RE PO RT

UPON K

PALEONTOLOGY

OF TRK

PROVINCE OF ONTARIO.

BY

HENRY ALLEYNE NICHOLSON, ESQ., M.D., D.Sc., F.R.S.E

PROFESSOR OP NATURAL HISTORY, i M\Kl:sllV «\ TORONTO.

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To ttte //<//< '/u/-<;/y/f the Secretary of //« /'/-"ci/tce of Ontario.

SIR, — 1 have the honour to submit to you, for the information of His Excellency the
Lieutenant-Governor in Council and the Legislature, the following Report upon the Palaeon-
tology of the Province of Ontario, embracing description* and figures of the organic remain^
of the Devonian formation of Western Canada.

In addition to the collections which, by the liberality ot the Legislature. I was enablrd
to make from the Devonian rocks, I also examined and formed collections from various por-
tions of the Silurian series. The description of these, however, I must in the meanwhile
hold over, partly because of their being still incomplete, and partly on account of my own want
of leisure.

In addition to the collection which I have placed in the Museum of tin I'nivtT-iiy. L
have also placed examples of the more typical Devouiuu fos<il» in the Museum of the Col

of Technology.

I have the honour to br. Sir,

Yuur most obedient servant,

II. ALLETNI Mirum- N

I'niTersity College, Toronto,
October. 1873.

PREFACE.

The following Report contains descriptions, for the most part accompanied by fL-
of the fossils which I collected during the year 1873, in the Devonian rock.- »t \\Ystern
Canada, by the help of a grant set apart for this purpose l>y tin- < .overnment of Ontario. In
some few cases, for the sake of completeness, I have also included descriptions of remains
which I have collected upon other occasions from the same deposits, but which did not come
under my notice during the investigation of which this is a special record.

The collections herein described were mainly made from the inferior portion of tin.
Devonian series M)ri,-kany Sandstone and Corniferous Limestone) ; but the Hamilton group
was likewise, though less carefully, examined.

The time and means at my disposal being both limited, I thought it advisable rath, r t
make a careful and prolonged examination of the fauna of a limited district, than to make K---
exhaustive collections from a wider area and from scattered local itie.-. In accordant- with
this view, I repeatedly and very carefully examined the varinu- fo-siliferoiis localities in the
Devonian rocks of tin- T'>wn-hip- of Wainfleet, Bumberstone, and Bertie, in the I'ountv ol
\Vi.-lland, on the north shor-- "f Like Krie. I al.-.> vi-ited, more hurriedly, the -aim deposit-
further to the w. -t. -i- tiny occur in the Town-hips of Oncida and \Valpole. in tin- ('outity of
Haldimand.

In investigating; the remains of the Comit'enm- and llaiuilton I'oruiation-. it i< liardly
necessary for uie to remark tliat 1 have been very greatly imlelitnl t.> the varioii- inemoir.- and
work- upon tin- MiKject hy Mr. Ilillin-- and 1'rn)'. .lanu^ Hall. The \voodeiiLrraviiiL-- with
'WM exception-, and all the iL-ure- in tic lithographic plate-, which accoiiipans thi- w.irl. .

original,

College,

!

INTRODUCTION.

According to the views of the American geologists, the Devonian formation in the State
of New York admits of subdivision into the following minor groups, in ascending order: —

I. ORISKANY SANDSTONE. — This group consists essentially of coarse siliceous sand-
stones and sands, sometimes more or less calcareous, sometimes argillaceous, and often con-
taining nodules, layers and seams of chert. In its greatest development in the State of New
York, the Oriskany Sandstone has a thickness of no more than thirty feet ; and it is highly
fossiliferous. According to Sir William Logan (Gwl'Hiy of ( p. 360,) the Oriskany

Sandstone enters Canada at Waterloo, on the Niagara River, and can be traced westward as
far as the Town-hip nf \Vindharn. It does not differ much from the Oriskany Sandstone of
the State of Xew York in its litliological characters, except that it is u-ually more highly cal
c ireous. and in pla* . genuine though impure limestone. Its usual tliick.ni'— i-.>nly :il>out

MX feet, though sometimes attaining to as much as twenty-live feet; andit is often altogether
wanting, when the Corniferous Limestone reposes directly upon the underlying Lower Helder-
berg formation.

The exact age of the Oriskany Sandstone cannot be said to be altogether tree from doubt.
No mechanical break separates the Oriskany and Lower lleMerber.: deposits, and the differ-
ence which i.i observable in the faun;-- ot' tin- two <_Toups is not -renter than might IK- well
accounted for by tin- litholo^ieal ehaii'_re from the highly oalcareoos aooamulationB of die latter
to tip- ; meats of the former period nn the other hand, the <>n-km\ Saml

Htone iu tip- St-ii«- of New York i- . led above by an alim»t DOD-foasiliferoajB dej-iisit, the
80-callnl • ( '.iiiila-l'Jalli lirit," whieh -radiia'.-- in-enM'bl\ into, and form- tlie -eolo-ieal I
of. tin- lo-ilif'Toii- ••Srboharie (u-it." l'|.cm the wh«>le. BO tar U tlie State of N, w V^rk. \*
eone.-rn.-d. tln-r.- can tic little he-it at ion in aeeepting tip' \ i- \s - ..!' 1 'rot'. --M-r. I a IIP-- 1 1 all, who would
• ml tin- < >ri-kanv Saml>t»m- rather as tin- Mimmit lie.l ol'thi- Silurian li-.1 ba>e

iii'-nt !"•'! of tl. I1 . .'lian. Qpon this subjeot, the above-named distingaiehed >t thus

«-Xj ini-'-lf •• \Vhatr\iT may be t IP- ultimate decision relative to the HIM- <•' "ion

b'-twc. n tin,- Silurian and I>rvoiiiai) BJfltemB, ilir lia-i- o!' the Seholiarir ( irit otlVr- a niueh more
•:'l.-il liiiiilation b.-l-.w, tlian doefl ill"1 < •ri~kany Saipl-toni-. Tlir n.-w 1'iuna bear- le-.- rel:\
lion in the pi-'-eeiliiiL', ami in anv of tin- IP-W typOfl are of a .-trikiiiu'ly «li>tmet eliaraeter In
tin- ( iri-kany San«l.-tione, w.- have a emi-i'l. rahle numb, r ><!' -| A iiieh !ir>t appear in th«-

l.owr lli-1'lerber- (Iroiip , ami the "•'inin-etii.ii b.-lwe. n the-. |', ,i mat i"ii- is mueh IIPT.' intin
than b. twi-.-n tin- ( )ri-kan \ Saml-toiie an. I the Selmharie (I
I'ol. II

With p'-anl to ihe -.. ealled " ( Iri-k.ois Saml-t.m.- o| 'I'ana.la, the , .'inewhat

•JitFerent. Tlie abnmlant t'.mua ulii<-h it conl.nn-i i- bin -li-hl,, i totliat ..I' tin-

8

cent Silurians ; but has, on the contrary, the very closest affinity with that of the Corniferoua
limestone above. Indeed, this is really understating the case ; since the fauna of the Oriskany
Sandstone of Canada is, with very few exceptions, identical with that of the Corniferous lime-
stone. All the typical and characteristic forms of life in the former pass up into the latter,
and it is thus impossible to draw any palseontological line of separation between them. Nor,
again, can it be said that there is any very close relationship between the fauna of the Oriskany
Sandstone of New York and that of the formation so-called in Canada. It is true, Mr. Billings
enumerates (Geology of Canada, p. 360) amongst the organic remains of the latter, such cha-
racteristic fossils of the former as Rensselaeria ovalis, R. ovoides, Spin/era arenosa, Spirifera
airecta, and Orthis musculosa. As a more than sufficient set-off, however, against the resem-
blance thus established, is the fact that the Oriskany Sandstone of Canada is crowded with
the remains of corals, such as F. Gothlandica, F. hemispherica, F. turbinata, F. polymoipha,
&c., which are characteristic of the Corniferous limestone, whilst the Oriskany Sandstone of
the State of New York appears to exhibit a total and singular absence of corals. The former
deposit also contains numerous Trilobites and Brachiopods (such as Proetus crassimarginatus,
Dalmania selemtrus, Strophomena inequistriata, S. perplana, S. ampla, S. demissa, Chonetes
hemispherica, Chonetes mucronata, Athyris spirifer aides, Centronella ylans-fagea, Pentamerus
aratus, &c., which are not known to occur in the Oriskany Sandstone of the State of New
York, but which are characteristic forms in the Corniferous limestone.

From a consideration of the above-mentioned facts, it seems evidentjjthat, whatever may
be the true position of the Oriskany Sandstone of the State of New York, the formation which
is so named in Canada clearly appertains to the Devonian system, of which it forms the natural
base. The question, indeed, arises whether the deposit which has been identified in Canada
with the Oriskany Sandstone may not rather be in reality the representative of the Schoharie
Grit ? On this question my own researches have been too slight to justify me in hazarding
any positive opinion. In the descriptions which follow, however, I shall make no distinction
between the Oriskany Sandstone of Canada and the Corniferous limestone, but shall regard the
two deposits as palaeontologically indivisible. No inconvenience can arise from the adoption
of this course here, as I have myself detected no fossils in the so-called Oriskany Sandstone
which I have not also recognised in the overlying Corniferous limestone, and I have, there-
fore, to describe no forms of life as peculiar to the former deposit. I would only add, to pre-
vent misconception, that I fully recognise the distinctness of the Oriskany Sandstone of New
York as an independent formation, and that, so far as my own studies have led me, I decid-
edly lean to the view advocated by Hall, namely, that the Oriskany Sandstone should be pro-
perly regarded as belonging to the Silurian system and not to the Devonian.

II. CAUDA-GALLI GRIT. — The Oriskany Sandstone, in the State of New York, is over-
laid by a series of beds of arenaceous shale, argillaceous sandstone, or slaty grit, with a maxi-
mum thickness of sixty to seventy feet, and almost devoid of organic remains. These are
known as the "Cauda-Galli Grit," from the presence in them of a peculiar spiral fossil sup-
posed to be the remains of a sea-weed, and they have yielded as yet no other fossils except
the problematical bodies just alluded to, and a single specimen of a species of Platyceras. As
before remarked, Prof. Hall is disposed to regard the Cauda-Galli Grit as the true base of
the Devonian series of North America. No representative of the Cauda-Galli Grit has as
yet been made out in the Devonian formation of Western Canada.

III. Sriir.n UUK <!KIT. — Tin- Cauda-d'alli (irit '^raduare- in-.n-ibly upward- into a fine-
ined calcareous sandstone, lithologioally not unlike the Oris.<any andstone, ami known as

the " Sehoharie <!rit." This sand-tone i< only about tour feet in thi -kn. <-. and is riehl;
siliferous. The organic remains are deeidedlv Devonian in th--ir ch;-.racter. and some of the

•

more tv pied s] "ii into the overlying Cornilerous limestone without change. As ex-

ample- ot such may be mentioned >//(>/</«<//" mt ii,//n • '. S. ' ' • IS, and N. /-,

v epree of the Schoharie Grit has been detected ia Can d:i u -previously

•od, the S'i-called Oriskany Sandstone ol' Western Ontario is truly the equivalent, in part
if not altogether, of this formation.

IV. UPPER HELDERBEUG OR CouNiFERors LIMKST<>M .- -Tl « —•ntially arenaceous

deposits of the ( 'aiulu-< .alii <irit and Sehoharie Grit are sur nnted by thf trroup of rdca-

reous sediments, which may be called " Upper Helderberi:," from their development in tho
mountains of this name, or "Cornifeious," from their usually having di-.-« minuted thruU'jh them
considerable quantities, of siliceous matter in the shape of hornstone or chert (Latin
horn). In the State of New York these calcareous sfdimcnts are divided into two closely re-
lated groups, <•(' which the lower has a thickness of aumt twenty fret, and i< termed the
" Onondaira Limestone /'whilst the upper is about fifty feet thick, and constitutes the " Cor-
niferous Limestone'' proper.

1 .en in the .state of New York the distinction between the Onondaga and C'orniferoup
Lime-tones i- one of little moment ; and in Canada no such (separation can be m
In Western Ontario the limeston. •.- which rejire-ent the Onondaga and ('firniferoiis limeston."-
of NI w \'ork. constitute a single formation indivisilile ujion either palffiODtologioal orli1
cal irrounds. and to this the name of '' ('orniferous Limestone' lias bren _ei;.'raby applied by
the Canadian p'oli.. The formation appears in Canada to have a thickne.-s ..I a'ooiit one

hundred and sixty i'eet, and it is estimated by Sir William Lo-an to cover an area of probably
not less than -ix or seven thousand xjuari- miles. It is, however, tor the nuf-t part deeply
covered by drift, and i-, therefore, but rarelv exposed. Throughout almost it.> whole extmt
it is richly fi^-ilil'mm1-, it- organic remains consist iipj mainly and chaiacteri>tically of
coral-, tin-re being, however, also numerous llraehiopods. ( lasieropoil.-. I'olv/oa, S-
TlilobiteB, and ( 'rinoi-1-.

V. M \u< KI.I.I s SHALE. — This frroup con-i-t- of a -rrie- of black fis-ile shale-.
times with -nbordin at<- layer- of impure lime-tone, the wh..|.- having a thicknc— ol I 'nan fifty
tO One hundred f----t. No rcpre-i-nt.-itive of thi- ;_Toup ai di-:inct iVom the Mverlyin

ianiiltori u'n.iip. has a- yet been --ni-lactoi ily d.-t'Tiiiincd in Can.\d;i

VI. — HAMII/IMN Ci'.,! p. 'I'hi- LTtuip con-i-l-. of a -( ri,- of arL'ilhiceous. shaly. "r

flaL". y b' •}-. with thin course-- of lim.'-t. which varie- in thirkn<---. ii\ the State of Y ^

Fork, from tWO hundred tO a- mucli as twelve hundred I'eet. In Can .d.i the Hamilton
(iroiip i- well n-pr' . by aririllaceou- :md e, .vitli intercalated b«-d- of h

10, th'- whole haviir/ an e-timnted (hici. about threi- hiuidred feet. Tlioii

in- a eon-i. lei-able -ire-, in \\'e-tern Oman,,, tic- Hamilton bed- are seldom well e\; 'Hid

they arebeBl ••\hibited in tii,- Townabipt of Botanquel and Plympton. The\ are el

or^anie remain 'in ' f,,r (|,,. mi,,| |,:irt. ofe,,nl-. Mrachiopod-. an-! I'

Vli. Ti i.i v LofMTom [n the eaitern portion of the Bute of Nen V-ik the

ol tlic Hamilton tiroiip are Mirinounti-d bv :i dark l-lu-- lime-tone, ab ,,ut t\M-nf\ t- .-t in thi. -I.

10

aess, which ia known as the " Tully Limestone." This limestone thins out, in proceeding
westward, before Lake Erie is reached, and it is not represented in Canada.

VIII. GENESEE SLATES. — Overlying the Tully Limestone, or in its absence the Hamil-
ton Group, is a series of black, bituminous, sparsely fossiliferous shales, to which the New
York geologists have applied the name of " Genesee Shales " or " Genesee Slates." Professor
Hall unites these with the Portage Group, and their occurrence has not been satisfactorily
recognized in Canada, unless they should be represented by the fissile shales of Kettle Point,
Lake Huron, as has been generally supposed. In this case, the Genesee Shales of Canada
are very important and interesting, from the presence in them of well-preserved remains of
plants.

IX. PORTAGE GROUP. — This group is composed of a considerable thickness of shales, flags,
and shaly sandstones. Few fossils are present, and the group is not known to be represented
in Western Ontario.

X. CHEMUNG GROUP. — If the Catskill sandstones and shales be regarded as belonging
to the Carboniferous, the summit of the Devonian System in Eastern America is constituted
by the so-called " Chemung Group." This consists of a great series of sandstones and shales'
containing a considerable number of fossils ; but no equivalent of the group has been recog-
nized in Canada West.

The following table exhibits, in a summary form, and in ascending order, the various
members of the Devonian Formation of the State of New York, with their equivalents in
Ontario.

Devonian Strata of the State of New York. Equivalents in Ontario.

I. Oriskany Sandstone ..Sandstones of North Cayuga and Oneida ?

II. Cauda-Galli Grit No equivalent.

III. Schoharie Grit Sandstones of North Cayuga and Oneida?

[Or no equivalent ?
Onondaga Limestone )

IV. Corniferous Limestone / Corniferous Limestone.

( — Upper Helderberg Limestones)

V. Marcellus Shale \

VI. Hamilton Shales f Hamilton Group

VII. Tully Limestone

VIII. Genesee Shales Fissile Shales of Kettle Point, Lake Huron,

[with remains of plants.

IX. Portage Group No equivalents.

X. Chemung Group No equivalents.

11

CHAPTER I.

PROTOZOA OK THE COKNIKKK"IS LIMK>T<>.NK AM> HAMII.IHN FORMATION.

The remain* of I'mtiwi in the < 'orniferous Limestone, though tint of a very varied nature
ure far from uncommon, and constitute quite a marked feature in the I, "\\.-r I>evmiian fauna
A'ith the exception »i a -pecies of A •»//;//'<; and one or two undetermined forms they

belong entirely to tin- enigmatioal i^enus N/V-, //(///, y«</v/ or to a -. uu~ -ocl..-.ely allied to thi* as to
render any separation at present unadvisable. They may, with the greatest probability, be
resarded as belon_rin:_' to the Spongida : though the more typical I'urm.- «>f pora 1. I

not as yet been shown tn possess -"me of the more important oharaoten »>f Spun<_re -.-tructur.
In all, I have detected one species of Astrcwspongia and five species of &'/n • in the

< Yirniferoii- Jjiinc-tdin- ..!' Wc-t'Tii Ontario, allot' the latter, with the exception of ,S. ''"/to
.1 (Gold.), lioin^c apparently new.

1. ASTK;EOS1'ONOIA, Sp.

A single specimen lias come under jn • of spieul>- which clearly Ix-lon^ to a spooie*

of Roao)1 i- - -.-nil.-. . ,!'>!,, j'ui. Tip' >pii-ules are hex-radiate. t\vi> nf the r-'dii Kcin_' loii.

than tlie otln-i-;, and each star having a diameter of alunit one line me.-i-urin- aOTOSB Ir.'in tl).-
extreiuitie- ni' npj.nMte riy-. Alon^ with the .starlike r.iys ar • H-hers of :i -imply aeieulate
form. N»thiir_' hut detached spicules have been obtained, and 1 have no knowledge ><l' il
form of the >[»••

Spienle> >imilar to those of the present species occur not uncommonly in tin- Hamilton
Shales of (.'an-mdai-ua. in the Slate ..f New Vm-k. Mid hoth liav,- .1 gen mblanoe

those ti-_Mir..-d hy Meek and \Vortlu-n, (Geology •;/ ////'//. >, Vol. III. I'l. H', !•'!-. 6,) under the
name of./. // . They ;nv. Imwever, more si. nd.T and delicate in their pr«>pi>rti.

It i- .juite prohahle that nnr form is distinct ; hut, having men-lv such frajm. ntary r<'iii:iins
of it, I have not thought it advi-ahle t.i de-erihe it under a separate specific title. A. similar,
if not identical, form has also l>een described by Ucemer from tiie Upper Silurian of Tennesi
S Fauna, \\ n., p. 14.)

/.- From the base of the ' 'mnilerons l.inie 'ri-kanv Sand

etone ?) near \'»n < lolborne.

' B 'iiville..
includes a niin:her of f doabtful affinities, which lri\.

common character bi forming amorphous masses or extended sheets .<nd cru-i- c,.;n|

dei laminii-. anan-ed in aucC( B the other, and -ep.-ir r

:i"th'T hy minnic rertica] j.nips or pillur-. which he Inhu \

often, the -H, -,-,.. !\,. Lorn! . . found .in inrcjiir ill a co

B In spherical, hemispheric. d, ,,r irre nl ir forms. In r»l

is i-xt.-nde i to form an expanded cup or in he, i. comj)Oscd, like the jinccdm.'.

.ely -<\\- -rimpose,! l;im

main i-l>-ineiii . I her, f,,n-. in the Structure of ^Jl -! I he only • •

which all olis.-i \ , T- :,|.|.. ., tHel Dull

mv ii'ii in actual contact, Imi s,-|,:o ii.-d from one another b\ ii'i-mw in* • 1'he

«Ue I iniin.-i- an- kept .ipari :

At . , .ml divide tin- inter\ai into minii' ,

ra1

Hi1! lire of .*>''. H .111,) lie cnlnpatil.;.- \\llh a -MM

a t" I h'1 I to the hill lie

12

of opinion as to the further details of the structure of Stromatopora, and these have led to
equally wide differences of opinion as to the affinities and systematic place of the genus.

According to McCoy (Pal. Foss., p. 12,) the vesicular tissue of Stromatopora is composed
of " minute curved calcareous plates," which he compares with the coenenchyma of Palceo-
pora and Fistulipora. He also states that the upper surface is occasionally marked " with
extremely obscure, distant, quincuneially arranged, small pits," which he appears to think may
represent the corallites in the above-mentioned and other allied genera.

Prof. Hall agrees with McCoy in referring Stromatopora to the Cwlenterata, and in
placing it in the neighbourhood ofTubipora (Pal. N. Y., Vol. II. p. 135.) He considers that
the fossils of this genus are composed of " minute cylindrical tubes with considerable space
between ; and that the laminated structure arises from thin layers of calcareous matter de-
posited and filling the spaces between, and enclosing the tubes."

If the Stromatopora polymorpha of Goldfuss (Petref. PI. Ixiv, figs. 8a, 8/) be a genuine
Stromatopora, then this eminent palaeontologist long since recognised the fact that Stromatopora
is a genus of Sponges. There is, however, some doubt on this point ; since neither his
description, through unusually precise, nor his figures demonstrate the existence in this species
of the minute structure peculiar to Stromatopora. Nor is this point cleared up satisfactorily
by the description given by McCoy of this same species (Pal. Foss. p. 65) ; whilst D'Orbigny
makes Stromatopara polymorpha, Goldfuss, the type of his genus Sparsisponyia. There is,
however, much resemblance between S. polymorpha and some of the species of Stromatopora
from the Devonian Rocks of Ontario, especially S. granulata, Nich.

My own investigations of a very extensive series of examples from the Lower and Upper
Silurian formations, and from the Devonian Rocks, have led me to the opinion that the genus
Stromatopora is clearly referrible to the Spongida, and that it should be placed amongst the
Caldspongice, a group represented by many and varied forms both in past time and at the
present day. The reasons for this belief may be summed up as follows :—

a. The fundamental structure of Stromatopora is by no means inconsistent with the belief
that it belongs to the Caldspongice. It does not consist of reticulated calcareous spicula, as
in the more typical members of the group ; but neither 'iocs it consist of a vesicular tissue
composed of " minute curved calcareous plates " (McCoy), which could be in any way com-
pared with the vesicular coenenchyma of many tabulate corals. On the contrary, it consists of
successive calcareous layers, which may be regarded as composed of an amalgamated system
of horizontal spicules, separated by intervals, and kept apart by a vertical system of delicate
calcareous props or rods, giving rise to a system of more or less quadrangular cells. The hori-
zontal laminae are upon the whole continuous, but they sometimes sub-divide and inosculate ; and
the vertical pillars are decidedly irregular, being sometimes inclined at various angles, and not
being placed at uniform distances in all parts of even the same specimen. Some of the ver-
tical rods pass continuously through several laminae and the interspaces between them ; but
the greater number are confined entirely to the interval between two successive laminae, and
are not continuous, nor correspond with those in the interval immediately above or below.
There is no ground, so far as I am aware, for the supposition that these vertical pillars are
perforated, or are of the nature of tubes inhabited by the separate zooids of a colony ; indeed
in the forms which occur in the Corniferous limestone there is the strongest positive proof
that this is not the case, and that they are of the nature of solid rods or dissepiments. There
is nothing in the fundamental tissue or groundwork of Stromatopora, as above described,
which would necessarily preclude us from referring the genus to the Spongida ; nor can any
stress be laid upon McCoy's argument that these organisms cannot be sponges on account
of their possessing a rigid and inflexible skeleton, since similar reasoning would compel us to
remove from the Spongida a vast number of forms the zoological position of which is beyond
doubt. At the same time, if Stromatopora consisted wholly of the laminated and reticulated
tissue just described, and possessed none of those openings which are so characteristic of the
sponges, then, indeed, the genus might be more properly referred to the Foraminifera, in
many respects the close allies of the sponges, but destitute of the canal-system which is pre-
sent in the latter.

ft. Such openings, however, can be shown to exist in certain forms of Stromatopora, and
there is strong reason for believing that they will ultimately be found to be present in all.
Thus in Stromatopora striatella (D'Orb.), and S. concentrica (Gold.), both typical examples
of the genus, Professor McCoy long ago described the existence of vermicular tubes opening

13

on the surface by small apertures, un<J JO-MULT more or less vertically through the component
layers of the muss (/W. /'".<.«.•, p. 14 and p. i '..">). There is some ambiguity in the language
used by this eminent palaeontologist in deseribing the-e tubes and their openings in ,S. con-
renfri'-'i ; and the evidenee is nut at jiresent sufficient to warrant any po-itr. :aent of

opinion as to whether they may correspond with the "pores'" or the •• oscula " of an ordi-
nary sponge. It is probable, however, that they should be regarded as rej.re-,.-nting th<
"pores," and that the'-osculu" will yet be discovered by a more extended and careful ex-
amination. Again, in S. osti»ltt'i, (Nieh. ), a species from the (iuclph formation of Canada, the
upper surface of the mass carries .-mall but regularly arranged njiening-. wliieli can hardly be
regarded as being other thr.n ••o-cula'' (Annuls "/ ' ^'adirnl ///W«///, A g . 1-7:;. p. i<n, I'l. 4,
fig. 1). In ,v. iiih.j-i-iilntn (Nich. |, again, I have now discovered a -y-t. in of comj.aratively
large, though remote, openings which communicate with canals traversing the organism, and
which appear to fulfil beyond all question the function of exhalant apertures, Undoubted
oscula also occur in S. i/ru//.ii'(t<'. La.-tly, in the >'. /» rf<mi.tn (Nich.), now described for the tir.-i
time, the entire mass is perforated by numerous and close-set canals, of considerable size, open-
ing at the surface in rounded apertures and generally at the summit of chimney-like or coni
cal eminences. These opening.- must represent "oscula." It is true that in few instances
with which I am acquainted has any species of Strut/in tnpt-irn been shown with certainty to
possess two sets of apertures, small and large, one set being inhalant and the other exhalant.
It must be remembered, however, that the difficulties of observation in thisca-e are very great
and the " pores " might have escaped notice either from their minute size, or from the condi-
tion of mineralisation in which the-e t'.--ils occur, all the cavities of the ma.-s being tilled up
with foreign matter, and the reticulated tissue itself being often silicified. Or, it is possible
that in some of these ancient forms the two sets of apertures were of equal size, and are thus
incapable of being distinguished in a fossil condition. Still there are some . which

fossUs in other respects ret'.-rable to XtniiiHifopora have been shown t> - both inhalant

and exhalant apertures. The eases in question are $. <n'>niuLi(>i iNielij. in a singles]
men only ; N. /////>//<'/if (Ni.-li. a -till undeserilied species from the Niagara lime.-tone of
Indiana, and .v ///',•'•/./ (Nieh.j, from the Niagara limestone of Canada. Of this la>t named
species, I append an engraving in which these two sets of apertures are well exhibited.

,-. The -liajie ot'tlie various .-;

i- -u.'h a- \vould aeeord
etly well with the beliet'that that
are Sj...iu Some are in tin1

form of rounded or irregularly hemi
sjiherieal nr < itlp-r-

uwliat euji shaped ; an '.
again, liave the lorm of irregular

ided eru-t-. apparently attached at

one point to -nine - lid l»>dv, from
whieli th.-y sj.ivud laterally in every

direction.

I'j.on the \vliole 1 think the ovi
d. nee is very deeidedly in favour of
the \ ie\v thai the g.-mi

Me to (lie i (h

rdanee with tlii- view, | -i, all retain

ill Mli- ' enil- tile fi.rilis here d-

v

,7

•'.//•/ ami >'. lino*

tli.'-e. -it any rate, aj.j.e.ir (.. be un
qiie-ti. .iia)> , iiid ill- '.

i an\ I'llier \ i, w ..I the atlinil :
.:

. !i, In- funned f. if the: ! i.'

V1''1 ' ''iT--r 'I he eeoui

N i.i u.i lin . . .

have commenced i tonec m the

Lower SUmriao and to h*Te died oui in the c.-irl»oniier..;i- j.. ri-d In tlie DevoDiao

the geniU WOuId -••••in t> ha\> ait lined il- maximum ; and 1 have t.. ne.'iil QQ

14

species from the Corniferous Limestone of Ontario. One of these, viz., S. concentrica (Gold.),
is a well known European species ; but, owing to its mode of occurrence and state of preserva-
tion, I regard its identification as, to say the least of it, doubtful. The other four species are
new.

2. STROMATOPORA TUBERCULATA (Nicholson).

(Plate I., figs. 2 and 3.)

Sframatopora tuberculata. — Nicholson. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, August,
1873. Plate IV., figs. 2 and 3.

Fossil forming crusts or irregular expansions of varying thickness, and often covering
large surfaces, composed of numerous concentric calcareous laminae, separated by delicate
calcareous rods, pillars, or dissepiments, which are disposed at right angles to the laminae and
mark off minute cellular compartments or interspaces. The laminae and intervening spaces
are about five in the space of one line, sometimes four ;. and the vertical pillars or dissepi-
ments are comparatively strong and placed at proportionately remote intervals. The
upper surface of the mass is more or less strongly undulated, and is covered with close-
set, conical, clavate or fungiform tubercles, the elevation of which is about from one- fiftieth
to one- twenty -fifth of an inch above the general surface. The tubercles would seem to be
sometimes perforated, but are more commonly imperforate, and they are placed in irregular
sinuous lines, three or four sometimes coalescing longitudinally. They are separated from
one another by about their own width (more or less), about one-twenty-fifth of an inch. When
the fossil is broken, it is seen that similar tuberculated surfaces occur at various depths in
the mass, concentric with one another, and separated by laminated and reticulated tissue.

The under surface iscovered with a thin calcareous basement-layer, which is thrown into
very numerous, concentrically-arranged, undulating wrinkles. This surface is not unlike the
epitheca of a Favosites, but is not so smooth, and does not appear to have been absolutely
unbroken.

Both upon the upper surface and the lower are placed at irregular intervals rounded
apertures from half to two-thirds of a line in diameter. They appear to be wanting in some
specimens, which, however, are fragmentary ; whilst they can be readily detected in others.
They are the openings of canals which penetrate the mass in a more or less vertical direction,
and they can hardly correspond with anything except the oscula of sponges. The distance of
these apertures apart varies from two lines to half an inch.

As regards one of the most important points in the structure of S. tuberculata, namely
the large canals and exhalant orifices, I have now obtained fine specimens which set the1"
question at rest. In my original description (Loc. tit. p. 93), I stated the case as follows :
" Many examples exhibit rounded openings or tubes, from half a line to a line in diameter,
descending at right angles to the mass, and placed at varying intervals. These openings
are not elevated above the general surface. They are not constant in their occurrence, though
very generally present; and I have not been able to satisfy myself that they are not truly ex-
traneous to the fossil. They may, perhaps, be annelidous in their nature ; or they may be
due to the fact that the organism has enveloped a colony of Syringopora, which has subse-
quently been dissolved away." The specimens now in my possession, however, prove conclu-
sively that these canals and apertures are truly parts of the fossil, and they appear to be
strictly comparable to the oscula of sponges. They are mostly to be detected upon the upper
surface, but in one large specimen which seems to have grown from a broad base of attach-
ment, and then to have spread out laterally in an irregularly cup-shaped form, they are plen-
tifully developed on the lower surface. There is thus every reason for concluding that S.
tuberculata is truly a calcareous sponge ; and the chief question remaining is, whether it can
with propriety be retained in the genus Stromatopora. My own opinion is against forming a
new gonus for its reception, since it has the essential structure of Stromatopora, and the diffi-
culty which I experienced at first in detecting the oscula in examining even a large series of
specimens, has convinced me that the occurrence of similar openings may well have been over-
looked even in the type- species of this genus.

Stomatopora tuberculata is readily distinguished by its very coarse reticulation, the tuber-
culated nature of the upper surface, the concentrically-wrinkled under-side, and the presence
of remote and irregularly placed oscula, which are not situated upon eminences. Whether the

15

email surface tubercles an- perforated or not
remains an open <|iie-tion, but I should I.
di.-posed to tliink that some of them, at any
rate, were M>. tnu- cnrn-spnndin:.' with "pott -
The ornate or expansions of thi- gpeciee <>tt< n
COTer Ian;.- surface- ; bur it i- certain that ir
iuaii_. a -real portion df the under fur

face inu.-t have been free and unattaetn .
any foreign body. The •_'< tu-ral thiekin SH of
crUBtfl varies from three to fuur line.- K
two inches or more ; but the latt. r specimen*
are to be regarded as bein_' c»mpo-ed

SUCee --ii.li of cril.-t- Hlpei impo-ed. tile V'UI

U|.'in the older, as i- -hn\\n by the occurrence
of tubcreulated surfaces at variou- lc •
throughout the ma--

l. -iiitii ui'ii JcniKition. — Common, in a
siliciiied condition, in the C'ornifernu- lime
-tune of Ridgeway and Port Colborn-

Fig. 2. — a. Part <.f the under surface of a 1
specimen of Sfr<i,,/,it'ij,i,rn t>iti<r<-><tnt<i, slicwiiiL' the
wrinklnl la-. in. nt layer, am! the openings of th-

oscula, natural size ; >>. a purtimi <.f the upper sur- ,

face, natural ^i/l• ; c. a vertical section of a fi
ment of the -anie magiiitied to show the internal
••tructure.

3. STROMATOPORA PKRFORATA (Nicholson).

>V t'orntu (Nicholson.) Annals and Magazine of Natural History. Jan.

1874

Fossil complied of cni-i- of varying' thickness, made up of thin concentricallv arran_
ealcari-ous laminae, the interspaces between which are rendered vehicular by vertically dih
po-i-d ealean-ou- rod>kor dissepiments. From ibur to five lamina- with tlieir tnterrening iti-
terspaces, in a line. I'pper surl'.ie.- mi'lulatin-j-. and en\eri il with very nunien'U- ruiinded
apertures, which vary in width from twn thirds of a line to one line, and are pla.vd at di-
tances apart of a line, more or h Tin -<• api-rtun-s arc usually ]•! iced mi the summit or : t

One side of ennieal emiii- r they are el.-vated .-ilmve the general surface, the lip of tl.

niie_r "n (.n.- -ide bciiu . m-rally lii'_rher than on the »tl,er These aperture- ;,ri- the
fiee«i,f ni'in- nr !••-- yertieal or .-.nni;wh:it <ihli(|u<' canal- which penetrate tlie reticulated
r,f the ma--, and are line.l b\ a delicate ealcarecni- iie'inhrane marked \\ith faint
-tria K ict 0 mril de-e.-nd- at fir-t and fur a eertain distance lahnut tliree lines) in a
urai-l.t line, , -md then i-cur\ rd -n WtO become nearly parallel i« the lower sm faee ,,f the 111 •
•it the ^ame true enntr 'i-tiir_' in it- diameter. |{etueen the n-ciiln. a- jn-t d<- erihed the -ur
face i.- eii\en-d with a line miliary granulation, <•. impu-ed nf minute pu-tiile-, phie. ". ,•
U'L'i'ther, and arranged in irre-iilar verinieul:ir aud -iniioii- \\n>'-

perhaps, thi- nm-t remarkable -] eeie- nf the gentu «!

ha-- hi . i, u \'t discovered; and it can nut In (Innbl. d tliat it IB a genuine im-mber df the
fill' ilmii.di in -nine re j.eei-. n aluinriiial (.in-. In its internal struetir

'et h. r with x. • 'ml S mammiUata ; and with the two Inrmer

further in the- i n nf a --erie- n! aperture- which cannot he anvthm • hir

ilia." \ | • however t IVC l"--n d. teeled. mile-- s.ilil'1 "f'th, urlaci- t uhel.

•ild in reility b,- pi-rfnr-m.l whieli i- likel\ i-noii-_'h.
>'./'./•/(./•<//• , 'in/iii-hed fr .111 \ tni h\ tln-mui-h ;-re ater nuinhei

cln-er arrail-.'eiiieiit nf the n -eilhi. by llie e]e\alin|| of lln-e •( p. Tliir- - above 'I ••'

and dy the liner -rauulat im. nf tlic' u; p. r • urlaee Tin- nuiiiber and <

16

also separate this form from
S. granulata, in which the
oscula are remote, and can often
not be detected at all, though
in other respects the surface-
characters of the two species
are identical. The under sur-
face of S. perforata is still un-
known ; but the fossil forms

Fig. 3. — a. A fragment of Stromatopora perforata, showing the
osculiferous upper surface, natural size ; b. fragment of the same,
magnified to show the internal structure ; c. vertical section,
•bowing the form and course of the canals.

^V^=-~=v----';r£) faces ; the thicker expansions

being composed of a succession
of crusts superimposed one up-
on the other.

Locality and Formation.—
Rare in the Corniferous lime-
stone of Port Colborne.

4. STROMATOPORA GRANULATA (Nicholson).
Plate I., Figs. 3 and 3 a.

Stromatopora granulata (Nicholson). Annals and Magazine of Natural History, August,
1873, Plate IV., Figs. 3 and 3 a.

Fossil forming thin crusts, or horizontally-spreading expansions ( usually about a quarter
of an inch in thickness, but ranging from one line up to half an inch), often occupying ex-
tensive surfaces. Crust composed of concentric calcareous laminae, from six to ten in the space
of one line, separated by interspaces which are minutely broken up into cells by numerous
delicate vertical rods. Upper surface regularly undulating, often raised into chimney-like or
conical elevations, which are for the most part destitute of any appearance of being perforated,
but which are sometimes pierced by distinct rounded apertures or " oscula." The entire sur-
face is covered with a fine miliary granulation, constituted by minute conical pustules, placed
close together, often confluent and arranged in sinuous lines, and apparently imperforate. One
example, however, shows that this granulated layer is not the true surface, but that it was
covered in the perfect organism by an exceedingly delicate calcareous membrane, perforated
with minute apertures or " pores." Exfoliated and broken specimens show that similar gra-
nulated surfaces occur at small intervals all through the mass. The under surface (in some
cases at any rate, is supported upon a concsntrically-wrmkled calcareous basis, precisely
similar to the epitheca of a Favosites or a Fistulipora.

The specimens upon which I founded my original description (Loc. cit. p. 94) did not
exhibit some of the most important of the points comprised in the foregoing specific diagnosis.
In none of the examples which at first came under my notice, was I able to detect either
oscula or pores. In a fragment, however, of this species, which I discovered in the Hamilton
formation of Widder I have now succeeded in detecting both these structures; and I have
obtained additional examples from the Corniferous formation, showing the under surface and
also the mode of growth,

S. granulata, is, so far as at present known, one of the few species of Stromatopora in
which two sets of apertures exist, one large and exhalant, the other small and inhalant. In
the specimen from the Hamilton shales in which these apertures can be detected, the oscula
have the form of comparatively large openings, of a circular or oval shape, placed at the sum-
mit of distinct rounded or conical elevations. The pores, on the other hand, are only observ-
able in a portion of the specimen, and are seen to have the form of minute close-set perfora-
tions in a delicate calcareous membrane or layer. Beneath this layer, and over all parts of
the fossil where it has been denuded, is seen the ordinary granulated surface from which the
name of the species was originally derived. There is thus a strong probability established
that all the specimens from the Corniferous limestone, which exhibit simply this granulated
surface are imperfect, and that there has been removed from them an exterior and very deli-

17

cate layer in which the pores were perforated. The granulated layer which appears to form
the surface in so many specimens, would thus appear t<> have been covered by a kind of " der-
mal " membrane, and to have permitted a tree circulation of water over its .-urface, the irra-
nules beiiiL' more or less confluent, and -ivin^ ri.-e to a complicated system of sinuous or ver-
micular horizontal channels.

In a great many specimens the surface layers exfoliate round numeroii- points -/u iti'_r
the upper surface of the fos.-il ijuite a characteristic apiiearauee, whieli is wanting in >

Generally speaking, £. grnti//!,if,i may be distinguished from >'. tuberculata, to which
it is nearly allied, by the more delicate character ()f its retieulated tissue, and by the far that
the minute crowded tubercles which cover the surface are so closely [.laced as to be nearly in
contaet. A< a rule the species occurs in the form of rery extensive undulating crusts, on/
specimen observed by me covering a slab al,,,:,t three feet in length. by two feet in widtj
with an average thickness of half an inch. I pos-e--, however, cue evamp!^ in whieh t'
organism is attached by a broad base to a bage Heliophyllum, from whieh' it spreads
laterally in all directions as a horizontal expan-inn. the under surface bein_' cover- d v- i l
wrinkled •• cpitheca." and havintr obviously been free.

1- d formal . Not uiieoiiiiuou in a >ilicified condition in the Connl'er,,:

stone of Ridgeway, Port Colborae, and Savage's Quarry, Wainfle ll"u

formation of Uo.-aiicjiiet, at Bartlett'.- .Mills, near Ark-ma.

j. STKOMATOPORA MA.MMII.LATA (>,"icli"l>.,n).
"(Plate I., Fig. 4.)

&//, fl iniiiiniiilhita (Niclml-uii,. Aunal- and .Ma-azine of Natural HPT- -\u---

1873. PI telV., 1 ig. 4.

1' - ;nin- tiiin cru>t-, about two or three lines in thickms-. often coy,.'11- ' xtl"
surl'ae.--. Crnsi e.impo-.-il of SUCC' -'meentric calcareous lamin;.-, separateiKv '"'''' ~l':l''' "•

and broken up by vertical dissepiments. Surfar.- undulating and .•xhibitiiiLT Sl'ri'"' "*
conical elevations about one tilth of an ineli in hei-ht and the same in diaii/l'r :it ''"' '':1

placed at distances apart varying from one fifth of an inch to half an ine' M"-t ^t tl

OOnical elevations show no Signs of beinLr perforated ; but M. me appear toiav" aperture-* at

faces between elevation^ a> V,- e .:'ti''ii> tl.em-eh

ll -ummit<. The BUrfaces between these elevation^. a> \V,-H B& the rl,.:'ti''ii>
arc roughened with numei-oii- -mall ^rranule<. tubercles and irre-ular. sin'"Us ri :

• ild be m,. iv di.-tinet than th.-a-pect of this very remark/ole species, tlie

i-oiiic-ii i:.- which cover its .-urfac,- -ivinir it exactly the appea/auee of an undulating

plain OOV( r.-d with .-mall volcano,'-. Sup. i-lie'nlly examine, l] it present/a striking reseaiblai

toman. sponges; but it cannot be asserted positively that the conical elevations ju«t

alluded . :' the nature of o-enia. Some of them oertainjy look as if tbq were]

forated ; but mo-t -bow no signs of any aperture. Thk boweVOT, i- \'ry pr.-"bl\ due to

.
the manner in wh.eh the fo--il ha- be.-n |,|, }erved ; and tin- anal,- v of >'. -/, WOUld leM

one to conclude thai the conical elevations of gf. mami ure truly OBCul* ''"' internal

f all the examples which I possess of this species i- much mor- imperfectly]

:v.-rved than i.> ill,- Case with the other BpCCiea ben- ,\, -eribe.l ; and 1 lru' >i'i'l"> l"1'1' ;i'''''

to sati-t;, m\ , If that it is essentially the sam< baracteristio of '

ba1.,- wen ITU-I* of ihi> .-[ .:i| ^juare fc- • : but it i- by no means

oi>mnii,n in i: - oreurr, nee.

/. /•'•-/ a, 'I/inn. — Kare, in a >ilieili.-d c,,ndition, :.i the ( Wii'ifer-m- lime--

1'ort ( 'olborne.

BTBOMATOPOB \ • . ni'-x (

In aiMi:i,,n to tb,- p; . ,1, -crib,-, 1 -peei, -. tin-re oreiir iu the CoraiferOQJ lii'

ofWe-tern Ontario -p, eim, n- whieh a ,• hardly or n->t at all distinguishable Iron, -

; Qoldfu A I n or, all of thM6 •peotmens are fragmentary, and non

them exhibit tb.-ir -url'ic,-. it can not !„• p,,.-itivel\ averted that they : 10 thi- t.un.

pad .

Locality and tformaJtofi.— Oorniforou l.ime-t,.n,-, r,,rt ('oll,,irne.

a

18

CHAPTER II.

CORALS OP THE COENIFEROUS AND HAMILTON FORMATIONS.

Of all the organic remains of the Devonian Rocks of Canada, and especially of the
Corniferous Limestone, none are more conspicuous than the J2prals, whether we take into
consideration the vast number of individuals or the great variety of type which they exhibit.
Many parts of the Corniferous Limestone are almost wholly made up of corals ; and as these
are usually silicified, they weather out of the limestone in a most beautiful manner, and can
ie obtained in a state of exquisite preservation. The soft shales of the Hamilton group, also,
•e often charged with the remains of corals, which, from the decomposition of the surr >und-
* matrix, can be obtained perfectly clear of adhering sediment. Mr. Billings in his adtuir-
S memoir upon the fossil corals of the Devonian Rocks of Canada West (Canadian Journal,
~? Series, Vol. V., p. 251), estimates the number of corals in the Corniferous and Hamilton
°Hions as probably about eighty, and of these he describes no less than fifty-four. Some
l most striking of these forms, such as the species of Phillipsastrcea, have not come under
'ice in any portion of the Corniferous Limestone or Hamilton Group studied by me ;
Jvall here describe over seventy species which have come under my personal observation,
tht thirty-one belong to the Tabulata, five are referable to the Tubulosa, and thirty -five
belong ^e great group Of the Rugosa. The genera represented are twenty-one in number,
viz. : Fugft^ Alveolites, Michelinia, Syringopora, Fistutipora, Chcdetes, Callopora, Striatopora,
J.rachypo'1 Aulopora, Zaphrentis, Microcyclus, Blothrophyllum, Clisiophyllum, Heliophyllum,
JJipkyphyl^ Eridophyllum, Amplexus, Cystiphylluip, Haimeophyllum and Petnda. Of the
species abov twelve can certainly be identified with known European species, viz. : Favosites
Crot/ilandica,^ hemisp^rica, F. Forbesi, F. polymorpha, F. ditbia, F. cervicornis, F. reticulata,
Aulopora tubeormis^ Diphyphyllum gracile, Heliophyllum Halli, Cystiphyllum vesiculosum and
MKliel'ima con^^ Besides these well known forms, there are others which are very closely
illied to Europtn species, and some which may perhaps turn out, upon fuller investigation,
be nothing mce than varieties.

Genus BLOTHROPHYLLUM (Billings).

Crew. Char. — "lorallum simple, turbinate or cylindrical. Internal structure consisting

1 a, central area occupied by flat transverse diaphragms, an intermediate area with strong

ang septa, and an outer area in which there is a set of imperfect diaphragms projecting

upwards, and bearing on their upper surfaces rudimentary radiating septa. A thin complete

epitheca, aad a septal fossette " (Billings).

.. , 7 „ S6i*t'ral space of tie theca in corals of this genus is occupied, as in Amplexus, by flat or
lexuojstabulse, upon which the septa do not encroach. Outside this central area isanar-
:ow zone in whV,h the tabulae are bent downwards towards the base of the coralluin, and are
same time \ometimes split and bifurcated, whilst the continuity of the spaces between
tnem s interfered with by a series of strong septa. Outside this again is an outer zone,
rmed by a series oiw^ulae, which are directed upwards and outwards in an arching manner,
which carry on tht;r Upper surfaces a series of imperfect septa, their lower surface being
simply costate or ridged. Lastly, the arched tabula? of this external zone are covered by a
thin but strong epitheca witv which the outer surface of the coral is invested. The genus dif-
rrom Zaphrentis in not havi^o- the septa prolonged inwards to, or near to, the centre, and
in having the central tabulate area surrounded by a partially vesicular zone and an exterior
zone composed of arched tabulae and imperfect septa. From Amplexus it is distinguished by
the possession of the external area last mentioned, and by the septa being more largely de-
veloped ; whilst it is distinguished from ClisiopliyUum by the first of the above-mentioned
peculiarities, and also by the fact that the tabulae of the central area are flat or slightly flexu-
ous, and are not elevated into a conical protuberance.

^ The genus Blothrophyllum was originally defined by Mr. Billings (Can. Jour., New
series, vol. iv., p. 129) and the single species B. decorticatum was described. In addition to
this previously recorded and very characteristic species, I have now to describe another allied
torm, £. approximatum, also from the Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario.

19

7. BLOTHROPHYLLUM DECORTICATUM (Billings).

(Plate IV., Fig. 3.)

Blothruphyllum decorticatum (Billings) : Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 130,
Fig. IT).

"Adult specimens, two feet in length, and three inche- in diameter ; dimensions of the
immature individuals, variable ; usually slender and irregularly curved ; <>uN-r area con-i-ting
of rather strong rudimcntarv transverse diaphragms, curving' upwards ami outwards, di.-tant
from two to eight lines. bearing upon their upper ^urfacfs impert'eet radiatii . which do

not extend from one diaphragm to nnotl.fr. The-, septa are hail' a line di.-tant at the mar-
gin of 4 specimen three inches in diameter. When the epitheoa i- pre-erv.-d. \<\<- surface of
thi- ia marked by numerous deep simulations ami -h -\\ p encircling folds, their e.'

being always on the upper side. The transverse diaphragms in ihe central area are nearly Hat.
but have a -trong sept.-il fo--efte upon one .-ide " ( Iliilin..

In the examples which I am d'spo-ed to refer to thi- species, tin- arched tabuke oi' the
outer area are not less than two lines apart, oft-n from a ijuaru-r to half an inch, and the
tabulfe of the central area are also distant. The central tabula- are often ijuite !lexu"us. hut
are never elevated into a boss ; most usually they arc nearly flit. The .-epta which spring
from the upper surface of the arched tabula- of the outer area only reach the tabula- imuiedi
ately above in the inner portion of the area in ijue-tion ; but in the outer portion ^me

area fall far short of the tabuln? above, owiii'_r to the tact that the tabula- are -ironjy arched.
and have their concavities directed toward- the ba-c ol' th>- coral. The concave under -ur-
faces of the tabulae of the external area pre-.-nt. however, well-marked ridges corresponding
with the septa on the upper surface. The sfpta on the upper surl'aco of the tai-ui;" \.u-y
from half a line to a line in distance from one anoth--r, hut there are very generally i'ltercal-
nfi-d 1" -tween the larger -epta smaller ones, one between each pair, which have simply the form
oi' -lightly elevated ridges. The epitl,. e-i j- n,,t only marked with encircling aiiiiulation- and
folds of growth, bu1 also with di.-tinct longitudinal grooves, five in tb 'twoli;

The epiweoa, however, is rarely pn-crved. and specimen- occur ino-t conim nly in one OI
Other of two conditions. Hither the epitheea In- ln-en reino\ed, e\pn-iiu [o \i.\vthe
arched tabiihe of the outer ;uva with tin- imperli-c| -ep;;i on their upper surface- ; or the entire
outer area has been removed along with the epiiheca, leaving the central and intermediate

areas in tin' form of a core tu tl ut-ide of which are attached th • bases of the arched

tal'iil;" n|' tli-- oiitf area. Thi- gives ri-e to an ap]H-arance which i- OXd edingly characteristic
of th" pre-i nt | and hy which it can almo-t he infallibly iveogni/rd even in very inn

feet exam files.

Locality a nation. — Common in the Cornilerous Lime-tone of i

HH villc. and at nnny other puint-^ wh'-n- tlie lormation i.- i-xpo--

S. P.I.nTIIKiU'IIYI.J.I'M AI'I'ltnMMATI'M (Nichol-oii).

lab IV., I
Blothrophyllum ap} • "Canadian Naturalist," Vol. \'ll.. \

I 'oi-alluni of unknown length, Cylindrical. The outer ar. 'ingo!

diaphr- upward- itwird- <h i.nt from one another from half a In;

two lini •-, liearing ii|"'n tln-ir nppi-r .-url'aet- imperli-et -epta wlneli extend from on. •

•In r when tin- t-ibul.i MM- f'Tini r distance only, but whid

mall, di-t-int about a tliinl of :i |i;i > ihe

c.-iitr::] ar--:i do- ly approximated, from thn-e to liuir iii tin- •:' two In Stly

••pta onl\ -lightlv i nei-o;n-! .,, them. Kpitheca \\itli nun

tioi . ihand fiii-ireling :,nn and obscure l"n>- i I iidinal -In I

unknown, but e.-n.iinly a;i

I n Hi' • ntial e!, ill,

(BillingB,) Of which perlni rely a ^ariei 1 by i:

rally much giv.-it.-r .-!/.'• and by tin- app-in-ntly . : peculiarity ihat tin- tabula "I

out' ip- Very e. :iueh n, .11 ill /.' Tl . t\ | i al

20

specimens of the latter exhibit only from three to five of the curved tabulae of the outer area
in the space of an inch ; whereas examples of B. approximalum present no less than from
ten to fourteen tabular in the same space. Whether this character is one of specific value or
not, may be questioned ; but I think it advisable to refer provisionally the specimens which
exhibit it, to a new species.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

Genus CLISIOPHYLLUM (Dana).

The genus Clisiophyttum is in an unsatisfactory condition, different palaeontologists hav-
ing included under this head Cyathophylloid corals which exhibit considerable differences in
structure. This will be evident, if we compare together the definitions of the genus given by
three distinguished authorities. Milne Edwards and Jules Haime define the genus as follows:
" Corallum simple, turbinate. Septa well developed, and rising towards the centre of the
calicu so as to form a spurious columella, but not twisted."

Prof. McCoy defines Clisiophyllum as follows: " Corallum simple, branched or aggregate,
with vertical radiating lamellae ; a thin epitheca or outer wall ; internal structure— (vertical
section), central area composed of small vesicular plates and cells converging or arching
upwards towards the centre, so as to form a conical boss in the cup ; no distinct central axis ;
outer area of small cellular structure, inclining in the opposite direction or upwards and out-
wards, separation between these areas formed by an intermediate area of larger, nearly hori-
zontal, cellular structure ; (horizontal section) a large central area of small irregular cellular
texture, i'rom which the primary lamellae radiate to the outer walls, intermediate zone with
few vesicular plates between the lamellae ; outer zone having the primary and secondary
lamellae connected by very numerous vesicular plates."

According to Mr. Billings, lastly, the corals of the genus Clisiophyllum "have the same
general external form as those of the genus Zaphrentis, and their internal structure is also the
same, except that the transverse diaphragms are elevated in the centre so as to form a small
conical protuberance in the bottom of the cup, and, further, they are enveloped in an outer
area composed of vesicular tissue. The septal fossette is small, and in worn specimens its
place is often indicated by the prominence of one of the septa on the outside, which, being
stronger than the others, forms a longitudinal angular ridge. The cells of the tissue which
fills the outer area, slope upwards and outwards."

It will thus be seen that high authorities differ widely as to the structure of the corals
which compose the genus Clisiophyllum. The most prominent distinguishing character of
the genus is admitted to be the presence of a conical boss or projection at the bottom of the
calice ; but there are grave discrepancies of statement as to the manner in which this projec-
tion is formed. According to i\iilne Edwards and Haime the boss is formed by the rising of
the septa of the coral towards the centre so as to constitute a spurious lamellar columella —
the tabulae being comparatively poorly developed, and the: genus being thus widely removed
from Zaphrentis. According to McCoy, again, there are no central tabulae, in the proper
sense of the term, and the central projection is formed by the elevation and convergence of the
cells of a central vesicular area — this also removing the genus widely from Zaphrcatis.
Lastly, Mr. Billing < considers that the central boss is formed by the elevation of a series of
well-developed tabulae ; and he places the genus in the immediate neighbourhood of Zaphren-
tis, or considers, at any rate, that the two genera are very closely allied.

The above discrepancies are so great that it seems probable that several forms, in reality
belonging to different genera have been relerred to Clisiophyllum. Without, however, pre-
tending to decide this point, I shall simply describe here the previously recorded Clisiophyllum
Oneidaense ( Billings), from the Coruit'erous Limestone of Ontario, together with a related but
undescribed form, merely remarking that neither appears referable to the genus Clisiophyllum
as defined by McCoy.

9. CLISIOPHYLLUM ONEIDAENSE (Billings).
(Plate IV. Figs. 4, 5).

Clisiophyllum Oneidaense (Billinss), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. iv, p. 128.

Corallum simple, turbinate, cylindrical or cylindro-conic, often curved. Central area
occupied by strong transverse diaphragms or tabulae, which are more or less strongly elevated

21

so as to form a central boss or projection. Radiating -cpta numerous (from eighty to on
hundred), varying much in the extent to which thfy encroach upon the central tabulate area
External area thin, vehicular, it- cells formed on the one hand by the septa, and on the other
by u series of curved plates, which extend in an arehinir manner and in a direction nearlv
parallel with the axis of the coral, obliquely from the central area to the epitheea. Wh--n the
epithecu is removed, the apertures of the cells of this external area appear on the surface in
the form of rectangular openings directed very obliquely inward-;. In -pecimen- in which
the epitheca is prc-i rved. the .-nrface exhibits encircling ri<Le< and annulations of <_Towtl),
varying much in their comparative rei:K''en"-s sometimes rounded, sometimes sharp-edged.
There are also numerous costae, varying from four to MX in a space of two lines in -peeimen-
of different sizes. A well-marked septal Ib-sette can usually be detected.

As already remarked, the internal strueture of this species d >es not eonfnrm with the
definition of C iven either by Edward- and Haime or McCoy ; audit seems

doubtful if it can be retained in this L'enus. In mo-t re-peet- the .-peel.-- eomea nearest to
the characters of A/nj"'- . but it i- distinguished by the pre-en,-,- of a cone and the po-
sion of an external vesicular area. The cone or central boss is certainly, formed by an e!
ti"-> ..f the tabuke of the central area, and the condition of the septa vane- very much in
different examples which appear to be otherwise referable to thi -. Sometime- the

septa extend as far as the centre of the coral, benn: continued aero-- the upper -ur
the tabula- in a dimini-hed and rudimentary form. Such examples would, perhaps, come under
tl, !• inition of i lisiophyttum given by Milne Edwards and Haime. More commonly, tin-
sept ;i are comparatively rudimentary, and .extend but a short distance from the outer wall,
leaving the central tabuhe exposed, very much as occur- in Ai.

Examples of this specie- t'roin which the epithec-i has been removed, may u-irdly be
determined by the peculiar rectangular and obliquely-descending cells of the outer ve-ieular
area. It niu-t be admitted, however, that if the internal strueture i~ nut shown it i- some-
time-; di;ficult to distinguish such specimens from examples of /,'/"/// ri^mi/llma d ''tm

•which have been denu .a to the central core.

/. F Nol mmon in the Corniferons Limestone of Port Colb*orne,

and Very abund int in the same formation at llagersville.

10. <'i.Mi>rilYI.!.rM ri.rKIKAIilAI.i: (Xiel;

Corallum sim[>!e. fcurhinate or oylindro-oonio, straight or curved, of larj--1 size. <''-ntral
ar.--i t-ibulate, the fibiil.-i- .stroji i'. i'orm a median bo-- or proj.-etion. K idiat-

itiLr -'-pta exe.-ediirjly nunieroii-, alternately ]ar_'e and -mall, beinu' about ...... lundred and

twenty in -peeimen< of an inch and a hall in diameter, and ri-inu' to one lumdred and ei^litv
in a -pceinifii two incbe-, and a quarter BOrOSa 'I'll'' .-'-pta extend a eon-id'-rable di-taiiee
inward-, and a -ept'd ti.—ctti- i- i>r.----nt. Surf ..... m irked with mim-Toii- rounded eiieircliiiu'

folds and annulations. and al-o with -tn>n_' ami nnu-nallv well marked .-ejital rid'_re<. ah. nit
four of which occupy a Sp&OG of two lim--. DimensionB unknown, but '_re it. larje -peeim
having a leiiL'th of half a foot or .nor-- and a diameter (,f nearly two ineh. - and a lialf.

Thi--: irly separable from (7. ( '' •;. r dimen-ion-.

the mui-ii greater number o| jt~ ,-epta in cxampli-- of -imilar dimen-i.m-. the ab-ene.- ni

external vesicular area, and t'l-- surface characters, Whether it i- truly referable to the

Hum, howevr. may !"• r.-j-irded afl very doubtful tin- central ele\ation. a- in
C. ' , beiirj clearly formed b\' the tabula- al^ne.

/. ''/ 'in'/ I Not uncommon in the ( ', mil'. M.II- Lime-tone of \\\ ';

<! '/. \ I-IIILI.N I 'i- i i;:itim-,|ii .

1 rallum simple, turbinato or cylindrical d--cp, with a I 1

occupying the pi ..(' th ..... pta ; no columella ; t

upon tb.-ir lipper -url'iee i. whieli . \t. IP! fr..m tin- epitbeea. m-arl\ • r

•• to the e. -nti-e nf the rorallmn. Th-- i;i 1 lo.-uli n-iril'v uninternn | b\-

the t d.ul-i-. but lometimee interfered will tncntc at tl. "I" the coral,

givitiL.' ri-e to an outer an-.i of ve-ieular ti

The geOUB Zaj -!' I! if'n. .pi.- \+ identical with the -jenn- ' of Mieh.-lin,

and i- on,- ,,f th,. QJ ,,f tl,e ('vathoph\! : U Ti.e | ' form-

22

of the genus are readily recognized by their thin epitheca, the presence of tabulae extending
quite across the theca as unbroken partitions, the extension of the septa to or near to the
centre of the theca, the absence of a columella, and the generally open and uninterrupted
condition of the interseptal loculi, except for their being partitioned off by the tabulae. In
some of the forms of the genus, ho.wever, the continuity of the interseptal loculi is interfered
with, not only by the tabulas, but ty vesicular dissepiments which appear to be independent
of the tabulas ; so that there is a central tabulate area, and an external vesicular area. There
is also evidence that the tabulae, though extending quite to the epitheca, are, in their exterior
portion at any rate, of the nature of dissepiments placed nearly at the same level in successive
interseptal loculi. According to Mr. Billings, also, a well developed or rudimentary columella
may be present in Z. prolifica, this structure being otherwise unknown in the genus.

Three species of Zaphrentis, viz. : Z. glgantea (Lesueur), Z. prolifica (Billings), and
Z. spatiosa (Hillings), have been already recorded from the Corniferous Limestone of Western
Ontario, all of which have come under my notice, whilst I have to record an apparently un-
described form. I have also a small cylindrical, spinulose form, allied to Z. spinulosa (Edw.
& H.), or to Z. spinuli/era(H.a\l), though apparently distinct, which, in the absence of specimens
showing the internal structure, I shall leave undescribed.

11. ZAPHRENTIS GIGANTEA (Lesueur).
(Plate III. Pigs. 1,

Caryophyllia gigantea (Lesueur).

Zaphrentis gigantea (Edwards & Haime). Pol. Poss. des Terrs. Pal. PI. IV., Fig. 1.

Zaphrentis gigantea (Billings). Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 121.

