: 4 ae =z ~ be ae 2 nS ee Se ee ae ye De Fa ORT) ee s x vhs pane oy ft; ove He fy Ad ui sity mem es bra bancEart eal natn eater made hee A ares 4 ARPT Af ae ame t. ceed Poet ae = Se Ce coneatpaas ‘ eae Sion See tae aoa aoe Rees. ee ss —~ $e = ~~ cs Sem eee = So ae ua 4) tae BS wont =~ we See vie haat Naren ; ae ih K Peay ama UN Me WE a Le ' Ae ~~ es ty FOR THE PEOPLE | R EDVCATION THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY THESREPELLES OF THE THEREP TUES OH EVE INDO-AUSTRALIAN ARCHIPELAGO II OPT Pr with 117 illustrations BY Dr. NELLY DE ROOJJ Curator of the Zoological Museum, Amsterdam. LEIDEN — I9QI7. Past) KR Lie TE Ltd. rea ia na . ¢ sy a; He Stari ot Mie ae | OES ¢ i TUXRIBEATE (yi a" ESSSSASS SANS Sa aS uy aa bre ns No ° - ‘. —" , : ‘ +4 j i ; 4 » 4 ] ‘ md ” i ¢ 7 ‘ . / Diy. ye OF % uv Ve a “gy 4 PRINTED BY E PREP ACE. In bringing this second volume of the indo-australian Reptiles before the public, I may be allowed gratefully to acknowledge the industry and constant application of Miss DE Root, which were necessary to complete in so short a space of time the first comprehensive work about the Reptiles, living in the indo-australian region. In the present volume 84 genera and 318 species of snakes are described. Only very few of them have not yet been found in the Archipelago. They are none the less included because Miss DE Rooly rightly supposes that they will be discovered in future also in this part of the world. With the present volume the work about the indo-australian Reptiles is completed. It will certainly be of great help to students of this group of animals. Besides, I hope not to be wrong in supposing that it will also be of interest to residents in the Archipelago, many of whom are attracted by the animals living around them, but who lack works to guide them. Such a guide they will find in the work of Miss DE Roor. The numerous figures, so ably and accurately drawn by Mr. J. F. OBBES will greatly facilitate the use of the descriptions. To promote the study of animals in the Archipelago in both directions, was the aim, when the publication of a series of volumes describing the Vertebrates of the indo-australian Archipelago, was planned. In a previous volume we have explained how their appearance was realised by the interest and help of the late Prof. M. TREUB and by his successor Dr. KONINGSBERGER. Miss DE Rooyy has already gratefully acknowledged the assistance she had received from many institutions and indi- VI viduals, while being engaged in working out the Reptiles of the indo-australian region. ' In conclusion I have the pleasure to offer my thanks to the publishing firm late E. J. BRILL. In bringing out this volume the publisher had to overcome many and various difficulties, caused by the present sad conditions of life. Prof. MAX WEBER Director of the Zoological Museum of the University of Amsterdam. INTRODUCTION. The second volume of the Indo-Australian Reptiles contains descriptions of all the species of snakes living in the Indo- Australian Archipelago. The material has been treated in the same way as in the first volume, dealing with the Lacertilia, Chelonia and Emydosauria, and I have been able to use the same large collections mentioned in that volume, sent from the western part of the Archipelago: Sumatra and its neighbouring islands, as well as from New Guinea in the east. Moreover, some species have been mentioned living nearest to this region, which may be found there also though they have not yet been discovered. The specimens I could examine myself have a! behind the name of the place where they were collected. Length of head and body means the distance between the tip of the snout and the vent. Among the localities is enumerated: Pulu Babi. This is one of the three small islands near Simalur bearing the same name ; of these three is meant the one lying southwards of Simalur; on 2°7’ N. and 96°40’ E. The same small island is menti- oned in the first volume. For the Snakes too exist excellent lists of synonyms com- posed by G. A. BOULENGER in the Catalogues of the British Museum; therefore I followed this work for the names, except where some doubt arose or when I was of another opinion. The extraordinary circumstances by which nearly the whole world is oppressed, made it difficult for me to finish my task; objections were made to send out rare species for examination, letters did not reach their destination and last but not least the paper question was an urgent one. Still I beg to return my sincere thanks to all who have rendered me their help in different ways. Dr. VAN LIDTH DE JEUDE placed the col- lection of the Leiden Museum at my disposal, which contains VIII so many valuable objects; not only that Dr. BOULENGER was so kind as to allow me to examine each snake in the British Museum I wanted to see, but he also gave me his advice on different matters. Specimens for examination were obtained from Prof. WIREN in Upsala, Dr. ANNANDALE in Calcutta and Dr. Roux at Basle, so that descriptions and figures could more easily be made. Prof. TORNIER of the Berlin Museum and Prof. LOHMAN in Hamburg did not think it safe to send specimens but gave information of the doubtful points; the latter sent a figure made by Dr. DUNCKER to clear up my question, for which I am very grateful. Professor JACOBI of the Dresden Museum informed me about a specimen of Python belonging to that Museum. For this volume too Mr. OBBES was willing to draw all the figures, in which he succeeded admirably. To the end Prof. MAx WEBER showed his interest in the work by sug- gesting emendations, which I thankfully applied. Amsterdam, November 1917. NELLY DE ROojj. SYSrEMA TIC INDEX. REPTILIA Page Seem Opnidia....... .-... I Bs Wheaasis NGTAY «ae «ube es Ea piscus. Peters ch 200 Zt. Family TyPHLOPIDAE.... 2 2. mackloti D.&B.. . 1. Zyphlops Schneider 26 2. LOR MUCTE NMCUNEY. Gy 5. MUCTIUS DOIG. 2. 5s 4 4. albertist Ptrs. & Doria weeergal? WOTia-. . v.)- - 4 3. papuanus Ptrs. & Doria mereamenus (Dand.) ... 5 | 3. £ython Daudn..... . 4. erycinus Werner . 6 | 1. reticulatus (Schn.) . 5. polygrammicus Schlegel 6 D5 UUNAT US CLG) ss ep ca IS x boparoerde (ROUX 3 6... 7 3. amethystinus (Schn.). 7. multilineatus Schlegel. 7 | 4. timoriensis (Ptrs.) . . 8. olivaceus (Gray) .... 8 5. sptlotes (Lacépéde). . oeevorenae Werner. :. . 8 | 6. curtus Schlegel. 10. kapaladua Annandale. 9 4. Chondropython Meyer sae 11. depressiceps Sternfeld . 9 | 1. viridis (Schlegel). . memscourad? Peters... .. . IO 5. finygrus Wagler .... . 13. dbipartitus Sauvage... 10 Te 6axjmatus (Sehn:)y .. . 14. florensis Blgr. IO Bi OS SETE (GGUT a) pak =) Gite ns 15. /eucoproctus Blgr. cE 3 australis (Montr.) . 16. flaviventer Peters... . 11 | memesroaius D: 8B... . 12 | 3. Family Ibysupaz... +... 18. millert Schlegel . 12 | 1. Anomalochilus Lidth. . . Memes schiegel. .9. 21°. 14 T., wecer2, Wadi. s+.) 2s. « 20. bisubocularis Bottger . 13, 2. Cylindrophis Wagler. . . er. inornatus Blgr..... . 14. | Ln tig tes: (EAE Ns. 2450.5 | 2. fineatus Blanford. . . meramily BOIDAE «...... 14 3. opisthorhodus Blgr. meverdoe (GIAys 2. ws 15 4. boulengert Roux .... PORPOT MOCMIEREl ia. I5 ys ASOLO EN GENET. cay yp 5 cts 16 16 Rae, 18 ae Page Page 4. Family XENOPELTIDAE . . . 39 | 4. papuensis Blgt.. 2 > oe 70 a 1. Xcnopeltis Reinw. .... 39 5. modestus BISt>...5 eae 70 1. wnicolor Reinw., . . . 39 13. Zaocys ‘Cope. 12. aoe 71 1. torniert Werner. asesemge 5. Family CoLUBRIDAE. .... 41 2. fuscus (Gtht.) 2. cae TAH phe. re he ee AI | 3. cartnaius (Gthr.)s seen A CKOChOrdtnae 3 em os 41 14. Lropidonptus Kubla 1. Acrochordus Hornst. . 42 | 1. piscator (Schn.). . 2 eegs5 1. javanicus Hornst. . 43 | 2. picturatus Schlegel. . 76 2. Chersydrus Cuvier): . 43 4 3. truncatus (Ptis.) eee 1. granulatus (Schn.) . 43 4. celebicus (Ptrs.& Doria) 78 3. Xenodermus Reinh. . . 44 | 5. novae-guineae Lidth . 78 1. javanicus Reinh. . . 44 | 6. sarasinorum Blgr. . . 79 4. Stoliczkata Jerdon. . . 45 | 7. matre Gay <2 ee 79 1. borneensis Blgr.. . . 45 8. montanus Tidth ... 80 COIMOTTNGE., (hei is an 46 | 9: elongatus Jane 80 5. Anoplohydrus Werner. 49 | 10. punctiventris Bttgr. . 81 1. aemulans Werner. . 49 | 11. halmahericus Bttgr. . 82 6. Leuanognathus Blgr.. . 50 | 12. dorzaé® Bigr:. ee 1: UCOMERE ICT. es os 50 | 13. Aypomelas Gthr.. . . 83 7. Opisthotropis Gthr. . . 51 | 14. conspicillatus Gthr. . 83 L.rycose (lrdth) Bost. | 15. “rianguligerus Boie . 84 a Lypica (Mocq:)). £452 | 16. peters? ler.) eee 85 8. Xenochrophis ‘Gthr: 2. 53 | 17. sarawacensis Gthr. . 85 1. véperinus Schenkel . 53 | 18. chrysargoiles Gthr. . 86 9. Polyodontophis Blgr . . 54 | 19. flavifrons Blgr. ... 87 I. geminatus (Boie) . . 54 | 20. siolaius (1h.). ton 87 10. Pseudoxenodon Blgr.. . 56 | 21. vitiatus (Li) > eee 88 1. znornatus (Boie). . . 56 | 22. subminiatus Schlegel. 89 il. Denirophes Bove sous ean 23. chrysargus Schlegel . 89 1. pictus (Gmel.). . . 58 24. maculatus Edeling . . go 2. calligaster Gthr. . . 60 15. Macropisthodon Blgr. .. gt 3. lorentze Width; =< .62) | 1. flaviceps (D. & B.). . . of 4. punctulatus (Gray) . 63 | 2. rhodomelas (Bole). . . 92 5. formosus Bole... . 64 | plumbicolor (Cant.) . . 93 6. gastrostictus Blgr. . 64 | 16, Xenelaphis Gthr...... 93 7. lineolatus Hombr, & | 1. hexagonotus (Cant.). . 93 Jags)" see me 65 2, ellipstfer Blor.. .stm 95 S. MCCRT BIBI. ee ee 66 | 17. Zamenis Wagler. . . oem 95 g. nouhuyst Lidth . . . 66 1. dipsas (Schlegel). ... 96 12. Dendrelaphis Blgr. . . 67 | 2. korros (Schlegel). . . . 96 1. wornatus Blgr. . . . 67 | 3. mucosus (lye. cae 98 2. caudolineatus (Gray) 68 | 18. Coluber Lo. 2 0 eee 98 3. terrificus (Ptrs.). . . 69 | 1. porphyraceus Cant. . . 99 Page 2. melanurus Schlegel . 99 3. radiatus Schlegel. . . 1o1 4. erythrurus (D..& B.). 102 5. janseni (Blkr.) . . 102 6. taeniurus (Cope). . . 103 7. oxycephalus Boie. . . 104 8. enganensis Vincig.. . 105 g. subradiatus Schlegel. 106 EouGonyophis Bier... ... 106 1. margaritatus (Ptrs.) . 106 Boer yeonon Bole... .-. .°. 107 1. subcinctus Boie. . 108 2. albofuscus (D.& B.) . 109 eeascerme ‘Biter... 9. 3... 1 fe) MeROFENS?S AN. SP... 0. 2. TIO memamsecus (L.).. . . III Ge eyreni Cant... 2... 112 eaeecpirophis Blgr. .. - ie 1. dorneensis Blgr. 113 22. Stegonotus D. & B.... 114 tT. magnus (Meyer)... 114 | 2. modestus (Schlegel). . 115 | 3. batjanensis (Gthr.). , 116 4. ptumbeus (Macleay) . 117 5. eunthert Bigr. ... . Il7 , 6. diehli iandholm: 4/2 218_| 23. Dryocalamus Gthr. ... 118 | 1. subannulatus (D.& B.) 119 2. tristrigatus Gthr. .. 120 | 24. Tetralepis Bttgr. 120 1. fruhstorfert Bttgr. . 121 ome semotes W).& Bi... . T21 1. annulifer Blgr. 122 2. octolineatus (Schn.). . 123 mengiovaceus (Cant.) . . . 124 | mpornmes? BCT... 124 Beesrogatus: Gtht)... «Te 6. subcarinatus Gthr.. . 125 7. purpurascens(Schlegel) 126 phaenochalinus Cope. 127 26. Oligodon Boie...... 127 1. bitorguatus Boie... 128 3. trilineatus (D.& B.). 129 3. durhetme Baumann. . 129 Page An CUareLe -DIGRS tS 3 130 5. petronellae Roux <- DSI 6. propinguus Jan ... 131 7. pulcherrimus Werner. 132 8. praefrontalis Werner. 132 9. vertebraits (Gthr.) . . 133 Io. waandersi (Blkr.) . . 133 5) PE Le OMCs DOIG ops. & 134 TSS @IEY ge, eter 2 ts 134 28. Hydrablabes Blgr. i238 i. pertops, (Gthr:)) 2 ts 036 2. praefrontalis (Mocq.) 137 2a) Ablabes: We SEB ndinet op T 2% 1. tricolor (Schlegel) . . 138 2. “ibertatis (Barbour) . 138 3. baliodirus (Bole). . . 139 4. longicauda Ptrs. ... 140 30. Oreocalamus Blgr. . 140 1. Aanwsche Blors 3.02. I4I 31. Ldiopholis Mocq. inTAI En CaLattS. MOEG. asco. 2s 142 Dee CUCLELED *ONEI ai fulness 142 22. neroprree Wy Miners s.4 Bas 1. sarasinorum F.Miller 143 2. saravacensis Shelford 144 3. albonuchalis (Gthr.) . 144 33. Rhabdophidium Blgr. . . 145 1. forsiént. (D..82B.). .. 145 34. Pseudorhabdium Jan . . 146 1. longiceps (Cant) . . . 146 35. Brachyorrhus Boie ... 147 RT UTR Ue) NO pie 148 36. Calamorhabdium Bttgr. 148 1. kiikenthai Bttgr. . . 149 Bite COUMPAFIE DOIG hes es 149 1. dumbricoidea Boie . . 153 2. vermiformis D. & B. 153 3. stahlknechtt Stol. . . 154 4. indragirica Schenkel 154 5. Oaluensts, Bist... . 155 6. erabowskyi Fischer. . 155 7. margaritophora Blkr. 156 8.) prakke2, Lidth. . 0... 156 9. nuchals Blgr. es XII Page 10. sumatrana Edeling. . 157 EN CCOSTIIN TMS Pe. a ae 158 12. szmalurensis N Sp. . . 159 ry crac Bier) 159 14. acutirostris Blgr.. .-.. 160 Le. Carie Biot oe sides 160 | TO; UHETe WOES a ks 161 | PY, (CVEP ELE IGE nes = eter | 18. occtpitalis lan... .°. 162" | 19. virgulaia Bole .... 162 20, lauiéensts nspe . .. «103 | 21. leucogaster Blkr. .. . 164 | 22. guinguetaeniata DeSpak ey ce a as 164 23. albopunctata Barbour. 165 a4. bicoler (eB es) 1G 85: EFuo eel BIOE. ae. 166 | 26. sondaica Barbour. . . 166 27. brachyura Blgr. nay iI a8. collares: Blige). 5 2 167 20, lateralis Moe, .. .% 168 30. beccart Peters, .. 25) nee 31. rebentischt Bilkr. . .-: 160 32. ceramensis de Rooij . 169 | 33. mechelt Schenkel . . . 169 34. picteti Peracca .... 170 | 35. deucocephala D. & B 171 | 36. agamensis Blkr.. . . . 171 37. semiannilata Bott- SCT a hear ewe aes wae 172 38. diderleint Gough .. . 172 39. bungaroides Werner. . 173 40. schlegels- WO SUB, ee net Re Al; “inact BOI ane 174 42. borneensis Blkr.. . . . 175 43. benjaminst Edeling. . 175 | 44. javanica Blgr. er 45. pavimentata D.& B. . 176 AO. meelantord Jan ry, a. 877 Ar. COTO TANGY, roe ee. be 177 48. eracillima Gthr. . 178 AQ. (ornain Werner <”.-.\. 2190 Bor. Aosee (Gti, "2 178 | hoevent Edeling. . . . 179 | Il. Opisthaviiplas, me 2m ate flomalopsinae.... 1... 38. Aypsirhina Wagler. . 39: 4o. 4I. 42. 43. 44. Dipsadomorphinae..... 45. 46. 47. Page 179 179 180 180 181 181 182 183 alternans (Reuss) , . plumbea (Boie) . . enhydris (Schn.). . matannensis Bley. . 5. polylepis Fischer. . 6. albomaculata (DD. & Bi) 2a 7. punctata (Gray) . . 184 8. doriae (Peters). . . 185 Hlomalopsis Kuhl. . . 185 1. ductata (L.).. .7eeee Cerberus Cuvier. . . . 187 1. rhynchops (Schn.) . 187 Fordonia Gray .... 189 1. /eucobaha (Schlegel) 189 papuensis Macleay 190 Cantoria Girard . . . 190 1. veolacea Girard. . . 191 Myron Gray me 1. richardsoni Gray. . 192 Hipisies Gray. Gk 193 1. Aydrinus (Cantor). 194 194 194 BwnHy Dipsadomorphus Fitz. 1. multimaculatus (Boie) . drapiezti (Boie). . . dendrophilius (Boie) . nigriceps (Gthr.). . . jaspideus (D. & B.) 199 . cynodon (Boie). . . 200 . erregularis (Merr.) 201° . flavescens (D. & 8.) 202 Psammodynastes Gthr. 202 1. pulverulentus (Boie) 202 2. pictus Gthre. ae 203 Dryophis Dalman. . . 204 1. xanthozona Boie. . 205 2. prasinus Boie. . . 206 3. fasciolatus (Fischer) 207 4. mycterizans (L..). . 208 195 196 197 199 mA rT Am AW N Page Page 48. Dryophiops Blgr. . . 208 14. spiralis (Shaw) .. . 234 1. rubescens (Gray) . 209 154 grandes (Bler.)e.. . 235 49. Dipsadoides Annand. 210 16. Aybridus Schlegel. . 235 1. decipiens Annand. 210 Ly. .0rnaius Gray.) . 236 50. Chrysopelea Boie .. 211 18. macfarlani (Blgr.) . 237 1. rhodopleuron Boie 212 19. cyanocinctus Daudin 237 2. ornata (Shaw) . . 212 20. saravacensis (Blgr.). 238 3. chrysochlora 21. belcheri (Gray)... . 238 (Seller: "2... 2E4u| 22. pachycercus Fischer. 239 EME Proievogiypha ...... 215 | 23. stokest (Gray)... . 239 PIVOROPNNAC 0. 0. 205) So. Lenore Merrem « -!. . 240 51. Platurus Daudin . . 216 | 1. hardwickei (Gray) . . 240 1. schistorhynchus | Llapinae .... 1+. 2-e- 241 1 ee 216 | 58. Bungarus Daudin. . . . 243 2. laticaudatus (L.). 217 | 1. fasciatus (Schn.). . . 243 3. colubrinus (Schn.) 217 | 2, Candidus (Li.)o. 2 - 244 52. Azpysurus Lacépede. 218 | 3. flaviceps Reinh. .. . 245 Eeeyaouxe (Gray)... 219 | so. Naja Laurenti. ... .« 245 2. australis Sauvage 219 1. ¢tripudians Merr.. . . 246 3. laevis Lacépéde. . 220 2. dbungarus Schlegel . . 249 53. Anhydrina Gray. . . 220 60..Cavophis Gtr... 4.5 2 250 1. valakadyn (Bole). 221 E, Leacus Gray oie. 250 54. Lhalassophis Schmidt 222 | 61. Doliophis Girard. .... Scr 1. anomalus Schmidt 223 | 1. divirgatus (Boilie). . . 251 2. annandalet (Laid- | 2. intestinalis (Laur.). . 253 IAW Sess. ss 223 | 62. Glyphodon Gthr. .... 254 ek Fiydrus Schneider. . 224 — Lebgestes GED ea 255 ¥. platurus (L.)... 224 | 63. Toxicocalamus Blgr. . . 255 56. Aydrophis Daudin. . 225 | 1. dongissimus Blgr.. . . 256 Eeyroniais jan... 227 -| 2. stanleyanus Blgr. . . 256 2. nigrocinctus Dau- | 64. Ultrocalamus Sternf. . . 258 (510 ap ar rae ee 2277 Ep PECUSS? StCINI ke. 5 BES 3. gracilis (Shaw). . 228 bur eerste Sterni, . . < 260 4. flowert Blgr. . . . 229 65. Apzistocalamus Blgr. . . 260 5. dadema Gthr. . . 229 B: DATEL BIST aap... cn 260 6. fasciatus (Schn.). 230 | 2 TOFIGR DIST rs, Sete. teen 261 meerocree Gthr. .\. . 230. | 3. orandis. Blots ssc. 201 8. forguatus Gthr. . 231 4. linnbergt Blgr.. .. . 262 Q. viperinus | 66. Pseudapistocalamus (Schmidt) 2a Banna; vee nes aa. 202 10. jerdoniz (Gray) . . 232 | 1. zymant Lonnberg . . 263 It. mertont (Roux). . 233 | G7. 1-seudelaps : 8 By «2. 264 12. polyodontus Jan. . 233 1. miilleri (Schlegel) . . 264 13. brugmansi Bole. . 233 Gas emenza HGthy, 4. <3. - 266 1. psammophis (Schleg.) 266 2. olivacea (Gray)... 69. Pseudechis Wagler.. . 1. australts (Gray). . . 2. papuanus Doria . 3. scutellatus Peters. . 70. Micropechis Blgr. 1. zkaheka (Lesson) . . 71. Acanthophis Daud. . . 1. antarcticus (Shaw) . 8. Family AMBLYCEPHALIDAE. 1. Haplopeltura D.& B. 1. doa (Boie) 2. Amblycephalus Kuhl 1. /aevis Boie XIV 276 | Page Page 2. malaccanus (Ptrs.). . 276 267 3. nuchalis Blgr. .... a7 268 4. carinatus Bole 2: ee 268 Pirs."“82 7, Family VIPERIDAE <> .0seme 279 kb Crone oe Be 269 1. Agkistrodon Pal.d.B. . 279 269 1. rhodostoma (Boie). . . 279 .270 | .2, Lachests Dandi . 281 270 | 1. monticola (Gthr.). . . 282 hs Maa 2. sumatranus (Raffles). 283 272 3. fasctaius Bist.) ee 284 4. purpureomaculatus 273 (Gray)... 284 mae 5. gramineus (Shaw) . . 285 oe eke 275 | 6. puniceus (Boie). . . . 286 abs | 7. waglert (Bole)... . . 286 IV: Order. OPHIDIA. Quadrate bone distally free; temporal region with one temporal arch; the two parts of the mandible connected by ligament; teeth not in alveoli. Anal opening transverse; copu- latory organ present, paired. Snakes have no movable eyelids, the lid forms a transparent disk over the eye; the ear-opening is absent; the tongue is long and slender, forked, and retractile into a basal sheath. Limbs are absent. They may be divided into nine families, seven of which are represented in the Indo-Australian fauna. Poisonous snakes only belong to two of these, Colubridae and Viperidae. Synopsis of families. A, Eyes under the shields; body covered with uniform scales; MAAGHIIIS (COINS Gc ko wie webaulcdo. 6 OlnIONDe Typhlopidae p. 2. B, Eyes exposed; median ventral scales usually enlarged; jaws toothed. I. Maxillary horizontal. a. Traces of hind limbs, ending in a claw, often visible on each side of the anal opening. fee lailleprebensile-sscaleswsmalliy 2.) sys1. ta) ets’ Boidae p. 14. 2eetailenoteprenensilen very SHOE ©. sees) =n Llystidae p. 34. 4. No traces of hind limbs. 1. Mental groove present. + A large azygous occipital present; prae- niepsillenya (reeiesl 5B 6 6 noe) 0 clo ola c Xenopeltidae p. 39. tt No azygous. occipital; praemaxillary OUNCES 5 Guaksuouost~ong.p o> Bb 19 koe Laat Colubridae p. 41. A INO WOME ITOWNS Glanc 6 Ss bn oo co ee Amblycephalidae p. 273. iT. Maxillary-short, vertically erectile. ......... Viperidae p. 279. INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. I 1. Fam. TYPHLOPIDAE. Body small, worm-like, covered with uniform, cycloid scales; eyes covered by shields. Head-bones solidly united; no ecto- pterygoid; pterygoids short, not reaching the mandible; no supratemporal; maxillary small, vertical, loosely fixed and bearing a few teeth; mandible toothless; coronoid present. Pelvis reduced to a single bone. They lead a subterranean life, usually feeding on worms, and may be found in rotten trees. Oviparous, the few eggs large and long. A single genus. I. Typhlops Schneider. (SCHNEIDER, Hist. Amph. II p. 339, 1801). Head covered with large shields; nasal single or divided. Tail very short. Fig. 1. Head of Zyphilops Distribution. Borders of the Medi- nigroalbus D. & B. X 3'- terranean; Africa; S. Asia; Australia; C. and S. America; West Indies. Key to the Indo-Australian species A,No praeocular; no subocular; ocular in contact with the second and third labials ....... 1. 7. lineatus p. 4. ZB, Praeocular present, in contact with the third, or second and third labials; no subocular; ocular in contact with the labials. I. Praeocular in contact with the third labial only 2. 7. kraali p. 4. IJ. Praeocular in contact with the second and third labials (fig. 1). a. Nasal cleft proceeding from the praeocular. 3. 7. draminus p. 5. b. Nasal cleft proceeding from the first labial. I. Snout rounded. + Nostril inferior. aa. Rostral about 1/, the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes; nasal completely di- vided; 20 scales round the body. 4. Z. erxycinus p. 6. 6. Rostral about '/y the width of the head, extending to the level of the eyes; nasal incompletely di- vided; 22 scales round the body. 5. 7. polygrammicus p. 6. 3 +4- Nostril lateral; 22 scales round the 2.Snout with sharp edge. + Rostral extending to between the eyes. +t Rostral not extending to between the eyes. 1. Rostral three fifths the width of LO. GEA ARS 6.865 see ito. 6. cer 2. Rostral not quite half the width of HIME INCE b en 6 65 So 6 G-0in SBR 0 Gloe c. Nasal cleft proceeding from the second labial. 1. Nasal completely divided. aa. Snout rounded; nostril lateral; scales ie? OMTOWS feat edict sieliel =) ef (alin ct ie) te 66. Snout with a sharp edge; nostril in- ferior; scales in 24 rows ...... 2. Nasal incompletely divided. Nostril inferior. a. Rostral 2/; the width of the head, extending nearly to the level of the eyes; 18 scales round the body. 6. Rostral large; 22 scales round the 4 Rostral 1/, the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes; 22 scales round the body. <> Nostril lateral. I. 20 scales round the body; rostral 1/, the width of the head, extending tomhnemlevelllotm theseyes. mena =) = 2.22 scales round the body; rostral narrow, the upper portion 1/3 the width of the head, extending nearly FOMtResLe velo tet hemeyesS mates slci 3. 26 scales round the body; rostral narrow, the upper portion '/; the width of the head, extending to between the eyes or nearly so. 4.26 or 28 scales round the body; rostral 1/, the width of the head, not extending to the level of the TO, Il. 12. ie: rise 16. che a N Pglaerye Pst i7i- . multilineatus p. 7. . olivaceus p. 8. . lorenzi p. 8. . kapaladua p. 9. . depressiceps Pp. 9. . conradi p. 10. . bipartitus p. 10. . florensis p. 10. . leucoproctus p. Il. flaviventer p. 11. nigroalbus p. 12. milleri p. 12. ‘ 4 C. Praeocular present; one or two suboculars. I. Praeocular not in contact with the labials; 18 scales round the body. Zoe AesinclemSubOcularsenme ts tielel en cis) tenant LO. 2. aley pe as. OW OeSIDOCULAES ae edNeas sel ometre Ns tee eos 20. 7. bisubocularis p. 13. IJ. Praeocular in contact with the second, third and fourth labials; a single subocular; 20 scales round the body <5... .+0 ss te & 21. ZT. inornatus p. 14. I. Typhlops lineatus Boie. Typhlops lineatus, Boie, Isis 1827, p. 563. Typhlops lineatus, Boulenger, Cat. Snakes I 1893, p. 15. Snout rounded, strongly projecting; nostrils inferior. Rostral very large; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the first labial; a single large ocular on each side behind the nasal; eyes not distinct; praefrontal, supraoculars and parietals enlarged, transverse; four upper labials. Body with 22 scales round the middle; its diameter 4o to 60 times in the total length; tail about as long as broad, ending ina spine. Blackish above, each scale spotted with yellow, or yellow or pale brown with dark brown longitudinal lines between the series of scales; head and lower surface yellowish. Total length 485 mm. Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Atjeh, Labuan, Tandjong, Lang- kat, Deli!, Battak Highlands 800—1000 M., Indragiri); Borneo (Singkawang, Kuching); Java (Gadok, Buitenzorg!, Salak, Pre- anger, Sinagar!, Tjibodas 1425 M., Wonosobo, Ambarawa, Salatiga!). — Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Penang; Siam. var. sumatrana Werner. Ly phlops lineatus var. sumatrana, Werner, Verh. Ges. Wien XLVI 1896, p. 13. Mouth-opening U-shaped, with parallel borders; 24 scales round the body. Pale yellowish with indistinct longitudinal lines. Total length 320 mm.; tail 7 mm. (After WERNER; not seen by me). Habitat: Sumatra; Java (Buitenzorg). 2. Typhlops kraali Doria. Typhlops kraalii, Doria, Ann, Mus. Civ. Genova VI 1874, p. 347, pl. XU, fig. f. Typhlops kraalii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 30. i 5 Snout rounded, projecting; nostrils lateral. Rostral about one third the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes; nostril between two nasals, the anterior in contact with the first and second labials; praeocular present, as broad as the ocular, in contact with the third labial only; eyes distinct; head-scales feebly enlarged; four upper labials. Body with 24—26 scales round the middle; its diameter 40 to 42 times in the total length; tail as long as broad, ending in a spine. Blackish-brown; lower surface of head and middle of belly yellowish. Total length 265 mm. Habitat: Kei Islands!. 3. Typhlops braminus (Daud.). Eryx braminus, Daudin, Hist. Rept. VII 1803, p. 279. Typhlops braminus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 16 (Ss. syn.). Snout rounded, projecting; nostrils lateral. Rostral narrow, its upper portion about one third the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes; nostril between two nasals, the anterior in contact inferiorly with the praeocular and extending to the upper surface of the head ; praeocular present, nearly as large as the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinct; head-scales a little larger than the scales of the body; four upper labials. Body with 20 scales round the middle; its diameter 35 to 55 times in the total length; tail as long as broad or a little more long than broad, ending in a spine. Brown, grey or black above; snout, anal region and end of tail whitish. Lower surface light. Total length 175 mm. Nom. indig. Ular hitam (Borneo); duwa or ular duwel (mal.). Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Atjeh, Medan!); Riou; Banka; Java (Gadok, Weltevreden!, Buitenzorg!, Pekalongan!, Kediri}); Madura; Borneo! (Labuan, Kuching, Buntok); Flores!; Lom- blem!; Sumba; Timor; Celebes (Manado, Kema, Macassar!, Tamangura); Saleyer!; Buton; Ambon!; Ceram; Ternate; Halmahera; Kei Islands; Aru Islands. — Malay Peninsula; Christmas Island; Andamans; Ceylon; India; Siam; Burma; Formosa; Hongkong; Philippines; Islands of the Indian Ocean; Arabia; S. Africa; Madagascar; Mexico. A very common form throughout the Archipelago. 6 4. Typhlops erycinus Werner. Typhlops erycinus, Werner, Verh. Ges. Wien LI 1901, p. 611. Snout rounded, strongly projecting; nostrils inferior. Rostral hardly one third the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes; nasal completely divided, nasal cleft pro- ceeding from the first upper labial and extending on the upper surface of the head; praeocular present, a little larger than the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinct; praefrontal, supraoculars and parietals enlarged, latter shields separated in the middle by a scale; four upper labials, increasing in size posteriorly. Body with 20 scales round the middle; its diameter 44 times in the total length; tail a little more long than broad, ending in a spine. Greyish-brown above, base of scales dark brown; snout yellow. Lower surface yellow. Total length 350 mm.; tail 10 mm. (After WERNER; not seen by me). Habitat: German New Guinea. 5. Typhlops polygrammicus Schlegel. Typhlops polygrammicus, Schlegel, Abbild. 1844, p. 40, pl. XXXII, fig. 35—38. Typhlops' polygrammicus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. 1 1893, p. 34 (s. syn.). Snout rounded, projecting; nostrils inferior. Rostral about half the width of the head, extending to the level of the eyes, the inferior portion more long than broad; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the first labial to the upper surface of the head; praeocular present, narrower than the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinct; praefrontal, supraoculars and parietals much enlarged ; four upper labials. Body with 22 scales round the middle; its diameter 31 to 50 times in the total length; tail one time and one fourth to two times as long as broad, ending in a spine. Brown or olive above, the scales edged with light. Lower surface whitish, each scale with a brownish spot. Total length 717 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Java (Batavia); Timor!; New Guinea '). — N. and E. Australia. 1) See BLEEKER, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XVI 1858/59, p. 420. 7 6. Typhlops elberti Roux. Typhlops elberti, Roux, Zool. Jahrb, Syst. XXX I9I11, p. 499. Snout rounded, strongly projecting; nostril lateral. Rostral about one third the width of the head, extending to the level of the eyes; nasal completely divided, the cleft proceeding from the first labial; praeocular present, narrower than the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinct; praefrontal and supraoculars enlarged; praefrontal forming a broad suture with the rostral. Body with 22 scales round the middle; its diameter 33 times in the total length; tail more long than broad, ending in a spine. Brownish-black above, the scales edged laterally with yel- lowish-white, so as to form 11 parallel lines, the inferior lateral line of which is a little indistinct. Lower surface also with longi- tudinal lines, a little lighter than those of the back; between lateral and ventral lines on the flanks three series of scales, with a dark punctulated median part. Total length 235 mm.; tail 8 mm. (After ROUX; not seen by me). Habitat: Lombok. 7. Typhlops multilineatus Schlegel. Typhlops multilineatus, Schlegel, Abbild. 1844, p. 40, pl. XXXII, fig. 39—42. Typhlops mutltilineatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 50. Snout with a sharp edge, strongly projecting; nostril inferior. Rostral very large, finely granulated, extending to between the eyes, the inferior part as broad as long; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the first labial; praeocular present, nearly as broad as the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinct; head-scales much broader than the scales of the body; four upper labials. Body with 20 scales round the middle; its diameter 50 to 60 times in the total length; tail nearly twice as long as broad, ending in a spine. Grey above, each scale with a dark spot, the spots forming dark brown longitudinal lines on the series of scales. Lower surface lighter. Total length 370 mm. Habitat: Ceram; Kei Islands; New Guinea (Sermowai river!; Angadi, Fak Fak). 8 8. Typhlops olivaceus (Gray). Onychophis olivaceus, Gray, Cat. 1845, p. 133. Typhlops olivaceus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, I 1893, p. 50. Snout with a narrow, sharp, transverse edge, strongly pro- jecting; nostril inferior. Rostral large, the upper part three fifths the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes, the inferior part as broad as long; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the first labial; praeocular present, about as broad as the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinct; praefrontal much enlarged; four upper labials. Body with 20 or 22 scales round the middle; its diameter 50 to 68 times in the total length; tail two times and a half as long as broad, ending in a spine. Pale brown above, lighter below. Total length 410 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Baram); Sangir Islands; Misol. — Philippines; N. W. Australia. 9g. Typhlops lorenzi Werner. Typhlops lorenzi, Werner, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXVI 1909, p. 209. Snout with a sharp horizontal edge, projecting; nostril inferior. Rostral not quite half the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the first labial; prae- ocular present, about as broad as the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes very distinct; scales between the eyes a little enlarged; four upper labials, increasing in size. Body with 22 scales round the middle; its diameter 56 times in the total length; tail a little more long than Fig. 2. Zyphlops lorenxi broad, ending in a spine. pyetnes: peed shee pee Greyish-green above; rostral brown, a/drewing of Dr. Duncker-. ordered! avill light. Lower surface light olive-green. Total length 337 mm. (After WERNER; not seen by me). Habitat: Pulu Miang besar, east off Borneo. 9 10. Typhlops kapaladua Annandale. Typhlops kapaladua, N. Annandale, J, Asiat. Soc. Bengal I 1905, p. 208. Snout rounded, obtuse, projecting; nostril lateral. Rostral one third to half the width of the head, extending to the level of the eyes behind, separating the nasals completely; nasal completely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial and not reaching the upper surface of the head; praeocular present, larger than the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes barely distinguishable; supraoculars large, frontal and parietals feebly developed. Body stout, with 26 scales round the » middle, its diameter 27 times in the Fig. 3. Zyvphlops kapaladua total length; tail much more broad Annandale > 3. than long, ending in a spine. Olive-brown above, each scale with a pale edge; head- scales broadly edged with yellow; a yellow [] on the snout and a wedge-shaped yellow marking behind each eye; lower part of rostral and labials yellow. Lower surface yellow. Total length 280 mm.; tail 4 mm. Type-sp¢ecimen received from the Indian Museum, Calcutta, examined. Habitat: ,Malay Archipelago’! (Java). II. Typhlops depressiceps Sternfeld. Typhlops depressiceps, Sternfeld, Sitz. ber. Ges. naturf. Fr. 1913, p. 384. Head depressed; snout strongly projecting, with a sharp horizontal edge; nostril inferior. Rostral about three fifths the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes; nasal completely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial; praeocular present, much larger than the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinct; prae- frontals a little enlarged. Body with 24 scales round the middle, its diameter 70 times in the total length; tail about two times and a half as long as broad. Brownish-yellow above; head and lower surface a little lighter. Total length 328 mm. (After STERNFELD; not seen by me). Habitat: New Guinea. 10 12. Typhlops conradi Peters. Typhlops conradi, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1874, p. 162, pl. without number, fig. I. Typhlops conradi, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 33; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 217. Snout rounded; nostril inferior. Rostral two fifths the width of the head, extending nearly to the level of the eyes; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial; praeocular present, much larger than the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinct; head- scales enlarged; four upper labials. Body with 18 scales round the middle; its diameter 58 times in the total length; tail a little more broad than long. Brown above; head and end of tail white. Lower surface light. Total length 175 mm. (After PETERS; not seen by me). Habitat: IN -Celebes. Note. BOULENGER supposes, that 7. conradi Peters may be the same as 7. ater Schleg. and that the presence of a sub- ocular has not been observed (see Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 217). 13. Typhlops bipartitus Sauvage. Typhlops bipartitus, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom. (7) III 1879, p. 59. Typhlops bipartitus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 37. Snout rounded; nostrils inferior. Rostral large; nasal incom- pletely divided; praeocular present, as broad as the ocular; eyes distinct in one specimen, not visible in another; four upper labials. Body with 22 scales round the middle; tail more long than broad, ending in a small spine. Yellowish-green above; light brown below. Total length 250 mm. (After SAUVAGE; not seen by me). Habitat: N. New Guinea (Tidore Island?) '). 14. Typhlops florensis Boulenger. Typhlops florensis, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XIX 1897, p. 505. Snout rounded, projecting; nostril inferior. Rostral about one fourth the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes, the lower portion half as broad as long; nasal in- completely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial and extending to the upper surface of the snout; praeocuiar 1) Tidore Island is a small island near Ternate; but 7. éipar¢itus has been enu- merated in a list of reptiles from the northern part of New Guinea. II present, narrower than the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinguishable; praefrontal, supraoculars and parietals enlarged; four upper labials. Body with 22 scales round the middle; its diameter 42 times in the total length; tail twice as long as broad, ending in a spine. Olive-grey above; whitish below. Total length 255 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. mea ottat: Flores!. I5. Typhlops leucoproctus Boulenger. Typhlops leucoproctus, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) IV 1889, p. 3613 Cat. Sn. E1893, p. 20. Snout rounded, projecting; nostril lateral. Rostral about one third the width of the head, extending to the level of the eyes; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial; praeocular present, a little narrower than the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; eyes distinguishable; head-scales a little enlarged ; four upper labials. Body with 20 scales round the middle; its diameter 40 to 65 times in the total length; tail one time and a half to two times as long as broad, ending in a spine. Dark brown above, the scales with a light anterior margin in the anterior part of the body; lighter below; labials and anal region yellowish. Total length 220 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Fly River!). — Queensland; Mur- ray Island. 16. Typhlops flaviventer Peters. Typhlops flaviventer, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864, p. 271. Typhlops flaviventer, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova XIII 1878, p. 384. Typhlops flaviventer, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 25. Snout rounded, strongly projecting; nostril lateral. Rostral narrow, its upper part one third the width of the head, extending nearly to the level of the eyes; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial ; praeocular present, nearly as large as the ocular; eyes distinct; head- scales a little enlarged; four upper labials. Body with 22 scales round the middle; its diameter 50 to 60 times in the total length; tail two times as long as broad, ending in a spine. Blackish-brown above; yellowish below. Total length 300 mm. 12 Habitat: Batjan; Ternate; Halmahera; New Guinea (Fak Fak!, Mansinam Adoréh, Sattelberg). 17. Typhlops nigroalbus D. & B. Typhlops nigroalbus, Dum. & Bibr., Erp. Gén, VI 1844, p. 295. Typhlops nigroalbus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 24. Snout rounded, strongly projecting; nostril lateral. Rostral narrow, its upper part about one third the width of the head, extending to between the eyes or not quite so far; nasal incompletely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial; praeocular present, broader than the ocular, in contact Fig. 4. Zyphlops nigroalbus D. & B. XK 4/5. with the second and third labials; eyes distinct; head-scales much enlarged; four upper labials. Body with 26 scales round the middle; its diameter 30 to 33 times in the total length; tail more broad than long, ending in a spine. Black above; yellowish below. Total length 360 mm. Nom. indig. Ular balang. Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Pakanten!, Surian!, Padang!); Borneo (Samarinda!). — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Singapore; Siam. 18. Typhlops miilleri Schlegel. Typhlops milleri, Schlegel, Abbild. 1844, p. 32, pl. XXXII, fig. 25—28. Typhlops muelieri, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 25. Differs from 7. xzgroalbus on the following points: Rostral broader and shorter, half the width of the head, not extending 13 to the level of the eyes. Scales in 26 or 28 series. Total length 285 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Sumatra (Bila Penang, Labuan, Deli, Indragiri, Padang’). 1g. Typhlops ater Schlegel. Typhlops ater, Schlegel, Abbild. 1844, p. 39, pl. XXXII, fig. 29—31. Typhlops ater, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 53. Snout rounded, nostril lateral. Rostral oval, long, extending to the level of the eyes; nasal completely divided, the cleft proceeding from the second labial; praeocular present, sepa- rated from the labials by a subocular; ocular in contact with the third and fourth labials; eyes distinct, under the suture between the praeocular and the ocular; four upper labials. Body with 18 scales round the middle; its diameter 68 times in the total length; tail nearly two times as long as broad, ending in a very small spine. Black or dark brown above; reddish-brown below, inferior part of head and anal region white. Total length 164 mm.; tail 6 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Java!; Celebes (Tomohon!); Ternate; Halmahera. 4 20. Typhlops bisubocularis Bottger. Typhlops bisubocularis, Bottger, Zool. Anz. XVI 1893, p. 336. Typhlops bisubocularis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 590. Snout rounded, projecting; nostril lateral. Rostral about a third the width of the head; nostril between two nasals, the anterior small and in contact with the first and second labials; praeocular present, longer and narrower than the ocular, sepa- rated from the labials by two large suboculars, the anterior smaller than the posterior; borders of eyes not distinct; head- scales in three transverse series, broader and nearly two times as long as the scales of the body, especially the praefrontal; four upper labials. Body with 18 scales round the middle; its diameter 44 times in the total length; tail one time and a half as long as broad, with a very small and short spine at the end. Dark grey above, each scale with narrow light edges. Lower surface light grey with broad light edges; edges of the head- scales, snout, chin, end of tail and some spots of the anal 14 region white. Total length 131 mm.; tail 4.5 mm. (After BOTTGER; not seen by me). Habitat: West-Java. 21. Typhlops inornatus Boulenger. Typhlops inornatus, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) I 1888, p. 344; Cat. Sn. I 1893, p- 54- Snout rounded, depressed, projecting; nostril lateral. Rostral nearly half the width of the head, not extending to the level of the eyes; nostril between two nasals, the anterior in contact with the first and second labials; praeocular present, larger than the ocular, in contact with the second and third labials; a single subocular; eyes distinct; head-scales a little enlarged; four upper labials, third largest. Body with 20 scales round the middle; its diameter 43 times in the total length; tail a little more long than broad, ending in a spine. Black above; a little lighter below; mouth bordered with yellow; anal region or end of tail yellow. Total length 170 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (Sogere 1750 feet!, Albert Edward Ranges 6000 feet!). 2. Fam. BOIDAE. Body strong, covered with uniform scales above; ventral scales transversely enlarged; eyes ex- posed. Ectopterygoid present; ptery- goids, palatines and maxillaries movable, the former extending to the quadrate or mandible; supratemporal present, suspending quadrate; praefrontal in con- ‘= tact with nasal. Jaws toothed; mandible Fig. 5. Python molurus (L.) With coronoid; a mental groove. Small Hind limbs. Nat. size. parts of pelvis and hind limbs, latter usually ending in a claw, visible on each side of the anal opening (fig. 5). Key to the Indo-Australian subfamilies and genera. A. Supraorbital bone present Pee Mite oeth olcdhCnas oe he. ¢ oc Pythoninae. I, Praemaxillary toothed, a. Rostral and anterior upper labials without or with shallow pits; tail not or slightly prehensile. 15 1. Nostril lateral, between two nasals..... 1. Nardoa p. 15. 2. Nostril supero-lateral in a partly divided MAlova 6 -ohel-o Hees. Ben asencwuac Ferre) Oh rae 2, SEAS {oy OF d, Rostral and anterior upper labials deeply pitted; ianll REMEDIES G4 Bolsa G a 55 5 Be oOo 3. Python p. 19. Weweracmaxillary toothless... 52.060... + - 4. Chondropython p, 28. B, No supraorbital bone; praemaxillary toothless ... Boinae. Head distinct from neck; anterior teeth enlarged . 5. Enygrus p. 31. Subfamily Pythoninae. I. Nardoa Gray. (Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 45, 1842). Head slightly distinct from neck, covered with symmetrical shields; nostril lateral, between two nasals, which are separated from their fellows by the internasals; some of the lower labials pitted; eye small, pupil vertical; praemaxillary toothed; ante- rior teeth very long. Body a little compressed, covered with smooth scales. Tail short, not or slightly prehensile; most of the subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. New Guinea; Bismarck Archipelago. A single species. ‘* 1. Nardoa boa (Schlegel). Tortrix boa, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 22. Nardoa boa, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 76. Rostral about twice as broad as deep, not visible from above; internasals more broad than long, two fifths to one third the length of the praefrontals; one pair of praefrontals; frontal as long as broad or a little more long; two pair of parietals; loreal small; one large praeocular; two (three) postoculars; nine to twelve upper labials, two or three entering the eye; three or four of the posterior lower labials pitted. Scales in 35—39 rows; ventrals 245—-267; anal entire; subcaudals 47—52. Brown with black rings or uniform blackish-brown; a light spot behind the eye. Young specimens with black and orange rings. Length of head and body 830 mm.; tail 120 mm.; largest specimen known 1540 mm. Fig. 6. Nardoa boa (Schlegel). After SCHLEGEL. 16 Habitat: New Guinea (Simpsonhafen). — Bismarck Archi- pelago. Feeds on mice; nocturnal. 2. Liasis Gray. (Gray, Zool. Miscell. p. 44, 1842). Head distinct from neck, covered with symmetrical shields; nostril in a semi-divided nasal; a pair of internasals, separating the nasals; rostral and upper labials pitted or without pits; some lower labials pitted; eye rather small; pupil vertical; praemaxillary toothed; anterior teeth very long. Body cylin- drical or a little compressed, covered with small smooth scales. Tail moderate or short, not or very slightly prehensile; sub- caudals in two rows or the greater part only. Distribution. Timor; New Guinea; N. Australia. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A Rostral «without pits < ahs te = sc a se «ahs ee aes 1. L. fusces. fees 8. Rostral with a pit or groove on each side. I. Two pair of praefrontals. a. Rostral scarcely visible from above; two post- oculars; first and second upper and five lower labials pitted is tyre cm-l cite cii Samao!:o Timer’. 3. Liasis tornieri Werner. Liasis Tornieri, Werner, Zool. Anz. XX 1897, p. 261; Verh. Ges. Wien LI 1901, p. 611. Rostral two times as broad as deep, clearly visible from above, with a shallow groove on each side; internasals one time and a half as long as broad, two thirds the length of the praefrontals, which separate the posterior pair of small prae- frontals; frontal about one time and one fourth as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral; a pair of parie- tals; a single large loreal; a large praeocular, with a very small subocular below it (on one side); three elongate post- oculars; eleven upper labials, first to third with a groove, fifth and sixth entering the eye; three posterior lower labials grooved. Scales in 65 rows; ventrals 375; anal entire; sub- caudals 86, of which the first four are paired, the next four single, 65 paired and 13 single. Brown above; head with dark dots. Lower surface yellowish- white. Length of head and body 1330 mm.; tail 220 mm.; attains a length of 2 M. (After WERNER; not seen by me). Habitat: New Guinea (Stephansort). 4. Liasis albertisi Ptrs. & Doria. Liasis albertisii, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova XIII 1878, p. 401, ev, Wilsaires Leiopython gracilis, Hubrecht, Notes Leyden Mus. I 1879, p. 15. Liasis albertisii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 80. Rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above, with a groove or pit on each side; internasals a little more long than broad, not half as long as the praefrontals; praefrontals large, in a single pair; frontal a little more long than broad, shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout; a pair of parietals, followed by small shields; a single, large loreal; a 19 large praeocular and three or four postoculars; twelve or thirteen upper labials, first two or three pitted, fifth and sixth or fifth to seventh entering the eye; six posterior lower labials pitted. Scales in 49—55 rows; ventrals 262—-284; anal entire; subcaudals 62—79. Reddish-brown above; head blackish; labials yellow with black bars. Lower surface yellow. Length of head and body 1250 mm.; tail 200 mm.; attains a length of more than 2 M. Habitat: Salawatti! (type of Lezopython gracilis Hubr.); New Guinea (Kapaor, Aroma, Rigo, Bara Bara, Inawi, Madew on St. Joseph river 2—3000 feet). 5. Liasis papuanus Ptrs. & Doria. Liasis papuanus, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova XIII 1878, p. 400, pl. III, fig. 1. Liasis papuanus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 80. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above, with a shallow groove or pit on each side; internasals about one time -and a half as long as broad, two thirds to three fourths the length of the praefrontals; praefrontals large, in a single pair; frontal one time and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral; parietals large, equalling the frontal; a single large “loreal; praeocular large; two or three post- oculars; ten or eleven upper labials, first two or three pitted, fifth and sixth or sixth and seventh entering the eye; four posterior lower labials pitted. Scales in 65—71 rows; ventrals 358—390; anal entire; subcaudals 82—88. Olive-brown above; base of scales black. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body 1980 mm.; tail 320 mm.; attains a length of 3'/, M. Habitat: New Guinea (Ramoi, Fak Fak!). — Ferguson Island. 3. Python Daudin. (DaupIN, Hist. Rept. V p. 226, 1803). Head distinct from neck, covered with symmetrical shields or small scales on the crown and with large shields on the snout; nostril in a semi-divided nasal; a pair of internasals, separating the nasals; rostral and anterior upper labials deeply pitted; some lower labials pitted; eye with vertical pupil; praemaxillary toothed; anterior teeth very long. Body a little 20 compressed, covered with small, smooth scales. Tail moderate or short, prehensile; subcaudals in two rows or the greater part only. Distribution. Tropical and South Africa; S. E. Asia; New Guinea; Australia. wal NG WWI Fig. 8. Python curtus Schlegel. 2/s. Key to the Indo-Australian speeies: A. Subcaudals more than 50. I. More than 60 scales across the body. a. Four upper labials pitted; 78—102 subcandals. 1. P. veticulatus p. 20. d. Two upper labials pitted; 60—72 subcaudals. 2. P. molurus p, 22. II. Scales in 60 rows or less across the body. a, Crown with large shields; four upper labials pitted. I. Four or five postoculars; six or seven lower labials pitted. ............ 3. P. amethysiinus p. 245 2. Three postoculars; five lower labials pitted. 4. P. timorensis p. 25. 4. Crown with scales or small irregular shields; 2—3 upper labials pitted | ....5.. 2% 55. 2. sprlotesepmeas Z&. Subcaudals 28—32; two upper labials pitted .. . 6. P. curtus p. 28. 1. Python reticulatus (Schn.). Boa reticulata, Schneider, Hist. Amph. II 1801, p. 264. Python reticulatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, I 1893, p. 85 (s. syn.) 21 Rostral as broad as deep, visible from above, with a deep pit on each side; internasals about one time and a half as long as broad; a pair of large praefrontals; supraocular large, sometimes divided; frontal large, usually single; two prae- and three or four postoculars; twelve to fourteen upper labials, four anterior deeply pitted, seventh or eighth entering the eye; two or three anterior and five or six posterior lower labials hi ie a2 a6 rs Tar =, 2SSSSs ques! 4) Gas 2 aoe sas Fig. 9. Python reticulatus (Schn.) 3/4. pitted (fig. 9). Scales in 69—79 rows; ventrals 297—330; anal entire; subcaudals 78—102. Yellowish or brown above, with large dark markings, cross- shaped or rhomboidal; a black median line on the head from the tip of the snout to the nape; an oblique dark line from the eye to the corner of the mouth. Lower surface yellowish with small brown spots or brown. Young specimens with three series of whitish, black-edged spots on the back and sides. Total length 7.25 M.; attains a length of 9 M. Nom. indig. Ular sawah, ular santja (mal.); sawah-n-etem (Simalur); ular petola (Ambon). Habitat: Simalur!; Nias; Mentawei Islands (Sipora); Su- matra (Atjeh!, Pangkalan Brandan!, Labuan, Medan!, Bralrang!, Langkat, Serdang!, Djambi!, Kertadjaja, Tandjung Laut, Pa- lembang!, Battak Highlands, Padang Bedagei, Ringgat!, Indra- girl, Padang Highlands!); Banka!; Riou!; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Singkawang, Sebruang Valley, Kuching, Baram, Lundu, Oya, Rejang river, Sandakan Bay, Bulangan river, Samarinda!, Balikpapan, Muara Djawa!, Bandjermassin); Java! (Batavia, Buitenzorg, Depok, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Sumbawa; Flores; Timor!; Celebes (Gorontalo, Minahassa, Manado!, Kema, Kona- weha river, Kandari, Macassar); Buton; Obi major!; Batjan; Ternate!; Halmahera!; Ambon!; Ceram!; Banda; Timor Laut. — 22 Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Nicobars; Burma; Siam; Indo-China; Philippines. A very common snake, living in the neighbourhood of water and feeding on mammals and birds; nocturnal. The eggs are large, oval, soft-shelled and are incubated by the female. 2. Python molurus (L.). Coluber molurus, Linné, Syst. Nat. I 1766, p. 387. Python bivittatus, part., Schlegel, Phys. Serp. III 1837, p. 403, pl. XV, fig. 1—4. Python molurus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 87. Python bivittatus, Werner, Zool. Jahrb, Syst. XXVIII 1909, p. 271. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above, with a deep pit on each side; internasals about one time and a half as long as broad; a pair of large praefrontals; supraocular large; frontal divided; two prae- and three or four postoculars; sometimes a series of suboculars (fig. 100); eleven to thirteen upper labials, two anterior deeply pitted, usually sixth or seventh entering the eye (fig. 10a); some anterior and posterior lower labials pitted. Scales in 61—75 rows; ventrals 242—265; anal entire; subcaudals 60—72. Dark brown above, with blackish markings bordering long, subquadrangular spots; flanks with large black-edged spots, with lighter or whitish centres; head with a triangular dark marking, sometimes distinct from the tip of the snout to the nape; a dark lateral streak, passing through the eye and a dark vertical bar below the eye. Lower surface yellowish, brown-spotted on the sides. Length of head and body 2400 mm. ; tail 300 mm.; reaches a length of 1o M. Habitat: Java; Celebes (Bonthain). — Malay Peninsula; Indo-China; S. China; Siam; India; Ceylon. Note. P. divittatus Schleg. has been regarded by BOULENGER as a synonym of P. molurus L. WERNER (op. cit.) distinguishes P. bivittatus as a distinct species, after having seen in the Vivarium in Vienna two kinds: light Pythons (#olurus) and dark Pythons (dzv:ttatus). The difference between these two forms is in the colour, in the scaling of the head and in length. WERNER describes them as follows: In P. molurus there is one labial entering the eye; the animal does not grow longer than about 4 M. and is of a greyish- or yellowish-brown colour, with reddish-brown, dark-edged spots, those of the flanks No ios) usually with light centres; on the head the triangular dark marking is only distinct in its posterior part, on the nape (fig. 11a). This form is found in India and Ceylon. P. bivittatus is distinguished by WERNER by a row of sub- oculars, by its greater length (10 M.) and by its darker colour, the lanceolate marking on the head is dark and distinct to the tip of the snout (fig. 114) and the dark spots of the flanks have no light centres. The places, where this form lives are: Indo-China, S. China, the Malay Peninsula, Java and Sumatra’. After examination of the specimens in the collections of the British Museum, the Leiden and Amsterdam Museums, and the living specimens in the Amsterdam, Rotterdam and ie (a ai ie ee iv Pes. 4 J 1 ees 5 4 yon % SUE Sea SR == Teg eases Fig. 10. representing the extremes. a. Light Python [P. molurus (L.)] 6. Dark Python [P. ézvittatus Schleg.]. Nat. size. London Zoological Gardens, I came to the conclusion, that P. bwittatus cannot be held up as a distinct species, but that the specimens of P. molurus, living in S. China and Java belong to a darker race than those from the Indian Continent. Proofs for my supposition are the following remarks. A young, light-coloured specimen from Assam in the British Museum, with the dark marking on the head distinct as far as the prae- frontals has a series of suboculars; the skin from Hyderabad- Sind in Russell’s Indian Serpents is light-coloured but the triangular marking on the head is distinct as far as the nasals ; a young specimen from India, also light-coloured has the dark marking on the head sharply defined as far as the internasals, 24. its seventh labial shows a curious shape, it is entering the eye, but a subocular is nearly formed (figured by BOULENGER, Reptiles Malay Peninsula 1912, fig. 30, p. 106). The dark form found in Java may be named P. molurus sondaica Werner (see: Der Zoologische Garten XL, 1899, p. 24). as espn Chee PSS wee Fig. 11. representing same specimens of fig. 10. a. Light Python [P. molurus (L..) | 6, Dark Python [P. dzvittatus Schleg.] Nat. size. The specimen of P. molurus from Macassar, mentioned by A.B. MEYER (Abh. Mus. Dresden 1886/87, p. 13) is not found in the Dresden Museum. But the collections of this Museum contain another specimen of the same species, collected by RIBBE & KUHN near Bonthain, S. Celebes. 