion of the tentacles are also peculiar. In sheltered situations, where there is some mud with the sand, the Cirratulus grandis V., (p. 319, Plate XV, figs. 80, 81,) is often met with burrowing beneath the surface. In similar places, and also in nearly pure, compact sand, and in sand mixed with gravel, the large tubes of Amphitrite ornata (p. 320, Plate XVI, fig. 82) are often to be seen ; these show a round opening, a quarter of an inch or more in aigpeeeee surrounded by a slightly raised mound of sand, often different in color from that of the surface, and sometimes there are cylinders of such sand around the opening. These tubes are scarcely to be distinguished from those of Anthostoma robustum, described above, and are found in [349] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 5S similar places. But the worms are very unlike in appearance and structure. Several species of slender, greenish worms, belonging to the gen- era, Phyllodoce, Eumidia, Eulalia, and Eteone, are occasionally dug out of the sand. In all these the head is well-developed and provided with four antennw at the end, and in the three last with an odd median one on its upper side, and they all have two well-developed eyes, and oval or lanceolate, leaf-like branchix along the sides of the back. They are very active species, and most of them belong properly to the shelly and rocky bottoms in deeper water, where they are often very abundant. In sheltered coves, where there is mud with the sand, Cistenides Gouldii V., (p. 323, Plate XVII, figs. 87, 87a,) often occurs, but it is more partial to the muddy shores. On various dead shells, as well as on certain living ones, and on the back of Limulus, &c., the masses of hard, sandy tubes, built and occupied by the Sabellaria vul- garis V., (p. 321, Plate XVII, figs. 88, 88a,) often occur. Of the Nemerteans the largest and most conspicuous is the Jleckelia ingens (p. 324, Plate XIX, figs. 96, 96a.) This species lives in the clear sand, near low-water mark, as well as in places that are more or less muddy, and notwithstanding its softness and fragility, by its means of burrowing rapidly, it can maintain itself even on exposed shores, where the sands are loose and constantly moved by the waves. The young, several inches or even a foot in length, are quite common, but the full-grown ones are only occasionally met with. The largest that I have found were at least 15 feet long, when extended, and over an inch broad, being quite flat; but they co ‘ld contract to two or three feet in length, and then became nearly cylindrical and about three-quarters of an inch in diameter; the body was largest anteriorly, tapering very gradually to the posterior end, which was flat and thin, terminated by a central, small, slender, acute, contractile process one-quarter of an inch or less in length. The proboscis of the largest one, when pro- truded, was fifteen inches long, and about one-fifth of an inch in diame- ter where thickest. This proboscis, which is forcibly protruded from a terminal opening in the head, appears to be an organ of locomotion, at least to a certain extent, for when it penetrates the loose sand in any direction it makes an opening into which the head can be thrust, and then, by enlarging the opening, it can easily penetrate. But the pro- boscis is probably used, also, as an instrument for exploring the sand in various directions, either in search of food or to test its hardness or fitness for burrowing, thus economizing time and labor. .At any rate, the ways in which this remarkable instrument is used by these worms, when kept in confinement with sand, suggest both these uses. But the proboscis is by no means the principal organ of locomotion, for the head itself is used for this purpose, urged forward by the undulatory movements of the muscular body, and aided by the constantly chang- ing bulbous expansions, both of the head and body, which both crowd 56 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [350] the sand aside, making the burrow larger, and furnish points of resist- ance toward which the parts behind can be drawn, or against which the head and anterior parts can push in continuing the burrow. The head, moreover, is extremely changeable in form, at one time being spear-shaped, with a pointed tip and thin edges, and con- stricted at the neck; in the next minute broadly rounded; then perhaps truneate or even deeply emarginate at the end ; then gradually losing its distinctness and blending its outlines continuously with those of the body; or perhaps shrinking down to a small oval form, not more than one-third as wide as the body just back of it. All these and many other changes can often be witnessed within a very few min- utes, and are so effected as greatly to aid the creature in burrowing This worm can also leave the bottom and swim rapidly in the water, the body being usually kept up edgewise and impelled forward by the undulations of the body, which thus become horizontal. When swim- ming in this way the motion reminds one of the swimming of a snake or aneel. In addition to the terminal pore, for the proboscis, there is a deep lateral slit or fossa on each side of the head, and a large ven- tral orifice beneath. The latter is very changeable in form, changing from elliptical, long oval, oblong, or hour glass-shape, to circular in rapid succession. There are no eyes. Along each side of the greater part or the length of tle body, the voluminous, transversely-bauded lateral organs can be imperfectly distinguished through the translucent integ- ument, as well as the median cavity, in which a dark pulsating tube can sometimes be seen. The lateral organs commence at about the anterior fourth in small specimens, but in the larger ones relatively nearer the head, for in the largest they originate only six or eight inches back of it. The portion in front of the lateral organs is thicker and more cy- lindrical than the rest of the body. The color of the largest specimens is generally light red or flesh-color, with the lateral edges and central band translucent grayish white, the lateral organs showing through as dull yellowish transverse branches, with diverticula between them; head yellowish. But one large speci- men was dull brownish yellow; others are yellowish white, with the lateral organs deep chestnut-brown, crossed by white lines. The small specimens are generally paler, usually pale flesh-color or yellowish white and often milk-white. Some of the diversity in color may be due to sexual differences. This species has also been dredged on sandy and shelly bottoms in six to eight fathoms in the sounds. Dr. Leidy has also described another similar species, from Great Egg Harbor, under the name of Meckelia lactea, which I have not been able to distinguish, unless it be what I have regarded as the light-colored young of M. ingens ; the white color seems to have been the principal character by which it was distinguished from the latter. The Meckelia rosea is, however, a very distinct species, but it lives in similar places and is often associated with the If. ingens. It has very sim- (351] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. Hit | ilar habits, but does not grow to a very large size. The largest specimens observed are only six oreight inckes long, and about a fifth of an ineh broad. The body is also more cylindrical, the flattened part being rel- atively thicker and narrower, and not thin at the edges; in contraction it becomes nearly cylindrical. The lateral fossze of the head are long and deep; the ventral opening is relatively uch smaller than in M. ingens and usually round. The proboscis is very long, slender; color, light purplish red or rose-color. The integument is rather firm and secretes a tenacious mucus to which a thin coating of sand often adheres when the worms are taken from their burrows. This species seems to con- struct an imperfect tube by slightly cementing the sand with its mucus. All these species of Meekefia when caught and when kept in confine- ment generally break off portions from the posterior part of the body, one after another, until nothing but the head and alot of short segments remain. Under favorable conditions they would doubtless be able to restore the lost parts, for other Nemerteans, having the same habit, are known to do so, and in some cases even the small fragments from the central parts have been known to again become entire worms. Various fishes feed upon these Meckelie, and it is probable that the habit of dis- membering, or rather disarticulating themselves, may serve an impor- tant purpose, by enabling them to escape, in part at least, when seized by fishes or crabs, for if even half the body should be lost the remaining half would be much better than nothing, for it could soon restore either a head or a tail. Another Nemertean, which lives in sand at low water, is the Tetra- stemma arenicola V., (Plate XIX, fig.98.) This is slender, subeylindrical, and four or five inches long when extended. The head is versatile in form, usually lanceolate or subconical, and has four eyes on the upper side. There is a deep fossa on each side of the head. The ventra opening, which is behind the lateral fosse, is small, triangular. The color is deep flesh-color or light purplish. The Balanoglossus aurantiacus is a very remarkable worm, related to the Nemerteans, which lives in the clear, siliceous sand near low-water mark. It is gregariousin its habits and occurs abundantly in certain spots, although not to be found in other similar places near by. It makes tubes or holes in the sand, twelve or fourteen inches deep, and lined with a thick and smooth layer of mucus. It throws out of the orifice peculiar elliptical coils of sand, by which the nature of the occupant may be known. This species was found by our party on the shore of Naushon Island, but Mr. A. Agassiz has found it abundantly at New- port, and on the beach just beyond Nobska Light, and also at Beverly, Massachusetts. Dr. Packard informs me that he has collected it at Beaufort, North Carolina, and I have received specimens found at Fort Macon, from Dr. Yarrow. The specimens first discovered were found at Charleston, South Carolina, by Dr. William Stimpson, twenty years ago, but they were only briefly and imperfectly described by Mr. Girard, at 58 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [352] that time, under the name of Stimpsonia aurantiaca. Mr. A. Agassiz has recently described and illustrated this worm, very fully, under the new name, B. Kowalevskii, in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. ix, p. 421, and he has also given an account of its remarkable development and metamorphoses, proving that the larva is a free-swimming form, long known as Tornaria, and generally sup- posed to be the larva of a star-fish. This worm, when full grown, attains a length of six inches or more and a diameter of about a quarter of an inch. The body is elongated, tapering gradually, with a long, slender posterior portion. The body is somewhat flattened dorsally throughout most of its length. At the anterior end it is furnished with a broad thickened collar, in which large numbers of mucus-secreting glands are situated ; the anterior border of the collar is undulated, and from within the coneavity, on the dorsal side arises a large muscular proboscis, which has a distinet peduncle, or narrower basal stem, above which it swells out into a somewhat flattened, long, pyriform, or elongated and sub- conical form, the shape constantly changing during life. The proboscis is somewhat wrinkled longitudinally, and more strongly horizontally, being furnished with muscles running in both these directions, and its surface contains mucus-secreting glands. According to Mr. Agassiz the cavity of the proboscis is not connected with the alimentary canal, but opens externally by a pore at the end, and by a narrow slit on the ventral side near the base, in advance of the mouth. The mouth is large and situated at the base of the proboscis on the ventral side. For some distance along each side of the back, behind the collar, is a row of complex gills; these are remarkable on account of their structure and position; they are formed from diverticula of the esophagus and finally communicate with a row of external orifices situated along each side of the median dorsal-vessel. The gills are supported by a system of solid supports, constituting a sort of internal skeleton; the base of the proboscis is also connected with a firm internal frame-work. The color of this species is somewhat variable ; in young specimens the body was brownish yellow with lighter mottlings, the collar red, and the pro- boscis white ; in large specimens the proboscis is pale reddish yellow, the collar darker colored, the body purplish or brownish, the sides mot- tled with greenish and whitish, owing to the lateral organs or liver showing through. The proboscis of this worm, according to the obser- vations of Mr. Agassiz, is the principal organ of locomotion, but the collar also aids in the movements. The proboscis appears to be used much as certain bivalve mollusks, such as Solen, Petricola, &c., use their foot in burrowing; the end being contracted to a point, is thrust for- ward into the sand; water being then forced into it, by the muscles far- ther back, the end expands into a bulb, enlarging the hole and giving a point of resistance toward which the rest of the body can be drawn; the front part of the proboscis being again contracted and the water [353] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 59 expelled, the point can be again thrust forward and the movements repeated. Two species of Sipunculoid worms are also found living in the sand at low-water. The largest and most common of these is the Phascolos- oma Gouldii, (Plate XVIII, fig. 93.) This species grows to the length of a foot or more, and is often nearly half an inch in diameter, though more commonly about a quarter of an inch. The body is round and constantly changing in size and shape, owing to its contractions and expansions ; the surface is smoothish, but longitudinally lined with mus- cular fibers anteriorly, and transversely wrinkled posteriorly. The in- tegument is firm and parchment-like. The mouth is surrounded by numerous short tentacles, which are partially connected together by a thin web, and crowded together in several circles. The color is yellow- ish white, grayish white, or yellowish brown. It burrows deeply in the sand and gravel, using its body for this purpose very much as the Balanoglossus, just described, uses its proboscis. . Another much smaller species of the same genus oceurs in sand at low-water, and has similar habits, but it appears to be rather uncom- mon and has not been satisfactorily identified. Comparatively few species of Mollusks naturally inhabit sandy shores, though the shells of many species may be found on the beaches. On the more exposed beaches of loose siliceous sand none but those which have the power of burrowing quickly and deeply beneath the surface can exist. We find, however, that quite a number of our species, both of gastropods and bivalves, possess this power in a high degree and do habitually live on the exposed beaches of loose sand. Among the Gastropods one of the largest and most conspicuous is the Lunatia heros, (Plate X XIII, figs. 133-136.) This species occurs all along our coast, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Cape Hatteras or be- yond, wherever sandy shores ‘and pure waters are to be found, and it even seems to prefer the outer ocean beaches, where the waves break with full force, for it is abundant and of very large size on the outer beaches of the coast of New Jersey. When in motion (Fig. 134) the white soft parts are protruded from the shell to a remarkable extent and spread out broadly on all sides, so as to nearly conceal the shell; the foot is large, flat, and broadly expanded, with thin edges, and by means of it the animal is able to burrow, like a mole, beneath the surface of the sand, both for protection and in search of the bivalve shells upon whichit preys. The foot when well expanded is concave below and lubricated by a very abundant secretion of mucus, and therefore, when extended beneath the surface of the moist sand, it acts like a great sucker, holding the animal in place pretty firmly by the atmospheric pressure, thus serving as a sort of anchor in the sand. But nevertheless large numbers of these mollusks are uncovered, overturned, and thrown high up on the beaches by the storms, especially in winter and early spring. This species, like many others of its tribe, drills round holes through the sides of various 6V 60 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [354] bivalve shells by means of the small flinty teeth on its lingual ribbon, which acts like a rasp, and having thus made an opening it inserts its proboscis and sucks out the contents. All sorts of burrowing bivalves in this way fall victims to this and the following species, nor do they confine themselves to bivalves, for they will also drill any unfortunate gastropods that they may happen to meet, not even sparing their own young. A variety of this species (var. triseriata, Plate X XIII, figs. 135, 136) has three revolving rows of chestnut or purplish spots, and has been regarded by most writers as a distinet species, and sometimes as the young; but both the plain and spotted shells occur of all sizes, from the the youngest to the oldest, and they are nearly always found together. In some cases, however, a shell that has the spots well defined until half grown, afterwards loses its spots and becomes perfectly plain, show- ing that the difference is only a variation in the color, but each style varies considerably in form. Another allied shell, growing nearly as large and generally much more abundant, except on the outer beaches, is the Neverita duplicata, (Plate XXII, fig. 130.) This species has the same habits as the pre ceding and in this region they are often found together; but this is a more southern species, extending to the Gulf of Mexico and even to Texas, but it is not very common north of Cape Cod and does not extend to the eastern coast of Maine and Bay of Fundy. The curious egg-cases of this and the last species are often met with on the sandy and muddy flats at low-water. They consist of a broad, thin ribbon of sand, coiled up into a circle and shaped something like a saucer, but without a bottom; the ribbon is composed of innumerable little cells, each containing one or more eggs and surrounded with grains of fine sand cemented together by mucus. The cells can easily be seen by holding one of these ribbons up to the light and looking through it. The peculiar form of these egg-masses is due to the fact that they are molded into shape by being pressed against the body of the shell when they are being extruded, and while they are still soft and gelatinous; they thus take the form and spiral curvature of that part of the shell, and when laid in the sand the fine grains at once adhere to and become imbedded in the tenacious mucus, which soon hardens. The Tritia trivittata (Plate X_XI, fig. 112) is also frequently found on sandy shores and flats. When left by the tide it creeps along the sur- face of the sand, leaving long crooked trails, and sometimes burrows be- neath the surface, and when burrowing it moves with the aperture down- ward and the spire pointing obliquely upward, but when at rest in its burrow it reverses its position and rests with the spire downward and the aperture toward the surface. The Ilyanassa obsoleta (Plate XXI, fig. 113) is also generally to be found in considerable numbers creeping over the flats, and making trails [355] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 61 and burrows like the last, but this species has its proper home on the muddy shores and in estuaries, and will, therefore, be mentioned again. At certain times, especially in the spring, multitudes of the young shells of Bittium nigrum (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 154) are found creeping on the surface of the moist sand in sheltered places, at low- water, and generally associated with large numbers of the Astyris lunata, (p. 306, Plate XXII, fig. 110.) But this is not the proper habitat of either of these species; the reason of this habit is not obvious, unless they may have been accidentally transported to such places. They may be found, however, on the eel-grass growing on sandy shores. The Lacuna vincta (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 1389) also frequently occurs on eel-grass and sea-weeds in such places. The Crepidula fornicata (Plate XXII, figs. 129, 129a) and C. ungui- formis (Plate XXIII, fig. 127) occur on shells inhabited by the hermit crabs as well as on the living shells of oysters, Pecten, Limulus, Sc; and the smaller and darker species, C. convexa, (Plate X XIII, fig. 128) occurs both on the eel-grass, and on the shells of [lyanassa obsoleta, especially when occupied by the small hermit-crabs. Occasionally specimens of Fulgur carica (Plate XXII, fig. 124) and of Sycotypus canalicu- latus are found crawling on sandy flats or in the tide pools, espec- ially during the spawning season, but they do not ordinarily live in such situations, but in deeper water and on harder bottoms off shore. The curious egg-cases of these two species are almost always to be found thrown up by the waves on sandy beaches. They consist of a series of disk-shaped, subecircular, or reniform, yellowish capsules, parchment- like in texture, united by one edge to a stout stem of the same kind of material, often a foot and a half or two feet in length. The largest capsules, about an inch in diameter, are in the middle, the size decreas- ing toward each end. On the outer border is a small circular or oval. spot, of thinner material, which the young ones break through when they are ready to leave the capsules, each of which, when perfect, con- tains twenty to thirty, or more, eggs or young shells, according to the season. . Dr. Elliott Coues, who has observed J. carica forming its cases at Fort Macon, North Carolina, states that the females bury themselves a few inches below the surface of the sand on the flats that are uncovered at low-water, and remain stationary during the process. The string of capsules is gradually thrust upward, as fast as formed, and finally pro- trudes from the surface of the sand, and when completed lies exposed on its surface. The string begins as a simple shred, two or three inches long, without well-formed cases; the first cases are small and imper- fect in shape, but they rapidly increase in size and soon become perfect, the largest being in the middle; the series ends more abruptly than it begun, with a few smaller and less perfect capsules. The number of capsules varies considerably, but there are usually seventy-five to one hundred or more. At Fort Macon Dr. Coues observed this species 62 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [356] spawning in May, but at New Haven they spawn as early as March and April. It is probable that the period of spawning extends over several months. Mr. Sanderson Smith thinks that they also spawn in autumn, on Long Island. It is not known how long a time each female requires for the formation of her string of capsules. There are two forms of these capsules, about equally abundant in this region. In one the sides of the capsules are nearly smooth, but the edge is thick or truncate along most of the circumference, and crossed by numerous sharp transverse ridges or partitions, dividing it into facets. Dr. Coues states that these belong to F. carica. An examination of the young shells, ready to leave the capsules, confirms this. The other kind has larger and thinner cap- sules, with a thin, sharp outer edge, while the sides have radiating ridges or raised lines. Sometimes the sides are unlike, one being smooth and more or less concave, the other convex and crossed by ten or twelve radiating, elevated ridges, extending to the edge. This kind was attrib- uted to F. carica by Dr. G. H. Perkins, and formerly by Mr. Sanderson Smith, but a more careful examination of the young shells, within the capsules, shows that they belong to S. canaliculata. Among the sand-dwelling bivalve shells we find quite a number of species that burrow rapidly and deeply, some of them living in perma- nent holes or perpendicular burrows, into which they can quickly de- scend for safety, and others burrowing in the sand in all directions, without permanent holes. The “razor-shell,” Hnsatella Americana, (Plate XX VI, fig. 182, and Plate XXXII, fig. 245,) is a common inhabitant of sand-flats and sand- bars, where the water is pure, generally living near low-water mark or below, but sometimes found considerably above low-water mark, as on the sand-bar at Savin Rock. This curious mollusk constructs a deep, nearly round, somewhat permanent burrow, which descends nearly per- pendicularly into the sand to the depth of two or three feet. These holes can generally be recognized, by their large size and somewhat elliptical form, when the tide is out. Sometimes they are very abundant in certain spots and not found elsewhere in the neighborhood. They sometimes come to the top of the burrow, when left by the tide, and pro- ject an inch or two of the end of the shell above the surface of the sand ; at such times, if cautiously approached, many can easily be secured by pulling them out with a sudden jerk, but if the sand be jarred the whole colony will usually take the alarm and instantly disappear. When thus warned it is generally useless to attempt to dig them out, for they quickly descend beyond the reach of the spade. They will often hold themselves so firmly in their holes by means of the expanded end of the long mus- cular foot, that the body may be drawn entirely out of the shell before they will let go. When not visible at the orifice they can often be se- cured by cutting off their retreat with a sudden oblique thrust of the spade below them. They are obliged to come up to the upper part of the burrow on account of the shortness of their siphons, or breathing- [357] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 63 tubes, which can be protruded only about an inch in specimens of the ordinary size, and as they depend upon one of these to bring them both food and oxygen, and on the other (dorsal) one to carry off the waste water and excretions, it is essential for their happiness that the orifices of these tubes should be at or near the opening of the burrow most of the time. In this respect the common “long clam,” Mya arenaria, (fig. 179,) and many others that have very long and extensile tubes have a ereat advantage. But the “razor-shell” makes up for this disadvan- tage by its much greater activity. Its foot, or locomotive organ, (see fig. 182,) is long and very muscular and projects directly forward from the anterior end of the shell; at the end it is obliquely beveled and pointed, and it is capable of being expanded at the end into a large bulb, or even into a broad disk, when it wishes to hold itself firmly and se- curely in its burrow. In excavating its burrows it contracts the end of the foot to a point and then thrusts it beneath the surface of the sand ; then, by forcing water into the terminal portion, it expands it into a swollen, bulbous form, and thus crowds the sand aside and enlarges the burrow ; then, by using the bulb as a hold-fast, the shell can be drawn forward by the contraction of the foot; the latter is then contracted into a pointed form and the same operations arerepeated. The burrow thus started soon becomes deep enough so that the shell will maintain an up- right position, when the work becomes much easier and the burrow rapidly increases in depth. The “ razor-shell,” like all other bivalves, depends upon the minute infusoria and other organic particles, animal and vegetable, brought in by the current of water that supplies the gills with oxygen. It is preyed upon by several fishes that seem to be able to root it out of the sand, or perhaps seize it when at the surface. In this region its principal enemies are the tautog and skates. The latter appear to eat only the foot, for in their stomachs there are sometimes many specimens of this organ, but no shells or other parts. The common “long clam,” Mya arenaria, (p. 309, Plate X XVI, fig. 179,) is also found on sandy shores from low-water nearly up to high- water mark, but it prefers localities where there is more or less gravel or mud with the sand, so as to render it compact, and it has a decided preference for sheltered localities, and especially abounds on the shores of estuaries where there is a mixture of sand, mud, and gravel. It will, therefore, be more particularly mentioned among the estuary species. Yet it is often found even on the outer ocean-beaches, in favorable lo- calities, but not in the loose sands. It lives in permanent burrows, and on account of its extremely long siphon-tubes, which can be stretched out to the length of a foot or more, it is always buried at a considerable depth beneath the sand. The specimens of this shell that live on the outer sandy beaches are much thinner, whiter, and more regular in form than those found in the estuaries ; they are often quite delicate in text- ure, and covered, even when full grown, with a thin, yellowish epidermis, and look so unlike the homely, rough, and mud-colored specimens usually 64 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [358] sold in the markets, that they might readily be mistaken for another species. The “ sea-clam” or “surf-clam,” Mactra solidissima, (Plate XX VIII, fig. 202,)is a large species which belongs properly to the sandy shores, and is seldom found elsewhere. It is common both in the sounds and on the outer ocean-beaches, but is not very often found above low-water of or- dinary tides unless thrown up by the waves. Its proper home is on sandy bottoms in shallow water, just beyond low-water mark and down to the depth of four or five fathoms. It occurs all along our coast, wherever there are sandy shores, from North Carolina to Labrador. Its shells are extremely abundant and of very large size on the outer sand- beaches of New Jersey and the southern side of Long Island. This species grows very large, some of the shells being more than six inches long and four or five broad; and there is great variation in the form of the shell, some being oval, others more oblong or elliptical, and others nearly triangular; some are very swollen, others quite compressed ; but all the intermediate grades occur. The siphon-tubes are quite short and the creature does not usually burrow very deeply, nor does it seem to construct any permanent burrows. But it has a very large muscular, compressed foot, with which it can quickly burrow beneath the surface of the sand. Nevertheless large numbers are always thrown on the beaches by violent storms, and once there they are very soon devoured by crows, gulls, and other large birds that frequent the shores. This species is not very largely used as food, and is seldom seen in our mar- kets; partly because it cannot usually be so easily obtained in large quantities as the common “ long clam” and “round clam,” and partly because it is generally inferior to those species as an article of food, for the meat is usually tougher, especially in the largest specimens. But moderate-sized and young “ surf-clams” are by no means ill-flavored or tough, and are quite equal in quality to any of the other clams, either “long” or “round,” that are ordinarily sold in the markets. The Siliqua costata, (Plate XXXII, fig. 244,) Lyonsia hyalina, (Plate XXVII, fig. 194,) and Levicardium Mortoni, (Plate X XIX, fig. 208,) are usually to be found on sandy shores and beaches, often in considerable numbers, but they do not naturally live above low-water mark, and, when found higher up, have probably been carried there by the action of the waves. Their proper homes are on sandy bottoms, in shallow water oif shore. They are all rapidly burrowing species, and can live, for a time at least, in the loose sand above low-water mark. The Angulus tener (Plate X XVI, fig. 180, animal, and Plate XXX, fig. 225, shell) is a species that is partial to sandy bottoms and sandy shores, though it is also often found in soft mud. It frequently occurs living at low-water mark, but is more abundant in deeper water. It is a rapid burrower, and has remarkably long, slender, white siphons, which are entirely separate, from the base, and very flexible. On account of the length of these tubes it can remain buried to a considerable [359] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 65 depth beneath the surface of the sand, merely projecting the tubes up- ward to the surface. Itis, nevertheless, like other bivalves, often rooted out of its burrows and devoured by many fishes, especially, in this re- gion, by the “secup” and flounders. This species is found all along the coast, from the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to South Carolina. The Macoma fusca (Plate XXX, fig. 222) is a related species, also furnished with similar, very long, slender, separate tubes, and is, therefore, able to live deeply buried beneath the surface. This syecies is much more abundant than the preceding, between tides, but it most abounds on shores that are more or less muddy, and in estuaries. But when living on the sandy shores, and where the water is pure, it becomes much smoother and more delicate, and is often of a beautiful pink-color and much larger than the specimen figured. When living in the muddy estuaries it generally has a rough or eroded surface, more or less irregular form, and a dull white or muddy color, often stained with black, resembling in color the Mya arenaria, with which it is sometimes associated. It is dug up and eaten by the tautog and other fishes. The pretty little Tottenia gemma (Plate XXX, fig. 220) is a species peculiar to sandy shores, both above and below low-water mark; and it often occurs in immense numbers on the sandy flats laid bare by the tides, buried just beneath the surface of the sand. Owing to its small Size if is, however, liable to be overlooked, unless particularly sought for. It is an active species and burrows quickly. It is peculiar in be- ing viviparous, as was first observed by Mr. G. H. Perkins, who found, in January, from thirty to thirty-six, well-formed young shells, of nearly uniform size, in each of the old ones. This shell has a lustrous, con- centrically grooved surface ; the color is yellowish white or rosy, with the beaks and posterior end usually purple or amethyst-color. It oceurs all along the coast from Labrador to South Carolina. The common ‘round clam” or “ quahog-clam,” Venus mercenaria, (Plate X XVI, fig. 184, animal,) is also common on sandy shores, living chiefly on the sandy and muddy flats, just beyond low-water mark, but is often found on the portion laid bare at low-water of spring-tides. It also inhabits the estuaries, where it most abounds. It burrows a short distance be- low the surface, but is often found crawling at the surface, with the shell partly exposed. It has short siphon-tubes, united from the base to near the ends, and a large, muscular foot, with a broad, thin edge, by means of which it can easily burrow beneath the sand when necessary, The lobes of the mantle are separate all around the front and ventral edge of the shell, and their edges are thin, white, and folded into deli- cate frills, some of which, near the siphon-tubes, are elongated and more prominent. Owing to the broad opening in the mantle, the foot can be protruded from any part of the ventral side, and has an ex- tensive sweep, forward and backward. The foot and mantle edges are white; the tubes are yellowish or brownish orange toward the end, 66 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [360] more or less mottled and streaked with dark brown, and sometimes with opaque white. This species is taken in large quantities for food, and may almost al- ways be seen of various sizes in our markets. The small or moderate- sized ones are generally preferred to the full-grown clams. Most of those sold come from the muddy estuaries, in shallow water, and are fished up chiefly by means of long tongs and rakes, such as are often used for obtaining oysters. Sometimes they are dredged, and occasionally they can be obtained by hand at or just below low-water mark. These estuary specimens usually have rough, thick, dull-white, or mud-stained shells, but those from the sandy shores outside have thinner and more delicate shells, often with high, thin ribs, especially when young; and in some varieties the shell is handsomely marked with angular or zig- zag lines or streaks of red or brown, (var. notata.) These varieties often appear so different from the ordinary estuary shells that many writers have described them as distinct species, but intermediate styles also occur. This species is very abundant along the coast from Cape Cod to Florida; north of Cape Cod it is comparatively rare and local- It does not occur on the coast of Maine or in the Bay of Fundy, except in a few special localities, in small, sheltered bays, where the water is shallow and warm, as at Quahog Bay, near Portland; but in the south- ern parts of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, as about Prince Edward’s Island and the opposite coast of Nova Scotia, where the water is shal- low and much warmer than on the coast of Maine, this species again occurs in some abundance, associated, in the same waters, with the oyster and many other southern species that are also absent from the northern coasts of New England, and constituting a genuine southern colony, surrounded on all sides, both north and south, by the boreal fauna. The curious and delicate shell called Solenomya velum (Plate X XIX, fig. 210) is occasionally found burrowing in the pure, fine, siliceous sand near low-water mark, about two inches below the surface, but its proper home is in shallow water, beyond low-water mark, and it is, perhaps most abundant where there is mud mixed with sand, and it also lives in soft mud. Its shell is glossy and of a beautiful brown color, and is very thin, flexible, and almost parchment-like in texture, especially at the edges. It is a very active species, and has a very curious foot, which is protruded from the front end of the shell, and can be used in burrowing, very much asthe “ razor-shell,” described above, uses its foot; but the Solenomya makes use of its foot in another way, for it can swim quite rapidly through the water, leaving the bottom entirely, by means of the same organ. The foot can be expanded into a concave disk or umbrella-like form at the end, and, by suddenly protruding the foot and expanding it at the same time, a backward motion is obtained by the reaction against the water; or, by suddenly withdrawing the foot and allowing it to remain expanded during most of the stroke, a for- [361] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 67 ward motion is obtained. It is a singular sight to see this shell swim swiftly many times avound a vessel of water, at the surface, until, finally, becoming exhausted by its violent exertions, it sinks to the bottom for rest. The common “scollop,” Pecten irradians, (Plate XXXII, fig. 243,) is also frequently found living on sandy shores and flats, or in the pools, but it belongs more properly to the sheltered waters of the ponds and estuaries, where it lives among the eel-grass. It will, therefore, be mentioned again in that connection. The “common muscle,” Mytilus edulis, (p. 307,) is frequently found in large patches on sandy flats, fastened together by the threads of byssus. Some of the most beautifully colored varieties, (fig. 254,) with radiating bands of blue and yellow, are often found in such places, but the species is much more abundant and larger in other sitnations, especially in the shallow and sheltered waters of the bays, where there is more or less mud. Ascidians are almost entirely wanting on the sandy shores, but Jol- gula Manhattensis (p. 311, Plate X XXIII, fig. 250) is sometimes found even on sandy shores, attached to eel-grass. Of Bryozoa only two species are usually met with, and even these do not have their true stations on the sandy shores. The delicate and gracefully branched Bugula turrita (p. 311, Plate XXXIV, figs. 258, 259) is occasionally found growing attached to the eel-grass, which often grows in the sandy tide-pools, or at extreme low-water. It also oceurs in great abundance among the masses of sea-weeds thrown up by the waves on the sandy beaches. Such specimens are often large and luxuriant, in some cases being more than a foot in length ; these are derived from the bottom in deeper water, off shore. The Escharella variabilis (p. 312, Plate X X_XITI, fig. 256) is often found encrusting dead shells of various kinds, especially such as are inhbab- ited by the larger “‘hermit-crabs.” It is also cast up in abundance, on some beaches, from deeper water. The Radiates are not numerous on sandy shores, yet several interest- ing species may be found. Among the Echinoderms we find four species of holothurians, one sea-urchin, one star-fish, and one ophiuran., The most common holothurian is the Leptosynapta Girardii, (Plate XXXV, figs. 265, 266.) This is along, slender, very delicate and fragile species, which burrows deeply in the sand or gravel near low-water mark. The holes are round and go down almost perpendicularly ; they are usually not more than a quarter of an inch in diameter. The creature is not quick in its motions, and can usually be found in the upper part of its burrow when the tide is out. The skin is thin and quite translucent, so that the white muscular bands that run lengthwise of the body, on the inside, can be easily seen, as well as the large intes- tine, which is always quite full of sand and gives a dark appearance to the body. The tentacles are almost always in motion, and are used in 68 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [362] burrowing as well as for other purposes. The skin is filled with minute perforated oval plates, to each of which there is attached, by the shank, a beautiful little anchor, (fig. 266,) quite invisible to the naked eye. The flukes of these anchors project from the skin and give it a rough feeling when touched; they afford the means of adhesion to various foreign substances, having a rough surface, and are doubtless useful to them when going up and down in the burrows. When kept in confine- ment this species will generally soon commence to constrict its body, at various points, by powerful muscular contractions, which often go so far as to break the body in two, and after a few hours there will usually be nothing left but a mass of fragments. Another related species, L. roseola V., also occurs in similar places and has nearly the same habits, but this species is of a light rosy color, caused by numerous minute round or oval specks of light red pigment scattered through the skin. The anchors are similar but much more slender, with the shank much longer in proportion. The perforated plates.are also much smaller in proportion to the length of the anchors. The Caudina arenata is much more rare in this region. It lives at extreme low-water mark, or just below, buried in the sand. Its skin is thicker and firmer than that of the preceding species, and its body is shorter and stouter, while the posterior part narrows to a long slender eaudal portion. Its skin isfilled with immense numbers of small, round, wheel-like plates, with an uneven or undulated border, perforated near the rim with ten to twelve roundish openings, and usually having four quadrant-shaped openings in the middle; or they may be regarded as having a large round epening in the middle, divided by cross-bars into four parts. This species appears to be rare in this region, and was ‘met with only by Professor H. E. Webster, at Wood’s Hole, but it is quite abundant in some parts of Massachusetts Bay, as at Chelsea Beach and some of the islands in Boston Harbor. These and all other holothurians are devoured by fishes. The Thyone Briareus is a large purple species, often four or five inches long and one inch or more in diameter. It is thickly covered over its whole surface with prominent papilla, by which it may easily be distin- guished from any other found in this region. It is more common in the shallow waters off shore, on shelly bottoms. The “sand-dollar,” Echinarachnius parma, (Plate XX XV, fig. 267,) is the only sea-urchin that is commonly met with on sandy shores in this region, and this is not often found living on the shore, except at extreme low water of spring-tides, when it may sometimes be found on flats or bars of fine siliceous sand in great numbers, buried just beneath the surface, or even partially exposed. It creeps along beneath the sand with a slow gliding motion, by means of the myriads of minute extensile suckers with which it is furnished. It is far more abundant on sandy bottoms at various depths off shore. Ithas a very wide range, for it is found all the way from New Jersey to Labrador, and also on [363] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 69 the North Pacific eoast ; and in depth it ranges from low-water mark to 430 fathoms, off Saint George’s Bank, where it was dredged by Messrs. Smith and Harger. When living its color is usually a rich purplish brown, but it soon turns green when taken from the water. It gives a dark green or blackish color to alcohol, which stains very injuriously any other specimens put in with it. The fishermen on the coast of Maine and New Bruiswick sometimes prepare an indelible marking-ink from these “sand-dollars,” by rubbing off the spines and skin and, after pulverizing, making the mass into a thin paste with water. 315 C. borealis ....... bs eer B00 | AMMLONOE, SP o<\on. ee oh eo 415 Panopeus depressus .....--- 395 | Amphithoé maculata ..-.... 515 26130) er etd ae oso’ Gs oop. | Ace loOngimana,. 265 sen os 370 PBA THUG = - , 409 Cliona sulphurea........-- 409 | Chalina, slender species.... 409 PRADA: -) joc.2 eh ee 409 | Several other sponges... . - 409 Sponge, red species.-....-- 409 Foraminifera. Numerous, species: s-. ioe tates: See ad oasee cee ee 421 6. FAUNA OF THE GRAVELLY AND SHELLY BOTTOMS OF THE BAYS AND SOUNDS. Bottoms composed of gravel or pebbles, often with small stones, and generally witha considerable proportion of dead and usually broken shells, were of frequent occurence in Vineyard Sound, and a few such localities were found in Buzzard’s Bay. Similar bottoms of small extent have also been examined in Long Island Sound, near New Haven. These bottoms are generally the most productive and agreeable for the dredger, for they are the favorite abodes of large numbers of animals of all classes, and the conteuts of the dredge are often so clean that they require little if any washing in the sieves. They vary much, however, in character, some of them consisting mostly of gravel, with pebbles and perhaps small scattered boulders; others consist largely of broken shells, especially those of Mactra solidissima and Crepidula Jornicata, mixed with more or less gravel, sand, and mud. Others are so completely overgrown with the various large compound asci- dians described above, that they might well be called ‘ascidian bottoms.” In many places, however, there are patches of mud or sand, scattered here and there over a bottom which is mostly of gravel and shells, so that the dredge will often bring up more or less mud or sand, with some of the animals peculiar to such patches, mixed with those peculiar to the gravelly bottoms, thus augmenting the number and variety of animals. In other cases more or less mud and sand may be mixed with the gravel throughout, or the bottom may be in process of changing from mud or sand to gravel, or the contrary, owing to frequent changes in the directions of the currents, produced chiefly by the action of storms upon the shoals and bars of sand. Hence it is often difficult to [413] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 119 distinguish with certainty the animals properly inhabiting the gravelly and shelly bottoms trom those that pertain to the muddy and sandy bottoms, but for our present purposes it is not necessary to make a very sharp distinction between the different lists, for many species are com- mon to all, and the areas of the different kinds of bottom are generally small in this region, and evidently may change their character from time to time. After a single storm the character of the bottom, in some localities, was found to be greatly altered over wide areas, sometimes several miles in extent, at depths of two to ten fathoms, and the animal life at the bot- tom was always found to have changed very quickly, when the physical character of the bottom had been modified. The most frequent cause of change was the accumulation of immense quantities of dead sea- weeds and eel-grass over bottoms that, a few days before, had been per- fectly free from it. Such accumulations must either kill the majority of the animals inhabiting gravelly, sandy, or rocky bottoms, or else cause them to migrate. In all probability the majority of them perish, at such times, beneath the accumulations. In other cases one or two storms sufficed to change gravelly and shelly bottoms to sandy ones, causing, undoubtedly, great destruction of life and a great change in its character over particular areas. These changes in the character of the deposits accumulating on the bottom, attended with extermination of life and changes in its character in particular localities, illustrate on a small scale similar phenomena that have constantly occurred on a grander scale in the history of the past life of the globe, during all the geological ages, from the first commencement of life. Practically it was found quite difficult to find, in this region, large areas of gravelly and shelly bottoms, without some admixture with mud or sand, and it very seldom happened that a continuous series of dredgings could be made on such bottoms without encountering patches of mud and sand. Therefore the accompanying list of species undoubtedly contains many that belong rather to muddy or sandy bottoms than to those now under discussion, for species have not been excluded unless well known, from many observations, to be peculiar, or nearly so, to mud or sand and rarely met with on true hard bottoms. The following are the principal localities where this kind of bottom was explored in Vineyard Sound and vicinity, but those belonging to the outside cold area are not included : First. An extensive area extending from off Nobska Point eastward, nearly parallel with the shore, with some interruptions of sandy bot- tom, as far as Suconesset Shoal, mostly in three to eight fathoms of water; on this bottom were the dredgings of line 6, a, b, c, d,e, f; 21, a3b, °C, d; 22, a, 0, 6, a; 23, a, b, ¢, f; 20, 6, ¢, a; 26, a,b,c, d,e; 34, a, 5 ¢, d, e, f} 85; @, 0, Ct, e. Second. Another similar region nearly parallel with the southeastern shores of Naushon and Nonamesset Island and extending out into mid 120) REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [414] channel; dredgings on line 5, a, 6; 7, b,c, d; 8, ¢, d,e,f,g; 42, a, b; 43, a, b, c, d, e, were made on the shallower portion of this ground, mostly in three to eight fathoms; 38, a, b, ce; 39, a,b; 40, a, b, e¢, da; 41,b; 44, a, b, c, d,e; 46, e, were made in the deeper parts of the chan- nel, in eight to fifteen fathoms. Third. Several areas, in the deeper waters of the sound, north and northeast of Holme’s Hole, and doubtless continuous with the last area ; dredgings, at line 28, a, b, ¢, d,e,f; 29, a,b, c; 31, a, b, ed, e 3 325 a, b,¢ 3 33, a, b, ce, d, were made on these bottoms. Fourth. A narrow strip of clean gravelly bottom, swept by the strong «urrents passing around West Chop, and situated between the “* Middle Ground” Shoals and Martha’s Vineyard, and extending around to Kast Chop, with an interruption of rocky bottom just opposite West Chop ; dredgings on line 37, a, b, ¢, d, g, h; 47, a, and 48, a, b, c, d, were made on this area. Fifth. In the channel, at the entrance to Great Harbor, off Nonamesset Island, and partially extending into the harbor, there is more or less gravelly and shelly bottom, frequently alternating with rocks and often composed chiefly of dead shells, (mainly Crepidula fornicata.) This place is swept by the powerful tidal currents running through Wood’s Hole Passage; dredgings at line 3, d,e; 5, e,f,g; 13, a, b; 18, a, b, ¢, d; 19,a; 20,a,b,and many others not indicated on the chart, were made here. Sixth. Another area at the other end of Wood’s Hole Passage, north of Hadley Harbor, and extending out into Buzzard’s Bay a short dis- tance; some parts of this region had a smooth hard bettom of fine gravel and sand, or coarse sand; in other places it was more or less stony; dredgings on line 10, e, f; 11, a, b, ¢, d,e,g; 12, b,c; 70, a, b,c, d; T1,a, b, were on these gravelly bottoms. Seventh. A shallow region off Cataumet Harbor, in Buzzard’s Bay ; the bottom here was hard gravel and shells, much overgrown with alge ; dredgings at line 65, a, b, and others not indicated, were made here. Eighth. At Quick’s Hole, in the channel between Nashawena and Pasque Islands, good gravelly bottom was found; diedgings at line 15, a,b; 76, a,b, ¢; 77, ¢, d, e,f, were on this area. Similar bottoms of small extent were also met with in other places. There are also gravelly bottoms in the southwestern part of Vineyard Sound, near its mouth, as off Menemsha, but as these are inhabited by the more northern species of animals, they will be grouped with those of the outside waters. The animals of gravelly and shelly bottoms may be burrowing or tube- dwelling species, like many annelids, amphipods, bivalve-shells, &c.; they may be species that adhere directly to the shells and pebbles, like cer- tain hydroids, bryozoa, bivalve-shells, and the numerous ascidians; the latter are quite as numerous here as upon the rocky bottoms, and for the most part of the same species; they may be species that hide among [415] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 121 the shells and pebbles or between the ascidians, &e., like many of the larger annelids, some of the crabs, and other crustacea, &c.; they may be species that live among or attached to the hydroids, bryozoa, aseid- ians, and alge which grow upon the shells and pebbles ; such are many ef the small crustacea, some annelids, many small gastropod shells, and most of the more delicate bryozoa and hydroids ; or they may be larger kinds that creep or swim about over the bottom, in search of food, such as the lobster, the larger crabs, hermit-crabs, large gastropod mollusks, star-fishes, sea-urchins, holothurians, &c. Owing to the great abundance of animal life on bottoms of this character they are the favorite feeding - grounds of many kinds of fishes, such as the tautog, seup, black bass, haddock, and cod, together with many others that are less valua- ble. Most of the “banks” and “fishing-grounds” resorted to by the line fishermen have either gravelly and shelly or else rocky bottoms, and those banks most frequented by fishes are almost always found to be rich dredging-grounds. The gravelly banks in this region are, in winter and spring, fishing-grounds for cod and haddock, but these fishes retreat to colder waters in the summer. Among the Crustacea the most abundant and important species are the lobster, Homarus Americanus, (p. 395,) the common shrimp, Oran- gon vulgaris, (p. 339, Plate ILI, fig. 10,) the common rock-erab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 312,) Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312,) P. depressus, (p. 312, Plate I, fig. 3,) the larger hermit-crab, Hupagurus pollicaris, (p. 313,) the smaller hermit-crab, H. longicarpus (p. 313,) the Heteromysis formosa, (p. 396,) Mysis Americana, (p. 396,) Unicola irrorata, (p. 340, Plate 1V fig. 19,) Amphithoé maculata, (p. 315, Plate LV. fig. 16,) Corophium cyl- indricum, (p. 370,) which lives among the hydroids, and a species of Autonoé, which lives in the crevices among the lobes of the sandy ascidians (Amarecium pellucidum) in large numbers. The barnacle, Bal. anus crenatus, (p. 396,) is very abundant. One of the most interesting of the Crustacea met with was the Het- erocrypta granulata, which occurred off Falmouth and near Suconesset light-ship. This is one of the triangular crabs in which the carapax is smooth ; the chelipeds are long and triangular. It is a southern species, occurring on the Florida coast, and is new to our fauna. Another triangular crab, the Pelia mutica, also occurs On these bot- toms, but this has a rough carapax, and resembles a small specimen of the common spider-crabs, Libinia. Clinging to and creeping over the hydroids and ascidians a singulai long-legged Pycnogonid is often met with on shelly bottoms. This is the Phoxichilidium mavillare, (Plate VII, fig. 35.) It is most frequently deep purple in color, but gray and brown specimens are often met with. The larvee of a fly, Chironomus halophilus, was dredged in five fathoms. The Annelids are quite numerous, and the majority of them are the same as those found on the rocky bottoms, for the same species inhabit the interstices of the massive ascidians, found equally on both kinds of {22 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [416] bottom, and the same tube-dwelling species can attach themselves to stones and shells just as well as torocks. Most of the additional species are burrowing kinds, and some of them probably inhabited patches of mud or sand. Among the more interesting species are Nephthys bucera, (Plate XII, fig. 585) Anthostoma acutum V.,a new species ; Scolecolepis cirrata, new to the American coast; Scalibregma brevicauda V., a very interesting new species; Cirratulus tenuis V., a new species ; Ampha- rete setosa V., also a new species ; Serpula dianthus V., (p. 322.) Several rare or undescribed species were also met with that have not yet been fully identified. Among these were a peculiar species of Nereis; a large Anthostoma ; a young Polydora ; an apparently undescribed species of Samytha ; a species of Huchone, perhaps identical with FE. elegans V.; the calcareous tubes of a small worm, perhaps a Vermilia, which have two carina on the upper side. Two species of Sipunculoids occurred, one of which is probate un- described. The other is the aieetelosom' ceementarium, (Plate XVIII, fig. 92,) a species very common on all the northern coasts of New Eng- land in deep water. This worm takes possession of a dead shell of some small Gastropod, like the hermit-crabs, but as the aperture is always too large for the passage of its body, it fills up the space around it with a very hard and durable cement, composed of mud and sand united to- gether by a secretion from the animal, leaving only a small, round open- ing, through which the worm can extend the anterior part of its body to the distance of one or two inches, and into which it can entirely with- draw at will. Itthus lives permanently in its borrowed shell, dragging it about wherever it wishes to go, by the powerful contractions of its body, which can be extended in all directions and is very changeable in form. When fully extended the forward or retractile part is long and slender, and furnished close to the end with a circle of small, slender tentacles, which surround the mouth; there is a band of minute spinules just back of the tentacles; the anal orifice is at the base of the retractile part; the region posterior to this has a firmer and more granulous skin, and is furnished toward the posterior end with a broad band of seat- tered, blackish, acute, recurved spinules, more or less triangular in form, which evidently aid it in retaining its position in the shell. As it grows too large for its habitation, instead of changing it for a larger shell, as the hermit-crabs do, it gradually extends its tube outward be- yond the aperture by adding new materials to it. Some of the fishes often suddenly cut short this labor by swallowing the worm, shell and all. In July the common squids, Loligo Pealii, (Plate XX, figs. 102-105,) were taken in considerable numbers by means of the trawl, on gravelly and Shelly bottoms off Falmouth, and with them large quantities of the eggs contained in large bunches or groups of long, gelatinous capsules. They were apparently spawning at that time. Although the Gastropod mollusks are seldom very numerous at any particular spot on these bottoms, yet a pretty large number of species [417] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 123 occur, and they are quite generally diffused. Many of them have already been enumerated as occurring on rocky bottoms. The Fulgur cariea, (p. 355, Plate XX, fig. 124,) and the Sycotypus canaliculatus, (p. 355,) are found chiefly on these bottoms, and are often very abundant. Over a barrel of living specimens were obtained on a single excursion. The Lunatia heros, (p.354, Plate XXIII, figs. 133-136,) though generally found on the sandy bottoms, also occurred in great numbers and of very large size on some of the gravelly bottoms. The pretty little Natica pusilla (Plate XXIII, fig. 152) is often common on these bottoms ; it is usually delicately painted with brown. The Crepidula fornicata (p. 355, Plate X_XITT, figs. 129, 129a) was one of the most abundant species, often occurring adhering to each other in great clusters, the lowest ones in the group adhering in turn to dead bivalve shells, pebbles, shells of living Fulgur and Sycotypus, and still more frequently to these shells when dead and occupied by the larger hermit-crabs, (Hupagurus pollicaris.) The dead shells of this Crepidula were often found in great accumulations, covering considerable areas of bottom, and with but little admixture, either with other shells or with sand and gravel. The Crepidula unguiformis, (p. 355, Plate XXIII, fig. 127,) though very common, did not occurin such great quantities. Crucibulum striatum (p. 399, Plate XXIII, figs. 125, 126) is also common, adhering to vari- ous dead shells. The Vermetus radicula (Plate XXIV, fig. 157) is a very curious shell, looking, when full grown, very much like the tube of an Annelid, such as Serpula or Protula, but the inhabitant is a genuine Gastropod, and has a thin, spiral, horny operculum, for closing the aperture when it withdraws. When young this shell often forms a very regular, closely coiled, spiral shell, looking like that of a Turritella, and sometimes does not become irregular until the spire is more than an inch long, but sooner or later it goes off on a tangent and becomes irregular and crooked. Sometimes several af these shells interlock irregularly and thus form large clusters. The curious and minute Cacum pulchellum (Plate XXIV, fig. 158) is occasionally met with in considerable numbers, though very liable to be overlooked owing to its very small size. Cacum costatum V.is of less frequent occurrence, and easily distinguished by the prominent ridges or ribs that run lengthwise of the shell. Wherever algve oecur in abundance on these bottoms, the Bittiwm nigrum (p. 305, XXTV, fig. 154) is found in immense numbers, and it is generally associated with Lacuna vincta (p. 305, Plate XXIV, fig. 139) and with a few specimens of Triforis nigrocinctus, (p. 305, Piate XXIV, fig. 152,) Cerithiopsis Greenii, (Plate XXIV, fig. 153,) Astyris lunata, (Plate XXI, fig. 110,) Anachis avara, (Plate XXI, fig. 109,) &c. On the shelly bottoms Cerithiopsis terebralis and C. Emersonii ofter occur, but they arenotusually common. Onsimilar bottoms, sometimes adhering to 10 Vv 124 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [418] Pecten and other shells, we cften met with the various species of Odos- tomia, among which O. seminuda (Plate XXIV, fig. 148,) was much the most common; but O. producta, (Plate XXIV, fig. 143,) O. impressa, (Plate XXIV, fig. 147,) and O. trifida, (Plate XXIV, fig. 145,) occurred in shallow water; and also Turbonilla elegans, (Plate XXIV, fig. 155,) whichis avery handsome, glossy, brown shell; and 7. interrupta, which is a similar shell, but more slender, with less convex whorls. The Hulima oleacea (Plate XXIV, fig. 149) is a very elegant, white, polished, and shining shell, and generally rare, but in two instances we found several of them adhering to the skin of the large Holothurian, Thyone Briareus, upon which it seemed to live as a quasi parasite or “‘ commensal.” On shelly and muddy bottoms we occasionally found Scalaria lineata, (Plate XXI, fig. 123,) and S. multistriata, (Plate X XI, fig. 122,) both of which are rare and elegant shells. The Pleurotoma bicarinatum (Plate XXI, fig. 106) occurred rarely. The bivalve shells are also quite numerous on these bottoms. Among them the Mactra solidissima (p. 358, Plate XXVIII, fig. 203) is most conspicuous on account of its great size and frequent occurrence ; its dead shells were often very abundantly scattered over the bottom, and were generally incrusted with numerous bryozoa and hydroids. The Gouldia mactracea (Plate X XIX, figs. 206, 207) was quite common in many localities in a living state, while the dead shells were generally diffused. Among the other species that are common or abundant are Scapharca transversa, (Plate XXX, fig. 228,) Clidiophora trilineata, (Plate XX VII, fig. 193,) Nucula proxima, (Plate XXX, fig. 230,) Mytilus edulis, (Plate XXXI, fig. 234,) Modiola modiolus, (Plate XX XI, fig. 237,) Crenella glandula, (Plate XX XI, fig. 233,) Pecten irradians, (Plate XXXII, fig. 243,) Anomia glabra, (Plate XXXII, figs. 241, 242.) The Modiolaria nigra (Plate XX XI, fig. 236) occurred only in few localities in the deep water of the middle of the Sound, associated with the common muscle. The Cumingia tellinoides (Plate XXX, fig. 221) was found living occa- sionally, but its dead shells were quite common. Whe same is true of Corbula contracta, (Plate XX VII, fig. 191,) which was perhaps a little more commonly found living than the last. The Cyclas dentata (Plate X XIX) fig. 211,) is a handsomely sculptured, pure white shell, which we met with only a few times in the living state, though dead valves often oc- eurred. The same remarks will apply to Coclodesma Leanuwm, (Plate XXVII, fig. 198,) of which the shells were much more common. The Kellia planulata (p. 310,) and Montacuta elevata also occasionally occur on shelly bottoms, but were seldom obtained alive. The Cyclocardia borealis (Plate X XIX, fig. 216) and C. Novanglie (Plate X XIX, fig. 215) were quite common in the deeper waters. The Gastranella tumida V., (Plate X XVII, fig. 190) is a sinall and rare shell, recently discovered, and has, as yet, been found only on a shelly bottom among hydroids, near New Haven, in 4 or 5 fathoms. The Angulus modestatus V. (Plate XXX, fig. 224) is a species recently [419] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 125 deseribed from specimens dredged by usin Vineyard Sound. It is often handsomely banded with light red and pale yellow. It is still a rare species, but has been dredged also near New Haven. The Ascidians, with the exception of one or two additional species seldom met with, are the same as those of the rocky bottoms, and they often occur in immense quantities, especially the massive sandy ones, Amarecium pellucidum, (p. 401,) and the “ sea-pork,” A. stellatum, (p. 402,) which together often almost entirely cover the bottom over areas many acres in extent. They furnish excellent hiding-places in the open- ings and crevices between their lobes for numerous Crustacea and Anne- lids, many of which can be easily secured by putting the masses of these ascidians into buckets of water and leaving them until the water begins to get stale, when they will come out of their retreats in large numbers and seek the surface or edges of the water for oxygen. Or they may be pulled apart directly and the various creatures secured at once, ” The Molgula arenata (Plate XX XIII, fig. 251) is a nearly globular, but often somewhat flattened species, which covers itself over with closely adherent grains of sand or gravel. It is most common on sandy bottoms but is found also on gravelly ones. _ The Ciona tenella is an elongated, erect species, attached at base to rocks, dead shells, &c. It isremarkable for the transparency, whiteness, and softness of its integument, and for the bright orange ocelli around its orifices. It is rare in this region, but very common in the Bay of Fundy.. The Bryozoa are very abundant, especially on the shelly bottoms. Some of them grow on alg, hydroids, ascidians, &c.; and many form inecrustations on the dead shells and pebbles. The two most abundant and prominent species are Bugula turrita (p. 311, Plate XXXIV, figs. 258, 259) and Escharella variabilis, (p. 312, Plate XX XIII, fig. 256.) The former grows attached to the various sea-weeds in great quantities, forming delicate white plumes, often six inches to a foot in length. The latter mostly forms calcareous incrustations over the sur- faces of dead shells and pebbles, thin at first, but eventually becoming thickened by the formation of layer over layer, until the crust may be- come half an inch to an inch in thickness, with a tabulated and vesicu- lar structure in the interior. The masses thus formed often closely resemble genuine corals, especially some of the ancient fossil forms, and they often occur in great quantities. When living the color is dull red, but when recently dried they have a yellowish-green color, which easily bleaches out, however, by exposure to the sun and air. Vesicu- laria dichotoma, (p.404,) Alcyonidium ramosum, (p. 404, Plate XXXIV, fig. 257,) and Crisia eburnea (p. 311, Plate XXXIV, figs. 260,261) are usually abundant. Most of the remaining species have also been men- tioned in the previous pages as inhabitants of rocky bottoms, or else among the shore species. Among the species not previously mentioned are Cellepora scabra, 126 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [420] which forms branching, coral-like masses on the slender red alge; a species of Lepralia, found with the last, and also on shells, which is allied to L. Pallasiana of Europe; Mollia hyalina, which forms circular disks, with irregular, more or less oblique cells; and Membranipora tenuis, which is common on the pebbles, often covering their whole surface with a delicate lace-like incrustation, made up of very small, crowded, oval or oblong cells, which have the inner part of the front partly closed over, but with an irregular, mostly three-lobed aperture toward the outer end which is bordered by small, irregular spinules. The Vesicularia fusca was also found in a few instances, in deep water. It had not been previously known on the American coast. Good speci- mens of the Caberea Ellisit were also dredged in the deeper parts of Vine- yard Sound, attached to ascidians. | Of Echinoderms the number of species is not large. The common green Star-fish, Asterias arenicola (Plate XX XV, fig. 269) is very com- mon; the Cribrella sanguinolenta, (p. 407,) is comparatively rare; and the green sea-urchin, S. Drdbachiensis, (p. 406,) is quite infrequent. The purple sea-urchin, Arbacia punctulata, (p. 326,) is, however, quite common in many localities. The largest and finest specimens were taken off Holmes’ Hole, but it was quite abundant, though of moder- ate size, in Great Harbor and Wood’s Hole passage. The Thyone Bria- reus (p. 362) is not uncommon in shallow water, especially among weeds; it has already been mentioned, (p. 418,) as carrying Hulima oleacea attached to its skin. Another Holothurian, the Pentamera pulchella, seems to be quite com- mon, judging by the numerous specimens thrown on Nobska beach by the storms, and preserved for us by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards, during the past winter, but it was dredged only in one locality, off Holmes’ Hole, by Messrs. T. M. Prudden and T. H. Russell. It is a southern species, not previously known north of the Carolina coasts. It is easily distin- guished from the preceding species by its Jight color, and by having the locomotive-suckers arranged in five broad and very distinct longi- tudinal bands, with naked spaces between them. A very delicate little Ophiurian, the Amphipholis elegans, was occa- sionally met with on the shelly bottoms. This is a northern species, much more common in the Bay of Fundy, where it is found from low- vater mark to 80 fathoms, and it is found also on the northern coasts of Europe. It has a nearly circular disk, covered with smooth scales, regularly arranged, and each of the scales, on the sides of the slender rays, bears three short, blunt spines. Its color is usually light gray or whitish, frequently more or less marked with dark gray or brown. The Hydroids are numerous on these bottoms, and mostly of the same species that have beén mentioned as occuring on rocky bottoms. The Polyps are few and essentially the same as those on the rocky bottoms. The only additional species was a small, slender, undescribed [421] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 127 species of Edwardsia, BE. lineata V., living in the interstices among ascidians and the tubes of Sabella and Potamilla. Sponges also occur in considerable numbers. Among them the most conspicuous is the Cliona sulphurea, a bright sulphur-yellow species, grow- ing into hemispherical or irregular, massive forms, of firm texture, the surface covered with scattered, low, wart-like, soft prominences, about an eighth of an inch in diameter, which contract when the sponge is dried, leaving shallow pits. The sponge commences as a boring species, on various dead shells, and as it grows it penetrates the shells in every direction, forming irregular holes and galleries, which continue to grow larger as more and more of the substance of the shell is absorbed, until the shells are reduced to a completely honey-combed, brittle mass, or a mere skeleton ; finally the sponge begins to protrude from the surface, and grows up into mammilliform masses, or small, rounded crusts, which continue to grow and spread in every direction, until finally they may form masses six or eight inches in diameter, with the base spread- ing over and enveloping various dead shells, pebbles, and the coral, Astrangia Dane, though it often happens that living specimens of the latter grow upon the sponge. Owing to the remarkable boring habits of this and other allied sponges, they are very important in the econ- omy of the sea, for they are the principal agents in the disintegration and decay of the shells that accumulate over the bottoms, thus per- forming the same function in the sea that fungi and insects perform on the land—the removal of dead organisms that otherwise would accu- mulate in vast quantities. In this work they are aided, in most regions, either by certain boring Annelids, (Dodecacerea, &c.,) or by various bor- ing mollusks, (Lithodomus, Pholas, Gastrochena, &c.,) but the greater part of this work seems to be effected by the sponges. Numerous species of Foraminifera were obtained on these and also on the rocky bottoms, but they have not yet been studied. The most com- mon kind occurs attached by one side to dead shells, alge, &e. It con- sists of several chambers arranged in a spiral manner, and to the naked eye resembles a minute depressed spiral shell. List of species inhabiting gravelly and shelly bottoms of the bays and sounds, ARTICULATA. Insects. Page. Page. Chironomus halophilus. .... 