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Occasional Papers

CALIFORNIA

AGADEMY Ul SULRNGES

SAN FRANCISCO,

LOO 7:

THE REPTILES

OF THE

PACIFIC COAST AND GREAT BASIN

AN ACCOUNT OF THE SPECIES KNOWN TO INHABIT

CALIFORNIA,

AND

Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Nevada.

BY

JOHN VAN DensBureH, Pu. D.

ata
Curator of the Department of Herpetology.

SAN FRANCISCO:
CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

June, 1897.

PREFACE.

The life histories of our reptiles remain almost entirely
unknown. Herpetologists are so few, and reptiles so re-
tiring, that, unless more general interest can be aroused,
we may hope for very little light upon this important
branch of the science. Many specialists in other de-
partments of science, as well as hunters, farmers, stu-
dents, and other intelligent men, however, are constantly
in the field and might record observations of great in-
terest were means of identification at hand. This
paper has been prepared in the hope that it may
stimulate those whose mode of life leads them into
the woods and fields to study the ways of our reptiles—
by no means the least interesting, if amongst the more
humble, of the animals about us.

Although it has not been thought advisable to ‘‘ popu-
larize”’ the descriptions in the following pages, such
characters as cannot be determined without dissection
have been avoided. For this reason the synopses and
characterizations of the higher groups are very artificial
and are not intended to hold good if applied to extra-
limital species or genera. Likewise, superfamilies, sub-
families, and subgenera have not been introduced.
While this is, thus, intended as a handbook for the
more or less casual student, it is hoped that the profes-
sional herpetologist will find something of interest re-
garding the variation and distribution of our reptiles.

I wish especially to express my obligation to Dr.
Leonhard Stejneger, who placed at my disposal the
entire collection of reptiles belonging to the United

4 PREFACE.

States National Museum; to Mr. Henry H. Hindshaw,
Curator of the Museum of the University of Washing-
ton, who sent me a collection of species from western
Washington; to Mr. John Fannin, Curator of the Pro-
vincial Museum, Victoria, B.C., who lent me the collee-
tion belonging to his institution; to Prof. W. E. Ritter,
of the University of California, for a similar favor; to
Dr. G. Baur; to Mr. Harold Heath; to Dr. W. W. Tho-
burn; to Mr. Douglas Van Denburgh; to Mr. Edward
Hyatt; to Mr. J. M. Hyde; to Mr. J. O. Snyder; to Dr.
G. Eisen; to many others; and most of all to Dr. Chas.
H. Gilbert, who forwarded to me the unequaled collec-
tion of Californian reptiles belonging to Leland Stanford
Junior University, and gathered for that institution by

his untiring zeal.
THe AUTHOR.

San Francisco, April, 1897.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

TANTO) DL BCOM WON. = 6 otc sigh AEGOODLIAGO Soa OCC on cia oC nai eae arene 9
Reptiles Distinct trompbatrachiansi..-- seams... seisra acl) he el 3 eee 9
SyMopsisvone Glassestreppere eye cht. fais ete sts eich eu sess <yaliee =a a) gaya Oa «oa 10
Ord ersrofelMnvamome tiles: rcp sirere ici sik ieleneeiass laele aieieke este iersie oy ahee 10
Reptilesiof Paci Coast-and Great Basins... s...---- -2-2-s 02+: 10
Rand sham ceNiiim erg sys ety ery ster. oie acayck ere ate ee rontieseve ee kc oe eacteudtes s'- 11
Dis trib uclonpemeeeneimaneie cases cose sley cele, oe ie taedarsio viele cu 11
Reptilestofe Calitorni ater sep. o.. c2 es see Yes ietspole Biss oe elesles- 12
Mablevotm species;and) Subs pecies)..44-ee teria ase ee eels | eo 12

(RenD) es ertash ata actees 4 te bts cits erie sdath net cporcreramee tee Ave sled! &re) ane 14

IMhe Sane Direcanch aan a ens coc eye a cette oy aint eather ROS 15

he Californian Ba WM aiaresy-015 ef e che a) case o cisieiaicie © civetelels arene: «12 16
hesPaciicw@Hanniaerse eee pena eee Aer i See aes SPalyhevercnen LI
iheiSierrasNevadans Kaunan jae ee eenaen er be cmsies te cieee 17
Melationsio te Hawn cy... iss Neeser Cras ele Sn 18
Repiilestoie Ore gone rane ya oe eee toe t ae ce oe deen weber ever oes 19
Reptiles Of \WashInGton: ..).255.4 feces so dsterebieutess sec o's 0k = 19
Rep tilestotwldahomnscmns «sce yceys cass ad soot re sate 19
Rep tilesholsNevad ay. esrac <5 ke tere ce reuee clay aay omneg ote over ave 20
‘YRDRETGT AKON. 2 2 cae eats ett eee arte AIG Role ni Rs CSTR ene at a ee 20
Collectinevand sPresenviney a2 paca gs Bees Rea ria ene ites acters 21
IB xplanablOn Sree vacua aces aa eits bid oud Were S chard Ene tees Sie Teste aE enc erage 22
(COLONES a1 pits chat OR RAG ROCIO S ooo EH OM onde Sno aS. BOC e CE mares 22
MeaSUreMentSee sired sacs atice seisicoeiaaeitic Giada Teta io aeeme ae 22
MUS trait On Siew 5 tea ess o seeaetore cave eat tice we leeiere ssi Sars set cosh 22
(GROSSE TES oe na CR Ace Ole ONE o GISIGE PRG oy BD EDR ee eee So tke oF 22
1121 El DW eg eer lec co eran Beer pera te? SNE ne as Cy One An, Me eee ee 28
(NOBILIS AUS oie repeats A cacicie hie Ags Sit co ct of aoc aE or MOET Bere 28
TROTTER OOD Ki des Ae, icky SA Ele th lee UE Ey Senn OT GOES OR ORS oer 29
GUSTING Syereeeey eters eo nae aie can ge oes Meroe os 29
MarmMoratan (achiceuerrapin) yas oq sacle) syste riacieieieiciele i= sir 30

(CUATA SEIS gy So wein eeotrolb BORIS OST OB b gta done ie tote Ofc Fe COE eS 32
bella (WesternePaimtedealuxtle)e) oem sects fers ects eee. 33

GC OPNOEUS tes el pase ae eis on Sore hs SAS aa Chis HOR. IS ware 35
AGASSI ZINN ES hte LM OYLOISE)) were rer cry). aks eet eke elas) © ley aa 35
SKOUTIAMINGON 5 cle Nacuercse ii eatin oS Aa Gaara ch aaa get aI NPE Sear ae 38
Be RRR E eat er See fe Seed we Pee co Revs 2-2 po era aaa els «ted win 39
LETOUGH OTS neces. co 240 Ck bby Sh ORO DEEL Oe cee 39
(COICO Aan G dco daa Send Ho CRON RILE Bonet mee CHEE eae ce 39
Vanepatus (banded: Gocko)), .<....<.¢.5, acevo. sence eda cas cele 40

CONTENTS.

PAGE
TIGHTS KOs oa actac Cis etek Sacne CREM ERO CERRO OURS REI Gd S35 2 42
DUP SOSAUTUS eee oe eet rrc ase aie aera ccctie ecto) stone eas auroyencle eet tue 43
dorsalisa(Crestedslitzard) pysem eae cece! eee eee 44
LOTT ae Aauogia FACE CO OG nd DADO An COG ENO oso moDDOGds 46
mMotata Sand waIzZardie ey vases cei lelecd ce ees. Oe sree be eteetaes 47
inornatan(PlainysamdelizaTd) ee vee een een eee 47
Calli Saris rian sec stad ee eecters po tetstelicle ale Sissi Gato Pate tet a eel sae ee 7
ventralis (Gridiron-talled Uizard) pce 2. oc cles eee eneeS
VOU TOO Ka sieves 5. col kace reve nicoUstecielslece oon) et avs: aie tel ofsistete re teams 51
maculata approximans (Western Earless Lizard)............ 51
(QhONy RoW CH ean MOB ABB ACO ccs aren OCC aes B86 6 5/2 53
baileyir(Bailey’s Tizard) eererciacce seencc ns nec: mere 53
waslizenii (leopard Inizard)\ tere viet ere eseieieaeie arate ieeter 56
silus (Short-nosed Leopard Lizard)........................ 59
SENDIMOVTNEN IIS) ee Ape S Od GO aoe hea ne oma nd cc iki! Male’ hoist, Poems 60
ater (Alderman Lizard. Chuck-walla)..................... 60
MU stieiepre pep ocese co coh «bat oni ov atalc citeyennayeterstokere thelayeteren tiene eee hgios seston 63
mearnsiy(MGATNS's) Lizard). vecm coke ceils eee ete merete eter ter 64.
stansburiana (Brown-shouldered Lizard)................... 66
eraclosa(mone-talled Uitte). else act ome ets eerie er 69
Syanmeprica,((lree ita) ee. cm cierto selene ee peasel siete Uf
COL OPOLUSret als, c x icre: ciate ue tase e's lav Versa ete oretoke Duis kwater Rountree eer 7
eraciosusa( Mountain lizard!) byte mre eierert rei tens ore er 74
occidentalis! (Blue-bellied Tizard)/-. 226.2 ..-e asses eel oe 77
biseratiuisa(Hemceliizard)) See eletr-teletieletlt terete eee yl te 80
macisterk(Scalyglizard) cme ieee cease eer claret 84
OLCUGUIE DUSKYsSCalyeduizar dl)... lene Clee eterna eee 86
PITY OS OMB scarey crop yofereo aie eh ates xtelawsy shorn ey bracteata eaine tee 89
douvglassil(Biemyeorned)Load)ses esse ee tee ee 90
blainvillii (Blainville’s Horned Toad)...-..-............... 91
fromtale (California Eornied! Moad)\\ 2s seach so ee 93
platyrhinos (Desert Horned oad) Wasa ee ease ae 98
micalliin(Plat-tailedsttonned “load! e)-eeeeieel ae ee ce 100
TPMT ARRAS GEOG. 8S SAG DS OOOO ORAS SER Gd G55 Sen aws cemeeeeS 101
Gerrh oMotws stig oys el oettene ie latcee clams levers enn saaterse syste yeeerege ee SE at 102
Scincicauda) (Alligator Mizard))a entire ae = ae lOS
burnettii (Burnett’s Alligator Tizard) 2.025022. ...--.2....- 107
principis (Northern Alligator Lizard)::.................... 112
palmeri (Mountain Alligator Lizard). ................ 0 22... 113
PAD DAAIICL AAR COS eee (AS Bb ah HOG ors Bake ates SOT Cn OP eRe 115
ATMO lay 25/5 tater serecsy shale wwele tense alcen ie wiowa eee te ane ea camel ofictlew ers 116
pulchra (Silvery Hootlessuizard))e7 vy.-6 1) oes) oes) © = 2) 116
nicra|(Black@Hootlessmaizard) i emilee meses renee 118

ET CLO MCT NALA rises sree Sau R Ce eS Ae heehee oie elas iees 120

CONTENTS. vi

PAGE

DEIN WOVCKINITD 1). ses toe ocueie oer eae ain a 0, SOU HIDE b ACIS Goi PsOreaiaten 120
Suspectmmn (Gila Moneter))s. 5 2052 uc See aeictele |. ta cie o's 120
DOT OAIRIICIED 3 OS toe OL OIOCES AG ER RO ew ah OD ian Orin meri 122
NAIA 2's. .a Ne o GU ODO Uae ae O GCIs Badd PES UIA A CER ART iPr EsT 123
viciligs (Desert Night Tizard) 22... 02. hes ssi letsls vleete ose es 123
henshawi (Henshaw’s Night Lizard) ....................4. 128
Fiversiatiay( island Night azard) ) VAN ae sie os eee 130
IDO 28a HO Poros SOO SEE eich OREO EAE ohn OSES Cee ea 132
(Cin Smnnc ajo awa We aaa e Gece ele So oWAAD EAN pion eadgnNaocme doe 133
fiemsn(Dasprh Wihip-tail)-.. Siem deck ae Urol athe sca. oe lot
undulatus. (California Whip-taul)iiy. S2.286 2 Baa. tae... oa. 137
stejnegeri (Stejneger’s Whip-tail)...............5.-seeeeeee 139
\WGHINGRING « oco o.bbcbo Mab DUDES OO EBoIE.. osu Ob OOO noe SOMO nese 140
hyperythra beldingi (Belding’s Orange-throat).............. 141
INBICOGHED 0 COUSINS 6 HOO Rn OIG OEE MIO IEE GOUG Goce ORGS cine tO rieorae 143
DPIC S see odadtone ded odehoemGbos 252 565) CE oeme Dino meaaG 143
Skaltomiammss (VWeSteLMe s kins) | -pyeie sept et ieiela<clets ive! ololefel -1-1= - 144
silberil (Red-headed) Skink): .2:).(--ec wet ees Sas oe cee ooo 147
Serpette see vores: foe oe PA LN ENS Severance athelall= crags ts 150
Leptotyphlopide ............. BETO AE AU ASE AL SA ttt Rete cc cera ye 150
Sin OHO OMe ae ears oes eA Mean Ae Seni heiesataleis: sral'aiat ene 150
lave bonyllhis) (\Wiwada, TSO) oo, aaa aden ddbO 4OoL de paod ae 5 oe 150
BOF iAP A SGN RN oe cE hea ak Reet eoad CVBIENE, Pe itaayesty Metes seein an os 152
TUNING WTyU hE yes Seon oe cea a aT eT CL aioe Tata a in ce che ier ee 152
LOSCOMlscan(Oalitornide On) eae emer tether =e cererel- 152
@liariniay A oee cin Tae crear teers ne ea Sette ste oe atolls ovat Grazer sels 154
botts (Rubber Snake).............. Ss aS PER oe 154
COUMDN HC aa anor boos Spleen eee Sib cach ene de Mast od sores hae 157
Chiilomremiscusias4c..c sus eee at sak AOL ob Lee ue ir 158
ephippicus (Burrowing (Smake)i}722). 2022) Ue.c2 22. aa 159
@HIONACbISh ties cee et tee Oe EP Men eR alge ele Lettre 159
occipitalisn(Deserty Snake) segs eel erat ie paar er- 160
(Comtesse eis coor nee eis s as Bots Cede chara sige ocets ve 161
IMIS: (SHAlp-tAlled) SHAK)... 8... oes bcs eegiekhome ens o 162
Pyeadophisiat ses Beer pve ebic tee Sars Shin io hee aissee + Pecan’ oelocart 164
amabilis (Western Ring-neck Snake)...............--.--.. 164
PIAA COPEAEN Sta eesti ee rors hare iaargereiae arn 's ccsveidle oni 5 Se ferat 166
zonata, (Californian King Snake)....... 22.0. ...2 .+20-- 0. 167
boylir(Boyle's: Milk Snake) i265. 5 ccilee wis eee we = oe 169
californiz (California Milk Snake)..................-.---- 172
TRIAMOOMNWIT 1s gooaduconudoseoE bess Moesor poeeDaoeoumeedar 174
lecontel (long-nosed Siake)i-° 2: .:.......... .-2.-+------ 174
SUT U tall were On a eninge Piet Renae ere ror eard siti avatat ciwycfey'\ sie avie Seheiere 176
Sisenrl (Oxutornian Pamtillayi.. ved o.,2 te Leis coe pste a ie's ane «oh 177

8 CONTENTS.

PAGE

Fiypsiclena:xcmmpicsat eck Giee cite Te eee ALO Ieee 178
ochrorhynchus (Spotted Night Snake). ................... 178
Nalvad OF aayx. Nets h ciellelectoielstcisig ata ceiartteut.s «°s, slap «taps Sea A eee 180
erahamize(Patched-nosedisnake)) =e. acca sa ceieemeeeee 181
BAS CANION Gna ecrevs rior oie Giese adver otkele, see eet ore eee 183
constrictor vetustum (Western Yellow-bellied Racer)........ 183
flagellum frenatum (Western Whip Snake)................. 186
laterales(Californian WRacer)s 464-2. 22-5 +66 yee eee 188
heMiatume (Striped IAcer) en sata aelcele tesa ocr etae eee
LAV ADIN Se ae PAO OIA See tc ROPER EE MEE OTIAS G0 5.0016 192
elesans: (Haded Snake)iiv. jiecel naan weiienal fe cleloe oer eyaneneers 193
PitUOPHisy. ss 5.0 thers che tein PEAT ee One ok Se eae eee 195
catenifer (Western Gopher Snake) ......:......... Gi--s8- 195
deserticola) (Desert Gopher Snake) (22. 2. 2o8e.-e- eee 198
MhamMnmophis ss .5..3.s.ae scale Ba ce ate eas stare eb he ee ee ne 199
panietalish(Pacitic Garter Snake): .-1-)-)e iene eae een 200
pickeringii (Northwestern Garter Snake) ................ 204
leptecephala (Puget Garter Snake).................. .... 205
elegans (Elegant Garter Snake) ..... ............ .....--- 207
VAgralisl Wandering) Garten Snake)) sso seer eerie ene 210
biscutata(Copeis) Garter) Snake). ssa e eer ereieeene ee Le
hammondii (Californian Garter Snake) ................... 212
OLR LIE tS AA EOC OE ACAD Horaid abr cae seen oiao Se 214
Crotalus pase rence! sceseil oe op acvtelil outa eteat cl etelaueeeaey seam eeOie 215
luciten((Paciticipattlesnake)i er seer senseem eee ieee 216
confluentus (Prairie Rattlesnake).. ........... ......-..-- 218
tigris (Migeratelesmalce) Briere pace cee ene cael erate ite ean 220
cerastes (Horned Rattlesnake. Sidewinder)............... 222
mitchellii (Bleached Rattlesnake) .....................4-.+ 224
ruber (Western Diamond Rattlesnake). .................... 226

1 DOD eens pido te hen Cc Ait cate OR ECny oaSacROER EONS Sosa A Oulotu conto ames 229

THE REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST AND
GREAT BASIN.

INTRODUCTION.

The term reptile is popularly applied to all cold-blooded
vertebrates other than fishes. Thus used it includes two
groups of animals which differ in many important re-
spects. These are the batrachians and the reptiles
proper; the former more closely allied to the fishes; the
latter, to the birds.

The typical batrachians, such as most frogs, toads,
salamanders, etc., lay their eggs in the water, and the
young, for a time, breathe by means of gills, very much
as do the fishes. Later on, they undergo a metamor-
phosis, during which the gills and other larval charac-
teristics disappear, the tadpole assumes the form and
structure of its parents and emerges from the water to
breathe air and spend a greater or less portion of its life
on land. The skin of batrachians* is not provided with
scales, but is smooth or warty, very glandular, and often
covered with a slimy secretion.

The true reptiles, such as alligators, turtles, lizards,
and snakes, on the other hand, never lay their eggs in
the water, even the marine species coming to land for
this purpose. Their young never breathe by means of
gills, but are hatched or born with the form and _ struc-
ture of the adult. The skin, except of some turtles, is
covered with scales, and is dry, never slimy.

There are, also, many anatomical and embryological
differences between the two classes, but these need not

*Except Ceecilians of tropical lands.

10 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

be mentioned here, since the batrachians will not be
considered in the following pages. Our reptiles and
batrachians may be distinguished by the following

SYNOPSIS OF CLASSES.

a.—Anal opening transverse or round; skin furnished with scales (varying
from large plates to minute granules); or, if skin smooth (Pelo-
discus), tail and claws present and jaws without teeth. (Turtles,
liZard'ssicn akesilel cn) saci e seer ectnrs cloeinec eta Reptilia.—p. 28.

a*,—Anal opening longitudinal or round; skin smooth or warty, without
scales; no claws.” (Frogs, toads, salamanders, newts, water-dogs,
tadpoles wetG sien ae cys 6 eas inet eee were eis Batrachia.

Long ago the reptiles were the rulers of the earth as
the mammals are to-day. Huge monsters, most gro-
tesquely fashioned, roamed over the land, while equally
large reptiles swam in the seas, and in the air were
great creatures whose bat-like wings, it is said, some-
times measured more than twenty feet from tip to tip.
But of these monsters, none remain alive; only the
smaller forms have survived. Living reptiles fall natu-
rally into four groups or orders. One of these orders
contains but a single lizard-like animal, the Sphenodon
of New Zealand, interesting to the morphologist be-
cause of its generalized structure. The other three
orders are numerously represented in the warmer por-
tions of both the Old and New Worlds. They are: first,
the alligators and crocodiles; second, the turtles; third,
the lizards and the snakes.

The alligators and crocodiles are of chiefly tropical
and subtropical distribution and do not enter the terri-
tory we are considering. The turtles are most numer-
ous In moist regions, and, consequently, are represented
on the Pacific Coast and in the Great Basin by few
species. The lizards and snakes, on the contrary, find

*Tips of digits sometimes borny.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. |:

our warm, dry climate well adapted to their needs, and
are very numerous. In the following pages I have
admitted to the fauna of the states under consideration
seventy-seven species and subspecies of reptiles belong-
ing to thirty-seven genera, thirteen families, and two
orders. Of these, three are turtles, forty are lizards,
and thirty-four snakes.

While it is probable that no two of these species have
exactly the same geographical limits, yet the ranges of
certain species are, in a general way, conterminous with
those not only of other reptiles but of other kinds of
animals as well. Thus, if we map out the areas occu-
pied by the different kinds of mammals, birds, reptiles,
insects, plants, ete., we find that the boundaries of the
ranges of many species are nearly coincident, so that in
one area we have certain genera and species associated,
while more or less closely related kinds inhabit adjoin-
ing districts. From such study of its animals and
plants temperate North America has been divided into
a number of life zones,* each of which may be sub-
divided into minor areas technically known as Faune.

When regarded from a herpetological standpoint,
California may be divided into five minor life areas,
each of which corresponds more or less closely with one
of the chief physical areas of the State. Thus, one
biologic area occupies the southeastern deserts, an-
other the southern coast, a third the western slopes of
the northern coastal ranges, a fourth a belt along the
Sierra Nevada, and a fifth the great interior valleys of
the Sacramento and San Joaquin together with their
fringing foothills.

*On this subject see especially Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., IV, 1, 1892, pp. 199-244;
Auk, X, 2, Apr., 1893; Merriam, N. A. Fauna, No, 3, 1890, and No. 5, 1891; Proc. Biol. Soc.
Wash. VII, pp. 1-64, 1892; Nat. Geog. Mag., 1894; Rep. Sec. Agri., 1893, pp. 228, 229 (1894).

12 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Each of these areas is characterized by the presence
of certain species which do not live in the others, and
the absence of other species peculiar to the adjoining
Faune. Other species, though not restricted to one,
conform more or less closely to the geographical limits
of two or more of these life areas. Without stopping to
speculate upon the causes which, severally or in com-
bination, have operated to bring about this arrange-
ment, let us consider each of these areas in detail,
pointing out its faunal peculiarities and relations to the
others.

The reptilian fauna of California, as at present known,
is composed of seventy-one species and subspecies. The
following table shows the area or areas which each of
these is known to inhabit:

DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIAN REPTILES.

R A, < gz oS
g 2 = | 2 &
SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. z = - Sl Ree

z iS a

Qa > ° ]

x : ar

|

Glemmiysmarmoratar sees ysie ee eee lias p Game bears: Sieh (ese).
Chrysemyspoollaiy(?)eoceeteec ee 3 cor elf eeserenlloee een ee Peal pe petal SE eee
Gophers acassizilene. rere tece eee PRS oe ream ote PLS Ie ee ite <a.
Coleonyx variegatus\-2.)/3.2.-52--... WE Rec ated tha ain icone TPS SR
Dipsosaurus dorsalis); 2-.--)4-clee <2 | ce cet SM ek sae Re ce ede ey
Brats a 0) 1) fe eee ere Dene! arson as hace slits goclletave tint
INOTMALD 5:38} Sop «cis Lado sdeie Se bee sel Sel ae Ol oed eee ee ree Lease
Gallissanus’wentralis, 22. 2.5... 4.2 | see |e ee eee ae
Crotaphytus) baileyie...)-.22 2. 2. es eters icaireealcaeee'c 4 Were oer SMe St
WAISITIZEDII tee ere eee | ccogeps ete | Se aaa Oe ete re lier x
Srl ees oa nese S| Moto lo Gbile Rll acrore opel a, ctecks
Sauromalus TIe see mene seer Ne APP) tarot | eae BEG oy.
Ube CALs ee cecereyaes ers Sie sry aso 42 oy] eeu Ree eee re ee oat lores
SLANSDUTIANA ha, 25 os seKeare ds Hersek cee nee lee Mere eX ell see
RBTACIOSSere nite se cae dee eee eee Peers larice an lost eal li¢caciss Bea
SYMIMGLEUI CA, see eet ete oe cane [is cto rsscvell ltr orc eeversne Mc ieyaeiey. Bhp aa

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIAN REPTILES—Continued.

SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES.

"BPBAON BIIOL

“‘ySvoH WAIT AON

‘y1eseqy

Sceloporus graciosus.............----
Oceldentalismescmece se ese
[OU GRTEN VIS, avtino <o ay Sho GO eOe
AN MOISTOT s 3j-4-4ei) Nae eis oe
OVGULtl ty oe eee Sere hshess
Phrynosoma douglassii ..............

laimyalllids Soaps cies ee

fNONGALe ease css saci
Platyrhinosins.. .- <r 1)
mnecallllniys score trea
Geirhonotus scincicauda .............
bud ettiten. sas) foes
PLINIGIPIS: (2) ee neers. ey
palmeribey. ee wey = toe
Anmiellappalchtrasice eee tae oles:

Xamitusispva eile Sees -c cel oe ptoias
IhenSHa wil sere cts certs 6 + ae

TAVCL SIAL AN eycrret hays eis tel sieucrs
Cnemidophorus tigris........ eh pose sie
undulatus......

SGI nom opoo ueee

Verticaria hyperythra beldingi........
Eumeces skiltonianus..... Bsn t Cheat.
(aller ee pecroeinode poomoeas
Siagonodon humilis....... stick ave Bates
iniehanura TOSCOLusCa..% « .ccslis2 6 ass:
(CHLAGTTTNT, DOE Ses GmeR OGG Soo cee
Chilomeniscus ephippicus..... eRe ees
@hionactis occipitalis.....). 52.4 5--2--
Contia mitis= 2... weld omacco ctones barns
Diadophiswamapiisin «sep. ccuseise acls o-
Mamipropelbiszonatal, .. 0... - 66. 2... 5.
PO ONG LIN Peete crater esckere ays

CHINOMIMNED a nbog uD ooO OEE

Rhinocheilus lecontei ......... mys eae
ANrininilln, GIEKSh G o Gelae cet GEE Coed eee
Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus...........
Salvadora grahamice:..5.. 3-22-02...
Bascanion constrictor vetustum. ......
flagellum frenatum ........

J RUC AS Ca reo Sor Cue on

ESTULAE WE oir c ahs atty ere seTor c..6-4

= =
~ a)
= =
oO =
= b
n fe")
=

: =
: a
2)

~

Rn

eo
Sp Aa ae
ore 5 eG
SOO Shs
he sete Re ar
PSs 5
$2 ler a
5 RSS eG
Sours Aye ge
None te ae
Li aaa | eee
coos on 2S
Soeateiots aye le
We Sen ae So
Syeiereh aks 5 RC
Sip Sok | ee

Hw oi:

KKK

Hw h

Hw

HH R A

ta

*In mountains only.

14 CALIFORNIA

ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES.

DISTRIBUTION OF CALIFORNIAN REPTILES—Concluded.

| < a S)
fa till, SS) 2 2 ®
fe iz = = ee
ad et aa + ice)
» Pe “4 = a
wn ie) &
SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES. £3) Salis . = :;
<
ones (eo) Q
a fe) 5
=) = >
Gn |
AATIZONBNCLOGAMNS he ac cdyeioe t5. vias weremociets)| iersiererell ere eketenellliare eperere oS :
Atop hisycateniienmer shaq eee eee |r Ke eyelliers eee xe Ste
Geserticolay | ye Pe eee a alll cctae ee oll Reemeeste eee Tol lees Ki
Mhamnophis panietalis'.... <NyShss cee ecole Moe el or Rare | th ee el hoes ee ote
CIE CANIS. ten sack eee EAA. Sarid Pree al fetes? Sie yee sia cis oa
VAOTATMS 5: cs eneiven oracles SH eres. llicac Sis 2 aie eK
hammon Gils :)sensaeemee oles aecll eee fie Kiel eR
(Growling Iknowige. ko Wee ewes Gakee soar aay ica tal ac RRS | eee ee Let aca |
US Ce ay eee ero ene os els oad ge
GERAStESS eee cA tee Ok, haeies cin thet coil Ohta |e eae | eee x.
MMT CHEMI TSS = oc is cecne bak sete ateecd| Sootte ee te tell ycaeene ete | eee ee alee eee ee Xi
MAUD ST I a oct ce hee Bs aN Nea chet tte abl he arene foi Intec val ee Be OOS

The Desert Fauna.—The Colorado and Mojave Deserts
with western and northern arms, one of which invades
the southern part of the San Joaquin Valley, constitute
the Californian portion of what may here be termed the

Desert Fauna.

This Fauna, as we have seen, is inhab-

ited by thirty-one (or thirty-three) species and subspe-
cies of reptiles, of which the following twenty-three (or
twenty-four) occur in no other area of the State:

Gopherus agassiZii,
Coleonyx variegatus,
Dipsosaurus dorsalis,
Uma notata,

Uma inornata,
Callisaurus ventralis,
Crotaphytus baileyi,
Crotaphytus wislizenil,
Sauromalus ater,

Uta graciosa,

Uta symmetrica,
Sceloporus magister,

Phrynosoma platyrhinos,
Phrynosoma m’eallii,
Xantusia vigilis,
Cnemidophorus tigris,
Siagonodon humilis,
Chilomeniscus ephippicus,
Chionactis occipitalis,
Bascanion teniatum (?),
Pituophis catenifer deserticola,
Crotalus tigris,

Crotalus cerastes,

Crotalus mitchelli.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 15

This area shares with the southern coast or San Diegan
Fauna alone only Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus, Salvadora
grahamie, and probably Arizona elegans, and with the
valleys or Californian Fauna possibly Bascanion tenia-
tum, while in common with both these areas it has Ula
stansburiana, Rhinocheilus lecontec, Bascanion flagellum
frenatum, Thamnophis hammondii, and perhaps Scelop-
orus biseriatus. Moreover, it lacks twenty-seven (or
thirty-three) species and subspecies which occur in one
or both of these adjoining Faune, and possesses none
of those found in the Sierra Nevada and northern coast
areas. The Desert Fauna is the most distinct of the
minor life areas of California.