3. Python amethystinus (Schn.). Boa amethystina, Schneider, Hist. Amph. II 1801, p. 254. Python amethystinus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 83 (s. syn.). Rostral as broad as deep or a little more broad than deep, visible from above, with a deep pit on each side; internasals as long as broad or a little more long than broad; praefrontals large, a second pair of smaller praefrontals, separated from one another; frontal large, in contact with the anterior pair of praefrontals or separated from them by one or two shields; Px 25 supraocular large; two or three pair of parietals; loreal region covered with smaller shields (fig. 12); two or three prae- and four of five postoculars; twelve to fourteen upper labials, four anterior deeply pitted, sixth and seventh or seventh and eighth entering the eye; six or seven posterior lower labials pitted. Scales in 39—53 rows; ventrals 289—349; anal entire; subcaudals 85—120. Yellowish- or reddish-brown above, uniform or with dark SSS Se Fig. 12. Python amethystinus (Schn.) X 2. markings. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body 2710 mm.; tail 400 mm.; attains a length of 3'/, M. Piaeicat: Limor; Banda; Saparua!; Ambon!; Ceram!; Haruku!; Halmahera; Batjan!; Salawatti; Misol; New Guinea (Jobi, Yule and Nicura Islands, Sorong, Fak Fak, Jakati, Mansinam, Humboldt Bay!, Jamur river, Tobadi, Setekwa river, Lorentz river!, Erima, Astrolabe Bay, Stephansort, Eitapé, Garup, Simpsonhafen, Fly river, St. Joseph river, Moroka in Bartholomew Range 2300 feet, Bara Bara); Kei Islands; Aru Islands; Timor Laut. — Trobriand Island; Bismarck Archi- pelago; Islands of Torres Straits; N. Queensland. Note. BOULENGER distinguishes three groups of colour varieties : 1. Uniform brown, or with indistinct dark and light markings; 2. Pale brown with dark cross-shaped markings and two stripes on each side; . Dark reddish-brown, with whitish spots or irregular trans- verse bars. ios) 4. Python timoriensis (Ptrs.). Liasis amethystinus var. timoriensis , Petersson.) Berl. “Ac. 1576.5 p. 533, pl. without number, fig. 3. 26 Liasis Petersii, Hubrecht, Notes Leyden Mus. I 1879, p. 16. Python timorensis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 85. Rostral as broad as deep, just visible from above, with a deep pit on each side; internasals much more long than broad, as long as the anterior praefrontals; a second pair of prae- frontals; supraocular and frontal large; two pair of parietals; loreal region covered with small shields (fig. 13); a large anda a Fig. 13. Python timoriensis (Ptrs. Type of Liasis Petersii Hubr. small praeocular; three postoculars; twelve upper labials, four anterior deeply pitted, sixth entering the eye; five of the lower labials pitted. Scales in 60 rows; ventrals 288; anal entire; subcaudals 22 +?, last g single. Reddish-brown above, with blotches of dark scales; head with a median dark line. Lower surface yellow. Length of head and body 793 mm.; tail (broken) 45 mm. Habitat: Flores! (type of Lzaszs Peterstz Hubr.); Timor. 5. Python spilotes (Lacépéde). Coluber spilotes, Lacépede, Ann. Mus. IV 1804, p. 194, 209. Python spilotes, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. $2 (s. syn.). Rostral as broad as deep, or a little more deep than broad, SE ews _\ j= f ape #16) 20 C5 ~< eS LSS Fig. 14. Python spilotes (Lac.) Nat. size. visible from above, with a deep pit on each side; internasals as long as broad; a pair of praefrontals, sometimes broken up into a7 small shields, like the other scales of the crown; sometimes a frontal and two or three supraoculars distinguishable; loreal region covered with small scales (fig. 14); eleven to thirteen upper labials, two or three anterior deeply pitted, sixth and seventh or seventh and eighth entering the eye; six or seven lower labials pitted. Scales in 45—53 rows; ventrals 251—304; anal entire or divided; subcaudals 63—92. Black, olive-brown or pale brown above, variegated with yellow and black. Length of head and body 1750 mm.; tail 250 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Yule Island, St. Joseph river). — Australia. This tree-Python is very variable in coloration. Three forms may be distinguished: I. Black above, each scale with a yellow dot, and sometimes with scattered yellow, black-edged spots; upper labials black- edged. Lower surface yellow, posterior ventrals and subcaudals spotted or edged with black. 2. Olive-brown above, each scale edged with black, with yellow, black-edged spots and transverse bars, or with three yellow stripes, the middle one partly interrupted; upper labials black-edged. Lower surface yellow, posterior ventrals and sub- caudals spotted dr edged with black. 3. Pale brown with dark brown, black-edged spots or trans- verse bands, or dark brown with lighter markings; upper labials yellow or anterior labials black-edged; sometimes a light, dark- edged streak on each side of the body anteriorly. Lower surface yellow, spotted with black. var. macrospila Werner. Python spilotes var. macrospila, Werner, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. XXVIII 1909, p. 274. Differs on the following points: Rostral followed by 3 pair of shields; five or six lower labials pitted. Scales in 41 rows. Three series of dark spots, alternating. Length of head and body 1500 mm.; tail 250 mm. (After WERNER; not seen by me). Habitat: ?. A single male specimen in the Brussels Museum. 28 6. Python curtus Schlegel. Python curtus, Schlegel, Dierentuin, Rept. 1872, p. 54, with fig. Python curtus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 89 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above, with a deep pit on each side; internasals as long as broad; two pair of large praefrontals; frontal longitudinally divided; supraocular large; several pair of transverse parietals; loreal large; a prae- ocular with small scales below it (fig. 15); one or two post- oculars; sometimes a series of suboculars; ten or eleven upper labials, two anterior deeply pitted; anterior and posterior lower labials feebly pitted. Scales in 53—-57 rows; ventrals 160—175, anal entire; subcaudals 26—-32. Brown or red above, with round pale spots, sometimes con- fluent, on the vertebral line; flanks with grey, black-edged 2S a = Fig. 15. Python curtus Schleg. Nat. size. spots or wavy bands; head with a black median line, followed by white, black-edged spots; a broad dark band on each side of the head, with an oblique white streak from the eye to the corner of the mouth. Lower surface whitish, sometimes spotted with brown. Length of head and body 1250 mm.; tail 120 mm.; attains a length of 3 M. Habitat: Sumatra (Medan in Deli!, Surbo Dolok in Raja Mts.); Borneo (Kuching, Lawas in Bruni, Sibu, Telang). — Singapore; Malay Peninsula. Likes swampy country; feeds chiefly on rats. 4. Chondropython Meyer. (A. B, MrEYeER, Mon. Berl. Ac. p. 134, 1874). Head distinct from neck, covered with small scales; nostril in a single or divided nasal; a pair of internasals, separating the nasals, and separated from each other by small scales; 29 rostral, anterior upper labials and a few lower labials deeply pitted; eye with vertical pupil; praemaxillary without teeth; anterior teeth large, posterior small. Body a little compressed, covered with small, smooth scales. Tail moderate, prehensile; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. New Guinea; Aru Islands. A single species. 1. Chondropython viridis (Schlegel). Python viridis, Schlegel, Dierentuin, Rept. 1872, p. 54. Chondropython viridis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 90 (s. syn.). Rostral as broad as deep, or a little more narrow than deep; a pair of nasals and a pair of internasals; head covered with small scales, 17—20 from eye to eye on the forehead; scales round the eye not larger than the others; twelve to fifteen upper labials, two or three anterior pitted; sixth to eighth or eighth and ninth entering the eye; seventh to twelfth, eighth to thirteenth, or ninth to fourteenth lower labials pitted. Scales in 57—65 rows; ventrals 227-254; anal entire; subcaudals 68—129. Green above, uniform or with small yellow spots along the back; or red with bluish, black-edged spots. Lower surface whitish or yellowish. Young specimens pinkish or yellow, with red or red-brown markings or rust-brown with sulphurous spots. A young specimen from the Lorentz river, 5. New Guinea showed the following colours: reddish-brown above; a narrow dark line from the nape to the tail not broader than one scale; on each side of this line a series of triangular yellow spots, bordered with brown, most of them alternating; along each side of the body a series of small yellow spots, covering about three or four scales; on each side of the head a line from the nostril to the temporal region, passing through the eye; two yellow spots between the eyes; on the occiput a [shaped band; just behind the head an elongate yellow spot, bordered with brown; tail with dark brown transverse lines. Length of head and body 1250 mm.; tail 200 mm. Nom. indig.: Yamomong (German New Guinea). Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Aru Islands! (Manumbai on Kobroor); New Guinea (Jobi, Mafoor, Mt. Arfak, Mansinam, Andai!, Humboldt Bay!, lake Sentani, Mimika-, Setekwa- and Lorentz! rivers, Eitapé, 30 yiaitassey Mes g%e Aral AT) ateseta tune we Ed) /2. / N ¢ Schleg.) dis ( Fig. 16. Chondropython viric 31 Bogadjim, Bongu, Astrolabe Bay, Sattelberg 800 M., Bara Bara, Albert Edward Range 6000 feet, Dinawa in Owen Stanley Range, Milne Bay, St. Joseph river); Schouten Islands (Mysore). Subfamily Boinae. 5. Enygrus Wagler. (WAGLER, Syst. Amph. p. 166, 1830). Head distinct from neck, covered with small scales; eye with vertical pupil; praemaxillary without teeth; anterior teeth large, posterior small. Body compressed, covered with keeled scales. Tail short, prehensile; subcaudals single. Distribution. Moluccas; New Guinea; Polynesia. Key to the Indo-Australian species. Zemlienor three labials: entering the eye .......:. . 1. E. carimatus p. 31. 4%. A series of suboculars. MEMS UIG AIGA TA 220. has ace vases teers s \s Ql LO SPERE Dea. 2 o>) DemeTieatdals 50-02, a8. 6 4 ofa orc) eeienie;@ @ gulls os 3. £. australis p.- 1. Enygrus carinatus (Schn.). Boa carinata, Schneider, Hist. Amph. II 1801, p. 261. Enygrus carinatus, Boulenger, Gat; sus) 11803, p. 107 (S. syn.): Snout very prominent, obliquely truncate; canthus rostralis angular; rostral more broad than deep, not visible from above; sometimes some supraocular scales enlarged; head with small, irregular scales, with small tubercles or short keels, five to ten scales between the eyes on the forehead; eye bordered by 10—1I4 scales; ten to thirteen upper labials, two or three entering the eye. Scales in 33—43 rows, all strongly keeled, the keels forming straight lines; ventrals 160—200; anal entire; subcaudals 38—56. Yellowish or pale reddish-brown above with dark brown markings. Length of head and body 790 mm.; tail 110 mm. Habitat: Celebes (Minahassa); Sangir Islands; Salibabu Islands!; Halmahera!; Ternate!; Batjan!; Ceram!; Ambon!; Haruku!; Saparua!; Banda; Goram; Timor Laut; Misol; Batanta; Salawatti; New Guinea (Jobi, Rubi, Dorei, Sorong, Andai, Mansinam, Djamna Island, Wendeési, Mawes, Humboldt Bay, Tanah Merah Bay!, Kaiserin-Augusta or Sepik river!, Mimika river, Lorentz river, Tami, Bongu, Bogadjim, Simpsonhafen, 32 Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen, Erima, Astrolabe Bay, Huon Bay, Bukaua, Sattelberg, Bara Bara, Haveri); Valise Island ; Schouten Islands (Mysore). — Ferguson Island; Trobriand Island; Wood= lark Island; Louisiade Archipelago; Solomon Islands; Bismarck Archipelago; Pelew Islands. Three groups of colour varieties may be distinguished: Yellow or pale brown above, with dark markings and stripes; lores and temples dark brown with yellow spots. Lower surface yellow, with dark brown blotches or a stripe on each side and speckled with brown in the middle. Yellow or brown above, with a dark zigzag dorsal band or rhomboidal blackish spots; head with a dark streak on each side. Lower parts spotted with black. 3. Yellow or pale red-brown above, uniform or with dark spots. Lives on trees. Enygrus asper (Gthr.). Erebophis asper, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 132, pl. XXI. Enygrus asper, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 109. Snout prominent, oblique, truncate; canthus rostralis angular; rostral more broad than deep, not visible from above; head aie . Fig. 17. Enygrus asper (Gthr.) X 1/3. covered with small irregular scales with small tubercles or short keels; 8—r11 scales between the eyes on the forehead; eye bordered by 10 to 15 (18) scales; nine to thirteen upper labials separated from the eye. Scales in 33—3Q9 rows, 53 all strongly keeled, the keels forming oblique lines; ventrals 130—153; anal entire; subcaudals 14—22. Red-brown above, with a series of large, dark, black-edged spots on the back, sometimes confluent into a zigzag stripe. Lower surface yellow, uniform or brown-spotted. Length of head and body 930 mm.; tail 55 mm. Habitat: Goram; Misol!; Batanta; Salawatti; Waigeu!; New Guinea (Jobi, Sorong, Fak Fak, Andai, Mawes, Moaif, Matterer Bay, Humboldt Bay!, Mosso river, Tami river, lake Sentani!, Koimé river!, Pokembo, Cyclop Mts., Parau, Kaiserin- Augusta or Sepik river!, Mimika river, Lorentz river!, Eitapé, Bongu, Simpsonhafen, Berlinhafen, Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen, Erima, Stephansort, Astrolabe Bay, Bukaua, Sattelberg, Dinawa in Owen Stanley Range, Madew on St. Joseph river 2—3000 feet); Seleo Island; Valise Island ; Schouten Islands (Mysore). — Duke of York Island; Bismarck Archipelago. Note. A specimen from Matterer Bay, N. New Guinea was caught at sea. 3. Enygrus australis (Montrouzier). Boa australis, Montrquzier, Rev. et Mag. Zool. XII 1860, p. 95. Enygrus australis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 105. Snout prominent, truncate; canthus rostralis rounded; rostral more broad than deep, not visible from above; head covered with small, irregular scales with tubercles or short keels; 11—14 scales between the eyes on the forehead; eye bordered by 14—18 scales; ten to fourteen upper labials, separated from the eye. Scales in 37—41 rows, all strongly keeled, the keels forming straight lines; ventrals 232—295; anal entire; sub- caudals 50—62. Brown, olive or reddish above, with or without a series of large dark spots, sometimes forming a zigzag band or a dark vertebral stripe, edged with yellow; sometimes a series of light spots along each side; a dark streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye and a dark bar between the eyes. Lower surface uniform yellowish or spotted with black. Length of head and body g90 mm.; tail 140 mm. Habitat: Woodlark Island. — Solomon Islands; Bismarck Archipelago; New Hebrides; Loyalty Islands; Samoa. INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. G2 34 3. Fam. ILYSIIDAE. Body round, covered with uniform scales above; ventrals not or feebly enlarged. Bones of the head more or less solidly united; ectopterygoid present; pterygoid extending to the quadrate; supratemporal small, between the other bones; qua- drate short; praefrontal in contact with nasal. Mandible with coronoid; jaws and palate toothed. Parts of pelvis the same as in preceding family, ending in a claw, usually visible on each side of the anal opening. This family is intermediate between the Jozdae and the Uropeltidae, an Indian and Ceylonese group of burrowing snakes. Key to the Indo-Australian genera. A. INO mental ser OONG.e ry clase a-Si) emeeren sp metab enie 1. Anomalochilus p. 34. B. Mental groove present ..........2..+.2..+ 2. Cyhndrophis p, 35- 1. Anomalochilus Lidth. (vAN LIDTH DE JEUDE, in M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn. I p. 180, 1890/91). Head small, not distinct from neck, covered with large, symmetrical shields; nostril in a single nasal, touching the second upper labial and forming a suture with its fellow behind the nostril; no loreal or praeocular; a postocular; eye small, distinct from the surrounding shields; praemaxillary toothless; no mental groove (fig. 18). Body round, covered with smooth scales, in 21 rows; ventrals scarcely enlarged. Tail short and blunt; subcaudals single, paired at the end. Distribution. Sumatra. A single species. 1. Anomalochilus weberi Lidth. Anomalochilus weberi, v. Lidth de Jeude, in M. Weber, Zoolog. Ergeb. 1890/91, p. 181, pl. XV, fig. 1—3. Anomatochilus weberi, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 134. Head very small, depressed ; the distance between the corners of the mouth equals that between an angle of the mouth and the tip of the snout; rostral large, more deep than broad; frontal nearly two times as large as the supraocular, quadran- gular, the anterior angle obtuse, the posterior almost right; parietals not enlarged; postocular small, triangular; four upper labials, third largest, touching the praefrontal and the eye. 35 Scales in 21 rows; ventrals scarcely differing from the others, 244; anal divided; subcaudals 8, 6 undivided. . Brown above, the scales edged with light; a series of abou 28 round, light spots on each side of the back, paired or alternating; an interrupted whitish line on the flanks; prae- frontals and frontal each with a light spot; two small, round Fig. 18. Anomalochilus weberi Lidth. Nat. size. Side view and lower view of head. spots on the tip of the tail. Lower surface with irregular light spots, placed in pairs or confluent; anal whitish; lower part of tail with a white cross band. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Sumatra (Kaju tanam!). 2. Cylindrophis Wagler. (WAGLER, Icon. Amph., 1828). Head small, not distinct from neck, covered with large, symmetrical shields; nostril in a single nasal; no loreal or prae- ocular; a postocular; eye small, distinct from the surrounding shields, with round or vertically elliptic pupil; praemaxillary toothless; 10—12 subequal teeth in each maxillary; mental groove present (fig. 19). Body round, covered with smooth scales in 19-—23 rows; ventrals not or feebly enlarged. Tail short and blunt. Distribution. S. E. Asia; Ceylon. & 36 Key to the Indo-Australian species. A, Ventrals broader than the surrounding shields. I. Diameter of the eye about half its distance from the nostril; scales in 19 or 21 rows...... 1. C. rufus p. 36. II. Diameter of the eye one third to one fourth its distance from the nostril. a. Interocular width equal to the length of the snout; scales in 21 rows...... jee, « 2G. LER EE Sa 2, Interocular width more than the length of the snout; scales in 23 rows......... 34 C. opisthorhodus p. 38. B. No enlarged ventrals. 1. Nasals forming a suture behind the rostral; Scales#ins2O SLOWS) eauere i i ae acne some eee 4. C. boulengeri p. 38. 2. Nasals separated from one another; scales in ZZ. -TOWS se. jaite’ ebaals der sisiNe, os 0eL te seisel Snelaetrnten aCe CSOLE 7 Onno I. Cylindrophis rufus (Laur.). Anguis rufa, Laurenti, Syn. Rept. 1768, p. 71. Cylindrophis rufus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 135 (s. syn.). Diameter of the eye about half its distance from the nostril; the distance between the eyes more than the length of the snout; nasals forming a suture; frontal at least as large as the Fig. 19. Cylindrophis rufus (Laur.) X Jy. Lower view of head. < 4/5. supraocular, larger than the parietals, as long as its distance from the rostral or longer; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 19 or 21 rows; ventrals not twice as large as the neighbouring scales, 185—245; anal divided; subcaudals 5—1O0. af Brown or black above, iridescent, uniform or with alternating light transverse bands, sometimes an orange collar. Lower surface white, with transverse black spots or bands or black with white transverse bands; lower part of tail bright vermilion. Total length 825 mm. Nom. indig. Ular kapala dua (mal.); ular gelenggang ; oraj teropong (sund.); majara (Toradja-name). Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan, Medan!, Langkat, Stabat, Assahan, Bedagei, Indragiri, Padang, Kertadjaja, Benakat, Lematang ilir in Palembang); Banka!; Riou; Java (Batavia, Buitenzorg, Sukabumi!, Kagok in Tegal!, Pekalongan!, Sema- rang!, Ambarawa, Kediri!, Ngawi, Tengger Mts. 1200 M., Surabaia!); Borneo (Baram river, Rejang river, Sadong, Kuching, Buntok, Barita river, Mt. Dulit, Singkawang, Sintang, Landak!, Balikpapan, Bandjermassin, Pontianak); Celebes! (Manado, Posso!, Matinang Mts. 3300 feet, Tomohon, Tempe!, Macassar !); Sangir Islands; Batjan. —- Singapore; Penang; Malay Penin- sula; Burma; Siam; Cambodja. This burrowing snake is viviparous; when worried it remains flat on the ground and raises its tail so that it resembles the head, hence the malay name, which signifies: two-headed snake; in Central Celebes it is also designed as the snake with two heads. — 2. Cylindrophis lineatus Blanford. Cylindrophis lineatus, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 217, pl. XX. Cylindrophis lineatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 137. Diameter of the eye about one third to one fourth its distance from the nostril; the distance between the eyes equals the length of the snout; nasals forming a suture; frontal about as large as the supraocular, a little larger than the parietals; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 21 rows; ventrals almost twice as large as the neighbouring scales, 210—215; anal divided; subcaudals g—10. Dark brown or black above, iridescent, with two longitudinal whitish or red bands on the back; head and tail yellowish or red. Lower surface white, with alternating black transverse bands; lower part of tail white. Total length 730 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Matang!, Pangkalan ampat). — Malay Peninsula? '). 1) See BOULENGER, Reptiles Malay Peninsula 1912, p. 112. 38 3. Cylindrophis opisthorhodus Boulenger. Cylindrophis opisthorhodus, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XIX 1897, p. 506, Diameter of the eye about one third its distance from the nostril; the distance between the eyes greater than the length of the snout; nasals forming a suture; frontal as large as the supraocular, slightly larger than the parietals, as long as its distance from the rostral; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 23 rows; ventrals only a little larger than the neighbouring scales, 184—187; anal divided, sub- caudals 6—7. Pale brown or buff above, with small, irregularly disposed black spots; head yellowish, black-spotted. Lower surface white, with continuous or alternating black transverse bars, which are connected on the sides by a black stripe from behind the head to the base of the tail; an interrupted black stripe along the middle of the belly; anal region black; lower part of tail of a bright pink colour. Total length 230 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Lombok 1500 feet!. 4. Cylindrophis boulengeri Roux. Cylindrophis boulengeri, Roux, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. XXX 1911, p. 500. Diameter of the eye about one third its distance from the nostril; the distance between the eyes equals the length of the snout; nasals forming a suture; frontal larger than the supraocular, much larger than the parietals, triangular, the anterior border as long as its distance from the snout and a little longer than its length; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 20 rows; no enlarged ventrals; subcaudals 6. Black above; a white wavy line on the upper labials; on each side of the nape a triangular spot, the point directed posteriorly. Lower surface greyish-black with yellowish-white transverse bands of 2—3 rows of scales; subcaudals white. Total length 550 mm. (After ROUX; not seen by me). Habitat: Wetar. 5. Cylindrophis isolepis Boulenger. Cylindrophis isolepis, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVIII 1896, p. 62. Diameter of the eye two fifths its distance from the nostril; 39 the distance between the eyes equals the length of the snout; nasals separated by the rostral, which is in contact with the praefrontals; frontal a little larger than the supraocular, much larger than the parietals, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 22 rows; no enlarged ventrals; subcaudals 5. Black above, each scale white-edged. Lower surface black with two alternating series of large, white blotches; lower part of tail crange. Total length 430 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Djampea Island!. 4. Fam. XENOPELTIDAE. Body round, covered with uniform scales above, enlarged ventrals beneath. Bones of the head more or less solidly united; ectopterygoid present; pterygoid extending to the quadrate; supra-temporal present, suspending quadrate; praefrontal in contact with nasal. Jaws, palate and praemaxillary toothed; mandible without coronoid; a mental groove. A single genus. I. Xenopeltis Reinw. (REINWARDT, in Boie, Isis p. 564, 1827). Head not distinct from the neck; eye small, with vertically elliptic pupil; nostril between two nasals; frontal in contact with a large azygous interparietal, which is bordered by four parietals; mental groove present; dentary bone movable on the apex of the articular; numerous small, equal teeth, 4 on each side of the praemaxillary, 33—38 in the maxillary and 35 or 36 on each side of the mandible. Body cylindrical, covered with smooth scales in 15 rows; ventrals large. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. India; Indo-China; Malay Peninsula and Ar- chipelago. A single species. I. Xenopeltis unicolor Reinw. Xenopeltis unicolor, Reinwardt in Boie, Isis 1827, p. 564. Xenopeltis unicolor, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 168 (s. syn.). 40 Head depressed, snout rounded; nostril between two nasals; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral; praeocular large; two postoculars, upper one largest; a small supraocular, smaller ne ¥ A KAA AE?) D> soeN ies fs YY + Le SS ) Pee AGS Fig. 20. Xenopeltis unicolor Reinw. > '/,. Upper view of head. than the upper postocular; a large, azygous interparietal, in the middle of four parietals; eight upper labials, first in contact with the internasal, fourth and fifth entering the eye; a pair of small chin-shields, in contact with the three anterior lower labials. Scales in 15 rows, smooth; ventrals 164-—-193; anal divided; subcaudals 26—3I. Brown or blackish above, iridescent, the scales light-edged; upper lip pale yellow. Lower surface white. In young specimens the head is whitish and a yellow collar is present. Length of head and body g00 mm.; tail 100 mm. B27 Nom. indig. Ular ekor merak; Soratu (Sima- Fig. 21." Xeno-"lur); Ulen tana (C;-Ceélehes). = sca aie Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Sumatra (Pulu yas peennca Weh!, Atjeh, Medan!, Labuan, Langkat, Indra- XK 21p. giri, Singkarah!, Rau, Gunung Sahilan!, Agam, Ringgat!, Padang!, Palembang!); Siak!; Riou!; Banka!; Java (Gadok, Buitenzorg!, Preanger, Salatiga!, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Borneo! (Kuching, Singkawang, Kapuas river, Kutei, Bulangan river, Balikpapan, Bandjermassin); Celebes 41 (Manado!, Posso!, Kema, Kandari). — Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Indo-China; Burma; S. India. Generally lives underground, burrowing; feeds on small mammals and other snakes. 5. Fam. COLUBRIDAE. Body round or compressed, covered with imbricate or jux- taposed scales, with or without apical pits, smooth or keeled; ventrals usually transversely enlarged. Bones of head movable; ectopterygoid present; pterygoid extending to the mandible or the quadrate; supratemporal suspending quadrate; prae- frontal not in contact with the nasal. Maxillary horizontal ; jaws toothed, praemaxillary without teeth; mandible without coronoid; a mental groove. With regard to the teeth, the Colubridae may be divided into three groups: Meelteeumenotrerooved. Solid 2. 6... es 6 ee ls ee 1. Aglypha p. 41. &. One or more posterior maxillary teeth grooved; MIGREMGEBLESSE POISONOUS ve. .205,s- os oe ee 2. Opisthoglypha p. 179. C. Anterior maxillary Xenodermus javanicus, Reinhardt, op. cit. and Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift X 1843, p- 257, pl. Il. fig. 1—8. Xenodermus javanicus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 175. Rostral small, triangular, not visible from above; nasals in contact behind the point of the rostral; two pair of small shields behind them; labials enlarged, about 20 on each side. 40—48 scales round the body, the tubercles in pairs along each 45 side of the back, alternating with single ones on the vertebral line; ventrals 173—185; anal entire; subcaudals 128—147. Dee ON nas Ce RS US PE seat _ eS EUS NO CCU AC rr Fig. 24. Xenodermus javanicus Reinh. 4/s. Dark brown above; lower parts lighter. Length of head and body 225 mm.; tail 228 mm. Habitat: Sumatra! (Perlak in S. Atjeh); Java!; Borneo (Kuching). — Penang; Malay Peninsula. % A rare species. 4. Stoliczkaia Jerdon. (JERDoN, Proc. As. Soc. Bengal p. 81, 1870). Head distinct from neck, covered with large shields; nostrils directed forwards, in a single nasal; eye small or prominent; pupil round or vertically elliptic; teeth almost equal, small, about 14 in each maxillary. Body slender, compressed, covered with strongly keeled, elliptical, juxtaposed scales, larger towards the ventrals; latter well developed. Tail long; subcaudals single. + Sepia . Distribution. N. E. India; Borneo. ee rata te A single species. ; Fig. 25. NXenodermus 1. Stoliczkaia borneensis Boulenger. Stoliczkaia borneensis, Boulenger, Ann, Nat. Hist. (7) IV 1899, p. 452, figured in Journ, Straits Branchr Asiat. Soc. 34 1900, pl. I, fig. 2. Rostral moderate, triangular, not visible from above; inter- 46 nasals very narrow; praefrontals large, separated from the frontal and supraoculars by a series of scales; frontal more broad than long, shorter than the parietals; supraocular very small; eye prominent, with vertically elliptic pupil, bordered by the supraocular, two or three praeoculars, the fifth labial 3) and 7 or 8 small scales; nostrils large; loreal more long than deep; ten upper labi- als, last two longest; temporals small; a s pair of small chin- h shields in contact with three lower labials. Scales in 30 rows, lar- gest on the vertebral region and near the ventrals; those between them small and separated by naked skin; ventrals 210; anal entire; subcaudals 124. Rufous, with large blackish spots, as large as the space between them or larger, disposed in three longitudinal series. Lower surface brown, the shields edged with a yellowish colour. Length of head and body 510 mm.; tail 240 mm. (After BOULENGER; not seen by me). Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu 4200 feet). Fig. 26. Stolicskaia borneensis Blgr. After a figure from Boulenger published by Hanitsch. Subfamily Colubrinae. Key to the Indo-Australian genera. A. Nostrils directed upwards, I. Internasals absent; loreal present; maxillary and mandible with 5 or 6 solid teeth; scalesin 1grows. 5. Amoplohydrus p. 49. ty - Internasals small, trapezoid ; loreal absent ; maxil- lary, palatal and mandibular teeth with spatulate crowns, ribbed along the outer side, 23 in each maxillary; scales in 19 rows...... ..... 6. Jguanognathus p. 50. - Internasals small, triangular or crescentic; loreal ww present; maxillary teeth small, equal, 20—25; Seales: in {17 ‘or 419; rows. < ).c1t Res. ee ee 7. Opisthotropis p. 51. 4. Internasals and loreal present; maxillary teeth equal, 19 or 20; scales in 19 rows...... . 8. Xenochrophis p. 53. 1) The species is figured with a series of suboculars, see fig. 26. 47 B. Nostrils lateral. I. Teeth very small, equal, closely set, 37—5o0 in each maxillary, head not or slightly distinct from neck; pupil round; scales smooth, in 17 rows. II. Maxillary with less than 40 teeth. {+ Head distinct from neck; internasals distinct from praefrontals. 1. Pupil round. a. Scales oblique, at least anteriorly. Bescalesmin, BOUTOWS:..s 0 6 2 « co else 6. <> Scales in 13—I5 rows. aa. Maxillary teeth 20—33, posterior Snlarcedune cach eteen eee mera a. 66. Maxillary teeth 18—23, anterior HONGRESER Meecha fertesih ciara ale) eee ma 6. Scales in longitudinal series, I.Scales in even numbers, 12, 16 or 18. 2. Scales in odd numbers. + Posterior maxillary teeth longest. aa. Maxillary teeth 18—40, conti- nuous; scales keeled, in 15—21 HOWSOS - O55 6 bck Ob Ss0 une oor 66, Maxillary teeth 14—22, last two very large, separated from the others; scales keeled, in 19 rows. cc. Maxillary teeth 25—30; scales SmOooths = In} B77 TOWS? aie) sis, os «: |= dd, Maxillary teeth 12—20; scales smooth or keeled, in 13, 15 or B7ZREOWS piled tus Sn tate es +-+ Maxillary teeth equal. a. Ventrals rounded or angulate late- rally; scales in 19—27 rows... 6, Ventrals and subcaudals with a lateral keel and a notch on each side. scales ins TO, TOWS. a0 =). 2. Pupil vertically elliptic. a. Anterior maxillary teeth enlarged, sepa- rated from the rest. 1. Body long; scales smooth or keeled, 2. Body extremely slender; scales keeled, iN), Ti7e LOW Se seotetien coerce aah: we 9. Io. 106 12. 14. 16. 17. 19. 20. Polyodontophis p. 54. Pseudoxenodon p. 56. Dendrophis p. 57. Dendrelaphis p. 67. . Zaocys p. 71. Tropidonotus p. 73. . Macropisthodon p. 9l. Xenelaphis p. 93. Zamenis p. 95. . Coluber p. 98. Gonyophis p. 106. Lycodon p. 107. . Lepturophis p. 113. 48 d. Posterior maxillary teeth largest; scales smooth. aa. Eye moderate or small; ventrals with an obtuse lateral angle; maxillary teeth 15—20; scales in 15 or I7 rows... 6b. Eye large; ventrals strongly keeled on each side; maxillary teeth 8—10; scales AS ES COTES STOWSs (ores tuchisic fonts ame +t Head not distinct from neck; internasals distinct '). © Pupil round. I. Posterior maxillary teeth smallest; scales in OMS G Oar oe Oth oko .G 1695 sale aa tied ate 2. Posterior maxillary teeth largest. a. Maxillary teeth 8—12; pterygoid toothed; Scalespine 15 —-2 ie TOWSsces betas she Acme 4. Maxillary teeth 6—8; pterygoid toothless; Scalesainwks (OL 917. LOWS Hs thecr el pein te te 3. Maxillary teeth subequal. a, Anterior temporal present. a. Praeocular absent, scales in 15 rows. @. Praeocular present. aa. Maxillary teeth about 18; scales in NS OP TOMES cay wooo A debe 66. Maxillary teeth 15—30; scales in TS UOrAEh WOWS.G Us ee etal. ate cc. Maxillary teeth about 10; scales in My POONS %G Bch Ge, c.Und~o DI eas oc 4. No anterior temporal; scales in 15 rows. 1. Nostril between two shields. > Supraocular absent; no praeocular; loreal “ADSent i ae. 5 chcin os) ane ne ae > Boome, G4000 0. co. o 4. D. punctulatus p. 63. &. Eye usually longer than its distance from the . D. lorentzi p. 62. Go nostril; maxillary teeth 27—33. Le iecalleshan: 15; TOWS) ap eiise hana peut) tee heme 5. D. formosus p. 64. II. Scales in 13 rows. CR AUIS S OMENS Go Ge ano 6 oa go oe 6. D. gastrostictus p. 64. 6. Two postoculars. 1. Frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; upper lip yellow; subeatidals 135-059. 5 5% ok. bine 7. D. lineolatus p. 65. 2. Frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; upper lip white, sharply limited above by a black line; subcaudals 137—147. 8. D. mechi p. 66. 3. Frontal much longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, slightly shorter than the parietals; upper labials yellowish-white, with a dark band behind the eye; sub- cdudals *‘1G0—LOSiie si eee ee 9. D. nouhuysi p. 66. 1. Dendrophis pictus (Gmel.). Coluber pictus, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. I 1788, p. 1116. Dendrophis pictus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 78 (s. syn.). Maxillary teeth 23—26; eye as long as its distance from the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as or slightly shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2, I+1 or 1+ 2; nine (seven or eight) upper labials, fifth and sixth or fourth to sixth entering the eye; five (four) lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior, which are separated by one anterior and two posterior scales. Scales in I5 rows, vertebrals about as large as the outer; ventrals 151—204; anal divided; subcaudals 103—174. Olive or brown above; a yellow lateral stripe, bordered below by a dark line between the outer scales and the ventrals; a black stripe on each side of the head passing through the eye and widening or broken up into spots, separated by bluish- green bands on the nape; upper lip yellow. Lower surface yellowish or greenish. Length of head and body 740 mm.; tail 440 mm. Nom. indig. Ular tambang (mal.); télampar (jav.); duwata and ule lewora (Toradja-names). 59 Habitat: Nias; Mentawei Islands (Siberut !); Sumatra (Atjeh, Labuan, Medan!, Bindjey, Pangkalan Brandan!, Gambir!, Bras- tagei!, Langkat, Laut Tador, Assahan, Bedagei, Indragiri, Fig. 34. Dendrophis pictus (Gmel.). Nat. size. Side view of head. Djambi!, Sidju, Tandjung Laut and Kertadjaja in Palembang, Gunung Sugei in Lampong district, Sidjundjung!, Solok!, Fort de Kock, Singkarah!, Silago, Indrapura, Kalung!, Padang 60 1500— 3000 feet, Agam); Banka!; Riou!; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Bulangan river, Sandakan Bay, Baram river, Mt. Dulit, Sebruang Valley, Kuching, Sungei duri, Montrado, Singkawang, Sintang, Kapuas river, Kutei, Buntok, Balikpapan, Bandjer- massin, Tandjong); Java (Batavia, Anjer, Depok, Darok, Bantam, Gadok, Buitenzorg!, Sukabumi!, Cheribon!, Pekalongan !, Sala- tiga!, Garum!, Ambarawa, Idju!, Kediri!, Ngawi, Surabaja!); Bali; Lombok; Sumbawa; Flores!; Alor; Timor; Rotti; Buton; Celebes (Manado, Gorontalo, Kema, Kandari); Sangir Islands (Siao); Ternate; Misol; Ceram; Ambon!. — Sulu Islands; Philippines; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Andamans; Nicobars; Siam; Burma; India. A widely distributed and common snake, living on trees, among bushes, often near rice-fields; it feeds on lizards and frogs and is ovoviviparous. var. striata Cohn. Dendorophis pictus var. striata, Cohn, Zool. Anz. XXIX 1906, p. 543. Dendrophis pictus var. striata, de Rooy, in Kleiweg de Zwaan, Craniolog. Untersuch. Niasischer Schaddel 1915, p. 299, with fig. Snout shorter and broader than in the preceding one; chin- shields short and broad, posterior pair separated by irregular scales in the posterior part. Keel of the ventral shields be- ginning immediately on the throat; ventrals 152—163; sub- caudals 103142. Light brown above, with black oblique bars from the vertebral shields to the ventrals; no yellow lateral stripe; head darker, a black stripe on each side, passing through the eye; lips yellow. Lower surface grey with lighter ventral keels or sand-colour with brown keels; throat yellow. Length of head and body 525 mm.; tail 250 mm. Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra; (Deli!, Sungei Putih near Ser- dang!, Assahan, Djambi !). 2. Dendrophis calligaster Giinther. Dendrophis calligaster, Giinther, Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XX 1867, p. 53. Dendrophis calligaster, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 80 (s. syn.). Dendrelaphis schlenckeri, D,. Ogilby, Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales XXIII 1898, p. 361. Maxillary teeth 20--26; eye not longer than its distance from the posterior border of the nostril. Rostral more broad Athy ‘a Wf % / ve Lay Vp ) ail M IN Nae, Wl | I 1A if iy UH afl — —- z ss : — a SSS — eS ee SES ZG? = ———>—S ——s 5 — = = = = Fi “ a = ae —— & —_—— ba — a ade a - AL es " i =: e ==. — —— ee ann eee —— SS ————— ——— — ——_ SS S==>= = iain i Mi lt ¢: 3 ¢} Vy ly Vik:d.a y / 4 Fig. 35. Dendrophis pictus striata Cohn, 62 than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as or longer than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, usually shorter than the parietals; loreal much more long than deep; one prae- and two (three) postoculars; temporals 2+ 2 or I +2; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye; five (four) lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, the vertebrals as large as the outer; ventrals 174—211; anal divided; subcaudals 118—155. Bronze, olive, green or black above, the scales often black- or yellow-edged; anterior dorsal region sometimes tinged with vermilion and the scales of the vertebral row yellow; a black streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye and often meeting its fellow on the rostral, extending to the neck, were it may break up into spots; upper lip yellow. Lower surface pale olive, sometimes speckled with dark, or yellow, greenish or blackish; throat yellow. Length of head and body 840 mm.; tail 430 mm. Habitat: Ternate; Halmahera; Waigeu!; Batanta; Sala- watti; Timor Laut; Kei Islands; Aru Islands; New Guinea (Jobi, Mafoor, Sorong, Fak Fak, Mt. Arfak, Kapaor, Andai, Mansinam!, Amberbaki, Mt. Epa, Supiori, Tjintan Bay, Mawes, Matterer Bay, Sermowai river!, Humboldt Bay!, Mimika and Utakwa rivers 3000 feet, Lorentz river!, Fly river, Inawi, Hula, Bara Bara, Aleya, Fife Bay! (types of Dendrelaphis schlenckerz Ogilby), Dinawa, Stephansort, Bogadjim, Bongu, Erima, Berlin- hafen, Simbang, Germaniabucht); Valise Island; Schouten Islands (Mysore). — d’ Entrecasteaux and Louisiade Archipelago; Solomon Islands; Bismarck Archipelago; Islands of Torres Straits; Queensland. 3. Dendrophis lorentzi Lidth. Dendrophis lorentzi, v. Lidth de Jeude, Nova Guinea, Vol. IX Zoolog. ro1r, p. 274, Taf. VIN, fig: 2. Maxillary teeth 22; eye as long as its distance from the posterior border of the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals about as long as the prae- frontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal about twice as long 63 as deep; one prae- and two or three postoculars; temporals 1+2+2 or 2+2+2, the upper anterior small; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, the vertebrals about as long as the outer; ventrals 159—163; anal divided; subcaudals 121—140. Olive-brown above, with black oblique bands anteriorly ; neck bluish; dark spots on the parietals, frontal and supraoculars; a dark stripe along the upper border of the posterior labials to the eye; loreal, nasal and anterior labials with dark poste- rior sutures; an indistinct dark longitudinal band behind the head and a short stripe behind each parietal. Lower surface olive-brown; bluish below the neck, yellowish on the throat. Length of head and body 580 mm.; tail 240 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (Mimika river, Lorentz river!). 4. Dendrophis punctulatus (Gray). Leptophis punctulatus, Gray, King’s Voy. Austral. II 1827, p. 432. Dendrophis punctulatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 82. Maxillary teeth 23—26; eye not longer than its distance from the posterior border of the nostril. Rostral one time and a half to one time and two thirds as broad as deep, visible from above; internasals as long as or a little longer than the praefrontals; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; one prae- and two postoculars; tem- porals 1+ 2, 2+ 2 or 1+ 1, anterior long; seven or eight (nine) upper labials, fourth and fifth (fifth and sixth) entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals about as large as outer; ventrals 19!1—220; anal divided; subcaudals 118—144. Olive or brown above, uniform or with black-edged scales; some scales with yellowish outer border; upper lip yellow. Lower surface olive or brown with yellowish keels; throat and anterior ventrals yellow; the posterior ventrals sometimes marbled with black or black in the middle and the subcaudals black with yellow keels. Length of head and body 1200 mm.; tail 440 mm. 64 Habitat: New Guinea (near Astrolabe Bay). — N.and E. Australia. | 5. Dendrophis formosus Boie. Dendrophis formosa, Boie, Isis 1827, p. 542. Dendrophis formosus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 84. Maxillary teeth 28—31; eye large, as long as its distance from the rostral or the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals longer than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal long; one prae- and two to four postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth, fourth to sixth or third to fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals larger than the outer, ventrals 174205; anal divided; subcaudals 132—158. Olive, bronze or yellowish-brown above, with black-edged scales and red and green tints; a black stripe on each side of the head, passing through the eye, widest on the nape; neck red-brown; sometimes two black lines along each side of the body posteriorly; upper lip greenish-yellow. Lower sur- face pale green. Length of head and body 940 mm.; tail 480 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan, Deli!, Singkarah!, Padang, Indrapura, Tandjong); Borneo (Sandakan Bay, Baram, Kapuas river, Kuching, Tandjong); Java (Batavia, Buitenzorg!, Willis Mts. 5000 feet). — Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam. 6. Dendrophis gastrostictus Boulenger. Dendrophis gastrostictus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 86, pl. IV, fig. 3. Maxillary teeth 33; eye very large, as long as its distance from the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above; internasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; one prae- and three postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals nearly as large as outer; ventrals 162; anal divided; sub- caudals 148. 65 Bronze above; head, nape and tail almost black; upper lip yellow; a black line passing through the eye. Lower surface yellowish, with numerous black dots and spots; throat yellow. Length of head and body 70o mm.; tail 420 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: N. W. New Guinea!. 7. Dendrophis lineolatus Hombr. & Jacq. Dendrophis lineolata, Hombr. & Jacq., Voy. Pédle Sud. Zool. HI Rept. 1842, PeezOneple I, fig. r. Dendrophis lineolatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Il 1894, p. 85 (s. syn.). Maxillary teeth 2732; eye very large, as large as its distance from the centre or the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above; internasals as long as or longer than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2, 1+2 or 1+1; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth ormfifth and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals as large as. outer; ventrals 172—203; anal divided; subcaudals 13I1—159. Olive above, with black-edged scales; some of the lateral scales with yellowish or white outer border; body often with black, oblique bars anteriorly; head dark; upper lip yellow. Lower surface greenish or greyish-olive with yellow keels; throat and neck below yellow; a black streak along the middle of the tail. Length of head and body 1250 mm.; tail 570 mm. Habitat: Aru Islands; Misol; Waigeu!; New Guinea (Jobi, Mafoor, Passim, Haas, Amberbaki, Mt. Karon, lake Sentani!, Koimé river!, Humboldt Bay!, Tana, Kaiserin-Augusta river, Mimika and Setekwa rivers, Lorentz river, Merauke, Fly river, Haveri, Bara Bara, Aleya, Astrolabe Bay); Schouten Islands (Mysore). — Pelew Islands; Bismarck Archipelago; Ferguson & Woodlark Islands. var. elegans D. Ogilby. Dendrophis elegans, Douglas Ogilby, Record Austr. Mus. I 1890, p. 194. Dendrophis elegans, v. Lidth de Jeude, Nova Guinea Vol. IX Zool, 1911, p. 275, ate Vil. “fig. rT; INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. 5 66 Dendrophis lineolatus var. elegdns, Boulenger, Transac. Zool. Soc. XX 1914, p. 264. Differs from the preceding one in having squarely cut off parietals; head black above; body olive-brown with black spots, and black oblique bars anteriorly. Misol; New Guinea (Mt. Arfak, Koimé river!, Humboldt Bay!, Lorentz river). 8. Dendrophis meeki Boulenger. Dendrophis Mecki, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVI 1895, p. 32. Maxillary teeth 32 or 33; eye very large, as long as its distance from the centre or the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral almost twice as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2-+ 2 or 3; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals about as large as outer; ventrals 168—179; anal divided; sub- caudals 137—147. Dark olive above; upper lip white, bordered above by a black line passing through the eye. Lower surface pale olive, freckled with dark. Length of head and body 740 mm.; tail 420 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (Haveri!, Moroka in Bartholomew Range 2300 feet). — Ferguson Island. g. Dendrophis nouhuysi Lidth. Dendrophis nouhuysi, v. Lidth de Jeude, Nova Guinea Vol. 1X Zoologie 1911, p. 277, Taf. VIII, fig. 3. Maxillary teeth 28; eye large, as long as its distance from the anterior border of the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal much longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, about one time and a half as long as internasals and prae- frontals together, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 + 2 or I+2-+2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- 67 shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals smaller than the outer; ventrals 176—182; anal divided; subcaudals 160—168. Olive-green above; head and neck darker; labials yellowish- white; a dark band behind the eye on the upper labials. Lower surface light olive-green with irregular smaller and larger spots ; throat yellowish. Length of head and body 460 mm.; tail 240mm. Type-specimens examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (Lorentz river !). 12. Dendrelaphis Boulenger, (BouLENGER, Fauna Ind. Rept. p. 339, 1890). Head long, distinct from neck; eye large; pupil round. Maxillary teeth 18—23, anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth longest. Body long, compressed, covered with smooth scales with pits, in 13 or 15 rows, disposed obliquely, the vertebral row not or a little enlarged; ventrals with a lateral keel and notch. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals. Distribution. India; Ceylon; Burma; Malay Peninsula to New Guinea. Key to the indo-Australian species. RPE SM NLS TTOWS) «2.0 9° oh stove fe yee) oe a af ote eyed 1. D. inornatus p. 67. B, Scales in 13 rows. I, Eye longer than its distance from the nostril. 2. D. caudolineatus p. 68. II. Eye as long as its distance from the nostril. I. Ventrals 167—182; black lines along the body and tail; nine upper labials ..... 3. D. terrificus p. 69. 2. Ventrals 185—190; no black lines along the body and tail; eight upper labials..... 4. D. papuensis p. 70. 3. Ventrals 185—193; no black lines along the body and tail; nine upper labials..... 5. D. modestus p. 70. 1. Dendrelaphis inornatus Boulenger. Dendrelaphis inornatus, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XIX 1897, p. 507. Eye as long as or shorter than its distance from the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal 68 long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; nino or ten upper labials, fifth and sixth or fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals enlarged; ventrals 191—199; anal divided; subcaudals 132—138. Pale olive-brown above, some of the scales edged with white on the outer side; outer row of scales pale olive or greyish; a black streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye; upper lip and praeocular yellow. Lower surface greenish- erey or yellow, the outer ends of the shields pale olive or greyish. Length of head and body 820 mm.; tail 380 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Sumba; Savu!, Samao!. 2. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray). Ahaetulla caudolineata, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. Il 1834, pl. LXXXI. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 89 (s. syn.). Eye longer than its distance from the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as or shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth (fourth to sixth) entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 171—18g9; anal divided; subcaudals 97—118. Brownish or greenish-yellow above, with black longitudinal lines, formed by the edges of the scales; a yellow lateral streak between two black bands, the lower band on the outer ends of the ventrals; lips yellow. Lower surface yellow; a black median line along the tail. Length of head and body 1140 mm.; tail 380 mm. Nom. indig. Ular bandera (Borneo). Habitat: Pulu Babi!; Nias!; Mentawei Islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Medan!, Serdang!, Stabat, Bindjey, Djambi!, Sing- karah!, Silago, Padang! 1500—3000 feet); Riou!; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Sandakan Bay, Baram, Kuching, Matang, Simanggang, Limbang, Oya, Kapuas river, Buntok, Pontianak, Muara Djawa!, 69 Balikpapan); Java. — Malay Peninsula; Siam; Penang; Singa- pore; S. India; Philippines. F Ae 4 Fig. 36. Dendrelaphis caudolineatus (Gray). XX "fg. Side view of head. 3. Dendrelaphis terrificus (Peters). Dendrophis terrificus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1872, p. 583. Dendrelaphis terrificus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Il 1894, p. go (s. syn.). Eye as long as its distance from the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as or shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance 7O from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; loreal long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth or fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 167—182; anal divided; subcaudals 92—113. Olive above, some of the scales black-edged or with white outer border; a black stripe on each side of the head and neck, passing through the eye, sometimes continued along the body and tail. Lower surface pale yellowish-green; a black line along the outer edge of the shields; a black median line along the tail. Length of head and body 750 mm.; tail 300 mm. Habitat: Celebes (Gorontalo, Manado!, Minahassa). — Philippines. 4. Dendrelaphis papuensis Boulenger. Dendrelaphis papuensis, Boulenger, Ann, Nat. Hist. (6) XVI 1895, p. 405; Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 630. Eye as long as its distance from the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 185—-190; anal divided; subcaudals 119—126. Olive-brown above, head and neck blackish; a black streak on each side of the head and neck, passing through the eye; upper lip white; vertebral scales on anterior part of body lighter, edged with whitish in front. Lower surface pale olive. Length of head and body 740 mm.; tail 310 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Trobriand Islands!. 5. Dendrelaphis modestus Boulenger. Dendrelaphis modestus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 91. Eye as long as its distance from the nostril. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral aa or the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or I + 2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 185—193; anal divided; subcaudals 114—I2I. Olive above, with black-edged scales; an indistinct dark streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye; upper lip yellow. Lower surface pale green, the posterior ventrals and the subcaudals margined with black; head yellow below. Length of head and body 805 mm.; tail 315 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Ternate!; Halmahera!; Batjan. 13. Zaocys Cope. (Corr, Proc. Ac. Philad. p. 563, 1860). Head long, distinct from neck; eye large; pupil round. Maxil- lary teeth 20—33, increasing in size posteriorly; mandibular teeth about equal. Body long, slightly compressed, covered with smooth or keeled scales with pits, in 12, 14, 16 or 18 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia. Key to the indo-Australian species. A. A single loreal; scales in 12 rows..... Seo pbc oee 1. Z. torniert p. 71. ZB. Two or three loreals; scales in 16 or 18 rows, I. Scales smooth; subcaudals 160—179......... 2. Le fUSCUS DP. 72: II. Scales of two or four median rows keeled; subcaudals Ae STIG MI aches 5 aoc vegies wihieg s iua.tte el hal encey ©, gees 3. Z. carinatus p. 73. I. Zaocys tornieri Werner. Zaocys tornieri, Werner, Verh. Ges. Wien XLVI 1896, p. 15, Taf. 1, fig. 1. Rostral twice as broad as deep; internasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; no subocular; two postoculars; temporals I + 1; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye. Scales in 12 rows, two middle rows strongly keeled as far as the base of the tail; ventrals 146; anal divided; subcaudals 131. Brown above; sides of head yellowish. Lower surface greenish; 72 a blackish median line along the lower side of the tail. Length of head and body 720 mm.; tail 410 mm. (Not seen by me). Habitat: Sumatra. 2. Zaocys fuscus (Ginther). Coryphodon fuscus, Giinther, Cat, 1858, p. 112. Zaocys fuscus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 378, pl. XXVII, fig. 2. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; inter- nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; three loreals; one praeocular; one or two small sub- oculars; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth (fourth and fifth) entering the eye; five lower pbs ae ATT OTM si ‘ — een Fig. 37. Zaocys fuscus (Gthr.) X 4/5. Side view of head. labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 16 rows, smooth; ventrals 183—198; anal divided; subcaudals 160—179. Olive or olive-brown above, sometimes with a red, black- edged vertebral line and dark oblique bars on the posterior part of the body; a black lateral band posteriorly, covering the outer ends of the ventrals and subcaudals. Lower surface pale yellow. Length of head and body 1900 mm.; tail 1000 mm. 73 Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Labuan, Deli!, Langkat, Lebong donok!); Banka!; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Mt. Mulu 2000 feet, Kuching, Sibu, Buntok, Balikpapan). — Penang; Malay Peninsula. 3. Zaocys carinatus (Giinther). Coryphodon carinatus, part., Giinther, Cat. 1858, p. 112. Zaocys carinatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 377, pl. XXVII, fig. 1. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; inter- nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; two or three loreals; one praeocular; a subocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 16 or 18 rows, the two or four median rows keeled; ventrals 208215, anal divided; subcaudals 1rr0—1r18. Olive-brown or blackish in the anterior part, with yellow spots or irregular transverse bands, pale brown or yellowish with a black network posteriorly. Lower surface yellowish, black and yellow posteriorly. Length of head and body 2250 mm.; tail 750 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan in Deli, Gunung Sugei in Lam- pong district); Borneo! (Kuching, Sebruang Valley); Java (Depok). — Singapore; Malay Peninsula. 14. Tropidonotus Kuhl. (KuHL, in Férussac, Bull. Sc. Nat. IT p- 81, 1824). Head generally distinct from neck; eye moderate or large; pupil round. Maxillary teeth 18—40, continuous, posterior longest; mandibular teeth about equal. Body long, round, covered with smooth or keeled scales, usually with pits, in I5—33 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Europe; Asia; Africa; N. Australia; N. and C. America. The snakes of this genus live in the neighbourhood of water, feeding on frogs and fish. Oviparous, laying 10— 40 eggs. 74 Key to the Indo-Australian species, A. Maxillary teeth gradually enlarged posteriorly. I. Internasals much narrowed in front; nostrils directed upwards and outwards; scales in 19 II. Internasals broadly truncate in front; nostrils lateral. a. Scales in 15 rows. {+ Upper labials 8 usually. > Subcaudals less than 60. I. Scales strongly keeled; three or four pPostoculans:#renprata sponaes ethene fe 2. Scales feebly keeled ; two postoculars. 