415| Muscide, larva ........... 339 Pycnogonids. Page. Page. Phoxichilidium maxillare. ANS) PAUBMOR Seta t.2's a. = olen 409 128 Heterocrypta granulata. - - Eupagurus pollicaris. . - - -- EK. longicarpus....------- Homarus Americanus. --.- Crangon vulgaris....:.-.- Hippolyte pusiola......-- Mysis Americana. .-...-.- Heteromysis formosa... .. Lepidonotus squamatus. .- . L. sublevis....... Pas ms Harmothoé imbricata... -. Sthenelais picta.......... Nephilys pictays.citi en. 4e/. NM DMCET AG Ae aS eel aye sees Phyllodoce, sp..--24)5...05-. Bualaliaspos. 22 sosteeees Bilal, Shs wean ews ea ey HUMIGia SP =.) seer aee HGEONE, ISD. 2 34./) eke Autolytus cornutus ..... be AC Spe, OAMEeO 22% ees ee Nereis pelagitas 2. .tcn NAimbatas >: peek eens. Nereis spizcexle cen .ceee Diopatra cuprea.....-.-..- Marphysa Leidyi.....-.-- Lumbriconereis opalina ..-. tenuis, eee ee eee Anthostoma acutum....-. Anthostoma, sp.........- Scolecolepis cirrata....... Phascolosoma czeementarium Crustacea. Page. 415 | Lepidactylis dytiscus...... ALD. | Mopra lewis... eee eee 415)| AUtONGe, Sp 5. cen ce eee = 415 | Amphithoé maculata .....- 415 | Unciolairrorata.: =... -.--- 415 | Corophium cylindricum. . . 415 |) Caprella, Sp... 2ce. eect 415 | Idotea phosphorea ....-.. 415 Krichsonia filiformis. -.-.. 390: |-Epelys trilobus. — 2 22. aces 415 | Balanus crenatus......-.- 415 | Numerous Entomostraca. Annelids. Page. 320) Poly dora.sp smo qeagenee 320) Sealibregma brevicauda.... 321| Cirratulus tenuis.......... 349 | OC oTandis) oii 2e ae tee 348| Cirrhinereis fragilis...-.-. 416| Naragansetacoralii ..-....- 349| Dodecacerea, sp...--...--- 349} Clymenella torquata.-..-. 349; Sabellaria vulgaris ......-. 349| Cistenides Gouldii........ a 349| Ampharete setosa........ 397.) Satay tha: Spires eee 398| Amphitrite ornata......-- 319|-Nicolea simplex.-......--. 318| Polycirrus eximius.-..-....- 416| Potamilla oculifera......-. 346| Sabella microphthalma.... o19) Buchone,gpw. sl 3.2 320} Mabrieva beidyi,. - .tes246 320| Serpula dianthus.......-.-.. ALG ie Mermulia; Sp. ..-.j...2. pene 416| Spirorbis spirillum.. ..... 416 Sipunculoids. Page. 416 | Phascolosoma, sp...-.----- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [422] Page. 416 [423] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 129 Nemerteans. Page. : Page. Meckelia ingens. .......... 324| Cosmocephala ochracea ... 325 Polinia glutinosa.......... 32: MOLLUSCA. Cephalopods. Page iengoPealil, ergs-and adults... 22) coc asa ais tales <[s essed ee se t) PANG Gastropods. Page. Page Pleurotoma bicarinatum... 418 | Bittium nigrum .......... AIT Bela PUCAAi«. oaja ace os See's 383 | Triforis nigrocinctus....... 417 Baler, Carica ec. s6s 0 417 | Cerithiopsis Greenii....... A417 Sycotypus canaliculatus.... 417] C. terebralis .............- AIT Tritia trivittata ........... aO4) | COR Mersonil. «2 Joneses cee 417 Eupleura caudata.......-- 371 | Vermetus radicula....- er | Urosalpinx cinerea........ 306 | Czecum pulchellum........ 417 msoyris: lunatas 27... !s 2. ne ALG |) @-costatumi.. euhac 2. eklexe 417 1 (COTE ee ee 399 | Crucibulum striatum ...... 417 Anachis avara ..... ...... 417 | Crepidula fornicata......-. 417 Odostomia producta...-..-.- £Et PO. um euitOrmis, Sasa. 2 214-t 417 CIES Ard Sonus Biya ots Bs SOU Ox CONVEXTE «0s anette 355 SPIbRING ess) toasts oe: «= = ZI Na tica pusilla... +5 45-4 417 ©. seminuda...... Bl te = ZN || Tbtmnipyse ern. ae oe Sos ooe 417 OsimMpressas « 460-545-200 417 | Sealaria lineata ........-.. 418 OF biswturalis 1252 ang. DUt i Se miltisthiatal. 2s.4s+cele—s. 418 Turbonilla interrupta... . 418 | Leptochiton apiculatus..... 399 TE MEIOP ANS. = 2t.:o, 0 aleieho esters 2 © ,416) |) Polyeera Lessonil.. 22. - =< 400 Kulima oleacea....-..-.-.- 4S | Dotocoronata. 222.5626 2: 400 ACuNa, WANCtA i soses oS 5. 417 | Doridella obscura......... 307 Lamellibranchs. Page. Page. Naxicaya arctica .....-.... 309: |: Aw modestus.. . .. /si/40eta-% 418 Mya arenaria, (young) ..... 309 | Gastranella tumida.......- 418 Corbula contracta.......-. 418 | Cardium pinnulatum ...... 435 Clidiophora trilineata...... 418 } Cyclas dentata...........- 418 Lyonsia hyalina........... 358 | Kellia planulata........... 418 Cochlodesma Leanum...-.. 418 | Montacuta elevata......... 418 Mactra solidissima ........ 418 | Gouldia mactracea ........ 418 Mulinia lateralis ........-.. 373 | Astarte castanea.........- 432 Cumingia tellinoides....... 418 | Cyclocardia borealis....... 418 Angulus tener .......2.. 358"| (Ce No vaniglig:. 224. ..25+. 418 130 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. Page. Nucula proximaet>o ee. as: 418) Modiolaria nigra.......... ATSINA POXAbare eee. ose ose 309| Crenella glandula ......... Scapharea transversa...... 418) Pecten irradians .......... Mytilusieduliss222-.---%. 0. 418) Anomia glabra............ Modiola modiolus......-..- 418} Ostrea Virginiana ........ Ascidians. Page. Grona tenella: ...-....-.o-2 419) Leptoclinum albidum...... Cynthia, partita.:..2-...-- 314), inteolume™: oa sce eee: Molgula Manhattensis ..... 311| Amarcecium stellatum ...-.. ae aAteN ata: ..cc oct oe eee ee 419) AS pellucidum. .7 ss. 2s Perophora viridis... - : 3. - 388] A. constellatum ........... Bryozoa. Page. Aleyonidium ramosum..... 419) SB ele CUrTIba 2. vss PAC UP STUUMN ccc0' tee eee re AQAY BS, Aa DOM AGE «-.. Turbonilla interrupta...... 432 Amphisphyra pellucida .... efelegans’: f.ack-sas 2s . | 4327 | Cylichna oryzae... <222..223- Lamellibranehs. Page PROMS osha oie Sycotypus canaliculatus... 355 | O.bisuturalis.............. Ilyanassa obsoleta ........ 304 | Crepidula fornicata........ Astyris lunata .......-.--. ouG. } ©. uneuiformis. . ..<. <-22o- issoa aculeus...........- ouG |) ©. CONVEX... «1:2. pele eee Littorinella minuta........ 469 |Doridella obscura......... Bittium nigrum..... Sea SaNers 305 | Page Venus mercenaria .....:.. 469 | Modiola hamatus.......... Argina pexata........-..- 309 | Pecten irradians .........- Scapharca transversa...... 509 | Anomia glabra.....-...--. Mytilus edulis...... cae 2 475 | Ostrea Virginiana........ 185 Page. 319 476 476 184 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [478] Ascidians. Page. Page. Cynthia partitac-2.-..-... 311 | Molgula Manhattensis..... 311 Bryozoa. Page. Page. Boeulasinrrita,:..-.....--: 476 | Vesicularia dichotoma..... 476 Escharella variabilis. ..---- 476 Aleyonidium hirsutum..... 476 Membranipora lineata ...-. 406 | Pedicellina Americana..... 405 RADIATA. Hehinoderms. Page. Asteriaswarenicolac: 16 -aea.e ee <2 Fee eRe Men eaten, Fata 3a. tea Acalephs. Page. Page. Obelia gelatinosa.......-..- ool | Halecitum Sraciers 2-222 476 O;diaphana et~ 25 Pc Teese 327 | Sertularia argentea........ 408 O.pyritormis 220. 2266 Se . 390 Polyps. Page. Page. Metridium marginatum.... 329 | Sagartia leucolena...-..... 329 PROTOZOA. Sponges. Page. Page. Tedania, Species... .- 2-2. 33 Red branching sponge...-.. 476 Hlichonmdria: sp 52..4 655. 330 | III. 4.—ANIMALS INHABITING EEL-GRASS IN BRACKISH WATERS. A large portion of: the shallow parts of nearly all the harbors, estu- aries, and ponds is occupied by a dense growth of eel-grass, Zostera marina, in summer. This plant flourishes both on sandy and muddy bottoms. During the fall and winter it is mostly torn up and drifted away by storms, but in the spring a new crop starts up and grows very rapidly, the narrow, ribbon-like leaves often becoming six feet or more in length during the summer. These tracts of eel-grass are the favorite resorts of a considerable number of animals, which seek these places either for food or conceal- ment and shelter, or for both combined. Other species, including certain hydroids, bryozoa, and ascidians, grow attached to the leaves of the eel-grass. [479] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 185 Many small fishes frequent the patches of eel-grass, and find there abundance of food and unusual safety from their enemies. Among the most common Crustacea found among the eel-grass are the edible crab, Callinectes hastatus, (p. 367 ;) Panopeus Sayi, (p. 312 ;) P. depressus, (Plate I, fig. 33) Lupagurus longicarpus, (p. 313 ;) the prawn, Palemonetes vulgaris, (p. 369, Plate I, fig. 9;) the common shrimp, Cran- gon vulgaris, (p.339, Plate III, fig. 10;) the green shrimp, Virbius zosteri- cola, (p. 369, Plate III, fig. 11;) Mysis stenolepis, (p.370, Plate ITI, fig. 12;) M. Americana, (p. 370;) Idotea irrorata, (p.316, Plate V, fig. 23;) Melita nitida, (p. 314.) The common prawn (Plate I, fig. 9) has its true home among the eel-grass, and here it occurs in countless numbers. Its trans- lucent body, marked with irregular, ill-defined, dark blotches and spots, admirably adapts it for concealment among the discolored and dead leaves of the plant, at or near the bottom. Where the eel-grass grows on sandy bottoms the common shrimp is searcely less abundant. The Virbius is often abundant, associated with the common prawn, and having similar habits. All these shrimps and prawns are eagerly devoured by the fishes. The Idotea irrorata is gen- erally very abundant, and clings firmly to the leaves of the eel-grass lengthwise. Its body is generally curiously and variously colored with green and brown, &c., and these colors are often so arranged as to imi- tate very perfectly the colors of the eel-grass when partially dead or discolored. Sometimes the right or left half of the body will be bright green, while the opposite half will be dark brown. In other cases there will be a dorsal bright green stripe, while the sides will be dark brown, just like one of the leaves of the eel-grass that is discolored at the edges, but green in the middle. More commonly these colors are ir- regularly disposed in blotches. The Erichsonia attenuata HARGER, is a remarkably slender species, which also lives clinging to the eel-grass. Its colors are green and brown, and quite variable. Several species of Amphipods are also abundant among the eel-grasse One of the most common of these is the Gammarus mucronatis, (p. 466,) which is easily distinguished by the dorsal teeth on the abdominal seg- ments. Microdeutopus minax SMITH, is a very small species, which sometimes occurs in great abundance in the small brackish ponds. It is remarkable for its relatively large and very broad hands, armed beneath with three prominent teeth. The hands are nearly as large as the entire body. Among the Mollusks several interesting species occur. The Jlyanassa obsoleta, (p. 571, Plate X XI, fig. 113;) Bittium nigrum, (p.305, Plate XXIV, fig. 154;) and Astyris lunata, (p. 306, Plate X XI, fig. 110,) are generally the most abundant species. The Nassa vibex (p. 371, Plate X XI, fig. 114) is met with occasionally, living on and about the roots of eel-grass, but itis an uncommon shell in our waters, though quite abundant on the southern coasts. The Crepidula convexa (p. 371, Plate XXIII, fig. 128) 186 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [480] may be found, both adhering to the leaves of eel-grass and attached to shells occupied by the smaller hermit-crabs. The curious little naked mollusk, Elysiella catulus, (Plate XXYV, fig. 171,) is often quite common on the leaves of eel-grass in our harbors. It also has the power of floating with the bottom of the foot at the surface of the water. Its small size and bright green color, like that of the growing leaves of the Zostera, cause it to be easily overlooked. The related species, Elysia chlorotica, (Plate-X XV, fig. 172,) appears to have similar habits, but is much less common. Its color is also green. The pretty Doto coronata (p. 400, Plate XXV, fig. 170) also occasionally occurs on the leaves of eel-grass. A green Planarian is frequent on the eel-grass, and also a bright red species, List of species inhabiting the eel-grass in brackish waters. ARTICULATA. Insects. Page. (Chironomus oceanicus:. 2 2.2. -2-5. 2.45% a danse ae eb a ee shes PERN ARO ae Crustacea. Page. Page Panopeus depressus...-.-- 479] Melita nitida..... pc Sea 479 EELS, eae eee epee 479| Microdeutopus minax...... 479 Callinectes hastatus ......-. 479| Amphithoé valida.....-... 315 Carcinus granulatus..-..-.. B12), A. ORSTMOANAS.. .. cu. ieee 370 Libinia canaliculata .....- - 368 | As. COMM Gai crate one Eee * 370 gh 0 02 eee a ee TP 368| Corophium cylindricum.... 370 Eupagurus longicarpus.... 479] Caprella geometrica..-.-.... 382 Crangon vulgaris... ..-.....\- 479| Idotea irrorata...... eae ae 479 Virbius zostericola......-. 479| Erichsonia attenuata...... 479 Palemonetes vulgaris...... 479| Epelystrilobus.......-.... 370 Mysis stenolepis........--.- 479| Balanus eburneus..-....-... 381 M. American an 222-2 - 50 479| Limulus Polyphemus...... 340 Gammarus mucronatus.... 479 ' Annelids. Page. Page. Lepidonotus squamatus.... 320} Nicolea simplex........... 321 Pogerce. ODSCura... aco 319; Scionopsis palmata......-. 321 Autolytus cornutus........ 397 | Polycinus eximlus...... en 32 Nereis limbata...........- 318 | SPIEOLOIS,. SP. o.oo oe a2 Nemerteans and Planarians. Page. Page. Polinia glutinosa..... an 324| Planarian, (red sp.).-..--.. 480 Cerebratulus isp. -.-en n> - 324| Planarian, (dark greensp.). 480 [481] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC, 187 MOLLUSCA. Gastropods. Page. Page. Illyanassa obsoleta........ 479 | Littorinella minuta........ 469 Massa Wwibex . 2/1008. : .... 479 | Crepidula convexa....... . -479 Aseyris TunataysVs les... . e47o |) Dot coranatae: 22%. 32... 480 AmaGhis: avara. 22.2.5 252. 306 | Elysia chlorotica.......... 480 Bittium nigrum...... woce.) ar Ore Mol wsiellan Cabal -2 - igi. 5! 480 Triforis nigrocinetus.....-. 305 Lamellibranchs. Page. Page. ATSING PEXAtAs..c'620 wee ns < oOo | PeCten. Trad tans’... ta arcaer 361 MVulltiy edUhis. 25... et 5s 470 | Ostrea Virginiana....... Suey e Ascidians. Page. Page Molgula Manhattensis...-. ott) Botryllus Gouldi. 2: 4os-0) eyane Bryozoa. Page. Page. Us tis TULTiba: 5-62... s 311 | Escharella variabilis....... 312 Vesicularia dichotoma..... 404 | Membranipora, lineata..... 406 RADIATA. Acalephs. Page. | Page Obelia diaphana.......... 327 | Hydractinia polyelina...... 328 Obelia, sp ..... PE eric 476 | Polyps. Page. eam itt LEMCOLONA).«.cnots,2aapcelity ea eee o2 oe oa alae odin Pak ie III. 5.—ANIMALS LIVING ON OR AMONG PILES OF WHARVES, BRIDGES, FLOATING TIMBER, ROCKS, ETC., IN BRACKISH WATERS. The piles of wharves in brackish harbors are often inhabited by an abundance of animal life. The same species are mostly to be found also on piles of wharves in the purer waters of the sounds, and many of them have, therefore, already been mentioned in a previous place, (p. 378.) There are some of these species, however, that appear to flourish best in waters that are decidedly brackish. Among the most conspicuous of these is the beautiful Tubularian 14 v 188 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [482] Parypha crocea, (p. 390, Plate, XXXVI, fig.274,) which grows in large tufts, several inches in height, and often covers large surfaces of the piles aud timbers at and just below low-water mark. Associated with this the Obelia gelatinosa (p. 391) often occurs in large quantities. This is a large and very beautiful species, having a large dark colored stem, com- posed of numerous united tubes, but the terminal branches are white and delicate, and the cells have an elegant bell-shaped form, with a toothed margin. It grows to the length of afootor more. This species occurs on the piles of Long Wharf, in New Haven Harbor, in great abundance, associated with the preceding ; at this place the water is not only quite brackish, but is very impure, on account of sewerage, &c. Other species of Obelia also occur in similar places. The Balanus ebur- neus is a very abundant barnacle in brackish waters, growing upon piles, timbers, oyster-stakes, and every other kind of fixed wood-work, and also upon the bottoms of vessels and floating timber. As already re- marked (p. 381) it is capable of living even in fresh water. The Bala- nus balanoides also occurs where the water is less brackish. The piles and timbers of the wharves are often badly damaged by the perfora- tions of Teredo navalis (p. 384, Plate X XVI, fig. 183) even where the water is very brackish.* The Limnoria lignorum (p.379) also attacks wood-work in waters that are somewhat brackish. Lists of species inhabiting piles of wharves, floating timbers, &c., in brack- ish waters. ARTICULATA. Insects. Page. Page. Chironomus oceanicus..... 331 | Anurida maritima..-......- 31 Crustacea. Page Page Panopeus depressus....... 312") Jera COploSas =. =.--% 25a, DBSIES Microdeutopus minax...... AG9"| Idotea, 1rerata..... 22722 316 Amphithoé compta.-..-.- 22. or") Lintmoria lonorums 2a: 482 Corophium cylindricum.... 370 | Balanus balanoides......-. 482 Waprella. Sp : 2. -2c.)2c8 se 316 Lysianassine, (one species) .. 431 | Erichsonia filiformis......... 494 Pontogeneia inermis......-.- 452 | Balanus crenatus .-........- 396 Annelids. Page. | Page. Lepidonotus squamatus....-.. 320 | Clymenella torquata ........ 343 DP WAM OOS RUS cies U n\)= chs 494 | Naraganseta coralii ......... 494 Harmothoé imbricata.....-... 321 | Sabellaria vulgaris .......-- 321 Phyllodoce gracilis -....---. 494 | Polycirrus eximius .......--- 320 EP catenilara: 319 2S, porrécta 2...) <). cicl- spa 504 CAG AY «<<. 01 sista otelyhayorel « Byeks 494 | Serpula dianthus...........- 322 Lumbriconereis fragilis ...... 501 Nemerteans and Planarians. Page. Page. Nemertes, species ........... 505 | Leptoplana folium ........-.. 487 [499] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 205 MOLLUSCA. Gastropods. Page. | Page Urosalpinx cinerea ....-.--. 306 Crucibulum striatum ........ 417 Buecinum undatum .-.....-.- 494 | Crepidula fornicata.......... 355 GPs TCUV IGE LD . = Jadeee 495 Lamellibranchs. Page. Page. Saxicava arctica ............ 309)|' Mytilus: edulis... s2222.).2 2455 307 AM OPTI ATA 5 5, <2! sare = wm oye oa 472 | Modiola modiolus ........... 495 Kellia planulata ../......... 310 | Modiolaria nigra ..........-. 433 Arena pexata ...- 26... ...- 309 | Anomia aculeata....4:...... 495 Seapharca transversa..-...-- 309 | Ascidians. Page. | Page. Cynthia partita ...-....-.... 311 | Amarcecium pellucidum ...... 401 ST ee ee ASO VA ADAMO, (5° os oc tae se a 496 SEMPER A 2 ~ ohscici oiscae cares S= 495" |-A. constellatum. . 2.5 -'. 388 Molgula Manhattensis .....-. 311 | Leptoclinum albidum........ 408 M. PMEMULO SM sis 5. < ofa ws ye aes co HA tM Dehal W 8 00 C00 ng 403 Eenopnora Viridis. .... 2.2... - 388 | Bryozoa. Page. | Page. Grisia eburnea. ® Ju. .... 2.22 496 | Caberea Ellisii........--...- 420 Tubulipora flabellaris.......- 496.) Bugula turrita .........0... oil Aleyonidium hirsutum ...... 404 | B. Murrayana..........5,: -- 496 AS PALASIMICUME «= 4-200. to: 404 | Membranipora pilosa .....-... 496 A. gelatinosum (?).....+..... 496, | M. lineata... 2 ee tae 406 Vesicularia cuscuta ......... 404 | M. tenuiss. ae. cee er) sy. 420 Vie OPacilign: «0s betas eee 389 | Escharella variabilis ..-...-. 312 EMBO). Je sates wo be. 420 | Lepralia, (species). .......-..- 496 Farrella familiaris .......... 487 | Discopora coccinea (?)...-.-- 496 ABtea anguina ............ 405 | Mollia hyalina ............-. 420 Eucratea chelata ........... 405 | Cellepora ramulosa.......--. 496 Celinlaria, speciesiakog nat... 496%) Gi sealbrdiec\. wins oa. kas ane 419 206 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [500] RADIATES. Echinoderms. Page. | Page Strongylocentrotus Drébachi- | A. apemIcola 22 ee once fe ras 326 ensis fee: 2, 5 SE 496 | Cribrella sanguinolenta...... 496 Asterias vulgaris.-........-. 496 | Ophiopholis aculeata ........ 496 Acalephs. Page | Page Clytia Johnstoni...........- 408 | Sertularia argentea ......... 408 SEPINLErMed1a..\- «(eee oe 408) (SJcupressina: ; . .. >. eeene 408 Orthopyxis caliculata.......- 408 | Hydralimania faleata........ 408 Platypyxis cylindrica.....-.. 408 | Plumularia, species ......... 407 Campanularia volubilis...... 408 | Antennularia antennina ..... 497 G.flexudga.c- 7)... eee ,--- 327 | Eudendrium ramosum....... 408 Obelia-eenteulata 2. ..-.--.-- 406 |, He OUSpaRia. . vt coe ee 408 Opmiehorgmian coe oe < omine soe 407 | Pennaria tiarella......... Sa ene OmMiabellaiae. eee nee ee 497 | Thamnocnidia tenella... ...-- 407 OF dia phanaiecn: ae ae sn 327 | Hydractinia polyclina .....-.- 328 Polyps ; Page Page Aleyonium carneum......... 497 | Edwardsia lineata........... 497 Metridium marginatum...... 329 | Astrangia Dane ...../2.2022 408 PROTOZOA. Sponges. Page. | Page. Ghalina ieculataic...-- . - se wae 501 tPlatyonichus ocellatus.... 501 | Moera levis ..............; 315 Hyas coarctatus .......... 548 | *{Unciola irrorata ..:-..--. 501 tEupagurus pollicaris...... 313 | *Ptilocheirus pinguis.....- 501 PEs CrMNARGUS 2... 32 lee BOL ST; Anonyx (2), Sis Jc ner 5OL tHomarus Americanus. ..-. 492 | *Siphoneecetes cuspidatus.. 501 *Pandalus annulicornis..-. 493 | tidotea Tuftsii ......./..22 501 1*Crangon vulgaris........ 501 | Epelys montosus.......... 370 *Diastylis quadrispinosa,and other species of Cumacea. 507 Annelids. Page. Page. Lepidonotus squamatus.... 320 | t*Seolecolepis cirrata...... 501 *Harmothoé imbricata. .... 321 | *Ampharete gracilis....... 508 tSthenelais picta .......... 501 | t*Clymenella torquata..-.. 343 *Nephthys ingens......... 431 | *Nicomache dispar ......-- 512 Phyllodoce catenula ...... 494 | *Ammochares, sp....-...-- 508 Nerew plagica 22... ./)2.2:t: 397 | *Trophonia affinis.......-.. 507 *Ninoe nigripes..........- 508 | *Ammotrypane fimbriata.. 508 t+Lumbriconeris fragilis. ...- 501 | *Cistenides Gouldii......- 323 *Rhynechobolus dibranchia- *Potamilla oculifera....... 322 GEES 5 ipo cM iS ln bo aa 341 | *EKuchone elegans .......-. 433 tAnthostoma acutum ...... 501 | *Spirorbis porrecta? ...... 498 [505] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 211 Nemerteans and Planarians. Page. Page. *Meckelia lurida .......... 502 | *Leptoplana folium........ 487 Nemertes, (?) red sp.......- 498 | Sipunculoids. Page. SOE MEASEO LO SO Wicd Caen tM Ge PTL INN sos Sie a, 0 eo, c ytd oi 3 ysl os reraihymid oy a Xp5 2 oi» 416 MOLLUSCA. Gastropods. Page. Page. *Neptunea pygmma......-. 508 | Crepiduia fornicata........ JOD succinum undatam......-. 40ar | ©. Une UlrOrmisas see =e 30D ASeyris TURACA =<. =... 225) 306) |’ Thumatia. heros. ---). 25.6 426 Anachis Ayara-.-.2..../. 2. . 306 | Rissoa-exarata.......--..- 495 t*Tritia trivittata.........- 304 | *Margarita obscura. ...-...- 508 *Crucibulum striatum .....- AIT Lamellibranchs. Page. Page. t+Mya arenaria, (young)...-.. 472 | tAstarte castanea......... 432 }*Ensatella Americana. ..... SiGe (ei Aw UU aevanis > skh aaa > 3 oe 509 tSiliqua costata............ age tA undatanc. -- cake coe oe 508 Corbula contracta.......-... 418 | t*Cyclocardia borealis... -.- 418 Clidiophora trilineata....... #52 Fe C2 Novanghieers. aso 22. 418 *Lyonsia hyalina........... 358 | *Yoldia sapotilla.......... 509 *Periploma papyracea...... 509) | *Nucula:proximan. 2 202252). 432 Cochlodesma Leanum...... 418 | Scapharea transversa. ....- 3509 (am sulustener’.|42.). 2.5.12.) 358 | *Modiolaria corrugata ....-- 509 *Cumingia tellinoides ....-. 418 } Pecten tenuicostatus...... 509 *Callista convexa........-. 432 | Anomia aculeata.......... 495 *Cardium pinnulatum...... 493 Ascidians. Page. | Page. *Oynthia partita.. ......... 311 | tGlandula arenicola ....... 502 tMolgula arenata........... 502 | (Glandula, spose oes 502 | : oer PROGUELA.- egy ee 502 *Amareecium pallidum.... - 496 *M> Manhattensis.......... 311 Bryozoa. Page. Page. *Crisia eburnea..:..s...--. S11 | Bugula Murrayana........ 496 *Caberea Ellisii............- 420 | *Celleporaramulosa....... 312 212 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [506] RADIATA. Echinoderms. Page. | Page. TStereoderma unisemita..... 505 | Asterias vulgaris........... 496 t*Echinarachnius parma.... 503 | *Cribrella sanguinolenta... 407 Strongylocentrotus Drébach- ° Ophiopholis aculeata...... 496 “DOS 53S eran 406 Acalephs. Page. Page. *Platypyxis cylindrica.....- 408 |.*Plumularia, sp-.--2.0 see 407 *Chytia Johnstont....-....- 408 | Hydractinia polyclina..... 028 Eudendrium ramosum...... 408 Polyps. Page. Page. Edwardsia lineata........-.. 497 | Aleyonium carneum....... 497 PROTOZOA. Sponges. Page. | Page. Chalina oculata............ 497 | +Massive siliceous sponge... 503 iRelymastia (2). <0. a2 eke 497 | IV. 5.—FAUNA OF THE MUDDY BOTTOMS OFF THE OPEN COAST. Within the depths to which our dredgings extended, very few true muddy bottoms occur. The deposits of mud on the open coast usually begin to occur only at the depths of twenty-five to thirty fathoms, and even at these depths there is a considerable admixture with fine siliceous sand. The central and deeper portion of the depression in line with the axis of Vineyard Sound is, however, occupied off to the west of Gay Head and No Man’s Land by a deposit of fine, soft, sticky mud, filled with the tubes of Annelids and Amphipods, (Ampelisca, &c.) Dredgings were made on this bottom at localities 85, c, in 18 fathoms ; d, 19 fathoms; é, 11 fathoms. On September 9, the temperature at 85, c, was 58° Fah- renheit at the bottom, and 62° at the surface; at d, it was 57° at the bottom and 62° at the surface; at e, it was 59° at the bottom and 63° at the surface. This muddy bottom aboundedin Annelids, small Crustacea, and bivalve shells. In several other localities, where the bottom was a mixture of mud and fine sand, the mud seemed to predominate and to determine the character of the life, so that such localities have been classed with the muddy bottoms, though the fauna differed considerably from that of the soft muddy bottoms referred to above. In the following list, however, I have specially designated the species found in the typical localities of each kind. [507] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 213 The principal localities where we dredged on the bottoms of fine sandy mud are as follows: 80, ¢, south of Martha’s Vineyard, in 21 fathoms; 84, b, southwest of Gay Head, in 16 fathoms; 87, a, b, about fifteen miles east of Block Island, in 29 fathoms. At the last locality the tem- perature, on September 14, was 62° F. at the surface, and 59° at the bottom. Among the Crustacea none was more abundant on the soft, muddy bottoms than a small species of Ampelisca, which inhabits soft, flabby tubes, covered with fine mud. When taken out of the water these tubes are always collapsed and flat, and they were so abundant in the mud that it was almost impossible to wash it through the sieves, because they soon became completely clogged up with the tubes. When a quan- tity of the mud was left in a bucket of water these Crustacea would come out of the tubes and rise to the surface in large numbers. This species is generally quite pale, or nearly white. Its body is much com- pressed. Another variety, or perhaps a distinct species, found with the last, is pale flesh-color, with a row of bright red spots along the middle of the back; the antenn were specked with red; eyes bright red; epimera reticulated with red lines; and the legs and caudal appendages are more or less marked with red. The Unciola trrorata, (p. 340,) Ptilocheirus pinguis, and other Am- phipods, were associated with the preceding species. The Diastylis quadrispinosa (Plate III, fig. 13) was very abundant on the soft muddy bottoms, together with other species of Cumacea, not yet identified. It is pale flesh-color, with a reddish purple patch at the posterior part of the carapax, and two small! spots of pink. The Annelids were very numerous, both on the soft muddy bottoms and in the sandy mud. One of the most conspicuous species is the Aphrodita aculeata, which was common in the soft mud. This is a large, stout Annelid, the largest specimen obtained measuring about 3 inches in length, and about half as much in breadth. It is remarkable for the exceedingly numerous and long setie of many kinds, which cover its sides and back, except along a narrow dorsal space; some of these sete are stout, and nearly an inch long, with sharp points, and barbed near the end, and they curve over the back much like the quills of a poreupine, and are liable to inflict painful wounds, if the creatures are carelessly handled. These sete usually reflect bright, iridescent colors. Several other northern European species, found also in the Bay of Fundy and at Saint George’s Banks, were also met with. Among these were Lumbriconereis fragilis, Scolecolepis cirrata, Melinna cristata, Terebellides Stroémi, and several more common species. The Nephthys ingens (p. 431, Plate XI, figs. 59-60) is a very abundant species on these bottoms and grows to a large size. The curious Sternaspis fossor (Plate XIV, fig. 74) is quite common ; and the Trophonia affinis (Plate XIV, fig. 75) was dredged several times. 214 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [508] Many other species were also common, or even abundant, in the various localities, and quite a number proved to be undescribed, and therefore their descriptions will be found in the systematic catalogue accompany- ing this report. Among these were Lycidice Americana, Ninoé nigripes, Anthostoma, sp., Acutum, Ammotrypane jfimbriata, Travisia carnea, Eone gracilis, Brada setosa, Nicomache dispar, Rhodine attenuata, a species of Ammochares, Ampharete gracilis, EHuchone elegans, and a species of Nematonereis. Several species of Nemerteans also occur on these bottoms. The largest and most interesting is a large species of Meckelia, (M. lurida, V.) This erows to the length of 8 or 10 inches, and .25 broad; its color is deep chocolate-brown,with palermargins. It generally breaks up into numerous fragments when caught. Another species, belonging, perhaps, to the genus Cerebratulus, but not sufficiently studied while living, was 2 or 3 inches long in extension, and .05 to .08 of an inch broad. Its color was dark olive-green, darkest anteriorly, the head. with a white margin. The lateral fossz of the head were long and deep; the eyes incon spicuous, perhaps wanting; proboscis emitted from a terminal pore ; the ventral orifice, or mouth, placed well forward. Both this and the pre- ceding were found at the 29-fathom locality, in sandy mud, but the former also occurred in soft mud, in 19 fathoms. One of the most abundant Basirupies is Neptunea pygmea, (Plate XXI, fig. 115,) which is a rather northern shell, very common in the 3ay of Fundy. The specimens from this region are, however, quite as large as any that I have seen from farther north. The small disk-shaped ege-capsules of this shell were found in great abundance early in Sep- tember attached to various bivalve shells, as well as to the shells of the Neptunea itself. Buccinum undatum, (Plate XXI, Fig. 121;) Bela harpularia, (Plate XXI, fig. 108;) Lunatia immaculata, (Plate X XILI, fig. 131;) Margarita obscura, (Plate XXIV, fig. 156;) Astyris rosacea; and Oylichna alba, (Plate X XV, fig. 163,) are all northern shells, which were met with in small numbers on the muddy bottoms. The Lamellibranchs were quite abundant. One of the most con- spicuous is the northern Oyprina Islandica, (Plate XXVIII, fig. 201,) which was quite common at several localities, especially in soft mud. Many of the shells from the deeper dredgings in this region are north- Fig. 3. ern and even arctic species, several of which have been supposed not to occur south of Cape Cod. Among these northern forms are Macoma proxima, of which we dredged a few small specimens; Cyclocardia borealis jand CO. Novanglie (p. 418,) both of which were common ; Astarte undata, (Plate X XIX, fig. 203,) which was dredged in considerable abundance at several localities. A large proportion of the shells of this species, obtained here, were quite different in appearance from the varieties that occur in such abundance in the Bay of Fundy. The latter, [509] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 215 although quite variable in form and sculpture, are generally compressed ; those from this region are mostly rather swollen, and often decidedly obese. These correspond with the type-specimen of A. lutea PERKINS, from New Haven, (fig. 3,) which I have been able, through the kindness of Dr. Perkins, to compare directly with our specimens. This form is, perhaps, sufficiently well marked to be designated a sa variety, (lutea, ) but many specimens intermediate between this and the ordinary forms occurred, This variety resembles the European A. sulcata more closely than do any of the other varieties of our species, but in the character of the hinge, lunule, beaks, and sculpture, it differs decidedly from any European specimens that [ have seen. The Astarte quadrans (Plate XXIX, fig. 205) was rarely met with. Good-sized specimens of the large scollop, Pecten tenuicostatus, were dredged off Gay Head on hard bottoms, and also on the muddy bottom, in 29 fathoms, and in several other localities. The northern Anomia aculeata (Plate XXXII, figs. 259,240) occurred adhering to dead shells. The Modiolaria corrugata (Plate XX XI, fig. 235) was dredged several times in the deepest local- ities, but MW. levigata, recorded by Mr. Sanderson Smith, was not met with by us; nor Leda tenuisulcata, which has been found off Newport, Rhode Island. The Nucula delphinodonta (Plate XXX, fig. 229) was common on soft muddy bottoms. The Lucina filosa (Plate XXIX, fig. 212) appeared to be not uncommon on similar bottoms, but most of the specimens obtained were less than an inch in diameter. Small speci- mens of Periploma papyracea (Plate XX VII, fig. 197) were frequently dredged. The specimens of Thracia truncata (Plate XXVII, fig. 195) were few and small. The Cryptodon obesus V., (Plate X XIX, fig. 214,) was first discovered in this region, but all the specimens were of large size and dead, though mostly quite fresh. I have since seen smaller specimens from Labrador, &c. OC. Gouldii (Plate xxix, fig. 213,) is more common. Yoldia sapotilla (Plate X XX, fig. 231) was generally abundant, especially in the soft mud, but Y. obesa was only met with once, and in small numbers, in 29 fathoms; Y. thraci-formis we did not meet with, but Dr. Simpson records it from off Long Island. Of Ascidians very few species occur. The most abundant is Lugyra pilularis, (Plate XX XIII, fig. 249,) which, in contraction, looks like a round ball of mud, for it completely covers itself with a thick coating of fine sand or mud, which is held in place partly by delicate fibrous processes from the integument, those from the base being longer, and serving to anchor the little creature in the sand by attaching a con- siderable quantity of sand to themselves. When the sand is removed, the integument is found to be thin and quite translucent, the tubes, when extended, are long and transparent, close together, and inclosed by a naked band which surrounds the base of both. It is also very Figure 3. Original figure of Astarte lutea, natural size. From the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History. 216 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [510] common in the Bay of Fundy, &c. The Molgula producta (p. 502) also occurred on the sandy mud at the 29-fathom locality. The Echinoderms appear to be very scarce on these bottoms. The only one of special interest was the Molpadia odlitica, a small, round, rather slender species, about an inch and a half long, of a uniform flesh- color. Ofthis only one specimen was dredged, at the 29-fathom locality, fifteen miles east of No Man’s Land, by Dr. Packard. It had not been observed alive before, the only specimens previously known having been taken from the stomachs of fishes. The most interesting Hydroid that lives on the muddy bottoms is Corymorpha pendula, (Plate XXXVI, fig. 273.) This isavery beautiful species, which grows singly, with the bulb-like base of the stem inserted into the mud. Two interesting species of Polyps were found on the muddy bottoms. One of these, the Hdwardsia farinacea, occurred only on the soft muddy bottom off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms. It is a cylindrical species, about an inch long, and..10 or .12 of an inch in diameter, remarkable for having only 12 tentacles, which are equal, unusually short, thick, and blunt. The coating of mud in the middle region is thin and easily removed. The single specimen obtained here had only 10 tentacles, but in other respects it agrees essentially with those found on similar bottoms at several localities in the Bay of Fundy, all of which had 12 tentacles. The body is whitish or flesh-color, the naked portion below the tentacles ; in the specimen from off Gay Head, was striped with 10 longitudinal lines or bands of brown, corresponding with the tentacles; these bands were varied with flake-white specks and mottlings, the spots of white becoming more distinct near the tentacles; these bands were alternately lighter and darker. Tentacles translucent at tip, tranversely barred on the inside, with about five brown bands and spots, the lower ones often V-shaped or W-shaped, and some of them extend around to the outside of the tentacles; alternating with these brown bands were bars and spots of yellow and of white. The disk was pale yellow, varied with small brown spots, mostly forming radiating rows from the mouth to the bases of the tentacles, and there were two spots of brown between the bases of adjacent tentacles ; mouth with ten lobes, which were also brown, with a fine light line extending from between them to the in- tervals between the tentacles. The specimens from the Bay of Fundy vary considerably in color, but the above is one of the more frequent styles of coloration. The Epizoanthus* Americanus (Plate XX X VIII, figs. 286, 287) is a very singular species, which either lives attached to stones, as in the deeper parts of the Bay of Fundy and off Saint*George’s Bank, in 430 fathoms, or else it attaches itself to univalve shells, inhabited by hermit-crabs. All those obtained in this region had the latter habit, and were from the 29-fathom place, fifteen miles east of Block Island, on sandy mud. After one original young polyp has found lodgment and attached itself to the shell, its base begins to expand over the surface of the shell, and from [511] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 217 this basal membrane buds arise, which soon grow larger and become like the parent polyp, while the basal membrane continues to extend itself and new buds to develop, until the whole shell becomes inerusted by the membrane, inside and out, while a number of beautiful polyps arise from the upper side of the shell, and turn their mouths in different directions. The number of the polyps in these colonies varies, accord- ing to the size of the shell, from three to ten or more. Finally, by some chemical process, the polyps, or rather their basal membranes, dissolve the shell entirely, and apparently absorb it into themselves. And yet the membranes retain the spiral form of the shell very perfectly, and the hermit crab eventually actually lives inside the membranes of the polyps, which continue to grow and even to enlarge the chamber for the use of the crab, so that it need not change its habitation for a larger one as it grows older. When fully expanded these polyps are about an inch high, and are capable of changing their form considerably, but they are gen- erally more or less cylindrical, or else hour-glass shaped. There are 38 or more tentacles, in full grown ones, and they are subequal, long, slender, acute, arranged in two close circles, and usually held in a recurved position, (as in fig. 287,) with those of the outer circle more recurved than those of the inner ones; corresponding with the bases of the alternate tentacles there is an outer circle of triangular points or lobes, covered externally, like the rest of the exterior of the body, with adherent and imbedded grains of fine sand. The mouth is bilabiate, often somewhat raised on a conical protrusion of the disk, the lips many- lobed, or plicate. The integument of the body when fully expanded is translucent, pale flesh-color, or salmon-color ; disk and tentacles salmon- color, or pale orange, sometimes white, the lips and inside of the mouth brighter orange. List of species inhabiting bottoms composed of soft mud and sandy mud off, the outer coast. In the following list those species that were found on the soft, sticky mud, in 11 to 19 fathoms, off Gay Head, are designated by the sign f, pre- fixed to their names. Those that occurred at 87, a, b, in 29 fathoms, fine sandy mud, fifteen miles east of Block Island, are designated by an asterisk prefixed. ARTICULATA. Crustacea. Page. | Page. t Libinia canaliculata......- dav | * 7 Ampelscayapes---e--- - 507 Eupagurus longicarpus. ..-.-- slid | * Byblis: serratae:------- ..- 501 * Pandalus annulicornis. .... 493 | *{ Ptilocheirus pinguis.... 507 Hippolyte pusiola.......... 395 | * ¢ Unciola irrorata.....-. -- 507 Crangon vulgaris...-...-.-- 339 | * Siphoneecetes cuspidatus. 501 *i Diastylis quadrispinosa.. 507 | t Epelys montosus.....-... 370 Eases Kroyerl. 3.2... --. BOI PR GtlGbUee - ou... or wed 370 MePCOTASICVIS .. 23. - ccc ee wn 315 | Anthura brachiata ....-.... 573 218 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [512] Annelids. Page Page *; Aphrodita aculeata...... 507 | { Travisia carnea.-:. 2... >. 508 * Harmothoé imbricata...... o2l | Brad S€t0sa on oe osc eraee 508 Lepidonotus squamatus.. --. 320 | *t Trophonia affinis.....-.. 507 * t Nephthys ingens ...-..-.. 507 | { Sternaspis fossor..-..... 507 fig oT oo ie 416 | * Cirrhinereis fragilis. ..... 397 tBumidia, Sp....-.--- eee » 397 | *¢Clymenella torquata.... 343 Payiogoce, Sp-...-------- 397 | * Ammochares, Sp...--..- - 508 "Nereis pelagica-...-----.- ood | * Nicomache dispar... .-. 508 t Lycidice Americana. ---.-. 508 | Rhodine attenuata........ 508 * + Lumbriconereis fragilis.... 507 | Cistenides Gouldii.....-.-.. o20 * Nematonereis, Sp.-.----..- 508 | * Ampharete gracilis...... 508 *sNinoe NISTIPES ©. 7+. ~ =. = 508 | Melinna cristata... .- Beat et ai 507 RoWOne OTACHICG.. fan... 508 | * Terebellides Stroémi..... 507 t Anthostoma acutum....-. 508 | { Polycirrus eximius....... 320 Anthostoma,sp. -.o-.2----.- 508 | Potamilla oculifera......-. o22 * Scolecolepis cirrata....-..- 507 | *{ Buchone elegans. ...-... 508 t Ammotrypane fimbriata... 508 | * Spirorbis, sp ..........-. 397 Nemerteans and Planarians. Page. Page. 77 Meckelia tunida.-.. 508 | * Polinia glutinosa........- 324 Cerebratulus, (?) green sp.. 508 | * Leptoplana folium....... 487 Sipunculotds. _ Page. et Pe haAscolOsonld CeMeNtATIIMT .! jo)e i002 oi. oe Ae ee 416 MOLLUSGCA. Gastropods. Page. Page. Bela harpularia..........- 508 | Crepidula unguiformis. -.. - 355 { Buccinum undatum .-.... 508 | ©. fornicata ..........-.-- 399 * + Neptunea pygmiva...... 508 | * Lunatia heros, var. trise- * Tritia trivittata.......-.. 354 Vata ---.2+-++.++ +e. 304. Astyris lanatades.:c.cGask 306 | *aimmaculata. .-~.o.eeee 508 * Astyris rosacea...-..---- 508 | * Margarita obscura. ...-... 508 * Crucibulum striatum. ... - |99 | “@ylichna alba.)..2--.45-g<2 508: Lamellibranchs. Page. Page. Ensatella Americana....-... 306 | * ¢Clidiophora trilineata. - -. 32 * Siliqua costata .........- 358 | *4 Lyonsia hyalina. -.--..-.. 358 tCorbula contracta........ 418! *tPeriplomapapyracea.... 509 [513], * Thracia truncata........-. Anigulus tener-..... 2...» s *Macoma proxima....-.... Cumingia tellinoides......- * + Callista convexa........ *t Cyprina Islandica...... *+Cardium pinnulatum. ... Seenmenna HlOSa.- 25.1.5 * Cryptodon Gouldii......-. ee. ObeSUs soe Med Se US: *t Astarte castanea.....-.-. ¢ A. quadrans SCAN UNA GA 2 522 reais dh * Cyclocardia borealis...... * CO Novanielia so: .i.s os '*tNucula proxima........ *t Kugyra pilularis........ *Moleula producta.-....--- * Caberea Elllisii..-....-... Droba- * Molpadia odlitica. - Strongylocentrotus chiensis * Clytia Johnstoni..... ... * Hudendrium ramosum.... ° t Edwardsia farinacea...... 16 Vv INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 509 | *¢N. delphinodonta ....... 008 | t Yoldia limatula.......... CUS Poy. sapotilla ...........% £VSeY COPACHOLMIS. 2. 222.2. BGUAN Te ROWER A rc kl eee ee 508 | Leda tenuisuleata-........ 423 | Argina pexata............. 509 | Scapharca transversa...... 509 | Mytilus-edulisr. S21. 4202... 509 | * ¢ Modiolaria nigra........ 432) | ME. Corulgatanes . 55.) satis. SOS) ME. Tesviitaiia O08 2 ARES creo 508 | *¢Crenella glandula....... 508 | *¢ Pecten tenuicostatus.... 008 | * Anomia aculeata........ 432 | Ascidians. Page. 009| Cynthia partita........... 510 Bryozoa. Page. 420| *Bugula Murrayana....... RADIATA. Echinoderms. Page. 510} ¢ Asterias vulgaris......... ¢ Cribrella sanguinolenta.. 406 Acalephs. Page. 408} * Corymorpha pendula..... 408 | Polyps. Page. 510! * Epizoanthus Americanus. 219 Page. 496 Page. 496 407 Page. O10 Page. d10 220 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [514] B.—LISTS OF SPECIES FOUND IN THE STOMACHS OF FISHES—FOOD OF FISHES. In the following lists I have brought together the principal results of the various recorded examinations of stomachs of fishes in this region, up to the present time, whether done in connection with the United States Fish Commission or independently. The special dates and local- ities are given in each case. The observations from June to September, 1871, were made in con- nection with the work of the commission. Those from May to July, 1872, are based on collections made at Wood’s Hole by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards, for Professor Baird. Those at Great Egg Harbor, New Jer- sey, April, 1871, were made by Mr.8. I. Smith and the writer while on an independent visit to that place.* The observations made at Hast- port, Maine, in 1872, are not included in this report. The names of the fishes used in this list are those adopted by Profes- sor Baird, and agree, for the most part, with those used by Professor Theodore Gill in his Catalogue of the Fishes of the Eastern Coast of North America. STRIPED BAss; Rock-FIsH, or “ Rock ;” (Roccus lineatus.) At Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April, 1871, several ‘specimens, freshly caught in seines, with menhaden, &c., contained Crangon vul- garis (shrimp) in large quantities. A specimen caught at Wood’s Hole, July 22, 1872, contained a large mass of ‘sea-cabbage,” Ulva latissima, and the remains of a small fish. Specimens taken at Wood’s Hole, August, 1871, contained crabs, Can- cer irroratus ; and lobsters, Homarus Americanus. WHITE PERCH; (Morone Americana.) Numerous specimens caught with the preceding at Great Egg Har- bor, New Jersey, contained Crangon vulgaris. BLACK BASS; SEA-BASS; (Centropristis fuscus.) Specimens caught in Vineyard Sound, June 10, contained the common crab, Cancer irroratus ; the mud-crab, Panopeus Sayi; three species of fishes. Another caught May 25 contained a squid, Loligo pallida. Scup; PoRGEE; (Stenotoemus argyrops.) Forty young specimens, one year old, taken at Wood’s Hole in Augwst, contained large numbers of Amphipod Crustacea, among which were Unciola irrorata, Ampelisca, sp., &c.; several small mud-crabs, Panopeus depressus; Idotea irrorata; Nereis virens, and numerous other Annelids of several species, too much digested for identification. *The results of the observations made at Great Egg Harbor were published by the writer in the American Naturalist, vol. v, p. 397, 1871. [515] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 221 Other specimens, opened at various times, show that this fish is very general feeder, eating all kinds of small Crustacea, Annelids, bivalve and univalye mollusks, &e. TauToG; BLAcKk Fisu; (Tautoga onitis.) Specimens caught at Wood’s Hole, May 25, contained the common rock-crab, Cancer irroratus ; hermit-crabs, Hupagurus longicarpus ; shells, Tritia trivittata, all crushed. Others caught May 26 contained Hupagurus pollicaris ; FE. longicar- pus ; the barnacle, Balanus crenatus ; the squid, Loligo Pealii; Tritia trivittata. Others taken May 29 had Cancer irroratus ; mud-crabs, Panopeus depressus ; lady-crabs, Platyonichus ocellatus ; shells, Tritia trivittata, Crepidula fornicata, Argina pexata, and the scollop, Pecten irradians ; barnacles, Balanus crenatus, all well broken up. Another taken May 31 contained Platyonichus ocellatus ; Tritia trivit- tata. Others taken June 5 contained the mud-crab, Panopeus depressus ; tri- angular crab, Pelia mutica; Crepidula unguiformis ; Triforis nigrocinctus ; the common muscle, JMJytilus edulis; and the “horse-muscle,” Modiola modiolus. Another, on June 10, contained the common rock-crab, Cancer irrora- tus; mud-crab, Panopeus Sayi ; Nucula proxima ; several ascidians, Cyn- thia partita and Leptoclinum albidum. Two caught July 8 and 15 contained small lobsters, Homarus Ameri- canus ; Crepidula fornicata ; Bittium nigrum ; abryozoan, Crisia eburnea ; sand-dollars, Hchinarachnius parma. A specimen caught in August contained long-clams, Mya arenaria ; muscles, Mytilus edulis ; Petricola pholadiformis. WEAK-FISH ; SQUETEAGUE ; (Cynoscion regalis.) Several caught in seines at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April, 1871, with menhaden, &c., contained large quantities of shrimp, Crangon vul- garis, unmixed with other food. Specimens taken at Wood’s Hole, in July, often contained sand-crabs, Platyonichus ocellatus ; and very frequently squids, Loligo Pealii. KiInG-Fisu ; (Menticirrus nebulosus.) Four specimens taken in seines at Great Egg Harbor, April, 1871, con- tained only shrimp, Crangon vulgaris. Others taken at Wood’s Hole, May 29, were filled with Crangon vul- garis. Specimens taken in July contained rock-crabs, Cancer irroratus ; squids, Loligo Pealii. RUDDER-FISH ; (Palinurichthys perciformis.) ‘A specimen caught at Wood’s Hole, in August, contained a small Squilla empusa; and young squids, Loligo Pealii. 222 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [516] MACKEREL; (Scomber vernalis.) Specimens taken July 18, twenty miles south of No Mans Land, con- tained shrimps, Thysanopoda, sp.; larval crabs in the zoéa and megalops stages of development; young of hermit-crabs; young of lady-crabs, Platyonichus ocellatus ; young of two undetermined Macroura; numer- ous small Copepod Crustacea ; numerous shells of a Pteropod, Spirialis Gouldii. SMALL TuNNY; (Orcynus thunnina.) One specimen caught at Wood’s Hole, in August, contained eleven squids, Loligo Pealit. Bonito ; (Sarda pelamys.) Epc cimens taken at Wood’s Hole, in Aug ust, contained an abundance of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris. BLuE-FISH ; HORSE-MACKEREL; (Pomatomus saliatrivx.) Specimens caught at Wood’s Hole, in August, frequently contained squids, Loligo Pealit ; also various fishes. Off Fire Island, Long Island, August, 1870, Mr. 8. I. Smith saw blue- fishes feeding eagerly on the ae. swimming males (hereroneneng oe Nereis limbata, (p. 318,) which was then very abundant. SEA-RoBIN ; (Prionotus Carolinus.) A specimen caught at Wood’s Hole, May 27, contained shrimp, Cran- gon vulgaris ; and a small flounder. Another caught May 29 contained Amphipod Crustacea, Anonyx (?), sp.; and Crangon vulgaris. Specimens dredged in Vineyard Sound, in August, contained mud- crabs, Panopeus Sayi ; rock-crabs, Cancer trroratus ; and several small fishes. ToAD-FIsH; (Batrachus tau.) Several specimens examined at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, April, 1871, contained young edible crabs, Callinectes hastatus of various sizes up to those with the carapax two inches broad; shrimp, Crangon vul- garis ; prawn, Palemonetes vulgaris ; Ilyanassa obsoleta ; various fishes, especially the pipe-fish, Syngnathus Peckianus ; and the anchovy, Hngrau- lis vittatus. A specimen caught at Wood’s Hole, in July, contained the common rock-crab, Cancer irroratus. GOOSE-FIsH ; ANGLER; (Lophius Americanus.) A specimen caught in Vineyard Sound, in June, contained crabs, Cancer irroratus ; and squids, Loligo Pealit. Cop; (Gadus morrhua, var.) The cod-fishes devour a great variety of Crustacea, Annelids, Mol- lusks, star-fishes, &c. They swallow large bivalve shells, and after digesting the contents spit out the shells, which are often almost unin- [517] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 223 jured. They are also very fond of shrimps, and of crabs, which they frequently swallow whole, even when of large size. The brittle star- fishes (Ophiurans) are also much relished by them. I have taken large masses of the Ophiopholis aculeata from their stomachs on the coasts of Maine and Labrador; and in some cases the stomach would be distended with this one kind, unmixed with any other food. In this region I have not been able to make any new observations on the food of the cod. This deficiency is partially supplied, however, by the observations made by me on the coast of Maine, &c., coupled with the very numerous observations made at Stonington, Connecticut, many years ago, by Mr. J. H. Trumbull, who examined large numbers of the stomachs of cod and haddock, caught within a few miles of that place, for the sake of the rare shells that they contained. This collec- tion of shells, thus made, was put into the hands of the Rev. J. H. Lins- ley, who incorporated the results into his “ Catalogue of the Shells of Connecticut,” which was published after his death, and in a somewhat unfinished state, in the American Journal of Science, Series I, vol. xlviii, p. 271, 1845. In that list alarge number of species are particularly mentioned as from the stomachs of cod and haddock, at Stonington, all of which were collected by Mr. Trumbull, as he has informed me, from fishes caught on the fishing-grounds near by, on the reefs off Watch Hill, &e. Many other northern shells, recorded by Mr. Linsley as from Stonington, but without particulars, were doubtless also taken from the fish-stomachs by Mr. Trumbull. There was no record made of the Crustacea, &c., found by him at the same time. The following list includes the species mentioned by Mr. Linsley as from the cod. For greater convenience the original names given by him are added in parentheses, when differing from those used in this report: List of mollusks, &c., obtained by Mr. J. H. Trumbull, from cod-fish caught near Stonington, Connecticut. GASTROPODS. Sipho Islandicus (?), young, (I*usus corneus.) Ptychatractus ligatus, (IFasciolaria ligata.) Turbonilla interrupta, (Turritella interrupta.) Turritella erosa. tissoa exarata, (?), (Cingula arenaria.) Lunatia immaculata, (Natica immaculata.) Amphisphyra pellucida, (Bulla debilis.) Chiton marmoreus, (?), (Chiton fulminatus.) LAMELLIBRANCHS. Martesia cuneiformis, (Pholas cuneiformis.) Periploma papyracea, (Anatina papyracea.) Thracia truncata. 224 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [518] Tagelus divisus, (Solecurtus fragilis.) Semele equalis, (?), (Amphidesma equalis.) Ceronia arctata, (Mesodesma arctata.) Montacuta elevata, (Montacuta bidentata.) Callista convexa, young, (Cytherea morrhuana.) Cardium pinnulatum. Cyprina Islandica. Gouldia mactracea, (Astarte mactracea.) Yoldia sapotilla, (Nucula sapotilla.) Y. limatula, (N. limatula.) Nucula proxima. N. tenuis. Modiolaria nigra, (Modiola nexa.) Crenella glandula, (M. glandula.) Pecten tenuicostatus, young, (Pecten fuscus.) ECHINODERMS. Echinarachnius parma. Happock; (Melanogrammus cwglifinus.) The haddock is not much unlike the cod in the character of its food. It is, perhaps, still more omnivorous, or, at least, it generally contains a greater variety of species of shells, &c.; many of the shells that it habitually feeds upon are burrowing species, and it probably roots them out of the mud and sand. A complete list of the animals devoured by the haddock would doubtless include nearly all the species belonging to this fauna. Wehave had few opportunities for making observations on the food of the haddock south of Cape Cod, but have examined many from farther north. A specimen taken at Wood’s Hole, November 6, 1872, contained a large quantity of Gammarus natator, and a few specimens of Crangon vulgaris. Another from Nantucket contained the same species. The following species of shells were mentioned by Mr. Linsley, in his catalogue, as from the haddock : List of mollusks obtained from stomachs of haddock, at Stonington, Con- necticut, by Mr. J. H. Trumbull. Neptunea pygmiea, (Fusus Trumbulli.) Astyris zonalis, (Buccinum zonale.) Bulbus flavus, (7), (Natica flava.) Margarita obscura, Acton puncto-striata, (Tornatella puncto-striata.) Cylichna alba, (Bulla triticea.) Serripes Greenlandicus, (?), (Cardium Greenlandicum.) The above list doubtless contains only a small portion of the species collected by Mr. Trumbull, but they are all that are specially recorded. {519] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 225 As an illustration of the character and diversity of the haddock’s food, I add a list of the species taken from the stomach of a single specimen, from the Boston market, and doubtless caught in Massachusetts Bay, September, 1871. GASTROPODS. Natica clausa. Margarita Greenlandica. LAMELLIBRANCHS. Leda tenuisuleata. Nucula proxima. N. tenuis. Crenella glandula. ECHINODERMS. Psolus phantapus. Lophothuria Fabricii. In addition to these there were fragments of shrimp, probably Panda- lus annulicornis, and numerous Annelids, too much digested for identi- fication. Tom-Cop; Frost-Fisu; (Microgadus tom-codus.) Several specimens from New Haven Harbor, January 50, contained numerous Amphipods, among which were Mera levis ; Gammarus, sp. ; Ampelisca, sp. ; an undetermined Macrouran; numerous Entomostraca ; the larva of Chironomus oceanicus. A lot taken in a small pond at Wood’s Hole, in March, by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards, contained the common shrimp, Crangon vulgaris ; large numbers of the green shrimp, Virbius zostericola ; the prawn, Palamo- netes vulgaris ; large quantities of Amphipods, especially of Gammarus annulatus, G. natator, Calliopius leviuscula, and Microdeutopus minax ; and smaller numbers of Gammarus ornatus and G. mucronatus. Another lot of twelve, taken in April at the same place, contained most of the above, and in addition several other Amphipods, viz: Jara levis, Pontogeneia inermis, Ptilocheirus pinguis, and Caprella ; also Nereis virens, and various small fishes. OCELLATED FLOUNDER; SUMMER FLOUNDER; (Chcenopsetta ocellaris.) Several specimens taken in the seines, at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, in April, contained large quantities of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris and Mysis Americana ; one contained a full-grown Gebia affinis. One caught at Wood’s Hole, June 6, contained twenty-six specimens of Yoldia limatula; and numerous shells of Nucula provima, Angulus tener, and Tritia trivittata; and Amphipod Crustacea belonging to the genus Ampelisca. 226 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [520} Specimens caught at Wood’s Hole, in July, contained rock-crabs, Cancer irroratus ; Pinnixa cylindrica; Crangon vulgaris; squids, Loligo Pealit; Angulus tener ; Nucula proxima ; and many “sand-dollars,” Hechi- narachnius parma. WINTER FLOUNDER; (Pseudopleuronectes Americanus.) A specimen caught at Wood’s Hole, in August, contained large num- bers of Bulla solitaria. SPOTTED FLOUNDER; (Lophopsetta maculata.) Numerous specimens caught in seines at Great Ege Harbor, April, 1871, contained large quantities of shrimp, especially Mysis Americana and Crangon vulgaris; the prawn, Palemonetes vulgaris ; numerous Am- phipods, Gammarus mucronatus ; one contained a Gebia affinis. Minnow ; (Lundulus pisculentus.) Specimens caught in July, at Wood’s Hole, contained large numbers of Melampus bidentatus, unmixed with other food. SEA-HERRING ; ( Clupea elongata.) Specimens taken in Vineyard Sound, May 20, contained several shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, about 1.5 inches long; Aysis Americana, and large numbers of an Amphipod, Gammarus natator ; also small fishes. SHAD; (Alosa tyrannus.) Several specimens taken in the seines, at Great Egg Harbor, April, 1871, contained finely-divided fragments of numerous Crustacea, among which were shrimp, Mysis Americana. Several from the mouth of the Connecticut River, May, 1872, contained fragments of small Crustacea, (Mysis, &c.) Hickory SHAD ; (Pomolobus mediocris.) Several specimens taken in the seines at Great Egg Harbor, April, 1872, contained large quantities of fragmentary Crustacea; one con- tained recognizable fragments of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris. MENHADEN ; (Brevoortia menhaden.) A large number of specimens freshly caught in seines at Great Egg Harbor, April, 1871, were examined, and all were found to have their stomachs filled with large quantities of dark mud. They undoubtedly swallow this mud for the sake of the microscopic animal and vegetable organisms that it contains. Their complicated and capacious digestive apparatus seems well adapted for this crude and bulky food. FILE-Fisu; (Ceratacanthus aurantiacus.) A specimen taken at Wood’s Hole, in Augutt, contained a quantity of the finely-divided stems and branches of a Hydroid, Pennaria tiarella. Dusky SHARK; (Hulamia obscura.) Several specimens caught at Wood’s Hole, in July and August, con- tained lobsters, Homarus Americanus ; rock-crabs, Cancer irroratus. [521] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 227 — BLUE SHARK ; (Hulamia Milberti.) A large specimen caught at Wood’s Hole, in August, contained a quantity of small bivalve-shells, Yoldia sapotilla. TIGER-SHARK ; (Galerocerdo tigrina.) Specimens caught at Wood’s Hole, in August, contained large univalve shells, Buccinum undatum and Lunatia heros. Doa-Fisu ; (Mustelus canis.) : Several specimens caught at Wood’s Hole, in August, contained lob- sters, Homarus Americanus ; spider-crabs, Libinia eanaliculata ; rock- crabs, Cancer irroratus. SAND-SHARK ; (Hugomphodus littoralis.) Many specimens taken at Wood’s Hole, in July and August, contained lobsters, Homarus Americanus, in abundance; Cancer irroratus; and squids, Loligo Pealii. COMMON SKATE; “SUMMER SKATE;” (Raia diaphana.) A specimen taken at Wood’s Hole, May 14, contained rock-erabs, Cancer irroratus; a young skate; a long slender fish, (Ammodytes ?.) Another, caught in July, contained Cancer irroratus. PEAKED-NOSE SKATE; (Raia levis ?.) Specimens caught in Vineyard Sound, May 14, contained numerous shrimps, Crangon vulgaris ; several Conileraconcharum ; several Annelids, among them Nephthys ingens ; Meckelia ingens ; two specimens of Phasco- losoma Gouldit ; razor-shells, Ensatella Americana, (the “toot” only, of many specimens ;) a small fish, Ctenolabrus burgall. Specimens taken at Menemsha, in July, contained large numbers of crabs, Cancer irroratus ; and of lobsters, Homarus Americanus. STING-Ray ; (Trygon centroura.) Specimens caught at Wood’s Hole, in July and August, contained large numbers of crabs, Cancer irroratus ; squids, Loligo Pealii ; clams, Mya arenaria ; Lunatia heros. LONG-TAILED STING-RAY; (Myliobatis Freminvillei.) Specimens taken in Vineyard Sound, in July, contained an abundance of lobsters, Homarus Americanus ; crabs, Cancer irroratus; also clams, Mya arenaria ; and Lunatia heros. “ RABBIT-FISH.” A specimen taken at Wood’s Hole, in July, contained a lobster, Homa- rus Americanus. . “ Foq-FIsH.” A specimen caught at Wood’s Hole, July 1, contained hermit-crabs, Hupagurus pollicaris. 2 On wo ees 228 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [ C.—THE METAMORPHOSES OF THE LOBSTER, AND OTHER CRUSTACEA.—BY S&S. I. SMITH. Most of the larger crustaceans of our coast, whatever may be their habits when adult, are, in the early stages of their existence after hatch- ing from the eggs, essentially free-swimming animals, living a large part of the time near the surface of the water. In this stage they are con- stantly exposed to the attacks of other predaceous animals, and, as they occur in vast numbers, afford food for many valuable fishes. They are most abundant at the surface in calm, clear weather, and they especially resort, like the young of many other marine animals, to spots and streaks of smooth water where the tidal currents meet. Very little has yet been written upon the forms or habits of the young crustaceans of our own coast; but,in connection with the investigations carried on in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, a great amount of material for such work was collected. This material has not yet been fully studied, and only a sketch of some of the more important re- sults is presented in this report. During the few weeks in June and July, in which I was myself at Wood’s Hole, the time was so fully occu- pied in collecting, that very little time was left for studying the animals while alive; hence most of the observations which follow, except ocea- sionally those on color, have been subsequently made from specimens preserved in alcohol. While at Wood’s Hole, I was much assisted in obtaining these young animals by every one then associated there in the work of the commission; and I would especially acknowledge such assistance from Dr. W. G. Farlow, Mr. V. N. Edwards, and Capt. John B. Smith. After I left, the collecting was kept up as before, and many valuable notes were made by Professors Verrill and J. E. Todd. Special attention was given to the early stages of the lobster, as per- haps the most important crustacean found on our coast, and I have gone more fully into the account of its early history than that of any other species. As this will serve as an example to illustrate the development of most of the other Macrourans, it is presented first. Numerous specimens of the free-swimming young of the lobster, in different stages of growth, were obtained in Vineyard Sound during July, but it was too late for any observations upon the young within the egg. This deficiency was partially supplied by a few observations at New Haven in 1872. Eggs taken May 2, from lobsters captured at New London, Connecticut, had embryos well advanced, as represented in fig. 4, In this stage the éggs are slightly elongated spheroids, about 2.1 in the longer diameter, and 1.9™™ in the shorter. One side is rendered very opaque dark green by the unabsorbed yolk mass, while the other shows the eyes as two large black spots, and the red pigment spots on the edge of the carapax, bases of the legs, &c., as irregular lines of pink markings. In a side view of the embryo, the lower edge of the carapax (d, figure) [523] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 229 is clearly defined and extends in a gentle curve from the middle of the eye to the posterior border of the embryo. ‘This margin of the cara- pax is marked with dendritic spots Fig. 4.* of red pigment. The whole dorsal portion, fully one-half the embryo, is still oceupied by the unabsorbed portion of the yolk, (a, a,) of which the lower margin, represented in the figure by a dotted line, extends from close above the eye in a curve near- ly parallel with the lower margin of the carapax, but with a sharp in- dentation a little way behind the eye. The eyes (c) are large, nearly round, not entirely separated from the surrounding tissues,and with a central portion of black pigment. The antennule (d) are simple, sack- like appendages, arising from just beneath the eyes, with the terminal portion turned backward and marked with several large dendritic spots of red pigment. The antenne (e) are but little larger than the anten- nule and are sack-like and without articulations, but the scale and flagellum are separated and bent backward, the scale being represented by the large and somewhat expanded lobe, and the flagellum by a shorter and slender lobe which arises from near the base of the scale. The mandibles, both pairs of maxille, and the first and second pairs of maxillipeds are not sufficiently developed to be seen without removing the antenne and the edge of the earapax, and are only represented by several small lobes, of which the anterior, apparently representing the mandi- bles, are distinctly defined, while those that follow are much smaller, indistinet, and confused. The first and second maxillipeds are each re- presented by a small lobe divided at the extremity. The external max- illipeds (f) are well developed and almost exactly like the posterior cephalothoracic legs. Both the branches are simple and sack-like, the main branch, or endognathus,t much larger and slightly longer than the No, 610 *Embryo, some time before hatching, removed from the external envelope and shown in a side view enlarged twenty diameters; a, a, dark-green yolk mass still unabsorbed ; }, lateral margin of the carapax marked with many dendritic spots of red pigment; c, eye; d, antennula; e, antenna; f, external maxilliped; g, great cheliped which forms the big claw of the adult; h, outer swimming branch or exopodus of the same; i, the four ambulatory legs with their exopodal branches ; k, intestine; /, heart; m, bilobed tail seen edgewise. [Drawn by 8. I. Smith. ] t To prevent confusion, the terms here used are those proposed by Milne Edwards to designate the different branches of the cephalothoracic appendages: endopodus, for the main branch of a leg ; exopodus, for the accessory branch, (a in fig. D, Plate IX ;) epipo- dus, for the flabelliform appendage, (b ;) and endognathus, exognathus, and epignathus, for the corresponding branches of the mouth organs. 230 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [524] cephalothoracic legs (g, h, ¢) are all similar and of about the same size, except the main branch of the first pair, (g,) which is much larger than that of the others, but is still sack like and entirely without articula- tions. The outer or exopodal branches of all the legs are slender, wholly unarticulated, sack-like processes, while the inner or main (endopodal) branches of the four posterior pairs are similar, but much stouter and slightly longer processes arising from the same bases. The bases of all the legs are marked with dendritic spots of red pigment like those upon the lower margin of the carapax. The abdomen (m) is curved round beneath the cephalothorax, the extremity extending between and considerably in front of the eyes. The segments are scarcely distinguishable. The extremity, as seen from beneath the embryo, is slightly expanded into a somewhat oval form, and very deeply divided by a narrow sinus, rounded at the extremity. The lobes into which the tail is thus divided are narrow, and somewhat approach each other toward the extremities, where they are each armed along the inner edge with six small obtuse teeth. The heart (1) is readily seen, while the embryo is alive, by its regular pulsations. It appears as a slight enlargement in the dorsal vessel, just under the posterior portion of the carapax. The intestine (k) is distinctly visible in the anterior portion of the abdomen as a well defined, transparent tube, in which float little granular masses. This material within the intestine is constantly oscillating back and forth as long as the embryo is alive. The subsequent development of the embryo within the egg was not observed. The following observations on the young larvee, after they have left the eggs, have all been made upon specimens obtained in Vine- yard Sound, or the adjacent waters, during July. These specimens were mostly taken at the surface in the day-time, either with the towing or hand net. They represent three quite different stages in the true larval condition, besides a later stage approaching closely the adult. The exact age of the larve of the first stage was not ascertained, but was probably only a few days, and they had, most likely, molted not more than onee. Between the third stage, here described, and the last, there is probably an intermediate form wanting. First stage.