The San Diegan Fauna.—This area comprises the
western portions or coastal slopes of San Diego, River-
side, Orange, San Bernardino, and Los Angeles Coun-
ties, excepting the higher lands, which belong rather
with the Sierra Nevada. It is, in the main, a warmer
and dryer area than the Californian Fauna, to which it
is most closely allied.

The reptiles of this Fauna are twenty-eight (or thirty)
in number, of which the following eight (or nine) are
peculiar to it:

Uta mearnsi, Cnemidophorus stejnegeri,
Sceloporus orcutti, Verticaria hyperythra beldingi,
Phrynosoma blainyillii, Lichanura roseofusca, t
Xantusia henshawi, Crotalus ruber.

Xantusia riversiana, *

It shares with only the Desert Fauna Hypsiglena och-
rorhynchus, Salvadora grahamie, and probably Arizona
elegans; with the Californian Fauna, Anniella pulchra,
Lampropeltis californie, Bascanion laterale, and perhaps

*Insular.
7 Occurs also near Tucson, Ariz.

16 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCKS.

Sceloporus biseriatus and Lampropeltis boyliz; and with
both these Faune, Uta stanshuriana, Rhinocheilus lecontei,
Bascanion flagellum frenatum, Thamnophis hammondii,
and perhaps Sceloporus biseriatus. It lacks twenty - five
species.and subspecies of the Desert Fauna, and eight
(or nine) of the Californian. Some species are common
to it and to one or both of the northern areas —Sierra
Nevadan and Pacific. The San Diegan Fauna is most
closely allied to the Californian.

The Californian Fauna.—The Californian Fauna in-
cludes the western slope of the Sierra Nevada below the
Sierra Nevadan Fauna, and extends thence westward to
the ocean, excepting the area along the coast which
constitutes the Pacific Fauna and that part of the San
Joaquin Valley which belongs to the Desert Fauna. It
appears to reach the coast in Ventura, Santa Barbara
and San Luis Obispo Counties. Twenty-six (or twenty-
nine) reptiles have been found within its limits. Of
these, four are peculiar to it, as follows:

Crotaphytus silus, Cnemidophorus tigris undulatus,
Phrynosoma frontale, Tantilla eiseni.

It shares with the Desert Fauna alone possibly Bas-
canion teniatum; with the Desert and San Diegan
Faun, Uta stanshuriana, Rhinocheilus lecontei, Bascanion
flagellum frenatum, Thamnophis hammondii, and perhaps
Sceloporus biseriatus; with the San Diegan Fauna alone,
Anniella pulchru, Lampropeltis californiw, Bascanion
laterale, and perhaps Sceloporus biseriatus and Lampyro-
peltis boylit; with the Pacific Fauna alone, Sceloporus
occidentalis; with the Pacific and San Diegan Faune,
Clemmys marmorata and Gerrhonotus scincicauda; and
with all except the Desert Fauna, Humeces skiltonianus,
Diadophis amabilis, Bascanion constrictor vetustum, Tham-

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 17

nophis parietalis, Crotalus lucifer, and perhaps Lampro-
peltis zonata and Lampropeltis boylit. It lacks twenty-
five (or twenty-seven) reptiles of the Desert Fauna,
eleven (or twelve) of the San Diegan, two (or three) of
the Pacific, and three (or five) of the Sierra Nevadan.
The Californian Fauna is most closely allied to the San
Diegan.

The Pacific Fawna.—The Pacific Fauna occupies a
narrow strip along the coast as far south as Monterey
County.* In the northern part of the State it widens
and merges with the Sierra Nevadan, to which it is
closely allied, but farther south it is confined to the
western slope of the outer Coast Range. It is inhabited
by fifteen (or seventeen) kinds of reptiles. Of these,
Gerrhonotus burnettii and Anniella nigra are peculiar.
Sceloporus occidentalis and Contia mitis it shares with the
Californian Fauna only. Lampropeltis zonata is perhaps
confined to this and the Sierra Nevadan Faune. Its
other species are wide-ranging. It lacks thirteen (or
sixteen) reptiles of the Californian Fauna, and four (or
five) of the Sierra Nevadan. This Fauna is much bet-
ter characterized by its batrachians, birds, and other
animals than by its reptiles.

The Sierra Nevadan Fauna.—The fifth life area of Cal-
ifornia occupies a belt along the western (and eastern
also?) side of the Sierra Nevada. One at least of its
reptiles reappears in the mountains of San Diego and
Riverside Counties. Twelve (or fourteen) kinds of rep-
tiles have been taken in this area. Gerrhonotus palmeri
and Humeces gilberti are peculiar to it. Sceloporus grac-
dosus occurs here but in no other part of California ex-
cept the mountains of the southern part of the State.

* Probably to Santa Barbara in mountains.

18 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Gerrhonotus principis perhaps is one of its inhabitants.
Lampropeltis zonata may be peculiar to it and the Pacific
Fauna. The other reptiles of the area are of rather
wide distribution. It lacks seven (or eight) species of
the Pacific Fauna, and seventeen (or twenty) of the
Californian.

We have seen that there are five life areas in Califor-
nia* and that some of these are more closely allied than
others. The Desert Fauna bears little resemblance to
the San Diegan and Californian, and even less to the
Pacific and Sierra Nevadan. Most of its species occur
in western Arizona, southern Nevada, and northern
Lower California.; It is, in fact, a part of the Lower
Austral Zone of Merriam or South Warn) Temperate of
Allen. The San Diegan and Californian Faune have
more in common. Apparently both belong to the Upper
Austral Zone of Merriam, which is the Middle Warm
Temperate of Allen. The Pacific and Sierra Nevadan
Faune, also, are closely allied. They form a part of
the Transition Zone of Merriam or North Warm Tem-
perate of Allen, which, extending northward across
western Oregon and Washington, forms another life
area, which we may call the Puget Fauna.{ It would
seem then, that these three zones bend suddenly south-
ward (irrespective of altitude) near the Pacific Coast.
Thus it happens that their westernmost Faune lie north
and south of each other instead of east and west —the
Desert Fauna north of the San Lucan,? the Californian
north of the San Diegan, the Puget north of the Pacific
and Sierra Nevadan.

Too little is known of the reptiles of Oregon, Wash-

* The colder portions of the mountains have not been considered.
t Except that part which belongs to the San Diegan Fauna.

{t This is perhaps a part of the Canadian Zone.

3 The southern end of the peninsula of Lower California.

REPTILES

OF THE PACIFIC

COAST. 19

ington, Idaho, and Nevada to permit anything to be

said of their distribution.
have been found in each St
The following are the rep

Clemmys marmorata,
Crotaphytus wislizenil,
Uta stansburiana,
Sceloporus graciosus,
Sceloporus occidentalis,
Sceloporus biseriatus (?),
Phrynosoma douglassii,
Phrynosoma piatyrhinos,
Gerrhonotus scincicauda,
Gerrhonotus principis,
Eumeces skiltonianus,
Charina botte,

However, lists of those which

ate are given.
tiles of Oregon:

Contia mitis,

Diadophis amabilis,

Bascanion constrictor vetustum,
Bascanion tzniatum,

Pituophis catenifer,
Thamnophis parietalis,
Thamnophis parietalis pickeringii,
Thamnophis leptocephala,
Thamuophis vagrans,
Thamnophis vagrans biscutata,
Crotalus lucifer.

The following reptiles are known to inhabit Wash-

ington:

Clemmys marmorata,
Chrysemys bellii,
Sceloporus graciosus,
Sceloporus occidentalis,
Phrynosoma douglassii,
Gerrhonotus principis,
Charina botte,

Contia mitis,

The reptiles of Idaho are:

Crotaphytus baileyi,
Crotaphytus wislizenii,
Uta stansburiana,
Sceloporus graciosus,
Sceloporus biseriatus,
Phrynosoma douglassii,
Phrynosoma platyrhinos,
Cnemidophorus tigris,

Bascanion constrictor vetustum,
Pituophis catenifer,

Thamnophis parietalis,
Thamnophis parietalis pickeringii,
Thamnophis leptocephala,
Thamnophis vagrans,
Thamnophis vagrans biscutata,
Crotalus lucifer.

Charina botte,

Bascanion constrictor vetustum,
Bascanion tzniatum,

Pituophis catenifer,
Thamnophis parietalis,
Thamnophis vagrans,

Crotalus lucifer,

Crotalus confluentus.

20 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The following species and subspecies have been found
in Nevada:

Gopherus agassizil, Heloderma suspectum,
Dipsosaurus dorsalis, Cnemidophorus tigris,
Callisaurus ventralis, Charina botte,

Holbrookia maculata approximans, Lampropeltis boylii,
Crotaphytus baileyi, Salvadora grahamie,
Crotaphytus wislizenii, Bascanion flagellum frenatum,
Sauromalus ater, Bascanion teniatum,

Uta stansburiana, Pituophis catenifer deserticola,
Uta graciosa, Thamnophis parietalis,
Sceloporus graciosus, Thamnophis vagrans,
Sceloporus biseriatus, Crotalus lucifer,

Sceloporus magister, Crotalus tigris,

Phrynosoma platyrhinos, Crotalus cerastes.

Many kinds of reptiles vary so much that it is diffi-
cult to find two specimens which are alike in color and
squamation. Sometimes the variations correspond with
definite geographical areas, as in the case of Cnemidoph-
orus tigris and C. t. undulatus or Phrynosoma blain-
villa and P. frontale, but more frequently they are
purely individual, as in Charina and many species of
Thamnophis. Many reptiles are subject to chameleonic
changes, or changes in accordance with the intensity of
the light, or with the colors of objects by which they
are surrounded. For these reasons the collector should
strive to secure many specimens of each species.

Reptiles are to be found in all sorts of situations.
The collector should study their habits if he would be
successful in his search. Some kinds prefer moist
places, while others are most abundant on barren hill-
sides or on the open desert. As a rule, reptiles like
sunlight and warmth, but some species live in the
thicker forests, and not a few are nocturnal.

Some reptiles may be caught with the hands unaided
by any apparatus. Other species, too agile to be cap-

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. yodh

tured thus, may be secured by means of a slip-noose of
horse-hair, wild oats, thread, or fine wire, deftly placed
over the head of the victim and then tightened with a
sudden jerk. However, by far the most satisfactory
method of procuring reptiles is to shoot them. For this
purpose small charges of fine shot are used in an auxil-
iary barrel, collecting pistol, or small caliber rifle. The
last will prove much more effective if the rifling has
been removed. When taken in the hands our reptiles
often bite fiercely, but, even if they succeed in drawing
blood, none except the rattlesnakes and the Gila Mon-
ster can cause any serious injury, for only these are
poisonous.

Nothing is better for preserving reptiles than alcohol,
though formalin may sometimes be used to advantage
when little space is at the collector’s disposal. Care
should be taken to have the alcohol enter the body
cavity, for if it does not do so the specimens will not be
well preserved. The alcohol may be injected by means
of a hypodermic syringe, or slits may be cut through
the skin of the belly. These slits usually should be
about half an inch long. One is ordinarily sufficient in
case of a lizard, but in snakes several incisions should
be made at interval of three or four inches. The speci-
mens haying been thus prepared, and labeled with the
exact locality and date of collection, as well as with the
collector’s name and any notes upon habits, colors, etc.,
should be placed in strong alcohol. Care should be
taken not to crowd the specimens into small jars with
too little alcohol, for if this be done the reptiles will
decay. If the number of jars at hand is so small as to
necessitate crowding, the alcohol should be renewed each
day until the specimens are thoroughly cured, after
which only enough alcohol to cover them is needed.

De CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The descriptions in the following pages are based
upon alcoholic specimens, except in a few instances
where it is distinctly stated that fresh specimens have
been used. Alcohol does not preserve the colors of
reptiles well, so that living reptiles usually are more
brightly colored than the descriptions indicate. In the
determination of colors Ridgway’s ‘‘ Nomenclature of
Colors”? has been used as a guide. Measurements are
given in millimeters, but may readily be converted into
inches by allowing twenty-five (25.4) millimeters to one
inch. The tail is measured from the anus. Limbs are
measured from the side of the body to the tip of the
longest toe, excluding the claw. Many of the outline
figures of the heads, ete., of snakes are after Baird.
Other figures are original, having been drawn by Miss
Anna L. Brown. I add here a glossary of some of the
terms used in works upon herpetology.

GLOSSARY.

Abdominal.—Pertaining to the lower surface of the
body.

Abdominal plates.—Gastrosteges of snakes; the fourth
pair of plastral plates of turtles.

Alveolur surface.—Masticatory surfaces just within the
cutting edges of the jaws of turtles.

Anal plate.-—The large scale just in front of the anus in
most snakes, sometimes divided; one of the last
pair of plastral plates.

Anteorbital.—See preocular.

Anterior.—Toward the head.

Antocular.—See preocular.

Antorbitar.—See preocular.

Anus.—The external opening of the cloaca.

Awilla.—The armpit.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Ja

Avillury.—Plates on the anterior surface of the bridge
of turtles.

Azygous.—Single; not one of a pair.

Brachials.—Large scales on the arm.

Bridge.—That portion of the shell of a turtle which
attaches the plastron to the carapace.

Canthus rostralis.—A slight continuation of the super-
ciliary ridge separating the top from the side of the
snout.

Carapace.—The upper portion of the shell of turtles.

Carinate.—Keeled.

Chin shields.—See geneials.

Cloacu.—A common chamber at the postertor ends of
the alimentary and urogenital canals.

Collar.—Gular fold, especially of Tetide.

Costals.—The large plates on the sides of the carapace.

Dermal.—Pertaining to the skin.

Femoral pores.—Glands along the lower surface of the
thigh.

Femorals.—Of turtles, the fifth pair of plastral plates;
of lizards, plates on the thigh.

Frenal—See loreal.

Frontal—The large plate or plates on top of the head
between the supraoculars. Sometimes applied to
the prefrontals.

Frontoparietal.—Plates on top of the head between the
parietals and the frontal.

Gastrosteges.—Large plates along the lower surface of
the body in most snakes.

Gastrostiga.—See gastrosteges.

Geneials.—Large scales behind the mental of many
snakes, often in two pairs—anterior and posterior.

Gular fold.—Transverse fold of skin of throat.

Gular plates.—The first pair of plastral plates.

24 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Gulars.—Scales on throat.

Humerals.—The second pair of plastral plates.

Imbricate.—Lapped, as shingles.

Inferior.—Lower.

Infralabials.—Plates on the lower lip.

Inguinals.—Plates on the posterior surface of the bridge
of turtles.

Internasals.—Scales on the top of the snout just behind
the rostral plate.

Interparietal._—A plate on top of the head (of lizards)
between the parietals and usually containing the

pineal spot.

Juataposed.—Placed side by side, not imbricate.

Keel.—A ridge aiong a scale like the keel on an over-
turned boat.

Labials.—Plates on the lips; specially, on the upper lip.

Laterals.—Scales on the sides; the costals of turtles.

Loral.—See loreal.

Loreal.—In the space between the preoculars and nasals.

Maculate.—Marked.

Marginals.—The plates around the edge of the carapace.

Mental.—Same as symphyseal, but usually of snakes.

Mucronate.—Provided with a point or spine.

Nuchal plate.-—The unpaired marginal plate of turtles
on the median line at the front of the carapace.
Occipituls.—Plates behind the parietals. Sometimes ap-

plied to the parietals.

Parietals.—In most snakes, the largest and last plates
on top of the head; in lizards, plates at the side of
the interparietal and behind the frontoparietals.

Pectoral plates.—The third pair of plastral plates.

Plastral.—Pertaining to the plastron.

Plastron.—The lower portion of the shell of turtles.

Postabdoninal.—Anal plate.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 25

Postanal.—Behind the anus, especially a pair of large
plates in the males of some lizards.

Posterior.—Toward the tail.

Postfrontals.—See prefrontals.

Postgeneials.—The posterior pair of geneials.

Postmentals.—Plates behind the mental. See sublabial
and geneial.

Postocular.—Bounding the orbit behind.

Preanal.—In front of the anus.

Preanal pores.—Glands opening in front of the anus.

Prefrontal.—Scales between internasals and frontal.
Sometimes applied to the internasals.

Pregeneials.—The anterior pair of geneials.

Prenasal.—Anterior nasal.

Preocular.—Bordering the orbit in front.

Pseudopreocular.—Small plate or plates below the preoc-
ular.

Reticulate.—Marked with lines like the meshes of a net.

Rostral.—Plate on the tip of the snout.

Scute.—A scale, especially a large flat one.

Subcaudals.—Urosteges.

Sublabials.—Plates below the infralabials.

Subocular.—Scales between the eye and the supralabials.

Superciliary.—Along the upper, outer edge of the orbit.
Sometimes applied to the supraoculars of snakes.

Superior.—U pper.

Supracaudal.—Over the tail; the last pair of marginal
plates of turtles, sometimes united.

Supralabials.—Upper labials. Also called superior labials
or labials.

Supraocular.—Of snakes, the large scale over the eye;
of lizards, the scales over the eye excepting the
superciliaries.

Suture.—The line of joining.

26 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Symphysal.—See symphyseal.

Symphyseal.—The scale on the tip of the lower jaw,
especially of lizards. See mental.

Symphysial.—See symphyseal.

Urosteges.—Large scales on the lower surface of the tail
in most snakes.

Vent.—The anus.

Ventrals.—Gastrosteges.

Vertebrals.—The large plates along the middle of the
carapace.

Vertical.—Frontal.

A.—Anal 7.—Inguinal.
Ab.--Abdominal. M.—Marginal.
Agw.—Axillary. N.—Nuchal.
C.—Costal. P.—Pectoral.
F.—Femoral. Sc.—Supracaudal.
G.—Gular. V.—Vertebral.

H.—Humerals.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST.

1.—Rostral.

2.—Anterior nasal.
3.—Posterior nasal.
4.—Loreal.

5.—Preocular.
6.—Postoculars.
7.—Superior labials.
8.—Mental or symphyseal.
9.—Inferior labials.

10.—Internasals.
11.—Prefrontals.
12.—Supraoculars.
13.—Frontal.
14.—Parietals.
15.—Pregeneials.
16.—Postgeneials.
17.—Temporals.
18.—Gastrosteges.

28 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Glass ih he un As

The reptiles of the Pacific Coast and Great Basin be-
long to two great groups, to which they may be referred
by the following

SYNOPSIS OF ORDERS.

a.—Body protected by a bony carapace or shell, covered with horny
plates or leathery skin, jaws horny, without teeth. (Turtles.)
Testudines.—p. 28.
a*.—Body not protected by a bony carapace; jaws provided with teeth.*
(lazardsand! siakes) csc. Sonar caseschts . oo oe Squamata.—p. 28.

Order I. TESTUDINES.

The Testudinide is, as yet, the only family of turtles
known to be represented on the Pacific Coast and in the
Great Basin. MHinosternon of the Kinosternide, how-
ever, lives in the Gila River of Arizona, and probably
will be found in the Colorado as well. A species of
Trionychide has been describedt as having been taken
in the Sacramento River, California. The skull of the
type is missing, but in other respects the specimen ap-
pears to agree with the descriptions of a Chinese spe-
cles (sinensis). In view of this, and the additional tact
that its describer afterward obtained several specimens
of his supposed new species from Chinamen in San
Francisco,} I cannot admit ‘‘Pelodiscus californianus”’
to be of Californian origin.

* The lower jaw only bears teeth in the Leptotyp hlopide.

t See Rivers, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. (2), Il. 1889. p. 233; Baur, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XXXI,
1893, pp. 218, 220.

t Dr. G. Baur has compared the skeleton of one of these specimens with that of P.
sinensis and writes me that the two do not belong to the same species. Even admitting
that the specimen which Rivers sent Dr. Baur is specifically identical with the type, I
cannot admit that this turtle is indigenous to California until less questionable evidence
of its occurrence here has been obtained.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 29

Family I. TESTUDINIDA.

This widely distributed family contains a large num-
ber of turtles distinguished from others chiefly by osteo-
logical characters. The sheil is firmly ossified, and
covered with large horny plates of which eleven or twelve
are on the plastron. The pectoral plates are in contact
with the marginals. The latter are twenty-four or
twenty-five in number. The neck can be completely
drawn into the shell. Three genera are represented in
the area under consideration.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

a.—Feet not club-shaped, webbed; two supracaudal plates; skin on top
of head not divided into scales.
b.—Suture between abdominal plates less than twice length of suture
between pectorals; inguinal plates not wedged in between
abdominals and marginals.............. Clemmys.—p. 29.
b?.—Suture between abdominal plates about twice length of suture
between pectorals; inguinal plates wedged in between abdomi-

Mail Sram dertarouUnalsis serine s ieee ..Chrysemys.—p. 32.
*,—Feet club-shaped, not webbed; one Supeacandal plate; skin on top of
hendidividedsintoscaleseemsceissacie cee) ee ete Gopherus.—p. 35.

Genus 1. CLEMMYS.

““Clemmys, WAGLER, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 136 (type caspica);”
“Chelopus, Rariy., Atlant. Journ., 1832, p. 64;” ‘‘Nanemys,
Aacassiz, Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S., I, 1857, p. 442” (type guttata);
“‘Calemys, AGASSIZ, 1. c., p. 443” (type muhlenbergii); ‘‘Glyp-
temys, AGASSIZ, |. c., p. 443” (type insculpta); Actinemys,
Acassiz, l. c., p. 444 (type marmorata); ‘‘Mauremys, Gray,
Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1869, p. 500” (type fuliginosa);
“Sacalia, GRAY, Suppl. Cat. Sh. Rept. Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 35;”
“Emmenia, GRAY, l. c., p. 38;” ‘‘Hryma, GRAY, 1. ¢., p. 44.”

The shell is broad and low. The plastron is immovy-
ably united to the carapace by a broad bridge. There
is no median ridge on the alveolar surface of the upper
jaw parallel to the cutting edge. The internal openings
of the nostrils are between the eyes. The fingers and

30 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

toes are webbed. ‘The skin on top of the head is not.
divided into scales. There are two supracaudal plates.
The tail is moderate or long.

1.—Clemmys marmorata (Baird & Girard). Pactric
TERRAPIN.

Emys marmorata, B. & G., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 177
(type locality Puget Sound).

Emys nigra, Hattow., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 91 (type
locality Posa Creek, Lower [—Southern] California); Hat-
Low, Ul S. Pace: Re sur. 4 1859) Pt. DV. par.d.

Actinemys marmorata Acasstz, Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S8., I, 1857, p.
444, II, pl. III, figs. 5-8; Girarp, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp.,
1858, p. 465, pl. XXXII.

Clemmys marmorata STRAUCH, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (7), V, No. 7,
1862, p. 108; BouLEencer, Cat. Chelonians Brit. Mus., 1889, p.
110; SrEsNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 162.

Clemmys Wosnessenskyi, StRAUCH, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (7), V,
No. 7, 1862, p. 114, pl. (type locality Sacramento River,
California).

Geoclemys marmorata, GRAY, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus.,
MsyOS 106 24lle

Chelopus marmoratus, Cork. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p.
53; YARROw, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1882, p. 36.

Description.—Shell broad and low, broader posteriorly
than anteriorly, more nearly round in young than in
adults. Young with a median dorsal ridge not present
in adults. Vertebrals five, broader than long. Costals
four, first longest, second highest, last smallest. Nuchal
very narrow. Marginals twelve on each side, supracau-
dals being distinct. Plastron large, extending forward
about as far as carapace, weakly notched posteriorly,
truncate anteriorly. Its gular plates smallest, triangu-
lar. Peectorals not much smaller than abdominals.
Anals large, median suture between them longer than
that of any other plastral plates. Bridge formed of
pectoral and abdominal plates. Axillary and inguinal
plates very small or absent. Head large, more or less

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. on

flat topped, covered above and laterally with smooth
skin. Upper jaw not hooked, sometimes notched at
symphysis. Skin of neck and gular region granular.
Limbs covered with scales; anterior with five, posterior
with four, digits webbed to bases of long claws. Tail
moderately long, tapering to tip, covered with scales in
irregular whorls.

The coloration is very variable. In some specimens
the carapace is olive or horn-color with few or no mark-
ings. In others a few broken and very irregular black
lines are present. These lines frequently have become
so numerous that, blending and crossing, they appear
as the ground color, or forma very fine network through
which the original ground color shows more or less in-
distinctly. Sometimes the carapace is almost black.
The plastron is yellow, usually irregularly blotched with
black or brown, or with dark lines along the posterior
margins of the plates. The upper surface of the head
may be unicolor or finely or coarsely reticulated with
yellow and black. The chin and throat are yellow, often
dotted with brown or black. The limbs and tail are
yellow marked with black or brown, or brown marked
with yellow. In young, the plates of the carapace show a
central area of brown sometimes surrounded by a band
of lighter brown or dull yellow, and the markings on
the limbs, tail, neck, and gular region form irregular
longitudinal bands.

Hengthvos carapace ............-..- 27 45 90 120 125 164
Wengihvot plastron'..........2.--.. 24 40 79 109 117 153
Widthyof carapace. ... 26. . oc. ke. 27 42 7Al 101 100 130
Wadthtofeplasinomcw: 9.) ssh. s oe .c-:. 21 33 57 85 85 105
enpthyotatanlpmeae ss.) 6 ecco 21 30 36 38 48 65

Distribution.—The Pacific Terrapin probably occurs
in all the fresh waters of the Pacific Slope from Lower

on CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

California to British Columbia. It has been taken at
both San Diego and Puget Sound, as well as at many
intermediate localities, some of which are: Mojave
River,* Posa Creek, South fork of Kern River near
Kernville, Mt. Diablo, Monterey, Santa Cruz, Peniten-
tia Creek, Coyote Creek, Palo Alto, San Francisquito
Creek, Los Gatos, San Francisco, San Rafael, Sonoma,
Nicasio, Sacramento River, McCloud River, Pitt River,
California; Klamath Falls, Oregon; Fort Steilacoom,
Washington.

Habits.—This is the terrapin of the San Francisco
markets, and is popularly known as the Mud Turtle or
Snapper. Very little is known of its habits. It is al-
most exclusively aquatic, preferring ponds and small
lakes to running water, but is sometimes encountered
on land while crossing from one body of water to an-
other. It is sometimes caught with hook and line, and
probably is omnivorous. A specimen which I kept
alive laid three eggs in June and another in August.
The eggs are elliptical, with hard, white, limy shells,
and measure about thirty-four by twenty-one millime-
tres.

Genus 2. CHRYSEMYS.
Chrysemys, GRAY, Cat. Tort., Croc., Amphis., Brit. Mus., 1844, p.
27 (types picta and bellii).

The shell is rather narrow, low or moderately high.
The plastron is immovably united to the carapace by a
broad bridge. There is a ridge on the alveolar surface
of the upper jaw parallel to the cutting edge. The in-
ternal openings of the nostrils are between the eyes.
The fingers and toes are fully webbed. The skin on top
of the head is not divided into scales. There are two
supracaudal plates. The tail is short or moderate.

*Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., II, 1863, p. 121.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 33

2.—Chrysemys bellii Gray. WersTeRN PainteED TuR-
TLE.
Emys Bellii, GRAY, Syn. Rept. Griffith’s An. Kingd., 1831, p. 31 (type
locality America?); Dum. & Brsr., Erpét. Générale, IT, 1835,
p. 302; Gray, Cat. Tort. Croc. Amphis. Brit. Mus., 1844, p. 27.
Emys Oregoniensis, HaRLAN, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, XXXI, 1837, p.
382, pl. —— (type locality ponds near Columbia River); Hor-
BROOK, N. A. Herp., I, 1842, p. 107, pl. XVI.
Chrysemys bellii, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept., I, 1855, p. 33; AGass1z,
Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S., 1857, I, p. 439, II, pl. VI, figs. 8, 9.
Chrysemys oregonensis, AGASSIz, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., 1857, I,
p. 440, II, pl. III, figs. 1-3.

Chrysemys nuttali, AGassiz, Contr. Nat. Hist. U.S., 1857, II, p.
642 (new name for C’. oregonensis ).

Clemmys oregoniensis, StRAUCH, Mem. Ac. St. Petersb. (7), V, No.
7, 1862, p. 114.

Chrysemys cinerea var. bellii, BoULENGER, Cat. Chelonians Brit. Mus.,
1889, p. 74.

Description.—Sbell comparatively narrow, depressed
but not very low, without dorsal keel. Vertebrals five,
usually longer than broad. Costals four, first longest,
second highest, last smallest. Nuchal very narrow.
Marginals twelve on each side, supracaudals being dis-
tinct. Plastron large, extending forward about as far
as carapace, weakly notched posteriorly, truncate or
rounded anteriorly. Gular plates smallest, triangular.
Pectorals very much smaller than abdominals; latter
longest, and with longest median suture. Axillary and
inguinal plates well developed, inguinal wedged in be-
tween abdominal and marginals. Head moderately
large, covered above and laterally, except sometimes on
temples, with smooth skin. Upper jaw not hooked,
sometimes notched at symphysis. Skin of neck and
gular regions granular or tubercular. Limbs covered
with scales, anterior with five, posterior with four, dig-
its webbed to bases of long claws. Tail moderately long
or short. (Figure, p. 26.)

34 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The carapace is indefinitely marbled above with olive,
yellow, and dark brown. Near the middle of each cos-
tal plate is a vertical bar of yellow, while a narrow or
indistinct yellow line runs along near the anterior mar-
gin of each costal plate. In front of each of these yel-
low markings is a large vertical blotch of dark brown.
The vertebrals show traces of yellow longitudinal lines
near their lateral edges. The edge of the carapace is
yellow; from it yellow bars run up on the middles of the
marginal plates. Between these yellow bars are dark
brown or black ocelli with indefinite yellow concentric
lines. The lower surfaces of the marginals are blotched
with dark brown. The plastron is yellow, often heavily
blotched with dark brown. The head and limbs are
grayish or brownish olive, with numerous longitudinal
yellow lines. There isa large, elongate, yellow or orange
blotch behind the eye.