3.Scales feebly keeled; three post- oculars. aa. Internasals shorter than praefron- tals; frontal longer than its dis- tance from the tip of the snout. 46, Internasals as long as praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from UNS Wis) OE WAS GHOUE Goo 5 Oo >> Subcaudals usually more than 60. 1, Ventrals 137—141; subcaudals 65-—75; I prae- and 3 postoculars, 2. Ventrals 137—170; subcaudals 5I—I10; 2 prae- and 3 postoculars. 3. Ventrals 164; subcaudals 76; 2 prae- and 3 postoculars; tail with longitu- dinal dark }bandsis £742 02 <).2%0eu-0. 4. Ventrals 162—165; subcaudals 72; 2 prae- and 3 postoculars; posterior part of body with dark longitudinal lines. +t Upper labials 9g. aa, Ventrals 162; belly white, with 6 longi- tudinal rows of black dots ...... 66, Ventrals 172—180; belly white ante- riorly, speckled and powdered with blackish in the middle, black poste- 6. Scales in 17 rows. . 1. Three labials entering the eye; ventrals 141—158; subcaudals 50—85 ...... 1. 7. piscator p. 9B 10. Il. OL: he picturatus p. 76. truncatus Pp. 77- . celebicus p. 78. novac-guincae p. 78. . savasinorum Pp. 79. mari P. 79. . montanus p. 80. elongatus p. 80. . punctiventris p. 81. halmahericus p. 82. . @oriae p. 82. 75 2. Two labials entering the eye; ventrals 182—196; subcaudals 99—III...... 13. Z. hypomelas p. 83. ¢. Scales in 19 rows. 1. A single anterior temporal........ 14. Z. conspicillatus p. $3. 2. Two anterior temporals. -+ Scales of outer row smooth or feebly keeled; frontal one time and a half to one time and three fourths as long HAS “LIROENGla. Seo can oiGmoreene OMe iio LD 15. Z. trianguligerus p. 84. -+-+ Scales all strongly keeled; frontal one time and one third as long as broad. 16. 7. fetersi p. 85. B.Two or three last maxillary teeth abruptly enlarged. I. Scales in 17 rows; three labials entering the eye. 17. 7. saravacensis p. 85. WEeeewies TH 2E TOWSs 3. wee sw ee ee 18. 7. chrysargoides p. 86. III. Scales in 19 rows. a. Two labials entering the eye; anal entire. 19. 7. flavifrons p. 87. 6, Three labials entering the eye; anal divided. 1. A single anterior temporal. aa. Third to fifth labials entering the eye. 20. 7. stodatus p. 87. 66. Fourth to sixth labials entering the eye 21. 7. vittatus p. 88. 2. Two anterior temporals. { Internasals shorter than praefrontals; scales of outer row smooth. ...... 22. 7. subminiatus p. 89. +} Internasals as long as praefrontals; all the scales strongly keeled. 1. Subcaudals 56—94; eye large... . 23. 7. chrysargus p. 89. 2. Subcaudals 95—117; eye very large. 24. 7. maculatus p. 90. 1. Tropidonotus piscator (Schn.). Hydrus piscator, Schneider, Hist. Amph. I 1799, p. 247. Tropidonotus piscator, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 230 (s. syn.). Natrix piscator, Barbour, Mem, Mus, Comp. Zool. Harv, Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 109. Eye shorter than its distance from the nostril; latter turned upwards; rostral visible from above; internasals narrowed in front, as long as the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the end of the snout, as long as the parietals or shorter; loreal about as long as deep; one prae- and three sometimes four postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 2+ 3 (1 + 2); nine upper labials, fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales keeled, of two or three outer rows 76 smooth, in 19 rows (rarely 17); ventrals 125—150; anal divided; subcaudals 65—go. Yellowish or olive-brown above, usually with black spots in 5 series, the spots sometimes very large or with four black stripes on the nape, five on the body; sometimes scarlet markings on the sides; a black streak below the eye and another behind the eye; sometimes two small black-edged yellow spots on the parietals. Lower surface yellow or whitish, the shields often WB NY SS SS b ee J-F-ObLes._ Fig. 38. Zvropidonotus piscator (Schn.) X 1/5. Side view of head. edged with black. Length of head and body 900 mm.; tail 300 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (in Palembang district!); Java (Batavia, Buitenzorg!, Bantam, Depok, Gadok, Cheribon!, Pekalongan!, Garum!, Kediri!); Borneo (Landak!); Celebes (Manado, Macas- sar!). — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Singapore; Andamans; Burma; India; S. China; Siam. 2. Tropidonotus picturatus Schlegel. Tropidonotus picturatus, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 314, pl. XII, fig.8 & 9. Tropidonotus picturatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 215; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) XVIII 1897, p. 703. Eye as long as its distance from the centre of the nostril; rostral visible from above; internasals about as long as the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the 77 snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as deep as long; two or three prae- and three or four postoculars; temporals I + 1, I+2 or 2+ 3; eight (nine) upper labials, fourth and fifth (fifth and sixth) entering the eye, sixth largest; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales strongly keeled, in 15 rows; ventrals 123—137; anal divided; subcaudals 40—61. Uniform brown above, each scale with two small yellow spots; head-shields with longitudinal black spots; sides of head yellow, with a black bar below the eye, continued on the throat, meeting its fellow in the middle and forming a short longitudinal stripe or broken up into spots; another black stripe from the eye to the angle of the mouth and continued along each side of the neck, forming a broad transverse band across the nape. Lower surface yellow, uniform or brown-spotted or with dark spots on the outer ends of the ventrals. Length of head and body 500 mm.; tail 120 mm. Habitat:') Waigeu; New Guinea (Sorong, Mt. Epa, Lobo Bay!, Triton Bay, Andai, Mansinam, Amberbaki, Mt. Arfak, hubi, Fassim, .Dorei, Tana, Jobi, Sepik river, Bongu, Erima, Berlinhafen, Mimika, Setekwa and Lorentz! rivers, Fly river, Moroka 2300 feet, Haveri, Fife Bay, Huon Gulf); Schouten Islands (Mysore); Aru Islands. — Ferguson Island; N. Australia. 3. Tropidonotus truncatus (Peters). Styporhynchus truncatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1863, p. 399. Tropidonotus truncatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 2106. Snout prominent; eye moderate; rostral broad; internasals almost quadrangular, as long as the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; two prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales keeled, in 15 rows; ventrals 142—149; anal divided; subcaudals 43. Brown or black above; head reddish-brown with a light, black-edged streak, powdered with brown, on the upper lip 1) Part of the Zzopidonotus, recorded from New Guinea as 7. picturatus possibly belong to Z. maivi Gray and Z. doriae Blgr., which are separated from 7. picturatus Schleg. by BOULENGER in 1897. 78 and the side of the neck. Lower surface black with whitish dots or pale brown, dotted with black. Length of head and body 425 mm.; tail 75 mm. Habitat: Ternate; Halmahera!; Batjan. 4. Tropidonotus celebicus (Ptrs. & Doria). Styporhynchus celebicus, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova XIII 1878, p. 386. Tropidonotus celebicus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 216. Snout truncate; eye moderate; rostral more vertical than in the preceding one; internasals quadrangular, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and three post- oculars; temporals 1 + 2; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales keeled, smooth anteriorly, in 15 rows; ventrals 125—142; anal divided; subcaudals 45—53. Brown above, with or without three longitudinal blackish- brown bands, separated by yellow streaks; a black collar, edged posteriorly with a yellow band, anteriorly with two yellow spots; neck sometimes with light transverse bands; lips white, powdered with black. Lower surface yellow, uniform or dotted with black. Length of head and body 360 mm.; tail 90 mm. Habitat: Celebes! (Kandari, Buol 2000 feet). 5. Tropidonotus novae-guineae Lidth. Tropidonotus novae-guineae, v. Lidth de Jeude, Nova Guinea, Vol. IX Zool. IOII, p. 271. Eye as large as its distance from the centre of the nostril. Rostral about twice as broad as deep, visible from above; internasals as long as the praefrontals, broadly truncate ante- riorly; frontal broad, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; two prae- and three or four postoculars; temporals 2 + 2, the lower anterior not in contact with the postocular; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows, keeled; ventrals 137; anal divided; subcaudals 52. Grey above, with black spots arranged in transverse rows; behind the head and near the tail these spots form trans- 79 verse bands; tail without spots; upper labials grey with dark sutures. Lower surface light; tail with a series of dark spots in the middle. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: S. New Guinea (Lorentz river!). 6. Tropidonotus sarasinorum Boulenger. Tropidonotus Sarasinorum, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVII 1896, p. 393; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 218. Snout prominent, truncate; eye moderate, rostral more broad than deep, not visible from above; internasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one prae- and three postoculars; temporals I + 2 or I + 3; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, strongly keeled; ventrals 137—141; anal divided, subcaudals 65—75. Reddish-brown anteriorly, olive or dark grey behind, with blackish transverse bands; a dark nuchal blotch in connection with a dark streak on each side of the head along the upper border of the labials, which are whitish and speckled with brown. Lower surface yellow, sides reddish, dotted with black; posterior ventrals and subcaudals in the male grey. Length of head and body 380 mm.; tail 150 mm. One of the type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Celebes (Loka on Bonthain Peak 3500 feet!). 7. Tropidonotus mairi Gray. Tropidonotus mairii, Gray, Grey Trav. Austr. II 1841, p. 442. Tropidonotus mairii, Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) XVIII 1897, p. 703. Natrix mairii, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 107. Eye larger than in 77. picturatus, longer than its distance from the anterior border of the nostril; rostral visible from above; internasals slightly shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; two (rarely one) prae- and three (rarely two or four) postoculars; temporals 1+ 1 or 1+ 2 (2+ 2); eight (nine) upper labials, fourth and fifth or third to fifth (fourth to sixth) entering the eye; five (four) lower labials in 80 contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales’ strongly keeled, in 15 rows; ventrals 137—170; anal divided; subcaudals 51110. Olive, brown or black above, with small black spots or with transverse bars anteriorly; a black band behind the head; a black line between temporals and labials; upper lip white with black sutures. Lower surface yellowish or coral-red; ventrals and subcaudals sometimes edged with black. Length of head and body 684 mm.; tail 250 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Haas, Mts. Karon, Fak Fak, Po- kembo, Jamur river!, lake Sentani!, Begowre and Beteéwi rivers!, Humboldt Bay!, Kaiserin-Augusta river!, Mimika river, Utakwa river 2100—2500 feet, Lorentz river!, Etna Bay, Merauke!, Moroka 2300 feet, Haveri, Borepata, Dinawa, Madew); Valise Island. — Ferguson and Trobriand Islands; Queensland. 8. Tropidonotus montanus Lidth. Tropidonotus montanus, v. Lidth de Jeude, Nova Guinea Vol. IX 1911, Zool., p. 271. Eye as large as its distance from the centre of the nostril; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; two prae- and three postoculars; tem- porals 1+ 2, the Aaterioe large; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields. Scales in 15 rows, keeled; ventrals 164; anal divided; subcaudals 76. Reddish-brown above, with dark markings on the middle; on the tail and just before the tail the spots fuse into longi- tudinal bands; head grey; upper labials light, with dark sutures. Lower surface light with dark transverse streaks on each side of the ventrals; subcaudals with dark sutures. Length of head and body 610 mm.; tail I90 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: S. New Guinea (near Lorentz river 1360 M.!). 9g. Tropidonotus elongatus Jan. Tropidonotus picturatus var. elongatus Jan, Elenco d. Ofidi 1863, p. 72; Iconogr. sen 27 1668. epl, LV.) fig. 2. Tropidonotus elongatus, Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) XVIII 1897, p. 703. Eye large, as long as its distance from the anterior border St of the nostril; rostral just visible from above; internasals broadly truncate anteriorly, as long as the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; two prae- and three postoculars; temporals 1+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth or third to fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales strongly keeled, in 15 rows; ventrals 162—165; anal divided; subcaudals 72. Blackish-brown above, with yellow transverse bands on the anterior part of the body; posterior part of body with dark longitudinal lines, the vertebral line broadest; head and neck blackish; upper lip yellow, bordered above by a dark brown line; fourth, fifth and sixth labials with a dark brown spot near the border of the mouth; outer row of scales along the neck yellowish. Lower surface yellowish anteriorly, ventrals with blackish otiter ends and black spots, posteriorly blackish with yellowish outer borders. Length of head and body 621 mm.; tail 219 mm. Habitat: Ceram!. 10. Tropidonotus punctiventris Béttger. Tropidonotus punctiventris, Bottger, Zool. Anz. XVIII 1895, p. 129; Abh. Senckenb. Ges. XXV 1900, p. 353, Taf. XV, fig. 6. Tropidonotus punctiventris, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 602. Eye large, as large as its distance from the anterior border of the nostril; rostral just visible from above; internasals broadly truncate anteriorly, their suture as long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; two prae- and three postoculars; tem- porals 2+ 3; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye, seventh largest; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter about half as large as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, all strongly keeled; ventrals 162; anal divided; subcaudals 74. Dark olive-grey above, with indistinct black spots or light network, the keels, especially on the sides of the tail lighter; two white, black-edged spots on the parietal region; lips white, the sutures between the four anterior labials black. Lower surface INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. 6 82 white, posteriorly grey, with about 6 longitudinal rows of black dots, forming three black lines on the lower part of the tail. Length of head and body 345 mm.; tail 116 mm. (After BOTTGER; not seen by me). Habitat: Halmahera. 11. Tropidonotus halmahericus Bottger. Tropidonotus halmahericus, Bottger, Zool. Anz. XVIII 1895, p. 130; Abh. Senckenb. Ges. XXV 1900, p. 354, Taf. XV, fig. 5. Tropidonotus halmahericus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 609. Eye as large as its distance from the anterior border of the nostril; rostral just visible from above; nostril large; inter- nasals broadly truncate anteriorly, as long as or longer than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; one or two prae- and three postoculars; temporals 2 + 3; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, all strongly keeled; ventrals 172—180; anal divided; subcaudals 57—107 +?. Reddish-white anteriorly, with black spots, or black with reddish-white spots near the sides or with white half-rings, nar- rower than the black interspaces; middle part of the body usually black, with a row of round, reddish-white spots on each side, covering about three scales; head black above; upper labials black above, white below; tail black above. Lower parts white anteriorly, black-spotted and powdered in the middle and brownish-black to deep black posteriorly. Length of head and body 890 mm.; tail 404 mm. One of the type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Nom. indig. Ular darabang = flying snake. Habitat: Halmahera!; Batjan. 12. Tropidonotus doriae Boulenger. Tropidonotus doriae, Boulenger, Ann, Mus. Civ. Genova (2) XVIII 1897, p. 704. Eye large; rostral just visible from above; internasals broadly truncate anteriorly, as long as the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; two prae- and three postoculars; temporals 2+ 2 or 1+ 2 or 1+ 1; eight (some- 83 times nine) upper labials, third to fifth or fourth to sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, strongly keeled, those of the outer row feebly keeled; ventrals 141—158; anal divided; subcaudals 50—85. Yellow, reddish or grey above, with dark or black transverse bars or alternating spots; upper labials yellow with black sutures. Lower surface yellowish, uniform or with dark dots. Length of head and body 820 mm.; tail 260 mm. Habitat: Aru Islands; New Guinea (Mimika and Lorentz! rivers, Sekanto river!, lake Sentani!, Begowré and Sangké rivers!, Humboldt Bay!, Mosso, Haveri, Moroka 2300 feet, Dinawa). 13. Tropidonotus hypomelas Giinther. Tropidonotus hypomelas, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1877, p. 130, fig. I. Tropidonotus hypomelas, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 264. Eye very large; rostral broad, visible from above; internasals truncate anteriorly, as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; two prae- and three post- oculars; temporals 2+ 3; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Body slender; scales in 17 rows, all keeled; ventrals 182—196; anal divided; subcaudals 99—IIT1. Olive-brown above, with small black spots; a row of lighter spots along each side on the posterior part of the body; upper lip white with black sutures. Lower surface white in front, black posteriorly, with a median series of black spots. Length of head and body 690 mm.; tail 270 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (Kaiserin-Augusta river). — Duke of York Island!; Bismarck Archipelago. 14. Tropidonotus conspicillatus Giinther. Tropidonotus conspiciliatus, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 596, fig. 4. Tropidonotus conspicillatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 222. Eye moderate; nasal entire or partly divided; rostral scarcely visible from above; internasals broadly truncate anteriorly, 84 about as long as the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; one prae- and three postoculars; temporals 1+2 or 1+ 3; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the ante- rior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, all keeled or those of the outer row smooth; ventrals 138—152; anal divided; subcaudals 40—54. Brown or reddish-brown above, with a dark network and two longitudinal series of yellow spots or transverse lines; head with small yellow, dark-edged spots; a yellow, black-edged streak on the upper lip, another from the eye to the corner of the mouth; nape dark, with two interrupted yellow trans- verse streaks. Lower surface yellow, uniform or dotted with brown. Length of head and body 325 mm.; tail 75 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!); Singkep Island; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Sandakan Bay!, Baram river, Mt. Dulit, Kuching, Sarawak, Simanggang, Matang!, Tampassuk river, Tandjong). — Malay Peninsula. 15. Tropidonotus trianguligerus Boie. Tropidonotus trianguligerus, Boie, Isis 1827, p. 535. Tropidonotus trianguligerus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 224 (s. syn.). Natrix trianguligera, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 108. Eye moderate; rostral scarcely visible from above; inter- nasals trapezoid, as long as or longer than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more deep; one (2) prae- and three or four postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 2+ 3; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, those of the outer row feebly keeled or smooth; ventrals 134—150; anal divided; subcaudals 67—1I05. Dark olive above, with small black spots; a lateral series of large, triangular black spots, the points reaching the ventrals and sometimes forming bands across the belly, separated by red interspaces; on the posterior part of the body the spots are indistinct; upper labials yellow, with black sutures. Lower 85 surface yellow, uniform or the ventrals edged with black. Length of head and body 860 mm.; tail 340 mm. Nom. indig. Ular tjahe (mal.). Habitat: Nias!; Mentawei Islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Labuan, Deli!, Brastagei!, Assahan, Raja Mts. Indragiri, Kerta- djaja in Palembang, Gunung Sugei in Lampong district, Gunung Sahilan!, Taluk!, Ringgat!, Silago, Singkarah!, Kaju tanam!, Indrapura, Rau, Kalung!, Matur!, Baso!, Sungei Pati Bubur near Ajerbangis!, Padang 1500—3000 feet, Agam, Tandjong)); Banka; Borneo (Sandakan Bay, Baram river, Kina Balu, Bongon, Sarawak, Kuching, Oya, Rejang river, Singkawang, Pontianak, Telang, Lihong Bahaja, Samarinda!); Java (Buitenzorg!, Depok, Preanger!, Gunung Ungaran!, Salatiga!, Ambarawa, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Celebes (Macassar 2000 feet); Sangir Islands (Siao); Ternate. — Malay Peninsula; Penang; Singapore; Burma. 16. Tropidonotus petersi Boulenger. Tropidonotus maculatus, Peters, Mon. Berl, Ac. 1871, p. 575. Tropidonotus petersi, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 225. Eye moderate; rostral scarcely visible from above; inter- nasals as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; one prae- and three or four postoculars; temporals 2+ 3; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, all strongly keeled; ventrals 140—150; anal divided; subcaudals 65—78. Brown above, with small black spots, on each side a series of black spots; head dark olive, vermiculated with black; labials yellow, with black sutures. Lower surface yellow, the shields edged with black. Length of head and body 270 mm.; tail 100 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!); Borneo (Kuching, Saribas). 17. Tropidonotus sarawacensis Gtnther. Tropidonotus sarawacensis, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc, 1872, p. 596. Tropidonotus saravacensis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 261. Head short; eye large; rostral not or just visible from above; internasals as long as or slightly shorter than the praefrontals; 86 frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; one prae- and three postoculars; temporals 2-+ 3; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, all strongly keeled; ventrals 136—154; anal divided; subcaudals 52—8g. Olive-brown above, with a series of dark transverse bars, two series of yellow spots or yellow stripes; or blackish above, with orange spots anteriorly; a series of black spots on each side; head vermiculated with black; labials yellow, with black sutures. Lower surface black and yellow, sometimes black predominating. Length of head and body 400 mm.; tail 160 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Kina Balu!, Mt. Dulit, Matang!, Kuching, Penrissen Road). 18. Tropidonotus chrysargoides Giinther. Tropidonotus chrysargoides, Giinther, Cat. Col. Snakes 1858, p. 71. Tropidonotus chrysargoides, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, I 1893, p. 260; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 219. Tropidonotus callistus, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1873, p. 170. Tropidonotus callistus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 263. Eye large; rostral more broad than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals broadly truncate anteriorly, as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or slightly more deep; one prae- and two to four postoculars; temporals 2+ 2 or 2 + 3; eight or nine upper labials, fourth to sixth, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 21 rows, strongly keeled; ventrals 148 —161; anal divided; subcaudals 64—85. Dark olive above; upper lip yellow. Lower surface yellow, the shields edged with olive. Young specimens (77. cadlstus) with a white vertebral stripe with a scolloped edge anteriorly; a round white spot on each side behind the head, another on the occiput and a white band across the frontal, supraoculars and praeoculars; upper labials white with black sutures. Lower surface and outer row of scales white, with a black band 87 along the outer ends of the ventrals. Length of head and body 545 mm.; tail 165 mm. Habitat: Java; Celebes! (N. Celebes (type of 77. callistus)!, Minahassa, Manado, Tomohon!, Bone Valley, Kema, Rurukan); Sangir Islands (Siao). 19. Tropidonotus flavifrons Boulenger. Tropidonotus flavifrons, Boulenger, Ann, Nat. Hist. (5) XX 1887, p. 96; Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 263. Head short, eye moderate; rostral more broad than deep, scarcely visible from above; internasals broadly truncate ante- riorly, half as large as the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one prae- and two or three postoculars; temporals 2+ 3; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in I9 rows, feebly keeled, those of the outer row smooth; ventrals 146—155; anal entire; subcaudals 87—102. Olive above, with a dark network; two series of white spots along each side, parallel or alternating, the upper series on the sixth row of scales, the lower larger and on the border of the ventrals; on the snout and forehead a large yellow spot; labials with black sutures. Lower surface whitish with large black spots; lower side of the tail black, each subcaudal with a greyish spot. Length of head and body 361 mm.; tail 179 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Kina Balu!, Sebruang Valley, Penrissen Hills in Sarawak). 20. Tropidonotus stolatus (L.). Coluber stolatus, Linné, Syst. Nat. I 1766, p. 379. Tropidonotus stolatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 253 (s. syn.). Eye moderate; rostral just visible from above; internasals narrowed anteriorly, about as long as the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more deep; one prae- and three postoculars; temporals I +1 or 1 + 2; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than $38 the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, those of the outer row smooth; ventrals 120—161; anal divided; sub- caudals 50—8o9. Greenish or brownish-olive above, spotted with black or with black transverse bars, interrupted by two yellow longi- tudinal bands; prae- and postoculars yellow. Lower surface white, usually with a black spot on each side of each ventral. Length of head and body 500 mm.; tail 180 mm. Habitat: Borneor!. — Singapore; Penang; Malay Penin- sula; Nicobars; Siam; Burma; India; Ceylon; China; Philippines. Note. This species seems to be an Indian form; a specimen, apparently captured in Borneo, is in the British Museum; another with the indication Arch. Ind. Dr. BLEEKER in the Leiden Museum. It feeds on frogs and lays a few eggs, about Io. 21. Tropidonotus vittatus (L.). Coluber vittatus, Linné, Mus. Ad. Frid. 1754, p. 26, pl. XVIII, fig. 2. Tropidonotus vittatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 255. Natrix vittata, Barbour, Mem. Mus, Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 110. Eye moderate; rostral just visible from above; internasals narrowed in front, about as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more deep; one prae- and three postoculars; temporals 1 +1 or I +2; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior, Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, those of the outer row smooth; ventrals 140—149; anal divided; subcaudals 5 3—84. Light brown above, with three black longitudinal bands, lateral broadest, bordered below by a white line; head and nape spotted or marked with black; lips white, with black sutures. Lower surface white, the shields edged with black, the dark part broadest on the sides. Length of head and body 410 mm.; tail 150 mm. Nom. indig. Ular kisik (mal.). Habitat: Sumatra (Pulu Weh!, Kertadjaja, Palembang); Banka!; Java (Gadok, Anjer, Batavia, Buitenzorg!, Preanger!, Depok, Darok, Bantam, Pekalongan!, Salatiga!, Ambarawa, Ngawi, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Celebes (Manado). 89 22. Tropidonotus subminiatus Schlegel. Tropidonotus subminiatus, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 313. Tropidonotus subminiatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 256. Pseudoxenodon intermedius, Lonunberg, Zool, Anz, XXII 1899, p. 109. Natrix subminiata, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Hary. Coll. XLIV EOr2, p, ILI. Eye large; rostral just visible from above; internasals broadly truncate in front, shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more deep; one prae- and three or four postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 2 + 3; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter slightly shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled, those of the outer row smooth; ventrals 132—175; anal divided; subcaudals 65—87. Brown, grey or olive-green, uniform or with a black and yellow network; neck often reddish; sometimes a dorso-lateral series of light spots and a black oblique spot below the eye. Young specimens with a black transverse band, bordered with yellow behind on the nape. Lower surface yellow, usually with a black dot on each side of each ventral. Length of head and body 805 mm.; tail 255 mm. Nom. indig. Ular pitjung or ular lempeh (mal.). Habitat: Java (Gadok, Anjer, Batavia!, Weltevreden!, Bui- tenzorg!, Sukabumi!, Semarang!, Salatiga!, Garum!, Kediri!, Surabaja, Pasuruan); S. E. Borneo!; Celebes (Manado); Ter- nate!. — Penang; Malay Peninsula; S. China; Burma; Assam; Siam; E. Himalayas. Feeds on frogs and toads. 23. Tropidonotus chrysargus Schlegel. Tropidonotus chrysargus, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 312, pl. XII, fig. 6 & 7. Tropidonotus chrysargus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 258 (s. syn.). Natrix chrysarga, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp, Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 112. Eye large; rostral just visible from above; internasals broadly truncate in front, as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal about as deep as long; one or two prae- and three postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 2+3; eight or nine upper labials, fourth to sixth or third to fifth entering the gO eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, all strongly keeled; ventrals 140—176; anal divided; sub- caudals 56—94. Brown or olive-green above, usually with yellow spots or transverse bars on each side of the back; the skin between the scales sometimes red; upper labials yellow with black sutures, the yellow colour continued as an angular or crescentic band on the nape. Young specimens with black transverse bars or black-spotted. Lower surface yellow, sometimes black-dotted and with black spots along each side. Length of head and body 575 mm.; tail 191 mm. Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Mentawei Islands (Sipora); Su- matra (Atjeh, Bindjey, Bringin!, Labuan, Battak Highlands 800—1000 M., Pagarkaja in Palembang, Kaju tanam!, Mt. Singalang, Kalung!, Fort de Kock!, Padang 1500—3000 feet, Agam); Java (Batavia, Mt. Salak, Sukabumi!, Tjibodas 1425 M.!, Mt. Wilis 5000 feet, Wonosobo, Salatiga!, Tengger Mts. 1200 M., Prigan 1800—2300 feet); Flores!; Borneo! (Sandakan Bay, Kina Balu, Mt. Dulit, Sarawak, Kuching, Rejang river, Bandjermassin); Celebes!; Ternate 1). — Penang; Malay Penin- sula; Siam; Burma; S. China; E. Himalayas; Palawan; Balabac. 24. Tropidonotus maculatus Edeling. Tropidonotus maculatus, Edeling, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk. Il 1864, p. 203. Tropidonotus maculatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 260 (s. syn.). Natrix maculata, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 112. Eye very large; rostral scarcely visible from above; inter- nasals trapezoid, as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more deep; one prae- and three postoculars; temporals 2+ 3; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, all strongly keeled; ventrals 140—156; anal divided; subcaudals 95—117. Olive above, with four longitudinal series of small, square, black spots and two of yellowish spots; upper labials yellow with black sutures. Lower surface yellow, the shields edged 1) See A. B. MEyER, Abh. Dresden 1886/87 p. ro. gI with black. Length of head and body 540 mm.; tail 270 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!, Lower Langkat, Siboga, Benakat in Palembang); Natuna Islands; Borneo! (Baram river, Kina Balu, Mt. Dulit, Kuching, Limbang, Sadong river, Mt. Mulu 1000 feet, Spitang river, Labuan). — Malay Peninsula. 15. Macropisthodon Boulenger. (BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes I p. 265, 1893). Head distinct from neck; eye moderate or large; pupil round. Maxillary teeth 12—20, separated by an interspace from a pair of very large fangs; mandibular teeth about equal. Body stout, covered with strongly keeled scales, with pits, in 19—27 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows. meeistribution. S. E. Asia. imey to the Indo-Australian species: A. Maxillary teeth 18 to 20 4+ 2; usually 8 upper labials; black, or with black transverse bands. ...... . 1, M. flaviceps p. 91. B. Maxillary teeth 12 to 15 + 2; usually 7 upper labials; PUD aeVeRe DLAI Strlpe.. ame toise stm dae laks is © ke .e + 2. M. rhodomelas p. 92. 1. Macropisthodon flaviceps (Dum. & Bibr.). Amphiesma flaviceps, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 738. Macropisthodon flaviceps, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 266 (s. syn.), Rostral just visible from above, twice as broad as deep; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as or slightly shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more deep; one prae- and three or four (rarely two or five) postoculars; temporals 2+ 2 or 2+ 3; eight (sometimes 7) upper labials, fourth and fifth (or third and fourth) entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled; ventrals 120—138; anal divided, subcaudals 49—60. Black above; head yellowish-brown or olive; olive beneath with black transverse bands or entirely black. Young specimens with greyish or pale olive transverse bars, wider towards the sides and becoming indistinct in the adult; a broad orange band across the nape, separated from the head by a broad black band. Length of head and body 650 mm; tail 190 mm. Q2 Habitat: Nias; Sumatra (Labuan, Medan!, Bedagei, Laut Tador in Upper Langkat, Indragiri, Gunung Sahilan!, Gunung Sugei in Lampong district); Borneo (Kuching, Sebruang Valley, Bandjermassin, Kutei, Samarinda!). — Malay Peninsula. 2. Macropisthodon rhodomelas (Boie). Tropidonotus rhodomelas, Boie, Isis 1827, p. 535- Macropisthodon rhodomelas, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 266. Rostral scarcely visible from above, at least twice as broad as deep; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal slightly longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more deep; Fig. 39. Macropisthodon rhodomelas (Boie) X 3/4. Side view of head. one, sometimes two praeoculars; usually a small subocular and three or four postoculars; temporals 2+ 2, 2+3 or 3+ 3; seven (rarely 8) upper labials, third and fourth (or fourth and fifth) entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter about as long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, strongly keeled; ventrals 124—138; anal divided; subcaudals 42—58. Grey or reddish-brown above, with a dark vertebral stripe ending in a V-shaped bluish spot on the nape; lips, throat 93 and flanks pink; sometimes dark oblique lines on the anterior part of the body from the vertebral stripe running downwards and anteriorly. Lower surface yellow with small black spots along each side. Length of head and body 435 mm.; tail 85 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (S. Atjeh, Deli!, Labuan, Langkat, Raja Mts., Indragiri, Kertadjaja, Muara Rupit, Palembang, Gunung Sugei in Lampong district, Gunung Sahilan!, Taluk!, Tand- jong); Banka!; Borneo! (Mt. Dulit, Kuching, Sarawak, Matang, Limbang); Java! (Tjikao). — Singapore; Malay Peninsula; Siam. The Raffles Museum, Singapore, possesses a specimen which is said to be from Macassar, Celebes. This species sits up like a cobra when angry, flattening its neck. Macropisthodon plumbicolor (Cant.) is doubtfully mentioned from Java in Boulenger’s Catalogue p. 268. No other indica- tion of its occurrence in the Sunda Islands could be found, the species being an Indian and a Ceylonese form, so that the locality Java most probably is a mistake. 16. Xenelaphis Giinther. (GUNTHER, Rept. Brit. Ind. p. 250, 1864). Head distinct from neck; eye rather large; pupil round. Maxillary teeth 25—30, gradually increasing in size; anterior mandibular teeth largest. Body long, round, covered with smooth scales with pits, in 17 rows, the vertebral row more or less enlarged and six-sided; ventrals rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia. meyrtoithe Indo-Australian species. A. Subcaudals 140—179; brown above, with more or less distinct black transverse bands anteriorly. . . 1. X. hexagonotus p. 93. 4. Subcaudals 134; body with 18 black-edged brown streaks, separated by cream-coloured interspaces. . 2. X. e/lipsifer p. 95. 1. Xenelaphis hexagonotus (Cantor). Coluber hexagonotus, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. 1847, p. 74. NXenelaphis hexagonotus Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Il 1894, p. 8. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; inter- nasals as long as or slightly longer than the praefrontals; frontal 94 as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal about as long as deep; one praeocular, a large subocular below it, wedged in between the third and fourth upper labials; two postoculars, with a large subocular below, between the eye and the fifth and sixth labials; some- times a third subocular, separating the eye from the labials; temporals 2+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye or separated from it; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales Se Fig. 40. Xenelaphis hexagonotus (Cant.) X< 2/3. Side view of head. in 17 rows, the vertebral row a little enlarged; ventrals 185—198; anal divided; subcaudals 140—179. Brown above, with black transverse bands on the anterior part of the body, becoming indistinct with age, so that the outer ends of the bands alone are visible; scales of the posterior part of the body with a black spot and black basal part. Lower surface yellowish; each ventral and subcaudal with a black spot on the outer end; subcaudals black-edged. Length of head and body 1050 mm.; tail 600 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Stabat near Bindjey, Medan!, Serdang}, Indragiri, Taluk!, Bunga Maas); Banka!; Borneo (Baram, Sebruang Valley, Rejang river, Lundu, Kuching); Java (Bui- tenzorg). — Penang; Singapore; Malay Peninsula; Burma. 95 2. Xenelaphis ellipsifer Boulenger. Xenelaphis ellipsifer, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 184, pl. XVI. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; inter- nasals about as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; one praeocular, a large subocular below it, wedged in between the third and fourth upper labials; two postoculars, a long subocular below, between the eye and the fifth and sixth labials; temporals 2 + 2; eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye or separated from it; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, vertebral row not distinctly enlarged; ventrals 186; anal divided; subcaudals 134. Cream-coloured above, with 18 large, elliptic, black-edged, brown streaks; sides cream-coloured, spotted or marbled with black; head and neck pale brown, sides of neck with inter- rupted, black, longitudinal markings; upper lip yellow; base of tail like the body, posterior part brown with a black lateral streak. Lower surface uniformly yellow. Length of head and body 1400 mm.; tail 600 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak river, Pangkalan ampat!, Kina Balu). 17, Zamenis Wagler. (WAGLER, Syst. Amph, p. 188, 1830). Head long, distinct from neck; eye large; pupil round. Maxil- lary teeth 12—20, largest posteriorly; mandibular teeth equal, or anterior enlarged. Body long, round, covered with smooth or feebly keeled scales with pits, in 15—-43 rows; ventrals rounded or with an obtuse keel laterally. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Europe; Asia; N. Africa; N. & C. America. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A, Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 187—197.......... I. Z. dipsas p. 96. B. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 160—177.......... 2. Z. korros yp. 96. Eo oeales in 17 rows; ventrals 187-213... 2. 1.1.5 0s 3. Z. mucosus p. 98. 96 1. Zamenis dipsas (Schlegel). Herpetodryads dipsas, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 197. Zamenis dipsas, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 383. Snout obtuse, projecting; eye very large. Rostral just visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; prae- ocular single or divided; not touching the frontal; a small subocular below; two postoculars; temporals I + 2 or 2+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth, in 13 rows; ventrals 187—197; anal entire; subcaudals 102—139. Blackish-brown above; sides yellow anteriorly with vertical black bars; upper lip yellow. Lower surface yellow anteriorly, brown in the middle, blackish-brown posteriorly. Young speci- mens pale yellowish-brown with dark spots or cross-bands or with two dark dorsal stripes, uniformly olive posteriorly; a yellow collar, sometimes interrupted in the middle. Length of head and body 1450 mm.; tail 550 mm. Habitat: Celebes (Manado!, Tomohon, Rurukan!, Kolaka on Mingkoka Bay); Halmahera. 2. Zamenis korros (Schlegel). Coluber korros, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 139. Zamenis korros, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 384. Ptyas korros, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 115. Snout obtuse, projecting; eye very large. Rostral visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout or a little longer, as long as the parietals; two or three loreals; a large praeocular, sometimes touching the frontal; a small subocular below; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales smooth or feebly keeled on the posterior part of the body, in 15 rows; ventrals 160—177; anal divided; sub- caudals 122—I45. Brown or olive above; the scales on the posterior part of the body and on the tail often yellow and edged with black. o7 Lower surface yellow. Young specimens with transverse series of round whitish spots or with narrow yellow transverse bars. Length of head and body 1080 mm.; tail 700 mm. Nom. indig. Ular korros (mal.) or ular liar. Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan, Djambi!, Gunung Sahilan!, os Dns Scop WS Ses ATEN athe oe, Sth an Be ESRC NCN irene Fig. 41. Zamenis korros (Schleg.) XX 1/9. Young specimen with light bars on the foreground. Side view of head. Fort de Kock!, Padang!, Palembang, Gunung Sugei in Lam- pong district); Java (Gadok, Bantam, Depok, Anjer, Buitenzorg!, Pekalongan!, Semarang, Salatiga!, Garum!, Kediri!, Prigan INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. 7 98 1800— 2300 feet); Borneo (Bandjermassin, Samarinda!). — Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam; S. China; Yunnan; Burma; Assam; E. Himalayas. The Rat-snake feeds on birds and frogs as well as on rats. 3. Zamenis mucosus (L.). Coluber mucosus, Linné, Syst. Nat. I 1766, p. 388. Zamenis mucosus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, I 1893, p. 385 (s. syn.). Snout obtuse, projecting; eye very large. Rostral visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals or shorter; usually three loreals; praeocular large, not in contact with the frontal; a small subocular below; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales keeled on the posterior part of the back, in 17 rows; ventrals 187—213; anal divided; subcaudals 95—143. Yellowish-brown or olive-brown above, usually with black transverse bands on the posterior part of the body and on the tail; lips yellow, with black edges of the labials. Lower surface yellow, the posterior ventrals and subcaudals often edged with black. Young specimens usually with light trans- verse bands on the anterior part of the body. Length of head and body 1730 mm.; tail 550 mm.; attains a length of nearly 4 M. Habitat: Sumatra (Deli); Java (Batavia, Semarang!, Sala- tiga!, Ambarawa!, Garum!). — Singapore; Malay Peninsula; Andamans; S. China; Siam; Burma; India; Ceylon; Transcaspia. Not as common as the preceding one. When angry this Rat- snake dilates its neck and raises its head like a cobra and produces a strong growling sound. The female lays 8— 16 eggs. 18. Coluber L. (LINNE, Syst. Nat. I p. 375, 1766). Head long, distinct from neck; eye large; pupil round. Maxillary teeth 12—22, equal; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body long, round or a little compressed, covered with smooth or keeled scales with pits, in 15—35 rows; ventrals rounded or angulate. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Europe; Asia; N. & Tropical America. 99 Key to the Indo-Australian species. A, Scales in 19 rows. iseales smooth; anal divided. .......... 1. C. porphyraceus p. 99. II. Scales keeled; anal entire. a. All caudal scales keeled ...... Seen 2) (C-elLa7zUrUes Pp. 09. gmOuten caudal scales)'smooth. 2... . 5. - 3. C. radiatus p. Iol. MEE CSMUTIE Te TOW St. co) ct) fs Gee eh ais Mle 6 4. C. erythrurus p. 102. C. Scales in 23—27 rows. J. Anal divided. @echreelabials entering the eye. ....-. = - 5. C. jansent p. 102. 6, Two labials entering the eye. Peesubetudals SQ—I04).,. 6... 6s = = 6. C. faeniurus p. 103. Se soubeaudals 122—=W57 ws. er ae 8 els 7. C. oxycephalus p. 104. II. Anal entire. Ievhree labials entering the, eye. -. 4: = = - 8. C. enganensis p. 105. Zeiworlabials. entering the eye ....... - 9. C. subradiatus p. 106. 1. Coluber porphyraceus Cantor. Coluber porphyraceus, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 51. Coluber porphyraceus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 34 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; inter- nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small, more long than deep; prae- ocular large; two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, smooth; ventrals 190—218, rounded; anal divided; subcaudals 52—76. | Red or reddish-brown above, with dark brown, black-edged transverse bands; two longitudinal black lines along the body and tail, sometimes indistinct anteriorly; head with a black streak along the middle, another from the eye to the first transverse band. Lower surface yellow. Length of head and body 620 mm.; tail 140 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Medan!, Brastagei on Battak Highlands!, Alahan Pandjang, near Danau di Talang). — Singapore; Malay Peninsula; Andamans; Yunnan; Burma; Assam; E. Himalayas. 2. Coluber melanurus Schlegel. Coluber melanurus, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 141, pl. V, fig. 11 & 12. 100 Coluber melanurus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 60. Elaphe melanura, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p, 117. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little more long; a large prae- ocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2 or 2+ 3; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, 21 on the neck, strongly Fig. 42. Coluber melanurus Schleg. Young specimen. Nat. size. keeled; ventrals 193—234, with an obtuse lateral keel; anal entire; subcaudals 89—1I5. Brown or greyish anteriorly, with a reddish, black-edged vertebral band; dark brown or black posteriorly; on each side a series of black spots anteriorly, the markings disappearing in the adult; head with a dark streak below the eye; an oblique streak from the eye to the mouth and another on the temporal region and the neck. Lower surface yellow anteriorly, brown or blackish behind. Young specimens with a series of black ocelli with yellow centres on each side of the body anteriorly. Length of head and body 1400 mm.; tail 400 mm. IOI Nom. indig. Ular babi (mal.). Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Mentawei Islands (Siberut!); Sumatra (Sabang on Pulu Weh!, Atjeh, Bindjey, Labuan, Asahan, Medan!, Serdang!, Pangkalan Brandan!, Langkat, Bedagei, Indragiri, Djambi!, Tandjung Laut in Palembang, Indra- pura, Kaju tanam!, Gunung sahilan!, Muara Labu, Batang Singlajang!, Fort de Kock, Agam, Kalung!, Padang!); Banka!; Riou!; Borneo (Kutei, Bulangan river, Sandakan Bay, Bongon, Baram river, Rejang river, Kuching, Sungei duri, Singkawang, Sintang, Buntok, Balikpapan); Java (Anjer, Buitenzorg!, Mt. Salak 2200 feet, Tjibodas, Wonosobo, Semarang, Salatiga!, Ambarawa, Surabaja); Celebes (Manado!, Macassar!). — Penang; Singapore; Malay Peninsula; Nicobars; Andamans; Burma; 5. China; Note. BETHENCOURT FERREIRA mentions a snake from Timor (Journ. Sc. Lisboa (2) V 1897, p. 113) much resembling C. mela- nurus and young specimens of C. erythrurus. He gives this form the name of C. melanurus var. temoriensis. It has one or two suboculars; 237 ventrals; 96 subcaudals. 3. Coluber radiatus Schlegel. Coluber radiatus, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 135, pl. V, fig. 5 & 6. Coluber radiatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I] 1894, p. 61 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; praeocular large; two postoculars; temporals generally 2+ 2; eight or nine upper labials, third to fifth, fourth and fifth or fourth to sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, 21 on the neck, keeled on the posterior part of the body, outer rows smooth; ventrals 224—-245, with an obtuse lateral keel; anal entire; subcaudals 85—100. Yellowish-brown above, with one or two black stripes on each side of the back anteriorly, the lower often broken up; head with a black line across the occiput; three black lines radiating from the eye. Lower surface yellow, uniform or speckled with olive. Length of head and body 1280 mm.; tail 330 mm. 102 Nom. indig. Ular tikus (mal.). Habitat: Sumatra (Siboga, Agam, Padang); Java (Gadok, Batavia, Krawang!, Buitenzorg, Semarang, Tjandi!, Salatiga!, Kediri!); W. & S. E. Borneo!. — Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Cochin China; Burma; Assam; Bengal; E. Himalayas. 4. Coluber erythrurus (Dum. & Bibr.). Plagiodon erythrurus, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 175. Coluber erythrurus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I] 1894, p. 62 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal about as deep as long; a large praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in 21 rows, keeled, 23 on the neck; outer row of caudal scales smooth or feebly keeled; ventrals 211—235; anal entire; subcaudals 86—112. Dark brown above, anteriorly reddish-brown with a \Y- or A-shaped black marking on the neck; lips yellowish. Lower surface yellowish anteriorly, dark brown behind; subcaudals lighter. Young specimens with black vertical bands on each side, alternating with one another. Length of head and body 1300 mm.; tail 370 mm. Nom. indig. Ule alo (Toradja-name). Habitat: Celebes (Gorontalo, Manado, Posso!, Kema, Kan- dari, Macassar, Tjamba); Buton. — Philippines; Sulu Islands. This snake can inflate its neck, resembling a cobra. 5. Coluber janseni (Bleeker). Gonyosoma jansenii, Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. XVI 1858, p. 242. Coluber janseni, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 57, pl. I, fig. 2. Snout obtuse, projecting; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals slightly shorter than the prae- frontals; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal at least twice as long as deep; praeocular large, in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2 or 2 + 3; nine or ten upper labials, fifth to seventh entering the eye; five or six 103 lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much longer than the posterior. Scales in 23 or 25 rows, smooth or feebly keeled; ventrals 247—256 with a lateral angle; anal divided; subcaudals 122—140. Olive or yellowish above, all the scales black-edged or only a few; posteriorly black; a broad blackish lateral band some- times present. Lower surface yellowish anteriorly, blackish with yellow lateral keels posteriorly; subcaudals black, towards the end of the tail yellowish with dark edges. Young speci- mens pale olive anteriorly, with or without small black markings, greyish posteriorly. Length of head and body 1540 mm.; tail 450 mm. Nom. indig. Tomesumpu (Toradja-name). Habitat: Celebes (Kema, Tomohon, Kottabangu, Manado, Posso!, Mapane, Luhu, Macassar). 6. Coluber taeniurus (Cope). Elaphis taeniurus, Cope, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1860, p. 565. Coluber taeniurus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 47 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; inter- nasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or slightly shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; praeocular large, sometimes in contact with the frontal; often a small subocular; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2 or 2+ 3; nine (eight) upper labials, fifth and sixth (fourth and fifth) entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or longer than the posterior. Scales in 23 or 25 rows, dorsals feebly keeled, outer rows smooth; ventrals 230—305, with a lateral angle; anal divided (rarely entire); subcaudals 89—114. Grey-brown or olive above, with a black network or trans- verse lines anteriorly, a light vertebral stripe between two black bands posteriorly; head and nape uniform; a black band on each side of the head passing through the eye. Lower surface yellowish in front, greyish behind with a black stripe along each side, bordered above by a whitish streak. Length of head and body 1600 mm.; tail 400 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Pajo); Borneo (Braang, Sarawak river, Sadong river, caves of Batu Hapu Pengaron and Barabei!). — 104 Malay Peninsula; Siam; Cochin China; Sikkim; China; E. Himalayas. Note. In the limestone caves of the Malay Peninsula this snake lives in the dark feeding on bats. There it is of a much paler colour, without the dark network, the lower parts whitish ; head bluish-grey; sides with a purplish band, getting black towards the tail. 7. Coluber oxycephalus Boie. Coluber oxycephalus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 537. Coluber oxycephalus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, Il 1894, p. 56 (s. syn.). Gonyosoma oxycephala, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 116. Snout long, projecting; rostral about as broad as deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals, Pes IE eR Fig. 43. Coluber oxycephalus Boie X 2/5. Side view of head. which are large; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal long; praeocular large, in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; 105 temporals 2 + 3; nine to eleven upper labials, fifth and sixth or sixth and seventh entering the eye; six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much longer than the posterior. Body compressed; scales in 23—-27 rows, smooth or feebly keeled; ventrals 233—-263, with a lateral angle; anal divided; subcaudals 122—157. Green above, usually with black edges on the scales; head olive-brown; a black streak on each side passing through the eye; tail yellowish-brown, sometimes with vermilion bands. Lower surface yellow or greenish. Young specimens olive- brown with narrow oblique light bars on the posterior part of the back; lower parts lighter, throat yellowish, each ventral bordered behind with yellow, ventral keels yellowish. Length of head and body 1820 mm.; tail 480 mm. Nom. indig. Ular bangka laut or ular bamban (mal.). Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Labuan, Medan!, Stabat, Assahan, Raja Mts., Indrapura, Singkel, Kertadjaja, Palembang) ; Banka!; Riou!; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Sandakan Bay, Baram, Braang, Kuching, Santubong, Trusau river, Rejang river, Kapuas river, Labuan, Singkawang, Pontianak, Bandjermassin, Balikpapan, Samarinda!); Java (Gadok, Depok, Buitenzorg!, Pekalongan!, Salatiga!, Ambarawa, Prigan 1800—2300 feet); Lombok; Celebes (Manaco!, Manado!). — Penang; Singapore; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Nicobars; Andamans; Burma; E. Himalayas; Philippines. 8. Coluber enganensis Vincig. Coluber enganensis, Vinciguerra, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) XII 1892, p. 524. Coluber enganensis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 63. Rostral slightly more broad than deep; fourth, fifth and sixth upper labials entering the eye; posterior chin-shields not or slightly longer than anterior. Scales in 23 rows (25 on the neck); ventrals 239—243; anal entire; subcaudals 107—108. Brown above, uniform or with black spots in longitudinal series on the anterior part of the body; a dark streak behind the eye. Lower surface yellowish, spotted with brown poste- riorly. Length of head and body 1110 mm.; tail 310 mm. (Not seen by me). Habitat: Engano Island. 106 g. Coluber subradiatus Schlegel. Coluber subradiatus, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 136. Coluber subradiatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, II 1894, p. 64. Rostral much more broad than deep; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more deep than long; praeocular large; a subocular; two postoculars ; temporals 2+2 or 2+ 3; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye, fourth very small; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much shorter than the posterior. Scales in 23 or 25 rows (25 or 27 on the neck); ventrals 226—248; anal entire; subcaudals 80—102. Reddish-brown above, with two black stripes along each side of the anterior part of the body; the stripes sometimes broken up into spots; a black streak behind the eye. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body g90 mm.; tail 260 mm. Habitat: Lombok; Flores!; Alor; Sumba; Rotti!; Timor!; Samao!. 