Corallum simple, cylindro-conic, varying from a few inches up to two feet or more in
length, and from one and a' half to three inches in diameter, usually more or less curved.
Cavity of the theca partitioned off by a well developed series of tabulae, which are more or
less flexuous centrally and are bent downwards as they approach the epitheca. Septa from
seventy to one hundred or more in number, unequally developed, or alternately large and small,
extending upon the upper surface of the tabulae nearly to the centre, where they are usually
more or less flexuous. A single well marked septal fossette upon one side, extending nearly to
the centre. Epitheca with numerous shallow encircling ridges and annulations of growth, which
vary in size but are not sharp-edged ; and also with costae corresponding with the septa within.

According to Mr. Billings, the septa in this species vary in number from seventy to
eighty. In the examples which I have seen, however, the septa are alternately large and
small and, counting in those of both sizes, attain to the number of one hundred or more.
They thus come to resemble large specimens of the form described by Mr. Billings, under
the name of Z. prolifica,, from which they may be distinguished by the fact that the latter
species is not said to attain a length of over five inches, or a little more, whilst the radiating
septa reach the number of one hundred and twenty, or one hundred and fifty. Our specimens,
on the other hand, must have attained a length of from nine to twelve inches or more, and do not
appear to have more than one hundred and ten septa at the utmost, whilst their form is cylin-
drical, or cylindro conical, and not turbinate. I am not satisfied, however, that all the examples
which I have here included under Z. gigantea, are really referrible to this species, nor that the
large and small forms of Z. 'prolifica (Billings), can be retained under a single specific title.
Zaphrentis gigantea (Lesueur) must not be confounded with the large Carboniferous species
described by Michelin and McCoy, under the name of Caninia (Zaphrentis) gigantea, and by
Edwards and Haime, under the name of Zaphrentis cylindrica.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Kidgeway, Port Colborne, Walpole,
and numerous other localities in Western Ontario.
ft

12. ZAPHRENTIS FENESTRATA (Nicholson).

(Plate IV. Fig. 1.)

Zaphrentis fenestrata, (Nicholson), Canadian Naturalist, Vol. vii., No. 3, 1873.

Corallum simple, cylindro-conical, curved. Tabulae well developed, remote, bending
downwards as they approach the outer wall. Septa strong, equally developed, extending

23

nearly to the centre of the coral, apparently forty-eiirht in number. Epithcca thin, with a
few shallow undulations of growth, but apparently destitute of costie.

Tin- species is. closely allied to the preceding, but appears to be clearly distinct, though
the above description is founded upon but a single specimen. It differs from 7. -
giijii,,!:'! chiefly in the greater proportionate thickne-- and much smaller nurnberof the septa,
and tli :• remoteness of the tabula.-. The former of these, characters, as well a.- the tact

that the septa are equally develoj.nl. .-.•], -irates it from Z. /'/•. '//'//<•>/.

The tabulae of the oironmferenoe of the coral, where they Lend downwards to m
epith' •••!. -eem to be clearly of the nature ..f dissepiment-, a- they arc not placed at exactly
the same level in contiguous interseptal loculi. The -p.-cific ivime i- intend. ••! to i-"mmemo-
rate the peculiar fenestrated appearance exhibited by portions of the coral from which the
epitheca ha- been removed, when the mterseptal loouli are seen to be crossed at intervals of from
two to three lines, liy the obliquely <\ sc "nlini:- tabula;, producing a series of oblong ' lee,

Lenirth of the only specimen observe.!, live inche- ; diameter ot' -umuiit. one and a half
inches : caliee and fos.-ette, unknown.

L alitya-nd Formation. — L'oruiferous Limestone, Port Colbor

13. .ZAPHRENTIS PROLII ITA (Billing-).
(Plate III., Figs, i', 2a.)

Zaphrentis prolifica (Hillings', Canadian ./ ,• <//, New Series, Vol. iv., p. li'l. ;'
23.

" Corallum simple, turbinate, curved, with a few broad, shallow, encircling Folds. S«-p
tal fn-sette of a pyriform shape, gradually enlarging from the margin towards, but not quite
reaching, the centre ; variable in its position in relation to the curvature of the fossil Radiat-
in. - !a in the adult specine n- between sixty and seventy of the larj-T si/e. alternating' witli
a lik- ir.im!" r ..('. -mailer ones ; the former, in -ome of the individuals, extending t<-
on the bottom of the cup, where they are -pi rally twi-'ted or irregularly contorted ; in .••
specimens imt reaching the centre, which i- then occupied by a smooth space, or often witli
a eolumella elongated in a direction from I -tie toward* the opposite -ide. T

gepta ar sharp-edged for almo-t half the di-t-me" from the h"ttom of the cup I" the

margin, then b-eume gradually less projecting, until at tlie edire ot the cup thev are ivdc.
to He re 11 't puinded rid^c-. Len-th, IV" m f"iir to five inches, or a little' more ; width of cup,
fri-m two i-ji'liea to two inelie- and a-half ; deptli of cup, about one inch."

'• V'-ry num'-rous -peeimen.- .,fy,,uiig individuals of thi> -pe.-ie>. one inch and a half anil
upward- in l-njth. and with fifiy or more principal radiating sept i, occur with th

,n. T! r;li ones n:i_l ' p"rhap- I led as constituting a distinol but

when go 1 -peeimen- fm be observed • . ten

the hr_c individuals " ( IJillin..

\Vliil-t bavin- I he imp.re--i"ii that the gj niple- ju-t alluded to are S] Iv di-

tinct from the larger ono with which thev a:-i' united bv Mr. Billings, I mu-t fivciv admit
thai tions ar> not -iilliciently e.\ for me to pronounce a decided »i ini"ii in

tlie ' peoimens, indeed, having the char- ,-crihed i,y Nlr r.

r from c"miiiiiii, and I ha\e imt 00 than four or five ; whilst •

.-mali. I' • am] lefl U abundant.

'I'hel,' • m pies are di hed from /; a, by their smaller dimenaTons, tt

turbiiritc fiiriii, tin; .-bape of the fo--ule, and the much great* i numlier of the ,-ep i ::. .

'i' d cdje- \\ln-retlicy approach the margin of the oup.

Tip- smaller examples, a- a rule, exhibit character- by which they can be reidilv di-!:
ed. They arc m" t OOmmonlv alioiit an inch and a half in leii-th but varv iV.'in th:

<|U.il!' r- Of M Midi Up to thlee inches. The cilice I ieep. hill i- e\tre|||el_\ "bl|,|Ue

ie-t hei-ht beiirj on the -ide of the cuir.cx onrvEtan of the coral. Tie

int. . .n. I -mall, and tin- primary ,-epta are alw.iv- mor • 1. •-- bent a;id OODtOl

tlie\ ippr....-h the cc-ntrc. 'I'll.- tabuLe are bent downward- "ii appro:i.-hi- all.

«-pitl.'-i m p. ri'i-ct specimens exhibits a few broad and rounded nndolationi ' -wtb, \\iili

M. 1\ marked eoflta corresponding with the septa within. M pec mmonl) the ej.ith-
IB denuded, beii rj thin, when the pta appear* mspiou u-.s ..n the .-uri i.-.

tin- ooral.

24

The occasional presence of a columella is a very anomalous feature in this species, not being
known to occur in other members uf the genus. Mr. Billings, from an examination of a
large number of specimens, concludes, however, that the species must be retained in Zaphren-
tis, as he finds a graduated series of forms between those with no columella and those in which
this structure is large and well developed.

Locality and Formation.— Extremely abundant in the Corniferous Limestone of Rama's
Farm, Port Colborne. Also, in the Hamilton Group of Bosanquet, near Widder.

14. ZAPHRENTIS SPATIOSA (Billings).

" Corallum short, turbinate, moderately curved and very broadly expanding. At the
margin of the cup about ninety radiating septa, alternately a little unequal, and with their
edges broadly rounded, as in Z. prolifica. Length, measured on the side of the greater cur-
vature, about three inches ; width of cup two inches and a half. Septal fossette unknown.

" This species is closely allied to Z. prolifica, and may, perhaps, be united with it when
its characters become more fully known" (Billings).

I have nothing to add to the above brief description, which has evidently been drawn from
imperfect specimens. There are only a few examples in my collection, which I should be
disposed to refer to this species ; but the reference is uncertain, as hardly anything can be
made out of the internal characters of the specimens in question, beyond the fact that they
are almost certainly referable to Zaphrcntis, and that the very broadly expanding form sepa-
rates them from any other known Corniferous species.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Rama's Farm, Port Colborne (Billings).
Ridgeway and Hagersville (Collection of the author).

Genus HELIOPHYLLUM (Hall).

The genus Hdiophyllum is very closely allied toCyathophyllum, and the following are the
definitions of it given respectively by Milne Edwards'and Haime, and Mr. Billings:—

1. " Corallum simple. Septal apparatus well developed and producing lateral lamellar
prolongations, which extend from the wall towards the centre of the visceral chamber, so as
to represent ascending arches, and to constitute irregular central tabulce, and which are united
towards the circumference by means of vertical dissepiments." (Milne Edwards and Haime.)

2. " Corallum simple or aggregate ; radiating septa well developed, obliquely striated on
their sides by thin elevated ridges, which extend from the outer wall in an upward curved
course towards the centre. These ridges are connected by numerous thin laminse, which
divide the spaces between the septa into small sublenticular cells. The transverse diaphragms
are thin, flexuous, and confined to the central portion of the coral " (Billings).

The internal characters which distinguish corals of the genus Hdiophyllum (Hall) are
thus of a somewhat complicated description. The septa are well developed, and extend nearly
or quite to the centre of the theca, where they are often somewhat twisted ; but there is no
columella. A central tabulate area exists, but of very circumscribed dimensions. Externally
to this tabulate area, the interseptal loculi are divided into cells or small compartments by the
intersection of two sets of dissepiments having different directions. The dissepiments of
the first and most conspicuous set are directed from the internal surface of the wall obliquely,
inwards and upwards towards the centre, in a succession of arches the convexities of which are
turned upwards. These dissepiments doubtless correspond with that circumferential portion
of the tabulae which is bent downwards towards the base of the coral in species of Zaphrentis,
Clisiophyllum, Diphyphyttum, &c. When these dissepiments are more or less imperfect or have
suffered destruction, they leave upon the flat surfaces of the septa a corresponding number of
arched striae or ridges. Similarly, in the calice of the coral these dissepiments appear on the
free edges of the septa as so many short spines. The dissepiments of the second series are
more delicate, more disconnected and much more variable in their direction than those of the
preceding series. Sometimes they are nearly vertical, or in other words, are pretty nearly
concentric with the theca. Sometimes they are not far from the horizontal, and intersect the
dissepiments of the former series at a very acute angle. Most commonly they are directed
inwards and downwards from the theca towards the centre, so as to cut the dissepiments of
the preceding series nearly at right angles. Decorticated examples of Heliophyllum from the
Corniferous Limestone exhibit a most characteristic appearance, duo to the intersection of the

25

septa and filled up interseptal loculi with the dissepiments of the first-mentioned series. In this
way is produced a succession of vertical ridges and intervening sulci crossed by numerous
curved or sharply-zig-zagged encircling riiL

The species of //• urn which have been described by Mr. nillin-s as occurring in

be Devonian Bocks of Canada are //. A'/v //.-•., //. Cayv . ff. H. <m,

II >.!•;< I'l'in,, //. J,',i/i;, and II. • latum, the first five from the Corniferou- formation, and

the last two from the Hamilton >hal. -. All of these, except //. /. /< turn, have come

under my notice as occurring in the Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario ; and I have
also some new forms to record.

15. I'lELioPim .I.I'M CANADENSE (Billings).
(Plate V. F i- 1.)

Heliophylluf < -<'. — Billing. Canoa*wn JWrnoZ, new series, Vol. FV. p. 125.

Corallum simple, turbinatc. Septa between ci-hty and nyi.-ty at a diameter <>f an inch
a half, carry in-- on their Hat suriares sin n- :,icl,.il stiiii-at distanoi - of from two -thirds
line to one line, and on their free edires blunt spines placed at similar distance-. I. in!

rona sh irp-eii^ed encircling fold.- and annnlations of growth. "In the bot'om ,.f the
cup the septa reach the centre, and are there twisted touetli. r SO as to form a somewhat solid
ated pseudo-columella, around which there is a deep space occupied only by the septa.

iL

1'imensions varying from two inches up to half a foot or more in length. On- :nen

in a perfect state of preservation mea-ured two inches and a half aloni: it.- convex curvature,
h and a ijii:irter alon<_r its concave curvature, the diameter ol' the cup h-'ii:-- a little

.•aid one inch and a ijii:

r an inch and a half : and other .-peeinn-ns are still more broadly expanding. Thi
iiaps, tlie common I "f //• ;/"j>!i i/llmn in the Corniferous Limestone of Western

iada. [t is closely allied to //. C (Billings) and J?. £fettt (Edwards and ilain.

ditlerinir from the I'oi-ni'-r elii tlv in not liaviiii: a smooth space at the bottom ot the cup. and
in the lact that the arched septal >tri;i- are on the whole a little nearer together; whil.-t it is
di.-tih-ui-hed i'l-niii the latter by it> generally .-mailer dimen-ions, and by havinu' the >ej,tal
spiri'-- mid stri:e more v< mote.

Ad-.-rilinir to .Mr. Hillinirs, the epithec-i i- .-omeiiin -th. and there aj'pear- to 1

sej-tal !•

/.. . c • ;• . • .,.-. I'm! Colboru ; Lot 6, Con. 1, Wain-

fleet ; and otln i . a in V, i, ( lutario.

. B UYLLUM <'m.i:'ii:NKMSK (Nichol-on.

P] te V. l-i-_'. -I.)
// ' ' , (Nicholson) " Canadian Naturalist," Vol. VII. No

rallum simple, cylindric-d. not 6X] mdiiiL' toward^ theealice. Septa sixty at a diameti-r
ifoni :i ll ' • irrviriLT on their fl;ii eln-d -tri;i-at dislan 68 of from one third to hall

:t line. Kpitheea with num. -r.iii-, r-oiiei d or sharp > d.' d eoiiMrictii«n> and annulationi

•_To\\ 'ii A flat sp:'C.- at I lie lint tolll of ll.e cup. In the Centre . I'\S liieh the -rpta . Xtclnl. Clip

de< • tie unknown.

Thi- -pcci,- i- •.. irlv re) i! •••! t.. -md // ' Bill l'iit it i-

think, decidedly distinct It i- di-iin-.ui-li.il from //. ' l>y it- cylindrical and not

br"id' lire/ form, tin- cup being equal to or 1.--- than the diameter of thcem-il at a

poi' • e the base, I'V tin- II ittenin- of the I.Mtlom i.f the c'diec. |.y the

-m ill' r niimh.-r of I iter oloBCnefiS of the an die | >.,•], fal -tri:c 1'iom //.

.the pr ii-hed h\ i' much -mailer thickn. -s, it- c\ limlrical

(miii"' expanding form, the smaller number of septa, and the closeness of the septa) sti

The length of /f ' mu-t h.. ..\erthre.-or four inch. -. hut H..MC ,,f my

ire per' The dirndl-ion- of a Im-ken individual are: leii-th l\vo imdic- and :i

half; diameter of hri't. one inch, diameter of cup t.-n lines , depth of CUp four Hi

[n another, also broken men the length is two inohi and a .(uari' : at the

26

frnctured base thirteen lines ; the diameter of the cup one inch, and the depth of the cup five
lines. Other examples apparently referable to this species exhibit a diameter of from one inch
and a quarter to one inch and a half.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne,

17. HELIOPHYLLUM CAYUGAENSE (Billings).
(Plate V. Fig. 2.)

Hdiopliyllum Cayugaense (Billings), Canadian Journal, new series, Vol. IV. p. 124.

Corallum simple, turbinate, straight or curved. Septa ninety at a diameter of two
inches ; one hundred and eighty at a diameter of three inches and a half. Arched septal
stripe and spines thick and strong, separated from one another by intervals of a line or a little
less. Calice with a flattened space at the bottom, and a septal fossette on one side. Epitheca
with numerous sharp encircling ridges and folds of growth.

This species is closely related to H. Canadense (Billings), from which it is separated by
the possession of a flattened space at the bottom of the cup, and by the somewhat greater
remoteness of the septal striae and spines.

Specimens with a calice of two inches across, seem to have been about five or six inches
in length, but individuals of the species appear to have attained a much larger size.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne, and
other localities in Wainfleet.

18. HELIOPHYLLUM HALLI (Edwards and Haime).
Strombodes heUanfkoides (Phillips) ; Pal. Foss. p. 10. Plate V. Fig. 13. a.

Plate II.

Hdiopliyllum Halli (Edwards and Haime) ; Brit. Foss. Corals, p. 235.
Fig. 3, and Pol. Foss. des Terr, Paleozoiqaes, p. 408, PI. VII, p. 6.

Heliophyttum Halli; (Billings) Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. Fig. 126.

Corallum simple, broadly turbinate, cylindrical, or cylindro-conic, often variously curved.

Septa 80 to 85, slightly twisted towards the centre. Septal ridges and spines separated by

•intervals of from half to one-third of a line, or even less. Calice circular, moderately deep, with

a small septal fossule. Epitheca with encircling annulations of growth, but seldom exhibiting

septal ridges when perfect, or at most very faintly.

The form and curvature of this species are extremely variable, and the size no less so ;
whilst the intervals between the septal spines and strise vary so much that it seems doubtful
if much reliance can be placed on this character in the discrimination of species. The exam-
pies of this species from the Corniferous Limestone are mostly of large size, and are not parti-
cularly well preserved. Those from the Hamilton group are as a rule small, and occur in a
state of exquisite preservation.

One very marked feature in Heliophyttum Halli, as exhibi-
ted in all the Hamilton examples except the smallest, is the
mode of growth, which is by a peculiar form of calicular
gemmation. When the coral has grown to a certain length,
the epitheca gradually extends over the original calice in
whole or in part, and a fresh corallite is produced from the
primitive oral disc by calicular gemmation, generally from
one side of the old cup. After this has lived for a certain
period, a third cup is produced in a similar manner ; and
so the process may be continued, till an aged specimen may
consist of six or eight cups arranged in a vertical series,
each springing from some, portion of the calice of its prede-
cessor. This mode of growth, also, causes a singular irreg-
ularity in the form of corals of this species, old examples
often looking like a succession of inverted cones inserted

Bpeeimeivfrom the Hamilton Formation one into tne other, whilst the curvature of the whole becomes

equally irregular by the bending of the successively producedL

Fig. 4.

of Arkona.

cups in different directions. True parietal gemmation, on the other hand, I have never
noticed to occur in this specif-. As 'a similar mode of increase exists in OystiphyUum
vest' . as ' ccuring in the Hamilton Group, and as it has not. BO tar as I know, been

observed in the examples of //. ILilli from the (,'ornit'erous Limestone, it seems possible that
it is a habit of growth induced by some peculiarity in the surroundings of the coral — such, for
instance, as the slow but regular deposition of fine clayey sediment.

//. liophytt U very closL'ly allied to //. (Jana . and 1 ^hould be inclined to doubt

if any distinction of importance between the two species can be maintained. Large examples
of //. // •>/ '•". >uch as occur in the Corniferous, are separated from //. ' by tin -ir more

shallow calice, the comparative cl'<- • 38 ; ' e -"ptal stria', and their cylindrical or cylindro-
conical form ; but young specimens of //. II<t/li are often very broadly expanding and turbi-
nate, and the intervals between the septal spines and striae do not appear to be ci>n-tant.

Small examples of //<7/</y< //</// have a length of half or three-quarters of an inch,

with a diameter of calice of from three quarter- of an inch to an inch and a quarter. 1.
examples may have a length of from tire to six inches, with a diameter of calice of two inches
and a half. There are also more cylindrical .-pecimen-. apparently not M parable from this
species, which may have a length of two Inches or over, with a diameter of calice of not more
than from three-quarters of au inch to an inch.

Loc'iliti/ mill Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne ; Con. 1, lot G, Wain-
fleet; II :.le. Extraordinarily abundant in the Hamilton Formation of Ho.-anqiiet, a
the course of the Riviere aux Sables. Also in the Devonian Limestone of Devonshire,
England (Phillips, and Edwards and Haime).

19. HELIOPHYLLUM si;i; -< .KM'iiusr.M (Nicholson).

//• /i<i]i/ty/[- -•'///* (Nicholson), <• M ":iite, Feb., 1874.

Corallum, small, simple or compound, cylindrical, or slightly expanding towards the
Ar ptal -;ri;e and spines from a third to aquarter of a line apart. Calioe oval

or circular, .-hallow. Septa apparently sixty in number, at a diameter of ei-Jit lines. Kpi-
theca with numerous annul itions ,-ind constrictions of growth. ( ' 'I'll

in liv'nluals. \vith the other characters oft lie spec! ir to be simple,

but the majority of examples increase by the production <•!' lateral buds,
new coraliite.- ihu- produced are l'e\\- in numbi-r (generally ii"t more
than one. two, or thnvj. ;md are directed upwards nearly in the dm
of the parent corallite. hi Mime cases ealirular -einiuation app*
occur.
//. wan has a genera] re-emhlance to Cyatliophyllw

, of ( ! old t'u-.- ; but the piv-eiiee nf \\vll marked sept al .-t ri:» • am 1 -ept al
spine to lie a true //• m. 'I'hf latter species also i-

eii-nlated or I'Stra-ilbrni." and inerea-e- prineipaliy by ealieular •jem-
mation ; whena- //. sub-( !m never produces sufficient bud- to

form itions of any size, and the inerea>.- i- principally by lal

-eiiiiiiatinn. It i>. further, distinguished from the other forms oi ;

•• , i: i-oiiiparatively .-mah • 126, it- evlin«lrie:il torm, and it- mode
«.!' -rowili. //. ' \ . i inerea-i- in the same way. but i- a

m ucl i l-ii- er ipecies, and is diutio nished by other characters aa well.

MI_' in>li\ iduals n|' //. m are u-ually -t ro- Ittlattfd

with in-' iowtb-wel: ,.[ ha\e a len-ih of from li.ilf an inch

ineh. witli a diameter at the cup of from two to three lines. 1

individualB have a length of trc«m two to three inehe-, \\ ith a diann't.T of

ealiee of from ri'jlll to ten \\i,

" Format* n. Common in the Hamilton 1-Wmaiion at

I • I'.arll'-tt'- Mil \rkoiia. in llie Township of I io-aiiqiiet

•

l^lt. llr.l.lul'IIVI.I.l \I I'KUI.III KIM ( Nieliol-on .

i lalluiu I ir_'i-, -impli • or ••"inp'iund. gTOWJ -tally in particular localities, \vl

nuiii'1-...i- individual- occur together nearly in contact thoii-h not «r. anieally conn, e
Form ej.linilric.,1. wiih num. r u- irregolu gpTOWth-IW«llillgl in the m.ijoi ity of in.-iaucei.

28

Calice moderately deep, with about sixty septa at a diameter of fourteen lines. The septa
are unequally developed, and extend to the centre of the calice, where they are usually more
or less twisted, and are sometimes elevated in the form of a central boss. Arched septal
striae and spines from a third of a line to half a line apart. Some individuals appear to be
simple, but most increase by the production of lateral buds, which spring from the parent
corallite in an obliquely ascending manner. The epitheca exhibits numerous encircling striae
and annulations of growth.

H, proliferum is readily distinguished from the other species of the genus, by its elongated
cylindrical form ; its increase by lateral gemmation, and its social habit. Not only is the species
composite, in the sense that most of the individuals produce lateral buds, but, so far as I have ob-
served, it is strictly social, vast numbers of individuals occurring together, growing vertically side
by side butseparate. 1 have not seen more than one or twobuds borne by a single parentcorallite,
and calicular gemmation appears to be unknown. The only other Heliophi/lhim known to increase
. by lateral gemmation is H. sub-ccespitosum, but this is a very much smaller form, and is solitary
in its habits. Detached individuals of H. proliferum in which budding appears not to have
taken place, may usually be recognised by their great length and almost strictly cylindrical
form, there being little or no increase of diameter as the cup is approached. Large indi-
viduals have a length of seven or eight inches or more, with a calicine diameter of an inch
and a half, and a similar diameter throughout.

Locality and Formation. — Extraordinarily abundant in one bed in the Corniferous Lime-
stone of Ridgeway.

21. HELIOPHYLLUM ERIENSE (Billings).

Heliophyllum Eriense (Billings) ; Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 124.

Corallum elongate, turbinate, straight or curved. Septa from seventy-four to one hun-
dred and fifty in young and old individuals respectively. Septa extending to the centre of the
calice carrying on their sides delicate arched striae separated by intervals of from a quarter of
a line to a sixth of a line. Free edges of the septa " denticulated with from five to seven short
spines in the space of one line." Epitheca with sharp annulations and encircling ridges of growth.

This species is readily distinguished by "' the closeness of the arched striae on the sides
of the septa, and the minute dent;culation on their free edges" (Billings). H. Eriense is
exceedingly variable in its dimensions, varying in length from an inch and a half up to nearly
a foot, and as regards the diameter of the calice from an inch and a quarter up to three inches
and a half. The calice is deep, and there appears to be an obscure septal fossula on one side.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Lot 29, Con. ,'i, Walpole ; and Port
Colborne. Very rare.

22. HELIOPHYLLUM COLLIGATUM, (Billings).

(Plate V. Figs. 3, 3a).
lleliophyllum colligatum (Billings); Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 126.

" Corallum forming large masses of long slender corallites, which are connected together
at intervals of from two to four lines by periodic expansions of the cup ; radiating septa about
fifty-two ; diameter of the corallites where constricted five lines ; and of the expanded cup
six to ten lines. Among the full grown there are interspersed some that are immature and of
smaller size. The cup is shallow, the sides of the septa striated with from six to eight arched
ridges in one line, and their free edges denticulated with the same number of minute spines.
In the central area the transverse diaphragms are well developed, and sometimes constitute
a pseudo-columella, which exhibits itself in the shape of a small elevated boss in the centre of
the cup" (Billings).

This species cannot be confounded with any other. It is remarkable amongst the typical
species of this genus in being compound instead of simple ; and it has the tabulae unusually
well developed, constituting a central area into which the septa, as a rule at any rate, do not
enter. The epitheca is transversely ringed with annulatioos of growth, and, in the periodic
expansions of the cup, with numerous fine encircling striae, which are crossed by the longitu-
dinal lines which mark the position of the septa. As pointed out by Mr. Billings, H. colli-
gatum forms a transition between Heliophyllum and Phillipsastrceea.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Rama's Farm, Port Colborne, and
Walpole.

23. HELIOPIIYLLUM EXH.I ;r.\i (Billings).

Hellophyllum exiijnuia( Billings), (,'<!/;<?•//"« J<nu-. New Series, Vol. V. p. 201. Fi::s. 9
& 10. „

" Small, turbinate, more or less curved, often flattened on the side of the convex curva-
ture ; radiating septa between sixty and ei-hty ; about MX ..b-eure arched -tiia- to one line
on their flat sides, and the same number of -pines on their edtres. The depth of the cup is
equal to one fourth or one third of the whole length of the coral. In small specimens, the
mar<_rin of the cup is thin and sharp ; but in lame MI. - muml. d. and one line or a little inure
in width. About one half of the radiating .-epta r.-.a-h the c> ntre, and form a small muu
elevation on the bottom of the cup. There is a septal f'o-.-ette on one side, which, in all the
specimens I have seen, reach'-s the centre. The surface exhibit- a few sharp constriction -
grow th. with rounded annulations between them, tin' latter often abruptly terminated OD their
upper sides. In very ; -linen-, line encircling striae of variable >i/e. apparently from

ei"ht to fifteen in the width of one line. The horizontal stria), whu-h indicate tin- number of
aepta, are distinctly visible but not strongly marked. The p"-i:ion of the septal foffl
indicated on the outside of the cup by two septal ridges which extend the whole length of the
1, and constitute one of the lines aloiiLT which the younger -epta were added 1'rom lime to
time.

• The irreater number of the specimens are from >i\- to nine lines in length, but some are
full one inch. The width of the cup i< always a litrle less th m th • len-th of the entire li,-.-il.
The most common number of septa is sixty. The arched strut- and -pines are nut often pro-
s«:rve 1 " ( Billings).

I have been tlius p irti'-ular in i|Uotin_' the de-eri ;ven hy .Mr. llillin--; of tliis

species at full length, as in studying it, I have met wiih -real difficulties, wliieli I cannot \et
entirely explain. The few exatnples whieh 1 i.-olle.'t.-d at Rama's l-'.-u-m, 1'ort ( 'olhorne. itlie
locality ^iven >jy Mr. Billin-.- .. th •( 1 should b" di^po-ed to refer to this -p. Tie-, exhihi' only
the form of the oorallum, tip- epitheea, and th<' edje of the e ml the characters oftl

are Hlln'ei.'iitly distiln-ti ..-. - i :ar at any rate, a- tin- other Canadian speeies of //• in

are con,-erned. The coral is -in il and turhinate. aiel i- di.-tinetK tl ittened alon- its con
curvature; the epitheea is thick and continuous, and i- thr w i into strong encij cling rid

and annulations of <_rrowth. tlie vertical line- indieat in- the >epta heinir very fiintiy mark, d,
an 1 the --jita are alternately 1 ir-e and small, and are not denticulated on their tla'
One }•• ;.eeimen only >V\^. 'ij hive | obtained. >howini_r all the internal eharae

from the ('-rnii'-rous Lime-tone ,,)' 1 | ij.T>ville ; and thi- shows eonelu-i vely the di-'ineti

of II. .•<•/<""/' as a separate specie: ofHeh /• um. 'l'bi> -pe.-imen is small, turbinate, \\ith

a con-trieted pedunculate base, the lonje-t side being tlitt.ned. Tlie total l.-n-tli alon- the
lon-e-t -id. lit line-,, nu the >borte-t >ide foiii- li • diameter of the ealiee I,,. 111.4

seven lines. The ealiee i> di-tiuetlv i|iiadraiiL:ular, moderately deep, with thickened mar_ins,
and a vi-rv well marl.i-d -,-pt d fosette. Tin- -ept'i :,! I'eiir in number. alt.Tiiat.

and -m ill, with about live arched Striae OH their 11 it -ide, and tin- .-ame number ,.f >lmrt .-pine?
On their edges. The >--ptal lo--ule conv-pou.1- witM t\v > primary .-epta, which extend the

who).- length of the corah and from the t\\ •.. of which the other septa diverge ; a peon*

liariiv which I have failed to ub-,-rve in ill-- examples from I • Q6. Thecpiti

ptal ,-tri. . and ein-ii eiin- annulations of growth.

ompany ing the specimens of A Hill-

iir_r-i. at I'oi t t 'oliiortie. 1 h:.\e f. iiimla l:ir_re nnmlier of

t men- wi ich ome striking characters with

// ./-///I. but which differ from this in oilier

char and that to ,-uch an c\!cnt

that I do II" . b.' referred to the -emi«

II. ;••/>/! <///iiiii at all, se.-miii- rather to b : . the

-mil - / 'I'll-- di-crep incie, offl "ii indi-

Oated le !•• | ,]o !,«>• pret.-n.i but I shall

1 -' fl- provi-ion dlv de-eribe the specimens in question a- div

li ' l-'i'l-nn rzi:r"im (I'.illr tllict. under lie name tif ; . 'HI.

'r.- I . . . u( III-:

Ooi ' .

30

24. PETRAIA LOQANI (Nicholson).

(Plate III. Figs. 3-3 f.)

Petraia Loganl, (Nicholson), " Canadian Naturalist," Vol. Vll. No. 3, 1873.

rorallum small, turbinate, more or less curved, almost trigonal in transverse section,
owing to its being flattened on the side of the convex curvature, and also on the lateral sur-
faces. Septa tweuty-six or twenty-ei»-ht a little above the base, but sixty or more at the cup,
the increase of number being due to the bifurcation of each primary septum at a distance
abeut a line and a half above the base, and also to the intercalation of new septa along both
sides of a line which runs along the dorsal or convex side of the coral from top to bottom.
This line is marked on the exterior by two primary septa, which form a prominent ridge exter-
nally and pass inwards to the centre of the coral. At the margin of the cup the septa are
somewhat unequally developed, being alternately larger and smaller, the larger primary septa
being prolonged inwards to the centre of the coral, where they become somewhat bent and
twi.-ted together. No columella appears to be present, nor are there any tabula'. . The flat
sides of the septa are furrrowed with a succession of deep grooves, about four or five in the
space of one line, which are directed in an obliquely ascending and arching manner from the
wall towards the centre, the interspaces between them being tumid and rounded, and thus
imparting a crenulated appearance to the outer edges of the septa when exposed. These arch-
ing grooves are not connected with lamellar dissepiments having a similar direction, but the
septa for some little distance below the cup are united by delicate transverse dissepiments. The
epitheca is marked with a few annulations of growth, which are mostly very obscure, and with
well marked costse corresponding with the septa.

In none of the specimens in my possession does the epitheca extend more than half an
inch (• >ften less) above the base of the corallum. Beyond this point to the margin of the calice
the edges of the septa are seen with their characteristic crenulated appearance, and united
here and there by minute dissepiments. As already noted, the flattened convex side of the
coral always exhibits two pre-eminently large septa produced by the splitting of one, which
run from the top to the bottom of the coral in a straight line. The remaining septa are
directed obliquely from both sides towards this central pair ; so that new septa are interca-
lated along this line in proceeding from the base to the calice. It is probable that these two
septa may mark the position of a fossule in the cup, but none of my specimens exhibit the
interior of the calice, and I am, therefore, unable to speak positively on this point. For
the same reason I can say nothing as to the condition of the free edges of the septa inter-
nally.

The total length of the corallum is from three-quarters of an inch to one inch, the diameter
of the cup varying from half an inch to nearly three-quarters. The calice is oblique, so that
the greatest length of the coral is along its convex curvature.

Pdraia Li>:jaid is closely allied to Petraia (71// /•/;/// <*/^W.s-) plnrirailinUs (Phillip?), with
which I was at first sight disposed to identify it. It is, however, readily distinguished by the
flattening of the convex curvature and lateral aspects of the coral, and by the smaller number
of radiating septa. As regards other more minute characters, the published descriptions of
P. pluri/radlalis are not suflicient to enable any closer comparison to be instituted with advant-
age between the two species.

\Vith regard to Heliophyllum n/,//////// (Billings), it may be well to present, in a summary
form, the points (if agreement and difference which appear to exist between the two species :—

1. Both corals are of the same general form and size, and both occur in the same forma-
tion and at the same locality. •

•_'. Both possr-s a pi-incipal pair of septa, which are visible externally as two straight
ridges extending from the top to the bottom of the coral, the remaining septa being directed
obliquely towards this line on both >idcs. (When writing my original description of P. Logani
in tlie ( 'iiiiii'liini Niilnriilid, \ S7.'!. I had not succeeded in detecting this feature in H. exiguum.)

3. The number of septa in the cup appears to be about the same in both, though stated
to be sometimes as many as eighty in //. < .r/////>/ni, whilst they never appear to exceed sixty-
five in /'. I,n<i«ni.

The above are the chief points of agreement, but there arc the following points of differ-
ence : —

31

1. Heliophyllum exiguum, though this is not specially alluded to, must possess more or
less well developed tabulce ; but no* traces of such structures can be detected in P. Logani, in
longitudinal sections or in fractured specimens.

2. The septa in H. exiguum exhibit on their flat sides " about six obscure arched strm
to one line." Those of P. Logani exhibit a succession of arched grooves of considerable width,
separated by somewhat tumid interspaces ; and there are only about four or five of these
grooves in the space of one line. Nor does it appear possible that this discrepancy is due to
any confusion on my part between casts of P. Logani and the actual coral itself, such a mistake
seeming to be out of the question in dealing with the well-preserved specimens of the Corni-
ferous Formation.

3. The septa in P. Logani bifurcate regularly in proceeding from the base to the cup,
thus being always arranged in pairs in the upper part of the coral ; whilst those of H. exiguum
.are alternately large and small, and do not appear to bifurcate.

4. When looked at in transverse sections of the cup, the septa of H. exiguum appear to
possess plain or but slightly denticulated sides, whilst those of P. Logani are furnished with
strong tooth-like dissepiments or spines, which sometimes extend to the contiguous septum.

5. T*he septal ridges on the exterior of P. Logani are more strongly marked than in
H. exiguum ; and the epitheca of the former rarely or never appears to extend to the margin
of the calice, though it is certainly difficult to say positively whether this appearance is natural,
or is due to the partial decortication of the coral.

Upon the whole, I think that the fossil here described as Petraia Logani is distinct from
previously described forms, and I do not see how it can, under any circumstances, be referred
to the genus Heliophyllum.

Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Rama's Farm,
Port Colborne, and also at Hagersville.

Genus AMPLEXUS (Sowerby).

In this genus the corallum is simple, and in all essential respects similar to Znphrentis
except that the septa are much less highly developed, and do not extend to the centre of the
coral, so that the tabulae are left exposed and free to view over a wide central area. The
following is the only species which has as yet been detected in the Coraiferous Limestone of
Ontario.

25. AMPLEXUS YANDELLI (Edw. & H.).

' f

Amplexus Yandelli (Edwards & Haime). Pol. Foss. des Terr. Palfozoiques, p. 344, PL III.
Figs. 2, 2a.

Amplexus Yandelli (Billings). Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 123.

Corallum simple, cylindrical, straight or curved. Calice varying in diameter from half
an inch up to an inch and a half. Epitheca marked with from forty-five to sixty-five strong
and angular septal ridges, which in well-preserved examples are crossed by fine encircling stri;e,
and a few remote and regular folds of growth. The septa do not extend more than from half
a line to two lines from the wall, leaving the tabulae exposed over a large central area. The
tabulae appear to be generally flat ; and the septa have plain sides, and are alternately large
and small.

Aiii/i/i'.i'/ix Yninl.Jli is not a common species in the Coruiferous Limestone, and does not
appear, so far as known, to occur at all in the Hamilton Group. As a rule, it may readily be
recognised, even in fragmentary specimens, by the surface-characters, which are unlike those
of any other of the simple corals of the Corniferous with which I am acquainted.

Lnrii/i/i/ ctnd Foriinti/on. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne. Also near Wood-
stock (Hillings).

Genus DIPIIYPIIYLLUM (Lonsdale).

< 'orallum simple, associated into large aggregations of long slender cylindrical flexnous
corallites, increasing by parietal or oalioinal gemmation, and placed usually at a -n- HIM- or 1
distance from one another. Internally a central area occupied solely by tabulffi, and usually
not encroached upon by the septa, with an exterior vesicular zone occupied by the septa.
No columella.

32

There has been much difference of opinion as to the validity of the genus Diphyphyllum
of Lonsdale, chiefly arising from the fact that its original' founder erroneously made its sup-
posed fissiparous mode of division, a generic character, Milne Edwards and Hainie, how-
ever, pointed out that the mode of increase in the corals referred here is truly by gemmation,
and not by fission. Hence, they refused to accept the genus, and placed the corals previously
referred here under Cyathophyllum and Lithostrotion. Upon the whole, however, there can be
little hesitation in adopting the view advocated by Mr. Billings, (Can. Journal, new series,
Vol. IV. p. 134,) and in retaining Diphyphyllum as a distinct genus.

Diphyphyllum, as above defined, differs from Cyathophyllum in its distinctly bi-areal
structure, the septa not extending to the centre, as they do in the latter genus, nor being
twisted together, so as to produce the appearance of a small columella.

From Lithostrotion, which it closely resembles in most respects, Diphyphyllum is separated
by the invariable absence of a columella. Milne Edwards and Haime, (" British Fossil Corals,"
p. 195,) express their opinion that the absence of the columella in Diphyphyllum is accidental
and due to the process of fossilisation. A.S pointed out by Mr Billings, however, there can be
no question as to the incorrectness of this opinion, the columella being entirely wanting in the
most beautifully preserved examples of Diphyphyllum.

From Amplexus, Diphyphyllum is separated by the general form of the coral, by the
greater development of the septa, and by the absence of a septal fossule.

In all essential points of their structure the genera Eridophyllum and Diphyphyllum are
identical, the sole difference of importance being that the corallites in the former genus are
united to one another laterally by horizontal root-like prolongations of the epitheca. It must
be admitted, however, that specimens of Diphyphyllum occasionally exhibit similar connecting
processes, though these are never developed to any extent, and can only be detected by a care-
ful examination.

The rharacters of the genus Diplophyllum (Pal. N. Y., Vol. II. p. 115),founded by Hall
for the reception of a common coral from the Niagara Limestone, do not appear to differ
essentially from those of Diphyphyllum, except that the outer vesicular layer in the former is
stated to be separated from the central tabulate area by a distinct mural investment. It is
probable, however, that Mr. Billings is correct in uniting the two genera.

Two species of Diphyphyllum have been described by Mr. Billings from the Corniferous
Limestone of Western Ontario, being amongst the most conspicuous corals of the formation.
I have also detected specimens inseparable from D. gracile of McCoy, if indeed the latter is
not truly identical with D. stramineum (Billings).

26. DEPHYPHYLLUM ARUNDINACEUM (Billings).
(Plate VI. Fig. 1.)

Diphyphyllum arundinaceum (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV, p. 134.

"Corallum forming large masses of long cylindrical straight or flexuous stems, from
three to four lines in diameter, but usually distant from one to three lines from each other;
radiating septa thin, betwen forty and fifty in number, rarely reaching the centre; transverse
diaphragms turning downwards on approaching the margin ; two to four in one line. In some
of the corallites the walls are so thin and closely united that no separation can be observed, but
in others of the same cluster an outer area is distinctly .visible. There is usually a circular
space in the centre of the corallites, into which the radi tting septa do not penetrate ; often
however they reach the centre. The young corallites sometimes spring from the sides
of the parent with a slender base, and curving upwards immediately become parallel with those
of the whole group. In large colonies frequent instances may be seen, where, instead of this
lateral budding, a bifurcation takes place, both branches being of the same size. In large
groups, owing to the numerous additions of young, the corallites diverge slightly, as if radiat-
ing from a point. The colonies are from six inches to several feet in diameter, and large
blocks of stone are of frequent occurrence, which are penetrated at right angles to the stratifi-
cation by the closely crowded stems " (Billings).

Diphyphyllum arundinaceum (Billings) is distinguished from the following species
chiefly by the almost uniformly greater size of the corallites, which average three or four lines
in diameter when fully grown. In shape the corallites are cylindrical, with annulations and

33

constrictions of growth ; they may be straight, or more or less flexuous ; and they vary in
their distance apart. The epitheca is marked with numerous extremely close-set and delicate
encirclim: strife, together with more or less conspicuous vertical striae, which mark the posi-
tion of the septa within. Occasionally, the corallites are united by lateral connecting pro-
cesses derived from the epitheoa, -imilar to those which characteri-e the ircnu.s £ri'l»ji/n/l/mn ,-
but these processes are always remote, and are only an occasional feature. The septa are
from forty to forty-two, alternately large and small, and rardv encroaching upon the central
tabulate ana. The tabula; are regularly depressed and bent downwards as they pa.-- through
the outer vesicular zone on their way to reach the margin ; but they are sometimes more or
flexuous. Increase of size, so far as I have observed, seems to be always by the production
of lateral bud-, but it is possible that calieular gemmation sometimes occurs, and Air. Billing
state.- that bifurcation of the corallites takes place occasionally.

Very commonly the corallites of this species have attached to their surface the singular
adnate coral which I have described under the namo of ./ / •,^ni(l) L\in'iden<ix, alum: with
the tube.- <>t' a specie.s oJ 5

/. / and Formation. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne, and
Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleet ; also " in various localities in the townships of \Valpole, Oneida.
Cayuga, and Waiufleet " (Billings).

DlPIIYPHYLLUM STRAMINEUM (Billings).

/

(l'lateV.,Fig. 6.)

I>'/i/ii/l>/>i/f/n/n xtrumimum (Billin nadian , '. X< \\ Series, Vol. iv . p. 135.

(i iompare Diphyphyllvm gracih (McCoy), British Pal. Foss. p. 88, lig.-. «/, e, /).

'' ( 'uralluiu forming large masses of cylindrical tubes, avera-in^ two lines in diameter, and
either so clo-elv a- jivjatod as to be nearly in contact, ••!• separated from one another bv int'-r-
vals of I nun one to five lines, the distance varying in diH'en-nt e!n-ters and in different parts
of the same. Sometimes numerou- -in-1 • tu ir -cartercd through the rock, which were

probably derived from some disintegrated Lrroup. The tube- are either -trai-lit or flexumis.
smooth, or annulated by short eifciroling fold- of L_TOW;|I. tin- -urf.ice striated longitudinally
by th'- - of the septa. The latter are about forty in number, and do not ivaeh the

centre. Tip- tr.m-ver-e diaphragms are well developed, sli'_rlitly convex in the centre, and
appear to }»• -nddenly turned down en approaching the unrniii. Tlie outer ve-ieular area i-
tliin. --idnin exceeding one-sizth nt'the whole diameter. The central area altogether occupied
by the transverse diaphragms ; sometime* in well-piv-erve.l -p.'eimeux. the >epta mav be -
extending about half way to the centre, upon the -urface of some of (he diaphragm-, but in
•_'enera! they are confined to the outer area. In the more d'-n-e colonies, the corailite- often

inosoul • and are -onietiiues conneeied by lateral processes, as in the species of the .-ub

• I»illiir_'-j.

1 doubt if the di-tilictlie--, i.f thi- -pi-cje- from J >//>////J'/l I///HUI <//•<'</'•' (3Ie( ', he

maintained. 'I'he distinction Lrivn l.y >lr. Hilling'-1 i- that the septa of the latter are |
riatel , . rge .-Hid -mall, wlii-re-i- in l> ttfOn ' • • they are all nearly e.jiial in -!/..•; but it m-v
I' '|T -'i ..... -d if thi- cli-tinction would be alone -ullieieiit to -eparate the two fnrin- \' an\
rate, I have found in the Corniferuu- hiiue-tone, a number of specimens which a-reewitl,
.'. in mo-t respects, and which 1 .hall, therefore. oV-eribe unlertlrit name.

/. ',Uy awl Formation. --Common i-, the Gorniferona l.im' -tone ,,f |',.i-t Colhonie
Lot M, Con. I, \V.,ii,ll

_'-. I ijiMivi-in-i.i i M I.K M 1 1 i. i \i. '

(I'late V. 1

' • M'-('oy), Brit. I'**1. /•' , p. 88, fi-s. (/, .

Corallum forming' colonie, ,.\' eylindrieni. • !,(. or ll.-xn 'he .liaii:

\\bich •.!!,'- from two to throe line*, being must C'>mmonl\ aliont I wo lines and a half Sin:
with annul it ion- of -row I h, and vr; n- ii iin- - m u kin.^ the po-iiiim ol' the -ept.i. 'fl.e-e hu ter

3

34

from forty to forty-four in number, alternately large and small, the small ones being very
minute. A well-marked central tabulate area, upon which the septa do not encroach. Tabulae
bent downwards on approaching the margin.

I can not distinguish our forms from the species described by McCoy from the Carbo -
niferous Limestone of Northumberland, under the name of D. gracile (Pal. Foss. p. 88).
Milne Edwards and Haime suggest that D. gracile was founded upon a specimen of Lithostro-
tion irreaulare, in which the columella had been accidentally destroyed in the process of fossili-
zation (Brit. Fossil Corals, p. 199). This explanation would certainly not apply to our exam-
ples, which are exceedingly well preserved, and exhibit no trace of a columella. The only
distinction that I can find between the Corniferous specimens and D. gracile is that the for-
mer are generally rather over two lines in diameter, but it does not appear that much value
should be attached to this.

Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Kidgeway.

Genus ERIDOPHYLLTJM (Edwards and Haime).

" Corallum composite, and increasing by lateral gemmation. Corallites tall, cylindroid, and
provided with a thick epitheca, which gives rise to a vertical series of short and thick sub-
radiciform productions that extend to the next individual and unite them together. Tabulae
wall developed, and occupying the central area circumscribed by the inner wall. Septal
apparatus occupying the annular area situated between the outer and inner mural investment,
Tbut not extending into the inner or central area." (Ediv. & H. Brit. Fossil Corals. Intro-
duction p. Ixxi.)

The only difference between Diphyphyllum and Eridophyllum is that the corallites of the
latter are united at greater or less intervals by horizontal connecting processes. We have
seen, however, that similar processes, though not so well developed, are .sometimes present
in species of Diphyphyllum ; and there are also examples of Eridophyllum in which the con-
necting processes are few and far between, and are by no means a conspicuous feature. It
may be questioned, therefore, if the distinction between Eridophyllum and Diphyphyllum is
one that can be maintained.

Three species of Eridophyllum have been recorded by Mr. Billings from the Corniferous
Limestone of Western Ontario, viz. : E. Terneuilanum (Edwards and Haime), E. Simccense
(Billings), and E. stridum (Edwards and Haime) ; but only the first two of these have come
under my notice.

29. ERIDOPHYLLUM SIMCOENSE (Billings).

(Plate VI. Fig. 5.)

Eridophyllum Simcoense. — (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 131,

Fig. 27.

Corallum forming colonies of cylindrical, straight, flexuous, or crooked corallites, from two
to three lines in diameter, distant from one another from one to three lines, and united by
short horizontal connecting processes at intervals varying from two to six lines. The con-
necting processes are thick where they spring from the wall of the corallite, thin in the
middle, and again thick where they join the contiguous corallite ; and they are often, though
by no means universally, all turned the same way in the same colony. The surface usually
exhibits encircling folds of growth, along with vertical ridges corresponding with the septa.
There is a well developed central tabulate area, into which the septa penetrate slightly or not
at all. The septa are between forty and fifty in number, alternately large and small.

Typical examples have the corallites straight, with the connecting processes placed at
tolerably uniform distances, but many examples occur in which the corallites are very crooked
and the intervals between the connecting processes extremely variable. Increase by parietal
gemmation, the young individual bending upwards and becoming parallel with the older coral-
lites, is a phenomenon which can commonly be observed.

It is possible, as hinted by Mr. Billings himself, that Eridophyllum Simcoense may turn
out to be identical with the Upper Silurian species^ described by Milne Edwards and Haime
under the name of E. rugosum. The corallites of the latter, however, appear to be decidedly
more slender in tbeir dimensions, and they are stated to possess only twenty septa, though.

35

this latter character may depend simply upon the fact that the sm-dl secondary septa were
neglected in the enumeration. Upon tlu whole, however, it is safer to keep /.'. S
di-tinct.

Lornl'ili/ and For, . lYmni»n in the CorniferouB Lime-tone of Port Colborne,

Ridgeway, Lot G, Con. 1, Wainfleet, and also, according to Billing, near the Town of Siincoe.

ERIDOPnTLLUM V KRNKI 1 l.AM'M (Edwar-'s and Hain

EridophyUum V< /• (Edwards and Haime), Pol. l-'o--. de- Ten-. I'M. •«•/.<• i.|u.-~.

p. 424. Plato VIII. Figs. b,b, a.

Eridophyttwn l\r/u //>'/<!// urn (Billings), ' •/, New Sei-i--. \'ol. IV. p. 131,

Fig.

Corallum consist in-j; of cylindrical, straight or slightly flexuous corallites, from four to
MX lines in diameter, united by horizontal connecting pro< -Jared at intervals of from

half an inch to an inch and a half apart. Septa about forty-five in number, alternately h
and small, extending very nearly to the centre of the corallite. and thu- invadm<_r the central
tabulate area. Septa connected in the outer zone of the corallite by nuniemu- div- j.iment-.
The distance between the different corallites of the colony varies much, bein- sometim< - half
an inch or more, whilst in other cases the corallites are nearly or quite in contact.

/•>-'• l< ///// ////////( Verneuilanwn :.- readily
distinguished from i'.. \ . by the

much -ri-ater size of the corallites, the
much _:•(• ttc'r remoteness of the coniurtinir
processes, and the greater developmont
7 and inward exten-imi of the septa. In-
i-e by parietal -emulation ran often 1 •
observed. The epitheea i- marked with
obscure annulationa of -rowth ami vertical
stria- eonv-pondinir witl» the septa.

In the oriirinal de-eription by Milne
Kdwards and 1 laime. the septa in this
Speciee are >-[\<( t .1 be only twenty t\vo in
number. A- p"intid ..ut l'\ Mr. Billi
however, this dep.-ml> uj.on their hav-
ing counted the primary septa only, the
total number of Septa 1'ein- thu- the -ame
as in ciur Canadian examj
Kum rrrneuUanum, (Edwuds and Haime) : a, Two / -,,/;/,,,,,,,//.'„..,.,„/;,.,, (',,1-111 l'er..n<

Limestone of Ridgeway, common. A

' mUtTous Limestone. ,- •«« i>-"- ' • ,

ace rding to Mr. Billings, m the Cornifer-

ous Limestone of Port <''ilborne, Lot 1!', C«\\. .'!.

and near

GK.M - < JT8T1 MM I.I.I'M ( Lim-d.'

Corallum -iniple. turbinat-- or Oylindrioal, rarely ale. Interior uf the theea I:

with \e-ieular ti--ue; (he .-.-], ta riidiinentary «r ah- nl.

Pive species of thii genus, vi/. : < . - . I'.illii i i:

' . 1 Edwards) nd I laime >, and ' ' , j BilHogE . have I" • n d< -

^Ir. Mill!' nceeiirrin- in tin- l>e\nni:m p.i-k- of \\'e -tern ( >ir id "[ t;

all but tin- la-t li.ive eonie under my i\«\ iee :^ ,,eenriii'_' in tl'" ( '"rnilernu- Linie-toi,

G Idfuss), al- ....... -ur- in the CornifeTOUB, and very ahundantly in the llaniiit»n

formation.

:;i. c\ -TUMI vi. 1 1 M SIM i:

Plata VI. l'i •. «:.j

' ' Milliir.:- ' ' Seri.--, \'..l. I \ | ! ".7

('oraliuni -ini|.l.-. oylindro-oonio, or oyHndrioal, elongai 1 • riou-ly •

Ej itlieea thin, alm->.-! in\ ariahly •!• <• -rri •• 'M'd. ('iliee di-i-| th, nr tuberoulat

36

sometimes with ridges representing the septa. Interior of the coral entirely occupied by
vesicular tissue, the cells of which are extremely oblique to the surface, or almost parallel with
it, and vary from half a line to a line and a half or more in height, the largest being near
the centre. Length most usually from two inches and a half to a foot ; diameter from three
quarters of an inch to an inch and a half.

This species is the commonest of the forms of Cystiphyttum in the Corniferous Lime-
stone. It is allied to 0. vesiculosum (Goldfuss), but differs in its larger and more oblique
cells, and its thinner epitheca. Most generally the coral is found in a completely decorticated
condition, when the cells are generally seen to be plainly arranged in a succession of infundi-
buliforui layers, each of which represents a periodic calice ; so that the specimen looks as if it
were composed of a series of hollow cones fitting into one another. According to Mr. Billings,
specimens sometimes reach a length of two feet ; but they are most commonly from four or
five to nine inches long.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone almost everywhere in
Western Ontario.

32. CYSTIPHYLLTJM GRANDE (Billings).

Cystiphyttum grande (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 138,

" This species is very large, tu'rbinate, more or less curved, and enveloped in a thin
wrinkled epitheca. Cup deep, bell-shaped, either striated with the rudimentary radiating
septa, or consisting of an uniform surface of the small depressed convex cellular elevations.
The growth appears to have been intermittent, or by the formation of successive layers of cells,
upon the inner surface of the cup, and consequently in longitudinal sections the substance of
the whole mass is seen to be arranged in a series of funnel-shaped strata, placed one within
another. The separation between the layers is much more distinct in some specimens than in
others " (Billings).

G. grande is closely allied to C. vesiculosum, (Goldfuss), and C. Senecaense, (Billings) ; but it
is distinguished from the former by its much larger dimensions, and from the latter by its
broadly, expanding instead of cylindrical form. Though mostly from six inches to a foot in
length, Mr. Billing mentions that it attains a length of three teet and a diameter of five inches.
It is not a common species.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Walpole ; and Lot 6, Con. 1, Wain-
fleet.

33. CYSTIPHYLLUM AMERICANUM (Edwards and Haime).

(Plate VI. Fig. 8.)

Cystiphyttum Americanum (Edwards and Haime), Pol. Fos. des Terr. Paleozoiques, pt
464. Plate XI II. Fig. 4.

Cystiphyttum cylindricum (Hall), Geology of New York, Part 4, p. 209, No. 48, Figs. 1
and 2. (Not Cystiphyttum cylindricum. Edwards and Haime).

Cystiphyttum Americanum (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol., IV. p. 139.

Corallum simple, very variable in form, mostly more or less curved, elongated, cylindri-
cal, sometimes increasing in diameter towards the cup, sometimes diminishing. Epitheca
thin, sometimes nearly smooth and with but a few encircling annulations of growth and fine
strise, more commonly with numerous pronounced encircling folds, which are usually sharp-
edged and imbricating, but sometimes rounded. Calice moderately deep, usually circular,
sometimes disproportionately small as compared with the size of the corallum. Septal fur-
rows in the interior of the calice usually well-marked, but generally consisting of rows of
elongated vesicles. The bottom of the calice, also, is usually occupied by a group of
larger or smaller bullse. Internal structure vesicular throughout, the vesicles near the ex-
terior varying from le.^s than half a line to a line and a half in width and those of the centre
being a little larger. The smallest individual observed had a length of one inch,and a diame-
ter of the cup of half an inch ; the largest had a length of four inches and a diameter of the
calice an inch and a quarter, but larger individuals than this appear to occur.

In form C. Americanum is extremely variable, the most common type being perfectly
straight • and the next most common type being abruptly curved, nearly at right angles, from a

37

little above the base, and then continuing straight to the cup. The species is allied t»
Senccnrnse (Billings), but is distinguished from this by its cylindrical form, and its -url
characters, and by the fact that its cells do not appear to be arranged in infundibuliform
layers. From 6'. (Goldfuss), it is distin_ui:-hed by its smaller si/.e <a- a rn

its comparatively smooth epitheca, its shallower ami .-mailer calice, and it- cylindrical -hape.
It al.-o rarely exhibits the calicular gemmation which is so common in the latter specie-.
though this phenomenon can occasionally be observed.

Lo<:<il!f>/ <>nd /'"/-///'///'"//.--Rare in the Corn if '.THUS Lime-tone of Port Colbortie. Y.-rv
abundant in the Hamilton Formation, at Baltic-It's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bo-
quet.

34. CYSTIPHYLLUM VESli [JLOBUM (Goldfu

f'l/n.thojiJtyUt/in fcsicitlosum (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ. p. 58, PI. XVII. Fig. 5, and PI.
XVIII, fig. 1.

!ij>It>/ll</. ' 'tloaum (riiilHpsi. Pal. /'-.NX., p. 10. PI. IV. tig. li'.

Cydi/itti/H/iiit vesiculosum (Milne Edwards and Jules Haime), I'd. F>- .
Fill . j,. ir,2.

L'il*l'ipll<jlbi 'In.-iiUil (McCoy), 7.W. /',;/. Fi>.*S., p. 71.

( '< indium simple, elongated, turbinate or cylindro-conic, sometime- nearly cylindrical.
;ceedingly strong, exhibiting inimcrou- tine encircling stria-, along with many v.

marked annulations of growth, which -<>metini' •- have
the form of circular wrinkles, but whi.-h at other time-
are sharp edged and imbricating. X»t uncommonly
.the folds of the epithcca ai My prolonged in the

-m of wing-like extensions. Calice veiy deep, its
walls extraordinarily thickened in aged examples, and
it, Imttniii iisiiallv occupied b\ a gmnp o!' bull.T.
Si-j.tal stri;e in the interior of the calice usually very

''net, but appearing to be made up of i

1 vesicles. Internal structure \v-icular,
tlie r,f (lie \ bei ntral. and having a

diameter of a line to a line and a half. Young indi-
viduals are truly simple, but older example- i-
by calicular gemination, a succession of vertically
rimpo-.'d corallite- being thus jiroduced. In :n
individual of a-.- 3126, tin- length

the diameter ot'thc calice i- an inch and a ijuarlcr. and
the depth of the calice i- an inch and a quarter.
L- rge individual- occur, however, in which the len-th
must have been between halfa-foot and a foot. whi!-t
tin- diameter i- nearly three inch

< lur specimens :\; \ tlv with iho-,- frjured by

(loldfii-s in hi- -real work, and there cannot he th-
Smallest doubt u to their ideiititv. ( )nr specii
-•how. al-n. in a ni(,-t marked manner, a feature which
nt in most Of the examples figured by (Joldl'n--

vi/., gro \vtli b\ mean- of calicular gemmation. ;
a- lia heen alrea.lv d'--cribi-d in // •' " //////.

In thi- peculiar mode ,,|' i: the coral

•o\\ lli. and the call tlien

more or le-> ohlit<-rate.l h\ tin- ext<-n-i n over it uf the
ejiith.-ca. Then a DOW bad i- throun up from the
calie i i';i\ direetlv ahove the ,,',) ,.ne. and this

ti-« coiitiini' ' • <>w !'or a certain p-n-d. A third
hud i- then prndueed in a imilar manner, and a fourth,
fifth, or sixth mav be similarly produced, until the

entire euralltim nrc. P( turl i-

" i ii

nate cups, or inverted COD< -. nipcrim]

38

the other, the younger upon the older. As the direction of the new cups does not always
accord with that of the old ones, the general form produced by this mode of increase is often
very peculiar and irregular. Some specimens also show extraordinary lateral prolongations of
the epitheca.

In many respects, C. vesiculosum resembles C. Senecaense and G. grande, but it is on an
average larger than the former and smaller than the latter. It is also distinguished by its
mode of increase, the disposition of its cells, its very deep calice, and its surface-characters.
From G. Americanum it is distinguished by its larger size, more turbinate form, larger
calice, and wrinkled epitheca.

Locality and Formation. — Hare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and
Hagersville. Very abundant in the Hamilton Formation of Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona,
Township of Bosanquet.

35. CYSTIPHYLLUM SULCATDM (Billings).
(Plate VI. Fig. 7).

Cystiphyllum sulcatum (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 136.

" Corallnin simple, short, turbinate, much curved, expanding at the rate of between forty
and forty-five degrees from the minute sharp curved point upwards ; cup oblique, the lower
margin being on the side of the lesser curvature, moderately deep, and nearly regularly con-
cave, the bottom covered with obscure coarse rounded radiating ridges ; a shallow rounded
groove or fossette extending from the centre to the higher margin, and in some specimens two
others much less distinct, radiating to the sides at right angles to the main groove. Exterior
encircled by obscure undulations, and longitudinally striated by the rudimentary radiating
septa. The vesicular structure consists of irregular sub lenticular cells, from half a line to two
lines in width ; length of the convex side, from one inch and a half to three inches ; the usual
length appears to be about two inches or a little more ; width of cup from one inch to one inch
and a half ; depth about half an inch" (Billings).

This pretty little species, in its external appearance, presents a close resemblance at first
sight to small specimens of Zaphrentis prolifica (Billings,) from which, of course, its internal
structure separates it at once. The epitheca is tolerably thick, and exhibits with unusual
distinctness the vertical ridges which mark the position of the septa, along with numerous
rounded annulations and folds of growth, these latter being sometimes obscure. G. sulcatum
can readily be distinguished from all other species of the genus by its general form, its surface-
characters, the great obliquity of the calice and the fossular furrow.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Rama's Farm, Port Colborne.

Genus MICROCYCLUS (Meek and Worthen).

" Corallum free or with a minute central point of attachment, discoidal, without colum-
ella ; calice very shallow or nearly obsolete, and provided with a single small fossette ; septa
short, nearly regularly radiating, or with a few of those nearest the fossette converging a little
towards its sides ; epitheca well developed.