The colors of a living specimen were as follows: Large
postocular blotch, scarlet-vermilion or flame scarlet;
lines on side of head greenish white; lines on top of
head dull yellow; eye Paris green with black cross-bar;
costal and marginal markings chrome yellow and dark
seal brown (almost black); costal bars tinged with cad-
mium orange.

Menieth jofiearapace...:) 42,2420 Mis Aaa 2 He Saale a eee eee eee 250
Lengthiot plagtvom «.. fr: cheigei.d cael. oltanioweuebike ia erie oe ekae eee. 232
Wild hOL Gara pa C60 Fos) Ss. ok Ree deeys toate do Hees eee ee eee ne 175
Width ofgplastroni..:. to ccc lticc. soygetion oc ak eee CORRE aia hea 139
ben gthiot tails eos... si dhane tah actne too tel Oinie de mone celles retohe otetercier even sicie ters 32

Distribution.— Boulenger records specimens of this
turtle as having been collected in British Columbia and
at Walla Walla, ‘‘ British Columbia” [=Washington?].
Harlan’s ‘“‘Hmys Oregoniensis’”? was secured in ponds
near the Columbia River. This turtle has twice been

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 35

found in the San Francisco markets. In each instance
the market-men told me that the turtle had been sent in
with fish from the San Joaquin River near Stockton,
California, but, when questioned, could not state pos-
itively that the lot had not come from Oregon or Wash-
ington.

Genus 3. GOPHERUS.
Xerobates, AGass1z, Contr. Nat. Hist. U. S., I, 1857, p. 446 (types

polyphemus and berlandieri).

The shell is very broad and high. The plastron is
immovably united to the carapace by a broad bridge.
There is a ridge along the middle of the alveolar surface
of each side of the upper jaw parallel to the cutting
edge, except in front, where there is a longitudinal ridge
at the symphysis. The internal openings of the nostrils
are between the eyes. The limbs are club-shaped, the
fore limbs flattened, without webs. The skin on top of
the head is divided into scales. There is but one supra-
caudal plate.

3.—Gopherus agassizii (Cooper). Desert TorToiseE.
Xerobates agassizii, Cooper, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci., II, 1863, p. 120
(type locality Mountains of California near Fort Mojave);
True, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., IV, 1881, p. 437.
Testudo agassizii, BouLENGER, Cat. Chelonians Brit. Mus., 1889, p.
156.
Gopherus agassizii, STEJINEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 161.
Description.—Shell broad and deep, often flattened
above, its margin serrate all around, except in worn
specimens, and usually more or less rolled upward over
limbs. Growth-center of each plate smooth, but usually
surrounded by beautifully ribbed shell. Vertebrals five,
last largest and widest. Costals four, first longest, sec-
ond and third about equally high, last smallest. Nuchal
not much narrower than long. Marginals eleven and a
half on each side, last pair being united to form a

36 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

single supracaudal plate. Plastron large, extending for-
ward beyond the carapace, notched posteriorly and
sometimes anteriorly. Gular plates smallest, sometimes
united, covering a narrow process of the plastron, which
may be level or curved upward. Pectorals very much
smaller than abdominals, with shortest median suture,
except sometimes that of anals. Abdominals largest,
with longest median suture. Humerals larger than
femorals. Anals little longer than gulars. Axillary
and inguinal plates well developed, latter varying from
two to six, not extensively wedged in between abdom-
inals and marginals. Head rather elongate, not very
wide, covered above with flat scales larger anteriorly
than posteriorly. Upper jaw not hooked, margins
nearly straight, irregularly but finely serrate. Skin of
neck with flattened granules. Anterior limbs large,
heavy, much expanded laterally, covered in front and
externally with large, hard, smooth scales, and provided
with five stout claws.* Posterior limbs not compressed,
covered around the edge of the circular sole with large
scales, and provided with four stout claws. Tail very
short, slender distally.

The carapace is brown or horn-color, usually relieved,
especially near the centers of the plates, with yellow.
The head and limbs are brown. The plastron is yellow,
shaded with brown along the edges of its plates.

enpihvoikcarapace: ster. \inn freee eras 215 260 285 310
Tene thvoisplastrome eects ois wite sel one lenses 210 265 285 300
Widthyotacarapacescr. cara sce Sceiieiinci nce 160 212 230 240
Widthyofmplastron yan .c.) ei. eerie wenstoumiervel acters 148 184 210 209

Distribution.—The Desert Tortoise 1s known only
from the desert portions of southeastern California,
southern Nevada, and probably Arizona.t It has been

*In one specimen the outer three claws of the right foot are united.
{t Cox, Am. Nat., XV, 1881, p. 1003.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 37

recorded from Yuma, Solado Valley, Leach Point Val-
ley, Mountains near Fort Mojave, between Daggett and
Pilot Knob, California; from Pahrump Valley and the
Bend of the Colorado River, Nevada; and from Tucson,
Arizona.* It occurs also at Needles and at Crater Sum-
mit, California.

Habits.—Almost nothing is known of the habits of
this turtle if we except the following note by Mr. E. T.
Cox:*

“This fellow is found on the basaltic mountains in
the most arid parts of this dry country. He is a vege-
tarian, feeding, as I am told, on cacti. His flesh is
highly esteemed as food by the Indians and Mexicans.
You will perceive that his mandibles are notched or
toothed. His legs are covered with bony scales, and his
front toe nails are made long and strong for digging
amongst the rocks, while the hind feet are round like
an elephant’s.

‘‘When molested he draws in his head and closes the
aperture with his legs by bringing the knees together in
front of the head; the hind legs are also drawn in until
the posterior spaces are closed by the feet, and in this
way all vulnerable points are protected by impenetrable
armor. In preparing the specimen, I found on each
side, between the flesh and carapax, a large membra-
nous sack filled with clear water; I judged that about a
pint run out, though the animal had been some days in
captivity and without water before coming into my pos-
session. Here then is the secret of his living in such a
dry region; he carries his supply of water in two tanks.
The thirsty traveler, falling in with one of these tor-
toises and aware of this fact, need have no fear of dying
for immediate want of water.”

* Oox, l/s

38 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Order II. SQUAMATA.

The order Squamata contains the lizards and the
snakes, which are regarded as constituting two sub-
orders—Sauri and Serpentes. These suborders are very
closely allied, and for convenience are treated together
in the following

SYNOPSIS OF FAMILIES.

a.—Limbs well developed, pentadactyle.
b.—Eye with movable lids.
c.—Pupil elliptical, vertical; skin of top of head soft, free from
skull, and covered with minute granules which are not
appreciably larger than those on the back.
Eublepharidz.—p. 39.
c¢’,—Pupil round; top of head with plates or scales, not movable.
d.—A series of femoral pores.
e.—Lateral scales not abruptly smaller than ventrals; ventrals
in numerous series; tongue not deeply divided at tip.
Iguanide.—p. 42.
e?.—Lateral scales granular like dorsals, abruptly smaller than
ventrals; ventrals in eight longitudinal series; tongue
ending in two long slender points.

Teiidez.—p. 132.
d?.—No femoral pores.

f.—Lateral scales very much smaller than dorsals and ventrals,
usually hidden by a lateral fold; dorsal scaies keeled.
Anguidee.—p. 101.
f?.—Lateral scales not much smaller than dorsals and ventrals;
no lateral fold; scales smooth.
g.—Scales on body flat, thin, and imbricate.
Scincidee.—p. 143.
g*.—Scales on body wart-like tubercles, usually bony, sepa-
rated by narrow granular spaces.
Helodermatidz.—p. 120.
b?.—Eye without lids; pupil elliptical.....Xantusiidze.—p. 122.
a?,.—Limbs absent (or rudimentary in Boide).
h.—Ventral scales less than twice as broad as dorsals.
i.—Plates on top of head much larger than those on body; anus
bordered in front by several scales; no spine at end of tail.
Anniellidez.—p. 115.
i?.—Plates on top of head not larger than those on body; anus
bordered in front by a single plate; a small spine at end of
ERI Pa varole Worse eerie eich acekes ecder rete Leptotyphlopide.—p. 150.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 39

h?,—Ventral plates more than twice as broad as dorsal scales.
j.—No rattle at end of tail; no pit between nostril and eye.
k.—A small spur at each side of the anus; tail short and truncate,
or top of head with small scales; pupil vertical.
Boidee.—p. 152.
k?.—No spur at side of anus; tail tapering; top of head with large
plates; pupil round or elliptical.
No enlarged fangs at front of mouth; coloration, if in rings,
not red separated from black by white (yellow).
Colubridee.—p. 157.
j?.—A horny rattle at end of tail; a pit between nostril and eye; a pair
of large erectile fangs............ Crotalide.—p. 214.

Suborder I. SAURI—Lizards.
Family II. EUBLEPHARIDA.

The members of this family are most closely related
to the Geckonide or true geckos from which they are dis-
tinguished by the procelian vertebra and united parie-
tal bones. The clavicle is dilated and loop-shaped
proximally. The limbs are slender and the claws wholly
or partially retractile into a sheath composed of two
lateral plates whose superior edges are covered by a third.
The eyes are rather large, with movable lids, and verti-
cally elongate pupil.

Genus 4. COLEONYX.

Coleonyx, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., XVI, 1845, p. 162 (type
elegans); ‘“‘ Brachydactylus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1863, p.
41” (type mitratus).

In this genus the lower surface of each digit is pro-
vided with a series of small transverse plates. There
are no enlarged chin shields behind the symphyseal
plate. The skin is very soft, finely granular, and not
attached to the bones of the skull. A small ear-opening
is present. Males have a few preanal pores.

40 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

4.—Coleonyx variegatus (Baird). BANprED GECKO.

Stenodactylus variegatus, BAIRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858,
p. 254 (type locality Colorado Desert); and Mex. Bound Sury.
Rept., II, pl. XXIII, figs. 9-27.

Eublepharis fasciatus, BouLENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1885, I, p.
234 (type locality Ventanas, Mexico).

Description.—Snout narrow but rounded and a little
longer than distance between orbit and ear-opening.
Head and upper surfaces of body covered with minute
granules slightly larger on snout than elsewhere. Ros-
tral plate somewhat broader than high, and presenting
five edges. Behind it the slender prenasals, meeting on
the median line. A small supranasal plate. Symphy-
seal large, longer than wide. Six to eight upper and
as many lower labials, decreasing in size posteriorly.
Eyelids bearing a fringe of pointed scales. Ear-opening
small, oval, and oblique. Feet, belly, and tail covered
with small, smooth, imbricate scales. Digits short.
Tail conical, about as long as head and body. A small
spur on each side of tail near its base. Males with a
short series of six to eight preanal pores.

The back is crossed by about five broad bands of dull
brown between which are narrower wavy bands of white.
A white horseshoe-shaped line on the neck passes just
above the ears and ends near the eyes. The head is
brown, or whitish with irregular brown spots. A dark
brown band runs from the eye to the nostril. The la-

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 41

bials are spotted with brown and.white. The tail is
eross-barred with the colors of the back, but the white
areas are often partly occupied by brown spots. One
specimen has the brown bands of the back narrower
than the white ones. The lower surfaces are white.

A living specimen of Coleonyx variegatus is colored as
follows: Across the back are five wide bands of dark
walnut brown, palest centrally, and separated from one
another by dull Naples yellow bands of about half their
width. The tail is similarly cross-banded. The upper
surfaces of the head and limbs are fawn color, the limbs
being faintly and the head strongly marked with small
irregular spots of walnut brown. The edges of the eye-
lids are white. A white line runs back from the eye to
the top of the neck, where it meets or almost meets its
fellow of the opposite side. A walnut line, bordered
above and below with white, connects the eye and nos-
tril. The tongue is rich pink with a bright red tip.
The lower surfaces are white. The eye is pale grayish
yellow with a network of fine black lines.

IGRI Nia) NSS S Beagle oa Aen ee Eek ae ek ea a4 57 61 65
SOWHD Raise o sae ue dd oon CC OG oO Ce ee oer 3 5 5 6
SHOUULORCAT Ise so cers, Sia eos esses wees 8 13 13 14
OND TGRU ORCA: Steet eect ete Se tok tier, eee othe share o's 3 5 5 6
None) nro 3 Obs os cob ors Ocal Go Oke DE lone cere pat ner 12 19 22 23
latina Thal 5} 6 - eh ePloading. ape 5 SoU Coe ees aches 16 27 28 28
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe................... 4 6 7 8

Distribution.— The Banded Gecko probably ranges
over the greater part of the Mojave and Colorado Des-
erts of southeastern California. In the north, it has
been taken in Owen’s and Death Valleys in Inyo Coun-
ty; in the west, at Mojave in Kern County and San Ja-
cinto in Riverside County; and in the southeast, at Fort
Yuma in San Diego County. Thence its range extends
east to Tucson, Arizona, and south into Mexico.

42 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Habits.—Very little is known of the habits of this
lizard. An individual kept in confinement for more
than a year spent most of his time in a hole provided in
the ground of his cage. His food during this period
consisted entirely of houseflies. His usual time of feed-
ing was after dark, but not infrequently he would snap
up a fly which chanced to stray into the mouth of his
burrow during the day, and sometimes would come forth
in search of prey while the sun was shining brightly on
his den. When stalking flies, his movements were so
slow as almost to be imperceptible until he was within
range and could seize the coveted morsel with one in-
stantaneous snap. If blown upon, he would raise him-
self and stand with legs straight and rigid. When first
sent to me, this lizard had the skin of the occiput raised
into a large hood, but whether this was a nuptial orna-
ment or due to some accident I cannot tell.

Family III. IGUANIDA.

The members of this family present, in their strange
diversity of form, a series of pleurodont lizards which
closely parallels in the New World the acrodont Agamidw
of the Old. The Jguanide are diurnal lizards having
eyes with round pupils and well developed lids. The
tongue is short, thick, and but slightly notched anteri-
orly. Femoral pores are present in North American
species. The clavicle is not dilated, except in the Cen-
tral American Basiliscinw. Some species of Sceloporus
and Phrynosoma are said to be ovoviviparous. Califor-
nian Iguanians may be distinguished by the following

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 43

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

a.—A low dorsal crest composed of one longitudinal series of enlarged
BCH LES i Pte IAL ty cceseich ais sain he oa Dipsosaurus.—p. 43.
a”,.—No dorsal crest.
b.— Head without spines.
c.—One or more well developed transverse gular folds.
d.—Toes fringed laterally with prominent movable spines.

Uma.—p. 46.
d’?.—Toes without spines.

e.—Supralabials strongly imbricate; symphyseal plate smaller
than largest infralabial.
fe—=Amieat- OPENING... steele mec sass: Callisaurus.—p. 47.
f23=— Nosear-Openinge 42.4 ...2-s esse eee Holbrookia.—p. 51.
e?.—Supralabials not imbricate; symphyseal plate not smaller than
largest infralabial.
g.—No large interparietal plate; caudal scales small, not
strongly keeled nor sharply pointed.
h.—Ear without strong denticulation and neck without
spinose tubercles; superciliaries imbricate; tail long
and. tapering. ese mone cone 32 Crotaphytus.—p. 53.
h?.—Ear with strong denticulation and neck with numer-
ous spinose tubercles on lateral folds; superciliaries
not imbricate; tail scarcely longer than distance from
SPIO 10) WEI J oooercebeoas ound Sauromalus.—p. 60.

2

g’.—A very large interparietal plate; caudal scales large,
strongly keeled, and sharply pointed.
Uta.—p. 63.
c?.—No complete transverse gular fold......... Sceloporus.—p. 73.
b?.—Head with large spines posteriorly.......... Phrynosoma.—p. 89.

Genus 5. DIPSOSAURUS.

Dipsosaurus, HauLtow., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 92 (type
dorsalis).

The scales of the median dorsal row are slightly en-
larged, forming a small crest. The head is covered
with small convex subgranuiar plates. The dorsal and
caudal scales are small. There is one strong transverse
gular fold. Femoral pores are numerous. Males do
not have enlarged postanal plates. Digits each have a
series of keeled plates below.

44 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

5. Dipsosaurus dorsalis (Baird & Girard). CRESTED
LIZARD.

Crotaphytus dorsalis, BArRD & GiRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1852, p. 126 (type locality Desert of Colorado, Cal.).

Dipsosaurus dorsalis, BARD, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., III, Rept.,
pl. XXXII, figs. 7-13.

Description.— Head short, rounded, and rather high.
Nostril opening laterally in a single rounded plate which
is separated from the large rostral by one or two rows of
granules. Supraocular regions separated from each
other by two or three series of small convex plates and
covered with very small plates and granules. A large
subocular, followed and preceded by several smaller
ones. <A series of long, strongly imbricate supercilia-
ries. Labials small, about equal in size, and from eight

to eleven in number in each series. Symphyseal plate
nearly triangular and forming the base of a V-shaped
series of slightly enlarged plates. Gulars small, either
convex or flattened. Eyelids very slightly fringed.
Ear-opening very large, almost vertical, and with a
very weak anterior denticulation. Dorsal crest com-
posed of slightly enlarged, strongly keeled scales.
Other dorsals small, keeled, juxtaposed, and in series
which converge toward the dorsal line posteriorly.
Ventrals larger than dorsals and caudals, smooth and
imbricate. Sides covered with small granular scales.
Tail long, tapering, slightly crested, and with whorls of

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 45

obliquely keeled scales. Limbs rather long, covered
with keeled scales and granules. Femoral pores vary-
ing from sixteen to twenty-five in number.

The general color is grayish brown above, variously
barred and reticulated with dark brown and slate, and
spotted or blotched with light gray or white. These
markings are often less distinct near the vertebral line
than laterally. The upper surface of the head is gray-
ish, brownish, or yellowish, more or less clouded with
slate, darkest on the supraocular regions. The tail is
whitish, yellowish, grayish, or brownish, marked with
rings of brown or slate. The lower surfaces are white,
marked on the chin and gular region with longitudinal
or oblique lines of brown or bluish gray.

The following color description was taken from a
fresh male shot at Yuma, Arizona, October 1, 1894:
The head is creamy, tinged on the sides with vinaceous
and on the supraocular regions with black; below, white
with indistinct gray markings. The back is cream with
numerous transverse gray bars and more or less broken
longitudinal lines of dull Chinese orange. These lines
become spots on the sides. The tail is half-ringed with
more or less connected spots of the same orange color.
The belly is white with a large patch of reddish orange
on each side.

Wen thytoyanusy-tye..c ei ene oe 47 73 94 105 126 133
Men gunrOiwiallie 6. sce. a ctee cee 91 151 172 190 PRY, 255
SUOU COOLED trees Aces ae eons 4 5 6 7 8 9
SHOU COLCRT Ey say yon cis vrais s 10 15 18 19 21 23
Orbittoreateers. a5 scons hates 3 4 5 6 6 7
NOTE M IND repens is ooh e cin eis oe 20 29 38 40 43 54
ER ylim beepers sense tatters salstecs 7 55 68 ay 81 95

Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..17 24 29 32 34 39

Distribution.—In California, the Crested Lizard ranges
over the lower levels of the Colorado and Mojave Des-

46 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

erts, pushing its way north to Owen’s, Panamint, Death,
and Amargosa Valleys. West of the desert region it has
not been found and doubtless does not occur. It is
quite common at Yuma. In Nevada, it has been taken
on the Amargosa Desert and at Callville on the Great
Bend of the Colorado River.

Habits.—At Yuma, this lizard lives in burrows in the
mounds of sand which the winds heap up around the
cactus bunches; the spines of the cactus serving to pro-
tect them from the quick swoops of hungry hawks and
the digging of larger enemies. Dr. C. Hart Merriam
says:* ‘‘It is a strict vegetarian, feeding on buds and
flowers, which it devours in large quantities. No in-
sects were found in any of the stomachs examined;
some contained beautiful bouquets of the yellow blos-
soms of acacia, the orange malvastrum, the rich purple
Dalea, and the mesquite (Prosopis juliflora); others con-
tained leaves only.”

Genus 6. UMA.

Uma, Batrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253 (type notata).

‘‘A series of elongate free scales on each side of the
digits, and on the external side of the sole.” ‘‘ Ears
distinct. A very long infraorbital plate. Palate with-
out teeth. Outer face of upper labials plane and broad-
ly vertical; the labials themselves much imbricated,
and very oblique. Scales of body above equal, much
smaller than ventral ones. Interorbital space with two
series of plates. Claws very long, slender and straight.”

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—Nine rows of loreal plates; black spots on side of belly.

U. notata.—p. 47.
a’.—Five or six rows of loreal plates; no black spots on side of belly.

U. inornata.—p. 47.

*N.A. Fauna No. 7, 1893, p. 165.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 47

6.—Uma notata Baird. Sanp Lizarp.

Uma notata, BAtRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1855, p. 253 (type
locality Mojave Desert); Corr, Am. Nat., 1895, p. 939,

Description.—‘‘ Labial scales weakly keeled; nine lo-
real rows; fourteen supraorbital rows; hind foot longer,
two-fifths head and body; femoral pores nineteen.
Black spots on side of belly but no crescents on throat.”
‘‘ Head about two-fifths the head and body. Above light
pea green, spotted with darker green. Beneath white.”

Distribution.—Mojave Desert.

Habits.—Unknown.

'7.—Uma inornata Cope. PLain Sanp Lizarp.

Uma inornata Corr, Am. Nat. 1895, p. 939 (type locality Colorado
Desert, San Diego Co., Cal.).

Description.—‘‘ Labial seales strongly keeled; five or
six loreal rows; ten or eleven supraocular rows; hind-
foot shorter, one-third head and body; femoral pores
nineteen. No black spots on belly or crescents on
throat.”

I do not feel certain that these two supposed species
are really distinct. The slight differential characters
which have been pointed out are manifestly rather vari-
able, and each name is based upon a single specimen,
at least one of which (U. notata) is young and in a very
poor state of preservation.

Distribution.—‘‘ Colorado Desert, San Diego County,
California.”

Genus 7. CALLISAURUS.

Callisaurus Buainv., Nouv. Ann. Mus., IV, 1835, p. 286 (type
draconoides); Megadactylus F1tz1InceR, Syst. Rept., 1843, p. 59
(type draconoides); Homalosaurus Hattow., Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 179 (type ventralis).
The lizards of this genus have the body and tail con-

siderably flattened, legs very long, and the head rounded

48 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

when seen from above but pointed in profile. The head
is covered with irregular plates, the largest of which is
the interparietal. The labials are produced laterally and
are strongly imbricate. The ear-opening is large. The
dorsal scales are very small and nearly uniform. There
are no fringes of movable scales on the digits. Long
series of femoral pores are present. There are two or
more transverse gular folds. Males have enlarged post-
anal plates.

8.—Callisaurus ventralis (Hallowell). GRiIDIRON-TAILED
LizarD.

Homalosaurus ventralis Hattow., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Phila., VI,
1852, p. 179 (type locality New Mexico); and Sitgr. Zuni &
Colorado Rivers, 1853, p. 117, pl. 6.

Description.—Head rather short and low, with well
developed canthus rostralis. Nostrils large, opening
on upper surface of snout. Supraocular regions covered
with small plates and separated from each other by one

or two rows of slightly larger plates. Upper head plates
(except interparietal) small and irregular, largest on
frontal and prefrontal regions, everywhere smooth and
flat. Several subocular plates, middle one very long and
strongly‘keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 49

imbricate. Eyelids bearing a well developed fringe.
Supralabials strongly imbricate and produced laterally
so as to form a series of curves when seen from above.
Infralabials small and juxtaposed. Below them, several
series of flat sublabial plates. Gulars granular and
smooth, growing larger and imbricate on posterior fold.
Back and sides covered with small flattened granules,
which change gradually into much larger smooth ven-
trals. A dermal fold usually extending along each side
between limbs. ‘Tail of moderate length, much flattened.
Its scales slightly imbricate, and along its edge, pointed.
Limbs very long and slender. Ear-opening large, with-
out denticulation. Femoral pores varying from four-
teen to eighteen.

The general color above is grayish, dotted and spotted
with white or pale gray, and with indications of dark
dorsal blotches which are most distinct in females and
young. The top of the head is rich cream, clouded with
dark slaty gray. The upper surfaces of the limbs and
tail are crossed by more or less undulating bands of dark
brown or blackish slate. A dark line, bordered above
and below with white, runs along the back of the
thigh. The throat is white, more or less clouded with
gray. The lower surface of the tail is white with about
seven cross-bars of intense black. The belly is whitish.
Males have a large blue patch, marked with two oblique
wedge-shaped black blotches, on each side.

The following color description was taken from a fresh
male shot at Yuma, Arizona, October 1, 1894: The top
of the head is cream; the upper surface of the fore limbs
bright lemon yellow; the hind limbs slightly tinged with
yellow; neck and fore back pale gray spotted with lighter ;
back like neck, but suffused with bright lemon yellow,
which extends down over the sides and changes to orange

50 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

near the large verdigris green blotches on the sides of
the belly. There isa reddish orange area in front of
each of these green blotches. The throat is gray with
~ a half-concealed vermilion spot.

Ren ethstoranusis-ee eee eer 44 72 74 82 86 88
ihength of fail: ane. tes eee 59 102 98 107 117

Snout to back of interparietal....... 9 13 13 14 15 15
Sout toeatinon. eae oc eters 10 15 14 16 16 16
Wadth of head ey y-mi-r ashen ele a 9 13 13 14 14 14
Hore limb: c2k ergs ces oi see 24 42 41 45 49 46
Hind Jimb Minis cuss Ste oe eae 4] 70 65 76 79

Base of fifth to end of fourth toe...17 31 30 oo 35

Distribution.—The range of the Gridiron-tailed Lizard
in California is, in general, the whole southeastern part
of the state comprised in the Mojave and Colorado Des-
erts. In the north, it extends to Owen’s, Saline, and
Death Valleys, in Inyo County; in the west, to the lower
parts of Antelope Valley in Los Angeles County, and
the top of San Gorgonio Pass near Banning, Riverside
County. The species has been found also at Fish
Springs and in a little ‘island’ of the desert at Oak
Grove, San Diego County, and is very abundant along
the Colorado River. ‘‘Southern and western Nevada
as far north as Pyramid Lake” are also occupied by it.

Habits.—The Gridiron-tailed Lizard ‘inhabits the
open deserts and runs with great swiftness over the sand
and gravel beds, carrying its tail curled over its back as
if afraid to let it touch the hot surface of theearth. It
starts off at full speed as if fired from a cannon, and
stops with equal suddenness, thus escaping or eluding
its enemies, the coyotes, hawks, and larger lizards.
When running it moves so swiftly that the eye has diffi-
culty in following, and when at rest its colors harmonize
so well with those of the desert that it can hardly be

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Sik

seen. This species feeds on insects and the blossoms
and leaves of plants in about equal proportion.” *

Genus 8. HOLBROOKIA.

Holbrookia, Grrarp, Proc. Am. Assoc. Ady. Sci., IV, 1851, p. 200
(type maculata); Cophosaurus, TRoscHEL, Arch. f. Nat., 1850
(1852), p. 389 (type texanus).

This genus contains a number of lizards similar to
Callisaurus but with the ears hidden under the skin.
The head, rounded when seen from above but pointed
in profile, is covered with irregular plates, the largest
of which is the interparietal. The labials are produced
laterally and are strongly imbricate. There is no ear-
opening. The dorsal scales are very small and nearly
uniform. There are no fringes of movable spines on
the digits. Long series of femoral pores are present, as
are one strong and one or more weak gular folds. Males
have enlarged postanal plates.

9.—Holbrookia maculata approximans (Baird). Wesrt-
ERN EArLeEss Lizarp.

Holbrookia approximans, BAtrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p.
253 (type locality Lower Rio Grande).

Holbrookia maculata maculata, YARRow, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
No. 24, 1882, p, 49.

Holbrookia maculata var. flavilenta, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1883, p. 10 (type locality Lake Valley, New Mexico); STEJN-
EGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 3, p. 109.

Description.—Head rather short and low. Nostrils
large, opening on upper surface of snout. Supraocular
regions covered with small plates or granules and sepa-
rated from each other by one or two rows of slightly
larger plates. Upper head-plates, except interparietal,
small and irregular, largest on frontal and prefrontal
regions, everywhere smooth and rather flat. Several

* Merriam, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, pp. 171, 172.

52 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

subocular plates, middle one very long and strongly
keeled. Superciliaries rather small, but strongly imbri-
cate. Eyelids with well developed fringe. Supralabials
strongly imbricate and produced laterally so as to give
snout a rounded outline when seen from above. Infra-
labials small and juxtaposed. Several series of flat sub-
labials. Gulars granular and smooth, growing larger
and imbricate on posterior fold. Back and sides cov-
ered with scales or granules, largest near middle of
back and changing gradually to larger smooth ventrals.
A dermal fold usually present along each side between
limbs. Tail of moderate length, flattened near the
body. Its scales feebly keeled and slightly imbricate.
Limbs rather long, not very slender, eight to thirteen
femoral pores.

The color above is gray, yellow, or brown, with two
or four series of dark undulate blotches and numerous
light spots. The blotches are often more or less obso-
lete and are most distinct in females and young. The
top of the head is colored like the back, but without
definite markings. The lmbs may be unicolor or
crossed by dark bars. The throat is white or yellow,
sometimes marbled with dusky. The belly is white or
yellow with two or three black bars on the sides usually
surrounded with blue. The tail is grayish or brownish
above, white or yellow below.

ene thutowmnusmaaeeere ein ec cciae 52 53 56 58 64 67
Menieoth of tals ey weve rectic eo acre scenes 40 58 66 55 56 60
Snout to back of interparietal.......... 9 9 10 10 il ll
Widithyotehnea dee ercn cei. oso ciec: usta ae 9 9 9 10 11 11
More Mam bi ese ee Seas oe renal shay eve aie oft 21 26 29 28 26 30
Hind limb eieeeero eects cai shee ters 33 42 44 43 40 45
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. ......12 17 17 17 14 17

Distribution.—This Holbrookia is very common in
Arizona and has been taken at Dome Cafion, Nevada.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. | 53

Yarrow has recorded a Holbrookia as having been col-
lected at Fort Tejon, California, but there is not the
slightest probability that this is correct.