19. Gonyophis Boulenger. (BouLENGER, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) VIII p. 290, 1891). Head long, distinct from neck; eye moderate; pupil round. Maxillary teeth 23, equal; mandibular teeth about equal. Body long, compressed, covered with feebly keeled scales with pits, in 19 rows, disposed obliquely anteriorly; ventrals with a lateral keel and a notch on each side. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals. Distribution. Malay Peninsula; Borneo. A single species. 1. Gonyophis margaritatus (Peters). Gonyosoma margaritatum, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 578; Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova IML 1872) p. 30) plane. 3) Gonyophis margaritatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 71. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; praeocular just touching the frontal or separated from it; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 3; nine 107 upper labials, fourth to sixth or fifth and sixth entering the eye ; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, feebly keeled; ventrals 230—249; anal divided; subcaudals 108—1 30. Black above, each scale with a yellowish-green spot, or green with black-bordered scales; posterior part of body and tail a RR — as a ’ = ~——— ED a Oe Og ae SSB aS, Me a ae a vd 4 . < 4#/;. Young specimen with light bands. Side view of head. 2. Lycodon albofuscus (Dum. & Bibr.). Sphecodes albofuscus, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 394. Lycodon albofuscus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 357. Snout depressed; eye moderate; rostral just visible from above; internasals half as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as the praefrontals or slightly longer, much shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep, not entering the eye; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; eight 110 upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Body slender; scales in 17 rows, all strongly keeled; ventrals 238—256, with strong lateral angle; anal divided; subcaudals 155—208 pair. Dark brown above; yellowish below. Young specimens with yellow transverse bands. Length of head and body 1180 mm.; tail 590 mm. Habitat: Nias; Sumatra (Deli!, Indragiri); Borneo (Kina Balu, Rejang river, Kuching). 3. Lycodon stormi Bottger. Lycodon stormi, Béttger, Zool. Anz. XV 1892, p. 418. Lycodon stormi, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 357; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, Pp. 219, pl. - oui, ©) Head much depressed; eye small; rostral just visible from above; internasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as praefrontals and internasals together, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal a little more long than deep, large, not entering the eye; one praeocular not in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 1+ 3+4 or 3+ 4+ 4; eight or nine upper labials, third and fourth or third to fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 19 rows, smooth; ventrals 217—231, with a lateral angle; anal entire; subcaudals 73—78, single. Brown above, with 23 white, black-spotted annuli. Lower surface brown with whitish annuli. Length of head and body 585 mm.; tail 135 mm. Habitat: Celebes (Buol!). 4. Lycodon florensis n. sp. Head much depressed; eye small; rostral just visible from above; internasals small, suture between them half the suture between the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep, not entering the eye; two praeoculars, not in contact with the frontal; two (three) postoculars; temporals 2+ 3 + 4; nine (eight) upper labials, third to fifth (third and fourth) entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior rt chin-shields; latter about as long as the posterior. Scales in 21 rows, smooth; ventrals 218, with a lateral angle; anal entire; subcaudals 66, single. Brown above, paler towards the sides; an indistinct light pO oe hey RAS LOIS XS 1 WE Baa is Ec NGO So = NEO = BOT Fig. 46. Lycodon florensis n. sp. dX 4/5. lateral streak; head yellowish, powdered with brown, a brown streak from the nostril through the eye to the angle of the mouth. Lower surface yellow, each ventral with a pale brown S plumbeus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 368. Stegonotus plumbeus, Longman, Mem. Queensl. Mus. II 1913, p. 41. Stegonotus plumbeus, Boulenger, Trans. Zool. Soc. London XX 1914, p. 264. Rostral almost twice as broad as deep, visible from above; internasals two thirds as long as the praefrontals; frontal short and broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; loreal oblong; two prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 3; nine upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 211—219; anal entire; subcaudals 67—74 pair. Leaden-black above, uniform; scales on the sides white- edged. Lower surface yellowish-white; lateral ventral keel yellow, each ventral with a dark brown spot on each side of the keel; subcaudals with a black patch on their base. Length of head and body 1183 mm.; tail 257 mm. Habitat: S. New Guinea (Setekwa river!). — Queensland (Herbert river). 5. Stegonotus gtintheri Boulenger. Stegonotus Guentheri, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVI 1895, p. 31. Rostral much more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals; loreal about twice as long as deep; one prae- and two post- oculars; temporals 1 + 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals (176) 180—197; anal entire; subcaudals (73) 75 pair. Black or dark brown above, paler on the sides; upper lip 118 white. Lower surface white. Length of head and body 920 mm.; tail 230 mm. . Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (Bongu). — Ferguson Island!. 6. Stegonotus diehli Lindholm. Stegonotus dichli, Lindholm, Jahrb. Nassau Ver. LVIII 1905, p. 236. Rostral much more broad than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal not quite one time and a half as long as deep; one or two praeoculars, the upper separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 167—183; anal entire; subcaudals 75—I112 pair. Dark brownish-grey above, lighter on the sides; a whitish spot on the praefrontals near the outer border; hindborder of the internasals, suture between the parietals and suture between parietals and frontal and supraocular whitish; a short oblique whitish streak on the posterior part of the parietals; upper lip whitish, with round grey spots on the sutures; a narrow whitish collar, interrupted in the middle and continued anteriorly on the temporal region, which is grey-spotted. Lower surface whitish, sutures between the subcaudals greyish. Length of head and body 415 mm.; tail 125 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Bogadjim on Astrolabe Bay, Kaiserin- Augusta river!, Bégowre river!, Lorentz river!). 23. Dryocalamus Giinther. (GUNTHER, Cat. Col. Snakes p. 121, 1858). Head distinct from neck, depressed; eye rather large; pupil vertically elliptic. Maxillary teeth 8—10, short, increasing in size posteriorly; anterior mandibular teeth longer than poste- rior; one or two tooth-like knobs on the basisphenoid. Body a little compressed, slender, covered with smooth scales, with pits, in 13 or 15 rows; ventrals strongly keeled on each side. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Natuna Islands; Borneo. 119 Key to the Indo-Australian species. MIPOIMOLACOCUIAT, sud). iets. es) Gusts chee a a 5 es 1. D. subannulatus p. 119. POM CMMDUAGOCULAT «. «) (oiss'a ie: 1) 91. < cw fa oulece a) #6 2. D. tristrigatus p. 120. 1. Dryocalamus subannulatus (Dum. & Bibr.). Odontomus subannulatus, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 454. Dryocalamus subannulatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 371 (Ss. syn.). Rostral visible from above; nasal divided or partly divided; suture between the internasals as long as or longer than that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep, entering the eye; one prae- and two post- Fig. 50. Dryocalamus subannulatus (D. & B.). Nat. size. Side view of head. oculars; temporals 2 + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 225-244; anal entire; subcaudals 88—107. Light brown above, with large, brown, transverse spots across the back; on each side a series of small spots, alternating with the dorsals; two transverse brown streaks on the head, the anterior on the praefrontals, the other between the eyes; a brown spot on the parietals. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body 225 mm.; tail 70 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. 120 Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan in Deli, Indragiri, Gunung Sahilan!, Padang!); Riou!. — Singapore; Malay Peninsula. 2. Dryocalamus tristrigatus Giinther. Dryocalamus tristrigatus, Giinther, Cat. Col, Snakes. 1858, p. 121. Dryocalamus tristrigatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 372, pl. XXV, fig. 3. Dryocalamus trilineatus, Brown, Proc. Acad, Philad. LIV 1902, p. 1791). Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; nasal undivided; suture between the internasals shorter than that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal about twice as long as deep, entering the eye; no praeocular; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 2 + 3; seven (six) upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very short. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 218—231; anal entire; subcaudals 86—96. Dark brown above, with three white stripes; outer row of scales white; shields of the head edged with white; upper lip white. Lower surface white. Length of head and body 280 mm.; tail 80 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Natuna Islands!; Borneo (Claudetown on Baram river, Baram!, Labuan, Mt. Mulu 2000 feet, Kuching, Pen- rissen Road). 24. Tetralepis Bottger. (BOTTGER, Ber. Offenb, Ver. Naturk. p. 124, 1892). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round. Maxillary teeth 14, third to eighth longest, last six decreasing in size; mandibular teeth increasing in size to the fifth, last very small. Body round, covered with smooth scales, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Java. A single species. 1) In the description of D. ¢rilincatus, BROWN states that his specimen from the Baram district has only one postocular, In the British Museum I examined a specimen of D. ¢ristrigatus from the Natuna Islands with two postoculars on the right side and one on the left. I21I 1. Tetralepis fruhstorferi Bottger. Tetralepis fruhstorferi, Bottger, Ber. Offenb, Ver. Naturk. 1892, p. 124. Tetralepis fruhstorferi, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 320. Rostral just visible from above; nasal large, twice as long as deep; suture between the internasals longer than that between the praefrontals; frontal a little longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+ 2 or 1+1-+ 2, the anterior long; four upper labials, third entering the eye, fourth very long; four lower labials in contact \ \ \ a NN AY SPAN Y s ames NN uu Cert Ray a Caen ge rt ASS 6 ly Ves her =: pe mel ee HE Fig. 51. Zetralepis fruhstorferi Bttgr. Nat. size. Side view of head, with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 187—-201; anal divided; sub- caudals 43—56. Dark reddish-brown above, with a dark vertebral line. Lower surface bluish- or reddish-grey, each ventral with two brownish spots, the spots forming two longitudinal series along the belly. Length of head and body 432 mm.; tail 70 mm. Habitat: Java! (Tengger Mts. 1200 M.). 25. Simotes Dum. & Bibr. (DumERIL & Bipron, Mém. Ac. Sc. XXIII p. 472, 1853). Head short, not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round. 122 Maxillary teeth 8—12, posterior strongly enlarged, compressed; mandibular teeth about equal. Body round, covered with smooth or feebly keeled scales with or without pits, in 13—2I1 rows; ventrals rounded or with an obtuse lateral keel. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia. Key to the Indo-Australian speerer Alo SYCENSE TN, AA}! ROWS 6.0 pw oeaia. dc § od oto 8 bo e I. S. annulifer p, 122. &, Scales in 17 rows. ie aiwomantentonstempOralSe mn irn. ae sneer: 2. S. octolineatus p. 123. II. One anterior temporal. a. Fourth and fifth labials entering the eye. . 3. S. violaceus p. 124. 6, Third and fourth labials entering the eye. S< Ae) ROSA EIS. Te Olid) i@ oeakwo-dlo ua ae 4..S. forbesepumene xX One postocular. Ts ISCAleSUSIMOGtheN ew mene) mulsd So sie 5. S. signatus p. 125. 745 SOMES WH; IRSA G6 Sb oe Ao Oe 6. S. subcarinatus p. 125. Go Scales vin@lOnOTy eta Ow Siecle ae annem arenas 7. S. purpurascens p. 126. 1. Simotes annulifer Boulenger. Simotes annulifer, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 524; Cat. Sn. Il 1894, Pp», 226, pl. Vill shp.ws: Nasal divided; rostral large, visible from above; suture between the internasals shorter than that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in I5 rows; ventrals 153; anal entire; subcaudals 49. Brown above, with 26 black annuli on the back, enclosing oval, yellowish spots; sides spotted with black and with vertical and oblique yellow lines; head yellowish-brown, a dark bar across the forehead, passing through the eye; a large A-shaped spot from the frontal to the nape; an oblique bar on the temporal region; lips black-spotted. Lower surface white, with a series of black spots on each side; chin and throat black- spotted. Length of head and body 130 mm.; tail 30 mm. Habitat: N. Borneo!. 123 Note. In Bull. Mus. d’hist. nat. N°. 4 1912, p. 4, R. DESPAX describes a specimen caught in the Dutch East Indies and preserved in the Paris Museum, which is exactly like the only specimen known, but for the number of scales, which is 17, the anal shield which is divided and the number of subcaudal shields which is 53. Length of head and body 239 mm.; tail 66 mm. As it is the only specimen found, it is difficult to say if it should rank as a variety (Szmotes annulifer var. bipartita Despax) or should be regarded as a distinct species. 2. Simotes octolineatus (Schn.). Elaps octolineatus, Schneider, Hist. Amph. II 1801, p. 299. Simotes octolineatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 224. Holarchus octolineatus, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 118. Nasal divided; rostral visible from above; suture between the internasals almost as long as that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal as long as deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 155—197, with an obtuse angle; anal entire; subcaudals 43—61. Yellow or pale brown above, with six or eight black longi- tudinal stripes, or black with yellow lines (the vertebral line sometimes scarlet), narrower than the interspaces; head yellow, the two median black dorsal stripes confluent on the frontal; a black curved transverse band passing through the eyes; an oblique band on each side from the parietals to below the angle of the mouth. Lower surface yellow, sometimes with a series of black spots on each side, which may confluent into a line. Length of head and body 580 mm.; tail 100 mm. Nom. indig. Ular birang (Borneo); ular pitar (mal.). Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Labuan, Medan!, Langkat, Bedagei, Singkel, Gunung Sahilan!, Padang); Siak!; Banka; Riou!; Borneo (Sandakan, Baram river, Mt. Kina Balu, Rejang river, Santubong, Kuching, Sungei duri, Singkawang!, Sintang, Mon- trado, Mt. Dulit, Bandjermassin, Samarinda!); Java (Depok, 124 Buitenzorg); Celebes (Macassar!). — Singapore; Malay Penin- sula; S. India, Sulu Islands. 3. Simotes violaceus (Cantor). Coronella violacea, Cantor, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1839, p. 50. Simotes violaceus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 222 (s. syn.). Nasal divided; rostral visible from above; suture between the internasals usually shorter than that between the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal more long than deep; a prae- ocular; usually a small subocular between the third and fourth labials; one or two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter two times as large as the posterior or larger. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 160—196; anal entire; subcaudals 33—4I. Pale brown or reddish above, with or without dark trans- verse bands; markings on the head indistinct. Lower surface uniform or with quadrangular brown spots. Length of head and body 685 mm.; tail 75 mm. Habitat: N. Borneo (Bongon!). — Siam; Camboja; Burma; Assam; Bengal; S. China. 4. Simotes forbesi Boulenger. Simotes forbesii, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1883, p. 387, pl. XLII; Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 225. Nasal divided; rostral visible from above; suture between the internasals shorter than that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal more deep than long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I + 2 or 2+ 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter almost twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 150—169 with a slight lateral angle; anal entire; subcaudals 43—48. Greyish-brown above, dark borders on the scales; two fine dark brown lines along the back, on the inner border of the seventh row of scales, separated by three series of scales; head with symmetrical dark markings; a dark band across the fore-head. Lower surface yellowish, a lateral series of brown 136 spots or a stripe, the posterior ventrals sometimes brown in the middle, yellow on the sides. Length of head and body 247 mm.; tail 58 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Timor Laut!; Dammar Island. 5. Simotes signatus Gthr. Simotes signatus, Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind. 1864, p. 215, pl. XX, fig. F. Simotes signatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 226. Nasal divided; rostral visible from above; suture between the internasals as long as or shorter than that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal small, square; one prae- and one postocular; temporals I + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 141—157; anal ‘entire; subcaudals 47—59. Dark brown above, with rhomboidal transverse yellow spots or bands; head with symmetrical dark brown markings and yellow interspaces. Lower surface yellow; a lateral series of brown spots. Length of head and body 390 mm.; tail 130 mm. - Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan, Medan!, Serbadjadi!, Langkat, Indragiri); Java. — Singapore. 6. Simotes subcarinatus Gthr. Simotes subcarinatus, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 595, pl. XXXIV, fig. B. Simotes subcarinatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1804, p. 226. Nasal divided; rostral visible from above; suture between the internasals shorter than that between the praefrontals ; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal small, square; one prae- and one postocular; temporals 1 + I + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter almost twice as large as the poste- rior. Scales in 17 rows, feebly keeled; ventrals 155—166; anal entire; subcaudals 50—54. Dark brown or olive above, with yellowish or pinkish, black- edged, transverse bands, the anterior chevron-chaped; head yellowish, with symmetrical brown or crimson markings. Lower 126 surface yellowish or crimson; sides with brown spots. Length of head and body 315 mm.; tail 80 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Sumatra '); Borneo! (Kuching, Matang, Sarawak (Kidi-district!). 7. Simotes purpurascens (Schlegel). Xenodon purpurascens, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 90, pl. III, fig. 13, 14. Simotes purpurascens, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 218 (s. syn.). Nasal divided; rostral visible from above; suture between the internasals as long as or longer than that between the praefrontals; frontal much longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or longer than the parietals; loreal a ees BE SF LE — eh 2g Sh a “FE Obbes, = SSE = Fig. 52. Simotes purpurascens (Schleg.). Nat. size. Side view of head. square; one or two praeoculars; one or two suboculars and two or three postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 2 + 3; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth or fifth only entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter almost twice as long as the posterior. Scales in I9 or 21 rows; ventrals 160—210, with lateral angle; anal entire; subcaudals 40—60. 1) See: WERNER, Verh. Gesells. Wien XLIJI 1894, p. 355. 127 Purple or brown above, with dark, black-edged, wavy bands or with yellowish transverse bands; a large, pointed, dark brown marking on the occiput and nape, the point on the frontal, often confluent with a dark band, passing through the eyes; a dark oblique streak on the temporal region. Lower surface yellowish, pinkish or coral-red with square dark spots. Young specimens greyish with about 14 black transverse bands, broadest on the middle of the back and edged with light, the broad interspaces with 5 narrow black wavy bands. Head with usual black markings. Total length 950 mm. Habitat: Nias!; Mentawei Islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Sabang on Pulu Weh!, Atjeh, Labuan, Deli!, Indragiri, Djambi!, Bunga Maas, Gunung Sahilan!, Palembang); Borneo (Labuan, Saiap on Mt. Kina Balu, Saribas, Kuching, Pangkalan ampat, Matang, Kidi district, Paku, Penrissen Road, Buntok, Samarinda!); Java! (Tengger Mts. 1200 M.). — Singapore; Penang; Malay Penin- Sala oiam: Cochin China; S. China. Note. Szmotes phaenochalinus Cope is mentioned from Java (?) in Boulenger’s Catalogue II p. 225. This locality does not seem probable, as the species occurs in the Philippines only. No recent publication about the Reptiles of the Sunda Islands enumerates S. phaenochalinus among the snakes of Java. 26. Oligodon Boie. (Bork, Isis, p. 519, 1827). Head short, not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; internasals present or absent. Maxillary teeth 6—8, posterior strongly enlarged; pterygoid toothless; palatines toothless or with two or three teeth. Body round, covered with smooth scales in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded or with an obtuse lateral keel. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia; Syria; Lower -Egypt. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A, Scales in 17 rows. I. Internasals present; anal entire. a. Two postoculars; subcaudals 30—46 ... 1. O. bitorguatus p. 128. 6. One postocular; subcaudals 52—62 .... 2. O. ¢rilineatus p. 129. II. Internasals absent; anal divided. ....... 3. O. durheimi p. 129. 128 &. Scales in 15 rows. I. Anal entire. a. Nasal divided. To) buternasalsain) cOntaCtmc sans ok aera 4. O. everetti p. 130. 2 internasalsmsepalale cn wau sumer iy eeers . 5. O. petronellae p. 131. GsyNasalgumdividedies se. tclouc f. ca erlo neuen: 6. O. propinguus p. 131. If. Anal divided. a. No internasals. 1. Nasal divided; two postoculars; sub- CANdalST IO. oon cc ce deekouremaeescgritow ch cok nee 7. O. pulcherrimus p. 132. 2. Nasal undivided; one postocular; sub- Caudal Sear | Akai port aa eee cme tae 8. O. praefrontalis p. 132. 6. A pair of internasals. 1. Nasal divided; subcaudals 54...... 9. O. vertebralis p. 133. 2. Nasal undivided or partly divided; sub- Caudals* SI — BB ono stork eMtee stele ees 10. O. waandersi p. 133. 1. Oligodon bitorquatus Boie. Oligodon bitorquatus, Boie, Isis 1827, p. 519. Oligodon bitorquatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, I] 1894, p. 237 (s. syn.). Rostral visible from above; nasal divided; suture between the internasals shorter than that between the praefrontals; — = ee ee JF Obbes,_ Fig. 53. Oligodon bitorguatus Boie. Nat. size. Side view of head; ventral shields. frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than 129 deep or absent; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2 or 2+ 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter almost twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 140—165; anal entire; subcaudals 30— 46. Purple or dark brown above, with small yellow or red spots; often a median series of larger spots; head with symmetrical dark markings and one or two yellowish bands, the posterior on the occiput. Lower surface red, with quadrangular or transverse black spots. Length of head and body 303 mm.; tail 67 mm. Habitat: Java (Gadok, Gunung Pengalengan 4000 feet and Tjisurupan, Batavia, Krawang!, Buitenzorg!, Mt. Salak, Mt. Gedeh 4500 feet, Tjibodas 1425 M., Gunung Ungaran!, Salatiga!, Ambarawa, Mt. Wilis 5000 feet, Kediri!, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Ambon? '). 2. Oligodon trilineatus (Dum. & Bibr.). Simotes trilineatus, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 636. Oligodon trilineatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 238. Rostral visible from above; nasal divided; suture between the internasals about as long as that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal more long than deep; one prae- and one postocular; temporals I + 2 or 2+ 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter almost twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 145—157; anal entire; subcaudals 52—62. Dark brown or black above; a yellow (red) vertebral stripe and a fine light line along each side; head yellowish-brown with dark oblique bands, not continuous on the crown. Lower surface blackish; a white line along each side. Length of head and body 250 mm.; tail 80 mm. Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Manindjau!). 3. Oligodon durheimi Baumann. Oligodon durheimi, Baumann, Zool. Jahrb. Syst. XXXIV 1913, p. 269, fig. C. Rostral visible from above; nasal divided; internasals absent; 1) A young specimen preserved in the British Museum. TNDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. 9 130 praefrontals large; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal more deep than long; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter more than twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 174; anal divided; subcaudals 41. Olive or brown above, with a median dark, black-edged band, widening on the nape and enclosing light, black-edged spots; neck with an oblique black spot on each side, beginning on the parietals; head with a dark crescent-shaped band, passing through the eyes and confluent on the frontal with the median band of the back. Lower surface yellow with black transverse spots; a median reddish longitudinal line, most distinct posteriorly, covering the greater part of the subcaudals. Length of head and body 314 mm.; tail 54 mm. Type-specimen received from the Bern Museum, examined. Habitat: Sumatra (Battak Highlands 800—1000 M.!). 4. Oligodon everetti Boulenger. Oligodon everetti, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 524; Cat. Sn. II 1894 Pp: 130);pl- 2d, hig. 1. Rostral visible from above; nasal divided; suture between the internasals shorter than that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small, more long than deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 138—154; anal entire; sub- caudals 46—65. Grey above, with three blackish-brown stripes, the median one three scales wide and enclosing small yellowish spots; head brown with two black bands, the anterior passing through the eyes, the posterior across the frontal. Lower surface coral- red, the ventrals with black outer ends. Length of head and body 300 mm.; tail 70 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Kina Balu!, Tandjong, Bandjermassin). 131 5. Oligodon petronellae Roux. Oligodon ornatus, Roux, Revue Suisse Zool. Vol. 22 1914, p. 29. Rostral large; nasal large, divided; internasals well developed, separated by the rostral, which is in contact with the prae- frontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 152; anal entire; subcaudals 19 + -?. Greyish-brown above, with dark brown markings, some of them bordered with light spots; a brown spot on the hind part of the parietals, divided into two parallel bands on the nape and along the back, which form posteriorly lozenge-shaped markings; about 21 of those markings, some bordered with white spots; head with a dark brown transverse band across the snout, a large spot on the frontal, another on the parietals and continued obliquely along each side of the neck; upper labials spotted with black. Lower surface brick-red, every second ventral with dark brown spots near the outer ends; tail almost entirely red below. Length of head and body 408 mm.; tail (broken) 42 mm. Type-specimen received from the Geneve Museum, examined. Habitat: Sumatra!. Note. Dr. JEAN ROUX of Basle had described this new species under the name of O. ornatus, when he became aware that this name was used already for a snake of Formosa (VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sc. III 1g10, p. 53). So at his request it has been changed into the one put above this description. 6. Oligodon propinquus Jan. Oligodon propinguus, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. II 1862, p. 38. Oligodon propinguus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 240. Rostral visible from above; nasal entire; suture between the internasals longer than that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal small, more long than deep; one prae- 133 and two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 140; anal entire; subcaudals 27. Black above, with yellow dots; a series of yellow spots along the back. Lower surface whitish. Length of head and body 245 mm.; tail 40 mm. (Not seen by me). Habitat: Java. 7. Oligodon pulcherrimus Werner. Oligodon pulcherrimus, Werner, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamb. XXVI_ 1909, Pe 227s. Rostral visible from above; nasal divided; no internasals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small, a little more long than deep; one prae- and two postoculars; a long anterior temporal with a second one under its posterior part; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in I5 rows; ventrals 179; anal divided; subcaudals 30. Brown above, with a dark longitudinal band beginning on the frontal, widening on the nape and enclosing 36 light brown, black-edged, hexagonal spots; sides bluish-grey, spotted with black and white near the ventrals; head brown with a dark brown crescent-shaped band between the eyes on the prae- frontals, supraoculars and frontal; an oblique band from the anterior part of the parietals to the corner of the mouth, con- tinued and widened on the neck; a dark spot on the rostral, below the nostril, below the eye and on the suture between the fifth and sixth upper labials. Lower surface yellow, the outer ends of the ventrals alternatively spotted with black and white; mental with a black spot and black posterior border; first lower labials edged with dark posteriorly; chin-shields and anterior ventrals spotted with black. Length of head and body 325 mm.; tail 42 mm. (After WERNER; not seen by me). Habitat: Sumatra (Pudang in district Bobangan). 8. Oligodon praefrontalis Werner. Oligodon praefrontalis, Werner, Mitt. Naturhist. Mus. Hamb. XXX 1913, p. 25. Rostral visible from above; nasal entire; no internasals; prae- 133 frontal fused with loreal and touching the second upper labial; one prae- and one postocular; temporals I + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 193; anal divided; subcaudals 37. Greyish-brown above, with a yellowish-brown median band, covering the vertebral row of scales and the next half. Lower surface yellowish-white; outer end of the ventrals alternatively light and dark. Length of head and body 210 mm.; tail 31 mm. (After WERNER; not seen by me). Habitat: Pulu Weh (Sabang). g. Oligodon vertebralis (Giinther). Simotes vertebralis, Giinther, Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XV 1865, p. 91. Oligodon vertebralis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 245, pl. XI, fig. 2. Rostral visible from above; nasal divided; suture between the internasals longer than that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small, square; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1-+2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter about twice as large as the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 154; anal divided; subcaudals 54. Brown above, with small yellow, black-edged spots, largest on the vertebral line; head yellowish, with two brown, black- edged bands, the anterior passing through the eyes; the posterior across the frontal. Lower surface yellowish; throat brown-spotted. Length of head and body 270 mm.; tail 75 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Kina Balu!, Bandjermassin!). 10. Oligodon waandersi (Bleeker). Rhabdion waandersi, Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. XXII 1860, p. $3. Oligodon waandersii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 245, pl. XI, fig. 3; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 221. Oligodon taeniurus, F, Miiller, Verh. Ges. Basel X 1894, p. 826. Rostral visible from above; nasal entire or partly divided; suture between the internasals as long as or longer than that between the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or shorter than the parietals; loreal small or absent; one prae- and two postoculars; tem- 134 porals 1 +2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 134—163; anal divided (very ra entire); subcaudals 21—28. Orange, red, brown or black above, with or without small yellow or orange, dark-edged spots, sometimes in pairs or forming transverse series; often a yellow collar; a yellow or reddish vertebral stripe posteriorly; head with a dark brown transverse band on the occiput; a dark oblique streak below the eye. Lower surface yellowish-white or pinkish, with or without grey dots or black spots; often a black stripe along the outer ends of the ventrals. Length of head and body 310 mm.; tail 45 mm. Nom. indig. Baluntete (Toradja-name). Habitat: Celebes (Pinogo in Bone Valley! (types on Oligodon taeniurus), Masarang, Tomohon, Rurukan, Minahassa, Posso!, Boni). 27. Elapoides Boie. (BotrE, Isis, p. 519, 1827). Head not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; nostril large, between two nasals, posterior nasal concave; praeocular absent, loreal and praefrontal entering the eye. Maxillary teeth about 20, small, equal; mandibular teeth about equal. Body round, slender, covered with lanceolate keeled scales, without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail long; sub- caudals in two rows. Distribution. Sumatra; Java. A single species. 1. Elapoides fuscus Bote. Elapoides fuscus, Boie, Isis 1827, p. 519. Elapoides fuscus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. 1 1893, p. 307. Snout short and broad, rounded; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; suture between the internasals as long as or shorter than that between the praefrontals; frontal as broad as long or more broad, shorter than the parietals; supra- ocular very small; no praeocular, loreal and praefrontal entering the eye; a small postocular; temporal narrow, long; six upper 135 labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth large; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as posterior. Scales in 15 rows, strongly keeled; ventrals 146—158; anal entire; subcaudals 74—91I. Dark brown above, or brown with yellow spots, or yellow anteriorly with a dark brown vertebral stripe and dark spots se agg AFObbes. Fig. 54. Llapoides fuscus Boie X 3/4. Side view of head. on each side, dark brown posteriorly. Lower surface yellow, brownish on the tail. Length of head and body 350 mm.; tail 120 mm. Habitat: Sumatra; Java (Buitenzorg!, Sindanglaia 5000 feet, Sukabumi!, Tjibodas, Mt. Wilis 5000 feet, Nongkodjadjar in Tengger Mts. 1300 M.!). A mountain form, not uncommon at an elevation of above 3000 feet. 28. Hydrablabes Boulenger. (BouLENGER, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) VII p. 343, 1891). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; nostril valvular, an oblique slit between two nasals; three pair of chin-shields. Maxillary teeth small, equal, about 18; mandi- bular teeth small, equal. Body long, round, covered with 136 smooth scales, without pits, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Borneo. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A, Scales in 17 rows; two praefrontals..... «4. . T. Ae pertapsmpamis os B. Scales in 15 rows; a single praefrontal...... 2. H. praefrontalis p. 137. 1. Hydrablabes periops (Giinther). Ablabes periops, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 595, fig. 3. Hydrablabes periops, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 296. Snout short and broad; rostral just visible from above; internasals not half as large as the praefrontals, usually in contact with the loreal; frontal more than twice as broad as Fig. 55. Wydrablabes periops (Gthr.). Nat. size. Side view of head. the supraocular, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep; two prae-, two post- and two or three suboculars; tem- porals 1+ 2; eight or nine upper labials, all separated from the eye; three pair of chin-shields, second largest and sepa- rating the third. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 190—209, the last divided; anal divided; subcaudals 62—74. 137 Olive-brown above, with a yellow streak along each side of the body anteriorly, sometimes indistinct; sides darker. Lower surface whitish, ventrals edged with black, subcaudals black, edged with white. Length of head and body 436 mm.; tail 95 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Matang, Landak!). 2. Hydrablabes praefrontalis (Mocq.). Ablabes periops var. praefrontalis, Mocquard, Le Natural. 1890, p. 154; Nouv. Arch, ius. (3) Il 1890, p. 137, pl. TX, fig. 1. Hydrablabes pracfrontalis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 297. Differing from the preceding species on the following points: Praefrontals fused into a single shield; scales in 15 rows; ventrals 178—-202; subcaudals 72. Olive-brown above, with a dark vertebral stripe, sometimes indistinct and two black dorso-lateral lines, broken up into spots posteriorly. Lower surface yellow, the outer edge of each ventral dark brown; subcaudals edged with brown; a dark median line along the tail. Length of head and body 346 mm.; tail 90 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Paris Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Kina Balu!). 29. Ablabes Dum. & Bibr. (DumEriL & Brsron, Erp. Gén. VII p. 304, 1854). Head not or scarcely distinct from neck; eye small or moderate; pupil round; nasal entire or divided; loreal present or absent. Maxillary teeth small, equal, 15—30; mandibular teeth about equal. Body round, slender, covered with smooth or feebly keeled scales without pits, in 13 to 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia; Japan. Key to the Indo-Australian species. | A. Scales in 15 rows. eae NOmLoveall- maSale SINGIGs 1 .austias2)c + heen Wa Ape rtCOloneDeelia S. peewion loreals;;) nasal divided. 2)... 01... + «1-1 wi 2. A. libertatis p. 138. B&B. Scales in 13 rows. PRU CAUC ALS AD —— 7/5 salle} ls) ite lente ley lol) lle) eiehlejie 3. A. baliodirus p. 139. Bees Caudals:1717—-TO3 . iiisis felts sie he, ot ce) als 4. A. longicauda p. 140. 138 1. Ablabes tricolor (Schlegel). Herpetodryas tricolor, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 187, pl. VI, fig. 16—18, Ablabes tricolor, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 281 (s. syn.). Snout long, depressed, two times as long as the diameter of the eye. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; nasal entire; internasals as long as or shorter than the prae- frontals, which are in contact with the second and third labials; no loreal; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals, not broader than the supra- ocular; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, smooth; ventrals 140—187; anal divided; subcaudals 103—137. Olive or greenish above; a black streak on each side of the head and anterior part of the body, passing through the eye; upper lip yellowish-white. Lower surface yellowish-white; a pale olive streak along each side of the belly. Length of head and body 340 mm.; tail 220 mm. Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Labuan, Deli, Asahan, Bunga Maas); Banka!; Java (Buitenzorg!, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Borneo (Matang, Montrado, Singkawang!, Pontianak). — Sin- gapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula. 2. Ablabes libertatis (Barbour). Liopeltis libertatis, Barbour, Proc, Biol. Soc. Wash. XXIII 1910, p. 169. Rostral as broad as deep, visible from above; nasal divided; internasals shorter than the praefrontals, which are in contact with the supraoculars; frontal a little longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, longer than the suture between the parietals, broader than the supraocular; two loreals, the anterior square, the posterior lower and narrower; one prae- and two postoculars, upper twice as large as lower; temporals 2+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye, seventh largest; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, smooth; ventrals 173; anal divided; subcaudals 109 (tip of tail broken). Uniform slate colour above, lighter below. Length of head and body? (After BARBOUR; not seen by me). Habitat: Java (Buitenzorg). 139 3. Ablabes baliodirus (Boie). Coronella baliodeira, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539. Ablabes baliodirus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 283. Liopeltis baliodirus, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv, Coll. XLIV EOu2 sp. LS. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; nasal divided; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small; one or two prae- and two postoculars; temporals I + 2; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or shorter than the posterior. Fig. 56. Adlabes baliodirus (Boie). Nat. size. Side view of head. Scales in 13 rows, smooth; ventrals 115—137; anal divided; subcaudals 42—75. Brown above, with or without small, black-edged, yellow spots; sometimes with blackish transverse bands or two series of large, alternate black spots anteriorly, or with two light, dark-edged streaks along the body and another on the nape; head sometimes yellowish; lips yellowish with black sutures. Lower surface yellowish or coral-red, the outer ends of the shields usually brown and sometimes with a black dot; lower part of tail sometimes with a black median line. Length of head and body 275 mm.; tail 125 mm. Habitat: Nias; Sumatra (Labuan, Deli!, Djambi!, Kerta- djaja in Palembang, Manindjau!, Indrapura, Padang); Natuna 140 Islands; Borneo (Kina Balu, Pangkalan ampat, Kuching, Saribas, Kidi district, Baram, Kutei); Java (Anjer, Pandeglang, Batavia, Buitenzorg, Salak, Sukabumi!, Ambarawa, Willis Mts. 5000 feet, Ngawi, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.). — Penang; Malay Peninsula. 4. Ablabes longicauda Peters. Ablabes longicaudus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 574. Diadophis bipunctatus, v. Lidth de Jeude, M. Weber’s Zoolog. Ergebn. I 1890, p. 184, pl. XVI, fig. 9. Ablabes longicauda, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, II 1894, p. 284. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; nasal divided; internasals as long as or shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small, sometimes confluent with the posterior nasal; one or two prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; eight (seven) upper labials, third to fifth (third and fourth) entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 110—122; anal divided; subcaudals 77—103. Dark brown or black above, with five orange longitudinal lines, disappearing on the posterior part of the body; the vertebral line beginning behind the nape, the dorso-laterals widening in front, descending obliquely with black borders towards the throat; a yellow chevron-shaped collar, pointing backwards, the point confluent with the vertebral line; the black of the head continued on the temple as a triangular spot; eye bordered with black; upper lip yellowish with a few black spots. Lower surface red, a brown spot at the outer end of each ventral. Length of head and body 260 mm.; tail 170 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Deli, Kaju tanam (type of Déadophis bipunctatus Lidth)!); Borneo (Rejang river, Mt. Batu song, Busau, Baram, Matang, Bidi, Kidi district in Sarawak!); Java (Suka- bumi!). — Penang; Malay Peninsula. 30. Oreocalamus Boulenger. (BOULENGER, Ann. Nat. Hist. (7) IV p. 452, 1899). Head not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; nostril between a nasal and the first upper labial; internasals present; i4t loreal present. Maxillary teeth about 10, nearly equal; mandi- bular teeth subequal. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; sub- caudals in two rows. Distribution. Borneo. A single species. 1. Oreocalamus hanitschi Boulenger. Oreocalamus Hanitschi, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (7) IV 1899, p. 452, figured in Journ. Straits Branch Asiat. Soc. 34, 1900 pl. I, fig. 3. Snout pointed; rostral as deep as broad, visible from above; internasals longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; nostril close to the rostral, between the nasal and the first labial; loreal more long than deep, wedged in below between the se-— cond and third labials; one prae- and one post- ocular; temporals 1 + 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye, seventh largest; four lower labials in contact with the ante- Fig. 57. Oreocalamus hanitschi Blgr. rior chin-shields; latter After a figure by BOULENGER published longer than the poste- yee rior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 127; anal entire; subcaudals 26. Blackish-brown above. Lower surface yellowish-white with a few scattered brown dots; outer ends of ventrals blackish; tail brown beneath with a dark median streak. Length of head and body 325 mm.; tail 50 mm. (After BOULENGER; not seen by me). Habitat: Borneo (Mt. Kina Balu 4200 feet). Only one specimen known. 31. Idiopholis Mocquard. (MocquarD, Le Naturaliste p. 35, 1892). Head not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil round; nostril between two scales; internasals small; an azygous shield “142 separating the internasals, present or absent; no supraocular; loreal, praeocular and anterior temporal absent. Maxillary teeth numerous, small and equal. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Borneo. Key to the IndosAustralian speeies A, A small shield separating the internasals; a broad yellowish collatipet Mo. isc «Peale sor eneie Samrat tel et ot nate 1. /. collaris p. 142. B,. No shield between the internasals; no yellow collar. . 2. /. everetti p. 142. 1. Idiopholis collaris Mocquard. Idiopholis collaris, Mocquard, Le Natural. 1892, p. 35; Mem. Soc. Zool. Fr, V TS92, p. LOT, pl. Vile hee. Idiopholis collaris, Boulenger, Cat, Sn. IL 1894, p. 327. Snout obtuse, short; rostral narrow, more deep than broad; frontal more broad than long, as long as the praefrontals, half as long as the parietals; internasals small, separated by a small shield; supra- oculars, loreals, prae- oculars and temporals absent; six upper labi- als, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest and in contact with the parietal; ante- Fig. 58. /diophatis collaris Mocq. rior chin-shields longer After MocqQuarp. : than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 127; anal entire; subcaudals 28. Dark brown above; a broad yellowish-white collar behind the parietals. Lower surface lighter brown. Total length 190 mm. (After MOCQUARD; not seen by me). Habitat: N. E. Borneo (Sebruang Valley). oN ae. > < a CHE < ap Me 2. Idiopholis everetti Shelford. Idiopholis Everetti, Shelford, Ann. Nat. Hist. (7) VIII 1901, p. 517. Snout obtuse, short; rostral narrow, more deep than broad; 143 frontal more broad than long, as long as the praefrontals, less than half as long as the parietals; internasals small; no azygous shield separating the latter; supraoculars, loreals, prae- oculars and temporals absent; two postoculars; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest, in contact with the parietal; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter slightly longer than the poste- rior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 133; anal entire; subcaudals 25. Uniformly dark bluish grey; head and neck slightly paler below. Length of head and body 137 mm.; tail 18 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: N. Borneo (Sawa!). 32. Agrophis F. Miller. (F. MULLER, Verh. Natur. Ges. Basel X p. 827, 1894). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil round; nostril between two nasals, the anterior nasal very small; praeocular and temporals absent; loreal and praefrontal entering the eye; internasals and supraoculars very small. Maxillary teeth 14, about equal; mandibular teeth decreasing in size posteriorly. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; sub- caudals in two rows. Distribution. Borneo; Celebes. Key to the _Indo-Australian species. A. Five upper labials. I, Ventrals 139—164; subcaudals 36—q40 .... 1. A. sarasinorum p. 143. liitevientrals 163': subcaudals 26). .°. . 3... 5+ 2. A, saravacensis p. 144. &. Six upper labials; ventrals 141; subcaudals 43 . 3. A. albonuchalis p. 144. 1. Agrophis sarasinorum F. Miiller. Agrophis sarasinorum, F, Miiller, op. cit., with text-fig. Agrophis sarasinorum, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 222, pl. XIII, fig. 1. Snout long, obtusely pointed; rostral large, visible from above; internasals small; praefrontals twice as long as the nasals; frontal large, rhomboidal, as long as its distance from the tip of, the snout, shorter than the parietals; supraocular very small; no praeocular; loreal and praefrontal entering the eye; postocular minute; five upper labials, third and fourth 144 entering the eye, fifth largest; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; mental not quite touching the anterior chin-shields; latter slightly shorter than the posterior. Scales in 1I5 rows; ventrals 139—164; anal entire; subcaudals 36—g0. Tail pointed. Blackish-brown above, iri- descent. Lower surface whitish, the shields darker at the base. Length of head and body 190 mm.; Fig. 59. Agrophis sarasinorum tail 45 mm. F. Miiller. After BOULENGER. Habitat: Celebes (Sudara Vol- cano 4450 feet, Lokon Volcano 5150 feet, Masarang Volcano 4000 feet!). 2. Agrophis saravacensis Shelford. Agrophis saravacensis, Shelford, Ann. Nat. Hist. (7) VIII 1901, p. 516. Snout obtusely pointed; rostral large; praefrontals large, nearly as long as the frontal; latter large, rhomboidal, shorter than the parietals; supraocular and postocular very small; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; three lower labials in contact with the latter, which are longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 113; anal entire; sub- caudals 26. Tail pointed. Dark brown, iridescent; a red blotch on each side of the head just above the angle of the jaw, and an irregular red band on the neck. Length of head and body 120 mm.; tail 22 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Kuching in Sarawak!). Only one specimen known. 3. Agrophis albonuchalis (Giinther). Geophis albonuchalis, Giinther, Ann, Nat. Hist. (6) XVII 1896, p. 229. Asrophis albonuchalis, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 222. Snout pointed; internasals triangular, one fourth as large as the praefrontals, which enter the orbit; frontal large, more broad than long, pressing back the supraocular to the postero- 145 superior angle of the orbit; parietals as large as the anterior shields together; postocular minute; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter much longer than the posterior; fifth lower labial long and narrow. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 141; anal entire; subcaudals 43. Tail pointed. Deep black, with a broad, white collar, covering half of the occipitals and the neck. Length of head and body 196 mm.; tail 41 mm. (After GUNTHER; not seen by me). Habitat: Borneo (Baram in Sarawak). 33. Rhabdophidium Boulenger. (BOULENGER, Cat. Sn. II p. 328, 1894). Head not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; nostril in a small nasal, which is in contact with or separated from the praeocular; internasals present; temporals absent. Maxil- lary teeth 10—12, about equal; mandibular teeth subequal. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Celebes. A single species. 1. Rhabdophidium forsteni (Dum. & Bibr.). Rhabdion forsteni, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 116. Rhabdophidium forsteni, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 328. Snout pointed; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals, about twice as broad as the supraocular; praeocular large, reaching the nasal or separated from it; one postocular ; five or six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest and in contact with the parietal; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 137—160; anal entire; subcaudals 21—34. Uniformly blackish above; upper lip pale brown or yellowish. Lower surface yellowish-white or brown, with or without a black median streak along the tail. Young specimens with INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. fe) 146 yellow variegations. Length of head and body 390 mm.; tail 80 mm. JF Obbes See Fig. 60. Rhabdophidium forsteni (D. & B.) X 3/4. Side view of head. Habitat: Celebes! (Tomohon!, Rurukan). 34. Pseudorhabdium Jan. (Jan. Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. II p. 10, 1862). Head not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; nasal very small; internasals small; loreal absent; praeocular small or absent; temporals absent; the parietals in contact with the labials. Maxillary teeth to—12, equal; anterior mandibular teeth longer than posterior. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Malay Peninsula and Archipelago; Philippines. A single species in the Indo-Australian region. 1. Pseudorhabdium longiceps (Cant.). Calamaria longiceps, Cantor, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal XVI 1847, p. 910, pl. 40, fig. 1. Pseudorhabdium longicejs, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 329. Snout pointed; rostral small, as deep as broad, visible from above; internasals small; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals, more than twice as broad as the supraocular; praeocular small 147 or absent; one postocular; no temporals; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter in contact with three lower labials and about twice as large as the posterior. Tail pointed. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 129 —146; anal entire; subcaudals 10—28. Brown or black above, iridescent; a yellow collar sometimes present and a yellow vertical spot above the angle of the Fig. 61. Pseudorhabdium longiceps (Cant.), Nat. size. Side view of head. mouth. Lower surface dark brown, ventrals and outer scales with pale brown posterior border. Length of head and body 195 mm.; tail 35 mm. Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Deli!, Langkat, Indragiri, Sing- karah!, Gunung Sahilan!, Ajerbangis!); Borneo (Sarawak, Kuching, Penrissen Road, Simanggang, Sebruang Valley, Pon- tianak); Celebes (Macassar!). — Philippines; Malay Peninsula; Penang; Singapore. 35. Brachyorrhus Bote. (Borg, Isis, p. 519, 1827). Head not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil vertically elliptic; nasal small, single or divided; internasals sometimes fused; loreal absent; praeocular present or absent. Maxillary teeth 20—22, equal; posterior mandibular teeth shortest. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 17 or Ig rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Java; Timor; Moluccas; New Guinea. A single species. 148 1. Brachyorrhus albus (L.). Coluber albus, Linné, Mus, Ad, Frid. 1754, p. 24, pl. XIV, fig. 2. Brachyorrhus albus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. I 1893, p. 305 (s. syn.). Snout obtusely pointed; rostral as deep as broad, visible from above; internasals as long as or shorter than the prae- frontals, sometimes fused; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals, much broader than the supraocular; praeocular distinct or fused with the praefrontal; two postoculars; temporals I + 2 or 2+ 3; six or seven upper labials, third or fourth or third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the single pair of (] OS V, © e ee, Ore, OS —————[— SSS ; JT Obbes, —eeee ie Fig. 62. Brachyorrhus albus (.) X 1/9. Side view of head. chin-shields. Scales in 17 or 19 rows; ventrals 146—182; anal divided (rarely entire); subcaudals 20—46. Uniformly brown above; lower parts yellowish. Young speci- mens with an interrupted yellow band across the occiput; a brown median streak or series of spots along the belly and tail. Length of head and body 672 mm.; tail 87 mm. Habitat: Java!; Borneo!; Timor!; Ternate; Halmahera!; Batjan!; Ceram!; Ambon!; Buru!; Haruku!; Banda; Aru Islands; New Guinea (Jobi, Amberbaki, Andai, Mt. Arfak). 36. Calamorhabdium Bottger. (BOTTGER, Katalog. Rept.-Samml. Mus. Senckenb. II p. 82, 1898). Head not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; nostril between the nasal and the first upper labial; internasals, loreal, 149 praeocular and temporals absent. Maxillary teeth 13, about equal; mandibular teeth subequal. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short, with an obtuse point; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Batjan. A single species. 1. Calamorhabdium kikenthali Bottger. Calamorhabdium kuekenthal, Bottger, Katalog. Rept. Samml. Mus, Senckenb. II 1898, p. 82; Abh. Senckenb. Ges. XXV_ 1900, p. 360, Taf. XV, fig. 7. Snout pointed; rostral much more deep than broad, visible from above, separating the nasals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; inter- nasals and praeocular absent; post- ocular small; temporais absent; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter in contact with three lower labials, longer than the posterior, which are in contact anteriorly. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 125—140; anal entire; subcaudals 10—I7. Blackish-grey above, iridescent; the scales of the flanks with whitish centre; Fig, 63. Calamorhabdium lips whitish; a broad, indistinctly bor- hitkenthali Bttgr. dered, whitish collar, interrupted in After BOTTGER. the middle. Lower surface whitish with blackish square spots and black posterior borders of the scales; a median black line along the tail. Length of head and body 195 mm.; tail 10 mm. (After BOTTGER; not seen by me). Habitat: Batjan. 