" This little coral seems to be nearly related to Combophyllum and Baryphyllwn, (Ed
wards and Haime), but differs from the first in having a well-developed epitheca, and from the
latter, not only in that character, but in having its fossette simple, and its costse nearly regu-
larly radiating. It also presents similar differences from Hadropliyttum of Edwards and
Haime." (Meek and Worthen, Geology of Illinois, Vol. III. p. 420).

36. MICROCYCLUS DISCUS. (Meek and Worthen).

Microcy civs discus. (Meek and Worthen,) Geol. of Illinois, Vol. III. p. 420, PI. XL
Fig. 7, a. I.

" Corallum depressed-discoid ; periphery sharp, under side flat, and protected by the
concentrically-wrinkled epitheca ; upper side slightly convex, flat or a little concave in the
middle ; fossette small, shallow, and extending from the centre to the margin. Septa very

39

short, thick, and extending only about halt-way in from the margin toward- the middle (tli.
central region being .smooth), numbering from twenty to twenty-live at their inner ends, but
each bifurcating so as to double this number at the margin : -.imetime- the one on the side
opposite the fossette is divided into three." (Meek and \Vurthen, loc. cit.).

Having only obtain
single well piv- r , -l spe-
cimen of tin- pretty little
coral, now for thetirst time
recorded from Canada, I
have nothing ofimportanoe
to add to tin- alii.ve d.-~
cription. Our specimen
ha- a diameter of live li

Micr- " ami Wurthen); o upi>tT surf.' ['he cross shows and a height (it 'half a line ;

the true liiiin.'iiM.'iis) ; b under surface vf the same v]>muiun, of the natural size. i t|, , d. » . .... ] . .. ..

the calice is at one point elevated into a small pointed boss.

LociiHt'i a i /•' (/ton.- -Hare, in the Hamilton formation, at Bartlett's. Mills, ne-ir
Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

Genus HAIMEOPHYLLUM (Billing- .

" Corallum ag . con-i-tinir of colonies of long slender sub-parallel oorallites, united

laterally by periodic expansions of the cup. Internal structure of vesicular diaphragm-, a- iu
the genus \fich liltia ; ivi Matini; -ept-i rudim -ntary " (Billin_ The following spe

from the Corniferous Limestone is at present the only one known.

37. HAIMEOPHYLLUM ORDIN AT UM (Billings).

Haim <^//«///>///, onWnofcw» (Billings), GV//"<//'/.. . New Series Vol. IV. p. 1-'

Fi.

.

"Corallum formiiiL' lar_re. sub-globular or flat hemispheric masses ; average diameter i>f
the corallites in the constricted portions one line and a halt' to two lines, and of the cxpan-i
two and a halt' to three :md a half lines. The epithe.-a, when- it ean In- ,-een between the
expan-ion-. i- more or less distinctly marked with the hori/.ontal -eptal >iri:e. Tin-re
to !»• admit t'nrty internal stri;c. The e.\]>an-i"iK whieh connect the coralliti'< are |.eric>di.
Of occur at the same level in all the individual- at d:.-taiie>-- uf ('rum one to t!ir>-e Hi:
(Billin

Thi- remarkable coral (••iinmt be confounded with an\ nth'T. it- peculiar m<>de oi'.jrov.

:ippc.-iriii'_r almic tu be .jiiite distinctive. '1'he larjcr masses app • ar tn b.- t'^nii'-d nl' 8UCC
strata, tin- corallite- nl'crich .stratum h.'in^ u-ually -!IMI-; , h ill' .11 inch in heij-lit i, and !»,••
siip«-;-inip'.-.-il ii|iun those of the i nfi'i-ior st rat a, not dir.vlv but alternatelv, so that tin- ror.i!-
lite- of one -tntum appear to -prills from the periodic edicine i'\|ian-ion.> of the coral lite.- 111
the -tratiiru b -low. All example-, however, do not -how t'ii-; and it i- po-,iblc that the •
rim. -n- '•xhihitinir thi- peciiliarit \ are referribli- to a new species.

/. Corniferou- Lime.-t<.ne ... |',,n Colborne, II : .. . ,

Lot I!, Con. ! . \\'aintleet.

Gem 81 UMOOPO&A dloldf .

Corallum B itO, at tir-( ereepin'_r, after the nrinner of A . then -ending u[>

mini' T •• i vertical, c\ •lindnc-il c..rahitcs. wh'n-li are u-uallv llcxuous and -ub parallel, and ar<-
OOOneoted tOgetbei laterally by numerous Iran-. 'inceiiir.r proee Kpiilie,-:i well

develop, l pta, rndimentar lisa, chi-.-.-et ;md infundibulirbrm, or pl-i'-.-.i within on r

aiiot h. -r li' iee of funm-l-.

Tip- clriractcr- ,,f i ),,. -enu , <v/-//;//ny. !1 marke.l, mid a- a rule ih. r i- 'i -t

the -in ,!!,-,» ,|i;;; < llllple of I I If, however, the >'.//•/

•'', and .1 of \lr. liillingS an to B€ rct-iin.-d here, then the definition of :

I Illll-t be -umewhat modi!i'-d, -iliec the Cor:iH||e, of the former s|pe,-ie- have the h ibil of

40

a Diphyphyllum and are not connected by horizontal processes ; whilst the latter in its adult
state seems to have entirely the habit of an Aulopora with the internal structure of Syringo-
pora, but equally without connecting processes.

Five species of Syringopora havecbeen recorded by Mr. Billings from the Corniferous Lime-
stone of Western Ontario, all of which have come under my observation in the same formation.

38. SYRINGOPORA NOBILIS (Billings).

Syringopora nobilis (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol, iv., p. 118.

Corallum, lax, spreading, increasing by the production of lateral buds.
Corallites very large, varying with age from one and a half lines to five
lines in diameter, apparently not connected by transverse processes.
Septa obsolete ; tabulse infundibuliform. Epitheca thick, with en-
circling striae and stronger annulations.

Internally this species has all the characters of Syringopora ; but
the corallites are much larger than in any other known species of this
genus, and I have never seen any specimen in which transverse con-
necting processes are developed. It is doubtfnl, therefore, if the spe-
cies can with propriety be retained under Syringopora. The usual
diameter of the corallites is about three lines, but young examples
have a diameter of one and a half lines, whilst Mr. Billings states
that full-grown specimens sometimes attain a diameter of no less than
five lines. As regards its mode of growth, /S. nobilis is exceedingly
like a gigantic Aulopora, except that the branches are produced at com-
paratively longer intervals. Mr. Billings also states that the infundi-
huliform tabulse are " so blended together as to produce a structure
somewhat similar to the vesicular tissue of the genus Cystiphyllum."
This singular species can always be recognised by the internal struc-
ture, mode of growth, and great size of the corallites.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port
: nobilis, (Bill- Colborne. Also. Lot 5, Concession 13. Walpole (Billings).

ings), a fragment of the natu-
ral size. Corniferous Lime-
stone.

39. SYRINGOPORA HISINGERI (Billings).

Syringopora Hisingeri (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 116.

" This species forms large masses of very long, nearly parallel or slightly varying, slender
corallites, which are closely aggregated, and present a rugged or knobby appearance from the
great number of the connecting tubes. The diameter of the corallites is one-third of a line,
or a little more. The tubes of connexion are distant from two-thirds of a line to one line
and a half. The distance between the corallites is for the greater part less than their dia-
meter. The young corallites branch from the sides of the adult individuals, and immediately
become parallel with the parent, and connected with it ^again by the usual tubes of con-
nexion." (Billings).

This elegant species is very readily recognized by the comparatively small size of the
corallites, the closeness with which they are crowded together, and the great number of the
connecting processes. It seems to me, however, somewhat questionable if this species is really
distinct from the previously described S. Verneuilli of the Devonian Rocks of Ohio, (Milne
Edwards and Haime, Pol. Foss. des Terres PaUozoiques, p. 289.) The distinction relied on
Iby Mr. Billings in separating the two species is, that the corallites in S. Hisingeri are distant
from one another for the most part by less than their own diameter ; whereas in S. Verneuilli
they are distant twice or thrice their diameter. If this distinction could be shown to hold
good in a large number of examples of both forms, it would doubtless constitute a difference
of specific value ; but the distance between the corallites is not absolutely uniform in either,
and it is therefore not improbable that the difference is one of variety only. In the meanwhile,
however, it is safer to retain S. Hisingeri as a separate species, very easily distinguished from the
other species of Syringopora which have been detected in the Corniferous Limestone of Canada.

Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

Fig. 10.

40. SYRINQOPORA PERELEGANS I'illings).

Syringopora perelegans (Billings,) Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 117.
fig. 19.

Corallites averaging about one line in diameter, straight or slightly fk-xu»u-. distant
from one another their own diameter or a little more, connecting tubes horizontal or slightly
oblique, varying in their distance apart, bat usually from two to four lines distant ou the
same side of any given corallite ; surface obscurely or deeply annotated.

This species is very closely allied to >v pora reticulata (GukH'uss), from the Carbo-

niferous rocks of Europe, differing perhaps in nothing except that the connecting p
are not quite so closely set. It is also nearly related in many respects to ,\ Ma Hil-

lings), it being very difficult to decide with regard to certain specimens to which of the two
form.- they should be rightly r« ferred.

/. calify ai ation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colhorne.

and very abundant at Lot 6", Con. 1, Wainflect ; also in the Corniferous Lirne-t< -ne of Wood-
stock (Billin_

41. SYRINCOPORA MACLUREI (Billing- >.

I'.iilingsi. ' N 9 rieflj V^oJ. IV., p. 115, fig. 17.

rei (Hilling.-), Ibid. Vol. Y., ].. 258.

*' This species i> found in large masses of long slightly flexuous corallites. Tli ie 1
a diameter of about one line and a-lialf. and owing to their flexuo.-ity. are at times in contact,
and often twof three, or four lines apart. In large colonies which have gn-wn luxuriantly

without the interference of disturbing causes, the corallites are more regular than in the
smaller or stunted groups, in which the corallites are much bent and confused. The
conneeiing pp. re very short and distant, and appear to be somctin ula-

tii'ii- oi th.- -tern- The corallite,-. afier glowing separately for a .short distam- aeh

• other and seem to -row together or adhere to e.--eh other !or the -pace of a 1;
a-half, or more : they then diverge and again unite. The-e p; int> (.f contact occur at d

.ing in-ill three line> to >i\. nine, ori-vm nvehv lines. Kxternally they exhibit niuii'-r.-us
other indistinct annn)atioi 'faint indications of longitudinal strise " > Billings .

Tli' -trikiiej charaeter Vihich would separate S. Mmlnni i'lom <s'. j" the

diameter <-i ' th<- coraliiies, -tatid in the above di-scription a- 1 ring one line and a-half in the
l'i inner, wh nly a line in the latti-r. In a later pap.T , < ', nun/inn ./•-///•., Ne\v Series,

Yol. v.. [i. !'")>) Mr. Hillings, hourver. stat<-> that the width of the eorallites in S'. i-

..lly only about a line, thu- coining m agree in thi> character with S.

The >urfaee d of the d >rall i te< in tin- two gpecieB an also the same. The chief dis

tinctions. th--reii..r. b, i \veen thet\\o foniisareto be found in the fact, that the corallit- -
,^'. . ;:,« \siiat nmre robust on an tl ' ~ J, that they are at

the Same time mOTO flexUOUS and bent, that th ;, are not pl-ic,-d at such uniform dista:

••nd that th«- hori/ontal conic eting pia IT6 n»i i-\ any m< an- a marked ieaiure.

}i.-iii -i.-iicate and : I d 1- v \\ id-- in tr i vals, whil-t the OOrallitei oi'r.-n inosculate dinvtly

without the intervention of connecting processes al all. Many e\ampl<-> of >. .1 • arc

uii'l .bti-dly di-iinct from all otlirr drseril.ed forms, and the speoiefl ma;, be rcganhd u l-.-iug
in many reject- a connecting link between -nch an aberrant t\| $ IKi and the iypi-

lorin.- like N. S-.m-- -| - eimrn-. howeyer, OOOUT which ran \\ith dil1icult\ be

:ainly referred t-- eit her ,s'. ]/ ,,x.

'//"//.- Not iiiieoiumiiii in tin- Cuniii'eroiis Limestone of Ridgeway.

TJ. SVKIN-..-|'.,|: \ i \\ \r\ lliliin

(Plate VI. !

Billin New S.-ri-s, \',.l. I v. p. ! I ^'.

CoreDitei cylindrical, flexnoni, s,,inetini- - geniculai.'d. but not cinmccti- 1 together

tra; pron • Kpitliec.i with nuinerOB ..... ii • i;r and annulat ii-n- |i;init(erol

the corallite- .from 1 a half to t\\,. line-, i he distance l» t \\ e.-n t hem b •. ariablr.

In the ab-ence of cuiin.M'ting pr> the j P -- nl singular S| I ' "in all the

fyjiical exam pi- •- of the ^-nn-. and it Memt doubtful whether it can !-• r--taineil in

at all. The only traces of the connecting processes consist in occasional .spiuiforni or tubercu-
lar projections of the epitheca, which do not, however, reach contiguous corallines. According
to Mr. Hillings, the distance between the corallitcs varies from three to eight lines ; but in all
the specimens I have seen, the distance is less than this. In fact, owing to the flexuous
course taken by the corallites, and more especially to their being by no means strictly par-
allel, their distance apart is very variable ; and they are very often in contact for considerable
distances. In the absence of septa and in possessing infundibuliform tabulae, the present form
agrees with the normal examples of Syringopora.

Local it it i/ ml Fiin/inf/iiii. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Lot 6, Con. 1. Wainflec't.
Also at Woodstock (Billings).

Genus AULOPORA (Goldfuss).

Corallum creeping, increasing by parietal gemmation ; the corallites pyriform, trumpet-
shaped, or cylindrical, the cavity of each communicating with that of the one from which it
springs. No tabulae ; septa absent, or represented in a rudimentary form by longitudinal
striae, or rows of minute spines.

The corals of the genus Aulopora have often the closest resemblance to young colonies of
Syrmgopora, before the latter have commenced to throw up corallites vertically. There is thus
reason to think that some of the described species of Aulopora may be truly of the nature of im-
mature examples of Syringopora, though others appear to be undoubtedly mature and distinct,

Mr. Billings has described three species of this genus, all peculiar to Canada, from the
Cornifcrous Limestone of Western Ontario, and all of these have come under^my notice. I
have also to record specimens which appear to be in every respect undistinguishable from A,
tubceformis (Goldfuss).

43. AULOPORA FILIFORMIS (Billings).

Aulopora filiformis (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 119.

Corallum fixed, creeping, forming somewhat confused groups, which adhere parasitically
to foreign bodies. Corallites about one-third of a line in diameter. Epitheca thick, with
numerous fine encircling striae. Corallites usually budded forth at intervals of from one-third
of a line to a line, sometimes further apart, their length being from half a line to a line and
a-half. Generally, the young corallites are produced in an alternating manner upon the two
sides of the parent stem, but not uncommonly two, three, or four tubes may be produced at a
single point, and any individual corailite may commence to throw,out buds for itself. The
tubes are often more or less bent, and their apertures are elevated above the surface upon
which the coral grows.

This beautiful little species
is of common occurrence in the,
Hamilton formation, growing
parasitically upon tipirifera
mucronata, Cyrtina Hamilto-
nensis, Heliophyllum Halli, Cys-
iiphyllwm vesiculosum, the
epitheca of species of Favosites,
£c. ^t is readily distinguished

a from the other species of the

£ genus by the small size of the

Fig. 11. tubes, and also by its peculiar

a. Aulopora, filiformis (Hillings), growing parasitically upon Spirifera mucrona- mode of growth. It is allied
to. 6. Portion of the same enlarged. Hamilton Formation, Arkona. to Aulopora arachnoi</m(Ha\\)

of the Trenton Limestone, but is a larger form, and occurs in more reticulating and com-
pressed groups.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Hamilton Formation of the Township of Bosan-
quet. Very rare in the Corniferous Limestone (Billings).*

*The fossil which I described under the name of Alecta? Canadenxis (Canadinn Xnturalisst, Vol. vii., No. 3), wa-
fouuded upon casts obtained in the Corniferous Limestone. Having now obtained examples from the Hamilton group, in
which the uctual fossil itself is preserved, I am disposed to regard this singular form as a somewhat anomalous Aulopora.
shall, therefore, describe it in the Appendix to this Report, under the name of A ulopora Canadeniis.

43

44. AULOPORA CORNUTA (Billings).

•*

Corallites tubular, trumpet-shaped, the diameter of their mouths being two lines, whilst
that of the parent stem is about one line. The corallites produced at intervals of from one to
six lines. The epitheca thick and apparently smooth, and destitute of encircling striae.

T was at first disposed to doubt if this species were really distinct from A. tubceformis of
Goldfuss ; but an examination of a considerable number of specimens has satisfied me that it
is a good species. A. cornuta is distinguished from A. tubceformis by the fact that the coral-
lites are less crowded, and the diameter of the calice often is nearly or quite twice as great.
In A. tubceformis the tubes seem to have a diameter at their mouths of about a line, judging,
that is, from the figure of the species given by Goldfuss, who states no measurement. Some
examples of A. cornuta have the mouths of the tubes '"not more than one line and a-half, or
.even less, across, and there thus remains the possibility that specimens may be obtained
which will ultimately show A. cornuta to be only a large variety of A. tubceformis.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone, Lot 6, Con 1, Wainfleet,
and Port Colborne. Common in the Hamilton formation of the Township of Bosanquet,
adhering to Brachiopods and Corals.

45. AULOPORA TUBCEFORMIS (Goldfuss).

(Plate VI. Fig. 3.)

Aulopora tubceformis (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ. PI. xxix. Fig. 2.

Corallites tubular, more or less curved, expanding slightly towards the mouth. Diameter
of the calice, one lina or a little more or less ; the diameter of the tube the same or a little less.
Whatever may be the value of A. cornuta as a distinct species, the Corniferous Lime-
stone of Western Ontario unquestionably yields examples of ~an Aulopora, which cannot be
distinguished from the well-known species of the Devonian of Europe, A. tubceformis of Gold-
fuss. It is unfortunate that Goldfuss does not give any measurements ; but accepting the
accuracy of his figure (Petrefakten, PI. xxix. fig. 2), the proportions and general form of our
specimens agree exactly with those of this species. I have not seen any specimens in which
the corallites are as crowded as they are in the upper portion of Gcldfuss' figure ; but our
specimens agree exactly with the portions of the same colony which appear on the right
hand side and near the base of the figure in question ; and, under any circumstances, the
approximation of the corallites is very liable to vary in different portions of a colony of
Aulopora. Upon the whole, therefore, I have no hesitation in identifying some of the exam-
ples from the Corniferous Limestone with the Eifel species.
• Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

46. AULOPORA UMBELLIPERA (Billings).

(Plate VI. Fig. 4.)

Aulopora umbcllifera (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. iv. p. 119, fig. 21.

Corallum growing in a lax and spreading manner ; the primary stems remaining un-
divided for a distance of a quarter or half an inch, and then giving origin to a cluster of coral-
lites in an umbellate manner, some of these proliferating in a similar fashion, and at similar
intervals. The number of corallites in a cluster varies from five or six to as many as ten or
twelve, and though united at their point of origin they ultimately radiate more or less out-
wards like the spokes of a wheel. The epitheca is thick, with encircling stria) and annu-
tions ; the diameter of the corallites is about one line ; and the septa are well represented by
from six to ten rows of short spines.

This species is at once distinguished by its very peculiar mode of growth. As suggested
by Mr. Billings, it seems questionable if it can be retained in the genus Aulopora, and it is
quite probable that a new genus should be formed for its reception.

Locality and formation. — Not very uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port
Colborne. Also in Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfloet (Billings).

44

Genus FAVOSITES (Lamarck).

The genus Favosites (Lamarck), comprises branched or massive corals, composed of numer-
• ous more or less polygonal corallites, which are divided internally by transverse partitions or
"tabulae," sometimes quite rudimentary. The walls of the corallites are perforated by one,
two, three, or more rows of " mural pores," by which the separate corallites are placed in
communication. The septa are absent or rudimentary, being at most represented by tuber-
cles or short spines.

The generic limits of Favosites have not been universally agreed upon by palaeontologists,
and the genera JEmmonsia, (Edw. and H.), and Astrocerium (Hall), have been founded upon
•differences which Mr. Billings rightly regards as not of generic value. Thus, JEmmonsia is
distinguished from Favosites simply^ by the incompleteness of the tabulae ; but this same
peculiarity can sometimes be observed even in F. Gothlandica, the type-species of Favosites, indi-
vidual examples of which not very uncommonly exhibit portions with the complete tabulae of
Favosites and other portions with the imperfect tabulae of Emmonsia. In the same way, there
;are many examples of Favosites, of more than one species, in which the tabulse, whether natu-
rally or from some peculiarity in the manner in which they were preserved, are quite rudi-
.mentary and are even more imperfect than they are in ordinary specimens of Favosites hemis-
pherica, upon which the genus Emmonsia was founded.

The genus Astrocerium, again, was founded by Hall (Pal. New York, Vol. 2, p. 120,) to
include corals exceedingly like Favosites in all superficial characters, but differing in the pos-
session of spiniform septa. It would appear, also, though this character is not specially
mentioned, that Hall believed the corals which he referred to Astrocerium to be destitute of
mural pores. This latter point, if it could be proved, would amply suffice to separate Astro-
cerium generically from Favosites ; but there is much reason to think that the apparent absence
of mural pores may be due to mineralisation merely. At any rate, it is far from uncommon
to meet with examples of undoubted species of Favosites in which no pores can be detected.
The other point — namely, the presence of spiniform septa — is also not a satisfactory distinc-
tion, partly because some examples of Favosites exhibit the same thing, and partly because
some examples which would generally be referred to Astrocerium. from their geological position
. and general appearance, are without any traces of septa. Upon the whole, therefore, it would
appear that the genera Astrocerium and Emmonsia can not be retained.

The numerous species of Favosites may be divided into two groups, according as they are
massive or ramose, F. Gothlandica being the type of the former, and F. polymorpha of the
latter. The characters which have been relied on as separating the species of this genus are
chiefly the following : — 1. The diameter of the corallites ; 2. The equality or inequality in
size presented by the corallites ; 3. The completeness or incompleteness of the tabulae ; 4. The
number of rows of mural pores ; 5. The position of the mural pores, whether on the flat faces
of the polygonal corallites or on their angles ; 6. The presence or absence of rudimentary
septa. For convenience of reference the more important species of Favosites may be arranged
as in the following table, it being remembered that some of the species here enumerated, are
perhaps not valid, and the characters derived from the number of rows of mural pores are not
.constant, even in the limits of the same species :—

A. MASSIVE SPECIES.

a. Tabulaa complete. One row of mural pores, placed on the faces of the corallites.

1. Favosites basaltica (Gold).

2. Favosites turbinata (Billings).

b. Tabulae complete. Two rows of mural pores, placed on the faces of the corallites.

3. Favosites Gothlandica (Lam).

4. Favosites Niagarensis (Hall).

c. Tabulae complete. Three rows of mural pores, placed on the faces of the corallites.

5. Favosites multipora (Lonsd).

6. Favosites Troosti (Edwards and Haime).

d. Tabulae complete. Mural pores situated in the angles formed by the prismatic walls
/of the corallites.

7. Favosites alveolaris (Gold).

8. Favosites aspera (D'Orb).

r. Tabulae more or less incomplete. Mural pores in one, or more commonly in two rows.

9. Fun is if • ( Yauilell and Shumurd).

10. Fawsites Forb< >-' ' . Kd wards and llaiuie).

B. RAMOSE SPECIES.

a. With one row of mural pores, on the faces of the corallit

11. Fovogttes polymorpha (Gold).

ll*. /' I ),• 151 linville).

13. /•' l>e Blainville).

b. Withone row of pores, placed in the angles formed by the prismatic aaglesoftheoorallil

14. / • 'M).

Xo less than ten specif.- »t' /•' have Urn rece?'_ni/ed a- occurring in the Devonian

Rocks of Canada, of which / Ihlandica, F. . I.

F. j . /•'. '•/•<-• mis, /'. r . and /". are found in the .»ame formation in

Europe ; whilst /•'. /•//•/,/,<,//,/ and F. Clt'tjun n>' an; as ye* not known elsewhere.

47. FAVOSITES <!OTIII.ANI>K'A (Lamarck).

/' Gfothlandica(L*m&TQ\s.), //• Per/., vol, ii, p. 206.

<',il,iiii"ii«rn (,'"!/,, ( .'oldi'ussj, l'tti;j. !,'• i .•;>.. vol. i, p. 78, plate xxvi, li_ '.\b,
3c, and 3e.

Fncoiites lasaltka (IJi.-inirer , Ldh. SW., p. 90, pi. xxvii, fig. 5. Nut /'. ' \llica of
Goldfuss.

Favo ''••- •''-.'..'' G -i/i., pi. xxvi, li--. 4- and 4</ (c;ut. exclu-i

/'• //.•.,• mil, -l,us<ilt;,;i . I )'( .rl.i-iiyi. Pro '>'. d( . 1. i, p. I!*.

Favo ites Gfothi (MoCoj . Brit. l'«l. Foss., p. i'1'.

/'" ','<,'* fr',i.<.-; i !>'< ii-l'i. !i\ ... Prodr. • vol. i. p. 1"7.

Favosites (,'<„', l/,/<,,' (.Milu- Kdwanl.- and llaiinci. Pal, I Ten: J'

p. 235, pi. xx, n'g. 3; and UritMi l'..-il Corals, pi. xlvii. li^-. 3-3c.

/•'•• <i'<it/ilii,,'li-;i i IJiliir .It, Hi-mil. New Srri>-.-, vul.iv, p. 99, t! . 1.

• v fiiagarenns II-'. ; . / '. .\". )'.. v<.l. ii. pi. xxxiv. A, !•'!_. !

(Many more n-l'--n iven, I'Ut the almvc ar.' tin- ino-t important'.

Tli-- l'ollowiir_r i> ti.'- diai;n..-i- given l>y Mr. Hillin-s ol'thi- eo»ninp,,iit:.n speoiefl in the
paper already referred to : •• < 'nrallmu 1'ormin^ spheroidal, pyriform, or large hemispherio

Or flattened lna--r-; COralliteB in •_• in-ral lictw.cn one line ,uid one and a halt' line- u
sonn-tiin'.-s h •-- .,r more, ot'ti-n two lim- ; tran-\i'i->e diaphragms UBOally complete. in-

compi'-if ; moral pores in one, two. or tlnvr series, n.-ually tun. tlm-rot' tin- gam

hall' a line distant, Sometimes less J porefi Mirroiind'-d l-\ an el.-vatcd mar-in; la.-,-- of

tabes with one or two loogitudinul -tri;i-. more or less di-iinetU developed, radiating -• ptu

rrjii. -• nt.-d I'V a Beriee of -mall .-pirn'-, ot't.-u in tin- nidim-'iit u ;, t'o-m n|' tali, r,

The chief oharaoten which mav In- rriird upon a> distinguishing t\pical fxan.
/•'«/. Lam.), are th< i",l wiir_r : I. The corallites are of comparative! j 1..

asnally about one and a half lines in diameter, Inn varying trom on.- t.i twoiin,v j.

The i-ipraliit'-- ar>- .nal, and arc for thciuo-t part toleral/ly unit'onn

in their dimensions. •';. Tin- mural pun-- are in t\\o ro\s-. placed alternately or -om.ti.
o].po-it«-ly on the faces of the OOrallUes, and -ui-i-oiinde,! |,y rl.'vatcd mar I he i,|

ar> i-oiii|.leti-, that i-, • \ end from one .-id-- of the th.-e , t,, ih,-o;|,er. .Y 1'.

u-uall\ of a more Or lew h'-mi-pln n«- "r |iyril'orm -hap.', and ha\c their lower BU
en;. ped in a thickeror tliinn.r OOnoentl \\rinkle.l epiili

\VltiUt the above oh Ij found I ' pica! -pecim. n- of /•'.

i, there are, nevertheless, DUI tu iiom tdi- stati- of tlnn_- which

inn-it !"• alteinhd to in ptlldylD I hi - pi o|e in gpeoii

Tin- -i/e nl' the cor.illi!. ;. eini.-n- m>l oth< i \\i-e -e|.iral.le from / '. •

i •.!!!• timei unitormlv (i.-low lie 111 an entire eolonv DOl I . "in1 lir.

a litth- leH than thi-. Thi- mi.'hl im; -• • in an imj. .i'i mt ilitl'. n-nee, i hy

Mr. IJillin--. r LheOOral an aji|.an-ntlv \er\ dUtillCl ••• -n- -r.il .ipj-e.ira:

The oorallites, though n ii-unei, : : .ad, thr

out an enlire colony, ami their i in the - m,,- m nl.

46

Thus, it is not uncommon to meet with colonies, in which the great majority of the coral-
lites have a diameter one and a half lines, whilst some few have a diameter of a line or a
little less.

Whilst the mural pores are usually in two rows, there is sometimes but a single row, and
sometimes three rows ; and single colonies may be found to combine all these variations in
different corallites. It is probable that the typical forms upon which Groldfuss founded his
species F. basaltica, as believed by Lonsdale and McCoy, are truly referrible to specimens of F.
Gothlandica, (Lam), in which but a single row of pores is present. F. Goldfussi Edwards and
Haime, again seems unquestionably to be nothing more than a variety of F. Gothlandica
as asserted by Mr. Billings, the only distinctive characters brought forward by its authors
being the unreliable ones that the rows of pores vary from one to three, and that they are
more closely approximated than in typical examples of the latter. Lastly, the elevated ring
which is often found surrounding the pores in F. Gothlandica, is in many cases absent, single
specimens often exhibiting both conditions. It may be added that the pores themselves, even
in specimens otherwise well preserved, can by no means universally be detected.

The tabulae are for the most part complete, extending from one side of the theca to the
other ; but this condition of parts is by no means constant. Specimens, otherwise well pre-
served, sometimes exhibit a complete absence of the tabulae, the corallites being hollow.
Others exhibit a condition of things similar to what occurs in Fawsites Forbesi, though not so
marked. .The inner surfaces, namely, of the corallites, exhibit rudimentary and imperfect
tabulse, in the form of little projecting lamella? or ridges which project into the cavity of
the theca. Specimens exhibiting this peculiarity can usually be distinguished from examples
of F. Forbesi, without difficulty, by the fact that the ridges representing the tabulse are not so
closely set, are more delicate and plate like, usually run across the whole width of the corallite,
and do not give to the interior of the theca the extraordinary roughness of appearance which
is characteristic of F. Forbesi. In other specimens, again, the tabulae have the characters
which are distinctive of F. hemispherica, being closely set and incomplete, often more or less
bent, and commonly interlocking. Such specimens, however, are readily separated from those
which are rightly referred to F. hemispherica, by the fact that in the former some of the coral-
lites are always found to exhibit the complete tabulae of F. Gothlandica, whilst the size of the
corallites is on the average much more considerable. In fact, the commonest condition in the
specimens here alluded to, is that alternating portions of the mass exhibit the complete tabulse
characteristic of F. Gothlandica, and the incomplete tabulae characteristic of F. hemispherica.
Mr. Billings has also pointed out that the same corallite sometimes exhibits complete tabulae
in one portion of its course and incomplete tabulse in another.

As to the condition of the septa, the diagnosis of the species would, perhaps, be altered
for the better by the statement that as a general rule the septa are absent, or at any rate are
indeterminable. They are, however, not uncommonly to be recognised in the form of small
inequalities or minute tubercles on the interior of the walls of the corallites ; and they some-
times exist in the condition of distinct spines, though I have never noticed this state of things
in any of the specimens from the Corniferous Limestone. It is, however, not uncommon in
Silurian specimens, and it has been observed and figured by Mr. Billings from Canadian
examples found in the Corniferous.

Adult colonies of F. Gothlandica usually have the form of much depressed pyriform
masses, but great variations exist in this respect • and young colonies are usus lly spheroidal
or simply pyriform, whilst the largest and oldest masses tend to assume the form of dome-
shaped or hemispheric masses. The colony is based upon a concentrically wrinkled epitheca,
which is very commonly wanting in decorticated specimens, and attains a considerable thick-
ness in aged examples.

Locality and Formation. — Common throughout the Corniferous Limestone in Canada
West, and also in the Hamilton formation.

48. FAVOSITES BASALTICA (Goldfuss).

Calamopora basaltica (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ. PL XXVI. Figs. 4a, 4d

Favoeites basaltica; (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV. p. 106, (in part).

It is with regard to this species that I find myself compelled, though with great diffi-
dence, to differ from the conclusions arrived at by Mr. Billings (Canadian Jour. Vol. IV. p.

ver,

at present

accept his' views with regard to the limits of this species. It Beema pretty ••••rtain. t., hejn
with, that the forms included by Goldfuss (I'ftr • f. I'l. XXV 1. Piga I - - -n under tin- mine
of /'. basaltica differ from oue another in their character- to -uch an extent that they w-uld
UMiai'.'. - they actually have been) separated int., two di-tinei species, < >n tin- one hand,

makinlr the existence of a single row of mural pores the distinguishing character of the
<!ul.ll'u>3 includes under this head forms which differ only in thi.- character from /

and on the other hand he associates with the-e f,.rins which differ very widely from
F. <>' Ihiandica in mot of their characters, but which are believed to a_rrec with the preceding
in the above mentioned feature. We may, therefore, consider that /•'. basaltica <>f Goldfusswaa
made originally to include the following two -maps of specimen- ;

1. Specimens agreeing with .F. &0di2 i. " , in possessing prismatic oorallitefl,ihe

> of wliieli is upon the whole generally uniform, hut whieh differ i'rom /•'. ' in

.•it a single row of mural pores. (l'<ti->f. I'l. XX \ I ., Piga

•2. Specimens whieh a -Tee with the preceding in having -"inetimes (not always) a .-in-le
row of pores, but which differ iu having nearly rounded or cylindrical eorallites. the .-i/.e- of
which are exceedingly unequal ; whilst the place of complete tabuhr- i- taken by numerous
short projecting lamellae, which impart a peculiar and characteristic appearance to the inner
Mil-fa.-' llites. - Pi •• . I'l. XXVI.. Pigs . t&).

Now, it is the tir.-t of the-e groups of -p<-cim--ns that palaeontologists 1 dly

agreed in re-ardiri'_r as the tvpe form of Gold.); and the chief difference 'f

..pinion has simply concerned the question whether these forms are separable firom /'. G !i<'a

HOt. Some authorities, .-uch as McCoy \ Lonsdale, maintain, apparently with

1 reason, that the-e forms are truly referrihle to /•'. ' .• whilst others, Mich as

Milne Jviward- and Ilaime. retain these form* under a separate species under the name of

Whichever of these views may he ultimately adopted, I. at any rate. h.

no specimen- from the ( 'nrniferou- Lime-tone of Western Ontario whieh appear to me to be
truly referrible to the type here alluded to. "We do meet, certainly, with specimens exhibiting
prismatic ba-altiform tubes. in every respect resembling /. '/ thli • •" .'.except that the c -ral
. n the average a little -mailer, and they exhibit but a sin-le row of mural pore.-. 'I !

! wa- at tii--! -;-_ht di.-|o-. d to .-et down as li-lon-iir_' to /•'. / / alKca, and 1 have

: them -o n-imed b. -. 1 have, how, \er. succeeded in fully sati-fying my-, If that

•imens in (juestion are truly decorticated examples of /'. /'// Billings), in which

there is also but a sin-le row of pore-. Kxaniple.- of this sj.eeics can he I'-und with the cliar-

ri.-tic epitheea in all sta-,*' and at all de_-ive- of removal ; and when it has entirely di--

2i]ipear.-d, ail the character- <>l this tir-t -rctioti of /•'. /.,/.«(///-' ((iold.), are a-nm,-il. the only

Distinguishing mark, perhaps being that the walls of the eorallites have the comparatively

it thiclxiie-s which is characteristic "f /•'. turbinata. It need i,nly be added m this con

lion, that unmistakable examples of /*. '/•<//</.'/.</< " not uneoinmonly exhihit. a.- lias been oi'ten
noticed bv oth.-r observers, )!:•• -inudc ro\\- of pore.- which (loldfn— beli.'Ved to b NT

i-tie of /•'. ' . thoii-h 1 am not aware that any colony of /•'. ' hi- . •. i

d in whieh nil the corallit. : 1 hut one row of mural p, i

\\'.' have now to con-ider the other -n.up of -],,cinien- included b\ (JoldfiH- under the
id of / . fa •'<'< •'. namely, tho-e in which tlie eorallite- are more or L — circular or eylindri-
« d in shape, and are very nne,|iial in -i/.e. whil-t th>-\ ]„, (her | , culiarit : v\,-ll.

'J'h' iinen- v. 'd from /. I altlCQ by Milne Mdv, ard- \ Ilaime. nnd.-r the

i mi, of / 1'Ht ih,\ were subsequently reunited \\ith tlie j r,,-, din • •.•!•,, uj, of

form- b\ Mr. Hilling-, tlie name i. I |,,r the combined ^1 '.

opinion, EU I h a\ ,• alread\ -aid, is tint the colonies \sitli ,-mall, nearly uniformly -i/.ed. t
malic and onipOrOUS COrall .-urin_' in the (',,!• Lime-ton, •. are i

d,-corlie:it,-,| , xamples of /. ',,, BilHl I. therefore, am at pr. -, nt .i • i In

b>lir\e that /. I :v. .V 11. .in,. 1 ].,,-i< • i.ib!. I'lMin the

type I, .rin of / ptril (tlioiudi ineludiiiL' J>art of '

<• i.i1'! and I shall describe under tJ t .up ,.t -j.eimens to which l

have di .ei

48

49. FAVOSITES FORBES: (Edw. & Haime).

(Plate VII. Fig. 8 and PI. VIII. Fig. 4.)

Calamopora basaltica (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ. PI. xxvi. Figs. 4 a and 4 b.
Favosites Forbesi (Milne Edwards and Haime), Pol. Foss des Terr. PaUoziques, p.
238.

Favosites basaltica (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. iv. p. 106. (In part.)

Corallum forming spheroidal, pyriform, cylindroidal, or depressed hemispheric masses,
composed of corallites which are generally circular or cylindrical in shape, and which are
usually of very unequal sizes ; mural pores usually in two alternating rows, rarely in a single
row ; tabulae mostly rudimentary, and represented by very close-set projecting lamellae, which
roughen the interior of the corallites • radiating septa represented, sometimes clearly, some-
times indistinctly, by a number of longitudinal ridges or striae.

The typical examples of this species are usually spheroidal, cylindroidal, or club-shaped,,
and possess almost perfectly cylindrical corallites. The corallites are large and small, each
larger one being surrounded by a ring of smaller. The larger corallites are uniformly about
a line and a half or a line and three quarters in diameter ; but the smaller corailites vary
considerably in size, from an eighth of a line up to about a line. The mural pores often can-
not be made Vut, but in all the specimens I have seen there are constantly two rows of pores
on the larger corallites, thus differing materially from F. basaltica (Gold.). Mr. Billings, how-
ever, states that the smaller tubes possess but a single row of mural pores. The condition of
the tabulae is exceedingly peculiar, and I do not think it can be due, as suggested by Mr. Bil-
lings, to the manner in which fossilisation was effected ; since it is constantly present in all
our Canadian examples of this species, whilst these occur side by side with examples of F.
Gothlandica in which the tabulae are complete. Exactly the same condition of the tabulae is
shown also in one of the figures of F. Forbesi given by Milne Edwards and Hairne, and
drawn from a specimen from the Upper Silurian Rocks of England. (Brit. Fossil Corals. PI.
60. fig. 2. f ). The tabular, namely, are present in an incomplete and rudimentary form, being
represented by numerous close-set lamellae, ridges, or short spines, which project a short way
into the interior of the corallite, giving it a most peculiar and easily recognised appearance.
The most perfectly preserved specimen in my possession, in which the tubes are filled up,
instead of being as usual hollow, exhibits tabulae which are slightly more developed than those
just described, approximating closely to what is observable in F. hemispherica. The tabulae,
namely, in this specimen are close-set, thin, flexuous lamellae, which for the most part extend
about half-way across the corallite, often bifurcating or interlocking at their free ends ; but
which, in some instances, actually become complete, and pass right across the corallite. The^
radiating septa are quite rudimentary, and, when discernible at all, have the form of obscurely-
marked longitudinal striae. Lastly, I have observed in several specimens, especially in those
of a cylindroidal or clavate form, the peculiar feature that the calices of a greater or smaller
moiety of the colony are closed by an epitheca, closely resembling what is observed in F. tur-
binata (Billings).

Mr. Billings has shown that small specimens, having the characters above mentioned,
pass by a perfect transition into much larger pyriform specimens, which present the peculiarity
that the corallites at the base of the mass are large and unequal in size, whilst those at the
summit are on the average smaller, and are nearly equal in size. The same eminent palaeon-
tologist has also pointed out that the younger pyriform colonies also pass, by an equally per-
fect transition into elongated cylindrical forms, often of considerable length. Both these
statements I am enabled to confirm from my own observation.

Besides the typical examples of F. Forbesi which I have just described, there occur not
uncommonly others which I cannot at present separate from this species, though they present
several more or less well marked peculiarities. The corallum in the examples in question re-
sembles in shape the more ordinary individuals of F. Gothlandica, being circular and flattened
above, and springing from a pointed and attenuated base, which was doubtless enclosed in an
epitheca. The corallites are not distinctly circular, but are cylindroidal or sub-prismatic, and
they are nearly equal in size, having an average width of one line. Interspersed, however,
with the ordinary corallites are some smaller ones having a diameter of half a line or a little
less. The mural pores appear to form a double series. The radiating septa are well marked

and form a series of about twelve strong ridires which run longitudinally in the interior of the

corallites. These septal ridges are crossed by rudimentary Hh.ihe in the form of short spine-

like lamellie, about three or four in the space of a line, and not placed on the same level in con-

tiguous rid:_r< -. It is possible that the.-'- form- are specifically distinct from those which I

have hen referred to, /'. / l»ut I do not feel that it is safe to separate them at present.

Locality and Formati . — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne, and Lot <;, Cone --sion

1, Wainfleet.

50. FAVOSITES HEMISPIIERH-A (Vandell and Shumard).
(Plate VIII. Fig. 3.)

isite&hemupherica (Yandell and Shumard), Contrib. to Geol. of Kentucky, p. 7.
Ali\"lit-.< li> //il.iji/i' i-ii-ii (D'Orbigny), Prodr. de Pal&rat, Vol. I., p. I'j.
Eiuiitnn.<i<t }fini.<i>h'-i-ica (Milne Edwards and Jule- Haime). Pol. Foss. des Terr. Pale >z.
p. 247 ; and Brit. Fossil Corals. Plate XLVIIL. fL- 11

/•'•• :>< iit^j'/" r'i'-'i (Billings) Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 105, fi_-.

•>, , .

In its essential characters this species is very closely allied to F. G<>tll'Ui<H>-'t. Externally.
however, it may in general be distinguished from the latter by the much smaller size of the
coraliites, which are usually only from one twenty-fourth to one twentieth of an inch in dia-
meter, though they sometimes reach one line, internally, the species is distinguished bv the
fact that the tabula arc incomplete, very thin and closely set, usually extending only about
halfway across the corallite, and often interlocked toward- it- centre. Some of the tabula1
however, are usually complete. The mural pores are stated to be in one, two, or three row-,
(Milne Edwards and Haime, and Billings) but I have not -uccecded in .leteetin- their ar-
rangement in any of the Canadian examples which have come under my own notice Accord-
in •_' to Milne Ivlwards and Haime, also, there are twelve well developed septa, but thc-c an
indeterminable in the Canadian -peeimen-. Thi- .-peric- may po--ihlv turn out. a- -u^-vsted
by Mr. liillinirs, to be identical with /•'. Qothfandica, but it- di-tinetive character- can u-ually
be recojni- • 1 with such ease a- to justify placing it under a separate specific title. Th
can be no hesitation, however, in following Mr. Billings in hi.- refusal to adopt the L:eiui-
Kinin«i<-iii, pmpnsrd by I dwanl- and Haime to receive this -peric-, and foundrd simply upon
tlie incomplete condition of the tabu!

locality and /•'•/•//(•///»>/<. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of l;id'_rrwav. Port
Colborne. and luany other localitic- in \Vc-tein Ontario. Also, in tlio Hamilton Formation
of Uosaniju

:>1. I-'A\-(PSITKS TntiiiNAiA d'.illii^

(Plate VIII. FL-. 1 and L'

L

/•''' ' ' fa (Billings), Canadian Journal, New S.-rie.-. \',,l. I\"..j.. 10:1. aml\

V., p. iT.s, fig. ;

[( Corallum forming elongate tarbinate masses, sometimes two f.-.-t in len-th and

inche- in diameter, often curved at the ba-e. ( 'orallit- - n.-arl v of an uniform -i/c. u-uallv

-omewhat le-,- than a line in width . Iran \er-e diaphra-jin- thin. Hat, fle\iion-. complete or

incoinplei.- (Inly one row of pores ha- been ob-.-rved. \\'h"le surface BZOepI lie- npp«-r part

•••d with a -tron-_r epidieca which clo-c- the month- of tin- cell- " ( Hillii,

There can be nn .jiie-tion a- to tin- -p.-dlic distinctness ,,f thi- m-.-t remarkable -i

the ino-t singular representative of the genus. The form of the col,,n\ \aric--mueli, but i- in

typical -pecimen- that of a -trail-lit or curved cone, which \:irie- in l.-njth from !<•-- than ..tie
inch up to two 1'e. -t. Other examples are more or le- cylindrical, eitl,. - hi like Ortlc-

Ltitea, or more commonly rur\ed or twi-t.-d. and of irregular diaini-ter. ( Mln-r -p.-cim.-n-.

-in are irregular curved n. -hieh look like lan-c pi.iato,--

In perfect; rved -pei-imen-. the whole of tli il.my. exc.-pt the upper -urtac. . i-

r. -1 b\ a thinner or thicker epitheca, whid ,j, the c -lallite- !

-ummit of the colony i- u-ually -omewhat eiip-haped (thou-h thi- ma\ not b.' a natural

•ipp1 onl\ here that the ooralliti an |--n. foaiost -|-cim. n-, du- epitheea

is smooth, and is sufficiently thin to allow of the walls of the corallites to be distinctly traced
through it. In such cases, the mouth or calice of the corallites appears to be closed with a
kind of disc, which is sometimes level with the general surface, often depressed slightly below
it, and sometimes elevated in the form of a rounded boss.

In a very large number of specimens, the epitheca has been more or less denuded over
parts where it originally existed. In such cases, it is mostly only the epitheca which has
been removed, and the corallites are left intact and uninjured, with their calices quite empty.
In other cases, the epitheca has been entirely decorticated, whilst the corallites may remain
uninjured, or may be more or less broken away towards their outer ends. Such specimens
can in general be readily recognized by the general shape of the colony f nd the peculiar char-
acters of the corallites. In other cases, lastly, the epitheca is sufficiently thick to render the
calices of the corallites below, obscure or invisible. In these instances, concentric lines' of
growth are usually exhibited by the epitheca, and these are sometimes developed into such
strong and irregular annulations as to simulate pretty closely the appearance of perfect speci-
mens of Clisiophyllum Oneidaense (Billings).

The corallites radiate from the imaginary axis of the colony, either in straight lines or
curves ; and the size of the mass in the turbinate specimens increases rapidly by the inter-
stitial addition of fresh corallites. In shape the corallites are rounded, sub-prismatic, or, more
commonly, distinctly prismatic. In size they are by no means uniform, there being generally
a considerable, number of under-sized corallites intercalated amongst the nearly equal-sized
larger tubes. The larger corallites have most commonly a diameter of from a line to a tenth
of an inch, whilst the smaller cnes may be half a line or less in width.

The tabulae are commonly complete, sometimes incomplete, and are about three or four
in the space of a line.

The mural pores, so far as I have observed, are uniformly in single rows, placed on the
flat surfaces of the corallites, not surrounded by an elevated border, and of comparatively
large size. Their distance apart is most commonly about half a line, but is sometimes as
much as a line.

The walls of the corallites are of unusual thickness, in the great majority of cases ; and
they are not undistinguishably fused with those of contiguous corallites. Hence the lines of
division between the walls of neighbouring tubes can be plainly seen in parts from which the
epitheca has been removed, or even through the epitheca when the latter is of no great thick-
ness.

Completely decorticated specimens might very readily be referred to one of the two
groups of forms usually placed in F. basallica (Gold.) ; the group, namely, comprising forms
with prismatic corallites of small size, with but a single row of cells. Specimens, again, exhibit-
ing longitudinal sections, but not exhibiting the outer surface, would also, almost certainly, be
referred to F. basaltica. In the former case, the thickness of the walls of the corallites, and
their being generally quite distinct and not fused with one another, would usually suffice for
their determination. In the latter case, a positive determination would probably be impossi
ble, unless some portion of the outer surface could be observed.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of Ridgeway, Port
Colborne, and other localities in Western Ontario. Also in the Hamilton Formation of the
Township of Bosanquet.

FAVOSITES POLYMORPHA (Goldfuss).

(Plate VII. Fig. 7.)

Calamopora polymorpha (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ. Plate XXVII. figs. 2b, 2c. 2d, 3b,Sc
cast, exclusis).

Corallum sub-massive or dendroid, often dichotomously branched, or reticulated ; dia-
meter of branches varying from a little over a line to more than an inch. Corallites radiating
in all directions from an imaginary axis, nearly at right angles or obliquely, more or less con-
tracted internally and widening as they approach the surface. Diameter of corallites from half
to three-quarters of a line in branches of half an inch across, often with smaller ones interca-
lated. Calices in reality more or less polygonal, but often rendered circular by the thickening
of their walls. Mural pores in single series.

51

The above would stand as a general definition for a number of branching species of
v7(s, which some eminent palaeontologists, such as Lonsdale. McCoy and Billings, regard
as belonging to a single natural group; whilst other high authority - a- 1'. Biainville, and
Milne Edwards and llaime, distribute them amongst several >[>ecie.-. My own view would
coincide with the former of these — namely, that the forms in question should be regarded a-
belonging to a single very variable speoifio type, the / rpha of Goldfuaa. A-

this \ iew. however, ha- nut been universally accepted by the leading authorities on the sub-
ject, I shall describe the branching forms of /'</iW/.x which occur in the Coruiferous Lime-
stone of Western Ontario, under the names of F. /»<//////. ;/-yV/</, /•'. reticulatd, /'. • /"//,'./, and /•'.
cervicomis. To these I have to add an allied but apparently distinct and undescribed form.
which I shall de.-ignate by the name of /'. < '/t<i]>nt'/ni. and which appears to be in some :
pects intermediate betueeii the genera /•'(/••>xi/.x and .!//•.«///

Taking this view of the subject, /•'/// W/.-x /m*, //,/,, rj>/m proper will be re.-tricted to ,-uch
form- aa are more or lc-- ma.--ive. or lobate, thus constituting a transition between the truly
massive species and the regularly dendroid types such as /. /•. //--//A,/,/ and /•'. i!u/'i<t. Th-
ealices are polygonal, of unequal sizes, there being small ones intercalated among>t the larg.-i
The diameter of the larger ealices is generally about two-thirds of a line ; and their walls an
not particularly thick.

A- tli n- restricted, /'. />"li//ni>rji/in can not be said to be of common occurrence in the <
niferous Limestone of Western Canada ; and I have met with comparatively lew specimen^
which would conform with the figures given by Goldfuss in hi> great work. (/'.//
Plat. XXVII. Figs. i'/,, iV, 2d, 3b and :!<•.) This is the more singular, as the regularly
branched forms which constitute /•'. reiiculata and /'. «////-/*/. are of exceeding common oc<
rence.

AM. -.////,/ ,/„,/ Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and llidgcway.

53. FA\<SHKS RETICULATA (De Blainville).
(Plate VII. Fig. 2).

/'/» x i var. I-"IIH>.*I) (Goldfuss), Pdi'<j'. <!<ri>i. I'late XX\'1I1. Fu-

_ /. e;ut. exclu-is).

Mr.n/if /,,/,, ,I)e Blainville), J>i,-f. Vol. LX. p. 369.

<>/•/'/</'" /''"" (1'c N'erneuil and Jules llaime). /,'-///. 7. (/, PfdflCO, H

Vol. VII. I..VJL'.

/•'•/ lllaia (Milne Mdwards and .liiie- llaime). /W. I-'UM c / \>

241. j and Brit. /' ',, p. 2ir., Plate X LV 1 1 1. Fi- I .

rallum dendroid, branched, the branche- laoaoolating and retioolated in m^-t in-tan.

ili-im.-ter ,,|' the bran<-he.> ;i line and a lialf tn two line-, ealiee- nearly equal, circular or nearly
H bl rery thick wall.-, their diameter abniit half a line ur a little K-- ( cnunt ing in the
thickne-- (.(' the wall;.

Thi- li'i-m i- di-tin'jiii-licd b\ it- branched and u.-ually reticulate Inrm, and it.-, cqiia.
-uii-equal c.ilie. -, which open mi the -uiT.ice with hardlv any obliquity

/... mi Formation Abundant in the ( 'urnii'i rou- Limestone of Port Colbomft and

Kidgew

5 I. I1' \ \ OBn i - DUBIA (D I; :in\ille).

/•/,// VII, Fi B

>

.''.///(«/'"/••' /'"/'///'"/•/'/'" ' var. • Gk)ldfd /'•'/••/. '••fin. I'late X\\ II.'

.//, v, , /;/,.,-, /,//,;., \ >e lil:iin\illc|. Diet. \'»\. l.\. p. 370.

/•'•i \ K-lw.u d • and llaini' i. /' / ' . mii

|i. •_'!•'..

This -|ieci' eluM-ly allied tn / '. ,-,/,',,/ f,t(., _ |r,,|M whii'. it i- un-ati-lactnnl\

dlStinguiaheO by tin- I'act that tic- branche- d» imt ci.alc-ce ai •' iiid \<\ th>

ine,|ualitv in th---i/e ••!' the e, ,rallitcs, a few \ • i ;. -mall cali.

52

the larger ones. The diameter of the larger calices is from half a line to two thirds of a
line. The calices are more or less rounded, and their walls thick. The diameter of the
branches is mostly from three to four lines.

In some specimens, in place of there being a few minute corallites interspersed amongst
a great number of larger-sized ones, the corallites are only moderately unequal, and the
number of small ones is about equal to that of the large ones.

A considerable number of examples, again, occur, which do not appear to be separable
from the preceding, but in which the dimensions are decidedly smaller, the branches being
only from one and a half lines to two lines in diameter, and the width of the calices being
from one third of a line to half a line.

Locality and Formation. — Abundant in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and
Ridgeway.

55. FAVOSITES CERVICORNIS (De Blainville).

Calamopora polymorphic (var. ramoso-divaricata) (Goldfuss), Petref. Germ., PI. XXVII,
figs. 3a, 4«, 46, 4c (caet exclusis).

Alveolites cervicornis (De Blainville), Diet., Vol. LX, p. 369.

Favosites cervicornis (Milne Edwards and Haime), Pol Foss. des Terr. PaMoz., p. 243 ;
and Brit Foss. Corals, p. 216, PI. XLVIII, fig, 2.

Favosites polymorpha (McCoy), Brit Pal. Foss., p. 68.

Favosites cervicornis (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV, p. 110, fig. 9.

Corallum forming lobate or branched masses, the divisions of which are usually thick,
blunt and irregular. The corallites oblique to the axis of the branches, uaequal in point of
size, with thin walls. The calices unequally sized, rounded or polygonal, about a line in
diameter, sometimes less.

F. cervicornis differs from F. polymorpha in its more branched and antler-like form,
the much greater obliquity of the corallites, and the thinner walls of the calices ; but it is
questionable if there exists any difference of specific value. Mr. Billings mentions that he
has specimens which agree well with those figured by Goldfuss (Petrefacten, PI. XXVII, figs.
3a, 4a, 4&, 4c) ; and I have also several examples which appear to belong to the sfme form.
The Favosites cristata of Edwards and Haime appears to be founded upon examples of F.
cervicornis, in which the calices are somewhat below the average in width.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Lot 6, Con. 1, Wain-
fleet, Ridgeway, and Port Colborne.

56. FAVOSITES CHAPMAN: (Nicholson).

(Plate VII, Fig. 6.)

Corallum branching, apparently not reticulated, the diameter of the branches being from
two to four lines. Corallites exceedingly oblique, forming a very acute angle with the axis
of the branch, slightly unequal in point of size. Calices rounded or transversely oval, very
oblique, but not triangular when perfect. The internal wall of the corallite is prolonged along
the next corallite above, whilst the external or lower wall is truncated ; so that whilst the
corallite is oblique in its course, the opening of the calice is parallel with the surface. The
diameter of the calices varies from half a line to one line. The wall is comparatively thin.

This species is distinguished from all others known to me by the extremely small angle
which the corallites make with the axis of the branch, and by the extraordinary obliquity of
the calice. In this last respect F. Chapmani makes a near approach to*the genus Alveolites y
but the aperture of the calice is not triangular, unless worn down, the walls of the
corallites are quite thin, and there are no traces of septal teeth. The species to which F.
Chapmani approaches most closely is F. cervicornis (De Blainville). Our form, however, is
ramose and composed of cylindrical branches, instead of being lobate and divided into obtuse
finger-like processes ; whilst the aperture of the calice is considerably more oblique. Indeed,
F. Chapmani not only resembles Alveolites in the obliquity of the calice, but also in the fact
(as regards the more typical members of the latter genus) that the exterior wall of each

53

corallite is free for a certain space, and is not overlapped by the corallitc below, whereas in
Favositfft the walls of the corallites are contiLfu»us throughout, ami air imwheiv free. I hav.
dedicated the species to my distinguished colleague, Professor E. J. Chapman.

I.'»;i/iti/ >ui'i /''"iniiifio/i. — Not uncommon in the < 'ornifcmus Limeetone of Port Col-
borne, and Lot • >, Con. 1, Wainfi

Qenvs AI.VEOLITES ( Lamarck i.

Corallum dendroid, massive, or encrusting ; composed of short, prismatic or cvlindr;
corallites, with inseparably united walls, often arranged in superimposed concentric lay-r-
Tabnlse complete. Mural pores few in number. Calices oblique t" tin' surface, -ub-trian'_ru-
lar or creseentic, the 1'iwer lip nm.-t prominent. Septa ab-ent. or represented by i'n>m one t..
three vertical toothlike projections.

The irenus .-llr, ni;t>* \- very nearly allied to /•'</'•<«//<>•, but is distinguished by the mui.-h
greater shortness of the corallites, the common presence of one or more toofchlike ri<l_r' - r^pre-
senting the septa, and the oblique caliee with its Bub-triangular, crcscentic, or semi-circular
aperture and prominent lower lip. In the obliquity of the caliee, however, Favo*tif& C/">j>-
mani closely approaches .I//- From Clmt'ti:^ and N/. •/,.//»,/•./, a'_rain, tin- uenus A

is distinguished by the |>«"« •— i" n of mural pores, and, as a -rneral rule, by the much
thickness df the walls of the corallites. As in the -en us /•'./--,,*//, >• the speeic- nf Air, ,
may be divided into massive and ramose forms; but some of the former are truly encrusting.
and -imply become massive by the superposition with advancing a^e of >ucc-->Mve conccutri.
layers of corallit- -

Mr. Billintrs records two >pecie.- of ^l/i;',,'/f, .- as occuring in the Corniferous Limestone
of Western Ontario, and four species from the Hamilton formation of'the >ame re-ion. All
of these excejit A. squamosa, have come under my notice, and two of the Hamilton >peei. •<.
(viz. ./. Hniinri. and ./. /•'/-./,, /•/.") I have also detected in the Cm-mien. us. I have likewi«e
to add tive species from the Cornit'emn- Limestune, which appear to be altogether new, to-
gether with a .-in_'le undescribed form from the Hamilton grouji.

."•7. Ai.vKMi.iTKs i..\r:i()s.\

' liillini:.-). Canadian Journal^ New S< Tie-, Vol. IV. p. 111. Fi_-. 1 1, l.'i

Corallum ramose, or sometimes sub-palmate, the BtemB evlindrical or -ul> evlindri
brancbini: at intervals of from a ijuartcr of an inch to hall' an inch, generally at angles nl'tr'.iii
6<i' tn 7')'', but not aiia-tnm.iMn- or InrniiiiL' network l>iameter of the >tem> frmu a liti 6
over aline to two lines. Corallites oblique, oval or sub-triangular, with a pnijertin^ Inwer lip.

( 'alicc> transversely oval, or triangular when umn. with the ape\ of the trian_r!e directed
downwards. Calie,-- distant fmm mie aimtlicr I'rom a third to half a line measured v«'i'ti
Oally, and from a Imirtli of a line to a third of a line me/i-m-ed dia-onally nrtran-.
- -' diameter of thd oalices, when unworn, about a fourth or a tilth ufa line.

Seeticill- nf this .-Jiecies present a i
rc'-emliles to . llrmlil,^ ; rt; lilii'ii M '

^1 1 Ql ridwanU ami I laime, liriti-h
l-'n — il I 'nrals, I'latc IS. |-'i-. .'•). but t|,e
branching take- place at ni"re acut-' :oi
in the pp'-ent I'-irm. no interlacin- nf the

-t< in- M • in- tn neciir, and the cnralii1
th..ii-li -omewhat eni'ved. ar-1 ti"t (!• MLHI-.
In niie v.,.,-iu,,.|| u hi, -I, in iv perh.ip- ':••• a

1

variety nf .1 . .' < ' ' , the inter!.. r .'I' •

i-nralliti- i-Tliii.it- MM tli-- upp<-r wall. 'Hi nil,
i.\ a MiiL-le -tn.iiL' -'-pt.ii ri'l/e. di\ idin- th.-

All lr..iu

\erticalK lilt" t\M' ennilllUIIie.l!

oompartmenu

• / Ahiind-mi every where in the Cnrnifernti-- liiiK-t..ne nf \\ . •

54

58. ALVEOLITES RCEMERI (Billings).

Alveolites Ecemeri (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. v., p. 255.

Corallum ramose, of cylindrical, sometimes sub-palmate, branched stems, from one and a
half to three lines in diameter. Calices transversely oval, about half a line in width, and one
fourth of a line in length, usually distant from one another about half a line measured in
the longitudinal direction of the stem, and one fourth of a line in the transverse direction.

In some examples, as noticed by Mr. Billings, the calices are more closely set than as
above stated, but this point is certainly not of specific value. The only two forms with which
A.Ecemeri could easily be confounded, are^. labiosa (Billings), and A. cryptodens (Billings).
From the former of these it is distinguished by the transversely -elongated oval form of the
calices, and their comparatively great width, the cells of A. labiosa being markedly triangular
and not having a width of more than a quarter of a line. In A. cryptodens, on the other hand,
the calices are more of a triangular shape than in A. Rcemeri, and they are much more dis-
tant and remote. Mr. Billings describes A. Ecemeri from specimens obtained in the Hamilton
formation, but examples also occur not very rarely in the Corniferous Limestone.

Locality and Formation.— Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne. Abundant in the
Hamilton group at Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

59. ALVEOLITES CRYPTODENS (Billings).

Alveolites cryptodens (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. IV., p. 115, fig. 16.