Genus 9. CROTAPHYTUS.
Crotaphytus, Houproox, N. A. Herpetology, II, 1542, p. 79 (type
collaris).

The head and body are somewhat depressed, and much
shorter than the tapering tail. All of the head-plates
are small. The labials are not imbricate. The ear-
opening is large, without strong denticulation. The
dorsal scales are smalland nearly uniform. Long series
of femoral pores and one or more tranverse gular folds
are present. There are no spinose tubercles on the
neck. The superciliaries are imbricate. Males have
enlarged postanal plates.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—Two black bars across the shoulders.......... C. baileyi.—p. 53.
a?.—No black bars across shoulders.
b.—Greatest width of head less than distance between nostril and ear-

GPOMIN ye a ees cera creas alates Tele reve eo ee C. wislizenii.—p. 56.
b?.—Greatest width of head equal to or greiter than distance between
mostrilsand Gar-Openine 22.1. 4.2). 25-6 C. silus.—p. 59.

10.—Crotaphytus baileyi Stejneger. Bariey’s Lizarp.
Crotaphytus baileyi, Strsn., N. A. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 103, pl.
XII, fig. 1 (type locality Painted Desert, Little Colorado

River, Arizona); and 1. c., No. 7, 1893, p. 165.
Description.—Head large, depressed, and very distinct
from the neck on account of swollen temples. Its
plates all small, but largest and somewhat convex on
snout. Two longitudinal rows of shields separating
supraocular regions. Nostrils large and opening later-
ally, each in a round plate nearer to end of snout than
to orbit. Superciliaries small but imbricate. Supra-
labials rather prominent and of nearly equal size. A

54 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

large subocular plate. Ear-opening large, oblique, with
very slight anterior denticulation. Supraoculars, tem-
porals, and gulars subgranular. Lower labials a little
larger than upper, bordered below by several series of
plates larger than gulars. Symphyseal plate large, fol-
lowed bya pair of large shields. One or two gular folds,
continued on sides of neck. Back and sides covered
with small granules, which pass gradually into larger,
smooth, flat scales on belly. Sides irregularly plicate.
Tail tapering, nearly twice as long as head and body,
and furnished with whorls of small, smooth plates.
Femoral pores varying in number from sixteen to twenty-
two in each series. Males with enlarged postanal plates.

The general color is greenish, bluish, olive, grayish,
or pale brown, variously dotted, blotched, reticulated,
and cross-lined with pale gray or white. Two parallel
oblique bands of intense black or very dark brown cross
the shoulders, but often do not meet on the nape. The
tail sometimes bears large brown spots. The head is
irregularly spotted and reticulated laterally and inferior-

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 55

ly. The throat and belly are white, more or less suffused
with blue; the latter sometimes with large brown lateral
blotches.

Dr. Stejneger has given* the following description of
the fresh colors of a young individual obtained near the
Little Colorado River, Arizona:—

‘‘Head above pale sepia, inclining to clay color; an-
terior portion of upper neck in front of the first black
collar pale blue, with several longitudinal marks of
‘coral red;’ space between the two black collars pale
‘oil green,’ with a narrow transverse collar of coral red;
ground color of back dull oil green, fading posteriorly
on hind legs and tail to a grayish ‘ pea green,’ the back
densely covered with rather large dark grayish olive
blotches, which only allow the ground color to show
through as a fine reticulation; the second black collar
bordered posteriorly with a wide line of ‘ lemon yellow,’
the back being crossed by five similar lines, fading pos-
teriorly and more or less alternating on the lateral halves
of the body; tail with transverse bars of dark grayish
brown; fore legs above ‘apple green,’ nearly yellow on
hand and faintly barred with the latter color; under
surface pale greenish-white, palms slightly pinkish, tail
nearly white. Tongue deep pink; pharynx blackish
carmine; palate ultramarine blue. Iris brassy greenish-
yellow.”

Menethstoyanulster ssi. 5 sses ke oclsso a6 60 82 90 99 100 106
Won ct he ote callmee era ea se. ts cece 111 WisneliDL 242 QOL 229
SNOUttOLOLOluemep ee esc s oa ne. 5 8 9 9 10 12
SNOUt tOeateer hada fea orc cast ae 16 23 25 30 29 32
\AVHGT Hort averiyol 3 0 Ane eee eae cere 14 20 23 25 25 26
I Rayne) Ihwodll Os bis bec B ecd Gee ae ee ee ee 27 39 42 50 48 55
labial Ibid ow, aoc 5.6 eee ene 54 82 82 98 90 103
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. .... 20 29 29 33 31 37

*N. A. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 105,

56 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distribution.—This also is a lizard of the desert, but
seems not to live upon its lower levels, preferring the
more mountainous portions between the altitudes of
about 4,500 and 6,500 feet. In suitable localities it is
quite abundant in Inyo, Kern, and San Bernardino
Counties, and doubtless occurs also in the eastern parts
of Riverside and San Diego Counties, California. It
has been recorded from Idaho (mouth of Bruneau River)
and is common in western Utah and in most parts of
Nevada (Oasis Valley, Juniper Mts., Desert Mts., North
Kingston Mts., Reno to Pyramid Lake, Dome Cafion,
etc.).
11.—Crotaphytus wislizenii Baird & Girard. Lroparp

LIZARD.

Crotaphytus Wislizenii, B. & G., Proc, Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI,
1852, p. 69 (type locality Santa Fe, New Mexico); and Stans-
bury’s Exped. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, p. 340, pl. III; Barrp, Mex.
Bound. Surv., 1859, pl. XXXI.

Crotaphytus Gambelii, Barrp & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
VI, 1852, p. 126 (type locality California).

Description.—Head large, depressed, not so distinct
from neck as in C. baileyi. Its plates all small but
largest and somewhat convex on snout. Three to five
longitudinal rows of shields separating supraocular
regions. Nostril large and opening laterally in a round
plate much nearer to end of snout than to orbit. Super-
ciliaries small but imbricate. Rostral plate wide but
very low. Supralabials of nearly equal size. A long
subocular plate. Ear-opening large, oblique, with very
slight anterior denticulation. Supraoculars and tem-
porals granular, as also gulars. Lower labials slightly
larger than upper, and bordered below by several series
of small plates, larger than gulars. Symphyseal plate
very large, but shields behind it not so large as in
C. baileyi. From one to three transverse gular folds

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. a

only one well developed. Back and sides covered with
small granules, largest centrally and passing gradually
into the larger scales on the belly. Latter imbricate
and sometimes keeled. Irregular dermal folds usually
present on sides. Tail conical, a little more than twice
length of head and body, and covered with whorls of
small scales. Femoral pores varying in number from
about seventeen to twenty-three. Males with enlarged
postanal plates.

Be IS OM

In young specimens the head is dark brown above,
with cream-colored lines surrounding the orbits and
supraocular regions and running up the median line of
the snout from the rostral plate. The back is grayish
brown with white or cream-colored cross-lines, which
may either meet or alternate, on the median line, with
those of the opposite side. Between each pair of these
cross-lines is a round spot of dark reddish brown. The
tail is marked like the back, but not so regularly. The
limbs are brown with irregular spots and lines of white.
The lower surfaces are yellowish white, marked on the
throat with longitudinal lines of dark brown. As the
animals become larger the brown dorsal spots become
smaller and more numerous, so that there are several

58 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

between each pair of light cross-lines. The whole
coloration becomes paler, as if faded, and the pattern
less distinct. Usually the light cross-lines fade first,
leaving the spots fairly distinct, but the reverse order of
disappearance may occur. In some very old specimens
the cross-lines have entirely vanished and the brown
spots have become very minute. There is also a good
deal of purely individual color variation.

During the breeding season some females have the
under surfaces and sides of the tail and body suffused
with deep salmon or salmon-red. This color disappears
in alcohol.
hens thStomamusarey et. 22 se nee 47 69 87 So Oe
Inenothsotacalley =, 6 qs, . See ie GO) 7 D2 Oe

8

SHAG MN HO) OOM tn cog soe Ho waue caenose 4 6 8 10 12
StL AeA EA ER SRR OY 8 8 10 14 18 18 21 25

Wid.thyof theadivecee.. ete eae 9 12 16 16 19 22
HOTerIMN bee ton ee Eh are 19 28 34 34 43 46
Eid Wim bey face Se ers os one ee 32 54 69 74 80 87
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe...... 13 21 27 30 30 33

Distribution.—The Leopard Lizard occupies almost
the entire desert region of eastern California, ranging
from San Diego County across the Colorado and Mojave
Deserts to the smaller desert valleys of the Great Basin,
where it is quite common in Inyo County. Through
Walker Pass, it reaches the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada, where it occurs in Kern Valley. It has been
collected also at San Jacinto on the western slope of the
Coast Range of Riverside County. At Mojave Station,
Kern County, this lizard is rather rare, but at Needles,
San Bernardino County, it may readily be found on the
sand banks of the Colorado River. It ranges across
Nevada (Pyramid Lake, Panaca, Vegas Valley, Mt.
Magruder, Quartz Spring, Amargosa Desert, Sarcobatus
Flat, Charleston Mts., Grapevine Mts., Timpahute Mts.,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 59

Indian Spring Valley, Pahrump Valley, Pahranagat
Valley, Oasis Valley, Wadsworth, Dome Cafion, Truckee
River) to Utah (St. George, etc.), Oregon (Dalles), and
Idaho (along Snake River).

Habits.—‘‘ The leopard lizard is chiefly a vegetarian,
feeding on the blossoms and leaves of plants; but is
also carnivorous, devouring the smaller lizards, horned
toads, and even its own kind, besides large numbers of
insects, as determined by the examination of many
stomachs.”* It usually is sluggish, and may be cap-
tured without much difficulty.

12.—Crotaphytus silus Stejneger. SHORT-NOSED
LEoparRD Lizarp.
Crotaphytus silus, Strgn., N. A. Fauna, No. 3, 1890, p. 105 (type
locality Fresno, Calif.); /d., ibid., No. 7, 1893, p. 170.

Description.—This species is very similar to C. wisli-
zenii, but has a much shorter and more truncate snout.
The greatest width of the head is equal to or greater
than the distance from the nostril to the ear-opening.
The distance between the nostril and the inner anterior
orbital angle is considerably less than the vertical
diameter of the ear-opening.

‘““The coloration is also essentially different. In
C. stlus the rounded dorsal spots are larger, especially
the two median rows, so thatsof the latter there is only
one longitudinal series between the light cross-bands.
The latter are very broad and distinct and do not seem
to disappear as the animal grows larger. In some speci-
mens the interspaces between the light bands are solidly
dark, the spots indicated only by somewhat ill-defined
patches of saturated ferrugineous.”’

Distribution.—‘ This species seems to be closely re-

*N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 168,

60 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

stricted to the San Joaquin Valley, while the typical
C. wislizenii reaches the west slope of the Sierra Nevada
through Walker Pass, the summit of which is only 5,100
feet in altitude and, therefore, not above the vertical
range of the species.”’ It probably lives in the Sacra-
mento Valley also,.but has not been definitely recorded
from that region.

Genus 10. SAUROMALUS.

Sauromalus, DumERIL, Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1856, p. 535,
(type ater); Huphryne, Batrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858,
p. 253 (type obesus).

The head and body are much depressed, and but little
shorter than the heavy conical tail. All of the head-
plates are small. The labials are juxtaposed. The ear-
opening is large, with a very strong anterior denticula-
tion. The dorsal scales are small and nearly uniform.
Long series of femoral pores anda strong transverse
gular fold are present. The lateral neck folds are
spinose. The superciliaries are juxtaposed.

13.—Sauromalus ater Duméril. ALDERMAN LizarD.
CHUCK-WALLA.

Sauromalus ater, DumErIL, Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1856, p.
536, pl. XXIII, figs. 3, 3a (no locality).

EHuphryne obesus, BatRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253
(type locality Fort Yuma, Cal.); Bairp, U. 8. Mex. Bound.
Surv., Rept. 1859, pl. XX VII.

Description.—Head and body very large, much de-
pressed, the latter very broad. Head almost triangular,
with narrow rounded snout, and covered with small
plates largest on snout and temporal regions. Nostrils
opening upward, outward, and slightly backward, in
round plates a little nearer to end of snout than to
orbits. Superciliaries, like supraoculars, small and
juxtaposed. Suboculars all short, but strongly

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 61

keeled. Rostral plate very small. Labial plates
small and of about equal size. Symphyseal plate long
but very narrow. Several series of slightly enlarged
sublabials passing gradually into the finely granular
gulars. Gular fold covered with very small scales. Ear-
opening large, almost vertical, with strong anterior
denticulation of spinose scales. A strong fold on each
side of neck, bearing numerous spinose tubercles. Scales
on back and sides small, largest medially and on strong
lateral fold, smooth and juxtaposed except laterally, be-
coming there keeled and slightly imbricate. Ventral
scales smooth, smaller than dorsals. Tail little longer
than head and body, conical, very stout, and covered
with whorls of small, weakly keeled, feebly spinose
scales. Femoral pores very large, varying in number
from fifteen to eighteen.

The head, neck, and limbs are dull brownish black
with a few scattered scales of grayish yellow. The back
is dark brown or dull straw-color speckled with red,
straw-color, or dark brown, and sometimes crossed ‘by
several broad bands of dark brown or black. The tail
is dull straw-color with or without wide rings of black
or dark brown. The ventral surfaces are black or dark
brown more or less relieved with dull yellow.

A living specimen was colored as follows: The head
and neck are uniform black, as are alsothe upper surfaces
of the arms and legs. The hands and feet are speckled
with dull yellowish white. The central portion of the
back is chiefly brick-red dotted with black and yellowish
white. Its lateral portions are chiefly black, but are
dotted with deep vermilion and yellowish white. The
sides are similar to the central portion of the back, but
with less white and with red of a darker shade. The
chest is black with a continuation of the red of each

62 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

side crossing it and meeting its fellow on the median
line just behind the insertion of the fore limbs. The
belly is black, dotted and spotted with red. The lower
surfaces of the limbs are black spotted with yellowish
white and sparsely speckled with red. The tail is either
all white or white crossed by wide bands of black.*

hen gth tovanuss.362.7050 hy. Aare eee Pra seek ho. ie SOA ee ae 180 210
enethyotatatlsae see eer sit Ege id Ox SOD La BEE Oe POR eae BY 198 215
Snoutto Orbite, + 8 See aie eee eS pcg tere yh We Bat tee ee 14 19
SnomttOear. sc cack hg Oe ihe nese eae 36 45
Widthtof head’. 7234.05.22 pe eameemnres ree Rey: be AC CVLIL Sere eee 35 44
ore limbs sy: 32h) ies te ee Oe Rae. kits (aah: Ae eee 76 87
Hain d slimy’ sec ht Yo eke pele aes RE ere ones Bee para 102
Basevon nithito~end of fount huto cee ee ena en ne 38

Distribution.—The Chuck-walla or Alderman Lizard
inhabits suitable situations throughout the Colorado and
Mojave Deserts. It has been taken at Fort Yuma and
on the eastern slope of the Julian Mountains in San
Diego County, and thence occurs north to the desert
ranges in the vicinity of Panamint and Death Valleys,
California. It ranges east across southern Nevada
(Pahrump Valley) to southwestern Utah.

Habits.—This lizard, the largest native to California,
shares with several others the curious habit of defend-
ing itself with its tail. As this organ is very large and
muscular, the animal can strike very quick and well-
aimed blows, and does so with great vigor when teased.
“It was generally found on lava or other dark rocks
with which its coloration harmonized, It is a vegetarian,
feeding entirely, so far as our observations go, on the

*There is much variation in the coloration of this lizard, especially as regards the black
bands of the tail. These may be present or absent in the same individual at different
times, and the change seems to be, at least to some extent, directly under the control of
the animal. When the specimen whose colors are described above was put ina jar with
chloroform, the black bands of the tail disappeared and reappeared several times before
the lizard’s death. Dr. Stejneger has observed the same color changes and thought them
dependent upon the intensity of the light to which the animal is exposed.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 63

buds and flowers of plants, with the addition sometimes
of afew leaves. It is much prized by the Panamint
Indians as an article of food. A number were eaten by
members of our expedition, and their flesh was reported
to be tender and palatable.’’*

Genus 11. UTA.

Uta, Barro & GirarpD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci., Phila., V 1) 18523) p31 69
(type stansburiana). Uvro-saurus, Hatiow., Proc. Ac. Nat.
Sci. Phila., VII, 1854, p. 92 (type graciosus). Phymatolepis,
DumeérRiL, Arch. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., VIII, 1856, p. 548 (type
bicarinatus).

The head and body are moderately depressed and
much shorter than the tail. The head-plates are large,
the largest (interparietal) being larger than the ear-
opening. The dorsal scales are small and may be either
uniform or heterogeneous. The labials are not imbri-
cate. The ear-opening is large, with a strong anterior
denticulation. One or more transverse gular folds and
long series of femoral pores are present. The supercil-
iaries are imbricate.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—Dorsal scales or granules nearly equal, becoming gradually smaller

laterally; an intense black band across shoulders or a blue patch
behind axilla.

b.—Dorsals juxtaposed, smooth; a narrow black band from shoulder to

Bhowldermaboveneate ce dec ce) « olelare = oi = U. mearnsi.—p. 64.
b?.—Dorsals imbricate, keeled; no black band from shoulder to shoulder;
a round blue patch behind axilla. ..... U. stansburiana.—p. 66.

a?,—Six or eight medial longitudinal series of dorsals largest, imbricate,
keeled, becoming suddenly smaller laterally; no intense black band
across shoulders or blue patch behind axilla.
c.—Slender, tail more than twice head and body; enlarged dorsals sub-
COREL 3 onc.0.g euate Oae RUUD OECD pp ons Dorie U. graciosa.—p. 69.
e?.—Stouter, tail less than twice head and body; largest dorsals in four
series, two on each side of the smaller median ones.
U. symmetrica. —p. 70.

*Merriam, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 174.

64 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

14.—Uta mearnsi Stejneger. MEraARNs’s LiIzArD.

Uta mearnsi, STEIN., Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, p. 589
(type locality Summit of Coast Range, United States and
Mexican Boundary line, California).

Description.—Head considerably depressed, snout very
low. Canthus rostralis well marked, large nostrils
opening almost upward in rounded plates much nearer
to end of snout than to orbit. Plates on head large,
smooth, and but slightly convex; interparietal largest.
Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Two or
three posterior series of supraoculars enlarged, sepa-
rated from frontals by one or two series of granules.
Superciliaries long and imbricate. A long, narrow,
strongly keeled subocular, followed and preceded by
similar but smaller plates. Rostral very wide and low,
as also the five or six supralabials. Symphyseal plate
large and followed by several large chin-shields. First
infralabials much larger than others. Sublabials long
and narrow. Skin on gular region covered with small,
smooth, rounded granules, slightly largest centrally and
near edge of strong gular fold. A dermal fold on each
side between limbs. Back and sides covered with
smooth, convex, rounded granules, largest medially,
smallest laterally, and changing gradually to small,
smooth, imbricate scales on belly. Tail and anterior
and upper surfaces of limbs bearing larger imbricate
scales, each provided with strong keel ending in project-
ing spine. Nineteen to twenty-five pores forming a
series along each thigh. Males with enlarged postanal
plates.

The color above is bluish gray or olive, strongly
tinged with brown on the head and tail and crossed by
irregularly undulate bands of dark gray or slate. A
narrow straight band of intense black crosses from

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 65

shoulder to shoulder over the back. The spaces be-
tween these bands are variously spotted, marbled, and
reticulated with lighter. The limbs are irregularly

LO
YY of

( His
Sy ee \ 1

cross-banded with dusky. The basal two-thirds of the
tail is pale brownish olive with wide blackish cross-
bars; its terminal third is uniform blackish. The
lower surfaces are greenish white, suffused with bluish
on the flanks, and reticulated with bluish gray or slate
on the chin and throat.

WHEN GNGUORA US ee fs oj ae Nis eos ee tea et ae nee ee 75 79 82
evatth a Tail). ee ea ae eee 140 150

SNOW 110) Chil hls soo y be MOB ae ome he, UAE: Sek Ure tr dnc Bee Ne ner 7
SVNO TU O ROUTE EAE Pe ek. Ura A Sih eos. cinta’ avahne Sise eee 20
Wve OMT Teveinl kde d 2k oi ee Re i eed re ee 16
1EROLRS) MITT. 6 bloc thohnplee ¢ Oe aint Oeet A a ne 37 38
fELiiry clap lino Pewee te ee, Py tara Spore cues Gata Hens Gee ers bl 63
Baserop tin torendsof fourth, toe. 0...6 .6.0--2.-- ssc. 22

Distribution.—This lizard has been found only on the
eastern slope of the Coast Range of San Diego County
California, near the Mexican boundary line. Here it is
said to be ‘‘ extremely plentiful’ among rocks from the
base to the summit of the range.

66 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

15.—Uta stansburiana Baird & Girard. Brown-
SHOULDERED LiIzarpD.

Uta stansburiana, B. & G., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852,
p. 69 (type locality Valley of Great Salt Lake, Utah), and
Stansbury’s Exped. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, p. 345, pl. V, figs. 4-6.

Uta elegans, YARRow, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1882, p. 442 (type
locality La Paz, L. C., Mex.).

Description.—Body and head considerably depressed.
Snout low, rounded and rather short, with well
developed canthus. Nostrils large, opening upward
and outward, nearer to end of snout than to orbit.
Plates on head large, smooth, and usually more or less
convex, interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually
divided transversely. Three to five supraoculars en-
larged and separated from frontals by one row of gran-
ules. Superciliaries long, somewhat projecting laterally,
and strongly imbricate. Central subocular very long,
narrow, and strongly keeled. NRostral and supralabials
very long and low. Other plates of upper surface of
head very irregular in size and position. Symphyseal
plate rather small, followed by three or four pair of
larger smooth plates separated from small infralabials
by from one to three series of moderately enlarged sub-
labials. Gular region covered with small, smooth, hex-
agonal scales, which change gradually into granules on
sides of neck, and into larger scales on strong trans-
verse gular fold, where they are about the size of those
on belly. Edge of gular fold with a series of larger
projecting scales. Ear-opening with a strong denticu-
lation of three or four pointed scales. Several longi-
tudinal dermal folds usually present on sides of body
and neck. Back covered with _—_—
keeled scales of nearly uni- ae
form size, becoming gradually
granular on neck and sides. Largest scales on tail,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 67

strongly keeled, sharply pointed, and larger above than
below. Posterior surfaces of thighs and arms covered
with small granular scales similar to those of sides of
body. Other surfaces of limbs provided with large
scales, keeled except on ventral surfaces of thighs, legs,
and arms. Femoral pores varying in number from
twelve to seventeen. About twenty-three to twenty-
eight dorsal scales equaling the shielded part of head.

This lizard displays a very great amount of variation
in both the pattern and intensity of its coloring. The
back and sides are variously striped, spotted, or marbled
with dark brown, blue, green, gray, or yellow; the
former often with a double series of large brown spots,
light-edged behind, which usually are much more dis-
tinct in females and young than in adult males. The
tail is similarly marked, but is often ringed with brown.
Below, the general color is yellowish white, usually
more or less tinged with greenish or bluish on the sides
of the belly. The throat in adults is blue, dotted or
narrowly banded on the chin and sides with white, yel-
low, or orange. There is a round indigo spot behind
the axilla and usually a brown patch in front of the
shoulder.

Length to anus...... Ae Se ee 30 37 46 48 49 53
Wemothyotgialle ses t ncieert sess 57 72 91 9

8 95
Smo murOnOEDI tase: sole ec nse « oe ale's 3 3 3 4 4 4
SuGuigtoneateeyn eee heal Galea cttece <0 10 ll ll 12 183
Wadithyofwheadees se. UA AL: 6 8 9 9 10 ll
TRORREV TET] D) OLSEN by ath Se en ee ea ee Ld 18 18 20 21 21
Is hhaysl Uiiedl|o). ob eB cc Be eae a ae eee 22 30 3 36 40 35
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe...... 9 13 13 15 16 15

Distribution.—The Brown-shouldered Uta is more
generally distributed in southern California than any
other lizard. It ranges over almost all of the desert
and southern coast regions, besides the southern portion

68 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of the San Joaquin Valley and the lower levels of both
slopes of the Sierra Nevada. It has been secured
in San Diego (at Fort Yuma, Campo, San Diego,
Witch Creek, Julian Mountains), Riverside (Indio,
Cabazon, Banning, Riverside, San Jacinto, Hemet Val-
ley), San Bernardino (Colton, Hesperia, Victor, Bar-
stow, Needles, Leach Point Spring, Borax Flat), Los
Angeles (San Pedro, Pasadena, Antelope Valley), Ven-
tura (San Buenaventura), Santa Barbara (Santa Bar-
bara), Kern (Mojave, Fort Tejon, Walker Pass, Kern
River, Bakersfield, Caliente), Inyo (Lone Pine, Keeler,
Coso, Panamint Mountains, Death Valley, Resting
Spring, Round Valley), Fresno (Fresno, Pleasant Val-
ley 10 miles west of Huron), Merced (five miles north
of Los Banos), San Joaquin (five miles south of La-
throp), and San Benito (Bear Valley) Counties. It has
also been found on Santa Cruz and San Clemente
Islands.

It crosses Nevada (Dome Canon, Virginia City, Pah-
rump Valley, Vegas Valley, Pahranagat Valley, Ash
Meadows, Charleston Mts., Virgin River) to Utah (St.
George, Valley Great Salt Lake), Oregon (Warner’s Val-
ley, Summer Lake), and Idaho (Snake River).

Habits.—The Brown-shouldered Lizard is a ground-
loving species usually found in open fields or deserts or
among rocks. Upon the approach of an enemy it
quickly retires to some hole or crevice and shyly peeps
out from time to time to see if the intruder has de-
parted. At the old mission of Santa Barbara these
graceful little lizards are especially tame and abundant,
and live among the stones of the walls and fountains,
darting in and out of the crevices which once were filled
with mortar, sunning themselves on the sheltered sur-
faces, or chasing one another with all the abandon and
apparent delight of children playing tag.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 69

16.—Uta graciosa (Hallowell). Lona-rarnep Ura.

Urosaurus graciosus Hattow., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854,
p. 92 (type locality ‘*‘ Lower [—Southeru] California);” id.,
Rept. U. S. Pac. R.R. Surv., Vol. X, pt. IV, 1859, p. 4, pl. VII,
figs. la-le.

Description.—Body and tail very slender, former as
well as head slightly depressed. Snout rounded but
rather narrow, with nostrils opening in small round
plates, much nearer to end of snout than to orbit.
Plates on head moderately large, smooth and almost flat;
interparietal largest. Frontal plate usually divided
transversely. Inner series of enlarged supraoculars
separated from frontal, frontoparietal, and parietal
plates by one or two rows of granules. Superciliaries
long, slightly projecting laterally, strongly imbricate.
Central subocular very long, narrow and strongly keeled.
Rostral and six or seven supralabials long and low.
Symphyseal plate moderately large and followed by a
series of plates separated from infralabials, except first
pair, by one or two series of sublabial plates. Gular
region covered with small, smooth, subhexagonal gran-
ules, which increase in size on, and are largest at edge
of, strong, transverse gular fold. Ear-opening large,
with denticulation of two or three scales, one being
much larger than the others. Sides of neck and body
more or less folded. About
five to eight rows of imbri-
cate, keeled, equal-sized
scales forming a band down
middle of back and changing very abruptly to granules
on its sides. Some scaleson upper lateral fold enlarged.
Largest scales on the tail, larger above than below, and
strongly keeled but not pointed. Posterior surfaces of
thighs and arms covered with small granules similar to
those on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces

70 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of limbs provided with keeled scales. Femoral pores
about ten to twelve in number on each thigh. Tail
more than twice as long as head and body.

The general color above is grayish, becoming darker
on the sides and slightly tinged with yellow on the snout.
On the back are rather indistinct, wide, blackish cross-
bars, which are often interrupted on the vertebral line
and sometimes alternate. The tail is grayish with faint
narrow rings of brown or slate. The limbs are cross-
barred with dusky above. The lower surfaces are
silvery white more or less flecked with black or slate.
Males have a yellow patch on the throat and along blue
area on each side of the belly.

Ihength-totamu's: (702 Si ee eee em Nr ee o> Sly 5 SOS ERED
Mengthrof tales see os on aes oo he ki hin nee See 75
Snout.to-orbitie: 3:4 bn 3 ee i no ors ones ack ee eee 3
SHOU CO GAL’ ast) sig abs Soe OE ie ecient Ce 8
Wadthiof head ss.) on RA ee BE paneer AS Aci) ond Cli. Ae eee 6
Fore lambs. es Pests ee REAR eee Ete ETE tie) Noor Ca a 12
15 Shake Wy oucill ota W RI Aes AM ea re oS Oe Lo oid 6d BOS MO OO SGU Heeb 22
iBaserotahtthitovendyofeto mE th eto cress ae enn ee eee ae 9

Distribution.—This lizard has been found only along
the Colorado River. At Fort Yuma and The Needles,
California, it is very rare and lives on or near the
willows and mesquites, never on the open desert. In
Nevada, it has been taken at Bunkerville, and at Call-
ville, Lincoln County.

1'7.—Uta symmetrica Baird. TRreeE UTA.

Uta symmetrica, Barrp, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 253
(type locality Fort Yuma, Cal.).

? Uta schottii, Barro, |. c., p. 253 (type locality Sta. Madelina,
Cal.).