37. Calamaria Boie. (Bork, in Férussac, Bull. Sc. Nat. IX p. 236, 1826). Head not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; nasal very small; internasals and loreal absent; praeocular present or absent; temporals absent, parietals in contact with the labials. Maxillary teeth 8—11, about equal; anterior mandibular teeth longer than posterior. Body round, covered with smooth 150 scales without pits, in 13 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. From Assam and Burma to the Moluccas. Small, gentle snakes, living on the ground under stones and fallen trees; feeding on insects and worms. Nom. Indig. Oraj surapari (Sund.). Key to the Indo-Australian species. A, Less than 300 ventrals. I. Five or six upper labials. AA. Frontal more long than broad. 1. Mental in contact with the chin-shields. z, Frontal not twice so broad as the supraocular. + Rostral more broad than deep. aa, Diameter of the eye less than its distance from the mouth; ven- trals 177—217; subcaudals WORRY Co dg OBO Od oc 1. C. lumbricoidea p. 153. 46. Diameter of the eye equal to its distance from the mouth; ven- trals 147—210; subcaudals Ue" Oln! Gn Shion co) DPOMON Geog. pac 2. C. vermiformis p. 153. cc. Diameter of the eye more than its distance from the mouth. Frontal shorter than the pa- rietals; uniformly brown or olive above; subcaudals 22—23 3. C. stahlknechti p. 154. <> Frontal shorter than the pa- rietals; 6 whitish streaks on the body; subcaudals 19—21. 4. C. indragirica p. 154. <>< Frontal as long as the parie- tals; subcaudals 28 ..... 5. C. baluensis p. 155. +t Rostral as broad as deep. aa, Frontal as long as the parietals. 1. Frontal one time and two thirds as long as broad; ventrals 187; subcaudals 20—22 ...... 6. C. grabowskyi p. 155. 2. Frontal one time and one third as long as broad; ventrals 149—165; subcaudals 12—19. 7. C. margaritophora p. 156. do. Frontal shorter than the parie- tals; ventrals 126—144; subcau- dalst2—=3 Oi tneaeh owen onan ueee 8. C. prakkei p. 156. 151 3. Frontal at least twice as broad as the supra- ocular. + Frontal as long as the parietals....... {} Frontal shorter than the parietals, aa. Rostral more broad than deep. 1. Ventrals 129—176; subcaudals 12—31. < Diameter of the eye equals its distance from the mouth. © Frontal more than twice as broad asisupraoccilag 3. aisles sin - ©O Frontal twice as broad as supra- ocular; six white vertical spots on each side of the body anteriorly. <> Diameter of the eye one time and one third its distance from the aeVOTI OS: Hoc Soro CG Choy oy Ge cua. bec 2. Ventrals 211—235; subcaudals 1o—13. 46. Rostral as broad as deep. 1. Frontal four times as broad as the supraocular; ventrals 156—179; sub- CANIN SieI AOA, cay a a) «Sel i, 0 Robes et ats 2. Frontal twice as broad as the supra- ocular. < Subcaudals white, 14; ventrals 154. <> Subcaudals 11—21, with two white bands, enclosing a dark one; ventrals IO LOgee ae seevseatse cit sies o 2. First lower labial in contact with its fellow. a. A praeocular; a postocular. > Frontal not more than twice as broad as the supraocular, + Diameter of the eye much more than its distance from™the mouth). 295-32. & {+ Diameter of the eye not more than its distance from the mouth. dias INOPM GIGI 3 G4 6 0 5 0 0-8 Goole oho 46, Anal entire. © First and second labials subequal. 1. Ventrals 151—200; subcaudals MESA GGG. 1 Baybety 6 Maite, 9 1c 2. Ventrals 123—146; subcaudals Feed. Soke pt So rok, ons ©© Second labial larger than first. g. C. nuchalis p. 157. Il. 12i ee 14. 16. 17. 18. . Sumatrana p. 157. . elegans p. 158. . stmalurensis p. 159. . gracilis p. 159. . acutirostris p. 160. . curta p. 160. . millert p. 161. . everetti p. 161. . occipitalis p. 162. . virgulata p. 162. . lautensis p. 163. 152 I. Rostral almost as broad as deep; 133—I51; ele) 6 eee” 0; Tey le, a wie, One Ae ventrals subcaudals 2. Rostral as broad as deep; ventrals L7Osestibcaudalss 261, a0 eee eee 3. Rostral slightly more broad than deep; ventrals 247; subcaudals 14. <>< Frontal more than twice as broad as the supraocular. 1. Ventrals 143—152; subcaudals 24—29. 2. Ventrals 147—155; subcaudals 23... . 3. Ventrals 154; subcaudals 10 4. Ventrals 182—210; subcaudals 9—19. . 5. Ventrals 232—265; subcaudals 1o—30. 6, A praeocular; no postocular c. A praeocular; two postoculars @. No praeocular. 1. Ventrals 142; subcaudals 29; uniform yel- Lowashiiilerion lyin. ici ncn le nomtlsttoll mete 2. Ventrals 150—152; subcaudals 22—23; tail with a dark median streak below...... 3. Ventrals 187194; subcaudals 14—16; ven- trals with blackish spots on their outer ends. BB. Frontal as broad as long. } First lower labial in contact with its fellow. aa, Rostral as broad as deep; ventrals 157; Tis feis its Pie JSR a, A ee Sere. 4 66, Rostral more broad than deep. I. Praeocular present; ventrals 136—171; subcaudals) Lo— 45) .s cece Seco ns 2.No praeocular; ventrals 135—174; sub- Caudals 320 ——9S0. cee emia eteteaitcn teen cc. Rostral more deep than broad. 1. Ventrals 140; subcaudals 27 2. Ventrals 164; subcaudals 22....... +t Mental in contact with the chin-shields, 1. Praeocular ventrals caudals 22 present; 170; 2. No praeocular; ventrals 138; subcaudals 33. II. Four upper labials, second and third entering the eye. a. Frontal more long than broad. + Mental in contact with the chin-shields. 21. C. leucogaster p. 164. 22. C. guinguetaeniata p. 164. ey 24. 25. 26. 2 28. 29. 30. a1: 33: 34. 35. C. . bungaroides p. albopunctata p. 165. . bicolor p. 165. . brooket p. 166. sondaica p. 166. brachyura p. 167. . collaris p. 167. . lateralis p. 168. . beccarii p. 168. . rebentischi p. 169. . ceramensis p. 169. . mecheli p. 169. . picteti p. 170. . leucocephala p. 171. . agamensis p. 171. . semiannulata p. 172. doderleini p. 172. 173: . schlegeli p. 173. 153 > Praeocular present. 1. Tail obtuse; ventrals 135—163; StibcattdalsQ—— 23.9 eu sects vourer i+ sarc 41. C. linnaei p. 174. 2. Tail obtuse; ventrals 152—192; Subeavdals: 0722s. wmee ne) -mcelss 42. C. borneensis p. 175. 3. Tail with a sharp point; ventrals 145—154; subcaudals 17--20.. . 43. C. benjaminsi p. 175. > No praeocular; ventrals 158—181; Sulcaudals® 15—-I7/ean so. sh cael eau: 44. C. javanica p. 176. +} First lower labial in contact with its fel- low; ventrals 133—182; subcaudals 9—27. 45. C. pavimentata p. 176. 6. Frontal as broad as long; mental in contact with the chin-shields; ventrals 133 —182; melanota ~p. 177. lowi p. 177. Sibeaudals 16—24. ... 625 00 es 46. Ill. Four upper labials, third entering the eye. 47. >) ZB. More than 300 ventrals; no postocular..... 48. C. gracillima p. 178. 1. Calamaria lumbricoidea Boie. Calamaria lumbricoidea, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 540. Calamaria variabilis, v. Lidth de Jeude, in M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn. 1890, Paetoseepl. “VI. fig. 8. Calamaria lumbricoidea, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 333. Diameter of the eye shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; frontal more long than broad, shorter than the parietals, not twice so broad as the supraocular; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, the four anterior about equal, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 177—217; anal entire; subcaudals 16—23. Tail ending in a point. Dark brown above, with or without a yellowish band across the parietals. Lower surface whitish; tail usually with a median dark brown streak. Length of head and body 385 mm.; tail 35 mm. ‘Habitat: Nias; Sumatra!; Java! (Batavia, Buitenzorg, Tjibodas 1425 M., Volcano Tjisurupan); Celebes (Manado!). 2. Calamaria vermiformis Dum. & Bibr. Calamaria vermiformis, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gen. VII 1854, p. 85. Calamaria vermiformis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 333 (s. syn.). Diameter of eye equal to its distance from the mouth; rostral 154 a little more broad than deep, visible from above; frontal more long than broad, not twice so broad as the supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five or six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields in contact or separated. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 147—2I10; anal entire; subcaudals 15—26. Tail ending in a point. Dark brown or black above, head often entirely or partially yellow; body sometimes with yellow transverse bars or series of spots; a lateral streak along the two outer rows of scales sometimes yellowish. Lower surface yellowish, with or without large transverse black spots or bands. Length of head and body 377 mm.; tail 33 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan, Medan!, Langkat, Raja Mts., Battak Highlands 800— 1000 M., Fort de Kock!, Kaju tanam!, Padang); Natuna Islands; Borneo (Kina Balu!, Bongon, Mt. Batu song, Baram, Kuching, Matang, Tandjong); Java! (Volcano Tjisurupan, Sukabumi!); Ternate. —- Malay Peninsula. 3. Calamaria stahlknechti Stol. Calamaria stahlknechti, Stoliczka, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. XLII 1873, p. 119, pl. XI, fig. 2. Calamaria stahlknechtit, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 335. Diameter of eye greater than its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; frontal more long than broad, not twice so broad as the supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields separated. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 147—163; anal entire; subcaudals 22—23. Tail ending in a point. Brown or olive above; a yellowish collar, interrupted in the middle; yellow or red below, with or without black transverse spots or bands. Length of head and body 241 mm.; tail 24 mm. Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra. 4. Calamaria indragirica Schenkel. Calamaria indragirica, Schenkel, Verh. Ges. Basel XIII 1901, p. 164. Diameter of eye about one time and a half as large as its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep, visible 155 from above; frontal one time and a half as long as broad, not quite twice so broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth much larger than the others; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 149; anal entire; subcaudals 19g—2r1. Blackish above, with 6 white streaks, two superior beginning behind the head to the base of the tail, running between the fifth and sixth rows of scales; the middle one only distinct on the neck; the lower along the outer row of scales, bordered below by a black band. Lower surface yellowish; tail with a black median line. Length of head and body 137 mm.; tail 11 mm. One of the type-specimens received from the Basle Museum, examined. Habitat: Sumatra (Indragiri)). 5. Calamaria baluensis Boulenger. Calamaria baluensis, Boulenger, Proc, Zool. Soc. 1893, p. 524; Cat. Sn. II 1894, Besos pl. MVIT, fig. 1. Diameter of the eye much greater than its distance from the mouth; rostral slightly more broad than deep, visible from above; frontal nearly twice as long as broad, not twice so broad as a supraocular, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 175—-206; anal entire; subcaudals 24—209. Tail ending in a point. Brown above, with small black spots; an interrupted black streak along each side of the head and neck, passing through the eye; upper lip white. Lower surface white, with three longitudinal series of small black spots, or ventrals black at the base; a dark median line along the tail. Length of head and body 307 mm.; tail 33 mm. Habitat: N. Borneo (Kina Balu!, Saiap on Kina Balu). 6. Calamaria grabowskyi Fischer. Calamaria grabowskyi, Fischer, Arch, f. Nat. 1885, p. 50, pl. IV, fig. 1. Calamaria grabowskii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Il 1894, p. 336. Diameter of the eye greater than its distance from the mouth; 156 rostral almost as deep as broad; frontal one time and two thirds as long as broad, not twice so broad as a supraocular, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental and three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact with each other. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 187; anal entire; subcaudals 20—22. Tail ending in a point. Brown above, with small black spots; an interrupted dark lateral line anteriorly; outer row of scales black, white-edged, or with a white terminal spot. Lower surface black, the ventrals edged with white; tail with a black median line. Length of head and body 398 mm.; tail 32 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Kina Balu!, Telang Tameanglayang in 5S. EE. ‘Borneo!); 7. Calamaria margaritophora Bleeker. Calamaria margaritophora, Bleeker, Nat, Tijdschr. Ned, Ind. XXI 1860, p. 294. Calamaria margaritifera, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 336, pl. XVII, fig. 2. Diameter of the eye equal to its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal more long than broad, not twice so broad as a supraocular, nearly as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental and three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior ones in contact or separated. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 149—165; anal entire; subcaudals 12—19. Tail ending in a point. Brown above, with longitudinal black lines or series of spots; outer row of scales with yellowish spots; head black above; a yellow vertical bar at the base of the tail. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body 267 mm.; tail 13 mm. One of the type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Sumatra; Java. 8. Calamaria prakkei Lidth. Calamaria Prakkei, v. Lidth de Jeude, Notes Leiden Mus. XV 1893, p. 252. Calamaria prakkii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 337. Diameter of the eye equal to its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal one time and a half as long 157 as broad, not twice so broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 126—144; anal entire; subcaudals 25—30. Tail obtuse, with a conical scale at the end. Dark brown above, with bluish gloss; scales of outer row with a light spot; sometimes indistinct black longitudinal lines on the back; an indication of a light collar present or absent; four anterior upper labials white, with dark sutures. Lower surface yellow, with or without small dark spots; tail with a median black line. Length of head and body 220 mm; tail 40mm. Type-specimens examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Sandakan Bay!). g. Calamaria nuchalis Boulenger. Calamaria nuchalis, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVIII 1896, p. 62; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, pl. XIII, fig. 3. Diameter of the eye greater than its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep; frontal one time and two thirds as long as broad, three times as broad as a supra- ocular, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental and three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 135; anal entire; subcaudals 16. Tail ending in an obtuse point. Dark brown above, with small round black spots; a black lateral streak along the second row of scales, outer row white; head dark brown, speckled with black; nape yellowish, with two large black blotches; tail with three or four yellow blotches on each side. Lower surface white, each ventral with a black dot at the outer end; subcaudals white, a black median line posteriorly. Length of head and body 165 mm.; tail 15 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: S. Celebes 2000 feet!. 10. Calamaria sumatrana Edeling. Calamaria sumatrana, Edeling, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. XXXI 1870, p. 379. Calamaria sumatrana, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 339. Diameter of the eye equals its distance from the mouth; 158 rostral slightly more broad than deep; frontal more long than broad, more than twice as broad as a supraocular, slightly shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 129—176; anal entire; subcaudals 12—31. Tail ending in a point. Dark brown or reddish above, with five black longitudinal lines or series of spots; scales of the outer row with a white spot; nape with a yellow collar, sometimes interrupted in the middle; sometimes a yellow marking at the base of the tail. Lower surface yellowish; a black median line along the tail. Length of head and body 253 mm.; tail 12 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Medan!, Langkat, Gunung Sahilan!); Borneo (Kutei); Java (Sindanglaia in Preanger). — Singapore. 11. Calamaria elegans n. sp. Diameter of the eye equals its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep; frontal more long than broad, twice as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and Fig. 64. Calamaria elegans n. sp. Chin-shields. & 21/5. fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 133; anal entire; subcaudals 27. Tail ending in a point. Brown above, with black spots in longitudinal series; outer row of scales with white spots, on the neck and anterior part of body six vertical white spots on each side. Lower surface yellow, each shield with a small brown spot on the outer 159 ends; a dark median line along the tail. Length of head and body 167 mm.; tail 26 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Amsterdam Museum. Habitat: Simalur—W. off Sumatra! 12. Calamaria simalurensis n. sp. Diameter of the eye one time and one third its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep; frontal more long than broad, twice as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 136; anal entire; subcaudals 27. Tail ending in a point. Dark brown above, with Fig. 65. Calamaria simalurensis n. sp. black spots in longitudinal Chin-shields. 31/. series; outer row of scales with white spots, an indistinct narrow yellow collar on the nape, broadening on the sides. Lower surface yellow, each ventral (except the g anterior) and subcaudal with a dark brown triangular spot on the outer end. Length of head and body 229 mm.; tail 34 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Amsterdam Museum. Habitat: Simalur—W. off Sumatra! 13. Calamaria gracilis Boulenger. Calamaria gracilis, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVIII 1896, p. 63; Proc, Zool. Soc. 1897, pl. XIV, fig. 3. Diameter of the eye equals its distance from the mouth; rostral slightly more broad than deep; frontal one time and a half as long as broad, twice as broad as a supraocular, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental and three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 160 211—235; anal entire; ‘subcaudals 10—13. Tail rounded at the end. Grey-brown above, with small black spots; outer row of scales white, black at the base. Lower surface white, the outer edge of the ventrals black, and a continuous or interrupted median series of small black spots. Young specimens with interrupted yellowish collars. Length of head and body 312 mm.; tail 8 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: S. Celebes (Bonthain Peak 6000 feet!, Bua Praeng). 14. Calamaria acutirostris Boulenger. Calamaria acutirostris, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVII 1866, p. 394; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, pl. XIII, fig. 2. Snout pointed; diameter of the eye hardly equals its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal as long as broad or a little more long, four times as broad as a supra- ocular, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental and three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields smaller and separated bya scale. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 156—179; anal entire; sub- caudals 14—24. Tail ending in a point. Blackish-brown above; white below. Length of head and body 207 mm.; tail 43 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: S. Celebes (Loka-Bonthain Peak 3500 feet!, Bua Praeng). 15. Calamaria curta Boulenger. Calamaria curta, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVIII 1896, p. 62; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, pl. XIV, fig. 2. Diameter of the eye greater than its distance from the mouth; rostral almost as deep as broad; frontal one time and two thirds as long as broad, twice as broad as a supraocular, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental and three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 154; anal entire; subcaudals 14. Tail ending in a point. 161 Olive-brown above, each scale with a black spot at the base ; two outer rows of scales white, also black at the base; head dark brown with indistinct black variegations. Lower surface black, with white borders to the ventrals; subcaudals white. Length of head and body 300 mm.; tail 15 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: S. Celebes 2000 feet!. 16. Calamaria miilleri Boulenger. Calamaria Muelleri, Boulenger, Ann, Nat. Hist. (6) XVII 1896, p. 394; Proc. Zool, Soc. 1897, pl. XIV, fig. 1. Diameter of the eye greater than its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal much more long than broad, twice as broad as a supraocular, as long as or slightly shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one post- ocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental and three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields shorter, both pairs in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 130—187; anal entire; subcaudals 11—21. Tail ending in a point. Dark brown above, uniform or spotted with black, reddish- brown or brick-red, the scales speckled and edged with black; a black streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye; upper lip white. Lower surface white, the ventrals spotted with black or edged with black or with vermilion or with a lateral series of black spots; a black or red band between two white ones along the tail below. Length of head and body 215 mm.; tail 20 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Celebes (Loka-Bonthain Peak 3500 feet!, Indru- laman 2000 feet, Bua Praeng, Luhu 1700 feet, between Lake Posso and Tomini gulf, Macassar?). The specimens from Macassar referred by A. B. MEYER to Calamaria gervaisii will probably be found to belong to C. miilleri (BOULENGER, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897). 17. Calamaria everetti Boulenger. Calamaria everetti, Boulenger, Proc, Zool, Soc. 1893, p. 5253 Cat. Sn. Il 1894, pig40, plo wXVITI. fig. ©, 2. Diameter of the eye much longer than its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep; frontal one time and INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. II 162 a half as long as broad, not twice so broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 144—184; anal entire; subcaudals 16—24. Tail ending in a point. Brown above, with longitudinal series of darker spots, forming two lines along each side; scales of outer row white with dark brown borders; head brown, with dark spots; sometimes a yellow collar. Lower surface yellowish, uniform or with a median series of black dots; a dark line along the tail usually present. Length of head and body 312 mm.; tail 18 mm. Habitat: Mentawei Islands (Siberut!); Borneo (Pangkalan ampat, Baram!, Sarawak). — Palawan!. 18. Calamaria occipitalis Jan. Calamaria occipitalis, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. II 1862, p. 9. Calamaria occipitalis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, II 1894, p. 342. Diameter of the eye shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral much more broad than deep; frontal more long than broad, one time and a half as broad as a supraocular, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 177—179; anal divided; subcaudals 20—21. Tail ending in a point. Blackish above; two outer series of scales whitish; upper lip and a band across the occiput whitish. Lower surface whitish; a black median line along the tail. Length of head and body 460 mm.; tail 40 mm. (Not seen by me). Habitat: Java. Ig. Calamaria virgulata Boie. Calamaria virgulata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 540. Calamaria bogorensis, v. Lidth de Jeude, M. Weber, Zool. Ergebn. I 1890, p. 182. Calamaria virgulata, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 340 (s. syn.). Diameter of the eye equal to its distance from the mouth; rostral almost as deep as broad; frontal more long than broad, twice as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; 163 one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Seales in 13 rows; ventrals 151—200; anal entire; subcaudals 15—30. Tail obtuse. Dark brown or black above, with or without yellowish or small black spots, or yellow with brown spots. Lower surface black, uniform or with yellow markings, or yellow with black outer ends to the ventrals. Length of head and body 410 mm.; tail 30 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Mt. Singalang, Fort de Kock); Java (Buitenzorg! (types of C. dogorenszs), Sindanglaia 3500—4500 feet, Pengalengan 4000 feet, Volcano Tjisurupan, Tjibodas 1425 M., Rarahan); Celebes (Manado, Lake Posso). 20. Calamaria lautensis n. sp. Diameter of the eye equals its distance from the mouth; rostral about as broad as deep; frontal more long than broad, twice as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its Fig. 66. Calamaria lautensis n.sp. Chin-shields. 31/g. fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 123—146; anal entire; subcaudals 24—-27. Tail ending in a point. Brown or greyish above, with small darker spots; on the nape two or three white vertical spots, sometimes indistinct; a white streak on the posterior labials; outer row of scales with white spots. Lower surface yellow, each shield with a 164 small dark spot on the outer ends; a broad dark median line along the tail. Length of head and body 245 mm.; tail 33 mm. Type-specimens examined in the Amsterdam Museum. Habitat: Simalur!; Cocos Islands (Pulu si Laut N.W. off Simalur!). 21. Calamaria leucogaster Bleeker. Calamaria leucogaster, Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. XXI, 1860, p. 293. Calamaria leucogdster, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 341. Snout pointed; diameter of the eye equal to its distance from the mouth; rostral almost as deep as broad; frontal more long than broad, about twice as broad asa supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five or six upper labials, second larger than the first or third, third and fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 133—151; anal entire; subcaudals 12—23. Tail ending in a point. Brown or purplish above, with eight dark longitudinal lines or traces of lines; nape blackish, followed by a yellow collar; upper lip yellow; a dark streak behind the eye; tail with two dark transverse spots. Lower surface uniformly yellow. Length of head and body 187 mm.; tail 13 mm. One of the type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Sumatra (Ampatlawang!, Battak Highlands 800—1000 M.); Borneo (Kina Balu, Kuching, Matang, Sara- wak!, Labuan). 22. Calamaria quinquetaeniata Despax. Calamaria quinguetaeniata, Despax, Bull. Mus. d’ Hist. Nat. 1912, p. 6. Diameter of the eye two thirds its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal more long than broad, twice as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, second larger than first, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth very large; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; posterior chin-shields separated posteriorly by a scale. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 178; subcaudals 26. Tail obtuse. Pale brown above, with five bluish-black iridescent longi- 165 tudinal bands; on each side behind the head a yellowish spot, interrupting the lateral bands; two yellowish spots on the tail, the anterior on the base and a median dark line. Lower surface yellowish-white, each ventral and subcaudal with a black spot on the outer ends; a dark median line along the tail. Length of head and body 228 mm.; tail 27 mm. (After DESPAX; not seen by me). Habitat: Dutch East Indies. 23. Calamaria albopunctata Barbour. Calamaria albopunctata, Barbour, Bull, Mus. Zool, Cambr. LI 1907/08, p. 319. Diameter of the eye shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral a little more broad than deep; frontal more long than broad, less than twice as broad as a supraocular, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, second and fifth largest, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 247; anal entire; subcaudals 14. Tail ending bluntly. Dark brown above; two outer rows of scales with light centres; a light band on the occiput. Lower surface yellow with a few dusky markings; a blackish median line along the tail. Length of head and body? (After BARBOUR; not seen by me). Habitat: Dutch East Indies. 24. Calamaria bicolor Dum. & Bibr. Calamaria bicolor, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 78. Calamaria bicolor, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 342. Diameter of the eye a little shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal more long than broad, about three times as broad as a supraocular, almost as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin- shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 143—152; anal entire; subcaudals 24—-29. Tail ending in a point. Black above; two outer rows of scales whitish; upper lip whitish. Lower surface whitish; tail with or without a black median line. Length of head and body 318 mm.; tail 57 mm. 166 Habitat: Borneo (Kina Balu!, Paku in Upper Sarawak, Singkawang). 25. Calamaria brookei Boulenger. Calamaria brookii, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XV 1895, p. 329; Cat. Sn. IIl 1896, p. 647. Diameter of the eye equals its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal one time and one fourth as long as broad, three times as broad as a supraocular, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 147—155; anal entire; subcaudals 23. Tail obtusely pointed. Yellowish-brown above, with five black stripes, the middle one broadest, covering one scale and two halves; outer row of scales yellowish-white, the upper part of the scales black; head marbled with black; a black collar and two black bands across the tail, the anterior at the base. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body 197 mm.; tail 23 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Matang!, Kidi district). 26. Calamaria sondaica Barbour. Calamaria sondaica, Barbour, Bull. Mus, Zool. Cambr. LI 1907/08, p. 319. Diameter of the eye a little shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral almost as deep as broad; frontal slightly more long than broad, more than twice as broad as a supraocular, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, first nearly three times as large as the second, third and fourth entering the eye; the first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 154; anal entire; subcaudals 10. Tail obtuse. Dark reddish-brown above, iridescent, with six dark longi- tudinal lines, distinct on the neck, indistinct on the body; the rows of scales separated by white lines; last row of scales with a lateral white line. Lower surface yellowish, blotched with angular dark markings; one median and two lateral black 167 lines along the tail. Length of head and body? (After BARBOUR; not seen by me). Habitat: Java (Buitenzorg). 27. Calamaria brachyura Boulenger. Calamaria brachyura, Boulenger, Ann, Nat. Hist. (6) XVI 1895, p. 481; Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 647. Calamaria anceps, Werner, Verh. Ges. Wien XLVI 1896, p. 18. Diameter of the eye equals its distance from the mouth; rostral slightly more broad than deep; frontal more long than broad, more than twice as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fourth smallest; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 182—210; anal entire; subcaudals g—19. Dark grey-brown above, with six black longitudinal lines, disappearing anteriorly; two outer rows of scales black and white; nape with a narrow yellow transverse band; a similar band at the base of the tail; head black with a yellow spot on each praefrontal and parietal; upper lip white. Lower surface white, each ventral with a black spot at the outer end; a black median line along the tail. Length of head and body 284 mm.; tail 7 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Kina Balu!, Saiap on Kina Balu). 28. Calamaria collaris Boulenger. Calamaria collaris, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 225, pl. XIV, fig. 4. Diameter of the eye equals its distance from the mouth; rostral small, more broad than deep; frontal one time and one third to one time and a half as long as broad, twice as broad as a supraocular or more so, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 232—265; anal entire; subcaudals 10—30. Tail very obtuse. 168 Dark grey-brown above, with black dots or spots; scales of the outer row with a white centre; a yellowish collar, most distinct in the young. Lower surface yellowish-white, the ventrals spotted or edged with dark brown or with a median series of dark brown spots. Length of head and body 370 mm.; tail 10 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Celebes (Bone Mts., Tomohon, Rurukan 4000 feet!). 29. Calamaria lateralis Mocquard. Calamaria lateralis, Mocquard, Le Natural. 1890, p.154; Nouv. Arch. Mus. (3) II 1890, p. 136, pl. VIII, fig. 4. Calamaria lateralis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. IL 1894, p. 342. Diameter of the eye shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral visible from above; frontal more long than broad, as long as the parietals; one praeocular; postocular fused with the supraocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 146; anal entire; subcaudals 21. Tail ending in a point. Blackish-brown above; a white lateral line along the second and third rows of scales. Lower surface lighter brown. Length of head and body 233 mm.; tail 12 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Paris Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Kina Balu!). 30. Calamaria beccarii Peters. Calamaria beccarii, Peters, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova III 1872, p. 34. Calamaria beccariit, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 343. Rostral visible from above; frontal more long than broad; one prae- and two postoculars; five upper labials; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 150; anal entire; subcaudals 16. Brown above, with six dark longitudinal lines. Lower surface dirty white; tail with a black median line on its posterior part. Length of head and body 169 mm.; tail 14 mm. (Not seen by me). Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak). 169 31. Calamaria rebentischi Bleeker. Calamaria rebentischi, Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Ned. Ind. XXI 1860, p. 293. Calamaria rebentischii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 343, pl. XVIII, fig. 3. Diameter of the eye much shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep; frontal slightly more long than broad, about twice and a half as broad as a supra- ocular, shorter than the parietals; no praeocular; one post- ‘ocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 142; anal entire; subcaudals 29. Tail ending in an obtuse point. Purplish-brown above; scales of the outer row with a white spot. Lower surface uniformly yellowish. Length of head and body 243 mm.; tail 37 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Singkawang!). 32. Calamaria ceramensis de Rooy. Calamaria ceramensis, de Rooy, Bijdr, Dierk. 19 1913, p. 26. Diameter of the eye shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep; frontal more long than broad, two times and a half as broad as a supraocular; no prae- ocular; one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 150—152; anal entire; subcaudals 22—23. Purplish-brown above, with dark spots; scales of the outer row with a white spot; head grey; a yellowish collar running across the posterior points of the parietals. Lower surface yellowish; tail with a median black line. Length of head and body 222 mm.; tail 23 mm. Type-specimens examined in the Amsterdam Museum. Habitat: W. Ceram!. 33. Calamaria mecheli Schenkel. Calamaria mecheli, Schenkel, Verh, Ges. Basel XIII 1901, p. 165. Diameter of the eye about three fourths its distance from the mouth; rostral as broad as deep; frontal slightly more 170 long than broad, nearly three times as broad as a supraocular, much shorter than the parietals; no praeocular; one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth longest; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; posterior chin-shields posteriorly separated by a scale. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 187—194; anal entire; sub- caudals 14—I16. Light brown above; scales with dark borders; a vertebral row of elongate black spots and on each side two dark brown longitudinal stripes, the lower covering the two outer rows of scales; ventral part of the outer row whitish; head brown, white-speckled behind the eyes; lips light, this colour continued on the temporal region; base of tail with a light, sometimes interrupted transverse band. Lower surface light, with or without irregular dark dots along the median line; outer ends of the ventrals dark brown; anal brown. Length of head and body 200 mm.; tail 10 mm. Type-specimen received from the Basle Museum, examined. Habitat: Sumatra (Indragiri !). 34. Calamaria picteti Peracca. Calamaria FPicteti, Peracca, Revue Suisse Zool. VII 1900, p. 325, pl. 14, fig. I—3. Diameter of the eye shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral as broad as deep; frontal as broad as long, four times as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields in contact, the anterior nearly twice as long as the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 157; anal entire; subcaudals 22. Tail obtuse. Light brown above, darker on the head, with 31 black transverse spots on the back, largest anteriorly and some white scales; tail with 3—6 black spots, more or less confluent; upper lip with small black spots, a larger one on the fourth and fifth labials; irregular spots on the temporal region; flanks with a black line, formed by small black spots, anteriorly between the ventrals and the outer row of scales, posteriorly between the two outer rows. Lower surface dirty white. Length 171 of head and body 139 mm.; tail 15 mm. (After PERACCA; not seen by me). Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak). (See note sub N®. 37). 35. Calamaria leucocephala Dum. & Bibr. Calamaria leucocephala, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 83. Calamaria leucocephala, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II] 1894, p. 344 (s. syn.). Diameter of the eye much shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral much more broad than deep; frontal as broad as long, four times as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields usually in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 136—171; anal entire; subcaudals 19—45. Tail ending in a point. Dark brown or black above; head lighter or yellowish. Lower surface yellowish or red; tail sometimes with a faint brown median line. Length of head and body 402 mm.; tail 48 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Gambir!, Deli, Battak Highlands S800o—1000 M., Supat and Dawas in Palembang, Padang 1500—3000 feet); Borneo (Kuching, Matang, Samarinda!); Java (Salak, Sukabumi!). — Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula. 36. Calamaria agamensis Bleeker. Calamaria agamensis, Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. XXI 1860, p. 292. Calamaria agamensis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 343. Diameter of the eye much shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep; frontal at least as broad as long, at least four times as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; no praeocular; one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; posterior chin- shields usually separated. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 135—174; anal entire; subcaudals 21—38. Tail ending in a point. Black above; yellow below, often with a brown median line along the tail. Length of head and body 247 mm; tail 43 mm. Habitat: Sumatra; Borneo (Singkawang); Java (Batavia, Salak, Sukabumi!, Nongkodjadjar in Tengger Mts. 1300 M.!). 172 37. Calamaria semiannulata Bottger. Calamaria semiannulata, Bottger, Katalog Rept. Senckenb. Mus. II 1898, p. 84. Diameter of the eye much shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral more deep than broad; frontal as long as broad, about three times as broad as a supraocular, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; posterior chin- shields in contact anteriorly. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 140; anal entire; subcaudals 27. Tail ending obtusely. Reddish-yellow above, with 26 dark brown transverse bands or broad spots, about as broad as the interspaces; the spot on the nape broadest; each scale of the outer row with a brown spot; head brown above, with an oblique dark brown streak behind the eye and another behind the angle of the mouth. Lower surface uniformly light reddish-yellow. Length of head and body 175 mm.; tail 25 mm. (After BOTTGER; not seen by me). Habitat: Borneo. Note. In Zoological Record 1899, Reptiles p. 22 C. pictetz, described by PERACCA (see N°. 34 on p. 170) is regarded as a C. semtannulata. As | did not see either of them I cannot make out this question; so I hold both of them up as distinct species because of their differences, mentioned in the descriptions: C. pictetz: rostral as broad as deep; six upper labials; ventrals 157; subcaudals 22. C. semtannulata: rostral more deep than broad; five upper labials; ventrals 140; subcaudals 27. 38. Calamaria déderleini Gough. Calamaria Déderleini, Gough, Zool, Anz. XXV 1902, p. 645. Diameter of the eye half its distance from the mouth; rostral more deep than broad; frontal as long as broad, nearly three times as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 164; anal entire; sub- caudals 22. Tail ending bluntly. 173 Dark brown above, with a purplish gloss; black transverse bands on the back, two scales wide, narrower than the inter- spaces; each scale of the outer and some of the second row with a white centre. Lower surface yellowish, with black transverse bars, the outer ends of the ventrals black; a black median line along the tail. Length of head and body 260 mm.; tail 25 mm. (After GOUGH; not seen by me). Habitat: Sumatra (Langkat). 39. Calamaria bungaroides Werner. Calamaria bungaroides, Werner, Zool. Anz. XXIV 1901, p. 300. Frontal as long as broad, three times as broad as a supra- ocular in the middle, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin- shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 170; anal entire; subcaudals 22. Dark grey above, with 25+ 4 narrow, white transverse bands; two outer rows of scales white; head and point of tail yellowish-white. Lower surface white, with 23 + 3 narrow blackish cross bands, covering 1—2 ventrals, some of them interrupted in the middle and alternating. Length of head and body 179 mm.; tail 26 mm. (After WERNER; not seen by me). Habitat: Java?. : 40. Calamaria schlegeli Dum. & Bibr. Calamaria schlegelit, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 81. Calamaria schlegeliit, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 345. Diameter of the eye shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep; frontal about as broad as long, three times as broad asa supraocular, shorter than the parietals; no praeocular; one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields separated. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 138; anal entire; subcaudals 33. Tail ending in a point. Blackish above; temporal region whitish. Lower surface whitish; a brown median line along the tail. Length of head and body 222 mm.; tail 37 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Padang Highlands!); Borneo. 174 41. Calamaria linnaei Boie. Calamaria linnaei, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 539. Calamaria linnaei, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. IL 1894, p. 345 (s. syn.). Diameter of the eye equals its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal more long than broad, not quite twice so broad as a supraocular, as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; four upper labials, second and third entering the eye, second and fourth largest; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin- shields in contact usually. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 135—163; anal entire; subcaudals g—23. Tail obtuse. Reddish or brown above, with black transverse bars, or 2? 3 See PE ge ee eae = Fig. 67. Calamaria linnaei Boie. Nat size. A specimen with small dark spots and another with dark rhomboidal markings. Side view of head. with small black spots, with or without a black vertebral line; sometimes this line interrupted by dark, light-edged rhom- boidal markings; the small black spots on the back sometimes regularly disposed in the median line of each scale, forming longitudinal lines; head sometimes with small dark spots and a dark stripe along the upper border of the fourth upper labial. Lower surface red, with or without quadrangular black spots, which may alternate on the median line, or uniformly black, Length of head and body 305 mm.; tail 15 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Pondok Gedek, Palembang-district!); 175 Java (Gadok, Buitenzorg!, Salak, Sindanglaia, Gunung Bunder, Gunung Pengalengan 4000 feet, Volcano Tjisurupan, Preanger, Sukabumi!, Mt. Wilis 5000 feet, Kediri!, Salatiga!, Amba- rawa, Wonosobo, Nongkodjadjar in Tengger Mts. 1300 M.!, Prigan 1800—2300 feet); Borneo!; Celebes (Manado). 42. Calamaria borneensis Bleeker. Calamaria borneensis, Bleeker, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. XXI1 1860, p. 296, Calamaria borneensis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, II 1894, p. 347, pl. XIX, fig. 1. Snout prominent; diameter of the eye shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral more deep than broad; frontal more long than broad, about two times and a half as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; four upper labials, second and third entering the eye, second much larger than first and third; mental and two lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 152—192; anal entire; subcaudals 17—22. Tail obtusely pointed. Dark brown above, uniform or with six black longitudinal lines; sometimes a white lateral streak between two black ones of which the lower runs on the outer ends of the ventrals; on the sides of neck and tail some yellow spots; end of tail black or with black spots. Lower surface yellowish, or with small black dots or checkered black and white. Length of head and body 306 mm.; tail 24 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Claudetown on Baram river!, Sintang!, Matang, Kuching, Sarawak, Paku, Simanggang). 43. Calamaria benjaminsi Edeling. Calamaria benjaminsii, Edeling, Nederl. Tijdschr. Dierk, I] 1864,.p. 202. Calamaria benjaminsti, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 347. Rostral almost as broad as deep; frontal more long than broad; supraocular small; one prae- and one postocular; four upper labials, second and third entering the eye, second and fourth largest; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 145—154; anal entire; subcaudals 17—2o0. Tail pointed. Uniformly blackish-purple above; outer row of scales with white spots; upper lip reddish. Lower surface red, with a black 176 streak along the side of the ventrals; tail with a median black line. Length of head and body 237 mm.; tail 23 mm. (Not seen by me). Habitat: Borneo (Bulangan river, Bandjermassin). 44. Calamaria javanica Boulenger. Calamaria javanica, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) VII 1891, p. 279; Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 347, pl. XIX fig. 2. Diameter of the eye about equal to its distance from the mouth; rostral almost as deep as broad; frontal slightly more long than broad, three times as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; no praeocular; one postocular; four upper labials, second and third entering the eye, second and fourth largest; mental and three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields separated. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 158—181; anal entire; subcaudals 15—17. Tail ending obtusely. Dark brown above, each scale with a light dot; a yellow, interrupted collar; upper lip yellow. Lower surface uniformly yellowish; a dark median line along the tail. Length of head and body 195 mm.; tail 12 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Sumatra (Perlak in S. Atjeh); Java!. 45. Calamaria pavimentata Dum. & Bibr. Calamaria pavimentata, Dumeéril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 71. Calamaria pavimentata, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 348 (s. syn.). Diameter of the eye nearly equal to its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal more long than broad, twice and a half as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; four upper labials, second and third entering the eye; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 133—182; anal entire; subcaudals 9—27. Tail ending in a point. Reddish-brown above, with five dark, longitudinal lines or series of spots; nape dark brown; a yellow collar; a pair of yellow spots on the base of the tail and at the end. Lower surface yellowish, uniform or mottled with brown or brown 177 with light borders to the shields; usually a dark line along the tail. Length of head and body 305 mm.; tail 15 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan); Java (Buitenzorg). — Penang; Malay Peninsula; S. China; Siam; Burma. 46. Calamaria melanota Jan. Calamaria linnaei vars. melanota and gastrogramma, Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Pays, 11 1562, p. 5, pl. V. Calamaria melanota, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 349. Diameter of the eye shorter than its distance from the mouth; rostral as deep as broad; frontal as broad as long, three or four times as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; four upper labials, second and third entering the eye, second and fourth largest; mental and three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 133—182; anal entire; subcaudals 16—24. Tail ending in a point. Black above, the scales lighter in the centre; lateral scales white, black-edged. Lower surface white, the shields with black edges. Length of head and body 210 mm.; tail 30 mm. Mabitat: Jaya; S. E. Borneo! (Tandjong). 47. Calamaria lowi Boulenger. Calamaria lovii, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (5) XIX 1887, p. 196; Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 350, pl. XIX, fig. 4. Diameter of the eye about half its distance from the mouth; rostral almost as deep as broad; frontal as broad as long, three times as broad asa supraocular, shorter than the parietals; no praeocular; one postocular; four upper labials, third entering the eye; mental and three lower lJabials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 203—236; anal entire; subcaudals 14—22. Tail obtuse. Dark brown or plumbeous above, with light dots in longi- tudinal series; upper lip yellowish; anterior part of body with a lateral series of large, yellow spots and a few spots on the tail. Lower surface uniformly blackish with a yellow transverse bar above the vent or blotched with dark brown and yellow. Length of head and body 243 mm.; tail 22 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Baram, Rejang and Niah rivers!). INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES IT. 12 178 48. Calamaria gracillima Giinther. Calamaria gracillima, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 594, pl. XXXIX, fig. A. Calamaria gracillima, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Il 1894, p. 350. Eye very small; rostral as deep as broad; frontal slightly more broad than long, shorter than the parietals; supraocular very small, confluent with the postocular; no praeocular; four upper labials, second and third entering the eye, second and fourth largest; first lower labial in contact with its fellow behind the mental; three Jower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 300—320; anal entire; subcaudals 13—14. Tail obtuse, rounded at the end. Blackish, with a few yellowish or red spots along each side of the body and a pair at the base of the tail. Lower surface blackish. Length of head and body 275 mm.; tail 1o mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo! (Matang!, Tegora). The next two species could not be placed in the dichoto- mical list, as the descriptions are rather incomplete; the specimens could not be examined by me. 49. Calamaria ornata Werner. Calamaria ornata, Werner, Mitt. Naturh. Mus. Hamburg XXVI 1909, p. 229, fig. 6. Snout projecting, rounded; rostral more broad than deep; frontal about twice as long as broad, about three times as broad as a supraocular, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth largest; mental in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are twice as long as broad; posterior chin- shields small, separated in the middle. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 148; anal?; subcaudals 17. Coloration? Measurements? (After WERNER; not seen by me). Habitat: Sumatra (Sungei Lalak in Indragiri). 50. Calamaria hosei Giinther. Calamaria Hosei, Giinther, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVII 1896, p. 229. Eye very small; frontal at least four times as broad as a supraocular; a minute praeocular and a very small postocular; five upper labials; mental in contact with the anterior chin- 179 shields. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 138; anal?; subcaudals 19. Pinkish above, the scales bordered and speckled with black and with 18 black transverse bars, narrower than the inter- spaces and contracted on the sides; three black bars on the tail; head brown above, the brown colour forming two oblique bands on the sides; tail with a black stripe along each longi- tudinal series of scales. Lower surface white, with a few dark spots; subcaudals blackish. Length of head and body 312 mm.; tail 37 mm. (After GUNTHER; not seen by me). Habitat: Borneo (Entoyut river in Baram district). Doubtful species: Calamaria hoevent Edeling, Nat. Tijdschr. Nederl. Ind. XXXI fez, p. 300; Cat. Sn. II 1894, p. 337 is perhaps a colour- variety of C. margaritophora Blkr. Rostral well visible from above; frontal one time and a half as long as broad; five upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; mental in contact with the anterior chin- shields; both pairs of chin-shields separated by a small scale. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 169; anal entire; subcaudals 9. Brown above, with transverse pale, black-edged bands; a series of whitish spots along the outer row of scales; head marbled with black. Lower parts yellowish with black spots. Length of head and body 292 mm.; tail 13 mm. (Not seen by me). Habitat: Sumatra. Subfamily Homalopsinae. icy to the Indo-Australian genera. A. Nasals in contact above the rostral. I. Scales smooth; parietals well developed. ..... 38. Hypsirhina p. 180. 2. Scales keeled; parietals well developed ...... 39. Homalopsis p. 185. 3. Scales keeled; parietals broken up into scales . . 40. Cerderus p. 187. 4. Internasal separating the nasals. I. Ventrals without keels. a.-Loreal absent; scales smooth; body stout. . .. 41. Fordonia p. 189. 6. Loreal present; scales smooth; body very long. 42. Cazéoria p. 190. mmluoreal. presents) scales’ keeled). 9. 03 2 2.» 43. Myron p. 191. II. Ventrals narrow, with two keels ......... 44. Hipistes p. 193. Aquatic snakes; viviparous. Nostrils valvular, on the upper surface of the snout. 180 38. Hypsirhina Wagler. (WAGLER, Syst. Amph, 169, 1830). Head small, not or slightly distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round or vertically elliptic; shields of head large; nasals in contact, partly divided, the cleft beginning at the first labial or the loreal; internasal single or double; loreal present. Maxillary teeth 10—16, separated by an interspace from two enlarged, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 19—33 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail rather short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia; Papuasia; N. Australia. Key to the Indo-Australian spectes A. One or more labials entering the eye. I. Scales in 19 rows. 2. AW OMMDTCTRASALS) wera mas eciiohce Cacho one cate Is alternans p. 180. fH, Or VAN Sinplesintermasa eee n-nepelisie ei sulonen 2. H. plumbea p. 181. II. Scales in 21 (23) rows. a. Four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields. 1. Loreal in contact with the internasal. 3. H. exhydris p. 181. 2. Loreal not in contact with the internasal. 4. H. matannensis p. 182. 6. Three lower labials in contact with the antenon cHin-shiclds ema a fomrtn tite siem it 5. H. polylepis p. 183. . albomaculata p. 183. mR III. Scales in 27 (25) rows B., Eye separated from the labials. 1. Intermasal esinole jem. per of =) sae ie kom cet) 7. H. punctata p. 184. EL, 75 UN CO SEAS. oS Sign Goo. & 0 oo Oba S 8. H. doriae p. 185. 1. Hypsirhina alternans (Reuss). Brachyorrhos alternans, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. I 1834, p. 155, pl. IX, fig. 3. Hypsirhina alternans, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 4 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep; two internasals; frontal broader than the supraocular, as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep, in contact with the internasal; one prae- and one or two postoculars; temporals I + 2; eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are larger than 181 the posterior; these are separated by scales. Scales in Ig rows; ventrals 125—-152; anal divided; subcaudals 24— 36. Purplish-brown above, with indistinct light transverse bars, the first on the occiput. Lower surface yellowish, with black transverse bands or large, alternating black spots. Total length 465 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!); Banka!; Borneo (Kuching); Java!. 2. Hypsirhina plumbea (Boie). Homalopsis plumbea, Boie, Isis 1827, p. 560. Hypsirhina plumbea, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 5 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep; a single internasal (some- times two), more broad than long; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal in contact with the internasal; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+ 2; eight upper labials, fourth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields shorter, separated from one another. Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 117—1 39; anal divided; subcaudals 29—47. Brownish or greyish above, uniform or with a median series of black spots; upper lip white. Lower surface white, generally with a dark line along the middle of the tail and sometimes with dark spots or black dots on the median line of the belly. Length of head and body 420 mm.; tail 65 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Atjeh, Labuan, Medan!, Langkat!, Serdang!, Raja Mts., Bedagei, Palembang); Java (Batavia, Semarang, Salatiga!, Malang!, Kediri!); Borneo (Labuan, Sama- rinda!, Bandjermassin); Celebes! (Manado!, Kema, Kandari, Tempe!, Macassar!, Lamontjong). — Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Indo China; S. China; Burma. 3. Hypsirhina enhydris (Schn.). Hydrus enhydris, Schneider, Hist. Amph. I 1799, p. 245. Hypsirhina enhydris, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 6 (s. syn.). Rostral twice as broad as deep; a single internasal, about twice as broad as long; frontal broader than the supraocular, as long as or shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; loreal in contact with the inter- nasal; one prae- and two (one) postoculars; temporals 1 + 2; 182 eight upper labials, fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields longer and separated from one another. Scales in 21 rows (19 or 23); ventrals 150—177; anal divided, subcaudals 47—78. Brown, olive or dark grey above, with two light longitudinal bands, sometimes indistinct. Lower surface white, with a dark line on each side of the ventrals and a median dark line or series of dots, which is sometimes absent. Length of head and body 545 mm.; tail. 135 mm. Nom. indig. Ular ajer (mal.). Habitat: Sumatra (Djambi!, Kertadjaja, Palembang- district!, Padang); Java (Batavia, Buitenzorg, Pekalongan}, Ambarawa, Salatiga!); Banka!; Borneo! (Singkawang, Montrado, Simanggang, Saribas, Kapuas river, Bandjermassin); Celebes (Macassar); New Guinea (Lorentz river). — Singapore, Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Cochin China; S. China; Burma; India; Ceylon. 4. Hypsirhina matannensis Boulenger. Hypsirhina Matannensis, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1897, p. 225, pl. XV, fig. I. Rostral more broad than deep; two internasals; frontal broader than the supraocular, longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep, not in contact with the internasal; one prae- and one postocular; temporals 1-++ 2; eight upper labials, fourth and fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields shorter and sepa- rated from one another. Upper head-shields, labials, chin-shields and scales of the throat rough with granules. Scales in 21 rows; ventrals 137; anal divided; subcaudals 43. Dark olive-brown above, with an indistinct dark line on the vertebral scales. Throat yellowish-white; anterior ventrals yellowish-white with large transverse olive-brown spots; middle ventrals almost olive-brown; posterior ventrals and subcaudals olive-brown with yellowish borders; an olive-brown line on the middle of the tail below. Length of head and body 175 mm.; tail 65 mm. Type-specimen received from the Basle Museum, examined. Habitat: Celebes (Lake Matanna!). 183 5. Hypsirhina polylepis Fischer. Hypsirhina polylepis, Fischer, Abh. Nat. Ges. Hamb. IX 1886, p. 14. Hypsirhina polylepis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, HI 1896, p. 9. Rostral more broad than deep; internasal single or double, twice as broad as long; frontal broader than the supraocular, slightly longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal more long than deep, not in contact with the internasal; one or two prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1+ 2 or I + 3; eight upper labials, fifth or fifth and sixth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which separate the posterior. Scales in 21 or 23 (25) rows; ventrals 137—156; anal divided; subcaudals 37—48. Dark olive or blackish above, the scales sometimes light- edged; a yellow lateral streak along the second row of scales. Lower surface brown, spotted with yellow or with a light spot on each ventral near the outer end; tail dark, each sub- caudal with a yellow spot. Length of head and body 775 mm.; tail 125 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Fly river!, Lorentz river!). Note. The specimens from the Lorentz river have two outer rows of scales yellow, this yellow band continued to the corner of the mouth, with dark spots. Lower surface yellow, throat and anterior ventrals powdered with brown; sometimes a dark median subcaudal line. 6. Hypsirhina albomaculata (Dum. & Bibr.). Homalopsis albomaculatus, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 974. Hypsirhina albomaculata, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. II. Rostral more broad than deep; two internasals; praefrontals sometimes longitudinally divided *); frontal broader than the supraocular, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout and as the parietals or latter a little longer; loreal slightly more long than deep, in contact with the internasal; one prae- and one or two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2 or 3; eight or nine upper labials, fifth (fourth) entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which 1) None of 10 specimens from Simalur have divided praefrontals; three specimens have 25 rows of scales round the body. 184 are larger than the posterior; latter separated by scales. Scales in 27 (25) rows; ventrals 140—150; anal divided; sub- caudals 37—48. Olive-brown above, with small yellow or orange spots; one ? e A Pe " 2s ae | cy = <5 iS q YL = = UNS \\ ) Sa \ NN NY Ss Bt a Og ee = ELE EE: ee iT A \ \ i AN Fig. 68. Hypsirhina albomaculata (D. & B.) X 2/3. Side view of head. or two yellow bars across the nape, sometimes indistinct. Lower surface yellow or orange, black-spotted. Length of head and body 528 mm.; tail 94 mm. Habitat: Simalur!; Nias; Sumatra (Padani). 7. Hypsirhina punctata (Gray). Phytolopsis punctata, Gray, Cat. Sn. 1849, p. 68. Hypsirhina punctata, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 12 (s. syn.). Rostral a little more broad than deep; internasal small, single; frontal not broader than the supraocular, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; one or two loreals, not in contact 185 with the internasal; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals small; twelve to fourteen upper labials, the anterior four or five deep, the posterior much lower and separated from the eye by small scales; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are much larger than the posterior; the latter separated from one another. Scales in 25 or 27 rows; ventrals 133—156; anal divided; subcaudals 28—41I. Dark brown above, uniform or. with small. yellow spots, sometimes forming transverse bars; one or two yellow trans- verse bands on the nape, another between the eyes. Lower surface yellow. Length of head and body 330 mm.; tail 40 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan, Deli!, Lalak and Djapura in Indragiri, Taluk!); Banka!; Borneo (Singkawang, Kuching). — Malay Peninsula. 8. Hypsirhina doriae (Peters). Homalophis doriae, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1871, p. 577. flypsirhina doriae, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 13. Rostral as deep as broad; two internasals; frontal broader than the supraoculars, shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals or a little shorter; supra- oculars divided into two or three small shields; two loreals, more deep than long, in contact with the internasal; one prae-, two or three post- and two or three suboculars; tem- porals small; fifteen upper labials, the posterior transversely divided; chin-shields large, separated from the mental by the two anterior pair of lower labials. Scales in 31 or 33 rows; ventrals 141—146; anal divided; subcaudals 45—55. Olive-brown above, yellow below, uniform or spotted with blackish. Length of head and body 680 mm.; tail 120 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Sandakan Bay!, Sarawak, Kuching, Baram district!, Kapuas river ') ). 39. Homalopsis Kuhl. ‘ (Kun, Isis p. 474, 1822). Head distinct from neck; eye small; pupil vertically elliptic; shields of head large; nasals in contact, partly divided, the 1) A specimen from this locality had 27 rows of scales; ventrals 160; sub- caudals 44; length of head and body 715 mm.; tail 95 mm. lee Proc. Acad. Philad. LIV 1902, p. 180). 186 cleft beginning at the first labial; internasal single or double; loreal present. Maxillary teeth 11—13, decreasing in size poste- riorly and separated by an interspace from two slightly enlarged, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body round, covered with keeled and striated scales without pits, in 37—47 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia. A single species. \ 1. Homalopsis buccata (L.). Coluber buccatus, Linné, Syst. Nat. I 1766, p. 377. Homalopsis buccata, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 14 (s. syn.). Internasals smaller than praefrontals; frontal often broken up into small shields, a little broader or sometimes narrower than the supraocular; parietals short; loreal present, sometimes \ ; AI \ \ \ \ \ he Olbes. Fig. 69. Homalopsis buccata (L.) X 1/3. Side view of head. divided; one or two prae- and two postoculars; one to three suboculars may be present; temporals small; ten to twelve upper labials, fifth or sixth entering the eye or narrowly 187 separated from it; two or three pair of chin-shields, inner in contact with the three anterior lower labials. Scales in 37—47 rows; ventrals 158—176; anal divided; subcaudals 70—106. Dark brown above, with narrow, pale brown, black-edged transverse bands, in young specimens yellow; head pale with a triangular or V-shaped dark marking on the snout, a A-shaped spot on the occiput, and a dark band on each side passing through the eye and extending to before the eye. Lower surface white or yellowish, with dark brown spots along each side; tail with brown spots. Length of head and body 820 mm. ; tail 230 mm. Nom. indig. Ular kadut (mal.). Habitat: Sumatra (Atjeh!, Labuan, Serdang!, Stabat, Langkat, Deli!, Laut Tador, Indragiri, Djambi!, Ringgat); Banka!; Riou!; Borneo (Bulangan river, Labuan, Kuching, Buntal, Rejang river, Sebruang Valley, Pontianak, Landak!; Singkawang; Montrado; Bandjermassin); Java (Batavia, Buiten- zorg!, Depok, Preanger, Pekalongan!, Salatiga!, Surabaia!); Celebes (Macassar!). — Malay Peninsula; Siam; Indo China; Burma. Feeds on fish and frogs. 40. Cerberus Cuvier. (Cuvier, Régne Anim. 2nd ed. II p. 81, 1829). Head small, slightly distinct from neck; eye small; pupil vertically elliptic; snout covered with shields; parietals broken up into scales; nasals in contact, partly divided, the cleft beginning at the first or second labial; two (one) internasals; loreal present. Maxillary teeth 12—17, separated by a short interspace from two slightly enlarged, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body round, covered with keeled and striated scales without pits, in 23—29 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail a little compressed; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia; N. Australia. A single species. 1. Cerberus rhynchops (Schn.). Hydrus rhynchops, Schneider, Hist. Amph. I 1799, p. 246. Cerberus rhynchops, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 16, (s. syn.). Hurria rhynchops, Barbour, Mem, Mus, Comp, Zool. Hary. Coll. XLIV 1912, p- 123. 188 Frontal distinct or broken up into small shields; nasal cleft extending to the first upper labial, sometimes to the second; loreal usually in contact with the three or four anterior labials and with the internasal; eye bordered by four or six shields, a supraocular, a praeocular, one or two post- and one, two or three suboculars; nine or ten upper labials; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin- shields smaller, between the anterior and the labials. Scales strongly keeled, in 23 or 25 (27) rows; ventrals 122—160; anal divided; subcaudals 49—72. Grey, olive or dark brown above, with black spots or trans- verse bands, sometimes indistinct; a light lateral band; a black C2 alo -_ SF. Obbe s. Fig. 70. Cerberus rhynchops (Schn.) X !/2, Side view of head. streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye. Lower surface whitish, spotted with black, or with black trans- verse bands or almost entirely black. Length of head and body 800 mm.; tail 180 mm. Nom. indig. Sawa butah-he (Simalur). Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Pulu Nako!; Mentawei Islands (Sipora, Siberut!); Engano; Sumatra (Sabang on Pulu Weh!, Peudawa, Atjeh!, Labuan, Medan!, Tandjung Laut in Palem- bang, Ringgat!, Padang); Siak!; Riou!; Banka!; Borneo (Bu- langan river, Sandakan Bay, Labuan, Sibu, Kuching, Buntal, Singkawang!, Pontianak river, Bandjermassin, Samarinda!); Java (Batavia, Cheribon sea!, Semarang!); Bali; Lombok; Flores}; 189 Sumba; Rotti!; Timor!; Wetar; Celebes (Manado!, Kema, Kandari, Pare Pare!, Raha); Sangir Islands; Ternate!; Hal- mahera; Batjan; Buru; Ceram; Ambon!; Saparua; Goram; New Guinea!. — Pelew Islands; Malay Peninsula; Penang; Anda- mans; Nicobars; Siam; Indo China; Burma; Ceylon; India; Philippines; N. Australia. Not rare at the sea-coast; feeds on fish. 41. Fordonia Gray. (GRAY, Zool. Misc. p. 67, 1842). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil vertically elliptic; shields of head large; nasals undivided or partly divided, separated by a single internasal; no loreal. Maxillary teeth small, 7 or 8, followed by two enlarged, grooved teeth; mandibular teeth about equal. Body round, covered with smooth scales, without pits, in 25-29 row; ventrals rounded. Tail short, subcaudals all or partly in two rows. Distribution. Burma; Cochin China; Indian Archipelago; N. Australia. A single species. I. Fordonia leucobalia (Schleg.). Homalopsis leucobalia, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. II 1837; p. 345, pl. XIII, fig. 8, 9. Fordonia leucobalia, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 21 (s. syn.). 2 SS SSS SSS — = Sh = SSS SS > = \| > Sane SS i SS SS 4 ll = == Z —— YY = SEZ NWN 7 RERE ZZ; |B Z] &| SE# Aa \ v4 — Pe MA | A ° yy Fig. 71. Fordonia leucobalia (Schleg.) >< 3/4. Side view of head, 190 _ Frontal more long than broad, longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I + 3 or 2+ 3; five upper labials, third entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are a little larger than the posterior. Scales in 25—-29 rows; ventrals 130—156, last often divided; anal divided; subcaudals 26—43. Yellow, red, brown or black above, spotted or variegated with black, yellowish-white or greenish. Lower surface yel- lowish-white. Length of head and body 820 mm.; tail 110 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Sumatra (Deli!); Borneo (Kuching, Santubong, Niah, Pontianak, Bandjermassin); Java (Cheribon sea!, Amba- rawa); Timor!; Ceram!; Ambon; New Guinea (Yule Island, Mimika river, Lorentz river, Merauke, Fly river). — Singa- pore; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Nicobars; Cochin China; Burma; Bengal ; N. Australia. Lives in rivers, estuaries and along the sea-shore; feeds on crustaceans and fish. Dowbtiul specres. Fordonia papuensis Macleay, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W. II 1877, p. 35; Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 23, is perhaps a synonym of F. leucobalia (Schleg.). Third labial not entering the eye. Scales in 22 rows. (Not seen by me). Habitat: New Guinea (Katow). 42. Cantoria Girard. (GirRARD, Proc. Ac. Philad. p. 182, 1857). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil round; shields of head large; nasal partly divided, the cleft beginning at the praefrontal; internasal single, separating the nasals; loreal present. Maxillary teeth 10 or I1, posterior longest and grooved; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body slightly compressed, very long, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 19 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Burma; Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Borneo; Timor. A single species. iot 1. Cantoria violacea Gir. Cantoria violacea, Girard, Proc. Ac. Philad. 1857, p. 182. Cantoria violacea, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 23 (s. syn.); Rept. Malay Penin. 1912, p. 165, fig. 51. Frontal more long than broad, shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout and shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; one subocular; loreal more long than deep; one long anterior temporal, in contact with the postocular and the subocular; five upper \ labials, separated from the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields. Scales in 19 rows; ventrals 260—284; anal divided, subcau- dals 52—64. Black above, with white trans- verse bands, widest towards the belly, narrower than the inter- peg head with white spots. Fig. 72. Cantoria violacea Gir. Lower surface white, with grey After BOULENGER. spots, which are a continuation of the transverse bands; tail sometimes with complete rings. Total length 1220 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Tandjong Laut in Palembang); Borneo; Timor. — Singapore; Malay Peninsula!; Burma. Rare. 43. Myron Gray. (Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 70, 1849). Head small, not or slightly distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil vertically elliptic; shields of head large; nasal partly divided, the cleft beginning at the first or second labial; internasal single or double, separating the nasals; loreal present. Maxillary teeth about 10, separated by a short interspace from two enlarged, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body round, covered with keeled and striated scales without pits, in 21 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail feebly com- pressed, short; subcaudals in two rows. 192 Distribution. Aru Islands; New Guinea; N. Australia. A single species. eos SS Oi Ope ons i 3.F Obbes, Fig. 73. Myron richardsoni Gray. X 4]5. 1. Myron richardsoni Gray. Myron richardsonii, Gray, Cat. Sn. 1849, p. 70. Myron richardsonii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 20. Rostral more broad than deep; internasal single or double; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; ZS rt Fig. 74. Myron richardsoni Gray. Upper view of head. one or two prae- and two postoculars; loreal more long than deep; temporals I + 2; eight or nine upper labials, fourth or fifth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields, which are fol- lowed by two other pairs, in contact on the median line. Scales feebly keeled, in 21 rows; ventrals 132—-140; anal divided; subcaudals 30— 40. Olive or grey above, with black transverse bands; two outer rows of scales yellowish; head dark; a dark streak through the eye to the nape. Lower surface yellowish or brownish, the ventrals edged with black anteriorly and with a dark median streak. Length of head and body 365 mm.; tail 60 mm. 193 Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Aru Islands (Kobroor); New Guinea (Lorentz river! '), — N.W. Australia!. 44. Hipistes Gray. (Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 77, 1849). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil vertically elliptic; shields of head small, parietals broken up; nasals divided, separated by a single internasal; nostril trans- verse; loreal present. Maxillary teeth 8 or 9, followed by two enlarged grooved teeth after an interspace. Body long, a little compressed, covered with smooth scales without pits, juxta- posed or imbricate, in 35—-43 rows; ventrals narrow, with two keels. Tail short, a little compressed; subcaudals narrow, in two rows. Distribution. Mouth of rivers and coasts of Burma, Pegu, Siam, Malay Peninsula; Sumatra. A single species. — x = ~ Se LA <0 MaMa Fig. 75. Hipistes hydrinus (Cant.). > 3/4. Side view of head; ventral shields with two keels. 1) Two specimens have a narrow shield between the two praefrontals. INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. 13 194 1. Hipistes hydrinus (Cantor). Hlomalopsis hydrina, Cantor, Cat. Mal. Rept. 1847, p. 104, pl. XL, fig. 4. Hipistes hydrinus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 24; Rept. Malay Penin. 1912, p. 166, fig. 52. Frontal narrow, twice as long as broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout; a praeocular; a small postocular and a subocular; seven upper labials, sepa- rated from the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields very small. Scales in 35—43 rows; ventrals 153—172; anal divided; subcaudals 21—35. Greyish or brownish above, with black transverse bands as broad as the interspaces or narrower. Lower surface whitish. Length of head and body 435 mm.; tail 50 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Ramunia in Deli!). — Pegu; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Penang; Singapore. Feeds on fish; often captured in fishing-stakes. The head shows much resemblance with a Hydrophine snake. Subfamily Dipsadomorphinae. Key to the Indo-Australian genera. A, Pupil vertical, or vertically elliptic. 1. Body compressed; maxillary teeth sub-equal; scales in 17 —31 rows, vertebral scales enlarged 45. Dipsadomorphus p. 194. 2. Body round; third and fourth maxillary teeth ‘ enlarged; scales in 17 or 19 rows, vertebral Scales) not ‘enlarged’ a -ectns a) onicmo epee 46. Psammodynastes p. 202. 4. Pupil horizontal. I. One or two middle maxillary teeth enlarged; scales in 15 rows; vertebral scales slightly enlarseg yc. mises sso kat epee as eee 47. Dryophis p. 204. 2. Maxillary teeth subequal; scales in 15 rows; vertebralsscales; mot senlarced = .yeesmcu ue anr 48. Dryophiops p. 208. C. Pupil round, 1. Scales in 21 rows, the vertebral row enlarged. 49. Dipsadoides p. 210. 2. Scales in 17 rows, vertebrals not enlarged . 50. Chrysopelea p, 211. Terrestrial or arboreal snakes. 45. Dipsadomorphus Fitz. (FITZINGER, in Tschudi, Fauna Per. Herp. p. 55, 1845). Head very distinct from neck; eye moderate or large; pupil 195 vertically elliptic; posterior nasal concave. Maxillary teeth 10—14, about equal, followed by two or three enlarged, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body compressed, covered with smooth scales, more or less oblique, with pits, in I17—31 rows, the vertebral row enlarged; ventrals angulate laterally. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Tropical Africa; S. Asia; Papuasia; Australia. Arboreal and nocturnal. mey tothe Indo-A ustralian species. A. Anterior palatine teeth not or a little enlarged. I. Scales in 19 (17) rows. a, Snout longer than eye; praeocular not extending to upper surface of head... 1. D. multimaculatus p. 195. 6. Snout as long as the eye; praeocular ex- tending to upper surface of the head. . 2. D. drapiezii p. 196. IJ. Scales in 21 (23) rows. a. Snout longer than the eye. I. Subcaudals 89—110; posterior chin- _ shields as long as anterior or shorter. 3. D. dendrophilus p. 197. 2. Subcaudals 140—154; posterior chin- shields longer than anterior...... 4. D. nigriceps p. 199. @; snout as long as the eye. ........ 5. D. jaspideus p. 199. 4, Anterior palatine teeth strongly enlarged. I. Praeocular extending to upper surface of head. aa, Scales in 23 (25) rows; ventrals 248—290; Subcaudals: TI4—=059 2 6 soe ee a ee 6. D. cynodon p. 200. 66, Scales in 19—23 rows; ventrals 217 —272; Subeattdals, (VOO==12ha sss ies ase 7. D. irregularis p. 201, II. Praeocular not extending to upper surface 15 1g 0 ibe ai act aot eae ice Paar ae 8. D. flavescens p. 202. t. Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus (Boie). Dipsas multimaculata, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549. Dipsadomorphus multimaculatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 63. Roiga multimaculata, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 124. Snout longer than eye; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than praefrontals; frontal as long as or a little longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or a little more deep; a praeocular not extending to the upper 196 surface of the head; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 243 (1+ 2); eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter as long as or shorter than the posterior; anterior palatine teeth not much larger than the posterior. Scales in 19 (17) rows, vertebral row much enlarged; ventrals 202—245; anal entire; subcaudals 80—III. Brown or greyish above, with two alternating series of round dark brown spots; on each side a series of smaller spots; two black bands on the head, diverging behind, a black streak from the eye to the corner of the mouth. Lower surface white, spotted with brown or marbled; along each side a row of brown spots. Length of head and body 585 mm.; tail 165 mm. Nom. indig. Ular puspo kadjang (mal.); oraj bedudak (sund.). Habitat: Sumatra; Java (Buitenzorg, Depok, Semarang!, Salatiga!,; Ambarawa, Mount Wilis 5000 feet, Kediri!, Tengger Mts. 1200 M., Pasuruan); Borneo (Bandjermassin); Celebes (Minahassa). — Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Burma; Indo China; .S. “China: 2. Dipsadomorphus drapiezii (Boie). Dipsas drapiezii, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559. Dipsadomorphus drapiezii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 74. Eye as long as snout; rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal small or absent; a praeocular, in contact with the frontal or narrowly separated from it; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2, 2+ 3 or 3+ 3; eight upper labials, third to fifth or fourth and fifth entering the eye; five or six lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or longer than the posterior; anterior palatine teeth not much enlarged. Scales in 19 rows, vertebrals enlarged; ventrals 250—276; anal entire; subcaudals 114—163. Light brown above with dark brown transverse spots or brown with yellow or red, dark-edged transverse bands, each band ending in a white spot. Lower surface brownish-white, uniform or speckled with brown and with two brown longi- tudinal lines, sometimes indistinct. Total length 1524 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan, Deli!, Indragiri, Djambi!, 197 Benakat in Palembang, Kaju tanam!); Borneo (Sandakan, Kuching, Baram, Pangkalan ampat, Sarawak); W. Java! (Mt. Parang); Ambon. — Singapore; Malacca. 3. Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus (Boie). Dipsas dendrophila, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 549. Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 70. Boiga dendrophila, Barbour, Mem, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll, XLIV 1912 p. 125. Snout longer than eye; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as or shorter than the prae- frontals; frontal as long as or slightly shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout; loreal as long as deep or more long; a praeocular extending to the upper surface of the head, not reaching the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 2+ 3; eight (nine) upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or longer than the posterior; anterior palatine teeth not much larger than the posterior. Scales in 21 (23) rows, vertebral row enlarged; ventrals 209—239; anal entire; subcaudals 89—1I10. Black above, with yellow transverse bands, continuous or not extending across the back; labials yellow, with black edges. Lower surface black or bluish, uniform or speckled with yellow; throat yellow. Total length 2310 mm. Nom. indig. Ular katam tebu (mal.); Oraj taliwangsa or Oraj santja manuk (sund.).; Ular chin chin mas (Borneo); Ulentipojo (Toradja-name). Habitat: Nias!; Batu Islands (Pulu Tello!); Sumatra (Labuan, Stabat, Deli!, Serdang!, Langkat, Assahan, Indragiri, Djambi!, Tandjong Laut! and Benakat in Palembang, Ringgat!, Batang Singalang!, Silago, Ajerbangis!, Padang!); Siak!; Riou; Banka!; Borneo (Labuan, Bulangan river, Sandakan Bay, Kudat, Se- bruang Valley, Santubong, Kuching, Sarawak, Sintang, Sing- kawang, Pontianak river, Bandjermassin!, Balikpapan, Muara Djawa!, Samarinda!); Java (Buitenzorg, Depok, Anjer, Peka- longan!); Celebes (Manado!, Kema, Kandari, Macassar). — Philippines; Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Lower Siam. Feeds on small mammals, lizards, frogs, snakes, fish. Nocturnal. Fig. 76. Dipsadomorphus dendrophilus (Boie) XX 1/2. Side view of head. 199 4. Dipsadomorphus nigriceps (Gthr.). Dipsas nigriceps, Giinther, Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XII 1863, p. 359. Dipsadomorphus nigriceps, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 72. Snout longer than eye; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more long; a prae- ocular, in contact with the frontal or narrowly separated from it; two postoculars; temporals 1 +2 or 2+ 3 or 3+ 3; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter often much shorter than the posterior; anterior palatine teeth not much enlarged. Scales in 21 rows, vertebrals much enlarged; ventrals 240—263; anal entire; subcaudals 140—154. Brownish or reddish-grey, uniform or speckled with dark brown, sometimes a series of black spots on the back; head dark or reddish; upper lip light. Lower surface grey, with dark dots. Length of head and body 1240 mm.; tail 410 mm. Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Mentawei Islands (Siberut!); Sumatra (Upper Langkat, Tandjung Laut in Palembang); Bor- neo (Bongon); Java (Gadok). — Malay Peninsula; Siam. 5. Dipsadomorphus jaspideus (Dum. & Bibr.). Triglyphodon jaspideum, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 1093. Dipsadomorphus jaspideus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 73. Eye as long as snout; rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above; internasals as long as praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more deep; a praeocular narrowly separated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; posterior chin-shields as long as the anterior or longer, separated from one another by scales; anterior palatine teeth a little enlarged. Scales in 21 rows, vertebrals much enlarged; ventrals 243-—266; anal entire; sub- caudals 140—166. Brown or reddish above, speckled with black or dark brown and with black transverse bars, interrupted on the vertebral line, sometimes indistinct; a series of large, white spots on 200 each side, partly on the ventrals; shields of head with black spots, the larger light-edged; on the occiput a black, light- edged longitudinal streak. Lower surface yellowish, speckled with brown. Length of head and body 1030 mm.; tail 370 mm. Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Gambir in Deli!, Pagarkaja, Muara Lakitan in Palembang); Java!; Borneo (Sandakan Bay!}, Labuan, Kuching, Saribas, Baram, Pankalan ampat, Balik- papan). — Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula. 6. Dipsadomorphus cynodon (Boie). Dipsas cynodon, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 559. Dipsadomorphus cynodon, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 78. Snout longer than eye; rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more long; a praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the head, narrowly separated from the frontal; two post- oculars; temporals 2+ 2, 2+ 3 or 3+ 3; eight to ten upper labials, third to fifth, fourth and fifth, fourth to sixth or fifth to seventh entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter smaller than the posterior; anterior palatine teeth strongly enlarged. Scales in 23 (25) rows, vertebrals strongly enlarged; ventrals 248—290; anal entire; subcaudals 114—159. Vellow or reddish-brown above, with dark brown or black transverse spots or bars, sometimes absent, or blackish above with lighter transverse bars and a series of white spots on the sides; a dark streak on each side of the head behind the eye; labials sometimes with dark vertical lines. Lower surface yellow, uniform or speckled with brown, or entirely black. Total length 2450 mm. Habitat: Nias!; Mentawei Islands (Sipora); Sumatra! (Langkat, Deli, Indragiri); Banka!; Borneo (Sandakan, Baram, Kapuas river, Sebruang Valley, Sarawak, Kuching, Busau, Santubong, Rejang river, Balikpapan, Samarinda!); Java (Bata- via, Salatiga!); Bali; Flores!. — Philippines; Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Burma; Assam; Siam. 201 7. Dipsadomorphus irregularis (Merr.). Coluber irregularis, Merrem, Bechst. Uebers. Lacép. IV 1802, p. 239, pl. XXXVII, fig. 1. Dipsadomorphus irregularis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 75 (s. syn.). Boiga irregularis, Barbour, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV 1912, p. 126. Snout longer than eye; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep or more long; a praeocular, extending to the upper surface of the head, in contact with the frontal or narrowly separated from it; two postoculars; temporals 2—3+3—4; nine (eight or ten) upper labials, fourth to sixth or third to fifth or fifth to seventh entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter shorter than the posterior; anterior palatine teeth strongly enlarged. Scales in 19—23 rows, vertebrals enlarged; ventrals 217—272; anal entire; subcaudals 100—125 (69 or 75), of which some may be single. Yellowish, grey, brown or olive above, uniform or with dark transverse bands or spots; usually a dark streak on each side of the head behind the eye; upper labials yellow, usually dark-edged. Lower surface yellowish, sometimes speckled with dark; subcaudals sometimes black. Length of head and body 1700 mm.; tail 450 mm. Habitat: Celebes (Gorontalo, Minahassa, Manado!, Kema, Kandari, Barabatuwa, Macassar); Sangir Islands; Ternate!; Halmahera!; Batjan!; Salawatti; Misol; Ceram!; Buru!; Ambon!; Goram; Kei Islands; Aru Islands; New Guinea (Sorong, Fak Fak, Passim, Dorei, Mt. Arfak, Mansinam, Manokwari, Sermo- wai river!, Humboldt Bay!, Lake Sentani, Mimika, Stekwa and Lorentz! rivers, Fly river, Hula, Kapa Kapa, Bara Bara, Dinawa in Owen Stanley Range 4000 feet, Fife Bay, S. of Huon Gulf, Tami, Bogadjim, Bongu, Stephansort, Astrolabe Bay, Lialun, Berlinhafen, Simpsonhafen, Simbang, Seleo Island, Yule Island, Jobi); Schouten Islands (Mysore). — Ferguson, Trobriand and Woodlark Islands; Louisiade Archipelago; Islands of Torres Straits; Solomon Islands; Bismarck Archipelago. Note. A form from German New Guinea: Stephansort and Seleo Island has been called by MEHELY ') Dipsadomorphus irre- 1) Termesz. Fiizetek XXI 1898, p. 172. 202 gularis var. papuanus. Its colour is somewhat different from the usual one. Pinkish-grey above, each scale speckled with fine brown dots; ventrals and subcaudals speckled with brown. In the stomach of one of those specimens were 7 shells of fowl’s eggs. 8. Dipsadomorphus flavescens (Dum. & Bibr.). Triglyphodon flavescens, Duméril & Bibron, Erp. Gén. VII 1854, p. 1080. Dipsadormorphus flavescens, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 77. Rostral triangular, visible from above; loreal small; praeocular not extending to the upper surface of the head; three post- oculars; temporals 2+ 4; eight upper labials. Scales in I9 rows, vertebrals enlarged; ventrals 260; anal entire; subcaudals 116. Brown or yellowish-brown above, with indistinct angular spots or transverse bands. Lower surface lighter. Length of head and body 887 mm.; tail 234 mm. (After DUMERIL & BIBRON; not seen by me). Habitat: Celebes (Macassar). 46. Psammodynastes Giinther. (GUNTHER, Cat. Col. Sn. p. 140, 1858). Head distinct from neck; canthus rostralis angular; eye large; pupil vertically elliptic; nasal single; frontal very narrow. Maxillary teeth g—11, third or third and fourth enlarged, separated from the following by a short interspace, last enlarged and grooved; anterior mandibular teeth 4 strongly enlarged. Body round, covered with seins ek smooth scales, without pits, in 17 or Ig rows; ven- modynastes pictus : 2 Gthr. trals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Chin-shields 2. Distribution. S. E. Asia. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A. Lower labials separated by the chin-shields. .. 1. P. pulverulentus p, 202. B. Third lower labial large, bordering the mental groove behind the anterior chin-shields (fig. 77). 2. P. pictus p, 203. 1. Psammodynastes pulverulentus (Boie). Psanmophis pulverulenta, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547. Psammodynastes pulverulentus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1896, p. 172 (s. syn.). Anisodon Lilijeborgi, Rosen, Ann, Nat. Hist. (7) XV 1905, p. 176. 203 Snout short, pointed or slightly turned up in the adult. Rostral more broad than deep; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal two times or two times and a half as long as broad, narrower than the supraocular, longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal as long as deep, sometimes vertically divided; one or two prae- and two to four postoculars; temporals 2+ 3 or 2+ 2; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; two smaller pairs of chin-shields posteriorly. Scales in 17 (19) rows; ventrals 146—175; anal entire; subcaudals 44—7o. Dark brown or reddish-brown above, with small dark and light spots; a dark band along each side; head with symme- trical longitudinal markings, a dark band on each side of the head, passing through the eye. Lower surface speckled with brown and with dark lines and spots. Length of head and body 497 mm.; tail 128 mm. Nom. indig. Duwata (Toradja-name). Habitat: Engano; Sumatra (Peudawa in Atjeh, Labuan, Bindjey, Medan!, Upper Langkat, Laut Tador, Djambi!, Pa- lembang, Gunung Sugei in Lampong district); Banka; Riou!; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Baram river, Kina Balu, Sebruang Valley, Pangkalan Ampat, Singkawang, Sintang, Kapuas river, Putus Genting!, Barabei, Bandjermassin); Java (Gadok, Sin- danglaia, Tjibodas 1425 M.!, Mt. Gedeh 4500 feet, Mount Wilis 5000 feet, Volcano Pengalengan 4000 feet, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Lombok; Flores!; Sumba; Celebes (Sudara 4450 feet, Upper Bone Valley, Buol, Matinang Mts. 1700 feet, Posso! 2000 feet); Togian Islands; Sangir Islands (Siao). — Malay Peninsula; Siam; Burma; Assam; E. Himalayas; Philippines; Indo China; Formosa. Ovoviviparous; feeds on lizards and frogs. Still common at elevations over 5000 feet. 2. Psammodynastes pictus Gthr. Psammodynastes pictus, Giinther, Cat. Col. Sn. 1858, p. 251. Psammodynastes pictus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 174 (s. syn.). Internasals as long as or a little shorter than the prae- frontals; frontal two and a half or three times as long as broad, narrower than the supraocular, as long as the parietals; loreal 204 as long as deep; two or three prae- and three or four post- oculars; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; third lower labial very large, bordering the mental groove behind the anterior chin-shields. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals I52—I171; anal entire; subcaudals 60—8o. Yellowish, reddish or pale brown above, with dark trans- verse bands between two light stripes or a dark vertebral band; a dark streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye and across the rostral, edged above with white in Fig. 78. Psammodynastes pictus Gthr. Nat. size. Side view of head. young specimens. Lower surface whitish, speckled with brown and with brown dots. Length of head and body 400 mm.; tail 118 mm. Nom. indig. Ular percha or U. bérang (Borneo). Habitat: Simalur!; Sumatra (Perlak in Atjeh, Tandjong Morawa, Labuan, Medan!, Deli, Langkat, Gunung Sahilan!, Ajer bangis!); Banka; Biliton; Riou!; Borneo! (Sandakan Bay, Labuan, Mt. Dulit, Rejang river, Kuching, Kidi district, Kapuas river, Telang, Balikpapan). — Malay Peninsula. 47. Dryophis Dalman. (DALMAN, Oefvers. of Zool. Arb. Stockholm, 1822). Head long, distinct from neck; canthus rostralis strong; lores 08 concave; eye large; pupil horizontal; nasal single, frontal narrow. Maxillary teeth 12—15, one or two middle ones enlarged, sepa- rated from the posterior by an interspace; one or two last grooved, large and situated below the posterior border of the eye; three or four anterior mandibular teeth increasing in length, posterior small. Body long, compressed, covered with smooth scales, in 15 rows, without pits, oblique; the vertebral row enlarged; ventrals rounded. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia. Arboreal; ovoviviparous. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A, Snout without appendage. I. Less than 200 ventral shields; subcaudals DISA coloai os teem Cmonesoec (Odeo areck are 1. D. xanthozona p. 205. II. Usually more than 200 ventral shields; sub- caudals 151—207. 1. Frontal longer than the parietals; anal divided ELV GCMUIES ao tra. sts + *. aoa erst 2. D. prasinus p. 206. 2. Frontal as long as the parietals; anal usu- UCC era. Sc 3. ep mae w ss 3, etek: 3. D. fasciolatus p, 207. 8. Snout with a rostral appendage..........-. 4. D. mycterizans p. 208. 1. Dryophis xanthozona Boie. Dryophis xanthozona, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545. Dryophis xanthozona, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 180. Snout pointed, projecting, nearly twice as long as the eye; internasals in contact with the rostral; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; three or four small loreals in a row; a praeocular in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; eight or nine upper labials, fourth and fifth or fourth to sixth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter shorter than posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 186—195; anal entire (rarely divided); subcaudals 115—156. Green or purple above; greenish or purplish below, with a yellow streak on each side and two indistinct stripes in the middle, separated by a purple streak. Length of head and body 752 mm.; tail 410 mm. Habitat: Java (Depok, Salak, Kediri!). — Penang; W. Sia- mese Malay States. Much rarer than the following species. 206 2. Dryophis prasinus Boie. Dryophis prasinus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 545. Dryophis prasinus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 180 (s. syn.). Snout sharply pointed, projecting, more than twice as long as the eye; internasals usually in contact with the labials; one to four small loreals in a row between the praefrontal and the labials; frontal as long as or a little longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, longer than the parietals; a prae- ocular, in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2+2 or 3+3 (1+2); nine upper labials, fourth to sixth oe Mens J, So Sreemnpx 5 ZN LLL FEE — Fig. 79. Dryophis prasinus Boie. X 3/5, Side view of head. entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, those of the sacral region usually keeled; ventrals 194—235; anal divided (rarely entire); subcaudals 151—207. Green, olive or greyish-brown; skin of the neck black and white. Lower parts greenish or greyish; a yellow line on each side. Length of head and body 1190 mm.; tail 600 mm. Nom. indig. Sawa léul (Simalur); Oraj gadung (Sund., Buitenzorg); Puchok pisang, Ular daun (Kuching); Ulendui, baluntete and lewora (Toradja-names). 207 Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Mentawei Islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Sabang on Pulu Weh!, Atjeh, Bindjey, Labuan, Medan!, Brastagei!, Serdang!, Pangkalan Brandan!, Assahan, Langkat, Laut Tador; Bedagei; Battak Highlands! 800—1000 M., Indragiri, Djambi!, Kertadjaja and Tandjung Laut in Palem- bang, Gunung Sugei in Lampong district, Gunung Sahilan!, Sidjundjung!, Taluk!, Ringgat!, Kaju tanam!, Surian, Silago, Rau, Kalung!, Ajerbangis!, Padang, Agam, Padang Highlands!, Indrapura, Tandjong); Banka!; Riou!; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Bulangan river, Sandakan Bay, Baram river, Mt. Dulit, Se- bruang Valley, Buntok, Brooketon, Sadong, Banting, Kuching, Tegora, Busam, Landak!, Sintang, Singkawang, Pontianak, Bandjermassin!, Samarinda!, Kapuas river); Sibutu Island; Java (langerang!, Batavia, Buitenzorg!, Anjer, Mt. Salak, Depok, Preanger!, Sukabumi!, Pekalongan!, Gunung Ungaran!, Teman- gung!, Ambarawa!, Salatiga!, Wonosobo, Malang!, Mount Willis, Kraksaan!, Ngawi, Kediri!, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Lombok; Sumbawa; Buton; Celebes (Gorontalo, Minahassa, Manado}, Kema, Marapo river near Batulappa, Kandari, Muna Raha, Dongala Kabonga, Macassar!); Sangir Islands (Siao, Tabukan) ; Ternate. — Philippines; Indo China; Burma; Assam; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Penang; Singapore; E. Himalayas. Feeds chiefly on lizards and frogs. 3. Dryophis fasciolatus (Fischer). Tragops fasciolatus, Fischer, Arch. f. Nat. 1885, p. 66, pl. V, fig. 4. Dryophis fasciolatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 182. Snout pointed, projecting, about twice as long as the eye; internasals in contact with the first or second labial; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as the parietals; two or three loreals in a row; a praeocular in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2 or 3; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 211—231; anal usually entire; subcaudals 178—194. Grey above, with black spots, arranged in transverse bands anteriorly; shields of the head and labials with dark brown spots; a dark band from the rostral to the sides of the neck, passing through the eye. Lower surface with a grey, black- 208 edged band in the middle, a white streak on each side. Length of head and body 900 mm.; tail 500 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Sumatra (S. Atjeh, Labuan, Deli!, Padang 1500—3000 feet); Natuna Islands!; Borneo (Baram river, Kuching, S. E. Borneo!). 4. Dryophis mycterizans (L.). Coluber mycterizans, Linné, Mus, Ad. Frid. 1754, p. 28, pl. V, fig. 1; pl. XIX, fig. 2. Dryophis mycterizans, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 182. Snout pointed, projecting, ending in a dermal appendage formed by the rostral and shorter than the eye; snout without the appendage twice or more the diameter of the eye; inter- nasals and praefrontals in contact with the labials; no loreal; frontal as long as the parietals or a little longer, in contact with the praeocular; two praeoculars; a subocular, or one praeocular and two suboculars; two postoculars; temporals I-+2 or 2+ 2; eight upper labials, fifth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 172—203; anal divided; subcaudals 140—174. Green or pale brown above, the skin of the neck between the scales black and white; a yellow line on each side. Length of head and body 940 mm.; tail 560 mm. Habitat: Java!. — Siam; Burma; Ceylon; India. 48. Dryophiops Boulenger. (BOULENGER, Cat. Sn. III p. 193, 1896). Head distinct from neck, with distinct canthus rostralis; eye large; pupil horizontal; nasal entire; frontal narrow. Maxillary teeth 20, subequal, the last two or three slightly enlarged and srooved; anterior mandibular teeth enlarged. Body slender, compressed, covered with smooth scales, in 15 rows, oblique, with pits; ventrals with a keel and a notch on each side. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows, keeled and notched like the ventrals. Distribution. S. E. Asia. A single species. 209 1. Dryophiops rubescens (Gray). Dipsas rubescens, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. Il 1834, pl. LXXXIV, fig. 2. Dryophiops rubescens, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 194 (s. syn.). Rostral two times as broad as deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals ; loreal long; one praeocular, in contact with the frontal; two or three postoculars; temporals 2+ 2; nine upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, posterior larger. Scales NOONE Sara 6 aks ANY Fig. 80. Dryophiops rubescens (Gray). Nat. size. Side view of head. in I5 rows; ventrals 186—199; anal divided; subcaudals ILI—136. Reddish-brown above, with small black spots; on the head wavy longitudinal markings and a median streak on the occiput and neck; a dark streak on each side passing through the eye; labials with black spots. Lower surface yellow or greenish, reddish or brownish posteriorly, dotted with dark and with or without small dark spots. Length of head and body 540 mm.; tail 210 mm. TNDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. 14 310 Habitat: Mentawei Islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Lower Langkat); Natuna Islands; Borneo (Sarawak, Sandakan, Sama- rinda!); E. Java (Sumber Arum!). — Penang; Malay Penin- sula; Siam. Arboreal. 49. Dipsadoides Annandale. (ANNANDALE, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal I p. 212, 1905). Head distinct from neck; eye large; pupil round; nasal undivided. Maxillary teeth 6, followed by a pair of moderate, — almost vertical grooved teeth after an interspace; mandibular teeth subequal. Body strongly compressed, covered with 21 rows ') of scales with pits, the vertebral row enlarged; ventrals keeled on each side. Tail slender; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Indo-Australian Archipelago. A single species. 1. Dipsadoides decipiens Annandale. Dipsadoides decipiens, Annandale, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal 11905, p. 213, fig. 3. Head small, flattened; snout short; eye prominent, almost as long as the snout; nostril large, directed backwards. Rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above; internasals larger than praefrontals; frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; praeocular large; postocular small; supraocular very large; loreal more deep than long; temporals 2+ 2; eight upper labials, third to fifth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter followed by a second large pair, which are separated from one another *). Scales narrow, oblique, in 21 rows, dorsal row enlarged; ventrals 258; anal entire; subcaudals 152. Pale brown above, spotted and marbled with dark brown and dull yellow, and with irregular dark bars; head marbled with dark brown and with dark brown spots. Lower surface dull yellow, marbled posteriorly with dark brown; chin and throat spotted with dark brown. Length of head and body 603 mm.; tail 265 mm. 1) In the original description: 19 rows. 2) In the description: both in contact with their neighbours. 21t Type-specimen received from the Indian Museum, Calcutta, examined. Habitat: “Malay Archipelago”! (Java ?). Only one single specimen known. nS spe UE >. 7 my 574 ay " LEGG a. = hg Fig. 81. Dipsadoides decipiens Annandale. X 3/4. Side view of head, 50. Chrysopelea Boie. (Bolg, Isis, p. 520, 1827). Head distinct from neck; eye large; pupil round. Maxillary teeth 20—22, last three longest and grooved; anterior mandi- bular teeth longest. Body long, compressed, covered with smooth or feebly keeled scales, oblique, with pits, in 17 rows; ventrals with a keel and a notch on each side. Tail long; subcaudals in two rows, keeled and notched. Distribution. S. E. Asia. The tree-snakes belonging to the genus Chrysopelea are known as Flying-Snakes, because they can suddenly descend from trees, keeping their bodies very rigid. The part of the ventral scales between the lateral keels can be made concave. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A. Three or more dorsal rows of scales feebly keeled ; subcaudals 146—186; ventrals 192—221..... 1. C. rhodopleuron p. 212. 212 &. Scales smooth or feebly keeled; subcaudals 106—139; ventrals 198—238 ..........-. 2. C. ornata p. 212. C. Scales smooth; subcaudals 98—120; ventrals 1S1—=OOy cee e aes eats 8 yk temanae 3. C. chrysochlora p. 214. 1. Chrysopelea rhodopleuron Boie. Chrysopelea rhodopleuron, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 547. Chrysopelea rhodopleuron, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 195 (s. syn.). Snout depressed; rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above; internasals shorter than praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal long; a praeocular, sometimes in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth entering the eye; four or five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, three or more median rows feebly keeled; ventrals 192—221; anal divided; sub- caudals 146—186. Olive-brown, greenish or black above, without or with light centres in the scales; outer row of scales and sides of ventrals sometimes red, black-edged; a dark streak on each side of the head; upper lip white. Lower surface pale green or yellow, often with a black streak along the tail. Length of head and body 780 mm.; tail 380 mm. Habitat: Sangir Islands; Batjan!; Misol; Ceram!; Buru; Ambon!; Banda; Timor Laut. 2. Chrysopelea ornata (Shaw). Coluber ornatus, Shaw, Zool, III 1802, p. 477. Chrysopelea ornata, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 196 (s. syn.). Snout depressed; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals about as long as praefrontals; frontal almost as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or a little shorter than the parietals; loreal long, sometimes fused with the praefrontal; a praeocular, often in contact with the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; nine or ten upper labials, fifth and sixth or fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 (rarely 15) rows, smooth or feebly keeled; ventrals 198—238, last often divided; anal divided; subcaudals 106—139. 213 —_ (Shaw). Nat. size. Side view of head. ig. $2. Chrysopelea ornata a 214 Coloration variable. Black above, each scale with a round greenish or yellowish spot, the vertebral spots sometimes forming a stripe anteriorly, or green above, the scales black-edged; often coral-red spots on the back, in groups of four; head black, with yellow transverse bands and spots. Lower surface greenish or yellowish, ventrals often edged with black. Young specimens green, with black transverse bands, or pale brownish with black and yellow bars on head and nape; a series of small black spots on the middle of the back; a series of trans- verse vermilion spots on the posterior part of the body. Beneath pale olive with black lateral keels. Length of head and body 810 mm.; tail 310 mm. Nom. indig. Ular jélotong (mal.); ule alo (Toradja-name). Habitat: Nias; Mentawei Islands (Sipora); Sumatra (Atjeh, Medan!, Stabat, Assahan, Labuan, Langkat, Laut Tador, Indra- giri, Djambi!, Kertadjaja and Tandjung Laut in Palembang; Gunung Sahilan!, Indrapura, Padang 1500—3000 feet); Banka}; Riou; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Bulangan river, Baram river, Labuan, Mt. Dulit, Braang, Kuching, Sarawak, Oya, Rejang river, Batang Lupar, Buntok, Sungei Duri, Singkawang, Pon- tianak, Bandjermassin!, Samarinda!, Muara Djawa!); Java! (Batavia, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Celebes (Gorontalo, Manado}, Kema, Marissa, Posso!, Kandari, Macassar). —- Sulu Islands; Philippines; Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Penang; Andamans; S. China; Siam; Burma; India; Ceylon. Feeds on lizards (Geckos) and frogs, sometimes on bats. Diurnal. The female lays 6—8 white, long-cylindrical eggs. 3. Chrysopelea chrysochlora (Schleg.). Dendrophis chrysochloros, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. Il 1837, p. 234. Chrysopelea chrysochlora, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. HI 1896, p. 198 (s. syn.). Snout not much depressed; rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals as long as or slightly shorter than praefrontals; frontal a little longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; loreal about twice as long as deep; a praeocular, in contact with or sepa- rated from the frontal; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2; nine upper labials, fifth and sixth or fourth to sixth entering the eye; five lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows, smooth; 216 ventrals 181—199, last often divided; anal divided; sub- caudals 98—120. Red or orange above, with pairs of black transverse bands, bordering a narrow white band; head olive-brown with one to three red transverse bands; on each side of the head a black line; lips yellow. Lower surface olive-green, sides of ventrals yellow, lateral keels dark. Length of head and body 510 mm.; tail I90 mm.; reaches a total length of 739 mm. Habitat: Nias; Pulu Nako!; Sumatra (Labuan, Medan!}, Serdang!, Langkat, Laut Tador, Bedagei, Indragiri, Muara Rupit in Palembang, Taluk!, Kaju tanam); Banka!; Natuna Islands; Borneo (Kuching, Sarawak, Samarinda!); Java!. — Malay Peninsula; Singapore; Penang; Burma; Bengal. Subfamily Hydrophiinae. Key to the Indo-Australian genera. A, Ventral shields large. I. Nostrils lateral; nasals separated ......... 51. Platurus p. 216. IJ. Nostrils superior; nasals in contact........ 52. Aipjysurus p. 218. £. Ventral shields, if distinct, very small. I. A deep groove in the chin, partly concealing the MamnOwmmental Siielde:y. si «vr © 6), o's eye ue sei.s fo 53. Enhydrina p. 220. II. No mental groove; mental shield triangular. a. Internasals separating the nasals; scales jux- NEDORCEoge: naga metonnrataule Abed) a ba sd olan 54. Thalassophis p. 222. 6, Nasals in contact. 1. Ventral shields absent; scales juxtaposed. 55. Hydrus p. 224. 2. Ventral shields distinct, or in the anterior part of the body only; scales imbricate in thevanterior part off the’ body... = 3. ~ « 56. Hydrophis p. 225. 3. Ventral shields distinct, at least in the anterior part of the body; scales all juxta- posed, the lower three or four rows enlarged. 57. Enxhydris p. 240. Poisonous marine snakes (except a Hydrophis species, which occurs in a freshwater lake in Luzon), never leaving the water, with the exception of Platurus and perhaps Azpysurus; vivi- parous. Feeding on fish and crustaceans. Tail strongly compressed; rostral with two notches, only the two ends of the tongue protrusible; maxillary teeth grooved’). Nom. indig. Ular laut. 1) WALL, Mem, Asiat. Soc. Bengal II N®, 8, 1909. 216 51. Platurus Daudin. (DaupIN, Rept. VII p. 223, 1803). Nostrils lateral; eye small; pupil round; nasals separated by internasals; head-shields large; praeocular present; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth two large fangs separated from one or two small teeth. Body long, covered with smooth, imbricate scales in 19—25 rows; ventrals large. Tail strongly compressed. Distribution. Indian Ocean and West Pacific Ocean. Key tothe sipe cies: A, Rostral in contact with five shields; scales in ZY — 23 SLOWS Rie o, telat ene Me Mem etree tat oleh ie Reto yel 1. P. schistorhynchus p. 216. B. Rostral in contact with six shields. I. Frontal in contact with six shields; scales VEO RONG Roto ana cunt daGe yh cag. sone aie tOir 2. P. laticaudatus p. 217. II. Frontal in contact with seven shields; scales inl 2 T—— 2 he OWS. cer iok ems mehcnenions ies nem 3. P. colubrinus p. 217. 