Corallum dendroid, the branches cylindrical, or sub-cylindrical, from two to three lines
in diameter, not inosculating or forming a network. Corallites oblique, the calices transversely
oval, or sub-triangular, arranged in spiral or sub-spiral lines. The calices possess prominent
lower lips, and usually open in an obliquely and not directly transverse direction as regards
the axis of the branch. The long diameter of the calices is about half a line. Calices distant
less than a line measured either transversely or diagonally, and about a line measured verti-
cally. " Two small tooth-like ridges occupy the inner surface on the side towards the exterior,
apparently half a line from the mouth or lower lip of the cell" (Billings).

The characteristic tooth-like septal ridges of this species are only rarely preserved, and 1
have never seen them ; but specimens with the proportions mentioned by Mr. Billings are by
no means very uncommon. Apart from this character, the species (Fig. 12, a,) is readily
distinguished by the ramose but not reticulated corallum, the large size and obliquity of the
transversely oval calices, and their comparative remoteness from one another.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and Ridgeway.

60. ALVEOLITES CONFERTA (Nicholson).

Alveolites conferta (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum ramose, composed of cylindrical or elliptical branching stems, which bifurcate,
but do not interlace. Diameter of the stems from two to three lines. Corallites minute,
oblique to the surface, opening by calices which are arranged in irregular diagonal lines, and
have a circular, or transversely oval, hardly sub-triangular shape. Calices oblique, minute,
and excessively crowded, about one-sixth to one-eighth of a line in their longest diameter, and
separated by intervals of from one-fifth to one-fourth of a line transversely, or the same dis-
tance, or less, measured vertically. There are, thus, from three to four calices, and from two
to three interspaces in the space of one line, measured either diagonally across a branch or
vertically (Fig. 12, c).

This species is allied to the preceding in its general configuration, but it appears to be
decidedly distinct from these or from any previously described forms. It is distinguished by
its very minute and extremely close-set corallites, and by the fact that the calices are, as a
rule, not distinctly sub-triangular, and have not a markedly prominent lower lip. In some
respects, A. conferta has the aspect of a Coznites, especially in the fact that the corallites appear
at first sight, to be surrounded by a copious ccenenchyma. This appearance, however, is
deceptive, and I have no doubt as to the correct reference of the species to Alveolites.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Ridgeway and Port Col-
borne.

55

Gl. ALVBOLITES (COBNITIS ?; HISTA\- (Nicholson;.

(C<mit>:< '.) </ . Nicholson). Feb.,

' 'orallum ramose, the branches cylindrical, of a diameter of from a line and a halt' to
two line-, dividing dichotomously at intervals of about half an inch, but not an :i_r.

( 'nrallites oblique to the surface, with exceedingly thick walls, ('alic, liiui\ minutf.

about one-eiirhth of a line in their longest diameter, -uli circular. tran.-verseh oval, nr TO
triangular. level with the surface, and haviii'_r the lower lip hardly nr nut at all pmmincnt.
Intervals between the calices proportionately •very wide — about half a line. FL-. '

At fir-t -i-Jit, thi- remarkable species ha< very mueh th. a] ;
ance of a • (>ueh as 0. "r of the unc.-rtain tnrin

Kdw. and II.) It is. however, di-tin-

•.ruished from the former hy the not prominent and not markedly
triangular caliees. and from the latter (which is almo.-t certainlv not

•

an Alveolites) hy the fuet that the oorallitee an- arranged obliquely

the -urface.

.lit-,,, lit..-; .list, i us is readily distinguished from the other ramose form-
of the genus by the exceedingly small -i/.e <if the calice-. and the pi"
portionately -veat width of the intervals between them, and by the fact
that the caliees are level with the general surface, or nearly so. Then
is thu- produced the fallacious appearance that the corallitc- arc im-
bedded in an abundant cieneiieliytna.

/. ' and /•'"!•/> -Rare in the Coruiferous Limeston

Port Colborne.

Km. 13.

-iit nf .1

, iKi'ur.d
•t r..r[i"ii nut

.'!• roiu,

•12. AlA'EOI.ITKS RAMI'I n- \ N \< -!M •' -on).

(Plate VII. Fi-. 3.)

Ali-.oliti .-: fni/i'il"-" (Nicholson), fi -<i'n-n<;il MII<I,I-.',II, , I'eb., 1874.

Corallum reticulated, composed of flattened sub-cylindrical or cylindrical >tem* from two-

third- of a line to one and a half line.- in diameter, branching with ^re-it freijiien.-^-. and i'lter-
laciii'_r to f'nrin a dn~c network, the meshes of which vary from on • tn two lines in diameter,
('nrallitcs very minute, about three in the space of a line measured diagonally, the ca!ice> very
-mall, oval or triatr_"ilar. -eparated by int.-r\ ils of rather more than a third of a line, and
about a sixth to an eighth of a line in their loii'_re-t diameter , Fi_r. 1 I. Q and //).

Thi- -| ..... [ee represente in the Lrenu- A the a[ri-tnin,,-in_ /•'. .• in the

•.'••nu- / It i- di-tin'_'ui-h'-d t'rnni I with which it i- -trueturall\ ni"-t

elip-dy allied, not nnly hy the reticulate,! fl.rm of the cnrallum, but al-n \>\ the much more

minute OOrallitea I' ditfcr< from .1. fa in formini: a network, iii tin- corillitc- \><-\\\^

more p-inntc. and in the fact that the calice- are distinctly ,-uh trian_Mil ar or $V( n t rianjular,
08 a i/encral rule.

/. N'nt very nncnnimmi in the ( 'ornit'crou- l,ime-t ....... .(' 1'ort

.- and l.nt i',. ( 'mi 1. Wainth et.

-: \ ieh,,l-(in i.

. Al.\ BOL1 i K

(PlaU \ 1 1 Pig. I.)

Ah-. ..lit. /;///, \ icl ' ' Feb., 1874,

1 Tallinn n-t inih: i-d. enmpn-cd of c\ lindric il nr Bub Cylindrical *\>-\\i -, f mai two t-p t! . :
iine- in diameter, which hrancli di, •hntp>m»u -I \, IT tli" m >~l pn: b cf |o-, and

in loriii an p.p.-n n-tu.irk. th" m --he- of which ar.- 0 : 1 i'id

\.ary in |eir_'th fr-m thr.e lin.-- to thr.-. ijinrter- of an inch A- in tip- pr> 'he

n- tun: k i- not alwa\ - in a -in/l'- pi ne- and the IT iiiclii-- nften ,-., i|, •-,-.• .it th'- ii" .

56

network to form flattened sub-palmate expansions. Corallites small, crowded, with thin walls ;
the calices sub-triangular, or, when worn, markedly triangular, with the point of the triangle
directed downwards ; about three in the space of one line measured either diagonally or ver-
tically. The long diameter of the calices is about one-fourth of a line, and the interspaces
between them are about half as much. (Fig. 14, b.}

A. Billingsi is allied to A. ramu-
losa, but is distinguished by the larger
size of the stems, the dichotomous mode
of division, the more open network,
and the larger size of the corallites.
From A. hibiosa it is distinguished by
its reticulated form and closer coral-
lites.

Locality and Formation.- — Not very
rare in the Corniferous Limestone of
Port Colborne and Lot 6, Con. 1,
Wainfleet.

FIG. 14.

a Fragment of Alveolites ramulosa (Nich.), of the uatural size, b
Portion of the same, enlarged, c Fragment of Alveolites Billingsi
'Nich.), of the natural size. Corniferous Limestone.

64. ALVEOLITES SELWYNII (Nicholson).

(Plate VII. Fig. 4.)

Alveolites Sdwynii (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, Jan., 1874.

Corallum forming an irregularly shaped crust or depressed mass about a line in thick-
ness. The corallites are extremely oblique to the surface, and open by calices which have the
form of curved or lunate slits, the length of which is about three quarters of a line, whilst
their width is only about a tenth of a line in the centre. The calices are placed in irregu-
larly alternating rows, or sometimes in an indistinctly sub-spiral manner, and are about
half a line or three quarters of a line apart.

This curious form belongs to the same section of
Alveolites &sA. sub-orhcularis, (Lam.) A. Goldfussi, (Bil-
lings), and A. depressa (Edwards and Haime). It is
distinguished by the remote, curved, fissure-like cali-
ces, with nearly parallel walls, and by the absence of
any distinct concentric arrangement of the corallites.
In the shape of the calices it somewhat resembles
Ccenites labrosus (Edwards and Haime), but it is in
reality totally different both in its general form and in
its real structure.
Fig. is. I have only seen a single example of the species.

A fragment of the upper surface of the Alveo- It is dedicated to Alfred R. C. Selwyn, Esq., F. Gr. S.,
lites Selwynii (Nich )., enlarged. Corniferous Lime- ,, -p.. j» xi. n i • i a £ n J

stone. the Director of the Geological Survey of Canada.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.

65. ALVEOLITES GOLDFUSSI (Billings).^

Alveolites Goldfussi (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V. p. 255, Fig. 5.

Corallum forming irregular undulated expansions, or depressed discoidal masses, several
inches in width and from two lines up to two inches in thickness. Under surface covered
with a thin concentrically-wrinkled epitheca, similar in every respect to that of a Favosites.

57

The epitheca carries in young examples one, and in aged example- many layers of coralli'
which are arranged in a radiating manner round the central point of the coral, and which open
very obliquely on the surface. The calice- are ,.f large size, in general from three-fourth.- of
aline to one lino across, and half a line in height. Their shape i- u-ually transversely oval,
or three-sided, theouterside being curved, and the two inner sides straight. < (win-to the thin
ness of the walls of the corallites, the calices do not appear to be separated by any interspaces
tran-ver-ely. but overlap one another. There are no traces of teeth or grooves on the interior
of the corallite.

./A-,,,/,', - Goldfussi is nearly related to three European species, viz., ./. .>///<-. ./•/,/,•»//</.•
(Lam.)././, Edwards and Haiine), and J. '//••"/< Edwards and I laim<- >. the first from

the Devonian formation, and the two last from the Tpper Silurian Kock-. From the tirst of
these the piv.-ent .-pccie- is separated by the slightly larger dimensions of the corallites, and
by the fact that the calice- are destitute of the groove and corresponding process or ridg<
which are such a marked feature in the former. Alveolites Labechci, again, has decidedly
-mailer corallites, and the calices have an internal process, similar to that of ./. gub-orb\
though not so prominent.

-tly, ./ th'.ugli larger than ./. //•/.->• or ./. /.•//<.'•//</, neverthe-

less hi- -mailer corallites than tho-<- of ./. i;,,/,//'//.^/ ; whilst the inner surface of the inferior
oalicina] edge carries a di-tinct elevated process. A- regard- the -peeie- of .1 V //As known in
the Devonian Hock- of North America, .1. (!<:!•• la too distinct to render any confusion

possible.

I. •»''//// ///,-/ I-'nriiiiifiuii. — Abundant, and attaining a large -ize, in the Hamilton for-
mation of l!aitlett's Mills, near Arkona, 'I'ownship of Bosamjuet.

. ALVEOLITES FISCHERI (Billings).
A ( Billing- 1. Canadian Journal, New Series vol. V., p. _•"'''>. tig'. 6.

rallum in the form of a flattened, palmate or undulating expan-ion. which appears to
have grown in an eivet po.-ition from a strong root-stalk, and which i- eelluliferou- on both
-ides. Size of the entire corallum unknown, but certainly large, fragment- of several -qnar.

J

inches in area being apparently not uncommon. Thickness from le» than one line to tour
lines ; cc-rallit.-- oblique to th-- .-iirface, the calices being tran-v«-r-el\ oval on the whole, usually
with one eiirved and two -traight -ide-, -ometinn-s diamond-shaped, with four -traight .-ide-.

In typical examples the c&lioes have a long diameter of ahoat half a lim- -ometime- more

and a -liort diami-t.-r of about a fourth of a line ; and they are -eparat.-d by intervals of about
h ilf a line or li--s mea-up-d either vertically or transver-ely acro-< the frond. Tin1 interior
of the calice exhibit- no internal proce.-.- or ridge.

According t.i Mr. fillings the calices in thi- -peeie- an- "distant from each other abonl
two third- of a line in tin- \.-rtieal, and a litre 1.--- in the transverse direction of the frond.
I ha\v. however, Been no example.- in which the calice- are BO remote a- thi- ; and I can only
-uppo-i- that Mr. Hilling- mu-t ha\e taken hi- im-a-urements Iroin older and larger specimens
than anj which have e,,me under my ob-ei vatioii.

.1 / //./•/' in -oine iv- pee i- i- elo-ely allied to ./.'.' <•'•/,'' - and /.-'; / •••-'/.

but it differs in it- •_. n.-ral form altogether. Mn.-e it i- eellulif.-r-u- ..n botli of it- -ido . in-t
of ha\ ing the i-o rail ite- ..pen ing on t he upper .-iirface, w hi l-t the under -iirface [gOOVl red by an
epiih.ei. li i, also di-tingui-hed b\ the proportions of it- eorallite-, which are uniformly
Smaller 'ban in ./. Goldfli . and which do not carry the internal ; • •!' I.

Mr I'ni: -rd- the -p.-eies from the Hamilton formation, but 1 have also found it,

though r;m ly. in the I 'oniifcroii- Lime-ton.-.

Locality and I ( iraiferonj Limestone of Port Colborne, Hamilton formation,

Bar Mill-, i ear Ai kona, 'I'own-bip of |{o-aii(|Ui-t

li~. A l.\ 'Kill. I I K- KIHi.M'i •- ' \iehol-o;

.-/• • \ i.-hol-i.n . ' '., Pob., 1874.

('..ralliim formim. • lon-at, d. -nn time- palmate expansions, whidi app--ar to hav.
in an . itimi from a moled ba.-e, and whi.-h ai. .•ellulif.Tou- --n the two -

58

The width of these expansions appears never to have been over an inch and a quarter, often
less, and the thickness rarely exceeds two lines, but the height is unknown, and certainly ex-
ceeded two inches in some (probably in many) cases. The corallites spring from the median
plane of the frond on both sides, are very oblique to the surface, and have very thick walls.
The calices are small, transversely oval, or sub-triangular, arranged in oblique lines, their long
diameter being not more than from one-fourth to one-third of a line, with a transverse diame-
ter one-half less. The inferior lip of the calice is thin and prominent, but there are no traces
of any internal ridge or tooth. The calices are separated by intervals of about one-third of a
line in the vertical direction of the frond, and one-fourth of a line or less in the transverse
direction of the frond. There can be no question as to the entire distinctness of this not

uncommon species. It is readily distinguished
from all other species of the genus except A.
Fischer i, Billings, by its peculiar form and mode
of growth, and it is separated from this by the
very much smaller size of the corallites, and
their much closer arrangement. The only re-
maining species which has been recorded from
the Devonian rocks of Canada is A. squamosa
(Billings), but a reference to the subjoined de-
scription will show the entire distinctness of
this from A. frondosa. "This species" (.4.
squamosa) "is found in wide, flat, irregular
expansions, sometimes six or seven inches in
breadth, and from half an inch- to one inch and
a half in thickness ; composed of successive, and
a often much distorted, layers, the cells opening
out upon the surface very obliquely, and sepa-
rated /rom one another by exceedingly thin par-
titions, which, when silicified and well brought
Fig. 16> out by the action of the weather, present a pe-

n culiarly rough squamose appearance. The cells

Portion of the frond of Alveolites frondosa [Nicholson]. ,.J &. ^ ,rjr , lr> ,.

a Fragment of the same magnified.' From the Hamilton are linear, in general about halt a line ID

formation. length, and apparently about one-tenth of a

line in width. One of the specimens examined exhibits two spots, one-fourth of an inch wide
each, where the cells are less than half the average size. There are obscure indications of a
central ridge on one side of the cell in this species, as there is in A. sub-orbicularis." (Bil-
ings, Can. Jour., New Ser., Vol. V., p. 257.)

From the above description, it is obvious that A. squamosa belongs to the same natural
group of Alveolites as A. Goldfussi, A. sub-orbicularis A. Labechei, and A. Grayi. On the other
hand A. frondosa agrees with A. Fischeri in the fact that the corallum had the form of a flat-
tened expansion, which was attached below to some foreign object by a strong foot-stalk, and
which carried the corallites on both sides. Whilst agreeing in this respect with A. Fischeri,
the present species is nevertheless readily distinguished by the dimensions of the corallites.

Locality and Formation. — -Common in the Hamilton Formation at Bartlett's Mills, near
Arkona, in the Township of Bosanquet.

Genus STRIATOPORA (Hall).

" Ramose, coralla solid ; stems composed of angular cells ; apertures of cells opening upon
the surface into expanded angular cup-like depressions ; interior of the cell rayed or striated ;
striae extending beyond the aperture of the cell." (Hall, Pal. New York, Vol. II. p. 156).

As regards the typical species of this genus, viz. : S. flexuosa (Hall), from the Niagara
group, some doubt has obtained as to its Coalenterate character, and it has been referred to the
class of the Polyzoa. There is, however, no doubt as to its being a true coral. One species
of the genus, viz. : S. Linneana (Billirgs) has been recorded from the Devonian Rocks of
Canada, and the close relationship between this and the ramose species of Favosites is obvious.
Professor Hall has also recorded a species of the genus from the Hamilton group of Iowa,
(viz. : Striatopora rugosa, Hall, Geology of Iowa, Vol. I., Part 2, p. 479, Plate I. Fig. 6),

though it would appear that this is really identical with the previously de-cribed S.i '
I<>,i<,'n*i.< of Dale Owen. Lastly a species of the genus has been recorded by Me-sra. Meek A:
\Vorthen, from the Lower Helderberu group of Missouri, under the name of >'. .1,
(Geology of Illinois, Vol. III. p. 369. Plate VII. Fig. !

68. STRIATOPORA LINNF.ANA (Hillings).

>7 ma (Hillings), ' « ./,,,-/,.//, New Series, Vol. V. p. 25.1. FL. 1.

"Stems, two or three lines in diameter, branching at an angle of 75° to 80C; cells variable
in size, the greater number with the expanded mouth one line wide, and the circular cavity at
the bottom from oae-third to one-half of a line; the smaller or younger cell<. of all -;
somewhat uniformly distributed amongst the larger. In the perfect specimens the mouth- of
the cells are everywhere in contact with each other, the edges of the walls between them >harp.
and the form more or less polygonal, generally five or six-sided. In worn specimens the
cells are more nearly circular, and the walls obtusely rounded on the edge. The -ui;e in the
cell-mouths not observed " (Billings, loc. cit. p. -_'f)3).

This species is by no means of common occurrence. The few examples which exhibit
the internal contracted aperture at the bottom of the expanded calice. can be detennine'l with

; but those in which these apertures are concealed, can hardly be .-cparated i'n>m a small
undetermined I'm-n.-iii, .< which abounds in the same beds. The /'.'•• rib s in '|ii' -tion occur.- in
the furm of small .sub-cylindrical, irregularly lobed, or sub-palmate ma- 'icrally from an

inch to an inch and a half in height, the corallites bein^ unequally sized, polygonal, and thin-
walled. The difficulty is still further increased by the fact that Striatopora Lu 'l"es

not appear to p<»sess the radiating striae which are so characteristic of the -.cnus.

Locality and Formation. Rare, in the Hamilton Formation of Bartlett's Mill-, i,
Arkona, Township of Bosantjuet.

Genus TRACHYPORA (Edwards and Ilaime).

•• < 'orallum dendroid, the branches presenting calices which are only slightly -alient. ami
in which there are DO radiating .-epta ; cn-in-ncliyma ver\ abundant. solid, and with the Mir'
marked by Strong irregular, vermicular, and sub-echitiulated -tri;e. " tKd'.vanl- ami Hairn--.

Pol. 1- ' Terr. Paltoz. p. 305).

M. M. Kdwanl- and Ilaime have described one species of thi- genus / / ) from

the J)evonian K'ock- of Kurope, and Mr. Billing- hi- reeordi-d another ; '/'. • :i"in tin'

BamiltOD group of Ontario.

(','.'. TRACHYPORA ELBG \\ TOLA (l!illin
Tr<i'-/ii/jii,i-<i <l,,/<infiil<i (Hillings/, r,//,, /,//'„„ Journal, New Sen,-, \'ol. V. p. -jr.!.

Corallum solid. raUKMe ; th-- Stems from on.' and a half I.. I\\o liiif- ill diam. •!,•]-. brancli-
in- at an an-le of ?.'• . ( 'orallite- arranged in four or five fOWS, parallel with tin- diivetion
of tin' axi- of tin- branch. < 'alier- excavated in th'- c. i-neneh\ ma. oval, about two third- "f a
line in their Ion- ,,]• vertical diaiiidi-r. and half a line in tlirir .-hort or transvcr-.- diam. t. r.
Tin- calice- are -urroun-le.l by a pnniiineiM mar-in, and an- u-iiall\ -. -parated b\ inti-rval- of
about half a line \,,t uncommonly an extra corallite is intercalate, 1 betueen the regular
\.-rtical row-. The .-nrl'ace uf the CM-iiene|i\ ma i- ornamented with .-li'jlitlv flexiioii- br.'k.-n
-tri;»'. four or live <,| which ..ccii|.\ th. .('one line.

Thi- de-ant Bpeoiee i- readilv ili.-iin-ui-h. ••! from the niiK other known form o| the
• i/.. '/'. /'•• by it- e.il- arranged in a lineai and it- nmi .chinulate -!•

/.' • llily and I ••• „ Hamilton l-'ormatimi of I5aril.it - Mill-, near Arkona. T.>\MI-

-lllp "I I 10 -ail' filet .

i 11.1:1 MI I :

'allum rani' r ineiu-tiir/. c, .in| ..,-, d of elmi-/:iie,| b:i-aliif..rm OO

which are in el..-.- , ..... tad. an. I ar-- not unite, I |,\ :,n\ QQ n- neh\ m.i T.ibu ..t \\ • 1, <!• fdoj
-e|,ta ab-.-nt . n" mural p«.|

60

The genus Chcetetes is nearly allied to Fawsites, but is separated by the absence of mural
pores. Very similar in all essential respects to Chcetetes is the genus Stenopora, of Lonsdale,
the differential character of "which is stated to be the presence of minute styliform processes
at the angles of the calices. Good authorities, however, reject the genus Stenopora altogether,
and refer the forms placed here partly to Favorites and partly to Chcetetes. Lastly, the genus
Jfonticulipora has been founded by D'Orbigny to include species of Chcetetes which increase
by gemmation, instead of fissiparously, as is ordinarily the case in the genus.

In the present state of our knowledge, it seems almost impossible to separate these three
genera ; or, at any rate, it is certainly often impossible, after the most careful examination
and comparison, to decide positively to which one of them a given specimen belongs. In the
Hamilton Formation of Western Ontario occur three small corals which are certainly referable
to one or other of these three genera, and which I shall provisionally consider as belonging
to the genus Chcetetes. All three I have been unable to identify with previously described
forms • and I have, therefore, been compelled, though with great reluctance, to consider them

as new.

70. CH/ETETES MONILIFORMIS (Nicholson).

Chcetetes moniliformis (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum ramose, the branches having a diameter of from three to five lines. Corallites
polygonal, with thin walls, for the most part nearly equal in size, but having a few very small
ones intercalated amongst the larger ones. The surface exhibits rounded eminences
("mamelons") placed at distances of rather more than a line, over which the calices are larger
than in the intervals between them. About four calices in the space of one line. At each
of tlie angles of each calice is a minute nodular thickening, which gives a peculiar beaded
appearance to the surface, but which is not prolonged inwards into the interior of the corallite
in the form of a spine. On the contrary, well preserved specimens show that these bead-like
or moniliform thickenings of the angles of the calices are continued above the general surface
in the form of short, blunt spines, which communicate to the coral a roughness readily per-
ceptible to the touch.

Chcetetes moniliformis appears to be readily distinguished from
previously recorded examples of the genera Chcetetes, Monticulipora,
and Stenopora, by the moniliform thickenings of the angles of the
calices and the spiniform "surface-projections therefrom proceed-
ing (fig. 1 7, b). The walls of the calices are thin, and are themselves
destitute of spines or tubercles, the spines exclusively proceeding
from the points where the angles of contiguous calices come to-
gether. Stenopora spinigcra (Lonsdale) carries spines, as its name
implies, but these are borne by the walls of the calices all round,
and the other characters of the fossil are different. Stenopora
exilis (Dawson), from the Carboniferous Hocks of Nova Scotia,
also possesses spines, but these likewise spring from the margins
of the calices, are much more numerous than in the present species,
and are different in form and arrangement, whilst the calices are
. oval instead of being polygonal, and the entire coral is of a more

o. Fragment of Chcetetes monih- . , . , , P •. i • T -IT- • i-

form.is (Nich.), enlarged ; 6. a por- slender and branching habit, in addition to its peculiar spines,

tion of the surface of the same, still />/„/, milifnvmi* ia fnrtViPr pTiflrapfprisiPfl Vw tViP pmnnara-

further enlarged ; c. a portion of the L/W^efeS monuiJCfl miS, IS uy UK

surfaceof cha>tetes£arrandi(Nici\.), tively large size of the calices, their thin walls, their polygonal
fonagroup!ar '" form, and (with the exception of those occupying the " mamelons" )

their nearly equal dimensions.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Hamilton group of Widder, Township of Bosan-
quet.

71. CHCETETES BARRANDI (Nicholson).

Chcetetes Barrandi (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, Feb., 1874.

Corallum ramose, or forming small lobate masses, with a diameter of from two to five
lines. Corallites polygonal, nearly equal, though with some smaller ones intercalated amongst
the larger ones, with thin walls. The surface does not exhibit distinct eminences, but here

61

and there are irroups of corallites slightly lartrer than the ordinary ones, and separated by
intervals of about a line and a half. From four to five culiees in the space of one line.

This species is very closely allied to ('. <;.>l'lf>i^i > Kdw. :m<l II. i. but i- distinguished by
the fact that the ealioefi arc markedly polygonal, instead of beiii'j circular or oval, and that
they are sub-equal, with very few -mailer ones inter-per.--d amon-.-t them, when-a-. in the
latter species, there are intercalated amount the ordinary ealicc- a number «f exceedingly
minute ones. FMIU the well known CfueteteS tumiduS of the Carboniferous rocks, again, the
present specie- i- di-tin-uished by tin- p.ily-onal shape of the calices. their thin walls, and
their much larger rise, the corallites of the former being thick-walled and nearly circular, and
there being about eight nf them in the .space of a line.

Loro/it'i 'iifi formation. —Not uncommon in the Hamilton group, at Widder, Township
of Bosanquet.

7l'. ClI^ETETES QUADRANOULARIS (Nicholson).

w ruadrangularis (Nicholson), G>-<>li,<ii<;il .!/<"/</ :/'//•, Feb.,

Corallum forming thin crusts of from one-tenth to one-sixth of a line in thickn
Corallites sub-equal, with very thin walls, about eight in the space of one line, for the n,
part polygonal, but often quadrangular in shape. The -urfaee i- -month, and destitute »t
eminences, nor are there groups of larger corallites regularly interspersed among-t the smaller
ones.

This species is found commonly encrusting //

'////// //'////. and often forming expansions of con-
siderable extent, but apparently never 0 'iiip"-ed ol
more than one layer of corallites. It is di-tingni-hed
from C. tutu i-'-i'l<ifii.<; (Kdw. and 11.) by the -mailer
size of the corallites. the absence of distinct emitien
ces or gihl.o-.itie- of the surface (•• mamelons, ' a d
the very commonly quadrangular form of the eal:
L,<),;ilihi ini'l formation. Not uncommon in the

Hamilton group of Bartlctt's Mill-, near Arkoiia
a. Portion of the crurt of < .••n,'i"lnf> •> i • ,• i>

,,,„,- upon Heliophyl _i,th T Own-hip of Bnsaiiquet.

illy c-nlar_
t'r,,in Uif Hamilton '_•

Genus CALLOI-»K\ < Hall).

Corallum compound, ma--ivc, encrusting, nr ranm-e, the corallitc- minute, tubular.
separated b> a -till more minutely tubular <-,e:ienelivnri. '1'he OQBnenohyma alwa\s r.-ndercd

M-ular by tran-VT-e diaphragms, and the eorallites al-o u-ually tabulate. Septa rudin.
tary or ab-.-nt.

Tin- genu- Gattopora iin lii'le- a number of coral-, which range from the I'pper Silurian
(Niagara gnuip to the I i.-viinian. and which, in -ome in~t am-e--. have deeidedlv tin- a-pe.-t of
/'••///•.•' The afliiiitie- of the geiiu- are. however. be\ond all .|Ue-tioii. BO far at anv rat.-
the specie- which liave cuiue under uiv ob-,-r\ atinn are eoncerned. ''•' . beyond all

doubt, i- a genii- of Tabulate C'iraU. and lind- it- IP • illi.-s in the genera //- '. -'.' and
/' ' ' Kroiu the f.,niier .»!' these, Co p-irat- d by the ab-.-ni-e of -.-pta. and

from tic- latter ley the fact that the tubuli of ( he e«rneneh ym a are regularlv tabulate, whil-t
tin- ci.r,illite~ them-, is,-- h r/e til,- tip ea either npeii, ,.r partitioned oil" by feu remote l,,.ri.
tal tab',

One large species, uhidi perhap- may subsequently be found to admit ..!' Mihdivi-

intn two. ha- in, •! to me in th, Corni1' rmi-. Lime-tone and Hamilton |-'ormatioii of \\

tern ( Intario, and thi-i- eerj d' irl) di-tinct from all pr.-\ i , e,.rded Im':

\ i \ Ni.-hol-mi).

L

Siol ' • logical Maga/.ine, .Jan 1-71.

Oorallum sometimefl enorusting foreign b-di, . Mmetimei forming]. <>i

i in constituting large In-iui-pL' n.- ma--e- which an , ,im|,,,-. d of num.!

62

"HI

layers, superimposed one upon the other. Corallites very minute, tubular, their circular cali-
ces slightly elevated above the general surface, and surrounded by a prominent margin,
From three to five calices in the space of one line, separated by intervals of from half to two-
thirds of their own width. Corallites, sometimes with the theca undivided, but more com-
monly partitioned off by a few remotely placed horizontal tabulae. Coenenchyma composed
of exceedingly minute tubuli, which are partitioned off by numerous close-set horizontal diaph-
ragms. No traces of septa. The surface exhibits at intervals of about two lines elongated,
star-shaped spaces, sometimes smooth, sometimes punctate or minutely pitted, which are not
penetrated by tubes of any kind, and appear to be quite solid. There are generally from three
to six corallites surrounding these vacant spaces, which are larger than the others ; and the
spaces themselves have a long diameter of about a line or more, by a shorter diameter of half
a line. In some specimens, also, the surface exhibits occasional large conical elevations pierced
each by a single canal, the diameter of which is about a line, and which descends vertically
into the mass.

The characters of Callopora incrassata are most remarkable, and I am not satisfied that
two closely related species have not been included under the above description. That we have

to deal here with a Tabulate coral allied to
Fistulipora or Heliolites is sufficiently clear ; but
there are many anomalous points presented by
the fossil. The specimens which I have included
under this head occur in at least three forms.
Some of them form thin crusts upon Heliophyl-
lum Halli or Cystipliyllwn vesiculosum, them-
selves in turn supporting the tubes of Ortonia
or Spirorbis, or the creeping stolons of Aidopora.
Others form flattened or undulating expansions,
and others appear as irregular or hemispheric
masses, varying from an inch in diameter or
less, up to the size of a man's head, and com-
posed of numerous concentric layers. The
majority of examples exhibit the extraordinary
clear spaces on the surf ace, which areneither pene-
trated by the corallites nor by the tubuli of the
co3nenchyma. These spaces are usually elon-
Fig. is. gated, and often somewhat depressed below the

Callopora incrassata, (jSicu,. a. A fragment, natural general surface, and prolongations extend from

size. b. A portion of the surface ma^iified,showiDg the calices th • a star_like manner. The Corallites in
and ccenenchymal tubuli. c. A portion of the surface less " . ... . . .

highly magnified showing a vacant space surrounded by coral- their immediate neighbourhood are also Usually.

fiamntiSpalseCti0n°fafr^mentenIarged' Fr°mthesome or all, larger than the ordinary ones.'
Only a few specimens exhibit the large conical elevations perforated by large vertical canals ;
but in those that do, these structures appear to belong properly to the fossil, and not to be
extraneous. In other minor respects the fossils differ very considerably amangst themselves.
The specimens from the Corniferous Limestone are mostly of large size, the corallites are of
comparatively small size, the intervals ocupied by the coenenchyma are proportionately wider,
and the fact that the coenenchyma is composed of minute tubuli can not be determined. I feel,
however, pretty sure that these peculiarities are simply to be ascribed to the method in which
the specimens from this formation have been fossilised. In the specimens from the Hamilton
formation, again, the peculiar vacant spaces are not always recognisable, and appear to be cer-
tainly absent in some instances over areas of considerable extent. Most of the Hamilton
specimens show very clearly the tubular nature of the cosnenchyma, but there is a good deal
of difference as to the amount of coenenchyma. Some examples have the corallites separated
by intervals of nearly their own width, the interspaces being filled with circular or polygonal
tubules. Others, on the other hand, have the corallites nearly in contact, with but a single
row of exceedingly minute tubuli separating them. An epitheca, so far as I have seen, is-;
only occasionally present, and the flattened expansions often carry corallites on both sides.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne, and more abundantly
in the same formation at Hagersville. Common in the Hamilton formation at Widder, and
also at Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, in the Townships of Bosanquet and South Williams.

63

Fisn I ii-oRA (McCoy.

•• Coralluui encrusting or fonnirr_r lar_;e masses, composed of Ion-, simple, cylindrical, thick-
walled tubes, the mouths of which open a- -imple. equal, circular, smooth ed-ed cell- mi the >ur-
face. an«l have numerous tran-ver-e diaphragm- at variable distance-; interval- between the tube.
occupied by a cellular network of small vesicular plati-s. or capillary tubules traversed by dia-
phragm-." illrit. Pal. Fo--. p. 1 1 i. The \n mi< ,' /' piv-cnt- do-e aHinities to the

L- l/,linl,i, 5 and also to ''•"., ora. From the former. Fistulip > i- di.-tin-ui-hcd by the
fact that the corallite< are destitute of -epta, whilst it ditlers from tin- latter -. -mi- in the '
that the ccem neh\ ma i- regularly tabular, and that both the oorallitee and the inteivenin-
tubuli are tra\vr-ed by numerous and regular tabula'.

One -pecie- i.f tin- -dm-, vix. /•'. ' is (Billiuir>», ha.- b.'«-ii reoogniaed u oocui

in the l>''\miian rucks of Canada.

74. FI>TI i.ii'uit.v ( 'ANAHKN>I> ( 15illin--).

l-'iiLiil'ij - (Billings); Geol. Survey, Canad;', l!ep. li.r 1>.")7. p. \~'> : '

\ •'>/,•< (list, Vol. III., p. 4:.1" : and i n Jxiirii'ii, New Series, \'ul. 1\', p.

Fig. 1.

ralluin fiirinini: irre-ular masses, or, more emuuionly, lar-c undulating eru-i~ nr
pau.-i"ti>. t'l-Miu half an inch to an inch ur m»re in thickness. I'ml-T >urface covered with a
thin concentrically-wrinkled epitheca. Corallites perfectly cylindrical, frum a third uf a liin
t«i half a line in diameter u~ually about half a line distant fn>m one another, sometimes one
line or mon1. tln-ir mouths slightly projecting above the general -urlace. ( 'leneiichvma coin-
po-e-l of minute, polygonal or sub circular tubuli, of which from two to I'mir occupy the sp

•in' line. The number of tubuli separating the varimis COrallitefi '. aries from a sin-li' m\\
up to three or four rows. Both the corallites and the intermediate tubuli of the coBnenohyma

exhibit numi.-rou- ol086 -'-t and well developed tabul;e.

FlStulipwra Cdnadensis occurs very abundantly in buth the ( 'orniterou- Liine-tMne and
th'- Hamilton formation of We-trrn ( Intario ; and though tin-re arc -ome sli-ht ditl'i-rrne, -
b.-tW'-rn tlii- cx.uiipi'". iVom the-e two i'm-iiiations. tlie.-e diHereiicc.- do not a]ipear to be of -^ -
jiiic value. /-'. C L« cl".-«-ly allied to /•'. ^fr]^ /,//.>( Me ( '«\ . IVom the I'ppn

Silurian llui-k-. th'- chief Or Only dbtinction of importance liein-- that the tubuli of the cu'ti
Q8 are i-^n-idi--ably larger iii the t'ormer than they are in the latter. ««

Locality '""/ For Common in the < 'urnif.Tous Lint' M.IIM- ..(' I'.irt Ci'lb.-riK .

Ridir'-wav. lla-ji-r-villi-. Ae. A'-o in the Hamilton formation at l»;.rtlett.-'s Mil'.
Arkmia, Tuwn.-hip of llo-amiuet.

'/. miS MiriiKl.lMA i I>e Koninck).

1 rallum eoinpo-ite. I'onnin- bemispherloal, depres-t-d, ur pyrili.nn magsea of prismatic m

indrieal cur.illit--s. Walls of t lie eurallitc-. perforated by mural pores. Talmhi- well d.
\i-loped. \c-iciiiar. Septa rcpi-c- ntccl l,^ vertical stri;e or rid'j> •-. Kpithc.-a ci>nccntr;e:ill\
wrinkled, with root like proloiiL'ati

The coral- of the -en u > Mi'-iii liiii'i approxim.ite elu-ely in their 'jcneral chara.-tei - (,,
thu-e heluii-jinj t" / •/ i (li~tinjiii-lied. lio\\,-\, r, by tlie vesicular natur-

t.ibulie, tli illy 1 •!!••_•• r SUB of the OOraQiteS, and the fact that the septa are pn

merely in the form of ~ti i

Mr HilliiiL'- In- d- -crib, d ihree -p.-rie- ,.f I/ '•,, n, v !/..,.!/.

•uid I/ . • the Corniferoiu Limestone of Western Ontario. (M'tlc

nilv ;he well known .!/. / • a ha- e,,ine under my DOtlOe.

M h 111:1 IM \ ' «'N\ i.\ \ (DV irbi--ii\) .

Mi hel • D'Oi '. i. I p. 1 ' ' .

I//.//.//M" a ( Hillii. - lew 8ei Vol. IV. p. 112, 1

ilium formin.' hemi-pli.-rieal or p\riform n. :

of unequal -i/.e-, the lar_'-'r OIM-- from foiii to live liu-- in dianieier, ill- n, ;, m 01 i

64

to two lines in diameter, Septa represented by numerous (about forty) vertical strife. Mural
pores generally in. two or three rows on each of the prismatic faces of the corallites, sometimes
in one row, sometimes in several, distant from one another vertically from half a line to over
one line. Tabulae exceedingly convex and gibbous, usually with two, three, or four vesicular
swellings round their margins, distant from one another from half a line to a line and a half.
Locality and Formation. — This fine species is of not uncommon occurrence at various local-
ities in the Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario. Amongst localities where it has been
observed, may be mentioned Port Colborne ; Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleet ; Oxford, near Wood-
stock, Ridgeway and Hagersville. It has also been recorded from the Devonian rocks of
Michigan, and Preston County, Virginia;

CHAPTER III.

BRACHIOPODA OF THE CORNIFEROUS AND HAMILTON FORMATIONS.

The number of Brackiopoda in the Devonian Rocks of Western Ontario is very consider-
able, but good specimens are not obtainable in many parts of the Corniferous Limestone, and
our collection of these fossils is not so complete as that of the corals. For this reason, I have,
in treating of this group of fossils, availed myself largely of the published papers on this sub-
ject by Mr. Billings (Canadian Journ., New Series. Vols. v. and vi.), and also of Prof. Hall's
magnificent work on the Brackiopoda of the Devonian Formation of the State of New York
(Pal. N. Y. Vol. iv). More especially our specimens, except in a few instances, do not exhi-
bit the internal characters of the valves, so important in this class of fossils , and these I have
generally quoted at length, for the benefit of Canadian students, from the works of one or
other of the above mentioned eminent palaeontologists.

Altogether, I have identified about forty-three species of Brachiopods from the Devonian
of Ontario, belonging to the following genera: — Strophomena (seven species), Streptorhynchus
(one species) Orthis (two species), ,Chonetcs (seven species), Productella (one species), Spin/era
(five species), Cyrtina (one species), Atrypa (two species), Athyris (two species), Leiorhyn-
chus (two species), Spirigera (three species), Retzia (one species), Amphigenia (one species),
Ccelospira (one species), Centronella (two species), Lingula (two species), Pholidops (one spe-
cies), and Crania (one species).

Of the above, a few species (such as Sirophomena rhomboidalis, Spirifera mucronata, and
Atrypa reticularis) are well known European forms; and others are nearly allied to European,
species, if not quite identical with them ; but the greater number are peculiar to the American
Continent.

76. STROPHOMENA PERPLANA (Conrad).

Sirophomena perplana (Conrad), Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, Vol. viii. p. 257. PL XIV,
fig. 11.

Strophomena pluristriata (Conrad,) op. cit., p. 259.

Strophomena delthyris (Conrad), op. cit., p. 258.

Strophomena crenistria (Hall), Report Fourth Geological District. New York, p. 171,
fig- 4.

Strophomena fragilis (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 143 ; and Rep. Geol.
Survey of Iowa, p. 496. PL iii. fig. G a, 6 c.

Strophomena perplana (Billings), Journ. Can. Institute, New Series, Vol. VI. p. 343.

Strophodonta perpluna ; (Hall), Pal. N Y., Vol. iv. p. 98. Pis. XL XII. XVIII. and
XIX.

Form semi-elliptical or semi-circular ; the width exceeding the length, though not greatly-
Valves flattened, or slightly concavo-convex, regularly rounded in front. Hinge-line straight,
as long as, or longer than, the greatest width of the shell, which is sometimes extended to-
wards the cardinal angles or almost auriculate. Ventral valve slightly convex, with its
greatest convexity at about one-third from the beak ; the dorsal valve gently concave or

Go

oearly flat. Area of the ventral valve alwut one line wide at the beak, that of the dorsal
valve being about half as wide. Both areas are striated, and they form with one another an
angle of '." >~ <>r a little more. There is no foramen, but sometimes a flat triangular space with
a narrow median callosity.

Surface with numerous fine, equal or sub equal striae, which increase in number in pro-
ceeding from the beaks to the margins, both by bifurcation and intercalation. Six to nine
stria- occupy the space of a line ; and these are crossed by close-set concentric stri;e, from
ten to twelve in the space of a line. Be-id--< the close cancellation thus produced, there
are often irregular concentric undulations of both valves, and sometimes the bases of minute
spines can be detected.

Avera-je , xamples have a width of about an inch by a length of about three quarter.- of
an inch ; hut the width on the hinge-line varies fr.iiu half an inch to two inch'

As regards the internal character-.. Prof. Hall states (Pal. N. Y. Vol iv. p. Iniii that
•• th'1 int. -rior of the ventral valve is marked bv large flabelliform divaricator mu.-cular im-
pressions, extending more than half the length of the shell ; narrow above, \vith sid--s nearly
straight, curving below and deeply divide.! in front. . a<-li di\i-ion showing four or five lob---
Tin -or impressions are two semi-oval elevated -pots a little below the apex, the centre

beOOmiog a thickened ridiie or process lying beneath the place of the foramen, with a cavity
on each side for the insertion of the bifurcate dor- il cardinal pro.- •--. * * The mus-

cular impressions of the doisal valve are distinctly but not strongly marked ; these :av -. pa-
rated above by a median rid^e which divides in the bifurcating cardinal process, and this U
supported on each side by an oblique pustulose ridge which gradually merges into the sur-
face of the .-hell."

Strophomena perplana (Conrad), belong to a
group of Strophomenoid shells separated ii\- Prof.
Hall from >//•< >///«///< r mi proper, to form a new

mi-, which lie terms Strophodonta. Tlie c:
peculiarity of the forms include. 1 by Hall in
Ins genus Strophodonta is the absence of a foramen
in the area of the ventral valve ; hut a- the

^/ forms i,, (|U,..rj,,n ;ir.- in most respeote othcr-

wi-e (indistinguishable from the typical ,-peciws of

and), a A mcdiiiiii-iz.-.l ^'/M/////,////. //./, i i \\ \\\ ;id\ isahle not to regard

mdi\ :.lu:ii, "i tli-: iuitnr.il •,}/.•• : n A i>»rti>iii <>f tin- Mir- »i • i- \ • .• i

,..,.„„ i.,,,,,.,. Hu- peculiarity as being Ol more than at any late

sub •_.-n. ri • v a, ue. S. perp - i remely characteristic species of the Devonian llo.-k
North America, and i- in Lf-neral r.-:dil\- ree i-nis. •(! hy its flattened form, its tine equal ,-tri.i-,

and the .-I oonoentrio striation of the surface in \v.-ll pr. - jpecimena.

Ln,,iiiin mi, I Formation, — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne. and
lot •;. Con. 1, Wainflcct.

77. STIli.l'Mo.MK.NA IM M: - - < ' 'ad).

Xtr-i'l. (Conrad.1, ./«.///•//. Af>«l. -\ nt. N- . !'liUn'l,ti>h>a, \'ol. \'lll, p.

358, pL II ti_'. II.

•••ji/iui/i, ii 'i il, IH'IX -i (I I all i, 'I'.-ntli 1 1. -port (iii the State Cabinet, p. l.'!7.

I (Hall), Keport on the (leulo-ival Sur\.-\ of Io\\a, j 1 '1 111.

ti :.

Slr»i>li IliliiiiL' ' • . / ''hi!,. N.-w Serie-, \"..l \'l j, ;; 1 1 ;

116 M-'

.y,/j/«/,,,//.« demista (Hall). Pal A'. )'., Vol, IV. pi- 81, 101, 11 1.

Sln-11 vr\ varial.l-- both in form and in diiiH'ii-ion-. The forin i- n-ually scini elliptical,
bat m ili quadr it.- or -lib tri iii'j-ular. I'-u.illv tin- widlli of the -hell c\.-. . d- the

I'-nitb, but BOm iioth dim. n-'h.n- nn- .'qiial, and occasionally the width i- 1.--- than the

l.-ii'tb. Th'- biir.'i- line i- ll-U illv .-qu il to tli.-in li width ot the -hell,

and th'- eardinal an re often r\t.-nd'-d "r aiiri.-iii.it--. Specimen.- \.,r\ from a third of

nn in.-h to ;m UK-)) and a half in width.

Th-- ventral valve i, eonv-x -om.-tim.-«. itfOt and th inv.-\it\ i- u-ua.!\ uniform

nnd r. oii:,r f|-.,m (h,- mnho to the v--ntr.il margin. Th- . nc.i\e.

5

66

The beak of the ventral valve is small, prominent, and slightly incurved ; the area of
moderate width, and sometimes with a smooth triangular space occupying the place of the
i-ii-dinen. The dorsal area narrow.

The surface is marked with " numerous crowded striae, about nine or ten of which are
ii;uch stronger and m6re elevated on the umbo of the ventral valve, with finer ones coming in
between and on either side; striae frequently increasing by intercalation and bifurcation, until
they become very numerous and much finer at the margin. On the dorsal valve, the striae
are similar to those of the ventral valve " (Flail).

According to the observer just quoted, " the interior of the ventral valve, and casts of
the same, show a large flabelliform divaricator muscular impression, which is somewhat widely
separated in front, and each division distinctly lobed. The occlusor muscular impressions
occupy a semi-elliptical space on each side of a narrow central depression, the marking on
either side being double in well preserved specimens. The upper extremities of this im-
pression are close under the arch of the umbo, and separated by a smooth space from the
divaricator impressions. Beyond the muscular impressions, the interior surface is minutely
pustulose, the points being more prominent just without their limits ; beyond which the
course of the vascular impressions can be distinctly traced. In the dorsal valve the anterior
and posterior occlusor muscular impressions are very conspicuous and deeply marked, and
often limited by an elevated ridge, a narrow longitudinal ridge dividing the two pairs. On
each side, and below the muscular impressions, the surface is marked by small pustules or
tubercles ; and beyond these the surface is minutely pustulose, the vascular impressions be-
coming distinct towards the margin. The cardinal process is divided from the base, the
divisions strongly diverging." (Puloeontologg of New York, Vol. IV, p. 103.

S. demissa, like the preceding, belongs to the section elevated by Hall to the rank of
a genus under the name of Strophodonta. It is a variable species, and unless the hinge-line
be preserved with the area, it is not alvvys possible to refer examples to it with certainty.
The species occurs in almost every sub-division of the Devonian series of North America.

Locality and Formation .— Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and of numerous other
localities in Western Ontario.

78. STROPHOMENA INEQUISTRIATA (Conrad).

Strophomena mequistriata (Conrad), Journal Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia, Vol.
VIII., p. 254, Plate XIV. Fig. 2.

Stiopliomena inequistriata (Hall), Geol. Rep. 4th District, p. 200, Fig. 4; and Tenth
Beport on the State Cabinet, p. 142.

Strophomena inequistriata (Billings), Journal Canadian Institute, New Series, Vol. VI.,
p. 338.

Strophodonta inequistriata (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol. IV., p. 106, Plate XVIII, Figs.
2a—L

[Compare Ortlus inter strialis (Phillips), Pal. Foss. p. 61, Plate XXV. Figs. 103 a-d;
Leptcena inte/- strialis (Davidson), Brit. Fossil Brachiopoda, p. 85, Plate XVIII., Figs. 15-18 ;
Strophodonta varistriata, var. arata (Hall), i'al. New York, Vol. III., p. 183, Plate 18, Figs,
la-*'; Stnphodmta textilis (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol. IV., p. 108, Plate XVIII. Fig. 3;
and Strophodonta concava (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol. IV., p. 96, Plate XVI.]

Shell semi-oval or semi circular, widest at the hineje-line, which varies from one to three
inches in length. Cardinal angles usually somewhat acute, and sometimes eared. Width of
the shell usually from a fourth to a third greater than the length. Valves concavo-convex ;
the ventral valve convex, with a variable curvature, often abruptly arched towards the margin ;
the dorsal valve concave, but generally less slrongly curved than the ventral. Beak of the
ventral valve apparently very variable in its prominence ; the area narrow, vertically striated,
and crenulated in the neighbourhood of the beak.

i*urface marked with distant elevated simple striae, which increase towards the margins
of the shell by interstitial additions, and which are separated by flat or slightly concave inter-
spaces, distant from half a line to a line at the margin. These interspaces are occupied by
exceedingly fine and close longitudinal striae, from four to ei-zht existing in one interspace.
Further, the coarse and fine radiating striae are cancellated by a crowded series of exceedingly
fine and cl se-set concentric striae.

67

As regards the internal characters of this species, according to Professor Hall, •' in
the interior of the ventral valve, the occlusor muscular impressions occupy a narrow, sub
quadrangular elevated space, ju ;t beneath the apex, whilst the divaricator uriscular imprint-
occupy a short broad space on each side, and are limited by nearly vertical or slL'htly
curving ridges which have in some degree tin- appearance of dental lamelhe : within the limits
of these ridges the muscular imprints are not strongly marked. In the dor-al valve the pos-
terior occlusor imprints are broad and extending far towards the cardinal lin<', and often limited
externally by alow pustulose ridge; the anterior impressions are small ami narrow, separated
by a narrow mesial rid .e, and margined by diverging elevated ridires. which, above the impre—
sion, are united in the mesial rid.'.- from which proceeds the bifurcating cardinal prot

S. iiif<jiti<trintii is placed by Hall in 'tis ireim- x ' '/, and is stated to po--

foramen ; but Mr. Hillings as.-erts that a small linear foramen is present. In most resp<

•><ii'i appears to be identical, as pointed out by Hall, with /,«y//^//" (Orthis) mt<r-
• //.<, (Phillips), from the Middle Devonian of England and Europe ; and no other distinct-
ons can be at present laid down between the two form-, exempt that the latter is upon the w !
somewhat smaller, and that it does not seem. to possess the tine concentric striae of the former.
When the internal characters of L. /',//</•.<//•/"//'.•,• are known, other differences may JUT!
appear. It may also be doubted, aspointed out by Mr. Billings, if £ incguistrial '-itieally

distinct from the Devonian forms described by Hall under the names of >'. textillS and >'.
cava. Lastly, >'. inequistriata is do-dy allied to the >'. oat • of the I,"\V'-r Ildd--i!

Rocks, and has decided affinities with the still more ancient N. <///• /•//•//•< of the Lower Silurian.
I am unable to see that there are any differences of specific value between this ami v
'•i Hall, though the oppo.-ite is maintained by Hall. S. ii<«jni>/i-i<if'i ma\ in

ral be readily recognized by the character- of its surface-ornamentation and by its shape.

Lo<, ilit'/ mi'/ /''nrmiili'i/i. — Cornifeious limestone, Port t'olborne; Lot ti. Con. 1. Wain-
• way, and generally throughout the ( 'ornifernus and Hamilton formation* of Western
( hitario.

STROPHOMENA PATERSOM (Hail).

Xti-"]Jt<i/n,-ii<! i ll:ill), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 111.

,sv/-,,y//(, ///(,/«/ J',/f -. Hillings), ,/ .' tofe, New Scries, Vol. VI.. j>. ."-to.

lig. 115.

Shell semi-oval, ventral valve convex, depressed towards the cardinal angles, which
elightly extended or aurionlate. " Surface marked by distant elevated radiatim- -u-i;r. and

the intermediate -pa.e- hy undulating tine >tri;e, ami orOBRed l>y short aliruptly arehiiii;
wrinkles, which an- interrujited by the .-tmn- i-ailiating>tri;i'. I he liner radiating >triu- on (lie
ventral valve are from three to ten or twi Ivc ht-t \\een the -iiMii-jer ones ; \vhil>t on the il.r-al
valve the ^j/aces are wider, and there are from ten to tweiit\ liner stria- between the .-troi

ones. The finer striffi are crossed by equally fine eonoentric -M-ia-, L'ivin_' the entire surface

i, .lelicately Oanoellated appearance.'" i llail.'l'al. -N . V., Vol. 1\'.. p B

,S'. /'•/• py closely allied !'• s ', from which it i- perhaps not s]

tic-illv <li>tinct. The oniefpointB of distinction are to be found in the -m.ill-.T convexi' .

the ventral valve in ,S'. 1',, in tin- -reater number <if the line intermediate >tri;e, and

in the presence of well-marked concentric wrinkles, X. Patarsoni i> al.-o allied to the Siln

rian 8 '' < of I'ortlock. l-ut tin- latter i- a tl tttcr and MII .Her form.

Locality and Fon Not uncommon in the Corniferous Lime-tone of I!id:ewa\,

and • 11.1, Wai:, iL.-t.

S I KMl'llMMl.NA AMI'I.A (Hall).
\pfa i Hall , 'I'i nth Import on the State Cabinet, p. 111.

• 'iiiiftiit ( Killiiiu' • , New 8ei Vol \ I i

Strophodonta ampla dial! , iv-,l. \ N . Vol \\ . p, 93 I'l. X I \' . ' .- 1 i.

Shell lar-e. fi-Miii t\fo to three in le, ihc |. n.'th from a fourth to a third

••• mi "Val IPT -emi circular, th-- Inn :•• line U wide..'- \sider than tin || width o| the -hell

below. Ventral falve OOUOave, with • Oonveiitj near tin- bok . d-.r-al valve COD

with a concavity in. the neighbourhood of tne beak, following the cur\.iturc of the \ei.

valve. Area of the ventral valve from one to three lines in width, transversely striated for
from one-third to one half of the distance from the beak to tha cardinal angles. Dorsal area
narrow and linear.

" Surface marked by angular, sub-equal, interrupted or rugose striae, which are often
made to appear more uniform by the partial exfoliation of the shell. The striae are bifur-
cated two or three times before reaching the margin, and they are sometimes increased by
intercalation. As usually preserved, they rise at intervals into sharp ridges or elongated
nodes ; and in well-preserved specimens these are produced into short spines. When the shell
is exfoliated, the surface between the striae is marked by minute pores or tubular openings,
which communicate with pustulose elevations on the interior surface of the shell. In the en-
tire cast, these pores mark the surface with considerable regularity, varying in size, and uni-
formly larger below the middle, where the valve is more abruptly reflected

" The muscular impressions of the ventral valve are very large and broad, and the mar-
gins distinctly limited by a curving elevated border. It is divided in the middle by a more
or less developed septum, which terminates in a prominent callosity beneath the place of the
foramen : this callosity gives a.bilobate character to the cast of the rostral cavity. The
place of the occlusor muscles is strongly marked, and that of the divaricator muscles distinctly
bilobed. The muscular imprints are about two- thirds as long as wide, and the width is often
nearly equal to half the width of the shell. The muscular impressions of the dorsal valve
are narrow and elongate, and are separated by a rounded median ridge, which divides above
and continues in two diverging processes, the full extent of which is not shown in any of our
specimens," (Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 94).

Professor Hall places S. ampin, in his genus Strophodonta, and states that the place of a fora-
men is taken by a smooth triangular space with a narrow callosity along its centre. According
to Mr. Billings, however, there is a small linear closed foramen, one-third of an line in width.
It seems very doubtful if there is any difference of specific value between S. ampla and the
more ancient Lower Helderberg species, S. punctulifera ( Conrad), £. Headleyana (Hall), and ib.
cavurnbona (Hall ). Mr. Billings points out that S. ampla and S. punctulifera are substantially
identical, the Corniferous specimens, however, being on an average larger than those figured
by Hall from the Lower Heidelberg. I have, however, collected examples of S. punctulifera
the dimensions of which are fully equal to those of the Devonian form. It would probably be
wise, therefore, to substitute S. punctulifera for <S'. ampla, retaining the names HeatHa/ana
and cavumbona in the meanwhile as designations of varietal or sub-specific value, thus carrying
out Professor Hall's own view that a more extensive series if specimens will show that all these
forms belong to " one species presenting variations of size, degree of convexity, width of area,
and difference of surface-markings due to the influence of the sediment and other surrounding
conditions which affect the development of animal life." (For descriptions and figures of S.
Headleyana, S. cavumbona, and S. punctulifera, see Palseontol >gy of New York, Vol. Ill,
p. 185, PI XX., Figs. 1—3 ; p. 187, PI. XXI, Fi-s. 1—3, and' p. 188, Plate XXI, Fig. 4,
and PI. XXIII, Figs. 4—7.

Strophomena ampla may as a rule be recognized by its peculiar form and the characteris-
tic ornamentation of the surface. The commonest appearance is when the shell is partially ex-
foliated, and the puncta between the striae are visible. Spines cannot usually be detected,
but Mr. Billings has figured a specimen in which the whole surface is adorned with short
spines.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

81. STROPHOMENA NACREA (Hall).

Stropliomena (Strophodonta) nacrea (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 144,
Strophodonta lepida (Hall), Geol. Report, Iowa, Vol. I., Part ii., p. 493, PI. III., figs. 3,

a, b, c.

Strophomena lepida (Billings), Journ. Can. Institute, New Series, Vol. VI. p. 344.
Strophodonta nacrea (Hall/, Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 104, PI. XVIII., figs. 1, a, b.

Shell small, from four to nine lines wide, and from three to six lines long, semi-circular,
or sub-quadrate, the hinge-line crenulated and as wide as, or wider than, the shell below.
Front margin rounded, cardinal angles rounded or extended and angular. Ventral valve

regularly but not greatly convex, depre-sed towards the cardinal angles. Area narrow, linear,
without foramen ; beak small. Dorsal valve concave.

Surface shining, smooth, without radiating stria?, but with very faint concentric lines
of growth.

" The muscular impressions in the ventral valve extend more than half tin- length of the
shell. The divaricator muscular imprints are deeply depr. sa d, eli.n-ate ovate, narrowing
above, and somewhat widely separated below; while the ocdusor iin] iv-.-ions are narrow
ovate spots on the thickened portion of the shell, and below these extends a narrow elevated
band separating the other impressions. In the dorsal valve, tin- anterior and posterior oeclu-
eor impressions are small and not strongly defined. The cardinal proce-.- i- .-lender, bifurcat-
ing. with a narrow rounded ridge extending from its base down the middle of the valve. The
interior of the shell, excepting the muscular impressions, is studded with ] ruminent scattered
oranules or papillae. The emulations on the hinge-line are rather di.-tant but conspicuous."
/"Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol IV., p. 104).

Mcrea is readily recognised by its general form and sim "*h
surface, and, when the shell is preserved, by its pearly lustre. It is nearly
allied to the ,S//vy /<//"/«' (Oiihin) /</</.»• of Bronn, from the ]>evnnian Hocks uf
Europe; but according to Hall, it is distinguished by being much less ili --
Stnphamena tinctly striated, and by having only about half as many crenulations on the
"f hin"e line.

uituriil M/e.
ifiTousLinif-

•toae.

Locality and formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

82. STKi>rH«Mi;\.\ IMlo.MBOIDALIS (AYahlenbcri: .).

This well-known species is so familiar to all students of Pal;, o/oic (ieoloj-y. and its char-
acters are so readily recognised, that it seems unnecessary to occupy space here with a des-
cription of its peculiarities, or a recapitulation of its ponderous synonymy. It may. a* a
rule, be determined at once by its rhomboidal form, the deep eoneentrie wrinkling of the vis-
ceral di.-e. and the abiupt <:cniculatio!i of both valves toward- the dor-al side at a point -itu-
atcd at from one half to two thirds of the length mea-un-d from the beak. >'. /7« * i*

known to have commenced its exigence u early as the l.o\v.-r Silurian period : it i- n
abundant Upper Silurian fo.-sil ; it is found throughout the Devonian : and it even extu 1-
into the Carboniferous rocks.

I.i,'-nlil>i inn! !'nr:ini(i"ii. — Common throughout the Cornif'erons J ime-toiu1 of We-t.-rn
Ontario. Al.-n in the Hamilton group of the same district, though not known in the Hamil-
ton series of the State of New York.

Q & STKM'TnKiiYV nrs (King).

The -_'enu^ Str> i>t<>rlDiii<-lii< includes BtrophomeDOid .-hells of a M mi eir.-nlar or M-mi-
ellipti'-'d shape, " OODOaVO-OODVeX OT pUnO-OODVei, and BOmetimea with both valves convex ;
th'-v are externally -triated witli roinnli <1 liifnreating thread-like -tri:r. which are ere—. ,1
by fine c. , tie. -nine line-; and in -oine t'.n-in- the stf>n -.T -tri:i- are ili-tant. with liner
railiatiii'_' and corei-ntric stri:e eanec •Ihititr/ the intermediate BpaOBB, Tin- \entralbeak i-
BOinetiiiH-- y.roduc.-il and bent or twi-ted, and the (i--ni-.- b-tn-atli the beak i- <-li»ed <-r ; -ir
tialh i-li-.-d by a -"li'l <\> Itidiiim, while the area i-- -uhjeei t.. vi'-:it variation. A narrow

Often eZIStC on the dnr-al valve, but tliis i- not a constant .-liaracter." illall. /'<;/.

.V. J'.. vol. iv, p. f,i

Tlie '/'-nil- S>j,i,'i,rJi i/nr/i/i.-: is very rlo-ely allied to StrophomtHQ proper, the mo-t obvi

rnal charai'ter by which the fomi'T is distinguished being the irregular twisting of the

lieak of the vi ntral valve. 'I'he •/.•nn- i- P-pre-mted iii all the '.-i.--it pall I'ormation-.

from the Lower Silurian upward-, and ap; be \,-ry alnindaiitly r.-i r. -• nt.-d in the

J> .,ini:n] l;.,e|.- ,,( North Amerie-i. K) fu a- ii di\ iduaK are cnii.-,-i n- d. l'i..t'. Hall, h *
cv.r. refers all the I)evonian I'.rm- nt'thi- nOUB '" '-nr . \ •. -.-din ly nu | 'he

,V//-./''"/7i(/m7i//.>' ('It. inn of < '..nrad. Onlf OttO form of the gTOUp b : ded a«<

yet 1'iom the I>. •\oni-m lloek-of Canada, namely, the >'. /' of M i I'.