Description.—Head and body considerably depressed.
Snout rounded but rather narrow, with well developed
canthi above which the nostrils open much nearer to

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. vial

endof snout than to orbits. Plates on head moderately
large, smooth, and almost flat; interparietal largest.
Frontal plate usually divided transversely. Inner series
of enlarged supraoculars separated from frontal, fronto-
parietal, and parietal plates by one or two rows of gran-
ules. Superciliaries long, very slightly projecting
laterally, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular
very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral very
wide and not very low. Four to seven long, low supra-
labials. Symphyseal plate moderately large and followed
by series of large plates in contact with first pair of
lower labials but separated from the others by one or
two rows of subiabials. Chin and gular region covered
with smooth subhexagonal granules, largest centrally
and becoming imbricate on the strong transverse fold.
Edge of fold with a series of projecting scales. Ear-
opening large, with an anterior denticulation of from
two to five pointed scales of much variation in size and
shape. Two rows of medium-
sized scales along middle of back,
bordered on each side by two rows |
of much larger scales. Other dor-
sal scales very small, except a
row of widely separated enlarged scales on upper of two
lateral dermal folds. Tail bearing whorls of strongly
keeled and sharply pointed scales much _ broader
above than _ below. Posterior surface of thighs
and arms covered with small granules similar to those
on sides of body. Superior and anterior surfaces of
limbs provided with large keeled scales. Ventral scales
smooth and about size of those on edge of gular fold.
Femoral pores varying from ten to fourteen in number
on each thigh. Thirteen to seventeen of largest dorsal
scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Tail

72 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

less than twice as long as head and body. Males with
enlarged postanal plates.

The general color above is grayish or yellowish brown,
paler and somewhat ochraceous on the head and the
base of the tail, darkest along the upper lateral fold, and
crossed by from six to eight light-edged bars of black or
brown. These cross-bars are often very indistinct,
usually interrupted on the middle of the back, and
sometimes alternating with those on the opposite side.
The light edgings of the dorsal bars may be either blue
or yellow. The sides are often dotted with one or both
of these colors. Narrow dark lines cross the top of the
head, the most distinct being on the supraocular and
frontal regions. In young specimens the dark coloring
of the upper lateral fold is continued forward as a line,
passing just above the ear-opening, crossing the orbit,
and ending at the nostril. The tail is indistinctly
ringed with dusky and often tinged with ochraceous.
The lower surfaces are white, more or less dotted or
suffused with dark brown or black. Males usually have
a blue patch on each side of the belly and an area of
lemon yellow, which sometimes acquires a tinge of blue,
on the center of the throat.

Mensthitowenussae ese see eee 30 36 49 54 55 59
iene thyof stall. .2 see ee eee cre eo 49 58 85 9502
Gularitolditoanuse see eee eS 23 32 35 37 37
Snoutstotear, An eRe eioer eee 8 9 ri 12 12 13
Wadth of. heads ire ee eset te 6 uf 9 10 10
Moredimib. / i hepet ey wane ey pendeisars 4 ese 14 16 22 23} 26 27
Va Bua plbbanl eee ns kot Smee tina ae, 18 24 1 36 3¥/ 38
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..... 7 10 14 14 16

Distribution.—The Tree Uta has been found in Cali-
fornia only on the banks of the Colorado River near
Fort Yuma, San Diego County. Its range seems not to
extend much farther north, for a careful search failed to

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. he)

reveal its presence at The Needles in San Bernardino
County.

Habits.—At Yuma this lizard is very abundant, but is
rarely seen on the ground, preferring to climb over the
rough bark of the willows or to hide between the planks
of the railroad bridges. It feeds chiefly upon small
insects.

Genus 12. SCELOPORUS.
Sceloporus, WiEGM., Isis, 1828, p. 369. ‘‘ Tropidolepis, Cuv., R. A.
(2), II, p. 38.”

The head and body are slightly depressed and shorter
than the tail. The head-plates are of moderate size,
excepting the interparietal, which is very large. The
dorsal scales are large, nearly equal sized, mucronate,
and strongly imbricate. The ear-opening is large, with
a well developed anterior denticulation. The labials
are juxtaposed. There is no complete transverse gular
fold, but a pouch is present on each side of the neck.
Femoral pores are numerous. ‘The superciliaries are
imbricate.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—Parietal and frontoparietal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars
by aseries of small scales or granules; scales on back of thigh smaller
than those in front of anus.
b.—Dorsal scales very small, forty-five to sixty-six on the middle of the
back between interparietal plate and base of tail; scales on back of
LL aS OOth ers we hey een ocmicinetr ae S. graciosus.—p. 74.
b?.—Dorsal scales larger, thirty-five to forty-six on a line between inter-
parietal and base of tail; scales on back of thigh keeled.*
e.—Males with a blue patch on each side of the throatt; usually
SELL ELUGES 2 el aoe ee ee Seer meee S. occidentalis.—p. 77.

* Sometimes smooth in young.

tI have examined many hundreds of specimens of S. occidentalis and S. biseriatus and
have not found a male of the latter with two blue throat-patches. Highly colored males
of S. occidentalis are sometimes found in which the two blue patches have extended to,
and even merged on, the median line, but by securing very young, or less brilliantly
colored, males there should be no difficulty in determining which species occurs in a
given locality, for such males never have a single median blue patch if they belong with
S. occidentalis, and never have two lateral patches if referable to S. biserialus. Females of
the latter species have either one or two blue patches, while those of the more northern
form usually have two or none.

74 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

c’.—Males with one blue patch on center of throat; usually larger.
; S. biseriatus.—p. 80.
a”,—Parietal and frontoparietal plates in contact with enlarged supraocu-
lars; scales on back of thigh not smaller than those in front of anus.
d.—A strongly contrasted black blotch or coliar in front of shoulder;
dorsal scales distinctly keeled, with long points.

S. magister.—p. 84.
d?.—No _distinet black blotch or collar in front of shoulder; dorsal
scales less distinctly keeled, or smooth, with short points.
S. orcutti.—p. 86.

18.—Sceloporus graciosus Baird & Girard. Mountain

LIZARD.

Sceloporus graciosus, B. & G., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852,
p. 69 (type locality Valley of Great Salt Lake, Utah); and
Stansbury’s Rept. Exped. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, p. 346, pl. V,
figs. 1-3.

Sceloporus gracilis, BAtRD & GIRARD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
VI, 1852, p. 175 (type locality Oregon); and GirRaRp, U. S.
Explor. Exped., Herp., p. 386, pl. 20, figs. 1-9.

Sceloporus vandenburgianus, Cork, Am. Nat., XXX, 358, Oct. 1896,
p. 834 (type locality Summit of Coast Range, San Diego

Co., Cal.).

Description.—Head and body somewhat flattened.
Nostrils opening much nearer to end of snout than to
orbits. Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large,
and slightly convex; interparietal largest. Frontal
usually divided transversely. Parietal, frontoparietal,
and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars
by a series of small plates or granules. Superciliaries
long, wide, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular
very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate
very wide and rather high. Labials long, low, and
almost rectangular. Below lower labials, some series of
large sublabial plates. Symphyseal large and pentan-
gular. Gulars small, smooth, imbricate, frequently
emarginate posteriorly, about size of ventrals. LEar-
opening large, slightly oblique, with an anterior dentic-

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. ; 15

ulation of from four to seven accuminate scales. Dorsal
scales equal-sized, keeled, pointed, larger than ventrals,
and arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows.
Scales on sides similar to those of back, but directed
obliquely upward. No longitudinal dermal folds and
no transverse fold on throat. Superior surfaces of
limbs provided with keeled scales. Posterior surface of
thigh covered with small, smooth scales. Ventrals
smooth, but usually bicuspid. Caudal scales very much
larger than dorsals, keeled and strongly pointed.
Femoral pores varying in number from twelve to twenty
oneach thigh. Eleven to seventeen dorsal scales equal-
ing length of shielded part of head. Number of scales
in a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting
posterior surfaces of thighs varying from forty-five to
sixty-six; average in seventy-five specimens, fifty-five
and one-half. Males with enlarged postanal plates.
The general color above is brown, olive, bluish or
greenish gray, with one dorsal and two lateral series of
closely set brown spots on each side. These spots have
dark posterior and lateral edges, are usually larger and
more distinct in females and young than in adult males,
and are often more or less confluent, forming longitudi-
nal bands separated by narrower bands of the lighter
ground color. The head has no definite cross-lines, but
the upper lateral band or series of spots is continued
along the temple. The tail is very differently marked
in different specimens, but usually shows traces of light
and dark rings. Males have a large blue blotch, some-
times bordered internally with black, on each side of
the belly, and the throat usually more or less washed
with blue, which has a tendency to appear in narrow
oblique lines. Females often lack the blue of the throat
and sides of belly, but this color is sometimes present

76 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

and is not infrequently bordered above by a band of
bright reddish orange along each side of the body.

Henoth stoves aes ee. eae ener 23 44 48 50 56 63
ene thot ptallseee eee oe eae ee 26 54 55 64 82 93
Snouittoveary 2 sae pee eee 6 10 11 11 12 12
Width of heady... 524. EOS be Rai 6 9 10 10 ll 11
Shielded part of heads see eee 9 10 10 1] 12
Borevlimiby (hr E67 tae eee ce Ghee 11] 20 21 21 23 26
Find wlim bee eaer nk seer are ee es 3 a? ee tS 33 36 36 39 39
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe. .... 7 14 14 15 15 16

Distribution.—This little lizard is a mountain-dwelling
species throughout its range in California, which ex-
tends the whole length of the State. It is very abun-
dant in Hemet and Strawberry Valleys, in the San
Jacinto Mountains of Riverside County, but has not
been reported from any of the more northern coast
ranges.* On the western slope of the Sierra Nevada
the Mountain Lizard has been found from Kern River
north to Mount Shasta. It is common on the eastern
slope of these mountains opposite Mono and Owen’s
Lakes and has been secured also in the Panamint
Mountains. In the southern Sierra Nevada its vertical
range extends from about 5,500 to nearly 9,000 feet above
the level of the sea.

It has been taken in Nevada (Juniper Mts., Mt. Ma-
gruder), western Utah, southern Idaho (Blackfoot, Big
Lost River, Lemhi Agency, and along Snake River from
Pocatello to Weiser), Washington (Puget Sound, Cowlitz
County), and Oregon (Dalles, Summer Lake, Grant’s,
Umatilla, ete.). In the north it is not restricted to the
mountains. .

Hubits.—Nothing is known of the habits of this lizard
except that it isa ground-loving species. The eggs, laid

*Since this was written I have seen a specimen shot in Berryessa Valley, Napa County.

od

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 17

in June and July, are about 7x13 mm., each inclosed in
a tough, leathery, non-calcareous shell.

19.—Sceloporus occidentalis Baird & Girard. Burus-
BELLIED LIZARD.

Sceloporus occidentalis, BAiRD & G1IRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
VI, 1852, p. 175 (type locality California, probably Oregon);
GIRARD, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp., p. 383, pl. 19, figs. 8-14.

Sceloporus frontalis, B. & G., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852,
p. 175 (type locality Puget Sound); Gir., U. S. Expl. Ex.,
Herp., p. 384, pl. 19, figs. 1-7.

Sceloporus bocourtii, BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., II, 1885, p.
229 [part] (Monterey, Cal., Mt. Whitney, Cal., Santa
Cruz).

Description.—Head and body little depressed. Nostril
opening much nearer to end of snout than to orbit.
Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large, and
slightly convex; interparietal much largest. Frontal
usually divided transversely. Parietal, frontoparietal,
and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars
by a series of small plates or granules. Superciliaries
long and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular very
long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate of
moderate height, but great width. Labials long, low,
and nearly rectangular. Below lower labials and behind
large pentangular symphyseal, some series of plates
larger than gulars. Latter smooth, imbricate, and
usually emarginate posteriorly. Ear-opening large,
slightly oblique, with an anterior denticulation of
smooth, accuminate scales. Scales on back equal-sized,
keeled, pointed, and arranged in nearly parallel longi-
tudinal rows. Scales on sides similar to those on back,
but much smallerand directed obliquely upward. No lon-
gitudinal dermal folds and no transverse fold on throat.
Upper surfaces of limbs provided with large, keeled scales.
Posterior surface of thigh covered with small, accuminate,

78 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

keeled scales. Ventral scales much smaller than dorsals,
smooth, imbricate, and usually bicuspid. Tail furnished
with irregular whorls of strongly keeled and pointed
scales, much larger and rougher above than below.
Femoral pores varying in number from thirteen to twenty
on each thigh. Seven to twelve dorsal scales equaling
length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in
a row from the interparietal plate to a line connecting
posterior surfaces of thighs varying from thirty-five to
forty-six; average in thirty specimens, forty-one and
eight-tenths. Males with enlarged postanal plates.
The color above is grayish, brownish, or olive, usually
with one series of crescent-shaped or triangular brown
spots, edged posteriorly with pale blue or green, on each
side. A paler longitudinal band usually separates the
dorsal and lateral regions. The sides are brownish or
buffy, mottled with darker brown and dotted with green
or pale blue. Narrow brown lines cross the head, but
are more or less interrupted. A brown line connects
the orbit and upper corner of the ear and is continued
backward on the neck. A large blue patch on each side
of the belly is usually bordered internally by a black
band of varying width. The throat is white, more or
less dotted or suffused with slate or black, and with or
without a blue patch on each side. In highly colored
males the black bands of the belly meet medially and
the throat is intensely black with large round blue
patches, which sometimes merge on the median line.
The chest is white or yellowish, often dotted or suffused
with black. The preanal region and the lower surfaces
of the limbs are white, sometimes dotted or tinged with
slaty-black. The posterior surfaces of the limbs are
yellowish, deepest on the thighs, along the back of
which runs a dark line. In young, and some females,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. is)

the green edging of the dorsal spots is replaced by gray
or buff.

henetinytovaniusteeeryetete. es. S csciss Pal | 44 67 68 68 70
Mengthyoretaillerer seen ads cen. tl kes 31 64 94 88 104 93
Snoutitojentien ss eeesoree Ss OS rater 7 11 15 14 15 14
Wiidtihvo fies discrete is kore, oc-8 a's 6 9 13 13 13 13
Shieldedipartrotehead 3.55 1.2.2... 7 10 14 14 14 14
HOreritnb eee Aeris Seep oct eee els 12 20 30 28 30 30
Hind limba sera ai seaecs baat RSE, 17 33 47 44 4§ 48
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe...... 7 14 20 16 20 20

Distribution.—The Blue-bellied Lizard is a northern
species, which, coming to us from Oregon, occupies
the long coastwise strip of California lying to the west
of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Close to
the coast, its range extends as far south as Ventura
County. In the north, its territory stretches eastward
at least as far as Mount Shasta and probably extends
some distance south in the Sacramento Valley and on
the western slope of the Sierra Nevada. Farther south,
it crosses the San Joaquin Valley to the western slope
of the Sierra Nevada. I have examined specimens from
Siskiyou (Sissons, Fort Jones), Mendocino (Fairbanks),
Lake (Kelseyville), Sonoma (Healdsburg, Santa Rosa),
Napa (Calistoga, Napa, AStna Springs), Marin (San
Anselmo, Mill Valley), Contra Costa (Mount Diablo,
Crockett), Alameda (Oakland, Calaveras Valley, Liver-
more, Altemonte), San Francisco, San Mateo (Pesca-
dero, La Honda), Santa Clara (Palo Alto, Black Moun-
tain, Santa Clara, Los Gatos, Alum Rock Cafion, Smith
Creek, Canada Valley), Santa Cruz (Soquel), Monterey
(Monterey, Pacific Grove, Pleyto), San Benito (Bear
Valley, San Benito Valley), San Luis Obispo (San Mi-
guel, San Luis Obispo), San Joaquin (Tracy, San
Joaquin Bridge), Merced (near Merced), Tuolumne
(Big Oak Flat, Groveland to Crocker’s, Hodgdon’s),

80 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Fresno (Los Gatos Cafion), Santa Barbara (Santa Bar-
bara), and Ventura (San Buenaventura) Counties,
California.

It ranges north across western Oregon and Washing-
ton to the Straits of Juan de Fuca.

Habits. —The Blue-bellied or Western Fence Lizard is
by far the most numerous of its tribe in western central
California. It is usually to be found about fences, piles
of wood or stone, the great brush-heap homes of the
wood-rat (Neotoma), or roadside banks honeycombed
with abandoned gopher (Thomomys) holes, which afford
it ample opportunity to hide upon the approach of
danger. Its coloration, especially the intensity of the
black of the lower surfaces and the blue of the throat,
is subject to much variation in the same individual, and
is more or less dependent upon the coloring of sur-
rounding objects.

In winter it is sometimes found in the interior of de-
caying logs, but I believe that it more frequently hiber-
nates under ground.

20.—Sceloporus biseriatus Hallowell. Frnce Lizarp.

Sceloporus bi-seriatus, HALLow., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila , 1854,
p. 93 (type locality border of El Paso Creek and in Tejon
Valley [California]); and U.S. Pac. R. R. Surv., Rept., X,
pt. IV, 1859, p. 6, pls. VI, figs. 2a-2f, & VIII.

Sceloporus longipes, BAatRD, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 254
(type locality Fort Tejon, Cal.).

Sceloporus smaragdinus, Cope, Wheeler’s Surv. W. 100th Meridian,
V, p. 572, pl. XXIV, figs. 2, 2a (type localities Beaver, Utah;
Nevada; Dome Canon, Utah).

Sceloporus bocourtii, BouLencer, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus., II,
1885, p. 229 [part], type localities Monterey, Cal., Mt.
Whitney, Cal., Santa Cruz).

Description.—Head and body little depressed. Nostril
opening much nearer to end of snout than to orbit.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 81

Upper head-shields smooth, moderately large, and very
slightly convex; interparietal much largest. Frontal
usually divided transversely. Parietal, frontoparietal,
and frontal plates separated from enlarged supraoculars
by a series of smooth plates or granules. Superciliaries
long, wide, and strongly imbricate. Middle subocular
very long, narrow, and strongly keeled. Rostral plate of
moderate height, but great width. lLabials long and
low. Below lower labials and behind large pentangular
symphyseal some series of plates larger than gulars.
Latter of moderate size, smooth, imbricate, and usually
emarginate posteriorly. Ear-opening large, slightly
oblique, with an anterior denticulation of smooth accu-
minate scales. Back with equal-sized, keeled, pointed
scales arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal rows.
Scales on sides similar to those on back but much smaller
and directed obliquely upward. No longitudinal folds
and no transverse fold on throat. Superior surfaces of
limbs provided with large, keeled scales. Posterior sur-
face of thigh covered with small, accuminate, keeled
scales. Ventral scales much smaller than dorsals,

82 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

smooth, imbricate, and usually bicuspid. Tail with
irregular whorls of strongly keeled and pointed scales
much larger and rougher above than below. Femoral
pores varying in number from thirteen to eighteen on
each thigh. Seven to eleven dorsal scales equaling
length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in
a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting pos-
terior surfaces of thighs varying from thirty-five to
forty-four; average in thirty specimens, forty and two-
tenths. Males with enlarged postanal plates.

The back is brown, olive, or grayish buff, marked
with large blotches or undulate cross-bands of dark
brown and more or less dotted, spotted, or blotched
with green or pale blue. The sides are similarly col-
ored. Above, the head is brown or olive with narrow
lines of dark brown, which are most distinct between
the eyes and on the temples. The tail is olive or brown
with irregular dark brown rings. All the lower sur-
faces are grayish or yellowish white, often suffused with
slate or dull black. Along each side of the belly is a
large patch of deep blue, usually bordered internally by
a black band of varying width. Males have one large
central throat-patch of deep blue, but females may have
two lateral patches. The posterior surfaces of the limbs
are yellow.

enethitoranus: oes cee eer 4] 45 68 72 77 78
Lengthjot tail. occ oe eee 64 69 108 103

Snoutitorearen seen sooo soe eee 10 11 15 15 17 7
Widthrot head: ae niet pose eno 8 9 13 13 14 14
Shieldedtparizoteheade sm eee 9 11 14 14 15 15
Foxveslimbi ever. oo eae ee 19 8} 32 31 35 35
Hand slimibitecsncntie ie eee ll 35 51 51 56 55
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe...... 13 15 22 20 21 22

Distribution.—The Fence Lizard, or Tree Swift as it
is sometimes called, occupies the coast region south of

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 83

the range of Sceloporus occidentalis and both slopes of
the Sierra Nevada, together with portions of the San
Joaquin Valley and the desert ranges farther east.
How far north it lives on the western slope of the
Sierra Nevada and where it meets Sceloporus occidentalis,
we do not know. It doubtless occurs throughout the
whole length of the Great Basin, for it is common in
Idaho. Its vertical range in central California extends
up to about 8,000 feet.

I have examined specimens from San Diego (San
Diego, Mexican border between Campo and the coast,
Cuyamaca Mts., Witch Creek, Santa Ysabel Valley
3,000-4,000 feet, Julian Mts.), Riverside (Cahuilla
Valley, Strawberry Valley, Hemet Valley 5,000 feet, San
Jacinto, Temescal, Riverside), Los Angeles (Alhambra,
Pasadena), San Bernardino (Mojave River near Victor,
Warren’s Wells, Lytle Creek), Kern (Fort Tejon, Tejon
Pass, Walker Basin, Havilah, Kernville, Walker Pass),
Tulare (South Fork Kern River, Tulare, Visalia, Three
Rivers, East Fork Kaweah River 1,650-5,200 feet, Shot-
gun Cafion, Kern River Lakes 7,000 feet), Fresno
(Fresno, Horse Corral Meadows, San Joaquin River
7,500), Mariposa (Nevada Falls Yosemite Valley, Mari-
posa), and Inyo (Coso Mts., Argus Mts., near Owen’s
Lake, Mt. Whitney, Independence Creek, White Mts.,
Round Valley) Counties, California.

It crosses Nevada (Charleston Mts., Mt. Magruder,
Juniper Mts., Grapevine Mts., Pyramid Lake) to Utah
and Idaho (along Snake River), and probably oceurs in
eastern Oregon.

Habits.—Like its northern congener—S. occidentalis—
and its larger relative of the desert—S. magister—the
Fence Lizard frequently performs a curious exercise
while watching an intruder and determining whether

84 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

he be friend or foe. Clinging to the rough bark of a
tree or the lichen-painted surface of some old fence, it
rapidly raises and lowers its head and body, often at-
tracting attention to itself where the harmony of color-
ing would prevent its being noticed if motionless. It
is rarely seen in open fields, preferring wooded districts
or areas where rocks abound.

21.—Sceloporus magister Hallowell. Scary Lizarp.

Sceloporus magister,* HAtLow., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854,
p. 93 (type locality near Fort Yuma, California); and U.S.
Pac. R. R. Surv. Rept., X, pt. IV, 1859, p. 5; Sresnecer, N. A.
Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 178, pl. I, figs. 2a—2c.

Description.—Head and body little depressed. Nasal
opening slightly nearer to end of snout than to orbit.
Upper head-plates smooth, often a little convex, and
usually slightly imbricate; interparietal largest. Frontal
divided transversely. Parietal and (usually) fronto-
parietal plates not separated from large supraoculars.
Latter very broad, as also the strongly imbricate
superciliaries. Middle subocular very long, narrow, and
strongly keeled. Rostral plate wider than high. Labials
long but very low, inferior larger than superior. Sym-
physeal large, followed by several plates larger than
gulars and separated from lower labials by from one to
three rows of narrow sublabials. Gular region with
scales smooth, flat, bicuspid, and strongly imbricate, as
also belly. Har-opening large, nearly vertical, and pro-
tected by a series of very long accuminate scales. Back
with equal-sized, rather weakly keeled, but strongly
pointed, scales arranged in nearly parallel longitudinal
rows. Scales of sides pointed obliquely upward and
changing gradually from carinate dorsals to smaller
smooth ventrals. No longitudinal dermal folds. Upper

*This species was long confused with S. clarkii, which is not Californian.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 85

surfaces of limbs provided with strongly keeled and
pointed scales. Scales on posterior surface of thigh
large, accuminate, strongly keeled and pointed. Upper
caudal scales similar to dorsals, but having longer points.
Femoral pores varying in number from eleven to fifteen
on each thigh. Five to ten dorsal scales equaling
length of shielded part of head. Number of scales in
a row from interparietal plate to a line connecting pos-
terior surfaces of thighs varying from twenty-nine to
thirty-five; average in thirty specimens, thirty-one and
two tenths. Males with enlarged postanal plates.

The back is gray, yellow, brown, or copper-color, with-
out distinct markings or with a very broad (4—5 scales)
band of dark brown along its anterior half in adult
males, irregularly spotted or blotched with dark brown
in females and young. There is a strongly contrasted
black bar or collar in front of each shoulder. Faint in-
dications of dark lines may sometimes be seen on the
head. The tail is brown or olive with indistinct brown
rings or cross-bars. In highly colored males, the throat
has a central patch of blue, which gradually fades an-
teriorly and changes to black posteriorly. The belly
has lateral bands of deep blue, more or less bordered or
replaced with black. The scales of the sides are variously
tinted with black, blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and
brown. There usually isa black area in front of the
thigh. In females and young, the throat and belly are
usually white or grayish yellow.

MenethitoranuSasm ner. ata sets cass oc 35 50 68 88 106 109
Ihenpthvon stalk Getrgale. sae 4 S46 untae 51 67 99 112 149 158
SPOUTS) CLUES 6 oa eiack ony COBO See mer 10 2, 16 20 24 25
Widthypotsheadims imate fran) 9 10 14 16 24 25
Shieldedipaxtiof headssys0554.....+.- 10 11 15 17 20 20
Horetlimbs+ 1. tae ee eh a Sess 17 24 31 42 45 53
ein dislimilore was toctercetetis sa ses 27 35 49 58 68 Oe

Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..... 11 14 19 8} 25 28

86 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distribution.—The Sealy Lizard may be considered a
member of the desert fauna, although I secured a speci-
men near the mouth of the Los Gatos Cafion, about six
miles above Coalinga, in the southwestern part of Fresno
County. It is not rare along the Colorado River, both
at Fort Yuma in San Diego County and at The Needles
in San Bernardino County. In the latter county, it has
been taken also near the Mojave River at Barstow, at
Victor, at Warren’s Wells, among the tree-yuccas at
Hesperia, and on the desert near the base of Granite
Mountains. Specimens have been taken at Mojave
Station and Walker Pass, in Kern County, and near
Lone Pine and in the Panamint and Argus Mountains
in Inyo County, California.

It crosses southern Nevada to southwestern Utah, the
most northern locality at which it has been taken being
the Big Bend of the Truckee River, Nevada.

Habits.—This large lizard is rarely seen on the open
desert, preferring the shelter of yuccas, mesquites, cot-
tonwoods, and willows, about which it climbs with great
agility. Dr. Merriam says it “is a mixed feeder, both
insects and flowers being found in the stomachs exam-

ined.”
22.—Sceloporus orcutti Stejneger. Dusky SCALY
LIZARD.

Sceloporus orcutti, StmIN., N. A. Fauna, No.7, 1893, p. 181 (foot-
note) pl. 1, figs. 4a—4e (type locality Milquatay Valley, San
Diego County, California).

Description.—Head and body much depressed. Nasal
opening a little nearer to end of snout than to orbit.
Upper head-plates smooth and usually somewhat con-
vex, supraoculars often slightly imbricate. Frontal di-
vided transversely. Parietal and frontoparietal plates
not separated from large supraoculars. Latter very

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 87

broad, as also the strongly imbricate superciliaries.
Middle subocular very long, narrow, and strongly keeled.
Rostral plate much broader than high. Labials long
but very low, inferior slightly larger than superior.
Symphyseal large and followed by several plates larger
than gulars and separated from lower labials by from
one to three rows of narrow sublabials. Gular region
with scales smooth, flat, bi- or tricuspid, and strongly
imbricate, as also belly. KHar-opening large, nearly
vertical, and protected by a series of long, accuminate
scales. Scales of back in nearly parallel longitudinal
rows, equal-sized, with no keels or very obtuse ones,
and points which scarcely protrude beyond the serrate
posterior outline. Scales of sides pointed obliquely
upward and changing gradually from smoother dorsals
and smaller smooth ventrals, becoming keeled and
strongly pointed. No longitudinal dermal folds. Upper
surfaces of limbs provided with strongly keeled and
pointed scales. Scales on posterior surface of thigh
large, accuminate, strongly keeled and pointed. Upper
and lateral caudal scales nearly smooth, but with very
long points. Femoral pores varying in number from
twelve to sixteen on each thigh. Six to twelve dorsal
scales equaling length of shielded part of head. Num-
ber of scales in a row from the interparietal plate to a
line connecting posterior surfaces of thighs, thirty-one
to thirty-seven; average in fifteen specimens, thirty-
three and six-tenths. Males with enlarged postanal
plates.

In very young specimens the back is crossed by
numerous dark brown bands separated by narrower ones
of paler brown. The narrow bands gradually become
more or less greenish or bluish and some of the dorsal
scales become copper-color with blue centers. In adult

88 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

males the cross-bands have almost or entirely disap-
peared and the back and sides are finely mottled with
brown, gray, green, blue, andcopper-color. The upper
head-plates are brown with pale centers. The tail is
cross-barred with dark and light brown or green. The
throat and belly of young specimens are bluish or yel-
lowish white with oblique dusky bands corresponding
to those on the sides of the head and body. In adult
males the throat and belly are nearly uniform dull pur-
plish cyanine blue, the edges of the scales often being
black or reddish brown. There is a slightly darker area
in front of the shoulder, but no distinct blotch or collar
is present.

enethitoranulssns eee eee a2 86 100 106 = 109
men gthior ttail! i a.) o see eee 52 102 118 4115 119+ 122+
SNOULWO aT Oe i0. mie etacisei cere eee 10 17 17 20 20 21
Wadthvot ‘head. .7 25), «chemo 9 15 17 20 21 21
Shielded part of head............. .10 15 16 18 19 19
Honemim|b:, yas kesh cie eater nae Ree 19 34 39 45 44 48
Bind limb 2 sw wacchas eictts crane 28 52 56 66 64 67

Base of fifth to end of fourth toe ....1] 20 22 24 23 25

Distribution.—The Dusky Scaly Lizard has _ been
found only in the coast ranges of Riverside and San
Diego Counties, California, and in the northern part of
Lower California. Originally described from Milquatay
Valley, it has since been secured between Campo and
the coast, at Witch Creek, in Clogston’s Valley, Cahuilla
Valley, Strawberry Valley, Hemet Valley, and at San
Jacinto, Riverside, and Temescal.