1. Platurus schistorhynchus Giinther. Platurus schistorhynchus, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1874, p. 297, pl. XLV, fig. A. Platurus schistorhynchus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 309. Rostral more broad than deep, in contact with five shields; praefrontals with a third shield in a transverse row, not reaching the labials; frontal longer than the parietals, in contact with seven shields; supraoculars entire; parietals entire; nasals lateral, in contact with the three anterior labials; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals small, 2+ 3; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-shields distinct, posterior indistinct and separated. Scales smooth, in 21—23 rows; ventrals 178—200, three or more times as broad as the last row of scales, the last one or two often divided, the posterior with a median keel; anal divided. Yellowish or greyish above, with blackish bands, 25—45 annuli. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body 1195 mm.; tail 114 mm. Habitat: Java; E. Flores!; Pulu Kambing in Lobetobi strait!; Ambon!; New Guinea (Bertrand Island on the north coast). — Loo Choo Islands; Savage Island; Society Islands; Samoa. 217 2. Platurus laticaudatus (L.). Coluber laticaudatus, Linné, Mus. Ad. Frid. 1754, p. 31, pl. XVI, fig. 1. Platurus laticaudatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. HI 1896, p. 307, Laticauda laticaudata, Barbour, Mem, Mus. Comp. Zool. Harv. Coll. XLIV $Gi2, p:. 131. Rostral more deep than broad, in contact with six shields; two.internasals and two praefrontals, separated from the labials; frontal not longer than the parietals, in contact with six shields; supraoculars entire; parietals entire; nasals lateral, in contact with the two anterior labials; one prae- and two post- oculars; temporals I + 2; seven or eight upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pair of chin-shields, both in contact. Scales smooth, in 19 rows, vertebrals enlarged in the posterior part of the body; ventrals 210—246, the last ventral sometimes divided; anal divided. Olive or greyish above, with 29— 48 black annuli. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body 880 mm.; tail go mm. Habitat: Pulu Babi!; Nias; Sumatra (Sabang on Pulu Weh!, Atjeh!, Serdang, Gunung Sugei in Lampong district); Java; Flores!; Timor!; Borneo; Ternate; Halmahera; Aru Islands; New Guinea; Schouten Islands (Mysore). — Australia; New Hebrides; Fiji Islands; Loo Choo Islands; China; Philip- pines; Siam; Bengal. 3. Platurus colubrinus (Schneider). Hydrus colubrinus, Schneider, Hist. Amph. I 1799, p. 238. Platurus colubrinus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 308. Rostral more deep than broad, in contact with six shields; two internasals; praefrontals with a third shield in a row, separated from the labials; frontal as long as or shorter than the parietals, in contact with seven shields; supraoculars and parietals entire; nasals lateral, in contact with the two or three anterior labials; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I+2 or 2+ 2; six or seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pair of chin-shields, both in contact. Scales smooth, in 21—25 rows; ventrals 195—-245, the last or two often divided; anal divided. Olive-brown above, with 28—54 black annuli, sometimes interrupted below. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body 1145 mm.; tail 125 mm.; reaches a length of 1.60 M. 218 Habitat: Pulu Babi!; Engano; Sumatra (Atjeh!, Siboga!); Borneo (North coast); Java; Lamakera on Solor!; Flores!; Rotti!; Timor; N. Celebes!; Ternate; Halmahera; Ambon!; Buru; Kur!; Kei Islands!; Aru Islands; Salawatti; New Guinea (Jobi, Sorong, Dorei, Mansinam, Kaiser Wilhelmsland!, Bore- Fig. 83. Platurus colubrinus (Schn.). X 2/3. pata); Schouten Islands (Mysore). — Australia; New Zealand; Fiji Islands; New Caledonia; New Hebrides; Solomon, Admi- ralty and Pelew Islands; Sulu Islands; Philippines; China; Penang; Singapore; Andamans; Nicobars. , This snake is sometimes found out of the water. 52. Aipysurus Lacépede. (LacEpEDE, Ann. Mus. IV p. 197, 1804). Snout short; nostrils superior; eye small; pupil round; head- shields large or broken up into scales; nasals in contact. Maxillary teeth two fangs, separated by a short interspace from 8—10 grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth feebly grooved. Body moderate, covered with smooth or keeled, imbricate scales in 17—-25 rows; ventrals large, keeled in the middle. Tail strongly compressed. Distribution. Western Tropical Pacific Ocean; Indo-Austra- lian Archipelago. Key. tothe species, A, Scales in 17 rows; head covered with shields. ... 1. A. eydouxi p. 219. B. Scales in 19 rows; head covered with small scales. 2. A. australis p. 219. C. Scales in 21—25 rows; head-shields more or less LrcyGiy oe 505 Qdkota oe eClg uo Mo oe mod add 3. A. laevis p, 220. = 219 1. Aipysurus eydouxi (Gray). Tomogaster eydouxit, Gray, Cat. 1849, p. 59. Aipysurus eydouxii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn, HI 1896, p. 304. Rostral more broad than deep, in contact with four shields; praefrontals usually undivided, separated from the labials; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or longer than the parietals, in contact with six shields; nasal in contact with the first and second upper labials and with the praeocular or narrowly separated from the latter; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I + 2 or 2+ 2; six upper labials, fourth entering the eye; anterior chin-shields a N = f SO ay a oF Fig. 84. Aipysurus eydouxi (Gray). X 1/9. shorter than the posterior, which are separated by a shield. Scales smooth, in 17 rows; ventrals 134—142, with a median tubercle on each shield. Dark brown above, with transverse bands of yellow, black- edged scales, often interrupted on the vertebral line; the bands widening towards the flanks. Lower surface yellow, sometimes with dark brown spots. Length of head and body 479 mm.; tail 80 mm. Habitat: Java (Cheribon, Probolingo!); Borneo!; New Guinea (Lorentz river!). — Singapore; Philippines. 2. Aipysurus australis Sauvage. Aipysurus australis, Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philom, (7) I 1877, p. 114. Aipysurus australis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 305. Shields of the head broken up into small and irregular scales with small granular tubercles. Rostral more broad than 220 deep, in contact with four shields; nasal in contact with the first and second upper labials; eight or nine upper labials, fifth sometimes entering the eye, which is bordered by 8 or 9 small shields; the anterior five or six labials well developed, the others divided; chin-shields small, indistinct. Scales smooth or obtusely keeled, in 19 rows; ventrals 156—166. Brown or yellowish with brown spots, forming irregular transverse bars. Length of head and body 820 mm.; tail 110 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Yule Island). — Australia!. 3. Aipysurus laevis Lacépede. Aipysurus laevis, Lacépede, Ann. Mus. IV 1804, p. 197, 210, pl. LVI, fig. 3. Aipysurus laevis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II] 1896, p. 305 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep; praefrontals in a single row of four or a double row of three or four, not in contact with the labials; frontal more long than broad or broken up; supraocular divided into two; parietals broken up; nasals separated from the labials; one to three prae- and two or three postoculars; seven to ten upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye, if not broken up; two small pair of chin-shields, both or the posterior only separated by scales. Scales smooth, in 2I—25 rows, vertebrals sometimes enlarged; ventrals 137—162, sometimes with an obtuse keel posteriorly; anal divided. Brown, uniform or with small dark spots. Length of head and body 1550 mm.; tail 170 mm. Habitat: Arafura Sea; Kei Islands!; Aru Islands; New Guinea. — Torres Straits; Cape York; Queensland; Loyalty Islands. 53. Enhydrina Gray. (Gray, Cat. Sn. p. 47, 1849). Nostrils superior; eye small; pupil round; head-shields large ; nasals in contact; a praeocular; no loreal; mental shield narrow, partly concealed in a deep groove (fig. 85). Maxillary teeth 2 large fangs, followed by four teeth. Body moderate, covered with imbricate scales; ventrals small. Tail strongly compressed. Distribution. From the Persian Gulf to New Guinea. A single species. 221 1. Enhydrina valakadyn (Boie). Hydrus valakadyn, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 554. Enhydrina valakadien, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 302. Rostral more deep than broad, in contact with four shields; frontal more long than broad, shorter than the parietals; nasals in contact with the two anterior labials; sometimes partially divided; one prae- and one or two postoculars; temporals I—3; seven or eight upper labials, fourth or third and fourth Fig. 85. Enxhydrina valakadyn (Boie). Chin-shields; head from above. entering the eye, the last sometimes divided; anterior chin- shields rather indistinct, separated. Scales with a tubercle or keel, in 50—70 rows; ventrals 230—314, slightly enlarged. Uniformly dark grey above; sides and lower parts whitish. Young specimens olive or grey with black transverse bands, broadest in the middle. Length of head and body 1110 mm.; tail 190 mm. Habitat: Sumatra! (Bagan Api Api!, Banju asin in Palem- bang); Java (Cheribon Sea!, Semarang!, E. Java); Borneo! (Baram, Santubong, Sarawak river, Trusan river, Kuching, Buntal); Moluccas!; New Guinea (South coast). — Persian Gulf; India; Burma; W. Ceylon; Penang; Singapore; Malay Penin- sula; Siam. 2a2 $4. Thalassophis Schmidt. (Scumipr, Abh, Naturw. Hamburg II p. 75, 1852). Snout short; nostrils superior; nasals separated by the inter- an Me nb mY, Fig. 86. Thalassophis anomalus Schmidt. X 4/s. Side view of head. nasals; eye small; pupil round; praeocular present; no loreal. Maxillary teeth two fangs followed by 5 small teeth. Body 523 long, covered with hexagonal, juxtaposed scales. Ventrals small, equal or smaller than the last row of scales. Tail strongly compressed. Distribution. Siak; Java; Borneo; Moluccas. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A. Rostral broken up into scales; parietals large; Sealesmin: 31——33 TOWS . 6 2 «0 © os 21 5 + 6 et 1. 7. anomalus p. 223. B. Rostral more broad than deep; parietals small, separated by scales; scales in 89—100 rows ... 2. 7. annandalei p, 223. I. Thalassophis anomalus Schmidt. Thalassophis anomalus, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. II 1852, p. 81, pl. IV. Thalassophis anomalus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 269. Rostral broken up into small shields; internasals narrow, longer than the praefrontals; latter usually in contact with the second labial; frontal small, entire or divided; supraoculars entire; parietals large; nasals in contact with the two anterior labials; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals small; seven to nine upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, which is sometimes separated by suboculars from the fourth and fifth labials; two pair of chin-shields, the posterior usually entirely separated. Scales with a strong tubercular keel, in 31—33 rows, juxtaposed; ventrals small, with two keels. Yellowish, with dark annuli, widest on the back, or with black bands on the back, not reaching the belly. Length of head and body 726 mm.; tail 84 mm. Habitat: Siak E. off Sumatra!; coast of Java (Cheribon!); Borneo (Sarawak); Moluccas!. 2. Thalassophis annandalei (Laidlaw). Distira annandalei, Laidlaw, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1901 II p. 579, pl. XXXV, fig. 1 and 2. Thalassophis annandalii, Boulenger, Fasc. Malay. Zool. I 1903, p. 16; Rept. Malay Penin. 1912, p. 195. Rostral more broad than deep; nasals small, separated by the internasals, which are large and widen in front behind the rostral; praefrontals small; frontal and supraocular large; one or two prae- and one or two postoculars; parietals small, separated from one another and sometimes from the frontal by small scales; temporals small, numerous; nine to twelve 224 upper labials; chin-shields usually broken up into scales. Body short and_ stout, compressed behind the neck; scales very small, juxtaposed, in 89— 100 rows, dorsals with a central tubercle or keel; ventrals small, 3 10—370. Pale olive-grey above, with dark transverse bars narrower than the inter- spaces and tapering to a point on the sides. Lower surface white. Length of Fig. 87. Thalassophis annandalei (Laidlaw). Head from above. head and body 520 mm.; tail 80 mm. Habitat: Java (mouth of the Mengala river!). — Malay Peninsula. 55. Hydrus Schneider. (SCHNEIDER, Hist. Amph. I p. 233, 1799). Snout long; nostrils superior; eye small; pupil round; head- shields large; nasals in contact; praeocular present; no loreal. Maxillary teeth two fangs, separated by a short interspace from 7—8 smaller teeth. Body short, covered with juxtaposed scales; ventrals indistinct. Distribution. Indian and Pacific Oceans. A single species. 1. Hydrus platurus (L.). Anguis platura, Linné, Syst. Nat. I 1766, p. 391. Hydrus platurus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 267 (s. syn.). Rostral as deep as broad or a little more broad; nasals large, superior; praefrontals in contact with the second labial; frontal large, at least as long as the parietals; one or two prae- and two or three postoculars; sometimes one or two suboculars; temporals small; seven or eight irregular upper labials, fourth and fifth usually entering the eye; chin-shields small or indistinct. Scales smooth in the female and young, laterals and ventrals with one to three tubercles in the male, in 45—47 rows, juxtaposed. Yellow above, with brown, black-edged bands across the 225 body, sometimes with a black median stripe anteriorly and transverse rhombs posteriorly or entirely black above; tail with or without dorsal and lateral spots. Lower surface and sides yellow with a lateral series of black spots or a black Fig. 88. Hydrus platurus (L.) XK ‘Vos stripe, or belly brown with a yellow lateral stripe. Length of head and body 620 mm.; tail 80 mm. Habitat: Sumatra; Banka!; Borneo! (Oya in Sarawak); Java coast (Batavia, Semarang!); Strait of Madura; Sailus Ketjil!; S. Flores!; S. W. Sumba!; Celebes (Manado!, Macassar!); Ambon!; Ternate; New Guinea (Jobi, Mafoor, Mios nom, Man- sinam, Tami); Schouten Islands (Mysore). — Solomon Islands; Australia; New Zealand; Samoa; Formosa; China; Siam; Nico- bars; Singapore; Malay Peninsula; Ceylon; India; Madagascar; Panama; Mexico; Ecuador. The most widely spread sea-snake. 56. Hydrophis Daudin. (DaupIN, Hist. Rept. VII p. 372, 1803). Nostrils superior; eye small; pupil round; head-shields large; nasal single or divided, in contact with its fellow; praeocular present; loreal usually absent. Maxillary teeth two large fangs followed by 4—18 small teeth. Body long, often very slender anteriorly, covered with imbricate or juxtaposed scales; ventrals small. Tail strongly compressed. Distribution. Indian and Pacific Oceans. INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. I5 226 Key to the Indo-Australian species. A. Head very small; neck very slender. I. Two superposed anterior temporals. a. Praefrontals separated by the frontal ..... 1. H. frontalis p. 227. Pabractrontalssimmcontacts.ns aiai-aen nen nen t= 2. H. nigrocinctus p. 227. II. A single anterior temporal. a. Frontal as long as its distance from the rostral. I. Scales in 29—-37 rows round the body. x 29—33 scales round body; ventrals 225—298...... Soh GES ls SpANSNG O00 3. H. gracilis p. 228. X>& 37 scales round body; ventrals 298—321. 4. H. floweri p. 229. 2. Scales in 40—50 rows round body. aa.3I1—40 scales round the neck; 40—50 round the body; ventrals 310—438 .. 5. H. diadema p. 229. 66, 25—31 scales round the neck; 40—48 round the body; ventrals 345—500... 6. H. fasciatus p. 230. cc. 30 scales round the neck; 42 round the hodystventialst.476) 5) (y'. 5s, ss tess ake 7. H, brookei p. 230. d, Frontal shorter than its distance from the rostral. 8. A. torguatus p. 231. &. Head moderately small; neck not very slender. I. Anterior ventrals three or four times as broad 2 We IGE Tony Ol SeRIIES Sais od Gn Seb 6c Qo. H. viperinus p. 231. II. Anterior ventrals not more than twice as broad as the last row of scales. a, One anterior temporal. 1. 19—-20 scales round the Ibodyare ss shou.) 10. H. jerdoni p. 232. 2. Scales round the body in more than 21 rows. ip oVentralSaniG oO. ist. Pale lon sa ste earehcnn ce 11. H. mertoni p. 233. tt Ventrals 270—354. aa. Scales round body in 45 rows . . 12, H. polyodontus p. 233. 66. Scales round body in 32— 40 rows. Nelaacl Welle Gao Gamo bio 6 S 13. H. brugmansi p. 233. <> Head black with a curved yellow MALKING: iar sel «| aloe esters, PONE 14. H. spiralis p. 234. tilts WV Cbtrals9'772—AOO i. valle ome sa eueityien ne 15. H. grandis p. 235. 6.Two or three superposed anterior temporals, I. Scales round body in 34—50 rows; ventrals squarish. > Second pair of chin-shields, if distinct, separated by several scales. ga.One spostoculati ames tecnico ine ein 16. H. hybridus p. 235. 66. Two or three postoculars....... 17. H. ornatus p. 236. o07 > Second pair of chin-shields in contact or separated by one scale. -© Scales all imbricate. aa. Ventrals 220—256; two postoculars. 18. H. macfarlani p. 237. 66. Ventrals 281—3$5; two postoculars. 19. H. cyanocinctus p. 237. cc. Ventrals 306; one postocular ... 20. H. saravacensis p. 238. ©© Scales on posterior part of body jux- taposed. a, 34 scales round body; ventrals 317. 21. H. delcheri p. 238. b. 38 or 39 scales round body; ventrals 258—260 ......... 22. H. pachycercus p. 239. 2. Scales round body in 48—59 rows; ventrals usually in pairs, except anteriorly, not larger mithan the scales andispomted. sts. 4 - 2 © 23. H. stokesi p. 239. 1. Hydrophis frontalis Jan. Hydrophis frontalis, Jan, Elenco 1863, p. tio. Hydrophis frontalis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II] 1896, p. 276. Head very small; rostral more broad than deep; praefrontals separated by the point of the frontal; latter more long than broad, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; two super- posed anterior temporals; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; chin-shields small, the posterior separated. Body very slender anteriorly, scales rhomboidal, imbricate, with a strong keel, in 42—45 rows (34 or 35 anteriorly); ventrals 285-—291. Yellowish-white, with greyish transverse bars, broadest on the back; head blackish, a yellow band above and behind the eye. Length of head and body 630 mm.; tail 65 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Indian Ocean!; Java (Batavia, Pasuruan!). 2. Hydrophis nigrocinctus Daudin. fHlydrophis nigrocinctus, Daudin, Rept. VII 1803, p. 380. Hydrophis nigrocinctus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 277; Rept. Malay Penin. 1912, p. 187. Head small; eye as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, about twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals, which are separated from the labials; frontal more long than 228 broad, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout; one prae- and one or two postoculars; two superposed anterior temporals; seven upper labials, third and fourth, third to fifth or fourth and fifth entering the eye or some of them divided; posterior chin-shields separated. Body long, slender anteriorly; scales imbricate, keeled, in 39 rows (27—29 anteriorly); ventrals 310— 331, entire. Olive above, yellow beneath, with 42—62 black annuli, broader on the back; upper lip with a curved black streak; head dark on the crown, witha yellow marking from the rostral above the eyes to the temporal region; a short lateral black band on the neck. Length of head and body 900 mm. tail 100 mm. Habitat: Ternate '). — Bay of Bengal; Strait of Malacca; Malay Peninsula; Siam. 3. Hydrophis gracilis (Shaw). Hydrus gracilis, Shaw, Zool. III 1802, p. 560. Hydrophis gracilis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 280; Rept. Malay Penin- sula 1912, p. IQI. Head very small; snout projecting; eye at least as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral as deep as broad; prae- frontals usually touch the second upper labial; frontal very small, more long than broad, about as long as its distance from the rostral; one prae- and one or two postoculars; a large anterior temporal, in contact with the fifth and sixth labials, followed by another large shield; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; both pairs of small chin-shields in contact. Body long, extremely slender anteriorly; scales with two or more tubercles, which are strong in males, imbricate anteriorly, juxtaposed posteriorly, in 29—33 rows (I9—2I ante- riorly); ventrals 225—298, entire anteriorly, grooved or divided posteriorly. Black or olive above, with indistinct lighter transverse bands anteriorly. Young specimens with the head and neck black, neck with light bands; body with 42—61 rhombic bands con- tinued to the belly or nearly interrupted on the sides, or black with elliptical vertical white spots on the sides. Length of head and body 930 mm.; tail 90 mm. Habitat: Java; Madura; Borneo; Indian Ocean!. — Gulf of I) Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova XIII 1878, p. 416. 229 Persia; India!; Burma; Tenasserim; Siam; Malay Peninsula; Singapore. 4. Hydrophis floweri Boulenger. Hydrophis Floweri, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1898, p. 106, pl. IX. Head very small; rostral more broad than deep; frontal one time and a half as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; a single anterior temporal; six or seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; two pairs of chin- shields, the posterior separated. Body very slender anteriorly; scales imbricate, almost smooth on the neck, keeled on the body, in 37 rows (27 anteriorly); ventrals distinct, 298—32I1. Dark olive or black above, with 69 yellow transverse bars on body and tail, narrower than the interspaces; head with a yellow band from eye to eye across the snout and a yellow band behind the eye; small yellow markings on the crown. Length of head and body 820 mm.; tail 80 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo (Brunei Bay!). 5. Hydrophis diadema Gthr. Hydrophis diadema, Giinther, Rept. Br. Ind. 1864, p. 373, pl. XXV, fig. S. Hydrophis obscurus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 284. Hydrophis diadema, Boulenger, Rept. Malay Penin, 1912, p. 188. Head very small; eye as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep; frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout; one prae- and one or two postoculars; a single anterior temporal; seven or eight upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; posterior chin-shields small and usually separated. Body long, extremely slender anteriorly; scales imbricate, thomboidal, feebly keeled in the female, strongly in the male, the keels often broken up in tubercles, in 40—50 rows (3I1—40 anteriorly); ventrals 310—438, feebly enlarged, with two keels in the male. Olive or dark green above, with yellowish transverse bars, forming complete rings in the anterior part, interrupted on the back more behind; or pale olive with dark bands, forming rings in front; a yellow spot on the snout and a yellow streak 230 on each side of the head. Length of head and body 865 mm.; tail 105 mm. Habitat: Borneo!. — Bay of Bengal; Pegu; Gulf of Siam. 6. Hydrophis fasciatus (Schneider). fydrus fasciatus, Schneider, Hist. Amph. I 1799, p. 240. Hydrophis fasciatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 281; Rept. Malay Penins. 1912, p. 189. Head very small; eye a little longer than its distance from the mouth. Rostral almost as deep as broad; praefrontals usually in contact with the second upper labial; frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral; one prae- and one or two postoculars; a single anterior temporal; six or seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Body long, very slender ante- riorly; scales imbricate, sometimes juxtaposed posteriorly, smooth on the neck, with a tubercle or keel on the body, in 40—48 rows (25—31 anteriorly); ventrals 345—500, entire. Pale above, with 48—71 black bands or annuli, sometimes expanded vertebrally and lost ventrally in old specimens; head and neck black; neck with yellow transverse bands. Length of head and body 915 mm.; tail 85 mm. Habitat: Sumatra! (Bantung river near Tandjung Laut in Palembang); Borneo (coast of N. Borneo); Java (Cheribon Sea!, Pasuruan!); Aru Islands; New Guinea (Kaiser Wilhelms- land). — Coasts of India, Siam, China; Penang. 7. Hydrophis brookei Gthr. Hydrophis brookii, Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1872, p. 597, fig. 5. Hydrophis brookii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 282. Head very small; rostral more broad than deep; praefrontal in contact with the second labial; frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; a single anterior. temporal, followed by another large one; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, second largest; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Body long, extremely slender in the fore part, covered with rhomboidal, imbricate scales, smooth on the neck, with a tubercle or keel on the body, in 42 rows (30 anteriorly); ventrals 416, feebly enlarged. 231 Black above, with yellow rings on the anterior part of the body, the anterior rings interrupted beneath; posterior part with narrow olive interspaces above between black broad rings, and broader yellow interspaces below; head black, with a horse-shoe-shaped yellow marking. Length of head and body 875 mm.; tail 95 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Borneo! (Sarawak river). Note. The female specimen in the British Museum contained young ones with the praefrontals in contact. 8. Hydrophis torquatus Giinther. Hydrophis torquata, Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind. 1864, p. 369, pl. XXV, fig. H. Hydrophis torquatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 283; Rept. Malay Penin. 1912, p. 190. Head small; eye as long as its distance from the mouth, Rostral more broad than deep; nasals longer than the frontal, at least twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal small, shorter than its distance from the rostral; one prae- and one postocular; a single anterior temporal; six or seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, some of the posterior may be divided; posterior chin-shields separated or in contact. Body long, very slender anteriorly; scales im- bricate, keeled, in 43—45 rows (33—35 anteriorly); ventrals 240—290, mostly entire. Greyish-olive above, yellow below, with black annuli, nar- rower on the sides; head dark, with a curved yellow marking from the temporal region passing above the eye, to the nasals. Length of head and body 510 mm.; tail 50 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: ,East Indies”!; Sumatra (Bagan Api Api!) — Bay of Bengal; Strait of Malacca. g. Hydrophis viperinus (Schmidt). Thalassophis viperina, Schmidt, Abh. Naturw. Hamb. II 1852, p. 79, pl. III. Distira viperina, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 298. Head small; rostral as deep as broad; nasals as long as or shorter than the frontal; suture between the praefrontals very short; they are separated from the labials; frontal as broad as long, as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of pB2 the snout, shorter than the parietals, two or three times as broad as a supraocular; one or two prae- and one or two postoculars; one or two anterior temporals; seven or eight upper labials, often the posterior divided, fourth, third and fourth or third to fifth entering the eye, second largest; both pairs of chin-shields in contact, posterior largest. Body mode- rate, slender anteriorly; scales juxtaposed, obtusely keeled, in 37—43 rows (27—29 anteriorly); ventrals 235—-267, entire, with two keels in the male. Grey above, uniform or with 26—37 black dorsal bars, sometimes confluent vertebrally, or with rhomboidal black spots. Lower surface white or pink. Young specimens completely banded; end of tail black. Length of head and body 820 mm.; tail 100 mm. Habitat: Indian Ocean!; Java '); Borneo (Oya) ?). — Gulf of Persia; Burma; Siam; Hongkong; Hainan. 10. Hydrophis jerdoni (Gray). Kerilia jerdonii, Gray, Cat. Sn. 1849, p. 57. Distira jerdonti, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1896, p. 299. Hydrophis jerdonii, Boulenger, Rept. Malay Penin. 1912, p. 186. Head short; snout rather pointed; eye as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral as deep as broad; nasals shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal more long than broad, almost as long as its distance from the tip of the snout; one prae- and one postocular; anterior temporal large, bordering the lip; five upper labials anterior to the temporal, third and fourth entering the eye; one or two pair of chin-shields. Body moderate; scales strongly keeled, imbricate, in I9—21 rows (I15—I7 anteriorly); ventrals 224238, entire, with two keels. Olive above, with 31—41 black transverse bands, forming rings in young specimens; a black spot between each pair of rings may be present. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head and body 810 mm.; tail 100 mm. Habitat: Borneo (Pontianak river); Indian Ocean!. — Coasts of the Malay Peninsula!; Siam; Penang; Bay of Bengal. I) BOULENGER, Cat. p. 299. 2) SHELFORD, J. Straits Br. Asiat. Soc. XXXV Igol, p. 66. 233 11. Hydrophis mertoni (Roux). Distira mertont, Roux, Abh. Senckenb. Ges. XX XIII 1910, p. 222, Taf. XIII, fig. 4. Head moderate; rostral more broad than deep; nasals much shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal about one time and two thirds as long as broad, much longer than its distance from the rostral, almost as long as the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; a single anterior temporal, not reaching the border of the lip; six upper labials, third and fourth under the eye, second deepest, in contact with the praefrontal; both pairs of chin-shields in contact, posterior longest. Body not very long; scales imbricate, with two or three small tubercles, in 39 rows (37 anteriorly); shields of the head with small granules; ven- trals 159, the posterior obtusely keeled. Blackish-olive above, with 46 yellow rings on the body, Io on the tail; the yellow scales of the back speckled with olive- grey; some of the rings are oblique and alternate on the belly; all the rings narrowed on the back and the belly; shields of the head with yellow spots, rostral and labials black. Total length 380 mm. (After Roux; not seen by me). Habitat: Aru Islands (Sungi Waskai on Wokam). 12. Hydrophis polyodontus Jan. fydrophis polyodontus, Jan, Icon. gén. 41 1872, pl. I, fig. 1. Hydrophis polyodontus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 274. Head small; rostral more broad than deep; frontal slightly more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two post- oculars; one anterior temporal; seven upper labials, second large, third and fourth entering the eye; both pairs of chin- shields in contact. Body long, scales juxtaposed, with a small tubercle, in 45 rows; ventrals 312. Yellowish above with black transverse rhomboidal spots; head black. Lower surface black. Length of head and body 345 mm.; tail 33 mm. Habitat: Java (Probolingo!). 13. Hydrophis brugmansi Boie. Hydrophis brugmansii, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 554. Distira brugmansii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 292. ffydrophis brugmansii, Boulenger, Rept. Malay Penin. 1912, p. 184. 234 Head moderate; eye shorter than its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, about twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal much more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout; one prae- and one or two postoculars; a single large anterior temporal, sometimes reaching the bor- der of the mouth; seven upper labials, third and fourth or third to fifth en- tering the eye; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Body long; scales imbricate, smooth or with a tubercle or keel, in 32—40 rows (27—-31 anteriorly); ventrals distinct, smooth or with two tubercles, 300—354. Greenish-yellow above, the scales with black mar- gins, with narrow black bands or annuli; sides and lower parts yellow; head yellow; end of tail black. Length of head and body 1680 mm.; tail 120 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Borneo! (Muka); Sumba (Taraba Bay!); Celebes (Macassar!); Waigeu!; New Guinea; Indian Ocean!. — Persian Gulf; Penang!; Philippines. Fig. 89. Hydrophis brugmansi Boie. 14. Hydrophis spiralis (Shaw). Hydrus spiralis, Shaw, Zool. III] 1802, p. 564, pl. CXXV. Hydrophis spiralis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 273. Head moderate; eye shorter than its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep; praefrontals usually in 235 contact with the second upper labial; frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral; one prae- and one postocular; a single anterior temporal, sometimes des- cending to the border of the mouth; six or seven upper labials, second largest, third and fourth entering the eye; posterior pair of chin-shields usually in contact. Body long; scales im- bricate, smooth in the young, with a tubercle in the adult, in 33—35 rows (28—29 anteriorly); ventrals feebly enlarged 279—334- Olive or yellowish above, with black annuli, sometimes connected by a black ventral band; often round black spots between the bands dorsally; head black, with a curved yellow marking, extending to the praefrontals; end of tai! black. Length of head and body 1680 mm.; tail 120 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: ‘Malay Archipelago”; Sumatra!; Indian Ocean ! — Coast of India; Ceylon. 15. Hydrophis grandis (Boulenger). Distira grandis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 293, pl. XVI. Head small; rostral as deep as broad; nasals shorter than the frontal, two or three times the length of the suture between the praefrontals; latter in contact with the second labial; frontal more long than broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; a single anterior temporal; seven upper labials, second largest, third and fourth entering the eye; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Body long, scales imbri- cate, keeled, in 41—45 rows (27—29 anteriorly); ventrals small, smooth in the female, with two tubercles in the male, 372—400. Olive-grey above, yellowish on the sides and below; neck with dark transverse bars, disappearing on the body. Length of head and body 2140 mm; tail 160 mm. Habitat: “Malay Archipelago”! — Queensland. 16. Hydrophis hybridus Schlegel. Hydrophis hybrida, Schlegel, Abbild. 1844, p. 115, pl. XXXVII. Hydrophis hybridus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 274. Head moderate; rostral more broad than deep; nasals more than twice the length of the suture between the praefrontals; frontal much more long than broad, as long as its distance 236 from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; two superposed anterior temporals; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; poste- rior pair of small chin-shields separated by scales. Body long; scales imbricate anteriorly, juxtaposed posteriorly, with a tubercle or keel, in 43 rows (32 anteriorly); ventrals 331, enlarged, with two keels. Yellowish, with a series of transverse, rhomboidal black spots on the back; head black above. Lower surface yellow. Length of head and body 580 mm.; tail 85 mm. Type-specimen examined in the Leiden Museum. Habitat: Molucca Sea!. 17. Hydrophis ornatus (Gray). Aturia ornata, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 61. Distira ornata, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 290. Hydrophis ornatus, Boulenger, Rept. Malay Penin, 1912, p. 184. Head moderate; eye as long as or longer than its distance from the mouth; rostral more broad than deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, two or three times as long as the suture between the praefrontals; praefrontals usually in contact with the second labial; frontal more long than broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout; one prae- and two or three postoculars; two or three superposed anterior temporals; seven or eight upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, the posterior often divided, second largest; posterior chin-shields absent or separated by two or three scales. Body moderate; scales imbricate anteri- orly, juxtaposed posteriorly, smooth in the young, with a keel or tubercle in the adult, in 40—50 rows (35—42 anteriorly); ventrals 210—300, entire or a few divided posteriorly. Young specimens banded with black, the bands interrupted ventrally, and with one or more series of round dark spots on the sides. Sometimes the bands confluent, forming a blackish upper part; white below. Length of head and body 1070 mm.; tail 130 mm. Habitat: Aru Islands!; New Guinea (S. W. New Guinea!, Kapaor '). — Persian Gulf; Coasts of India and Ceylon; Siam!; Malay Peninsula; Philippines; N. Australia. 1) Peters & Dorta, Ann. Mus. Genova XIII 1878, p. 416 as Hydrophis ocellata Gray. 237 18. Hydrophis macfarlani (Boulenger). Distira macfarlani, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 294, pl. XVII, fig. 1. Head moderate; rostral more broad than deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, about three times the length of the suture between the praefrontals; latter in contact with the second labial; frontal more long than broad, as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; two superposed anterior temporals; seven or eight upper labials, second largest, third and fourth entering the eye, fifth entering the eye or divided and forming a subocular; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Body long; scales imbricate, smooth or dorsals keeled, in 43—45 rows (31—35 anteriorly); ventrals small, 220—256. Whitish, with a dorsal and ventral series of black rhomboidal spots or bars; on the neck and just before the tail the dorsal and ventral spots unite on each side; head black, with a yellow spot on the forehead and a yellow streak from the eye along the temple. Length of head and body 420 mm.; tail 40 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea. — Murray Island!. 19. Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin. Hydrophis cyanocinctus, Daudin, Rept. VII 1803, p. 383. Distira cyanocincta, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 294. Hydrophis cyanocinctus, Boulenger, Rept. Malay Penin. 1912, p. 185. Head moderate; eye shorter than its distance from the mouth in the adult. Rostral slightly more broad than deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals; praefrontals usually in contact with the second upper labial; frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout; one prae- and two postoculars; two superposed anterior temporals; seven or eight upper labials, third, fourth and usually fifth entering the eye or divided; both pairs of chin-shields in contact or posterior separated by one scale. Body long; scales sub-imbricate, keeled or with two or three tubercles, in 39—45 rows (27—33 anteriorly); ventrals 281—385, smooth or with two or more tubercles. 238 Greenish-olive above, with blackish or olive transverse bars or annuli, broadest on the back, sometimes connected by a black band along the belly; or yellowish, with a black vertebral band and a few black bars on the neck. Length of head and body 1360 mm.; tail 140 mm. Habitat: Java! (Batavia); Aru Islands!; New Guinea (Matterer Bay, near Astrolabe Bay); Indian Ocean!. — Persian Gulf; Coast of India; Singapore!; China; Japan; Philippines. 20. Hydrophis saravacensis (Boulenger). Distira saravacensis, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1900, p. 184, pl. XIV, fig. 2. Head moderate; rostral more broad than deep; nasals shorter than the frontal, two times and a half as long as the suture between the praefrontals, frontal almost twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; one or two prae- and one postocular; seven upper labials, fourth or third and fourth entering the eye, second largest; two superposed anterior temporals; both pairs of chin- shields in contact. Body moderately long; scales imbricate, keeled, in 43 rows (27 anteriorly); ventrals with two keels, 306. Blackish, with 85 yellowish rings, interrupted on the ventrals; a chevron-shaped marking on the head, the apex on the nasals, the branches on the praefrontals, the supra- and post- oculars and on the temple. Length of head and body 630 mm.; tail 80 mm. (After BOULENGER; not seen by me). Habitat: Borneo (Sarawak coast). 21. Hydrophis belcheri (Gray). Aturia belcheri, Gray, Cat. 1849, p. 46. Distira belcheri, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II] 1896, p. 296, pl. XVII, fig. 2. Head small; rostral as deep as broad; nasals shorter than the frontal, twice the length of the suture between the prae- frontals; frontal about twice as long as broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; two superposed anterior temporals; five or six upper labials, fourth entering the eye; both pairs of chin-shields in contact. Body long; scales imbricate anteriorly, juxtaposed posteriorly, feebly keeled, in 34 rows (25 anteriorly); ventrals distinct, smooth, 317. Olive above, neck with dark transverse bands; head dark, 239 \ lighter on the crown. Lower surface yellowish. Length of head - and body 735 mm.; tail 75 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea!. 22. Hydrophis pachycercus Fischer. fy drophis pachycercos, Fischer, Abh, Naturw. Hamb., III 1856, p. 44, pl. II. Distira pachycercus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 297. Head small; rostral as deep as broad; nasals shorter than the frontal, more than twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals; frontal more long than broad, as long as its distance from the rostral, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two pestoculars; two superposed anterior temporals; eight upper labials, fourth or third and fourth entering the eye, fifth divided; two pair of chin-shields in contact. Body stout; scales imbricate anteriorly, juxtaposed posteriorly, keeled, each keel formed of two tubercles, in 38 or 39 rows (27—29 ante- riorly); ventrals distinct, 258—26o0. Yellowish above, with dark transverse bands; head and nape brown; end of tail black. Lower parts white. Length of head and body 820 mm.; tail 110 mm. Habitat: Malay Archipelago!. 23. Hydrophis stokesi (Gray). Hydrus stokesit, Gray, in Stokes, Discov. Austr. I 1846, p. 502, pl. III. Distira stokesii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 288. Astrotia stokesi, Wall, Mem. Asiat. Soc. Bengal II N°. 8 1909, p. 250, fig. 65—67. Hydrophis stokesti, Boulenger, Rept. Malay Penin. 1912, p. 183. Rostral as deep as broad; nasals more than twice as long as the suture between the praefrontals; latter usually in contact with the second or second and third labials; frontal more long than broad; one prae- and two (three) postoculars; tem- porals two or three superposed scales; nine or ten upper labials, fourth to sixth entering the eye, if not divided and forming suboculars; chin-shields absent. Body stout; scales imbricate, pointed, keeled or the keels broken up into two tubercles, in 48—59 rows (39—48 anteriorly), the last rows irregularly dentate; ventrals 230—267, anteriorly a few entire, rest divided into two, pointed and very much like the adjacent scales. Yellowish or pale brown, with broad black transverse bands 240 on the back or with black annuli, sometimes dorsal bars and ventral bars, alternating on the flanks, and a dorsal line between the bars. Length of head and body 1310 mm.; tail 200 mm. Habitat: Java; Aru Islands (near Karang); New Guinea. — Chinese sea; Kurrachee Harbour; Singapore!; N. coast of Australia. . The 12 or 14 young specimens, produced by the female, have a length of 30—42 mm. 57- Enhydris Merrem. (MERREM, Tent. Syst. Amph. p. 140, 1820). Nostrils superior; eye small; pupil round; head-shields large; nasals in contact; praeocular present; loreal present or absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large fangs and 2—4 small teeth. Body short and stout, covered with juxtaposed scales, in 27—37 rows; ventrals small if distinct. Tail strongly compressed. Distribution. From India to China and New Guinea. A single species. I. Enhydris hardwickei (Gray). Lapemis hardwickii, Gray, Il. Ind. Zool. Il 1834, pl. LXXXVII, fig. 2. Enhydris hardwickii, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III] 1896, p. 301 (s. syn.). Rostral as deep as broad or slightly more broad; praefrontals in contact with the second labial; frontal large; parietals large; nasals in contact with the two anterior labials, sometimes a loreal present; one prae- and one to three postoculars; tem- porals two to four superposed shields; seven or eight upper labials, third and fourth usually entering the eye; chin-shields small or absent. Scales with a tubercle, in 34-37 rows, the last three or four rows enlarged; ventrals 130—200, small. Olive or yellowish, with blackish transverse bands or annuli, sometimes confluent on the back. Length of head and body 670 mm.; tail 80 mm. Nom. indig. Ular lempe. Habitat: Java (Batavia, Cheribon Sea!, Pekalongan!, Se- marang!, Rembang, Pasuruan!, Panarukan!); Borneo (Santubong); Flores!; Sumba (Taraba Bay!); Celebes (Manado!, Macassar); Moluccas!; New Guinea. — Malay Peninsula; Siam; Singapore; Bay of Bengal; Chinese Sea; Philippines. Wes AN JF. Obbes._ ». er AY 3 oly y Fig. 90. Enhydris hardwickei (Gray). Nat. size. Subfamily Elapinae. Key to the Indo-Australian genera. A. Vertebral scales enlarged; scales in 13—17 rows. . . 58. Bungarus p. 24 #. Vertebral scales not enlarged. I. Maxillary extending forwards beyond the palatine. a. Internasal bordering the nostril; scales in I5—25 SRemactars yee) ro che ey ich eitakie| wan teenclnsy og ciulcPiaae- tae i aeaties 59. Maja p. 245. 6, Internasals not bordering the nostril. 1. Anal divided; poison-gland not extending beyond thevlicad!s scales, in! ia srowsi. Genie 4 '4 se. 6O: Callophis p. 250. INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. 16 242 2.Anal entire; poison-gland extending along each side of the anterior third of the body; heart far posteriorly; scales i 13 TOWS spowamee ar ema eee ects 61. II. Maxillary not extending forwards beyond the palatine, a, Poison-fangs followed by 4—6 grooved teeth; head not distinct from neck; subcaudals in two rows. 1. Anterior maxillary and mandibular teeth abruptly enlarged; nostril between two nasals.is€ales an) 117 LOWS. > vel debe sas 62. 2. Maxillary and mandibular teeth gradually decreasing in size. + No praeocular. aa. Pupil round; nostril between two nasals; internasals present; scales in Tip mOr M7 oLOWS! ei ihe) loeun ihn tence. 63. 66. Pupil round; nostril in a single nasal ; no internasals; scales in 13 rows. . 64. +f Praeocular present. 1. Pupil vertically elliptic; nostril be- tween two nasals; scales in 15 rows. 65 2. Pupil round; nostril in a single nasal; Scalessiny D5 sLOWS7 1 Simei anew 66. d. Poison-fangs followed by 7—15 small grooved teeth; head slightly distinct from neck; sub- caudals in two rows. I. Pupil vertical; no canthus rostralis; scales LMT ESE OWS heen he Foca ts Leu sueh dee memrre 67. 2. Pupil round; canthus rostralis distinct: Seales gin DS lO Sas tw mene ecaieuaneae 68 c. Poison-fangs followed by I—5 small teeth, sometimes indistinctly grooved. {+ Habit colubriform or elapiform. I. Scales in 17—23 rows; subcaudals in two TOWS POLMPALCLYESIMCLGh enw Nelle et amiciin ae 69 2. Scales in 15 rows; subcaudals in two rows, 70 t+} Habit viperiform; posterior subcaudals paired; end of tail compressed, ending in a long spine; scales in 21 or 23 rows. . 7I Terrestrial snakes; mostly viviparous. Doliophis p. 251. Glyphodon p. 254. Toxicocalamus p. 255. Ultrocalamus p. 258. . Apistocalamus p. 260. Pseudapistocalamus p. 262. Pseudelaps p. 264. . Diemenia p. 266. . Pseudechis p. 268. . Micropechis p. 270. . Acanthophis p. 271. 243 58. Bungarus Daudin. (DaAUDIN, Hist. Rept. V p. 263, 1803). Head not or slightly distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round or vertically elliptic; nostril between two nasals; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large, grooved fangs, followed by I—4 small, feebly grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest and feebly grooved. Body round or compressed, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 13—17 rows, disposed obliquely, vertebral row enlarged, hexagonal; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or short; subcaudals single or in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia. mey to the Indo-Australian species. A, Subcaudals single; scales in 15 or I7 rows. I. A dorsal ridge; tail ending obtusely; anterior temporal scarcely more long than deep...... 1. B. fasciatus p. 243. Il. No dorsal ridge; tail ending in a point; anterior temporal much more long than deep....... 2. B. candidus p. 244. &. Subcaudals partly single, partly in two rows; scales AIMED ST Ges Mogi xe) <8 Sloped cs. fo 8) tases Bat Se we 3. B. flaviceps p. 245. I. Bungarus fasciatus (Schneider). Pseudoboa fasciata, Schneider, Hist. Amph. II 1801, p. 283. Bungarus fasciatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 366. Rostral much more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1 + 2, anterior scarcely more long than deep; seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter about as long as the posterior, both pairs short. An obtuse keel or ridge along the back and tail, latter ending obtusely. Scales in 15 rows, vertebrals much enlarged; ventrals 200—234; anal entire; subcaudals 23—29, single. Yellow above, with broad black annuli; a black band on the head and nape, beginning between the eyes and widening behind; snout brown. Lower surface yellow with black bars. Length of head and body 1320 mm; tail 130 mm. Nom. indig. Ular welang (mal.); oraj welang (sund.). 244 Habitat: Sumatra (Stabat, Medan!, Bulo Telang in Langkat); Siak!; Java (Gadok, Buitenzorg!, Depok, Cheribon!, Ambarawa, Wonosobo, Kedu!, Salatiga!, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Borneo (Baram river, Kuching, Singkawang). — Penang; Malay Penin- sula; Siam; Burma; Assam; Bengal; S. India; S. China; Indo China. Lives in dry places, in hollows of the ground; in Java often found in Sawahdikes. Feeds on small mammals, lizards and snakes. The eggs, 8 in number, are incubated by the female. 2. Bungarus candidus (L.). Coluber candidus, Linné, Mus. Ad. Frid. 1754, p. 33, pl. VII, fig. 1. Bungarus candidus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 368 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; inter- nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I+ 1 or I+ 2, anterior much more long than deep; seven upper labials, third Fig. 91. Bungarus candidus (L.) X 3/5. and fourth entering the eye; three (four) lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in 15 (17) rows, vertebrals much enlarged; ventrals 194—237; anal entire; subcaudals 37——56, single. Barred with dark brown and yellow, 27—34 (42—60) dark bars on body and tail, the first continuous with the dark colour of the head, narrowed and rounded on the sides; the broad yellow interspaces may be spotted with black; or dark brown or bluish black above, with narrow, transverse, white streaks or with small white spots. Lower surface white. Length of head and body 920 mm.; tail 160 mm. 245 Nom. indig. Ular weling (mal.); oraj weling (sund.). Habitat: Sumatra (Lower Langkat)'); Java (Batavia), Buitenzorg!, Anjer, Krawang!, Depok, Sukabumi!, Kudus near Semarang!, Kediri!, Ambarawa, Prigan 1800—2300 feet, Tengger Mts. 1200 M.); Celebes (Manado, Minahassa). — Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Indo China; S. China; Burma; India. Feeds on snakes, toads, lizards and small mammals. The female of the Krait as it is called in British India, deposits 6—10 eggs in holes in the ground. 3. Bungarus flaviceps Reinh. Bungarus flaviceps, Reinhardt, Vidensk. Selsk. Skrift. X 1843, p. 267, pl. III, fig. 4. Bungarus flaviceps, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 371. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; inter- nasals much shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I + 2, seven upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in 13 rows, vertebrals much enlarged; ventrals 193—230; anal entire; subcaudals 42—54, partly single, partly in two rows. Black above, with or without a yellow vertebral line, a yellow lateral line along the two outer rows of scales; some- times a series of yellow dots along the vertebral line; head red or yellow, sometimes with a black marking; tail and some- times the posterior part of the body orange-red, with or without pairs of black annuli, enclosing a yellowish-white, black- spotted region. Lower surface brown or yellow with brown- edged shields. Length of head and body 1630 mm.; tail 220 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Deli, Asahan, Indragiri, Padang!); Java; Borneo (Kina Balu, Baram, Kuching, Sibu, Simanggang, Pang- kalan ampat, Balikpapan). — Penang; Malay Peninsula; Cochin China; Tenasserim. 59. Naja Laurent. (LAURENTI, Syn. Rept. p. 90, 1768). Head not or slightly distinct from neck; eye rather large; 1) See WERNER, Zool Jahrb. Syst. XIII 1900, p. 491. 246 pupil round; nostril between two nasals and the internasal; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large, grooved fangs, separated by an interspace from one to three small, feebly grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 15—-25 rows, more on the neck, disposed obliquely; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals all or greater part in two rows. Distribution. Africa; S. Asia. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A, Internasals in contact with the praeocular ..... 1. LV. tripudians p. 246. &. Internasals separated from the praeocular; a pair of laree shields ibehinds the! panietalSememer sm. alanis 2. NV. bungarus p. 249. 1. Naja tripudians Merrem. Naja tripudians, Merrem, Tent. 1820, p, 147. Naja tripudians, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 380 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; inter- nasals as long as or shorter than the praefrontals, in contact with the praeocular; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the rostral, as broad as or broader than the supraocular; one prae- and three (two) postoculars; temporals 2+3 or 3+ 3; seven upper labials, third deepest, third and fourth entering the eye, seventh largest; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or longer than the posterior. Neck dilatable. Scales in 15 —25 rows, 19—35 round the neck; ventrals 163—207; anal entire; subcaudals 42—75. Pale brown or grey to blackish; no marking on the hood or a pale U- or Q-shaped marking. Lower surface brown or yellowish with one or more dark transverse bands anteriorly. Length of head and body 1320 mm.; tail 230 mm.; reaches a length of 1900 mm. Nom. indig. Ular sendoq (mal.) or ular bedul; oraj sinduk or oraj babi (sund.); ular biludah (Padang Highlands); hantipeh pura (Dajak-name); tedong naga (Kuching). Habitat: Sumatra (Atjeh!, Medan!, Labuan, Serdang!, Bedagei, Asahan, Langkat, Laut Tador, Battak Mts. 800—1000 M., Indragiri, Djambi!, Tanah Lemba, Palembang, Singkarah!, Silago, Ringat!, Indrapura, Padang!); Riou; Banka!; Borneo 247 (Kudat, Bongon, Kina Balu, Limbawan on Padas river, Rejang river, Kuching, Oya, Paku, Busau, Pangkalan ampat, Mon- trado, Singkawang!, Sungi duri, Labuan, Samarinda!, Balik- Tay cA e Ce oy Fig. 92. Maja tripudians Merr. X '/p. a. Specimen from British India with the typical marking on the hood, not occurring in Dutch East India. b, Var. leucodira Big. papan); Java (Batavia!, Buitenzorg, Depok, Anjer, Sukabumi, Djampang, Bandung!, Pekalongan!); Lombok; Sumbawa; Flores!; Alor (Ombaai). —- From the Malay Peninsula to Transcaspia and China. 248 Feeds on small mammals, birds, frogs and lizards. Lives in sawahs, near rivers under stones or in hollows in the ground. Of the many different forms of this species the following are found in the Dutch East Indies: I. Var. caeca Gmel. 25—31 scales across the neck, 21—25 across the middle of the body. Uniform pale brown or grey to black; no marking on the hood; one or more dark trans- verse bands on the anterior part of the belly. Habitat: Java. 2. Var. sputatrix Boie. 25 scales across the neck, I9—2I across the middle of the body. Black or dark brown above and below; sides of head and neck yellow or orange. Young specimens with a pale U- or Q-shaped marking on the hood; chin and throat whitish. Habitat: Sumatra; Java. 3. Var. leucodira Blgr. 21—25 scales across the neck, 17 or Ig across the middle of the body. Brown or black; no marking on the hood; neck whitish below, with a black transverse band and a black spot anteriorly and one or two on each side. Habitat: Sumatra. 4. Var. miolepis Blgr. 21—23 scales across the neck, 17—19 across the middle of the body. Dark brown or black; no marking on the hood; sides of head and throat yellowish. Young ones with a white throat, the white extending back- wards towards its fellow, forming an angular band behind the hood; body and tail with complete white rings. Habitat: Borneo. 5. Var. pauctsquamis Peracca. 19 scales across the neck, 15 across the middle of the body. Black above and below; throat yellowish-white; head brown, paler towards the sides. Habitat: Borneo. 6. Var. sumatrana F. Miiller. 21 scales across the neck, 17 across the middle of the body. Black above; throat yellow with a transverse black band; two confluent black spots ante- riorly. Young specimens with about 8 narrow whitish rings on the posterior part of the body. Habitat: Sumatra. 249 7. Another var. with 21 scales on the neck, 19 across the middle of the body is distinguished by BOULENGER. Uniformly olive-brown above, white beneath. Habitat: Flores; Alor. 2. Naja bungarus Schlegel. Naja bungarus, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 476, pl. XVII, fig. 8 & 9. Naja bungarus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. II 1896, p. 386 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above; internasals as long as or shorter than the praefrontals, sepa- rated from the praeocular; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals, as broad as the supraocular; a pair of large occipitals (fig. 93); one (two) prae- ocular and three postoculars; tem- porals 2+ 2; seven upper labials, third deepest, third and fourth entering the eye, seventh longest; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or longer than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, I9—21 round the neck; ventrals 215—-262; anal entire; subcaudals 80—1 20, the ante- rior usually single. Yellowish, brown, olive or black above, with ‘or without dark or white transverse bars; sometimes .. : Fig. 93. Wasa bungarus Schleg. black edges to the scales. Lower ead $< 9), surface whitish, the shields black- edged, or dark brown, chin and throat yellow. Young specimens black, with yellow round spots in transverse series (fig. 94) or with a yellow spot on each scale. Length of head and body 3165 mm.; tail 870 mm. Nom. indig. Ular tedong sélar (Borneo); ular anang (jav.); oraj totok (sund.). Habitat: Simalur!; Nias!; Sumatra (Tamiau in Atjeh!, Deli!, Langkat, Bedagei, Indragiri, Gunung Sahilan!, Ajerbangis!, Tebing Tinggi in Palembang!); Borneo! (Bulangan river, Paku, 250 Claudetown, Baram, Pangkalan ampat, Kuching, Sibu, Kapit on Rejang river, Lundu, Balikpapan); Java (Krawang!, Tjikao!); Celebes (Soputan Volcano in Minahassa). — Singapore; Malay x Seah F: ~~ a Os Yoder === J-FObbes, Fig. 94. Naja bungarus Schleg. Young specimen. 