—In this stage, (Plate LX, Figs. A, B,C, D,) the young are free-swimming Schizopods about a third of an inch (7.8 to 8.0™") in length, without abdominal appendages, and with six pairs of pediform cephalothoracie appendages, each with the exopodus developed into a powerful swimming organ. The general appearance is represented in the figures. The eyes are bright blue; the anterior portion and the lower margin of the carapax and the bases of the legs are speckled with orange; the lower margin, the whole of the penultimate, and the basal portion of the ultimate segment of the abdomen, are brilliant reddish orange. ' The antennule (Fig. C.) are short and sack-like, with a single articu- / [525] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 231 lation at the base, and three set at the tip. The antenniw have large well developed scales, furnished along the inner margin with long plumose hairs, but the flagellum is shorter than the scale, not divided into segments, and has three plumose sete at tip. The mandibles are unlike on the two sides; the inferior edges are armed with acute teeth, except at the posterior angle, where there is a small molar area; the palpi are very small, with the three segments just indicated. The exognathus in both pairs of maxille is composed of only one article, and is furnished with several set at tip. In the first maxillipeds the exognathus is an unarticulated@process, furnished with short plumose hairs on the outer side. The second maxillipeds have the principal branch cylindrical, not ilattened and appressed to the inner mouth organs as in the adult; the exognathus is short, and as yet searcely flabelliform ; and the epig- nathus is a simple process, with not even the rudiment of a branchia. The external maxillipeds are pediform, the endognathus as long as and much resembling the endopodi of the posterior legs, while the exog- nathus is like the exopodi of all the legs, being half as long as the en- dognathus, and the terminal portion furnished along the edges with long plumose hairs. The epignathus and the branchie are very rudimentary, represented by minute sack-like processes. The anterior cephalothoracie legs, (Fig. D,) which in the adult develop into the big claws, are exactly alike, and no longer than the external maxillipeds. The pediform branch is, however, somewhat stouter than in the other legs, and subcheliform. : The legs of the second and third pairs are similar to the first, but not as stout. The legs of the fourth and fifth pairs are still more slender, and styliform at the extremity, as in the adult. The exopodal branches of all the legs and of the external maxillipeds are quite similar, and differ very little in size. In life, while the animal is poised at rest in the water, they are carried horizontally, as represented in Figure B, or are curved up over the carapax, sometimes so as almost to cover it. The blood circulates rapidly in these appendages, and they undeubtedly serve, to a certain extent, as respiratory organs, as well as for locomotion. By careful examination, small processes were found representing the normal number of branchiz to each leg.* These rudi- mentary branchiz, however, differ somewhat in different specimens, being very small, and scarcely distinguishable, in what appear to be younger individuals, from the rudimentary epipodi, while in others, ap- parently older, they are further developed, being larger, more cellular in structure than the epipodi, and even showing an approach to ecrenulation in the margins, as shown in Figure D. The abdomen is slender, the second to the fifth segments each armed with a large dorsai spine, curved backward, and with the lateral angles * The number of branchiz, or branchial pyramids, in the American lobster is twenty on each side; asingle small one upon the second maxilliped, three well developed ones upon the external maxilliped, three upon the first cephalothoracic leg, four each upon the second, third, and fourth, and one upon the fifth. 232 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [526] produced into long spines, and the sixth segment with two dorsal spines. The proportional size and the outline of the last segment are shown in Figure B; its posterior margin is armed with a long and stout central spine, and each side with fourteen or fifteen plumose spines or setz, which are articulated to the margin. In this stage the young were first taken July 1, when they were seen swimming rapidly about at the surface of the water among great num- bers of zoéze, megalops, and copeopods. Their motions and habits re- call at once the species of Mysis and Thysanopoda, but their motions are not quite as rapid and are more irregular. Their bright colors ren- der them conspicuous objects, and they must be readily seen and cap- tured by fishes. They were frequently taken at the surface in different parts of Vineyard Sound from July 1 to 7, and several were taken off Newport, Rhode Island, as late as July 15, and they would very likely be found also in June, judging from the stage of development to which the embryos had advanced early in May in Long Island Sound. Besides the specimens taken in the open water of the Sound, a great number were obtained July 6, from the well of a lobster-smack, where they were swimming in great abundance near the surface of the water, having un- doubtedly been recently hatched from the eggs carried by the female lobsters confined in the well. Some of these specimens lived in vessels of fresh sea-water for two days, but all efforts to keep them alive long enough to observe their molting failed. They appeared, while thus in confinement, to feed principally upon very minute animals of different kinds, but were several times seen to devour small zoéz, and occasionally when much crowded, so that some of them became exhausted, they fed upon each other, the stronger ones eating the weaker. Second stage—In the next stage the young lobsters have increased somewhat in size, and the abdominal legs of the second to the fifth seg- ments have appeared. The rostrum is much broader, and there are several teeth along the edges. The basal segments of the antennule have become defined, and the secondary flagellum has appeared, but is not subdivided into segments. The antennze and mouth organs have undergone but slight changes. The first cephalothoracic legs are propor- tionally larger and stouter than in the first stage, and have become truly cheliform. The succeeding legs have changed little. The epidodi of all the legs and of the external maxillipeds have increased in size, and the branchial processes are distinctly lobed along the edges, and have be- gun to assume the form of true branchiz. The segments of the abdomen have the same number of spines, but they are relatively somewhat smaller, and the last segment is relatively smaller and broader at base. The appendages of the second to the fifth segments differ considerably in size in different specimens, but are nearly as long as the segments themselves ; their terminal lamella, however, are represented only by simple sack-like appendages, without sign of segmentation, or clothing of hairs or sete. The penultimate segment is still without appendages. [527] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 23 Specimens in this stage were taken only twice, July 1 and 15. They have the same habits and general appearance as in the first stage, but are readily distinguished by the possession of rudimentary abdominal legs. In color they.are almost exactly the same, only the orange-colored markings are perhaps a little less intense. Third stage.—In the third stage (Plate IX, figs. /, F, G,) the larvie are about half an inch (12 to 13™™) in length, and the integument is of a much firmer consistency than in the earlier stages. The antennulie are still rudimentary, and considerably shorter than the rostrum, although the secondary flagellum has increased in length, and begins to show division into numerous segments. The antenn retain the most marked feature of the early stages—the large size of the scale—but the flagellum is much longer than the scale, and begins to show division into segments. The mandibles, maxillee, and first and second maxillipeds have changed very little, although in the second maxillipeds the extremity of the ex- ognathus begins to assume a flagelliform character, and the branchia is represented by a small process upon the side of the epignathus. The external maxillipeds have begun to lose their pediform character. The anterior legs have increased enormously in size, and those of the second and third pairs have become truly chelate, while the swimming exopo- dal branches of all the legs, as well as of the external maxillipeds, are relatively much smaller and more unimportant. The epipodi (fig. @) are furnished with hairs along the edges, and begin to assume the char- acters of these appendages in the adult. The branchi (fig. @) have developed rapidly, and have a single series of well-marked lobes along each side. The abdomen still has the spines characteristic of the ear- lier stages, though all of them are much reduced in size. The appen- dages of the second to the fifth segments have become conspicuous, their lamelle have more than doubled in length, and the margins of the ter- minal half are furnished with very short ciliated sete. The appendages of the penultimate segment (fig. /’) are well developed, although quite different from those in the adult. The outer lamella wants wholly the transverse articulation near its extremity, and both are margined, ex- cept the outer edge of the outer lamella, with long plumose hairs. The last segment is relatively smaller and more quadrangular in outline, and the spines of the posterior margin are much smaller. *The only specimens procured in this stage were taken July 8 and 15. In color they were less brilliant than in the earlier stages, the orange markings being duller and whole animal slightly tinged with greenish brown. In the next stage observed, the animal, about three-fifths of an inch (14 to 17™™) long, has lost all its schizopodal characters, and has assumed the more important features of the adult lobster. It still retains, how- ever, the free-swimming habit of the true larval forms, and was fre- quently taken at the surface, both in the towing and hand net. Although resembling the adult in many features, it differs so much that, were it - 234 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [528] an adult form, it would undoubtedly be regarded as a distinct genus. The rostrum is bifid at tip, and armed with three or four teeth on each side toward the base, and in some specimens with a minute additional spine, on one or both sides, close to the tip. The flagella of the antennulie ex- tend scarcely beyond the tip of the rostrum. The antennal scale is very much reduced in size, but is still conspicuous and furnished with long plumose hairs along the inner margin, while the flagellum is as long as the carapax. The palpi of the mandibles have assumed the adult character, but the mandibles themselves have not acquired the massive molar character which they have in the older animal. The other mouth- organs have nearly the adult form. The anterior legs, although quite large, are still slender and just alike on the two sides, while all the cephalothoracie legs retain a distinct process in place of the swimming exopodi of thelarva. The lateral angles of the second to the fifth abdomi- nal segments are prolonged downward into long spiniform teeth, the ap- pendages of these segments are proportionately much longer than in the adult, and the margins of their terminal lamell are furnished with very long plumose hairs. The lamelle of the appendages of the penultimate segment are oval, and margined with long plumose hairs. The terminal segment is nearly quadrangular, as wide at the extremity as at the base, the posterior margin arcuate, but not extending beyond the promi- nent lateral angles, and furnished with hairs like those on the margins of the lamelle of the appendages of the penultimate segment. In color they resemble closely the adult, but the green color of the back is ighter, and the yellowish markings upon the claws and body are proportionately larger. In this stage, the young lobsters swim very rapidly by means of the abdominal legs, and dart backward, when disturbed, with the caudal appendages, frequently jumping out of the water in this way like shrimp, which their movements in the water much resemble. They appear to be truly surface animals, as in the earlier stages, and were often seen Swimming about among other surface animals. They were frequently taken from the 8th to the 28th of July, and very likely occur much later. From the dates at which the different forms were taken, it is probable that they pass through all the stages here described in the course of a Single season. How late the young, after reaching the lobster-lske form, retain their free-swimming habit was not ascertained. The young of the different kinds of shrimp, Crangon vulgaris, Paleemo- netes vulgaris, and Virbius zostericola, when hatched from the egg, are free- Swimming animals, similar in their habits to the young of the lobster. In structure, however, they are quite unlike the larve of the lobster, and approach more the zoéa stages of the crabs, which are described farther on. When they first leave the. egg, they are without the five pairs of cephalothoracic legs, the abdomen is without appendages, and much as it isin the first stage of the young lobster, while the maxillipeds are [529] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 235 developed into long locomotive appendages, somewhat like the external maxillipeds of the first stage of the young lobster. While yet in the free- swimming condition the cephalothoracic legs are developed, the maxilli- peds assume the adult form, and the abdominal limbs appear. The voung of these shrimp are very much smaller than the young of the lobster, but they remain for a considerable time in this immature state, and were very frequently taken at the surface in the towing-net. The young of Crangon vulgaris are hatched in the neighborhood of Vineyard Sound, in May and June, and arrive at the adult form before they are more than 4 or 5™" long. Specimens of this size were taken at Wood’s Hole, at the surface, on the evening of July 3. Later in the season much larger specimens were frequently taken at the surface both in the evening and day-time. The young of Palemonetes vulgaris did not appear till near the middle of July. Soon after hatching, the young are 3" long. The cephalo- thorax is short and broad with a slender spiniform rostrum in front, an enormous compound eye each side at the anterior margin, and a small simple eye in the middle of the carapax. The antennulie are quite rudi- mentary, being short and thick appendages projecting a little way in front of the head; the peduncle bears at its extremity a very short ob- tuse segment representing the primary flagellum, and inside, at the base of this, a much longer plumose seta. The antenn are slightly longer, than the antennul ; the short peduncle bears a stout appendage, corre- sponding to the antennal scale, the terminal portion of which is articu- lated and furnished with long plumose setie, and on the inside at the base of the scale, a slender process corresponding to the flagellum, and ter- minated by a long plumose seta. The first and second pairs of maxille are well formed and approach those of the adult. The three pairs of maxillipeds are all developed into powerful locomotive appendages ; the inner branches, or endognathi, being slender pediform appendages ter- minated by long spines, while the outer branches, or epignathi, are long Swimming appendages like the swimming branches of the legs of the young lobsters in the first stage. Both branches of the first maxillipeds are considerably shorter than those of the following pairs, but otherwise like them, and the inner branch of the second pair is somewhat shorter than that of the third, but its outer branch is about as long as that of the third pair. The five pairs of cephalothoracic legs are wanting or only represented by a cluster of minute sack-like processes just behind the outer maxillipeds. The abdomen is long and slender, wholly with- out appendages beneath, and the last segment is expanded into a short and very broad caudal lamina, the posterior margin of which is truncate with the lateral angles rounded; these angles each bear three, and the posterior margin itself eight more stout plumose scte, the setie of the posterior margin being longer than those upon the an gles, and separated by broader spaces in which the margin is armed with numerous very small sete. They arrive at the adult form before they are more than 5¥™ Lv 236 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [530] long, and they were often taken at the surface until 8 to 12"™ in length, the larger ones being taken in the first part of September. The young of Virbius zostericola appear at about the same time as those of Palemonetes, or a very little later, and pass through quite simi- lar changes. The young attain the adult form when not more than 3™™ in length, and were frequently taken at the surface, both in the day- time and the evening, until they were 10™™ long, those 8 to 10™™ long being common in late August and early September. The larval forms of several other Macrourans were taken at different times, but none of these were abundant, and JI have not been able to connect them with the adult forms of any of the common species of the New England coast. The young of Gebia affinis, only 4™™ long, but with nearly the form of the adult, was taken at the surface on the evening of September 3. The young of Callianassa Stimpsoni, about 4™™ long and with nearly all the adult characters, was also taken at the surface early in September. The hermit-crabs (species of Hupagurus) when first hatched have much resemblance to the young of shrimp at the same period, and have simi- lar habits. The young of one of the species, after it has passed through the earlier stages, and when it is about 5™™" long, and has all the cephalothoracic appendages similar to those of the adult, has still a - symmetrical abdomen, like that of a shrimp, with long swimming-legs upon the second, third, fourth, and fifth segments, and broad laminated appendages upon the penultimate segment. Young, in this and the earlier stages, were common at the surface in Vineyard Sound during the last of August and the first of September. Hippa talpoida probably passes through a metamorphosis similar to that of the hermit-crabs. The young attain nearly the adult form before they are more than 5 or 6™™ long, and specimens of this size were taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound on the evening of September 3. I have also found, early in September, the young a little larger upon the outer shores of Fire Island Beach, where they were left in large numbers by a high tide, and soon buried themselves in the sand. All, or at least nearly all, the species of Brachyura living on the coast of New England pass through very complete and remarkable meta- morphoses. The most distinct stages through which they pass were long ago described as two groups of crustaceans, far removed from the adult forms of which they were the young. The names zoéa and meg. alops, originally applied to these groups, are conveniently retained for the two best marked stages in the development of the crabs. The young of the common crab, (Cancer irroratus,) in the earlier or zoéa stage, when first hatched from the egg, are somewhat like the form figured on Plate VIII, (fig. 37, the latest stage of the zoéa of Cancer irroratus, just before it changes to the megalops,) but the spines upon the carapax are all much longer in proportion, and there are no signs of [531] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 237 the abdominal legs or of any of the future legs of the megalops and crab. In this stage they are very small, much smaller than in the stage figured. After they have increased very much in size, and have molted probably several times, they appear as in the figure just referred to. The terminal segment of the abdomen, seen only in a side-view in the _ figure, is very broad and divided nearly to the base by a broad sinus, each side the margins project in long, spiniform, diverging processes, at the base of which the margin of the sinus is armed with six to eight spines on each side. When alive they are translucent, with deposits of dark pigment forming spots at the articulations of the abdomen and a few upon the cephalothorax and its appendages. In this stage they were taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound, in immense numbers, from June 25 to late in August. They were most abundant in the early part of July, and appeared in the greatest numbers on calm, sunny days. Several zoéve of this stage were observed to change directly to the megalops form, (Plate VIII, fig. 38.) Shortly before the change took place they were not quite as active as previously, but still continued to swim about until they appeared to be seized by violent convulsions, and after a moment began to wriggle rapidly out of the old zoéa skin, and at once appeared in the full megalops form. The new integument seems to stiffen at once, for in a very few moments after freeing itself from the old skin the new megalops was swimming about as actively as the oldest individuals. In this megalops stage the animal begins to resemble the adult. The five pairs of cephalothoracie legs are much like those of the adult, and the mouth-organs have assumed nearly their final form. The eyes, however, are still enormous in size, the carapax is elongated and has a slender rostrum and a long spine projecting from the cardiac region far over the posterior border, and the abdomen is carried extended, and is furnished with powerful swimming-legs as in the Macroura. In color and habits they are quite similar to the later stage of the zoée from which they came; their motions appear, however, to be more regular and not so rapid, although they swim with great facility. In this meg- alops the dactyli of the posterior cephalothoracic legs are styliform, and are each furnished at the tip with three peculiar setie of different lengths and with strongly curved extremities, the longest one simple and about as long as the dactylus itself, while the one next in length is armed along the inner side of the curved extremity with what appear to be minute teeth, and the shortest one is again simple. According to the observations made at Wood’s Hole, the young of Cancer irroratus remain in the megalops stage only a very short time, and at the first molt change to a form very near that of the adult. Notwithstanding this, they occurred in vast numbers, and were taken, in the towing-nets in greater quantities even than in the zoéa stage. Their time of occurrence seemed nearly simultaneous with that of the zoée, and the two forms were almost always associated. The exact time any 238 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [532] particular individual remained in this stage was observed only a few times. One full-grown zoéa (like the specimen figured) obtained June 23, and placed in a vessel by itself, changed to a megalops between 9 and 11$ a.m. of June 24, and did not molt again till the forenoon of June 27, when it became a young crab of the form described farther on. Of two other zoée obtained at the same time, and placed together ina . dish, one changed to a megalops between 9 and 114 a. m. of June 24, the other during the following night; these both changed to crabs dur- ing the night of June 26 and 27. The following memorandum on a large number of the same lot of both stages of the young, kept together in a vessel of fresh sea-water, also indicates the rapidity of these changes. In the columns “ zoéa” and ‘““megalops” the total number of individuals in each of these stages is given; under “crabs” the number which had appeared since the last observation, and under “dead” the number which had died since the last observation : | Time of observation. Zoéa. aaa Crabs. | Dead. UMEH ZO MCs MM alee heba ete ate aye ese he victoire a:oveis iis sic ets 15 | 22 0 0 JUNC LAO ae Menace epee ee eens BANA Souci eetr | a | 23 2 7 UCL ARO Var e. S Sele elae ere sia eiere Sete meta leet 7 Ge | De 2 0 Dame Panwa iar tenet one eet eeee pepe Q | 22 1 a Shute hp. mit cula! Yates Heber eee LIS tees | 22 1 0 JMIME Os. (Oras pM aes aree At clacisiecias te os eet Bae Oe 20 0 3 MME. Ps MW avee ect ecklace decom eee Reece eeen, aces | 19 ie 0 DUNC 26.6 AM amie emesis amex sects aainloes Se eal ace tee | 16 1 2 JUNEe!27 16/8. Macs. oo 5 sence cea Se Soe ese ee | 14 2 0 UMC 127 Oa DSUs ee aniey ian, ered ae ae ee sete eel eam ercle 12 0 2 Sun pe erp amOee ae octetemiie elise eineei- elie hice ese cee Vere ow iil 0 1 GMO SSH Melatowte steatosis lle mice ee cua sete siete BERRA eae | 9 2 0 UNO PRAM MIM. ne Saree ae = Melee aa te a eee here ell eee ose | 4A 3 2 BETES OOM ay MAME Sei Bey ee ees Coe A ee ee eae | “2 a Bes In the two or three instances in which the change from the megalops to the young crab was actually observed, the megalops sank to the bot- tom of the dish and remained quiet for some time before the molting took place. The muscular movements seemed to be much less violent than in the molting at the close of the zoéa stage, and the little crab worked himself out of the megalops skin quite slowly. Fora short time after their appearance the young crabs were soft and inactive, but the integument very soon stiffened, and in the course of two or three hours they acquired all the pugnacity of the adult. They swam about with ease and were constantly attacking each other and their companions in the earlier stages. Many of the deaths recorded in the above memo- randum were due to them, and on this account they were removed from the vessel at each observation. In this early stage the young crabs are [533] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 239 quite different from the adult. The carapax is about 3" long and slightly less in breadth. The front is much more prominent than in the adult, but still has the same number of lobes and the same general form. The antero-lateral margin is much more longitudinal than in the adult, and is armed with the five normal teeth, which are long and acute, and four very much smaller secondary teeth alternating with the normal ones. The antenne and ambulatory legs are proportionally longer than in the adult. The young crabs in this stage were once or twice taken in the towing-net, but they were not common at the surface, although a large number were found, with a few in the megalops stage, among hydroids upon a floating barrel in Vineyard Sound, July 7. The young of Platyonichus ocellatus in the zoéa and megalops stages were frequently taken in the towing-net from the last of June till August, but they were much less abundant than the young of Cancer irroratus. On June 29, however, they occurred in great numbers. Twenty-two out of forty of those in the zoéa state changed to the megalops during the first twenty-four hours, and in the same time ten out of fifty in the megalops stage changed to the adult form, so that they probably do not remain in the megalops state longer than the young of Cancer irroratus. They apparently do not molt during the megalops stage. The megalops of the Platyonichus is about the size of that of Cancer ivroratus, and resembles it much in general appearance, but the carapax is much broader in proportion, the rostrum is a little longer, and there is amarked prominence at the anterior margin of the orbit, representing the lateral tooth of the front of the adult, and a similar prominence, rep- resenting the stout postorbital tooth, at the posterior angle of the orbit. The spine upon the cardiac region is rather more slender than in the megalops of the Cancer. The chelipeds are more elongated, and much like those of the adult Platyonichus, except that they want the stout spines of the latter. The dactyli of the posterior legs already approach in form those of the adult, being expanded into narrow oval plates a fourth as broad as long. The tips of each of these dactyli are furnished with four peculiar set of different lengths and with strongly curved ex- tremities, the longest and two shortest of which are simple, while next to the longest one is furnished along the inner side of the curved extrem- ity with little, closely set, sack-like appendages. Another megalops, belonging apparently to some swimming-crab, was several times taken in the towing-net, in Vineyard Sound, from August 11 to September 3, and was also taken by Mr. Harger and myself, east of George’s Bank, latitude 41° 25/ north, longitude 63° 55/ east, Septem- ber 14. It would fall in the genus Cyllene of Dana, and is closely allied to his Cyllene furciger (Crust. U. 8S. Expl. Expd., p. 494, Plate XX XI, fig. 8) from the Sooloo Sea. In one specimen the carapax, including the rostrum, is 2.0"™ long, excluding rostrum, 1.6"", breadth, 1.1™". The front is quite narrow between the bases of the ocular peduncles, and has a long and slender rostrum. There are no prominences either side 240 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [534] of the orbit and no dorsal spine upon the carapax. The fourth segment of the sternum is armed each side, just within the bases of the legs, with a long and broad spine projecting backward and slightly outward, as in Cyllene furciger. The chelipeds and ambulatory legs are long and slender, and the dactyli of the posterior pair of legs are expanded and lamellar, as in the megalops of Platyonichus. The abdomen is about as long as the carapax excluding the rostrum, and the fifth segment is armed with a stout spine each side of the postero-lateral angles. A very large megalops, quite different in structure from those already mentioned, is occasionally found thrown upon outer beaches on the southern coast of New England and Long Island, but is apparently much more common upon the coast of the Southern States. This is undoubt- edly the young of Ocypoda arenaria, and was long ago described by Say (Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. 1, p. 157, 1817) as Monolepis inermis, and it is partially figured by Dana, (Crust. U. S. Expl. Exp., Plate XXXI, fig. 6.) The carapax is very convex above, broader behind, and has no dorsal spine. The front is deflexed sharply downward and a little backward, and the extremity is tricuspidate, the median tooth being long and narrowly triangular, while the lateral teeth are small and obtuse. Thesides are high and impressed so as to receive the three anterior pairs of ambulatory legs. The third pair of ambulatory legs are closely appressed along the upper edge of the carapax and extend forward over the eyes, their dactyli being curved down over the eyes and along each side of the front. The posterior legs are small and weak, and each is folded up and hes in a groove on the latero-posterior surface of the carapax. The external maxillipeds have almost exactly the same structure as in the adult Ocypoda, and, as in the adult Ocypoda, there is a tuft of peculiar hairs between the bases of the second and third ambulatory legs. I have specimens of this megalops from Block Island, and have myself collected it, late in August, at Fire Island Beach, Long Island. In the largest specimen from the last locality the earapax is 6.4™™ long and 5.6™™ broad. A large number of young specimens of the Ocypoda, collected at Fire Island Beach, indicate plainly that they had only recently changed from this megalops. The smallest of these specimens, in which the carapax is 5.6 to 6.0" long and 6.1 to 6.5™™ broad, differ from the adult so much that they might very easily be mistaken for a different species. The carapax is very slightly broader than long, and very convex above. The front is broad, not narrowed between the bases of the ocular peduneles, and triangular at the extremity. The margin of the orbit is not transverse but inclines obliquely backward. The ambulatory legs are nearly naked, and those of the posterior pair are proportionately much smaller than in the adult. The adult Ocypoda is terrestrial in its habits, living in deep holes above high-water mark on sandy beaches, but the young in the zoéa state are undoubtedly deposited in the water, where they lead a free- [535] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 241 swimming existence like true pelagic animals, until they become full- grown in the megalops state. Say mentions that his specimens were found cast upon the beach by the refluent tide and ‘appeared desirous to protect themselves by burrowing in the sand, in order to wait the return of the tide,” but they were more likely awaiting the final change to the terrestrial state. The tufts of peculiar hairs between the bases of the second and third ambulatory legs, and, in the adult, connected with the respiration, are present in the full-grown megalops, and are undoubtedly provided to fit the animal for its terrestrial existence as soon as it is thrown upon the shore. The young in the magalops stage occur on the shore of Long Island, in August, and perhaps earlier. At Fire Island Beach in 1870 no specimens of Ocypoda were discovered till the last of August, and those first found were the smallest ones obtained ; by the middle of September, however, they were common on the outer beach, and many of them were twice as large as those first obtained. Although careful search was made along the beach for several miles, not a specimen of the adult or half-grown crab could be found; every individual there had evidently landed and developed during the season. Probably all those living the year before had perished during the win- ter, and itis possible that this species never survives long enough to attain its full growth, so far north. A small megalops, taken in the towing-nets in considerable numbers at'Wood’s Hole on the evening of September 3, resembles in several characters the megalops of Ocypoda, and is probably the young of one of the species of Gelasimus. The carapax is 1.0™" long and 0.7 broad. The front is narrowly triangular, deflexed perpendicularly, ‘somewhat excavated between the eyes, and terminates in a long, slen- der, and acute tip. The sides are high and impressed for the reception of the three anterior ambulatory legs as in the megalops of Ocypoda, although in the alcoholic specimens examined the legs are not closed against the sides. The posterior ambulatory legs are small, and lodged jn grooves on the surface of the carapax, much as in the megalops of Ocypoda. The external maxillipeds are very much like those of the megalops of Ocypoda. A peculiar megalops, belonging apparently to some Grapsoid group of crabs, was several times taken in the towing-net in Vineyard Sound from August 5 to September 3, on the latter date in the evening. In these the carapax is 1.2 to 1.3™™" in length and 0.9 to 1.0™" in breadth. The front is broad, concave above between the eyes; the middle portion projects obliquely downward and terminates in a short, obtuse rostrum; while the lateral angles project forward into a promi- nent tooth above each eye, so that, when seen from above, the frontal margin appears transverse and tridentate, the teeth being separated by considerable spaces. There are no dorsal spines or tubercles upon the carapax. The sides are high, and are apparently impressed for the reception of the anterior ambulatory legs. The posterior ambulatory 242 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. = [536] legs are subequal with the others and have styliform dactyli. The ischial and meral segments of the external maxillipeds are short and broad. Another megalops, of which several specimens were taken in the towing-net, in Vineyard Sound, August 5, has a remarkable, elongated and tuberculated carapax. The carapax, including the rostrum, is 1.3" long and 0.84" broad, is armed above with several large tubercles, and the posterior marginis arcuate and armed with a median tubercular prominence. The front is somewhat excavated above and expanded each side in front of the eyes, the anterior margin being trans- verse, as seen from above, with a short and spiniform rostrum curved obliquely downward. The chelipeds have slender hands and the am- bulatory legs are long and slender, the posterior pair being subequal with the others, and all having the dactyli styliform. The abdominal legs are very long. Several other forms of zoéa and megalops were taken in Vineyard Sound and vicinity, but, as they were not traced to the adult forms and were none of them very abundant, they are not here described. Squilla enpusa passes through a remarkable metamorphosis, but none of the earliest stages were observed. Specimens in one of the later larval stages (Plate VIII, fig. 36) were taken at the surface in Vine- yard Sound, August 11. These are nearly 6'" long. The carapax is proportionally much larger than in the adult, covering completely the whole cephalothorax, has a long slender rostrum projecting far in front of the eyes, and the lateral angles projecting backward in two slender processes as long as the rostrum. There is also on each side, just behind the eye, a small tooth on the margin of the carapax, and another similar one on the posterior margin just beneath each of the posterior processes. The eyes are very large and almost spherical. The antennulz are short, projecting scarcely beyond the eyes, and biramous, one of the flagella being short and unsegmented, the other longer and composed of three segments. The antenne are still without flagella, and the scale is quite small. The first pair of legs (the appendages corresponding to the first pair of maxillipeds in the Macroura, &c.) are well developed, long, and slender, like those of the adult. The great claws are propor- tionally larger than in the adult, and have very much the same structure. Of the six succeeding pairs of cephalothoracic legs, only the three ante- rior, subcheliform ones are as yet developed, and these are quite small, those of the third pair being smaller than the others, and projecting but Slightly beyond the carapax; the three posterior, styliform legs are en- tirely wanting, or represented only by slight sack-like protuberances. The abdomen is not quite as long as the cephalothorax, including the ros- trum and posterior processes, and the five anterior segments are subequal in length, smoothly rounded above, and furnished with well developed Swimming-legs, much like those of many macrouranas. The sixth seg- ment is much shorter than the others, and has rudimentary appendages [537] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 243 scarcely longer than the segment itself. In these appendages the spini- form process from the base is long and simple, not biramous, as in the adult, and the lamelle are small, much shorter than this process, and the outer one has no articulated terminal portion. The terminal seg- ment is as long as the four preceding segments, about as broad as long, the lateral margins slightly convex in outline, and each armed with two sharp teeth, while the posterior margin is concave in outline, with the lateral angles projecting into sharp teeth, between which the edge is armed with about twenty small and equal slender spines. D.—CATALOGUE OF THE MARINE INVETEBRATE ANIMALS OF THE SOUTHERN COAST OF NEW ENGLAND, AND AD- JACENT WATERS.—BY A. E. VERRILL, 8S. I. SMITH, AND OSCAR HARGER. In the following catalogue nearly all the marine invertebrates which are known to inhabit the coast between Cape Cod and New York are in- cluded, except those belonging to certain groups whick have not yet been studied by any one, sufficiently for their identification. Such are chiefly minute or microscopic species, belonging to the Entomostraca, Foraminifera, Ciliated Infusoria, &e., together with the intestinal worms of fishes and other animals. Our sponges, also, have hitherto received very little attention, and it has not yet been possible to identify but a small number of the species. It is not to be supposed, however, that the list is complete in any group, for every season in the past has served to greatly increase the number of species in almost every class and order, and this will doubtless be the case for many years to come. But as no attempt has hitherto been made to enumerate the marine ani mals of this region, excepting the shells and radiates, it is hoped that this catalogue will prove useful, both to show what is already known concerning this fauna, and to serve asa basis for future work in the same direction. In some instances species that have not actually been found on the part of the coast mentioned, but which occur on the shores of Long Island and New Jersey, under such circumstances as to render it pretty certain that they will also be found farther north, have been included in the catalogue, but the special localities have always been given in such cases. In order not to make the list too long, only those synonyms are given which are really necessary to make apparent the origin of the names, and to refer the student to some of the best descriptions and figures in the works that are generally most accessible, and in which more com- plete synonymy may be found. For the same reason, in describing the new species, the descriptions have been made as brief as seemed consistent with the purpose in view, viz: to enable students and others who may not be experienced natu- 244 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [538] ralists to identify the species that they may meet with. To this end, the portions of the descriptions relating to strictly microscopic parts have frequently been omitted, when more obvious characters, sufficient to distinguish the species, could be found. References to the plates at the end of this volume have been inserted, and also to the pages in the first part of the report where brief descrip- tions, remarks on the habits, or other information may be found. The catalogue of the Crustacea was prepared by Mr. 8. I. Smith and Mr. Oscar Harger. The rest of the catalogue is by Professor A. E. Ver- rill, with the exception of the descriptions of the insects, which haye been furnished by Dr. A. S. Packard and Dr. G. H. Horn; the Pyeno- gonids, which have been determined by Mr, 8. I. Smith; and a few of the Bryozoa, which were identified by Professor A. Hyatt, who also furnished most of the figures of the species belonging to that class. Hitherto there has been no attempt to enumerate the marine inverte- brates of the entire southern coast of New England. Several partial lists have been published, however, and these have been of considera- ble use in the preparation of the following catalogue. In the Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, by Dr. A. A. Gould, 1841, numerous localities for shells on the southern coast of Massachusetts are mentioned. A catalogue of the shells of Connecticut, by James H. Linsley, was published in the American Journal of Science, vol. 48, 1545. In “Shells of New England,” 1851, Dr. William Stimpson gave much accurate in- formation concerning the distribution of our Mollusca. In 1869 Dr. G. H. Perkins published a very useful catalogue, in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. xiii, p. 109, entitled “ Mol- luscan Fauna of New Haven.” The “ Report on the Mollusca of Long Island, New York, and of its Dependencies,” by Sanderson Smith and Temple Prime, in the Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History, vol. ix, p. 377, 1870, also contains much useful information. A paper by Dr. Joseph Leidy, entitled ‘Contributions toward a Knowledge of the Marine Invertebrate Fauna of the Coasts of Rhode Island and New Jersey,” in the Journal of the Philadelphia Academy, vol. ii, 1855, although very incomplete, contains the only published lists of the Annelids and Crustacea of this region. In his ‘‘ Catalogue of North American Acalephie,” 1865, Mr. A. Agassiz has enumerated all the species discovered on this coast up to that time. Other papers will also be referred to in the synonymy. {539| INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 245 ARTICULATA. INSECTA. The insects ineluded in the following catalogue have mostly been de- termined by A. S. Packard, jr., M. D., and by George H. Horn, M. D., who have also kindly furnished descriptions of the new species. Our thanks are also due to Dr. H. A. Hagen, who has identified some of the species. The Pycnogonids have been determined by Mr. 8. I. Smith. DIPTERA. CHIRONOMUS HALOPHILUS Packard, sp. nov. (p 419.) Full-grown larvee were dredged in 10 fathoms in Vineyard Sound, several miles from land, among compound Ascidians, (A. E. V.;) and several young larve were dredged in 8 to 10 fathoms in Wood’s Hole Passage, September 10, (A. 8. P.) “This is a true Chironomus, the body being long and slender, with the usual respiratory filaments at the end of the body. Head red as usual, chitinous; antennie slender, ending in two unequal spines; eyes black, forming conspicuous dots; mandibles acute, three-toothed. From lower side of antepenultimate segment arise two pairs of long fleshy filaments, twice as long as the diameter of body, not containing trachex, so far as I can see; and from the end of penultimate segment a dorsal minute tubercle, forming a cylindrical papilla, giving rise to eight respiratory hairs about as long as the segment is thick; anal legs long and slender, with a crown of about twelve spines. Two prothoracic feet, as usual. In one larva the semi-pupa was forming; length, 11™™, (.45 inch.) This species belongs in the same section of the genus with Chirono- mus plumosus, figured by Reaumer, (vol. iv, Pl. 14, figs. 11 and 12; and vol. v.)"—A. S. P. CHIRONOMUS OCEANICUS Packard. (p. 331.) Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 42, figs. 1-4, 1869. Specimens apparently belonging to this species have been obtained near New Haven, atlow-water mark, among confervie. It occurs at Sa- lem. Massachusetts; Casco Bay; and the Bay of Fundy, from low-water mark to 20 fathoms. CULEX, species undetermined. (p. 466.) A species of mosquito is excessively abundant on the salt-marshes in autumn, and the larye inhabit the brackish waters of the ditches and pools. _ 246 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [540] Muscip &.—Larve of an undetermined fly. (p. 415.) This larva was found living beneath the surface of the sand, at low- water mark, on the shore of Great Egg Harbor, at Beesley’s Point, New Jersey, April 28,1871. (A. I. V.) The same larva, or an allied spe- cies, was found May 5, under stones below high-water mark. “Specimens were brought tome from New Jersey, and kept living in sea-water for | some time. The following description is from the living specimens: Body white, long, slender, cylindrical, tapering gradually from the penul- penultimate segment toward the head; thirteen segments, counting the head as one. Segments smooth, thickened at the hinder edge, the su- tures being distinct; tegument very thin and transparent, allowing the viscera to be easily distinguished. The terminal segment of the body is conical; seen from beneath it is nearly a fourth longer than broad, the end subacute and deeply cleft by a furrow which diminishes in size and depth to beyond the middle of the segment, where it fades out. This conical extension is flattened vertically above; ffom the middle of the same ring project the supra-anal, conical, fleshy tubercles, one-fourth the length of the entire ring, which give rise to two main trachee running to the head, and which separate and close together at the will of the animal. When extended the prothoracic ring is considerably longer than the others. Head one-third as large as prothorax, and a little more than half as wide. Length, 9™™. I cannot detect any spiracles on either of the thoracic rings. The trachee are not nearly so regular as in the larvie of the Anthomyia ce- parum, with living specimens of which I placed it side by side; head much the same, showing it may be of this family. Minute antenne present; no traces of them in Anthomyia, and their presence throws a doubt whether it be a muscid.”—A. S. P. ERISTALIS, species undetermined. One large-sized larva was found in Vineyard Sound among alge in April, by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards. EPHYDRA, species undetermined. (p. 466.) Packard, Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 50. Shores of Narragansett Bay, puparium found under sea-weeds by Dr. T. d’Orexmieul. According to Dr. Packard, ‘“‘ scarcely distinguish- able from EF. halophila Packard, which lives in salt brine at the salt- works in Gallatin County, Illinois.” COLEOPTERA.* A number of species of tiger-beetles (Cicindela) are common on the sandy shores and beaches just above high-water mark, and some of them are seldom found away from the sea-shore, while others are also found far inland. The larve of some of these, and perhaps of all, live below high water, but this has not yet been observed in the case of several * The Coleoptera were mostly determined by Dr. George H. Horn. [541] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 247 in the following list, which includes those most characteristic of the sea- ‘ shores. CICINDELA GENEROSA Dejean. (p. 336.) Spécies Général des Coléopteres, vol. v, p. 231, (teste Lec.;) Gould. Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 42. Pl. 3, fig. 2. Adult common on sandy beaches at high-water mark ; larve burrow- ingin sand below high-water mark, in company with the species of Talorchestia. CICINDELA DORSALIS Say. (p. 364.) Journal Academy Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. i, p.20; Gould, op. cit., p. 47. Martha’s Vineyard, on the sandy beaches. CICINDELA MARGINATA Fabricius. (p. 470.) Systema Eleutheratorum, vol.i, p. 241; Gould, op. cit., p. 48. Barren spots in salt marshes that are occasionally covered by the tides. CICINDELA REPANDA Dejean. (p. 364.) Spécies Gén. des Coléopteres, vol. i, p. 74. With the last, and on sandy beaches at Martha’s Vineyard, &c. CICINDELA HIRTICOLLIS Say. (p. 564.) Trans. Amer. Phil. Society, new series, vol.i, p. 411, Pl. 13, fig. 2. With last, also at a distance from the coast. CLCINDELA DUODECIMGUTTATA Dejean. Spéc. Gén. des Coléop., vol. i, p. 73; Gould, op. cit., p. 51. Sandy beaches near the salt water; appears both in spring and au- tumn. GEOPINUS INCRASSATUS (Dej.) (p. 364.) Spécies Gén. des Coléoperes, vol. iv, p. 21. Several specimens were found on the outer beach of Great Egg Har- bor, New Jersey, burrowing in sand between tides. This species is not + confined to the coast, but occurs even west of the Mississippi in sandy places, (Horn.) BEMBIDIUM CONSTRICTUM Leconte. (p. 464.) Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., N. Y., vol. iv, p. 362. Between tides at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. B. CONTRACTUM Say. (p. 464.) Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc., vol. ii, p. 85. Between tides at Great Egg Harbor. This and the preceding occur also along the margins of streams emptying into the ocean. (Horn.) HYDROPHILUS (TROPISTERNUS) QUADRISTRIATUS Horn. (p. 466.) Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 1871, p. 331. In brackish pools, near Beesley’s Point, New Jersey, associated with Palemonetes vulgaris and other brackish-water species. 248 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [542] ‘“‘ Klongate oval, more attenuate in front, black, with slight olivaceous tinge; surface densely, finely, and equally punctured. Head with a sigmoid row of coarse punctures on each side, meeting at the vertex. Antenne and palpi testaceous. Thorax with a small fovea on each side, near the anterior margin, behind and within the eyes, and an angulate row of punctures on each side near the middle, and a few coarse pune- tures very irregularly disposed. Elytra with four strive of moderate punctures, the first two sutural and extending nearly from base to apex, inclosing at base a short scutellar row ; the outer two rows subhumeral, obliterated at base, extending nearly to apex, and becoming confused, extending toward the inner rows. Body beneath black, opaque, and pubescent, abdomen with a row of brownish patches at the sides of each segment. Legs pale testaceous, femora at base and tarsi black. Length, .38 inch; (9.5™™.) Resembles lateralis in form, but more narrowed in front than behind. The elytra are evenly punctured, and the body along the median line moderately convex. It differs from all our species by the four distinct Strive of punctures on each elytron. The outer two correspond in posi- tion with the eighth and ninth, and traces of a third, fourth, and fifth are visible at base.”—Horn. PHILHYDRUS REFLEXIPENNIS Zimmermann. Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 1869, p. 250. Great Egg Harbor, between tides. This and the next occur also inland. (Horn.) P. PERPLEXUS,: Leconte. Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Sci., 1855, p. 371. Great Egg Harbor, between tides. PHYTOSUS LITTORALIS Horn. (p. 464.) Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc., 1871, p. 331. ‘“ Head brownish testaceous, moderately shining, sparsely clothed with yellowish hairs, front feebly concave ; parts of mouth and antenne tes- taceous, the latter darker at tip. Thorax paler than the head, as broad as long, disk depressed, sides strongly rounded in front, behind the middle sinuate; base truncate, feebly emarginate at middle, and but slightly broader than half the width of thorax at middle; surface sparsely punctured and pubescent. Elytra pale testaceous, sparsely punctured and pubescent, short, sides strongly divergent behind ; body apterous. Abdomen elongate oval, broader behind the middle, piceous, shining, and very sparsely pubescent. Legs pale testaceous. Last segment of abdomen ¢ slightly prolonged at middle and sinuate on each side. Length, .08 inch, (2™".) - The male resembles in its several characters P. Balticus Kraatz, of Europe, but the median prolongation of the last abdominal segment is broader. The penultimate segment is subcarinate along the median line behind. The mandibles in the present species are much more exsert. than in the species from California. [543] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 249 This is an interesting addition to our insect fauna. Its occurrence has been looked for on the ground of the occurrence of a species on the Pacific Coast, for, as a rule, (rapidly losing its exceptions,) any genus represented in Europe and on the Pacific Coast will lave a representa- tion in the Atlantic faunal region.”—Horn. This species was found burrowing in sand, between tides s, at Beesley’s Point, New Jersey. BLEDIUS CORDATUS (Say.) (p. 462.) Trans. Amer. Phil. Sae., vol. iv, p. 461. This small species occurred in considerable abundance near Beesley’s Point. It forms its small burrows in the loose sand at and just below high-water mark, in company with Valorchestia longicornis, Scyphacella arenicola SmirH, &e. It throws up a small heap of sand around the opening of its burrows, which are much smaller than those of the following species. ‘This species is somewhat variablein the form of the elytral dark spot. The elytra are pale testaceous or nearly white in color, and nor- mally with a cordate space of brownish color, and with the apex in front. This spot may become a narrow median fusiform space, or be divided so that the suture is pale; the spot frequently becomes larger by the apex of the cordate spot, extending to the scutellum and along the basal margin.”—Horn. BLEDIUS PALLIPENNIS (Say.) (p. 462.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. iii, p. 155, Shores of Great Egg Harbor, near Beesley’s Point, common, burrow- ing perpendicularly in moist sand considerably below high-water mark. The holes are round, with a small heap of sand around the orifice. This species is also found far inland. (Horn.) HTETEROCERUS UNDATUS Melsheimer. (p. 464.) Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 98. Beesley’s Point, burrowing in sand, between tides. This species occurs also on the margins of inland streams. © (Horn.) PHALERIA TESTACEA Say. Long’s Expedition, vol. ii, p. 280. Somer’s Point, on the shore of Great Egg Harbor, between tides. NEUROPTERA MOLANNA, species undetermined. (p. 379.) This larva was found in a firm, straight, flattened, tapering tube, made of grains of sand, and attached to the piles of a wharf, below high-water mark, at Menemsha Bight, on Martha’s Vineyard, October, 1871, by Dr. Edward Palmer. \ / 250 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [544] ANURIDA MARITIMA (Guerin.) (p. 331.) This Podurid is very abundant on the under surfaces of large stones from high-water mark to about half tide, New Haven, Wood’s Hole, Nantucket ; also on the coasts of Europe and Greenland. (Fabricius.) ARACHNIDA. CHERNES OBLONGUS Say. (p. 331.) Hagen, Record of American Entomology for 1868, p. 51. Under stones near low-water mark, at Wood's Hole, (S. I. 8.,) several specimens were found together. This species is recorded from Florida and Georgia. Iam not aware that it has been observed below high- water mark before. These specimens were identified by Dr. Hagen. TROMBIDIUM, species. (p. 331.) Several species of mites belonging to this or allied genera are found beneath stones near high-water mark, or even running over the fuci and rocks near low-water mark, but it is uncertain whether they become submerged by the rising tide or rise on its surface. BDELLA MARINA Packard, sp. nov. (p. 331.) Savin Rock, near New Haven, under stones between tides. ‘¢ Hlongated pyriform, of the usual form of the genus, the body being thickest at the insertion of the third pairof legs. Body with a few scat- tered hairs, especially toward the end. Palpi twice as long as labium, hairy toward the tip, four-jointed, basal joint not so long as second, third, and fourth conjointly; second a third shorter than third. “Mandi- bles very acutely conical, projecting one-fourth their length beyond the beak, with about four hairs on the outer side; tips very slender acute, corneous. Legs rather hairy; fourth pair but little longer than the others. Claws consisting of two portions, the basal much compressed, subovate, with about six hairs on the under edge, and carrying a stout eurved claw. Beak half as long as the body is wide. Length 2.5™™. “It differs from Say’s Bdella oblonga (‘from Georgia, under bark of trees,’ &c.) in its pyriform shape, the shorter first joint of the palpi, and much shorter beak.”—A. 8S. P. PYCNOGONIDEA. PHOXICHILIDIUM MAXILLARE Stimpson. Plate VII, fig. 35. (p. 415.) Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 37, 1853. Common in Vineyard Sound and the Bay of Fundy. PALLENE, species. (p. 421.) A small species, perhaps young, found upon piles of the wharf at Wood’s Hole, and dredged in Vineyard Sound, in 14 fathoms, off Tar- paulin Cove on Ascidians, and off Holmes’s Hole on Hydroids ; also off Watch Hill, Rhode Island, and New Haven. (545] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND ETC. 251 CRUSTACEA. The following catalogue of the Crustacea has been prepared by Mr. 8. I. Smith, excepting the portion relating to the Isopoda, which has been written by Mr. O. Harger.* The list is by no means complete, even for the higher groups which are treated, and no attempt has been made to enumerate the Ostracoids and free-swimming Copepods. Among the Amphipods, the difficult group of Lysianassinze has not been studied, as the species require careful comparison with those of our northern coast and of Europe. The same is true of the species of Ampelisca, and partially of some other genera. In several cases species are omitted which are as yet only represented in our collections by imperfect, young, or too few specimens. The catalogue is intended, however, to include every species which has been mentioned, on good authority, in any pub- lished work as inhabiting the southern coast of New England. ' BRACHYURA. GELASIMUS MINAX Leconte. (p. 467.) Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. vii, 1355, p. 403; Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 128, Pl. 2, fig. 4, Pl. 4, fig. 1, 1870. Southern coast of New England to Florida. This species, the largest of our ‘ fiddler-crabs,” lives upon salt marshes, usually farther from the sea than the others, and frequently where the water is most of the time nearly fresh. GELASIMUS PUGNAX Smith. (p. 466.) Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 131, Pl. 2, fig. 1, Pl. 4, fig. 2. G. vocans, var. a, De Kay, Nat. Hist. of New York, p. 14, Pl. 6, fig. 10, 1844, (not Cancer vocans Linné.) G. pugilator Leconte, loc. cit., p. 403, (not of Bose.) From Cape Cod to Florida, the Gulf of Mexico, and the West Indies. It makes its burrows only upon salt marshes, but is often seen in great companies wandering out upon muddy or sandy flats. or even upon the beaches of the bays and sounds. GELASIMUS PUGILATOR Latreille. (p. 336.) Nouveau Dictionnaire d’Hist. nat., 2¢ édit., tome xii, p. 520, 1817; Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 136, Pl. 4, fig.7, 1870. Ocypode pugilator Bose, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome i, p. 167, 1820. Gelasimus vocans DeKay, op. cit., p. 14, Pl. 6, fig. 9. Cape Cod to Florida, upon muddy and sandy flats and beaches. OCYPODA ARENARIA Say. (pp. 337, 534.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 69, 1817; Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome ii, p. 44, Pl. 19, figs. 13, 14. This species, which is common upon the sandy beaches from New Jer- sey southward, and which I have found upon'Fire Island Beach, Long *The description of Scyphacella arenicola and the reference of Idotea triloba to Epelys are taken from Mr. Smith’s unpublished manuscript, and his name, therefore, appears as authority in these cases. 18 V 252 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [546] Island, will very likely be found rarely upon the beaches at Nantucket, and on the southern part of Cape Cod. It lives in deep burrows, above the reach of tides, upon sandy beaches. It is readily distinguished from the ‘ fiddlers” by the nearly equal claws or hands, which are alike in both sexes, and by its color, which is almost exactly like the sand upon which it lives. It is carnivorous and very active, running with great rapidity when pursued. The synonymy of this species is in much confusion, and I have not attempted to rectify it here, although there are apparently several names which antedate that of Say. The Brazilian species, usually called rhombea appears to be identical with ours, and if it is really the rhombea of Fabricius, his name shouid undoubtedly be retained. SESARMA RETICULATA Say. (p. 467.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, pp. 73,76, Pl. 4, fig. 6, 1817; p. 442, 1818; Smith, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. ii, p. 156. From Long Island Sound to Florida, nsually upon salt marshes and associated with Gelasimus pugnax. PINNIXA CYLINDRICA Say. Plate I, fig.1. (p. 367.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 452, 1818. Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound to South Carolina. PINNOTHERES OSTREUM Say. Plate I, fig. 2, male. (p. 367.) Loe. cit., p..67, Pl. 4, fig. 5, 1817; DeKay, op. cit., p. 12, Pl. 7, fig. 16. Massachusetts to South Carolina. PINNOTHERES MACULATUS Say. (p. 434.) Loe. cit. p. 450, 1818. It livesin Mytilus edulis on the New England coast, and is found from Cape Cod to South Carolina. CANCER IRRORATUS Say. (pp. 312, 530.) Loe. cit., p. 59, Pl. 4, tig. 2, 1817; Stimpson, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p.50, 1859. Platycarcinus irroratus Edwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome i, p. 414, 1834; DeKay, op. cit., Pl. 2, fig. 2. Cancer Sayi Gould, Report on the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, 1st edit., p.323, 1841. Platycarcinus Sayi DeKay, op. cit.,p.7. Cancer borealis Packard, Memoirs Boston Nat. Hist. Soe., vol. i, p. 303, 1867. Labrador to South Carolina. CANCER BOREALIS Stimpson. (pp. 486, 493.) Loe. cit., p. 50, 1859. Cancer irreratus Gould, op. cit., p. 322. Nova Scotia to Vineyard Sound and No Man’s Land. It very likely occurs both north and south of these limits, as it seems to be rare or local, and is often, perhaps, confounded with the far more common C, irroratus, although it is a perfectly distinct species. [547] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 253 PANOPEUS Herpsti Edwards. (p. 472.) Op. cit., vol. i, 403, 1834; Smith, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xii, p. 276, 1859. Long Island Sound to Brazil, but not common north of New Jersey. It is readily distinguished from the following species, by the tubercle on the subhepatic region, just below the first lobe of the antero-lateral border of the carapax; by the postorbital tooth being separated from the second tooth of the antero-lateral margin by a rounded sinus; and by the dactylus of the larger cheliped having a stout tooth near the base within. PANOPEUS DEPRESSUS Smith. Plate I, fig. 3. (p. 312.) ~ Loe. cit., p. 283, 1859. From Cape Cod to Florida, and often carried with oysters much farther north. It is, perhaps, native in Massachusetts Bay. PANOPIUS SAYI Smith. (p. 312.) Loe. cit., p. 284, 1859. Associated with the last, and having the same range. It is easily dis- tinguished from the last species by its narrower, more convex, and swollen carapax, and by the more projecting and arcuate front. The terminal segment of the abdomen of the male is also quite different in the two species; in P. Sayi it is broader than the preceding segment, about two-thirds as long as broad, the edges slightly concave, and the tip abruptly triangular, while in P. depressus it is narrower than the preceding segment, about three-fourths as long as broad, the edges con- vex, and the tip broadly rounded. PANOPEUS HARRISII Stimpson. (p. 313.) Loe. cit., p. 55, 1859. Pilumnus Harrisit Gould, op. cit., p. 326, 1841. Massachusetts Bay to Florida. CARCINUS GRANULATUS (Say, sp.) (p. 312.) Cancer granulatus Say, loc. cit., p. 61, 1817. Carcinus menas Gould, op. cit., p. 321; DeKay, op. cit., p. 8, Pl. 5, figs. 5, 6. (2) Carcinus menas Leach, Edwards, &e, Cape Cod to New Jersey, and perhaps much farther south. Our species may, very likely, be the same as the Carcinus menas of Europe, but its not extending north on our own coast throws some doubt upon this until there has been a careful comparison of specimens from the two sides of the Atlantic. PLALTYONICHUS OCELLATUS Latreille. Plate I, fig. 4. (pp. 338, 533.) Encyclopédie méthodique, tome xvi, p. 152; DeKay, op. cit., p. 9, Pl. 1, fig. 1, Pl. 5, tig. 7. Cancer ocellatus Herbst, Krabben und Krebse, Band iii, erstes Heft, p. 61, Pl. 49, fig. 4, 1799. Portunus pictus Say, loc. cit., p. 62, Pl. 4, fig. 4, 1817. Cape Cod to Florida. 254 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [548] CALLINECTES HASTATUS Ordway. (pp. 367, 468.) Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. vii, p. 568, 1863. Lupa hastata Say, loc. cit., p, 65,1817. Lupa diacantha DeKay, op. cit., p. 10, Pl. 3, fig. 3. Cape Cod to Florida, and occasionally in Massachusetts Bay. LIBINIA CANALICULATA Say. (p. 368.) Loe. cit., p. 77, Pl. 4, fig. 1, 1817; DeKay, op. cit., p. 2, Pl. 4, fig. 4; Streets, Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1870, p. 105, 1871. Found as far north as Casco Bay, on the coast of Maine, and common from Massachusetts Bay southward, at least as far as Florida. LIBINIA DUBIA Edwards. (p. 368.) Op. cit., tome i, p. 300, Pl. 14 bis, fig. 2, 1834; Streets, loc. cit., p. 104. Cape Cod to Florida. PELIA MUTICA Stimpson. (p. 415) Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 177, 1860. Pisa mutica Gibbes, Proceedings Amer. Association Ady. Sci., 3d meeting, p. 171, 1350. Vineyard Sound to Florida. HYAS COARCTATUS Leach. (p. 504.) Trans. Linn. Soc., London, vol. xi, p. 329, 1815. Régne animal de Cuvier, 3™¢ édit., Pl. 32, fig. 3. Lissa fissirostra Say, loc. cit., p. 79, 1817. Leidy mentions this species as having been found on the coast of New Jersey, and Say mentions it from the coast of Long Island, but it seems to be rare south of Cape Cod. It lives in deep water from Cape Cod northward, and on the European coast, and is frequently found in the stomachs of the cod-fish. HETEROCRYPTA GRANULATA Stimpson. (p. 310.) Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p. 102, 1871. Cryptopodia granulata Gibbes, loc. cit., p. 173; and Proceedings Elliott Soc., Charleston, vol. 1, p. 35, wood cut. This species, dredged several times in Vineyard Sound, was before known only from North Carolina to Florida and the West Indies. ANOMOURA. HIppA TALPOIDA Say. Plate II, fig. 5. (pp. 338, 530.) Loe. cit., p. 160, 1817. Cape Cod to Florida. EUPAGURUS POLLICARS Stimpson. (p. 313.) Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 92, 1859. Pagurus pollicaris Say, loc. cit., p. 162, 1817; Gould, op. cit., p. 329; DeKay, op. cit., p. 19, Pl. 8, fig. 21. Massachusetts to Florida. EUPAGURUS BERNHARDUS Stimpson. (p. 501.) Loe. cit., p. 89,1859. Pagurus Bernhardus (Linné sp.,) Fabricius, Entomologia systematica, vol. ii, p. 469, 1793; Gould, op. cit., p. 329; DeKay, op. cit., p. 20. [549] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 255 Vineyard Sound, &e., in deep water, more abundant north of Cape Cod, and extending to Northern Europe on one side, and to Puget Sound on the other. EUPAGURUS PUBESCENS Stimpson. Loe. cit., p. 89, 1859; and Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1858, p. 237 1859. Pagurus pubescens Kroyer, Naturh. Tidsskrift, Bind ii, p. 251, 1838. This species has been taken in deep water off the coast of New Jer- sey, and will, doubtless, be found off Long Island and Vineyard Sounds. It extends northward to Greenland and Northern Europe. ] EUPAGURUS LONGICARPUS Stimpson. (p. 339.) Proceedings Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1858, p. 237, 1859. Pagurus longicar- pus Say, loc. cit., p. 163, 1817; Gould, op. cit., p. 330; DeKay, op. cit., p. 20, Pl. 8, fig. 22. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. MACROURA. GEBIA AFFINIS Say. Plate LI, fig. 7. (pp. 367, 530.) Loe. cit., p. 195, 1817. Long Island Sound to South Carolina. CALLIANASSA STIMPSONI Smith, sp. nov. Plate II, fig. 8 (p. 369.) Carapax smooth and shining. Greater cheliped (fig. 8) about three times as long as the carapax; carpus and hand convex on both sides ; carpus sometimes considerably longer, sometimes not at all longer than broad; both fingers of the same length, and about as long as the basal portion of the dactylus; the prehensile edge of the dactylus without a strong tooth or tubercle at base. Smaller cheliped about half as long as the greater; carpus and hand about equal in length; fingers equal, slender, as long as the basal portion of the propodus. Abdomen smooth and shining above, gradually increasing in breadth to the fifth segment ; second segment longest, much longer than broad; third and fifth equal inlength; fourth shorter, and sixth a little longer than third or fifth ; telson much broader than long, shorter than the fourth segment. Length of a large specimen, 61"™; length of carapax, 15; length of larger cheliped, 44. In the character of the chelipeds this species seems to be closely allied to C. longimana Stimpson, from Puget Sound. Our species ranges from the coast of the Southern States north to Long Island Sound. HOMARUS AMERICANUS Edwards. (pp. 395, 492, 522. Hist. nat. des. Crust., tome ii, p. 334, 1837. Astacus marinus Say, loc. cit. , p. 165, 1817, (not of Fabricius.) New Jersey to Labrador. 256 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [550] CRANGON VULGARIS Fabricius. Plate III, fig. 10. (pp. 339, 529.) Supplementum Entomologie system., p. 410, 1798. Crangon septemspinosus Say, loc. cit., p. 246, 1818. North Carolina to Labrador and Europe. In depth it extends from low water to 60 or 70 fathoms, and probably much deeper. HIPPOLYTE PUSIOLA Kroyer. | (p. 395.) Monografisk Fremstlling Hippol., p. 319, Pl. 3, figs. 69-73, 1842. Vineyard Sound and northward to Greenland and Europe. VIRBIUS ZOSTERICOLA Smith, sp. nov. Plate III, fig. 11. (p. 369.) Female: Short and stout, Rostrum about as long as the carapax, and reaching nearly, or quite, to the tip of the antennal scale; the upper edge nearly straight and unarmed, except by two, or rarely three, teeth at the base; under edge with three (sometimes two or four) teeth on the anterior half. Carapax smooth and armed with a stout (supra-orbital) spine on each side at the base of the rostrum and above and a little behind the base of the ocular peduncle, a small (antennal) spine on the anterior margin beneath the ocular pedunele, and a stout (hepatic) spine behind the base of the antennz. Inner flagellum of the antennula ex- tending very slightly beyond the tip of the antennal scale ; outer flagel- lum considerably shorter. Abdomen geniculated at the third segment; the posterior margin of the third segment prominent above, but not acute. The males differ from the females in being smaller, much more slen- der, and in having the rostrum narrower vertically. The color in life is very variable. Most frequently the entire animal is bright green, sometimes pale, or even translucent, tinged with green. Others were translucent, specked with reddish brown, and with a broad median band of dark brown extending the whole length of the body. Length of female, 20-26" ; male 15-20. It is at once distinguished from V. plewracanthus Stimpson, to which, in many characters, it is closely allied, by its very much longer rostrum. Among eel-grass about Vineyard Sound, and probably common at other points on the coast. Virbius pleuracanthus Stimpson, (Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p. 127, 1871,) abundant upon the coast of New Jersey, will very likely be found farther north. In habit it is similar to the spe- cies just described. PANDALUS ANNULICORNIS Leach. Plate U, fig. 6. (p. 493.) Malacostraca Podophthalmata Britanniw, Pl. 40, 1815. Deep water in Vineyard Sound, off Newport, &e. North of Cape Cod it is common, and extends to Greenland and Hu- rope. In depth it extends down to 430 fathoms at least. PALAEMONETES VULGARIS Stimpson. Plate II, fig. 9. (pp. 479, 529.) Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p.129, 1871. Palemon vulgaris Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. i, p. 224, 1818. Massachusetts to South Carolina. [551] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 257 PENAUS BRASILIENSIS Latreille. Sdwards, Hist. nat. des Crust., tome ii, p. 414; Gibbes, loc. cit., p. 198; Stimp- son, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p. 152. According to Stimpson, this species has been found in the Croton River at Sing Sing, New York, by Professor Baird. It will therefore be very likely to occur in the rivers of Southern New England. It is com- mon on the coast of the Southern States, and extends to Brazil. SQUILLOIDEA. SQUILLA EMPUSA Say. (pp. 369, 536.) Loe. cit., p. 250, 1818; Dekay, op. cit., p. 32, Pl. 13, fig. 54; Gibbes, Proceedings Amer. Assoc., 3d meeting, p. 199. Florida to Cape Cod. The young of this species is figured on Plate VIII, fig. 56. MYSIDEA. MYSIS STENOLEPIS Smith, sp. nov. Plate III, fig. 12. (p. 370.) Male: Anterior margin of the carapax produced into a very short, broad, and obtusely rounded rostrum, and each side at the inferior angle into a prominent, acutely triangular tooth, between which and the base of the ocular peduncle there is a broad and deeply rounded sinus. Pe- dunele of the antennula about a third as long as the carapax along the dorsal line; the sexual appendage slender, tapering, nearly as long as the peduncle ; inner flagellum half as long as the outer. Antennal scale rather longer than the carapax along the dorsal line, narrow, about ten times as long as broad, tapering to a slender and acute point, both edges ciliated and nearly straight; flagellum about as long as the rest of the animal. Abdomen somewhat geniculated between the first and second segments; sixth segment about twice as long as the fifth. Appendages of the fourth segment reaching nearly to the distal extremity of the sixth segment; inner ramus slender, slightly longer than the base ; outer ramus naked, composed of six segments; the first, third, and fourth sub- equal in length, and together equaling about three-fourths of the entire length; the second, fifth, and sixth subequal; penultimate segment armed with a stout spine on the outside at the distal extremity, and the last segment terminated by a similar spine. Inner lamella of the appen- dages of the sixth segment extending slightly beyond the telson, narrow and tapering to an obtuse tip; outer lamella narrow, linear, about seven times as long as broad, nearly a third longer than the inner, both edges ciliated and nearly straight, and the tip narrow and somewhat truncated. Telson considerably longer than the sixth segment, tapering slightly, the sides nearly straight, and each armed with about twenty-four spines ; the extremity cleft by a deep sinus rounded at bottom, and its margins convex posteriorly and armed with very numerous slender spines. Length of a male from tip of rostrum to extremity of telson, 25.2"; length of carapax along the dorsal line, 6.5; length of antennal scale, 6.7; length of telson, 3.8. Length of female, 30™. 258 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [552] The females differ but little from the males except in the usual sexual characters. The figure, (Plate ILI, fig. 12,) made from a small female specimen, does not properly represent the anterior margin of the cara- pax. In life the young females are semi-translucent, a spot on each ocular peduncle, the peduncles and inner flagella of the antennule, the antennal scale, the telson and caudal lamelle more or less blackish trom deposits of black pigment, while each segment of the abdomen is marked with a rudely stellate spot of black. Large males of this species were found in the autumn among eel- grass, at New Haven, Connecticut, and the young abundantly in the _Same situation in May. Young females were collected in abundance ‘during June and July, among the eel-grass in the shallow bays and coves about Vineyard Sound, while adult females, with the marsupial pouches filled with young, were collected, at Wood’s Hole, in abun- dance, April 1, by Mr. V. N. Edwards. Mysis AMERICANA. Smith, sp. nov. (p. 396.) Anterior margin distinctly rostrated, but only slightly projecting ; evenly rounded, the inferior angle projecting into a sharp tooth. An- tennule, in the male, with the densely ciliated sexual appendage similar to that in M. vulgaris of Europe; the outer flagellum nearly as long as the body, the inner slightly shorter. Antennal scale about three-fourths as long as the carapax, about nine times as long as broad, tapering regularly from the base to avery long and acute tip; both margins ciliated. Appendages of the fourth segment of the abdomen in the male similar to those in JJ. vulgaris. The outer ramus is slender and naked, and its pair of terminal stylets are equal in length, slender, curved toward the tip, and the distal half armed with numerous short setz ; the ultimate segment of the ramus itself is little more than half as long as the stylets, the penultimate segment four or five times as long as the terminal. Inner lamella of the appendages of the sixth segment about as long as the telson, narrow, slightly broadened at the base, and taper- ing to a slender but obtuse point; outer lamella once and a half as long as the inner, and eight times as long as broad, slightly tapering, the ex tremity subtruncate. Telson triangular, broadened at base, the lateral margins slightly convex posteriorly, and armed with stout spines alter- nating with intervals of several smaller ones; the tip very narrow, truncate, armed with a stout spine each side, and two small ones filling the space between their bases.. Length 10 to 12™, This species was found, in April, at Beesley’s Point, New Jersey, in pools, upon salt-marshes, and at the same locality the stomachs of the spotted flounder were found filled with them. Professor D. C. Eaton found it in great abundance among sea-weeds, &c., just below low-water mark, at New Haven, Connecticut, May 5, 1873. It was also taken in the dredge, in 4 to 6 fathoms, at New Haven, Connecticut, and in 25 [553] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 259 fathoms off Vineyard Sound, and has been found in the stomachs of the shad, mackerel, Xe. HETEROMYSIS FORMOSA Smith, gen. et sp. nov. (p. 396.) Body rather short and stout. Carapax broad behind and tapering anteriorly; the anterior margin produced into an obtusely triangular rostrum. Ocular peduncles short and thickened nearly to the base. Pedunele of the antennula stout, extending to the tip of the antennal scale; the terminal segment in the male wanting the usual elongated sexualyprocess, but having in its place ‘a very dense tuft of long hairs ; inner flagellum nearly as long as the carapax; outer flagellum stout at base and more than twice as long as the inner. Antennal scale about three and a half times as long as broad, not quite reaching to the ex- tremity of the peduncle of the antennula, ovate, obtuse at the tip, ex- ternal margin without a spine and ciliated like the inner; peduncle elongated, penultimate segment considerably longer than the ultimate ; flagellum nearly as long as the entire body. Mandibles, maxille, first and second maxillipeds, as in Mysis. The first pair of legs (second pair of gnathopoda) differ remarkably from those in all the described genera of Mysidz. The whole leg is stouter than in the succeeding pairs, and the terminal portion, corresponding to the multiarticulate portion of the inner branch (endopodus) in Mysis, &c., consists of only three segments including the terminal claw; the first of these segments is stout, slightly shorter than the preceding (meral) segment, and armed with stout spines along the distal portion of the inner margin; the second seg- ment is very short, not longer than broad, and closely articulated to the preceding segment so as to admit of very little motion; the ultimate article is a long, slightly curved claw, freely articulated to the preceding segment. In the five posterior pairs of legs the terminal portion of the inner branch is multiarticulate as in J/ysis, in the first composed of five segments, besides a stout terminal claw like that in the preceding pair, and in the four remaining pairs of six segments and a slender terminal claw. The exopodal branches of all the legs are well developed. Abdomen a little more than twice as long as the carapax, the sixth segment a little longer than the fifth. The appendages of the first five segmentsalikein both sexes; short, rudimentary, and like the same appen- dages in the female Mysis. Inner lamella of the sixth segment projecting very slightly beyond the extremity of the telson, broad, ovate; outer lamella only a little longer than the inner, about two-sevenths as long as broad, inner margin quite convex, outer very slightly, tip rounded. Telson short, broad at base, and narrowed rapidly toward the extremity, the width at base about two-thirds the length, at the extremity only a third as wide as at base; the lateral margins each armed with twelve to fourteen spines, which increase in size distally, and a very long ter- minal spine; the posterior margins cleft by a sinus deeper than broad, and armed with numerous small spines. 260 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [554] In life the males are semitranslucent and nearly colorless, while in the females the antennule, the flagella of the antenne, the ocular pedun- eles, the thorax with the marsupial pouch, and the articulations of the caudal appendages are beautiful rose color. Length of a male, 6.0"; carapax along the dorsal line, 1.8; antennal scale, 0.70; telson, 0.90. Length of a female, 8.5™™; carapax, 2.5; an- tennal seale, 0.88 ; telson, 1.16. The absence of the sexual appendages from the antennule of the male, the peculiar structure of the anterior legs, and the similarity of the abdominal appendages in the two sexes, at once separate the genus Heteromysis from all known allied genera. THYSANOPODA, species. (452.) A great number of small specimens were taken from the stomach of mackerel caught twenty miles off No Man’s Land, July 18, 1871. Several were also caught swimming at the surface in Vineyard Sound, April 30, 1873, by V. N. Edwards. A single specimen of a species apparently the same as this was taken at New Haven, Connecticut, May 5, 1873, by Professor D. C. Eaton. CUMACEA. DIASTYLIS QUADRISPINOSA, G. O. Sars. Plate III, fig. 13. (p. 507.) Ofversight af Kong]. Vet.-Akad. Firh., 1871, Stockholm, p. 72. Dredged in 23 fathoms of Martha’s Vineyard and in 29 fathoms of Buzzard’s Bay. It is also found in the Bay of Fundy. Sars’s specimens were dredged by the Josephine expedition in 18 fathoms off Skinnecock Bay, Long Island, and in 30 to 35 fathoms, latitude 59° 54’ north, lon- gitude 73° 15’ west, off the coast of New Jersey. Our specimens agree well with Sars’s description, except that the sec- ond segment of the inner ramus of the lateral caudal appendages has but three, or rarely four, spines upon the inner margin, while in Sars’s Specimens there were five. DIASTYLIS SCULPTA Sars. Loe. cit., p. 71. With the last species, in 18 fathoms, off Skinnecock Bay, according to Sars. DIASTYLIS ABBREVIATA Sars. Loc. cit., p. 74. Rare in 30 to 35 fathoms, off the coast of New Jersey, with the first species, (Sars.) ’ ' EUDORELLA PUSILLA Sars. Loe. cit., p. 79. Not infrequent in 18 fathoms, off Skinnecock Bay, (Sars.) {555] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 261 KUDORELLA HISPIDA Sars. Loe. cit., p. 80. Rare in 30 to 35 fathoms, with the other species mentioned, off the coast of New Jersey, (Sars.) AMPHIPODA. ORCHESTIA AGILIS Smith, sp. nov. Plate IV, fig. 14. (p. 314.) Male: Antennula not quite reaching the distal extremity of the penultimate segment of the antenna; se@ond and third segments of the peduncle about equal in length, and each slightly longer than the first ; flagellum about as long as the two last segments of the peduncle. Antenna less than half as long as the body; segments of the peduncle stout and swollen, the ultimate longer than the penultimate ; flagellum stout, compressed vertically, much shorter than the peduncle, composed of twelve to fifteen segments. Propodus in the second pair of legs short and thickened laterally, the palmary margin with a small promi- nence on the outer edge of the posterior angle, behind which the tip of the dactylus closes, and along the inner edge, inside the dactylus, with a thin ridge, which is broken by a small notch near the posterior angle, so that the margin when viewed laterally shows a broad lobe next the base of the dactylus and two small, rounded lobes next the posterior angle, the tip of the dactylus resting between the small lobes; dactylus slender, curved so as to fit closely the palmary margin, and furnished with very minute setie along the prehensile margin. Posterior thoracic legs slightly longer than the preceding; carpus in full-grown specimens short, much swollen, and thickened so as to be nearly cylindrical. Female: Carpus and hand in the second pair of legs unarmed; pro- podus short, slightly spatulate in outline, with a pair of minute setie at the base of the dactylus, which is very short, not reaching the extremity of the propodus. Length: male, 10-15"™; female, 10-14. Bay of Fundy to New Jersey. ORCHESTIA PALUSTRIS Smith, sp. nov. (p. 468.) Male: Antennule reaching slightly beyond the distal extremity of the penultimate segment of the peduncle of the antenne. Antenne less than half as long as the body; peduncle slender ; flagellum slen- der, longer than the peduncle, composed of eighteen to twenty-six seg- ments. Propodus in the second pair of legs nearly oval in outline, the palmary margin spinous, regularly curved to the posterior angle, which projects on the outer edge in a slight, rounded prominence, within which the tip of the dactylus closes ; dactylus slender, curved so as to nearly fit the palmary margin, and furnished with minute set along the pre- hensile margin. Posterior thoracic legs slightly longer than the pre- ceding ; carpus and propodus both long and slender. The female differs from the male as in the last species. Length, male, 15-22™; female, 12-18"™". Cape Cod to New Jersey, and very likely farther north and south. 262 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [556] TALORCHESTIA LONGICORNIS Smith. (p. 336.) Talitrus longicornis Say, loc. cit., p, 384, 1818. Orchestia longicornis Edwards, His. nat. des. Crust., tome iii, p. 18, 1840; De Kay, op. cit., p. 36, Pl. 7, fig. 19. Cape Cod to New Jersey, and probably farther south, TALORCHESTIA MEGALOPHTHALMA Smith. (p. 336.) Orchestia megalophthalma Bate, Catalogue Amphip. Crust., British Museum, p. 22, 1862. Cape Cod to New Jersey, and probably farther south. Talitrus quadrifidus, De Kay, (op. cit., p. 36, Pl. 14, fig. 27,) may be based on the female of one of the preceding species, but it so is badly described and figured as to be indeterminable. HYALE LITTORALIS Smith. (p. 319.) Allorchestes littoralis Stimpson, Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 49., Pl. 3, fig. 36, 1853; Bate, Catalogue Amphip. Crust., British Museum, p. 48, Pl. 8, fig. 2, 1862. This species was found at New Haven, Connecticut., by Professor Verrill, May 5, 1873, and is one of the inhabitants of rocky shores, piles of wharves, &e. I have found it at Provincetown, Massachusetts, and it is abundant in the Bay of Fundy. It is undoubtedly abundant on the whole New England coast, but its station upon the shore is so high up on the beach that it is likely to be overlooked. LYSIANASSA, species. (p. 431.) A species of this genus, as restricted by Boeck, was several times dredged in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay. Several other species of Lysianassine were taken in Vineyard Sound and the neighboring region, but they have not yet been sufliciently | studied to be enumerated. The species of this group are much less common and the individuals smaller on the coast of Southern New Eng- and than they are upon the coast of Maine and farther north. LEPIDACTYLIS DYTISCUS Say. (p. 339.) Loe. cit., p. 380, 1818. Georgia to Cape Cod. PHOXUS KROYERI Stimpson. (p. 501.) Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 58, 1853. Rare in Vineyard Sound and usually in deep water. Common in the Bay of Fundy. UROTHO#, species. (p. 402.) A species with long, slender antenne and very large black eyes, and apparently belonging to this genus, was taken in great numbers at the surface at Wood’s Hole, on the evening of July 3, and on one or two other occasions. In life it was whitish, slightly tinged with orange- yellow. MONOCULODES, species. (p. 452.) A single specimen taken at the surface in Vineyard Sound, December 21, by Mr. V. N. Edwards. [557] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 263 LAPHYSTIUS STURIONIS Kroyer. (p. 457.) Nat. Tidsskriff, vol. iv, p. 157, 1842. Darwinia compressa Bate, Report Brit. Assoc., 1855, p. 58; Catalogue Amphip. Crust., Brit. Mus., p, 108, Pl. 17, fig. 7; Bate and Westwood, Brit. Sessile-eyed Crust. vol. i, p. 184, wood cut. A parasitic amphipod, apparently quite identical with this species of Europe, was found in the mouth of a goose-fish (Lophius Americanus) taken in Vineyard Sound. Die Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 617, Pl. 23, fig. 8. > ? 2 7 D> Vineyard Sound, 8 to 10 fathoms, shelly ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, among rocks and sand. Massachusetts Bay (Ehlers). This species is remarkable both for the form of the head and the length of the sets, which often exceed the diameter of the body. NEPHTHYS CILIATA Rathke. Beitriige zur Fauna Norwegens, p. 170, 1843; Malmgren, op. cit., p. 104, Pl. 12, figs. 17, A-C, 1865; Quatrefages, op. cit., p. 429 (Nephtys); Ehlers, Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 629, Pl. 23, fig. 36, 1868. | Nereis ciliata Miiller, Zodlog. Danica, vol. iii, p. 17, Pl. 89, figs. 1-4 (t. Ehlers). Nephthys borealis Girsted, Annulat. Danicor. consp., p. 32, 1843 (t. Malmgren). Ehlers gives Edgartown as a locality for this species. Itisa northern form, found at Iceland, Greenland, Spitzbergen, and along the northern coasts of Europe and Great Britain. Stimpson records it from the 290 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [584] Bay of Fundy, in 40 fathoms, mud. It was dredged near St. George’s Bank in 85, 110, and 150 fathoms, mud, by Dr. A. S. Packard, on the “Bache,” 1872. EUMIDIA AMERICANA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 494.) Body long and slender. Head triangular, subcordate, broad and slightly emarginate posteriorly, the sides rapidly converging, the front end narrow and rounded, with four slender antennie, which are as long as the head; odd median antenna long and slender, tapering, as long as or longer than the head. Eyes moderately large, round, convex, near the posterior margin of the head. Tentacular cirri long and slender ; crowded. Proboscis elongated, subclavate, enlarging to the end, which is surrounded by about fourteen triangular papill ; the basal two-thirds covered with small, slender, prominent papille, which are not crowded, but arranged in ine gitudinal rows; this part of the proboscis is, in the preserved specimens, ionsaindinallis ridged and transversely sed 4 the terminal third is nearly smooth, but usually minutely granulous, The lateral lamelli, or branchie, are ovate-lanceolate, leaf-like, with curved tips; posteriorly they are larger and more.acute. Length up to 502" s breadth, 107. Viney ard Scone: 8 to 12 fathoms, among compound ascidians. EUMIDIA VIVIDA Verrill, sp. nov. Head relatively a little longer than in the preceding species, with the sides more convex, and the front rounded; antenn long and slender. Eyes brownish, very large, about twice as large as in the preceding species. Proboscis long, stender, clavate, nearly smooth, but with a few minute, distant papille ; the terminal orifice surrounded by about eighteen very small papilliform denticulations. Branchie of the ante- rior segments long and narrow lanceolate; of the middle segments ovate. Length up to 45™™; breadth, 1.5™™. Vineyard Sound, 8 to 12 fathoms, among ascidians. EUMIDIA PAPILLOSA Verrill, sp. nov. Head short, rounded, convex, emarginate posteriorly, the sides convex; antennwe not very slender; median odd one stout, tapering, acute, as long as the head. Eyes large; brown. Tentacular cirri rather stout, those of the two posterior pairs more than twice as long as the others. Proboscis long, clavate, densely covered with short, rounded papillxe, and with a circle of minute papille at the orifice. Length up to 40™; breadth, 2™™. Vineyard Sound, 6 to 10 fathoms, among compound ascidians. EULALIA PISTACIA Verrill, sp. nov. Body moderately slender, depressed. Head convex, shorter than broad ; in preserved specimens, sides well rounded, posterior margin slightly emarginate; median odd antenna small, slender, considerably [585] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 291 shorter than the head. Eyes large, brown. Tentacular cirri moder- ately long; the four posterior ones considerably longer than the others. Branchiz narrow lanceolate anteriorly; ovate and leaf-like on the middle segments; longer and lanceolate posteriorly. Proboscis long, more or less clavate, smooth, but often showing longitudinal striations, and sometimes with a few very minute scattered papille toward the end; the orifice surrounded by a circle of numerous minute papille. Color bright yellowish green (epidote-green or pistachio-green), often with obscure darker markings posteriorly, and at the base of the append- ages. Length up to 40™; breadth, 1.5™™. Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, among compound ascidians ; off New Haven, 4 to 5 fathoms, among hydroids. EULALIA GRANULOSA Verrill, sp. nov. Body not very slender, considerably stouter than in the preceding species, and less tapering anteriorly. Head short cordate, decidedly emarginate behind, broader than long; sides prominently rounded ; front small, rounded. Antenz short; odd one slender, originating between the eyes, more than half the length of the head. Eyes large, round, convex, dark brown. Proboscis long, clavate, thickly covered throughout with round, scarcely prominent, erowded, rather large granules, each of which has a dark central spot; orifice surrounded by a circle of small papille. Tentacular cirri slender, acute, the two poste- rior pairs long, reaching the eighth segment. Lateral appendages large and prominent for the genus. Branchie of upper ramus rather large, ovate, leaf-like anteriorly; larger. and obliquely ovate, with acuminate tips, farther back; branchiv of lower ramus similar in form and nearly as large. Color bright grass-green. Length 55™™, or more; breadth, 2"; length of proboscis, 6™™. Off New Haven, 4 to 5 fathoms, among hydroids. EULALIA ANNULATA Verrill, sp. nov. Body moderately slender, convex, tapering to both ends. Head longer than broad, somewhat oblong, truncate behind, the sides but little convex, narrowing but little to the obtusely rounded tront. Pro- boscis covered with small prominent papille. Eyes two, large, dark brown or blackish, rather near together. Odd median antenna slender, more than half ‘as long as the head, placed far in advance of the eyes; frontal antenne rather large, about the same in length, but much stouter than the median one, with slender tips. Tentacular cirri very unequal, the two upper pairs much longer than the others, not very slender, reaching to the seventh or eighth segment in preserved speci- mens; the two lower pairs not more than one-third as long. Dorsal branchiz narrow and acute throughout; the anterior ones are narrow lanceolate, with subacute tips; those farther back become still more elongated, narrow lanceolate, or almost linear lanceolate, with acuminate 292 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [536] tips, and in length equal to half the diameter of the body; posteriorly they become somewhat wider, with acute, curved tips. Caudal cirri small, narrow lanceolate, about as long as the posterior lateral lamelle, or branchie. Color of preserved specimens pale greenish or bluish gray, With narrow annulations of golden brown, and iridescent. Length 50™™, or more; breadth about 1.25™., Vineyard Sound, 4 to 12 fathoms, among ascidians. EULALIA GRACILIS Verrill, sp. nov. Body very long and slender, with the segments deeply incised ; pos- terior segments elongated. Head small, elongated, truncate behind; posterior angles not prominent, oblong, tapering but little toward the front, which is obtusely rounded; sides not swollen. Hyes of moderate size, brown, situated close to the posterior margin of the head. The four frontal antenne are more than half as large as the head, rather stout, tapering, and the head is slightly constricted behind them; odd median one, small, slender, inconspicuous, about one-third the length of the head, placed considerably in advance of the eyes. Tentacular cirri ‘rather stout, the two upper ones longest, rather more than twice as long as the head; the posterior pair, when extended backward, reaches the fifth setigerous segment in preserved specimens; the two lower ones are considerably stouter and smaller, nearly equal, and are somewhat longer than the head in alcoholic specimens. Branchie of the anterior segments short, oval, obtuse at the tip; posteriorly larger, elongated oval, leaf-like. Color light greenish brown or olive, with a row of dark brown spots along each side of the dorsal surface of the body. Length up to 65™™; breadth about 1™™. Vineyard Sound, 6 to 14 fathoms, among ascidians and hydroids. This species is very active in its motions. In general appearance it resembles certain species of Phyllodoce, for which it might easily be mistaken, owing to the small size and translucency of the odd median antenna, which is not easily observed, especially with living specimens. The position of the tentacular cirri is, however, sufficient to distinguish the genus from Phyllodoce and Eumidia. The form of the head is quite peculiar, but somewhat resembles that of Phyllodoce gracilis, and also the preceding species. One specimen of the Hulalia gracilis was found in which fissiparity was apparently about to take place. In this, one of the segments was larger than the rest, and had developed a distinct pair of eyes. The specimen unfortunately died before the separation took place. PHYLLODOCE GRACILIS Verrill, sp. nov. Pl. XI, fig. 56. (p. 494.) (?) Phyllodoce maculata A. Agassiz, Annals Lyceum New York, vol. viii, p. 333, fig. 53, 1866 (non Miiller, nec Carsted). Body very long and slender. Head longer than broad, decidedly cordate behind, with the posterior angles well rounded; the sides swell- [587] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 293 ing out opposite the eyes, then narrowing to near the antenne, where there is a slight constriction, and expanding slightly at the end, which is obtuselyrounded. Eyes very large, brown, wide apart, and sub-lateral, conneeted by a curved band of brown specks; antennie rather large and long, about one-third as long as the head. Tentacular cirri large, the two posterior much the longest, reaching to about the eighth setigerous seg- ment. Branchi of anterior segments broad oval or sub-circular, rounded at the end; posterior oves larger, broad oval, narrowed to the end. Pro- boscis with a large, swollen, basal portion, on which are twelve longi- tudinal rows of large, prominent, obtuse papillw, about seven in each row; anda terminal smooth portion, which is somewhat longer, and Bout as broad at the end as the basal pendant but considerably narrower at its commencement; the orifice is surrounded by a circle of large, rounded papillz. Color greenish, with a median dorsal row of dark brown spots, and another less conspicuous row along each side of the back, at the base of the lateral appendages. Length up to 75™"; breadth, 1 to ‘s Zee, Watch Hill, avade: Island, in 4 or 5 fathoms, rocky bottom. The figure (56) copied from one of those given by Mr. Agassiz does not agree perfectly with the specimens described, but probably represents the same species. The head, as figured, is more oblong and the eyes nearer together than in my specimens; the tentacular cirri are less crowded. The-anterior ones, in the preserved specimens at least, appear to arise from beneath the base of the head. Some of these differences may be due to the different states of extension and contraction ; for the species in this family are all quite changeable in form during life, and usually contract very much in alcohol. PHYLLODOCE CATENULA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 494.) Head somewhat longer than broad, slightly cordate posteriorly, with the posterior angles well rounded, and the sides full and convex; front broadly rounded, and with a slight emargination in the middle. Eyes large, dark brown, placed on the dorsal surface of the head; antenne rather long, slender. Tentacular cirri long and slender, the two posterior much longer than the others. Branchiew of anterior segments broad ovate, with rounded tips; farther back larger and longer, ovate, leaf-like, with acuminate tips. Proboscis with twelve rows of papille on the basal portion, which are prominent, somewhat elongated, obtuse, seven or eight in the lateral rows, those in each row close together. Color of body and branchiie pale green, with a median dorsal row of dark brown spots, one to each segment; and two lateral rows, in which there is a spot at the base of each “ foot ;” head pale, or greenish white. Length up to 75™™"; breadth ‘ahatt Tae Watch Hill, Rhode Island, in 4 to 6 fathoms, among rocks and alge, and in tide-pools; Wood’s Hole, at surface, evening, July 3. Very common in the Bay of Fundy, from low-water to 50 fathoms. 294 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [588] This species is closely allied to P. pulchella Malmgren, from Northern Europe, but differs somewhat in the form of the head, which is shorter and rounder in the latter; the branchie also differ inform. It isa very active species, and secretes a large quantity of mucus. ETEONE ROBUSTA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 488.) Body large, stout, depressed, broadest in the middle, tapering gradu- ally to each end. Head small, about as long as wide, convex, with a me- dian depression; the sides rounded; front obtusely rounded. The four frontal antenne are very small, short, obtuse, less than half the diameter ~ of the head. Eyes very small, black. Tentacles very small and short) taperfng, their length about one-half the diameter of the head, the two pairs about equal. Branchiz small, sessile, anteriorly very small, oval, obtuse; in the middle region rounded, sub-oval. Color dark green, with the anterior portion somewhat paler, and with light green transverse bands between the segments; lateral appendages pale green. Length, 125""; breadth in middle, 5™™; length of head, 0.6". Watch Hill, Rhode Island, under stones, between tides, April 12, 1873. ETEONE LIMICOLA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 349.) Body very long and slender, tapering gradually to bothends; depressed, and with deeply incised, elongated segments posteriorly ; less depressed and with shorter and less distinct segments anteriorly. Head small, about as broad as long, the posterior angles well rounded, the sides with a slight constriction in advance of the eyes, narrowing rapidly ; front narrow, convex; antenne slender, about half the length of the head. Eyes minute, inconspicuous. Tentacular cirri about equal to the length of the head. Lateral appendages small on the anterior segments, becom- ing much more prominent farther back; anterior branchie very small, ovate, sessile; those farther back much larger, aud narrow ovate. Color, when living, light green throughout. Length about 80"™; breadth, including appendages, 1.5"™. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, in mud at low-water. ETEONE SETOSA Verrill, sp. nov. Body long and slender, resembling the preceding in form, but some- what less slender. Head shorter and broader, the posterior angles prominently rounded; two slight notches or emarginations on the posterior margin, the middle portion extending farther back than the lateral; sides rapidly tapering; front narrow. Antenne less than half the length of the head. Eyes small, but quite distinct. Tentacular cirri scarcely as long as the head. Lateral appendages a little promi- nent on the anterior segments, but much less so than farther back; setz numerous. The branchiz are small, sessile, and inconspicuous anteriorly ; larger and ovate farther back. Length up to 75™"; breadth about 2™™. Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, among ascidians. [589] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 295 ETEONE, species undetermined. A small and slender species was dredged off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms, soft mud. Another very peculiar species of Hteone was obtained at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. In this the head is depressed and elongated, tapering, with short antenne. The anterior part of the body is round and with the lateral appendages very small, closely appressed, and not at all prominent, giving to this part of the body a smooth appearance; _ on this part of the body the branchiz are very small, lunate, sessile, closely appressed; farther back they become much larger, and rounded or ovate, while the setigerous lobe becomes prominent, and the sete much longer and more numerous. PODARKE OBSCURA Verrill, sp. nov. Pl. XII, fig. 61. (p. 319.) Body convex above, flat below, with the segments deeply incised at the sides, moderately slender in full extension, but capable of great con- traction, tapering gradually to the caudal extremity, and less toward the head. Head small, broader than long,emarginate in front, sides forming rounded angles; posterior margin nearly straight. Antenne five, sub- equal, the outer pair articulated upon a short, thick basal segment; the odd median one is somewhat shorter, articulated upon a small basal segment, which arises in front of the anterior pair of eyes. Tentacular cirri long, slender, six. on each side, two arising from each of the first three annulations, on each side; those on the middle are longest, those on the first shortest. Eyes four, small, red; those on each side close together, but those of the anterior pair are farthest apart. Proboscis with a large, swollen basal portidn, and a smaller cylindrical terminal portion, the surface nearly smooth. Lateral appendages, or ‘“ feet,” elongated, biramous. The upper branch is short, conical, bearing at its extremity a long, slender dorsal cirrus, nearly as long as the breadth of the body, or even exceeding it, and having a short basal joint; the setz of the upper ramus are very few and small. The lower branch is much larger and longer, thick at base, tapering somewhat to the obtuse end, from which a small, terminal, obtuse, papilliform process arises; the short, acute, ventral cirrus arises from about the terminal third, and is less than half as long as the dorsal cirrus; the set are numerous and long, forming a broad, fan-shaped fascicle, in which the middle sete are considerably longer than the upper and lower ones, and in length about equal to the setigerous lobe ; these sete are all compound, the middle ones having a very long, slender, acute terminal joint, and the shorter ones beneath having a much shorter terminal joint. Last segment small, rounded, bearing two long, slender anal cirri, much longer than the dorsal cirri. Color variable, most commonly very dark brown or blackish ; sometimes dark brown with transverse bands of light flesh- color between the segments, and two intermediate transverse whitish lines on each segment. 296 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [590] Length up to 40™™ when extended; breadth, including sete, 3™™. Wood’s Hole, among eel-grass and at the surface, very abundant, especially at night, in July and August; also under stones, between tides. AUTOLYTUS COoRNUTUS A. Agassiz. Pl. XIII, figs. 65, 66. (p. 397.) Journal Boston Society of Natural History, vol. vii, p. 392, Plates 9-11, 1863. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; New Haven; Watch Hill; Vineyard Sound; Massachusetts Bay; Eastport, Maine. Low-water mark to 15 fathoms. AUTOLYTUS, species undetermined. (p. 398.) Off New Haven, 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly, among hydroids. AUTOLYTUS, species undetermined. Females, filled with eggs, of a large species of this genus were taken at the surface of Vineyard Sound, April 30, by Mr. V. N. Edwards. These were about 40" in length, as preserved in alcohol, and rather stout, tapering to each end. The head is small, short, rounded in front. The eyes are small, and the two pairs are near together. The odd median antenna is more than twice as long as the breadth of the head; the lateral ones are about half as long; the first six setigerous segments have short sete; the following ones have a fascicle of long, slender ones, equal to the breadth of the body. SYLLIS, species undetermined. (p. 493.) A single specimen from Vineyard Sound. The body is about 12™ long; the antenne are not very long; the palpi short; the dorsal cirri are rather long, and, like the antenni, regularly beaded; the ventral cirri are small, tapering; the sete are numerous, rather short. GATTIOLA, species undetermined. (p. 453.) Young specimens were taken several times in Vineyard Sound, at the surface. Adult specimens of a fine species of this genus were dredged in the Bay of Fundy in 1872, in 80 fathoms. NEREIS VIRENS Sars. Pl. XI, figs. 47-50. (p. 317.) Beskrivelser og Iakttagelser, ete., p. 58, Pl. 10, fig. 27, a, b, c, 1855 (t. Malmgren). Nereis grandis Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 34, fig. 24, 1853. Nereis Yankiana Quatrefages, Hist. des Annelés, i, p. 553, Pl. 17, figs. 7, 8 1865; Alitta virens Malmgren, op. cit., p. 183; Annulata polycheta, p. 56, Pl. 3, figs. 19, A-E, 1867. New Haven, at low water; Watch Hill; Vineyard Sound; Massachu- setts Bay; Eastport, Maine; northward to Labrador. Northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. NEREIS LIMBATA Ehlers. PI. XI, fig. 51. (p. 318.) Die Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 567, 1868. Charleston, South Carolina, to Massachusetts Bay; half-tide mark to 4 to 6 fathoms in Long Island Sound. [591] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 297 NEREIS PELAGICA Linn. PI. XI, figs. 52-55. (p. 319.) Systema nature, ed. x, p. 654; ed. xii, p. 1086; Malmgren, Annulata polychwta p. 47, Pl. 5, figs. 35, A-D, 1867; Ehlers, op. cit., p. 511, Pl. 20, figs. 11-20, 1868. Heteronereis grandifolia Malmgren, Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, p. 108, Pl. 11, figs. 15, 16, B, B', C; Ann. polycheta, p. 60, Pl. 5, figs. 31, A-D; Heteronereis arctica (Ersted, Greenland’s Annul. dorsibr., p. 27, Pl. 4, figs. 50*, 51, 60, Pl. 5, figs. 65, 68 70*, male (t. Ehlers); Heteronereis assimilis Cirsted, op. cit., p. 28, Pl. 4, figs. 54, 61, Pl. 5, fig. 72, female (t. Ehlers). Off New Haven; Watch Hill; Vineyard Sound; northward to Labra- dor. Greenland; Iceland; Spitzbergen; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. In the Bay of Fundy from low-water mark to 106 fathoms, common. NEREIS FUCATA Aud. and Edwards. (p: 494.) Histoire nat. litt. de la France, vol. ii, p. 188 (teste Malmgren); Lycoris fucata Savigny, Syst. des Annélides, p. 31, 1820 (t. Ehlers); Deser. de Egypte, éd. 2, xxi, p. 357 (t. Malmgren); Nereilepas fucata Malmgren, Annulata polycheta, p. 53, Pl. 3, tigs. 18-18 E; Johnston, Catalogue, p. 158, fig. 30, 1865. Hetero- nereis glaucopis Malmgren, Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet. Akad. Forh., 1265, p. 181, Pl. 11, figs. 16, 16 A; Annulata polychexta, p. 60, Pl. 4, figs. 26, 27, 1867. Nereis fucata Ehlers, Borstenwiirmer, vol. i, p. 546, Pl. 21, figs. 41-44. A specimen was dredged at Watch Hill, Rhode Island, in 4 to 6 fath- oms, among rocks and alge, which agrees well with Malmgren’s descrip- tion and figure of Heteronereis glaucopis. Ehlers regards the latter as the heteronereis-form of . fucata. NEREIS, species undetermined. Head sub-conical; antenne small, slender; paipi small, shorter, and thicker; two upper pairs of tentacular cirri moderately elongated, sub- equal, lower ones very small. Posterior eyes elongated and on the upper side of the head; anterior pair small, lateral. Feet terminated by four small papille; dorsal and ventral cirri small, slender. The only specimen observed is preserved in alcohol; it is a female filled with eggs. Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms. NECTONEREIS Verrill, genus nov. Head prominent, depressed, oval, rounded in front, bearing two pairs of large eyes on the upper and lateral surfaces, and a pair of small antenne beneath; palpismall orrudimentary. Tentacular cirri four on each side, as in Nereis. Proboscis small, similar to that of Nereis, but more simple; furnished with a pair of terminal hooks; with two anterior clusters of denticles on the upper side, and with five small clusters be- low, ina ring extending nearly half-way around it. Anterior part of body fusiform, consisting of about fourteen segments, on which the feet are divided into small, rounded lobes, with small ventral cirri; and with long dorsal cirri, those on the first seven segments swollen and gibbous toward the end, with a small acute terminal portion. Posterior part of 298 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [592] the body composed of numerous short segments, on which the feet are furnished with lamelliform appendages. This remarkable annelid bears some resemblance, in the structure of the body and “ feet,” to Heteronereis, and there is probably another form to which it bears the same relation that Heteronereis bears to Nereis; but the structure of the head is very unlike that of any known genus, and, indeed, would not allow it to be placed in the family of Nereide without modifying the family-characters. There are are no large palpi, corre- sponding to those of Nereis, and nothing to represent them, unless two small lobes close to the mouth be considered rudimentary palpi. NECTONEREIS MEGALOPS Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XII, figs. 62, 63. (p. 440.) Body slender, consisting of two parts; the anterior portion, contain- ing fourteen setigerous segments, is broadest in the middle, tapering both ways, and separated from the posterior portion by a distinct con- striction; the posterior portion is much longer and more slender, taper- ing gradually to the end, and consists of very numerous short segments, which are furnished with complex lateral appendages, with thin lamelle and compound bladed sete. Head broad oval, somewhat convex, and very smooth above; the lateral margins a little convex; the front obtusely rounded. Eyes very large, convex; the anterior ones largest, lateral and partially dorsal, oval; in contact with the posterior ones, which are somewhat smaller and more dorsal. Two small decurved antenne, with swollen bases, are on the ventral side of the head; two small, rounded processes in front of the mouth. Tentacular cirri slender, the upper pair much the longest; the rather short lower pair arising near the mouth; the two intermediate pairs arise behind and close to the anterioreyes; all are slightly annulated. The “feet” on the first seven segments have a large dorsal cirrus, increasing in length from the first to the seventh, narrow at base, swollen and gibbous toward the end, with a slender, oblique, terminal portion; on the seven following segments the dorsal cirri are smaller, slender, tapering; the ventral cirri are small, with swollen bases on the first five seg- ments, slender and tapering on the rest; the intermediate lobes of the feet are small and rounded, but more elongated on the first five seg- ments. Sete of different forms, many of them with a slender, often curved, acute terminal piece. The lateral appendages of the posterior region have, on the upper ramus, a long, slender dorsal cirrus, strongly crenulate-lobed on the lower side; a small, rounded lamelliform process above its base; and a long, lanceolate process arising just below it, and in length equaling the cirrus ; an ovate setigerous lobe, bearing a broad fan-shaped fascicle of compound set, extending about to the end of the dorsal cirrus; and a lower ovate-lanceolate lamelliform process, with the base expanded and extending backward, the tip reaching to about the outer third of [593] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 299 the cirrus; a single strong black spine supports the setigerous lobe. The lower ramus has a rounded setigerous lobe, and a large broadly- rounded lamelliform process, nearly as long as the longest one of the upper ramus and much broader; the setigerous lobe bears a broad fan- shaped fascicle of compound sete, similar to those of the upper ramus, but a little shorter, and a single black basal spine; the ventral cirrus is slender, and there is a broad, rounded ventral lamella at its base. The setx are rather stout, with a broad, thin, blade-like, terminal piece, which is generally lanceolate, with a rounded point, and often some- what curved, but more commonly straight. A few sete have a slender acute terminal piece. Anal segment with numerous small slender papil- liform processes on each side, forming a circle. Length up to 35™"; breadth about 2.5™., Vineyard Sound, swimming actively at the surface, both in the even- ing and in the brightest sunshine, in the middle of the day; July 3 to August 11. DIOPATRA CUPREA Claparéde. Plate XIII, figs. 67, 68. (p. 346.) Annélides chétopodes du golfe de Naples, in Mémoires de la Société de Physiques et @Hist. Nat. de Genéve, vol. xix, p. 432, 1868. Nereis cuprea Bose, Hist. nat. des Vers, vol. i, p. 143 (t. Claparéde). Charleston, South Carolina, to Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound. MARPHYSA LEIDYI Quatrefages. Plate XI, fig. 64. (p. 319.) Histoire nat. des Annelés, vol. i, p. 337, 1865 (M. Leidii). Eunice sanguinea Leidy, Mar. Inv. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 15, 1855 (non Montagu). : Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound. Low-water mark to 10 fathoms. LyYcImDIcE AMERICANA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.) Body depressed, slender, narrowed toward each end; segments well- marked. Head much depressed, oblong, narrowed somewhat toward the front, which is truncate and somewhat emarginate in the middle; lower side bilobed, the lobes well rounded. The two eyes are lateral, just outside the bases of the lateral antenne. The three antenne are subequal, nearly as long as the diameter of the head; the odd median one is apparently a little longer than the lateral, and placed slightly farther back. The dorsal cirri are long and slender, exceeding the diameter of the body in living specimens; they have a small lobe near the base. Anal cirri four; the two lower exceeding the diameter of the body ; the two upper ones less than half as long. Color light red, with a bright red dorsal vessel and dark brown intestines, showing through in the middle; eyes dark red. Length, while living, about 40™™; greatest diameter, 1.5"™. Off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms, soft mud. Like W 300 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [594] NEMATONEREIS, species undetermined. (p. 508.) A species, apparently belonging to this genus, was dredged in 29 fathoms, east of Block Island. The specimens have been lost or mis- laid. In life the head was small, rounded, with one median dorsal antenna, about as long as the diameter of the head. Hyes two, small but conspicuous, dark brown. Dorsal cirri slender. LUMBRICONEREIS FRAGILIS Cirsted. (p. 507.) Conspec. Ann. Dan., p. 15, figs. 1, 2, 1843 (t. Malmgren). Lumbricus fragilis Miiller, Prod. Zool. Dan., p. 216; Zool. Dan., vol. i, p. 22, Pl. 22, figs. 1-3, 1788, . (t. Malmgren). Lumbrinereis fragilis Malmgren, Annulata polychieta, p. 63, Pl. 14, figs. 83-83, D. Mouth of Vineyard Sound and deeper waters outside; northward to Nova Scotia and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Northern coasts of Europe. From low-water mark, in the Bay of Fundy, to 430 fathoms, off Saint George’s Bank. LUMBRICONEREIS OPALINA Verrill, sp.nov. Plate XIII, figs. 69, 70. (p. 342.) Lumbriconereis splendida Leidy., op. cit., p. 15 (non Blainville). Body cylindrical, much elongated, largest in the middle, tapering eradually toward the head, which is comparatively small; segments well marked. Head conoidal, obtuse, changing much in form during life; in extension considerably longer than broad, and more acute than in the figure. Eyes four, in-a transverse row, the two middle ones larger and a little in advance of the others. The lateral appendages, or “feet,” consist of a short, obtusely-rounded basal papilla, which bears the sete; from the posterior and ventral end of this a prominent elon- gated lobe arises, which is somewhot curved and obtuse. These appen- dages are Jonger in the middle of the body than anteriorly. Seti five to nine in each fascicle, and of several forms; one or two in each fascicle usually have a long, slender, flexible capillary point. Color reddish or brownish, with brilliant iridescence. Length up to 400"; diameter in middle, 3™™. New Haven to Vineyard Sound; low-water mark to 14 fathoms. UMBRICONEREIS TENUIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 342.) 30dy very long, slender, filiform, of nearly uniform diameter through- out, capable of great extension; segments very numerous, well marked. Head a little narrower than buccal segment, depressed, obtusely puinted or rounded in front, without eyes. In the first to ninth pairs the late- ral appendages have about six slender lanceolate sete; those of the ninth pair have two slender spatulate setz, with about six or seven lanceolate ones; at the sixteenth pair they begin to have recurved spatulate sete, with two or three hook-like denticles at the end, while two or three lanceolate ones remain; posterior to the twenty-third or twenty-fourth pair only one of the long, slender, acute sete remains, accompanied by [595] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 301 two or three of the spatulate hooks; the latter are about half as long as the former, slender toward the base, but gradually becoming broader toward the end, which is twice as broad, obtusely rounded, and curved back from about the middle; the hooks are nearly terminal on one side, the thin margin projecting beyond them. The basal lobe of the “feet” is very small; the posterior lobe is small but prominent. Color light red to dark red, somewhat iridescent. Length up to 350™"; diameter, 0.05™™ to 1™™, Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to New Haven and Vineyard Sound. NINOE NIGRIPES Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.) Body elongated, slender, broadest a short distance behind the head, at the middle of the branchiferous segments. Head depressed, elongated, conical, blunt at end, about twice as long as broad. The branchiw are represented on the first two setigerous segments by a short, flattened lobe, arising from the outer and posterior face of the setigerous lobe. On the two following segments the lobe is divided into two or three parts; on the fifth there are usually three, more elongated, round, and more slender branchiz, which increase in number and length on the sue- ceeding segments until there are five, six, or more long, slender branchial filaments, which arise from the posterior face of the setigerous lobe, and diverge, forming a somewhat fan-shaped or digitate group; about the twenty-fourth segment the number rapidly diminishes, and after the twenty-seventh or twenty-eighth there remains but one small branchial process. The setigerous lobe is prominent, obtuse, turned forward. The setee are numerous on the branchial segments, and rather long, of various shapes, but mostly bent, with an acute lanceolate point; posteriorly they are shorter and fewer, and mostly slender, margined sete, with hooks at the spatulate end. Body flesh-color; the sete dark, often blackish ; branchiz bright red. Length of broken specimens, 20" ; breadth anteriorly, 2". Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, and waters outside; in 8 to 29 fathoms, mud. STAUROCEPHALUS PALLIDUS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 348.) Body rather slender, convex above, flattened below, largest in the middle, tapering slightly toward each end, composed of about seventy seg- ments. Head small, depressed, rounded in front; antenne four, slen- der, longer than the breadth of body, the two upper ones longer and more slender than the lower ones, strongly annulated or beaded; lower ones stouter, smooth, tapering. Eyes four, dark red; the posterior pair very small, placed between the bases of the upper antenne; the anterior pair farther apart, placed between the bases of the upper and lower antennex. Anal cirri four, the upper pair slender and about twice as long as the lower ones. Dorsal cirri elongated, slender, more than twice as long as the setigerous lobe, absent on the first setigerous segment, very small on the 302 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [596] second, but well developed on the third. Sete rather long and slender. Color pale yellow, with red blood-vessels showing through anteriorly. Length, 50"; breadth, 2"". This species moves like a Nereis. Near New Haven light-house, in sand, at low-water mark. RHYNCHOBOLUS AMERICANUS Verrill. Plate X, figs. 45,46. (p. 342.) Glycera Americana Leidy, op. cit., p. 15, Pl. 11, figs. 49,50, 1855; Ehlers, Borsten- wiirmer, vol. i, p. 668, Pl. 23, figs. 43-46, 1868. Charleston, South Carolina, to Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound. Low-water mark to 10 fathoms. I follow Claparede in adopting Rhynchobolus for those species of the old genus Glycera which have the proboscis armed at the end with four hooks or fangs. ; RHYNCHOBOLUS DIBRANCHIATUS Verrill. Plate X, figs. 43, 44. (p. 341.) Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers, op. cit., pp. 670-702, Pl. 24, figs. 10-28, 1868. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to Long Island Sound; Vineyard Sound; and Massachusetts Bay. Low-water mark to 8 fathoms. Ehlers has given a very full anatomical description of this species. FONE GRACILIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.) Body very slender, terete; surface iridescent. Head elongated, acutely conical, composed of eight distinct, rounded annulations, the basal one with a pair of minute reddish eyes; antennee four, slender. Feet prom- inent, elongated, more than equal to half the diameter of the body; they are uniramous on about thirty-two segments of the anterior part of the body, and bilobed, with a small obtuse dorsal cirrus; the upper lobe is prominent, more elongated than the lower one, both cylindrical,obtusely pointed; sete compound, in two smali fascicles, long, the free part ex- ceeding the entire Jength of the foot. On the posterior half of the body there is a small, slightly elevated, mammilliform upper ramus, above the base of the lower ramus, and entirely separate from it, containing two or more small, acute, dark sete, which project but slightly; the lower ramus is deeply bilobed, the lobes elongated, round, the upper one longest, the lower one acute; on the posterior side of the base of the upper lobe there is a minute, rounded setigerous lobe, and at the june- tion of the two lobes, on the posterior face, there is another small setig- erous lobe; the setv are long and slender, acute, many of them curved, arranged in small fascicles. ' Length, 20°"; diameter less than 1™”. Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, in soft mud. ARICIA ORNATA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 344.) Body rather stout, composed of numerous very short segments, much depressed and flattened anteriorly, strongly convex beneath in the mid- dle region, flattened above throughout; breadth nearly the same [597] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 303 through a large part of the length, narrowed slightly and gradually toward the posterior end, and abruptly narrowed anteriorly close to the head, which is very small, short, conical, and acute at the tip. On the anterior thirty-two setigerous segments the feet consist of a small upper ramus, having a small, tapering dorsal cirrus and a minute setigerous lobe, bearing a small fascicle of slender and short sets, and a lower ra- mus, separated by a narrow space, and consisting of a small upper papilla, and a long transverse row of minute, rounded papillae, which surmount a narrow, somewhat elevated, crest-like ridge; the first twelve or thirteen segments having shorter rows, so as to leave a broad, naked ventral space, but those farther back having rows of papilla that nearly meet beneath, and thus entirely covering the sides and ventral surface for a short distance; these crest-like ridges bear close rows of minute, hooked sete. The branchiz commence on the upper surface of the fifth setigerous segment, in the form of elongated papillae, which become more elongated and narrow ligulate farther back. Posterior to the thirty-second seginent the papilliform crests of the lower ramus disap- pear, and the lower ramus consists of an elongated papilliform, and finally cirriform, upper process, with a minute setigerous lobe at its base, bearing fine inconspicuous sete ; and an elongated membranous basal portion, decurrent down on the lateral surface of the segment; the up- per ramus is connected atthe base by a membranous web with the lower one, and consists of an elongated dorsal cirrus, similar in size and shape to the branchia, and a very small setigerous lobe, bearing a small fas- cicle of fine sete. The branchie are connected by a slight web-like basal ridge with the dorsal cirri. Thus there are three parallel rows of cirriform or slender ligulate processes along each side of the back, leav- ing a broad, central, naked space all along the back. Length up to 60™ or more; breadth, 4™™. Savin Rock, burrowing in sand at low-water mark, May, 1872. ANTHOSTOMA ROBUSTUM Verrill, sp.nov. Plate XIV, fig.76. (p. 343.) Body large, long, stout, thickest and rounded, or but slightly depressed, anteriorly ; tapering rapidly to the head; posterior portion very long, narrowing gradually to the posterior end, flatter or concave above, well rounded below, higher than wide, with three rows of long, erect, ligu- late, or narrow lanceolate processes along each side of the back, the four inner rows largest; and a pair of foliaceous processes on the sides of each segment. Head short, conical, acute. Proboscis large, broad, di- vided into about eighteen long, narrow, digitate, and suleated lobes, with convoluted margins, broadest at the end, and free for a large part of their length, but united at the base bya membranous web; or it might be described as divided into a lower, two lateral, and two upper main lobes, each of which is again divided into three or four digitations. During life these are all continually changing in form and length, and generally only a few of the processes are protruded at one time. Branchie com- 304 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [598] mence on the twenty-sixth setigerous segment as minute papille; on the twenty-eighth they become prominent and acute-conical; farther back they become long, lanceolate, thin, foliaceous, as long as the diame- ter of the body. On the twenty-three anterior setigerous segments the “ feet” are rep- resented by two short, dense, fan-shaped fascicles of sete on each side: On the twenty-fourth segment a small papilliform lobe, or ventral cirrus, appears below the lower ramus, which rapidly becomes larger on the succeeding seginents, becoming quite conspicuous on the twenty-ninth segment; at about the twenty-eighth it becomes broader, and divided into three small lobes, the lowest broadest and thinnest, and a bilobed setigerous lobe is developed. At the thirtieth the ventral lobe becomes broader, somewhat foliaceous, with a rounded outline; farther back this becomes still larger and more foliaceous, with a broadly-rounded flexuous outer border, and the upper branch of the setigerous lobe be- comes an elongated ligulate process, directed upward, and similar in form to the branchiz, though smaller and more slender, but the lower branch remains small and rounded; a small fascicle of long, slender sete arises from between them. On the twenty-seventh segment an upper cirrus appears on both the upper and lower rami, in the form of a small papilla, which becomes somewhat elongated and tapering at the twenty-ninth; that of the lower ramus continues small throughout, and much shorter than the setigerous or ventral lobes, but that of the upper ramus becomes rapidly larger, longer, and more ligulate, corresponding nearly with the branchiz in size, form, and rate of increase. On the middle and posterior regions the upper ramus consists of this long, thin, lanceolate cirrus and a fascicle of long, slender set, arising from the anterior face of its base, and in length considerably exceeding the cirrus; the setz are pale yellow. Those of the upper ramus are short anteriorly, and become decidedly longer at the twenty-eighth segment, and on the thirty-second and subsequent segments they form a long, divergent, fan-shaped fascicle; color, when living, ocher-yellow, orange- yellow, to yellowish brown, generally brighter yellow posteriorly. Usu- ally there are two rows of brown spots along the back, and posteriorly there is a dorsal red or reddish brown line; branchizx blood-red. Length of large specimens up to 375™™ or more; breadth, 10™; ordi- nary specimens are about 300™™ long and 7™™ broad. Owing to the facility with which it breaks up when disturbed, it is difficult to obtain entire specimens of large size. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; New Haven; Wood’s Hole; in sand, at low-water. ANTHOSTOMA FRAGILE Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 344.) Body long and slender, composed of very numerous segments, very fragile, and prone to divide spontaneously when disturbed; thickest and sub-cylindrical anteriorly, tapering rapidly to the head; posterior part [599] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 305 very long and slender, tapering gradually, flattened dorsally. Head distinctly annulated, elongated conical, very acute, with the tip Slender and translucent; proboscis short.and broad, not extending far beyond the tip of the head, with six or more broad, convoluted, changeable lobes, which are united at the base by a broad membranous expansion. The dorsal branchie first appear on the sixteenth setigerous segment as small papille ; they become well developed and long ligulate at about the twentieth, increasing somewhat in length on the segments farther back. On the first thirteen segments behind the buecal the “ feet” are represented by a very small, slightly-elevated lobe, above and below, ‘each bearing a dense fascicle, that of the lower ramus widest, but the length of the setze about equal in both. On the fourteenth segment a small tubercle appears on both rami; on the sixteenth these become elongated and somewhat cirriform, and the setz become considerably longer on the fifteenth segment. At about the seventeenth segment the lower ramus becomes distinetly tri-lobed, and at the twentieth four- lobed, with the setigerous lobe bifid, and the two lower lateral lobes conical, acute, and swollen at the base; while the upper ramus is long and ligulate, like the branchiz, and the set are long and slender, the lower fascicle smallest. Farther back the lobes of the lower ramus be- come still more developed, but keep their acute conical form, and the upper ramus and setz continue to elongate until, on the posterior part of the body, they exceed in length the diameter of the body. Anal seg- ment oblong, sub-cylindrical, smooth, with two long filiform cirri on the upper side; color, when living, brownish orange, dull yellow, ocher, light reddish, or flesh-color, with a red median dorsal line, and some- times with the dorsal surface tinged with red posteriorly: a narrow, light ventral line, bordered with reddish. Sometimes the upper surface is maculate with fine polygonal, whitish spots, due, perhaps, to ova contained within the body; there are sometimes two obscure brownish spots on the upper side of the head. Length up to 125™"; diameter, 3™™. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; New Haven; Watch Hill; Wood’s Hole; in sand, between tides, and gregarious. ANTHOSTOMA ACUTUM Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 501.) Body long and quite slender, tapering most toward the head, and very gradually posteriorly. Head very acutely pointed, with two rather indistinet reddish spots above, resembling imperfect ocelli. The branchiz commence at the eleventh setigerous segment as small dorsal papillz, and become prominent on the thirteenth; on the succeeding segments they become long and ligulate. Anteriorly the feet are rep- resented by an upper ramus, consisting of a very small tuft of sete, with a very small papilliform lobe above it, and a lower ramus, consist- ing of a small prominent papilla, with a fascicle of slender sete, much larger than the upper one. On the fourteenth and succeeding segments 306 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [600] the dorsal cirrus of the upper ramus becomes longer, more slender, and ligulaté. On the fifteenth segment a small, short, rounded ventral cirrus appears on the lower ramus, and farther back it becomes larger and more prominent, and ‘the setigerous lobe becomes bilobed. Anal segment rounded, obtuse; cirri long and slender. Color light red. Lene up to 40; diameter, 2.5™™. Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; also from the deeper parts of Vineyard ana. , ANTHOSTOMA, Species undetermined, (p. 508.) Another species, not well studied, was dredged in the deeper waters off Gay Head and Buzzard’s Bay. It differs from all the preceding in having eighteen anterior segments without branchie. NERINE AGILIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 346.) Body long and rather slender, anteriorly flattened, posteriorly more rounded. Head long conical, with a slender acute tip; mouth a.-trans- verse fissure beneath; eyes four, placed in front of the bases of the two large.antenn, small, black, the anterior ones a little farther apart ; antenne long, slender, with thickened bases, placed on the dorsal surface of the head, with their bases contiguous. The branchiz are slender, ligulate, and exist on all the segments except the first. On the first segment the “feet” are represented on each side by two small rounded lobes, bearing very small sete, and placed just below the bases of the antennz; on the succeeding twenty segments the lower ramus consists of a larger, somewhat semicircular lobe, bearing a broad cluster of slender, acute sets, and separate from the upper ramus, which consists of a thin foliaceous process joined to the branchial cirrus, but with a free terminal portion, and bearing a broad, comb-like cluster of long acute setve, nearly as long as the bran- chiw, and much longer than those of the ventral ramus. On the twenty-first setigerous segment a small papilliform ventral cirrus ap- pears on the lower ramus, and farther back it becomes more prominent and separate from the setigerous lobe. In the middle and posterior region the free portion of the cirriform lobe of the upper ramus is longer. Color reddish or brownish green anteriorly, light green on the sides; branchie bright red. Length up to 60™; breadth, 2™™; length of antenne, 12™™, Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on the outer beach, burrowing in sand, at low-water mark. SCOLECOLEPIS VIRIDIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 345.) Body long, slender, depressed; both the upper and lower surfaces flattened, of nearly uniform breadth throughout most of the length, abruptly narrowed at each end, and somewhat tapering and more rounded posteriorly. Head with the central plate longer than broad, L001] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 307 forming an acute angle behind, anteriorly suddenly expanding into a wide transverse frontal lobe, broadly rounded in front, with a slight emargination in the middle, the lateral angles prominent and slightly auriculate or recurved. Eyes four, distant, the two pairs nearly parallel. Proboscis small, smooth, rounded. Antenne slender, twice as long as the breadth of the body. The branchiz are slender and ligulate an- teriorly, and meet over the middle of the back; but farther back they gradually decrease in length, and disappear at about the anterior third. The upper ramus of the feet consists of a broad, thin, foliaceous upper ramus, rounded outwardly, connected, for most of its length, with the branchia, the upper end alittle prominent; and a broad cluster of set, consisting of a small upper fascicle of slender aciculie, scarcely as long as the branchia, and a comb-like group of shorter and somewhat stouter bent and acute sete. The lower ramus consists of a small, thin, rounded process, bearing a transverse row of acute bent setie, and a ventral tuft of longer and more slender ones. Posteriorly the slender sete in the dorsal and ventral tufts are considerably longer; and several stouter, recurved, two-hooked, uncinate sete appear in the transverse rows of acute set, both in the upper and lower rami. Anal segment short, truncate or suburceolate, somewhat bilobed; the margin of the orifice crenulated with small rounded lobes, and with four small conical papillz onthe upperside. Color olive-green or bright green, darker posteriorly ; branchiz bright red; antenne light green, with a row of black specks, Length up to 100™"; breadth, 3™™. Great Egg Harbor; New Haven; Watch Hill; Wood’s Hole; burrow- ing in sand, at low-water. SCOLECOLEPIS TENUIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 345.) Body very long and slender, depressed, especially anteriorly, gradually tapering posteriorly. Head short and broad, slightly three-lobed in front, the central lobe broadly rounded, the lateral ones also rounded, somewhat smaller. Antennz long and slender. The branchi are small, ligulate, and exist only on the anterior segments. The set of the dor- sal fascicle are long and slender; but those of the first three segments are longer than the others, forming large fan-shaped fascicles directed upward and forward; those of the first segment longest, about twice as long as the breadth of the head. Farther back the sets of the upper ramus become shorter, the upper ones slender, capillary, the lower ones stouter, somewhat bent, mostly acute, some uncinate. Those of the lower ramus are shorter, setiform, forming large fascicles anteriorly. Farther back the upper ones are partly stouter, somewhat bent, and acute, and partly uncinate, while a small ventral fascicle of slender ones stillremains. Posteriorly the setigerous lobes of the feet become very smail. Color light green; branchie red, tinged with green; antenne whitish, with a red central line. Length, 80"; breadth, 1.25™™. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; burrowing in sand, at low-water. , 308 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [602] SCOLECOLEPIS CIRRATA Malmgren. (p. 501.) Annulata polycheta, p. 91, Pl. 9, figs. 54 A-54 D. Nerine cirrata Sars, Nyt. Mag., vol. vi, p. 207 (teste Malmgren). This is a larger and stouter species than either of the preceding. The front of the head is broadly rounded, with prominent, rounded, lateral angles; the foliaceous lateral appendages are larger and much wider. Off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, and in the deepest parts of Vine- yard Sound, near the mouth; off Saint George’s Bank, in 110 and 150 fathoms. Northern coasts of Europe; Spitzbergen; Greenland. In 20- 250 fathoms. (Malmgren). SPIO SETOSA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIV, fig. 77. (p. 344.) Nerine coniocephala? A. Agassiz, Annals Lyceum of Nat. Hist. of New York, vol. vill, p. 333, Pl. x, figs. 39-45, 1866, (non Johnston.) Body long, moderately slender, flattened dorsally, convex below, obtuse anteriorly, slightly tapered toward the posterior end. Head with a prominent median lobe, which is sub-truncate and a little turned up at the front end, with the corners a little prominent and rounded; lateral lobes shorter than the median; on the posterior part of the vertex there is a small median, conical prominence. Eyes four, on the vertex, the posterior pair nearest together; antenne long. Branchize moder- ately long, slender, ligulate, largest on the anterior segments. On the first three or four segments the upper ramus of the feet has a slender dorsal cirrus, which disappears farther back. The sete of-the upper ramus are long, acute, and form a broad fascicle, in which the upper ones are much longer and more slender, divergent; the lower stouter and more or less bent; they are longest on the first four or five segments, the upper ones considerably exceeding the branchie. The lower ramus is small and but slightly elevated; on the anterior segments it bears a small fascicle of short, acute, bent sete, much shorter than those of the upper ramus, and closely crowded together in two or more rows, with a small ventral tuft of longer and more slender sete; farther back the acute bent sete begin to be replaced by uncinate sets, which, at about the tenth segment, form a complete transverse row, parallel with a row of slightly longer, pointed sete, while the small ventral tuft of longer acute sete still remains, and all the sete in the broad fascicle of the upper ramus are acute and much longer. In the middle region of the body, the uncini of the lower ramus form a close row, containing fifteen to twenty; they are strongly recurved near the end and margined. Length up to 80"; diameter about 2.5™™. New Haven; Wood’s Hole; and Naushon Island; in sand, at low- water. This species appears to be the sameas the one studied by Mr. Agassiz, though it differs slightly from his figures, one of which I have copied. ¢ [603] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 309 SPIO ROBUSTA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 345.) : Body stout, broadest anteriorly, tapering posteriorly, but little de- pressed except anteriorly, very convex beneath, flattened above. Head broad, somewhat angular; the median lobe truncated and slightly emar- ginate in front; lateral lobes a little shorter, wide, obtuse-in front, slightly angulated laterally; a small median, conical elevation on the posterior part of the head. Antenne long, rather stout. Branchie long, narrow, tapering. Upper ramus of the feet with a small, obtuse setigerous lobe, bearing a small fascicle of short sete, considerably shorter than the branchiz, even on the anterior segments, and a foli- aceous process arising behind the setigerous lobe, broadly rounded on its thin outer edge; the upper end free and obtusely pointed; farther back the setz are shorter and the foliaceous process smaller and less prominent. The lower ramus on the anterior segments has a small, prominent, semicircular foliaceous process and a small, dense fascicle of short sets, crowded in several transverse rows; on the eighth and sub- sequent segments the foliaceous processes become larger and wider, and the sete more numerous, crowded, and partly uncinate; still farther back the sete are nearly all uncinate, except a very small ventral tuft of slender ones, and form long, double, transverse rows, projecting but little beyond the surface. Color greenish. Length, 50™, or more; breadth, 3™™ to 3.5™™, Wood’s Hole and Naushon Island; in sand, at low-water mark. POLYDORA CILIATUM Claparéde(?). Plate XIV, fig. 78. (p. 345.) A. Agassiz, On the Young Stages of a Few Annelids, in Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. of New York, vol. viii, pp. 323-330, figs. 26-38, 1866 (embryology). Naushon [sland and Massachusetts Bay; in muddy sand, at about half- tide (A. Agassiz). The adults of this species were not found by us. The young were frequently taken in the towing-nets. A young Polydora, belonging perhaps to a different species, was dredged off New Haven, in 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly bottom. It was about 12™" Jong. The color was pale yellow, with small black spots along the sides between the fascicles of sete; a red dorsal vessel; antenne white. OPHELIA SIMPLEX Leidy. (p. 319.) Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 16, 1855. Body short, smooth, iridescent, well rounded above, flat below; usually found coiled up, so that the extremities meet, or nearly so, and resembling in general form the larvie of certain beetles and flies. Head very acute conical; the buccal segment suddenly enlarges; mouth be- neath, with thick evertile lips, the lower one generally protruded. as a large rounded lobe. Posterior end terminated by about ten unequal, round, blunt, fleshy, simple papille, of which the two ventral ones 310 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [604] are considerably longest. The setze commence opposite the mouth and extend to the posterior end; they form two fan-shaped fascicles on each side of each segment, closely approximate at their origin, but strongly divergent, the upper ones dirécted upward, the lower ones downward ; the setz are very long and slender on the middle segments, those of the upper fascicles longest, and exceeding half the diameter of the body; anteriorly they are considerably shorter; they are somewhat expanded toward the base, but have long and very slender tips. Dorsal cirri rather long and stout, transparent and wrinkled, blunt at tip, thickened at base ; in length nearly equaling a third of the diameter of the body. Color yellowish white, tinged with brownish on the sides. Length, 8=@ to 10™™; diameter, 1.5™™. Savin Rock, at half-tide. Point Judith, Rhode Island, below low- water mark (Leidy). The specimen above described was found under stones at Savin Rock, near New Haven, May 5. Its body was completely filled, from one end to the other, with comparatively large yellowish white eggs, which show through the transparent integument of the dorsal side very distinctly. TRAVISIA CARNEA Verill, sp. nov. (p. 508.) : Body with twenty-four setigerous segments, oblong or fusiform, very changeable, round, usually tapering abruptly to each end. Head small, conical, acute; posterior end terminated by a small, bluntly rounded, or slightly clavate papilla; setze small and slender. Branchiz short, slender, commencing on the third setigerous segment and ceasing at the twentieth ; longest about one-fourth as long as the diameter of the body. Segments of middle region tri-annulated. Color light red or deep flesh-color; branchiz bright red. Length, in extension, about 25™™; 3“™ to 4™™ in diameter. It can contract to 12™™ or less in length. Off Gay Head, Martha’s Vineyard, in 19 fathoms, soft mud. AMMOTRYPANE FIMBRIATA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XV, fig. 79. (p. 508.) Body elongated, slender, smooth, thickest in advance of the middle, tapering gradually to both ends, convex, and well rounded above ; lower surface with a median sulcus and rounded margins, separated from the upper surface by a deep groove. Head very acute. Eyes two, small, black. Proboscis small, sub-globular, smooth. Branchize long and slender. Caudal appendage spoon-shaped, deeply concave, transversely striated; the outer margin fringed with a row of small, slender papillxe; a pair of slender cirriform processes, about half its length, arises at its ventral base, and a longer single median one is generally concealed in its cavity. Set of the anterior segments long and slender, more than half the diameter of the body, shorter farther back. Color, when living, purplish flesh-color, shining and iridescent [605] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 311 on the dorsal surface; a row of elongated dark spots on each side be- tween the fascicles of sete; the sete dark gray. Length, 75™™; diameter, 3™™, Off Buzzard’s Bay, in 25 fathoms, mud; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 90 fathoms, mud; near Saint George’s Bank, 110 and 150 fathoms, mud. SCALIBREGMA BREVICAUDA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 416.) Body rather short, with a narrow, tapering anterior portion ; a swollen middle region; and a narrow, tapering caudal portion; lower surface with a very narrow, smooth median area, divided transversely mto a series of small rounded prominences by slight depressions. Head small, transverse, truncate or slightly coneave in front, the angles produced and prominent. On the anterior region four segments bear short, tufted branchise, close to the base of the upper fascicles of sete, which are rather long and slender; each of these segments also has a dorsa] transverse row of rather large and conspicuous blackish granules on its posterior margin, and also a black spot on the sides below the branchiz. The surface of all the anterior segments is regularly and rather finely granulous, the granules in transverse rows. The middle region, com- posed of about ten segments, is thicker, and sometimes much swollen, and the feet are represented only by small fascicles of slender sete. The caudal region is less than one-half the entire length in preserved specimens, and is rather slender and tapering, composed of about sixteen segments; the rami of the feet consist of a prominent, obtuse papilla, both above and below, with a blackish spot at the end, and bearing < fascicle of slender setie, in length rather exceeding half the diameter of this part of the body. Color, when living, dark brownish réd, tinged with yellow at both ends. Length, 32™™; diameter, 2.5™™. Off New Haven, 4 to 6 fathoms, shelly bottom. TROPHONIA AFFINIS Verrill. Pl. XIV, fig. 75. (p. 507.) Siphonostomum affine Leidy, op. cit., p. 16 (148), 1855. Body rather slender and elongated for the genus; skin irregularly rugose, granulous, anteriorly covered with small papillae. The eight branchiz are cylindrical, thick, blunt, unequal; two tentacles stouter than the branchix, suleate beneath. On the four anterior segments the upper and lower fascicles of setz are much elongated and directed for- ward. On the fifth and following segments those in the upper fascicles are capillary, divergent, six to ten in each fascicle ; in the lower fascicles there are about three stout, slightly curved, acute, deep yellow sete. On the third and fourth segments the sete of the upper fascicles are longer and larger than those in the lower ones; posteriorly the lower sete become longer, stouter, and more curved at the tip, the lowest one becoming hook-like. Length, 60™" ; diameter, 3.5™™. 312 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [606] Off Block Island, 29 fathoms; off Buzzard’s Bay, 25 fathoms, mud. Great Egg Harbor (Leidy). BRADA SETOSA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.) Body short, oblong, sub-cylindrical, flattened below, tapering a little toward both ends, which are obtuse; composed of seventeen setigerous segments. Skin covered with small, prominent, acute papillae. Upper fascicles of setze long, slender, light colored; lower fascicles larger, com- posed of stouter, long, dark colored sets, surrounded at base by small cirriform appendages. Ventral cirrus small. Length of preserved specimen, 10™™; diameter, 2.5™™. Off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms, among muscles, &e. STERNASPIS FOSSOR Stimpson, Plate XLV, fig. 74. (p. 507.) Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 29, fig. 19, 1853. Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; common in the Bay of Fundy in 10 to 90 fathoms, mud; near Saint George’s Bank, 110 fathoms, sandy mud; Casco Bay, 20 fathoms. CIRRATULUS GRANDIS Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XV, figs. 80,81. (p. 319). Body large and stout, anteriorly subeylindrical, somewhat flattened and tapering slightly posteriorly, and rather abrupt! y tapered anteriorly. Head small, acute, with obscure brownish spots above, but apparently without distinct ocelli. Posterior end obtuse, the orifice surrounded by a thickened, slightly crenulated border. Posterior to the mouth there are about seven rather indistinct annuli (perhaps four biannulated segments) destitute of appendages; the two next segments bear two fascicles of small seta on each side, and two crowded dorsal clusters of long slender branchial cirri; these clusters nearly meet on the dorsal line, leaving only a narrow naked space, and contain a large number of cirri, usually of various lengths, closely crowded together. Farther back the “ feet” consist of small and slightly prominent upper and lower rami, connected by aslightly raised, transverse ridge ; each ramus bears a small fascicle of short, slender, acute scte, in a transverse row ; and a few stouter curved spinules, which project but little from the surface ; posteriorly the spinules are more numerous and the slender sete fewer and a little longer, but they are scarcely equal to one-tenth of the diam- eter of the body. Along nearly the whole length of the body long slender branchial cirri arise from above most of the upper rami, but many of these are generally broken off in preserved specimens. In alcohol the lower surface of the body is generally flat or concave; the ‘“‘ feet” occupy an elevated lateral ridge, often separated from both the ventral and dorsal surface by a deep groove; and the dorsal surface is moderately convex. The annulations are short, very numerous, and distinct. Color, when living, dull yellow, yellowish green, yellowish orange, greenish orange to orange-brown, darkest anteriorly, and often [607] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. oid iridescent beneath; sides often with dark brown specks; anterior branchial cirri usually bright orange, with ared centralline; lateral ones darker yellow or orange, generally with a central line of bright red, due to the blood-vessels showing through. Length up to 150"; diameter, 5™™ to 7™™; length of branchial cirri, 60mm to 100™™, New Haven to Vineyard Sound; low-water to 6 fathoms, in sand and gravel; common. CIRRATULUS TENUIS Verrill, sp.nov. (p. 416.) Body slender, elongated, strongly annulated. Head conical, de- pressed, acute. ‘The first four rings behind the mouth are longer than the rest, and destitute of appendages. The branchize and setz com- mence at the fifth segment; the branchiz form a cluster on each side, and are long and filiform; farther back and on the middle region there is usually a pair of branchial cirri on each segment, but posteriorly they become distant and irregular. Sete long and slender in each ramus, the upper ones exceeding in length the diameter of the body on the anterior and middle regions, but becoming much shorter posteriorly. In alcohol the integument is iridescent. No eyes were detected. Length, 40™™; diameter, 1.25™™. ' Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, among compound ascidians; 23 fathoms off Martha’s Vineyard. CIRRHINEREIS FRAGILIS Quatrefages. (p. 397.) Histoire naturelle des Annelés, vol. i, p. 464. Cirrhatulus fragilis Leidy, op. cit., p. 147 (15), Plate 11, figs. 39-43, 1855. . Point Judith, Rhode Island, under stones at low water (Leidy). Specimens, apparently of this species, were dredged in Vineyard Sound. NARAGANSETA CORALII Leidy. (p. 494.) Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 12 (144), Pl. 11, figs. 46-48, 1855; Quatrefages, op. cit., vol. i, p. 468. New Haven; Watch Hill; Point Judith; in Astrangia Dane. Our largest specimen had ten pairs of cirri; the first three pairs orig- inate from one segment, the lowest being stouter and lighter colored than the rest. DODECACEREA, species undetermined. (p. 422.) A species, belonging apparently to this genus, was dredged off New Haven Harbor, in shallow water, but the specimens are too Coelaras for accurate determination. CLYMENELLA Verrill, gen. nov. Body elongated, composed of about twenty-two segments exclusive of the cephalic and anal segments. All the segments, except the buccal and three anteanal, setigerous; they bear fascicles of slender sets above = 314 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 1608] and series of hooks below. The anterior margin of the fourth setiger- ous segment is prolonged into a thin membranous collar. Proboscis swollen, longitudinally ribbed. Head with a prominent convex median plate, and with a raised border on each side and behind, the lateral and posterior lobes separated by notches. Anal segment funnel-shaped, the edge surrounded by papill. CLYMENELLA TORQUATA Verrill. Plate XIV, figs. 71-73. (p. 343). Clymene torquatus Leidy, op. cit., p. 14 (146), 1855. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; New Haven; Vineyard Sound; Bay of Fundy ; Saint George’s Bank, &c. Low-water to 60 fathoms. NICOMACHE DISPAR Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 512.) Body elongated, with eighteen setigerous segments. Head elongated, sub-conical, with a small central plate, and a depressed point in front, and with low, narrow, lateral and posterior marginal lobes, separated by slight notches; on the anterior part of each lateral border there is a eluster of small, reddish brown, ocelli-like specks. Buccal lobe coal- escent with the cephalic above. Proboscis swollen and plicate. The first twosetigerous segments have small fascicles of slender, short sets above, and a single uncinate seta or hook below on each side. The third seg- ment has much longer setz in the upper fascicles and two hooks in the lower ones. The fourth has still longer, slender sete in the upper fasci- cles, and about eight hooks in each of the lower ones. .In the following segments the hooks become much more numerous. There is one short, biannulated, anteanal segment, destitute of sete. Anal segment subur- ceolate, as long as broad, cylindrical toward its border, which is fur- nished on the ventral side with one long, slender cirrus, often as long as the diameter of the anal segment, and two short lateral ones; the rest of the border has a few, mostly very small, distant, unequal, obtuse papillz or denticulations. The anal orifice is situated at the summit of a small cone, which rises from the bottom of the funnel. The last setig- erous segment is longer than the anteanal, and a little longer than any of the ten that precede it, which are all short and subequal, broader than long, those toward the posterior end deeply incised at the intervals be- tween them. The three anterior setigerous segments are shorter than broad ; the fourth is twice as long; the fifth is three times as long; the sixth is five times as long. The color, when living, was light red, trans- lucent, with conspicuous bright red blood-vessels, and with a bright red band at about the anterior third. The largest specimen obtained was 50™™ Jong and 2.5™" in diameter after preservation in alcohol. In this specimen the anal segment is long, funnel-shaped, flaring but little toward the margin, and with four or five slight transverse annulations. ‘The buccal segment has two transverse reddish lines on each side. Off Buzzard’s Bay in 25 fathoms; fifteen miles east of Block Island in 29 fathoms, sandy mud. It forms rough tubes of sand, which are not very firm. x {609] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 315 MALDANE ELONGATA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 343.) Body large and much elongated, cylindrical, obliquely truneated at ‘both ends; with nineteen setigerous segments, those of the middle region elongated ; head depressed, with its dorsal surface very oblique; median lobe low, convex, obtusely rounded in front ; lateral marginal lobes, or folds, low, rounded, thickened, separated by a shallow emargination from the posterior transverse fold, which is also thickened, little elevated, and divided into two parts by a slight sulcus; from the notch between the lateral and posterior lobes of the head, a lateral oblique sulcus curves downward and backward, and joins the first of the two trans- verse sulci, which are strongly marked on the ventral side of the buccal segment. Anterior setigerous segments strongly biannulated ; the first two are short, the length about equal to the diameter; the next two are considerably longer; and those farther back become very much elongated; the last setigerous segment is short. The segments are considerably swollen where the set arise, especially in the middle region. The upper sete are long and slender, mostly about half the diameter of the body, and form rather large fascicles on most of the segments. The last segment is obliquely truncated, its posterior border surrounding the base of the large anal process, which is obliquely placed, foliaceous, obovate, with the posterior edge broadly rounded, the upper surface concave, and the margin entire. Color dark umber-brown, or reddish brown, iridescent; the swollen parts of the rings are lighter yellowish brown, or grayish brown, the dark red blood-vessels often showing through; near the bases of the sete there are usually small dark colored specks; head and buccal lobe thickly specked with dark brown or blackish. Length of largest specimens, 300™™; diameter, 4™™ to 5™"; more fre- uently about half this size. Savin Rock, near New Haven; in sandy mud at low-water mark, form- ing thick tubes composed of fine mud. RHODINE ATTENUATA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.) Body slender, elongated, with the segments strongly marked, and the first setigerous segment very long. Head elongated, depressed, ob- tusely rounded in front; median lobe, or ridge, broad and but little elevated, except near the front of the head, where it becomes suddenly narrowed, more convex, with well marked fovez on each side; lateral lobes rudimentary, scarcely apparent ; on the posterior part of the head there is a prominent transverse elevation. Buccal lobe confluent with the cephalic. First setigerous segment swollen anteriorly and about as broad as the head at its anterior end where the set arise, but nar- rowed and gradually attenuated backward, its total length being about eight times its diameter; second and third setigerous. segments about equal, nearly twice as long as broad, swollen in the middle, the front . margin of each prolonged into a sheath-like collar; the three next 22 V 316 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [610]: segments are short and rounded, about as long as broad, much narrowed at each end, and swollen in the middle; next two about twice as long as. broad; succeeding segments more elongated. Anal segment wanting in the specimens examined. Length about 50"; diameter about 1™™, Off Gay Head, 6 to 8 fathoms; fifteen miles east of Block Island, in. 29 fathoms, sandy mud. The Clymene urceolata Leidy, from Great Egg Fe bait will probably be found on the New England coast, but we have not met with it. It is peculiar in having an urceolate anal segment, with a smooth margin. AMMOCHARES, species undetermined. (p. 508.) A species which constructs slender, flexible tubes, covered with grains of sand, regularly and curiously attached by one end in an imbricated manner, was dredged fifteen miles east of Block Island, in 29 fathoms sandy mud, and in 23 fathoms off Martha’s Vineyard. The worm is very slender, flesh-color, with a red dorsal vessel, and two small, red, ocelli-like spots. NOTOMASTUS LURIDUS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 342.) Body long and rather large, composed of numerous segments, nearly cylindrical when living, and tapering but little, except close to the ends. In preserved specimens the anterior region, including about ten segments, is often a little swollen and slightly larger than the rest of the body; at other times it is even more slender than the posterior region. Head small, acute. Proboscis short and broad, swollen; in full expansion nearly twice the diameter of the body, nearly smooth, dark blood-red. The segments of the anterior region are longer than broad, in extension nearly twice as long, biannulated, and each of the annuli is again annulated with several transverse, more or less irregu- lar sulci or furrows; ten of these segments bear fascicles of slender sete both above and below, the fascicles on the first two setigerous segments being very small, and containing few sete. The segments following the tenth setigerous one have a small transverse row of slender uncinate setz above, and a longer lateral transverse row of the same kind of setz on each side; the ‘‘feet,” or setigerous lobes, are but little prominent, the upper ones being dorsal and much smaller than the lateral ones. The surface of the body is transversely wrinkled, and covered with minute, irregular reticulations, giving it a slightly granulous appearance. Color, when living, dark purplish brown, with a bluish iridescence anteriorly, and a darker median dorsal line pos- teriorly; minute, white, raised spots, or slight papille, are scattered over the surface. Length, 150" or more; diameter, 2™™. Savin Rock, near New Haven; in muddy sand, at low-water mark. [611] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 9317 NOTOMASTUS FILIFORMIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 342.) — Body ‘Very long and slender, filiform, composed of very numerous short segments. Head very changeable in form, usually long, conical, and very acutely pointed. Proboscis smooth, obovate, or trumpet- shaped, when extended, and bright red. In the anterior region there are eleven setigerous segments, which bear small fascicles of slender setze in both rami, those in the first five longer and acutely pointed; these segments are short, biannulate; the lower fascicles of sete are largest and fan-shaped. In the middle region the segments are about as long as broad. Color, pale red to bright red, often mottled with whitish, and more or less yellowish posteriorly. Length, 100"; diameter, 17". Great Egg Harbor, low-water to one fathom, in sandy mud; New Haven; Watch Hill; Vineyard Sound. SABELLARIA VULGARIS Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XVII, figs. 88, 88a. (p. 321.) ' Body rather stout, thickest anteriorly, tapering backward to the base of the long, slender caudal appendage. ‘Two slender, red, oral tentacles arise near the mouth, between the bases of the operculigerous lobes, and, when extended, reach beyond the bases of the opercula. A single median lanceolate process also arises between the operculigerous lobes. A deep emargination exists on the ventral side, back of the mouth; on each side of this the front margin of the segment is prolonged into a tridentate lobe, the teeth or lobes being unequal, the inner ones largest, the middle ones more slender and acute, the outer one smallest and shortest; beyond these, toward the sides, there is another small acute process; two conical processes also project forward from the lateral margins, and also a fascicle of sete. The ciliated prehensile cirri, or tentacles, are long and slender when extended, and reach considerably beyond the opercula. The setz composing the opercula are golden yel- low; the outer circle white at base. A row of small conical papille surrounds the bases of the opercula. Branchiz long, lanceolate, acute, longer than the diameter of the body. Color of body yellowish flesh- color, or pale reddish, often with two rows of brown spots along the ventral surface; operculigerous lobes whitish or grayish, specked with blackish; branchiz reddish or yellowish, with a red central line, often with a greenish tinge, or red centered with green; tentacles pale flesh- color, sometimes purplish; opercula blackish or grayish on the anterior surface, golden yellow on uhe sides, white at base; caudal process pale red or flesh-color. Length about 25™", exclusive of caudal process; 2™™ to 2.5™" in diam- eter. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to New Haven and Vineyard Sound; low-water to ten fathoms; very common. Eggs are laid in May and June. 318 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [612] CISTENIDES GOULDI Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XVII, figs. 87, 87a. (p. 323). 4 : Pectinaria Belgica Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, Isted., p. 7, Plate 1, fig, 1 (tube), 1841 (not of European writers). Pectinaria awricoma Leidy, op. cit.; p. 14 (146), 1855 (not of European writers). Body rather stout, little curved. Head with the dorsal surface obliquely truncated, its posterior marginal fold with a smooth border. Antenne long, tapering, acute; frontal membrane or veil semicircular, its edge divided into rather long, slender, acute papilla, about twenty- eight in number. Cephalic setz in two broad groups, each containing about fifteen light golden sete, which are somewhat curved upward, with long, slender, very acute tips, those in the middle of each group much the longest. Tentacles stout, obtuse, flattened, and folded up so as to form a groove beneath. Color light red or flesh-color, handsomely mot- tled with dark red and blue. Length up to 40™; diameter, 7™™. Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Cape Cod; low-water to 10 fathoms. This species can easily be distinguished from C. granulatus, which is common in the Bay of Fundy, by the cephalic set or spines, which are fewer, much stouter, obtuse, and darker colored in the latter. AMPHARETE GRACILIS Malmgren. Plate XVI, fig. 83. (p. 508). Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, Ofvers. af kongl. vet. Akad. Foérh., 1865, p. 365, Plate 26, figs. 75-75p. Body flesh-colored, greenish posteriorly, with a conspicuous red median vessel; branchiz light sea-green. Length, 25™™ to 35™™; diameter, 2.5" to 3”; length of branchie, 62m to OQmm, . Off Gay Head, 10 fathoms; off Martha’s Vineyard, 23 fathoms; east of Block Island in 29 fathoms; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 90 fathoms; north. ern coasts of Europe, Bahusia, at Koster Island, in 130 fathoms. Our specimens differ slightly from the description and figures of Dr. Malm- gren, especially in usually having but twelve uncigerous segments in the posterior region, instead of thirteen, found by him in the European specimens. This may be due to difference of age or sex. There are, however, thirteen in one of our specimens. AMPHARETE SETOSA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 416.) Body rather thick anteriorly, tapering rapidly backward. Cephalic lobe acute, with a much Shorter, small, lateral lobe on each side. Bran- chie eight, transversely wrinkled, rather short; in preserved specimens about equal to the breadth of the body. Palmule, or cephalic fascicles of setz, short and broad, rounded, fan-shaped, the setz being nearly equal, the ventral ones a little longer than the lateral. Fourteen seg- ments bear small fascicles of long setz, supported by prominent lobes at the base. The posterior region consists of about ten uncigerous seg: ° [413] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 319 ments. Anal segments small, with two long slender cirri. Color of body translucent, light yellowish green; the anterior part of the body tinged with bright blood-red, due to the circulating fluid, showing through the integument; branchiw greenish, with a central series of white spots; sets of the palmulz, deep yellow. Length about 20""; diameter, 2.5" to 3™™. Off New Haven, low-water mark to 6 fathoms, shelly. Itmakes rough tubes about an inch long, covered with coarse sand and mud. AMAGE PUSILLA Verrill, sp. nov. Body rather slender. Head obtusely rounded in front; the middle lobe small, and but little larger than the lateral. Eight slender branchie, about twice as long as the diameter of the body, arranged in a crowded group; .two farther back than the rest; and with no apparent naked median space. Twelve of the setigerous segments bear long fascicles of slender sete. No “ palmul,” or cephalic sete. Tentacles numerous and slender. Two small, slender anal cirri. Length, 12™™; diameter, 1.5™™. Off New Haven, 5 to 6 fathoms; shelly bottom. MELINNA CRISTATA Malmgren. (p. 432.) Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, loc. cit., p. 371, Plate 20, figs. 50-50np. Sabellides cristata Sars, Fauna littoralis Norvegiz, vol. ii, pp. 19, 24, Pl. 2, figs. 1-7, 1856. Mouth of Vineyard Sound, on muddy bottoms, in the deepest water ; Bay of Fundy, on muddy bottoms, in 10 to 90 fathoms; near Saint George’s Bank, in 110 and 150 fathoms, mud. Off the Scandinavian coast in 40 to 200 fathoms; Greenland ; Spitzbergen. The tube is soft, flexible, slender, and covered with fine mud. TEREBELLIDES STROEMI Sars. (p. 507.) Beskriv. og Iakttag., p.’48, Plate 13, figs. 31, a-d (teste Malmgren) ; Malmgren, Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, loc. cit., p. 396, Plate 43-48p, 1865. East of Block Island, in 29 fathoms, sandy mud; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 90 fathoms, muddy ; near Saint George’s Bank, 85 to 150 fathoms. Greenland, 10 to 250 fathoms; Iceland ; Spitzbergen; northern coasts of Europe; Adriatic Sea. AMPHITRITE ORNATA Verrill. Pl. XVI, fig. 82. (p. 320). Terebella ornata Leidy, Marine Invertebrate ‘Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, loc. cit., p. 14 (146), Plate 11, figs. 44, 45 (sete), 1855. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to New Haven and Vineyard Sound ; common in sand and gravel at low-water mark. NICOLEA SIMPLEX Verrill, sp. noy. (p. 321.) Body elongated, swollen anteriorly, especially above, attenuated posteriorly. Head with a rather large, well rounded, or nearly cireu- lar frontal membrane, which has a smooth margin; mouth with a small 320 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [614] posterior fold. Tentacles very numerous, crowded, long, and slender. Branchiz four, rather small; those of the anterior pair somewhat the larger; those of both pairs are repeatedly dichotomously divided from close to the base. The divisions are short and not very numerous, and diverge at a wide angle. Fifteen segments bear small fascicles of slender sete, commencing at the next behind the last branchiferous segment. The third and fourth setigerous segments of the male bear small, slender lateral cirri. Ventral shields about thirteen ; the first six transversely oblong, and nearly equal in width; the last seven narrowing rapidly to the last, which is acutely triangular. Color, when living, light red, or flesh-color. Length, 35™"; diameter, 5"™ to 4™™. New Haven to Vineyard Sound, from low-water to 6 fathoms; off Watch Hill, 4 to 6 fathoms, in tubes composed of bits of shells and grains of sand, attached to Laminaria. Scronopsis Verrill, gen. nov. Body composed of numerous segments, of which 17, following the third, bear fascicles of slender sete, and the following ones have only small uncigerous lobes ; second and third segments bear branchie, and have their anterior margins prolonged into membranous, collar-like expansions; that of the second forming broad, lateral lobes behind the tentacles; that of the third forming behind the branchiz a dorsal col- lar or sheath, beneath which they can be retracted. Branchiz typically four. Those of the first pair usually larger, but generally one or more are absent, and frequently the anterior ones are smallest, or those of the same pair may be unequal, owing probably to the facility with which they may break off and be reproduced ; they are palmately branched and supported on elongated pedicels. Tentacles numerous and crowded. This genus is allied more closely to Pista than to any other yet de- scribed, but differs in the structure of the branchice and character of the collar formed by the third segment. SCIONOPSIS PALMATA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 321.) Body elongated ; rather slender; thickened but not distinctly swollen anteriorly, tapering gradually to the posterior end. The setigerous feet commence at the fourth segment, or next behind the branchial collar, and are all quite prominent, the first three or four being a little smaller than the rest; the sete are rather long. The uncigerous feet commence on the second setigerous segment. Behind the last setigerous segment the uncigerous feet are smaller, somewhat prominent, and extend to the analsegment. Ventral shields about 20; the mostanterior ones are trans- versely oblong; the succeeding ones squarish, gradually tapering to the last, which are very narrow. Anal segment tapering; its orifice with acrenulated margin. Branchiz large, with numerous palmate divisions [615] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 321 arising from the summit of the stout and rather long pedicels.* There -are usually five or more main divisions in good-sized specimens, these spread outward from one point, are recurved at the ends, and flexuous and bipinnately branched, the lower pinnew being longest each time, and the ultimate divisions very numerous, fine, slender, and acute. The branchiz of the posterior pair, in normal specimens, are consider- ably smaller, with the divisions less numerous, and the ramuli longer and more delicate. The pedicels of the anterior branchiz are about as long as the diameter of the body, and are very contractile, as well as the branches, so that the gills can be contracted into a small compass and withdrawn under the dorsal collar, beneath which the pedicels arise. This branchial collar is formed by the prolongation of the margin of the ‘third segment; on each side of the median line above, it is divided into two narrow, lanceolate processes directed forward ; exterior to these there are two other wider and usually less prominent angles or lobes; laterally, the collar is prominent, with a broadly rounded, thin margin, which forms another angle on each side beneath; on the ventral side its edge recedes and is but little raised. The tentacular collar, formed by the second segment, expands into a broad, rounded, prominent lobe on each side; and on the ventral surface becomes narrower, though still promi- nent, and recedes in a broad, rounded sinus behind the posterior lobe of the mouth. The cephalic segment is bordered by a rather broad frontal membrane, emarginate above, and broadly rounded laterally. Tentacles very numerous, long, and slender. Color, light red, brownish red to dark reddish brown; the annulations often darker; the upper surface is usually more or less specked with flake-white; along each side, below, there is usually a row of squarish spots, brighter red than the rest of the body, each pair connected by a narrow, transverse line of red between the ventral shields, which are dull yellowish red; the segments along the sides are often bordered with red; branchiz usually green, specked on the outer sides of the branches with flake-white, and with internal blood-red vessels, showing distinctly in all the divisions ; the pedicel is usually bright red; tentacles, flesh-color. Length up to 70™™; diameter, 3™™. . Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound ; low-water mark to one fathom. LEPRZA RUBRA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 382.) Body elongated, somewhat swollen anteriorly, rapidly tapering to the very long, slender, posterior portion. All the segments posterior to the branchiz bear small fascicles of slender setze, as well as uncini; pos- terior to the twenty-fifth setigerous segment the uncigerous feet become *In mentioning this species, on page 321, it was stated that it has but three gills, and, in fact, this is the most frequent number. Among the numerous examples exam- ined, I have only recently found a specimen with both pairs of gills in their normal -condition. 322 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6167 much narrower and more prominent; anteriorly they are very broad. Ventral plates rather broad anteriorly, those posterior to the seventh or eighth suddenly narrowed. Branchie in three pairs, small, finely arborescently divided, the divisions numerous ; posterior pair consider- ably smaller than the others. Cephalic lobe with a somewhat prolonged frontal border, broadly rounded in front, with an entire margin. Color bright red ; tentacles flesh-color. Length, 50™™ or more; diameter, 2.5™™ to 3™™. Vineyard Sound; Wood’s Hole on piles of wharves just below low- water mark. POLYCIRRUS EXIMIUS Verrill. Plate XVI, fig. 85. (p. 320). Torquea eximia Leidy, op. cit, p. 14 (146), Plate 11, figs. 51, 52 (seta), 1855. In this species there are twenty-five setigerous segments, bearing small fascicles of long, slender sete ; about seventy posterior segments. bear uncini only ; anteriorly the uncini commence on the eighth setig- erous segment. There are nine ventral shields, divided by a median ventral suleus. The frontal lobe of the head is large, elongated oval or elliptical. The posterior lobe of the mouth is large, rounded. Body. and tentacles bright blood-red ; the body is often more or less yellowish: posteriorly. Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound; low-water to 10 fathoms. ; A species of this genus was also dredged in 19 fathoms off Gay Head, but its identity with the above is uncertain. Another species, remarkable for its brilliant. blue phosphorescence, is common in the Bay of Fundy. The P. eximius does not appear to be phosphorescent. CHZETOBRANCHUS Verrill, genus nov. Allied to Polycirrus and, like the latter, destitute of blood-vessels.. Body much elongated, composed of very numerous segments, nearly all of which bear fascicles of setzee. Segments of the middle region bear simple, or more or less branched, branchial cirri, each of their divisions. tipped with slender sete; these cirri are wanting on the anterior and posterior segments, the first and last ones being smaller and more simple than the rest. The cephalic segment expands into a broad, tentacular or frontal lobe, which is rounded or emarginate anteriorly, and often more or less scolloped laterally. Tentacles crowded, very numerous,. long and slender in extension, capable of being distended by the blood, as in Polycirrus, &e. CHZTOBRANCHUS SANGUINEUS Verrill, sp. noy. (p. 320.) Body greatly elongated, much attenuated posteriorly, more or less swollen anteriorly, but narrowed toward the head, the thickest portion being usually between the tenth and fifteenth segments. The branchial cirri commence at about the ninth segment, those of the first pair being’ short, simple cirri; those on the next segment are once forked ; those om [617] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 323 the next have three or four branches; farther back they divide dichotom- ously above the base into numerous branches, all of which are supported upon a short basal pedicel, which may be a little elongated in expansion, the total length of the branchiz being then greater than the diameter of the body; the branches are clustered, slender, delicate, and elongated, and each one is terminated by a small fascicle of slender, sharp, serrate setze two to four or more in a group, so that the entire appendage may . be regarded as a very remarkable enlargement and modification of the setigerous lobes of the “ feet.” On the segments anterior to the ninth the setigerous lobes of the feet are short, conical, swollen at base, and bear a small fascicle of sete; the ventral surface of the anterior segment is somewhat raised, and divided by a series of sulci or wrinkles into several lobes or crenulations, which are somewhat prominent and papilliform at the posterior margin of each segment, and havea granulous surface. There isa distinct median ven- tral sulcus. Between the adjacent branchial cirri anteriorly there are, on each side, four or more thickened, somewhat raised, squarish organs, with a granulous and apparently glandular structure; farther back these are reduced to two, then to one, and finally disappear on the segments of the posterior region, which is very long, slender, attenuated, composed of very numerous short segments, with only rudimentary appendages ; after the branchial cirri become reduced to simple processes they still con- tinue, on about forty segments, gradually decreasing in length and size; beyond this small setz still exist on the segments, till near the end of the body. Anal segment small and simple, the orifice with slightly crenu- lated margins. Frontal membrane large and broad, versatile in form, often with a deep emargination in front, each lateral lobe divided into two or three subordinate lobes, or unequal scollops, the edges undulated ; at other times the front edge and sides are broadly rounded and entire. The mouth is furnished with a large elongated ovate lobe, which is rounded, free, and prominent posteriorly. Tentacles very long, much crowded, and very numerous; in extension usually as long as the body. Color of body, anteriorly, deep blood-red; posteriorly, more or less mot- tled or centered with yellow, owing to the internal organs showing through the integument; tentacles and branchial cirri bright blood-red. Length up to 350™™ ; diameter 5™™ to 7™™ or more anteriorly ; length of tentacles, in extension, 400™™ or more. Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound; common at low-water mark, in mud. POTAMILLA OCULIFERA Verrill. Plate XVII, fig. 86. (p. 322). Sabella oculifera Leidy, op. cit., p. 13 (145), Plate 11, figs. 55-61, 1855. Great Egg Harbor to New Haven; Vigeyard Sound, low-water mark to 25 fathoms, off Buzzard’s Bay. Inthe Bay of Fundy from low-water mark to 60 fathoms. Closely related to P. reniformis of Northern Europe, and possibly iden- tical with it. 324 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [618] SABELLA MICROPHTHALMA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 323.) Body rather short and stout, narrowed slightly anteriorly, tapering rap- idly close to the posterior end, composed of about sixty segment, de- pressed, moderately convex above, flat below, especially when preserved in alcohol; anterior region composed of eight setigerous segments, hav- ing moderately long fascicles of set ; posterior region composed of about ' fifty short segments, bearing very small fascicles of set ; anal segment small, simple, with two very small ocelli-like spots; ventral shields of - the anterior segments short, transversely narrow, oblong ; median sulcus very distinct in the posterior region, dividing the ventral shields into two nearly rectangular parts, which are broader than long. Branchiz numerous and long, often half as long as the body, connected by a slight web close to the base; the stalks smooth, with numerous minute ~ ocelli, in two irregular rows; pinne numerous, long and slender; tips of the branchiz without pinne. Collar broadly interrupted above, flar- ing and reflexed at the sides, with rounded upper angles, erect and sin- uous at the latero-ventral margins, reflexed below, forming two short, rounded lobes, separated by a narrow but deep central sinus, within which there is a short bilobed organ. Tentacles thin, lanceolate, acute, in preserved specimens not so long as the diameter of the body. The anterior segment is divided by a deep dorsal suleus, which is not con- -sspicuous on the succeeding segments. Color of body greenish yellow, dull olive-green, or greenish brown; branchiz pale yellowish, greenish, or flesh-color, often with numerous transverse bands of lighter and darker green, which extend to the pinne, and sometimes blotched with brown; collar translucent, specked with flake-white; ocelli dark red- dish brown. Specimens, apparently belonging to this species, were taken from wood bored by Teredo, near New Haven. These had the body olive-green, specked with flake-white anteriorly, on the ventral side, especially on the first two segments; branchiz mottled with greenish brown and white and specked with flake-white ; ocelli brown, numerous. Length, 30™™; diameter, 2.567" to 3™™. Preserved specimens are about 20™™ long, 2.5™™ broad. ; New Haven to Vineyard Sound; low-water mark to 5 fathoms. EUCHONE ELEGANS Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XVI, fig. 84. (p. 432). Body rounded, slender, gradually tapered backward; the anterior region, which forms about one-half of the entire length, consists of eight setigerous segments; these are biannulated and divided by a dorsal, longitudinal suleus, and by a lateral sulcus on each side be- low the uncigerous lobes. The middle region consists of. thirteen shorter biannulated segments, which bear small fascicles of set on the lower rami; these are divided by a ventral sulcus, and also by the lateral ones. The caudal region consists of about ten very short seg- ments ; all of which, except the last, bear small fascicles of sete. These segments are margined by a rather broad membrane, wider and rounded {619] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 325 anteriorly, narrowing to the end. Collar broad, with a nearly even margin, often somewhat sinuous at the sides, divided above and below, the lobes rounded at the angles. The collar is a little broader below than above. Branchiz long, slender, recurved in expansion, connected by a broad and very thin membrane, continued as thin borders of the branchie to their tips, which are destitute of pinnw for some distance. Body pale flesh-color, with a darker median line, reddish anteriorly, darker greenish or brownish, posteriorly; branchiz pale yellowish or greenish, each with a flake-white spot near the base outside. Other specimens were greenish gray, with green branchiz. Some were flesh, color, with a bright-red dorsal vessel; the branchix flesh-color, without the white spots at the base. Length, in extension, about 20™™; diameter of body, 1.o™™. Deep water off the mouth of Vineyard Sound; off Martha’s Vineyard, in 21 and 23 fathoms; off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, sandy mud, abundant. Cosco Bay, 7 to 20 fathoms. This species makes slender tubes, covered with fine sand. FABRICIA LEIDYI Verrill, sp. nov. (p.323.) Body very small and slender, tapering a little to both ends, in exten- sion considerably exsert from the slender tube; eleven segments bear fascicles of sete; the segments are about as long as broad, slightly con- stricted at the articulations, with the anterior margin a little promi- nent; anal segment small, tapered to a blunt point, bearing two small, dark ocelli. Branchiz six, subequal, forming three symmetrical pairs, each one with five to seven slender pinnz on each side; the basal pinne are about as long as the main stem, the others successively shorter, so that all reach to about the same level. Tentacles short, thick, bluntly rounded at the end, strongly ciliated. At the base of the branchiz, on each side, is a red, pulsating vesicle, the pulsations alternating in the two; just back of these, on the first segment, are two brown ocelli; a little farther back, and near together, on the dorsal side, are two auditory vesicles, each with a round central corpuscle. The fourth and eleven succeeding segments bear small fascicles of acute, bent sete, about as long as halt the diameter of the body; on the middle segment there are about four or five sete ina fascicle; on the ninth, three; on the tenth, two; on the eleventh, one or two, in the specimens examined. Intestine rather wide, but narrowed at the eighth setigerous segment, and after that slender, bordered by a red blood-vessel on each side. In the fourth setigerous segment there are three globular granulated organs. color, yellowish white, tinged with red by the circulating fluid. Length about 3™"; diameter about 0.25™"; expanse of branchie, 0,8=", The specimens measured may be immature. New Haven to Vineyard Sound, common at and below low-water mark; Cisco Bay. 326 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [620} SERPULA DIANTHUS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 322.) Body elongated, gradually attenuated to the posterior end; the pos- terior region considerably flattened; dorsal surface covered with minute papille and having a finely pubescent appearance under a lens. Collar broad and long, in living specimens sometimes one-third as long as the body; the posterior portion free dorsally, and in expansion about as long as the attached portion, extending backward and gradually narrow- ing to the end; the margins thin and undulated ; the anterior border is di- vided into a broad revolute dorsal lobe, with an undulated margin, and two narrower lateral lobes, which are broadly revolute laterally, with the margin rounded and nearly even. Seven segments bear rather large fascicles of long, acute sete. The first fascicle is remote from the next, and directed downward and forward, with the sete longer than in the others; the six following fascicles are broad, and are directed downward and backward. The uncinate sete form long transverse rows anteriorly, but toward the posterior end they form shortrows. Operculum funnel- shaped, longitudinally striated externally, with a long, slender pedicel ; the upper surface is concave, with about thirty small, acute denticles around the margin; an inner circle of about twelve long, slender papillae, inecurved at tips and united at base, arises from the upper surface of the operculum. On the left side is a small rudimentary oper- culum, club-shaped at the end, with a short pedicel. Branchie are long rather slender, united close to the base, about eighteen on each side, in mature specimens, those toward the ventral border considerably longer, than the upper ones; tips naked for a short distance, slender, and acute ; pinne very numerous, slender. Colors quite variable, especially those of the branchie; the branchiz are frequently purplish brown, trans- versely banded with flake-white, alternating with yellowish green, the pinne usually having the same color as the portion from which they arise; on the exterior of the branchiz the purple bands are often divided by a narrow longitudinal line of whitish; operculum brownish green on the outer surface, purplish on the sides, with white longitudinal lines toward the margin, greenish white at base; pedicel purplish, banded with white; collar pale translucent greenish, veined with darker green ; body deep greenish yellow, the dorsal surface light yellow. Many other styles of coloration occur, some of which are described on page 322. Length up to 75™™; diameter about 3™™. Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Cape Cod ; low-water mark to 8 fathoms. The tubes are long, variously crooked, and often contorted, sometimes solitary, frequently aggregated into masses four or five inches in diame- ter. They are nearly cylindrical, with irregular lines of growth, and sometimes with faint carinations. SERPULA DIANTHUS, var. CITRINA Verrill. (p. 322.) I have applied this name to a very marked color-variety, in which the (621] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 327 branchix are lemon-yellow or orange-yellow, without bands, but usually with a reddish central line; the operculum is usually yellow; collar and base of branchiz bright yellow ; body light yellow. Found with the preceding, and often in the same cluster of tubes. VERMILIA (?), species undetermined. (p. 416.) The species thus indicated forms slender, more or less crooked, angu- lar tubes, with two distinct carinations on the upper surface; they are about half an inch long, attached firmly by one side along their whole length. Thebranchie forma wreath, with about six on each side; pinnz long and slender; two or more of the branchiwe bear pink, sack-like appendages. The branchiz are reddish brown, annulated with narrow bands of white. | Diameter of tubes, about 1.25"; of expanded branchiz, 4"™. The specimens have been lost, and no observations were recorded concerning the operculum, so that the genus is still uncertain. Long Island Sound, off New Haven, in 4 to 6 fathoms, on shells. SPIRORBIS BOREALIS Daudin (?). Ree. des mém. de mollusques, 1800. Serpula spirorbis Linné, Systema Nature, ed. xii, p. 1265. (?) Spirorbis spirillum Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., ed. i, p. 8, 1841; A. Agassiz, Annals Lyceum Nat. History of New York, vol. viii, p. 318, Plate 7, figs. 20-25 (embryology), 1866 (not of Linné and other European writers). New Haven to Cape Cod, the Bay of Fundy, and northward; abun- dant on Fucus, Chondrus crispus, and other alge, at low-water mark. Whether this, our most common species, be identical with the Euro- pean species known by this name is still uncertain. The animals of the various species of Spirorbis are still very imper- fectly known, and many species have been described from the tubes alone. Accurate descriptions or figures of the animals are necessary, before the species can be determined satisfactorily. This species has nine branchie, five on one side and four on the other, with the operculum. The branchie are large and broad with long pinne, the basal ones shorter, the distal ones increasing in length to near the end, so that each branchial plume is somewhat obovate in outline; the tips are naked only for a short distance. The branchial wreath, in full expansion, isabout as broad as theentire shell. The operculum is oblique and one-sided, and supported on a long clavate pedicel, which is trans- versely wrinkled, and expands gradually into the operculum at the end, the enlargement being chiefly on one side; the outer surface is roughly granulous and usually covered with adhering dirt. The collar is broad, and has three fascicles of setz on each side. The branchiz are pale greenish white, centered with brighter green, due to the circulating fluid. This is the species mentioned in the early part of this report (p. 332) under the name of S. spirillum. The true spirillum of Linné a3 a trans- lucent tube, and is found in deeper water, on hydroids, ce. 328 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [622] SPIRORBIS LUCIDUS Fleming. Edinburgh Encyclop., vol. vii, p. 68; Johnston, Catalogue of British Non-Parasiti- cal Worms, p. 349; Malmgren, Annulata polycheta, p. 123. Serpula lucida Mon- tagu, Test. Brit., p. 506 (t. Johnston). Serpula porrecta Fabricius, Fauna Gren- landica, p. 378 (non Miiller). Spirorbis sinistrorsa Montagu, op. cit., p. 504; Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. i, p. 9, Plate 1, fig. 4, 1841. Deeper parts of Vineyard Sound, near the mouth, in10 to 12 fathoms, on hydroids and bryozoa; off Gay Head, 10 fathoms; off Buzzard’s Bay, in 25 fathoms, on Caberea Ellisit ; off Block Island, in 29 fathoms, on Cabe- rea; Casco Bay, 6 to 20 fathoms, on alge, &c.; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 80: fathoms, on hydroids; Saint George’s Bank, 30 to 60 fathoms. Green- land; northern coasts of Europe. This species forms small, translucent, glossy, reversed spiral tubes, coiled in an elevated spire, the last whorls usually turned up, or even erect and free. There are six branchiz, which are large and broad, with long, slender pinne, which do not decrease in length till near the end; the naked tips. are short and acute.’ The operculum is sub-circular, somewhat obliquely attached to the slender pedicel, which is about half as long as the ex- tended branchiz, and enlarges rather suddenly close to the operculum ;. the outer surface of the operculum appears nearly flat, and is covered with adherent dirt. The collar is broad, with undulated and revolute edges. The three fascicles of sete are long and slender. Ocelli two, conspicuous. The animal, in expansion, is usually much exsert from the tube. Anterior part of the body bright red; branchiz pale green- ish; their bases and posterior part of the body bright epidote-green. It is the species catalogued as 8S. porrecta (?) on pages 498 and 504. OLIGOCH ATA. CLITELLIO IRRORATA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 324.) Body very slender, the largest about 60™™ long, 0.75™™ in diameter, dis- tinetly annulated. Head conical, a little elongated, subacute; sete: commencing on the first segment; those on the anterior segments in fascicles of two or three, very short, small, in length not one-third the: diameter of the body, more or less curved like an italic f, obtusely pointed at the end; some of them are but slightly bent at the tip, others. are strongly hooked ; farther back there are three or four setz in the fascicles, and they are somewhat longer, and two or more in many of the fascicles are forked, the others simple, spinous, more or less curved ; in the upper fascicles posteriorly, and sometimes throughout the whole: length, there are two or three much longer, very slender, hair-like, flexi- ble bristles, but these are often absent from most of the segments,, perhaps accidentally. The intestine is voluminous, slightly con- stricted at the articulations; two bright red blood-vessels, distinctly visible through the integuments, run along the intestine, one above: and one below, following its flexures, without contractile lacunz. [623] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 329 New Haven to Wood’s Hole and Casco Bay, under stones in the upper part of the fucus-zone, and nearly up to high-water mark. The above description was made from living Spetimens taken at Savin Rock, near New Haven. Bane of the specimens obtained at Wood’s Hole appear to differ some- what from this description, but the differences may be chiefly due to their being taken in the breeding season. In these the anterior fasci- cles consist of two short sets, which are slightly curved in the form of an italic /, and are subacute, not bifid at tips. At the ninth to twelfth seti- gerous segments a thickening occurs, forming a clitellus; on the ninth segment the setie are replaced by a small mammiform, bilobed organ ; on the tenth there is a pair of prominent obtuse papilliw, swollen at base. On the posterior segments only two sets were observed in each of the four fascicles, but they were longer, more slender, and more curved at the tip than the anterior ones. In each of the segments slender cecal tubes, forming about two loops on each side, were no- ticed. Length, about 55™™, LUMBRICULUS TENUIS Leidy. Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 16 (143), Plate 11, fig. 64, 1855 Point Judith, Rhode Island, abundant about the roots of grasses on the shore of a sound (Leidy). We did not obtain this species. HALODRILLUS Verrill, genus nov. ‘Body long and slender. Blood white or coloriess. Sets small, acute, in four fan-shaped fascicles on each segment. The, alimentary canal consists of a pyriform pharynx, followed by a portion from which sev- eral (five to seven) rounded or pyriform cecal lobes, of different sizes, arise on each side and project forward and outward; these are followed by a large two-lobed portion, beyond which the intestine is constricted then thickened and convoluted, and covered with polygonal, greenish, glandular cells, which become fewer farther back, where the intestine. becomes a long, narrow, convoluted tube. -In the anterior part of the body, around the stomach and cecal lobes, there are numerous convo- lutions of slender tubes. The blood-vessels running along the intes- tine contain a colorless fluid. HALODRILLUS LITTORALIS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 324.) Body round, slender, moderately long, tapering to both ends, but thickest toward the anterior end, tapering more gradually posteriorly. Head small, conical, moderately acute, or obtuse, according to the state of contraction; mouth a transverse, slightly sinuous slit beneath. The sete commence with four fascicles on the first segment behind the bue- cal; the sete are slightly curved, forming rounded, fan-shaped fascicles of four to six sete, the middle sete being longer than the upper and lower ones; posteriorly the setz are less numerous. Caudal segment 330 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [624] tapered, obtuse, or slightly emarginate at the end, with a simple orifice. The blood contains minute, oblong corpuscles. Color milk-white. Length, 25™™ to 40™™; diameter, 0.5"" to 1™™. New Haven; Wood’s Hole; Casco Bay, Maine; very common under dead sea-weeds and stones near high-water mark. ENCHYTR.AZUS TRIVENTRALOPECTINATUS Minor. 5 American Journal of Science, vol. xxxv, p. 36, 1863. In this species, according to Minor, there are three pairs of ventral fascicles of setze before the dorsal ones commence; the pharynx extends to the fourth pair of ventral fascicles, from which a narrow cesophagus extends to a little back of the sixth pair; here a gradual enlargement of the alimentary canal occurs, ending abruptly just back of the eighth in a narrow, twisted tube, and this gradually enlarges at the ninth ven- tral fascicle into a moderate sized alimentary canal. No eyes. Length, about 10"". New Haven, near high-water mark (Minor). BDELLODEA. Comparatively few leeches have hitherto been met with in this region. Many additional species, parasitic on fishes, undoubtedly remain to be discovered. BRANCHIOBDELLA RAVENELII Diesing. Plate XVIII, fig. 89. (p. 458.) * Sitzungsberichte der kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, Wien, xxxili, p. 482, 1859, Phyllobranchus Ravenelit Girard, Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science for 1850, vol. iv, p. 124, 1851. (?) Branchellion Orbiniensis Quatrefages, Annals des sci. natur., sér. 3, vol. xviii, pp. 279-325, Plate 6, figs. 1-13, Pl. 7-8, 1852 (anatomy). In describing this species Mr. Girard mistook the anterior for the posterior end, and described the large posterior sucker, or acetabulum, as the head. The color is dark brown, purplish, or dark violaceous, specked with white. Vineyard Sound, on a stingray (Myliobatis Freminvillei), in several instances; a number usually occurred together. Charleston, South Carolina, on a “ skate,” species unknown (Girard). Atlantic Ocean, on a torpedo (Quatrefages). CYSTOBRANCHUS VIVIDUS Verrill. (p. 458.) American Journal of Science and Arts, ser. 3, vol. iii, p. 126, fig. 1, 1872. New Haven, on the minnow (Fundulus pisculentus), both in fresh and brackish water; November and December. ICHTHYOBDELLA FUNDULI Verrill. (p. 458.) American Journal of Science and Arts, loc. cit., p. 126. _ New Haven, on Fundulus pisculentus, with the last. [625] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 331 PONTOBDELLA RAPAX Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XVIII, fig. 91. (p. 458.) Body, in extension, long and slender, rounded, thickest behind the middle, attenuated anteriorly. Acetabulum nearly circular, not much wider than the body. Head small, obliquely truncated, rounded. Color dark olive, with a row of square or oblong white spots along each side; head and acetabulum whitish, tinged with green. The young are red- dish brown. Length, 30™™ to 40™™; diameter, 1.5™™ to 2™™. Vineyard Sound, on the ocellated flounder, (Chanopsetta ocellaris). PONTOBDELLA, species undetermined. (p. 458.) Body slender, cylindrical, strongly annulated; the largest seen was about 12™™ long and 0.75™" in diameter when extended. Head obliquely campanulate, attached by a narrow pedicel-like neck. Acetabulum oblique, round, only a little wider than the body. Color pale greenish or greenish white, with scattered microscopic specks of blackish. No distinct ocelli, but there are several dark stellate pigment-spots on the head, similar to those on the body. Perhaps all the specimens are immature. Savin Rock, New Haven, on Mysis Americanus, below low-water mark. MYZOBDELLA LUGUBRIS Leidy. (p. 453.) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 243, 1851; Diesing, op. cit., p. 489. Parasitic on the edible crab (Callinectes hastatus), attached about the bases of the legs. We have not obtained this species on the coast of New England, but it may be expected to occur here. MALACOBDELLA OBESA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XVIII, fig. 90. (p. 458.) Body stout, broad, thick, convex above, flat below, broadest near the posterior end, narrowing somewhatanteriorly; the front broadly rounded, with a median vertical slit, in which the mouth is situated. Acetabu- lum large, rounded, about as broad as the body. Intestine convoluted posteriorly, visible throug the integument. Between the intestine and lateral margins, especially posteriorly, the skin is covered with small stellate spots, looking like openings, within and around which are large numbers of small round bodies, like ova. Color yellowish white. Length, 30™™ to 40™™; breadth, 12™™ to 15™™. Salem, Massachusetts; Long Island Sound; parasitic in the branchial cavity of the long clam (Mya arenaria). MALACOBDELLA MERCENARIA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 498.) Matlacobdella grossa Leidy, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 209 (non Blainville). Body, in extension, elongated, oblong, with nearly parallel sides, or tapering slightly anteriorly; anterior end broad, obtusely rounded, 99° ZO V 332 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [626] emarginate in the center, but not deeply fissured. In contraction the body is broader posteriorly. Dorsal surface a little convex; lower side side flat. Acetabulum round, rather small, about half the diameter of the body in the contracted state, but nearly as broad when the body is fully extended. The intestine shows through the integument dis- tinetly ; it is slender, and makes about seven turns or folds. Color pale yellow, with minute white specks beneath and on the upper sur- face anteriorly, giving it a hoary appearance; middle of the dorsal surface irregularly marked with flake-white ; laterally reticulated with fine white lines. Length in extension, 25™"; breadth, 4™™; in partial contraction, io long; 5°™ to 62" wide: New Haven, parasitic in the branchial cavity of the round clam ( Venus mercenaria), October, 1871. Philadelphia, in the same clam (Leidy). GYMNOCOPA. TOMOPTERIS, species undetermined. (p. 453.) Young specimens of a species of this genus were taken in the even- ing in Vineyard Sound. They are too immature for accurate identifica- tion. A large and fine species of Tomopteris was taken by Mr. 8S. I. Smith, in Eastport harbor, in July, 1872. This was about 40" in length. An excellent drawing of it was made by Mr. Emerton from the living specimens. It is, perhaps, the adult state of the Vineyard Sound species. CHAETOGNATHA. SAGITTA ELEGANS Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 440.) Body slender, thickest in the middle, tapering slightly toward both ends. Head somewhat broader than the neck, and about equal to the body where thickest, slightly oblong, a little longer than broad, obtuse, rounded in front or sub-truneate, sometimes with a slightly prominent small central lobe or papilla; the anterior part of the head rises into a crest-like median lobe considerably higher than the posterior part; ocelli two, minute, widely separated, on the posterior half of the head; the anterior lateral borders of the head are slightly crenulated. The fascicles of sete or spinules on the sides of the head each contain about eight sete, which are considerably curved, with acute tips, and reach as far as the anterior border of the head. Caudal fin ovate; its poste- rior edge broadly rounded. The posterior lateral fins commence just in advance of the ovaries, and extend back considerably beyond them , so as to leave a naked space somewhat less than their length between their posterior ends and the caudal fin; on this naked part, just in ad- vance of the caudal fin, are two small, low, lateral papilla connected with the male organs; two other smaller papillz are situated at about the posterior third of the lateral fins. The median lateral fins are about equal in length to the posterior ones, and separated from them by a [627] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 333 naked space less than their own length; the distance from the anterior end of the middle fins to the anterior border of the head is equal to twice the length of the fins; the length of the latter is about one-sixth of the entire length of the body. The color is translucent whitish, nearly diaphanous. Length, about 16°"; diameter, about 0.9"". Wood’s Hole and Vineyard Sound, at surface, July 1; off Gay Head, among Salpe, September 8, in the day-time. SAGITTA, species undetermined. (p. 440.) A much larger and stouter species than the preceding was taken in abundance by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards, in Vineyard Sound, at various dates, from January to May. Its length is generally 25"" to 30". I have not seen it living. GEPHYREA or SIPUNCULOIDS. PHASCOLOSOMA C4IMENTARIUM. Verrill Plate X VIII, fig. 92. (p. 416.) Sipunculus cementarius Quatrefages, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 628, 1865. Phascolosoma Bernhardus Pourtales, Proceedings American Association for Advancement of Science for 1851, p. 41, 1852. Sipunculus Bernhardus Stimpson, Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 28 (non Forbes.) Deeper parts of Vineyard Sound, 10 to 15 fathoms; off Block Island, 29 fathoms; Bay of Fundy, 2 to 90 fathoms, abundant; near Saint George’s Bank, 45 to 430 fathoms. PHASCOLOSOMA, species undetermined. (p. 393.) A species similar to the last in size and form, with a thick integu- ment, thickly covered throughout with small rounded papille or granules, but without the dark chitinous hooks seen on the posterior part of the latter. Vineyard Sound. PHASCOLOSOMA GOULDU Diesing. Plate XVIII, fig. 93. (p. 353.) Revision der Rhyngodeen, op. cit., p. 764, 1859. Sipuncuius Gouldit Pourtales, Proceedings of American Association for the Advancement of Science for 1851, vol. v, p. 40, 1852; Keferstein, Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, vol. xv, p. 434, Plate 33, fig. 32, 1865, and vol. xvii, p. 54, 1867. New Haven to Massachusetts Bay, at Chelsea Beach; common in sand and gravel at low-water mark. SCOLECIDA. TURBELLARIA. RHABDOCGLA or NEMERTEANS. BALANOGLOSSUS AURANTIACUS Verrill. (p. 351.) Stimpsonia aurantiaca Girard, Proceedings Academy of Natural Sciences of Phila- delphia, vol. vi, p. 367, 1854. Balanoglossus Kowalevskii A. Agassiz, Memoirs American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol. ix, p. 421, Plates 1-3, 1873. Fort Macon, North Carolina, to Naushon Island. Charleston, South 334 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [628] Carolina (Girard). Newport, Rhode Island, to Beverly, Massachusetts (A. Agassiz). In sand between tides. A reexamination of living specimens of the southern form will be necessary before their identity with the northern one can be positively established. I am unable to separate them with preserved specimens. See page 351; also American Journal of Science, ser. 3, vol. v, p. 235.) NEMERTES SOCIALIS Leidy. (p. 324.) Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 11 (143), 1855. Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound. Very com- mon under stones, between tides. NEMERTES VIRIDIS Diesing. Sitzungsberichte der kais. Akad. der Wissenschaften, vol. xlv, p..305, 1862. Pla- naria viridis Miiller, Zod]. Dan. Prodromus, 2584, 1776 (t. Fab.) ; Fabricius, Fauna Greenlandica, p. 324, 1730. Notospermus viridis Diesing, Syst. Helminth, vol. i, p. 260, 1850. Nemertes olivacea Johnston, Mag. of Zoology and Botany, vol. i, p. 536, Pl. 18, fig. 1. Borlasia olivacea Johnston, Catalogue British Non-para- sitical Worms, p. 21, Pl. 2, fig. 1,1865. Nemertes obscura Desor, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. vi, pp. 1 to 12, Plates 1 and 2, 1848. Polia obscura Girard in Stinipson’s Marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan, p. 28, 1853. Body very changeable in form; in full extension long and slender, sub-terete, tapering toward both ends, the length being sometimes 150™™ to 200"™, while the diameter is 2" to 3"™5 in contraction the body becomes much shorter and stouter, more or less flattened, and obtuse at the ends, large specimens often being only 30"™ or 40™™" long and 4mm to 5™™ broad. The head is flattened, more or less bluntly rounded, and is furnished with a row of small dark ocelli on each side, which vary in number and size according to the age, the large specimens often having six or eight on each side, while the small ones have but three or four, and the very young ones have only a single pair. The lateral fosse of the head are long and deep, in the form of slits, and extend well forward to near the terminal pore. The latter in some states of contraction appears like a slight vertical slit or notch, but at other times appears circular; the proboscis is long, slender toward the base, clavate toward the end, the terminal portion transversely wrinkled. The ventral opening or mouth is situated opposite to or a little behind the posterior ends of the lateral fossze ; it is ordinarily small and elliptical, with a distinct lighter colored border, but is capable of great dilation when the creature is engaged in swallowing some annelid nearly as large as itself. In alcoholic specimens the body is usually thickened and rounded anteriorly, more slender and somewhat flattened farther back, often acute at the posterior end; head obtusely rounded or sub-truncate, with a small terminal pore and two lateral fosse, which are short and extend forward very near to the terminal pore; ventral opening or mouth small and round, situated slightly behind the posterior ends of the lat- eral fossie ; ocelli not apparent. The color, when living, is very variable, {629] INVERTEBRAT! ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 30D most commonly dark olive-green er blackish green above, and somewhat lighter below, the head margined with lighter ; frequently the color is dark liver-brown or reddish brown, and the back is usually crossed by faint pale lines, placed at unequal distances. Bazzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound, under stones, between tides, and in 4 to 6 fathoms, rocky bottoms, very common; Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy; and northward to Labrador and Greenland. Aliso on the north- ern coasts of Earope to Great Britain. Abundant under stones between tides, and in shallow water. The specimens referred to on page 324 as probably belonging to Cere- bratulus, were most likely identical with this species. NEMERTES (?) species undetermined (a). (p. 498.) Body elongated, moderately stout; head not distinct from the body. Color uniform bright brownish red. Length, 25™™. Oif Watch Hill, Rhode Island, among rocks, in 4 to 6 fathoms. A species, apparently the same, also occurred in 25 fathoms off Buzzard’s Bay. This was red with two dark red spots anteriorly. No ocelli were detected. NEMERTES, (?), species undetermined (0). Body slender, sub-terete ; head not distinct from body. Ocelli incon- Spicuous, apparently about three in a row on each side of front of head. Color of head and body, above, brownish red, with a whitish ring around the neck, which recedes in the middle, above. Length, 8™". Off Watch Hill, with the preceding. This is, perhaps, a species of Cosmocephala. NEMERTES, species undetermined (c). Body slender; head not separated by a constriction. Ocelli very numerous, arranged in a long cluster on each side of the head. Color uniform olive-green above and below. Hength, 3o™™; breadth, 1.32" to.2™™. New Haven Harbor, on the piles of a wharf, in brackish water. TETRASTEMMA ARENICOLA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, fig. 98. (p. 351.) Body sub-terete, long, slender, slightly depressed, of nearly uniform width; the head is very versatile, usually sub-conical or lanceolate, flattened, occasionally becoming partially distinct from the body by a slight constriction at the neck. QOcelli four, those in the anterior pair nearer together. The lateral fossie are long and deep slits on the sides of the head ; mouth or ventral pore small, often sub-triangular, situated just back of the posterior ends of the lateral fossze. Body deep flesh- color or pale purplish. Length, about 100™, in extension. . 336 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [630] Savin Rock, near New Haven, in sand at low-water mark. y) ’ This species is, perhaps, not a true Tetrastemma. It is here only pro- visionally referred to that genus. MECKELIA INGENS Leidy. Plate XIX, figs. 96, 96a. (p. 349.) Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 11 (143), 1855. (?) Meckelia Pocohontas Girard, Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. vi, p. 366, 1854 Fort Macon, North Carolina; Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound. Low-water mark to 8 fathoms. Charleston, South Carolina (Girard). MECKELIA LACTEA Leidy. (p. 350.) Proceedings of Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 243, 1851. Great Egg Harbor to. New Haven and Vineyard Sound. Low-water mark to 10 fathoms. Perhaps the young of the preceding species. MECKELIA ROSEA Leidy. (p. 350.) Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 244, 1851. Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound. Common in sand at low-water mark. MECKELIA LURIDA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 508.) Body long, large, stout, much depressed throughout, and thin poste- riorly, somewhat thickened anteriorly. Head changeable in form, often acute; lateral fossee long. Ventral opening large, elongated. Proboscis long, slender, emitted from a terminal pore. In some specimens there was a Slender, acute, caudal papilla. Color deep chocolate-brown, with lighter margins. Length, 150" to 250™™; breadth up to 10™™ or more. Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; off Buzzard’s Bay, 25 fathoms; off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud; Casco Bay, 10 to 68 fathoms. CEREBRATULUS (?), species undetermined (a). (p. 508.) This is a dark olive-green species, with paler ed the anterior part darkest. Off Block Isiand, in 29 fathoms; off Gay Head, in 19 fathoms, soft mud. COSMOCEPHALA OCHRACEA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, figs. 95, 9oa. Oy (p. 329.) Body elongated, moderately slender, somewhat flattened but thick, and with the margins rounded, obtuse at both ends or subacute poste- riorly ; broadest and often swollen anteriorly ; gradually and slightly tapering posteriorly ; the integument is translucent and the internal median organs show quite distinctly ; lateral organs voluminous, ex- tending the whole length of the body along each side, and showing through as dull yellowish white mottlings. Head continuous with the [631] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 337 body, obtuse; a slight groove, usually appearing as a whitish line on each side, runs obliquely across the ventral and lateral surface of the head, diverging from the mouth and curving somewhat forward at the sides ; terminal pore small and inconspicuous; mouth, or ventral pore, small. Ocelli numerous, arranged as in the figure, but varying some- what in number. (See p. 325.) Color dull yellowish, or yellowish white, often tinged with deeper yellow or orange anteriorly, with the median line lighter ; a reddish internal organ shows through as an elongated red spot between the posterior ocelli. Length, 50™™ to 70™™ ; breadth, 2.5™™ to 3™™, New Haven to Vineyard Sound ; under stones, between tides. POLINA GLUTINOSA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, fig. 97. (p. 324.) Body rather slender and elongated in extension, usually broadest in the middle and tapering to both ends, but quite versatile in form ; head not distinct, usually obtuse ; posterior end narrower, usually obtuse or slightly emarginate ; integument soft, secreting a large quantity of mu- cus; the lateral organs extend to the head. Ocelli numerous, variable in number, usually eight or ten on each side, arranged in three pairs of short, oblique, divergent rows, two to four in each; terminal pore of the head moderately large ; no lateral fosse could be detected. There ap- pears to be a terminal opening at the posterior end. Color dull yellow or pale orange yellow, sometimes brighter orange, especially anteriorly ; posteriorly usnally lighter, with a faintly marked dusky or greenish median line. Length, 25™™ to 30™™ in extension ; breadth, 1.3™ to 2™™, Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound; low-water mark to 6 fathoms. MONOCELIS AGILIS Leidy. (p. 325.) Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 11 (143), 1855. Monops (2) agilis Diesing, Sitzungsberichte der kais, Akad. der Wissenschaf- ten, vol. xlv, p. 252, 1862 (non Monops agilis Schultze, sp.) New Haven; Point Judith, Rhode Island, at low-water, creeping on Mytilus edulis (Leidy). ACELIS CRENULATA Diesing. Op. cit. p. 206. Acmostomum crenulatum Schmarda, Neue wirbell. Th., vol. i, p. 1, 3, Pl. 1, fig. 2 (t. Diesine). Hoboken, New Jersey, in brackish water (Schmarda). GENUS UNDETERMINED. Body very long and slender, almost filiform, slightly flattened, with rounded sides; the flat sides are longitudinally striated, the narrower rounded sides are marked with numerous short, distinct, separate, trans- verse lines or depressions, corresponding to opaque internal organs. In one of the smaller specimens one end is acute conical, terminated by a 338 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [632] slender incurved point; the other end is obtusely rounded, depressed and translucent at the end, apparently with a transverse orifice beneath. The largest specimen, and one of the smaller, has one end correspond- ingin form to that last described; the other is rounded, a little enlarged, subtruncate, apparently with a terminal orifice. A yellowish internal organ, with transverse divisions, runs along each side internally. In life the color was grayish white, with four very slender double longitudinal lines of dark slate-color. Length of largest specimens, in alcohol, 80™"; diameter, 0.7"™ ; small- est ones, 40™ ; diameter, 0.5™™. Wood's Hole, swimming very actively at the surface in the evening, June 29 and July 13, 1871. This species was taken by Mr. 8. I. Smith, who recorded .the color. I did not observe if myself in the living state. The above description was made from preserved specimens. Its characters cannot all be made out satisfactorily with alcoholic specimens, and its generic and family affinities are uncertain. In generalappearance, when living and moving, it resembles Gordius and Rhamphogordius. DENDROCCELA or PLANARIANS. STYLOCHOPSIS LITTORALIS Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XIX, fig. 99. (p. 325.) Body flat with thin margins, very changeable in form, broad oval, elliptical or oblong, rounded or sub-truncate at the ends, often with the margins undulated. The tentacles are small, round, obtuse, translu- cent, each containing an elongated group of about ten or twelve minute black ocelli on the anterior surface. The tentacles are situated at about the anterior fourth of the body, and are separated by about one-fourth of its breadth. Dorsal ocelli about eight, forming four groups of two each, in advance of the tentacles; marginal ocelli numerous, small, black, most conspicuous beneath, and most numerous on the anterior portion, arranged in two or more irregular rows near the margin, ex- tending back to the middle of the sides or beyond. Color pale greenish or brownish yellow, veined or reticulated with lighter, and with a light median stripe posteriorly; beneath flesh-color, with a median elongated light spot, narrowest in the middle, due to internal organs. Length, 8°"; breadth, about 6". New Haven to Vineyard Sound; under stones, between tides. ‘ PLANOCERA NEBULOSA Girard. Plate XIX, fig. 100. (p. 320.) Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1853, vol. vi, p. 367, 1854. Savin Rock near New Haven, under stones at low-water. Charleston, S. C. (Girard). LEPTOPLANA FOLIUM Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 487.) Body very flat, with the margin thin and undulated; outline versatile, usually cordate or leaf-like, broadest and emarginate posteriorly, the [633] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETc. 339 posterior borders well rounded, and the side a little convex, narrowing to an obtuse point at the anterior end; sometimes oblong or elliptical, and but little narrowed anteriorly ; the posterior emargination is usually very distinct, often deep, and sometimes in contraction has a small pro- jecting angular point in the middle, but at times the emargination nearly disappears. Ocelliin four groups, near the anteriorend; the two posterior clusters are smaller than the anterior and wider apart; the anterior clusters are very near the others, and close together, almost blending on the median line, and are composed of numerous very minute crowded ocelli, less distinct than those of the other clusters. Color pale yel- lowish flesh-color, veined with dentritic lines of darker flesh color, or with whitish; an indistinct pale reddish spot behind the anterior ocelli; an interrupted longitudinal whitish stripe in the middle, due to the internal organs, and a small median whitish stripe posteriorly. Length, 20°" to 25""; breadth, 10" to 15™". Off Watch Hill, 4 to 6 fathoms, among rocks and alge; off Block Island, in 29 fathoms; off Buzzard’s Bay, in 25 fathoms. PLANARIA GRISEA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 487.) Body elongated and usually oblong in extension, often long oval or somewhat elliptical, obtusely pointed or rounded posteriorly ; head sub- truncate in front, often a little prominent in the middle; the angles are somewhat prominent, but not elongated. Ocelli two, black, each sur- rounded by a reniform, white spot. Color yellowish green or grayish. with a central whitish stripe in the middle of the back, surrounded by darker; head margined with whitish. Length, in extension, 12""; breadth, 3". Watch Hill, Rhode Island, under stones, between tides. PROCERODES WHEATLANDI Girard. (p. 325.) Proceedings Boston Soc. Natural History, vol. iii, p. 251, 1551; Stimpson, op. cit., p. 6,1857. Planaria frequens Leidy, Marine Invert. Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jérsey, p. 11, 1355. Procerodes frequcens Stimpson, op. cit., p. 6; this teport, p. 325, New Haven to Casco Bay. Point Judith (Leidy). Manchester, Mas- sachusetts (Girard). Abundant under stones, between tides. FoviA WARRENII Girard. (p. 489.) Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iv, p. 211, 1952; Stimpson, Prodromus, p. 6, 1857. Vortex Warrenii Girard, op. cit., vol. ili, pp. 264 and 363, 1851; Diesing, op. cit., vol. xiv, p. 229, 1862. A small, narrow, oblong, red Planarian, apparently belonging to this species, was collected at Wood’s Hole. among eel-grass, and also in Casco Bay. Chelsea, Massachusetts (Girard). 340 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES., [634] BDELLOURA CANDIDA Girard. (p. 460.) Proceedings Boston Society Natural History, vol. iv, p. 211,1852. Vortex can- dida Girard, op. cit., vol. iii, p. 264, (for 1850), 1851. Bdelloura parasitica Leidy, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences of Philadelphia for 1851, vol. v, p. 242, 1852; Stimpson, Prodromus, p. 6, 1857. Great Egg Harbor; New Haven; Massachusetts Bay. Parasitic on the gills of the “ horseshoe-crab” (Limulus Polyphemus). BDELLOURA RUSTICA Leidy. Proceedings Acad. Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 242, 1852; Stimpson, Prodromus, p. 6, 1857. Great Egg Harbor, on Ulva latissima (Leidy). NEMATODES. PONTONEMA MARINUM Leidy. Plate XVIII, fig. 94. (p. 325.) Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 12 (144), 1855. Great Egg Harbor to New Haven and Vineyard Sound; very abund- ant from above low-water mark to 10 fathoms. PONTONEMA VACILLATUM Leidy. (p. 326.) Marine Invertebrate Fauna of Rhode Island and New Jersey, p. 12 (144), 1855. Great Egg Harbor to Vineyard Sound, with the preceding. Various other small, free Nematodes are frequently met with, but they have not been carefully examined. Numerous species are also parasitic in the stomach, intestine, muscles and other organs of fishes, crustacea, worms, &¢. (See page 456.) MOLLUSCA. CEPHALOPODA. DIBRANCHIATA. OMMASTREPHES ILLECEBROSA. (p. 441.) Loligo illecebrosa Lesueur, Journal Acad. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p- 95, Plate 10, 1821; Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. i, p. 318, 1841; Dekay, Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 4, 1843. Ommastrephes sagittatus Binney,* in Gould’s Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 510, 1870, but not Plate 25, fig. 339 (non Lamarck, sp.) A large specimen, taken at Eastport, Maine, was ten inches long, ex- clusive "of the arms. When preserved in alcohol the caudal-fin was rather more than one-third of the length of the head and body together ; its width was equal to about three-fourths of its length. The colors of this specimen were described on page 442. A small specimen from Newport, R. I., agrees in color and most other respects with the larger specimens, but differs somewhat in the proportions, especially of the caudal fin, peopably oyeng) to its Sd ey This specimen, in alcohol, % innont Dipinte XXV1, Figs, 341-344, creouaanene referred to Loligopsis pavo, appar- ently represe nts this species. [635] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. d41 is 84™ long, exclusive of the arms; the body is 72"™ long, 15" broad ; the caudal fin is 25™" long and 36™™ broad. A fresh specimen, caught in Casco Bay, had the following propor: tions: Length of head and body, not including the arms, 221"; length of caudal fin, 86"; breadth of fin, 90™ ; diameter of body, 35"; length of upper arms, 80" ; of second pair, 100"; of third pair, 100"™™ ; of extensile arms, 182"; of the ventral pair, 90"™. Greenport, Long Island, (Sanderson Smith) ; Newport, Rhode Island ; Provincetown, Massachusetts ; Casco Bay ; Mount Desert, Maine; Bay of Fundy. Ommastrephes Bartramii (Lesueur, sp.) is found in the Gulf Stream off our coasts, and may sometimes occur accidentally on our shores. It is a more slender and elongated species than the preceding, with a rela- tively shorter caudal fin. It is also darker colored. The figure given by Binney in the last edition of Gould’s Invertebrata of Massachusetts (Plate 25, fig. 540) does not represent this species. LOLIGO PEALII Lesueur. Plate XX, figs. 102-105. (p. 440.) Journal Acad. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 92, Pl. 8, 1821; Dekay, Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 4, Pl. 33, fig. 354 (copied from Lesueur); Binney, in Gould’s Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 514 (PI. 25, fig. 340,) probably represents this species, certainiy not O. Bartramii.) South Carolina to Massachusetts Bay. Very commonin Long Island Sound and Vineyard Sound. The young, from an inch to two inches in length, were taken from the middle of July to the last of August in great numbers, at the surface, in Vineyard Sound, by Mr. Vinal N. Edwards. LOLIGO PUNCTATA Dekay. Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 3, Pl. I, fiz. 1, 1843; Binney, in Gould’s Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 513. This is probably identical with the preceding species. The slight differences noticed are probably sexual, but as I have not been able to fully satisfy myself in regard to this, I have not thought it proper to unite them at this time. Long Island Sound. LOLIGO PALLIDA Verrill, sp. nov. Plate XX, figs. 101, 10la. (p. 441.) Body stout, tapering rapidly backward. Anterior border of mantle with a prominent, obtusely rounded, median dorsal lobe, from which the margin recedes on each side; on the lower side the margin is'concave in the middle, with a projecting angle on each side. Caudal fin large, about as broad as long, more than half as long as the body. Siphon large and stout; upper pair of arms considerably smaller and shorter than the others, slender at tips, margined along the inner dorsal ridge with a thin membrane. Second pair of arms stouter and longer, trique- tral, slightly margined on the outer angle. Third pair much stouter and considerably longer, with a membranous fold along the middle of the 342 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [636] outer surface, which expands into a thin membrane toward the end. Tentacular arms long and slender, in extension longer than the body, the portion that bears suckers forming about one-third the whole length; in the female the larger suckers on the middle of this portion are not so large as the largest on the other arms, and are arranged in about four rows; those near the tips of the arms are very small and crowded. In the male the principal suckers of the tentacular arms are very much larger than in the female, and considerably exceed those of the other arms; they form two alternating rows along the middle of the arm, and external to them there is a row of smaller suckers on each side, alternating with them; the suckers toward the tips are very numerous, small, and crowded ; outside of the suckers, on each side, there is a mar- ginal membrane with a scolloped edge; another membranous fold runs along the outer surface and expands into a broad membrane near the end; the arms of the ventral pair are intermediate in length between those of the second and third pairs. Ground-color of body, head, arms, and fins pale, translucent, yellowish white; entire ventral surface pale, with small, distant, brownish circular spots, which are nearly obsolete on the siphon and arms; the upper surface is covered with pale brown, unequal, circular spots which are not crowded, having spaces of whitish between them; the spots are more sparse on the head and arms, but somewhat clustered above the eyes. The generai appearance of the animal when fresh is unusually pale and gelatinous. The “pen” is broad, quill-shaped, translucent, and amber-colored. A medium-sized male specimen preserved in alcohol measures 145™™ from the base of the dorsal arms to the posterior end of the body; length of body, 120™™; length of caudal fin, 70™ ; breadth of fin, 75™™; length of first pair of arms, 42"; of second pair, 50™™; of third, 60™"; of tentacular arms, 150"; of ventral pair, 53™™. Long Island Sound. The Spirula Peronti Lamarck, (Spirula fragilis in Binney’s Gould, p. 516, fig. 755), is occasionally cast up, on the outer beaches of Nantucket, but it probably does not occur alive in our waters. GASTROPODA. PECTINIBRANCHIATA. BELA HARPULARIA Adams. Plate XXI, fig. 108. (p. 508.) Hi. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol.i, p. 92, 1858; Gould’s Inverte- brata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 352, fig. 191. Fusus harpularius Couthony, Boston Journal Natural History, vol. ii, p. 106, Pl. 1, fig. 10, 1838; Gould’s Inverte- brata of Mass., ed. i, p. 291, fig. 191, 1841. MWangelia harpularia Stimpson, Shells of New England, page 48, 1851. Massachusetts Bay to Labrador and Greenland. Off Gay Head, 10 to 19 fathoms; in the Bay of Fundy frequent in from 1 to 80 fathoms. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene “ Leda-clays” of Labrador (Packard); and Canada (Dawson). (637] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 343 BELA PLEUROTOMARIA Adams. H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 92,1858; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. ii, p. 355, fig. 625. Fusus pleurotomarius Couthouy, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, p. 107, Plate 1, fig. 9, 1838. Musus rufus Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 190, fig. 192 (non Montagu). Bueccinum pyramidale Strom, N. A. Dan. iii, p. 296, fig. 22 (t. Loven). Defrancia Vahlit (Beck) Moller, 1842 (t. Loven). Mangelia pryamidalis Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 49. Off the coast of Long Island, in 46 fathoms (Stimpson). Massachu- setts Bay to Labrador; in Casco Bay and the Bay of Fundy not uncom- mon in 18 to 60 fathoms. Greenland (Moller). Finmark (Lovén). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Canada, Labrador, Great Britain, and Seandinavia. The identification of this species with the Buccinum pyramidale Strom, is somewhat uncertain; if correct, the latter name has priority. BELA PLICATA Adams. Plate XXI, fig. 107. (p. 383.) H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 92,1858. Pleurotoma pli- cata C. B. Adams, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. iii, p.318, Plate 3, fic. 6; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 282, fig. 187; ed. 11, p. 350, fig. 612. Pleurotoma plicosa C. B. Adams, Contributions to Conchology, vol. i, p. 54, 1250 ; Jay, Catalogue, ed. iv, p.327. Pleurotoma brunnea Perkins, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. History, vol. xiii, p. 121, 1869. Near New Haven, rare. Huntington and Greenport, Long Island (Sanderson Smith). New York (Dekay). Dartmouth, Massachusetts, and New Bedford Harbor, in mud, (C. B. Adams). Beaufort, N. C. (Dr- KE. Coues). Indian Pass, Florida (£. Jewett). MANGELIA CERINA. (p. 432.) Verrill,. American Journal of Science, vol. tii, p.210,1872. Pleurotoma cerinum Kurtz and Stimpson, Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iv, p.115, 1851; Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 49, Pl. 2, fig. 2, 1851. Shell elongated, fusiform, rather acute at apex, composed of about seven whorls; apical whorls smooth, the others angulated in the middle and decidedly flattened just below the suture; suture distinct, but shallow, undulated ; the body whorl has about eleven prominent, longi- tudinal, sub-acute plications or ribs, separated by wide, concave inter- spaces. The ribs are most prominent at the angulation above the middle of the lower whorl, and do not extend on the flattened sub-sutural band. The whole surface is covered by fine, raised, revolving lines, often alternately larger and smaller, separated by wider strize, and crossed by fine, distinct lines of growth, rendering them slightly nodulous. The revolving lines are most distinct on the sub-sutural band, and are often nearly obsolete over the summits of the ribs. Outer lip acute, with a decided angle at about the posterior fourth, where it recedes to form a decided, rounded notch, at and just above the angle; middle portion nearly straight, gradually curving and receding toward the anterior end; canal short, straight, and somewhat contracted. Color whitish, or slightly yellow; inner surface light wax-yellow. Length, 6.5"™; breadth, amm. length of aperture, 3™™. 344 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [638] Vineyard Sound, 3 to 10 fathoms; near New Haven. New Bedford, Mass., and Charleston, 8. ©. (Stimpson). Staten Island; Greenport and Huntington, Long Island, low water to 3 fathoms, (S. Smith). Beaufort, N. ©. (Coues). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina. PLEUROTOMA BICARINATUM Couthouy. Plate X XI, fig.106. (p- 418.) ° Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, p. 104, Plate 1, fig. 11, 1838; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 231, fig. 186; ed. ii, p. 349, fie. 618. MWangelia bicarinata Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 49. Defrancia bicarinata H. and A. Adanis, Genera of Mollusca, vol. i, p. 95. Stonington, Conn. (Linsley). Vineyard Sound, 6 to 12 fathoms, rare ; Massachusetts Bay; Bay of Fandy. This is a rare and imperfectly known species. I have never had opportunities to examine the living animal. : The generic relations of this and the two preceding shells are still doubtful. BUCCINUM UNDATUM Linné. Plate XXI, fig. 121. (p. 494.) Systema Nature, ed. xii, p. 1204. Gould, Invertebrata of Massachusetts, ed. i, p. 305; ed. ii, p..366, fig. 634. Buccinum undulatum Moller, in Kroyer’s 'Tids- skrift, vol. iv, p. 84, 1842 (t. Stimpson). Stimpson, Review of the Northern Buecinums, in Canadian Naturalist, October, 1865. Buceinum Labradorense Reeve, Conch. Icon., vol. iii, Buc. i, 5, 1846 (t. Stimpson). Mouth of Vineyard Sound and off Gay Head, 6 to 19 fathoms. Off New Jersey, north latitude 40°, west longitude 75°, in 32 fathoms, sandy bottom, (Captain Gedney). Near Stonington, Conn. (Linsley); Montauk Point, Long Island, and Little Gull Island (S. Smith). Not common south of Cape Cod, except on the outer islands and in deep water; common in Massachu- setts Bay; and very abundant on the coast of Maine, and northward to Greenland. On the European coast it oceurs from Iceland and the North Cape to France, and from low water to 650 fathoms. In the Bay of Fundy it is abundant from above low-water mark to 100 fathoms. As a fossil it is common in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Maine, Can- ada, Labrador, and Great Britain. Mr. Desor obtained it from the Post- Pliocene formation of Nantucket Island. The ordinary American specimens from shallow water differ consider- ably in form from the typical European specimens, but the species is quite variable on both coasts, and I have examined large specimens from Saint George’s Bank and La Have Bank, dredged by Mr. 8. I. Smith, which differ very little from the common European form, and it is easy to form series connecting these with our common shore speci- mens. I am, therefore, unable to agree with Dr. Stimpson, who con- sidered our shell distinet from the European, and adopted the name undulatum for it. NEPTUNEA CURTA Verrill. Fusus corneus Say, Amer. Conch., iii, Plate 29, 1831 (non Linné, Pennant, ete.). Fusus Islandicus Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 284; ed. ii, p. 871, fig. 638 (non Chemnitz, Gmelin, ete.). Fusus curtus Jeftreys, British Conchology, vol. iv, p. 336, 1867. [639] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETc. 345 Massachusetts Bay to Labrador. Casco Bay, 6 to 50 fathoms; com- monin the Bay of Fundy from low-water mark to 80 fathoms. Linsley reports it, as /. corneus, from fish-stomachs at Stonington, Connecticut. In the Yale Museum are dead sbells of this species, which have been occupied by HLupaguri, found on Fire Island Beach, on the south side of Long Island, by Mr. S. L. Smith. It probably inhabits the deep water off Block Island. The dentition of this species is decidedly buccinoid. The central plates are transversely oblong, deeply concave above, with the lateral angles produced; below armed with three small, nearly equal, short teeth, the central one largest, beyond which, on each side, it is concave, the outer angles being a little prominent. The lateral plates are large, with an outer, very strong, curved tooth, and two much smaller, slightly curved ones near the inner end, the innermost being slightly the largest. The dentition agrees very closely with that of NV. antiqua, the type both of the genus Neptunea, Bolton, 1798, and Chrysodomus, Swainson, 1840, but it is very different from that of Sipho Berniciensis (S. Island- icus Trosch.), which Troschel refers to the Faciolarida. The latter is evidently the type of a genus (Sipho) very distinct from Neptunea; but among the European species, gracilis, propingua, buccinata, and the true Islandica (as described by Jeffreys) are closely related to curta, and be- long to the genus Neptunea, in the family Buccinide. NEPTUNEA (Neptunella) pYeM@A. Plate XXI, fig. 115. (p. 508.) Tusus Islandicus, var. pygmeeus, Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 284, fig. 199, 1841. Zritonium pygmeum Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 46, 1851. Fusus Trumbullii Linsley, Amer. Journal Science, ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 28, fig. 1, 2, 1845 (non Gould, 1848). Lusus pygmeus Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. il, p. 372, fig. 639. Neptunea (Sipho) pygmwa H. and A. Adams, Genera Recent Mollusea, vol. i, p. 81, 1858. Chrysodomus pygmaeus Dall, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. xiii, p. 242, 1870. Deep water off New London and Stonington, Connecticut, northward to the Gulfof Saint Lawrence. Eastof Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud ; off Buzzard’s Bay, 25 fathoms; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, mud, abun- dant and large; off Edgarton, 18 to 20 fathoms; Casco Bay, 10 to 40 fathoms, common; Eastport, Maine, and Bay of Fundy, low water to 100 fathoms (A. I. V.).. Near Saint George’s Bank, 40 to 150 fathoms ; east of Saint George’s Bank, 430 fathoms ; and off Halifax (S. I. Smith). The odontophore in this species is long and slender ; the dentition is bueccinoid. The middle plate is small, transversely oblong, concave above, below convex, with one very small central tooth ; lateral plates relatively large and strong, with a large, curved outer tooth, and a smaller bifid inner tooth, widely separated from the outer one. The peculiarities in the dentition of this species, in connection with the singular wooly or velvety epidermis, indicate that this species should form the type of a sub-genus, or perhaps evena distinct genus. For the group I would propose the name Neptunella. 046 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [640] FULGUR CARICA Conrad. Pl. XXII, fig.127. (p. 355.) Proceedings of the Academy of Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. vi, p. 319, 12853 ; Gill, on the Genus Fulgur and its Allies, in American Journal of Con- chology, vol. iii, p. 145, 1867. Murex carica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3545, 1788. Fulgur eliceans (pars) Montfort, Conch. Syst., vol. ii, p. 503, 1810, fig. (t. Gill). Pyrula carica Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. i, vol. vii, p. 138, 1822 ; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 296. Busycon carica Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 388, fig. 646; Stimpson, in American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 61, 1865. Eastern coast of the United States ; northward to Cape Cod ; south- ward to northern Florida, and west Florida. Abundant in Vineyard Sound, in 1 to 10 fathoms; also in Long Island Sound, near New Haven. Nantucket (Adams); St. Augustine, Florida (H. 8. Williams) ; west Florida (i. Jewett.) It occurs iu the Miocene formation of Mary- land and Virginia, and in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. SYCOTYPUS CANALICULATUS Gill. (p. 355.) American Journal of Conchology, vol. iii, p. 149, 1867. Murex canaliculatus Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1222. Pyrula canaliculata Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., vol. vii, p. 137, 1822; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 294, fig. 206. Busycon canaliculatum H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 151, 1858 ; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. ii, p. 380, fig. 645. Fulgur canaliculata Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, 1822; Conrad, Proc. Phil. Acad., vol. vi, p. 219, 1853. Eastern coast of the United States ; northward to Cape Cod and Nan- tucket; southward to Georgia and Northern Florida, Western Florida, and northern shores of Gulf of Mexico. Abundant in Vineyard Sound, Long Isiand Sound, &¢., in 1 to8 fathoms. St. Augusti 2, Florida (H. S. Williams), Found fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Northern Florida ; in the Pliocene of South Carolina ; and Miocene of Maryland. NASSA VIBEX Say. Plate XXI, fig.114. (p.371). Journal Academy Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 231, 1822; Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 365, fig. 633. Nassa fretensis Perkins, Pro- ceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. xiii, p. 117, figure, 1869 (variety). Eastern coast of the United States; northward to Vineyard Sound ; southward to Florida, andthe Gulf of Mexico ; not abundant north of Cape Hatteras. In Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound, found sparingly in shallow water among eel-grass. New Bedford (Adams). Lloyd’s Harbor, Huntington, and Northport, Long Island (S. Smith) ; Egmont Key, Florida (Jewett). It has been found in the Pliocene and Post-Pliocene of South Carolina. Some of Say’s original specimens were from South Carolina, others from Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. At the latter locality I have also collected among eel-grass, in shallow water, the variety described by Dr. Perkins as V. fretensis, which is the most common form in all the more northern localities. Specimens intermediate between these and the ordinary southern forms are, however, of frequent occurrence, and the typical form also occurred in Vineyard Sound, with the variety. [641] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 347 TRITIA TRIVITTATA Adams. Plate XXI, fig. 112. (p. 354.) H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 122,1858. Nassa trivittata Say, Journal Acad. Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 231; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. ii, p. 364, fig. 6382. Buecinum trivittatum Adams, Boston Journal of Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 265; Gould, op. cit., ed. i, p. 309, fig. 211. Gulf of Saint Lawrence to Northern Florida. Eastport, Maine, and day of Fundy, 3 to 50 fathoms, not abundant; Casco Bay, 1 to 40 fathoms, abundant; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, 0 to 14 fathoms, abundant ; off Block Island, 29 fathoms; Long Island Sound, common. Gaspé, Canada (Dawson). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Point Shirley, Mass., Nantucket (Desor), Gull Island (Smith), Virginia, South Carolina, and North Carolina; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Maryland, Virginia, and South Carolina. ILYANASSA OBSOLETA Stimpson. Plate X XI, fig. 113. (p. 468.) American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 61, Plate 9, figs. 11, 12, 1865. Nassa obsoleta Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 232, 1822 ; Bin- ney’s Say, p. 77, 1858 ; Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., ed. ii, p. 362, fig. 631; Bue- cinum obsoletum Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 308, fig. 210; Tritia obsoleta H. and A. Adams, Genera, p. 122, 1858. Eastern and southern coasts of the United States; northward to Casco Bay, Maine, and the mouth of the Kennebeck River, and local in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; southward to Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Extremely abundant on the whole coast south of Cape Cod; more local farther north, and mostly restricted to sheltered bays and harbors. It has not been found on the east -n part of the coast of Maine nor in the Bay of Fundy. An isolated colony of this species is found on the western and southern shores of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and Prince Edward’s Island (Bell, Dawson). As a fossil it has been found in the Post-Pliocene deposits at Point Shirley, in Chelsea, Massachusetts (Stimpson); at Nantucket Island (Desor); Virginia; and South Carolina. It is also reported from the Pliocene of South Carolina. UROSALPINX CINEREA Stimpson. Plate XXI, fig. 116. (p. 306.) American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p.58, Plate 8, figs. 6 and 7, 1865. Fusus cinereus Say, Journal Academy Nat. Science, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 236, 1822; American Conchology, Plate 29, 1831. Buccinum plicosum Menke, Syn., ed. ii, p. 69, 1830, (t. Gould); Gould, Invertebrata of Mass., ed. i, p. 303, fig. 213. Buccinum cinereum Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 370, fig. 637. Eastern coast of the United States; northward to Massachusetts Bay, and local farther north, to the Gulf of Saint Lawrence; southward to Georgia and Northern Florida, and on the west coast of Florida, at Tampa Bay. Abundant in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, Long Island Sound, and along the coast of the Middle States, especially on oyster-beds. In Vinéyard Sound it oceurs from above low-water mark to 8 fathoms. It occurs in some of the shallow and sheltered branches 24 V 348 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. | [642] of Casco Bay, especially at the upper end of Quahog Bay, but has not been found on the islands, nor farther eastward along the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. A colony exists, however, in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, associated with the pre- ceding and other southern species. It is found fossil in the Post-Plio- cene of Point Shirley, Massachusetts, Nantucket, Gardiner’s Island, Virginia, North Carolina, and South Carolina; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Maryland. EUPLEURA CAUDATA H. and A. Adams, Plate X XI, fig. 117. (p. 371.) Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 107, 1858; Stimpson, Amer. Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 58, Plate 8, fig. 5 (dentition), 1865. Ranella caudata Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 236, 1822; Gould, Invert, of Mass., ed. i, p. 297, fig. 176; ed. ii, p. 386, fig. 648. Eastern coast of the United States; northward to Nantucket and Cape Cod; southward to northern Florida, and western Florida, at Tampa Bay. At Vineyard Sound it occurred living in considerable numbers in the shallow ditches on the marshes, as well as in the sound itself, in 1 to 8 fathoms; off New Haven, in 1 to 5 fathoms, not abundant; Great Egg Harbor, frequent among eel-grass in shallow water. Hgmont Key, Florida (Jewett). In the fossil state this species has been found in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Florida; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Maryland and South Carolina. PURPURA LAPILLUS Lamarck. Plate XXI, figs. 118 to 120. (p. 306.) Anim. sans Vert., ed. i, vol. vi, 1822; ed. ii, vol. x, p. 79; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 301; ed. ii, p. 360, fig. 630. Buccinum lapillus Linné, Syst. Nature, ed. xii, p. 1202, 1767. Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Montauk Point, Long Island; Cuttyhunk Island; shores of Vineyard Sound, at Nobsca Point; northward to the Arctic Ocean. On the European coast southward to Portugal. North- eastern coast of Asia. Sitka (Middendorff). This species is local south of Cape Cod, and has not been found to the eastward of Stonington, Con. necticut, in Long Island Sound. It is extremely abundant along the northern coasts of New England and Nova Scotia, often nearly cover- ing the surface of the rocks toward low-water mark, where they are en_ crusted by Balanus balanoides, upon which it chiefly feeds, inserting its proboscis between the opercular valves of the barnacle. “ This shell has been found in the Post-Pliocene deposits at Waterville, Maine, and at Gardiner’s Island, but is not a common fossil in this country. In England it is found in the Red-Crag and all later forma- tions; it also occurs in the Post-Pliocene deposits of Scandinavia. The fossils show the same variations that are seen in the recent shells. PTYCHATRACTUS LIGATUS Stimpson. American Journal of Conchology, vol. i, p. 59, plate 8, fig. 8 (dentition), 1855. Fasciolaria ligata Mighels and Adams, Boston Journal of Nat. History, vol. iv, p. 51, Plate 4, fig. 17, 1842; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. ii, p. 385, fig. 647. Casco Bay, Maine, to Labrador. Stonington, Connecticut (Linsley). [643] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 349 Casco Bay, 20 to 40 fathoms; Bay of Fundy, 15 to 60 fathoms. Halifax (Willis) ; Gaspé (Whiteaves); Murray Bay (Dawson); Mingan (Foote). This shell occurs sparingly at all these localities. It has not been recorded from south of Cape Cod by any one except Linsley, and it must be regarded as a very doubtful member of the fauna of Southern New England until rediscovered. Dr. Dawson records one broken specimen from the Post-Pliocene of Montreal. ANACHIS AVARA Perkins. (p. 306.) Proceedings, Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. xiii, p. 113, 1869 (in part). Colum- bella avara Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 230, 1822 ; (in part) Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 313; ed. ii, p. 356 (in part). Cape Cod to Northern Florida; Western Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Vineyard Sound, from 0 to 10 fathoms; Long Island Sound; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; Nantucket (Ad- ams); Fort Macon (Coues); South Carolina (Gibbes); Georgia (Couper) ; Western Florida (Jewett). North of Cape Cod, it is local and rare ; Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina, and in the Pliocene of South Carolina. Among the shells usually referred to this species there are great va- riations in form and sculpture, and the color is quite inconstant. The numerous specimens that I have examined from various localities can, however, be arranged in two groups, between which [ have found no specimens that can be regarded as truly intermediate, although most of their distinctive characters are variable in each series. For the pres- ent, therefore, I have with some hesitation followed Mr. Ravenel in re- garding these two principal forms as distinct species. As these species (or varieties) have not been distinguished by most writers, it is probable that some of the northern localities given above should properly go under the next species, which is far more abundant in Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound than the typical avara, while the latter predom- inates in the collections from Fort Macon, North Carolina, and south- ward. The figures given by Dr. Gould represent the ordinary northern form of the following species. In the first part of this report both forms are included under avara. From Fort Macon I have specimens that agree perfectly with Say’s original description of avara. These are less elongated than the next species, and rather fusiform, the thickest part being but little below the middle, with the spire acute. The mature shells have ten flattened whorls; the first three or nuclear whorls are smooth; some of the sue- ceeding ones usually have numerous vertical cost ; the last whorl has 10 to 13 more or less prominent, smooth obtusely rounded, somewhat curved cost, separated by wider concave intervals, and gradually dis- appearing below the middle; below the cost are numerous, well im- 350 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [644] pressed revolving grooves, of which 8 or 10 are wider and deeper than the rest; similar but finer grooves cross the spaces between the coste, but are mostly obsolete on the cost; the middle whorls usually have a similar number of costz, which are less prominent, and often more or less obsolete, while the spaces between are crossed by numerous fine revolving striz. The canal is short, broad, and nearly straight; the outer lip well rounded, not incurved anteriorly, but with a decided emargination posteriorly. Length of mature shells, 13™"; diameter, 6°", often smaller. Specimens of the same size and form from Vineyard Sound and New Haven agree closely with the above description in most respects, but have 14 or 15 costz on the last whorl, and about 20 on the preceding ones, where the coste are so crowded that the spaces between are often narrower than the coste. ANACHIS SIMILIS Verrill. Plate X XI, fig. 109. Columbella similis Ravenel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., 1861, p.41. Columbella translirata Ravenel, op. cit., p.42. Columbella avara (in. part) Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 313, fig. 197; ed. ii, p. 356, fig. 726. Massachusetts Bay to Georgia. Abundant in Vineyard Sound and Long Island Sound; Great Egg Harbor. Fort Macon (Dr. Yarrow.) This species is usually much more elongated than the preceding, with a more elevated spire, the broadest place being a little above the lower third of the length. Whorls,10; flattened; the nuclear whorls smooth The canal is longer, and usually distinctly excurved ; the outer lip is more or less incurved anteriorly, so as to slightly narrow the canal; the body-whorl has 18 to 20 or more rather regular, obtuse cost, sepa- rated by spaces of about the same width, generally slightly nodular close to the suture; at some distance below the middle of the whorl they gradually disappear, but sometimes there are also smaller intermediate cost below the middle of the whorl (var. translirata); the lower part of the whorl is covered with numerous well-impressed, revolving grooves, which cross the lower ends of the cost, rendering them nodu- lous; on the upper part of the whorls the revolving grooves are larger and more distinct than in the preceding species, and usually continue over the cost; the one next below the suture is usually larger than the rest, and thus produces the subsutural nodules; the grooves are generally least distinct in the middle of the lower whorl, which is some- times slightly angulated. On the middle whorls there are numerous (usually more than 25) regular coste, like those of the last one, and crossed by about 5 distinct revolving grooves, more conspicuous in the spaces between; the upper one largest, usually producing a distinct series of nodules on each whorl. Color exceedingly variable, generally dark reddish brown, chestnut, or light yellowish brown, more or less mottled and specked with whitish; there is often a subsutural band of white, or the nodules are white, and also a band of white around the middle [645] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. B51 of the last whorl, but these are frequently absent. Length of a rather large specimen, 17"; breadth, 7™™; length of an average specimen, 13""; breadth, 5" ; length of a slender specimen, 15" ; breadth, 5", ASTYRIS LUNATA Dall. Plate XXI, fig. 110. (p. 306.) Proceedings Boston Soc. Natural History, vol. xiii, p. 242, 1870. Nassa lunata Say , Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 213, 1826. Buccinum lunatum Adams, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 226; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed i., p. 312, fig. 196. Columbella lunata Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 359, fig. 629. Fusus Trumbulli Gould, Amer. Journ. Science, vol. vi, p. 235, fig. 7, 1848, (non Linsley). Buccinum Wheatleyi Dekay, Nat. Hist. of New York, Mollusea, p. 132, Plate 7, fig. 162, 1843. Columbella Gouldiana Ag. MSS.; Stimp- son, Shells of New England, p. 48, 1851; Smith, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. of New York, vol. viii, p. 398, fig. 5, 1865. Astyris “limata Say” and A. “Turnbulliit Linsl.,” H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 187 (typographical errors). Massachusetts Bay to Northern Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico; local and not abundant north of Cape Cod, at Prov- incetown, Nahant, and Swampscott, Massachusetts. Very abundant in Vineyard Sound, from low-water to 10 fathoms; and in Long Island Sound; Great South Bay, Long Island; and Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; Fort Macon, North Carolina, and southward. Estella Pass, Florida (Jewett) ; Georgia (Couper). Fossilin the Post-Pliocene deposits of South Carolina; and at Gardiner’s Island, New York (S. Smith); and inthe Pliocene of South Carolina. The color-variety, separated by several writers as C. Gouldiana, is identical with the Wheatleyi of Dekay. ASTYRIS ZONALIS Verrill. Plate X XI, fig. 111. (p. 399.) Bucecinum zonalis Linsley, American Journal of Science, ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 2&5, 1845 (no description); Gould, Amer. Journ. Science, series ii, vol. vi, p. 236, fig. 8, 1848. Columbella dissimilis Stimpson, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. iv, p.114, 1851; Shellsof New England, p. 47,1851; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. ii, p. 358, fig. 628. ; Long Island Sound, near New Haven; Vineyard Sound; Casco Bay ; Eastport, Maine, 10 to 60 fathoms. Grand Menan, New Brunswick, in 8 fathoms, sand, (Stimpson). Stonington (Linsley). ASTYRIS ROSACEA H. and A. Adams. (p. 508.) Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 187, 1858. Buccinum rosaceum Gould, Ameri- can Journal of Science, xxxviii, p. 197, 1840; Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 311, fig. 195, 1841. Columbella rosacea Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 47, 1851; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed.ii, p. 257, fig. 627. (?)Fusus Holbdllit Moller, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 88, 1842. East of Block Island, 29 fathoms, fine sandy mud; Stonington, Con- necticut (Linsley); Massachusetts Bay to Gulf of Saint Lawrence; Isles of Shoals, 20 fathoms, and West Isles, 10 fathoms (Stimpson) ; Casco Bay, 10 to 20 fathoms; Bay of Fundy, 8 to 60 fathoms; Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Willis) ; Grand Menan, in deep water, (Stimpson). 352 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [646] The identity of A. Holbéllii, from Greenland, with this species, is very doubtful, for it was described as smooth, with a firm corneus, fusco- luteus epidermis. LUNATIA HEROS Adams. Plate XXIII, figs. 133 to 136. (p. 353.) H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 207, 1858; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. ii, p. 338, figs. 608, 609. Natica heros Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 245, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 231. Natica triseriata Say, op. cit., vol. v. p. 209 (color-variety); Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 233. Lunatia triseriata Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 340, fig. 610. Georgia to Gulf of Saint Lawrence and southern coast of Labrador. Coast of New. Jersey, near Great Egg Harbor, abundant and large, (A. E. V.) ;southern side of Long Island, at Fire Island beach, abundant, (S. J. Smith); Long Island Sound, at New Haven, not common; Vine- yard Sound, abundant from low-water to 10 fathoms; Casco Bay, com- mon; Bay of Fundy, common from low-water to 40 fathoms; Saint George’s Bank, common, (S. I. Smith); Gaspé (Dawson); Georgia (Couper). The variety triseriata has the same distribution, and is the more common form in the deeper waters, but is also found on the sand- flats at low-water. Itis common in Casco Bay‘and Bay of Fundy, in 1 to 40 fathoms; off Martha’s Vineyard, 10 to 20 fathoms; and off New London, Connecticut, 10 fathoms. This species has been found fossil in the Miocene of Maryland, Vir- ginia, and South Carolina; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Post-Pliocene of Canada and South Carolina. LUNATIA IMMACULATA Adams. Plate XXIII, fig. 131. (p. 508.) H. and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusea, vol. i, p. 207. Naticaimmaculata Totten, American Journal of Science, ser. i, vol. xxvili, p. 351, fig. 6, 1835 ; Gould, Invertebrata, ed. i, p. 234, fig. 168, 1841. Mamma (?) immaculata Gould; ed. ii, p. 344, fig. 614. Stonington, Connecticut, and eastern end of Long Island, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Martha’s Vineyard, 20 fathoms; east of Block Island, 29 fathoms. Stonington (Linsley); Off Napeague Point, Long Island (S. Smith); Newport, R. I. (Totten). Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 5 to 80 fathoms, common; often found living at low-water mark in the Bay of Fundy. NEVERITA DUPLICATA Stimpson. Plate XXIII, fig. 130. (p. 354.) Smithsonian Check List, p. 5, 1860; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. ii, p. 345, fig. 615. Natica duplicata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 247, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 236, fig. 164, 1841. Lunatia duplicata H. and A. Adams, Genera Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 207, 1858. Massachusetts Bay to Northern Fiorida; northwestern Florida to Yueatan. Local and not common north of Cape Cod. Abundant at Nantucket; Vineyard Sound; Long Island Sound; southern coast of Long Island; New Jersey; and southward. Saint Augustine, Florida (Williams). Tampa Bay, Florida, and Egmont Key, abundant, (Jew- ett). Texas (Schott), Near Vera Cruz, Mexico (coll. T. Salt). [647] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 353 Fossil in the Miocene of Maryland, Virginia, North and South Caro- lina; Pliocene of South Carolina ; and Post-Pliocene of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Saint John’s River, and Tampa Bay, Florida. NATICA PUSILLA Say. Plate XXIII, fig. 132. (p. 417.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 257, 1822; Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 43, 1851; Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. ii, p. 344, fig. 613, (not of ed. i); Sanderson Smith, in Annals Lye. Nat. History, New York, vol. ix, p. 396, fig. 4, 1870. Vineyard Sound to Northern Florida. In Vineyard Sound and Buz- zard’s Bay this species is common in 2 to 10 fathoms. Huntington and Gardiner’s Bay, Long Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, (S. Smith). South Carolina (Kurtz). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). Georgia (Couper). Acrybia flava H.and A. Adams,.= Natica flava Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 239, fig. 162; Bulbus flavus Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 347, fig. 616. This species was catalogued by Linsley (1845) as from the stomachs of had- dock taken off Stonington, Connecticut. It has not been subsequently recorded from south of Cape Cod by any one. It is not improbable that there was some mistake, either in respect to the locality or the identity of the specimens referred to by Linsley. It is an arctic species, found in the Bay of Fundy and at Saint George’s Bank; northward to Greenland (Moller, as V. nana). Natica clausa Brod. and Sowerby, was erroneously given by Mr. Per- kins (Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. xiil, p. 162) as from “ Stonington, Connecticut, Linsley.” It does not occur in Mr. Linsley’s list, nor has it been found living, to my knowledge, south of Cape Cod. It occurs in Massachusetts Bay and northward to the Arctic Ocean. It is not uncommon in the Bay of Fundy from 6 to 109 fathoms; and in Casco Bay from 9 to 60 fathoms. One small dead specimen was dredged by us in 19 fathoms, off Gay Head. CERITHIOPSIS GREENII Verrill. Plate XXIV, fig. 153. (p. 383.) Cerithium Greenii C. B. Adams, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. ii, p. 287, Plate 4, fig. 12, 1338; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 579, fig. 184. Dittium Greenii H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 287, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 322, fig. 591. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s 3ay, 3 to 10 fathoms; Long Island Sound, near New Haven. Dartmouth Harbor (Adams) ; Boston Harbor (Stimpson) ; Long Island (S. Smith) ; Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). Also reported from Bermuda. Jeffreys (in Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct., 1872, p. 244) regards this as identical with the European C.tubercularis, and gives it a north - ern distribution. Both opinions appear to be incorrect. 004 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [648] CERITHIOPSIS EMERSONIT Adams. Plate XXIV, fig. 151. (p. 417.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, p. 240, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 387, fig. 649 Cerithium Enersonii C. B. Adams, op. cit., p. 284, Plate 4, fig. 10, 1838; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 275, fig. 180. Cape Cod to Soath Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, 3 to 10 fathoms, shell, . Nantucket a ds ta »); Huntington and Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith)... Poggjn an tiie Miocene of North Carolina, (Conrad). Jeffreys (in Britisx Conchology, vol. iv, p. 257) regards this species as identical with Cerithium metula Lovén, 1846, on the authority of Danielssen. This appears to be an erroneous identification. CERITHIOPSIS TEREBRALIS Adams. Plate XXIV, fig. 150. (p. 417.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 241, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 389, fig. 650. Cerithium terebraleC. B. Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p, 320, Plate 5, fig. 7, 1840; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 276, fig. 181. Cerithium terebellum C. Bb. Adams, Catalogue Genera and Species of Recent Shells in Collection of C. B. A., p. 13, 1847. Cape Cod to South Carolina, Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, 2 to 12 fathoms, not uncommon. New Bedford, Massachusetts (Adams). Greenport and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). TRIFORIS NIGROCINCTUS pores Plate XXIV, fig. 152. (p. 305.) Smithsonian Check-List, p. 5, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 323, fig. 592. Cer- ithium nigrocinctum C.B. Aerie. Boston Jour. Nat. Hist. ., Vol. ii, p. 286, Plate 4, fig. 11, 1838; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 277, fig. 182. Cape Cod to South Carolina. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, low-water to 10 fathoms, not uncommon; near New Haven; and Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. Dartmouth, Massachusetts (Adams). Hunt- ington and Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Fort Macon (Coues): BITTIUM NIGRUM Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 154. (p. 305.) Smithsonian Check-List, p. 5, 1860; Gould, Invert.,‘ed. ii, p. 321, fig. 590. Pasi- thea nigra Totten, American Jour. of Science, vol. xxvi, p. 369, Plate 1, fig.7> 1834. Cerithium reticulatum Totten, op. cit., vol. xxviii, p. 352, fig. 8, 1835 (non Da Costa). Cerithium Sayi Menke (t. Gould); Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 278, fig. 183. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina; local north of Cape Cod, in Boston Harbor (Totten), and in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Pictou and Prince Edward’s Island (Dawson). It is not found on the coast of Maine nor in the Bay of Fundy. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, abundant, low-water to 8 fathoms, among alge and eel-grass; Long Island Sound; and Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, abundant. Fort Macon (Coues). The Bittium alternatum (Turritella alternata Say, 1822) is a very closely related species, and probably identical with this. Turritella erosa Couthouy, recorded, with a mark of doubt, by Lin- ley, as from the stomach of a cod, off Stonington, Conn., was perhaps [649] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 355 incorrectly identified. It may have been a worn Cerithiopsis terebralis. The true 7. erosa is a decidedly northern species, comimon in Casco Bay and the Bay of Fundy, and extend’ northward * “the Arctic Ocean, and southward on the northern coe * of wares a id on the North Pacific coast of America. It has not 0, recorded ™5m south of Cape Cod by any one except Linsley. VERMETUS RADICULA Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 167. (p. 417.) Shells of New England, p. 37, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed ii, p. 316, fig. 584. Ver- metus lumbricalis Gould, ed. i, p. 246, and various other American authors, (non Lamarck). Cape Cod to Florida. Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, 3 to 10 fathoms, not uncommon; Long Island Sound. Fort Macon, North Carolina, common, (Coues). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North Carolina. CCUM PULCHELLUM Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 158. (p. 417.) Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. iv, p. 112, 1851; Shells of New England, p. 36, Plate 2, fig. 3, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 315, fig. 583. Vineyard Sound, 1 to 4 fathoms, and dead on shore at Nobsea Beach. New Bedford (Stimpson). Greenport, Long Island, 10 fathoms, sand, (S. Smith). Dead shells of this species readily lose the outer layer, in which the annulations are formed; they then become white and smooth, without any trace of annulations, and might be mistaken for a different species. CzcUM COOPERI Smith. Sanderson Smith, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 154, 1860 ; op. cit., vol. ix, p. 393, fig. 3, 1870, (non Carpenter, 1864). Caecum costatum Verrill, American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 283, 1872; this Report, p. 417. Vineyard Sound, 8 to 10 fathoms. Gardiner’s Bay, Long Island, 4 to 5 fathoms, sand, (Smith). The first description of this species was formerly overlooked by me ; as it antedates the description of the Californian species to which Dr. Carpenter gave the same name, the present species must be called Cooperi. In the adolescent stage of growth this species enlarges rather rapidly, and has 12 or 13, distinct, elevated, rounded cost, narrower than the intervals between; the circular grooves are numerous, unequal, inter- rupted over the cost, and broader toward the aperture. The aperture is rounded within; its margin is stellated externally by the costie. CREPIDULA FORNICATA Lamarck. Plate XXIII, fig. 129. (p. 417.) Animaux sans Vert., vol. vii, p. 641; Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadel- phia, vol. ii, p. 225, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 158, fig. 17; ed. ii, p. 271, fig. 532(?). Patella fornicata Liuné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1257. Casco Bay, Maine, to Florida, and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Local north of Massachusetts Bay; in the southern part of 356 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [650] the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Prince Edward’s Island, &c. Halifax (Willis). Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). It is common in the shal- low and sheltered parts of Casco Bay, but has not been found east of the Kennebeck River, on the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Very abundant in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, from low-water to 12 fathoms; in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, low-water to 6 fathoms; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey; and everywhere southward. Egmont Key and Tampa Bay, Florida (E. Jewett). Fossil in the Miocene of Maryland, North and South Carolina; Plio- cene of South Carolina; and Post-Pliocene of North and South Caro- lina, Gardiner’s Island, New York, and Nantucket Island. The fornicata of Linné was described as a Mediterranean species, and may not be identical with the American shell. CREPIDULA PLANA Say. Plate XXIII, fig. 127. Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 226, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 159, fig. 16; ed. ii, p. 272, fig. 533. Crepidula unguiformis Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 50, 1851; this Report, pp. 355, 417 (non Lamarck, 1822), Massachusetts Bay to Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Local and less abundant farther north, in Casco Bay, Maine; Nova Scotia (Willis); Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Bell, Dawson); and Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). Not found on the eastern part cf the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Very common in Vine- yard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, and Long Island Sound, from low-water mark to 12 fathoms, on the outside of oysters, Limuli, and various dead ’ shells, as well as on the inside of various dead univalve shells; in all these situations frequently associated with the preceding species, but no intermediate forms have been observed. Fossil in the Miocene of North and South Carolina; Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner’s Island, New York, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida. The Mediterranean shell, C. unguiformis Lamarck, is a distinct species. CREPIDULA CONVEXA Say. Plate XXIII, fig. 128. (p. 355.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 227, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 160, fig. 15; ed. ii, p. 273, fig. 534. Crepidula glauca Say, op. cit., p. 226; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 274, fig. 5355 ed. i, p. 151, fig. 14. Crepidula acuta H. C. Lea, American Jour. Science, ser. i, vol. xlii, p. 108, Plate 1, fig: 4, 1842. Massachusetts Bay to Florida. Less abundant and #oeal farther north ; at Quahog Bay, Maine; Nova Scotia (Willis); and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Very common in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, Long Island Sound, shores of Long Island,and Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). Georgia (Couper). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Virginia and South Carolina. The distribution of this species is probably identical with that of Hu- pagurus longicarpus and Ilyanassa obsoleta, with which it is nearly always [651] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 357 associated. At Quahog Bay, Maine, this species occurs on the back of the dead shells of J. obsoleta, which are occupied by the hermit-erab, just as in the waters of Southern New England; and these, with numer- ous other southern forms associated with them, constitute a genuine southern colony, occupying a warm, sheltered bay, surrounded on all sides by the northern fauna. The depressed variety (glauca) is found chiefly on broad and nearly flat surfaces of large bivalve shells, stones, &c. The very convex varie- ties adhere mainly to the surfaces of small convex univalves. CRUCIBULUM STRIATUM Adams. Plate XXIII, figs. 125, 126. (p. 417.) H.and A. Adams, Genera of Recent Mollusca, vol. i, p. 366; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 275, fig. 536. Calyptra@a (Dispotewa) striata Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 216, 1836. Crucibulum (Dispotea) striata HW. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 366, 1858. Bay of Fundy to New Jersey. Eastport Harbor and Bay of Fundy, low-water mark to 30 fathoms, common; Frenchman’s Bay and Mount Desert, Maine, 3 to 10 fathoms, common; Casco Bay, Maine, 6 to 40 fathoms; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, 3 to 12 fathoms, not un- common. Gardiner’s Bay and Montauk Point, Long Island (S. Smith). Off New London, Conn. (coll. T. M. Prudden). Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). Northern New Jersey (Say). LITTORINA IRRORATA Gray. (p. 372.) Zoology of Captain Beechey’s Voyage, p. 133, Plate 38, fig. 1, 1839. Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 311, fig. 579. Turbo irroratus Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Phil- adelphia, vol. ii, p. 239, July, 1822; Binney’s Say, p. 81. Phasianella sulcata Lamarck, Animaux sans Vert., ed. i, vol. vii, p. 54, Aug., 1822; ed. ii, vol. ix, p. 244. Littorina sulcata Deshayes, in Lamarck, op. cit., vol. ix, p. 203, 1843. Vineyard Sound to Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico. Vineyard Sound, sparingly; Long Island Sound, near New Haven,rare. Stratford,Connecticut, on high sedge (Linsley). Hunting- ton, Long Island (S. Smith). Comparatively rare and local north of Mary- land; very abundant farther south. Many of the shells of this species found on our shores have undoubt- edly been brought from Virginia and Maryland with the southern oys- ters planted in our waters, but it is probably indigenous in certain localities. LITTORINA RUDIS. Plate XXIV, fig. 137. (p. 305.) Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 257, fig. 165, 1841; ed. ii, p. 304, fig. 575. Turbo rudis Maton, Nat. Hist. and Antiq. West. Count., vol. i, p. 277, 1797, (t. Jefireys) ; Donovan, British Shells, vol. i, Plate 33, fig. 3, 1800, (t. Gould.) Turbo obligatus Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. il, p. 241, 1822. Turbo vestitus Say, op. cit., p. 241, 1822 (variety fenebrosa). Littorina Groénlandica Moller, in Kroyer’s Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 82, 1842. Turbo tenebrosus Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 303, Plate 20, fig. 4,1803 (variety). Littorina tenebrosa Gould, ed. i, p. 259, fig. 166 ; ed. ii, p. 306, fig. 576. Among the additional names that appear to have been applied to the various 358 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [652] states of this variable species are: ZL. saxatilis Johnson ; Turbo sulcatus Leach ; Turbo jugosus Montagu; L. patula(var.) Jettreys; L. neglecta Bean ; T. ventricosus Brown; L. marmorata Pfeiffer; Nerita littorea Fabricius (non Linné); L. Grénlandica Miller, Lovén, Moérch; L. rudissina Bean; L. zonaria Bean; L. neglecta Bean, ete. é Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, northward to the Arctic Ocean ; Greenland ; Iceland ; Spitzbergen. Northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain and Spain. Local south of Long Island Sound; abundant on all the rocky shores of Southern New England, from New York to Cape Cod, and at the eastern end of Long Island; local at Great Egg Har- bor. among Fucus, on the stones of an old pier. Extremely abundant on all the northern shores of New England and northward. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Great Britain, and Scandinavia. LITTORINA PALLIATA. Plate XXIV, fig. 138. (p. 305.) Gould, Invert. of Mass., ed. i, p. 260, fig. 167, 1841; ed. ii, p. 309, fig. 578. Turbo palliatus Say, op. cit., p. 240, 1822. Littorina neritoidea Dekay, Mollusca New York, p. 105, Plate 6, figs. 109-111 (non Turbo neritoidea Linné). Littorina littoralis Stimpson, Shells of New England, p.33, (non Forbes and Hanley ; non Nerita litloralis Linné). Turbo littoralis Fabricius, Fauna Greenlandica, p. 402, 1780 (non Linné). Litlorina arctica Moller, Kroyer’s Tidsskrift, vol. iv, p. 82, 1842. (?) Littorina limata Lovén, Ofversigt af Kongl. Vet.-Akad. Férhandlingar, vol. iii, p. 154, 1846. Littorina Peconica 8. Smith, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. vii, p. 155, 1860. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, to the Arctic Ocean; Greenland, Spitzbergen, Finmark, and Norway. Very abundant from New York to Cape Cod and northward, wherever Fuci grow on rocks between tides ; local and less abundant south of Long Island Sound. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Great Britain and Scandinavia. Should this species prove to be identical with D. obtusata (Linné, sp.) of Europe, as there is reason to anticipate, its range will be nearly coinci- dent with that of DL. rudis, with which it is always found associated on our coast. Several writers have already united the two forms, but no satisfactory comparisons of large series of specimens, from many local- ities on both coasts, have been made. LACUNA VINCTA Turton. Plate XXIV, fig. 139. (p. 305.) Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 262, figs. 169, 178*, 1841; ed. ii, p. 302, fig. 573. Turbo vincla Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 307, Plate 20, fig. 3, (t. Gould). Trochus divarica- tus Fabricius, Fauna Groénlandica, p. 392, 1780 (non Linné). Lacuna divaricata Lovén, op. cit., p. 155, 1846; Jeffreys, British Conchology, vol. iii, p. 346. According to Jeffreys, the following are among the synonyms or vari- eties of this species: Turbo canalis Montagu; T. quadrifasciata Mont.; Phasianella fasciata, P. bifasciata, P. cornea, and P. striata Brown; La- cuna solidula Lovén; DL. labiosa Lovén; L. frigida Lovén. New York to the Arctie Ocean; Greenland, Iceland, Lapland, Sean- dinavia, Great Britain, France; on the Pacific coast of America south- ward to Puget Sound. Long Island Sound, common, but rather local ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island, among alge, in 4 to 5 fathoms; Vineyard [653] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 359 Sound; Buzzard’s: Bay. Very abundant north of Massachusetts Bay, in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, Labrador, ete. Staten Island and Long Island (S. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of northern Great Britain and Scandi- navia. Lacuna neritoidea Gould. American Journ. of Science, vol. xxxviii, p. 197, 1540; Invert., ed. i, p. 263, fig. 170; ed. ii, p. 303, fig. 574. This species is a very doubtful inhabitant of this region, having been recorded by no one except Linsley, 1845, who reports it from Long Island Sound (Oyster River and Long Beach, Stratford, Connecticut). I have never been able to find it in the same region, nor has any one else had better success. Linsley’s specimens may have been incorrectly named. Itoccurs in Massachusetts Bay; at Cape Elizabeth, Casco Bay ; Grand Menan Island, ete.; northward to Greenland ; and on the northern shore of Europe. LITTORINELLA MINUTA Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 140. (p. 469.) Researches upon the Hydrobiine and Allied Forms, p. 42, May, 1865, in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections. Turbo minutus Totten, American Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xxvi, p. 369, fig. 6,1834. Cingula minuta Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 265, fig. 171. Rissoa minuta Gould, op. cit., ed. ii, p. 298, fig. 566. crobia minuta (provisional name) Stimpson, op. cit., p. 42, 1865. ? Cingula modesta Lea, Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. v, p. 238, Plate 24, fig. 5, The tentacles in this species are rather short, scarcely exceeding the breadth of the head, slightly tapering, blunt; the eyes are on low prom- inences on the outer side of the bases of the tentacles; rostrum large, stout, transversely wrinkled, longer than the tentacles, tapering some- what, but divided at the end by a deep emargination into two rounded lobes, which are often somewhat expanded. oot short and broad, sub- truncate anteriorly, with the angles broad and but little produced, pos- terior end broadly rounded. New Jersey to Nova Scotia and Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Abundant along the brackish and muddy shores of Long Island Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy. It is not confined to brackish waters, but often occurs also on the ocean shores, under stones between tides. LITTORINELLA LZVIS Verrill. Cingula levis Dekay, Natural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 111, Plate 6, fig. 118 (poor), 1843. Odostomia limnoidea (Dekay, MSS.), Linsley, Amer. Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 284, 1845 (no description). (?)Rissoa Stimpsoni 8. Smith, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist., New York, vol. ix, p. 393, fig. 2, 1870. Long Island Sound, near New Haven. Stratford, Connectieut (Linsley); near New York (Dekay); Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). 360 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [654] RISSOA ACULEUS Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 141.. (p. 306.) Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851; Shells of New England, p. 34; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 299, fig. 568. Cingula aculeus Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 266, fig. 172, 1841. Trochus striatellus Fabricius, Fauna Groénl., p. 393, (non Linné). (?)Rissoa saxatilis Moller, Index Mollusca Gronl., in Kroyer’s Tids- skrift, vol. iv, p. 82, 1843. (?)Rissoa arctica Lovén, Ofversigt af Kongl., Vet.- Akad. Férhandlingar, vol. iii, p. 156, 1846. Long Island Sound to Greenland. New Haven, Connecticut, and vicin- ity, common. Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vineyard Sound ; Stratford, Connecticut (Linsley); Gull Island (Smith). Common on the shores of Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy. Lovéw’s R. arctica was from Finmark, and, to judge from the de- scriptions, may not be identical with our species. Mr. Jeffreys regards it as a variety of R. striata of Europe. He also unites the American shell with &. striata, thus: ‘The variety arctica (under the specific name aculeus given to it by Professor Stimpson) inhabits the northern sea-board of the United States.” (See British Conchology, vol. iv, p. 38). It is natural to infer that a writer who does not appear to have seen the accurate description and figure of this species published in the well-known work of Dr. Gould, ten years previous to Dr. Stimpson’s earliest publications, cannot have devoted much time or attention to the American shells, and therefore his opinions should not have too much weight in such cases. In reality, our shell differs widely from &. striata. It agrees more nearly with the English R. proxima (Alder, Forbes and Hanley), but apparently differs from it in the soft parts. The foot in our shell is broadly and slightly rounded anteriorly, with the angles only slightly produced, and tapers backward to a bluntly-rounded posterior end. The tentacles are long, slender, slightly tapering, with blunt tips. The eyes are situated near their bases on the dorso-lateral aspect, and are searcely elevated above the general surface. The snout is rather long, often a little expanded at the end, and divided by a deep emargination into two lobes, which often, in a dorsal view, show a slight emargina- tion on their outer surface. No opercular cirrus was observed. This species belongs to the genus Onoba of H. and A. Adams. The R. saxatilis was described by Moller as having the whorls smooth, but he refers to T. striatellus of Fabricius, which had spiral striations, as in our species. RISSOA EXARATA Stimpson. (p. 495.) Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851; Shells of New England, p. 34, Plate 1, fig. 3, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 301, fig. 571. Cingula arenaria Mighels and Adams, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 49, Plate 4, fie. 24, 1842 (non Montagu, sp.). issoa Mighelsii Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 15, 1851; Shells of New England, p. 34; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 301, (but not figure 570, which is probably R. sulcosa). Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to5 fathoms, among rocks and algie (white variety) ; Casco Bay, [655] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 361 6 to 25 fathoms; Bay of Fundy, 4 to 20 fathoms. Fossil in the Post- Pliocene of Canada. This species is usually brownish or chestuut-color, but is also frequently white. Rissoa eburnea Stimpson, has been recorded (as Lissoella (?) eburnea) by Dr. G. H. Perkins, from Long Island Sound, near New Haven, but I have seen no undoubted shells of this species from any locality south of Massachusetts Bay. The shell referred to by Dr. Perkins was beach- worn, and may have been some other species. The figure given in the second edition of Gould’s Invertebrata (fig. 564, p. 297), does not rep- resent this species. See the figure in Stimpson’s Shells of New England, Plate 1, figs. 1, la. This shell appears to be a Jeffreysia. From Huntington, Long Island, | have seen a shell closely resembling Rissoa latior Stimpson, (M. and Adams, sp.), if not identical with it. SKENEA PLANORBIS. Plate XXIV, fig. 142. (p. 383.) Forbes and Hanley, British Mollusca, vol iii, p. 156, Plate 74, figs. 1-3, and Plate G, G, figs. 1 and la (animal); Stimpson, Shells of New England, p.35; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 296, fig. 563. Turbo planorbis Fabricius, Fauna Groul., p. 394, 1780. Skenea serpuloides Gould, Invert., ed. i, 247, fig. 189. Long Island Sound to Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, Scandinavia ; and northern and eastern coasts of Europe generally, to England and France. Near New Haven, Connecticut, common; Watch Hill, Rhode Island ; Cuttyhunki{sland. Very common on all rocky shores in Massa- chusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Scotland and Scandinavia. STYLIFER STIMPSONII Verrill. (p. 460.) American Journal of Science, vol. iii, pp. 210 and 283, 1872. Shell white, short, swollen, broad oval; spire short, rapidly enlarging. Whorls four or five, the last one forming a large part of the shell; con- vex, rounded, with the suture impressed, surface smooth, or with very faint strive of growth; a slightly impressed revolving line just below the suture. Aperture large and broad. Length about .15 of an inch ; breadth, .12. Parasitic on the dorsal surface of Strongylocentrotus Drébachiensis, from off New Jersey, in 35 fathoms (Captain Gedney); and Saint George’s Bank, north latitude 41° 25’, west longitude 65° 50’, 3”, in 60 fathcms, (S. I. Smith). EULIMA OLEACEA Kurtz and Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 149. (p. 418.) Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 115, 1851; Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 39, Plate 1, fig 6, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 352, fig. 603. Vineyard Sound to Beaufort, North Carolina. In Vineyard Sound it is not uncommon on Thyone Briareus, in 4 to 10 fathoms. Buzzard’s Bay (Stimpson). 062 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [656] ODOSTOMIA PRODUCTA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 143. (p. 418.) Invert., ed. i, p. 270, fig. 175, 1841; ed. ii, p. 325, fig. 593. Jaminia producta Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. ili, p. 322, Plate 3, fig. 8, 1840. Vineyard Sound to New Jersey. ODOSTOMIA FUSCA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 144. (p. 307.) Invert., ed. i, p. 270, fig. 176; ed. ii, p. 325, fig. 594. Pyramis fusca Adams, op. cit., vol ii, p. 282, Plate 4, fig. 9, 1839. Cape Cod to New Jersey. This species is referred both to Turbonilla and Odostomia by H. and A. Adains, in the same work (Genera Moll., pp. 231, 232). ODOSTOMIA DEALBATA Stimpson. Smithsonian Check-List, p. 5, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 327, fig. 595. Chemnitzia dealbata Stimpson, Proc., Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 114, 1851; Shells of New England, p. 41. Long Island Sound to Boston Harbor. New Haven, Connecticut (Perkins). Boston (Stimpson). ODOSTOMIA BISUTURALIS Gould. (p. 307.) Invert., ed. ii, p. 327, (not fig. 597). Turritella bisuturalis Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 244, 1822. Chemmnitzia bisuturalis Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 42. Jaminia exigua Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, Plate 1, fig. 7, 1838. Odostomia exigua Gould, Invert., ed.i, p. 272, fig. 177. New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Boston (Say); Chelsea (Couthouy) ; Staten Island; Greenport, and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith). Not uncommon in Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard’s Bay. The figure (597) in the second edition of Gould’s Invertebrata does not represent this species, but apparently a variety of O. trijfida. ODOSTOMIA TRIFIDA Gould. Plate XXIV, figs. 145, 146. (p. 307.) Invert., ed. i, p. 274, fig. 179, 1841; ed. ii, p. 328, fig. 598. Actwon trifidus Totten, Amer. Journ. Science, ser. i, vol. xxvi, p. 368, Plate 1, figs. 4, a, b, 1834. New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay. Staten Island (S. Smith) ; Lynn, Massachusetts (Haskell). Common in Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and Buzzard’s Bay. ODOSTOMIA IMPRESSA Stimpson. Plate XXIV, fig. 147. (p. 418.) American Journ. Science, vol. xxiy, p. 444, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 330, fig. 600. Odostomia insculpta Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Mollusca, p. 115, - Plate 31, fig. 297, 1843. Turritella impressa Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel- phia, vol. ii, p. 244, 1822; Binney’s Say, p. 84. Chemmnitzia impressa Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 42, 1851. f, Long Island Sound to South Carolina. Near New Haven, Connecticut, rare. East River (Dekay); Maryland (Say); Beaufort, North Carolina (Stimpson, Coues). [657] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 363 ODOSTOMIA SEMINUDA Gould. Plate XXIV, fig. 148. (p. 418.) Invert., ed. i, p. 273, fig. 178, 1841; ed. ii, p. 329, fig. 599. Jaminia seminuda C, B. Adams, Boston Journal Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 280, Plate 4, fig. 13, 1839. Chemnitzia seminuda Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 42, 1851. Turbonilla seminuda H. and A. Adams, Genera Moll., vol. i, p. 231. Massachusetts Bay to South Carolina. Common in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, in 2 to 10 fathoms ; Long Island Sound, less common, Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson). Greenport and Huntington, Long Island (S. Smith). J*ort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). TURBONILLA INTERRUPTA Adams. (p. 418.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. i, p. 231, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 231, fig, 601 (bad figure). Turrilella interrupta Totten, Amer. Jour. Science, ser. i, vol: > ? ’ XXVill, p. 352, fig. 7, 13835; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 268, fig. 173 (incorrect). Cape Cod to South Carolina. Quite common in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, in 3 to 10 fathoms; Long Island Sound, off Thimble Islands and New Haven, 3 to 5 fathoms, rather rare. Huntington and Greenport (S. Smith). Dartmouth, Massachusetts (Adams). New- port, Rhode Island (Totten). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). I have received from Prof. E. 8. Morse specimens of this shell ob- tained from mud in the harbor of Portland, Maine, but they are dead and bleached. I am not aware that it has been found living so far north on our coast. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of South Carolina. Lovén records this species as from the coast of Norway, but possibly his shell is a different species, or else a variety of 7. rufa of Southern Europe, which is certainly very closely related to our species, and is con- sidered the same by Jeffreys. If so, the name given by Totten has prece- dence of rufa (Philippi, 1836). Farther and more extensive compari- sons must be made before the identity of the two forms can be estab- lished. The figure given in the first edition of Gould’s Invertebrata, and copied in the second edition, does not correctly represent this shell, and was, perhaps, drawn from some other species, for it does not agree with Gould’s description, which is accurate. The spire, as represented, is too acute and too rapidly tapered; the last or body whorl is too large; the aperture has not the right form; and the peculiar sculpture is not brought out at all. Totten’s figure, though somewhat coarse, is char- acteristic. TURBONILLA ELEGANS Verrill. Plate XXIV, fig. 155. (p. 418.) American Journal of Science, ser. iii, vol. iii, pp. 210, 282, Plate 6, fig. 4, 1S72. Shell light yellowish, elongated, moderately slender, acute. Whorls ten or more, well rounded, not distinctly flattened; suture rather deeply impressed; surface somewhat lustrous, with numerous rounded vertical costw, narrower than the concave interspaces, fading out below the middle of the last whorl; and with numerous fine revoly- 25 V 364 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. 658 | ing grooves, which are interrupted on the cost, but distinct in the in- tervals; on the upper whorls there are about five; and on the lower half of the last whorl usually five or six distinct and continuous ones, Aperture broad oval, anteriorly rounded and slightly effuse; outer lip thin, sharp; columella nearly straight at base within, slightly revolute outwardly, regularly curved anteriorly where it joins the outer lip, and not forming an angle with it. The epidermis is thin, light yellow, sometimes with a darker, yellowish, revolving band on the middle of the last whorls, and also with the revolving striz darker. Vineyard Sound,6 to10 fathoms; Long Island Sound, near New Haven; 5 fathoms. TURBONILLA AREOLATA Verrill, sp. nov. Shell small, slender, with eight or more whorls, slightly obelisk- shaped, owing to the more rapid narrowing of the upper whorls; apical or nuclear whorl very small, reversed; the other whorls are moderately convex, somewhat flattened in the middle, and crossed by numerous rather crowded, narrow, transverse costie, of which there are twenty- five or more on the lower whorls; interstices interrupted by numerous rather conspicuous, revolving, impressed lines, of which there are about six on the upper whorls; these divide the interstices into series of pretty regular, small, squarish pits, but do not cross the costie; the body- whorl is subangulated below the middle, where the cost disappear, below which the base is marked only by fine revolving lines; suture impressed. Aperture oval, acute posteriorly, rounded and slightly spreading anteriorly ; outer lip sharp, thin, slightly angulated below the middle, rounded and slightly effuse anteriorly; colemella smooth, somewhat curved, scarcely forming an angle at its junction with the outer lip. Length, 4™™; breadth, 1.5™™. Long Island Sound, near New Haven. The crowded cost and numerous spiral lines produce a closely can- cellated appearance, which is sufficient to distinguish this from the two preceding species. From the following it differs much in sculpture, form, Shape of aperture, and columella, and especially in the minute size of the apical whori. , TURBONILLA COSTULATA Verrill, sp. nov. Shell small, long conical, translucent, glossy white, banded faintly with pale brown, subacute, with a relatively large, smooth, reversed apical whorl; the other whorls are six or more, flattened, and but slightly convex, enlarging regularly, crossed by numerous straight, smooth, rounded, transverse cost, of which there are upward of twenty on the lower whorls ; interstices rather narrower than the cost, deep, and interrupted by numerous very minute revolving lines, which are scarcely visible under an ordinary pocket-lens, and do not cross the cost ; suture impressed. The body-whorl is subangulated below the {659] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 365 iniddle, the costz vanishing at the angulation ; the base is covered with numerous microscopic revolving lines ; on the body-whorl there are two revolving bands of pale brown, one above and one below the angulation. Aperture long ovate, acute posteriorly, alittle angulated on the outer side, rounded and slightly prolonged anteriorly. Outer lip thin and sharp, round and slightly effuse anteriorly ; columella smooth, nearly straight, but scarcely forming an angle where it joins the outer lip. Length, 4mm; breadth, 1.5", Somewhat resembles 7. interrupta, but the cost are more crowded, the spiral lines are very much finer and more numerous, and the nuclear-whorl is much larger. Long Island Sound, near New Haven, Conn. TURBONILLA STRICTA Verrill, sp. nov. Shell white, subulate, very acute, with a very minute reversed apical whorl; whorls ten, besides the nucleus, gradually and regularly enlarg- ing, flattened or only very slightly convex, crossed by straight, obtuse, transverse costie, of which there are about sixteen or eighteen on the lower whorls; the two upper whorls are nearly smooth; suture im- pressed. Aperture irregularly oblong-ovate, acute posteriorly, rounded anteriorly ; outer lip flattened, thickened internally, in mature shells, and minutely crenulate within; columella smooth, nearly straight, thickened, forming an angle where it joins the outer lip. Length, 4.5™™ ; breadth, 1™™. Long Island Sound, off New Haven, Connecticut. This is probably the shell recorded from this region as 7. nivea (Stimp- sou, sp.) by Dr. G. H. Perkins. It differs from the nivea in the form of the aperture and lip, and in being smaller and much more acute, though having the same number of whorls. TURBONILLA EQUALIS Verrill. Turritella wqualis Say, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, vol. v, p. 202, 1826; Bin ney’s Say, p. 119. * Shell subulate, white; volutions ten, each with about twenty-two, transverse, elevated, obtuse, equal lines, with interstitial grooves of the same diameter; suture distinet, impressed; aperture rounded at base, and destitute of any distinct emargination. Length one-fifth of an inch.” (Say.) My specimens agree well with the above description. The shell is very slender and acute, with a small distinctly reversed apical whorl ; the remaining nine whorls are somewhat flattened, and all are crossed by obtuse, transverse costie, which are a little oblique, especially at the upper ends, close to the sutures; on the body-whorl there are about twenty, but fewer on the upper ones; at the base of the body-whorl they vanish, leaving it smooth; the interstices between the cost are deep and apparently smooth. The aperture is round ovate, well rounded or sub-cireular anteriorly; the inner lip having a raised and thin 366 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [660] margin. Length, 4.5™™; breadth, 1.25""™. Vineyard Sound, 6 to 8 fathoms. Menestho albula Miller (Fabricius, sp.), was recorded by Linsley (as Pyramis striatula Couth.) from the stomachs of ducks at Bridgeport, Connecticut. It has not been found south of Cape Cod by any one else, and as it is a rare deep-water shell on our northern coast, it is not likely to have been obtained by ducks. It is found in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and northward to Greenland. Linsley’s shell may have been Odostomia impressa. SCALARIA LINEATA Say. Plate XXI, fig. 123. (p. 418.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 242, 1822; Binney’s Say, pp. 83, 180, Plate 27, lower left figure; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 250; ed. ii, p. 312, fig. 580. Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay,and Long Island Sound; southward to South Carolina and Georgia. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina. SCALARIA MULTISTRIATA Say. Plate X-XI, fig. 122. (p. 418.) Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. v, p. 208, 1826; Amer. Conchology, iii, Plate 27; Binney’s Say, pp. 119, 180, Plate 27, lower right figure; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 313, fig. 581. Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay and Leng Island Scand; southward to Florida. Fossil in the Post-Plioceue of South Carolina. ScALARIA ANGULATA Say. American Conchology, iii, Plate 27, upper figures, 1831, as a variety of S. clathrus ; Sowerby, Thes. Conch., partiv, p. 86, Plate 32, fig.5, 1844. Scalaria Humphreysii Kiener, Iconographie des Coquilles Viv., p. 15, Plate 5, fig. 16, 1838-9. Connecticut to Florida. Stonington (Linsley); Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Outer beach at Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey (A. E. V.); Fort Macon and Beaufort, North Carolina, common, (Stimpson, Coues); South Carolina (Kiener). Rare and perhaps accidental north of New Jersey. ScALARTA GRGEINLANDICA Perry. Conch., 1811, (t. Mérch); Sowerby, Thesaurus Conch., part iv, p. 101, Plate 34. figs. 105, 106, 1844; Gouid, Invert., ed. i, p. 249, fig. 170*; ed. ii, p. 314, fig, 582. Turbo clathrus Groenlandicus Chemnitz, Conch., xi, t. 1878, 1879 (t. Gould). Scalaria subulata Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 93, Plate 3, fig. 4, 1838. Cape Cod to the Arctic Ocean, and northern coasts of Europe, south- ward to Bergen. South Shoals, off Nantucket (Agassiz, t. Stimpson). Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from 10 to 109 fathoms. Fossil in the Post-Plicoene of Nantucket, rare, (Desor); and in the Red-Crag, Norwich-Crag, and later deposits in Great Britain. Janthina fragilis Lamarck ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 240; ed. ii, p. 277. This has been found cast ashore at Nantucket, but probably does not occur living so far north. It inhabits the Gulf Stream farther south. {661] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 367 RHIPIDOGLOSSA. MARGARITA OBSCURA Gould, Plate XXIV, fig. 156. (p. 508.) Invert., ed. i, p. 253, fig. 171", 18415; ed. il, p. 283, fig. 545. Turbo obscurus Cou- thouy, Boston Journ, Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 100, Plate 3, fig. 2, 1838. Stonington, Connecticut, to Labrador. Rareand confined to the outer waters south of Cape Cod; off Martha’s Vineyard, 20 to 25 fathoms. Stonington, from haddock’s stomach, (Linsley). Common in Massachu- setts Bay, Casco Bay, and in the Bay of Fundy, from extreme low- water mark to 100 fathoms. East of Saint George’s Bank, in 430 fath- oms, (S. I. Smith). Margarita ornata Dekay, N. Y. Mollusea, p. 107, Plate 6, fig. 104, 1843, was described as occurring in the vicinity of New York, but I have not met with it in Long Island Sound, DOCOGLOSSA. ACMA TESTUDINALIS Forbes and Hanley. Plate XXIV, figs. 159, 159a. (p. 307.) British Mollusca, vol. ii, p. 434, Plate 62, figs. 8,9, and Plate A A, fig. 2; Car- penter, Report of British Association for 1856, pp. 219, 366, 1857; Dall (sub- genus, Collisella Dall), American Journal of Conchology, vol. vi, p. 249, 1871. Lottia testudinalis Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 153, fig. 12. Tectura testudinalis Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 267, fig. 529. Patella testudinalis Miiller, Prodromus Zool. Danica, p. 227, 1776. Variety alveus. (tig. 159 a). Patella alveus Conrad, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. vi, Plate 11, fig.20, 1831. Lottia alveus Gould, Invert., ed. i, p- 154, fig. 13. Tectura alveus Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 269, fig. 530. Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean ; cireumpolar. It extends southward on the European coasts to Southern Sweden, England, and Ireland; in the North Pacific, southward to Sitka and the Island of Jesso, Japan. It is comparatively rare and local south of Cape Cod ; at New Haven, very rare; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Martha’s Vine- yard, Cuttyhunk, and adjacent islands. Huntington and Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Fossilin the Post-Pliocene of Labrador (Pack- ard); Greenland, Scandinavia, and Great Britain. POLYPLACOPHORA. CHATOPLEURA APICULATA Carpenter. Plate XXV, fig. 167. Chiton apiculatus Say, Amer. Conch., part vii, appendix, (?) 1834; Binney’s Say, p- 231; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 146, fig. 20; ed. ii, p. 258, fig. 522. Lepto- chiton apiculatus, this Report, p. 399. Cape Cod to Eastern and Western Florida. Common in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, in 5 to 12 fathoms, shelly. Off New Lon- don, Connecticut (coll. T. M. Prudden),. Dr. P. P. Carpenter informs me that this species belongs to the genus Chetopleura of Gray (non Adams). 368 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. —[ 662} TRACHYDERMON RUBER Carpenter. Plate XXV, fig. 166. Chiton ruber Lowe, Zo6l. Journ., vol. ii, p. 101, Plate 5, fig. 2 (t. Gould); Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 149, fig. 24; ed. ii, p. 260, fig. 523. Leptochiton ruber H. and A. Adams, Genera, voli, p. 473; this Report, p. 39% Off New London, Connecticut, to the Arctic Ocean and northern coasts of Europe. Rare and local in the colder outer waters south of Cape Cod. Off New London, 8 fathoms; off Watch Hill, 5 fathoms. Stonington (Linsley). Very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, from low-water mark to 40 fathoms. Dr. Carpenter assures me that this species should be referred to Trachydermon. Linsley records ‘ Chiton fulminatus Couth.” (= C. marmoreus Gould, Invert., ed. il, p. 261, fig. 524) as from cod-fish taken off Stonington, Con- necticut, but as it has not been confirmed from south of Cape Cod, this must be regarded as a doubtful identification. This species is found from Massachusetts Bay northward to the Aretic Ocean and northern coasts of Europe. It is common in the Bay of Fundy, from low-water mark to 40 fathoms, on ‘nullipore” (Lithothamnion). “ Chiton albus” (= Trachydermon albus, t. Carpenter) has been men- tioned as trom this region, but probably erroneously. White specimens of C. apiculata are often mistaken for it, when superficially examined. The genuine albus isa northern species, with about the same distribution as the preceding. It is abundant in the Bay of Fundy, from low-water to 80 fathoms. PULMONATA. MELAMPUS BIDENTATUS Say. Plate X XV, figs. 169, 169a. (p. 463.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 245, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. ll, p. 467, fig. 721. 8, 1840; Gouldia lunulata Conrad, Catal. of Miocene Shells, in Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. xiv, p. 578, 1862. Florida and northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod. Common, living, and of large size, in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, especially at Wood’s Hole, 3 to 10 fathoms. Stonington, in stomach of cod (Linsley). Huntington ‘and Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Off New London, Connecticut (coll. T. M. Prudden). Fort Macon (Coues). South Carolina (Kurtz). West Florida (E. Jewett). Tampa Bay (Conrad). 392 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [686] Fossil (@. lunulata) in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina ; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Maryland and Virginia. The fossil shell is probably identical with the recent one, but I have not had suitable specimens of the former for comparison; if identical, the species should be called G@. lunulata. LUCINA FILOSA Stimpson. Plate X XIX, fig. 212. (p. 509.) Shells of New England, p. 17, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 98, fig. 404. Lu- cina radula Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 69 (non Montagu, sp.). ? Lueina contracta, ‘Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. iv, p. 145, Plate 10, fig. 8; Conrad, Fossils of the Medial Tertiary of U.S., p. 40, Plate 20, fig. 5, 1840. Stonington, Connecticut, to Maine. Off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; Casco Bay and Portland Harbor. Stonington (Linsley). Boston Harbor (Stimpson). Phillip’s Beach (Holder). Rhode Island (Conrad, as L. contracta). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner’s Island (S. Smith). L. con- tracta occurs in the Miocene of Virginia; it was formerly regarded by Conrad as identical with the recent shell from Rhode Island, but is probably a distinct, though closely-allied species. Mr. Jeffreys identi- fied this species with JZ. borealis (Linné) of Hurope; the latter is also found on the Pacific coast at Vancouver Island and Catalina Island (Cooper and P. P. Carpenter). CYCLAS DENTATA. Plate X XIX, fig. 211. (p. 418.) Lucina dentata Wood, General Conchology, p. 195, Plate 46, fig. 7, 1815 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 99, fig. 45. Lucina divaricata Gould, Invert., ed. 1, p. 70, (non Linné, sp). Lucina strigilla Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 17, 1851. . Brazil and West Indies to Cape Cod. Not uncommon, dead, but rarely obtained living, in Vineyard Sound, 6 to 14 fathoms. Coney Island (S. Smith). Nantucket (Gould). St. George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). Fort Ma- eon, North Carolina, abundant, (Coues, Yarrow). Georgia (Couper). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Florida; and in the Pliocene of South Carolina. The same, or a closely- related species, (£. Conradi D’Orb., Prod., iii, p. 117, 2194, t. Conrad, in Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phil., 1862, p. 577=L. divaricata Conrad, Fossils of Med. Tert., p. 38, Plate 20, fig. 3) occurs in the Miocene of Virginia. CRYPTODON GouULDIT Adams. Plate X XIX, fig. 213. (p. 509.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 470, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 100, fig. 406. Lucina Gouldii Philippi, Zeitsch. f. Malak., 1845, p. 74 (t. Gould). Thyasira Gouldii Stimpson, Shells of New Eng., p. 17, 1851. Lucina flexuosa Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 71, fig. 52 (non Montagu, sp.). Stonington, Connecticut, to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Block Island, 29 fathoms; Buzzard’s Bay, 6 fathoms, mud; common in Mas- sachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 5 to 60 fathoms, muddy and sandy. Nova Scotia (Willis). Gaspé, Canada (Whiteaves). Mur- ray Bay (Dawson). Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 20 to 300 fathoms (White- [687] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 393 aves). Greenland (Méreh). Labrador, 15 to 50 fathoms, (Packard). Fos- sil in the Post-Pliocene at Montreal, rare, (Dawson); Brunswick, Maine (Packard). Possibly some of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence specimens may belong to the following species. CRYPTODON OBESUS Verrill. Plate XXIX, fig. 214. (p. 509.) American Journ. Science, vol. iii, pp. 211, 287, Plate 7, fig. 2, 1872. Shell white, irregularly and rather coarsely concentrically striated, much swollen in the middle; the transverse diameter nearly equal to the length; the height considerably exceeding the length. The beaks are prolonged and turned strongly to the anterior side. The lunular area is rather large and sunken, somewhat flat, in some cases separated by a slight ridge into an inner and an outer portion. Anterior border with a prominent rounded angle; ventral margin prolonged and round- ed in the middle; posterior side with two strongly-developed flexures, separated by deep grooves. Interior of shell with radiating grooves, most conspicuous toward the ventral edge. Length of the largest specimen, 15™™; height, 18™"; thickness, 15™™. The smaller specimens have about the same proportions. Six single valves, some of them quite fresh, were obtained off No- man’s Land at different localities. They were all right valves, and the smallest was 12.5" of an inch in height. The specimen from Labrador agrees nearly-in form and structure, and is only 5.75™™ in height and 5™™ in length. This species'appears to be more neatly related to C. fleruosus of Eu- rope than to C. Gouldii. The European species is nearly intermediate between the two American shells in form; but judging from the speci- mens that I have had opportunities to examine, the three forms ought to be kept distinct. C. Gouldii is a thinner and more delicate shell, more rounded, relatively much longer, and is seldom more than 6™" to 7" in breadth. Block Island to Labrador. East of Block Island, in 29 fathoms, fine sandy mud; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, mud; Casco Bay, 60 fathoms, mud. Labrador (Packard). East of Saint George’s Bank, 430 fath- oms (S. I. Smith). Turtonia minuta Stimpson. Shells of New England, p. 16, 1851 (non Alder, Forbes and Hanley, ete.); Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 85, fig. 395. Venus minuta Fabricius, Fauna Grinlandica, p. 412, 1780. Turtonia nitida Verrill, Amer. Journ. of Sci. vol. iii, p. 286, Plate 7, figs. 4, 4a, 1872. Massachusetts Bay to Greenland. Common under stones and in rocky pools at low-water, in Massachusetts Bay and Casco Bay. Although this species has not yet been found south of Cape Cod, so far as I am aware, it will probably be found hereafter on the more exposed rocky shores, as at Point Judith, Watch Hill, or on some of the outer islands. 394 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6&8] The American specimens of this shell differ so widely in form, and especially in the structure of the hinge, from all the European speci- mens with which Ihave compared them, as well as from the deserip- tions and figures, that I cannot regard them asidentical. Dr. Gould has well defined the form and external characters of our shell. I have seen no European specimens so elongated in form as the American examples seen by me invariably are, but depend less on the external form than on the structure of the hinge for distinguishing them. (See the greatly en- larged figure in the Amer. Journal of Science). ; Having had opportunities to study northern specimens of this shell, since I gave it the name nitida, I have become fully satisfied that the original shell described by Fabricius is identical with the American species, rather than with the European. His description corresponds well with our best specimens. The European species, if, as I believe, distinct from ours, should, therefore, retain the name 7. purpurea (Mon- tagu, sp.); and minuta should be restored to the American form. KELLIA PLANULATA Stimpson. Plate XXX, fig. 226. (p. 310.) Shells of New England, p. 17, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 83, fig, 393. ellia rubra Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 60, (ron Montagu, sp.). Long Island Sound to Greenland. Near New Haven, Connecticut, rare ; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, 1 to 8 fathoms, not common ; Casco Bay; Eastport, Maine, 8 to 15 fathoms; Bay of Fundy. Montauk and Greenport, Long Island, low-water to 6 fathoms, mud; and Gull Island, low-water, under stones, (S. Smith). Boston Harbor, 5 fathoms, shelly, . (Stimpson). Sable Island, Nova Scotia (Willis). Greenland (Moreh). MoONYTACUTA ELEVATA Stimpson. (p. 418.) Shells of New England, p. 16, 1851 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii. p. 86, fig. 395. Mon- tacuta bidentata Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 59, 1841 (nor Montagu, sp., 1803). Long Island Sound to Massachusetts Bay. Savin Rock, near New Haven, rare; Naushon Island, Vineyard Sound, rare. Greenport, Long Island (S.Sminith). New Bedford (Gould), Chelsea Beach (Stimpson). LEPTON FABAGELLA Conrad. Marine Conchology, p. 53, Plate 11, fig. 3, 1831; Dekay, Nat. History of New York, Mollusca, p. 243, Plate 32, fig. 307, A, B. Rhode Island (Conrad). I have not seen specimens of this shell. It seems to be rare and little known. A closely-related species (L. mactroides Conrad, Fossils Medial Tert., p. 19, Plate X, fig. 5, 1839) is found in the Miocene of Maryland. SOLENOMYA VELUM Say. Plate XXIX, fig. 210. (p. 360.) Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. ii, p. 317, 1822 (Solemya); Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 35; ed. ii, p. 48, fig. 371. North Carolina to Nova Scotia. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey ; Long Island Sound, near New Haven, low-water to 6 fathoms, not uncommon ; [689] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 395 very common in Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound, 1 to 5 fathoms, especially in soft mud, in coves; Chelsea Beach, etc., Massachusetts Bay, common; Casco Bay, rare. Nova Scotia (Willis). Huntington and Greenport, Long Island, rare, (S. Smith). SOLENOMYA BOREALIS Totten. Amer. Jour. Science, vol. xxvi, p. 366, fig. 1, h, i, 1834 (Solemya borealis); Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 36; ed. ii, p. 50, fig. 372. Connecticut to NovaScotia. Newport, Rhode Island (Totten). Chelsea and Nahant, Massachusetts (Gould), Casco Bay and Portland Harbor Yare; Vineyard Sound, at Cuttyhunk Island, rare. Stonington, Connec- ticut (Linsley). This species may prove to be only the mature state of the preceding, but I have never seen specimens intermediate in character. YOLDIA LIMATULA Stimpson. Plate XXX, fig. 232. (p. 432). Shells of New England, p. 9, 1851; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 543, Plate 126, figs. 5, 5b, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 154, fig. 462. Nucula limatula Say, Amer. Conch., ii, Plate 12, middle figures, 1831; Gould, Invert., p. 98, fig. 62. Leda limatula Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 10, 1851. North Carolina to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Long Island Sound; Buzzard’s Bay; Vineyard Sound; Casco Bay, in 2 to 12 fathoms, soft mud; less common in the Bay of Fundy, 4 to 30 fathoms. Beanfort, North Carolina: (Stimpson, Coues). Huntington and Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Nova Scotia (Willis). The specimens from Long Island Sound are as large and fine as the northern ones. — Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Virginia, North and South Carolina; and in the Pliocene of South Carolina. An allied species ( Y levis Say, sp., Conrad) occurs in the Miocene of Maryland and South Carolina. Yoldia myalis Stimpson; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 160, fig. 467; Nucula myalis Couthouy, 1838. This is often confounded with Y. limatula, though quite distinct. It is a more arctic species, ranging from Massachusetts Bay to the Arctic Ocean and Spitzbergen, but it has not been found south of Cape Cod, so far as known to me. The shells reported as such, that I have seen, are Y. limatula. Gould reports the latter as from Nord- land (McAndrew), but we suspect that Y. myalis or Y. sapotilla may have been, in this case, mistaken for Y. limatula. YOLDIA SAPOTILLA Stimpson, 1851. Plate XXX, fig. 231. (p. 509.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 159, fig. 466. Nucula sapotilla Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 100, fig. 61, 1841; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 170, Plate 20, fig. 3. Leda ( Yoldia) sapotilla Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 10, 1851. Yoldia arctica Morch, op. cit., p. 98, 1857 (t. Dawson, from specimen; non Y. arctica Sars). Long Island to the Arctic Ocean, comparatively rare and local, chiefly in deep water, south of Cape Cod. Off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud ; off Buzzard’s Bay, 25 fathoms, sand; east of Block Island, 29 fathoms, 27 V 396 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [690] fine sandy mud; common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, 4 to 100 fathoms, mud. Greenport, Long Island (S. Smith). Massachusetts Bay (Gould), Nova Scotia (Willis). Labrador (Packard). Greenland (Moreh). This species seems to be unknown among our Post-Pliocene shells. Having examined several hundred specimens from many different local- ities and depths, I am satisfied that it is perfectly distinct from Y. lima- tula, with which certain writers are inclined to unite it. Yoldia Gouldii. Nucula Gouldii DeKay, Nat. Hist. New York, Mollusca, p. 180, Plate 13, fig. 221, 1843. This was originally described by Dekay as from Long Island Sound. I have seen no specimens corresponding with the description in all respects. Itis, perhaps, a short variety of Y. sapotilla. ; YOLDIA OBESA Stimpson, 1851. (p. 509.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p, 155, fig. 463. Leda obesa Stimpson, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 13, 1851 ; Shells of New England, p. 10, Plate 2, fig. 1, 1851. Nucula navicularis Mighels, Boston Journal Nat. History, p. 323, 1843 (non Couthouy, Gould). Block Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. East of Block Island, 29 fathoms, rare; Casco Bay and off Cape Elizabeth, 30 to 95 fathoms ; Bay ot Fundy, 40 to 100 fathoms, rare; near Saint George’s Bank, 110 and 150 fathoms (Packard). Massachusetts Bay (Stimpson). YOLDIA THRACIFORMIS Stimpson, 1851. (p. 509.) Smithsonian Check-List, p. 2, 1860; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 548, 1858 (thracieformis); Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 157, fig. 465; Morch, op. cit., p. 21,1857. Nucula thracieformis Storer, Boston Jour. Nat. History, vol. ii, p. 122, figure, 1838; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 97, fig.66. Leda thracieformis Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 9, 1851. Nucula navicularis Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat. History, vol. ii, p. 178, Plate 4, fig. 4, 1839, (young) ; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 103. Yoldia angularis Moller, op. cit., p. 92, 1842 (t. Morch). Long Island to Greenland. Off Fire Island, south of Long Island, in 10 fathoms; and off Race Point, Cape Cod, in 30 fathoms, (Stimpson). Not uncommon, and of large size, in Casco Bay, 15 to 95 fathoms; and Bay of Fundy, 10 to 100 fathoms; near Saint George’s Bank, 85 fath- oms (Packard). LEDA TENUISULCATA Stimpson. (p. 509.) Shells of New England, p. 10, 1851; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 161, fig. 468. Nueula tenuisulcata Couthouy, Boston Journ. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 64, Plate 3, fig. 8, 1838. Nucula minuta Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 101, 1841 (non Fabricius, sp). Rhode Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 6 to 80 fathoms. Nova Scotia (Willis). Newport, Rhode Island (t.S. Smith). Southern part of the sulfof Saint Lawrence (Whiteaves). Particularly abundant in Eastport Harbor, 10 to 30 fathoms; Saint George’s Bank and vicinity, 40 to 150 [691] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 397 fathoms (Smith, Packard). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene at Saco and ’ Portland, Maine (Packard); ? Canada (Dawson, as LL. pernula, var). ? ? y] 1 ’ NUCULA PROXIMA Say. Plate XXX, fig. 230. (p. 418.) Journ, Acad, Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. ii, p. 270, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 103, tig. 63; ed. ii, p. 150, fig. 458. South Carolina to Gulf of Saint Lawrenee. Common in Long Island Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, and Vineyard Sound, 2 to 19 fathoms; off Buz- zard’s Bay and Block Island, 25 to 29 fathoms; common in Massachu- setts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 4 to 80 fathoms; very abun- dant in Trenton Bay, Mount Desert, Maine, 10 fathoms, soft mud. Nova Scotia (Willis). Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). Long Island, abundant, (S. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Maryland and South Carolina. NUCULA DELPHINODONTA Mighels. Plate XXX, fig. 229. (p. 509.) Boston Journal Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 40, Plate 4, fig. 5, 1842; Gould, Invert., ed. il, p. 153, fig. 461. Nucula corticata Moller, Naturhistorisk Tidsskrift, vol. iv> p- 90, 1842. ? Nueula radiata Dekay, Nat. Hist. New York, Moll., p. 179, Plate 12, fig. 216, 1843. thode Island to Greenland. East of Block Island, 29 fathoms ; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; Massachusetts Bay, common; Casco Bay, 6 to 95 fathoms, common; Frenchman’s Bay, Mount Desert, com- mon; Bay of Fundy and Eastport Harbor, 10 to 100 fathoms, mud, common; Nova Scotia (Willis); Gulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves). Greenland (MOller, Mérch). Northern Europe (t. Jeffreys). Nucula tenuis Turton (Montagu, sp.) Gould, Invert., ed. i., p. 105, fig. 64; ed. ii, p. 149, fig. 457. This species was recorded as from cod-stomachs, at Stonington, Con- necticut, but was not met with by us. Its occurrence south of Cape Cod needs confirmation. It isan arcti¢species; common in Casco Bay and the Bay of Fundy, in 10 to 100 fathoms, mud; and northward tothe Arctic Ocean. Also on the northern coasts of Europe, south to Great Britain. It is also found in the Post-Pliocene of New England and Canada. SCAPHARCA TRANSVERSA. Plate XXX, fig. 228. (p. 309.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 538, 1858. Arca transversa Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 269, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 96; ed. ii, p. 148, fig. 456a. Florida to Cape Cod. Long Island Sound, near New Haven, low-water to 8 fathoms; Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound, 2 to 10 fathoms; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, 1 fathom. Nantucket (Gould). Long Island, abundant; Greenport, 35 to 10 fathoms (S. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). South Carolina (Kurtz). Georgia (Couper). 398 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [692] Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Nantucket, Gardiner’s Island, Virginia, North and South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Virginia and North Carolina. According to Gould, found fossil at Provincetown,:Massa- chusetts,in an artesian boring, 120 to 200 feet beneath the surface, (Post-Pliocene ”) ARGINA PEXATA Gray. Plate XXX, fig. 227. (p. 309.) Proc. Zodl. Soc., London, 1847; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 540, Plate 125, figs. 7, 7a, 1858. Arca pexata Say, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. ii, p. 268, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 95, fig. 60; ed. ii, p. 147, fig. 456. Florida and northern shores of Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cod; rare and local farther north, in Massachusetts Bay. Very common in Long Island Sound, low-water to 10 fathoms; Buzzard’s Bay; Vineyard Sound; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. On beach at Provincetown, Massachusetts (S. L Smith). Staten Island and Long Island, abun- dant (S. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Yarrow). Georgia (Couper). West Florida (Jewett). Texas (Roemer). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Gardiner’s Island (?) (S. Smith); in the Miocene of South Carolina. ARCA PONDEROSA Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 267, 1822; Binney’s Say, p. 92. This species occurs on the beach at Edgartown, Martha’s Vineyard, associated with the other common sand-dwelling shells of that region. The valves are apparently tolerably fresh, though worn, and no. fossil shells have been found in that vicinity. It occurs in the same way on the southern side of Long Island, near Fire Island (S. I. Smith and S. Smith). But I am not aware that it has been found living north of Cape Hatteras; nevertheless, if may occur locally in shallow water off shore. The specimens found may possibly have been washed out from submerged Post-Pliocene deposits. It is found living at Fort Macon, North Carolina, and southward to the Gulf of Mexico. HETEROMYARIA. MYTILUS EDULIS Linné. Plate XX XI, fig. 234. (pp. 307, 432.) Systema Nature, ed. xii, p. 1157, 1767; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 121, fig. 82; ed. ii, p. 188, figs. 483, 484. Mytilus borealis Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 46; Dekay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., Moll., p. 182, Plate 13, fig. 222, Plate 24, fig. 256. Mytilus pellucidus Pennant, Brit. Zodl., vol. iv, p. 237, Plate 66, fig. 3, (t. Gould) = variety pellucidus Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 184, fig. 484. Mytilus notatus Dekay, op. cit., p. 182, Plate 13, fig. 223, 1843. Circumpolar: Arctic Ocean south to North Carolina, on the American eoast; south to Great Britain, France, and the Mediterranean and Black Seas, on the European coast; south to Monterey and San Fran- cisco, on the North Pacific coast; south to China and Japan, on the Asiatic coast. Very abundant in Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, Long [693] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 399 Island Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, Vineyard Sound, Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy (littoral to 50 fathoms), and northward. Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Greenland, Labrador, Canada, Lake Champlain, Maine, New Brunswick, Point Shirley, Massachusetts. and Saint John’s River, Florida; in the Post-Pliocene of Scandinavia, Russia, and Great Britain; in the Red Crag and all later formations in England. , MopIoLA MODIOLUS Turton. Plate XXXT, fig. 237. (p. 309.) British Bivalves, p. 199, Plate 15, fig. 3, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 123; ed. ii, p. 186, fig. 485; Dekay, op. cit., p. 185, Plate 24, fig. 257. Mytilus modiolus Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1158. (?)Modiola papuana Lamarck, Anim.sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 17; Say, Amer. Conch., Plate 45. Circumpolar: Greenland southward to New Jersey ; on the European coast from Spitzbergen southward to Great Britain and France ; in the North Pacific southward to Monterey, California, on the American coast; and southward to Northern Japan on the Asiatie coast. Long Island Sound, not very common; Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, not abundant; common in Massachusetts Bay ; abundant in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 80 fathoms. Staten Island and Long Island (S. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Point Shirley, Massa- chusetts, Montreal, Canada, Scotland, Ireland, Sicily, ete. ; in the Cor- aline Crag, Red Crag, and later formations in England. MODIOLA PLICATULA Lamarck. Plate XX XI, fig. 238. (p. 307.) Anim. sans Vert., ed.i, 1819; ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 22; Gould, ed. i, p. 125, fig.8i; ed. ii, p- 188, fig. 486 ; Dekay, op. cit., p. 184, Plate 14, fig. 258; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 240. Mytilus plicatus Deshayes, Encyclop. Meth., Plate 220, fig.5; Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 12. Modiola semicosta Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. vii, p. 244, Plate 20, fig. 7, (t. Gould). Mytilus demissus Dillyn, Catal. Recent Shells, vol. i, p. 314 (t. Gould). Brachydontes plicatulus H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 517; Perkins, op. cit., p. 156. Georgia, to Casco Bay, Maine; more rare and local farther north ; in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and on the coast of Nova Scotia; nor observed on the coast of Maine east of the Kennebeck tiver, norin the Bay of Fundy. Very abundant at Egg Harbor, New Jersey, Long Island Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, and Vineyard Sound; less abundantin Massachusetts Bay, near Salem, Massachusetts, ete. ; local in sheltered muddy coves about Casco Bay and Quahog Bay, Maine. Mouth of the Kennebeck River (C. B. Fuller). Prince Edward’s Island (Daw- son). Nova Scotia (Willis), Fort Macon, North Carolina (Coues). Georgia (Couper). MOopIoLA HAMATUS Verrill. (pp. 374, 475.) American Journ. Science, vol. iii, p. 211, Plate 7, fig. 3, 1872. Mytilus hamatus e Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vol. ii, p. 265, 1822; American Con- chology, Plate 50; Binney’s Say, pp. 91, 204, Plate 50. Aulacomya hamatus Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p.513. Brachydontes hamatus Perkins, op. cit., p. 156, 1869. Long Island Sound to Florida, and the shores of the Gulf of Mexico 400 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [694] to VeraCruz. New Haven, common on oysters, living, but perhaps intro- duced from Virginia. New York Harbor, on oysters, (S. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (Yarrow). Georgia (Couper). Tampa Bay, Flor- ida (Conrad, Jewett). Texas(Roemer). Near Vera Cruz (coll. T. Salt, in Yale museum). MODIOLARIA NIGRA Lovén. Plate XXX1, fig. 236. (p. 433.) Ofvers. af Kongl. Vet.-Akad., Férhandl., vol. iii, p. 187, 1846; Mérch, Naturhist. Bidrag, Gronland, p. 93, 1857; H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 515, 1858 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 190, figs. 487, 488. Modiola nigra Gray, Appendix to Parry’s Voyage, p. 244, 1824; Hanley, Recent Shells, p.242. Mytilus discrepans Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 12, 1851 (not of European authors). Modiola nexa Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 128, fig. 86 (young). Circumpolar: Greenland, southward to Long Island; Spitzbergen, southward to Great Britain and Holland; Behring’s Straits, southward to Okhotsk. Not uncommon and of good size in Vineyard Sound, 10 to 15 fathoms, off Gay Head, etc.; common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, of large size, low-water to 60 fathoms; Stonington, Connecticut, in stomach of cod, (Linsley). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine, Canada, Labrador, and Northern Europe. MODIOLARIA DISCORS Beck. Lovén, Ofvers. af Kong]. Vet.-Akad. FérhandL, vol. iii, p. 187, 1846 ; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 83, figs. 489, 490. Mytilus discors Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1159; Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 12, (non Gould, ed.i). Mytilus diserepans Montagu, Test. Brit., p. 169. Modiola discrepans Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vii, p.23; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 129, fig. 83. Modiola levigata Gray, Appendix to Parry’s Second Voyage, p. 245. Mytilus levigatus Stimpson, Shells of New England, p.12. Modiolaria levigata Lovén, op. cit., p. 187, 1846; Stimp- son, Check-List, p. 2, 1860; this Report, p. 509. Circumpolar: Greenland, southward to Long Island; Finmark, southward to Great Britain; Behring’s Straits, athe to Pa Sound. Very common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 100 fathoms; not uncommon in Massachusetts Bay; rare and local south of Cape Cod. Saint George’s Bank and vicinity, common, (S. I. Smith, Packard). Gardiner’s Bay, Long Island, rare, (S. Smith). North of Hebrides, in 530 fathoms, (t. Jeffreys). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada, Greenland, and Northern Europe. I am unable to separate M. levigata, as a species, from the ordinary New England form, usually referred to M. discors, the ditter- ences being due chiefly to age. The common European form of discors shows more differences, but is probably only a dwarf variety of the same species. MopDIOLARIA CORRUGATA Moérch. Plate XXXI, fig. 235. (p. 509.) Op. cit., p. 94, 1857 ; Stimpson, Check-List, Smithsonian Inst., p. 2, 1860; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 193, fig. 491. Mytilus corrugatus Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 12, 1851. Mytilus discors Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 130, fig. 84 (non Linné, sp.). Long Island to Greenland and Northern Europe. Off Martha’s Vine- [695] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD souND, ETc. 401 yard and Buzzard’s Bay, 20 to 25 fathoms, rare; Casco Bay, 15 to 95 fathoms, not common; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 100 fathoms, frequent. Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith, A. S. Packard). Gardiner’s Bay, 5 fathoms, one specimen, (S. Smith). Off New London, Connecticut (T. M. Prudden). Gulf of Saint Lawrence (Whiteaves). Murray Bay (Dawson). NovaScotia (Willis). Labrador (Packard). Arctic Ocean, near Behring’s Straits, 30 fathoms, (Stimpson, N. P. Expl. Exp., t. Gould). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Canada (Dawson). CRENELLA GLANDULA Adams. Plate XXXI, fig. 233. (p. 418.) H. and A. Adams, Genera, vol. ii, p. 515, 1858; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 194, fig. 492. Modiola glandula Totten, American Journal Science, ser, i, vol. xxvi, p. 367, figs. 3, e, f, g, 1834; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 131, fig. 87 (pars). Mytilus decussatus Stimpson, Shells of New England, p. 11,1851, (non Montagu, sp.) ; Dekay, op. cit., p. 186, Plate 22, fig. 248. Connecticut to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound, 5 to 15 fathoms, not uncommon; off Gay Head, 19 fathoms, soft mud; off Block Island, 29 fathoms, sandy mud; common in Massa- chusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, 3 to 60 fathoms. Halifax (Willis). Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Gaspé (Whiteaves). Gardiner’s Bay, Long Island (S. Smith). Stonington (Linsley). Off New London, Connecticut (T. M. Prudden). Sandy Hook, New Jersey (Fergu- son). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene at Montreal, Canada (Dawson). A related species, C. equilaterata Conrad (H.C. Lea, sp.) occurs in the Miocene of Virginia. This species was undoubtedly confounded with C. decussata (Montagu, sp.) by both Gould and Stimpson. The genuine decussata is quite com- mon in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, and is usually associated in those waters with C. glandula. It is a northern, and common European species, and is also recorded from the North Pacific coast of America by Dr. P. P. Carpenter. It also occurs in Greenland (Morch). MONOMYARIA, PECTEN IRRADIANS Lamarck. Plate XXXII, fig. 238. (p. 374.) Anim. sans Vert., ed. i,1819; ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 143; Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 199, fig. 496. Pecten concentricus Say, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philad., vol. ii, p. 259, 1822; Gould, Invert., ed.i, p. 134, fig. 88; Dekay, op. cit., p. 172, Plate 9, fig. 205. : Florida and the northern shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Cape Cad ; rare and local farther north in Massachusetts Bay; and Nova Scotia (Willis). Very common in Vineyard Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, shores of Long Island and Connecticut, New Jersey, and southward. Tampa Bay, Florida (Conrad, E. Jewett). Texas (Roemer). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North Carolina and Tampa Bay, Florida; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of 402 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [696] Maryland. Dug up from beneath the mud in the harbor of Portland, Maine, in a semi-fossil state by the mud-dredging machines (Fuller). PECTEN ISLANDICUS Chemnitz. Conch., vii, p. 304, Plate 65, figs. 615, 616, 1784, (t. Gould); Lamarck, op. cit., ed. ii, vol. vii, p.145; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 133, fig. 87; ed. ii, p. 198, fig. 495. Ostrea Islandica Miiller, Zod]. Dan. Prod., No. 2990, 1776; Fabricius, Fauna, Groénl., p. 415, 1780. Pecten Pealii Conrad, Amer. Mar. Conch., p.12, Plate 2, fig. 2, 1831. Arctic Ocean south to Cape Cod, local and rare farther south; on the northern European coasts, south to Bergen, Norway, and Great Britain. Not uncommon and of good size in Casco Bay, 20 to 70 fathoms ; com- mon in the Bay of Fundy, low-water to 100 fathoms. Saint George’s Bank, 40 to 65 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). More common farther north. Stonington, Connecticut, in an eel-pot, (Linsley). I am not aware that any one except Linsley has recorded it from the southern coast of New England. Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of Maine (abundant), New Brunswick, Canada, Labrador, Greenland, Scandinavia, Denmark, Scotland, ete. Naples (Jeffreys). Mr. Sanderson Smith reports fragments from Gard- inev’s Island. PECTEN TENUICOSTATUS Mighels. (p. 509.) Mighels and Adams, Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 49, 1841; Boston Journal of Natural History, vol. iv, p. 41, Plate 4, fig.7, 1842 (young); Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 196, fig. 494. Pecten Magellanicus Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed, ii, vol. vii, p. 134 (? non Gmelin, sp.) ; Hanley, Recent Shells, p. 274; Gould, In- vert., ed. i, p. 182. Pecten fuscus Linsley, Amer. Jour. Sci., ser. i, vol. xlviii, p. 278, 1845; Gould, ser. ii, vol. vi, p. 235, fig. 6,1848 (young). Pecten brunneus Stimpson, Shells of New England, in errata, 1851. New Jersey to Labrador. Rare and local south of Cape Cod. Not uncommon in Massachusetts Bay and Casco Bay, 4 to 80 fathoms ; abundant in Frenchman’s Bay, Mount Desert, Maine, in 3 to 10 fathoms; common in Passamaquoddy Bay and Bay of Fundy, 1 to 109 fathoms. Saint George’s Bank, 45 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). Nova Seotia (Willis). Labrador, 2 to 15 fathoms, (Packard). Off Block Island (Gould). Ston- ington, Connecticut, in cod stomachs, (Linsley, as P. fuscus). Coney Tsland and Sandy Hook, New York (S. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene near Saint John, New Brunswick, and Gardiner’s Island, New York. A closely related species occurs in the Miocene of Virginia. a ANOMIA GLABRA Verrill. Plate XXXII, figs. 241, 242, 242% (p. 311.) American Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 213, 1872. Anomia ephippiwm (pars) Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1150; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 138; ed. ii, p. 204, fig. 497. Anomia electrica Gould, Invert., ed.i, p. 140; ed. ii, p. 205, fig. 499, adult, (non Linné.) Anomia squamula Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 140; ed. ii, p. 206, young, (non Linné.) Florida to Cape Cod; rare and local farther north, in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and on the southern coast of Nova Scotia, off Cape [697] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 403 Sable, 8 fathoms. Not observed on the eastern part of the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Very common in Long Island Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, Vineyard Sound; along both shores of Long Island; New Jersey, and southward; low-water to 12 fathoms. Southern part of Saint George’s Bank, 20 fathoms, (S. I. Smith). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene of North and South Carolina; and in the Pliocene of South Carolina. Linné gave “ Pennsylvania” as one of the localities for his A. ephippi- um, and, therefore, probably confounded our shell with the European species, as most subsequent writers have done. Gould has well described our species in its different states, under the names quoted above, fig- ures 499 of the second edition (our figures 241,242), represent the ordi- nary adult form, which is everywhere abundant on the southern shores of New England. The specimens from Eastport, Maine, referred to A. ephippium by Gould, were undoubtedly the smooth or squamose variety of the following species. ANOMIA ACULEATA Gmelin. Plate XXXII, figs. 239, 240, 240%. (p. 495.) Syst. Nat., p. 3346, 1790; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 139, fig. 90; ed. ii, p. 204, fig. 498. Long Island to Labrador, and northern coasts of Europe. Off Ston- ington, Connecticut, 4 to 5 fathoms rocky; off Gay Head, 10 fathoms, scarce ; very common in Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and northward, low- water to 80 fathoms. Greenport and Montauk, Long Island (S. Smith). Varieties of this species occur frequently in the Bay of Fundy and Casco Bay, in which the aculeate scales are more or less abortive, or even entirely absent, leaving the surface either nearly smooth or irregu- larly squamose, but such varieties are easily distinguished from the young of the preceding species. This may possibly be a variety of the true ephippiwm of Europe, as supposed by many writers, but 1 believe it to be perfectly distinct from A. glabra. OSTREA VIRGINIANA Lister. (pp. 310, 472.) Favanne, Conch., Plate 41, fig C 2, 1780 (t. Gould); Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 1365 ed. ii, p. 202; Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. iii, p. 213, 1872. Ostrea Virgin- ica Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3336, 1790 ; Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. vii, p. 225. Ostrea borealis Lamarck, op. cit., p. 220; Gould, Invert., ed. i, p. 137; ed. ii, p. 203; Dekay, op. cit., p. 169, Plate 10, figs. 203, 204. Ostrea Canadensis Bruguiére, Encycl. Meth., Plate 180, figs. 1-3; Lamarck, op. cit., p. 226; Han- ley, Recent Shells, p. 299. Florida and the northen shores of the Gulf of Mexico to Massachu- setts Bay; local farther north, off Damariscotta, Maine, and in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, at Prince Edward Island, in Northumberland Straits, and Bay of Chaleur. Not found along the eastern shores of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. Abundant ~404 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [698] in the ancient Indian shell-heaps on the coast of Massachusetts, on the islands in Casco Bay, and at Damariscotta. The shells, in a semi-fossil state, have been dug up from deep beneath the mud in the harbor of Portland, Maine, in large quantities, but native oysters appear to be entirely extinct in Casco Bay. Very abundant in Long Island Sound ; in the upper part of Buzzard’s Bay; rare and local in Vineyard Sound ; very abundant on the shores of Maryland and Virginia. Mouth of Saint John’s River, and in Tampa Bay, Florida (Conrad). Texas (Roemer). Fossil in the Post-Pliocene at Point Shirley, Massachusetis, Nan- tucket Island (abundant), Gardiner’s Island; in the Pliocene of South Carolina; and in the Miocene of Virginia and South Carolina. The occurrence of large quantities of oyster-shells beneath the har- bor mud at Portland, associated with Venus mercenaria, Pecten irradians, Turbonilla interrupta, and other southern species, now extinct in that locality, and the occurrence of the first two species in the ancient In- dian shell-heaps, on some of the islands in Casco Bay, though not now found living among the islands, indicates that the temperature of those waters was higher at a former period than at present. These facts also point to the most satisfactory explanation of the existence of numerous southern shells, associated with the oyster and Venus mercenaria in the southern part of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence, though not now found in the intermediate waters, along the coast of Maine, nor in the Bay of Fundy. All the various forms of this species, upon which the several nominal species, united above, have been based by Lamarck and others, often oceur together in the same beds in Long Island Sound, and may easily be connected together by all sorts of intermediate forms. Even the same specimen will often have the form of borealis in one stage of its growth, and then will suddenly change to the Virginiana style, and, perhaps, later still, will return to the form of borealis. Or these differ- ent forms may be assumed in reverse order. Great variations in the number and size of the costz and undulations of the lower valve occur, both in different specimens from the same locality, and even in the same specimen, at different stages of growth. All these variations occur in precisely the same way in the shells taken from the ancient In- dian shell-heaps along our entire coast, from Florida to Maine. TUNICATA. SACCOBRANCHIA. CIONA TENELLA Verrill. (p. 419.) American Journal Science, ser. iii, vol. i, p. 99, ‘figs. 12, 13, 1871. Ascidia tenella Stimpson, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., iv, p. 228, 1853; Inv. of Grand Manan, p. 20,1853; Binney, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 24,1870. ?Ascidia ocellata Ag., Proc, Amer. Assoe. for Adv. Sei., ii, p. 159, 1850 (description insufficient); Bin- ney, in Gould, Invert., ed. ii, p. 24, Plate 24, fig. 332, 1870. Cape Cod to Gulf of Saint Lawrence; rare and local south of Cape [699] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 405 ° Cod. Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 100 fathoms. New Bedford, Massachusetts (L. Agassiz). MoLGuLaA MANHATTENSIS Verrill. Plate XX-XITI, fig. 250, (pp. 311, 445.) Amer. Jour. Science, vol. i, p. 54, Jan., 1871; Tellkampf, Annals Lye. Nat. Hist., New York, vol. x, p. 83, 1872. Ascidia Manhattensis Dekay, Report on the Nat- ural History of New York, Mollusca, p. 259, 1843; Binney, in Gould’s Inverte- brata of Massachusetts, ed. ii, p. 25, 1870 (copied from Dekay). scidians; Eastport, Maine. OBELIA LONGISSIMA Hincks. Brit. Hydroid Zodph., p. 154, Plate 27, 1868. Sertus ¢~ia fongissima Pallas, Elench. Zobph., p. 119, 1766 (excl. synonymy). Laomedea longissima Alder, Trans. Tynes. F.C., vol. ili, p. 121 (t. Hineks). Laomedea dichotoma, var. b, Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p. 102. Campanularia gelatinosa Van Beneden, Mém. sur le Campan., p. 33, Plates 1, 2 (t. Hincks). Gay Head; Cape Ann, Massachusetts; Bay of Fundy. Coasts of Belgium and Great Britain. OBELIA FLABELLATA Hincks. (p. 390.) Brit. Hydroid Zodph., p. 157, Plate 29, 1868. Campanutaria flabellata Hincks, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. iii, vol. xviii, p. 297. Off Thimble Islands, 4 to 5 fathoms, on Astrangia ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island, on Laminaria ; Wood’s Hole, on old wreck, in the passage. Coasts of Great Britain. The hydrarium of this species very closely resembles the Obelia com- missuralis of Agassiz, and may prove to be identical with it. But the original O. commissuralis of McCready, from Charleston, South Carolina, is, perhaps, distinct from that described by Agassiz. OBELIA COMMISSURALIS McCready. Plate XX XVII, fig. 281. (p. 327.) Proc. Elliott Soc., vol. 1, p. 197, Plate 11, figs. 5-7, 1859 ; (?) Agassiz, Contribu- tions, vol. iv, pp. 315, 351, Plate 33 (except fig. 2), Plate 34, figs. 10-21, 1862 ; (2) A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 91, fig. 134. Laomedea dichotoma Leidy, op. cit., p. _ 338. Plate 11, fig. 36 (not Linné, sp.). ? Laomedea gelatinosa Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Manan, p. 8, 1853 (nol Pallas, sp.). Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). New Jersey (Leidy). New- port, Rhode Island, and Nahant, Massachusetts (A. Agassiz). New Haven Harbor, on piles; Vineyard Sound, on floating alge. Grand Manan (Mills, t. A. Agassiz). The northern specimens possibly belong to the preceding species. OBELIA GELATINOSA Hincks. (p. 391.) British Hydroid Zoéphytes, p. 151, Plate 26, fig. 1, 1868. Sertularia gelatinosa Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 116, 1766. Laomedea gelatinosa Lamouroux, Polyp Flex., p. 92; Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p. 104, Plate 27, fig. 1 (var. 5). Campanularia gelatinosa Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, p. 134 (t. Hincks). Laomedea gigantea A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 86, 1865. New Jersey to Massachusetts Bay; northern coasts of Europe, from North Cape to Belgium and Great Britain; low-water to 20 fathoms. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters; New Haven, on piles of Long Wharf, abundant. Mouth of Charles River, near Boston (H. J. Clark, t. A. Agassiz). [729] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 335 (RHEGMATODES TENUIS A. Agassiz. (p. 454.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 361, 1862; Catalogue, p. 95, figs. 136-138. Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound. ZYGODACTYLA GRGNLANDICA Agassiz. Plate XX XVII, fig. 275. (p. 449.) Contributions, vol. iv, p. 360, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 103, figs. 153-156. Bquorea Grenlandica Péron and Lesueur, Ann. du Mus., vol. xiv, p. 27, 1809 (t. A. Agassiz). Buzzard’s Bay to Greenland. Common in Vineyard Sound, in June and July. AUQUOREA ALBIDA A. Agassiz. (p. 454.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 359, 1862; Catalogue, p. 110, figs. 160-162. Buzzard’s Bay (A. Agassiz). TIMA FORMOSA Agassiz. (p. 449.) Contributions, vol. iv, p. 362, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 113, figs. 164-172. Vineyard Sound, February and April. Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz). EUTIMA LIMPIDA A. Agassiz. (p. 454.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 363, 1862; Catalogue, p. 116, figs. 173-178. Buzzard’s Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz). LAFOEA CALCARATA A. Agassiz. (p. 408.) Catalogue, p. 122, figs. 184-194. Lafwa cornuta Agassiz, Contr., vol. iv, p. 351 (not of Lamouroux). Laodicea calearata A. Agassiz, in Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 350, 1862. Campanularia dumosa Leidy, op. cit., p. 188, 1855 (not of Fleming). South Carolina to Vineyard Sound; Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound. The hydrarium was abundant on floating Zostera and alge in Vineyard Sound, creeping over Sertularia cornicina; also at low-water, and in 6 to 8 fathoms on Phyllophora ; Thimble Islands, in tide-pool, on Vesicularia. Charleston, South Carolina (McCready, described as a constituent part of his Dynamena cornicina). HALECIUM GRACILE Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 328.) Stems slender, flexible, clustered, compound, consisting of many very slender, united tubes, light brown or yellowish, pinnately much branched ; branches alternate, ascending, long, slender, tapering, similar to the main stem, and usually similarly subdivided; the branches and branchlets mostly arise from opposite sides of the stem, so that they stand nearly in one plane; ends of branches and the branchlets simple, very slender, translucent, whitish, divided into rather long segments; the articula- tions not very conspicuous, somewhat oblique; each segment usually with a prominent cylindrical process, arising from near the upper end, which, on the older branches, bears the hydroid cell, but on the young branchlets are themselves hydroid cells, furnished with a thin, slightly 436 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [730] expanded border, having a circle of dots near the edge; the older or secondary cells, arising from these, are rather elongated, narrow, cylin- drical, with slightly expanded rim, more or less bent and crooked or geniculate at base, and usually with one or two irregular constrictions. Many of the older cells are much elongated, and have two or three old tims below, separated by distances equal to two or three times the diameter. The hydroids are long, slender, with numerous long tentacles, much exsert from the cells.: The branchlets and gonothec (reproduct- ive capsules) arise in the axils of the hydroid cells, and, like the latter, the gonothecz are often secund on the branchlets. The male and female capsules are different in form. The male gonothece are oblong, sub- fusiform, about three times as long as broad, obtusely rounded at the end, more gradually tapered to the base; the female gonothece are broader, somewhat flattened, usually a little shorter, gradually expand- ing from the narrow base to near the distal end, which is emarginate ; the outer angle broadly rounded and slightly produced ; the inner angle prolonged into a short cylindrical hydroid cell, with the edge slightly everted, from which two hydroids usually protrude. Height, 75™™ to 150™™; diameter of stems, seldom more than 1™; length of female gonothece, about 1™™; breadth, 0.40™™ to 0.45™; length of male gono- thece, 1™™ to 1.10™"; breadth, 0.30™™ to 0.40™™; diameter of hydro- thece, about 0.12™™, Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on oysters, just below low-water mark; Long Island Sound, near New Haven, in 2 to 6 fathoms, abundant, and also in brackish water on floating timber; Thimble Islands, 2 to 6 fathoms; Buzzard’s Bay and Vineyard Sound. This species is more nearly allied to H. halecinum of Europe and Northern New England than to any other described species. It is a much more slender and delicate species, with longer joints, and narrower and more elongated hydrothecze and polyps. The female gonothece, although similar, differ in having the distal ends decidedly emarginate; with the outer angle somewhat produced, though much less so than in those of H. Beanii. ANTENNULARIA ANTENNINA Fleming. (p. 497.) Brit. Anim., p. 546; Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p. 86, Plate 19, figs. 1-3;- Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zoéph., p. 280, Plate 61. Serlularia antennina Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1310, Antennularia indivisa Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, vol. ii, p. 156. Martha’s Vineyard to Bay of Fundy; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain and Frances Off Gay Head, 8 fathoms; Casco Bay, 6 to 30 fathoms ; Bay of Fundy, 10 to 60 fathoms, not uncommon. AGLAOPHENIA ARBOREA Verrill. Plumularia arborea Desor, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. iii, p. 65, 1848; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 140. The original specimen of this species is still preserved in the collection [731] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 4217 of the Boston Society. It consists of a large number of long, mostly simple, but occasionally forked stems, forming a dense plume-like cluster, united at base by an intricate mass of creeping stolons, which cover what looks like the dead axis of a Gorgonia, but is most probably a dried-up black alga, and is certainly not, as Desor supposed, a part of the hydroid. The stems are mostly 4 to 6 inches long, more or less re- curved, composed of short joints, and densely covered with the secund pinnie, which increase in length from the base toward the tips; the pinne arise from every joint, and form two close alternating rows along the inner side of the stems ; they are directed upward, and more or less curved inward, toward each other, near the tips, and mostly 5™™ to 8™™ in length, composed of short, stout, oblique joints, not twice as long as broad. Hydra-cells deep, slightly flaring, rising at an angle of about 45°, attached only at base, the upper side less than half as high as the lower, border strongly dentate: one slender median denticle on the up- per edge ; four lateral ones on each side, of which three are subequal, triangular, rather wide, obtuse, with rounded intervals; the lower or outer lateral one is twice as long, rather acute; the single odd median one, on the outer margin, is equally long and more slender, and usually bent upward. A single large tubular median nematophore is attached to the outer side of the cell, along most of its length, but separated at the end, which is obliquely truncate, with the aperture on the inner side, its tip nor extending beyond the long lateral denticles of the hydra- eell. Lateral nematophores small, sessile, not so long as the upper or inner side of the cells. The large, closed, oblong corbule are irregu- larly scattered among the other pinne; they occupy the terminal part of the modified pinna, but there are usually three or four unaltered hydra- cells on the basal portion, below the corbula; the pinnie bearing cor- bulz are somewhat shorter than the others. Shoals of Nantucket, ten miles east of Sancati Head, 14 tathoms, (Desor). PLUMULARIA TENELLA Verrill, sp. nov. (p. 407.) Stems clustered, simple, slender, 1 to 2 inches high, horn-colored ; branches alternate, very slender, not very long, mostly unbranched, placed toward one face of the stem, inclining forward, and ascending at an angle of about 45°, and originating from the alternate joints of the stem, the internodes being longer than the joints that bear branches ; at one side of the base of each branch there is a hydrotheca and accom- panying nematophores; the internodes of the,stem also bear one or two nematophores. The basal segment of each branch is short ; the rest are of three kinds ; every third one is usually stouter, and bears a hydro- theca; just in front of each hydrotheca there is usually a very short segment, scarcely longer than broad, and sometimes indistinct, destitute of nematophores; then follows a much longer, slender segment, five or six times as long as broad, articulated by a very oblique joint at its dis- 438 nmuPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [732] tal end with the thicker and shorter polypiferous segment, and bearing one or two nematophores on the median line, which may be either near the middle or toward the proximal end. Hydrothece broad, sub- cylindrical, a little longer than broad, with a slightly flaring, even rim ; the axis forms an angle of about 45° with the branches; the free part of the distal side is about half the length of the proximal side. Ne- matophores relatively large, usually three with each hydrotheca: one on each side, shorter than the hydrotheca, trumpet-shaped, with a round, cup-like opening, narrowed below, nearly sessile; another, similar in form, placed toward the proximal end of the segment, inclined forward, and nearly reaching the base of the hydrotheca. Gonothece not ob- served. Off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms, among ascidians; Vineyard Sound, 8 fathoms. This species is related to P. Catharine Johnston and P cornucopie Hincks, from the English coast. The former differs in having opposite branches, smaller and more elongated nematophores, etc.; the latter agrees in having alternate branches, but the nematophores are smaller, longer, and more slender, and the joints of the branches are different. This is the first genuine species of Plumularia that has been discov- ered on the New England coast. SERTULARIA ARGENTEA Ellis and Solander. Plate XX XVII, fig. 280. (p. 408.) Zobphytes, p. 38; Johnston, Brit. Zobph., ed. ii, p. 79, Plate 14, fig. 3, Plate 15> figs. 1-3; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zoédph., p. 268, Plate 56; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 144. New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean; northern shores of Europe to Great Britain and France; low-water to 110 fathoms. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, in April; common and of large size in Long Island Sound, near New Haven, Thimble Islands, and at Faulkner’s Island, 1 to 8 fathoms ; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vineyard Sound, 1 to 15 fathoms, very common; abundant in Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy; Nova Scotia coast; and Gulf of Saint Lawrence, low-water to 110 fathoms. Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). SERTULARIA CUPRESSINA Linné. (p. 408.) Syst. Nature, ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1308; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 142, 1766; Johnston, op. cit., p. 80, Plate 16, figs. 1,2; Hincks, op. cit., p. 270, Plate 57 ; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 143. New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean ; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain and France. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, with reproductive capsules, in April; Vineyard Sound, not common; Massachusetts Bay ; Casco Bay; Bay of Fundy, in tide-pools and from 1 to 110 fathoms, common. Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). Absecom Beach, New Jersey (Leidy). SERTULARIA PUMILA Linné. Plate XXXVII, fig. 279. (p. 327.) Syst. Nature, ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1306; Pallas, Elench. Zooph., p. 130; Johnston, op. cit., p. 66, Plate 11, figs. 3,4; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zoéph., p. 260, Plate 53, Se re ee [733] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 439 f fig. 1. Dynamena pumila Lamouroux, Bulletin Soc. Phil., vol. iii, p. 184. 1812 ; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 326, 355, Plate 32, 1862; A. Agassiz, Cata- logue, p. 141, figs. 225, 226. New Jersey to the Arctic Ocean; Finmark to Great Britain and France. Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey, on /ucus; abundant on the shores of Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, and northward, between tides. SERTULARIA CORNICINA Verrill. (p. 408.) Dynamena cornicina (pars) McCready, op. cit., p. 204, 1859; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p- 142, 1865. Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. Not uncommon in Vineyard Sound, 1 to 8 fathoms, often on Halecitum gracile ; also on float- ing Zostera, ete., and covered with Lafoéa calcarata. This species somewhat resembles the preceding, but the hydra-cells are more distant, longer, more prominent, and freer, while the end is distinctly bent outward, making the lower side concave in the middle ; aperture strongly bilabiate, often appearing tridentate. HYDRALLMANIA FALCATA Hincks. (p. 408.) Brit. Hyd. Zoéph., p. 273, Plate 58, 1868. Sertularia falcata Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758; ed. xii, p. 1809; Plumularia falcata Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert., ed. ii, p. 160; Johnston, Brit. Zodph., p. 90, Plate 21, figs. 1, 2. Sertularia lenerissima Stimpson, Mar. Invert. Grand Manan, p. 8, 1853. Long Island Sound to the Arctic Ocean; northern shores of Europe to the British Channel. Common near New Haven, and off Thimble Islands, 4 to 8 fathoms; Watch Hill, Rhode Island; Vineyard Sound, and off Gay Head, 6 to 20 fathoms; Massachusetts Bay, abundant ; very abundant in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 110 fath- oms; Mingan Islands, Labrador. Saint George’s Bank, very abundant, 20 to 150 fathoms, (S. I. Smith, A. 8. Packard). Tubularina. NEMOPSIS BACHEI Agassiz. (p. 454.) Mem. Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 289, figure, 1849; Contributions, vol. iv, p. 345; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 149, figs. 227-231. Nemopsis Gibbesi McCready, op. cit., p- 58, Plate 10, figs. 1-7, 1859. Charleston, South Carolina, to Nantucket. BoOUGAINVILLIA SUPERCILIARIS Aggasiz. Plate XXXVII, fig. 276. (p. 328.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 289, 291, figs. 37-39, Plate 27, figs. 1-7, 1862; A. Agas- siz, Catalogue, p. 153, figs. 232-240. Hippocrene superciliaris Agassiz, Mem. Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 250, Plates 1-3, 1849. Newport, Rhode Island, to Bay of Fundy ; ? Greenland. MARGELIS CAROLINENSIS Agassiz. (p. 450.) Contributions, vol. iv, p. 344, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 156, figs. 241-248. Hippocrene Carolinensis McCready, op. cit., p. 164 (separate copies, p. 62), Plate 10, figs. 8-10. Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. Wood’s Hole, at surface, evening. 440 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [734] EUDENDRIUM DISPAR Agassiz. (p. 408.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 285, 289, 342, fig. 36, Plate 27, figs. 10-21, 1862; A Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 159, fig. 249. Vineyard Sound to Bay of Fundy ; 1 to 20 fathoms. EUDENDRIUM TENUE A. Agassiz. Catalogue, p. 160, fig. 250, 1865. Buzzard’s Bay to Bay of Fundy, low-water to 15 fathoms. This is closely allied to the English FH. capillare Alder, but the latter seems to be a smaller and more delicate species. EUDENDRIUM RAMOSUM Ehrenberg. (p. 408.) Corall. roth. Meer, p. 72, 1834; Johnston, Brit. Zodph., ed. ii, p. 46, Plate 6, figs. 1-3; Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zodph., p. 82, Plate 13; ? A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 160. Tubularia ramosa Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1302. Martha’s Vineyard to Labrador; northern coasts of Europe to Great Britain. Off Gay Head, 8 to 20 fathoms; Casco Bay, 10 to 60 fathoms; Bay of Fundy. 6 to 100 fathoms. Off Saint George’s Bank, 430 fathoms, (S. 1. Smith). DYSMORPHOSA FULGURANS A. Agassiz. (p. 448.) Catalogue, p. 163, figs. 259, 260, 1865. Buzzard’s Bay, Naushon, and Massachusetts Bay (A. Agassiz). TURRITOPSIS NUTRICULA McCready. (p. 454.) Op. cit., pp. 55, 86, 127, Plates 4, 5, 8, fig. 1, 1857-9; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 347; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 167, figs. 269, 270. Charleston, South Carolina, to Vineyard Sound. STOMOTOCA APICATA Agassiz. (p. 455.) Contributions, vol. iv, p. 347, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 168. Saphenia apicata McCready, op. cit., p. 129, Plate 8, figs. 2, 3, 1859. Charleston, South Carolina (McCready); Newport, Rhode Island (A. Agassiz). CLAVA LEPTOSTYLA Agassiz. (p. 328.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 218, 222, fig. 32, Plate 20, figs. 11-16, Plate 21, figs. 1-104, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 170, fig. 274; Hincks, op. cit., p. 6, Plate 2, fig. 1, 1868. Clava multicornis Stimpson, Invert. Grand Manan, p. 11, 1853 ; Leidy, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol. ili, p. 185, Plate 11, figs. 33, 34, 1855 (not of Johnston). Long Island Sound to Labrador; coasts of Great Britain. Near New Haven Light; Thimble Islands, in tide-pools; Beverly, Massachusetts ; Casco Bay, on rocks and Fucus, abundant; Eastport, Maine, on piles. Point Judith, Rhode Island (Leidy). Nahant, Massachusetts (Agassiz). Morecombe Bay (Hincks). CORDYLOPHORA, species undetermined. Syncoryna, sp., Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 339 (no description). Newport Harbor, Rhode Island (Leidy, t. Agassiz). In 1860 I ob- tained a species of this genus from the vicinity of Cambridge, Massa- [735] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 441 iF chusetts, in water that was fresh, or nearly so. It grew to the height of two inches or more, with long slender branches. WILLIA ORNATA McCready. (p. 455.) Op. cit., p. 149 (separate copies, p. 47), Plate 9, figs. 9-11, 1859 (Willsia) ; Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 346, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 171, figs. 2744, Bee alo. Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). Buzzard’s Bay (A. Agassiz). CORYNE MIRABILIS Agassiz. Contributions, vol. iii, Plate 11°, figs. 14, 15, Plates 17-19; vol. iv, pp. 185-217, figs. 9-31, Plate 20, figs. 1-9, Plate 23, fig. 12; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 175, figs. 283-287. Sarsia mirabilis Agassiz, Mem. Amer. Acad., vol. iv, p. 224, Plates 4,5, 1849. ? Tubularia stellifera Couthouy, Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. ii, p. 56, 1839. Coryne gravata Wright, Edinb. New Phil. Jour., Apr., 1858, Plate 7, fig. 5(t. Hineks). Syncoryne gravata Hincks, Brit. Hydr. Zoéph., p. 53, Plate 10, fig. 1. The species described by Couthouy may, possibly, have been this ; but his species was described as unbranched, and as if it had two dis- tinct circles of tentacles. Martha’s Vineyard to Greenland. Common in Massachusetts Bay; Casco Bay; and Bay of Fundy. Scotland (Hincks). DIPURENA CONICA A. Agassiz. (p. 455.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 341, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 181, figs. 301-805. Buzzard’s Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz). GEMMARIA GEMMOSA McCready. (p. 455.) Op. cit., p. 151, Plate 8, figs. 4,5, 1859; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 134, fig. 306. Zanclea gemmosa McCready, op. cit., p-151, 1849; Agassiz, Contributiens, vol. iv, p. 344, Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). Buzzard’s Bay (A. Agassiz). PENNARIA TIARELLA McCready. Plate XX XVII, figs. 277, 278. (p. 27.) Op. cit., p. 158, 1859; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 187, figs. 311-315. Globiceps tia- rella Ayres, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. iv, p. 193, 1852. Hucoryne elegans Leidy, op. cit., p. 136, Plate 10, figs. 1-5, 1855. Globiceps tiarella Agassiz, Con- tributions, vol. iv, p. 344, 1862. Charleston, South Carolina, to Massachusetts Bay. Great Egg Har- bor, New Jersey ; near New Haven; Vineyard Sound, common, low-water to 10 fathoms, and on floating alge. ECTOPLEURA OCHRACEA Agassiz. (p. 455.) In Agassiz, Contributions, vol. iv, p. 343, 1862; Catalogue, p. 191, figs. 320-323. Buzzard’s Bay, Naushon (A. Agassiz). 442 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [736] CORYMORPHA PENDULA Agassiz. Plate XXXVI, fig. 273. (p. 510.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 276, 343, Plate 26, figs. 7-17, 1862; A. Agassiz, Cata- logue, p. 192, fig. 324. Corymorpha nutans Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Manan, p- 9, 1853. Block Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, 8 to 30 fathoms; off Block Island, 29 fathoms. Off Cape Cod (A. S. Bickmore). HYBOCODON PROLIFER Agassiz. Plate XX XVIII, fig. 282. (p. 328.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 248, 343, Plate 234, figs. 10, 11, Plate 25, figs. 1-15, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 193, figs. 325-328. Vineyard Sound to Massachusetts Bay. PARYPHA CROCEA Agassiz. Plate XXXVI, fig. 274. (p. 390.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 249, 342, Plates 23, 234, figs. 1-7, 1862; A. Agassiz, Cata- logue, p. 195. ? Tubularia cristata McCready, op. cit., p. 156, 1859—=Parypha cristata Ag., op. cit., p. 342. Brooklyn, New York, to Boston, Massachusetts. Very abundant near New Haven, on piles in harbor, and in 2 to 6 fathoms, off Thimble Islands; Wood’s Hole, on piles, abundant. Warren Bridge, Boston (Agassiz). This is probably not distinct from P. cristata, which is abundant at Charleston, South Carolina, and Fort Macon, North Carolina. THAMNOCNIDIA TENELLA Agassiz. (p. 407.) Contributions, vol. iv, pp. 275, 342, Plate 22, figs. 21-30, 1862; A. Agassiz, Cata- logue, p. 195. Rhode Island to Bay of Fundy. Off Watch Hill, 4 to 5 tathoms ; Vineyard Sound, 6 to 10 fathoms; common in Casco Bay and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 40 fathoms. HYDRACTINIA POLYCLINA Agassiz. (p. 407.) Contributions, vol. iii, Plate 16; vol. iv, pp. 227, 339, figs. 33-35, Plate 26, fig. 18, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 198, figs. 329,330. Hydractinia echinata Leidy, op. cit., p. 135, Plate xi, fig. 35, 1855 (? not of Johnston). New Jersey to Labrador. Very abundant in Long Island Sound, Vineyard Sound, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, low-water to 60 fath- oms. Saint George’s Bank (S. I. Smith). Labrador (Packard). Green- land (Mérch). ? Charleston, South Carolina (McCready). The identity of this with the European species is somewhat doubtful, though united by Hincks and others. The latter extends southward on the European coasts to Great Britain and France. Physophore. NANOMIA CARA A. Agassiz. (p. 455.) . Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. ix, p. 181, 1863; Catalogue, p. 200, figs. 332-350. Newport, Rhode Island ; Massachusetts Bay; Nahant (A. Agassiz). [37] INVERTEBRATE ANIMALS OF VINEYARD SOUND, ETC. 443 Porpite. PHYSALIA PELAGICA Lamarck. (p. 450.) Syst. des Anim. sans Vert., p. 356, 1801; Lesson, Acaléphes, p. 545, 1843. Physalis pelagica Osbeck, Itin., p. 2384, Plate 12, fig. 1, 1757 (t) Lesson). Holothuria physalis Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. L090, 1767. Medusa caravella Miiller, Besch. der Berl. Naturf., vol. ii, p. 190, Plate 9, fig. 2 (t. Lesson); Gmelin, Syst. Nat., p. 3139, 1789. Physalia caravella Eschscholtz; Lesson, Hist. Nat. des Zooph. Acaléphes, Plate Ll (explanation). Physalia arethusa Tilesins, in Krusensterns Reise, vol. iii, p. 91, Plate 23, figs. 1-6, 1813 (t. Lesson); Agassiz, Contributions , vol. iv, pp. 335, 367, Plate 35, 1862; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 214, figs. 351-354 ; this Report, p. 450. Physalia aurigera McCready, op. cit., p. 176, 1859, Warmer parts of the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico, coming north- ward in the Gulf Stream to the southern coast of New England and Long Island; and off Saint George’s Bank and Nova Scotia. Not un- common, in good condition, in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay. Watch Hill, Rhode Island (D. C. Eaton). East of Saint George’s Bank ’ 5 (S.I. Smith). Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow). VELELLA MUTICA Lamarck. (p. 455.) | Syst. des Anim. sans Vert., p. 355, 1501; Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers., vol. ii, p. 158; Lesson, Voy. de la Coquille, Zool., vol. ii, pp. 2,52, Plate 6, figs. 1,2; Aca- léphes, p. 571, Plate 12, figs. 1,2; A. Agassiz, Catalogue, p. 216, figs. 355-357. Medusa velella Linné, Syst. Nat., ed. xii, p. 1098. Tropical parts of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, coming northward in the Gulf Stream as far as Nantucket and off Saint George’s Bank. Aspinwall (coll. F. H. Bradley); coasts of Florida (Agassiz); Long Is- land Sound (A. Agassiz). POLYPI or ANTHOZOA. ALCYONARIA. ALCYONIUM CARNEUM Agassiz. Plate XX XVIII, fig. 283. (p. 497.) Proc. American Association for Ady. of Science, 1850, p. 209; Verrill, Revision of Polyps of Eastern Coast U. S., in Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 4, 1864; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 345, 1866. Haleyonium carneum A. and E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 19, figs. 21-23, 1865. Rhode Island to Gulf of Saint Lawrence. Off Watch Hill, Rhode Island, 4 to 5 fathoms; off Cuttyhunk Island, 10 to 15 fathoms; off Gay Head, 8 to 10 fathoms ; common in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, Bay of Fundy, and coast of Nova Scotia, low-water to 80 fathoms. Gulf of Saint Law- rence (Whiteaves). Saint George’s Bank (S. 1. Smith). Leptogorgia tenuis Verrill. Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 8, 1864. Gorgonia tenuis Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., vol. x, p. 339, 1866. Leptogorgia teres (error typ.) Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, vol. xlviii, p. 420, 1869. ‘‘ Bay of New York.” Specimens in the museum of Yale College are supposed to have come from Long Island Sound, but the exact locality is not known. 30 V 444 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [738] ACTINARIA. METRIDIUM MARGINATUM Milne-Edwards. (p. 329.) Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 254, 1857; Verrill, Revision of Polyps., in Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 22, 1864; Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 337, 1866; American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 252; Tenney, Natural History, p. 523, figs. 515-517, 1865; A. and Mrs. E. C. Agassiz, Sea-Side Studies, p. 7, figs. 2-7, 1865. dActinia marginata Lesueur, Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philad., vol.i, p. 172,1817; Gould, Invert. Mass., ed. i, p. 349, 1841; Leidy, Journ. Acad. N.8., Philad., ser. ii, vol. iii, p. 140, 1855 Agassiz, Contri- butions, vol. ili, p. 39, fig. 8, 1860. Actinia dianthus Dawson, Canadian Nat- uralist and Geologist, vol. iii, p. 402, figs. 1,2, 1858. New Jersey to Labrador. Common in Long Island Sound, Buzzard’s Bay, and Vineyard Sound, but mostly smaller than farther north; abundant in Massachusetts Bay, Casco Bay, and Bay of Fundy, low- water to 90 fathoms. SAGARTIA LEUCOLENA Verrill. Plate XX XVIII, fig. 284. (p. 329.) Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 336, 1866; American Naturalist, vol. ii, p. 261. North Carolina to Cape Cod. Common in Long Island Sound, Buz- zard’s Bay, and Vineyard Sound; Great Egg Harbor, New Jersey. Fort Macon, North Carolina (coll. Dr. Yarrow). SAGARTIA MODESTA Verrill. (p. 330.) Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 337, 1866. Long Island Sound to Vineyard Sound. Savin Rock, near New Haven; Goose Island; Stony Creek; Naushon Island; low-water, buried in sand or gravel. PARACTIS RAPIFORMIS Milne-Edwards. (p. 363.) Hist. Nat. des Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 249, 1857; Verrill, American Journal of Science, vol. iii, p. 436, 1872; Dana, Corals and Coral Islands, p. 23, figure, (in ed. i, as Sagartia modesta V.). @ oats ws > eh. ae 5 = Diath s 4 ty a cr Se -" i i 7 i Ode TA, sain > ’ 2h : >: CP ew dh OER ag Coe ma - j Re 2 tI 5 as = j ‘hep nt ae war i fhe ce a ete pes mal fh aged f aly <4 Ls age tin ele: mar iy € a Sh ire mei cs » ee, Nii 2s > 2 : a i ‘ wd , 2 a A i * ar als a wigs ; yt ke . Leo! ee ; alias 145 < my hee sits are at / vis Re ble! od £25798 “ree aye) mea ts: site F athe lie ai oY ad a ge ee ae Lae teas ees aes et Cela iten ad aay : 2 e a Shee eae ie i Reh ast S * . ; t aati: i} ara eee “air is * 4% pe rv , we ve H ie i: Nance ae ot e ie pee Pee | , PFA - aN a Roe iad hie 8 a Feet fe Oe > ay peeve ; " / ar Pile oa ~ n a a 2 iy 4 eit iS paee cal i \ ae oe aoe whwe bp 4) ae tide te AP hate t aft; ae eA; ; aha ie 47 fixie oe - cae v) = o Rok et, eT . ‘ y ba ey im K ahs a ee or Kota a . i‘ is y nt , ' ; > 7 Ny ie 7 id = “ ' “ 7 - * ih ‘oe o | wien , 7 ve ts 4 Font “Pig A ‘ ty y , " ne i . I Re aa as q 3 Sead : r - Ae ee by | = wy Lak as alte = . ¢ 7 ey, ” rs nie 7 te an . ‘ pe OY eee tie ; a ath 27a ek oe bee a ig ee ante ‘ a fee Ate a ne Med ighers cs ALPHABETICAL INDEX TO THE REPORT ON THE INVERTEBRATA OF SOUTHERN NEW ENGLAND. {In the following index the first reference, for the names of genera and species, is to the systematic catalogne, where the synonymy, descriptions, and references to plates may be found. In many cases references to the nominal lists have been omitted. The figures refer to the inside paging of the report. | Page. (0 CC ro 679 PNGHLES |e ee etter nis, o'5\-e se 367 Argina pexata-..692, 309, 333, 372, 378, 401, 410, 424, 435, 515 Astarte castianea. .. .. 685, 423, 429, 432, 435 lhinwll ita: sec... 2c eeyose eee lutearse hee. oem OSeoue MACtTACEH< S26 ace eee 685, 518 PortlandiGaress soso 685 quadrans\..-2 sesemcr tee 685, 509 Suleataies che a= caste eee 684, 509 UNG aban. eee eee Ee aterafetet 684, 508 Asteracanthion berylinus..-....-.- 718 Florbesti {22 si-- seer 718 pallidus. =5.----eos ae ‘Asterias actlesta - soso oe- eee eee 716 arenicola - ..718, 326, 333, 363, 366, 376, 378, 389, 393, 406, 411, 420, 447, 454, 476, 429, 432, 433, 435, 438, 424, 427 berylinus. .-.--..----.---- 4AT COMpta.. o--ee-ae eee eee 719 Forbesil 2-2s sees se-ee ees 718 Oculatae 5 == soem fA pallidaweasascee= cso seer 447 pubens':..224/ 426.65 eee eee sanguinolenta .--..2-.---- sie SPONCIOSA eee. a- ele eeee 719 vulgaris ....718, 389, 432, 447, 454, 486, 496 INGTON sososd coaoa5ens Sono cess 718 Astrangia astreiformis ....-.-..--- 740 Danwe-cee 740, 330, 334, 397, 408, 412, 421, 425, 485, 494 Astrophyton Agassizil...----...... 722 Astyris) lamatatee- eee ee- eae 645 lunata...645, 306, 333, 355, 365, 372 377, 383, 392, 399, 410, 417, 423, 428, 463, 479 TOSACea.....-.-- -- -- - 645, 495, 508 INDEX. 459 Page Page marys Lurnbullin . --ERe See 663 Brackish waters, fauna of eel-grass. 478 Inscul pte ase esse eee 662 Brackish waters, fauna of estuaries OLY 28: Gs 2 se 3322 - Se 663 AMAL OLS) <12c2 5 een aera 460 pellucida - -.34.5)-24239 eee 663 Brackish waters, fauna of muddy solitaria.. .662, 371, 377, 435, 469, 520 shores and bottoms.----...--..- 465 triticeacs:\5 Rees eae 663, 518 Brackish waters, fauna of oyster- Busycon canaliculatum....--.-.-.. 640 beds. Se laceysalee seeps are AT2 CALICA). = Jes wa/s Sqceeseeee 640 Brackish waters, fauna of piles of Byblissenratarectec cee ee 961, 501, 511 wharves, bridges, floating timber, Caberea Hlhsie esse ee ee 711, 420, 424 tol ES Co SiG eI arse eee 481 Hookevics 4535243252 -eeece 711 Brackish waters, fauna of sandy CxcumiCooperisss-s2-e see eee 649 shores and bottoms..=--...-.-..- 462 costatum ...--.-.649, 417, 423, 428 Brackish waters, list of species of pulchellum..-...- 649, 417, 423, 428 Gel-prass2 se stopstesseeescecee ses 480 | Calcareous sponges..---.-..------- 740 Brackish waters, list of species of Caligus Americanus...-.....---.-- 575 muddy shores and bottoms ..---. 470 CUTTS 6.2. eee 575, 459 Brackish waters, list of species of GLASSUS ee ne ee 577 oyster-beds S22. 2- 222225 Becaany oC Muller 22k os eee ee 575 Brackish waters, list of species of TapaxX......-.... 575,452; 457, 459 piles of wharves, bridges, floating BPPClESs..cce c.gdee eeee 439 Dimben ye Seeh es eee 2- nen n Aas 482 | Callianassa longimana ..-.-- .----- 549 Brackish waters, list of species of Stimpsoni-. .. 549, 369, 377, 434, sandy shores and bottoms.----.. 464 530 Brachyuta-<2=.)2--- ---2-2---~---- 545 | Caliope leviuscula.......-...----- 557 Brada setosa..--.-.--.-- 606, 431, 434,508 | Calliopius leeviuseulus.. .557, 315, 331, 439, Branchellion Orbiniensis .-......-. 624 452, 455, 519 Branchiella Thynni ..---...--..-.- 578 | Callinectes hastatus.548, 367, 377, 431, 434, Branchiobdella Ravenellii..- 624, 458, 460 438, 451, 458, 468, 479, 516 Brevoortia menhaden .-.-..- .----. 520 | Callista convexa.....681, 432, 435, 470, 518 Brittle star-Aslt22_-<. 2: .5-c-m-54_, (s0e | Calyptreea striata. saaee sae eeae ee 651 IBIVOZ0 Ges. cecsetee: eases eee ee 707 | Campanularia caliculata ...-..---. 726 BUCciMMUM) cinereunieees as -esese eee 641 duwmosaps- 42 eee 729 JLabradorense.-------..- 638 Habellatanee --seeeee 728 lapullusyeeeeeesecn cere 642 flexuosa... 726, 327, 334, 393, lunatiin eee eee Lap pe ry 645 411 obsoleimmyeee sees eeee 641 gelatinosa .--....--. 728 PUCosUMESeSss see eeee 641 Johnston =a ssseess 725 pyramidale=s. s=4e— see 637 volubilis.. 726, 334, 408, 411, - TOSACEMIM . SSaje%, trea ws 645 424 EUV UO DEG TLIO = = ake cre see eee 641 | Cancer borealis. .546, 745, 395, 409, 486, 493 undatum .... ..638, 494, 508, 521 eranulatus\. 2] seseeeeeeee 547 MIMO UMM) = 64 2) see eee 638 irroratus. -.546, 312, 331, 338, 364, Wheatleyi....-..--... Fo) | (645 367, 377, 395, 409, 415, 422, 428, ZONA Gee chain sh- ssce 645, 518 434, 439, 451, 464, 486, 490, 493, Bugula aviculaniaees a... 2-2 sc56 711 514, 515, 516, 520, 521, 530 INDEX. 461 Page Page. Gancer ocellatusi---—--- .-.-. 0.2326 bac | Cerithium,Sayl:..-..1-2226. cone vin 648 SE Re Go 6 2 6ee ee 546 herebrale...2 |... cies 648 VOQSI emeesdae sua! diel anos 545) | Ceronia arctata..--.._... 679, 426, 429, 518 Caprella geometrica ......... ....567, 409 PCestodes ,...-...-- 22. 2122s pean ene 456 species-519; 316, 382, 392, 409, 422, | Cestum Veneris........-........-. 723 494 | Cheenopsetta ocellatus............458, 519 Carcinus granulatus .547, 312, 331, 338, 364 367, 377, 464, 428, 434, 467 TA SONOS eRe Rw = os creme bias 547 Cardita borealis. ..2.........-.-... 683 eranulahe —...--- -..----..)' 684 Cardium Greenlandicum.. ....-... 6518 MIGERGA TY c* 8 8x; s/o Sede 683 pinnulatum.... 683, 423, 435, 518 Caudina arenata.-.-.- 715, 362, 366, 427, 429 Cavolina gsymnota.......---. 667, 383, 749 tridentata... ....669, 393, 444, 453 Cecrops Latreillii.-.......--.....577,.459 @ollarig termata -<- ceemem se 714 Cellularia: ehelata.....55.....-...-- 710 Wensar = =< Sess 26 cssocoeme 711 FaShiiatas.:=2=-2 04-5 -.- mz FLOOKerVe es LC See ee 711 US) ig 1 711, 496 POTHIER 5 a Vales ais Se oo 3 712 Celilaringsse f= satcatts SS oe 710 Gentropristis fuscus...-...-.:----. 514 GEM DALONOG Bi, 2755 sf tea ool t ns 634 enon distortus-.- 22+... ..---...573,,459 Gerapus fucicola..:-.. 2.620. =. 565 VAN SURG b peyeves iota, ete) cray etal pan 565 rubricornis....-..-..565, 396, 409 Ceratacanthus aurantiacus....--.. 520 Cerebratulus, species.630, 324, 332, 382, 392, 410, 434 Cerithiopsis Emersonii-.648, 410, 417, 423, 428 Greenii. 647, 333, 383, 393, 410, 417, 423 terebralis._ . 648, 393, 417, 423, 428 Cerithium Emersonii-..........-.. 648 Greanieste eis. sor, oe 647 nigrocinctum,.-...----. 648 reticnlatumsiscc is. 0/5. 848 Chietobranchus sanguineus. .616, 320, 332, 371, 377, 434, 468 @Retopn ath are ee sete ne ns 5 gs 626 Chetopleura apiculata...-..--....- 661 Chalina arbuscula... -.--..--,-.-.,- 742 oculata. .742, 391, 409, 412, 425, 497 Charybdea periphylla.....:...---- 724 Chemnitzia bisuturalis.....--..--.- 656 desllbats, « =~ ~ 325, ceo 715 Chitonjapiculatus:-.-+-.-4+5 46sec 661 folminagusis. es. ae eee 517 MALMOLEUS apne eure esaies ae 517, 399 TUDOR cia ae iw. pee iene Saaee 662 Chironomus halophilus-. .539, 409, 415, 421 oceanicus.. -.539, 331, 379, 392, 519 Chondracanthus cornutus..-..----- 578 Chondrismerispuses-. >see eee 404 Chrysodomus pyemzus..-....-.<.- 639 Cicindela‘albohirta,.- --- ..5-s-12n. 364 dorsalis o36, es ses. == 44222 2 eae 733 372, 378, 410, 423, 429, 435, 458, | Nephthys borealis........-.-..-... 583 463, 469, 490, 515, 521 bucerae 2252525 essbso 41 6n4e byalinaieetee ne! cc. eet 672 ciliata: .-ke es Pee 583 MIELCEM ALTA pers, <2 Sos as See 672 picta .-. .. ..583, 348, 364, 422, 498 Myliobatis Freminvillei...... ....521, 624 iIngens-... - 583, 431, 434, 507, 521 Mysis Americana... 552, 370, 377, 396, 409, | Neptunea curta...............-.-. 638 415, 422, 431. 434, 452, 455, 458, pygmea. ....-----.639, 508, 518 479) 519,520 | Nereilepas fucata. -25.2 322.225: 591 stenolepis .......- 5pL 370587744790 Nereis: cillatalse- see eee eee eee eee Wulearish. oes eenee e 552 etlprea:sc2s. 15222 eee 593 Mytilus borealis -......2..:-..----: 692 | fucata- = 2's. 20222.) sae Se ON OA COEVUMAtISyo22 -seee reese 694 Brandis. 2-0-0 eae eee 590 GECHISSATT Seen ee eee GOES limbata..590 318, 332, 341, 364, 371, GemiIssusee eee eee 693 377, 382, 392, 422, 440, 453, 463, 516 GISCOTA he Abate ae ae 694 pelagica ....- 591,-319, 332, 397, 410, discrepans.: 20) kee aes 694 422, 428, 434, 453 edulis . .692, 307, 333, 361, 365, 372, 378, 388, 393, 401, 410, 418, 424, 426, 429, 432, 435, 453, 470, 475, 515, 546 OWA Pais! ears eee oes 694 HU UDLISeaoe seen eee ee 460 TMOCIOMIS Ae Slee eee eee OOD NOTALUSHe Hee ee eee Eee OOS pellncidtise eeeeee see eee 692 Dholadigussses a 2.3 Aree 671 ica usise- eae ee PemOoS TU POSTS) sa\en let eee eae 671 Myzobdella lugubris ..........-.- 625 Namomia cata .2-~ 2225 7-3 e4e5. 7 BOP ADD Naraganseta coralii- 607, 307, 410, 422, 494 Naticavelausaeass eee. eae eee 647,519 Guplicntalass= ae eae 646 Maviay seta. Oo4e =e Rear ae 518 MELOSSeeo ceo Ee ee 646 LMM AC matay eae eee eee 646, 517 pusilla .-. 2. - 647, 417, 423, 426, 429 Liseriatalceee rere eae ee 646 Nassa fretensis---- O3ese sees 040 Innate 2225 ee ee eee eee 645 obsoletaree2cnte ee ae ee 641 brivabtatasscee setae eee 641 Wiles epee cos soe LORS yAl Syl alas) Nectonereis megalops-...-.-.. 592, 440, 453 Nematodes .-.-..........634, 453; 455, 456 INematoneréisses-.~\-2 12sec ee 594, 508 INemerteans\eesececcen + cachas sees 627, 324 Nemertesobseurae...-. -.-22 eee. 628 OlIVACEAEe 2.2 Passes 628 Speclesieess 2-5 --sehecec) 1629 487,514, 519 VYankdanas--< 25eeesceeee 590 Nerine agilis.-..........600, 346, 365, 490 crrnatia: 2s: a2 ee eee 602 coniocephala 222-2/2-2---- 602 Nerocilasmundaj-see sete eee 571, 459 INGurOp terrasse essscene Senet eoreee 543 Neverita duplicata ..646, 354, 365, 426, 429, 490 Nicomache dispar=as. eee oeee eee 608, 508 Nicolea simplex ..-.- .613, 321, 332, 382, 392, 397, 410, 422, 453, 494 Ninoé nigripes..--25- -22 see oboe Nogagus Latreillei....-.. 56, 457, 459 tenax 22 aes ee 577, 457, 459 Notomastus filiformis.611, 342, 365, 371, Abe luridus.. 610, 342, 365, 371, 377 INOtOSpermus) yViriGis==-e-eesoeeeeee "628 Nuculacorticatacess=- 2+ c-es eases 691 delphinodonta ...-.-.-. .--.691, 509 Gouldiiiss22a- ceeeesoe eee 690 limatula:. eases oreee 689, 518 min wha. so5) shoe eee 690 Navicularisies sso eessee eae EEE Ouly 418, 424, 432, 435, 515, 518, 519, 520 proxima - Padiata oles sad o ee ee 691 sapotilla 4.22522.) 5S.) see 689, 518 tENUIS 24o oe eeeee 691, 518, 519 tenuisuleata 2222 3- oe eee 690 thracietonmises.-eeeeeeeee 690 thracitormism-- suse eoeD Mey 400 Pennaria tiarella -. ..735, 327, 334, 393, 411, 425, 455, 520 Pentamera pulcherrima..715, 420, 424, 427, 429 424 Petricola dactylus’.--. - 22-222 eeeee 680 fornicaia es. . ees See 680 pholadiformis 680, 372, 378, 435, 470, 515 Phaleria testaceaa-e: see eee ae 543, 464 Phascolosoma Bernhardus.....-..-.. 627 cementarium ... ..627, 422, 428, 434 Gouldii . .. .627, 353, 428, 521 Phasianella bifasciata....-.-.2-..- 652 CORNEA 2. 225552265 Bere 652 fasciatarsecn2H eee eee 652 Siriata inseam 652 sulcataiss: acces ee 651 Philhydrussperplexus) a) sees === ee TEHextponnis tessa eee eee 542 Philosciavilttahae-eeeee eee aes 569 iPholasicostata eee ese oteee 670, 433, 435 ClISPAbauss secs -- see eR eeee 671 CUNCLLORMIS = 45 ee eeeeee 671, 517 truncata. .670, 372, 378, 433, 435, 470 Phoxichilidium mawxillare ....544, 415, 421 Phoxus Kroyeri-..-..- -...556, 434, 501, 511 Phronima, species..-...-.--.- 567, 439, 452 Phylactolzematay-=--1- > sesso seers 707 Phyllobranchus Ravenelii.----.--- 624 Phyllodoce catenula_..--------<-- 987, 494 oracilis’. Ss aeceoste ae 586, 494 Wiacwlata) eee sen wee 586 species. ..332, 349, 382, 397, 410, 422, 434, 452 Phyllopoday- sss. aes ae oe eae Phyllophora Brodisei 222522. .2s-2- 492, 496 membranifolia -.492, 496, 404 Physalia arethusa....-. 2. <. 7o7, 450, 455 AUTICCTO) Cooeeeee eee eee 737 caravellaius. q2cec-=s >see 737 Delagicasees- pee eeeae 737 Rhysalispelacicayyssseee= sa aereee 737 Physophore --. =. 5-.6-=2)5-< eases Phytosus Balticus). 2252-5. 2 sees 542 littoralis............542, 364, 464 PilsbWe 4.0.22) soo eee eee 399 Palms) Elacrisi sees sane 547 Pinnixia, eylindricays-.e-- 546, 367, 377, 520 Pinnotheres maculatus. - -546, 309, 434, 459 ostreum -.. ..546, 309, 317, 377, 434, 438, 451, 459 Pisa MutiCa, 62 tote cece eee 548 Placobranchus catulus -oseseeseeee 668 Planaria frequens - -a-eegees eee 633 GTISCA =. Sonmnoeeue eee 63 INDEX. 473 Page. Paga PURO OCTOS ,. =1)-4 sents i aa eta EMS | ROLILOT A o.5 cece octane wcceyeenwocnde 740 eA MINIS. . oS ce ioinn a oes Saree 628 | Poronotus triacanthus............. 449 ATU oie, oo win wen eee BOOM PON Pte! eee ates ~~ >in ove cecunee 737 Hlanocera nebulosa ..... ......632, $25,332 |akortunus pictus. ............2...-. 547 Platycarcinus irroratus...........- 846 | Potamilla podophthalmia........-. 32 SEW GE ee os peers ot te | lid Platyonichus ocellatus 547 ,338;364,426,428, 438, 457, 490, 501, 515, 516, 533 Platypyxis cylindrica.726, 334, 408, 411, 424 Pleurobrachiarhododactyla-....722,444,448, 450, 454, 455 Pleurotoma bicarinatum .....638, 418, 423 BMUMNOA eas sas = Sak 637 COTATI er ee Oe 637 MlLGaiieee ans assis gee 637 PliGUsar. 535-84 oee= 428 Sandy bottoms in brackish waters, histOfSpecies--saqs+5—> /2sassceee 464 Saudy bottoms in outer waters, list OL*SPECIOS jaa eet sis ees eee 504 Sandy shores in bays and sounds, fauna Of fa2:5)-sce tence oiee scsi Sealibregma brevicauda - .-.. .605, 416, 422 Scapharca transversa 691, 309, 333, 401, 410, 408, 424 Scionopsis palmata..614, 321, 332, 397, 410, 476 Sclerodactyla Briareus..---..-.... 715 Scolecidai sn: os cees2e sete hee ee eee 627 Scolecolepis cirrata. -602, 416, 422, 428, 501, 507 TONUWIS, Feee seas OU Ban aa viridis - 600, 345, 364, 453, 463 Scolek.c0S. oJsce sc ee eee see eee eee 457 Scollops 2-2. 2cc.coeecesss co eeeee 361, 374 Scomber vernalisteesese ss eeeeaes 516 SCUP cic ojocce Senet Deca eieere 514 Scutelllaparna isso assem 717 Quingueforacs=-seene- sere gil Scyphacella arenicola ....568, 543, 337, 364 SPECIESi= scone eee 567 Scyphams -. 2.2 Sse caeeeecee 567 Sea-anemones'?..-\. . 552526 cciescstaaae pee Seacbass.. o.o0 22 aN a ee Sea-cabbave".. 225. un acces oeeee 305 Sea-claiy! 2222.22 255-24 5-seeeee 358 Sea-herrine. 3.4.5 5< 2+ S- eee 520 Sens pork oe owe cies ele ae ees 402, 419 SEP EHO) DWISARe oro aco cccagato sane 516 INDEX. 475 Page. Page POUCH arn, <= iaya'a, siiciatela eae 326, 438, 447 | Solecurtus Caribiens .............. 675 MemMeleequalis.....-...-.«svesuesO?9 DLO GUMAUE 25s haved bee 676 Serpula dianthus.- .. .620, 322, 332, 392, 397, MASUIS' sou SeUke cee 518 410, 416, 422, 426, 428, 476 CADIS ic ndan-wots so aege 675 MOLTOCUA er + pub's ackuiseene 622 | Solemya.-borealis.................. 689 MAO rinisin cic. «knee OSS 622 | Solen' Americanus.........-......- 674 RIITORDIS ae inic.cmseiaa nm salad’ 621 DIRONS arhararatn eats awa aeceey 676 Serripes Greenlandicus............. 518 CabiDQusii cc cakr ns see cdcocas 675 Nertularia anguina.........5.06.-. 710 centralis....- Prete tes bees 676 BNTENMING, .2. Soe nctee be . 730 COBUALUS heme cebee see sscc.-.'|) (675 argentea..732, 334, 408, 411, 425 CUVISUS weeweteseosisee bess 676 GHelALas ar acas ap dace 710 CLISIS we mieea wen heir] Maelo 2. 674 cornicina .. .. .733, 729, 408, 411 FTA TUG ic Cureton et bas = 676 CUSCUbH tsca ca cece buns CeeTOo SUD DUST Bass Weee te ohe waren - 675 cupressina ....732, 408, 411, 425 Guineensisy. 325... 52 -15ss5 675 GU GHOTONTA:. aes 667, 495 Tetrastemma arenicola- .... -.629, 351, 365 Thamnocnidia tenella-. -.736, 407, 411, 425 Thaumantias diaphana....-...---.. 727 Mnecosomabaiecscc-cesem- soe eer 668 Phemisto; Species .---- = en s-meeee 745 hracta Conia Giese see eae 673, 426, 429 bruncataene-e eee see 674, 509, 517 hyasiraiG oulditeeseecmq eerie eee 686 Thyone Briareus 715, 362, 366, 376, 378, 418, 420, 424, 427, 429, 433, 435 Thyropus, Species eo .-ee ie eee 567 Thysanopoda, species -..---.-. 554, 452, 516 Tiaropsis diademata..-..-....----- 725, 454 Tiger-beetles ......--- === secs eee OOD Tiger-shark..--2-. = asin iele 665 TUMUUC Als oo = san er nec eer 687 Tritonium pygmeum.......-...... God |) Ulva latissima... 2.6 66 scene ote 303, 315 ‘Trochus divaricatus..--...--..--.- 652 | Unciola irrorata 567,340, 364, 370, 377, 409, SUL IAOllUstee eons. ccacle cee 654 415, 422, 426, 428, 431, 434, 493, 501, 507, SREORPDIOUUM .. -\c aetetatc sels we we ace 331 514, 749 Trombidium, species ..---...-. .... 544 | Urosalpinx cinerea ..641, 306, 332, 372, 327, Trophonia affinis .....--. 605, 432, 434, 507 383, 392, 399, 410, 423, 428, 476 Trumbull, J. H., mollusks found in Urothoe, species ....-........--..-556, 452 stomach of cod-fish.............. 517 | Utriculus canaliculatus............ 663 Trumbull, J. H., mollusks found in Viallkkerig). CUsCWibeacclactnda'ers/ Sain /- 25 709 stomach of haddock ............ 518 DUSHUlOSae see seee .. 709 Trypou controura.--..-..-..-.---. 5010| Welella, muticniss.: ssc esse sarees 737, 455 Tubipora catenularia.........--... 712 | Venericardia cribraria....-...--..- 684 Moabalarina.. = -:-:..--. ae atts 733 granulatal...2 2. 2. 684 Mubalarracristata- <2... ..sc.< cece 736 | Venus castanea...........-. 685 TAMOSA Soo eee eee oe MACUWIS Soir cane ees mse C676 Btelliterd, .asanieeeemeee 735 POMIM A says. ne eee eyeen ai eeee 682 Tubulipora flabellaris -- .708, 333, 405, 411, VERGE poe e eo eecese cooked 683 425, 496 Manhattensisi. css. - eee ee OOS phalangea...--.-.-.-..- 708 mercenaria ..681, 359, 365, 372, 378, Pata =. -ee'=-'- Se OG 429,435, 458, 463, 469 Sec abass ea eae a Aes siege wscls 698 MIN WHA GS oo eae coerce 687 SERERVp SIN AU 212) nc eco atic mn cices ces 516 MOIR coger HoSSSO Mseg Tene 681 Turbellaria........ Sea eee me 627 PIC PAlCA n= os. Seer aceaes 681 Muweho ean ais= sa; o 8 & EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI. Figure 25.—Limnoria lignorum White, (p. 571;) dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters. 26.—Erichsonia filiformis Harger, (p. 570 ;) dorsai view, enlarged five diam- eters. 27.—Erichsonia attenuata Harger, (p. 570;) dorsal view, enlarged three diam- | eters. ‘ 28.—Epelys trilobus Smith, (p. 571 ;)ydorsal view, enlarged ten diameters. 29,.—Livoneca ovalis Harger, (p. 572 ;) dorsal view, enlarged three diameters. (Figuro 25 was drawn by S. I. Smith ; 26 and 28 by O. Harger; 27 and 29 by J. H. En erton.) Plate Vl. —. oe o be 7 EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIL FIGURE 30.—Lerneonema radiata Steenstrup and Liitken, (p.578 ;) female, enlarged two diameters. 31.—Pandarus, (p. 576;) female; dorsal view, enlarged five diameters. 32.—Nogagus Latreillii, (p. 576;) male; dorsal view, enlarged five diameters 33.—Sapphirina, (p. 573;) male; dorsal view, enlarged ten diameters. 34.—Lepas fascicularis Ellis and Solander, (p. 579;) lateral view of a single animal from a large cluster, slightly enlarged. 35.—Phoxichilidium maxillare Stimpson, (p. 544;) male; dorsal view, enlarged two diameters. (Figure 33 was drawn by S8. I. Smith; all the others by J. H. Emerton.) Plate VII. Fig. 30. No, 538 Fig. 32. Fig. 31. No, 540 « EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII. FIGURE 36.—Squilla empusa Say, (p. 5363) lateral view of the free-swimming larvx in one of its later stages, enlarged ten diameters. 37.—Zoéa of the common crab, Cancer irroratus, (p. 530;) in the last stage just before it changes to the megalops condition; lateral view, enlarged seventeen diameters. 38.—Megalops stage of the same, just after the change from the zoéa condi- tion ; dorsal view, enlarged thirteen diameters. (All the figures were drawn by J. H. Emerton.) Plate VIII. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX. Larval young of the Lobster, Homarus Americanus Edwards, (p. 522.) FIGuRE 38.—4A. Lateral view of the larval young in the first stage observed, enlarged seven diameters. B, The same in a dorsal view, the abdomen held horizontally. C. Antennula, enlarged fourteen diameters. : D, One of the thoracic legs of the second pair, enlarged fourteen diam- eters ; a, exopodus; 0, epipodus; ¢, branchie. 39.—H. Lateral view of the larval young in the third stage, enlarged five and one-half diameters. 4, Terminal portion of the abdomen seen from above, enlarged ten diam- eters; a, one of the small spines of the posterior margin of the terminal segment, enlarged fifty diameters. _ G. Basal portion of one of the legs of the second pair, showing the epip- odus and branchi, enlarged fourteen diameters. (All the figures were drawn from alcoholic specimens, by 8. I. Smith.) "y ? if = j : S 4 . - Plate Ix EXPLANATION OF PLATE X. Figure 40.—Lepidonotus squamatus, (p.581;) anterior part of the body, head, and proboscis; dorsal view. 41.—The same; end of the proboscis; front view, showing the jaws and papill. 42.—Lepidonotus sublevis, (p. 581;) dorsal view. 43.—Rhynchobolus dibranchiatus, (p. 596;) anterior part of body, mouth and head ; lower side. . 44,—The same; lateral appendage, showing the dorsal cirrus, the upper and . lower branchize and the setigerous lobes between them. 45.—Rhynchobolus Americanus, (p. 596;) anterior part of the body and ex- tended proboscis ; dorsal view. 46.—The same; lateral appendages, showing the dorsal cirrus, the branched gill, the setigerous lobes, and the ventral cirrus. (Figures 40, 41, 42, 45, were drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton; 44 by A. E. Verrill; 43 and 46 were copied from Ehlers.) Plate X. No. 559 Hl F Leeuw “USA —— - 46. Fig. EXPLANATION OF PLATE Xf. FiGure 47.—Nereis virens, (p. 590;) head little more than natural size ; dorsal view. 48.—The same; extended proboscis; dorsal view. 49.—The same; probosci; sventral view. 50.—The same; lateral appendage. : 51.—Nereis limbata, male, (p.590;) a few segments of the middle region of the body, anterior region, head and extended proboscis ; dorsal view. 52.—Nereis pelagica, female, (p. 591;) natural size; dorsal view. 53.—The same; male, natural size; dorsal view. 54.—The same; head more enlarged ; dorsal view. 55.—The same; proboscis; ventral view. 56.—Phyllodoce gracilis?, (p. 586;) head ; dorsal view. (Figure 51 was drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton; 47, 48, 49, 50, 52,53, wore copied from Ehlers; 54, 55, from Malmgren; 56, from A. Agassiz.) Plate XI. Fig. 53. Fig. 52. ib eaty a JAANAL ALS, No, 548 No. 550 EXPLANATION: OF PLATE Soir FIGURE 57.—Nephthys picta, (p. 583;) anterior part of body and head, much enlarged ; dorsal view. 58.—Nephthys bucera, (p. 583;) anterior part of body and head, enlarged; ven- tral view. 59.—Nephthys ingens, (p. 583;) anterior part of body and extended proboscis ; ventral view. 60.—The same; dorsal view. 61.—Podarke obscura, (p. 589 ;) dorsal view, from a specimen preserved in alchohol and much contracted in length. 62.—Nectonereis megalops, (p. 592;) ventral view. 63.—The same ; anterior region of body and head; dorsal view. 64.—Marphysa Leidyi, (p. 593;) anterior part of body and head, enlarged about three diameters; dorsal view. (Figures 57 and 58 were copied from Eblers ; all the rest were drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton) e Plate XII. Fig. 61. — ee So iw No. 567 iM . i . Ant ‘AN n IN HAN AN I y Fig. 63. No. 564 No. 779 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII. FIGURE 65.—Autolytus cornutus, (p. 590;) an asexual individual, from which a male is about to separate; dorsal view, enlarged about six diameters; A, A, A, antenne of the former; C,C,C, C, two tentacles and one tentacular cirrus on each side, followed by the dorsal cirri; F, the intestine; d, the long sets and dorsal cirri of the male. 66.—The same; anterior part of a female, moré enlarged ; the letters as before ; b, the eyes; ¢, the eggs; jf, the intestine; 3, one of the appendages of the anterior region of the body; c, the dorsal cirrus; h, the setigerous tubercle, supporting hooked sete. 67.—Diopatra cuprea, (p. 593 ;) head and anterior part of body, showing part of the branchie ; side view. 68.—The same; ventral view, showing the mouth open and jaws thrown back. 69.—Lumbriconereis opalina, (p. 594 ;) anterior part of body ; dorsal view. 70.—The same; lateral appendage and set. (Figures 65 and 66 were copied from A. Agassiz; 67, 68, 69 were drawn from nature by J. H. Emer- ton; 70, by A. E. Verrill.) ; Plate XIII. Fig. 66, Fig. 65, Fig. 69. Fig. 70. ~ ‘ Fig. 67. Fig. 68. UNE WES AN) SN No. 554 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV. FIGURE 71.—Clymenella torquata, (p. 608;) natural size; lateral view 72.—The same; head and extended proboscis ; front view. 73.—The same; posterior and caudal segments; dorsal view. 74.—Sternaspis fossor, (p. 606 ;) dorsal view. 75.—Trophonia affinis, (p. 605 ;) anterior portion ; dorsal view. 76.—Anthostoma robustum, (p. 597 ;) anterior portion of body, head, ae ex- tended proboscis; dorsal view, natural size. Spio setosa, (p. 602;) anterior segments and head; side view; only one of the two large tentacles is represented. 78.—Polydora ciliatum, (p. 603;) anterior and posterior parts ; dorsal view. (Figures 71, 72, 73, 75,76, were drawn from nature by J. H. Emerton; 74, by A. E. Verrill; 77, 78, were copied from A. Agassiz.) 69¢ re * ar 570 Plate XIV. iG ; EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV. FIGURE 79.— Ammotrypane fimbriata, (p. 604;) ventral view. 80.—Cirratulus grandis, (p. 606;) natural size, from a living specimen; lateral view. 81.—The same; natural size, from a preserved specimen ; dorsal view. (Figures 79 and 81 were drawn from nature by J. H, Emerton ; figure 80, by A. E. Verrill.) \ aye c) Plate XV. Bel 2, ( <8 (Ce te ) a ay emily = No. 574 ay S —e S c: ) » : Dy) ens ONG SER : NOPSARG \ 7 12> g | ; C STO eS " } ea 'b 4, Pap SET TE TARY Seu en MT toe a Ma N SMA ahi shea RAZ TY con ) LOR GS VARGSV aE eS Ss ~~ CONS 2 WS) SS : | | IAG EC ‘ + = No. 573 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI. Figure 82.—Amphitrite ornata, (p. 613;) lateral view, somewhat reduced, from a living specimen. 83.—Ampharete gracilis, (p. 612 ;) lateral view. 24.—Euchone elegans, (p. 618 ;) lateral view. 85.—Polycirrus eximius, (p. 616;) dorsal view of a living specimen creeping by means of its tentacles ; natural size. (Figures 82, 84, 85, were drawn from nature by A. E. Verrill; 83, by J- H. Emerton.) meme eA > onet%s29 9% Fig. 130. Fig. 135. Fig. 136. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV. Figure 137.—Littorina rudis, (p. 651;) natural size. 138.—Littorina palliata, (p. 652 ;) natural size. 139.—Lacuna vincta, (p. 652;) enlarged. 140.—Littorinella minuta, (p. 653 ;) enlarged. 141.—Rissoa aculeus, (p. 654;) enlarged. 142.—Skenea planorbis, (p. 655;) enlarged. 143.—Odostomia producta, (p. 656;) enlarged. 144.—O. fusca, (p. 656;) enlarged. 145.—O. trifida, (p. 656 ;) enlarged. 146.—O. trifida, var., (p. 656 ;) enlarged. 147.—O. impressa, (p. 656 ;) enlarged. 148.—O. senwnuda, (p. 657 ;) enlarged. 149.—Eulima oleacea, (p. 655 ;) natural size. 150.—Cerithiopsis terebralis, (p. 648 ;) enlarged. 151.—C. Emersonii, (p. 648;) enlarged. 152.—Triforis nigrocinctus, (p. 648 ;) enlarged. 153.—Cerithiopsis Greenii, (p. 647;) enlarged. 154.—Bittium nigrum, (p. 648;) enlarged. 155.—Turbonilla elegans, (p. 657 ;) much enlarged. 156.—Margarita obscura, (p. 661:) natural size. 157:—Vermetus radicula, (p. 649;) natural size. 158.—Czcum pulchellum, (p. 649 ;) natural size and enlarged. 159.—Acmeea testudinalis, (p. 661 :) natural size. 159a.—The same; lower side, 159b.—The same, variety alveus; natural size. (Figure 155 was drawn from nature, by A. E. Verrill; the others are from Binney’s Gould, mostly drawn by E. 8. Morse.) Plate XXIV. Fig. 139. Fig. 140. Fig. 11. Fig. 142, pie. (oS 4 | | ho Fig. 143. Fig. 144. Fig. 145. Fig. 146, Fig. 147. Fig. 148. Fig. 149. Fig. 152. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXYV. FiGure 160.—Utriculus canaliculatus; (p. 663 ;) enlarged. 161.—Bulla solitaria, (p. 662 ;) natural size. 162.—Amphisphyra debilis, (p. 663;) enlarged. 163.—Cylichna alba, (p. 664 ;) natural size. 164.—Cylichna oryza, (p. 664 ;) enlarged. 165.—Actieon puncto-striata, (p. 664;) enlarged. 166.—Trachydermon ruber, (p. 662 ;) natural size. 167.—Chtopleura apiculata, (p. 661; ;) natural size. 168.—Alexia myosotis, (p. 662;) natural size. 169.—Melampus bidentatus, (p. 662 ;) natural size. 169a.—The same; banded variety, (p. 662;) natural size. 170.—Doto coronata, (p. 665;) a, dorsal view, enlarged ; }b, head, from above; c, one of the branchi: e. 171.—Elysiella catulus, (p. 668 ;) enlarged three diameters. 172.—Elysia chlorotica, (p. 667 ;) enlar ‘eed two diameters. 173.—Doridella obscura, (p. 664 ; SG dorsal view ; b, ventral view, enlarged. 174.—Montagua pilata, (p. 666 ; :) natural size, 175.—Hermiea cruciata, (p. 667 ;) enlarged. 176.—Doris bifida, (p. 664; ;) enlarged three diameters. 177.—Cavolina tridentata, (p. 669; ;) natural size. 178.—Styliola vitrea, (p. G68 5) enlarged three diameters. (Figures 171, 172, 173, 174, 178 were drawn from nature, by A. E. Verrill; 169a, 170 by E. S. Morse; 175 by A. Agassiz; 176, by J. H. Emerton; 177 was copied from Cuvier, (last ill. ed. ). Therest are from Binney’s Gould, mostly by E. S. Morse.) ods Plate XXV. Fig. 160. Fig. 161. Fig. 162. | Fig. 163. Fig. 164, Fig. 165. Fig. 166. Fig. 170. Fig. 168. ig. 169. Fig. 169a. JS 933-32 oN Vy s nad 73° Lege pL aaa eesge Sar SS. ao ott EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI. FiGure 179.— Mya arenaria, (p. 672;) with animal in extension, reduced to one-half, the natural size. 180.—Angulus tener, (p. 677;) animal reduced one-half. 181.—Tagelus gibbus, (p. 6753) with animal, the siphons not fully extended,. one-half natural size. 182.—Ensatella Americana, (p. 674;) with animal extended, one-half natural size. The figure at the right shows some of the terminal papill en- larged. 183.—Teredo navalis, (p. 669;) enlarged two diameters. 184, A.—Venus mercenaria, (p. 681;) natural size. 184, B.—Mulinia lateralis, (p. 680;) natural size. (Lhe figures were all drawn from nature, by A. E. Verrill.) Plate XXVI. Fig. 179. Fig. 18), WY No. 66 Fig. 184. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIL. FIGuRE 186.—Teredo navalis, (p. 669;) shell and pallets. 187.—Teredo Thomsoni, (p. 670;) shell and pallets. 188.—Teredo megotara, (p. 670;) shell and pallets. 189.—Xylotrya fimbriata, (p. 670;) shell and pallets. 190.—Gastranella tumida, (p. 678;) shell, enlarged six diameters. 191.—Corbula contracta, (p. 672;) natural size. 192.—Saxicava arctica, (p. 671;) natural size. 193.—Clidiophora trilineata, (p. 673;) natural size, with animal. 194.—Lyonsia hyalina, (p. 672;) natural size. 195.—Thracia truncata, (p. 674;) natural size. 196.—Thracia myopsis, (p. 673;) natural size. 197.—Periploma papyracea, (p. 673;) natural size. 198.—Cochlodesma Leanum, (p. 673 ;) natural size. 199.—Petricola pholadiformis, (p. 680;) natural size. 200.—Pholas truncata, (p. 670;) natural size. (Figure 190 was drawn by A. E. Verrill: all the rest are from Binney’s Gould, mostly drawn by E. S. Morse.) Plate XXVII. Fig. 189. Fig. 196. _ ial - ' | iy ‘ | - | — ae ~~ —. ~ ve : ee ha | ee 7 a EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII TPiGuRE 201.—Cyprina Islandica, (p. 683;) natural size. 202.—Mactra solidissima, (p. 680;) natural size. (The figures are both from Binney’s Gould, drawn by E. S. Morse.) Plate XXVIII. Fig. 202 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX. FIGURE 203.—Astarte undata, (p. 684;) somewhat reduced. 204.—Astarte castanea, (p. 685;) natural size. 205.—Astarte quadrans, (p. 685;) natural size. 206.—Gouldia mactracea, (p. 685;) natural size. 207.—The same, inside of one valve, enlarged. 208.—Lvicardium Mortoni, (p. 683;) natural size, with animal. 209.—Cardium pinnulatum, (p. 683;) natural size. 210.—Solenomya velum, (p. 688;) natural size. 211.—Cyclas dentata, (p. 686 ;) natural size. 212.—Lucina filosa, (p. 686;) natural size. 213.—Cryptodon Gouldii, (p. 686;) enlarged two diameters. 214.—Cryptodon obesus, (p. 687;) enlarged three diameters. 215.—Cyclocardia Novanglie, (p. 684;) natural size. 216.—Cyclocardia borealis, (p. 683;) natural size. (Figures 203, 207, 214 were drawn by A. E. Verrill ; 215 by E. S. Morse; the rest from Binney’s Gould, and mostly drawn by E.S. Morse.) Plate XXIX. Fig. 208. Fig. 210. Fig. 211, Fig. 206. Fig. 214. - IXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX, FIGURE 217.—Tagelus gibbus, (p. 675;) natural size. 218.—Tagelus divisus, (p. 676;) natural size. 219.—Callista convexa, (p. 681;) natural size. 220.—Tottenia gemma, (p. 682;) enlarged. 221.—Cumingia tellinoides, (p. 679;) natural size. 222.—Macoma fragilis, var. fusca, (p. 676;) natural size. 223.—Angulus tener, (p. 677 ;) natural size. 224.—Anegulus tenellus, (p. 677 ;) natural size. 225.—Tellina tenta, (p. 678;) natural size. 226.—Kellia planulata, (p. 688;) enlarged. 227.—Argina pexata, (p. 692;) natural size. 228.—Scapharca transversa, (p. 691 ;) natural size. 229.—Nucula delphinodonta, (p. 691;) enlarged. 230.—Nucula proxima, (p. 691;) natural size. 231.—Yoldia sapotilla, (p. 6&9 ;) natural size. 232.—Yoldia limatula, (p. 689;) natural size. (Figure 224 was drawa by A. E. Verrill; the rest are from Binney’s Gould, by E.S. Morse.) Plate XXX. Fig. 219. Fig. 220. Fig. 221 Fig. 229. Fig. 230. HV AAAS ine } : Ha MN na . ey AS ASS NTS y : a : % 4 ig. » Gf” eh Di Fig. 228. Fig. 232. NN : EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI. FIGURE 253.—Crenella glanduia, (p. 695.) 234.—Mytilus edulis, (p. 692.) 235.—Modiolaria corrugata, (p. 694.) 236.—Modiolaria nigra, (p. 694.) 237.—Modiola modiolus, (p. 693.) 238.—Modiola plicatula, (p. 693.) (All the figures are of natural size, and from Binney’s Gould, drawn by E. S. Morse.) Fig 234. Fig. 236. Plate XXXI. EXPLANATION. OF PLATE XXXII. FIGURE 239.—Anomia aculeata, (p. 697 ;) lower side, natural size. 240.—The same, upper side. 240a.—The same, portions of the upper side magnified. 241.—Anomia glabra, (p. 696;) protile view, natural size. 242.—The same, (p. 696 ;) lower side. 242a,.—The same, (p. 696;) young, natural size. 243.—Pecten irradians, (p. 695;) natural size. 244,—Siliqua costata, (p. 675;) natural size. 245.—Ensatella Americana, (p. 674 ;) natural size. (The figures are from Binney’s Gould, drawn by FE. S. Morse.) Plate XXXII. Fig. 241. Fig. 242a. Fig. 240a. Fig. 242. Fig. 245. pl ta) Mss Pay ‘ / EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII. FIGURE 246.—Cynthia partita, variety stellifera, (p. 701;) natural size. 247.—Cyuthia carnea, (p. 701;) natural size. 248.—The same, (p. 701;) younger specimens, natural size. 249.—Eugyra pilularis, (p. 700 ;) natural size. 250.—Molgula Manhattensis, (p. 699 ;) smooth variety, natural size. 251.—Molgula arenata, (p. 699;) natural size. 252.—Botryllus Gouldii, (p. 702;) colony incrusting the stem of Tubularia, somewhat enlarged. 253.—The same; one of the zodids, enlarged ten diameters; a, anal tube and ori- fice; s, somach ; g, groove and vessels along the edge of the branchial sac, inside; 0, left ovary: b, bud, attached by a slender stolon. 254.—Salpa Cabotti, (p. 706 ;) solitary individual, from the dorsal side, enlarged ; h, heart; s, small chain of salpe# budding within the old one. 255.—The same; one of the individuals from a mature chain, three-quarter view enlarged; a, posterior or anal opening; b, anterior or branchial opening; c, processes by which the individuals of the chain were united ; h, heart; n, nervous ganglion; 0, nucleus; 7, gill. 256.—Escharella variabilis, (p. 713;) few of the cells, much enlarged. (Figure 256 was drawn by A. Hyatt; 254 and 255 were copied from A. Agassiz; the others were drawn by A. E. Verrill.) : Fig. 246. 750 Fig. 255. PS S ey, er (Z/ x ri b a oa ae, WV. — le aH a em DN ~ Sens 751 Fig. 253. ay 47,3) peer Q x AST? 0) (Bs COs Sinan We J rSa8 Bn ge Aver th weg 2 ty S840 4 FS ¥, As “OK a “Se @ 2 35tCe 2 753° OG € y 2%. =. S PRG Plate XXXIII. ———_-, Fig. 248. Fig. 250. No. 765 EXPLANATION OF PEATE Sx, FIGURE 257.—Alcyonidium ramosum, (p. 708 ;) a young unbranched specimen, enlarged two diameters. 258.—Bugula turrita, (p. 712;) extremity of a branch, enlarged. 259.—The same; a branchlet more highly magnified. 259a.—The same; a branchlet bearing ovicells. 260.—Crisia eburnea, (p. 707;) a cluster of branches, enlarged. 261.—The same; a branch bearing an ovicell, more highly magnified. 262.—Membranipora pilosa, (p.712;) a few of the cells, seen from above, magnified. 262a.—The same; a single cell, seen in profile. 263.—The same; one of the zodids expanded. 264.—Mollia hyalina, (p. 713 ;) one of the zodids in expansion, highly magnified. {Figures 257, 259, 259a were drawn by A. E. Verrill; the rest were furnished by A. Hyatt.) Plate XXXIV. Fig. 258, Fig. 259. Fig. 259a. Fig. 261, te en — ee == No. 772 A ° x a a Fig. 263. Fig. 260 2 OPS, ps en Fig. 2f2a. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXYV. FiGure 265.—Leptosynapta Girardii, (p.716;) anterior part of the body, enlarged one- half. 266.—The same; perforated plates from “the skin, and the “anchors,” highly magnified. 267.—Echinarachnius parma, (p. 717 ;) upper surface with the spines partly removed, natural size; a, ambulacral zones; 6, interambulacral zones. 268.—Strongylocentrotus Drébachiensis, (p. 716;) side view, natural size. 269.—Asterias arenicola, (p.718;) dorsal view, somewhat reduced. 270.—Ophiopholis aculeata, (p. 719;) dorsal view, about one-half natural size (Figures 265, 266 were drawn by A. E. Verrill; 267, 269 were copied from A. Agassiz; 268, 270 were drawn by E. 8. Morse.) Plate XXXV. 617 Fig. 269 a Se i {So2o So3 os 0.92 oe ass Se me LLIN GSS Sasa 32% wh? S305 > oe “a Ming Sees 3 eee 3 Tra pas SS ANTE ANSS MAIL AOL? eee, EA ROR RT, . r TOA Fig. 266. St te pid EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI FiGuRE 271.—Aurelia flavidula, (p. 723;) eRe side, about one-fourth the natural _ size. 272.—Dactylometra quinquecirra, ae 724 ;) lateral view, one-fourth the natural size. 273.—Corymorpha pendula, (p. 736;) natural size. 274.—Parypha crocea, (p. 736 ;) natural size. (Figure 272 was copied from A. Agassiz, Catalogue Acalephs; the others were copied from L. Agassiz, Contributions to Natural History of. United States.) Fig. 271. Mega idll yy he mor Te ) WAT Doe eT Ds IO YA LE MDL AS. on MELOY WNW AE Yk, £4 Je Vay WY If Xs) \ \ L Fig. 272. = : —S —=—s No. 614 Plate XXXVI. Fig. 274. FIGURE EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII. BE 275.—Zygodactyla Groenlandica, (p. 729;) profile view, one-half natural size, 276. —Bougainv illia superciliaris, (p. 733 ;) a branch, much enlarged. 277.—Pennaria tiarella, (p. 735;) a branch, natural size. 278.—The same; one of the hydroids, with medusx, buds developing at the base of the proboscis. 279.—Sertularia pumila, (p. 732;) part of a colony on a frond of sea-weed natural size. 280.—Sertularia argentea, (p. 732;) a branch bearing reproductive capsules (gonothecze, ) with the soft parts removed, much enlarged. 231.—Obelia commissuralis, (p. 728;) a branch bearing hydroids: and one female gonotheca, much enlarged. (Figures 275 and 279 were copied from A. Agassiz; 276 and ¥81 from L. Agassiz; 278 from J. Leidy ; 77 and 230 were drawn by A. E. Verrill.) Plate XXXVII. PMT IHR OR oa Fig. 277. No. 603 611 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII. FIGURE 282.—Hybocodon prolifer, (p. 73€;) natural size, the head seen from the back side. 283.—Alcyonium carneum, (p. 737 ;) three of the polyps fully expanded, much enlarged. 284.—Sagartia leucolena, (p. 738 ;) natural size, in expansion, but the tentacles are not fully exteuded; the * indicates the long odd tentacle. 285.—Halocampa producta, (p. 738;) natural size, well expanded, but the body may be much more elongated. 286.—Epizoanthus Americanus, (p. 740;) a colony which had completely coy- ered and absorbed a shell occupied by a hermit-crab, (Eupagurus pubescens,) which still lived within the cavity; the polyps are not expanded, natural size. 287.—The same; one of the polyps in full expansion, natural size. (Figure 282 was copied from L. Agassiz; 286 is from the American Naturalist, drawn by E. 8. Morse; the rest were drawn by A. E. Verrill.) 7 Fig. 283. Fig. 282. we WW Se FA Fig. 284. 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