Habits. —This lizard of the rocks is common near San
Jacinto, but is very timid, rarely permitting the collector
to approach near enough to use fine shot with deadly
effect. In the cool of the morning and late in the
afternoon it may be seen upon the highest point of some
rounded boulder, but during the warmer hours it avoids

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 89

the direct rays of the sun and must be sought on the
shady sides of the granite, into whose crevices it quickly
disappears when approached too closely.

Genus 13. PHRYNOSOMA.

Phrynosoma, WineM., Isis, 1828, p. 367; Batrachosoma, FITZINGER,
Syst. Rept., 1843, p. 79 (type coronatum); Anota, HALLow.,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 182 (type m’callii); Dolio-
saurus, GIRARD, U. 8. Explor. Exped., Herp., 1858, p. 407.

The body is very broad, greatly depressed, without
dorsal crest, but usually with a lateral fringe. The head
is covered with small subequal scales and bears bony
spines on the occipital and temporal regions. The tympa-
num is either distinct or partially orentirely scaled. The
dorsal scales are very irregular in size and shape. Series
of femoral pores and one or more transverse gular folds
are present. The tail is short. Males have enlarged

postanal plates.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—Nostrils opening on or almost on the lines joining the supraorbital
ridges with the end of the snout.
b.—Gular scales small, nearly equal-sized; a series of enlarged scales
below, but not much larger than, the lower labials; occipital spines
VGA (STOVOVS Ae ae ee en ance atic ria ee P. douglassii.—p. 90.
b’.—Several longitudinal series of enlarged pointed gular scales; a series
of very large spinose plates below the lower labials; head-spines
large.
c.—Head-shields convex and almost smooth.
P. blainvillii.—p. 91.
c’,—Head-shields flat, with numerous ridges and granulations.
P. frontale.—p. 93.
a’.—Nostrils opening well above the lines joining the supraorbital ridges
with the end of the snout; a series of very large’ shields below the
lower labials; gular scales small, equal or with one row of enlarged
scales on each side.
d.—One series of small peripheral spines; six to twelve femoral pores;
no narrow dark median dorsal line....P. platyrhinos.—p. 98.
d?.—Two or three series of peripheral spines; eighteen to twenty femoral
pores; a narrow dark median dorsal line.
P. m’callii.—p. 100.

90 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

23.—Phrynosoma douglassii (Bell). Piamy Hornep
Toap.

Agama Douglassii, Bett, Trans. Linn. Soc., XVI, p. 105, pl. X (type
locality Columbia River).

Phrynosoma douglassii, GIRARD, Stansbury’s Exped. Gt. Salt Lake,
1853, p. 362, pl. VII, figs. 6-10.

Phrynosoma douglassi pygmea, YARROW, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., V.
1882, p. 443 (localities Ft. Walla Walla, Wash.; Des Chutes
River, Oreg.; Ft. Steilacoom); Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 24, 1882, p. 70 (type locality stated as Des Chutes R.,
Oreg.); TowNnsEND, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 238.

Description.—Nostrils opening on lines joining super-
ciliary ridges with end of snout. Gular scales small
and nearly equal-sized. A series of enlarged sublabial
scales not much larger than infralabials, separated from
latter by several rows of granules. Head-spines very
short; four or five temporals, one occipital, and one
postorbital on each side. Occipital spines nearly erect.
Supralabials small but prominent. Infralabials slightly
larger than supralabials and continued farther back,
becoming gradually spinose. Other head-scales small,
irregular in size and arrangement, more or less convex,
and roughened with ridges and granulations. Two
groups of spines on neck, upper being larger. Back,
tail, and upper surfaces of limbs with scattered, large,
more or less erect, keeled, tubercular scales; between
these, skin covered with smaller scales and granules.
Body with fringe of one series of peripheral spines.
Chest and belly and lower surfaces of hind limbs and tail
covered with small smooth scales. Tympanum either
naked or scaled. Long series of femoral pores almost
meet medially. Males sometimes with enlarged postanal
plates.

The back is olivaceous, yellow, brown, gray, or slate,
with two or four rows of dark blotches. These blotches
vary greatly in intensity but are almost always edged

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 91

posteriorly with white, gray, or yellow. There is an in-
distinct large dark blotch on each side of the neck. The
coloring of the tail is similar to that of the back. The
ground color of the head is very variable, as are also its
darker markings. The entire lower surface is white or
pale yellow, sometimes faintly marked with gray or
slate.

TheniothytO;wMulSaese ee tera cte cee 1 ls 24 46 58 60 60 61
menotibvots tail tse teeacceirs Weysctia's s 9 25 29 30 25 28
SMO Ut LOLORT weet een FA Sissi: 6 12 15 15 14 15
Wiel fis ofen ea dis cre sn errs 8 14 16 17 17 18
Length of occipital spine........... 1 14 14 14 14
LRRD DSS Foe bel ances co Ota bencke DEO 12 20 25 24 24 24
13 filvays h Mlyeeell oj Seer ie ee rene ta ee Ate 16 26 34 33 33 33
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe.... 5 8 10 10 10 10

Distribution.—Washington, Oregon, and Idaho con-
tain the greater part of the range of thislizard. Mr.
Chas. H. Townsend has recorded it from the northern
base of Mount Shasta, California, which is, I believe,
the only definite locality at which the Pigmy Horned
Toad has been found in this State, although it probably
occurs in many parts of Siskiyou and Modoc Counties.

It has been recorded from Fort Steilacoom, Fort Walla
Walla, and North Yakima, Washington; from Grant’s,
Des Chutes River, Willamette Valley, and between
Warner’s and Goose Lakes, Oregon; and from Blackfoot,
Big Butte, Big Lost River, Pocatello, vic. Lewiston,
Conant, Arco, and American Falls, Idaho.

24.—Phrynosoma bDlainvillii Gray. BLAINVILLE’S
Hornep Toap.
Phrynosoma Blainvillii, GRAY, Zool. Beechey’s Voy., 1839, p. 96,
pl. XXIX, figs. 1 (type locality California).*
Description.—Nostrils opening on lines joining super-
ciliary ridges with end of snout. Head-spines large;

* Many authors have confused this species and P. frontale with P. coronatum Blain., of
Lower California, which does not live in California.

92 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

three to six temporals, one occipital, and one postorbital
on each side, and one small interoccipital. Sometimes
with small spines above and between temporals and
often in front of’occipital spines. Temporal scales with
ridges running in the general direction of temporal
spines. Other upper head-scales convex and almost or
quite smooth. Several longitudinal series of gular
scales enlarged and spinose, but becoming smaller to-
ward median line, and continued on gular fold or folds.
A series of five or six spinose sublabials, often continued
posteriorly by smaller plates. Below corner of mouth,
a very broad spine followed bya long slender one. Two
groups of spines on each side of neck, lower usually
larger. Back and tail with large, scattered, somewhat
elevated, keeled, tubercular scales, between which smaller
scales and granules. Two rows of peripheral spines;
lower series shorter than upper and composed of smaller
spines. Tail edged with a single row of lateral spines
and bearing a small group of slender spines just behind
thigh. Scales on anterior surfaces of limbs large, pointed,
and strongly keeled. Those on chest, abdomen, and
proximal part of ventral surface of tail smooth, but
those on terminal portion of tail keeled. Tympanum
not covered with scales. Long series of (12 to 18)
femoral pores present. Males usually with enlarged
postanal plates.

The ground color above is. brownish, yellowish, red-
dish, or grayish, usually darker laterally. A large brown
patch occupies each side of the neck. On the back are
undulate cross-bands or large irregular spots of dark
brown, usually edged posteriorly with yellow or white.
Similar markings are seen on the tail. The head is
usually yellow, but may be clouded with slate. Its larger
spines are often reddish. ‘The lower surfaces are yellow

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 93

or yellowish white, uniform or mottled with slate or
gray. All markings are usually more distinct in young
than in old specimens, but are very variable in both.

Then ctihy foranwsteee eee vas eo ae foe 29 74 $8 88 92 98
Thenethvots tail as see aeersa esas 13 40 40 43 38 47
Snouti tora cx tains seks se sie asics 8 15 i 18 18 18
Wadithioriheadiaaramacieisacrn aici. hs 11 26 30 30 30 32
Length of occipital spine............. 2 6 10 11 9 9
Hlorepimbyersds eye ed acca es 14 34 38 39 38 40
1a Ghoyel JNO. ns Segoe e BESO eee e MeO 19 44 52 54 52 5

Base of fifth to end of fourth toe...... 6 14 15 17 15 15

Distribution.—Blainville’s Horned Toad is an inhab-
itant of the coastal slopes of San Diego, Riverside, San
Bernardino, and Los Angeles Counties, California,
where it has been taken at San Diego, Twin Oaks, Oak
Grove, Clogston’s Valley, San Jacinto, Hemet Valley,
Banning, Riverside, Lytle Creek, Warren’s Wells,
Ontario, Pasadena, and Alhambra. It has not been
collected on the desert proper and doubtless does not
live there, although itis not rare in San Gorgonio Pass.
Where it meets P. frontale is not known.

25.—Phrynosoma frontale Van Denburgh. Catiror-
NIA HorNED Toap.

Phrynosoma frontalis, VAN D., Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, IV,
p- 296 (type locality Bear Valley, San Benito County,

California).
~~

Description.—Nostrils open on lines joining supercil-
iary ridges with end of snout. Head-spines usually a
little smaller than those of P. blainvilliz; three to six
temporals, one occipital, and one postorbital on each
side, and one small interoccipital. Sometimes with
small spines above and between temporals and usually
in front of occipitals. Temporal scales with ridges run-

*To tips of temporal spines.

94 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

ning inthe general direction of temporal spines. Other
upper head-scales flat, each with numerous ridges and
granulations usually darker than ground color of head.
Several longitudinal series of gular scales enlarged and
spinose, but becoming smaller toward median line, and
continued back onto gular fold or folds. A series of five
or six large spinose sublabials, often continued posteri-
orly by smaller plates. Below corner of mouth, a very
broad spine followed bya long slenderone. Two groups
of spines on each side of neck, lower usually larger.
Back and tail bearing large, scattered, elevated, keeled,
tubercular scales, between which smaller scales and
granules. Two rows of peripheral spines; lower series
shorter than upper and composed of much smaller
spines. Tail bordered with a single row of lateral spines
and having a small group of slender ones just behind
thigh. Scales on anterior surfaces of limbs large,
pointed, and strongly keeled. Those on chest, belly,
and proximal part of the tail smooth, but those on ter-
minal part of tail keeled. Tympanum not covered
with scales. Long series of femoral pores present.
Males usually with enlarged postanal plates.

The upper surfaces are variously tinted with yellow,
brown, red, gray, or slate. A large brown patch occu-
pies each side of the neck. On the back are undulate
cross-bands or large blotches of dark brown, usually
edged posteriorly with white or yellow. Similar mark-
ings may be seen on the tail. The keels of many of the
large dorsal tubercles are dark brown. The head is
yellowish, usually dotted with brown. © Its larger spines
are sometimes reddish. The lower surfaces are yellow
or yellowish white, uniform or mottled with slate or gray.
All markings are usually more distinct in young than
in old specimens, but are very variable in both, the

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 95

intensity of coloring depending very greatly upon the
color of surrounding objects and changing in the same
individual in the course of a very few minutes.

eniatinytoraniuls ener wets ore ares oe 31 38 55 74 87 89
hength of ‘tailjsi25 35. 2: AA Sa Aste 10 15 22 34 40 36
Snoutitioy carey eis eens ote csc fes eels 6 8 11 15 16 17
Widthr of sheadiaeeeees ae te hoa A a 9 13 17 23 26 26
Length of occipital spines............ 2 3 5 a 6 6
Honeklamiby ies aan een etcac ens wis « 13 17 24 34 33 36
ind lim ee sero Spenser ees ls 17 22, 32 47 46 ol
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..... 5 7 10 14 13 16

Distribution.—This lizard occupies a much larger area
in California than does Phrynosoma blainvillii. The
most southern localities from which I have seen speci-
mens are in Kern County (Fort Tejon, Kernville,
Bakersfield). Thence it ranges north across Tulare,
Kings, Fresno, Merced, and San Joaquin Counties.
Farther west, it has been taken in San Benito (Bear
Valley), Monterey (Monterey, Pacific Grove), Santa
Clara (Cafiada Valley, Coyote Creek, Santa Clara, May-
field, Los Gatos, Wright’s, Morgan Hill), and San Mateo
(Searsville) Counties. We do not know how much
farther north this horned toad lives, but Dr. Boyle
collected one in E] Dorado County. It does not occur
east of the Sierra Nevada.

Horned toads from Santa Barbara and Ventura Coun-
ties will probably be found to be intermediate between
this and the preceding species, in which case this form
must be known as Phrynosoma blainvillii frontale.

Habits.—Their grotesqueness of form, slowness of
movement, and the ease with which they may be fed,
cause these lizards to be much sought as pets. In con-
finement they are usually very docile and become so
tame that they will readily take flies or other small

*To tips of temporal spines.

96 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

insects from the fingers of their keeper. Individuals
which have been recently caught, however, often show
considerable anger when handled, puffing themselves
up and hissing fiercely, seizing their tormentor’s fingers
with their impotent jaws, or throwing at him a stream
of blood from the corner of the eye. It is said that the
Mexicans call them sacred toads because they weep tears
of blood. The best account of this most curious habit
has been given us by Dr. O. P. Hay,* who, writing of a
specimen of Phrynosoma frontale, says, in part:
‘‘About the first of August it was shedding its outer
skin and the process appeared to be a difficult one, since
the skin was dried and adhered closely. One day it oc-
curred to me that it might facilitate matters if I should
give the animal a wetting; so, taking it up, I carried it
to a wash-basin of water near by and suddenly tossed
the lizard into the water. The first surprise was prob-
ably experienced by the Phrynosoma, but the next sur-
prise was my own, for on one side of the basin there
suddenly appeared a number of spots of red fluid, which
resembled blood. * * * A microscope was soon pro-
cured and an examination was made, which immediately
showed that the matter ejected was really blood. * * *
There appeared to be a considerable quantity of the
blood, since on the sides of the vessel and on the wall
near it I counted ninety of the little splotehes. * * *
The next day * * * I picked-up the lizard and was
holding it between my thumb and middle finger, and
stroking its horns with my fore finger. All at once a
quantity of blood was thrown out against my fingers,
anda portion of it ran down the animal’s neck; and
this blood came directly out of the right eye. It was

*Proc. U.S. Nat Mus., XV, 1892, p. 376.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 97

shot backward and appeared to issue from the outer
canthus. It was impossible to determine just how much
there was of the blood, but it seemed that there must
have been a quarter of a teaspoonful. I went so far as
to taste a small quantity of it, but all I could detect was
a slight musky flavor.

‘“Mr. Denton * * * has communicated to me his
experience with the Horned Toad * * * at Sonora,
Cal. * * * He was gently stroking the animal on
the back, when it appeared to look at him as if taking
aim, and then, all at once, a stream of blood was shot
into his eye. There was so much of it that it ran down
on his shirt bosom. He thought there was between a
tablespoonful and a teaspoonful. The blood was shot
out with so much force that some pain was produced,
and there was pain felt for some little time, though this
ceased as soon as the blood was wiped out. The next
morning the eye was somewhat inflamed, but this con-
dition soon passed away. Not long afterwards, perbaps
the next morning, the animal squirted blood out of the
other eye.”

Mr. Vernon Bailey, who caught the horned toad which
afterwards became the subject of Dr. Hay’s article,
writes:*

‘‘On taking it in my hand a little jet of blood spurted
from one eye a distance of 15 inches and spattered on
my shoulder. Turning it over to examine the eye an-
other stream spurted from the other eye. This he did
four or five times from both eyes until my hands, clothes,
and gun were sprinkled over with fine drops of bright
red blood. 447 )i%., About four hours later! * * 1%
it spurted three more streams from its eyes.”

*N.A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 189.

98 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

I myself have observed this strange performance twice,
only in these instances the blood was not projected forci-
bly but trickled down the sides of the lizards’ heads.

26.—Phrynosoma platyrhinos Girard. Drsert HornepD
ToaD.
Phrynosoma platyrhinos, GIRARD, Stansbury’s Exped. Gt. Salt Lake,
1853, pp. 361, 363, pl. VII, figs. 1-5 (type locality Great Salt
Lake); STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 190, pl. II,
figs. 4a-4c.
Doliosaurus platyrhinos, GIRARD, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp., 1858,
p. 409.
Anota calidiarum, Corr, Am. Nat., XXX, No. 358, Oct., 1896, p. 833
(type locality ‘‘ Death Valley, Cal.” [uncertain]).
Description.—Nostrils opening above lines joining
superciliary ridges with end of snout. Head-spines of
moderate size or rather short; five to seven temporals,
one occipital, and one or two postorbitals, on each side.
Three scales in front of occipital horns much larger than
other head-shields. Latter usually almost flat, except
just in front of occipital and temporal spines, but
roughened with small ridges and granulations. Gular
region covered with small granular scales, either uniform
or with one series of larger scales at each side. Below
lower labials, and separated from them by one or two
rows of small scales, is a series of large spinose plates
which increase in size posteriorly. Two groups of weak
spines on each side of neck, lower somewhat larger than
upper. Back, tail, and upper surfaces of thighs bearing
scattered, slightly elevated, keeled, tubercular scales,
with smaller scales and granules between. A single
series of peripheral spines, gradually disappearing pos-
teriorly. Tail edged with a row of small spines. Scales
on front of the arm large, pointed, and strongly keeled.
Those on chest, abdomen, and proximal half of tail
smooth. Tympanum usually covered with scales, but

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 99

sometimes naked. Femoral pores varying from seven
to twelve on each side, often invading preanal region.
Males with enlarged postanal plates.

The general color of the upper surfaces is white, gray,
yellow, brown, or red, variously marbled with black,
brown, or slate. A large dark area on each side of the
neck is much more distinct in young than in adults.
The usual dark dorsal blotches are very indistinct, as
are also the dusky cross-bands on the tail. The head is
usually dotted with black or brown. The lower surfaces
are yellowish white, uniform, or spotted with black,
brown, or slate.

Heng GhucovanU ses, <y.is,ictens osrae hice aie 30 38 48 77 85 94
Mone thyot tales Sint ceyer ic chices clas 14 29 22 40 45 46
SMOUMLORCOTE a aeicye ox ete By cicsee re Seles 7 8 10 15 16 16
Width of head*....... Pets Cat ae 9 12 14 21 22 23
Length of occipital horn............. 2 2 3 6 8 8
lorem Dre piensa oe sas seheoei cae ives 16 19 22 35 34 37
lahingl Jin ONS shee prince aoe oeec rs ee 20 25 30 46 48 52
Base of fifth toend of fourth toe..... 8 9 10 14 15 16

Distribution.—The range of this horned toad in Cali-
fornia includes the Colorado and Mojave Deserts of San
Diego, Riverside, San Bernardino, and Kern Counties,
and the hot, arid portions of the Great Basin. It may,
perhaps, be found also in the northeastern corner of the
State, for it has been reported from Oregon and is very
common on the plains near the Snake River in Idaho.
It has not been taken in California anywhere west of
the deserts.

It crosses Nevada (Pyramid Lake, Ash Meadows,
Amargosa, Vegas Valley, Pahrump Valley, Pahranagat
Valley, Indian Spring Valley, Panaca, Grapevine Mts. )
to western Utah.

Habits.—Like other species of this genus, Phrynosoma

*To tips of the temporal horns.

100 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

platyrhinos feeds upon small insects. These it catches
upon the ground and rarely if ever attempts to climb.
It cannot run swiftly, but sometimes tries to escape by
burying itself in the loose desert soil.

27.—Phrynosoma m/’callii (Hallowell). FuLat-rTarLep

Hornep Toap.

Anota M’Callii, HALLOWELL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852,
p. 182 (type locality ‘‘Great Desert of the Colorado, between
Vallicita and Camp Yuma, about 160 miles east of San
Diego ’’); Hatiow., Sitgreave’s Zuni and Colorado Rivers,
1853, p. 127, pl. 10.

Doliosaurus me’calli, GrRARD, U. 8. Explor. Exped., Herp., 1858,
p. 408; Barrp, U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept., p. 9, pl. 28,
figs, 4-6.

Description.—Snout very short, with nostrils opening
above continuations of superciliary ridges. Large head-
spines; one slender occipital, three to five temporals,
and five to seven sublabials, on each side. Sometimes
a small interoccipital horn. Scales on upper surface of
head slightly convex and nearly smooth, two on occiput
being largest. Supralabials small, but projecting, mak-
ing margin of upper lip serrate. Gular region covered
with small, smooth scales, of which one series on each
side is slightly enlarged. Below infralabials a series of
very large, spinose plates. Two or three small groups
of spines on sides of neck. Back, tail, and upper sur-
faces of thighs bearing scattered, very slightly elevated,
weakly keeled, tubercular scales, with small keeled scales
or smooth granules between. Two or three series of
peripheral spines; those of upper or of middle series
largest. Tail greatly flattened and bearing a fringe of
thickly set, slender spines. Scales on front of arm
large, pointed, and strongly keeled. Those on chest
small and smooth, except anteriorly, where larger and
keeled. Scales of abdomen small and smooth. Most of

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 101

lower caudal scales keeled. Tympanum entirely covered
with granular scales. Femoral pores arranged in long
series, eighteen or twenty on each side.

The body is ash-color or yellowish olive above, with a
narrow median dorsal line of black or dark brown, ex-
tending from the occiput to the base of the tail. There
is a brown blotch on each side of the neck. Double
series of rounded dark spots ornament each side of the
back, uniting to form faint cross-bars on the tail. The
lower surfaces are silvery or yellowish white.

IGG TOAD - OMS ode padcicda eee co dwboatms OD pdboe CepDOUIDodDoe Rocad aac 48
Iberia ONT 65 Le Sbboc duce Bhan west bob oopoor dcoluasos oocue Uno Spr 22
SIMONE NOCG ihe, Bren Zan Richt wcas Ree O cio Ect ore IGE tip Glos Deolsoine Gobi CRcheo hom toc 9
Watchin tavln Caiclegee ta tears cece tahoe ae acercy a teten uemeneVeteiaicy cee cya =| anata sacle evet eects 17
ILEMAAHAOH GOH OU OWES o dab agecnc ascbereecc pooeubodma OOS oolbb or 6
FIORE WIITT ORES see eels hae ete aro Alas ee mere, ete Ae a hie cena a eittralle suki ocys 23
Je iniavel Jimrnle Sees 6 Bo ea ota cc 6 bio oy aoae Bins carne oem hts BAe a 29
ascot aatorend OLstourbh toc. sosea ase acy 2s etre oe ens aioe ae 10

Distribution.—The locality in San Diego County at
which the original specimen of this species was secured
is stated as the Great Desert of the Colorado, between
Vallecita and Camp Yuma, about one hundred and
sixty miles east of San Diego. I believe that this is the
only Californian record of the Flat-tailed Horned Toad.*

Family IV. ANGUIDA.

In the lizards of this family, the tongue is formed of
a larger, thick, posterior portion, and a smaller, thin,
emarginate, anterior part which is more or less retrac-
tile into a fold of the posterior portion. The imbricate
scales are reinforced with bony plates. In some genera
the limbs are well developed, but in others they are

*Yarrow and Henshaw record several specimens from the Mojave Desert as belonging
to this species (Surv. W. 100th Mer., Append. NN, 1878, p. 225), but these, doubtless, were
really P. platyrhinos. :

102 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

rudimentary or even absent. The family is repre-
sented in California by a single genus.

Genus 14. GERRHONOTUS.
Gerrhonotus, Wr1EGM., Isis, 1828, p. 379; Abronia, Gray, Ann. &
Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1838, p. 389; Higaria, Gray, |. ¢., p. 390.

There are four pentadactyle limbs. The head and
body are elongate, but shorter than the tail. The head-
plates are rather large and change gradually to those of
the neck. Interoccipital and azygous prefontal plates
are present. The dorsal, caudal, and ventral scales are
large, rhomboidal, and arranged in transverse as well as
longitudinal series. A band of granules along each
side of the body is usually hidden by a dermal fold.
The eye is large, with round pupil and well developed
lids. The ear-opening is distinct. There is no trans-
verse gular fold. Femoral and preanal pores are absent.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—Lower temporal scales smooth.
b.—Dorsal and caudal scales strongly keeled.

c.—Dorsal scales in fourteen (rarely 143 or 123) longitudinal series; *
interoccipital plate (usually) single; azygous prefrontal large and
very broad; belly rarely without gray or slate-colored longitudinal
lines, which, when present, run along the middle of each series of
ventralap late smi eemem rece aati G. scincicauda.—p. 103.

ce’, —Dorsal scales in sixteen (rarely 15} or 18) longitudinal series; in-
teroccipital usually represented by two to four small scales;
azygous prefrontal usually of moderate size or small; gray or
slate-colored longitudinal lines between the series of ventral
plates; afspresemtias yi os8 errs ccm oases G. burnettii.—p. 107.

*The scales of the row nearest the granular area vary somewhat in size in different
specimens. When counting the dorsal series, the lowest (on each side) should not be in-
cluded if its scales are less than half the size of those immediately above them. When
its scales are half the size of those above, I have called the lowest row } series; when
more than half the size of those above, a whole series.

t Specimens of G. scincicauda and G. burnettit can usually be recognized at a glance, but
the amount of individual variation is so great that it is very difficult to express their
characteristics in a key which will serve to distinguish all specimens. It should be re-
membered that single specimens may vary in one or more of the characters given (except

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 103

b?.—Dorsal and caudal scales weekly keeled.
Dorsal seales in fourteen (or 142) longitudinal series; interoccipitals
two or three (rarely one); azygous prefrontal of moderate size or
small; dark ventral lines between the series of scales, if present;
back without complete dark cross-bands.G. principis.—p. 112.
a’.—Temporal scales keeled.
Dorsal scales in sixteen longitudinal series; interoccipital plate
single; azygous prefrontal large; back without distinct dark cross-
/ [OTPTINC I} ies ckbeo croldychens Otome Groene aR aes G. palmeri.—p. 113.

28.—Gerrhonotus scincicauda (Skilton). ALLIGATOR
LIzaRb.

2? Gerrhonotus Weigmannii, GRAY, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1845, p. 54
(type locality Mexico?); O’SHaucunessy, Ann. Mag, Nat. Hist.
(4), XII, 1873, p. 46.

Tropidolepis scincicauda, Sk1tton, Am. Journ. Sci. Arts, (2), VII,
1849, p. 202, pl. at p. 312, figs. 1-3 (type locality Dalles of
the Columbia).

Elgaria scincicauda, BAirp & GIRARD, Stansbury’s Exped. Gt. Salt
Lake, 1853, p. 348, pl. IV, figs. 1-3; Girarp, U. S Explor.
Exped., Herp., p. 210, pl. XXIII, figs. 1-9.

the position of the dark ventral lines), which are based upon an examination of 150
specimens. Some of the details of these specimens are:

scincicauda. burnettit

Num berkwithe la 2—Ois Clee Sinaclel are) eicistelolcyate er cteveisletsta/=, -telsiel-loraleisielsicl 3
OG “14 sé Sot ctaletatelefercyeleiaietelokelscoisiareiere mrsespe cisicionstete atets 80

os ser 14)2=2) *8 Soom mateyeyevefatouetet sion wevale efelorsislateKelofalalcte coaster stepetere 3 So

cc ss 15% $s SSD Taya stsisstclaaieverste.s BT endoccuacdoosaec ae 4

OD se 6 ss SoM etateieVeletclelee) elec distbista=le's\elatebaleteletetal='sfavelers) ais nic 59

s Soerls se US obboucoeOseoos botlobd ona dS UpOnpLOon 53 1

86 64

NTMI DeL swith ONO) pINLETOCCL PGA so cies orelarelevelaleforats ai =eelolafeloie’sisisinlaieiels 17 7

ss se 2 to 4 LOT NW iGaobocddo nato.dclauen pp bomOopoodoaor 8 59

.c op no Wi) Fssoedacnhn budeags5 So0dOcsOuDpOSe 1 il

86 63

Number with azygous prefrontal large..............0..002-eeeeeee 82 7

se Co ce Se MOG CLAtOraetisieclacieaiciew’slsciesiesia's) 4 20

“s fs ce Oe SIA leita terete ere imicle cvecasieierslsve Ae, 34

86 61

Number without dark lines on belly...............-csececes secces 2 16

ss with dark lines in middle of ventral scale rows.......- 84 ae

eS ¥e us ¢ at junction ‘* ae Ss OO Seer C BD 48

104 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Elgaria grandis, BARD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI,
1852, p. 176 (type locality Oregon); GiraRp, U. §S. Explor.
Exped., Herp., p. 212, pl. XXII, figs. 1-8.

Gerrhonotus multicarinatus, YARROW, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 24,
1882, p. 47 (part); Copz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp.
29, 32. )

Gerrhonotus ceruleus, BouLENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., II, 1885,
p. 273 (part).

Gerrhonotus scincicauda, STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893,
p. 195.