70

83. STREPTORHYNCHUS PANDORA (Billings).

Streptorhynchus Pandora (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, vol. v. p. 266, figs.
12, 13.

Streptorhynchus Chemungensis, var. Pandora (Hall), Pal. N.Y., vol. iv, PL IV, figs. 11,.
19 ; and PL IX, figs. 18, 25, and 27.

[Compare Strophomena Wpolworthana (Hall), Pal. N. Y., vol. iii, PL XVI, figs.
1 and 2].

Shell semi-oval, about one-fourth wider than long ; the hinge-line equal to the greatest
width of the shell, and forming right angles with the nearly straight sides, whilst the front
margin is broadly rounded. Ventral valve elevated at the umbo, whence the surface slopes in
all directions to the margin. Area of the ventral valve large and triangular, extending the
whole length of the hinge-line. Foramen large, triangular, about twice as wide at the base
as the height, nearly or quite closed by a convex deltidium. Dorsal valve moderately con-
vex, slightly depressed towards the cardinal angles, with a narrow area.

Surface marked by fine strongly elevated thread-like striae, which are sometimes alter-
nately large and small, and which increase in approaching the margin both by bifurcation and
interstitial addition. About four striae in the width of one line, sometimes more.

" The interior of the ventral valve is marked by strong dental lamellae and a broad
flabellate muscular impression, which in well preserved specimens shows the cordiform im-
print of the adductors, and a short low mesial septum in the upper part. The interior of
the dorsal valve preserves deep dental sockets, with thick socket plates which support the
duplicate cardinal process, each division of which is grooved at the extremity. There is like-
wise a small process between the two branches of the cardinal process ; and below the hinge-
line, the flabelliform muscular impression is divided by a low rounded mesial longitudinal
ridge or obsolete septum." (Hall, Pal. N. Y., vol. iv, p. 68.)

Average specimens have a width of about an inch and a quarter by an inch in length,
but larger individuals are known to occur.

According to Hall, Streptorhynchus Pandora is merely a form of the vary variable S.
Chemungensis, (Conrad). There is, however, some doubt as to whether the specimens examined
by Hall really belong to S. Pandora, (Billings) ; since he states that the longitudinal striae
are " crenulated by fine closely arranged concentric striae." This is certainly not the case
with any of the specimens which have come under my notice, and Mr. Billings explicitly
notes the absence of concentric striae iu the examples upon which he founded the species.
Hall, also, states that a small centra) process exists between the two divisions of the cardinal
process, but Mr. Billings states that no such process exists in S. Pandora. It thus remains
uncertain whether the New York specimens are identical with these from Ontario. S. Pandora
is nearly related to the well known European species S. crenistria, from which its only import-
ant external difference is the absence of crenulating striae.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, of Port Colborne, and Hagersville.

Genus ORTHIS (Dalman).

" Shell variable in shape, sub-circular or quadrate ; valves equally or unequally convex ;
socket valve sometimes slightly concave, with or without a mesial fold or sinus ; hinge line
straight, generally shorter than the width of the shell ; both valves furnished with an area
divided by a triangular open fissure for the passage of the pedicle fibres ; beaks more or less
incurved, that of the larger valve generally more produced ; surface, smooth, striated, or
ornamented by simple, bifurcated, or intercalated ribs ; structure minutely or largely punc-
tated ; valves articulating by means of teeth and sockets. In the interior of the larger or
ventral valve the vertical dental plates form the walls )f the fissure, and extends from the
beak to the bottom of the shell ; between these a small rounded mesial ridge divides the mus-
cular scars, which extend over two elongated depressions margined on their outer side by the
prolonged bases of the dental plates ; the cardinal muscles appear to have occupied the greater
portion of the anterior division of these two depressions, the pedicle muscles occupying the
external and posterior part of the same space ; the adductor was probably attached to each
side and close to the mesial ridge. In the socket valve the fissure is partially or entirely
occupied by a more or less produced simple shelly process, to which were amxed the cardinal

71

muscular fibres; the inner socket walls are considerably prolonged into the ca\ity of ti. -hell,
under the shape of projecting l.imina-, tft the extremity of which free tl -by spiral arm- I
perhaps, have beeu affixed. Under this shelly proces- a longitudinal rid.e -ep arates tin-
quadruple impressions of the adductor, which on each sidi- form- two deep oval di-pr« —ions,
placed obliquely one above the other, and separated by lateral riiLrc-> branchm.' from the
centre one." (l>avid-on, Brit. I'"—. Brachiopoda, Introduction, p. ll(i').

The irenus o/-////x is very nearly related to Strophomena, from which tin- more typical
forms may in L'em-ral be ea-ilv - pirit.-l by their usually trivater convexity. and the rounder
and shorter hioge-liae. Two species of the genus, viz.: 0 LiVia and 0. / have been

recorded by .Mr. Billing- a- occurrim: in the Devonian Rocks of Ontario, and both oftl
liave cnnie under mv ol.-ervattou.

,^ 1. OuTIIIs LIVIA (Killm — .

•/ (Billiti'.:- Journal, New Series, Vol. V. p. 267, KL- 14-16.

Orf/f'* L«-'i». (0 (Hall , Pal. New York, Vol. IV.. Fige 1 I .

•• Sub-orbicular or sub-quadrate : length aliour eijit ninths of the width : _ width.

u-uallv a little in front of the middle ; lenirth of hin-e inn-, one hail' t.i two third- tlie width
of the -hdl ; cardinal extremiti. - rounded ; side- in mo-t specimens somewhat straight. often
sufficiently curved to irive a circular aspect to the shell ; front angles ohtuselv rounded ; front
niar<_rin in -eneral broadly convex, sometimes with a small space in the middle in-ar.y -traLht.
|)or-il valve of a medium convexity, most elevated about the middle ; the outline formiiiLT a
uniform arch from the depressed beak to the front maririn ; the slope from the umbo toward.-
the cardinal angles, gently concave; sometimes a barely perceptible mesial depression, com
menciiiL' in a point at the beak, and becoming obsolete at One-half or two-third- the length :
are:i -ma!i. lviii'_r in the plane of the lateral mar-ins ; beak minute, forming a -mall triangular
projection, ri-inir scarcely one-fourth of a Hue above the . djeol'the are i the point not ineni
over, but situated in the plane of the area. Ventral valve moderately convex, most el
..t betWi in one-fourth and one third the length from the beak, thenoe descending with a -.iini-
what nit fir ireutly convex -lope, to the front and -ide-. and with a more Sudden and som A hit
cone to the hi nire line and cardinal angles; the umbo small, prominent, neatly

defined, terminating in a small rounded beak, which i- incurved so as to overhang the
the area, either not at all or scarcely one tenth of a line ; area triangular, about one i urth

T than that of the dor-al valve, formintr an anirle of about lu.'i with the plane ni the
lateral margin. The f"nm<-n not ol.-rrved. but appear- to be wider than hi-h. On look
at the d"l'-d Valve in ;i direction perpendicular to the plane of the shell, the -in all l

umbo , ,f the ventral valve can be seen rising about one-third of a line above the .lor- ii \>

••Surface with small -ub an-ular radiating rid-es. of nearly a uniform -i/.e, from .-i-dt
to ten in tin- width of three lines, increa-in- by bifurcation, strongly curved outward- to the
upper part of the -ide- and cardinal angles, the intervening grooves BUD-anguiar in the b .rtom.
•QQ equal to the nd-_'e- in width. In very perfect -pe.-imen-. very line coneen'iic -u

ir con.-eiitrie -tri:i- are vi.-ible, seven or ei-lit to one line. In certain condition- of pi .
vation :d-o. the radiatiii-_' rid-j. - are -e,-n to \\<- -uli lutmlar. and exhibit numenm- -m .,; •

or circular openinge on their edges each about tin- eighth or tenth of a line in width, and

from one fourth to two third- of a line di-tant Inun each other.

••Width of larje-i -pe.-iiu.-M examined, ei-hte, n lin- - ; length thick!

or depth of both valve-, seven line- , height of area oj \entral valve at the beak, one line

dor-al valve four-fifths of a line; distance between the beaks, one line ; length of hinge-line, ten
line- The most common size ap| to be one inch in width. The beak of the ventral dvt-

i-i incurved, -o that it \\ould toueh a plane projected i' -iiy throiiL-h tin- \.ii\c. at one

tin d<-plh of the cavity.

• lii ome IpecimeUB the ventral v.dveha- a faint, barely perceptible me-i.il fold, extend
' from the umbo toward.- the front." ( Killing ).

I have \ery little to add to tin- abo\e e\h,u-ti'.e ile-.-ri|ition of it I by Ml

lin^r-. tin- only two additional point- of importance that 1 ha\e ,.|.-,-r\ed b in • tin- '
in-: 1. 'I'h'- foramen i- \-«-ry 1 \rj<-, and i- more than tu wple.it the |, i-,,- a- it i- |,

II. The mar_'in of the -ln-11 ex .ibit-, in adult -peeiin • • r d well m irke^l concentric ia.i

•oss th, which are <juite independent oi the line concentric -tri.e which -om, . \ i m pie- pr, • . ut.

72

Orthis Livia is an exceedingly elegant species, and can usually be recognised without any
difficulty. It is allied to 0, Vanuxemi, (Hall), but Is a larger form, and is more coarsely
ribbed.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne, and Lot 6, Con. 1,
Wainfleet.

85. ORTHIS VANTJXEMI (Hall).

Orthis Vanuxemi (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 136.
Orthis Vanuxemi (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V., p. 269, figs. 17,
18, 19.

Orthis Vanuxemi (Hall), Pal. N.Y., Vol. IV. Plate VI., fig. 3.

Shell very nearly circular, compressed and flattened ; hinge-line very short, rounded.
Dorsal valve gently and regularly convex ; the beak hardly prominent, not incurved ; .the
area narrow and linear. Ventral valve with its greatest convexity in the neighbourhood of
the beak, nearly flat, or commonly slightly concave towards the front; the beak small, but
more prominent than that of the dorsal valve, somewhat arched. Area narrow and curved,
about one-third wider than the area of the dorsal valve. Foramen comparatively large, wider
than high, triangular. Surface covered with close-set, fine, elevated striae, which increase
both by bifurcation and interstitial addition, and which are indistinctly cancellated by concen-
tric striae. About five striae in the space of a line, but more in the neighbourhood of the
beaks. Entire surface minutely punctate ; a few concentric, imbricating lines of growth.

As regards the characters of the interior, " the dorsal valve shows a strong cardinal process,
which is continued in a prominent rounded median ridge for half the length of the shell, where
it sometimes divides, or gradually becomes obsolete ; there are sometimes visible low trans-
verse ridges, which divide the muscular impression. The crural processes are prominent, and
sustained below by strong oblique ridges. In the interior of young specimens, the marks of
the external striae are visible nearly or quite to the muscular impression ; while in older speci-
mens these marks extend little beyond the margin. The interior of the ventral valve is marked
by a large flabelliform muscular impression, which reaches from one-half to two thirds the
length of the shell. The central or adductor impression is sometimes simple, and sometimes
longitudinally divided by a slight median ridge, which is stronger below. In the older shells
the ovarian spaces are pustulo-e. The dental lamellae are strong and divergent, supported
below b}r the ridge which margins the muscular impression. Vascular impressions are rarely
seen extending beyond the muscular area. Under a lens, the interior surface is distinctly
punctate. In all well-preserved specimens the exterior shows minute tubular openings in the
striae ; and when the striae are much worn, these also are to be seen to be tubular, while a
farther wearing of the surface shows more distinctly the minute punctate character of the
shell." -(Hall, Pal. N.Y., vol. iv., p. 47.)

Orthis Vanuxemi is one of the most characteristic of the Brachiopods of the Hamilton
Formation, and though not particularly abundant in Western Ontario, it is a very com-
mon species in the State of New York. It is distinguished from 0. Livia by its finer striation
and its more circular form. It is also a smaller species, average specimens having a width of
about thirteen lines, and a length of about eleven lines and a half, though examples both
smaller and larger than this are not uncommon. Small specimens are not at all unlike the Orthis
hybrida (Sowerby), of the Silurian Rocks of Europe and North America. There is, also,
considerable doubt as to whether the 0. leucosia and 0. Penelope of Hall, from the Hamilton
group of the State of New York, can be regarded as more than mere varieties of 0. Vanuxemi.

Locality and formation. — Hamilton group of Widder and Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona,
In the Township of Bosanquet. Also at Canandaigua and at various other localities in the
Hamilton Formation of the State of New York.

Genus CHONETES (Fischer).

Shell semi-oval or transversely oblong, with a wide straight hinge-line. External margin
of the area of the ventral valve furnished with a row of tubular spines. Surface radiately
striated, often spinose. Foramen in the ventral area distinct, but partially closed by a pweudo-
deltidium. Valves articulated by teeth. Dorsal valve with a cardinal process which is simple
at the base, but bifid or grooved at the extremity. Interior of the shell pustuloseor papillose.

73

The genus Chonctes is nearly allied to Producta, from which it is distinguished by its arti-
culated valves and row of tubular spines t>n the margin of the ventral area, as well as by other
characters of less importance. The spines, unfortunately, are preserved only in the smaller
number of specimens, and thus the affinities of a given example have often to be decid. •<! apart
from this character. Even in the absence of this, however, (.'h«n>t>.- mav generally be distin-
guished with ease from I'mi/ni-tn by the fact that the ventral valve is proportionately lc.-.->
jilibous and ventricose, and the surface striation is finer. On the other hand, the genus
(hi, inli.< in form and external appearance makes an approach to the genera Rtri>/iftf'>n>i'H and
Leptcena, and it may thus be regarded as being to some extent a link between the families of
the $tr»i'1i"ii» ni'l" and I'r<x/iirt/-

Six or seven species of Chonetes occur in the Corniferous and Hamilton formations of
Canada, of which one, viz., C. kemispherica has previously been recorded by Mr. Hillings
and all are found in the same formations in the State of New York.

85. CHONETES LINEATA (Vanuxem).

$fr"ji?t<unot" lim'/ifti fYanuxem), Ceol. Report of the 3rd District, New York, p. 139, Fig. 6.
Chonetes pfczftro (Hall), Tenth Keport on the State Cabinet, p. 117.
€!•• neata (Hall), Pal. N. Y. Vol. IV. p. li>l, PI. XX. Fig. 3.

Shell semi-oval, the length about four-fifths of the width ; hinge line equal to the '.-neatest
width of the shell, and forming about right angles with the sides of the shell. Ventral valve
very convex, or ventricose, regularly curved from the umbo to the front, the cardinal angles
sli<_rhtlv flattened. The sides of the ventral valve nearly straight and the front margin broadly
rounded. The dorsal valve concave, the concavity being le-> tlnn the convexity of the ven-
tral valve. Area of both valves very narrow, that of the dorsal valve linear. Cardinal spines
rarely preserved, small, slightly oblique to the hinge line, rarely more than two or three visible
on eaeh side of the hinge line. Surface marked \vitlj numerous slightly elevated rounded
striae, about ten in the space of one line, which increase in Dumber bv bifurcation and inter-
culation in proceeding from the beak to the margin. In well pi. -er\vd specimens extremely
fine concentric stri;e can also be observed. The interior of the dorsal valve exhibits lines of
pustules, corresponding with the striae outside.

' i- of not uncommon occurrence

in the 1'evonian Kocks of < 'anada, both in the ( 'or-

oiferous Limestone and the Hamilton formation,
but especially in the latter. Average examples have
a width of live lines and a leniithof about four line-.
It is readily distinguished by its general form and

. ,- , . -urface characters, and it M-.MIIS verv probable that

a. \entral rmlve '•! (h-mit.-* lineal*, Hall, natural 1/1 »• i*

L! v:ilv,-,,f U,,. -.„,,.-. ;ifl.T Hall, i-nl:irL-.-<l the Cl ' '^ Hal] (lal. N. \.. \ol.

SStSXSf* I*, ]>1 « ** '• - "Othing more than a var^ty

ol' till- .-peeic-.

/ •-///'/// inn! f»n/i>if!»,i. — Corniferoii< l-inn'stone of 1 la'_rei>ville and I'ort ( 'oll>.>ni«'.
Abundant in th«- Hamilton Formation of Hartlett's Mill, near Arkona. in the '!'..« n-hip of
BosainjUet.

87. < 'iHiNKTKS M'lTri.A ( llalli.

(•/• : 'ilnl,i (\\:\\\,, Ti'nlh //, nnrl ,.n th, S/<>! '. p. M7.

Ball Pal N V.. Vol. iv , I'l. XXI., Kg \.

Slid! small. M-nii c,\ :il ,,r -rmi circular, the width e\o c.lin • the len-th by from one fourth
to nearly a third (n-ually about live line- in width, bv tlipe and a half in length). I lit
line usually not quite eijiial to the L-I'C ale-t width of the -liell, L'eneially producing raotangnlai
Cardinal angles. Sido nearly straight; anterior maririn roimdeil broadly \'iitral valve

<-on\ex. depre--i-rl tc,\\:,rils tl irdinal airjle-i >ometim«-- P ni .rl\ curved l'rointl,e ).. • ik to

tin- fiont. -onietirnes \\it|, ;, -li._-l,t nie-ial ilepr.---.ii.ii ahno-t appr..a. bin • a r.-.Milar ,-inu - I »or-

«:il Valve Very conc-a\e, cln-elv applied tu (lie cnli ..(' the Vclitl.il Vil\.. \ rea ot' the

•cniral valve, narrow, br..ade-t in tin- middle it- plane cnineidiie_' svith tliat of the cardinal an-

_'!.-- I'oranieii p .rtially oloft d bv a OOnV( \ d. -It id iu m. parti ill v till, d with th-- cardinal •

uf the dorsal valve ; it- -liape br. .adl v t riaii'/ular. I >• >i - al ar. i lin. .n . al...ut half the w idth

of the ventral. The cardinal margin of the ventral valve generally shews very distinctly the
bases of five tubular spines on each side of the urnbo. The surface is marked by fine, sub-
equal, usually rounded, radiating stripe, those near the margin often alternating in size. There
are about six of the larger striae in the space of one line, and there are between fifty and
sixty striseat the margin of the shell, the increase in proceeding from the beak being effected
partly by bifurcation and partly by intercalation. In well preserved specimens fine concentric
striae are also visible.

This pretty little species occurs quite com-
monly in the decomposed shales uf the Hamilton
group at Widder, generally in a state of beauti-
ful preservation. It is nearly alied to Chum to
lineata,ihe most satisfactory distinction seeming
Fig. 23. to be that the dorsal valve is much more deeply

a. chonetu i scitula, Haii natural size. 6 Area of the concave than in the latter species, whilst the

same, enlarged, c. Chonetes lepida, Hall, natural size, c. . ...

The same enlarged. All from the Hamilton group. Stri33 are more prominent. C. SC'ltUta IS alSO'

very nearly related to C. lepida (Kail), and I should doubt if the latter is truly more than the
young of the former. The chief character relied upon to separate these species is that C.
scitula has the ventral valve uniformly convex, whilst there is a mesial depression in that of
C. Ityida. I have, however, specimens in other respects entirely agreeing with C. scitula, but with
a slight mesial sinus of the ventral valve. Nevertheless, in deference to the authority of the
great American palaeontologist, I shall in the meanwhile retain C. lepida as a distinct species,
Locality and formation. — Common in the Hamilton Formation of Widder, in the Town-
ship of Bosanquet.

88. CHONETES LEPIDA (Hall).

Chonetes lepida (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 148.
Chonetes lepida (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 132, PI. XXI., fig. 5.

The shell in this species in all essential respects agrees with that of C. scitula (Hall), and
the following may be noted as the only points of distinction : —

1. The form of the shell is sometimes nearly hemispherical, and the width of the hinge-
line equals that of the shell below.

2. The gibbous ventral valve exhibits a longitudinal mesial depression, bounded on each
side by striae rather larger and more prominent than the rest.

3. The hinge-line usually exhibits the bases of two or three spines on each side of the
beak, but as many as five on each side can sometimes be detected.

4. The number of the radiating stride on the margin is only about twenty four or twenty-
five ; but smaller striae are sometimes intercalated between these, raising the total number to
about fifty.

As before stated, my own impression is, that Chonetes lepida is the young of C. scitula.
Upon this subject, however, Prof. Hall has the following remarks : —

" The original specimens designated as G. Lf[>ida are very small shells of almost hemis-
pheric form, and one of the characteristics is the mesial depression of the ventral valve. The
striae are rather strong, angular, and, from dividing below, have the appearance of being fasci-
culate. More extensive collections have brought together a large number of individuals ; and

~ O o '

while the characteristic features are preserved in most of the specimens, there are others of the
same size which seem like the young of C. sdtula, but the well-marked specimens of this
species have a convexity which precludes them from acquiring by growth the form and con-
vexity of 0. scitula in its characteristic phases," (Pal. A. Y. Vol. IV., p. 133).

Locality and formation. — Small specimens having the characters ascribed to C. lepida
are not uncommon in the decomposed shales of the Hamilton group, at Widder, Township of
Bosanquet.

89. CHONETES MUCRONATA (Hall).

Strophomena mucronata (Hall), Geol. Report, ^fh District, New York, p. 180, fig. 3.

Chonetes laticosta (Hall). Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 119.

Chonetes mucronata (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., PI. XX., fig. 1, and PL XXI., fig. 1.

Shell small, semi-oval, or more or less auriculate, the hinge line equal to or greater than
the greatest width of the shell below. Ventral valve strongly convex, depressed towards the

I •)

cardinal angles ; dor.-al valve v« rv mo h-rately concave or nearly flat. The .-url'.a ,• i- mark.-'!
by from twenty to twenty four simple, sub-angular ribs, some of which are occasionally bifur
cated towards the margin, and which are separated by interspaces wider than them.-elves. ID
the eared examples the ribs are obsolete towards the cardin.il angles. " The cardinal margin
shows two and rarelv three spines on each side of the centre, which are abruptly bent outward-
so as to lie nearly parallel to the hinge lim-. and the outer one extending much beyond tip
cardinal extremity. The area is very narrow,' (Hall).

Some of the points mentioned in the above description I have
not been able to verify from ourspecimens. a> they are mostly imp'-r
^^^ ' feet. Thus, [ ha\e never seen either a dorsal valve, or a ventral
valve exhibiting the .-pint •-. Upon the whole, however, I have no
doubt but that our specimens are truly referable to < '.
as they agree with Halls description of this species in all essential
charaet.-r-.. MI far as observed. As occurring in the M.nv, llu>
Shale, the ventral valve is stated by Hall a.- U-in- only slightly
convex or nearly flat ; but as occurring in the Corniferou- I, me

a. f '. natural j TI -r .. • . \ f. • .11

. en- stone and Hamilton group, it is said to be ''often quite gibboua

•""- Our examples agree with the latter in this, and only differ in hav-
•i from the Comiferoua . i- i i 111- i

of onuiriu. Neural ing the cardinal angles more or less produced and salient— a phe-
nomenon, however, which Ball states to be of occasional occurrence.

The species is nearly allied to ' </,//.-•/« i Hall), and the two are, perhaps, only varieties-

lit a single species.

Locality and formation. — Kather abundant in the Corniforous Limestone of Kama - Farm.
near Port Colborne.

90. CHONETES HE.MISIMIERICA (HALL).

t h,>n'i.<i>lnri'-n (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 11''..
Chonetes hemupheriea (Billing;, Canadian ././///•/<•//, New Series. \'ol. VI. p. -"'l1.'. 1
121-123.

11 .11), Pal. N. Y. Vol. IV. PI. XX. Fig. 6.

Shell semi-oval or semi-circular, the greatest width being alun- the hin^c line. Cardinal
• •- u-inily oonsiderably produced and auriculate, sometimes reflected. Ventralvalve '•

.e\ and ventri<-oM-, depiv--i-d in the neighbourhood of the ear-, and sometime^ shnwiii_' ;i
shallow mesial depression extendm- toward- th" front from the beak. Umbo very prominent.
incurved, the area lii-in- often •• inverted, or brought under the body of the shell at r
angles to the plane of the mar-in " ( Billings *. The area has a width of about half a line, and
i- obliquely striated, whil.-t it- outer mar-in carries the base- of from three in fnur small -pitn^
on each .-id.- of the umbo. whicli, however, appear to lie very rarely piv-erved. l'or-al valve
concave, followiiu the ventral valve, but with a concavity le.-s than the eon\exily of the latter.
Area of the d'H'-al valve narrow and almo.-t linear, marked with a row of small tran-\er-e de
: -ions or pits, which are mo.-t o(,\iini- ip-ar the nmbo.

Sui ! H'.. marked with radiatin-. munded. -imple ril'-, which become ob-ol.'te on t!
A few of the ril'- bitureate. 'J'h.-re are from four to |i\,- ril,- in tlie SpaOfl "f one line, and
thi y a]'. led by inti-r-pae--^ about equal to their o\\ n \sidth.

The dorsal val\e ()f thi.- -peeie- appear- t., be eztremelj rare, Hall ha\in- never ol

it. and Killin-- ha\in- 8880 but t\\<p tra-jmeiit-. I have milv come BOTOM a -in. le -peciiip n
whi'-h exhiliit- th- interior. Thi.-. example .-how- tin- e anlinal prOCeM t ..... n-i.-t of two m
parallel and clo.-e|y eonti-iioii- ili\i-ion-, each of \\hieh is hifnl at the tip. h'roin the :
of the (••irdinal prO06M i- emit inued a rm--ial rid-e. which die> a\va\ towar-i- the tVont o| the
iheil ; and mi either .-ide i,f thi- are iwo di ver-in- rid-e, which coalesce with tin- pr.-.-. .i •
the base of the cardinal pmct-.-s. The radiating rib- are jn-t a- e.-n^pii -11011 - in the in'.' M.
externally, and are marked by minute remote pu-tule- arran-ed in a >n each rib.

Tin- mnJOolai impre noni cannot be made i.ut.

I'/ . i- readily di-t in-ui-hed 1 I ral I'.. rm an 1 r

tion. The lai ••iineii I ha\e leeO ap|.ear- to be about ,-ixte, n line> almi- th. h : •

by twelve lines iii len-th ; but a\. i . I mplefl are ..im-what -mailer thin t:

/ Hare in tin- ( '..rnif.Toii-. Lime-ton.- ,.( 1'i.rt Colborno. . A I •<

in the Si -boh a rii- (irit and ( 'oriiiferoii^ Liiue-tune of tin- State of N.-\v York. )

"6

91. CHONETES ARCUATA (Hall).

Chonetes arcuata (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, 116.
Chonetes arcuata (Hall), Pal. New York. Vol. IV., Plate XX., Fig. 7.

Shell semi-elliptical, or nearly semi-circular; the hinge line equal to, or slightly longer
than, the greatest width of the shell; the cardinal angles produced into distinct ears, which,
however, are usually short and compressed.

Ventral valve extremely convex or ventricose, often with a shallow longitudinal depres-
sion, extending from the umbo to near the middle of the shell. Beak prominent and in-
curved ; hinge-line supporting ten to twelve tubular spines, which are directed obliquely out-
wards, and are rarely preserved. Dorsal valve deeply concave, following the convexity of the
ventral valve.

Surface marked by fine rounded striae, which both bifurcate and increase by interstitial
addition. From six to seven strife occupy the space of one line, and the intervals between
them are not only narrower than the width of the ribs themselves, but often have the charac-
ter, especially in partially exfoliated specimens, rather of rows of elongated pits than of dis-
tinct grooves.

This species is very closely allied to C. hemispherica in its form and general character.
It is readily distinguished from the latter by its much more numerous and finer striae.

Locality and Formation. — Not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

92. — CHONETES ACUTI-RADIATA (Hall).

Strophomena acuti-radiata (Hall), Geol. Report, 4th Dist., New York, p. 171,
Chonetes acuti-radiata (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 117.
Chonetes acuti-radiata (Hall), Pal. N.Y., Vol. IV., Plate XX., Fig. 5.

Shell semi-elliptical, it width along the hinge-line nearly or more than twice as great as
Its length ; cardinal angles produced.

Ventral valve convex, but not excessively so, depressed towards the flattened ears, some-
times abruptly arched or bent downwards from the middle towards the margin, so that the
marginal portion of the shell forms nearly a right angle with the umbonal region. Sometimes
a slight mesial furrow or depression, extending from the beak to the front margin. Dorsal
valve, characters of the area, and interior markings' unknown. Surface marked by sub-equal,
rounded, or sub-angular radiating ribs, about six in the space of one line, which increase by
bifurcation and interstitial addition in proceeding from the beak to the margin. On the car-
dinal extremities the ribs are faintly marked, or obsolete.

According to Hall, the hinge-line carries,
on each side of the umbo, four or five
strong tubular spines, which are obliquely
directed outwards ; but no traces of these
are preserved in the few specimens col-
lected by me. C. acuti-radiata is nearly
Fig. 25. allied to both C. hemispherica and C. arcv-

a, Ventral valve of Chonetes acitti-radiata (Hall), natural size ata ; but it is distinguished by the dis-
(after Hall) ;b, Ventral valve of another specimen of the same from m:j4V. «f *U« c,V,«ll nl/vn™ +1,/»

the Corniferous Limestone of Ontario, natural size. _ proportionate Width Ot the Shell along the

hinge-line as compared with the length, the flattening of the cardinal extremities, and the less
convexity of the ventral valve. The striation is also finer than it is in S. hemispherica.
Locally and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

Genus PRODUCTELLA (Hall).

" Shells having the general form of Productus, but uniformly with a narrow area on each
valve, a foramen or callosity on the ventral area, small teeth, and more or less distinct teeth-
sockets. The reniform vascular impression, rising from between the anterior and posterior
occlnsor muscular impressions, curves gently outwards, and following a curvature somewhat
parallel with the margin of the shell to below the middle of its length, is abruptly recurved,
and the extremity, turned a little backwards, terminates about half way between the margin

and the anterior extremity of the mesial septum. The cardinal process, seen from the inner
side, is bilobed, and from the exterior side .each of the.se divisions is usually bilobed.

"These shells differ from i>7/'- •/>/////<>.</« in the extremely narrow linear cardinal area,
greater extension of the hinjre-line, more extreme arcuation or ventricosity of the ventral valve
in many or most of the species, and especially in the direction and termination of the renilbrm
vascular impressions, which resemble those of Auloxt- •/• }, and of ,-oiue species of jProductus. It
differs from /'/•<»///<•'//.< in the constant presence of an area, hin-c-t. •• th, and socket.- " (Hall,
Pal. New York, Vol. IV., :

friHlwt'-llii is considered by Hall as a mere sub-irenus of Pro<lni-ta, but it seems to me
that the articulation of the valves by distinct teeth and the presence of a di-tinet hin-e-aiva
are quite sufficient characters to -eptrate Prodltctetta Lr'-ii.-rically fro in /', / /,/. Whether
J't'o'/iii-fifln can be kept apart from Strophe > »f Kin- i- another matter, the chief oharaol
by whieh the two are separated beinir merely i|ue-tion- of de-n-e. In external appearance.
however, the shells referred to l'i-<><l<i<-ti'll>i resemble /', . much more nearly than do tii

referred to .>ti-ujifni/<>.<ni.

Professor Hall has described many species of /'/W//,7.7/i/ from the Devonian Rock- "t
the State of New York, chictlv frun the Hamilton and ('ln-iimn- jroups, but also I'mm the
( 'orniferous Limestone. I have only met with a single form of the -run- hi the Devonian
form ition of \Ve.-tern Ontario, and this, though exceedingly abundant in the (.'ornifcrou*
Limestone in several localities, is certainly distinct fn>ui any of those recorded by Hall. I
shall, therefore, describe it a< ne\v. under the name of Productetta l'.n,n.<is.

93. PRODUCTKI.I.A KUII.N-IS (Nicholson).

Shell minute, thick, semi-oval or nearly semicircular, the length about one fourth
than the width as a general rule. Hinne line as wide as. or wider than, the -ivate-t width of
the shell; the cardinal angles rounded, or, more e.unmoiily. distinctly auriculate.

\ • ntral valve exceeding! v gibbon- and vciitrico-c . stroiuiv and rejularly arched frmn the
beak to the front margin, but depiv-.-ed tow aid- the cardinal angles. Umbo obtuse, prominent,
htron-ly incurved. Ar.-a very narrow and difficult to make out. The cast of the ventral
valve exhibits a longitudinal -lit extending from tin- beak about one fourth or One-third of the
!• i_th of the >hell, and indicating that the cavity of the beak was divided b\- a low mesial
p-'.rtition ( '• ro-tral septum ";. In front of this -lit there is nit en a hi>i>e.>hi,e >hape.l d. \ at ion
rcpiv-eiitiii'_' tin- oast "t tli'- pit to which the divaricator nin attached, but thi> can-

not a, \\ a\ - be made out. (Jiimn'or bulb sides of the ine-ial slit there is al£0 generally •

hti-r and shallower groove bounding tin- nmbo latcra.lv . but the -eneral .-urface of the .
i- ijuite -mouth and not jiitti-d.

Dorsal valve dcpres-cd cnnVAZ, not <_ril>h''U-. dej ro.-i-d \»\\ ard.- the cardinal an -lev When
partially dcci ,rt ieatcd. tin- ,f r~i| valsc shows very ''i-tinc, i\ fr-mi six to ci-hi c.in.-eiitne
imliricatiiiL' line- of -ruwtli. In tlii- eondition it al.-o cxliibiis a ni"re m- le-- d. lined median
Inn-itudinal rid::i: which extcn.l- IV,, m a -mail, but ei-n-lant e|,,irjaled pit, |,lae.-d ju-t in Iront

of the nmbo. to the front mai-'jin two generally -trmijer ridges diverging outwards, one on

:i -idc ,,f the central line, frnm the umb,. toward- the mai-jin. 'I'he beak nf the ilnr-al
\alve i- .-can-ely prominent, \\liil-l th, iv i- an cxtri'in--ly narrow linear area, and a -mail car
dinal proc,

'I he interior of tin- il«.r--d valve .-\hibit- radi it in- lin, - ,,f mini.te I'lon-at.'d pit-, \shich
cover it- wh',;,- -urlace or ar,- m.,-t abuml ant in tin- c, ntral |",i timi nf the valve, and dimini-h
as the mai_in i- appro-iehcd. l!<--iile, th,--,-, ,,n eitln-r -ide of the midille line an- t«
of deep, slightly Curved -u oi, which extend from beneath the beak to near the mar. MII T !
of the innenno-t pair are m,,-t . on-tanl, and are pi ie,-d ijuit.- olofte to the central line of the
val\e Th,.-«' of the oiitrr p,ir ar. more \ariabli-, and tin-re an- oftrii two or thiv,- ridiatin-

grooves on either side in p toe of onlj one Immedi th the beak, la-tl\, ar.

two ' on,- , h r-M-li -i.li-. wliicli on \ ,h\, : hil\ from the direction of the

liinjj'-.line, and cxti-nd mil \ a -hoi I ,|i-ianc,- into the -hell 'I'lii'-c are a|>pai,-ni 1\ >\> ntal

The -in'facr of the V, ntal \al\e i • I but ap| b,- .jiilte -mooth . th--

rorfaoe of the dorsal valve exhibit* fui ni conci-ntrie -tri.-i' v. radial e can !•<• untie

out; nt.r are ther.- an;, of -pm,-- citln-r on the bin •• in n in of tin1 Ventral \

ilpun i '';>• -ui lac,- ,,f ,-ilh,-r \ai\e.

78

The width of the hinge-line of the ventral valve is two lines, the length about a line and
two thirds, and the height about three quarters of a line to a line. The dimensions of the
dorsal valve are the same, except that the height is much less. Hardly any departure from
these measurements can be observed, even amongst a large number of specimens, but a few
individuals are very slightly larger, and a good many have the proportion of the length to the
breadth slightly less, owing to the greater extension of the cardinal angles.

Amongst the numerous species of
Productella described by Professor Hall
from the Devonian Rocks of the State of
New York, there are only two, viz., P.
subaculeata and P. Tullia, which have the
, dorsal valve convex, all the others being

a, Exterior of the dorsal valve of Productella Eriensis, [Nichol- '

son] partially exfoliated, enlarged ; 6, cast of the ventral valve of a COncavO-COnvex. r rom these, however,

rather larger individual of the same, enlarged; c, interior of the „„ infjppf] frnrn „!! *},„ „„„*

dorsal valve of the same, enlarged ; d, cast of the ventral valve of an 3S. *?e . l est>

individual with unusually extended ears, enlarged. All from the Cor- Eri&nsis is readily distinguished by the

niferous Formation. L i i j» • 11 ±1 • ,

total absence of spines, and by the inter-
nal characters of both valves. There may, in fact, be some doubt as to the reference of this
form to Productella at all, and for the positive decision of this doubt our materials are unfor-
tunately insufficient ; since, though I have examined some hundreds of specimens, I have
not succeeded in finding one single example in which the characters of the hinge-line and
areas are satisfactorily shown. Still the ventral valve, in its great gibbosity, in its extended
hinge-line, and its produced and depressed ears, is singularly Productoid ; and the presence
of distinct areas in each valve, and the fact that the valves are articulated by teeth and sockets,
would remove the species from Producta, and would seem to warrant its reference to Produc-
tella. The muscular impressions in the ventral valve, unluckily, cannot be made out, and con-
sequently no help can be derived from this source ; whilst the interior of the dorsal valve is
certainly unlike that of the typical Productella, and in some respects approaches Leptwna.

There remain two well known Devonian Brachiopods to which at first sight the present
form bears afar from slight resemblance, viz., the Spin/era Urii of Fleming, and the Spin/era
(Ambocoelia) umbonata of Conrad, and it may therefore be as well to indicate the points by
which our species is distinguished.

Spirifera Urii (Fleming), is a small suborbicular shell with a very convex and gibbous
ventral valve, a prominent and incurved umbo, and a semi-circular flat or slightly convex dor-
sal valve. The hinge-line, however, is shorter than the greatest width of the shell ; the car-
dinal angles are rounded ; the dorsal valve has a shallow mesial furrow which commences
near the beak and extends to the front ; the ventral valve has a longitudinal furrow commen-
cing at the extremity of the beak and extending to the front ; and there is a sufficiently
conspicuous area. These characters fully distinguish Spirifera Urii from Productella Eriensis.

Ambocazlia umbonata (Conrad), \0rthis vmhona, Conrad, and Orthis nucleus, Hall,] is
also a small semi-circular Brachiopod, which is very nearly related to Spirifera Urii. It pre-
sents a superficial resemblance to Productella Eriensis, owing to its gibbous ventral valve, and
comparatively wide and straight hinge line. It is however, readily distinguished by its
very elevated umbo, the existence of a mesial sinus in the ventral valve extending from the
beak to the front of the shell, and the presence of a comparatively large and high area, which
extends " conspicuously to the cardinal extremities." The surface also is marked by fine
radiating and concentric striae.

Locality and Formation. — Very abundant in certain beds of the Corniferous Limestone
at Port Colborne and Hagersville.

Genus ATRYPA (Dalman).

Shell impunctate and fibrous ; surface usually ribbed and often furnished with imbri-
cating lines of growth often produced into foliaccous expansions ; valves articulated by teeth
and sockets ; the ventral valve often depressed in front, with or without a mesial sinus, its
beak incurved and perforated at the apex by a minute foramen, which is sometimes bounded
iu front by a deltidium. Dorsal valve convex and often very ventricose, with or without a

79

mesial fold; the hinge-plate divided, and supporting two large conical spires which un-
directed into the hollow of the dorsal valve.

Two species of tliis -enu.-. viz.. .!. fLinn (, and ,/',-/./ .-y///^.w (Hall), (if.

indeed, the latter is truly distinct from the former) are known to me as occurring in the Cor-
niferous and Uamiltoti Formations of Western Ontario.

94. ATRYPA KETICLI.ARIS (Linm< .

nti<-ul'iri.< (Linna-us . Syst. A"«/.. I'M. XII.. p. lliJi'.

j4ti-ii/»l /•,(/• ii/'iri* (P/alman ', i"- . .1 . ;'/ '/., PI. IV.. ti_r. 1'.
T> i->l-r<(liil<i j>i >• ' \ on Bueh '. > • r i- •'• i\itnl'i, p. 71.

T. ,-. l.ntiulii (Atrypa) prisca i Phillips), /'.//. / '( '0rntm#,&o., PI. XXX11I., li- 1 u.

(D'Urbi-ny , Prodr. «• /' • '///., Vol. I., p. !'L«.

Atrypa reticularu > I>avid.-om, ]!ntt*h I-'uxa. Brachiopoda, lnti-<»hidton, PI. VLL, f. . 7
ft. and Part VI . p. :

^iiii-i'/i'i-iii'i (McCoy), /•'///. /•"/. Foss., p. 379.

i reticulari* (Hall,, /'«V. A. }'., Vol. III.. PI. XLII., fi-. 1, and Vol. IV.. Pin.
LI.-LIU, A.

,H. 'arts (Billings), Canadian Jmniml, AM/- Si . Vol. VII., p. iMil. li.

87.

(The above list comprises only the most important of the numerous synonyms of thi.-
persi~ti-nt and oosmopolitan speci«

Shell exceedingly variable, both in form and dimensions ; usually oblong-ovate, with tin
widf-t portion of tin- >hcll a little In-low the triage-line. Ventral valve usually modij-at<-l\
convex in the vieinitv of the beak, tiald -m-d towards the -idi--, and markedly def.rc-M'il in
front, with occasionally a hroad but shallow sinus towards the l'r..nt in;jruin. At other tim.-.-
the anterior dcj.ri -—ion and sinus are ineon-pieiinus. The beak of the ventral valve -[null,
incurved, and so :ij. pressed to the dorsal b.-ak as to conec-al the minute foramen by whieh it is
perforat'-d. l>or--d v.ilve always convex and unifornily more so than the ventral valve, though
gometiiii'-- only sli-htlv so; usually very i.piblioii>, hut breuminL: slightly concave t.iwn- I- tlu-
round--'] eirdin il an-l--s. and for the mo.-t part without a defined told correspondin,' with
Lhe siini- in the \vntr.d valve.

Mirt'.ie,- envi-n-d with -mall radiatm-.' rounded ribs, generally two or three in the width of
a line, in'TeasiiiL' by hifuM-ati.in and interstitial addition in proceeding fr^m the be:ik^ to th>
front unrL'in. 'I'he radiating ril» an- eni—.-d by nnmerou.-. concentric line- of -rowtli. which
u-inllv form distinetly I'levated or jiroduced and s.pi ainose line-, and which, near the mar-in,
are MiHicinitly clo«e to '_MVC the rib- a ehnraet'-ri-tie nodo-e appearance.

In the interior of the ventral valve i- a broad mesial spo.ui--hape.l d.|.rc--ion, which

dually -/rows shallower in proe.-rdnr_r I'm in the l"-ak to ihe margin, and which is bounded

by two well d'-lin.-d -••micirciilar rid^-s. 'I'hi- givBI origin chietly to the divaricat r :

and givei rise '•• R OOrrespOnding elevation, bounded by two Bemioirouluf depre->inn-< in the

' of the valve. The int'-rior of tin- d»r-al valve i> chietly oeeiij'i.-.l by the -_'rcatl\ d. \, 1,.| , d

l -ujiport- of the arm-.

1 . from the middl" of the Silurian -eri.-s to tin- summit of the

ni .11. and i-a well known -hell both in Kurope and Norlh America. In \Ve-t.-rn (Mr
it .,.• -:irs plentifully both in tin- ( 'ornifei-" i- l.im .nd th.- Ilimibon (Jroiip. \

rule, the ( 'orn ili •roii', • x nnj.le- are ofl,r and have more 'jibb.i.i, d^r- il TalVOfl th in

tho-e frnin the 1 1 unili'in -erie>. An avr i '•• Hamilton speeimeii h t width ol ten

line-, it- l.-n/'h bein_' tin- .- mi'-, and il- h'-i -|,t bein- live |i!: \M aserr.-e -|.eeim.'ii from

the ( 'urn if- -roii- In- a greatest width of thirteen lines. A 1 irj-er specimen from the - me
uiiti'Mi, \\iih a m.ire -ili'h.ius dor- il val\e. h ' mrtci-n line-, a length

line-, and a h'-i -hi nl thirti en Hi

' rniferoiis I/nne-t ,i ..... f |',,rt ( ',,!bonie. Kid |]

ville \e. l|.-imil'..n liroiip ol' \\ i Id'-r. and K.i.-th1 ' Is, near LrkODI m the Town

• if I! . aii'jU' t.

80

95. ATRYPA SPINOSA (Hall).

Atrypa spinosa (Hall), Report 4th, Gool. Dist. New York, p. 200, Figs. I and 2.
Atrypa dumosa (Hall), ibid, p. 271, Fig. 1.

Atrijpa spinosa (Hall), Pal. N.Y., Vol. IV., PI. LIII. A., Figs. 1-14, 18, 24, 25.
(Compare the Atrypa asper,i or Atrypa rcticularis, var, aspera of Dalman, Phillips,
McCoy and Davidson. Compare also the Atrypa squamosa of Sowerby.)

This species in form and in all its general characters is identical with Atrypa reticularis,
(Linn.), but its surface ornamentation is peculiar and distinctive. The surface is " marked by
strong, rounded, radiating costse, bifurcating at unequal intervals, which are much stronger
in the middle of the valve, and become obsolete or appear as gentle undulations towards the
cardinal angles. In the middle of the valves there are about seven or eight of these costse in
the space of half an inch. The shell is also marked by strong concentric lamellge, which are
often about a line apart. In perfect shells these lamellae, at the crossings of the costse, are
produced into tubular spines, which when worn off, leave the ordinary lamellose surface.
The spaces between the lamellae are marked by fine thread like striae." (Hall, Pal. N.Y., Vol.
IV., p. 322).

I have only seen two specimens from the Corniferous Limestone exhibiting the above
characters, but these are well marked. I agree with Hall in thinking that the characters of
this shell are sufficiently distinct to entitle it to specific distinction ; but if it should prove,
as is probable, to be identical with the Atrypa aspera of European authorities, the latter name
has the priority.

Locality and formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Hagersville.

Genus SPIRIFERA (Sowerby).

Shell-structure fibrous and impunctate ; form very variable, but typically more or less three-
sided or quadrate, sometimes oval or sub-circular. Hinge-line straight, mostly as long as or
longer than the greatest width of the shell, sometimes shorter. The cardinal angles some-
times obtusely rounded, more commonly produced or extended, sometimes greatly so. Sur-
face usually with radiating ribs, or smooth, or striated. Generally an elevated fold in one
valve and a corresponding sinus on the other. Valves articulated by teeth and sockets ; the
ventral valve the larger, with a more or less prominent beak, a well-marked area, and a tri-
angular foramen which is sometimes closed by a pseudo-deltidium. Dorsal valve with a
narrow area and a wide triangular foramen. Interior more or less occupied by two spirally-
rolled lamellae, forming two cones, the apices of which are directed towards the cardinal
angles.

A large number of species of Spirifera have been described from the Devonian Rocks of
North America. With the exception, however, of the extraordinarily abundant S. mucronata,
our collections of the species of this genus are very imperfect. I have only been able to
satisfactorily identify*?, varicosa, S duodenaria, V. rarico4a, S. fimbriata, and S. mucronata,
—the last from the Hamilton group, and the others from the Corniferous Limestone.

96. SPIRIFERA MUCRONATA (Conrad).

DeltJiyris mucronata (Conrad), Ann. Report on the Geology of New York, p. 54.
Ddthyris mucronata (Hall), Geol. Report, 4th District New York, p. 198.
Spirifera mucronata (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 254, figs. 59-
62.

Shell semi-circular or semi-oval, usually sub-trigonal or triangular, the cardinal angles
sometimes truncated, but more commonly acute and extended, often produced into long mu-
cronate extensions. In a few instances, the hinge-line is very little longer than the greatest
width of the shell below, but it is generally twice or thrice the length of the shell measured
from the beak to the front margin, and occasionally four, five, or six times as great. The
sides of the shell are straight, or curved slightly, and the front margin is straight or concave.

The ventral valve is more convex than the dorsal, though sometimes only slightly so,
with a small incurved beak, and a narrow linear area, the height of which, when most

developed, is only from half a line to three quarters of a line, and is often less. Commenc-
ing at the beak and extending to the front of the ventral valve i- a well-detined mesial .-inu-.
which is usually shallow and rounded, and is bounded laterally by plications -tronjer than
the rest.

Dorsal valve moderately convex, not so convex as the ventral valve, it- b.-ak incurved,
but not in contact with that of the ventral valve, its area extremely narrow and linear. < '.>r-
re-iioiidin" with the sinus of the ventral valve, there is a prominent mesial fold extendin-

I * *

from the beak to the front margin.

Surface marke.l by -ub an-ular radiatin- ribs or plications usually from ei-jht to twelve
on each side of mesial fold and -inus. the outermost not reaching the beak, and the cardinal
angles being free from them. The plications are cro.--.-d by numerous imbricating /!•_'
concentric striae, which become rery much crowded together a- the mar-in of the shell i-
approached, and which, close to the mar-in, are often interrupted b\ -tron-er lino of growth.

The dim. n-i> ns and form oi' ^ •"/" ar -ivdy variable — hO much .-.>

th.-it the extreme terms of the series have all the appearance of being distinct species. The
loliowin- jives the form and mea-un-ments of the leading varietie- of thi- D in

the Hamilton Formation of Ontario, where it i.- a wonderfully abundant species, and i- found
in a state of beautiful preservation :—

'i. A semi circular, and very jibbous form, with the cardinal anjle- acute, but hardly
produced, width of hinge-line one inch; length eijht line.-; hei-ht -even Hi.

A moderately convex form, with the cardinal aiules niodei-ate|\ but not exoessh
produced; the -.en.-ral lijure of the shell becoming trigonal. Width at hin-e line one inch and

n line- : length, eleven lines j thickn- nlinea This may be regarded as the normal

form of the specie-.

--. A form upon the whole resembling the preceding in outline, but with -trai-hter -id.--.
that the -hell is of a regular triangular shape, theapexofthe triangle being truncated at the

me-ial .-inu.- and fold. The shell is also much thinner nwinj to the -mailer comcxity of the
valves, and • •-] .-,-ially of the dor.-al valve, which i- •j.-ntlv arched near the nmbo. but i- m
or le-s abruptly reflected all round the mai-jin at about tw -third- of its lenjth from tin- beak.
The cardinal EU re also more extended, inci-.-a-in- tin- disproportion between the width

andlen-th. Width. -it hinge-line, twenty-two lines j l.-njili nine line-, height, only four Ii

This foim occurs not uncommonly in the railway cuttinj at Widdi-r. ami can !.- traced by
in-, n-ihle -ra'lation- into the piveedin-j. ju.-t as that -railuate- into the form lir-t dc-cri:

<l. Lastly, a form in which the cardinal angles of the shell are immensely produced, the
total width at the hin-e line thus cominj to be three, tour. live, or even ,-ix tin
the l.-n-th at the beak-. Th.-i. [go, from fifteen to twenty plication- on either side of th.

-ial fold and sinus. \Vi.lth at hinjc line in a -mall specimen twciitv two line- ; lenjth.
n line- ; heijit. three lim-- and a .piart.-r. \Viilth at hin-e-Hne in a I'u'l :neii

three inches: l.-n-jtli. six line-: h.-i-ht apparent Iv between four and live lin

/, ' Very abundant and be-nitifully pre-crvcd in the decompi

shal. -of the Hamilton ji"Up, on the line of the i irand 'I'nink llailvvay. near Widder Station.

V\he|-e onlv the lil'-t three of the Vatielie- here described arc knoWII to occur. \l->. e mi:

in the. .- us or calcareo-arenaceous beds of the same f- rm-ition at I'.anlett - Mi

Aikona, in the Town-hip of l',o- m.| i-t. vvli.-re t h • .-xt p-np-ly mucroirit.- variety i- thccb:
or only, on.- i -cur. Also, in tin- ( 'ornili-roii- Li IIP-- tone of I'm t t '..'.borne an l;i :

:»7 Si-iKin i: v \ A itn "- v i Hall).

,^/ i Hall.. T.nth K'.pori on the State Cabinet, p. !•"•"

s/ • < i;illi' J Vol. VI., p. 255, 1
64.

Spi II Vol. H \ \ \ I i

Thi ith w hich it

lorm and i' I The chief point by which - - di-i in .-ui-h.-.l i- lh.

eomparaii\. • of tip- \ , ntra! ai . a. and the prominent

Tim- ii; the vditra Italf a line in height, whilst ii.

• it m v> hi\.- a hei-ht of a- much a- two i a half. 'I

6

82

general a smaller species than the former. I have only seen a few detached valves of this species
in the Coi niferous Limestone.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and Hagersville.

98. SPIRIFERA DUODENARIA (tiall).

Delthyris duodenaria (Hall), Geol. Eeport, 4th Dist., New York, p. 171.

Spirifer duodenaria (Hall), Catalogue in Eeport on State Cabinet.

Spin/era, duodenaria (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 256, Figs.
65-67.

Spirifera duodenaria (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol,3 IV., p. 189, Plate XXVII., Figs.
13-16 ; Plate XXVIII. Figs. 24-33.

Shell semi-circular, or sub-triangular, the hinge-line equal to the greatest width of the
shell ; the cardinal angles rounded or acute, rarely pointed. Ventral valve slightly more convex
than the dorsal, depressed towards the cardinal extremites, with a prominent beak, a narrow
area, and a mesial sinus of moderate width and depth. Dorsal valve moderately convex,
with a narrow and prominent mesial fold corresponding with the ventral sinus, its area linear.
Surface exhibiting six or seven strong rounded simple ribs on each side of the mesial fold and
sinus. The ribs are broad and are separated by rounded intervals, and they decrease in size in
proceeding from the middle line towards the cardinal extremities.

Most examples show a completely smooth surface, but the shell, in perfect examples, is
marked by " lamellose concentric strife, giving a papillose or sub-fimbriated aspect at their
junction." (Hall).

Spirifera duodenaria is not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario,
and is usually readily recognised by its large rounded ribs and generally smooth surface. It
varies a good deal in its dimensions, average specimens having a width of eight or ten lines
along the hinge-line, and a length of five or six lines.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne, Ridgeway, Hagers-
'ville, &c.

99. SPIRIFERA RARICOSTA (Conrad).

Delthyris raricosta (Conrad). Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, Vol. VIII., p 262,
PI. 14, Fig. 18.

Delthyris undulatus (Vanuxem), Geol. Report, Third Dist. Neiv York, p. 132, Fig. 3.

Spirifera raricosta (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 258, Figs.
71-73.

Spirifera raricosta (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., PI. XXVII., Figs, 30-34, PI. XXX.,
Figs. 1-9.

Having only obtained a few imperfect specimens of this fine species, I shall content my-
self with simply noting its existence, without giving its description.

Spirifera raricosta is at once distinguished from the other Spiriferce of the Corniferous
Limestone by its possession of from two to four strong, prominent, rounded or sub-angular
plications on each side of the mesial fold and sinus. The ventral valve also is very gibbous
above, and the beak much elevated, whilst the cardinal angles are rounded.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

100. SPIRIFERA FIMBRIATA (Conrad).

Delthyris jimbriata (Conrad), Journ.Acad. Nat. Sci. of Philadelphia, Vol. VIII., p. 263.

Spirifera fimlriafa (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 257, Figs.
68-70.

Spirifera fimlriata (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., PI. XXXIII., Figs. 1-21. ^

Shell transversely oval, bi-convex, the hinge-line shorter than the greatest width of the
shell, and the cardinal angles rounded and not produced. Ventral valve gibbous in the upper
half, the heak small but prominent, incurved over the area, the latter being high and concave.
The sinus is well defined, sometimes rounded sometimes angular, and extending from the
beak to the front of the shell, with a variable number (usually three or four, but sometimes
eight or nine) of low and obscure plications on each side. Dorsal valve moderately gibbous,

with a minute beak and a rounded. m>-.-ial fnld. ami a narrow -ub-lim-ar area. I'licati'.n-
obscure, becoming obsolete toward- tin- cardinal anje-. ami dyim_r away in the m-L'hbourl.
nf the himje-line. Surface marked with shallow mneentrie furrnw- -ep-Tited by int. I
which an.- .-ruddetl with elongated tubercle-. Tin-re an- IV- mi tin-.-.- in t'. Mir «r in .re furrows
in the -|iacu of two lines1, ami fmm five \<i .-i'_rht elnn-ated tubercle- in ih,- -pai. ..... f I<H> line

tran>verselv. In easts of the exterior. tin- . inn-ated tubercle, are repre-ented bv narrow

elongated pits arranged LU concentric bands.

,^i •/in/>ri"/<i not uncommonly attains a width of an ineh ami thre.- .jirirt. r

length of thirteen line-, but a-. xample- are -mailer than tin-. It i- ivadih

by its comparatively short hinue-line, it- rounded cardinal an-lc-. it- nK-cun- plication. and
-urface ornamentation.

/. ' \ty and Formation, — Corniferoas Lime-tone of 1'm-t d.lhorne. Also, according to
Mr. Billini:-. in the Hamilton Shales of Bo-am|Uet.

CviiTIVA (l>avidson).

Shell small and resembling that of Spirifera in i'- _• 'm ral form. Shell-structure punc-
tate. Valves very unequal; the ventral valve elevated and pyramidal in >hape ; tin- ar-
lii_h, with a Inn- narrow foramen, clo-ed Ly a p- u<l> deltidium : tli'1 dental lamella- coin
in- from the mar-ius of the foraim n. and uniting t . form a nn-.-ial plate nr .-eptum, wl.ieh
divide- ill-- cavity uf the ventral valve into t\\n eninpartment-. !>.<r-al valvi- nearly Hat ..r
moderately convex. Spires well devl"ped. and resembling those ol and .\

The •j'-nus G\ rtiti i-el..-ely allied t.. lialman/. and >'/> i I )'( >rhi'_'iiy . and

ha- al-n near relation-hip with the u'-nu- Spi Two species have b.-.-n record,,! (,y Mr.

I'.illitrj-. a- "eeurrim_r in the Devonian Rockfl "f \\'i--(i-ni Ontario, namely '
Hall .. from the (.'nrnit'T, MI- Lim---tnne. and t './/•//!>• • < 1 1 all i. frnin the Bamilton group.

The latt'-r i- a i-nmrnmi .-peeies. hut the few example- of Cyr/tTUZ, which I ha\e -ecu from
CorniferOUB Lim'-to&o are tno imperfect to admit n| -peeitie determimitinii. 4

101. ('YKTiNA IlAMII.I"M.r.^^ (Malll.
Cyrtia //">/«'/' 1 1 alii. 'I'enth k'-| nrt on the Mate Cabinet, p. M'.''..

// i Hillin-j- ^ Series, 1 "i. \" |., p. jr.i1. r

- -S2.

M1.-.11). Pal.Mew York, Vol. IV.. p. L'I;S. l'lat<- \\VII.. figa 1-4,

: \-.r>. .J,|\\. Figs. 26-33, and 38 .'iL'.

-hell more or less triangular or sub-pyramida] , hinge-liae equal to the -reate-t width ..f

the shell ; proportion- of length, breadtli, and h.-L-ht variable, 1-ut t're.|iieiitly the width i-
e1(ual to the 1,-irjth nf the Neiiti'al valve, and the hei-ht of are ( i- « ijiial In tin- lenjth of the

dnr-al valve; .-iirf.ee plicate Ventral valve quadrilateral in outline, obliquely sub-pyramidal,

iim-t prominent at the ln-ak, whieli i-\a-r\ \ariable in elevation and straight or :i little :in-ln-d
i- the area, and not iiiilreijiieiitly attenuate and di-t'-rted '-r turned t.. m, nie-ial

-inu- wide and -tronidy delin'-d, I'Minded nr -ill. an-ular in tlie botinm ; area variable. 1.
and elevated, plan.- nr arcuate in different . with the hit. ral inaivin- an-ular. di-

tinctly -triad- in l>ntli direct inn- ; li--mv n.ai : : i.\ a 0 " . . \ pwudo-deltidium, w 1 1 it'll

i- perforated abn\e by an n\al or narr.'ulv nvatc fur unen |l..r-al valve depressed, •
with a broad, nmre or !«•-- pri.mim-nt nie-ial fnld, \\liieh i- b<Mind.-d b\ limader furr<>\v- 'l":"i

those betwi plications, and is sometimi •• d in front ; the!,.

ri-m_' abnve the hiie_'e liiie . .in-a narr.av. iim-ar. but .jiiite di-tinet I \>\ al">ut

-IX tO ej._'||t I! liu nr t'.Vn || Ullded plicatinll- n|| either -id'' nf the 111

fnld and -inu-, and t lie.,- .ire . tine c,,ncent rie Unesof growth, which at inl

li'c.ilue emwded and -lib imbiiea: ;al!\ Inward- tin- margins '•!' "hler -lie)]-. Tlie titu'l

-iirfaei- markinj i- minutely -r.anul- -•• Ot p-ipil',..-.-. and the -lidl -trueture i- di-tinetly
punctate In -..me of the laivr indi\ iduaN t h.-i •• i« an • olevatlOO on each

the .-inu-. rt-embliiiL- an ,,},-,. let.- plie.M inn. 'I'lie Imijit udinal m. di in -.plum • xt. ml- for
more than hall tl • :, ..f I h.- \< nt ral valve, an. 1 i - emitinued int.. t !,,• ,- r. ly I .em-atb"

i-eiido di-lti'liiim. 'I'he-e feat ui. ..\MI iii :nl iii tran-\«r-e -.etintis nf tin

The dorsal valve shows a double or bilobed cardinal process, with the strong crural bases
supporting spiral arms which are directed into the two compartments of the ventral valve, and
making numerous turns, terminate in the rostral part of the shell." (Hall, Pal. New York,
Vol. IV., p. 268).

I have little to add to the above detailed description of this pretty little Brachiopod by
Professor Hall. Cyrtina Hamiltonemis occurs commonly, and in a state of beautiful preser-
vation, in the Hamilton Formation of Ontario, and I have also seen casts apparently belong-
ing to this species from the Corniferous Limestone. Many of the Hamilton specimens have
a flat area without an incurved beak, and thus come to agree with Hall's Cyrtina Hamilton-
ends var. recta ; but I am of opinion that this variety is by no means sufficiently distinct to
deserve a separate designation. In fact there appear to be three chief variations as regards
the aboye mentioned points within the limits of this mutable species, and all three are con-
nected together by transitional forms. In one of these, the area is nearly or quite plane, and
is directed forwards almost or quite at right angles to the plane of the dorsal valve or hinge-
line, whilst the beak is very slightly elevated, and little or not at all incurved. In these forms
the thickness of the shell (measured at right angles to the hinge-line, instead of from the hinge-
line to the beak) is proportionately very great. In other forms, the hinge-area is moderately
elevated and forms a very obtuse angle with the plane of the dorsal valve, whilst the beak is
moderately prominent and is incurved. These forms may be regarded as Leing the normal
form of the species. In other examples, again, which are otherwise undistinguishable from
the preceding, the beak of the ventral valve is extraordinarily elevated and prominent, and
is markedly incurved ; whilst the plane of the arcuate area approximates to the plane of the
dorsal valve and forms with it an acute angle. The result of this is that the thickness of
the shell measured at right angles to the hinge-line becomes very much smaller than in the
preceding forms. The last mentioned form appears at first sight to be a distinct species from
those with a flat area directed perpendicularly to the plane of the dorsal valve, but I am
satisfied that all the above mentioned varieties may be safely brought under the limits of a
single species.