3/4. Side view of head. Peninsula; Siam; Andamans; Burma; India; Indo China; S. China; Philippines. Usually feeds on snakes. 60. Callophis Giinther. (GUNTHER, Proc. Zool. Soc. p. 81, 1859). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; nostril between two nasals; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large, grooved fangs, no more teeth; mandibular teeth about equal. Praefrontal bones in contact in the median line. Body long, round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 13 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia. A single species. 1. Callophis gracilis Gray. Calliophis gracilis, Gray, Ill. Ind. Zool. II 1834, pl. LXXXVI, fig. 1. Callophis gracilis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 396. Eye very small, about half its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep; internasal not bordering the 251 nostril; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; a single temporal; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 303—320; anal divided; sub- caudals 21—30. Pale brown or reddish above, with three dark longitudinal lines passing through round, dark brown or black spots, the lateral spots alternating with the median; two large black blotches across the tail, the first at the base of the tail; two outer rows of scales dark with a yellow longitudinal streak. Lower surface barred black and yellow. Length of head and body 705 mm.; tail 35 mm. Habitat: Sumatra (Labuan in Deli). — Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula!; Bangkok. Rare. 61. Doliophis Girard. (GIRARD, Proc, Ac. Philad. p. 182, 1857). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye small; pupil round; nostril between two nasals; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 grooved fangs; mandibular teeth subequal. Poison glands ex- tending along each side of the body for about one third of its length, thickening and ending in front of the heart, which is shifted far back. Body round, long, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 13 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Burma; Cochin China; Malay Peninsula and Archipelago. Key to the Indo-Australian species. Pema alse Ah. otepte es stone eve =. se ce +s 1. D. bivirgatus p. 251. emu CAldals! Mhe—39' mi cs suis 8.2 8 i es 2. D. intestinalis p. 253. 1. Doliophis bivirgatus (Boie). Elaps bivirgatus, Boie, Isis, 1827, p. 556. Doliophis bivirgatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 400 (s. syn.). Rostral slightly more broad than deep; frontal large, as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, 252 as long as or shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 1 +1 or I + 2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 244—295; anal entire; subcaudals 34—53. Black or dark purple above, with a fine white lateral line between the two outer rows of scales, or with four white lines, the outer broader and running along the two outer rows of Fig. 95. Doliophis bivirgatus (Boie) X "py. Three differently marked specimens. scales, or with a pale blue lateral band along the two outer rows; head and tail red. Lower surface red. Length of head and body 1420 mm.; tail 190 mm. Nom. indig. Kendawang or Kranawang (Dajak-name); ular tjabeh (mal.). Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Labuan, Medan!, Serdang!, Bindjey, Langkat, Battak Highlands 800—1000 M., Indragiri, near Supat, Palembang!, Indrapura, Taluk!, Agam); Banka!; Riou; Borneo (Sandakan, Bongon, Sintang, Matang, Sibu, Busau, Kuching, Tegora, Limbang, Banting, Pangkalan ampat, Buntok, Landak!; Pontianak, Muara Djawa!, Muara Tebe!, Balikpapan, Bandjermassin!); Java! (Tengger Mts. 1200 M.). — Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Cochin China; Burma. 253 2. Doliophis intestinalis (Laur.). Aspis intestinalis, Laurenti, Syn. Rept. 1768, p. 106. Doliophis intestinalis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 401 (s. syn.). Rostral slightly more broad than deep; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter Fig. 96. Doliophis intestinalis (Laur.). Five different forms of this species. than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals I+ 2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; 254 three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter as long as or longer than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 197—273; anal entire; subcaudals 15—33. Dark brown, pale greyish, reddish-brown or black above, with a narrow orange or yellow vertebral line, sometimes forked on the head and extending to behind the nostril; usually a large triangular yellow blotch on the temporal region; a black stripe along each side, divided by a narrow yellow line. The yellow vertebral line sometimes bordered by dark brown, pale grey or blackish lines or broken up by dark brown spots; sometimes a dark vertebral band, three scales wide, bordered by a pale reddish-brown streak, two scales wide; a pale brown line between the two outer rows of scales. Lower surface yellow with black transverse bars, which are sometimes confluent with the black of the sides; tail pink or red below. Length of head and body 535 mm.; tail 45 mm. Nom. indig. Ular tjabeh (mal.); tadung munggu (Landak). Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra (Atjeh, Labuan, Stabat, Deli!, Langkat, Raja Mts., Siboga, Indragiri, Kertadjaja in Palembang, Kaju tanam!, Indrapura, Agam, Padang!); Riou!; Banka}; Borneo (Sandakan Bay, Kina Balu, Matang, Sintang, Pang- kalan ampat, Brooketon, Rejang, Paku, Kuching, Kidi district, Tegora, Busau, Simanggang, Mt. Dulit, Landak!, Labuan, Tandjong); Java (Gadok, Mt. Salak, Buitenzorg!, Tjibodas!, Krawang, Sukabumi!, Semarang, Salatiga!, Wonosobo, Malang}, Mt. Wilis 5000 feet, Nongkodjadjar in Tengger Mts. 1300 M.!, Prigan 1800—2300 feet); Celebes (Manado). — Singapore; Penang; Malay Peninsula; Siam; Burma. 62. Glyphodon Giinther. (GUNTHER, Cat. Col. Snakes p. 210, 1858). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil round or vertically elliptic; nostril between two nasals; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large, grooved fangs, followed by 6 small, grooved teeth after an interspace; mandibular teeth feebly grooved, anterior strongly enlarged. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Aru Islands; New Guinea; N. Australia. A single species. ll ll 255 1. Glyphodon tristis Gunther. Glyphodon ¢tristis, Giinther, Cat. 1858, p. 211. Glyphodon tristis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 314, pl. XVIII, fig. 1. Snout rounded; eye about half as long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; posterior nasal separated from the praeocular; no loreal; inter- nasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal twice as broad as the supraocular, as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2, lower anterior wedged in between the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials, second or second and third in contact with the praefrontal, third and fourth entering the eye; four lower labials in con- tact with the anterior chin- shields; latter as long as or shorter than the poste- rior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 165—179; anal divided; subcaudals 38— 52, Fig. 97. Glyphodon tristis Gthr. in two rows or some of Atte: BOULENGER: the anterior single. Dark brown or blackish above, the scales light-edged; occiput and nape sometimes yellowish or pale reddish. Lower surface yellow, the outer ends of the ventrals dark brown; subcaudals dark brown anteriorly, yellow posteriorly. Length of head and body 775 mm.; tail 125 mm. Habitat: Aru Islands; New Guinea (St. Joseph’s river, Fly river!). — Islands of Torres Straits; N. E. Australia. es SS ee OSS 63. Toxicocalamus Boulenger. (BOULENGER, Ann. Nat. Hist. (6) XVIII p. 152, 1896). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil round; nostril between two nasals; no loreal; no praeocular. Postfrontal bone absent. Maxillary teeth 6, gradually decreasing in size, the first perforated; mandibular teeth gradually decreas- ing in length. Body very long, round, covered with smooth 256 scales without pits, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. New Guinea; Woodlark Island. Key to the species. A, Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 274—305....... 1. Z. longissimus p. 256. &, Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 230—261....... 2. I. stanleyanus p. 256. 1. Toxicocalamus longissimus Boulenger. Toxicocalamus longissimus, Boulenger, op. cit.; Proc. Zool. Soc. 1903 II pl. XIII, fig. 2. Rostral slightly more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals half as long as the praefrontals, which are in contact with the second and third labials and with the eye; frontal small, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals, a little broader than the supra- ocular; no praeocular, one postocular; temporals I + 2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter a little longer than the posterior. Scales in 17 rows; ventrals 274—305 ; anal divided; subcaudals 30— 46. Tail ending in a compressed horny scale, which is keeled above. Grey-brown above, with dark streaks on the scales; sides whitish, each scale with a grey-brown streak; a reddish bar across the snout; a reddish spot behind the eye and another, sometimes indistinct, on the occiput; the dark colour of the head forming two vertical bars across the yellow upper lip, one passing through the eye, the other behind the corner of the mouth. Lower surface white, with two grey-brown longi- tudinal streaks. Length of head and body 612 mm.; tail 38 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: Woodlark Island! and Ferguson Island, Brit. New Guinea. 2. Toxicocalamus stanleyanus Boulenger. Toxicocalamus stanleyanus, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1903 II p. 128, Pla iS tigi: Rostral much more broad than deep, visible from above, internasals almost as long as the praefrontals, which are in contact with the second upper labial and with the eye; frontal 257 small, as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, a little shorter than the parietals, slightly broader than the supra- ocular; no praeocular, one postocular; temporals 1 + 2; five upper labials, second and third entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter larger than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 230—261, the we Zz AS eae Zz Fig. 98. Zoxicocalamus stanleyanus Bler.* Nat. size. Side view of head. yi Bho last sometimes divided; anal entire; subcaudals 25—51. Tail ending in a compressed, obtuse scale, which is keeled above. Blackish-brown above; two outer rows of scales white, each scale with a blackish centre; a yellow nuchal collar, bordered posteriorly with blackish; head dark brown or blackish, the dark colour forming two vertical bands across the yellow upper INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II, 17 568 lip, the anterior passing through the eye, the other just behind the corner of the mouth. Lower surface white, with a black spot on each side of the shields; some of the ventrals with an interrupted blackish border. Length of head and body 570 mm.; tail 40 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (Dinawa in Owen Stanley Range 4000 feet!, Madew on St. Joseph river 2—3000 feet, Beaufort river near Lorentz river !). 64. Ultrocalamus Sternfeld. (STERNFELD, Sitz. ber. Gesellsch. Naturf. Fr. p. 388, 1913). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil round; nostril in a single nasal; no loreal; no praeocular; no internasals; praefrontals entering the eye; no anterior temporal, parietals in contact with labials. Maxillary teeth 6, gradually decreasing in size, first grooved; Fig. 99. Ultrocalamus preussi Fig. 100, Ultrocalamus preussi Sternf. Sternf. Head X 21/,. Skull <5; mandibular teeth gradually decreasing in length. Body very long, round, covered with smooth scales without pits in 13 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. New Guinea. A single species. 1. Ultrocalamus preussi Sternfeld. Ultrocalamus preussi, Sternfeld, Sitz. ber. Gesellsch. Naturf, Fr. 1913, p. 388, fig. 182. Rostral nearly twice as broad as deep, visible from above; no internasals; praefrontals large, in contact with the rostral, the nasal, the second upper labial and the eye; frontal small, 259 a little broader than the supraocular, one time and a half as long as broad, shorter than its distance from the tip of the TTT 3 ie AS, 1 > 2 AN Zs Soh CSS 6s a = - 82 = — erate : ——— - mae tIveuuee” =n aeilebes.s 7 1 Lee SSS = = Set ee — ee ———— ces Fig. 101. Ultrocalamus preussi Sternf. X 3/4. snout, half the length of the parietals; one postocular; no anterior temporal, the parietals forming a suture with the last labial; five upper labials, second and third entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields, which are larger than the posterior. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 300— 328; anal entire; subcaudals 16—48; tail ending in a com- pressed obtuse scute, obtusely keeled above. Dark brown above, the scales edged with dark; two outer rows of scales yel- lowish, each scale with a brown centre; a broad yellowish band across the head Fig. 102. Ultrocalamus ON the parietals, disappearing with age; preussi Sternf. Head of upper lip yellow. Lower surface yellowish, young specimen. <7. cach ventral and subcaudal with a brown bar; throat yellow. Length of head and body 730 mm.; tail 35 mm. Habitat: N. New Guinea (Sermowai river!, Humboldt Bay!, Njao on Tjano river!, Seleo Island near Berlinhafen). 260 Note. Another Elapine snake is mentioned by STERNFELD: Ultrocalamus biirgersi n. sp. from New Guinea. As the head had been dried, the head-shields could not be seen very distinctly. The specimen had 15 rows of scales; internasals absent. Ven- trals 293; subcaudals 40. Brown above; scales of outer row margined with light; upper lip and end of tail yellow. Length 330+ 35 mm. 65. Apistocalamus Boulenger. (BoULENGER, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) XVIII p. 705, 1897). Head small, not distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil vertically elliptic; nostril between two nasals; praeocular in contact with or narrowly separated from the posterior nasal. Maxillary teeth 5 long, grooved teeth, gradually decreasing in length; mandibular teeth decreasing in length. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals in two rows or partly single. Distribution. New Guinea. ey tortive species: Zils MQUTA, UO Ayes Zak 5 ooo gon ao oo Oe 1. A. pratt pa 2oG: GB. Ventrals 196; subcaudals 50) or more. .:.. =... . 2, A. loriaespaeote CaNientrals 207/-esubcaudal sao 7/smems leu -ae ip mene mee ins 3. A. grandis p. 261. D. Ventrals 199—218; subcaudals 22—32....... 4. A. linnbergi p. 262. 1. Apistocalamus pratti Boulenger. Apistocalamus Pratti, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (7) XIII 1904, p. 451. Snout short, rounded. Rostral slightly more broad than deep, visible from above; posterior nasal in contact with the praeocular; internasals half as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular; temporals I+ 1; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter larger than the posterior, which are separated by a large scale. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 190; anal divided; sub- caudals 41, partly single, partly in two rows. Tail ending in a pointed scale, which is keeled above. Olive-brown above; an oblique yellowish streak on each side of the nape; upper lip yellow. Lower surface yellowish with a median series of olive-brown spots, becoming confluent 261 into a band after the anterior fourth of the body. Length of head and body 305 mm.; tail 50 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (Dinawa in Owen Stanley Range 4000 feet!). 2. Apistocalamus loriae Boulenger. Apistocalamus loriae, Boulenger, Ann. Mus. Civ. Genova (2) XVIII 1897, p. 705, ple ViIlL fig. 1. Snout short, broadly rounded. Rostral slightly more broad than deep, visible from above; posterior nasal in contact with the praeocular; internasals about one third the length of the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; one praeocular and two postoculars, upper much larger than lower; temporals 1+ 2; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, sixth largest; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter larger than the posterior, which are sepa- rated by a large scale. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 196; anal divided; subcaudals 48 +? Dark greyish-olive above; upper lip yellowish. Lower surface yellowish, with three series of small dark spots along the ventrals; subcaudals dark with light edges. Length of head and body 490 mm.; tail (injured) 90mm. (After BOULENGER; not seen by me). Habitat: New Guinea (Haveri). 3. Apistocalamus grandis Boulenger. Apistocalamus grandis, Boulenger, Transact. Zool. Soc. XX LOLA D205. pla Soon tiga. Snout short, broadly rounded. Rostral more broad than deep, just visible from above; posterior nasal in contact with the praeocular; internasals not quite half so long as the prae- frontals; frontal as long as its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the Fig. 103. Apistoca- parietals; one prae- and one postocular; tem- lamus grandis Blgr. norals 1 + 2; six upper labials, third and fourth After Boulenger. : entering the eye, last largest; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter slightly 262 larger than the posterior, which are separated by a scale. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 207; anal divided; subcaudals 27. Tail ending in a pointed scale, which is keeled above. Dark brown above, with irregular whitish blotches; upper lip white. Lower surface white. Length of head and body 860 mm.; tail 80 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: S. New Guinea (Setekwa river!). 4. Apistocalamus lénnbergi Boulenger. Apistocalamus loennbergii, Boulenger, Ann. Nat. Hist. (8) 11908, p. 248; Transact. Zool, Soc. XX 1914 pl. XXX, fig. 4. Snout short, broadly rounded. Rostral slightly more broad than deep, visible from above; posterior nasal in contact with or narrowly separated from the praeocular; internasals about half as long as the praefrontals; frontal as long as or shorter than its distance from the tip of the snout, much shorter than the parietals; one prae- and one postocular (rarely two); temporals I + I or 2; six upper labials (seven), third and fourth (third to fifth) entering the eye, last largest; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as large as the posterior, which are sometimes separated by a scale. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 199—218; anal divided; subcaudals 22—32. Tail ending ina pointed scale, which is keeled above. Fig. 104. Apistocala- Dark olive-brown above; scales of the sides “#5 “nnéergi Blgr. : ; : ‘ After Boulenger. with yellowish centre; upper lip yellowish; a yellow collar and a yellowish spot on each parietal may be present. Lower surface uniformly yellowish. Length of head and body 550 mm.; tail 40 mm. Type-specimens examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (North of Fak Fak 1700 feet!, German New Guinea). 66. Pseudapistocalamus Léonnberg. (LONNBERG, Ann. Hist. (7) VI p. 578, 1900). Head small, depressed, hardly distinct from neck; eye very small; pupil round; nostril in a single nasal, the margin of 263 the latter bordering the first labial and the internasal compa- ratively narrow; praeocular large, in contact with the nasal. Maxillary teeth 2 grooved ones, followed by four grooved teeth, gradually decreasing in length. Body round, covered with smooth scales, in 15 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. New Guinea. A single species. I. Pseudapistocalamus nymani Lonnberg. Pseudapistocalamus Nymani, LOnnberg, op. cit. Snout short, bluntly rounded. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; internasals small, about half as long as the praefrontals; frontal almost as long as its distance from the rostral, much shorter than the parietals; a prae- and two Fig. 105. Pscudapistocalamus nymani Lonnberg. Nat. size. Side view of head. postoculars, the upper largest; temporals 1+ 2; six (seven) upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, sixth largest, sometimes divided; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter longer than the posterior, which are sometimes separated by a scale. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 188—205; anal divided; subcaudals 26—43. Tail ending in a pointed scale, which is keeled above. Dark bronze-brown or blackish, iridescent above; flanks lighter; upper lip and a spot on each side of the nape yel- 264 lowish; a yellow transverse band across the praefrontals. Lower surface blackish-brown, the shields edged with light grey. Young specimen with the outer rows of scales blackish, edged with erey. Length of head and body 398 mm.; tail 47 mm. Type-specimen received from the Upsala Museum, examined. Habitat: New Guinea! (Sattelberg 800 M.!, Lialun). A female specimen contained eggs of about 13 mm. 67. Pseudelaps Dum. & Bibr. (DuMERmL & Brpron, Mém. Ac. Sc. XXIII p. 517, 1853). Head slightly distinct from neck; eye small; pupil vertically elliptic; nasal single or divided; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large, grooved fangs, separated by an interspace from 8—12 small, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in I5 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. Moluccas; New Guinea; Australia. A single species. I. Pseudelaps miilleri (Schlegel). Elaps miillerii, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 452, pl. XVI fig. 16 & 17. Pseudelaps muelleri, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 316 (s. syn.). Rostral twice as broad as deep, scarcely visible from above; nasal divided, in contact with the praeocular; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2-+ 2, lower anterior wedged in between the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 138—177; anal divided; subcaudals 16—39. Brown above; sometimes a light vertebral line anteriorly; head sometimes spotted with dark brown; a dark, light-edged streak on each side of the head, passing through the eye and sometimes continued along the neck. Lower surface yellowish or coral-red, uniform or spotted with brown or black; throat brown or black. Young specimens sometimes with a dark brown nuchal collar. Length of head and body 556 mm.; tail 72 mm. 265 Habitat: Ceram; Misol; Salawatti; New Guinea (Jobi, Mafoor, Djamna, Sorong, Fak Fak, Dorei, Rubi, Mansinam, Andai, Mt. Arfak, Krudu, lake Sentani, Wendési, Humboldt Bay!, near Kasawari!, Tana, Etna Bay, Utakwa river 2500 feet, Lorentz river!, Sattelberg, Simpsonhafen, Stephansort, Bongu, Astrolabe Bay, Haveri, Moroka 2300 feet, Bara Bara, Madew on St. Joseph river, Albert Edward Range 6000 feet, Mt. is Se Fig. 106. Pseudelips miilleri (Schleg.). Nat. size. Victoria in Owen Stanley Range, Valise Island, Seleo Island); Schouten Islands (Mysore). Ferguson, Trobiand and Woodlark Islands; St. Aignan; Bismarck Archipelago. Note. WERNER described a specimen from New Guinea (Zool. Anz. XXVI 1903, p. 251) with 181 ventrals and 4o subcaudals as P. miillert var. lineaticollis. Sides of neck with two longitudinal lines; throat not black; tail with a median dark line below. BARBOUR made for a very dark specimen from Djamna Island a new subspecies: P. miilleri insulae. In the Leiden Museum there are in the collection of snakes some specimens of this dark race, showing a connection with the typical specimens by one animal with an indication of a light vertebral line. (See BARBOUR, Bull. Mus. Zool. Cambr. LI 1907/08 p. 320 eeeyem) Mus. Comp. Zool. XLIV roi2, p. 132; Vv. LIDTH DE JEUDE, Nova Guinea Zool. V 1911, p. 520). 266 68. Diemenia Giinther. (GUNTHER, Ann. Nat. Hist. (3) XII p. 350, 1863). Head slightly distinct from neck; eye moderate or large; pupil round; canthus rostralis distinct; nasal entire or divided; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large, grooved fangs, separated by an interspace from 7—15 small, grooved teeth; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 15—-I9 rows, more on the neck; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate or long; subcaudals all or the greater part in two rows. Distribution. New Guinea; Australia. Key to the Indo-Australian species: A. Rostral almost as deep as broad; internasals at least half as long as praefrontals...... -... I. D, psammophis p. 266. Z, Rostral much more broad than deep; internasals not more than half so long as praefrontals .... 2. D. olivacea p. 267. 1. Diemenia psammophis (Schlegel). Elaps psammophis, Schlegel, Phys. Serp. 1837, p. 455. Diemenia psammophis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. Ill 1896, p. 322 (s. syn.). Rostral about as deep as broad, visible from above; nasal Fig. 107. Diemenia psammophis (Schleg.). X 2/3. divided, in contact with the praeocular; internasals one half 267 to two thirds the length of the praefrontals; frontal as long as or longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one praeocular, two (three) postoculars; temporals 2+2, lower anterior wedged in between the fifth and sixth labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin- shields; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; 17—20 on the neck; ventrals 170—225; anal divided; sub- caudals 69—1I05. Olive or reddish-brown or blackish above, the scales with black narrow edges or tipped with black, sometimes the black colour forms a reticulation. Lower surface olive, greyish or yellowish, darker at the outer ends of the ventrals, sometimes darker along the median line; tail yellow or orange at the end. Young specimens with a dark line across the rostral and two oblique, dark-edged yellow streaks, one in front, the other behind the eye. Length of head and body 1080 mm.; tail 340 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Sermowai river!, lake Sentani!, Humboldt Bay!, Lorentz river!, Merauke, Fly river, Port Mo- resby, Madew on St. Joseph river 2—3000 feet). — Australia. 2. Diemenia olivacea (Gray). L; codon olivaceus, Gray, Zool. Miscell. 1842, p. 54. Diemenia olivacea, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 323, pl. XVIII, fig. 2 (s. syn.). Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; nasal divided, in contact with the praeocular; internasals about half the length of the praefrontals; frontal much longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2 + 2, lower anterior wedged in between the fifth and sixth upper labials, sometimes reaching the lip; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields ; latter shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows, 17 on the neck; ventrals 162—215; anal divided; subcaudals hog OO: Olive, reddish or dark brown above, the greater part of the scales black at the base, some with light edges; snout and sides of head speckled or vermiculated with dark brown; an oblique dark streak below the eye to beyond the angle of the mouth, disappearing in adult specimens. Lower surface yel- 268 lowish, uniform or speckled with olive; throat and anterior ventrals spotted with black in the young; tail yellow or red. Length of head and body 770 mm.; tail 240 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: New Guinea (Yule Island). — Australia!. 69. Pseudechis Wagler. (WAGLER, Syst. Amph. p. 171, 1830). Head distinct from neck; eye moderate or small; pupil round; canthus rostralis distinct; nostril between two nasals; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large, grooved fangs followed by 2—5 small solid teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 17—23 rows, more on the neck; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate ; subcaudals in two rows or partly single, partly in two rows. Distribution. New Guinea; Australia. Key to the Indo-Australian species. A. Anal divided; anterior subcaudals single. Ie SGHIGS the WY TOMGS GO c-ot Go Ob oe Oo Gia d We 1. P. australis p. 268. Tie Scalessin ehOp or 20 OwSe eee ts ccul Mee ho Mem amr uiron 2. P. papuanus p. 269. B, Anal entire; subcaudals in two rows; scales in 23 rows. 3. P. sceutellatus p. 269. 1. Pseudechis australis (Gray). Naja australis, Gray, Zool. Misc. 1842, p. 55. Pseudechis australis, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 330. Eye small, almost as large as its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; posterior nasal in contact with the praeocular; inter- nasals half as long as the praefrontals; frontal small, as long as its distance from the rostral, much smaller than the parietals; one prae- and two post- oculars; temporals 2 + 2, i : Fig. 108. Pseudechis australis (Gray). lower anterior wedged in Upper view of head. between the fifth and sixth labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the 269 eye, third larger than fourth; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior, which are separated by a scale. Scales in in Saws, ) LEO> ar’ -20 on the neck; ventrals 199—220; anal divided; subcaudals 57—70, the 26—41I anterior single. Pale brown above; yellowish below. Length of head and body 910 mm.; tail 170 mm. Type-specimen examined in the British Museum. Habitat: S. New Guinea (Etna Bay!). — N. and N. E. Australia. Fig. 109. Pseudechis australis (Gray). Side view of head. 2. Pseudechis papuanus Ptrs. & Doria. Pseudechis papuanus, Peters & Doria, Ann. Mus. Genova XIII 1878, p. 409. Pseudechis papuanus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 331. Eye smaller than its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; posterior nasal in contact with the praeocular; internasals smaller than the prae- frontals; frontal small, as long as the praefrontals, half as long as the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2+ 2, lower anterior large, wedged in between the fifth and sixth labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye, third larger than fourth; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter shorter than the posterior, which are separated by two scales. Scales in Ig or 21 rows, 26 or 27 on the neck; ventrals 221—224; anal divided; sub- caudals 49—61; the 26 or 27 anterior single. Blackish above and below, chin whitish. Length of head and body 1690 mm.; tail 210 mm. Habitat: S. E. New Guinea (Yule Island, Port Moresby, Rigo !). 3. Pseudechis scutellatus Peters. Pseudechis scutellatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1867, p. 710. Pseudechis scutellatus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. HI 1896, p. 331. 370 Eye moderate, larger than its distance from the mouth. Rostral as deep as broad or more broad, visible from above; posterior nasal in contact with or narrowly separated from the praeocular; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, as long as or shorter than the parietals; praeocular single or divided; two postoculars; temporals 2 + 3, anterior lower wedged in between the fifth and sixth labials; six upper labials, third and fourth entering the eye; three lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as the posterior. Scales in 23 rows, 25—30 on the neck; ventrals 230—233; anal entire; subcaudals 61—78 in two rows. Pale brown or blackish-brown above; snout and sides of head lighter or yellowish. Lower surface yellowish, in the young spotted with dark. Length of head and body 830 mm.; tail 240 mm. Habitat: New Guinea (Fly river!). — Queensland; N. Australia. 70. Micropechis Boulenger. (BOULENGER, Cat. Sn, III p. 346, 1896). Head distinct from neck; eye small, pupil round; nostril between two nasals; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large, grooved fangs, followed by three small solid teeth; anterior mandibular teeth longest. Body round, covered with smooth scales without pits, in 15 or 17 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. New Guinea; Solomon Islands. A single species. 1. Micropechis ikaheka (Lesson). Coluber ikaheka, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, Zool. II Rept. 1830, p. 54, pl. V. Micropechis ikaheka, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. III 1896, p. 347 (s. syn.). Eye not quite half so long as its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep, visible from above; posterior nasal in contact with the praeocular; internasals shorter than the praefrontals; frontal broader than the supraocular, as long as its distance from the rostral or the tip of the snout, shorter than the parietals; one prae- and two postoculars; temporals 2-+-2, anterior large, the lower wedged in between the fifth and sixth upper labials; six upper labials, third and fourth opt entering the eye; three or four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales in 15 rows; ventrals 178—223; anal divided; subcaudals 37—55. Yellow and black above, sometimes in irregular transverse bands; the black scales edged with yellow; head and tail black. Fig. 110. Micropechis thaheka (Less.). XK 4/5. Lower surface yellow, sometimes some of the shields black- edged. Length of head and body 1370 mm.; tail 180 mm. Habitat: Batanta; New Guinea (Mafoor, Mios nom, Jobi, Sorong, Fak Fak, Andai, Mt. Arfak, Mansinam, Mt. Karon, Rubi, Koimé river!, Humboldt Bay, Mimika and Lorentz rivers, Germaniabucht, Stephansort on Astrolabe Bay, Sattelberg, Haveri, Dinawa 4000 feet, Valise Island). 71. Acanthophis Daud. (Daupin, Hist. Rept. V, p. 287, 1803). Head distinct from neck; eye small; pupil vertically elliptic; nostril in the upper part of the nasal; loreal absent. Maxillary teeth 2 large grooved fangs, followed by two or three small teeth; anterior mandibular teeth strongly enlarged. Body stout, round, covered with keeled scales without pits, in 21 or 23 rows; ventrals rounded. Tail short, compressed posteriorly and ending in a long spine, directed upwards; anterior subcaudals single, posterior in two rows. Distribution. Borneo; Moluccas; New Guinea; Australia. A single species. 272 1. Acanthophis antarcticus (Shaw). Boa antarctica, Shaw, Nat. Misc., 1794, pl. 535. Acanthophis antarcticus, Boulenger, Cat. Sn. HII 1896, p. 355 (s.. syn.). Head with elevated sides; lores oblique; eye much shorter than its distance from the mouth. Rostral more broad than deep, with horizontal edge; nasal large, in contact with the praeocular; internasals as long as or shorter than the praefrontals; frontal narrower than the supraocular, as long as or shorter cd SOR RCS (CS esccse be ff ~ as i & Le) ef ae OPE We a EF (es PaaS ees Gee SUI ss Naa pat ae ——_ Fig. 111. Acanthophis antarcticus (Shaw). Nat. size. than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or longer than the parjetals; supraocular sometimes angular and horn- like; the head-shields rugose or striated; one prae- and two postoculars; two or three suboculars; temporals 2—3 + 2—4; six or seven upper labials, separated from the eye; four lower labials in contact with the anterior chin-shields; latter as long as or shorter than the posterior. Scales in 21 or 23 rows, dorsals keeled; ventrals 113—136; anal entire; subcaudals 41—57, the 5—27 last divided. Yellowish, reddish or greyish-brown above, with dark trans- 273 verse bands, sometimes indistinct, with or without small black spots; sides black-spotted; lips with black spots or bars. Lower surface yellowish-white, sometimes spotted with brown or black; end of tail yellow or black. Length of head and body 700 mm.; tail 150 mm. Ifa bitat: Borneo '); Obi; Ceram!; Haruku; Timor Laut; Kei Islands; Aru Islands; New Guinea (Jobi, Mafoor, Yule Island, Dorei, Rubi, Andai, Mt. Arfak, Mansinam, Manokwar1l, Pokembo, lake Sentani, Koimé river!, Tami river!, Humboldt Bay, Tana, Etna Bay, Mimika river, Lorentz river!, Paup, Bogadjim, Stephansort and Bongu on Astrolabe Bay, Berlin- hafen, Friedrich-Wilhelmshafen, St. Josephs river, Inawi, S. of Huon Gulf); Schouten Islands (Mysore). — N. W. Australia; Queensland; New South Wales. Feeds on small birds and frogs. 6. Fam. AMBLYCEPHALIDAE. Body usually compressed, covered with imbricate scales; ventrals transversely enlarged. Bones of the head slightly movable; ectopterygoid present; pterygoid short, not extending to the quadrate or the mandible; supratemporal rudimentary; praefrontal not in contact with the nasal. Maxillary horizontal, parallel with or converging towards the palatine; mandible without coronoid; solid teeth in both jaws; no mental groove (fig. 113). Nocturnal; feeding on worms and slugs. Key to the Indo-Australian genera. A. Subcaudals single; scales in 13 rows........ 1. Haplopeltura p. 273. £&. Subcaudals in two rows; scales in 15 rows..... 2. Amblycephalus p. 275. I. Haplopeltura Dum. & Bibr. (DumERIL & Brpron, Mém. Ac. Sc. XXIII p. 463, 1853). Head distinct from neck; eye large, with vertical pupil; nasal single; maxillary short, deep, with 5 equal teeth; maxil- lary and mandibular teeth decreasing in size posteriorly. Body strongly compressed, covered with smooth scales, oblique, in 1) See WERNER, Verh. Ges. Wien XLIII 1894, p. 358. INDO-AUSTRALIAN REPTILES II. 18 274 13 rows, the vertebral row strongly enlarged; ventrals rounded. Tail moderate; subcaudals single. Distribution. Malay Peninsula; Sumatra; Java; Borneo. A single species. b= 4 > rn he (CC: 2 ioe Mt t q Fig. 112. Haplopeltura boa (Boie). Nat. size. Side view of head. X 2"p. > 275 1. Haplopeltura boa (Boie). Amblycephalus boa, Boie, Isis 1828, p. 1034. Haplopeltura boa, Boulenger, Cat, Sn. II 1896, p. 439 (s. sy.). Snout very short, deep; rostral narrow, much more deep than broad; frontal not broader than the supraocular, almost twice as long as broad, longer than its distance from the tip of the snout, as long as or a little longer than the parietals; two or three enlarged occipitals; two or three superposed loreals, the lower sometimes entering the eye; 6—8 shields in addition to the supraocular round the eye; temporals 3 + 3 or 4; eight to ten upper labials; two pair of lower labials in contact behind the mental; three or four pair of large chin-shields, the anterior sometimes fused or preceded by an azygous shield. Scales in 13 rows; ventrals 148—191; anal entire; subcaudals 88—127. Pale brown or yellowish above, usually with large, dark brown blotches, sometimes extending to the belly; a large, dark brown spot on the head; sides of head whitish, with dark streaks radiating from the eye. Lower surface yellowish, mottled with dark brown. Length of head and body 530 mm.; tail 220mm. Habitat: Nias!; Sumatra') (Peudawa in Atjeh); Banka}, Borneo (Kuching, Saribas, Pankalan ampat, Baram, Sandakan Bay); Java (Buitenzorg, Barang!, Nongkodjadjar in Tengger Mts. 1300 M.!); Moluccas??). — Malay Peninsula up to 2000 feet; Siam; Penang; Philippines. 2. Amblycephalus Kuhl. (Kun, Isis p. 474, 1822). Head distinct from neck; eye moderate, with vertical pupil; nasal single; maxillary short, deep, with 5 or 6 equal teeth; mandibular teeth decreasing in size. Body compressed, covered with smooth or feebly keeled scales, oblique, in 15 rows, the vertebral row sometimes enlarged; ventrals rounded. Tail short or moderate; subcaudals in two rows. Distribution. S. E. Asia; Malay Peninsula and Archipelago, 1) NELLY DE Rooy, Reptiles of Nias, in Kleiweg de Zwaan, Craniol. Unters. Niass. Schadel 1915, p. 307. 2) See BOULENGER’s Catalogue. 276 Key to the Indo-Australian species. A. One or two labials entering the eye; one shield between the nasal and the eye; praefrontal entering the eye. gies sya NEGIE, 4 s g-0l4 ala gig a 0 O10 Gla 6 2 I. A. laevis p. 276. 25 SEVEN: Ipper labialStan. Gkod us we tae cw et 181, 187, 215, 217, 230. Bas 238. 227,320, 298,220, 8234. 1230; Hvdrus colubrinus 217. Hydrus Hydrus Hydrus Hydrus enhydris 181. fasciatus 230. gracilis 228. granulatus 43. piscator 75. platurus 224. rhynchops 187. spiralis 234. Hydrus stokesii 239. Hydrus valakadyn 221. hypomelas, Tropidonotus 75, 83. Hypsirhina 179, 180. Hypsirhina albomaculata 180, 183. Hypsirhina alternans 180, Hydrus Hydrus Hydrus Hydrus Hypsirhina Hypsirhina Hypsirhina Hypsirhina Hypsirhina Hypsirhina doriae 180, 185, enhydris 180, 181. matannensis 180, 182. plumbea 180, 18t. polylepis 180, 183. punctata 180, 184, Idiopholis 48, 141. Idiopholis collaris 142. Idiopholis everetti 142. Iguanognathus 46, 50. Iguanognathus werneri 50. ikaheka, Coluber 270. ikaheka, Micropechis 270. Ilysiidae 1, 34. indragirica, Calamaria 150, 154. inornatus, Dendrelaphis 67. inornatus, Pseudoxenodon 56. inornatus, Typhlops 4, 14. inornatus, Xenodon 56. insulae, Pseudelaps 265. intermedius, Pseudoxenodon 89. intestinalis, Aspis 253. intestinalis, Doliophis 251, 253. irregularis, Boiga 201. irregularis, Coluber 201. irregularis, Dipsadomorphus 195, 201, isolepis, Cylindrophis 36, 38. janseni, Coluber 99, 102. jansenil, Gonyosoma 102. jaspideum, Triglyphodon 199. jaspideus, Dipsadomorphus 199. javanica, Calamaria 153, 176. javanicus, Acrochordus 43. javanicus, Xenodermus 44. jerdoni, Hydrophis 226, 232. jerdonii, Distira 232. jerdonii, Kerilia 232. too kapaladua, Typhlops 3, 9. Kerilia 232. | Kerilia jerdonii 232. korros, Coluber 96. korros, Ptyas 96. | korros, Zamenis 95, 96. kraah, Typhlops 2, 4. | kiikenthali, Calamorhabdium 149. | Lachesis 279, 281. Lachesis borneensis 286. | Lachesis fasciatus 282, 284. | Lachesis gramineus 282, 285. 3 Lachesis monticola 282. Lachesis puniceus 282, 286. Lachesis purpureomaculatus 282, 284. Lachesis sumatranus 282, 283. Lachesis wagleri 282, 286. laevis, Aipysurus 218, 220. laevis, Amblycephalus 276. Lapemis 240. Lapemis hardwickii 240. lateralis, Calamaria 152, 168. Laticauda 217. Laticauda laticaudata 217. laticaudata, Laticauda 217. laticaudatus, Coluber 217. laticaudatus, Platurus 216, 217. lautensis, Calamaria 151, 163. Leiopython 18. Leiopython gracilis 18, ro. Lepidognathus 51. Lepidognathus rugosus 51. Leptophis 63. Leptophis punctulatus 63. Lepturophis 47, 113. Lepturophis borneensis 113. leucobalia, Fordonia 189, 190. leucobalia, Homalopsis 189. leucocephala, Calamaria 152, 171. leucodira, Naja 248. leucogaster, Calamaria 152, 164. leucoproctus, Typhlops 3, 11. Isiasis.25,- 16, Liasis albertisi 16, 18. Liasis amethystinus 25. Liasis amethystinus timoriensis 25. Liasis fuscus 16. Liasis mackloti 16, 17. Liasis papuanus 16, 19. Liasis petersi 26. Liasis tornieri 16, 18 libertatis, Ablabes 137, 139. libertatis, Liopeltis 138. Lielaphis 116. Lielaphis batjanensis 116. lilljeborgi, Anisodon 202. 3) = 5 lineaticollis, Pseudelaps 265. lineatus, Cylindrophis 36, 37. lineatus, Typhlops 2, 4. lineolatus, Dendrophis 58, 65. linnaei, Calamaria 153, 174. Liopeltis 138, 139. Liopeltis baliodirus 139. Liopeltis libertatis 138. longicauda, Ablabes 137, 140. longiceps, Calamaria 146. longiceps, Pseudorhabdium 146. longissimus, Toxicocalamus 256. lonnbergi, Apistocalamus 260, 262. lorentzi, Dendrophis 57, 62. lorenzi, Typhlops 3, 8. loriae, Apistocalamus 260, 261. lovil, Calamaria 177. lowi, Calamaria 153, 177. lumbricoidea, Calamaria 150, 153. Lycodony 47/5 (107, L145 cir 5., 207) Lycodon albofuscus 108, 111. Lycodon aulicus 108, 111. Lycodon cucullatum 115. Lycodon effrenis 108, 112. Lycodon florensis 108, tro. Lycodon fasciatus 113. Lycodon magnus 114. Lycodon modestus 115. Lycodon olivaceus 267. Lycodon stormi 108, r1o. Lycodon subcinctus 108. macfarlani, Distira 237. | macfarlani, Hydrophis 227, 237. mackloti, Liasis 16, 17. Macropisthodon 47, 91. Macropisthodon flaviceps 9t. Macropisthodon plumbicolor 93. Macropisthodon rhodomelas 91, 92. macrospila, Python 27. maculata, Natrix go. maculatus, Tropidonotus 75, 85, go. magnus, Lycodon t14. | magnus, Stegonotus 114. mairi, Tropidonotus 74, 79. mairii, Natrix 79. malaccana, Asthenodipsas 276. malaccanus, Amblycephalus 276. margaritatum, Gonyosoma 106. margaritatus, Gonyophis 106, margaritifera, Calamaria 156. margaritophora, Calamaria 156, 179. matannensis, Hypsirhina 180, 182. mecheli, Calamaria 152, 169. meeki, Dendrophis 58, 66. melanota, Calamaria 153, 177. melanura, Elaphe roo. melanurus, Coluber 99. mertoni, Distira 233. mertoni, Hydrophis 226, 233. Micropechis 242, 270. Micropechis ikaheka 270. miolepis, Naja 248. modestus, Dendrelaphis 67, 70. modestus, Lycodon 115. modestus, Stegonotus 114, 115. molurus, Coluber 22. molurus, Python 20, 22, montanus, ‘Tropidonotus monticola, Lachesis 282. 150, monticola, ‘Trimeresurus mucosus, Coluber 98. mucosus, Zamenis 95, 98. miilleri, Calamaria 151, 161. miilleri, Pseudelaps 264. miilleri, Typhlops 3, 12. ° millerii, Elaps 264. multilineatus, Typhlops 3, 7. multimaculata, Boiga 195. multimaculata, Dipsas 195. multimaculatus, 195. mycterizans, Coluber 208. mycterizans, Dryophis 205, 208. Myron 179, I9gI. Myron richardsoni 192. Dipsadomorphus Naja 241, 245, 268. Naja australis 268. 2 3 26 Naja Naja Naja bungarus 246, 249. tripudians 246. tripudians caeca 248. Naja tripudians leucodira 248. Naja tripudians miolepis 248. Naja tripudians paucisquamis 248. Naja tripudians sputatrix 248. Naja tripudians sumatrana 248. Nardoa 15. Nardoa boa 15. Natrix 75, 79, 84, 88, 89, 90. Natrix chrysarga 89. Natrix maculata go. Natrix mairiu 79. Natrix piscator 75. Natrix subminiata 89. Natrix trianguligera 84. Natrix vittata 88. nigriceps, Dipsadomorphus 199. nigriceps, Dipsas 199. nigroalbus, ‘Typhlops 3, 12. nigrocinctus, Hydrophis 226, 227. | nouhuysi, Dendrophis 58, 66. | novae-guineae, Tropidonotus 74, 78. nuchalis, Amblycephalus 276, 277. nuchalis, Calamaria 151, 157. nymani, Pseudapistocalamus 263. 195) obscurus, Hydrophis 229. ocellata, Hydrophis 236. occipitalis, Calamaria 151, 162. octolineatus, Elaps 123. octolineatus, Holarchus 123. octolineatus, Simotes 122, 123. Odontomus 119. | Odontomus subannulatus 119. | Oligodon 48, 127. | Oligodon bitorquatus 127, 128. - Oligodon durheimi 127, 129. | Oligodon everetti 128, 130. Oligodon ornatus 131. Oligodon petronellae 128, 131. Oligodon praefrontalis 128, 132. | Oligodon propinquus 128, 131. Oligodon pulcherrimus 128, 131. Oligodon taeniurus 133. Oligodon trilineatus 127, 129. Oligodon vertebralis 128, 133. Oligodon waandersi 128, 133. olivacea, Diemenia 266, 267. olivaceus, Lycodon 267. olivaceus, Onychophis 8. olivaceus, ‘Typhlops 3, 8. Onychophis 8. Onychophis olivaceus 8. Opisthoglypha 41, 179. opisthorhodus, Cylindrophis 36, 38. Opisthotropis 46, 51. Opisthotropis rugosa 51. Go pf Phytolopsis punctata 184. | picteti, Calamaria 152, 170, 172. picturatus, Tropidonotus 74, 76. pictus, Coluber 58. pictus, Dendrophis 57, 58. pictus, Psammodynastes 202, 203. piscator, Hydrus 75. piscator, Natrix 75. | piscator, Tropidonotus 74, 75. Plagiodon 102. _ Plagiodon erythrurus 102. | platura, Anguis 224. Platurus 215, 216. Platurus colubrinus 216, 217. platurus, Hydrus 224. Platurus laticaudatus 216, 217. Platurus schistorhynchus 216, 217. plumbea, Homalopsis 181. _ plumbea, Hypsirhina 180, 181. plumbeus, Herbertophis 117. plumbeus, Stegonotus 114, 117. plumbicolor, Macropisthodon 93. polygrammicus, Typhlops 2, 6. polylepis, Hypsirhina 180, 183. Opisthotropis typica 51, 52. Oreocalamus 48, 140. Oreocalamus hanitschi 141. ornata, Aturia 236. ornata, Calamaria 178. ornata, Chrysopelea 212. ornata, Distira 236. ornatus, Coluber 212. ornatus, Hydrophis 226, 236. ornatus, Oligodon 131. oxycephala, Gonyosoma 104. oxycephalus, Coluber 99, 104. pachycercos, Hydrophis 239. pachycercus, Distira 239. pachycercus, Hydrophis 227, 239. papuanus, Dipsadomorphus 2or. papuanus, Liasis 16, 19. papuanus, Pseudechis 268, 269. papuensis, Dendrelaphis 67, 70. papuensis, Fordonia 1go. paucisquamis, Naja 248. pavimentata, Calamaria 153, 176. periops, Ablabes 136, 137. periops, Hydrablabes 136. petersi, Liasis 26. petersi, Tropidonotus 75, 85. petronellae, Oligodon 128, 131. phaenochalinus, Simotes 127. Phytolopsis 184. Polyodontophis 57, 54. | Polyodontophis geminatus 54. polyodontus, Hydrophis 226, 233. porphyraceus, Coluber 99. praefrontalis, Ablabes 137. | praefrontalis, I {ydrablabes 136,137. | praefrontalis, Oligodon 128, 132. prakkei, Calamaria 150, 156. prakku, Calamaria 156. | prasinus, Dryophis 205, 206. pratti, Apistocalamus 260. preussi, Ultrocalamus 258. propinquus, Oligodon 128, 131. Proteroglypha 41, 215. Psammodynastes 194, 202. Psammodynastes pictus 202, 203. Psammodynastes pulverulentus 202. Psammophis 202. psammophis, Diemenia 266. psammophis, Elaps 266. Psammophis pulverulenta 202, Pseudapistocalamus 242, 262. Pseudapistocalamus nymani 263. Pseudechis 242, 268. Pseudechis australis 268, Pseudechis papuanus 268, 269. Pseudechis scutellatus 268, 269. Pseudelaps 242, 264. Pseudelaps miilleri 264. Pseudelaps miilleri insulae 265. Pseudelaps miilleri lineaticollis 265. Pseudoboa 243. Pseudoboa fasciata 243. Pseudorhabdium 48, 146. Pseudorhabdium longiceps 146. Pseudoxenodon 47, 56, 89. Pseudoxenodon inornatus 56. Pseudoxenodon intermedius 8o9. Ptyas 96. Ptyas korros 96, pulcherrimus, Oligodon 128, 132. pulverulenta, Psammophis 202. pulverulentus, Psammodynastes 202. punctata, Hypsirhina 180, 184. punctata, Phytolopsis 184. punctiventris, Tropidonotus 74, 81. punctulatus, Dendrophis 57, 63. punctulatus, Leptophis 63. punicea, Cophias 286. puniceus, Lachesis 282, 286. puniceus, Trimeresurus 286. purpurascens, Simotes 122, 126. purpurascens, Xenodon 126, purpureomaculatus, Lachesis 282, 284. purpureomaculatus, Trigonocepha- | lus 284. Python 15, 19, 29. Python amethystinus 20, 24. Python bivittatus 22, 23. Python curtus 20, 28. Python molurus 20, 22, 23, 24. Python molurus sondaica 24. Python reticulatus 20. Python spilotes 20, 26. 328 Python spilotes macrospila 27. Python timorensis 26. Python timoriensis 20, 25. Python viridis 29. Pythoninae 14, 15. quinquetaeniata, Calamaria 152, 164. ; radiatus, Coluber 99, 101. rebentischi, Calamaria 152, 169. reticulata, Boa 20. reticulatus, Python 20, reticulatus, Stegonotus 115. Rhabdion 133, 145. Rhabdion forsteni 145. Rhabdion waandersi 133. Rhabdophidium 48, 145. Rhabdophidium forsteni 145. rhodomelas, Macropisthodon gr, 92. rhodomelas, Tropidonotus g2. rhodopleuron, Chrysopelea 211 oie. rhodostoma, Agkistrodon 279. rhodostoma, Ancistrodon 279. rhodostoma, Trigonocephalus 279. rhynchops, Cerberus 187. rhynchops, Hurria 187. rhynchops, Hydrus 187. richardsoni, Myron 192. rubescens, Dipsas 209. ? | rubescens, Dryophiops 209. rufa, Anguis 36. rufus, Cylindrophis 36. rugosa, Opisthotropis 51. rugosus, Lepidognathus 51. | russelli, Vipera 279. sandakanensis, Bothrops 286. sarasinorum, Agrophis 143. sarasinorum, Tropidonotus 74, 79. saravacensis, Agrophis 143, 144. saravacensis, Distira 238. saravacensis, Hydrophis 227, 238. saravacensis, Tropidonotus 85. a Jin 329 sarawacensis, Tropidonotus 75, 85. schistorhynchus, Platurus 216. schlegeli, Calamaria 152, 173. schlenckeri, Dendrelaphis 60. scutellatus, Pseudechis 268, 269. semiannulata, Calamaria 152, 172. Sibynophis 55. Sibynophis geminatus 55. signatus, Simotes 122, 125. simalurensis, Calamaria 151, 159. Simotes 48, 121, 129, 133. Simotes annulifer 122. Simotes annulifer bipartita 123. Simotes forbesi 122, 124. Simotes octolineatus 122, 123. Simotes phaenochalinus 127. Simotes purpurascens 122, 126. Simotes signatus 122, 125. Simotes subcarinatus 122, 125. Simotes trilineatus 129. Simotes vertebralis 133. Simotes violaceus 122, 124. sondaica, Calamaria 152, 166. sondaica, Python 24. Sphecodes 109. Sphecodes albofuscus tog. spilotes, Coluber 26. spilotes, Python 20, 26. spiralis, Hydrophis 226, 234. spiralis, Hydrus 234. sputatrix, Naja 248. stahlknechti, Calamaria 150, 154. stanleyanus, Toxicocalamus 256. Stegonotus 48, 114. Stegonotus batjanensis 114, 116. Stegonotus cucullatus 115. Stegonotus diehli 114, 118. Stegonotus gtintheri 114, 117. Stegonotus magnus 114. Stegonotus modestus 114, 115. Stegonotus plumbeus 114, 117. Stegonotus reticulatus 115. stokesi, Astrotia 230. stokesi, Hydrophis 227, 239. stokesu, Distira 239. | | taeniurus, stolatus, Coluber 87. stolatus, Tropidonotus 75, 87. Stoliczkaia 42, 45. Stoliczkaia borneensis 45. stormi, Lycodon 108, r1o. striata, Dendorophis 60. striata, Dendrophis 60. Styporhynchus 77, 78. Styporhynchus celebicus 78. Styporhynchus truncatus 77. subannulatus, Dryocalamus 119. subannulatus, Odontomus 119. subcarinatus, Simotes 122, 125. subcinctus, Lycodon 108. subminiata, Natrix 89. subminiatus, Tropidonotus 75, 89. subradiatus, Coluber gg, 106. sumatrana, Calamaria 151, 157. sumatrana, Naja 248. sumatrana, Typhlops 4. sumatranus, Coluber 283. sumatranus, Lachesis 282, 283. taeniurus, taeniurus, Coluber 99, 103. Elaphis 103. Oligodon 133. terrificus, Dendrelaphis 67, 69. _ terrificus, Dendrophis 69. Tetralepis 48, 120. Tetralepis fruhstorferi r2r. Thalassophis 215, 222, 231. Thalassophis annandalei 223. Thalassophis annandalii 223. | Thalassophis anomalus 223. Thalassophis viperina 231. timorensis, Python 26, timoriensis, Coluber ror. timoriensis, Liasis 25. timoriensis, Python 20, 25. Tomogaster 219. Tomogaster eydouxu 219. tornieri, Liasis 16, 18. tornieril, Zaocys 71. torquatus, Hydrophis 226, 231. Tortrix 15. Tortrixboa-1s: Toxicocalamus 242, 255. Toxicocalamus longissimus 256. Toxicocalamus stanleyanus 256. ‘Tragops 207. Tragops fasciolatus 207. trianguligera, Natrix 84. trianguligerus, 84. tricolor, Ablabes 137, 138. tricolor, Herpetodryas 138. Triglyphodon 199, 202. Triglyphodon flavescens 202. Triglyphodon jaspideum 199. Trigonocephalus 279, 284. Trigonocephalus purpureomacula- tus 284. Trigonocephalus rhodostoma 279. trilineatus, Dryocalamus 120. trilineatus, Oligodon 127, 129. trilineatus, Simotes 129. Trimeresurus 282, 285, 286. Trimeresurus gramineus 285. Trimeresurus monticola 282. Trimeresurus puniceus 286. tripudians, Naja 246. tristis, Glyphodon 255. tristrigatus, Dryocalamus 119, 120. Tropidonotus Tropidonotus ‘Tropidonotus 47, 73, 92. callistus 86. celebicus 74, 78. Tropidonotus chrysargoides 75, 86. ‘Tropidonotus chrysargus 75, 89. ‘Tropidonotus conspicillatus 75, 83. ‘Tropidonotus doriae 74, 82. Tropidonotus elongatus 75, 8o. Tropidonotus flavifrons 75, 87. ‘Tropidonotus Tropidonotus hypomelas 75, 83. Tropidonotus maculatus 75, 85, go. Tropidonotus Tropidonotus mairi 74, 79. montanus 74, 80. Tropidonotus novae-guineae 74, 78. ‘Tropidonotus petersi 75, 85. Tropidonotus picturatus 74, 76. Tropidonotus 75, halmahericus 74, 82. 330 Tropidonotus 80. Tropidonotus picturatus elongatus piscator 74, 75. Tropidonotus punctiventris 74, 81. ‘Tropidonotus rhodomelas 92. Tropidonotus sarasinorum 74, 79. Tropidonotus saravacensis 85. Tropidonotus sarawacensis 75, 85. Tropidonotus stolatus 75, 87. ‘Tropidonotus subminiatus 75, 89. Tropidonotus trianguligerus 75, 84. _ Tropidonotus ‘Tropidonotus truncatus, truncatus, truncatus 74, 77. vittatus 75, 88. Styporhynchus 77. Tropidonotus 74, 77. Typhlopidae 1, 2. | Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops | Typhlops Typhlops | 'Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops Typhlops ‘Typhlops | Typhlops | Typhiops 2 alter 4, DOs lege bipartitus 3, 10. bisubocularis 4, (3. braminus 2, 5. conradi 3, To. depressiceps 3, 9. elbertitgy, Je erycinus 2, 6. flaviventer 3, 11. florensis 3, 10. inornatus 4, 14. kapaladua 3, 9. kraali 2, 4. leucoproctus 3, If. lineatus 2, 4. lineatus sumatrana 4. lorenzi 3, 8. miilleri 3, 12. multilineatus 3, 7. nigroalbus 3, 12. olivaceus 3, 8. polygrammicus 2, 6. typica, Opisthotropis 51, 52. typicus, Helicopsoides 52. Ultrocalamus 242, 258. Ultrocalamus biirgersi 260. Ultrocalamus preussi 258. ee unicolor, Xenopeltis 39. valakadien, Enhydrina 221. valakadyn, Enhydrina 221. valakadyn, Hydrus 221. variabilis, Calamaria 153. vermiformis, Calamaria 150, 153. vertebralis, Oligodon 128, 133. vertebralis, Simotes 133. violacea, Cantoria 191. violacea, Coronella 124. violaceus, Simotes 122, 124. Vipera 279. Vipera russelli 279. Viperidae 1, 279. viperina, Distira 231. viperina, ‘Vhalassophis 23r. Viperinae 279. viperinus, Hydrophis 226, 231. viperinus, Xenochrophis 53. virgulata, Calamaria 151, 162. viridis, Chondropython 20. viridis, Python 29. vittata, Natrix 88. vittatus, Coluber 88. vittatus, Tropidonotus 75, 88. waandersi, Oligodon 128, 133. 31 waandersi, Rhabdion 133. wagleri, Cophias 286. weberi, Anomalochilus 34. wernerl, Iguanognathus 50. xanthozona, Dryophis 205. Xenelaphis 47, 93. Xenelaphis ellipsifer 93, 95. Xenelaphis hexagonotus 93. Xenochrophis 46, 53. Xenochrophis viperinus 53. Xenodermus 42, 44. Xenodermus javanicus 44. Xenodon 56, 126. Xenodon inornatus 56. Xenodon purpurascens 126, Xenopeltidae 1, 39. Xenopeltis 39. Xenopeltis unicolor 39. Zamenis 47, 95. Zamenis dipsas 95, 96. Zamenis korros 95, 96. Zamenis mucosus 95, 98. LAOCYS! A 7 7ir. Zaocys carinatus 71, 73. Zaocys fuscus 71, 72. Zaocys tornierl 71. ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA. WiOile:« 3 22. Gymnodactylus consobrinus Ptrs., add to the habitat Borneo: Baram river. . 57. Gecko verticillatus Laur., add to the habitat Java: Salatiga!. . 64. Sub E. read vertebral instead of ventral. . 72. Draco volans L., add to the habitat Java: Salatiga!. . 73. Draco cornutus Gthr. add to the habitat Borneo: Lio Matu on Baram river. . 114. Gonyocephalus modestus Meyer, add to the habitat ~New Guinea: Uwumbi in German New Guinea!. . 122. Calotes cristatellus (Kuhl), add to the habitat Java: Salatiga!, and N. W. New Guinea. . 147. Varanus salvator (Laur.), add to the habitat: Krakatau- W. off Java. . 155. Zachydromus sexlineatus Daud., add to the habitat Java: Semarang. . 164. Mabuia multifasciata (Kuhl), add to the habitat Java: Semarang !. . 284. Dibamus novae-guineae D.B., add to the habitat Su- matra: Deli!. . 309. Chelonia mydas (L.), add to the habitat: Simalur; Pulu Babi. . 310. Chelonia imbricata (L.), add to the habitat: Simalur; Pulu Babi. . 338. Crocodilus porosus Schn., add to the habitat Pulu Babi; Banka; Sulu Islands. . 339. Crocodilus siamensis Schn., add to the habitat Java: Tjilatjap and Panarukan. Length about 2.50 M. . 340. Add to the list of Simalur: Chelonza mydas (L.); Chelonia imbricata (L.). p: 334 340. Add to the list of Pulu Babi: Chelonia mydas (L.); Chelonia imbricata (L.); Crocodilus porosus Schn. . 344. Add to the list of Banka: Crocodilus porosus Schn. . 363. Add to the list of New Guinea: Calotes cristatellus (Kuhl). SMO eae, A . 20. Sub 4. read timoriensis instead of timorensis. . 75. Sub 17. read sarawacensis instead of saravacensis. My yy - , . a J x " Me a : é, M r owe i 1 Mag Bh 4 ‘ te i ‘. ety " - 7 J ite ou) 4" ; t vic “4 ‘ - ~ ‘ Shor; 4 > ri Ll x MW r ~~ i ~ s , y J i ‘ Paty 5 i » } ’ i b ' fx - . wi 10012518