Description.—Body long and rather slender, with
short limbs and very long tail. Head pointed, with
flattened top and nearly yertical sides; its temporal
regions often greatly swollen in old specimens. Rostral
plate rounded in upper outline. Behind it, on top of
the head, a pair of small internasals, a pair of small
frontonasals (sometimes absent), a very large azygous
prefrontal, a pair of large prefrontals, a long frontal, a
pair of frontoparietals, two parietals separated by an
interparietal, a pair of occipitals, and a (usually) single
interoccipital. Two series (of 5 & 3) supraoculars and
a series of small superciliaries. Upper temporal scales
usually keeled, but lower two or three series smooth.
Upper labials much larger than lower. Below latter two
series of large sublabial plates, lower larger. Gular
scales smooth and imbricate. Scales on upper surfaces
and sides of neck, body, and tail large, rhomboidal,
slightly oblique, strongly keeled, strengthened with
bony plates, and arranged in both transverse and longi-
tudinal series. Number of longitudinal dorsal series on
body fourteen (rarely 123 or 145). Number of trans-
verse series between interoccipital plate and backs of
thighs varying from forty-one to fifty-two (average in
85 specimens, 47.6). A band of granules along each
side from the large ear-opening to the anus, usually

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 105

hidden by a strong fold.* Ventral plates about size of
dorsals, smooth, imbricate, and arranged in twelve
longitudinal series. Number of scales between sym-

physeal plate and anus varying from sixty-two to sixty-
eight.

pra

The ground color above, in adults, is olive, brown,
yellow, red, or gray, usually paler on the sides and
crossed, on the neck and body, by from nine to sixteen
continuous irregular black or dark brown bands. These
bands are usually of about the width of one row of
scales, but are undulate and sometimes more or less
diffused on the back. The lateral scales which these
bands occupy are tipped with white. Sometimes the
tail is marked like the back, but often it bears merely a
central row of small brown blotches. The head and

*This fold often disappears in specimens full of eggs or food.

106 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

limbs may be either unicolor or irregularly mottled with
brown. The lower surfaces are white or yellowish,
sometimes suffused with pale brown or gray. The ab-
dominal and thoracic regions are rarely without gray or
slate-colored lines along the middle of each longitudinal
series of scales.

Young specimens are at first indistinguishable from
G. burnettii of a similar age, but the complete dorsal
cross-bands very soon appear.

Ihenethitoyanisis seer eee 41 60 80 114 135 154
Thenio Ghvo fetarlh pry yea eee eee peer 83 139 159) 22619 294

MOM lOVEAT F135 Byese seis Re 10 12 17 2083 30 34
Wadthofjheads. nia. <a montmeene a 8 11 15 21 28
Head tonnteroccipitaleee seer ee 9 11 14 1s 22 25
Wore vaw css sc eo eee. we 12 14 20 30 36 40
Eid lamb) 5 yr: ae eee erie 16 21 27 39 48 53
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..... 5 7 10 14 16 17

Distribution.—The Alligator Lizard ranges over the
whoie length of California, but, I believe, has never
been found east of the Sierra Nevada or on the Colorado
or Mojave Deserts. In the- south it appears to be the
only species of the genus, but in the north its range
overlaps that of G. burnettii, G. palmeri, and G. principis.
Mr. H. W. Henshaw found it on Santa Cruz Island. I
have examined specimens from Santa Rosa Island and
from Shasta (Redding), Mendocino (Irishes, Fairbanks),
Lake (Blue Lakes, Kelseyville), Napa (St. Helena),
Sonoma (Santa Rosa), Marin (Lagunitas), Alameda
(Calaveras Valley, Livermore, Haywards, Oakland,
Berkeley), Santa Clara (Palo Alto, Santa Clara, College
Park, Smith Creek, Los Gatos), Santa Cruz (Corralitos,
Soquel), Monterey (Pacific Grove), El Dorado (Fyffe
3700 feet, Riverton 4000 feet), Mariposa (near Wawona),
Tulare (Three Rivers, East Fork Kaweah), Santa Bar-
bara (Santa Barbara), San Bernardino (Lytle Creek),

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 107

Riverside (San Jacinto, Riverside), and San Diego
(Carlsbad, Cuyamaca Mountains) Counties, California,
and Douglass (Drain) County, Oregon. It seems to be
most abundant in the chaparral country, but is by no
means confined to this belt.

Habits.—This large and elegantly marked species is
rather slow of movement, but its sluggishness is largely
due to its lack of timidity, for, if thoroughly frightened,
it sometimes runs with great swiftness. It is usually to
be seen on the ground, but frequently climbs through
the bushes. At such times its long prehensile tail must
be very useful. Its food is made up chiefly of insects,
such as beetles and flies. Like the following species
(G. burnettii), the Alligator Lizard is ovoviviparous.
Messrs. Doane and Ely brought me a pair which they
found mating in a bush near Palo Alto, May 12, 1894.
This lizard sometimes bites fiercely when caught, but,
like all Californian reptiles excepting the rattlesnakes, is
not poisonous.

29.—Gerrhonotus burnettii Gray. Burnerr’s ALLIGATOR
LizARD.

?Gerrhonotus ceruleus, WirGM., Isis, 1828, p. 380 (type locality
‘¢ Brazil”*); Wirem., Herp. Mex., 1834, pp. 29, 31; Bocourt,
Miss. Sci. au Mex., Rept., 1878, p. 353, pl. XXIc, figs. 3, 3a;
BouLENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., II, 1885, p. 273 (part).

Gerrhonotus burnettii, Gray, ‘‘ Griff. An. King., IX., Synop. Rept.,
1831, p. 64” (type locality ‘*‘South America’’); Gray, Ann.
Mag. Nat. Hist., I, 1838, p. 390; Gray, Beechey’s Voy., Zool.,
1839, p. 96, pl. XXXI, fig. 2; Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., 1845,
p. 54; O’Suaucunessy, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4), XII, 1873, p.
47; Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Rept., 1878, p. 356, XXIc, figs.
4, 4a; StEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 197.

*Bocourt quotes from Peters (Miss. Sci. au Mex., 5e liv., p.355): ‘‘Ce Gerrhonote a été
rapporté par M. Chamisso, que a fait des collections sur les cOtes occidentales des deux
Amériques, aussi se pourrait-il qu’il ait été recueilli en Californie, d’ou ce voyageur a
rapporté divers objets d’histoire naturelle.”

108 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Elgaria formosa, BAIRD and GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI,
1852, p. 175 (type locality California); Girarp, U. 8. Explor.
Exped., Herp., p. 206, pl. XXIII, figs. 10-17.

Description.—Body long and rather slender, with short
limbs and very long tail. Head pointed, with flattened
top and nearly vertical sides, its temporal regions some-
times swollen. MRostral plate large, and rounded in
upper outline. Behind it, on top of head, a pair of
small internasals, a pair of frontonasals, a small or
moderate-sized azygous prefrontal, a pair of prefrontals,
a large frontal, a pair of frontoparietals, two parietals
with an interparietal between them, and a pair of occip-
itals separated by from one to four, usually by two or
three, interoccipitals. Two series of (5 and 3) supra-
oculars and a series of small superciliaries. Upper
temporal scales usually keeled, but lower two or three
series smooth. Upper labials much larger than lower.
Below latter, two series of large sublabial plates, lower
much the larger. Gular scales imbricate and smooth.
Scales on upper surfaces and sides of neck, body,
and tail rhomboidal, slightly oblique, strongly keeled,
strengthened with bony plates, and arranged in both
transverse and longitudinal series. Number of longi-
tudinal series on body sixteen (rarely 145 or 18). Num-
ber of transverse series between occipital plates and
back of thighs varying from forty-three to fifty-two
(average in 63 specimens, 48.5). A band of granules
along each side from large ear-opening to anus, usually
hidden by a strong dermal fold. Ventral plates about
size of dorsals; smooth, imbricate, and arranged in
twelve (or 13) longitudinal series. Number of scales
from symphyseal plate to anus varying from fifty-eight
to sixty-four.

The ground color above, in adults, is gray, olive,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 109

yellow, green, brown, or almost black, with numerous
irregular black or dark brown cross-bands, which, how-
ever, usually are broken up into two lateral series of
vertical bars and one median series of irregular spots or
blotches. The ground color of the longitudinal band

between the median and lateral dark markings is often
lighter than elsewhere. Most of the lateral scales occu-
pied by the dark bars are tipped with white. The col-
oration of the tail is similar to that of the back. The
head and limbs may be either unicolor or irregularly
mottled with black or brown. The lower surfaces are
white, yellow, green, or gray, often with dark gray or
slate-colored lines, which, when present, appear between
the longitudinal series of scales.

The young are similarly colored, but the dorsal bands
are always broken and the medial spots are much smaller
than is usual in adults. The ground colorof newly born
young is an iridescent bronze.

Mente the tO amas. 4 cs 2 sein sea 27 52 76 88 98 99
Momethtofetailt, ge. eee ee 32 Soe 26" 14br 162) 72
mrmeetsuonentye Yi P-L sy Pea) tres 7 ll 15 17 19 20
Widtihnkofeheadi4.0 15-9552 5. state 5) 7 11 12 14 14
Head to interoccipital................ 6 10 12 14 16 16
INGYRE) LWT), poe a a eee Ree 7 12 18 22 23 24
Pitaecrmbe re: 45 Ss 2S Le ae ee. 4S 16 24 30 31 33
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..... 3 6 8 11 10 12

Distribution.—Burnett’s Alligator Lizard occupies, so

110 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

far as is at present known, merely a narrow strip of
country extending along the coast from Monterey to
Mendocino County, California.* Parts, at least, of this
area it holds in common with its larger congener G.
scincicauda. I have examined specimens from Mendo-
cino (Irishes), Sonoma (Healdsburg), Marin (Mill Val-
ley), San Francisco (Lake Merced, Presidio), San Mateo
(Searsville, Pescadero), Santa Clara (Palo Alto), Santa
Cruz (Boulder Creek, Big Trees, Glenwood, Soquel), and
Monterey (Pacific Grove) Counties.

Habits.—These slow-moving lizards may easily be
caught on the sand hills of San Francisco, where they
are very common. They are insect-eaters, feeding
chiefly upon beetles. Females usually show little resent-
ment when handied, but males often become very angry
and will hiss and bite fiercely, although unable to draw
blood. A captive male would hiss and jump at my
fingers whenever the door of his cage was opened. The
skin is renewed, sometimes at least, twice each year,
and, contrary to the method usual among lizards, is
shed in a single piece, the animal escaping, as it were,
through its own mouth, and neatly inverting its former
covering. The tail is strongly prehensile.

The eggs are retained in the body until the young are
fully formed. If numerous, the lateral fold gradually
disappears as they increase in size. The young are
coiled up in a thin, transparent membrane when born.
They almost immediately push the snout through this
covering by straightening the body and in the course
of a few minutes set themselves entirely free. The
number of young varies from two to fifteen, but is usu-
ally about seven. Two females were caught June 5,

*I have seen two typical specimens said to have been collected in the Cuyamaca Mts.,
San Diego Co., but this locality needs confirmation.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 111

_ 1895, and put in small cages, where there were supplied
with flies and water, of which these lizards are very fond.
Young appeared in one box August 29 and in the other
September 24, 1895. Those of the first brood varied in
length from seventy-one to seventy-six millimeters, and
those of the second, from fifty-eight to sixty-two. The
old lizards showed no affection or solicitude for their
young, but the young liked to be near their parents.
Six out of fifteen inherited an irregularity of the dorsal
scale-series, shown by their female parent.*

During the first few days these young lizards ate
nothing, but then they began to snap at the smaller
flies. When stalking flies, they crouched close to the
ground and crept slowly forward, their heads swaying
from side to side and their tails quivering or thrashing
with excitement. Then, if the snap was successful, the
prey was held firmly in the jaws while the lizard, with
body and tail straightened, rolled rapidly over and over,
grinding the fly in the sand. Frequently when one
had caught a fly the others would rush up and feel of it
inquisitively with their tongues, sometimes even trying
to appropriate it to themselves. Sometimes, too, one’s
chase was interrupted by another lizard seizing the
quivering tip of the hunter’s tail. The young lizards
were very fond of lying in the water, and several delib-
erately held their heads under its surface until they
were drowned. The last of the family died, May 5,
1896, during a vain endeavor to shed its skin.

The lizards which I kept in confinement were more
or less active throughout the winter, but Mr. James M.
Hyde broke up two decaying logs, near Pescadero, De-
cember 22, 1893, and found five lizards of this species

*I have found a similar irregularity in only two of forty-nine other specimens, One of
these was from the same locality as this female.

112 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

hibernating with five Sceloporus occidentalis and one
Eumeces shiltonianus.

30.—Gerrhonotus principis (Baird & Girard). Norru-
ERN ALLIGATOR LIZARD.

Elgaria principis, B. & G., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 175
(type locality Oregon and Puget Sound); Grirarp, U. 8.

Explor. Exped., Herp., p. 214, pl. XXII, figs. 9-16.
Description.—Body long and rather slender, with
short limbs and long tail. Head pointed, with flattened
top and almost vertical sides, its temporal regions some-
times slightly swollen. Rostral plate large, and rounded
in upper outline. Behind it, on top of head, follow a
pair of small internasals, a pair of frontonasals, a mod-
erate-sized or small azygous prefrontal, a pair of pre-
frontals, a long frontal, a pair of frontoparietals, two
parietals with an interparietal between them, and a pair
of occipitals separated by one or usually two or three
interoccipitals. Two series of supraoculars and a series
of small superciliaries. Upper temporal scales usually
smooth and lower two or three series always so. Upper
labials much larger than lower. Below latter, two series
of sublabial plates, lower much the larger. Gular scales
imbricate and smooth. Scales on upper surfaces and
sides of neck, body, and tail large, rhomboidal, slightly
oblique, weakly keeled, strengthened with bony plates,
and arranged in both transverse and longitudinal series.
Number of longitudinal series on body fourteen (rarely
145 or 16). Number of transverse series between occip-
ital plates and back of thighs varying from forty-four
to fifty-three. A band of granules along each side from
large ear-opening to anus, usually hidden by a strong
dermal fold. Ventral plates about size of dorsals,
smooth, imbricate, and arranged in twelve longitudinal

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 11s

series. Number of scales from symphyseal plate to anus
varying at least from fifty-six to sixty-two.

The ground color above is olivaceous brown, without
cross-bands, but with numerous irregular dark brown
spots, which sometimes form longitudinal series. The
head and limbs are usually more or less clouded with
dark brown. The lower surfaces are yellowish or green-
ish white, often slightly washed with gray, and with or
without slate-colored lines between the longitudinal
series of scales.

emia th) toamsy. 4. acre ee -\tebieisto (= ole 90 91 96 96 +102, —«:105
Wenothiof tales c seinem reine eae 141 151 139 525 14s
SIMO UUetOR CAM ee seats ates Saal ave ate eto 16 17 18 18 19 19
Wadth*ofy headin. 2)5)..00s dk caches 12 12 12 12 13 13
Head tointeroccipital..............:. 14 14 15 15 15 15
NOTED ae Soe hove te. Sots smack 2) 21 De 22 ae 23
ETT CULE eye oo a tn eee iste 28 Day 29 29 29 29
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe...... 10 10 11 10 1] 1

Distribution.—The Northern Alligator Lizard is a
species of western Washington and Oregon, whose range
seems to extend south on the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada of California at least as far as Red Point, Placer
County.* It may, perhaps, live also in the northwest-
ern corner of the State. I believe that this form will
be found to intergrade with both G. burnett, of the
coast, and G@. palmeri, of the southern Sierra Nevada.
Northward its range extends to Vancouver Island. It
is very abundant near Puget Sound.

31. —Gerrhonotous palmeri (Stejneger). Mountain
ALLIGATOR LIZARD.

Gerrhonotus scincicauda palmeri, STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No.
1893, p. 196 (type locality South Fork King’s River, Calif.).

Description.—Body long and rather slender, with

*The identity of this specimen is not certain. It may, possibly, be an abnormal
example of G. palmeri.

114 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

short limbs and long tail. Head pointed, with flattened
top and nearly vertical sides; its temporal regions some-
what swollen. Large rostral plate rounded in upper
outline. Behind it, on top of head, follow a pair of
small internasals, a pair of small frontonasals, a large
azygous prefrontal, a pair of large prefrontals, a long
frontal, a pair of frontoparietals, two parietals separated
by an interparietal, and a pair of occipitals with one or
more interoccipitals between them. Two series (of 5
and 3) supraoculars and one series of small supercil-
iaries. All temporal scales keeled. Upper labials much
larger than lower. Below latter, two series of sublabial
plates, interior larger. Gular scales imbricate and
smooth. Scales on upper surfaces and sides of neck,
body, and tail large, rhomboidal, slightly oblique,
strongly keeled, reinforced with bony plates, and ar-
ranged in both longitudinal and transverse series.
Number of longitudinal series on body sixteen. Num-
ber of transverse rows between interoccipital plate and
backs of thighs varying from forty-two to forty-nine in
specimens examined. A band of granules along each
side from large ear-opening to anus, usually hidden by
a strong dermal fold. Ventral plates about size of dor-
sals, smooth, imbricate, and arranged in twelve (or 13)
longitudinal series. Number of scales from symphyseal
plate to anus fifty-nine to sixty-two.

The ground color above is olive-brown or bluish or
greenish drab, usually a little paler laterally than near
the middle of the back. There are no definite cross-
bands, the dark pigments appearing in ill-defined mar-
blings or blotches on the back, or in white-tipped black
spots on the sides. The head and limbs are usually
unicolor, but may be marked with darker brown. The
lower surfaces are yellowish or greenish white, some-

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 115

times slightly washed with gray. There are no definite
longitudinal lines on the belly in the specimens which
I have seen, but two specimens have indications of them
between the rows of scales.

Tdengthitovamusr ees see ee see cee fee 37 88 91 98)" 105. - 120
SLOW HOUT pice bo 6 Cade 6 6a CSCS mic 9 19 19 22 23 26
Width ofwlea die warren get o--aisuasi aes 6 14 14 17 18 21
Head tomnteroccipitalens+.s--..2--.-5.- 8 15 16 18 19 20
OTe RIM Dis Vr core ek es oes bees 10 24 24 25 31 32
Ta bbiysl Wakinos AAs 68 Feces p Oc okiy 6 Une 14 33 33 37 36 43
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe...... 5) es 14 14 15

Distribution.—The Mountain Alligator Lizard has
been found only at high altitudes (5,000 to 9,000 feet)
on the western slope of the Sierra Nevada of Tuolumne,
Mariposa, Fresno, and Tulare Counties, and at a slightly
lower level (Fyffe 3,700 feet) in El Dorado County. It
has been recorded from various localities along the
Kern, Kaweah, and King’s Rivers and is common in
the Yosemite Valley.

Habits.—This species is common near the Little Kern
River. Here it hides behind the loose bark of the great
pines. Like other members of the genus, it usually
moves slowly and seems to have much curiosity. Near
the Yosemite Valley it mates about the middle of June.

Family V. ANNIELLID.

This family, which is confined to California, contains
a single genus of strongly degraded lizards. The body
is cylindrical and snake-lke, without strongly marked
neck or tail. There are no external traces of limbs, but
a rudimentary pelvis remains. The tongue is thick,
with a thinner, smooth, deeply notched anterior por-
tion. The teeth are few, but large and curved. Thin
osteodermal plates are present.

116 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Genus 15. ANNIELLA.

Anniella, Gray, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), X, p. 440 (type
pulchra).

The scales are small, smooth, imbricate, and rather
soft; the dorsals, laterals, ventrals, and caudals nearly
equal-sized. The ears are entirely concealed and the
eyes partially so. The tail is very blunt and ends in a
round plate. The preanal scales are numerous. The
head-plates are few and large. The nasal extends to or
almost to the labial margin, the first labial appearing on
the lower surface of the lip.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—Color above drab or silvery gray or yellowish white, with three or more

blackjorbrownlinesss sen eee ae er A. pulchra.—p. 116.
a?.—Color above black or blackish brown, with or without dark longitudi-
MIAN INOS) 2.55 5 os ssl oroeee hie roe ee NS ae Re os A. nigra.—p. 118.

32.—Anniella pulchra Gray. Sitvery Fooriess Liz-
ARD.

Anniella pulchra, GRAY, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (2), X, 1852, p. 440
(type locality California); ‘‘GRay, Zool. Herald, p. 154, pl.
XXVIII”; Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., p. 460, pl. XXIIG, fig.
2; Baur, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894, p. 345.

Description.—Head slightly depressed, rather short,
scarcely distinct from neck even in old examples where
temporal regions have become swollen. Snout project-
ing beyond lower jaw. Rostral plate very large and
strongly recurved on top of snout, where separated from
frontal by a pair of large prefrontals. Behind large
frontal, a single very broad frontoparietal, its posterior
margin notched to receive a small interparietal with
which it frequently unites. On each side of interpa-
rietal, a small parietal, and behind these usually two
small occipitals separated by an interoccipital. A large
supraocular precedes several smaller plates. A large
preocular with, usually, a smaller one below it. Nasal

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Ly

large and extending to margin of lip, but small first
supralabial plate may be seen below it. Second supra-
labial largest. Symphyseal large, followed by several
pairs of large sublabials.
Infralabials smaller than su-
pralabials. Dorsal, ventral,
lateral, and caudal scales all
similar, slightly largest on
tail and smallest on neck,
strongly imbricate, rounded
in posterior outline, and per-
fectly smooth. Preanal scales
slightly enlarged. Number of
longitudinal series of scales
around body varying from
twenty-four to. thirty-four.

The color above is yellowish white or silvery or drab-
gray, with one distinct longitudinal brown line down
the middle of the back and one or more similar lines
along each side. Very narrow brown zigzag lines usu-
ally run along the margins of the other series of dorsal
scales. These lines are sometimes quite yellowish, some-
times nearly black. The lower surfaces are yellowish
white, frequently suffused with brown, slate, or gray on
the chin, throat, and tip of tail, and often showing nar-
row zigzag longitudinal lines. The entire upper surface
of a specimen from San Bernardino is slightly suffused
with olive-gray.

Pwaees
Heese

33
83
5]

~
pete

o,
3

3}
Ze

et
gti

Memothstoranusns: sence cr a. eee 84 ie 125) 130) 143) 7-146
Meme uhyotustall saree er stp se ye ace en 44 59 70 74 89 96
Wwaditine ofshes d'. |. ts Senn ccs dic watsa see 4 4 5 5 6 6
Head to;interparietal................: 4 5 5 5 5 6
Diameter of body. 6.1 45-256 .02e6: 4 5 5 7 7 7

Distribution.—The most northern localities from which
I have obtained specimens of this lizard are San Ardo,

118 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

in the interior of Monterey County, and Bear Valley,
in San Benito County. It doubtless occurs in many
parts of the San Joaquin Valley, where it has been taken
in Tulare County. Farther south it has been found at
San Bernardino, and is very common near San Jacinto,
Riverside County, and in the western portion of San
Diego County.

Habits.—The habits and food of the Footless Lizard
or ‘‘Silver Snake” are the same as those of Anniella
nigra.

33.—Anniella nigra Fischer. Buack Footuess Lizarp.
Anniella nigra, FiscHer, Abh. Nat. Verein Hamburg, IX, 1, 1885
(1886), p. 9 (type locality San Diego, California).

Description.—Head very slightly depressed, short,
and scarcely distinct from neck. Snout projecting be-
yond lower jaw. Rostral plate very large and strongly
recurved on top of snout, separated there from frontal
by a pair of large prefrontals. Behind large frontal,
single very broad frontoparietal, its posterior margin
notched to receive a small interparietal with which it
sometimes unites. On each side of interparietal, a
small parietal, and behind these usually two small occip-
itals separated by an interoccipital. One large and
one or more small supraoculars and a series of small
superciliaries. Large preocular with a smaller one be-
low it. Nasal large and extending to margin of lip,
but a small first supralabial may be seen below it.
Second supralabial largest. Symphyseal large, followed
by several pair of large sublabials. Infralabials smaller
than supralabials. Dorsal, lateral, ventral, and caudal
scales all similar, slightly largest on tail and smallest on
neck, strongly imbricate, rounded in posterior outline,
and perfectly smooth. Preanal scales slightly enlarged.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 119

Number of longitudinal series of scales around body
not differing from Anniella pulchra.

The entire upper surface is deep blackish brown, with
or without indistinct lines of darker brown or black
corresponding in position with those of A. pulchra.
The chin, throat, and the tip of the tail are suffused with
dark brown. The rest of the lower surface is yellowish
white, sometimes with narrow brown zigzag lines be-
tween the longitudinal series of scales.

Menath forands yt eee = 8 Wi 137) 1485 149) 1493) 161
eng theo titalleny. rye sepa oe hee: ie (os: 26 seein elie eo Ome
Wirdthwofsheade - Nery: or sees nie 5 54 6 6 7 7
Head to interparietal ..5......:....- 4 5 5 6 6 6
Diameter: ofMbody7ase-— a-45- ame see 5 6 7 7 8 8

If the type of A. nzgra really came from San Diego
it is doubtful if this form is worthy of recognition.
However, it seems best to retain it here, because all the
numerous black specimens which I have seen were col-
lected on the coast of Monterey County, where no speci-
men of the light form has been found.

Distribution.—Pacific Grove, Monterey County (and
‘“San Diego, California’’?).

Habits.—The Black Footless Lizard burrows in the soil
of the pine forest at Pacific Grove. It is sometimes
found under stones or boards, but travels swiftly under
the surface of the loose soil. An examination of the
contents of several stomachs has shown its food to consist
of large insect larve (more than 1} inches long), and
two small ground dwelling beetles (Helops and Platydema).
Mr. Harold Heath, of Stanford University, has found
this lizard to be ovoviviparous.

* Reproduced ??

120 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family VI. HELODERMATID A.

This family contains the only lizards which are known
to be poisonous. There is but a single genus, with two
species. The tongue is large, deeply divided at tip,
smooth anteriorly but villose posteriorly. The teeth
differ from those of other lizards in being grooved.
There are large poison-glands under the chin. The
limbs are well developed. The skin of all the upper
surfaces is covered with large tubercles which often
ossify. The belly is provided with squarish plates.
Usually there are no femoral or preanal pores, but one
specimen has a single preanal pore of great size.

Genus 16. HELODERMA.
Heloderma, Wiegm., Isis, 1829, p. 624 (type horridum).

There are four pentadactyle limbs. The head is
covered with irregular, convex, bony plates, which often
coéssify with the skull. The back and sides are pro-
vided with more or less regular rows of tubercles similar
to those on the head. The ventral plates are arranged
in transverse series. The eye has well developed lids
and around pupil. The ear-openings are large. One
strong and usually one or more weaker gular folds are
present.

34.—Heloderma suspectum Cope. G1LA MonsTER.

Heloderma suspectum, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1869, p. 5
(type locality Sonoran Region); SHurELpT, Proc. Zool. Soc.
Lond., 1890, p. 148; SrEsNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893,
p. 194.

Description.—Head and body depressed, large, heavily
built, with short limbs and tail. Upper surface of head
broad, flat, and covered with large, irregular, convex,
bony tubercles. Snout rounded. Temporal regions
swollen. Nostrils large, opening laterally between three

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 121

plates. Eye rather small. Ear-opening large, elliptical,
oblique, and overhung by temple. Rostral and sym-
physeal plates large. A pair of internasals. Three
pair of plates behind symphyseal. Gular region and
fold with small round or oval,
convex, or flattened tubercles,
changing gradually into the
plates of the belly. Body,
limbs, and tail covered above
and laterally with nearly equal-
sized, round, smooth, convex
tubercles separated by granules.
Lateral tubercles passing gradu-
ally into smooth, flat, squarish
plates in transverse rows on
lower surfaces of body and tail.
Digits with transverse plates
above and below. A pair of en-
larged plates in front of anus.

Probably no two specimens’show just the same pattern
of coloration. The top of the head, the body and limbs
are variously marbled, banded, or reticulated with
orange or salmon and black or brown.. The chin, throat,
snout, and sides of head are usually of the dark color
with few if any orange or salmon-colored tubercles.
The markings on the tail frequently form transverse
bars or rings. The belly is orange or salmon and black
or brown, tessellated.

Hene Gh stO AR US%:. as. cts tose Soc oy cea 220) 270: 288 2955 315 345
Wenethoftailr 5 cnc. aeric.-cla es sae: 101 125 140 145 146 += 150
HNOUGOVEAT eat. 6s a Maes scihse eye 36 46 53 57 53 58
Wilchtlaotm lead nis ns Searels svn hvetdicrents 31 43 50 49 49 52
LOR Onbi my Aare kc syste Aas. Syste ® fe ak: 62 78 80 83 87 93
iMG Minors ers No Pa sects, s.esiet= ae 66 74 90 88 95 98

Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..... 18 20 23 25 25 25

L222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distribution.—The Gila Monster has been found in
the Valley of the Virgin, about eight miles below Bunk-
erville, near the eastern boundary of Nevada. It may
be that it occurs on portions of the deserts of southeast-
ern California, but as yet no specimens from this area
have found their way into museums.

Habits.—The Gila Monsters are the only lizards whose
bite is known to be poisonous. The venom is secreted
by large glands situated just under the chin, and flows
out, onto the floor of the mouth, between the lips and
the gums. Being below the teeth and not directly com-
municated to them, the poison sometimes fails to find
its way into a wound although the teeth are grooved to
afford it a passage. The upper jaw of the Monster is
provided with a saliva which possesses no poisonous
properties. This harmless saliva appears to be present
in the lower jaw as well as the upper, but is there mixed
with venom about as deadly as that of the rattlesnakes.
Although provided with so powerful a poison, the Gila
Monster is so gentle and sluggish that it is not always
easy to cause one to bite, but when thoroughly angered
it bites fiercely, throwing its head to one side with
lightning-like quickness and holding like a bull-dog to
whatever it has seized. Sumichrast says that it turns
onto its back before biting. Although this observation
has not been confirmed, the presence of venom in
the lower jaw only would explain such an action. In
spite of its clumsy form it sometimes climbs bushes,
probably in search of bird’s eggs, which, together with
young rabbits, etc., form its food.

Family VII. XANTUSIIDZ.

This family contains but three genera; one Central
American, one West Indian, and one Californian. The

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 123

eyes are without lids. The head is covered with large
shields. The upper surface of the body is granular or
tubercular, but the lower is provided with plates. The
tongue is broad, plicate, with tip indistinctly notched.
The ear-opening is large. Femoral pores are present.

Genus 17. XANTUSIA.

Xantusia, BAtrRD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 255 (type
vigilis); Zablepsis, Corr, Am. Nat., XXIX, 1895, p. 758 (type
henshawi); Amebopsis, Cops, 1. c., p. 758 (type gilberti).