* The dimensions of this species vary considerably. In an adult example of the variety in
which the area is flat and perpendicular to the plane of the dorsal valve, the width of the
hinge-line is ten lines, the length of the dorsal valve is five lines, the length of the ventral valve
is eight lines, the height of the area is five lines, and the thickness of the shell measured at
right angles to the hinge-line is also five lines, and is thus equal to the height of the area. In
another also fully-grown example, with a very oblique area, the width of the hinge-line is
nine lines (the cardinal angles being much more rounded than in the preceding), the length of
the dorsal valve is six lines, the length of the ventral valve is ten lines, the height of the much
curved area is nearly four lines, and the thickness of the shell at right angles to the hinge-line
is only three lines and a half, and is thus much less as compared with the size of the shell than
in the preceding.

Small examples as well as large are not uncommon, showing the variations in the plane
of the area here described, proving that the latter are not due to variations of age.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Hamilton Shales of Widder, in the Township
of Bosanquet.

Genus SPIRIGERA (D'Orbigny).

Shell variable in form, with convex valves which are articulated by teeth and sockets ;
beak of the ventral valve short and incurved, and truncated by a small foramen, which is in
contact with the beak of the dorsal valve, or is separated from it by a deltidium of two pieces ;
a mesial fold and sinus present or absent; surface smooth or striated, with numerous con-
centric lines of growth ; dorsal valve without any mesial septum, but with spiral cones, the
extremities of which are directed outwards towards the lateral margins of the shell.

It seems unnecessary to enter here into the controversy which has been carried on as to
the genera Spirigera, Athyris, Merista, and Merislella, or to attempt to decide which of those
divisions can be retained, and which must be rejected. It is sufficient to state that I shall
here adopt the arrangement proposed by Mr. Davidson, and followed by Mr. Billings, in which
Spirigera is made to include shells without a mesial septum and with the beak of the ventral
valve perforated by a conspicuous foramen, whilst Athyris includes shells with an imperforate
beak (in the adult state at any rate), and generally with a mesial septum. Adopting this

s;,

arranfremcnt, some of the shell? referred by Hall to M • ' //</ will be consid- T. d here under
the head of >/'///'</< /•</. whilst others will come under .

The f-pecies of ^ . as here undcr-:o,,d. which have come under my notice in the

Devonian Kocks of Ontario, are three in number, viz. : 5
s -itttlii. :md ,b'. /'<»//

102. Sl'IKIilKRA SPIIUKKROII>K> (EatOD .

T '• ' '•• Katon i. An. ' - , Vol XXL, p. 137

A' Com . . Anmi.-il Keport en l':il. New York. p. 111.

.! , Il.-illi. la-port !•'•. iii-th l>i-t.. Ne\v \ ork. p. 198, Ki- ."..

Spirigera spn H-'ii . T. nth II' port on tin- State Cabinet. ].. 1

S ' - i;iiiin_- . ' J . N • v i.. p. i-i~ . r

and "> t-57.

.//A-// II Jl), I'.-il. New York. V..1. IV. Plat, XI. VI. Pigs. 5-31.

[('( nn pare N/</, ' of Kup.pean pal.-e.>nt'.'

Shell tran-v.r-ejy sub oval, -ub orbicular, or -uh-'|uadrate, with it- .vidth i

the middle, slightly truncated anteriorly, or more commonly having tin- IVunt uiarL'in JTH-
duced into ;i tc.n-ur-hapfd rounded j'rnjcctinn. Ilin-v line \cry >h"rt. the cardii ini-

tii- ruiindrd ,,fi'. Both valves convex, but not excessively BO ; th-' v.-ntral valve with a shallow
nn'-i.-il simiE which dies out towards tho beak : the dnrsal valve with a enrre-j.i.ndiiiL' in---ial
fold. The beak of the ventral valve incurved, and jierl'nrated by a small but (.i.n>|'ieuous
foramen. I>nr<al valve more convex than the ventral, with a small rounded beak which i-
concealed beneath that of the ventral valve. Stirfacejmarked by close -et c,.ne,-ntric lines of
LTnwth. which are often produced into imbricated thin lamelhe, and which are alway> more
crowded toward-; the front margin nf the -hell.

The interior of the ventral valve exhibits two -ir"n^ dental 1-unel; ;he

ba-e of the rostral cavity, where the muscular inn . The interior"}' the

dorsal valve exhibits a strong cardinal )' with elevate,! socket-margins behind, and a

narrow elliptical mn-cular imprcs-inn which is " divided by a lnw median cr.-t ' i Hall/. Tho
spire.- ?hc>w abi'iit fifteen turn- each.

Whether 5 Ivit.pii, is identic.--! witli Spirigcra (Athyr

il'.ronn.) f'rnm the |)e\i,nian Etocks of Europe or not, i.- a ijiic-tinn which I have i\« meai
decidiu'_'. not having at present BCO( — t" authentic -]<• cini'-n- of tlie latter. I .-hould, h>
be -trmi^ly incline.l to think that the t wo fnrm-. a- beli.-\cd by I >e Venn-nil, Sharpe, Millii
and other-, are in reality idi-ntica! ; thoii-h. in deference to th-- view.- of Professor Hall. I
have retained our form a- a -eparate -j ecie-. In anv 0 'i -uj-po-in/ th<- two |.

-ame. the naiue ,,t \\ili bave to be retained, afi ha\ini: the priority ovi-r tha'

'

18 of rare OOOTirrenoe in the C-.niifer..n- l,im---toiie. but i- found commonly
in the Hamilton •_ roiif.. ( >ur -p-cini-n* pr-----nt IP. -jeeial ]--cu!iarity except that, will
exception. BO tar a- I 1 M. the\ are -mailer than tli«.-e from the -am-- formations in tin-

3l te "t N'-w York. Thu-. the ; MUCH iii our collection ha- onl\ a widtli of nine

lines, and a length of eighi lim- : wb. • ••im--n- from N. \\ N'-ik sometimes have a width

ol nearly an im-h and thn-.- .jiiart- i -. and a len-th of an inch and a half or i .....

/ nl it, i ,n, 'I I ' 'ornili-roii- Li me- tone. 1 1 erBvillc j I lamilt-n < in.ui . \\

and Hartlett - Mill- near Ark'-na. in < T wn-hip ,-f BosanqQi .

MI.".. Si'ii:n,i:i:\ EtOSl i: \ i \ i llallj.
Hall 1 '- -port on the I'niirlh < ' Disl V u V,,rk. p 20 . I'

Hillin-j ' New 8 \ : \ i

i:; ii

H /' ' ) \ ' l\ I'!.'- I.. Pi 13 17

Shell -mall, o -ub altcnii II

(lie ventral BCaroell ni'.f' --. than the dor • \".-ntral \al\-- n, • the mi-l'llc.

ii-nallv with a -hallow roiind.-d m< ial -inn- in front, winch, h-.\\.

prominent, iii'-nrv' d over ' ill'

it and p' t ' HOH- forani'-n. I>"r-al v.ilv.- r< /n:ar ;th

86

an obsure mesial elevation in front, corresponding with the sinus of the ventral valve ; the
beak incurved, and buried beneath that of the ventral valve. Surface with numerous very
delicate concentric lines of growth, which become crowded together and conspicuous towards
the front margin.

This species is somewhat variable in shape ; some specimens have their greatest width a
little in front of the middle of the shell ; but others (and these are perhaps the commonest)
have the greatest width at about two-thirds of the distance from the beak, or even nearer the
front than this, the shell thus assuming a sub-triangular form. Average specimens have a
length of six lines, a width of five lines, and a depth of about three lines.

In the most perfect specimens I have seen, the foramen is large and conspicuous, and is
perforated in the summit of the beak of the ventral valve, so as to look upwards.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne. Hamil-
ton formation of Widder.

104. SPIRIGERA SCITULA (Hall).

Atrypa scitula (Rail), Report on the Fourth Geol. Dist. New York, p. 171, Fig. 1.

Athyris (?) scitula (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V., p. 278, Figs. 35,
36 (f.cet. exclusis).

1 Meristella scitula (Hall), Pal New York, Vol. IV.. Plate XLVIL, Figs. 34-36.

Shell ovate, both valves convex, the ventral valve the most so, somewhat compressed to-
wards the front. Ventral valve with a prominent beak, which is incurved over that of the
dorsal, valve, and is perforated by a conspicuous foramen. Dorsal valve most convex above
the middle, depressed towards the front, with a small beak, which is buried beneath that of
the dorsal valve. Surface marked by fine concentric stria;. Length of an average example one
inch ; width, nine lines ; depth, six lines.

I have only one well preserved example of this species, and am therefore, not prepared
to discuss its affinities. Hall's species certainly seems to me to be identical in part with that
figured by Mr. Billings. The Charionella circe of Mr. Billings appears to me to be quite dis-
tinct, though it is asserted by Hall to be identical with his Meristella scitula.

Locality and Formation.- ~ Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

Genus ATHYRIS (McCoy).

Shell variable in shape, the valves unequally convex, with or without a mesial sinus end
fold, articulated by teeth and sockets. Beak of the ventral valve incurved, usually overly xg
and in contact with the beak of the dorsal valve, not perforated by a foramen, or with the
foramen concealed when fully grown. " In the interior of larger or ventral valve the dental
plates are fixed to and along the sides of a longitudinal prominence or convex arch-shaped
plate, which extends to less than a third of the length of the shell, with its narrow end fitting
into the extremity of the beak, and its lateral diverging edges to the bottom of the valve.

" The interior of the smaller or dorsal valve is partly divided by a large, deep

longitudinal septum, which extends from the extremity of the umbo to about two thirds of
the length of the shell, supporting at its origin the hinge-plate, which is divided into two por-
tions by a narrow gradually widening channel ; to the socket ridges are affixed the spiral cones,
the extremities of which are directed towards the lateral margin of the shell ; on either side
of the septum are seen two muscular scars formed by the adductor " (Davidson, British Fossil
Brachiopoda, General Introduction, p. 85.)

Accepting the above definition of the genus Athyris, there are only two forms which have
come under my notice in the Devonian Rocks of Ontario, which appear to be referable to this
genus, and the position of one of these somewhat doubtful. The forms in question are Athyris
nasuta (Conrad sp. = A. clara, Billings), and A. Maia (Billings), of which the last is referred
by Hall to the genus Spirifera.

105. ATHYRIS NASUTA (Conrad).

Atrypa nasuta (Conrad), Ann. Report on the Palaeontology of New York, p. 18.
Meristella nasuta (Hall), Thirteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 93.
Meristella elissa (Hall), Fourteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 100.

87

Ath>/ri.i '•/<«/•</ (Billinirs), C • •' N--\v S--ri.--, Vol. \ . p. i'7L Pigs 29

.)/ (Hall), /•• . v York, V..1. IV.. Plate XLVII1 . !';_•>. i 2

" Nearly smooth, ovate or rab-rhomboidal ; irreate-t width, about tHe middle ; a .-hurt

linguiform projection in the middle of the front mar-in ;b .th valve.- convex ; ventral valve the
larger, with its beak .-trungly iucurveJ. Length from one to two im-he-: width eijual \
little less, or a little LTeater, than the- length. The Ordinary si/.-- i- about one inch ami a halt in
length.

" The ventral valve is -trun-ly and -moothly convex, the outline evenly an-hed from 1
to front, more abruptly curved above than below, the uml><> prominent, the b--ak rather -n.
ir-atly rounded at the -id---, and el-i-ely incurved. The lin-uiform projection in the mi-
of the front mar-in i- often a -imple exten-i.m ol' a portion of the -h--l.. without a Him-, hut
occasionally there is either a -hurt, shallow d- -pre--ion. or a narrow rounded me-ial fold, whieh
seldom, however, extends towards the h.-ak more than three or four line-. The upper ha>
the dorsal valve is sometime- - -\ --nly convex, but in general an indi-tinet. more or .
rounded caririation. can be traced from the umbo aloir_r the middle t-i th- JV'-nt. where it
become- abruptly elevated into a short, promim-nt. rounded f,.ld, which extend- into the lin-ui-
form projection. On each side of the median line, this valve i- •_.-nily convex, and often exhi
bits a rather flat slope to the lateral nnrjin-. The beak i- >tr-.n-l\ incurved, and ap; rs (
b.- do-ply buried in the cavity beneath the umbo of the ventral va; .

11 if a line be drawn aen>s- the -hell at mid-l--n-_'th. and an-itlier at one fourth the lcn-th
tVi-m the front, the greatest width will be found to. range between tin- two. M.mv -•(' ti, -
niens are obtusely angular at the -id---, and in .-uch the mar-in- above and b--!ow th.
UP- -oiuewhat -trai-ht, the upper two >id--- converuin- to the beak, ami the lower :wo t«> the
linguiform extension in front, -ivin- to the -hell a rh-nnb-iidal in.-tead of an o\at-- -mtlin.-.

•• At lir-t -i-ht. the surface appears to !,.• -niouth. with a few concentric -.juam-.-e lin,--,
of irrowth. On closer examination, mim-Ton- indistinct, radiating lines may be seen. < if tl

thei-- are from two to four in the width of om- line, and they -ometim-- appear t«. li.- ben-- ill,
tin- -urface of the shell. In very peri'.-ct -p---im'-n-. the -iirfae,. exhibit- fine c-im-.-ntric -t:
from ten to fifteen in th.- width of one line, and the-e are ino-t di-tincl to\var-l- the front

margin

" Beneath the 1»- ik of the -l.-tacln-d ventral valve-, there i- a wide, trian_ru'-ir f.-ramen. not
vi-il. e when the valve- are united. The in-i-le of the beak i- entirely hollow-.d out int-

pit or channel, which opens directly into the ca\ity of the -hell. The impi-e.— ion- of the
di\ ,i] 'catur lun- u],y part of a sub-triangular space, the upper angle of which is sitnal

jn- where the excavation beneath the tu-ak open- mit into the vi.-ceral cavitv. Thel-,\\,r

.-id-- .f thi- -pai.-.- i- m-irly -traijht. and the two lower an-jle- rounded. Tie 'ater.il mar-in>
of • -• ••• are u.-ual!y -lib parallel in th-- !-,w--r half, while in the upper half they approach
otln-r, and m----t above to form tin- upp-T an-l--. In >"iuc -p-'cimen- the- apace i- m
•rian-ular. an-1 it Would aj.pi-ar, tl that it- f.-rm i> a little variable. The >n_'th

Space i- about one third the whole length of tin- \-ntral vahe, and it- width at the l-.v
mar.in a little le,- than it- l--n-ih. Tin- lower mai-in i- -ituat,--! a little ab-'\-- a line drawn

.h-- -hell at mid length. The lower three-fourths of the s] 'riated longitudinally,

and di\id.--l into two e-jiial p-.rti->n- by an ob-cuiv m<-dian

11 b -id--, at the I, a f the- furanr-n. there i- a -hurt, -tuiit t""tl !

plat.-- below the tc.-th --\t'-nd but a -h'-rt -li-tan--.- int-, th-- \i -,it_\. \\h-n

-n-idenly much dimini-lp d in ln-i-jht. th--\ furm a I-.-A ridj.- along th-- upper mar-in uf •
mu-i-ular space I In- upper part uf the mu-eiilar -|. IC< ifi d--ep!\ :nt-i the -ni

uf th-- -hell, which i- \'iy thi--k and -oli-1 in ti d halt" illillin

Th- r. i- H"t mii'-li tu add I" th-- al,-,\.- -jii-it-d full ile-cript i--n uf thi- c-'inm-.n (',. miter

bj ^Ir Ilillin--; but ih--i !--w puint- >•. Inch ma\ be n-it- d

linguiform --\t--n-i-,n ->f th-- front of tin- ventral valve, and tin •

•ily fnll\ developed in adult examples. 1 1- no- m

tl.- -hell nriy exluhii n-ithin_- ni"i-- thin a har-l in-lul it i»n >i

,-n. also proportionate!) more oircu : ' '* of 'in- \«nti

ii . but tin r-- i beneath tin- l» ik \\ ln--h b\ th-

im-ur'.ation of the 1,,-ak i>«ntii.l in the p.-r d. ami \>hi--li --an - in

the d- taehi-d \ al\e.

1 ' "I the interior of th-- \-ntrd \al\-- of tin •mm-'ii in ;

88

Corniferous Limestone, and present a very characteristic appearance. The unibonal region of
the cast exhibits the filling up of the rostral cavity, in the form of a sub-cylindrical or tongue-
shaped projection, "which is usually grooved on its upper surface, and which is b lunded later-
ally by the deep fissures left by the dental larnellse. In front the cast of the rostral cavity
passes into a great hump or abrupt prominence formed by the cast of the muscular impression.
The umbonal slope of this prominence is smooth, and has a median ridge running into the
rostral cast ; and the front slope is conspicuously striated with longitudinal striae, and often
divided into two halves by a mesial ridge.

" The interior of the dorsal valve shows
a strong cardinal process, with a shallow
spoon-shaped depression in the centre, mar-
gined by deep teeth sockets. The muscular
area is elongate-ovate, broader above, and
divided through the centre by a thin ele-
vated septum. . . . The crura appar-

/ \ zt^r ently bend downwards from near their

origin ; thence recurving, they follow very
a closely the contour of the dorsal valve,

making thirteen or more turns in an indivi-
dual of medium size. Spires, slender and

a. Cast of the interior of the ventral valve of 4«Ai/m «a«M«a, 0:mr.i „» /Un]] pf,J ;\V>/- V>»-7" Vnl TV
(Conrad), from the Corniferous Limestone (Original) ; b, Interior of Simple ^tiail. r&l, l\6tt IOTK, V 01., J. V .,
the ventral valve of the same (after Billings). p 301).

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne and
Hagersville.

106. ATHYRIS(?) MAIA (Billings).

Athyris Maia (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. V., p. 276, Figs. 33, 34.

(?) Spin/era Maia (Hall), Pal. New York, Vol. IV., Plate XLIII., Figs. 6-13.

Shell broadly ovate, or sub-rhomboidal ; valves convex, the ventral valve most so. Ventral
valve strongly convex, exceedingly gibbous in the umbonal region, the beak prominent and
strongly incurved, but not touching the surface of the dorsal valve ; a shallow rounded mesial
sinus extending from the beak to the front margin, where it is produced into a linguiform
extension. Dorsal valve moderately convex, with a small beak, and a rounded mesial fold
which sometimes extends to beak or sometimes falls short of this point. Hinge-line short and
straight, the cardinal angles rounded. Surface nearly smooth, with a few lines of growth, and
in well preserved specimens, numerous fine and close-set concentric striae.

According to Billi»gs, there exists "a short false area" beneath the beak of the ventral
valve, a feature which our specimens do not enable me to confirm, as the space below the in-
curved beak is generally concealed by adherent matrix.

The dimensions of an individual of medium size are as follows: — Length, one inch and a
quarter; greatest width, fourteen lines, at a point a little in front of the middle; depth, ten
lines. Larger individuals than the above are of by no means uncommon occurrence.

Hall has described and figured (loc. cit.) under the name of Spirifera Maia, a shell which
he believes to be identical with Athyris Maia of Billings, to which it presents a strong resem-
blance in its general shape. According to Hall, Spirifera Maia has a narrow cardinal area,
which is sometimes hidden by the beak, whilst there exists a moderate but conspicuous
fissure of a subtriangular shape beneath the beak' of the ventral valve. Neither of these
features are alluded to by Mr. Billings in his description of Athyris Maia, nor have I suc-
ceeded in detecting either a hinge-area or a fissure in any of the specimens which have come
under my own notice. I am disposed to believe, therefore, that the Spirifera Maia of Hall is
distinct from the present species, a view which is further borne out by the apparently much
greater dimensions of the latter ; though on this point I can only judge by Professor Hall's
figures, and by his statement that the shell of /Spirifera Maia is " below the medium generic
size," which is certainly not true of Athyris Maia. At the same time, in the absence of any
definite knowledge of the internal characters of Athyris Maia, beyond the general statement,
by Mr. Billings, that its internal structure resembles that of A. nasuta, (=A. clara), it is per-
haps hardly safe to assert positively that it belongs to the genus Athyris.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of St. Mary's (Collected by Mr. Hinde).

Genii* RETZIA (King).

The typical species of this •_-> -mi- may be con-id.Ted a- in -..m- ite n-lat> ••! t

Rhynchonellldce, but more closely \« tin- fi ami in particular to the Lr'-nu- x

The shell is in general .-mall, and somewhat similar in form tn / . : • .

from hoth of which it is distinguished by the possession of calcara u- -pin -. 'I
turc. unlike that oi ^ . i- punctate ; hut there is not an extended hin_'e line, and th-T-

is either no true area i.r a -mall one. The beak of the ventral valve i- j eHorate.l by a Mnall
foramen, and the surface is u-ually «>rnamented with radiatinir stride or rih-. '11.' alh'niti. - i.f
this e.,.]iu- are obscure, and it is uncertain what form- should properly he rcfi-rr«.<l tn it. (inly
One Brachiopod, VU. : /.'•/:/" ./:'"</'/"'''. i llillin-s •, ha- been referred t" tin- uenu.- amoiiL'-t the
forms hitherto discovered in the Devonian Rooks of Ontario, and in the ah-..ne.- <if any
tain knowledge as to its internal structure, it cannot te .-aid that thi- reference i- tr.e ir..m
doubt.

107. KET/.IAI?) Ki CKMA (Billings).

li '•/. (Billii J<'U,-/i".l, New Series. Vol. VI.. p. 147. I"

"Shell small, .-uUJobular, with from ten to twelve strung angular rihs on each va.
\"« utial valve convex, must prominent on the upjM-r half, a -lijht me.-ial depre--i"ii the width
of three or four of the rihs in the lower half; beak elevated, in. -ur\ > d, hut not in contact with
the umbo of the dorsal valve, perforated at the point : a flat solid dcltidium or area beneath
the aperture. Dorsal vahe rather strongly and uuilormlv convex, mo.-t prominent alon- the
middle, where slight indications of a me-ial 1'old are e\idi-nt; umbo small, rounded j U-ak
buried beneath the lower edge of the deltidium or area of the \ cntral vahe " ( Billin-j-

Avera^c individual.- appear.- to have a length of about four lines, with a width of about
the same or .-lightly less ; but larger and smaller example- are not unknown.

I have .-een only a few detached valve- nf thi- species, and can oth-r no <. pinion a- to its
real affinities. By Professor Hall it is con-ider-d. with -..me doubt, as beinu i L ntieal with

hi- Trcmal •< (Pal. Net }""/•/•, Vol. l\'.. j.. -~-> •. but it i- c.-n-ideivd hv Mr. Bil-

to be di-tinet.

and Formation.— Kan- in the Oorniferous ],ime-tone of Port

LKIOEHTNCHTTS c Hall).

"

The -hel'N ni'thi- •jeiiu- are ovate, circular, or tran-\ • i -. . with valves unequally ooni

and maik.d by a median ,-inus and fold in the \vntral and dorsal valv. - re-] •< .'lively. 'I he

surface is plicated bj rounded bifurcating plications whieh are always more conspicuous on

the me-ial 1'nld and .-illll.-, whilst they ofleli IM CMliie nb-..lete oil tile lateral portions nl' the

-hell ; cnncen trie-illy m::rked by .-tr..n- line- ,,(' .jmwth. Sub-tan.-, .,f the .-hell tihroii-. u-u-
ally thin. Valve.- articulating h\ teeth and BOCketSj the aj.. x of the ventral valve perl"..:

some period of ita growth, the lower -id.- bein;_r c'.mpleted by d.-ltidial plate-. (In the
interior of the ventral valve. I\M, -hml diverging <l.-iital lami-lhi- extend into and are joined to
the -id. .- i.r h<.tt.,in of ihe ro-trai <-avit\ ; the muscular impression OOOUpieS a narr..vv triangular
Or OVate-triangular Space", be], ,w th,- d.-ntal lamell.-i-. 'I'he dor-al valve ha- a well deti

ptum, often reachini: l.-low the middle i.f the valve, and .iivided above, leavin- a triaiuular
>.r IpOOn-shaped d.-|.ie--i..n. The liin-.e pi-it.-, are nan-.
bracin- the I.eth of the ,,p|,,,-ite valv. II ,11. /',;/. \. ) \ \\

1 am not in the j,M-iti,,n t.. i.n ..... nnee anv opini-m a- t.. tin- validity of the L-.-HU- /

|.niprii-ty -.' • Mil- it IV.. m I; . \>< which it i- .-. i tainly n

allied In tip- m.antitne. I -liall ac.-ept it f..r the reception i.f lli-- r..ll.'V\
from the Hamilton (IioUj ral alli.-il -p. ei, - havin: ).. . n de-en'1 ll:ill

under thi- title IVoin the Hamilton and ('h.-mi; :nalion-

- I.KI'.KIIVN. Mi - Ml I II > Hall).

/ I la!! |, Thirt. . n'l. I.1, t ,,rt ..n tl..

/,'//(/'"/"•/' Laura (B ' '• \ \ I

/. Hall), j } \ : l\ l' .• l.\ I I

90

Shell ovate, the length and greatest width being nearly equal, or the width greater than
the length in young or in compressed specimens. The greatest width is placed near the front
of the shell, the sides curving gently from the beak for about two-thirds of the length, and then
being bent abruptly inwards. Ventral valve convex, most elevated in the umbonal region,
curving to the sides, with a broad shallow mesial sinus which is occupied by from three to six
plications. Beak of the ventral valve small, incurved, and in contact with the umbo of the
dorsal valve, with a minute circular foramen at its apex. Dorsal valve more convex than the
ventral, most gibbous a little above the middle, with its central portion elevated into a mesial
fold, which corresponds with the ventral sinus, and is occupied by from three to six plications.
Beak buried beneath that of the ventral valve. Surface marked with rounded or sub-angular
plications, of which those on the mesial fold and sinus bifurcate, whilst all are obssure or
obsolete towards the beaks. Concentric striae and lines of growth are also present.

An apparently average specimen has a length of ten lines, and a greatest width of ten
lines and a half, with a height of six lines. A smaller individual has a length of seven lines,
a greatest width of seven lines and a half, and a height of three lines and three-quarters.

According to Hall, the dorsal valve possesses a median septum which reaches more than
half the length of the shell, and is divided above, so as to leave a triangular pit. There can
be no question as to the identity of Rhynclwnella (?) Laura (Billings), with Hall's Leiorhyn-
chus multicosta. All the specimens of this species that I have seen, have the greatest width
slightly in excess of the length, though Hall considers the two diameters to be normally nearly
equal. The species is readily recognised by its general form, its rounded plications, becoming
obsolete towards the beak, and not interlocking at the margins of the valves, its mesial fold
and sinus, and the perforated beak of the ventral valve.

Locality and Formation. — Hamilton Group, Widder, Township of Bosanquet (Collected
by Mr. George Jennings Hinde).

109. LEIORHYNCHUS HURONENSIS (Nicholson) .

Shell elongate-ovate, the greatest width being from one-sixth to nearly one fifth less than
the length, whilst the greatest width is placed nearly about the middle of the shell. Ventral
valve convex, very gibbous in the umbonal region, abruptly curving to the sides, and depressed
from about the middle to the front margin of the shell. A very broad and exceedingly
shallow mesial sinus, which is obsolete near the beak, but occupies almost the whole front
margin of the shell, and supports about five low rounded plications. Beak of the ventral
valve large, prominent, and incurved, apparently not perforated by a foramen, and in close
contact with the umbo of the dorsal valve. Dorsal valve convex, strongly curved towards the
sides, its centre occupied by a broad mesial fold, which corresponds with the ventral sinus,
and carries five rounded plications. Margins of the fold and sinus more or less distinctly
intei locking. Beak of the dorsal valve buried deeply beneath that of the ventral valve. Sur-
face marked with rounded plications, which are very obscure, except upon the fold and sinus,
and which become nearly obsolete in the neighbourhood of the beaks. The plications are
crossed with very fine concentric striae, and with strong and very well marked lines of growth
which become close-set and imbricating towards the margin of the valves.

The dimensions of a large individual are : — length, one inch ; greatest width, ten lines ;
height, eight lines. A smaller and narrower individual has a length of eleven lines, a greatest
width of eight lines, and a height of six lines.

FIG. 28. There is no doubt as to the entire

distinctness of this from the preced-
ing, though there may be some ques-
tion as to its reference to Leiorhyn-
chu* ; since Hall states that the fold
and sinus in this genus never inter-
lock, which they certainly do in some
^^^^ examples of this species. In other
A^IIP^ i^^^J C^^ respects, however, there is a close

general resemblance between this and

Leiorhynchus Huronensis (Nicholson)"; a, Dorsal view ; b, Ventral L. multicosta, especially as regards
view ; % Side view of a large individual. From the Hamilton Group. the Surface-Characters, and I do not

91

the two species can be ^enericully separate!. /,. ///// , . , i- distinguished from /.
• i« by its much more elongated ami contracted form. th . r convexity of its valves in

the umbonal region, the much more prominent .-ui'l -troiuiy incurved beak of the ventral val\.-.
t'ti' ab.-'-nce i'f';i foraim-ii. the much irreater width ami ahallowneSB nt' the -inn- and fold. ami
tin- -t n>n ire r and more crowded line- of irrowth. I liave not -,-en anv example which exhibits
thi- interior.

L »:<iHt>i inul /'-/•///<//''"/'. --Shale.- of the Hamilton Group. Widder. Town-hip of lio.-ampuet
1 llected by Mr. George Jennings Hind

Gem/* AMI-HH. KM \ i Hall;.

•• Shell ineqaivalve, oval, ovoid, or sab-triangular, more or le>- e >nvex or uihboii- with-
out mc.-ial told or sinu-. Valve.- articulating by teeth and socket-, witlmut area. Tin- d'-\i
tal lamella) in the ventral valve conjoined on their dor>al ,-idi-, tiinuinir an angular tr.>u_rh or
pit. which open.- exteriorly by a triangular ti-.-nr.- 1> n^ath the beak, and in it.- antrrinr ext«-n
.-i"n i- supported on a central septum. Dorsal valve with a >tr"ir_' thickem-d cardinal prOO
or hiutre-jilate. bm-dei-ed by the teeth -ucket-. anchylosed to the b .ttmn of th«- val\ -up-

]»'r;ini: the crura, which extend into the cavity of the shell ' i Hall, 1'al. N. V. \'»l. 1\'., p
36.

In addition to these character-, there is a foramen which extend- beneath the bin
plate of the dorsal valve, and ends in a perforation ;;t the beak, and the >hell-.-tructure i- di-
tiiietly punctate.

Hah In- -eparated the genus Ainj>hi<j< /tin from Sti'n-U/nnl/nin ( IlilliiiL'-) t" include tin
.-iirje - nitn |=: I'u't'ii 'ii'jntiix. \'ann\i in i. np'pn the 'jn.iind that thi.-

JSee ii" area in the ventral valve, with a foramen in the di>r-;d valve and a pune-

-hell -tructure. ( >n the other hand, tlie typical speoiefi of S-r»-/cltiitiit

in the ventral valve, a -mailer angular jdt. no foramen in the dorsal valve, and an impum-tat-
ami tibrou- -hell -tructure. Without entering further into the controver-y which ha- 1

ied on a- r-.-jard- tlii- i|iie.-tion. it ma\ l,e -aiil that the-.- difference- appear ,-utlicient to
entitle .1 niji/iii/i ni'i to IK- con-id. -red a- di-tinet. if not ^em-rieallv. at any rate -ub •_eneric.dly

s linia ami /'. ntanu /•".-•.

From /•'./<>>••/"/•/•'. in -|.it'- of -re-it resemblance in e.\t,riial form, and al-o id-

BOme point- of internal -tructure, the -eim- . I inji/ii</. .- i- -e].ar-ite,l l,y the angular pit mad'
li\ the conjoin, d denial lamella- of the ventral vahe. and by apparently having tree crura in
the dor-al valve without appenda.

The only -; : tlii- genUfl known in ( 'anada, i- the Am\ "I the

( 'c-rnil, roil- Lime-tom-.

1]H. A \i I'llli.i.si \ BLONQATA ( Vanuxciii).

/'•/•' \ innxem), Report Third i;.-ol. |)i-t. N, w V.-rk, p. \\\'l.

.!/• I lall ,. 'I'eiiih Report on the State Cabinet, p, IL.';;.

Hal. .. Pal. \. } ,' . \ of 1 1 1, p i
i; .: i, ,/,,,, ,-/.:!/. \'ol. VI.. p L'I', 7. ti 3.91,92.

II /' A. ) .. \ o|. |\ ., ,, 383, I'l. I, IX.

Sludl very \ ariable in I'm m. generally >te oval, -.•mitime- QTatO, the 1.'

tin.-- marl', lui.-e th>- width, or the tuo diameter- at other time- DOarl) Oqil

i.;. em !r, nt point,,!, rounded, or Mibtium 1\.

'i,-ral Hi' ' Inn ll.- ' n oblii-i-l V earin if. |

Uppi-r hall ; the b.-.ik ilielirv d o\,-i the limbo of tl,. I

lie than the Tcntral. oft. n . the middle lin, in it- upj-i halt, and -1,

.Hi, I li-.nl. Sllll.iee i, •),, |,ut mai kt d wilh -'

' i le i i'L',- and KP .\\ I h I n ; I" exhibit

flatten, d ' i . Lei • individual <

width ten line |. :ndi\ idual- :.,m t\\o to ai much a- |,.ur inehe- in hn^lh.

92

All the examples that I have seen of this species
from the Corniferous Limestone, are smaller than
the average, and appear to be immature, the largest
not exceeding an inch and a-half in length. I
have seen no example in which radiating striae are
exhibited, but specimens exhibiting the interior of
the ventral valve with the angular trough between
the dental lamellae are not very rare.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone
of Port Colborne.

Genus LINGULA (Bruguiere).
Fig 29 Shell oblong, compressed, sub-equivalve, at-

Amphigenia elongata (Billings), a. Exterior of the tached bJ a pedicle passing Out between the Valves.

ventral valve of a small example; 6. Interior of the urn- Shell- Structure minutely tubular, texture homy,
bonal region of a broken ventral valve sHbwing the trough QT 11 ,. -i. -1,1 i i A 4- t- A '

between the dental lamellae. Both of the natural size, btiell Slightly gaping at eacn enu, truncated in

Corniferous Limestone. front, rather pointed at the umbones ; dorsal valve

rather shorter, with a thickened hinge-margin, and a raised central ridge inside" (Woodward).
Only two species of this genus have come under my notice as occurring in the Devonian
Rocks of Western Ontario, and in neither case, though in one instance the specimens are well
preserved, have I been able to determine the species with certainty. Sooner, however, than
add any fresh species to this already over-crowded genus, I have referred our forms provision-
ally to the following previously recorded species.

111. LINGULA SQUAMIFORMIS (Phillips)?

Lingula squamiformis (Phillips), Geol. of Yorkshire, Vol. II., PI. IX., fig. 14.
Lingula squamifoi mis (Davidson), Monograph of British Carboniferous Brachiopoda, p.
205, PI. XLIX., figs. 1-10, and Monograph" of British Devonian Brachiopoda, p. 105, PL
XX., figs. 11, 12.

Lingula mola (Salter), Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., Vol. XIX., p. 480.
" Shell longitudinally oblong, one-third or less longer than wide, with sub-parallel sides,
the broadest towards the anterior extremity, the frontal margin assuming either a very slight
inward or outward curve. The anterior portion is gradually curved on either side, the beak
being rounded or but slightly angular at its extremity in the dorsal valve, with a thickened
margin, tapering, pointed retrally at its termination in the ventral one, which is consequently
so much longer than the opposite valve. The valves are slightly convex, but somewhat
depressed along their middle. In the dorsal one .there exists a small apex close to the
rounded margin of the beak, and from which usually radiate three small rounded ridges,
separated by shallow sulci. The external surface in both valves is covered with numerous
fine concentric striae, or lines of growth, giving to the shell a beautifully and delicately sculp-
tured appearance, for the minute plications of growth succeed each other with much regu-
larity, while some stronger lines or interruptions of growth are produced at variable distances"
(Davidson).

Large individuals have a length of nineteen lines and a width of thirteen lines ; smaller
have a length of nine lines and a width of six and a half lines.

I have several fragments of a large, oblong, flat-
tened Lingula which appears to be more closely
allied to L. squamiformis, (Phill.) from the Carbo-
niferous and Devonian Rocks of Britain, than to any
other species with which I am acquainted, though I
am not at all certain that it can be regarded as specifi-
cally identical with this species. In the imperfect
condition of our specimens, however, it is best to

Pig- 3°- place them here provisionally. The chief point in

our examples differ from L. squamiformis is

maida (Haii), natural size, from the Corniferous that the beak appears to be more broadly rounded,

Limestone. aQ(j ^ g-^ are Qot ^fa go straight. Some of

93

Mr. Davidson's figures (Lm: </t) would, however, atrn-e well enough in these resp. rt- with
our form, though this does not seem to be the normal condition of the specie-;. The front
portion of the .-hell i- not exhibited by any of the specimen- that I have seen, ami it i-.
therefore, impossible to decide a.- to whether it was truncated <.r not. Tlie onl-.
/. / which has been described by Hall from the Devonian strata of New York, and which

has any affinity with the present form, is /.. M>i.- /' '. X. }'.. Vol. IV.. p. •'•. I'l. II.. tL-.
It' this be specifically di.-tinet from /,. m , it is possible that our -p. cim<-n- nnv

belong to it, but I prefer keeping them di.-tinet at present, as they are considerably larger and
broader.

. — Rare in the Corniierou- l/nm-.-tone of 1'ort ( olboi
112. LlMifl.A MAI D A (Hali

Shell linguiform, elliptical, tireate.-t width a little more than halt' the length, narrowing

_•• ntly towards either extremity, obtu-ely rounded and produced below, and more aenti-lv con

•.vard- the beaks. Surface V.TV ^'-ntlv convex below, and a little more convex on

th-- umbo. marked by fine thread-like -true, which are sometimes crowded in t Hall.

. N. )"., Vol. IV., j, '.'. I'l. [I.,fig. 1-

I have only a -injle specimen, but that a remarkably w.-ll-piv-cnvd one, of this form.
which I identify with some doubt with L. Hall), from the Hamilton -roup. < I in

-p.cimeti i- from the < '..ruiferous Limestone, and agree:- in all e.-.-cntial characters with I

[UOted d.-.-eription, though .-lightly .-mailer than the specimen ti_:ur> d by Hall. It i-
appaivntly a ventral valve, its leti-th beiij'j- eit:ht line.-, and its ^ivite-t width about four
line- and a half. The -urtace exhibits no radiating .-tri;e, but i> coven d with elevated,
tl.re. ad like, concentric lines of urowth, about from twelve to fourteen of which < -ceupy the
oe ot'one line.
Locality and J-'"/-,it<iti<>/<. — Comiferous Limestone, ll.-.--rsvill.-. To\vn.-hip of (tneida.

I'll. 'i. ||,., is ( Hall).
Th'- shellfi .,l'thi> -i-nu- are -mail, and very -imilar in appearance to the d.,r-al vai

-mall -p.-cimeii- .,f i> . The valve- are Bquamifonn or di-eoid, oalcareoos, and a;

r.-ntly dc-titutc of a f. ramen in either valve. They differ from th.- -enu- Crania in the ;
that tin- -hdl i- apparently free and unattached to other bo.li, j, The interior -l.o\v- a .-tr
mn-ciilar call,,-itv. |-].\c,-],t in the character- ,,(' the interior. /'//"//-/. y/x appear- to
alt. ..r!i >I •< oj's genus /'-• '/-/'» •/•/'///". with which, perliap.-. further ob-erv;iiion .

unite it. I have found a .-in trie -p.-ci.-- of the gentle in the (.'orniferou- I inn -tone.

1 I.'!. 1'imi.llnii's «I\-ATI - i Hall).

I'linii.l.. II llj Pal \. }'.. V..1. III. p. 190, I'l ('III. I!.. Pig 7

.-hell minute. -litrhtly longer than wide, in .-hap.- |>i-einoid. with a miinit.- .

tiicajcx. Sui ! '..-.- in-ii k.-d \\ith fin . • ri;i- of -ro\\th, about twelve of wh,

:' on.- line.

I h.v, e - i. jle example of ihi- form, but 1 li.v.e no doubt M t" it- identity u

1 1 a i

It a|.|'e.-,r-, al.-o. \er\ doubtful if the /'. //. of Hall, li

the Hamilton L-roiip can be -p, cili.-alK •••,! from /' ( MM

-pecimeii ha- 'li of a line ami three ,|irut. . width of a .

and a half.

i lorn ferou I. - Port Coll

('•;;- BPIH \ li:.

Sh.-ll 'he \, niral \ a!

are! i th. . dor-.-d . I ; I or plicated, w

lie- | lieatioii- -imp!.- .T bifurcatin". :,nd . t which two or more in •

94

valve are more conspicuous than the others, forming a more or less defined mesial fold ; upon
the dorsal valve there is a corresponding depression. The space between the valves leaves
little room for the spires, and these appendages appear to be somewhat loosely arranged, with
their apices approaching each other. These shells are apparently* fibrous in texture, and on
this account, and from the position of the spires, they approach more nearly to Atrypa than
to Trematospira, to the latter of which they are more nearly allied in external form " (Hall,
Pal. N. Y., Vol. IV., p. 328).

Only one species of this genus, viz., C. concava (Hall), has as yet been recognized as
occurring in the Devonian rocks of Western Canada.

114. CCELOSPIRA CONCAVA (Hall).

Leptoccelia concava (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. Ill, p. 245, PL XXXVIII., Figs. 1-7.

Leptoccelia concava (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 352, Fig. 127.

Coelospira concava (Hall), Sixteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 60.

Ccelospira concava (Hall), Pal N. Y., Vol. IV., PI. LIIL, Figs. 13-19.

Shell small, ovate, or sulj-orbicular, the width being equal to or a little less than the
length. Ventral valve convex, elevated along the middle, the beak small and incurved.
Dorsal valve flattened laterally ( and depressed in the centre, forming a shallow and obscure
mesial series. Surface with from ten to fourteen or more rounded radiating ribs, which occa-
sionally bifurcate.

According to Hall, the dorsal valve has a small false area, and a triangular foramen
which is sometimes closed below by a deltidium.

Average individuals of this species have a length of about three lines, and a width of
the same or a little less. Detached valves are not uncommon in the Corniferous Limestone,
but I have not seen a single perfect specimen.

In general form, and in its surface-characters, Ccelospira concava (Hall) closely resembles
Leptoccelia flabellites (Conrad), and the two species have been usually regarded as belonging
to the same genus. According to Hall, however, C. concava possesses internal spires, which
are wanting in L. flabellites, thus necessitating the creation of a new genus for the former and
for some allied species.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne and Hagersville.

Genus CENTRONELLA (Billings).

" Shells having the general form of Terebratula. Dorsal valve with a loop consisting of
two riband-like lamellae, which extend about one-half the length of the shell. These lamellae
at first curve gently outwards, and then approach each other gradually, until at their lower
extremities they meet at an acute angle ; then becoming united they are reflected backwards
towards the beak, in what appears to be a thin, flat, vertical plate. Near their origin each
bears upon the ventral side a single triangular crural process. This genus appears to stand
between Ttrebratula and JP aldheimia. In the former the loop is short, not exceeding greatly
one-third the length of the shell, and not reflected. In the latter it extends nearly to the
front, and is reflected, but the laminae are not united until they are folded back ': (Billings,
Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., p. 271, and Canadian Naturalist, Vol. IV., p. 131).

Two species of this genus at least occur in the Corniferous Limestone ; but good speci-
mens are rarely to be procured, and I possess nothing more than detached valves, in which
none of the internal characters are exhibited.

115. CENTRONELLA GLANS-FAGEA (Hall).

Ehynchonella glans-fagea (Hall), Tenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 125.

Centronella glans-fagea (Billings), Canadian Journal, New Series, Vol. VI., Figs. 97, p.
271.

Centronella glans-fagea (Hall), Sixteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 45, and Pal.
New York, Vol IV., Plate LXL, A. Figs. 1-21, 25, 26. _

Shell small, ovate or sub-rhomboidal, the greatest width about the middle, from which
point the sides slope to the beaks at an angle of about 85°; front rounded ; valves very un
equal. Ventral valve considerably larger than the dorsal, convex, sub-carinate along th

95

middle, abruptly curved towards the -ide-. and rc-ularly arched from tin- beak- t«i tin- front.
Beak extended beyond th;it of the dorsal valve and much incurved. l>..r-al valve nearh riat
or slightly convex above, with a wide iimb'tim-d -inu-. which often extend- in t'nint aen>-- tin-
entire width of the -hjl. Surface -uiooth, or with oli-'-ur- eoiR-,-ntri<- lino ,.f •_!-., wth ; .-hell-
structure finely punctate.

Length from two to four or five line-, the width l.ein- e.jual to the length (,r a little
less.

Detached valves of ('. <jl -are of not uncommon oceiim-nee in tin- t 'orniferou-

Limestone. Occasionally individual example- are found h aviriir a length of from >ix to .i_dit
lines, and these M i. l!illiii'_r- think- may perhap- he di-tim-t. I am inciin.-d to think. howe\.r.
that they are only lar_e and tumid -peeimcn.- of '

/ utt'l l-'<<rin<i(l»n. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

11G. CKNTKONKM.A HFJATF. (Hillin.

•,(i-u,,,U<i II • ilJilii _- madian Journal, New Series, V..i. \'I.. p. 272, !

Shell -mall, " elongate, oval, or Bub-rhomboidal ; apical anide from }."• to r,n ; -i,l, .., „,.
what straight from the beak t" about the middle, where. makiir_r a rounded aii'jle. they e.<n-
_e towards the front margin, which is somewhat truncate fur about one third the width.
Ventral valve -Inm-ly but broadly carinate i'rom the !„ ak aloiiLT the middle to the front
descending with a fht or gently OOnvex slope tn the -idc> ; in outline onlv. L'entlv arch, d h'liL'i-
tudinally ; in some specimens nearly straight : the beak -mall, cluii-ated. erect and with a trian-
gular iorainen. Dorxil valve -ently convex in the upper half, and with a wide -hallow -inu- in
the lower half. Surface smooth. Length I'rom two to four lines ; width ab.mt three tiuirt li-
the h-iiL'th" i l!illin_-

Our collections comprise a few specimens which appear t" in their o-t -ntial eh i-

racters with the above de.-criptioiv- ; but the materials at pre-ent in my hand- are -in
.-uflBcient for identification.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferou.- Lime-tone, port ('nib., rue.

CIIAITKU IV.

POLY7.0A nl Till. < uKMKKK'O- - AM" HAMK.TuN I ( i|{ \I AT H . N -.

The remain- of • in the Devonian l;..ck- <>| \\.-ieni (Intario ar.' vi-rv abundant.

and they are of unii-ual int.-r>--t in many way-. Unfortunately, however, (lev are. (or the
mo-! p-irt. more or lo- fragmentary, and their -iu.|\ i- thu- atten-led with -[.eeial diflicult\.
-ince there i- no da-- of organisms re^uiiin- greater .-kill and patience in their interpretation.
Alto-, (her. 1 have I ..... n able to identify nineteen -peeie- of P ,,)' which no le-- than

fifteen • tO be new. wlii! il foTIDfi lia\e oome to lijht beloiuin- apparently to

generic t\pe- 'I'bere remain-. ho\\ever, a con-iderable number of 1'nnn-, of wbieli th.
terials at pre-ent in my hand- are too fra'_'iie-ntar\ to jii-tifv me in de-.-iibinir them delinii
The forms which I have emi-blered my-el!' warranted In describing, belong to the folio?

• : two -| • oi« - . /' . fbui

(one -]" •<•'>• (one ~\ iopora 'two -j,, -ej, - - | (one B]

/;. • i ••: w a "ic - ' .in,- species), and / •

; typical numb, r- of tin- family of the /

and they coinpri-e more th-n half of the total number ot | , , : - i.lmt iti, ,1. It j- (,, tl
three _.. Her 'hyt nio-t ,.f the undd. rminable fra-ment- belmi^ . -o that ihe /

m u -t be con-pi. T. d a- b a\ in-_' had it ,b\ .-lopm, -nt in the I >>• \uiiian period in Nnrth

\iin-rii-a. The u'.-iier i ' I ' now charai-t, ri-ed |',.r I b, (ir-t lime, :d-n

bel.,[|._' to the /. '.'',,/,;, |||oU'_'ll t bey e.\ ll i I li t IIian\ . • \ I I 'a, .I'd i 1 1 a r\. and indeed, alt

unprecedented, point- of Mrm-tup-. 'I'b, n. ean bardlv be c. ,in| :ir, ,1

with any known -mup of the I1 ., . :• i,- / I. -it ih. w.-ll known Silurian genua /' '

i- represented by at lea-tone form ; und ' . . it. d to ,-, n.iin

well-known type- in both the Silurian and the ( 'arb.iniler.'U-

96

Genus BOTRYLLOPORA (Nicholson).

(Canadian Journal, Vol. XIV., No. 2, 1874.)

Polyzoary calcareous, sessile and encrusting, forming systems of small circular discs, the
upper surfaces of which are marked with radiating ridges upon which the cells are carried.
Each disc is attached by its entire lower surface, slightly convex above, with a central non-
poriferous space, round which a number of radiating poriferous ridges occupy an exterior
slightly elevated zone. Cells forming a double series on each ridge, immersed, with rounded
mouths which are not elevated in any part of their circumference above the general surface.

I have been unable to refer these singular Polyzoa to any existing group, and have,
therefore, been compelled to form a new genus for their reception. In some respects the
genus is allied to Defrancia, but the cells are not tubular, and no portion of them is free,
whilst the latter genus does not appear to have ever been detected in rocks older than the Ju-
rassic. The only Palaeozoic genus of Polyzoa which, so far as I am aware, presents even a
superficial resemblance to Botryllopora, is Evactinopora of Meek and Worthen. In this latter
genus the polyzosry is star -shaped, but its internal structure is quite peculiar and altogether
different to that of Botryllopora, whilst the entire organism appears to have been free.

The individual discs of Botryllopora present, however, a very striking resemblance to the
separate star -shaped elevations of Stellipora antheloidca (Hall), from the Lower Silurian ; and
it may, therefore, be proper to say a few words on the structure and affinities of this genus,
of which I have examined authentic specimens. Stellipora antheloirfea occurs in the form of
flattened expansions or of erect, flattened and sub-palmate fronds. The surface exhibits a vast
number of little star-shaped elevations, each about a line in diameter, and consisting of a
smooth, sometimes slightly depressed space, which is traversed by five, six or more obtusely-
rounded radiating ridges, which do not quite meet in the centre. Each of the ridges of the star
is covered with a number of rounded calices, irregularly disposed in two, three or four rows. The
stars are arranged irregularly, generally at intervals of from half a line to a line, and the inter-
spaces between them are occupied by crowded circular pores, which are the mouths of so many
coenenchymal tubuli. These pores do not encroach upon the spaces between the ridges of the
stars, and the tubuli of which they are the mouths are seen on traverse section to be tabulate.
being furnished with distinct transverse partitions. It thus appears that Stellipora antheloidea
(Hall), is not a Polyzoon, as believed by D'Orbigny, but a tabulate coral, allied to Monticuli-
pora, and presenting in particular a specially close resemblance to the coral which I have
described under the name of Callopora incrassata.

117. BOTRYLLOPORA SOCIALIS (Nicholson).

Botryllopora socialis (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, April, 1874.

Polyzoary social, consisting of systems of calcareous discoid bodies, which are closely
adherent by their lower surface to the exterior of foreign objects. The upper surface of each
disc is on the whole convex, but with a central cup-shaped depression or flattened space, the
exterior portion of each being occupied by a series of strong elevated ridges or ribs arranged
in. a radiating manner. The diameter of the discs is about a line or a line and a quarter, and
the radiating ridges are from eighteen to twenty-six or more in number. The radiating ribs
a-re also unequally developed, some extending much nearer to the centre than the others, and
each carries upon its upper surface a double row of minute round pores or apertures, the margins
of which are not elevated above the genera] surface. The central space of the polyzoary is des-
titute of cells, and appears to be solid, and this seems also to be generally the case with the

spaces between the radiating ribs. In some cases,
however, the interradial spaces appear to be poriferous
in the immediate vicinity of the circumference.

The groups of this singular 'Polyzoon are not of
very rare occurrence in the Hamilton formation,
growing parasitically upon the exterior of Heliophyl-

Fi(r 32 lum Halli. It has at first sight, a close resemblance

a. Portion of a coral with a small group of Botryi- to a group of little discoid corals, such as Microcydus,
lopom socialis (Nich.) of the natural size ; 6. A single attached bv the whole of the lower surface, the cellu-

discoid polyzoary enlarged; c. One of the radiating ,.,, .%,,.. ,., , 1,1

ridges, enlarged to show the cells. From the Hamil- UiCrOUS ndgCS looking JUSt like the Septa, and the

:on group. central space resembling the bottom of the calice. I

••

97

do not know of any Palaeozoic forms of / with which this could be compared, and it

i? readily separated from such form- U Defr ;,y the entirely different characters of th-

cells, which approach closely in form to those of 1. and /•'- ]

largest trroup that I have seen Compi-i-.-- about twenty of the d; > -no -eia. mostly in

contact but apparently in no wny connected with one another directly.

/, •,//;/// ,///,/ Formation.— Hamilton Group, liartlett's Mills, near Arkona. llosan,|

lls. CERIOPORA (?i HAMILTCNKN>I< (Nicholson .

'opora C' ) IIiiii>i/t». Nicholson), Geological .'•.' \pril. 1>7|.

Polyzoary ramo-e ; brunches cylindrical, about half a line in diameter, dividing dicho-
tomously at interval- of from a line and a hall' to three line-, tin- angle included between
each pair of branches l.ein^ about lu or ['t . Surface covered with oval, rounded, or sub-
quadrate cell mouths arranged in longitudinal rows, which are separated by delicate thr<
like lines. The cells of each row alternate with tho-c of the next row, so that they come to
be dispo->-d in regular diagonal line-. About lour r uuetimea tiv,-, occupy the width of

the stem-, tin' cell- bavin- a width of alioin a tenth of a line ; and there are about five cells
in the space of one line, mea-uivd vertically. The interspace- between the mouth- of th.
cells are occupied by exceedingly minute tubuli. which form only a single row or are altogether

-••nt on the lines which bound the cells laterally, whilst they usually form a double
on the spaces by which the cells of a '_riveu row are separated vertically.

« / 'Vii^'S' This beautiful little fossil occurs in great abundance in some of th.

>;/ Bflti|* beds of the Hamilton Formation. It i- allied to th-- '

1 Hf$| (:"1'H'"~ '"• ' ' '• '''••'•'"• I'1- I'XIV.. Fiir. li'jandto .]/

™*' , Phillip- ) r •> . Vol. II.. I'late I., Fi--. ;;i;-:: > iaU j to

the former, but it i- di-tinLrui-hed from both by pcrfectlv 1:0,.-! and

_nized characters. I am. at present, unable to decide a- r
true -etierie affinities, ami have simply referred it provi-i,,nallv to *

1 pora on account -,f its close relationship to C Q fdf.)wh

nat-ir.il likewise occurs in the Devonian Hocks-.

... in j • , • .111-1 i •

/. .////// and rojTnatwn. Uommon in the Hamilton bormal
Widder. Township of

m, I 'the tiilnilur in-

Hul.ir int'

Genus PTILODIOTT \ ( i-oi,-dale).

" ( 'nrallum thin, oaloareous, foliai ir branching diohotomoualj ; branch.'-

a thin, laminar. 11 iitcii,-,) • ri.- iliy wrinkle,! c.-ntral a\i-. -t with obli,|iie

:t -ub i i both -idc-. with prominent oval mouths nearly a.s 1.

within . br.ii -ied. with tlie mar-in --olid, -bar;

without cc'l- . the b iiindar', i ! '- -< |Uar.- or rli, >ml>oi.i , ^l <

'I'he L-eiiii- /' o Loo iale ia identical \\ith > • Mali, and indu

•q, of iMiriou- j which are esHcntiallj Silurian, but which extend into the I1

... .-Hid ap| into tin- ( 'arbonif,-! :,„! Tli<

r.oii eeiiulil.-rous -triated nnrjin •: t,i I,.- ab-o. -ial or t,, |i,- unr. I

].re-ent in the •_'.-!! U- . and tlieeelllr.ll \\:> ptlllll. which -eparatc- tli,' r

: .iiietim. -udinali- •,••• ntrically wrink

•,u-. wliidi I cmiiot identil's \\ith an\ piv\ imi-h record
.tifiilly in the ( ',.rniter,.u- LIM. and in iy in tin- Hamilton formation

'i I hit If:

1 l!>. I'TII DDK I Nl ' '

:/ •, i/ M rol

Polysoary having the form ui thin unch tlaf.n.d ellipticil i i

I it), ,,)' :il>,iiit a line. a line and u h df or tw •. l.n, - witli a tin

7

98

ness of about half a line ; dividing dichotomously at angles of 50° or 60°, generally at inter-
vals of from four to six lines. No developed non-poriferous margins, the whole exterior surface
seeming to be occupied by the cells. Cells tubular, curved, opening by oval mouths, arranged
in rows which are separated by delicate thread-like lines. About ten rows of cells in the
space of one line, the cells of each row alternating with the next, so that the cell-mouths have
a quincuncial arrangement. About five cell-mouths in the space of one line, measured longi-
tudinally, the interspaces between them being generally considerably longer than the long
diameter of the cell-mouths themselves. The partition or laminar axis between the cells on
the two sides of the polyzoary is marked with delicate longitudinal striae, which correspond
with the rows of cells, together with obscure concentric wrinkles, the convexity of which is
directed towards the apex of the frond.

This species presents a close resemblance to
Ptilodictya Gilberti, (Meek), from the Corniferous
Limestone of Ohio (Geol. Survey of Ohio, Palae-
ontology, Vol. I., Plate XVIII., Fig. 1,) with
which I was at first disposed to identify it. I
have, however, been compelled to separate it as
a distinct species upon the following grounds :—

n A -rwi pyji.j 1 . P. Gilberti is stated to have eight or ten rows

of cells in the space of two and a half lines ;
whereas P. Meeki has never less than ten in the

Ptilodictya Meeki. (Nicholson) ; a, Portion of the poly- .. ,. ,, .

zoary magnified to show the branching, and the lon&itu- space 01 One line, Which WOUld give twenty-tive
dinally striated 'axis ; ^ A fragment enlarged, showing the • , , i if i- n mi Ppn|ra|

form and arrangement of the cells ; c, Transverse section, rows ln two ancl a nal] lmes- z- ^ ne

magnified. From the Corniferous Limestone. laminar axis of P. Gilberti is said to be covered

with regular, arched transverse striae; whereas that of P. Meeki exhibits well defined longitudinal
striae, with either no transverse striae, or with but obscure transverse wrinkles. 3. P. Gilberti,
in common with the typical species of the genus, possesses well-marked striated and non-pori-
ferous margins ; but I have been unable to detect any traces of these in the numerous speci-
mens of P. Meeki, which have passed under my notice. 4. P. Gilberti seems to be upon the
whole a larger and more robust species, sometimes attaining a width of three lines, whereas the
average width of P. Meeki is only about one line or a little over. I have, therefore, thought
it safest to separate P. Meeki under a distinct specific title, and I have named it in honour of
Mr. F. B. Meek, one of the most distinguished palaeontologists of America.

In some respects P. Meeki presents considerable resemblance to P.fenestrata (Hall), from
the Cbazy Limestone ; but in the absence of any sufficiently detailed description of the latter
species, and especially of accurate measurements, it is impossible to say how close this resem-
blance may really be.

So far as at present known, P. Gilberti (Meek), and the present species are the only forms
of the genus Ptilodictya, which have hitherto been detected in the Devonian Formation.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne. Rare
in the Hamilton formation of Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

Genus POLYPORA (McCoy).

"'Corallum forming a delicate, reticulated, calcareous expansion, usually fan-shaped ;
interstices " (branches) " round, having on one side from, three to five rows of cell-openings,
the margins usually not projecting ; interstices connected by thin, transverse, non -poriferous
dissepiments ; reverse rounded, striated, or granulated " (McCoy, Pal. Foss. p. 115).

According to the above definition, Polypora, is distinguished from Retepom by the posses-
sion of distinct dissepiments, which do not bear pores ; whereas in the latter genus the
branches inosculate directly, without the development of distinct dissepiments, and the points
of junction of the branches carry cells. There are, however, certain forms, such as P. (Gorgonia)
ripisteria (Goldf.) and P. gradlis (Prout.), in which the frond resembles Fenestella and the
typical forms of Polypora, in having the branches united by distinct dissepiments, but these
dissepiments carry pores, whilst there are three or more rows of cells on the branches. It is,
therefore, necessary either to constitute a new genus for the reception of these forms, or to
admit that the dissepiments of Polypora may carry pores. If the latter course be adopted,
Polypora will agree with Fenestella in the general structure of the polyzoary, but will be dis-
tinguished by the greater number of the rows of pores to each branch, and by the absence of

distinct carinae. From 71'. / - to, Po/jflwra will be distinguished solely bj th- d.-t that

the branches in the latter <_reuus are united by distinct porifcr. m- or non-porr • pi-

ments. whilst in the former the braneh.-- -imply ana-tmnose or itm-eulate.

McCoy states that no infundibuliiorm specie- ..t . • had come under hi- n..ti.-.- . but

I have seen such, and in tin - the edN are born bv the inner faeo» nf the branche-<

The following species of 7V/// - ra hu\.- .-ome under my notice in the <_Y>rnif.Tous Lime-
stone of Western Ontario:

120. POLYPORA PULOHXLLA (NioholsOl

Polypora pulchella i Nich»l-'.n .. G • /.!/,/,/,< ', . . April, 1871.

Polyzoary infundibuliform or flabellate. ntt. n a'.tainini: a mn-iderab.
nearly straight, radiating from tin- ba-.-. and increasing in numb, r b\- bifurcation at in:- .
of from two to four Hues. About six bram-ln-- in tin- -puce of a .piart. r nf MI iueh. the d'un
tex of the branches being about one-forty-fifth inch, tin- inter-p • hti\ H-.IT..W. r. I1

5epim< n1- nn the same plane a.- tin- outer surface of the polyzoary, depressed below the in-
surface, short, narrower than tin- branche-. and plae.-d at interval.- of abnut half a line apart.
Fent-trules regularly oval, half a line in length, and about a ijuarter nf a line broad, foiii
five in the -pan- nfa quarter ot an inch, alternate or sub-alternate in ,.

upper or inner surface of the branches carries the pore- or e.-lls, three m\v- ..f whieh ne.-ur
on ev.-rv braneh. and sometime- four oppo.-ite tin- .ui-in of the di--.pim.-nt-. The cell- ap
tla-k .-hapt-d. Munetime- -lightly unei|iial in ,-ize : tln-ir mouth- r»und ; those of tl 'ral

row alteriiatiii'j with tin- lateral row-. I-' mm six to ei«_'ht p.'P-- in the BpaOG of B line, nr
three to four in the length of each fcne-trule. Tin- reverse fa.-.- ..t1 tin- j nl\/,,arv i- -m ""th nr
-triated.

/'. y///A /,.//./ belongs to that -erti.in ..f /'. :u whieh

the dissepimentfi do not carry pmv-. Tin ;,i \\hirh it

is most nearly allied i- the /'. // - ' , .. ,,f 1'rmit. frmn th- -
L -up of Illinois, it is, however, readily distingui

by tin- .jreai.-r development of the di--epimcnt-. th. • pp>-

pnrtimiate and ab-nlute width of the f.-ne-tni

n of tine.- (instead of four) r.''. i!- ,,n earh braneh.
All in mens are fra-jim -ntary. but tin- -[ i. •- nm-t have

attained a large size, the rannel-shaped polyioary !ia\n.

nlle example a diann-ter of three inehc-.

Locality a ! .— ( 'oiiuunn in tin- i r.'ii-

d Lime-tone .if 1'ort < 'nlb.irn.-. and L.>t i',. Cmi. 1. Wain1'

•

In : • I ••'!••

nl (P.M. ulii.-li tin

•'np-

-,'.- I! 'J>I

ll'l. l'"I.Yl'"i: \ II VI I I \.\.\ I'mut;.

/• PI ii Pi - i. .; \ i - . \ . i i.. p. (80

!' il • ' , Vol. II., plate XXI, Fi i

I'. • iiti-dK -imilai in its characters to the pn bm dii! .•

lions ana the number of the rows of cells. Cttnocoinm formii Itlitt.i . the

bra; ' whieh ra.i in the bn80, in. !it.-r\ a.

lim- (., half an inch. The bran." 'Hind, nearly hail a line in width. BDOUl '

in th. -pur.- .,f a quarter .-I' ail inrh I': 1, imt mm. th

nf an iin-h in width, ntt.n appi-arinir t" be little more than >-•< line, -tin.' p..m' the

branch) I >rly in l.-n-jth. and abmit ball • in

width abnut thr. •• in a .(iiart. r nf an in.-li t:. ' idinally, and t • in

the -puc. of two lim • 'ir.-d trai • - up..n piuicnl '

in t'niir ait. rnatin_' rnw- ii|..n tin- brain-he-, their apertures pum

100

of a fenestrule, separated by obscure and delicate undulating striae. Reverse apparent!^
smooth.

I have little doubt as to the identity of our specimens with those described by Prout,
though there are some trivial differences. From P. pulcliella, (Nich.) the present species is
readily distinguished by the more robust branches, the greater length of the fenestrules and
their smaller width, as well as by the possession of four, instead of three, rows of cells.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Corniferous Limestone of Lot 6, Con. 1, Wain-
fleet,

122. POLYPORA TENELLA (Nicholson).

Polypora tenella (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, April, 1874.

Polyzoary small, forming a flattened expansion ; branches radiating from the base, and
increasing by bifurcation at intervals of about two lines. Branches narrow, about eight in the
space of a quarter of an inch, their width being about a quarter of a line. Fenestrules oval,
about eight or nine in a quarter of an inch, measured longitudinally, and ten in the same space
measured transversely ; the length of each about half a line, the width a third less. Dissepi-
ments very short and narrow, without pores. Cells arranged in three alternating rows on the
branches, opening by minute rounded apertures, two or three of which occupy the space of a
fenestrule. Reverse unknown.

This pretty little species is distinguished from
the preceding forms by its much more delicate pro-
portions, its narrower and more closely set branches,
and its much smaller fenestrules.

Locality and Formation. — Rare in the Cornife-
rous Limestone of Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleet.

Fig. 36.

rt. Fragment of the cast of Polypora Halliana,
(Prout), magnified ; 6. fragment of the cast of Poly-
pora tenella (Nich.), enlarged. From the Corni-
ferous Limestone.

123. POLYPORA TUBERCULATA (Nicholson).

Polypora tuberculata (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, April, 1874.

Polyzoary small, forming a flattened expansion which springs from a strong foot-stalk.
Branches radiating from the base, and increasing by bifurcation at intervals of about a line
and a half, from a third to half a line in breadth, rounded, and destitute of carinae. Dissepi-
ments very short, widest at their junction with the branches. Fenestrules somewhat irregu-
lar in shape, usually a very long oval, always longer by from one half to two-thirds than wide ;
having an average width of a third of a line to half a line by a length of one line or a little
less. Two fenestrules in two lines measured longitudinally, and four in the same space meas-
ured transversely, those of contiguous rows being usually opposite or nearly opposite. Disse-
piments non-poriferous. Four (sometimes three) alternating rows of cells on each branch, opening
by minute rounded pores, which are prominently elevated above the general surface. Five pores
to the length of a fenestrule. Reverse unknown.

Polypora- tuberculata differs from all other
recorded species of the genus, except P. verm. -
cosa (McCoy), by the possession of prominent-
edged pores, which give to the celluljferous sur-
face of the branches a peculiar tuberculated
appearance. The latter, however, has exceed-
ingly long and narrow fenestrules, with nearly
twice as many pores to the length of a fenes-
Fig. 37. trule. I have only seen fragmentary examples

a. Fragment of Polypora tuberculata (Nich.), natural size ; of flip
6. The same enlarged ; c. Portion of a branch, still further
enlarged. ^[Frorn the Hamilton group.

I'll

/.,. ality at d !'••, m ition. K ire in <}•.<• 1 lamilton '.Tuiip. llartlctt'- Mill-. Ark -hip

of BosancfU'

Kl.TKl'UK A ( Lamarck).

Polyzoary formin_r a reticulated >. \pan-ion composed of th-xiiou- inosculating h:
which ari1 not united K\- di-ti - -pirni-nt-. liiu which an iM"iu»<'- in -uch a mamu r ::

the entire frond forms a continuous network perforated hy rrjul ir ap.-rtur.-- -r font BtTO
In tht.- funnel »haped gpeciee the cells arc placed on tin* upper or inn. r -urfac.- of th'- OO3DO3
ciuui. ami there are two or m»iv row- nf cells to each hranch. 0

The uvnus /. i- -epai-ated from / :-y th" faet that tin- leiie.-tni

funned >inif.lv hv the cnal' "f the th'\nou- t.r it deliniie pui- ••- thu- !•

like perfnratimis in the cii-n.iriuin. \vli.T>--i- in t, Miicd \>\ a di--

tinct aeriea "t' Don-poriferoua dis-epinients. Kr<>m •

possessing •!!— '•piment- and KY the eniiiiunii nccurrcih-e of more than twu p
branch. In the funiiL'! --haped specie^ ot' ' the c.'ll- cei tainly u-u:illy occupy th- in-

ual face of the funnel. \\-\\- 'ern.il ii which

have the -due >hape. I should he inclined to doubt, he if thi- eliaracter i- an

and it certainly cannot often In- u->-d as a practical nc-an- of distingaishing th>
'he-.' tw-i genera, since ii- applic-itimi fail< in the ease of tra.-nc-n'- f the infandibaliform

lies, nd also nt' tlie l'an--lriped fi-rniv
The followHi'j- >p.'cie- nf /, • occur in the Devonian Keck- •>'< \\--t--rii < intariu.

ll't. Hi. i EPOBLA riu-' \ (Gol'lfu

Gh rm. I'i. XXXV!.. ti-. 1'.'.
Phillips . 1'ii. FOSR <'ornwall, \c.. p. L'.'t. G 7.

/ ' iMcd.y . I'al. Posa, p. 7»i.

1'iilv/e-iry I'nrininL' hroad. f.n i. or undulatini: e.\pan-io i-. which in .-ome iii-

have the f. rrui ,,}' an open funi.. i. Uranches parallel, tl and undulating, altcrn.it

und re'_rularlv h.-nt from >idc to >ide. the BUOO .nvexitie- :md OOnoavitiofi on each -

ea"h hranch beinur oppo-eil to corre-pondi ir_' coiivexitie- :md concavities in the hranche- im-
mediately coiiti-uoii-. actual ana>toinoM, f.kin- place at the BQCCesgiye ] "int- when- two

tie§ 111 let, BO that the entire tVolld heeome- perforated liV "T

• fen. tranches ah ut one-third of a line in width, eiiiht or nine in a .jinr

inch mea-mv.l tr.ui-vei-.-lv. furnished with a .-iron- hut hlunt keel on (1,. HuliferoUB

so that their o-i.-k- -I]-.- aii.ulatcil. EleverSO, wlfii \v--H pr^ lincly >triit' i. fen.

ularly alt'-rnate in confi-uou- row-, and thu- arr n-c.l in diagonal line-, hr-
oval or diamond .-hapcd. hall' a line in length and ratlicr lc~> in width, three in tin M
two iin. -- IB.- • 'in-d dia-onallv. and the -ame niiiaiier in a <|ii irter of an inch n : verti

cally. Fein-trule'- -.eparatrd vert ie ally h\ inter-p-ic. MM half a lin> . which the

hranch'-- ar- ;. c.-li- earrieil in the funnel-shaped examples on the inner or op]

-urfae.- of the eiMi.i-eiiim : two rOWfi of e, 1- t.. , acli hranch. alt.Ti. ed. and tl:

•h- p tintfi u !i' re the hranclu- unite 1 irger than the otli. •-- l'..iir or Ii
.'•n_'th ol a feiie.-trule.

I ha\e no dotiht a- t.. the -,d.-ntii\ of thi- : ml

ipeoiee \v i'li tlie familiar .' "f tin- Conti

m -nt ill Kin-ope and < }real I '.ritain Tl • . -int in

whi'-li i-ur to ilith-r from . in

tie' an-_Milalion dor l! l- lhi>. rather th n
tion i of the non oelk

• ure. h. dy -liown in Vi

• thlllL

it i- one ol porl

of a n I do

', ' nid I.

t

illllilt.dile in nk. i

' i i . 1

in. • :

-imp'r. !•;. the ( the 1 > undul ''• •! !•

/ Common in the < rl

102

also in the Hamilton group at Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosan-

Branches slender, fifteen

Colborne ;
quet.

125. RETEPORA PHILLIPSI (Nicholson).

Retepora Phillipsi (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, April, 1874.

Polyzoary infundibuliform, or forming a flattened expansion,
to eighteen in a quarter of an inch measured transversely, parallel, flexuous, not united by
dissepiments, but coalescing at intervals of about a third of a line, and over spaces of the same
length. Fenestrules oval, six or seven in the space of a quarter of an inch measured vertically,
seven or eight in the same space measured diagonally (five in two lines on an average), regu-
larly alternate in contiguous rows. Cells in two alternating rows upon each branch, the rows
separated in decorticated specimens by a distinct impressed line. Three cells to the length
of a fenestrule, sometimes only two, and one or two opposite the points where the branches
coalesce. Reverse unknown.

This is a genuine Retepora, and is closely allied to the pre-
its general form and its biserial cells. It is, however,
readily distinguished by the moie slender, crowded, and apparently
non-carinate branches, the much smaller size of the fenestrules,
and the greater number of these openings in a given space. I have
named the species in honour of Professor Phillips, to whom we
owe so many descriptions of Devonian and Carboniferous fossils.
Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port

ceding in

Genus CRYPTOPORA (Nicholson).

FIG. 39.

a. Fragment of Retepora Phillipsi,
(Nich.) natural size ; b, Fragment of
the same in which the outer non-cel-
luliierous layer has been removed,
showing the beaks of the cells, en-
larged. From the Corniferous Lime-
stone.

(Canadian Journal, Vol. XIV., No. 2, and Annals of Nat. History, Feb. 1874.)
Polyzoary forming a rigid infundibuliform calcareous expansion, springing irorn a strong,
solid, branching foot-stalk or rhizome. Exterior of the co3noeciurn, forming a continuous,
non-perforated, thin, calcareous membrane, internal to which is a second or intermediate
layer, the two being composed of the amalgamated or coalescent branches (" interstices ").
This intermediate layer is marked by shallow longitudinal and bifurcating sulci corresponding
with the lines between the branches, and its surface exhibits reticulating lines which corres-
pond with the bases or proximal ends of the cells. The internal surface of the intermediate
layer carries the, cells, which are flask-shaped, and are arranged in double rows, forming
regularly flexuous lines, enclosing ovalinterspaces, exactly as in Retepora: The oval interspaces,
however, instead of constituting so many " fenestrules," are the bases of so many pillars, which
proceed perpendicularly inwards, across a central space, to join with an internal calcareous
membrane which forms the innermost lining of the funnel-shaped frond.

It follows from the above description that the mouths of the cells in Cryptopora, neither
open on the exterior of the frond, as is commonly the case in Fenestella, nor open on the

interior of the polyzoa-
ry, as is the case in the
mfundibuliforni species
of Retepora. On the
contrary, we have in
this extraordinary gen-
us 'the entirely unique
arrangement that both
the internal and ex-
ternal aspects of the
funnel-shaped frond are
to all appearance closed

Cryptopora mirabilis (Nicholson). A. A partially decorticated specimen, natural size; J^y a continuous -Calca
B. A small portion of the same, showing the inner ends of the perpendicular columns en- • , ™,

larged ; C. Another partially decorticated specimen, springing from a strong foot-stalk, TCOUS membrane. JLne
natural size ; D. Part of the interior surface of the intermediate layer, showing the mouths pplla nrp noj- •

c Qtirl tVio Vvi*nl.-£»r» itafitAiirlif^iiln *- ^-u-ilnt-i-it-ir- mtln wr»s\*l . Z7 A ,-..-.,.-.11 •wmw+tnit *-*f fl-ni V>C11O tilt IJwli

FIG. 40.

of the cellules and the broken perpendicular columns, enlarged ; E. A small portion of the ^lla alc uut FlaocL*uP°n

frond greatly enlarged, and somewhat diagrarnmatically represented ; F. Transverse section either of the free SUT-

of part of the frond enlarged, and also represented in a slightly diagrammatic manner ; a. The f f , i

external membrane ; b. The intermediate sulcated layer ; c. The central space containing the laC6S (

cells and traversed by the perpendicular columns ; d. The internal membrane. but OCCUpy

a central

103

space, which has its internal wall formed by the innermost membrane ami it.- external
wall by an intermediate layer composed of the laterally-ooalesoent bra- ils are

situated upon the internal face of the outer layer of thi- central apt tl inter]

diate layer) ; and the two layer- an; kept apart by a -y-tem of pillars wliieh are attaehe-1 by
their inner ends to the internal layer ami by their .niter end- to tin- intermediate layer. Tl.
pillars traverse the eentral -pace perpendicularly, and correspond with the feoestmlee "fa

'I'll.- water nm.-t have been admitted tn the central .-pace, and thu.- to :: by

opening'- in the- tree edge "f the infandibnliform pnly/nary. but none of our -peeimcn- exhibit
this pnrtinn of the fmnd.

In tlie -en u- //• . Phillips), the fenestmles do not peri'm-at.- iL.- I'm: ito

reach the outer face of the pnly/nary. but are tilled up by a eal.-itied menibrane. Tl..
however, open upon the external surfaee. i.i-tead nf into a eeniral >pacr. and tin- ,-truetur-
the coena-cium i- in uther iv-peet.- very ditTerent.

The following i- the only .-peeies <>f the uenu- wliieh 1 1 with -

1 I'll. I'RYTOPuKA Mill. \KIUS (Nichnl.-n:

N ._ \ "f Nat. HIM . l-'eb. 1-71.

Polyzoary infandibuliform, apparently from one t.. three im-he.- in height. !•'. -..i.rnal
layer, thin, impeiforate, Smooth, <T nh-euivly >triated. Intermediate layer torn the

'.ranch.'-, marked by Vertical • or suk-i, whieh U 1 about half a line

apart, and .-nmetime- bifurcate. 15. sid< - ;he-e grooves, the niit-ide ..f the intermediate la.
i- marked bv inn-culatin'_r line-, whieh map nut -mall oval or polygonal space- corresponding
with th atli. The inner .-urfaee of the intermediate la\er carries the eel!.-, which

are arranged hi-eriallv in fleximu- lines, and eneln-c ova! nr rhomboidal interspaces, Tli
interspaee- are di-pn-. d in verv regular diagonal line.-. ab..m tour in the space of two lii
and tin .ri'^in tn a Beiiefi of -hm-t rounded pillar- whieh extend inward- at ri-lit an.

to meet the internal layer. Central -pace in which the eel!- are situ:;' ;it half a line

to tWO-thirds of a line in depth. Internal layer thin and membranous. The entire frond
spring- from an exeeedin-ly strong, hori/oiital. branched .-talk, the -urtaee ,,!' which i- mar
by vermicular -tri;e.

The material- in my hand- are not sufficient to permit of an entirely full elueidatimi and
illu-tration of the ohai <nd -trueture of thi- remarkable «peeie-. l>i(]cient -p.-eim.

however, or dillerent part- of the -ainc -[.< cimeii. -how the following api . . !';_• :

1. Tl.e eM.-rnal ni'-mhrane i- \ery thin, and i- only preserved in part in an\ -pe -iiii'-n
that I have seen. It corresponds with tin reverse or non p.-rifemu- la\er of an . rdi:

nid in reality i- tn 1,.- regarded a- nothiiu m-re than the exteri-r pnrtinii of the in-
ti-rm-'-iiate ,,r rellulit'.Tou- layer. N'nthinj. in fact, i- enmv.miier than to m< ,-t with p'

-imilar specimens of j • in whieh the • has been stripped off. and the h

the cell- are tlm- exposed to view.

L'. The intermediate layer (together with the external layer, ai marked

ned b\ the OOaleSCI lice of the braiiehe-. \Vh. II \iewed frolll the nlll-ide | KlL'. I". I

evhibit- -hallow vertical grOOV< - marking nut the m-i-inal braneli.-. and it a!-., -h.

Hie nf the fell- li. ',

:;. Tlie -truetnre ,,f the interim- of the intermediate layer, and ••( tli-- central Sf
whifh it tnrm- the outer bmind ,r\ , cm |., -m died in -peeimeii< \\ hich .\hibr t!..- ini

face of the fnnnel, or in those \\iiichh, bmk.n aorosi trtnsvi

which -h'.wthe in ,nd from which the inmrm..-t layer ba- b, en removed in \\ i

in ; • . unded • i nn the inn. -i

intermediate |ay< r l'i_'. |n /', Tl •'!>

bent nr undulating \\u> -. which > nd \\ilh tin- inner \ ,

, -nd \\iih ll R ^

Innk. 1. •eimen uhlch I

perforations between the inoscul ' I which run

perpendicularly ii, -m ;L .nd liave their iir

i thin • ill membrane, which form- ti

'I - thn i'"i m' d

•.d to which waic ,• HIM i 1, , .
the funnel.

104

4. Specimens which are casts of the interior of the frond, to which the innermost mem-
brane with the ends of the perpendicular columns still remain attached, are not uncommon
(Fig. 40 A & C). These show that the columns are arranged in beautifully regular diagonal
lines ; and their inner ends seem to have been convex, as they leave in many cases concave or
cupped scars, of an oval or rhomboidal shape, upon the outside of the cast (Fig. 40 B}.

5. One specimen exhibits a strong horizontal foot-stalk, from which the frond grew up
vertically (Fig. 40 C). This foot-stalk is branched at both ends, its surface is covered in
pari s with vermicular striae, and its structure appears to have been minutely tubular or cellular.

6. Lastly, some specimens appear to show the extraordinary character of a second frond,
quite similar in structure to the first, invaginated within the outer one, so as to give rise to an
internal cone closely applied to the internal surface of the external funnel. It is possible,
however, that this appearance may admit of some other interpretation.

I have treated this species at some length on account of its very remarkable and compli-
cated structure ; but there are still several points connected with it which I have been unable
to make out with my present materials. Specimens are by no means particularly rare, but I
have seen none which are not fragmentary.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Golborne and Lot 6, Con. 1,
Wainfleet.

Genus FENESTELLA (Lonsdale).

Polyzoary forming a calcareous, flattened or infundibuliform expansion, composed of sub-
parallel branches, which radiate from the base, and are united laterally by cross-bars or disse-
piments, so as to form a network, the meshes of which are in general more or less oblong or
sub-quadrate. One surface of the branches (in the infundibuliform species the inner surface)
is rounded and covered by a dense, striated or minutely porous layer. The opposite surface
of the branches (in the infundibuliform species the outer surface) is furnished with two rows of
short tubular cells, the mouths of which are separated by a more or less prominent carina or
keel. The dissepiments are usually without cells. Occasionally a row of small cells upon
the mesial keel (the Fenestrellina of D'Orbigny).

Fenestella differs from Retepora in possessing distinct dissepiments, and in not having
the fenestrules formed simply by the coalescence of the branches ; whilst the cells are separated
by a distinct keel. From Polypom (McCoy), Fenestella is separated by having only two
principal rows of cells, and usually only these two, the third row if present being very minute,
whilst the lines of cells are separated by a carina.

The following species of Fenestella occur in the Corniferous Limestone and the Hamilton
group of Western Ontario ; though there are others which cannot be determined until more
complete materials shall have been collected.

127. FENESTELLA MAGNIFICA (Nicholson).

Polyzoary forming a flattened expansion of unknown but apparently considerable size.
Branches almost perfectly straight, bifurcating at intervals of from one quarter of an inch to

one inch, nearly parallel, united by straight transverse
dissepiments, sub-angular or obtusely carinated and closely
striated on the non-cell uliferous side. About four branches
in the space of a quarter of an inch measured across the
frond. Dissepiments about the same in diameter as the
branches, usually placed at intervals of from one line to a
tenth of an inch apart.' Fenestrules oblong, rectangular,
nearly equal, from one line to one-tenth of an inch in
length by two-thirds of a line in width, nine in one inch
measured vertically, and twelve in the same space mea-
sured diagonally, placed nearly but not quite at the same
level in contiguous rows. Celluliferous face unknown.

This species (Fig. 41) is most nearly allied to Fen-
estella laxa (Phillips), from the Carboniferous and De-
a. Portion of the poiyzoary of Fenestella Vonian Kocks of Britain ; but it is readily distinguished

magnified (Nich.), natural size ; o. a fragment . IT • i»,i/» i j.i_ •

of the same enlarged. From the Comiferous by the regular dimensions ot the tenestrules, their rectan-
gular shape, and their much smaller size. (The fenestrules

Fig. 41.

Limestone.

105

in F. liirn are from two to four times a- lari'e as tho-e of F. inminiji a i. From

;•;--, the present specie- i- -.-parated by it- rectangular, imt

trules, the much 'jivater proportionate and ah-o'.ute width »[' the tV-ii«--tnil«--. aiid tin.- -traL'ht,
not flexuous, branclu-.

I have only seen a single specimen of /•'. and that only exhibit- tl.

'if the ccencecium ; but the p-neral characters of tin- frond art- so unlike any pn-vi..u-!y r
species of with which I am acquainted, that I have thought my-clf ju-titied in

forming a new species for its reception.

/. — Corniferou- him- -stnm • ,,(' |'.: < me.

128. FENE-TKLI.A MAKCINAU-

Polyzoary f<>rmin'_: a fan shaped expansion, of unknown diiii'-hMnnv Mranche- straight.
nearly parallel, about four in the space of two lines. I>i--e[,imeiit- ( xeeedinjy narrow. nm
more than one hundredth of an inch in width, slL'htly expanded at their point- of jiineti'.n
with the branche^. quite straight, and separated bv intervals of one line, slightly alternatin-
in contL'H"u- rows. No cells upon the dissepiment-. !• oblong, regularly red

irular, nearly tv. Inn- as wide, (nearly one line in length and k--- tlian half a line in

width) : three fenestrules in a ijuarter of an inch measured vertieallv. and tive in the -aine
space measured transversely. Two marginal rows of lar-e fla-k-ha] ed cells, bet \\.-en which
are two or sometimes three rows of minute elongated cells, which probably neeupied a c-u:ral
keel. Four lar^e cells to a fenestrule, and one at the origin of each di>sepiment. As in •
case of the preceding Bpecies, I have only a .-in-le fra'_'inentarv example of this
character- are -n [ieculiar that I have no doubt as to its specific di-tinetii. — ( iui -; fciinen
is one exhibiting tho back of the p lyznary. but the outer striated non-eelloliferous la.
been denuded, and the proximal ends of the cells are thus br"U_rht int-i view.

In it- general fnnn / - • arly

a -.inline -h»\\n l>y tlie -trai^ht

lir.-niches, the di-tinct -trai-ht n. n cellulit't r
di--'-].iinents. it- rectan-ular ti-ne-trule-. and
possession of a row of large c.-ll- mi each rid
each branch. Tins la«-t character -eparate- it t'rr>m
]'"li/, ••/••!. and the other- ili-tini:ui-h it I'PIIM /

jiiif'i. Tlie >pecilne|| due- lint enable c- 'Virill

with certainty that the two lateral rOWS oi
were separated bv a median keel, but it apj
hi'_'lilv probable that tlii- \va- the OM6, In the

L'«-nu- or >ub '.'i-nii- I ' i ' '' ' ;. the

keel -eparatin- the t wn lateral r. I

I

«'" 7'7!"| celk carrie- a central row ,-f miiiut In

.)( 'a. ' ll (lirtlll ! !:•[

nHdlui, howevi r, the -par.

lateral n,v. .1- carrie- a -er,e- of minute

closi-lv ct-owde.l cell-, which arc arranged in -eneral in twoalterna1

in three Tlii- charade,-. -,, far a- I am aware, ha- IP>I hitherto been ol in any

of / .eept /•'. V • and it ma\. perhap-. alV'-rd a ground ot -ub

_'eip-ric di-tinctioii If, a- i- mo-t probable, a median ke, i were ir. -i-nt. it mn-t h
diluted the openin-- of two or three P.\\ - o| minu'

In it- '.'eip-ral form. /'. • ll ' mi mhlam-e to ;

dim. n- much -mall, r 'fhe former ha- I'oiir bran •!,<

ile- in a ijiiarliT of an inch m. a-ured tr.iti whil-t (In- d;

lingly thin, and the length of 4 • double the width < >n tl

hand, in / there are three brain IP ' two hue-, and about •

trule^ in a quarter of an im-h IIP

iiP-nf- ar-- about a- thick a- tin- branch.--, and tip- !• IP jtTU

wide

/, • ' — ' ! I'. 1 1 ( 'olb

106

Fj 43
a Fragment of the non-ceiiuiiferous

129. FENESTELLA CRIBROSA (Hail).

Fenestella cribrosa (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. II., p. 166, PI. XL., figs. 3a, 36.
Polyzoary forming a flattened expansion of unknown dimensions. Branches strong, par-
allel, often undivided for a distance of half an inch or more, very closely approximated, fifteen
or eighteen in a quarter of an inch. Dissepiments about the same width as the branches, or
slightly narrower, not dilated at their points of junction with the branches. Fenestrules oppo-
site, sub-alternate, or alternate in contiguous rows, oval or quadrangular, one-third longer
than wide. From ten to twelve fenestrules in a quarter of an inch measured vertically, and
from fifteen to eighteen in the same space measured transversely. Non-poriferous side closely
and finely granulated and striated. On the poriferous side, both the branches and the dis-
sepiments are keeled with a prominent and very sharp carina, and the dissepiments are placed
upon a lower plane than the branches, so that in many cases the latter alone are visible. Two
rows of cellules on each branch, opening by comparatively large rounded apertures on the lateral
aspects of the branch. No pores on the mesial keel or on the dissepiments. Two pores to
the length of a fenestrule, and one opposite the base of each dissepiment.

I have no doubt as to the identity of our specimens with Fenestella cribrosa (Hall), from
the Niagara Limestone, though Hall's description embraces only the non-celluliferous side.

The species is quite readily distinguished from all other
known species of the genus by the approximation of the slender
branches and dissepiments, from which it results that an ex-
traordinarily large number of fenestrules occupy a given space,
whether measured vertically or transversely. The characters
"' the celluliferous s'^° ;ir>' a's" sufficiently distinctive. Some
cxamples exbibit proportions slightly larger than those given
in the above description, and these may possibly constitute a
distinct variety or even a distinct species.

Locality and Formation.— Not uncommon in the Hamil-
side of Fenestella cribrosa (\\a\\), en- ton Group at Widder, and at Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona

larged ; b fragment of the celluliferous m i • r> T>

side of the same enlarged. From the -LOWnsnip 01 UOSanquet.

Hamilton Group.

130. FENESTELLA TENUICEPS (Hall).

Fenestella priscaf?) (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. II. p. 50, PL XIX., Fig. 4, a-m.
Fenestella tenuiceps (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol. II. p. 165, PI. XL. D, Fig. 2, a-h.
Polyzoary infundibuliform or forming a flattened expansion of a fan-shaped figure.
Branches nearly straight, sub-parallel, increasing by bifurcation, which usually takes place at
intervals of two or three lines, though sometimes the branches remain undivided for half an
inch or more. From eight to ten branches in the space of one quarter of an inch. Dissepi-
ments slightly narrower than the branches, markedly expanded at both ends, and separated
by intervals of a third of a line or rather more. Fenestrules oval, not distinctly rectangular,
nearly or quite twice as long as wide, about six or seven in a quarter of an inch, measured
vertically, and from eight to ten in the same space measured transversely, sub-alternate or
alternate in contiguous rows. Non-celluliferous surface, finely striated. Cells in a double row
on each branch, about four to each fenestrule.

Specimens conforming to the above characters are of
common occurrence in both the Corniferous Limestone and the
Hamilton Formation of Western Ontario, and little doubt can
be entertained as to their identity with the species described
by Hall under the name of F. tenuiceps, from the Clinton and
Niagara Formations of the State of New York. Though seve-
ral of our sp3chnens, by decor tication of the non-poriferous
layer, show the proximal ends of the biserial cells, none of them
actually exhibit the celluliferous face of the polyzoary. Ac-
cording to Hall, however, the branches are strongly carinate on
same enlarged. From the Corniferous this aspect, with a sharp-ed^ed keel, and the cells open on the

Limestone. , ' ,

sides of the branches.

L07

In many respects F. /</<«' liV/. very closely approximates to .F. j)i M

from the Carboniferous and Devu iian Rocks of Britain, the chief dill .it' imp«>rta!

beinp that the feocstrules in the latter are >. id t<> be re. -[annular, wherea- tln-y are oval in the
former. I should doubt if the t.v» form- an- -pcciticaliy distinct.

locality and Form U. umlaut in tin- t'nrni!iT"U- Kill, .f 1'nrt Cnlborne.

Rid_eway. ami Ln- C. ('on. 1. Wainfleet. Al.-n rmi.iiinn in the Hamilton F> rnntiui,
Bartktt's Mill.-. m-ar Arkmia, T >wn.-hij> nf \\ i-a

'

131. Fl M -i I.I. I. A KIUKuRMl> (Nie:

1'nh dingly delicate, oomposed oi parallel. cxtrcnn-i\ narrow branches, about

tifti .n nf which occupy the space of one ijuarter nf an im-h. 1 >i--.-pim.-nr- thr.

like, narrower than the hrandie.-. expanded at their point- nf junction with the brand.

u-ati-d by intervals of about , .' .,, indi. Fenestrules one-third \\ider than Inn-
lar or traii-ver.-ely oblmi-, twcnty-fniir in the -pace of one .(uait.-r nf an inch n,
vertically, and abmit fifteen in the same space measured transversely. ('ellu!: -..I.

unknown.

1 have nnly fragment.- nf this specie*, and imne ,,f the*.- -how
the eellulifer.iu.- aspect : but the prop.irtion- .,f the p
entirelv di-tinct from all other pivvioii-ly rec rdcd -pcde> of the
-.nu-.. that nn doubt c-in lie entertained as to its being new. It i.-

O

very readily distinguished by it- filiform and o

by the unu-ual character that the fe -are m irked Iv wider than

1 , 111 1- M 1 U »• »• I •

long, and by the extraordinarily large number 01 fenestrules in a

••iveti space m.-a-iir. d vertically. "
From ilit: ' *

Lime-'

/, alii " ' Formation. — Coniferous Limestone, Lol 'i. Concession 1, \Vaintl
. Gf TJBNIOPORA

Journal, ^^nl. X\'I.. N... •_'. ami '. '/ March. 1V7L

I'oiy/n.ary e .learenu-. cnmpo-ed nf a Hattmcd. lim • ir e,pan-imi, which brane:
to|,i'.u-ly and i- crllu!iferoii> nn both -ide-. l-lach >ide nf the pi.ly/nary i-nmetin.
nnlv 'i is tiirni-hed with a -tmiiL' nie-lian ridje nr keel, which ha- a bngitudinal di

i .-eparate- flu- frond into two lateral halves. Ti. - have prominent mouth-, and

arranged in fmm thn ••• to five lon-itudinal mws m each side of 'h'- '-.-ntral keel ; tin-

tigUOnsrOWB alternatin-. -n that a -erie- nf .-hurt nbli.|ii.> m !.- arc i

divi-r_, imni the keel like the barb- of a leather. The mar-in- of the pnly/.mn are

plain and mm cellulifemu-, and th

( ;I»J .';."» -.-|.arated by loirjitudinal -tri ••

^ ' ••« *•*! Nn t'ene-trule- are piv-,-iit. and the enti.

forms a oontinn •m-inn \suhin which the

cells are immer-ed.

Two -peei, - nf /' ' \\ hi. '

above charaelei DOl llll. -0111111011 in tl..- II,

miltnii Formation ,if We-tem Onl

-triicture a: ' :nc-

t!\e to entitle t belli I" h.

liitin- a di-tin ' penUB, which I |

i
with - : , . nn

!lt- ill (he -till.

\\hidi 1 h
think that tin

iliclioh. < l| f the chlel

: ! mini
I ha\e n.it ! ,!,!, I, olo n Iv either tl,.

M-eimen- i, ad Ii

108

tical septum, traversing the short diameter of the frond, and prolonged on either side into a
keel. Leaving this point, however, out of the question, as uncertain, there remain the fol-
lowing differences : — 1. In Ptilodictya the cells are not furnished with prominent mouths,
but with depressed apertures, and these are arranged in rows, which are separated by distinct
thread-like elevated lines or striae. On the other hand, the cells of Tceniapora have pro-
minent pustuliform openings, and they are usually not separated by any lines or ridges of
any kind. Tn some examples from the Hamilton group of the State of New York, the
first row of cells on either side of the keel has a limiting thread-like line, but I cannot
detect any such structure in our Canadian specimens ; and even the former have the remain-
ing rows of cells not marked off in this way. 2. There is no mesial keel or elevated ridge in
Ptilodictya, separating the coencecium into two symmetrical lateral halves. On the other
hand, the most conspicuous feature in Tceniopora is a strong elevated longitudinal carina on
either side of which the cells are arranged in alternating lines. 3. Whilst some examples of
Tfeniopora show a distinct non celluliferous marginal zone on either side, as exists in Ptilodictya,
others do not appear to possess any such structure ; and in any case this zone appears, when
present, to be smooth and not striated. Upon the whole, therefore, whilst recognizing the
general affinities of Tceniopora to Ptilodictya, I think the former may safely be regarded as a
distinct genus.

The following two species of Tceniopom have come under my notice as occurring in the
Hamilton group ; but as all my specimens are fragmentary, there are several important points
connected with their structure, which I have found myself unable to elucidate. I have also
specimens from the same formation in the State of New York, some of which appear to be
identical with one of our Canadian species, whilst others present certain differences which may
perhaps be of specific value.

132. TCENIOPORA EXIGUA (Nicholson).

Ta'niopora exigua (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, March. 1874.

Polyzoary forming flattened linear expansions, which branch dichotomously at «mgles of
about 60° and at intervals of from one and a half to three lines. The width of the frond is
about a line or a little over, and its thickness in the centre is about one-third of a line, from
which point it rapidly diminishes in thickness, until the sharp edged lateral margins are
reached. Both sides of the ccencecium carry a well marked longitudinal ridge or keel, which
occupies a mesial position, and on either side of which are three or four longitudinal rows of
cells. The cells are alternately disposed in contiguous rows, so as to form a series of short
transverse obliquely ascending lines, consisting each of three or four cells. The cells are im-
mersed in the substance of the ccencecium, and their mouths are circular and prominently
elevated above the general surface. About six cells occupy the space of one line measured
longitudinally, and the intervals between 'them are equal to or slightly greater than the dia-
meter of the cell-mouths themselves.- The cells extend on either side of the* midrib, quite to
the edge of the coencecium, and there appears to be no marginal non-celluliferous zone.

From the following spe-
cies, Tfeniopora exigua is
distinguished by its much
smaller width, its more fre-
quent division, its much
less strongly elevated me-
sial keel, and the apparent
absence of any distinct non-
celluliferous marginal area.
One specimen exhibits at
the base a small conical
Fi 47 expansion from which the

Toeniopora ?a%wa(Nich). a. Portion of a frond, natural size ; 6. The same enlarged, blanches proceed dlStally,
the portion drawn in outline being conjectural ; c. Portion of the same still further en- and which terminates prOX-
larged. From the Hamilton group. ,, • . .j

imally in a singular, and

clearly natural, circular perforation of about one-fourth of a line in diameter. There are
also indications in this specimen (fig. 476.) that the branches of the frond were bilaterally or

c

109

radially disposed round this central [mint. It is to be regretted, ho\v.-\.-r, that, \\ith tin' im
perfect materials at my command, T am at present comp.-ii.-d t-> leave this and --ther points of
intere-t in the structure of thi- remarkable form unelucidated.

,. — Common in the Hamilt--n group, at liartlett'.- Mill.-. n

Arkona, Township"!' Ho-am|uct. (Also common in the Hamilton Shale-. at < 'anand d-_'Ua.
v w fork.

1:;:;. T.KMUI-UHA PKNMKCIKMI> (Nicholson).

i

i Nichol-on i. i, , Marrh. 1 -

f'"lv/.oarv forming a linear flattened expansion, which prohahls divide- diohotomoiuly.
The total width df the frond is about two lines, and it.- thickm--- in the mid. He i- ah--ui tw..-
third- "fa line, gradually taperin- t" the mar-in. Both sides of the OOenoscium om-certainly.
and the other probablv) are furni>hfd with an exceedingly -tr.-ir_. Miint. me-ial. longitudinal
i'id_e "i- keel, the height of which is about a fourth of a line and it.- thicknes- about the
game. < )u either -id-- ol the central keel are four rows of cell< in alternating line-. 'I'li-
mouths of the cells are circular and prominent, ab ut live or >ix "ecn)iyinLr the -pace of
line mea-mvd longitudinally. Outside the rows of cells on either -i-le i- a plain m>n celluli1
ous space, about one third of a line in width, by which the margin i- eon-tituted.

In most of its e— .-niial elnracters, T" ///«ii<>/-<i penniformu iii^. II'H agreee with 7'.
hut if i- a much stron-er and more robust form, with a broader and more elevated keel, and
j,,, ------ n,_. ;l marginal non-poriferous area which appears to be wanting in the latter. I have

onlv !'ra-ment- of the sj.ecies, and am unable to State anything 88 to it.- -en> ral form of -r. -\\th
or it- total dimensions.

L-,.-,iI'itii 'in'/ l:',rmnt'<n)i. -Hamilton Formation, IJartlett's Mills, ne; r Arkona, Township
of Bosanquet.

' AUlNoPORA (Nicholson).

Journal, Vol. XIV.. No. 2, and Ann-d- of Nat. lli-t., Feb. 1R7I.)
PolyEoary infundibnlifonn, oaloareous, and reticulated. The external layer ->f the oy-
atliiform iV-md i.- composed of regularly undulated flexuou.- bran. -h--- which ana-tomo.-(- with
one an-'ther after the manner of a Retepora BO as to form a Beriee "f oval lene.-trul--- l-'.xt.-
riorlv. the branch- •- are aii'_rnlated or rarinate and are -inooth and lion cellnliferoii-. lir
nallv. cadi branch -iv--- origin to an enormoualj developed k---'l or vertical lamina, which cor
r- -pond- in direction with the branch and is directed inwards toward- the centre of the funnel
Thf inner lace of the branches tint- presents a series of narrow, elevated parallel ri-lje- --pa

1 by •!• | at the bottom of which tin- cell- ..pen to all appi-ir:!iii-e. The f."

tru! -pen at the bottom of the-e grooves. l'i - however, appear in part-

'roiid to I--- rendered \e-icular liv m-iJin- of a series <•' -areou- lannn.e \\hich e.-n

:-'ther the -
-in. : ----ntiL'tioii-

I n BOD

al-o. the inner «-nd-
.-! the n-L •

llerted I"J- llier 1

coiitini: .

membrane, -- that ih-

ih

•

.

nii
frond

.

di-nl
inn

tli-
i- CO!

I'll- •
in a!:.

' . ^

' ranch, their

,

c! Iho

Oil

A- •»

110

the great keel which springs from each branch internally. No cells are carried by the
areas formed by the anastomosis of contiguous branches

I have only seen a single, very large and well preserved example of this genus, and
a careful examination of this has still left me entirely unable to elucidate and explain some
of the most extraordinary structural featuresw hich it presents. There can, however, be no
doubt as to the complete distinctness of the genus from any previously known. A compre-
hension of the very remarkable characters presented by this genus will perhaps be best ob-
tained from a detailed account of the different figures of the above illustration, all of which
represent different portions of the onfy known specimen.

a. This figure exhibits a portion of the exterior of the frond, showing the fenestrules and
the outer non-celluliferous aspect of the branches. In the portion here illustrated of the na-
tural size, and partially shown at b on an enlarged scale, the fenestrules are oval, and arranged
in diagonal lines, and the branches are strongly keeled; the general appearance closely resem-
bling the non-celluliferous aspect of Retepom prisca (Goldfuss), and the fenestrules being
formed in the same way by the simple inosculation of the branches, without the development
of distinct dissepiments, c. This represents another portion of the exterior of the frond,
near the base, where the fenestrules are polygonal and are not arranged in regular diagonal
lines. In some cases, the fenestrules present the appearance of being closed by a delicate ex-
ternal membrane.

d. This figure shows a small portion from which the outer non-celluliferous layer of the
branches has been stripped off, showing the proximal ends or bases of the cells, arranged in a
double inosculating row on each branch, and lying in the same plane as the fenestrules.

e. This figure exhibits, on an enlarged scale, a small portion of the exterior of the frond
from which the outer non-celluliferous layer and the cells themselves have been stripped away,
leaving to view the circular mouths of the cells arranged in two alternating rows, which are
still in the same plane as the fenestrules, and which do not encroach upon the spaces formed
by the inosculation of the branches.

/. This figure is a greatly magnified representation of a transverse section of the frond at
a point considerably removed from the base, showing the branches cut across. Above, the
branches are separated by the fenestrules, and immediately beneath this are seen the dark
oval spaces contained within the body of each branch, a pair in each, and representing the
cavities of the biserial cells. Below this, again, each branch is seen to give origin to an im-
mense vertical keel or ridge, which is directed inwards towards the interior of the frond.
These ridges are separated by deep intervening grooves ; and there can be doubt that the cells
open at the bottom of these groves, those of one side of the branch opening on one side of the
base of the great keel, and those of the other opening upon the opposite side of the same.

g. This exhibits a greatly magnified transverse section of the frond at a point a little
above the base. As in the preceding, we can recognise without difficulty the shallow fenes-
trules, the divided branches carrying in their interior, each, a pair of cells, and the great inter-
nal keels. Here, however, we have two new features. Firstly, the deep grooves between the
keels are sub-divided by delicate calcareous laminae which connect the opposite side of contigu-
ous keels, and divide the intervening grooves into shallow transverse chambers. Secondly, the
grooves between the keels are closed internally by a continuous calcareous membrane, which
has a minutely porous or vesicular structure.

h. This exhibits a fragment taken from near the base, and showing the internal surface.
We see here the inner faces of the great longitudinal keels, separated by shallow grooves which
are filled up by a continuous calcareous membrane, which is not penetrated by either the
fenestrules or the cells. No apertures, therefore, of any kind appear on the interior of the
frond near the base. In the upper portion of the frond, however, a fragment of the interior
exhibits simply the great keels with deep intervening grooves, and the layer connecting the
keels cannot be distinctly made out. At the right hand corner of h, the keels and their con-
ne^ing membrane are broken away, and we see the cavities of the rows of cells ; whilst the
extreme corner is still further broken away, so that the fenestrules comes into view.

i. This simply represents a single branch in transverse section, greatly enlarged, and
shows the cells in the interior of the branch, and the great triangular keel proceeding from its
internal surface.

From the above description, it will be evident that the structure of Carinopora is quite
anomolous, and wholly unlike anything that has been hitherto observed in any member of the

Ill

The most anomalous point is the position of the cells, or rather their mode of
opening on the surface. The frond is funnel-shaped, and the cells open towards the interior of
the funnel, as in /.'••/<;/«»/•«. Towards the upper portion of the frond, the cells seem to open
simply at the bottom of the deep grooves between the internal keels, and the fene-trules open
into thr same grooves, and there is, therefore, no special difficulty here. it'. a> seems tolerably
certain, the keel- are not here connected by an imperforate connectm- membrane, an 1 the
oves thus remain open to the access of sea- water ; m-ir the ba-e, however, the k.-el* are

clearly connected internally by a ni'-mhnrie which has no perforations in it. and the deep
intervening grooves are Hlled up by a vesicular calc-amu- ti--ue. so that the -,-a-water could ii"t
have <jaiii'-d 800688 to the mouths of the cells. The only explanation that I can oti'.-r. is that t he-
basal portion of the poiy/oary may p.-rhap- have been gradually overgrown internally by thi-
layer of vesicular ti-.-u>-. and may thus have been practically killed, wlul-t the upper portion
remained open to the sea, and genuinely alive. It' this be not the case. I cannot explain
undoubted fact-.

The enormous internal keels, whether free or connected together internally -ive an extra-
ordinary depth and thickne-< to the polyzoary. and the fen, -.-(rules do not extend to more than
about a fourth of thi> dc-pth. nor do the cells. In //• 1'hill. i the fcm--truie- do n,,t

extend through the entire thickness of the polyzoary, but in this genus the ten,-Mrui<-- ar-
confined to tin -urface of the funnel-shaped frond, and the cell- op , /IL ln

Cry jil "]'"/'•( • Nich.; a-ain. the outer and inner surface of the poly/oary are both impi-rlorate,
and the cells open internally into a central space which is crossed by regularly-placed pillar-.
havini: a direction perpendicular to the plane of the frond.

The following i- the only species of the genu- . which ha- come under m\

notice : —

134. CARINOPORA HINDEI (Nicholson).

Cm Iliu-lii (Nicholson), Annals of Natural History, Feb. l>7l.

Thi- bein'_r the only -p.vi,-, ol ill,' •_', mi-, it is unneee^ary to recapitulate its -tructurai
charai-t.-r-, -incf these, 80 far a- known, have been fully di-cii--cd above. It onlv remain- t ,
•_'ive the mi-a-un-iin nt- by which the specie- is distinguished, along with one m- two char
•• r- whieh are not of g'-ii'-rie value. The only known specimen exhibit- a portion of a very
large infundibuliform frond, which, tlmu-h fragmentary, ha- a hei-ht of four inehe-, with a
iliamet, r above of clearly more than half a foot. The actual base is br-'ken of}. About
branches occiip;, the space of two lines. The fene-trule- are .-nmetim.-- oval, -omeiim,., he\-
• nal or polv^onal, and their arran-vup-nt diller- in dill', r.-nt parts of the fr.nid. Sonietini' -
they are ;irra[i---cl in regular diagonal lines; but even in thi- 0886 tin-re are often p, r
tible central longitudinal litn-s. on either -ide of which the dia-onal row- of fene-tru!<'- di\-

in opposite directions, like the barbe of a feather, giving rise to a mo-t p.-enliar appeara-

At other tinn- tin- f.-in--trule, are rhomboidal, lic\aLronal. or poly-onal, and are not arran
in di.-tinet diagonal row- ; wliil.-t two contejuoii- longitudinal row- are olten -i-parate.l b\ an
unusu ally narrow and apparently quite straight branch \ See 1 'I'he >p.-u-e< ai

whieli the fl.-xuoii- braneh- - ino-etii ale |ia\e a ilejith of about half a line, considerahly
iir_r tin- widtli of the brain-In-- ; -o that whil-t -<-\--\\ leiie>t rule- oeeiipv a ijiiart<T of an inch
nn-a-ured diajonailv. only four occupy the same space me.i-ured longitudinally. 'I'he thick-

• tin- frond, m. -a me. 1 at i i-ht an-_'le- to it.-, plane of-r-.wtli, i- mil- liin-or a little n,
nearly two third- of thi- bi-in.' .aeeoiinted tor by the L.'1'eat internal ke. l.i-tl\, tl.

•i'-rally three cell mouth- to the len-th of a lem-.-trule, with two place, 1 ,.ppo-it,- tin- iin.M-u
lation of eaeh pair of eonti_'ii..u- branch)

Tin- only kii'un • xample of thi- .-in/ula: .1 b\ mv iriend. \\\

Ofaorgi JenOiO - Hinde, by whom it .!,mittt,l to me for examination, aii«l in who-«-

honour 1 ha\-- named it.

1 . l.ime.-toiie. .1 arvi-. ( 'oiint\ ••( \\ .

< i • I I ill .

I'o]-. .inpo-e 1 of iin-mbi-ainni- tl it • ;,ni-i,,n-. u hi. -h either branch without

anaitomoail OF, mop- typicillv, divide into bran, 'In-- whi>'h in : interval-, till

'In n i, produced a broad frond p,-rt- ;.\ i m

112

of considerable size. Both sides of the polyzoary carry cells, but the cells which open upon
one aspect are separated from those which open on the other side by a thin concentrically-stri-
ated laminar axis or membrane, precisely similar to the axis of Ptilodictya. In the clathr-
ate species the margins of the apertures are surrounded by a strong striated non-celluli-
ferous border.

There can be no doubt as to the very close relationship between Clathropora and Ptilodictya ;
and it may reasonably be doubted if the former can be retained apart from the latter. One
of the chief characters of Ptilodicti/a is the presence of a thin striated membranous axis be-
tween the two series of cells on the two aspects of the co3no3cium. No such character appears
to have been observed by Hall in Clathropora, or is alluded to in his description of this genus,
and its absence would certainly be a sufficient ground for generic distinction. I have, how-
ever, determined the existence of a laminar axis exactly similar to that of Ptilodictya, both
in a Corniferous species of Clathropora and in C. frondosa (Hall), from the Niagara Lime-
stone, the type-species of the genus. The striated non-celluliferous margins of Ptilodictya
are also represented by precisely similar margins surrounding thefenestrge in both C.frondosti
(Hall), and in C. intertexta (Nich.) It would appear, therefore, that the chief difference be-
tween Clathropora and Ptilodictya is to be found in the fact that the cells of the latter are
arranged in rows separated by distinct elevated lines, which certainly appears not to be the
case in the typical species of the former, though the contrary is asserted by Hall. The mode
of growth of Clathropora in itself clearly does not afford sufficient ground for generic distinc-
tion, and the more or less quadrangular form of the cell-mouths is certainly only an occa-
sional phenomenon in the type-form C. frondosa. Upon the whole, therefore, whilst retain-
ing Clathropora in deference to the opinion of such a high authority as Prof. Hall, I am
inclined to believe that the forms included under it may safely be placed under Ptilodictya.

The following species is the only one which has come under my notice as occurring in
the Devonian Rocks of Western Ontario.

135. CLATHROPORA INTERTEXTA (Nicholson).

Clathropora intertexta (Nicholson), Geological Magazine, March, 1874.
Polyzoary forming a thin flattened expansion, composed of broad branches which inoscu
late so closely as to leave simply rounded or oval apertures or fenestrae perforating the frond-
The width of the branches is from a line to a line and a half; and the fenestrae are oval or
circular in shape, about a line and a half or a little more in diameter, and placed at intervals
of about a line or a line and a half. The margins of the fenestrae are surrounded by a striated
non-celluliferous zone. The frond is celluliferous on both sides, forming two continuous layers,
their proximal ends or bases being placed back to back, but separated by a delicate calcareous
membrane or laminar axis, which exhibits numerous close-set transverse curved striae. From
six to ten cells occupy the space of a line measured diagonally, whilst the form of the cell-
mouths is oval or circular, and the cells do not appear to be arranged in distinct lines sepa-
rated by elevated striae.

Clathropora intertexta (Nich.) is closely allied
to C. frondosa, a beautiful and not very rare spe-
cies in the Niagara Limestone. In the latter
species, however in all the specimens that I have
examined, whil t the width of the branches is
much about the same as in C. intertexta, the in-
osculation is so effected as to leave very much
smaller fenestrae which have a diameter of only
about half a lin , and which look simply like little
oval or circular perforations in the membranous
(XBuaseiuin. This is the case, also, with one of

Clathropora intertexta (Nicholson), a. Portion of. the ji . _, «„, - j i._ TT.I} /TJ,J XT V tr«l

frond, natural six.u ; 6. Fraj,nnent of the same, enlarged to the Specimens figured by Hall (Pal. JN. Y., Vol.

shew a portion of the central membranous axis. From II PI XL B., fi«J. 55.) ; but another example

the Corniferous Limestone. .e i i •, f ? i

figured by the same (Loc. at., fig. o«.), has much

larger fenestrules, about the same in size as in C. intertexta, though more elliptical. This,
however, can not be considered as belonging to the same species as Fig. 5/>., with the smaller
fenestrse ; and as all the specimens I have seen, however large, agree with the characters of

Fig. 49.

113

this form, I should be disposed to regard this as the typical form of C. frondosa (Hall). In
such examples of C. frondosa, further, as I have examined, the cells are remarkably long and
narrow, and about fourteen of them occupy the space of one line measured transversely ;
whereas, in C. intertexta the cells have a sub-quadate or rounded form, with nearly circular
mouths, and only six to eight of them occupy a line transversely. In spite, therefore, of the
close general resemblance between C. intertexta and the two forms included under Hall's C.
frondosa, I am inclined to think C. intertexta to be specifically distinct. If this should subse-
quently, by a comparison of specimens, be proved not to be the case, I should propose that
the name of C. frondosa (Hall), should be restricted to the forms with the very small fenestrae
(Pal. N. Y., Vol. II , PI. XL., B., fig. 56.), whilst the name of C. intertexta should be applied
to the undoubtedly distinct forms with large fenestrae. In any case, as before remarked, both
of these species of Clathropora might, without impropriety, be looked upon as nothing more
than reticulated Ptilodictyce.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Jarvis, Township of Walpole.
(Collected by Mr. George Jennings Hinde).

CHAPTER V.

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA PTEROPODA, AND GASTEROPODA — OF THE CRNIFEROUS AND

HAMILTON FORMATIONS.

•

LAMELLIBRANCHIATA.

Mr. Billings states, that he has met with about twenty species of Lamellibranchiata in
the Corniferous Limestone of Western Ontario, and of these he names and describes one, viz.,
Vanuxcmia Tomkinsi (Canadian Journal., New Series, Vol. VI., p. 357). This species I have
not seen, and the only Lamellibranch which I have met with, either in the Corniferous Lime-
stone or the Hamilton group, is the well-known Conocardium trigonale (Hall).

136. CONOCARDIUM TRIGONALE (Hall).

Pkurorhynchus trigonalis (Hall), Rep. 4th Geol., Dist. New York, p. 272, figs. 6a, 6b.,
(not Pleurorhynchus trigonalis, Phillips).

Conocardium sub-trigonale (D Orbigny), Prodr., Vol. I., p. 80.

Conocardium trigonale (Meek), Gological Survey of Ohio, Palaeontology, Vol. I., p. 201.

Shell trigonal, with the anterior extremity distinctly cordate. " Anterior side abruptly
. truncated, with a forward slope from the beaks to the more or less angular anterior basal
extremity, and flattened, or sometimes even a little concave, near the outer margins, so as to
meet the lateral surfaces at about right angles, or less, along the prominent, angular, urnbo-
nal slopes, which extend to the anterior basal extremity, and are produced forward in the
form of a peculiar thin alation, that is most extended below ; dorsal margin behind the beaks
nearly straight and horizontal, or a little declining and slightly concave in outline with the
edges of the valves incurved, while in front of the beaks it is more or less produced forward
in the form of a narrow (beak like ?) extension ; basal margins of the valves strongly incurved
and distinctly crenate within, nearly straight in outline, anteriorly and obliquely ascend-
ing, with a more or less convex outline posteriorly to near the hinge, below which they
are widely gaping so as to form an ovate or sub cordate hiatus, and present a slightly sinuous
outline; posterior extremity (when not broken or worn away) distinctly angular at the ter-
mination of the hinge-line above ; beaks moderately prominent, gibbous, and distinctly
incurved nearly at right angles to the hinge, or with a very slight backward inclination.
Surface ornamented by simple, regular, radiating costae, separated by furrows of about the
same size or less ; costaj smaller and more crowded on the anterior flattened t'aee of the valves
than on the flanks behind the umbonal angle, and not defined on the anterior umbonal ala-
tion ; crossing all of these markings, there are numerous fine, regular, crowded, concentric
8

114

a

lines, generally much more distinct in the furrows than on the ribs between them, and more
or less marked on the anterior alations ; a few stronger wrinkles of growth are also usually
seen at more distant intervals, especially near the lower margins of the valves, where they are

more crowded together,
ft and present a zig-zag ap-
pearance in crossing the
costse and furrows. Length
of a mature, rather short,
gibbous specimen, from the
anterior basal angle to the

•vj.\\\'-.''i '.'?^J posterior extremity of the

hinge, 1.32 inches; from
beak to same, 0.65 inches ;
Flo 50 height of top of umbones,

Conocardium trigonale (Hall); a. Side view of a medium sized, mature speci- v-72 inches ; convexity of
men, being mainly an internal cast, with the umbonal alations and the anterior beak- the tWO valves anteriorly,
like appendage broken away ; b. View of the underside of another specimen, retain- /% QJ ; V, /AT 1 T> 1
jng a portion of the alation (al), which extended at least as far forward as indicated v.\)'± inCD. (iVleeK, _rai830n-
by the dotted line. (After Meek). tology of Ohio, p. 201).

Specimens of Conocardium trigonale appear to be common in parts of the Corniferous
Limestone, but, so far, I have only met with exceeding fragmentary and broken specimens,
though these can readily be recognised by their surface characters, and by the singular ala-
tions produced from the margins of the truncated anterior side. I have, therefore, contented
myself with simply reproducing Meek's full description and a portion of his figures of this
species. If Pleurorhynchus trigonalis (Phillips), be a valid species, and not identical with
Conocardium Hibernicum (Sowerby), then the use of the specific name trigonalis, for the Ame-
rican form must be a abandoned, and D'Orbigny's designation of sub-trigonale will have to be
adopted.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Hagersville, Township of Oneida.

PTEROPODA.
137. TENTACULITES sp.

Under this head, I can simply note the occurrence in great abundance in the Hamilton
group of a species of Tentaculites, which is probably not new, but which I am unable to
identify with any species previously described, in consequence of my not having access to all
the published descriptions of these fossils. In almost all respects it agrees with Tentaculites
annulatus (Schlotheim) ( = T. scalaris ibid), but the latter is described as having the surface
covered with very minute longitudinal striae, no such structures being visible in the former. On
the contrary our species agrees with Tentaculites ornatus (Sowerby). in having the interspaces
between the regular annulations ringed with from three to seven fine sharp encircling striae.
It is, however, apparently not identical with T. ornatus, as it seems to be a longer form, and
to have the annulations more closely set. In the absence, however, of authentic specimens of
either T. annulatus or T. ornatus, I can simply leave the specific determination of the Canadian
form an open question.

Locality and Formation. — Very abundant in the Hamilton Formation, Arkona, Township
of Bosanquet.

GASTEROPODA.

The! number of Gasteropoda in the Devonian Rocks of Western Canada is very consider-
able, and this is especially the case as regards the Corniferous Limestone. By far the majority
of specimens, however, occur in the state of casts, with little or none of the original surface
preserved, often crushed, or mutilated in different ways; and it is thus often impossible to
determine their true affinities or to decide with certainly to what species they may belong. I
have thus been compelled to leave altogether unnoticed a number of univalves of which noth-
ing definite can be made with the materials at present in my hands ; whilst the determination
of these here recorded must be regarded as more or less doubtful and provisional. The only
Gasteropod which has come under my notice from the Hamilton group is a Platyceras, and

115

several species of the same genus occur in the Corniferous Limestone. The latter formation
also contains examples of the genera Platyostoma, Strophostylus, Holopea and possibly Helico-
toma.

Genus PLATYCERAS (Conrad).

" Shells depressed, sub-globose, sub-ovoid, or obliquely sub-conical. Spire small ; volu-
tions few, sometimes free and sometimes contiguous, without columella ; aperture more or less
expanded, often campanulate and sometimes with the lip reflexed ; peristome entire or sinuous.
Surface striated or cancellated, often spirally ridged or plicate, and sometimes strongly lamel-
lose transversely, nodose or spiniferous." — (Hall, Pal. N. Y., Vol. ILL, p. 309).

The shells of the genus Platyceras are readily recognised by their obliquely spiral or
straight shape, their wide aperture, their usually or always having a sinus in the outer lip,
and the absence of a columella. They may be dextral or sinistral. The genus is identical
with Acroculia (Phillips) over which it has the priority, and appears to be most nearly allied
to the recent Capulus.

The following species of Platyceras occur in the Corniferous Limestone and Hamilton
formation of Western Ontario ; but their determination is rendered uncertain by the imper-
fect and ill-preserved condition in which they are found.

138. PLATYCERAS VENTRICOSUM (Conrad).

Platyceras ventrkosum (Conrad), Ann. Rep. Pal. N. Y., 1840, p. 206.

Platyceras ventrkosum (Hall), Pal N. Y., Vol. Ill, PI. LVI., Figs. 1, 4 & 8, and PL
LVII, Fig. 4.

Platyceras ventrkosum (Meek and Worthen), Geology of Illinois, Vol. Ill, PL XI, Figa.
4a, b.

Shell obliquely ovate, composed of two and a half or three volutions of which the last is
extraordinary expanded and ventricose. The spire is depressed below the plane of the upper
side of the body-whorl, and the inner lip is in contact with the spire. The surface is marked
by fine transverse striae, and near the aperture by coarse undulating lines or folds of growth.

I have one or two specimens, of which one is figured in pi. II., fig. 1, which consist of
the body-whorl of a large Platyceras almost certainly to be identified with P. ventricosum. None
of our examples, however, exhibit the spire.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone of Port Colborne.

139. PLATYCERAS INTERMEDIUM (Hall) ?
( Plate II. , Fig. 2.)

" Shell arcuate, sub-spiral, making little more than two volutions, the last one free and
becoming gradually straight. The apex is very minute, consisting of little more than a single
volution, with the parts closely contiguous. Surface marked by fine lauicllose transverse striae,

which are slightly undulated upon the body of the shell." — (Hall,
Pal. N.Y., Vol. Ill, j). 321, PL LVIII., Fig. II.)

I possess two examples of the body-whorl of a species of
Platiict-riiK from the Corniferous Limestone, of which all I can as-
sert is that they are of the type of P. intermedium (Hall), if not
absolutely belonging to the same >|>eeies. Both consist of the
slightly curved and greatly expanded body-whorl, the lip of the
aperture being markedly undulated, and the surface exhibiting
numerous close-set transverse striiu, which are undulatad to cor-
respond with the sinuous aperture, and are very closely arranged
near the aperture is nearly round.

Lni'ii/i/t/ /mil l''<>nn«lit>ii. — Corniferous Limestone (if Port
Fig. 6i. Colborne.

Body-whorl of a species (if J'litn/-
cerax apparently iil< ntii-;il with /'.
inti'riiii'iliiini (ll:ill). rp'in tin'
Coniiferous Limestone.

116

140. PLATYCERAS, sp.
(Plate II., Fig. 6.)

Our collection includes a single very well preserved specimen of the body-whorl of a
Platyceras of the type of P. bisulcatum (Hall). It is apparently new, but with such meagre
materials I do not venture to describe it. The body-whorl is free, and the apex has evidently
been small, and has apparently been sinistrally rolled up. The aperture is expanded, and the
tip is strongly sinuated. Along the convex side of the body-whorl run two longitudinal fur-
rows, of which one is very deep, whilst the other is quite shallow and obscure. Between
these is a strong rounded longitudinal riJge or plication. The entire surface is marked with
strong, close-set, lamellose, transverse striae, which do not become any stronger towards the
aperture than they are near the apex.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Lot 6, Con. 1, Wainfleet.

141. PLATYCERAS, sp.
(Plate II., Fig. 7).

This is a much crushed specimen resembling P. tenuiliratum (Hall), but the true affini
ties of which cannot be determined. It consists of two or three volutions, the first and second
being extremely minute, and the body-whorl being greatly expanded and lengthened. The
minute, inrolled apex is not two lines in diameter, whilst the elongated body-whorl has a length
of nearly an inch and a half. The specimen is decorticated, and the surface-characters cannot
be made out.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Ridgeway.

142 PLATYCERAS UNISERIALE (Nicholson).
(Plate II., Fig. 5.)

Spire small, unknown, but evidently of few volutions. Body-whorl very large, vontri-
oose, expanded towards the aperture. Aperture rounded, its margin sinuated. The margin
of the aperture is somewhat oblique, and the spire would appear to have been in contact with
the body-volution. The convex aspect of the body-whorl carries upon one side, not mesially,
a single row of large remote spines. Surface marked with tolerably conspicuous transverse
striae, which become stronger towards the aperture, and also with very fine longitudinal
striae.

I have only a single specimen of this singular form, but its characters are so distinct
from those of any species of Platyceras known to me, that I feel justified in describing it as
a new species. The specimen exhibits only the body-whorl, with the margin of the aperture
and the commencement of the spire. The most noticeable feature, apart from the surface-
ornamentation, is the existence of a single row of spines upon one side of the body-whorl,
these spines being of large size, and r laced very far apart. The specimen only shows two of
these spines, and only the bases of these, but they have a diameter of a line and a half, and
are placed at four lines apart. As almost the entire surface of the body-whorl is shown, and
as the shell itself is preserved, it is certain that no other spines could have been present ex-
cept those belonging to this series. It thus differs very materially both from the Devonian
species of Platyceras, with spines irregularly disposed over the whole surface, and also from
the carboniferous species, P. biseriale (Hall), in which the body-whorl is provided on loth sides
with a row of long spines.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.

] 43. PLATYCERAS DUMOSUM (Conrad) ?

A smnll gpiniferous species of Plntyceras is not uncommon in the Hamilton Formation of
"Western Ontario, which belongs to the group of which P. dumosum (Conrad) is the type,
and ^»hich appears to be in nil probability a variety of this variable species. It is much

117

smaller than the typical forms of P. diimusunt, and also carries much fewer spines. Upon the
whole it seems to be most like P. dimatum, var. />//•/.•,•////< ^//j. Hall (Fifteenth Report on the
State Cabinet, . 38), though it never appears to attain anything like such a si/e. It al
somewhat resembles P. dumosum, var. atttnua/um. Meek (Paleontology of Ohio Vol I
PI. XX., Figs. 2 a, b.)

The shell in our specimens is always of small
never appearing to exceed three quarters of an inch
in length, and is composed of about two volutions.
The apex is small, closely enrolled, and in contact
with the body-whurl till close to the aperture. The
body. whorl is greatly expanded, the aperture patu-
lous, oval, or rounded, with a diameter of about half
an inch, and having the lip strongly sinuated. The
^ surface is marked with fine close-set tran-vcr-«- striaa,

which are stronger and are undulated towards the
aperture. The body-whorl carries eight to twelve or

Different views of a sm;ill I'lati/cerax (P. tl' i 1 i • i , .

..a the Hamilton more strong tubular spines, which are arranged in

/•«,-.

Xatur.i somewhat irreuular longitudinal lines. It is quite

possible that our shells are new, as they do not appear to correspond exactlv with anv previ-
ously recorded form ; but, in the present condition of the genus /'/<////,,,,•. it would be
unsafe to give it a separate title.

L' ' •-/ /'//•//<<///"«. — Common in the Hamilton Formation, Arkona, Township of

Bosanquet.

Genus PLATYOSTOMA (Conrad).

The shells of this convenient but hardly definable genii- are ventricose. witli a short,
deprc-M-d. or very moderately elevated -pire, and an extremely exp m 1 i body-whorl. The
aperture is very large, and the columellar lip thickened.

Specimens which appear to have all tin.- characters of P. r,ittri<-".<<i (Conrad), from r
Lower Helderberg and Ori.-kany Sandstone, arc not uncommon in the (' •,>niiteniu- lin.
of Ontario ; but they occur entirely in the condition of ca-t>. and do not, tlierefore, permit of
anything further than their mere identification.

1-14. PLATYOSTOMA VKNTHICOSA (Com-
1'late II., Fig. 4.)

1 'onrad), ./. /. Nat. >'• . P) - ' V \ 1 1 1.

P. 275.

/'•' I (Hall). Pal. \. )'.. V..1. III., p. 300, PI. LV.. and p. 169. I

» XII . CXIII. and <\\.

••>lii-ll L'lobM-.-, .,]• dcpr- --• d J..IMI-C. and nfteti obliijiicly ovuid. var\in_' in Conn. Spire
moderately rlc\at.-d. (•nn>i.<tiii'_p »[ three or lour volutions, the ia-t of u l.i.-h i- i-xtr. in<
tricu-r : volution- flattened npi.n tin- upper -id-- ; apiTture circular or MI). .•olmnellar

lif) nfli--.. id - . 06 marked by tine cln-rlv arranged .^triii1 parallel to the iin. ,- d' urowth."
II - . .'.. p. L<

Cast- appan nily belonging to tlii- ~p, cjc- ari- f'.ir tV-m uiici>:iiiiio!i in the Corn:
Limestone 01 Omario. ami I hav !i. Hi' d one n|' tin- be-t that I have .-ecu ( Plate II.. ti_' '
In torni and dim> n-i"n- tin- >].cciincn- ditl.r OODBldorablj, but thcv all aLrrec in the •

elevated -pin-, v. niric.,-,- h,,d\ wln.rl. and -imply -tri.it. d surl 1 '-n

:red ha- t he body wlmrl !•• •. l«lnw tlian i- UMial in thi> -j..-c ured by Hull,

and it- dimension* are a- fnlli.w-: Ibi-ht nni- inch and a half in reality -<m< -what O\
tin- ' ; breadth two inchc- ami t\\" lim-- licj-ht ol' ap- rlun-. -ixicen lim - . width »f .i[- i ture.

mi i -n li'.. -. If SJDJ of the examples, however li-i\- -'lim. : -nailer than th«

/. • ' '// <n«l i ,,.,., |.MI1. Port ( .i"-niiv

Hdl).
Sln-11 witli a d'-pn-— t d «r m-.'I.Tat«-l\ (-| : n.I an . \pind., 1 ami vcntrioOM

118

body-whorl, which does not become free at the aperture. A distinct columella is present, and
this has a peculiar twisted form or is spirally grooved. No umbilicus. Outer lip thin.

The typical species of Strophostylus are recognised by their thin shell, commonly ex-
panded round or oval aperture, surface with simply concentric lines, and twisted columella.
The last character, however, is one which is very rarely available, and it may, therefore, be
left out of consideration. The surface ornamentation is likewise not constant, for whilst con-
sisting in the typical species of transverse striae alone, Hall has described species with longi-
tudinal or revolving striae in addition, and the Strophostylus? cancellatus of Meek and Wor
then has a regularly cancellated surface. In these cases, the shell comes closely to resemble
Cydonema and some species of Holopea, and, if the columella can not be observed, the determi-
nation must rest upon the general form of the shell, which has a depressed or slightly elevated
spire and a greatly expanded body-whorl and aperture in Strophostylus, whereas in the two
last-mentioned genera the shell is more elevated and turbinate and the body-whorl is only
moderately large. It is quite possible that these differences may often prove deceptive, but
in the numerous fossil Gasteropods in which the mouth can not be observed, it is difficult to
point to any other characters by which a generic determination may be effected.

In the Corniferous Limestone of Ontario occur two or three species of Gasteropods which
have the general form of Strophostylus with the cancellated surface of Cydonema or Holopea
(in part). The true affinities of these, owing to their imperfect preservation, can not be made
out ; but, in accordance with the considerations above brought forward, I shall in the mean-
while refer them provisionally to Strophostylus. I have not been able to identify any of these
with previously-recorded species, and have, therefore, b en compelled reluctantly to describe
them as new. As many of the descriptions of the known species are, however, very incom-
plete, it is quite possible that they are not really new.

145. STROPHOSTYLUS? SCB-GLOBOSUS (Nicholson).
(Plate II., Fig. 3).

Shell globose, thick, with a depressed spire which is hardly elevated above the upper
surface of the body -whorl, except close to the aperture. Volutions three, very rapidly increas-
ing in size, convex, the body-whorl enormously expanded and somewhat flattened on its upper
surface. Height one-third less than the width. Sutures not canaliculated, and hardly
marked at all except between the body-whorl and the spire near the aperture. Aperture
large, nearly circular, the outer lip meeting the volution above at considerably less than a
right angle, and not extending any further forward than the margin of the aperture below.
Outer lip apparently not reflected ; inner lip callous ; apparently no umbilicus. Surface
with numerous revolving thread-like strias, of which five occupy the space of one line, and
which are crossed by elevated thread-like transverse striae, -which are directed obliquely back-
wards, and of which about three occupy the space of one line, thus giving rise to a system of
oblong cancelli.

Height of specimen fourteen lines; width, twenty-two lines; height of aperture, thirteen
lines ; width of aperture, thirteen lines.

From S. globosus (Ha\\), the present species is separated by its larger dimensions, its non-
canaliculated suture, and its much more distinct cancellation. From Strophostylus ? cancellatus^
of Meek and Worthen, it is separated by the fact that the outer lip does not meet the
volution above at a right angle, and is not prolonged further forward than the lower margin of
aperture, whilst the shell appears to be much larger and more globose, and the cancellation
is more distinct and pronounced.

Locality q,nd Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.

146. STROPHOSTYLUS? OVATUS (Nicholson).
(Plate II., Fig. 10).

Shell transversely elongated or ovoid, the height being to the width as three to five.
Spire small, moderately elevated ; volutions three, regularly convex ; the sutures apparently
linear, and not canaliculated ; the body-whorl ventricose and especially dilated near the

119

aperture. The aperture transversely oval, sub-elliptical ; the outer lip not reflected, and u.
ing the volution above nearly at rL'ht an<_rle<». hut not prolonged further forward than the
lower margin of the aperture. No umbilicus. Surface cancellated with numerous revolving
and transverse thread like striae, the former about seven and the hitter three or four in the
space of one line. Between the concentric stri;*.1 are numerou< liner stria-, having the -ame
direction, but so delicate that they can only be detected by the u-e of a hLh ma-nii'vim:
power. On the columellar side of the aperture the transverse striae radiate from a point, the
revolving striae running nearly parallel with the inner lip, and the cancelli arc nearly sqn
whereas elsewhere they are oblonir. The transver-e -tri:e have a m.>-r peculiar and chanu-t-T
i.-tic curvature ; sprin-iii'_r from the suture above, they are directed obliquely backward- with
a dorsal concavity ; they then make a great curve of which the convexity is di iorsallv,

and which is situated on the lateral aspect of the whorl, and then finally they are a-ain curv d
in the opposite direction, so that their convexities are directed towards the aperture. Whether
the form of the outer lip conforms to this curvature of the concentric strhr ha- n •! 1
determined.

Heiirht of specimen, twelve lines; breadth, twenty lines. Height of aperture ten line- ;
width nt aperture, fourteen lines.

Tin- species, whether rightly referred to StrophoatylllS or not, appears to be distinguishable
bv its peculiar form and the characters of its surface-ornamentation.

A " ' (if 'Ui'J {•'"Tnxd'titH. — (.'orniferous Limestone of Port Colborne

147. STROPHOSTYLUS OBLIQUUS (Nicholson).
(Plate II., Figs. 11, ll/o.

Shell obliquely elliptical, its height being to its width nearly as one to three. Spire
-mall, >li'_rhtly elevated ; volution- thive or four, rapidly increasing in diameter ; the b<
whorl Lrreutly expanded. The volutions of the spire are -imply rounded and convex. but tlie
body-whorl is obliquely flittem-d above, so that its upper -urt'ace join- tin; \nlution ab
almo.-t at an anje of l>o. Suture- ohscuivK eanaliculated. I'ndcr -urfai-e -IL'htlv hol-
lowed out ; a -mall umbilicus. Aperture obliquely ovate. slL'htly an^nlated above ; it- lieijht
m-arly doubii- it- width ; the oiit.-r liji thin, tin- nilumellar lip unknown. Surt'ie.- cancell
with .-tron_' revolving -tri;e. ami much liner ami more clo-ely -ct tran-ver-.- -ti

ll'-ijht of -pccimcii, aiiout e:i:ht line- ; width, ei-hteen lines; height of aperture, tuur-
width of aperture, nine line- or !•

Thi- -jieei,-- i- iii-tinjui-h<-d from all other Bpeoies of Strophostylw, both by it-
el.araeter- and liv it- \erv jn-eiiii-ir obliquely-elODgated form. It would -cem to !»• -omrwhat

allied!- II;.... but a- ihe coluinella i- I.ol klluWII, it.- reference: - ,/Hj

is rendered doubtful.

/. • '-, ;" rntntum. — OoraiferonB Limestone, Port Colborne.

<!•: 11"! i'|'K. \ I Hall i.

•

"Shell conic-il, vi-ritrieo-i'. more ,,r lesfl "lili'|U-- i-r nearh dir.-ci apertur.- roiiinl
margin i-niirt-; -urt ice m irked by .-imple line ,-ur\ ed -tri.f. or cancellated ' .Hall, /'

Vo\ I p i

The limn- of ihe L'ciiu- ll"!'f -I can hardlv be ri^idlv d. -lined a- f.ir a- our prr-ent
knowled In 'ji-mTal form // clo-el\ -imil n to' and the eh

i-ti. fiameni itimi o!' ihe 1..I inetiiie- pi.--.-nt in the foiiner. An iiml'il!'

app'-ar-. to |,«- usiiallv pre-eni in //,,/.y,../. and i> uni\i-r--i!!v ali-i-ir in but it

M.metim.-- uaiitinj in the form r genOI al-o I'Vom >7/ ihi ••!'!- // i ...

tinju -In-. | I,-, it- mo[-.- e]e\at--ii -pin' ii- iiirbinate torm. ami it- !••-- \ cntrii-.'-<- ho,|\ whorl
and I. -- e\|, uided iperture

The follow oies from the CorniibrouH Liineatooe of Ontario maj '• it .u \

aie provisionally, t<> tli.- •/i-nu- // . •/• .^

120

148. HOLOPEA ERIENSIS (Nicholson).
(Plate II., Fig. 9).

Shell turbinated, with a large ventricose body-whorl. Apical angle 90°. Volutions
nearly four ; spire small, elevated ; all the whorls convex, and the body-whorl very strongly
rounded, and ventricose. Sutures deep. Aperture broad ovate, or sub-circular ; the outer
lip bent inwards towards the base ; the peristome thick, and either entire or only confluent
with the columella for a short distance. A minute umbilicus (?). Surface with no spiral
band, but with revolving thread-like striae, about eight of them in the space of one line. No
transverse striae.

Height of specimen eight lines, of which the spire occupies less than two lines ; width
(including the aperture) ten lines. Height of aperture five lines ; width the same.

This form is allied to Holopea Guelphensis and H. Gratia (Billings), but is a smaller form
than either. I cannot identify it with any previously recorded form, and have therefore des-
cribed it as new.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Ridgeway.

Genus HELICOTOMA (Salter).

The name Helicotoma was proposed by Salter for a group of shells which he believed to
form a sub-genus of Scalites, and to be distinguished by their depressed discoid form, their
nearly flat spire, the obtuse angulation of the whorls externally, their broad umbilicus, and
their cirrhoid or helicoid form. In the typical species the umbilicus is wide, and the aper-
ture is deeply notched above ; but the latter feature does not appear to be constant. So far
as is certainly known, the genus is exclusively Upper Cambrian and Lower Silurian.

It, is with extreme doubt that I refer any Devonian shell to this genus, but the Cornifer-
ous Limestone has yielded casts of a shell which agrees in all respects with such a form of
Helicotoma &sH eucharis (Billings), except in the small size of the umbilicus, and which I can
not at present refer to any other recognised genus. In the meanwhile, therefore, I shall des-
cribe the following species under Helicotoma, though it is exceedingly probable that better
examples will show that this is not its true generic position.

149. HELICOTOMA SEROTINA (Nicholson).
(Plate II., Figs. 8, 8a).

Shell small, of three or four volutions, which increase gradually in size to the aper-
ture. Spire depressed, almost perfectly flat, the upper surface of the body-whorl lying on the
same plane as the spire. Upper side of the body-whorl sloping slightly to the suture. All
the whorls are angulated above, so that the shell slopes from the margin of the discoid upper
surface all round to the centre of the base. Aperture large, sub-rhombic, the outer angle
not notched (?), the inner angle prolonged much further inwards than the upper ; umbilicus
small, with steep sides, not exposing the whorls within.

Surface with numerous, close set, revolving strise, and exhibiting (in the cast) no traces
of a spiral band.

Height six lines ; width one inch ; height of aperture six lines ; from the inner to the
outer angle eight lines ; width five lines. Diameter of umbilicus one line.

I have been greatly puzzled where to lo-
cate this singular fossil. But for the marked
angularity of the whorls on their external
and, superior margin and the apparent com-
plete absence of a band, I should certainly
have considered the species as being a dis-
coidal form of Pleurotomaria. As it is, the
7 general form of the shell is singularly like

Fig. 53. that of Helicotoma or Raphistoma, and it may

a. Under surface of Helicotoma'! serotina(ffich.), showing the be that it IS to the latter of these types that
minute umbilicus ; 6. Front view of the same. From a natural :f iij u rpfprrpJ «,:npp ,>„ nmhilimis i«i
cast from the Cornifereus Limestone. 'a> slnce

very small. These, however, and all the

121

other forms allied toScalites, are essentially Primordial and Lower Silurian. The two or three
specimens that I have seen art- -imply c,-i-ts, with mere fra'j-im-nt- 'f the actual shell adhering
to them, and it must at present remain doulitful to what generic group thej really belong.
Locality and /•'"/•//«>//</«. — Cornifcrous Lime-tom-, Port Colborm .

CHAPTER VI.

ANNELIDA AND CRUSTACEA OF THE CORNIFEROTS AM> HAMILTON FORMATION

ANNELIDA.

The remains of Annclides, though far from uncommon in the Devonian Rocks of On-
tario, are entirely referable, so far as I have seen, to the genera > • : though
there are indications of the existence of senuine ,sv/-y,///,f or / ', nrultCB. < if the twy Bpeoieiof
- '-"/•/'/- which have come under my notice, one i- th.- S. oinplmlodc* of (loldfuss, a form
which occurs in the Devonian of Europe, whilst the other I cannot identify at pn -<-nt with
any recorded form. The irenus Orion i<i is apparently repr, •-• -nt. d by one - which
appears to be new.

Genus SPIRORBIS (Daudin).

Tube calcareous, solitary, coiled into a flat spiral, which may he di-xtral or sinistral.
and which is attached by one flat surface to some foreign object. The genu.- appear- to have
iced its existence in the Silurian period, and is well represented by Using -peeies in
seas.

150. SPIRORKIS

Serpula omphalodes (Qo\dfasa\ Petref. Germ I'l. l.XVIL. Fi-. :;.

TuKe dextral. o}' t\vu and a half turn-, the outer side of each turn beiii'_r .-"iii'-what tint
toned, and the Upper edge obtusely airjulated »r -entlv rnuniled. "Itiann -t« r. \ih«-n adult,
aliiut a line and a ipiarter, height almnt one-third nf a line, the iliaineter <>(' the -'.ijlitly up-
turned mouth nearly halt a line. The la-t turn of the tube is much the largest, and a well
marked umbilieu- i, pre-'-nt, tlii.n-_rh the turns are contiguous. Surfae,- -innntli, and without
rid-es or tubercles of any kind.

/TWPv Tliei-c can be no hesitation in identil'\ iiiLr thi-

^_ r t ti&M <'i('S with the Kuropran form, with wliieh it aL'rie- IP.

W V»^ i'- form, -i/.i', and proportion-, ami in the ,-haracters of

_(3 % ^-.^ tlie -iirfai-i-. It OOCUn in tlie ( 'orniferous l,inieston,' in

' /' •--, ,y|fc\ the form of carts of the tube, adli-rinj to tlie coral

/ \2r "' J'i/'/o/ltmii Hi-Hi:, Hi, ,n, mi, . ami it i- common in the

llamilt-n i"!i|'. L'rowiiiL' upon lleliophyllum Halli, '
, ti/>/ii///uin ' : , and 01 oaaionallj

fera mt

(•..nii!ei-..u- l.im.--t.>iie.

Lot 6, COO. 1, Waintl.-.'t. llamilion I'orm.ition. li.irt
li-tt'- Mill-. Ark. .na, To\vn-hip ol II Qqnet, and NVid.l.-r.

If)). Si'iiini;i:i AI:KC,NI \icho|-..n).

Tuhe iTiinut.'. -ini-irai -al. of two turn-, ri-unded. ami -om. \\ hat -l"lmi:ir . I

to tin' i li-\ atioti and 1 U of tin- la-t turn. in- circular, u^uali\ turned upward-*

DiameiOT of the entire spiral about a third^of a line, t\- >urf«oe

narked with !iiim--roM- v. ry el, -,i-l\ -ct '.\,\> -a,| 'ik, Iran rinlation- ,,r rid • - which an*

:. ,p- than th.ir own width \ minut-- umhiiieii- i- pre-ent.

122

I cannot identify this pretty little form with any previously recorded. It presents the pe-
culiarity that individuals in other respects precisely similar (Fig. 54 b,c) are sometimes dextral
and at other times sinistral, the latter being the commonest upon the whole. The terminal por-
tion of the tube is sometimes non-adherent and elevated above the surface, and the species is
very readily recognized by its minute size, and its surface-ornamentation. It appears to be
quite distinct from S. angulatus (Hall), which, so far as I am aware, is the only species yet
recorded from the Hamilton Formation. It occurs in great abundance attached to the ex-
terior of species of Heliophyllum and Cystiphyllum, and also occasionally attached to Bra-
chiopods.

Locality and Formation. — Hamilton Formation, Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Town-
ship of Bosanquet.

Genus ORTONIA (Nicholson).

Animal solitary, inhabiting a calcareous tube, which is attached along the whole of one
side to some foreign body. Tube slightly flexuous, conical, in section cylindrical, or some-
what flattened laterally and sub-triangular ; surface marked with encircling ridges or annula-
tions which may be confined to the lateral surfaces of the tube, or which pass completely
round it.

The only recorded species of the genus are Ortonia conica (Nich.), 0. minor (Nich.), and
0. carbonaria (Young), the first two from the Lower Silurian, and the last from the Carbo-
niferous Kocks. It is, therefore, interesting to find a species of the genus in the Devonian
Rocks, thus occupying an intermediate position in point of time as regards the species
already known.

152. ORTONIA INTERMEDIA (Nicholson).

Tube conical, straight or flexuous, attached by the whole of one surface to some foreign
body. Length, when fully grown, from a line and a half to two lines ; diameter of the aper-
ture somewhat less than a line. Surface marked with strong encircling, sometimes lamellose
annulations or ridges, of which there are about eight or ten in the space of one line near the
mouth, but more' than twice the number in the same space towards the closed end of the tube.
Sometimes, the annulations are extended into wing-like prolongations (Fig. 55i.)on thelatero-
inferior aspects of the fossil, and the tube is attached by means of these to the surface to
which it is adherent ; and in all cases they are more pronounced on the sides than on the aspect
opposite to the surface1 of attachment.

Ortonia intermedia is distinguished from the other
species of the genus by good and easily recognized characters.
Some examples, indeed, exhibit a structure which has not
otherwise been clearly detected in the genus — namely,
that the tube is made up of a succcession of imbricating
conical segments, the upper edges of which produce the en-
circling ridges or annulations. A somewhat similar struc-
ture is seen in Cornulites and Conchicolites ; but in these
genera, the segments of the tube are inversely conical, or, in
other words, have their smaller ends directed towards the
mouth of the tube. Hence in these genera the annulations
of the tube are produced by the lower edges of the segments.

Ortonia intermedia (Nich.) a. One of the . r. J e .

tubes enlarged ; 6. another example, in In Ortonia intermedia on the other hand, in some ex-

which the simulations are greatly extended i , f fi t^pie porvmosed of a series of short

laterally, enlarged. From the Hamilton a ;" anv rare> IJ "" . M1

Formation. imbricating conical segments, the larger ends of which are

directed towards the aperture ; and it is, therefore, the upper edges of the segments which
form the annulations.

The species to which 0. intermedia is most closely allied is 0. minor (Nich.), but the
tube is not so strongly bent towards its closed extremity ; it is upon the whole a decidedly
larger and more robust form ; and the annulations are considerably more remote and stronger.

0. intermedia occurs attached to the exterior of various species of Cystiphyllum and He-
liophyllum ; and it is always strictly solitary, though three or four individuals often occur
within a space of a few lines.

123

Locality and formation. — Not uncommon in the Hamilton Formation, Bartlett's Mills,
near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

CRUSTACEA.

The remains of Crustacea are not uncommon in both the Corniferous Limestone and the
Hamilton Formation of Western Ontario ; but they are lor the mo-t part ill-pre-. -rved and
fragmentary, and I have only been able to identify with certainty the well known species,

Pro his (Hall), Pli'i'-n/K mini (Green), l>iilinan>'- .< !'• ;; iC.reen . and Le-

perditia (!} i>iiii'-tn!ifiTii (Hall). Besides these, our collection includes fragments of -OUR- five
or six additional species of Trilobites, which must be retained for further examination.

153. PROETTS CRASSIMARGINATUS (Hall).

Calymene erasamarginatus (Hull), (Jeol. Rep. Fourth Dist. New York, p. 17-. tii_p. 5.

J'ft illi/'-ix (1) crasaimarginxtus ; cited by Billings, Cu/i. ./••>//•/<'//, Vol. \'l. p. 362.

/'•• • <T<i.-«iiii'ir<iHint>i- i 'Hall). Fifteenth Report on the State- < 'abiin-t. p. Inn.

This familiar species is^chicflv known by it,- p\_:idiiim, which is a common fossil in the
Corniferous Limestone. The pygidium is somewhat wider than loii._r, very convex, and mar-
gined by a thick concentrically-striated border, whence the specific name i.- derived. The
axis is strongly convex and prominent, with thirteen or fourteen rings ; and the lateral lobes
are also very convex, and exhibit from twelve to thirteen ribs (Fig. f>ti). Almii: with the tail-.
occur sometimes exceedingly convex and prominent glabellae and also free cheek-. Loth of
which probably belong to this species.

l.'-'-aiitij nnd Formation. — C'oruiferous Limestone, Ridgeway, Port Colborne, Lot 6, Con.
1 Wainfleet, and Hagersville.

154. DALMANITES BOOTHII (Green).

Crypticms Boothii (Green), Silliman's Am. Jour, of Science, Vol. 3'J. p. ."-14.

(( ireen). Ibid., p. M I'i.

Dabn / Hall), Fifteenth 11. -port on the Stat.- Cabinet, p. 91.

The tail of this pretty little -peci.- .tig. ;"><'>•. >. which i- rnimnunly known by the nam-
of Dalmanitti catttteh . i- a by no means very ran- I'.'s.-il in tin- Hamilton Formation .il'Oi.
rio. Th>' j.y_ri.liuin i.- -.•mieirciilar, with a m.'.l.-rately prominrnt. tapering axi-. \vhidi. wln-n
complete, exliibit- from nine to twi'Ue riiiLr-. The lat.-ral loin- an- depressed, and exhibit
five or six pleune, the •• \tremi tic- oli which arc pmlnn-. •! be \-n.l the man: in in the lorn:
many obtUSely-poioted jii-nc. •--.•- n|- cxpniri.'n- which arc L'.-ntlv curve, 1 baokwafdl

Between the lateral groups of th.-e prooesses, oooopyicg th.- c.-ntri- ..f the py-ji.lium i- a

wider and -hort.-r pointed prm-,--- extendini: backward- Ir.'in the r.'imded < xtrcmity of the

axi-. The entire -iirta.-e i- .irnaiinMitcd with minute papiil.-r nr grUtQ •

/.i,,-.//////,; . Hamilton 'jnmp. \\idder, and liartletl'.- Mill-, near Ark.'tia.
Town.-hiji of r,..-an.|iiet.

155, I'll \' OK KAN A (I il< en).
C 'T rallO ' I ircen i. Mmin-raph. p. TJ.

Phaeopi ranO (Il.illi. Fiftrenih |;ep.,rt on the State Cabinet, p.

This well-known -p. cj, - i- .-hi, tl<, represented by detached idinm

i- not of v.-rv iincnmm»ii occurrence, and the bn.|\ ril :-mnall\ -. i-n 'II die

shield (\ - IP nl\ -. •mieirculai . and the |..-teri"r an.'lc- ai. .\ prod 'k

w.ird- The glftbells ibbmi-, l>m somewhat deprestted OD the npj.er -mi ut

one-third wider thin long ; the lob. obsoorelj marked onl thi neck-ftirrow narrow but wett-

ilc|ine<| , and the ii.-ck. - _'iii. nl wide and . . <n -picii"ii- 'II.. .iiiiiit,

ri-iiiLr n.-.ith a- hi_-h a- iln- tup of tin- -I ib. ll.t. with lar-e leu-.-- Tl

lon-er than the head, it- .-id.-- ic-arly -trauht. and r

orne.ari', M Tic im is twii : »i -wid-r. i-.-ul.irl\ r. .tind. d b- hind.

124

Pig. 56.

a. Phacops rcma Green, (head shield) ; b. Pygidium of Proetus crassimarginatus (Hall) ; c. Pygidium of Dalmanites
Boothii (Green).

with from eight to ten segments. The entire surface is covered with rounded granules, which
are of larger size on the anterior lobe of the glabella than elsewhere.

Locality and Formation. — Hamilton Formation, Widder, and near Arkona, Township of
Bosanquet,

156. CYTHERE ? PUNCTULIFERA (Hall).

Beyrichia punctulifera (Hall), Fifteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 111.

" Carapace valves minute, semi-oval, almost equilateral, the anterior end very slightly
narrower, convex and abruptly bending downwards to the dorsal margin ; marginal rim well-
developed, and sharply elevated on the ventral and lateral margins. The surface at the more
prominent part above the centre, and ju&t at the bending downwards towards the dor-
sal margin, is marked by two very prominent nodes, which are nearly equi-distant from the
margins and from each other. The entire surface is punctate with minute rounded pits."
(Hall, LOG. cit).

Hall states that this is the most abundant of the Ostracoda of the Hamilton group, and
I can hardly doubt that it is identical with a pretty little carapace, which is of very common
occurrence in the Hamilton shales of Bosanquet, and which has the same punctated surface
and marginal rim. If this be the case, however, the species can hardly be referred to Bey-
richia, and our specimens differ in some important respects from Prof. Hall's description.
The form is not semi-oval, but somewhat elliptical, with a long diameter of about one line
and a short diameter of half a line, and having the posterior extremity markedly broader
than the anterior. The dorsal margins are rounded, nqj straight, and the nodes alluded to by
Hall are very obscure.* The surface, on the other hand, is covered entirely with exceedingly
minute pits. On looking at the surface-characters of this species, one can hardly help specu-
lating as to whether it may not have been the larval form of a Trilobite, like Dalmanites
Boothi or Phacops rana, though, the nature of ornamentation is far from being precisely the
same.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Hamilton Formation, Widder, Township of
Bosanquet.

CHAPTER. VII.

'APPENDIX.
157. ATTLOPORA(?) CANADENSIS (Nicholson).

Alecto(?) Canadensis (Nicholson), Canadian Naturalist, Vol. 7, No. 3.
I originally described this fossil from casts obtained from the Corniferous Limestone, and
I referred it with doubt to the Polyzoan genus Aleclo, giving the following description of

it:—

* On looking at the specimens of this species from the Hamilton Shales of Canandaigua, I find some to exhibit well
marked nodes, whilst others, which in other respects appear to be precisely the same, agree with our Canadian examples
5n being either destitute of nodes or exhibiting them very obscurely.

125

" Polyzoary adnate, attached parasitically to the exterior of corals, branching in an ir:
"ularly dichotomous manner. Cells in reality unisonal, but so di-posed by the turning ot
each cell-mouth to alternate sides as to look as if bi-serial. The terminal portion of each cell
bent outwards ; the aperture circular. The cells tubular, elongated, -lightly or not at all
expanded and not at all elevated towards their apertures. Five eel's in the space of two lint -
width of cell about one-fiftieth of an inch near the mouth.

" I have considerable doubts as to tin- affinities of this extraordinary little tii-sil ; but 1
think it is certainly one of the Cyclostoinatous 1'olyzoa, and 1 >ee at promt nn bt.-tti.-r c«>u:
than to refer it to .-//••••,'• . Lamoroux. When nut examined closely, tin- fi»-il : TikiiiL'

resemblance to a Scrtularian Zoophyte, exhibiting exactly the appearance ot a number ot
tubular calycles or cells springing alternately from the two sides of a common canal or stem.
When minutely looked into, however, it is seen that this is deceptive, ami that the io.-.-ii con
sists really of an alternate or sub-alternate series of long, tubular, .-li htly flexuous ccllu
each cell being nearly cylindrical, and having the terminal portion geniculated or bent out
wards, in such a manner that the mouth> ot so cells point in opposite directions.

" The difficulty in determining the systematic place of this fossil is much increased by
the fact that it occurs solely in the forms of easts, ramifying in the walls of moulds from
which corals have been removfd. It is, therefore, impossible to determine what was the u-\-
ture of the co3noecium, whether calcareous or corneous; whilst the lines of division between tin-
cells, where they come in contact with one another, are only very faintly and obscurely indi-
cated. The form of the aperture of the cell appears to have been circular, and it- p-ition
terminal ; but some uncertainty attaches to both of these statements."

Since writing the above, I have obtained specimens of the same fossil from the II ami:
Lrroup, in which the actual corallum itself is preserved, and these seem to i-how that the spec
is truly referrible to Aul»p<-i-<i, though certainly unlike the typical species of the genus.

Kn». 57.

••••"); n. A fnurriu-nt natural ri»; '• f.-wt fr..in U

MT»nffement obt Cut from the Coroll ..inwln.iia i>;«r'.ii »n , >t.um«

</. A portion of tin- »- timi oonl, tlroin tb* HunUton group, mlurged; (.All M -t1" furtii-

The ex imple- from tin- Hamilton .jroup have the form of hr.m-hiiiL' calcareoii-.
whicli are adherent by the whole of one -urlare tn -..m,- IMP i.-n b->'lv I h-- tub.
evlindrical or -uf. evlindric-il. mnrki-il with extremely tine encirdin/ <tri:r. ami Invin
ili:.me»,.r of nbont orn- fiftieth of an inch. The l.-.tenl tnbe< are pn-l ..... ••! Ir-.m tl e
main tulie. n-uallv alteninti-ly on oppo-ii,- -],],•>. :,n.l •-. -nerallv at intervaU of I-
a line to half a line. Their len-tli varie- fr..m half a lin-- t-. :. line ,|,,1 .. h ,!f. MP! il
tioii may \<<- nearly parallel with the m tin tube, or at ri-ht •• it, but ^'eiierallv form

.•HI. („, nt |H to 50 The aperture- of the lateral tub---, are not ,-l,\:it..l kbov« '

• •ial Mirfaee, nrnl ii'-nal'v Inve an elli|>tie-il I'Mrni

I .!.. IKit Vet (',•,•] -ilti-lie.l thlit thi- -ill.'lllar t. 'Ill I ' 'II'1 Wei

. <1 -peeimiii- from tin- Hamilton L'ronp M- in- I" provt- it n<>t to !«• .in t \ n

126

tube is certainly present, and the lateral tubes spring from it, and not from one another, as I
was at first led to believe by my examination of casts from the Corniferous. The arrangement
of the lateral tubes also is more variable than I had imagined. Sometimes they are entirely
produced from one side of the tube (Fig. 57 b) ; but at other times they are biserial and alter-
nate regularly with one another (Fig. 57 c). The fossil differs from the typical species of Aulo-
pom in the great proportionate length of the lateral buds, and in their regular and more or
less symmetrical method of growth, and more especially in the fact that the apertures of the
tubes open in the plane of growth of the entire corallum, and are neither elevated above the
general surface, nor perceptibly expanded.

The only species of Aulopora to which it has any affinity is A. filiformis (Billings), but
this is a much more robust species, with larger tubes, and much more irregular method of
growth, and apertures generally distinctly elevated above the general surface.

As occurring in the Corniferous Limestone, Aulopora (?) Canadensis is found chiefly
growing on the epitheca of Fistulipora Canadensis, and Diphyphyllum arundinaceum. In the
Hamilton Formation, it affects chiefly Heliophyllum Halli and Cystiphyllum vesiculosum, and in
both groups it is commonly accompanied by Spirorbis omphalodes.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colfeorne, and Lot 6, Concession
1, Wainfleet. Hamilton Formation, Bartlett's Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

158. SYRINGOPORA INTERMEDIA (Nicholson).

Corallum lax, spreading, increasing by the production of lateral buds. Corallites cylin-
drical, often more or less crooked, having a diameter of from one line to a line and a half, or
rarely two lines, the lateral buds being produced at angles of from 90° to 40,° and at intervals
of from two to four lines. No connecting horizontal processes between the corallites, but
sometimes abortive spines or nodes. Epitheca with fine encircling strise, and irregular growth-
swellings and geniculations. Internal structure, of infundibuliform tabulae.

In its form and mode of growth, this form agrees altogether
with Syringopora nobilis (Billings), of which I at first believed it to
be simply the young. The latter, however, is a much larger form, its
corallites having an average diameter of three lines, and sometimes
as much as five lines, and its buds being produced at longer intervals.
S. intermedia, on the other hand, occurs in the Hamilton formation
(S. nobilis being a Corniferous species), and though it is very abund-
ant, I have never seen any example with a diameter exceeding two
lines, the majority of specimens having a diameter of little over one
PlG 58 line. The corallites also are much more crooked and irregular, and

fragments of Syringopora inter- the branches are produced at much shorter intervals. Some speci-
inedia (Nich.) natural size. From mens do not exhibit the internal structure, and these present a

resemblance to Aulopora cornuta (Billings), from which, however,

they are readily distinguished by not being creeping or parasitic. Upon the whole, S. interme-
dia appears to me to be distinguished by characters of specific value.

Locality and Formation. — Common in the Hamilton Formation, Widder ; and Bartlett's
Mills, near Arkona, Township of Bosanquet.

159. AMBOCCELIA TJMBONATA (Conrad).

Orthis umbonata (Conrad), Journ. Acad. Nat. Science, Philadelphia, Vol. VIII., p. 264,
PI. XIV., Fig. 21.

. Amboccelia umbonata (Hall), Thirteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 71.

Orthis nucleus (Hall), Geol. Rep. Fourth Dist., New York, p. 180.

Amboccelia umbonata (Hall), Pal. N. Y., Vol IV., p. 269, PI. XL1V., Figs. 7—18.

Since the portion of this Report treating of the Brachiopoda was written, I have come
across two or three unmistakable examples of the ventral valve of this little shell, which if not
identical with Spirifera Urii (Fleming), [ — P. unguiculus, Phillips], is certainly very close to it.
Our specimens are from the Corniferous Limestone, a formation in which they do not appear
to have been detected by Hall, and I am chiefly concerned to notice their occurrence for the
purpose of repeating that they are entirely distinct from Productella Enensis (Nich.), to which

127

the ventral valve has a superficial resemblance. The ventral valve of A. umbonata is readily
recognized by its very gibbous form, its extremely elevated ;iud incurved beak, its possession
of a distinct mesial sinus extending from the beak to the front margin, and the existence of a
high and conspicuous area with a well marked h'ssure.

Locality and Formation. — Corniferous Limestone, Port Colborne.

160. CRANIA CRENISTRIATA (Hall).

Crania, crenistriatu (Hall), Thirteenth Report on the State Cabinet, p. 78.

Crania cremstriaia (Hull), Pal. N. >'., Vol. IV, p. :>8, PI. Ill, fi-s. 13—16.

On examining the surface of some of the HcHijihijlhi of the Hamilton group, to which
so many small organisms are attached, I find several specimens of r/-<< (Hall).

The dorsal valve of this species is all with which I am acquainted, uud it is depressed-conical,
nearly circular, with a central or sub-central apex. The apex i» smooth, and the remainder
of the shell is covered by sharp elevated crenulate radiating striae, which increase interstitially,
and of which there are about ten in the space of one line at the margin. The diameter of
an individual of medium size is two lines and a half the height of the valve being little over
half a lino.

The ventral valve has never been detected, and Hall has only seen four specimens of the
dorsal valve ; but the species does not appear to be very rare in the Hamilton shales at Arkona.

Locality and Fonnatim. — Hamilton Formation, Lartletts' Mills, near Arkuna, Town-
ship of Bosanquet.

LIST OF FOSSILS FROM THE CORNIFEROUS AND II A
MILTON FORMATIONS OF WESTKKX ONTARIO.

(The letters C. and 11. indicate the occurrence of the fossil in the Corniferoafl Lim* -t.'ii.
or Hamilton Formation.)

I. PRnTOZi' \.
1. A-tnr.p-pnMiria Hani'ibmim-i-, Mttk (Uld Wortktn f i < '

L'. Btxomatopon taberoulata, A'/<7«i/.<"/' <(').

|..Ti;.rat:i. .\ , /<•>/.<„„ , C
I. -raiiillata, A hoi ' :'i>l 1 1

5. inaiMMiillata, A ' i I '

6, " c..nr, ntrira. ',' Id) ' .

II ' I:\TA.

7. BlothrophyUam di'i-iirtiratiiin. /.' <

a|i|ir»xiin itniii, A '

!'. < 'li-i'i|.liylluiu ( )n<-i'l.i. DM, /• '

1". j.liirini.li.i .

1 I. /.•ipllivilti- •.•i-_':int.- I. / s '

1 '_'. II-M. '

13. |.r..liii.-:i. BiUn

l i. /; C

128

15. Heliophyllum Canadense, Billings (C).

16. " Colbornense, Nicholson (C).

17. " Cayugaense, Billings (C).

18. " Halli, Edw. and Haime (C and H).

19. " sub-caespitosum, Nicholson (H).

20. " proliferum, Nicholson (C).

21. " Eriense, Billings (C).

22. " colligatum, Billings (C).

23. " exiguum, Billings (C and H).

24. Petraia Logani, Nicholson (C).

25. Amplexus Yandelli, Edw. and Haime (C).

26. Diphyphyllum arundinaceum, Billings (C).

27. " stramineum, Billings (C).

28. " gracile, McCoy (C).

29. Eridophyllum Simcoense, Billings (C).

30. " Verneuilanum, Billings (C).

31. Cystiphyllum Seneeaensc, Billings (C).

32. " grande, Billings (C).

33. " Americanum, .£Ww. are^ Haime (C and H).

34. " vesiculosum, Goldfuss (C and H).

35. " sulcatum, Billings (C).

36. Microcyclus discus, Meek and Worthen (H).
/-37. Haitneophyllum ordinatum, Billings (C).

38. Syringopora nobilis, Billings (U).

39. •' Hisingeri, Billings (C).

40. " perelegans, Billings (C).

41. " Maclurei, Billings (C).

42. " laxata, Billings (C).

43. Aulopora filiformis, Billings (C and H).

44. " cornuta, Billings (C and H).

45. " tubaeformis, Goldfuss (C).

46. " umbellifera, Billings (C).

47. Favosites Gothlandica, Lamarck, (C and H).

48. " basaltica, Goldfuss 1 (C).

49. " Forbesi, Edw. and Haime (C).

50. " hemispherica, Yanddl and Shumard (C and H),

51. " turbinata, Billings (C and H).

52. " polymorpha, Goldfuss (C and H).

53. " reticulata, De Blainville (C and H).

54. " dubia, De Blainville (C).

55. " cervicornis, De Blainville (C).

56. " Chapmani, Nicholson (C).

57. Alveolites labiosa, Billings (C).

58. " Koemeri, Billings (C and H).

59. " cryptodens, Billings (C).

60. " conferta, Nicholson (C).

61. " (Coenites?) distans, Nicholson (C).

62. " ramulosa, Nicholson (C).

63. " Billingsi, Nicholson (C).

64. " Selwynii, Nicholson (C).

65. " Goldfussi, Sittings (H).

66. " Fischeri, Billings (C and H).

67. •' frondosa, Nicholson (H),

68. Striatopora Linneana, Billings (H).

69. Trachypora elegantula, Billings (H).

70. Chsetetes moniliforuiis, Nicholson (H).

71. " Barrandi, Nicholson (H).

72. t£ quadrangularis, Nicholson (H).

129

73. Callopora incras.sata, / <n (C and H).

74. Fistulipora Canadensis, Billings (C and H).

75. Michelinia convexa, D'Orbijny (C).

BRACHIOPODA'

76. Strophomena perplana, Conrad (C),

77. " demissa, (Jonrad (C).

~-. in. nuistriata, Conrad (C and H).

79. Patersoni, Hull (C).

80. « ampla, Hull (C).

81. " nacn-a. //,/// (C).

rhomboidulis, H'.,!,t.nberg (C).

83. Streptorhynchus Pandora, Billimi* (C).

84. Orthis LiVia. /;////////*• (C).

85. " -Vanuxemi, hall (H).

86. Chonetes lineata, Vann.rnn (C and H).

87. " scitula, //«//( H).

88. " lepMa, //,/// (H).

89. mucronata, Hall (C).

90. hemispherica, Hall (C).

91. <( arcuata, Hall (C).

92. acutiradiata. H,,ll (C).

93. Procluctella Eriensis, Nicholson (C).

94. Atrypa retioularis, Linmrus (C and H).

95. " spinosa, Ihdl (C).

96. Spirifera mucr >nata. ('"/mid (C and H).

97. " varicosa, //,;// (C).
'.-. « duo.lmaria, Jlull (C).

','!». " rariooeta, Conrad (C).

100. " timl.ri.-ita, i',mrnd (C).

101. Cyrtina Ilainiltoneii>is //-/// (H).

I11-'. Sj.iri-era ^.iritcroides, Eaton (C and H).
103. rostrata, //,/// MI).

l"t. " scitula, //„// (C).

•^ 105. Attyris nasut.i. ' .--id (C).
106. \Iaia, Billings (C).

1<>7. |;.-tzi.-i Ct) Eugenia. ja (C).

\n^. Leiorbynohiu moltioosta, //•/// (FT).

10'J. Hurnm-iiMs. -V .H).

110. Amphigenia elon-ata. / " (C).

111. Lingola Bonamifonnis, I'lnlli^s ?(C).

111'. .Mai-la. //./// MC).

1 1:{. Pholidope ovatoa, Hall (I

1 1 1. < VjcKi^pira OODOava, //<i.;! ( I ' ,

11- ' •."'ii'-lla trlaii Hull (C).

110. Heoate, /; (C).

POLYZOA.

117 Botryl • • iali-. A' '- , 1 1 .

1 1 v <Vri"; : ' II niiiiii'iH-h ' v/.s'i// ( II

1 19, Ptilodiotya Met lei '. C .-m-l 11 ,

1 20. l'"U j-r i i ulrh.-il i, A' i

ll'l. "• II:

li'-'. •• tflnella, A . 0),

tuberoolal '. <n

\~ J K ••;::. 0 aii'l II

'I

130

125. " Phillipsi, Nicholson (C).

126. Cryptopora mirabilis, Nicholson (C).

127. Fenestella maguifica, Nicholson (C).

128. " inarginalis, Nicholson (C).

129. " cribrosa, Hall (H).

130. " tenuiceps, Hall (C and H).

131. " filiformis, Nicholson (C).

132. Taeniopora exigua, Nicholson (H).

133. " pennifonms, Nicholson (H).

134. Carinopora Hiudei, Nicholson (C).

135. Clathropora intertexta, Nicholson (C).

LAMELLIBKANCHIATA.

136. Conocardiurn trigonale, Hall (C).

PTEROPODA.

137. Tentaculites sp. (H).

GASTEROPODA

138. Platyceras ventricosum, Conrad (C).

139. " intermedium, Hall (C).

140. " sp. (C).

141. sp. (C).

142. " uniseriale, Nicholson (C).

143. " dumosum, var. rarispinum, Hall (H).

144. Platyostoma ventricosa, Conrad (C).

145. Strophe-stylus ? sub-globosus, Nicholson (C)

146. " ? ovatua, Nicholson (C).

147. " ? obliquus, Nicholson (0).

148. Holopea Eriensis, Nicholson (C).

149. Helicotoma ? serotina, Nicholson (C).

ANNELIDA.

150. Spirorbis omphalodes, Goldfuss (C and II).

151. " Arkonensis, Nicholson (H).

152. Ortorfta intermedia, Nicholson (H).

CRUSTACEA

153. Proetus crassimarginatus, Hcdl (C).

154. Dalmanites Boothii Green (H).

155. Phacops rana, Grem (H).

156. Cythere? punctulifera, Hall (H).

APPENDIX

157. Aulopora ? Canadensis, Nicholson (C and H).

158. Syringopora intermedia, Nicholson (H).
15(J. Ambocoelia umbonata, 7/c/// (C).

160. Crania crenistriata; I [all (H).

INDEX.

. J li eta ' ( 'ii im,l, ,,.,, , . .

\-\-

ll'l 1 ' \l l."C"i: \

5;; " in- ....

"il

l;illiii"M

iiin'i'

L23

until . ..

r_'.;

.
conferta

51

( LRENOPOBA. .

5 1

Hinui-i

in

distans

55

( ', i

" . .

.. 51

< 'l , l. \ . . . . . .

..

Fischer!

57

" crl&ns-fafirea

!M

57

1 1 1 catc .

' ioldfussi

"7

49

CH i i h 1 1 '>

labiosa

53

I i.irraiiili .

.. .

raomloBs . .

monilifonnu

, •.<

51

" <iiiailraii"ularis .

iil

i > mi n . .

54

1

( II , .'. 1 ! -

:•_•

Selwyiii

56

acilTn-ailiala

AM i:>" <Ki.iA million ita . .

1 '_'ii aivnat;i

-,,

AMl'HIoKN I \

1 1 1
• i '

uloii"ata

'.M lu-mi.sjilit.Tica

7.

A M '• I 1 \l -

'.'>\ " In'

71

lr|.iii-l

71

A^II: i'i~rosi.iv J lainiltonensis

1 ]

lliu-ata

7:i

ATHVKIS ....

86

Clara

scitula

Maia

. .. .

CL.\ I IIKol'ol; x

Ill

nasiita

Mi Lntertexta

' /

M5 Cl.lMo|'II\ I.I.I M

90

••

, ,|n..|; y

M

Jilu:

.1

. \

1 PE&jL ..

• ,'/,

86

ditmvM

i Si <( M. ||| 1 M

L13

• i

tn^oiiali-.

1 1:;

-M

!••-

II

.

AM t_'

I Ca l'-' l

uta...., !"•

i .'
i ;

iiiiiln-lii.' t;;

I'- I 'j i

li, ,i ii'.i-m i.i.i M . I ~

a|,|iro •. iiiia'uii' '•''

ll- ,
BOTBTLI

' <

"

..I

/. !'_;'•

eattti 133

i . !• 1 1 i|-ol: v

mirabilu

/

, IN \

I l.lllllU»ll. .
i I.I.I \l

AII. im

•

•ulcatum

.

/'"'

132

PAGE

Delphyrus raricosta

82

" undidata

82

DlPH YPHYLLUM,

31

arundinaceum . ...

32

gracile

33

stramineum

33

Emmonsia hemispherical

49

ERIDOPHYLLTTM

34

Simcoense

34

Verneuilanum

35

FAVOSITES

44

basaltica

46

cervicornis ,

52

Chapmani

52

clubia

51

Forbesi

48

Goldfussi

45

Gothlandica ,

45

hemispherica

49

Niaqarensis

45

Orbiynyana

51

polymorpha

50

reticulata

51

sub-basaltica

45

turbinata

49

FENESTELLA

104

cribrosa

106

filif ormis

107

magnifica

104

margiiialis

105

tenuiceps

106

FlSTUUPORA.

63

Canadensis

63

HAIMEOPHYLLUM,

39

ordinatum

39

HELICOTOMA

120

1 serotina

120

HELIOPHYLLUM

24

Canadense

25

Cayugaense

26

Colbornense

25

colligatum

28

" Eriense

28

exiguum

29

Halli

26

proliferum

27

sub-caespitosum —

27

HOLOPEA

119

Eriensis ,

120

LEIORHYNCHUS

89

Huronensis

90

multicosta

89

Leptoccelia concava

94

LlNGTLLA,

92

Maida

93

squamif ormis

92

Meganteris elongatus

91

Meristella elissa.. .,

86

nasu^i

86

rostrata ,

85

scitula

86

MlCHELIN IA '.

63

convexa

63

MICROCYCLUS

38

" discus

38

PAGE

OHTHIS 70

" Livia 71

" nucleus 126

" umbonata 126

" Vanuxemi 72

ORTONIA 122

intermedia 122

Pentamerus elongatus 91

PETRAIA Logani 30

PHACOPS rana 123

Phillipsia ? crassimarginata 123

PHOLIDOPS ovatus 93

PLATYCERAS , 115

dumosum, var. rarispinurn. 116

" intermedium (?) 115

sp 116

sp 116

uniseriale 116

ventricosum 115

PLATYOSTOMA 117

ventricosa. . . • 1 17

Pleurorhynchus irigonalis 113

POLYPORA 98

Halliana 99

" pulchella 99

" tenella 100

tuberculata...., 100

PRODUCTELLA 76

" Eriensis 77

PROETTJS crassimarginatus 125

PTILODICTYA 97

Meeki '.. 97

Rensselaeria elonguta 91

RETEPORA 101

Phillips! 102

prisca 101

RETZIA 89

" Eugenia 89

Rhynchonella glans-fagea 94

" ? Laura 89

Serpula omphalodes 121

SPIRIFERA 80

" duodenaria 82

fimbriata 82

mucronata 80

raricosta 82

" varicosa 81

SPIRIGERA 84

" concentrica 85

" rostrata 85

" scitula 86

Spirigerina reticularis 79

STREPTORHYNCHUS 69

Pandora 70

STRIATOPORA 58

" Linneana 59

Stricklandinia elongata 91

STROMATOPORA 11

concentrica 37

granulata 16

" mammillata , 17

" perforata 15

" tuberculata 14

Strombodes helianthoides 26

Strophodonta. am.pla 67

1 :>

PAGE

Strophodonta </•;/<''»•/ ..........................

" .";/. ifili^ti ('ifit ................... l'i''i

" nocn •( ............................

" /.• , plana ........................ <>4

S'l l:n|'}|i.MK\ V ................................ f'4

" acutiradiata ................... 7'>

;ilii]il:i .......................... ''7

'•I-' ii>.-itri<i ...................... i'. t

'it

........................... C.4

illf«jllistri:it:i .................. till

/• fi'liil ............................. 74

\ineata ........................... 7:;

' ....................... 74

n:iciv;i ........................... US

i ....................... (17

<J4

STROPHOMXNA rhomboidalia 69

Si i:nni"-[ KlUfi 117

(?) obliquuB 1 1'.i

\atiis IIS

.lll.-U'l.,l,,,>H- \}:^

: 411

41

M.-idmvi

40

41
tvbiporoidi > ..................... 41

*!' ; moron \ ..... • ............................ \«~

jil:i ........................... |i >

l>rimif'i>nni- .................. In!"

TKNTM i i.; I-KS sj> ............................. 114

I'l. \i II \ 1'iiKA ..................... .")'."

.V.I

JLi

PLATE I.

Fig. 1. STROMATOPORA OSTIOLATA, Nich. A fragment of the natural size, from the

Guelph Formation. Introduced for comparison.
la. Portion of the same, enlarged, showing the oscula on the surface.

Fig. 2. STROMATOPORA TUBERCULATA, Nich. A fragment of the natural size. (p. 14.)
2a. Section of a portion of the same, enlarged.

Fig. 3. STROMATOPORA GRANULATA, Nich. A fragment of the natural size. (p. 16.)
3a. Section of a portion of the same, enlarged.

Fig. 4. STROMATOPORA MAMMILLATA, Nich. A fragment of the natural size. (p. 17.)

Flare. I.

PALAEONTOLOGY

ONTARIO

'•_ tll«y. ••+

-.,. + '

y^

'

PLATE II.

Fig. 1. PLATYCERAS VENTRICOSUM, Conrad. Viewed from above. Nat. size. (p. 115.)
la. Portion of the surface, enlarged.

Fig. 2. PLATYCERAS INTERMEDIUM, Hall (1). Nat. sise. (p. 115.)

Fig. 3. STROPHOSTYLUS (?) SUB-GLOBOSUS, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 118.)
3a. Portion of the surface of the same, enlarged.

Fig. 4. PLATYOSTOMA VENTRICOSA, Conrad. Nat. size. (p. 117.)

Fig. 5. PLATYCERAS UNISERIALE, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 116.)

Fig. 6. PLATYCERAS sp. Nat. size. (p. 116.)

Fig. 7. PLATYCERAS sp. Nat. size. (p. 116.)

Fig. 8. HELICOTOMA (?) SEROTINA, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 120.)
8a. The same viewed from above.

Fig. 9. HELOPEA ERIENSIS, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 120.)

Fig. 10. STROPHOSTYLUS (?) OVATUS, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 118.)
10a. Portion of the surface of the same, enlarged.

Fig. 11. STROPHOSTYLUS (?) OBLIQUUS, Nich. Dorsal aspect, nat. size, (p. 119.)
lla. Front view of the same, nat. size.

Plate.2.

PALXEONTOLOGV OF ONTARIO.

*"

la

-

™

I .*

'*=-. .?-'

'

•

*

f

1 ' C . ,

PLATE III.

Fig. 1. ZAPHRENTIS GIGANTEA, Lesueur. A specimen naturally split longitudinally
Nat. size. (p. 22.)

Fig. la. Another example of the same, of the natural size. Both of these figures repre-
sent immature individuals.

Fig. 2. ZAPHRENTIS PROLIFICA, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 23.)
2a. Portion of the edge of the calice of the same, enlarged.

Fig. 3. PETRAIA(?) LOGANI, Nich., viewed from behind. Nat. size. (p. 30.)

3a. The same, viewed from the front.

36. Another example, from which the epitheca has been removed, viewed from

below.

,3c. Dorsal aspect of another specimen, which has not been exposed to weathering.
3d. Outline of another example of the same, showing the sub -triangular form of the

calice.
3g. A few of the septa viewed from the exterior, the epitheca being wanting.

Enlarged.
3/. Transverse section of a fragment, enlarged.

SP^ ';

PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. ZAPHRENTIS PENESTEATA, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 22.)

Fig. 2. BLOTHROPHYLLUM APPROXIMATUM, Nich. Nat size. (p. 19.) The epitheca has
been decorticated.

Fig. 3. BLOTHROPHYLLUM DECORTICATUM, Billings. A fragment from which the epitheca
has been removed. Nat. size. (p. 19.)

Fig. 4. CLISIOPHYLLUM ONEIDAENSE, Billings. A small example from which the
epitheca has been removed. Nat. size. (p. 20.)

Fig. 5. Another specimen of the same, in which the epitheca is also wanting.

«i-: £f-.

Km r

..

V'

>t

PLATE V.

Fig. 1. HELIOPHYLLUM CANADENSE, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 25.)

Fig. 2. HELIOPHYLLUM CAYUGAENSE, Billings. The calice viewed from above. Nat.
size. (p. 26.)

Fig. 3. HELIOPHYLLUM COLLIGATUM, Billings. Upper surface of a fragment. Nat.

size. (p. 28.)

3a. Side-view of the same, showing the periodic expansions of the corallites. Nat.
size.

Fig. 4. HELIOPHYLLUM COLBORNENSE, Nich. Nat. size (p. 25.)
Fig. 5. DIPHYPHYLLUM GRACiLE, McCoy. Nat. size. (p. 33.)
Fig. 6. DIPHYPHYLLUM STRAMINEUM, Billings. Nat size. (p. 33.)

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PLATE VI.

Fig. 1. DIPHYPHYLLUM AKUNDiNACEUM, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 32.)
Fig. 2. SYRINGOPORA LAXATA, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 41.)
Fig. 3. AULOPORA TUB^FORMIS, Goldfuss. Nat. size. (p. 43.)

Fig. 4. AULOPORA UMBELLIFERA, Billings. An unusually large example. Nat. size,
(p. 43.)

Fig. 5. ERIDOPHYLLUM SIMCOENSE, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 34.)

Fig. 6. CYSTIPHYLLUM SENECAENSE, Billings. A decorticated and weathered specimen,
showing the peculiar composition of the coral out of successive invaginated
conical layers. Nat. size. (p. 35.)

Fig. 7. CYSTIPHYLLUM SULCATUM, Billings. Nat. size. (p. 38.)

Fig. 8. CYSTIPHYLLUM AMERICANUM, Edw. & H. A small specimen from the Corni-
ferous Limestone. Nat. size. (p. 36.)

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PLATE VII.

Fig. 1. ALVEOLITES BILLINGSI, Nich. Nat, size. (p. 55.)
Fig. 2. FAVOSITES RETICULATA, De Blain. Nat. size. (p. 51.)
Fig. 3. ALVEOLITES RAMULOSA, Nich. Nat size. (p. 55.)

Fig. 4. ALVEOLITES SELWYNII, Nich. Nat size. (p. 56.)
Fig. 5. FAVOSITES DUBIA, De Blain. Nat. size. (p. 51.)

Fig. 6. FAVOSITES CHAPMANI, Nich. Nat. size. (p. 52.) This figure does not satis-
factorily exhibit the extreme obliquity of the corallites, and the resulting
obliquity of the calices.

Fig. 7. FAVOSITES POLYMORPHA, Gold. A small fragment. Nat. size. (p. 50.)
Fig. 8. FAVOSITES FORBESI, Edw. & H. Nat. size. (p. 48.)

PALXEONTOLOGY OF ONTARIO.

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PLATE VIII.
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Fig. 1. FAVOSITES TURBINATA, Billings. A cylindrical variety. Nat. size. (p. 49.)
Fig. 2. FAVOSITES TURBINATA, Billings. A turbinate variety. Nat. size.
Fig. 3. FAVOSITES HEMISPHERICA, Yandell & Shumard. Nat. Size. (p. 49.)

Fig. 4. FAVOSITES FORBESI, Edw. & H. A fragment, in which many of the calicea are
closed by an epitheca. Nat. size.

Plate. 6.

PALEONTOLOGY OF ONTARIO.

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