The dorsal granules are uniform. Superciliary and
sometimes supraocular plates are present. The inter-
parietal is separated from the frontal by the fronto-
parietal plates. The pupil is vertically elliptic. There
are two or three transverse gular folds, the last edged
with enlarged plates.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—One series of small plates (superciliaries) over eye.
b.—Veutral plates in twelve longitudinal series; yellow or brown with
dark spots on single granules........... X. vigilis.—p. 123.
b’?,—Ventral plates in fourteen longitudinal series; irregularly marbled
with yellow lines enclosing large dark brown spots.
X. henshawi.—p. 128.
a?.—Two series of small plates (superciliaries and supraoculars) over eye ;
ventral plates in sixteen longitudinal series. X. riversiana.—p. 130.

35—Xantusia vigilis Baird. Desert Niegur Lizarp.

Xantusia vigilis, Batrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1858, p. 255 (type
locality Fort Tejon, California); StryNEGER, N. A. Fauna,
No. 7, 1893, p. 198, pl. III, figs. la—Ic.

Description.—Body nearly cylindrical, with very short
limbs. Upper surface of head flattened, curving to-
wards snout. Three folds on throat, anterior connect-
ing ears and encircling head. Nostril opening at junc-
tion of rostral, internasal, postnasal, and first labial
plates. Rostral in contact with first labial and inter-
nasal plates. Two internasals followed by a large

124 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

subhexagonal frontonasal. Behind this, two prefrontals
(in contact), bordered posteriorly by single broad
frontal and first superciliary plates. Each of two
frontoparietal plates forming sutures with frontal, sec-
ond, third, and fourth superciliaries, first supratemporal,
parietal, interparietal, and its fellow of opposite side.
Parietals and very large interparietal bordered behind by
two large occipitals. A rowofsmall supratemporal scutes
along outer edge of occipital and parietal plates. Two
large loreals in contact below with superior labials and
above with frontonasal and prefrontal plates. A large
postnasal in front of first loreal. A series of small plates,
upper of which are superciliaries, usually surrounding
eye. Between this ring and larger loreal, two or three
small plates. Four or five superior and three or four
inferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Eye
large, without lids, with vertical pupil. Its diameter
contained about twice in distance from end of snout to
orbit. Oblique ear-opening with a very weak anterior
denticulation. Inferior labials in contact with large
sublabials. First pair of latter in contact on median
line. Back, sides, upper and posterior surfaces of
limbs, and gular regions, covered with subhexagonal
granules. A series of large plates along edge of last
gular fold. Ventrals quadrate,in twelve longitudinal
and twenty-seven to thirty transverse series. Large
preanal plates arranged in two rows of two each, some-
times surrounded by a few smaller scales or granules.
Tail conical and covered with whorls of smooth, narrow,
and transversely convex scales; its length very variable.
Six to ten femoral pores forming a series along each
thigh.

The ground color in different specimens varies from
smoke gray, through many shades of yellow and brown,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 125

to clove brown. Scattered granules are: dark brown or
black. At times these dark granules are so numerous
as to become confluent, with a tendency to form longi-
tudinal lines. In other individuals they are scarcely
visible. Some specimens have heavy dotting on a very
pale ground; in others the dotting is heavy on a dark
ground; many show faint dots on a light ground; and
several have few dots on a dark ground. A _ yellowish
line usually runs back on the neck from the outer edge
of each occipital plate. Two similar lines may some-
times be seen above these. The lower parts are creamy
white, sometimes clouded with brown toward the sides.
The young average much darker than the adults.

Hencthyeo anus sees ee toes 22 37 42 44 47
Ikene theo tatalleayvesias ss tice Cae eee 24 4] 61 47 40°
Shielded ipartiof headians:-m yy. creer 6 9 9 9 10
DNOUMECO OAT. pric ath) Serta te cnt hor Pere 54 8 8 84 9
Snout to anterior gular fold ................ 54 8 8 84 9
Snout to posterior gular fold............... 9 13 14 15 15
Horomlimb peer ea 4sica ye <i ays pps cn tras ae a OF eu 11 12
18 Gays! ISDN jekse God See ese Ore Spe eae oo 94 15 154 16 17
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe........... 4 5s 5} 6 63

Distribution.—The Desert Night Lizard is the most
abundant of its class in the territory it has chosen for
its home. It seems to be peculiarly dependent upon
the presence of tree yuccas. These weird plants grow
in each of the localities from which the lizard has been
recorded, viz.: Fort Tejon in the Cafiada de las Uvas,
Kern County, and Hesperia, San Bernardino County,
California, and Pahrump. Valley, Nevada.

Dr. Charles H. Gilbert and the writer collected speci-
mens near Mojave, Kern County, and found a portion
of a cast skin at Victor, San Bernardino County, in
November, 1893. In September of the following year,

* Regrown.

126 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the writer found this species common at Mojave and
Hesperia, and secured a single specimen near Cabazon
on the eastern slope of San Gorgonio Pass, Riverside
County, California. The first three of these localities
are situated in the great Yucca-arborescens belt, which
extends along the southwestern edge of the Mojave
Desert. The last is in a small and apparently isolated
grove of smaller tree yuccas, seemingly of another
species.

Habits.—About a mile from the station at Mojave
there is a considerable forest of Yucca arborescens. The
many trees and wind-broken branches, which lie decay-
ing on the ground, afford a home to numerous colonies
of white ants, scorpions, vicious looking black spiders,
and several species of beetles. In a deep crack of one
of these branches a small lizard was discovered, which,
when caught, proved to be a young Xantusia vigilis.
Probably it had not yet learned how to hide from the
day, for I have never seen another undisturbed indi-
vidual.

The key to their home once discovered, the collection
of a large series of these lizards was merely a matter of
physical exertion. Every fourth or fifth stem that was
examined gave up its Yantusia, and in one instance five,
as many as were previously known to collections, were
found under a single tree.

Most of the lizards were found between the bark and
the ground, but many had hidden in the thick clusters
of dead leaves, from which it was very difficult to dislodge
them. When first exposed to the light, they were dark
colored and seemed dazzled for a moment, during
which they made no attempt to escape. They were not
at allsluggish, however, and, if not caught immediately,
made for the nearest cover as fast as their very short

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. L327

legs would permit. This cover was often the collector,
and the little lizards either hid under his shoes, or
climbed his legs, sometimes even reaching his shoulders.
They showed no desire to enter the numerous holes in
the ground about them, or to escape by burrowing.
Put into a glass bottle they become very light colored
in a few minutes, but began to turn dark again imme-
diately after sundown. Young specimens were numer-
ous and remained dark longer than adults. Many
fragments of cast skins were found, but never a whole
skin in one place. The stomachs of several individuals
contained the wings of some small dipterous insect, the
elytra of a little brown beetle, and some small white
bodies which resembled spider’s eggs.

Several specimens were taken alive to the Leland
Stanford Junior University and kept for some months
in a large glass jar in which some fine sand and pieces
of wood and bark had been placed. At first, they ven-
tured out from their retreat only at dusk unless dis-
turbed, but after a few days they seemed to become
more restless,.and, urged perhaps by hunger, showed
themselves many times each day. At night, when they
were always more active, they often climbed to the top
of a piece of yucca stem placed upright in the middle
of their cage. No desire to burrow was observed. All
declined to show any interest in the small beetles and
flies, both dead and living, which were placed in the
jar, and they finally became greatly emaciated.

Mojave was visited again in the fall of the following
year. The specimens were all caught alive and put into
a large glass bottle, but were soon killed by the heat,
although care was taken to keep them in the shade as
much as possible. Count was kept as the lizards were
put in the bottle and showed later that several more

128 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

were taken out than had been put in. This may have
been due toa mistake in the record, but was more prob-
ably caused by the birth of young after capture. The
adults were afterwards carefully examined and three
were found to contain young, showing that the species
is ovoviviparous. One of the three contains two fetuses,
the others have one each. The fetal specimens are
about the size of the young found under the dead
branches. They were taken on the seventeenth and
eighteenth of September.

36.—Xantusia henshawi Stejneger. HENsSHAw’s NIGHT
LIZARD.
Xantusia henshawi, STEIN., Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVI, 1893, p. 467
(type locality Witch Creek, San Diego County, Califor-
nia); VAN DenBurGH, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. (2), V, 1895, p 530.
Zablepsis henshavii, Corr, Am. Nat., XXIX, 1895, pp. 758, 860.
Xantusia picta, CoprE, Am. Nat., XXIX, 1895, pp. 859, 939 (type
locality ‘* Tejon Pass, California’’).
Description.—Body greatly depressed, with very short
limbs. Upper surface of head very flat. Three folds
on throat. Nostril opening in a small scute at junction
of rostral, internasal, postnasal, and first labial plates.
Rostral broad and rather low, bounded by first
labial, nasal, and internasal plates. Two _ inter-
nasals_ followed by a _ large subquadrate fronto-
nasal, sometimes divided longitudinally; behind this,
two prefrontals, bordered posteriorly by broad frontal
and first superciliary plates. Each of two frontoparietal
plates in contact with frontal, second, third, and fourth
superciliaries, first supratemporal, parietal, interparietal,
and its fellow of opposite side. Parietals and interpa-
rietal bordered behind by two large occipitals. One or
more interoccipitals sometimes present. <A row of small
supratemporals along outer edge of occipital and parietal

REPTILES OF THF PACIFIC COAST. 129

plates. Two large loreals, in contact below with superior
labials and above with frontonasal and_ prefrontal
plates. Eye surrounded by a series of small plates,
upper five of which are superciliaries. Between this
ring and larger loreal two small plates. Five superior
and three inferior labials to a point below pupil. Eye
large, without lids, and with vertical pupil. Its diameter
contained about twice in distance from end of snout to
orbit. Ear-opening with a very weak anterior dentic-
ulation. Symphyseal plate very long. Inferior labials
in contact with large sublabials. First pair of latter in
contact on median line. Back, sides, upper, and pos-
terior surfaces of limbs, and gular regions, covered with
subhexagonal granular scales. A series of large quad-
rate plates along edge of last gular fold. Ventrals quad-
rate, in fourteen longitudinal and thirty-three or thirty-
four transverse rows. Preanal plates arranged in three
or four rows, the two medial plates of posterior series
being largest. Tail conical, somewhat depressed at
its base and covered with whorls of smooth scales,
which are very narrow and transversely convex. Hight
or ten femoral pores forming a series along each
thigh.

The ground color above is broccoli brown. On this
are numerous large irregular blotches of very dark seal
brown, between which run more or less continuous lines
of pale yellow. The upper surfaces of the limbs and
head are similarly, but less distinctly, marked. The
tail is yellow with irregular blotches and half rings of
blackish seal brown. The lower surfaces are uniform
yellowish white.

130 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Weneth:to-anws.): 410 Weel iis ch tei Pee eee ee omens 57 63 65
Weneth of tail - 240, % (eres av nok ee eee eee 66 69 83
Shielded part of head:.=7o.'. 27.2.5 eae eens) noe chee 124 14 13
BHot fo eansih. 2 Ste Bo Seats Caen eee ct Ad OE eC 2 13
Snout tosanteriorigular folds i 99.01: eos ba 453s. 28 ae 12 13
Snout to posterior gular fold ............ BS eas cl thas <yeiogsle 20 PA |
Bore Limb sae co. ees ea ce eee pce ae a ERE CORES 10 16
ieLaetel 1 9S 08 he en ter eee ee tc. ae ie ce eee 26 27
Basevorsfitthtovend tots fourth toes s-aemeee eee ee ane eee 94 10

Distribution.—Henshaw’s Night Lizard has been found
at Witch Creek, San Diego County, California. This
locality is in the chaparral belt, at an ‘‘ altitude of about
2,700 feet.”” The specimen described by Prof. Cope as
X. picta is said to have been collected in Tejon Pass,
but this locality needs confirmation.

Habits.—This species lives among the granite boulders
and comes out into the narrower crevices between them
a few minutes before dark. It is, therefore, practicable
to hunt for it only about fifteen or twenty minutes each
day. If a bit of string or straw be introduced into the
domain of one of these lizards it will often be seized,
the reptile apparently mistaking it for some stray in-
sect.

37.—Xantusia riversiana Cope. Is~anp Nieur Lizarp.

Xantusia riversiana, Cork, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 29
(type locality California); Rivers, Am. Nat. XXIII, 1889, p.
1100 (type locality stated as San Nicolas Island); Cops, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1889, p. 147.

Description.—Limbs very short and body somewhat
depressed. Upper surface of head very flat. Nostril
pierced in a small scute at junction of rostral, internasal,
postnasal, and first labial plates. Rostral broad and
rather low, bounded by first labial, nasal, and internasal
plates. Two internasals followed by a large hexagonal
frontonasal. Behind this two prefrontals, bordered
posteriorly by broad frontal and first superciliary and

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Lag

first supraocular plates. Each of two frontoparietal
plates in contact with frontal, second, third, and fourth
supraoculars, parietal, interparietal, and its fellow of
opposite side. Interparietal bordered behind by two
large occipitals. Latter separated from the parietals by
two small scutes. A row of large supratemporals along
outer edge of occipital and parietal plates. Two loreals
in contact below with supralabials and above with fronto-
nasal and prefrontal plates. Eye surrounded by a series
of small plates, upper five of which are superciliaries.
Between this ring and posterior loreal, two or three smali
plates. A series of four supraoculars separating super-
ciliaries from frontal and frontoparietal plates. Five
superior and four or five inferior labials to a point below
pupil. Eye large, without lids, and with vertical pupil.
Ear with a weak anterior denticulation. Inferior labials
in contact with large sublabials. First pair of latter in
contact on median line. Back, sides, upper and poste-
rior surfaces of limbs, and gular regions, covered with

flattened granules. A series of large plates along edge
of last gular fold. Quadrate ventrals in sixteen longi-
tudinal and thirty-two to thirty-five transverse rows.
Large preanal plates arranged in two or three series,
edged by smaller scales and granules. Tail conical,

32 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

covered with whorls of smooth, narrow, and transversely
convex scales. A series of from ten to twelve femoral
pores along each thigh.

The ground color is smoke gray or cinnamon, with
numerous irregular maculations of dark brown or black.
These markings are much smaller and less numerous on
the lower surfaces. There is considerable variation in
the color pattern. One specimen has two narrow paral-
lel black lines, originating at the posterior edge of each
occipital plate and running the whole length of the
back. The space between each pair of these lines is
unmarked, but the rest of the upper surface is irregu-
larly spotted. Other specimens offer an almost perfect
imitation of coarse granitic rock.

en'othitoranuse ys se ccc Hee ete e kek ee era te er net ee 106
Teneth joi itaile: p.)..4.05 Aaa eee ce ee eer cet ee eee ere 73*
Shielded ;partiof shea si3t 2 enlace eee eee neaee RO e en tie 24
Snout! tovearys Hor ceictae ocr cusses Meee Coe nee ene 24
“Snouttoianterior gular tiold! (0.152 7c crecra rete ge oyster caejen tare cas earn ey ets 20
Snoutitosposteron eularttolde esas ee yee eee ee ta pret ees 34
A oy wae bt ello Smee en Me RT ety st or per TRI Oe noes team RENE Freieah oa CEST Src 30
1S Eb a(o Gel 0600] eee Berk Lat Bio Ae ein or ee eh een th heme My sel & Bian 38
Base oL ith torendtotstonrthvoer see sae eee seine eee eerie 14

Distribution.—This largest species of the group has
been recorded from San Nicolas, Santa Catalina, and
San Clemente Islands, California.

Family VIII. TEIIDA.

This family contains a large number of American
lizards of various forms and scaling. They are most
closely related to the Lacertidew of the Old World. The
tongue is slender and ends in two long smooth points.
The head is covered with large, regular plates (except in
the South American Callopistes). An ear-opening is

* Reproduced.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 133

usually present. Eyelids are rarely wanting. Femoral
and preanal pores may be either present or absent.
The limbs are rudimentary in some members of the
group. Two genera have been found in California.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

a.—Two frontoparietal plates.............. Cnemidophorus.—p. 133.

a?.—One frontoparietal plate ............... Verticaria.—p. 140.

Genus 18. CNEMIDOPHORUS.
** Onemidophorus, WAGLER, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 154 (part).”

There are four pentadactyle limbs. The head-plates
are large, except the occipitals, which are small and
irregular. There are two frontoparietal plates. The
back and sides are covered with small, smooth, granular
scales. The ventral plates are large and arranged in
both transverse and longitudinal series. The legs and
tail are very long; the latter, slender and provided with
large scales, which are keeled above but smooth below.
The eye has well developed lids and a round pupil.
Large ear-openings are present. One strong and sev-
eral weaker folds cross the throat. Femoral pores are
present.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES. *

a.—Markings on sides of head not well defined, almost obsolete; throat
often suffused with slate or gray...... C. tigris.—p. 134.

a’.—Markings on sides of head very distinct and well defined; throat not
(sometimes slightly in C. stejnegeri) suffused with gray or slate.

* Prof. Cope has described (Trans. Am. Philos. Soc., (2), XVII, 1892, p. 40, pl. IX, fig. 8)
Cnemidophorus septemvittatus from a specimen said to have been collected by Dr. Boyle in
El Dorado County, Cal., and now deposited in the United States National Museum. The
registers of this museum state, in Prof. Baird’s handwriting, that the number 2872,
attached to this Cnemidophorus, belongs to two specimens of Sceloporus. These Scelepori,
properly numbered, are still on the museum shelves, and it therefore seems probable
that the type and only known specimen of Cnemidophorus septemvittatus is not of Califor-
nian origin, but has been so labeled through an erroneous duplication of museum num-
bers.

It may be readily distinguished from the three Cnemidophori known to be Californian by
the presence of enlarged plates on the posterior surface of its forearm.

134 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

b.—Spots on throat few and small; central gular and collar scales
smallercn. 2 soaceysgte yee eee C. tigris undulatus.—p. 137.
b*?.—Spots on throat numerous and large, often forming irregular trans-
verse bands; central gular and collar scales larger.
C. stejnegeri.—p. 139.

38.—Cnemidophorus tigris Baird & Girard. DkrsErT

WHIPTAIL.

? Ameiva tessellata, SAy, Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., 1823, II
(Philadelphia) p. 50 (London) p. 351, note 33 (type locality
Arkansas River near Castle Rock Creek”).

Cnemidophorus tigris, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
VI, 1852, p, 69 (type locality Valley of Great Salt Lake,
Utah); Barrp & GIRARD, Stansbury’s Report Gt. Salt Lake,
p. 338, pl. II; Bairp, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv., 1859, II, p. 10,
pl. XXXIII; Sresnecer, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 198.

Cnemidophorus gracilis, BAIRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat, Sci. Phila.,
VI, 1852, p. 128 (type locality Desert of Colorado, Cal.);
Barrp, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., 1859, II, p. 10, pl. XXXIV,
figs. 7-14.

Cnemidophorus tesselatus, BAIRD, Pac. RR. Surv., X, pt. IV, p. 18.

Cnemidophorus tessellatus tessellatus, Copr, Trans. Am. Philos. Soe.
(2), XVII, pt. 1, 1892, p. 34, pl. VII.

Description.—Snout long, with nearly vertical sides.
Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal plates; latter in
contact on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming
sutures with anterior nasal, first, second and third
labials, loreal, prefrontal, and frontonasal plates.
Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials, first
subocular, preocular, first superciliary, prefrontal,
posterior nasal, and sometimes first supraocular plates.
Four supraoculars, first and fourth smaller than others.
Second, third, and fourth supraoculars separated from
superciliaries by small convex granules. Similar gran-
ules intrude between third and fourth supraoculars
and frontoparietal and parietal. Occcipitals represented

by from two to four transverse series of small plates

* Colorado,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 13}5)

behind parietals and interparietal. About five superior
and six inferior labials to a point below middle of eye.
Sublabials large and, except first, separated from infra-
labials by small granules and plates. Anterior gulars
largest centrally, becoming gradually smaller laterally
and anteriorly, and changing rather abruptly to smaller
posterior gulars. Central gular and collar scales a little
smaller than in C. steynegeri?. Scales on center of collar
of moderate size, those on its edge smaller. Small,
smooth, convex granules on back usually slightly larger
than in C. steynegert. Eight longitudinal rows of ven-
tral plates. From three to six large scutes, surrounded
by smaller plates and granules, in front of anus. Pos-
terior surface of forearm covered with small, nearly
equal-sized granules. Tail very long and provided with
rings of large, obliquely keeled scales. Femoral pores
varying from eighteen to twenty-three.

The color above is brownish, yellowish, or bluish gray,
becoming paler toward the tail and darker on the sides,
with very irregular dark and light marblings. In young
specimens there are narrow light longitudinal lines sep-
arated by darker bands, which are more or less broken

136 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

up by spots of the same color as the lines. In older
specimens these lines have become more or less obscure,
and in some specimens the upper surface is nearly uni-
color. The upper surfaces of the limbs are similarly
colored. The dark markings on the sides of the head
and neck and on the gular region are small and ill defined.
The tail is gray or brown, often with dark lines along
the keels of its upper scales. All the lower surfaces are
creamy white, usually suffused with gray or slate on the
gular region or chest, and maculated with black.

Heng the toanusie. seater eee eee 47 61 82 83 92 93
Kenethtotstail Seno es reeset ere ee 194 “184 «3190: 207 204% 212
Snoutptoars-v eer be Ae ee 1] 15 19 20 20 22
Snout to interparietal.;.............. 10 12 16 15 16 17
Wadthsof head? seas sckee ts tee ene 7 9 ili 12 12 14
Horevdimibi iat.) Salata Reel aoe ene 17 24 29 3 32 32
tind Slim bite. tee eee: mae eosyee eee 34 47 56 56 61 65
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..... 16 23 25 25 28 29

Distribution.—The Desert Whiptail Lizard or ‘‘ Swift
Jack’? is common in many parts of the Mojave and
Colorado Deserts and the Great Basin, but does not
range farther west. It has been taken in Owen’s, Coso,
Death, Panamint, and Deep Spring Valleys, in Inyo
County; at Mojave, in Kern County; Barstow, The
Needles, Leach Point Valley, and Warren’s Wells, in
San Bernardino County; and Fort Yuma, in San Diego
County, California. Its range extends across Nevada
(Pahrump Valley, Oasis Valley, Pahranagat Valley,
vicinity Reno) to southern Idaho (Plains near Snake
River) and western Utah (Santa Clara and Great Salt
Lake Valleys).

Habits.—This species lives on the open desert, over
which it runs with great swiftness. The sand banks
near The Needles are covered with its tracks, which end
in the holes made by small mammals. So far as I have
been able to learn, its food consists entirely of insects.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. a\eay

39.—Cnemidophorus tigris undulatus (Hallowell). Catr-
FORNIA WHIPTAIL.
Cnemidophorus undulatus, HALLOWELL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
VII, 1854, p. 94 (type locality ‘‘Fort Yuma, San Joaquin
Valley,” [=Fort Miller, Fresno County, Calif. ]); Hatiow.,
Rept. U.S. Pac. RK. R. Surv., X, pt. IV, 1859, p. 8, pl. IX, fig. 2.
Cnemidophorus tigris undulatus, STEJINEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7,
p. 200.

Description.—Whole animal long and slender. Nos-
trils opening in large anterior nasal plates; latter meet-
ing on top of snout. Posterior nasal forming sutures
with anterior nasal, first, second and third labials, loreal,
prefrontal, and frontonasal plates. Loreal in contact
with third and fourth labials, first subocular, preocular,
first superciliary, prefrontal, posterior nasal, and first
supraocular plates. Four supraoculars, first and fourth
smaller than others. Second, third, and fourth supra-
oculars separated from superciliaries by small convex
granules. Similar granules between third and fourth
supraoculars and frontoparietal and parietal plates.
‘Behind parietals, two or three transverse series of small
occipitals. About five superior and six inferior labials
to a point below pupils. Sublabials Jarge, and, except
first, separated from infralabials by small plates and
granules. Anterior gulars largest centrally, becoming
gradually smaller laterally and anteriorly, and changing
abruptly to smaller posterior gulars. Largest gular and
collar scales averaging smaller than in C. stejnegeri.
Scales on center of collar moderately large, those on its
edge smaller. Back covered with small, smooth, convex
granules slightly larger than in C. tigris. Ventral plates
in eight longitudinal rows. Several large plates, sur-
rounded by smaller plates and granules, in front of anal
opening. Posterior surface of forearm covered with
small, nearly equal-sized granules. Long slender tail

138 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

provided with rings of large, obliquely keeled scales.
Femoral pores varying in number from eighteen to
twenty-three.

The back is grayish or yellowish brown with about
seven or nine wavy black longitudinal bands or rows of
spots which are sometimes broken up into irregular
marblings. On the sides of the head and neck are
numerous, large, well defined black blotches. The limbs
are marbled with black. The tail is yellowish or olive-
brown, darkest along the keels of the upper scales. The
lower surfaces are creamy or buffy white, often spotted
or blotched with black; the markings on the gular region
being few and usually very small.

Length ‘to anus ively. Ae See 79 79 87 99 103 105

encthotiallyee —ee ea Eanes Py DRIER TOROY Gispd BHI
SNOUCEIOICA RAE mace ack ie here 18 18 19 283 22 24
Snout to interparietal plate........... 15 15 15 18 18 19
Width of heads. 26ers ll 11 12 16 13 15
Fore limb...... Nid RA SE PAGS it ais 29 29 30 33 35 36
bind limba seems 2c A ac Oo 58 64 68 7 73
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe...... 30 28 30 31 ay 32

Distribution. — The California Whiptail Lizard re-
places C. tigris in the northern, as C. steynegert does in
the southern, portion of California west of the desert.
Its range seems to be continuous with that of C. tigris
through Walker and Tehachapi Passes and the Cafiada
de las Uvas, and thence extends north on the lower
levels of the western slope of the Sierra Nevada at least
as far as Mariposa County. West of the San Joaquin
and Sacramento Valleys, it has been found at Los Gatos,
in Santa Clara County, and at Kelseyville, in Lake
County.

Habits.—Very little is known of the habits of this
lizard. When hard pressed, it often tries to elude pur-
sult by burrowing, although it can run very swiftly. It
mates, near Los Gatos, early in June.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 139

40.—Cnemidophorus stejnegeri Van Denburgh. SrTeEvJ-
NEGER’S WHIPTAIL.
Cnemidophorus stejnegeri, VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. (2),

IV, Pt. I, 1894, p. 300 (type locality between San Rafael and
Ensenada, Lower California, Mex.).

Description.—Body long, with a very slender tail and
very long legs. Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal
plates; latter in contact on top of snout. Posterior
nasal forming sutures with anterior nasal, first, second,
and third labials, loreal, prefrontal, and frontonasal
plates. Loreal in contact with third and fourth labials;
first subocular, preocular, first superciliary, prefrontal,
posterior nasal, and sometimes first supraocular plates.
Four supraoculars, fourth smallest. Second, third, and
fourth supraoculars separated from superciliaries by
small convex granules. Similar granules between third
and fourth supraoculars and frontoparietal and parietal.
One to three transverse series of small occipitals behind
parietals and interparietal. About five superior and
five or six inferior labials to a point below pupil. Sub-
labials large and, except anteriorly, separated from
infralabials by small granules and plates. Anterior
gulars largest centrally, becoming gradually smaller
laterally and anteriorly, and changing rather abruptly
to smaller posterior gulars. Central gular and collar
scales averaging larger than in C. tigris and C. f¢. undu-
latus. Scales on center of collar larger than those on
its edge. Back covered with small, smooth, convex
granules, usually slightly smaller than in C. tigris and
C. t. undulatus. Ventral plates in eight longitudinal
rows. From two to five large plates, surrounded by
smaller plates and granules, in front of anus. Posterior
surface of forearm covered with small, nearly equal-
sized granules. Tail long, provided with rings of large,

140 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

obliquely keeled scales. Femoral pores varying from
nineteen to twenty-five on each thigh.

The color above is yellowish or grayish brown, becom-
ing grayer toward the head and paler on the sides, with
seven or nine undulate black bands or longitudinal
rows of irregular spots. The upper surfaces of the limbs
are brown or gray reticulated with black. On the sides
of the head and neck are numerous large, well defined
black blotches. The tail is yellowish or olive-brown,
darkest along the keels of its upper scales. The lower
surfaces are yellowish white, rarely faintly washed with
gray, usually much spotted or blotched with black; the
markings on the gular region being numerous and
large, often forming irregular cross-bands.

men’ thutosanulsep eames 73 89 91 93 96 98
Menethvof tally acciasceoeie Ose ee 119 229 Phy OME OEY)
SMOMtMtONeCaree re acnicoact sci aticersos 17 21 21 20 23 23
SNOMtMLOpMNcerparietaleracc- src telacee 14 17 17 17 18 18
Width ofwbeadin pes eisa rceie ae tia cite 10 13 13 12 15 15
IVGHRES bhai eee eS weer aSetone d nosc 26 31 30 30 31 33
Ebinid limber mcrae tere noes 53 60 58 60 63 68
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..... 25 28 26 ZT 29 30

Distribution.—Stejneger’s Whiptailed Lizard inhabits
the western slope of the coast ranges of San Diego,
Riverside, and San Bernardino Counties (Santa Ysabel
Valley, Witch Creek, Julian Mountains, Clogston’s Val-
ley, San Jacinto, Hemet Valley, Lytle Creek), and
probably will be found also in parts of Orange and Los
Angeles Counties, California.

Habits.—Unknown, but, doubtless, similar to those of
Cnemidophorus tigris undulatus.

Genus 19. VERTICARIA.

Verticaria, Corr, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc., XI, 1869, p. 158 (type
hyperythra).

There are four pentadactyle limbs. The head-plates

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 141

are large, except the occipitals, which are small and ir-
regular. The frontoparietal plate is single. The back
and sides are covered with small, smooth granules. The
ventral plates are large and are arranged in both trans-
verse and longitudinal series. The tail is very long and
slender and is provided with large scales, which are
keeled on its upper surface but smooth below. The eye
has well developed lids and round pupil. A large ear-
opening is present. One strong and several weaker folds
cross the throat. Long series of femoral pores are
present.

41.—Verticaria hyperythra beldingi(Stejneger). BrLp-
ING’S ORANGE-THROAT.
Verticaria hyperythra, Corn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 32.
Verticaria beldingi, StEINEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVII, 1894,
p. 17 (type locality Cerros Island, Lower California, Mex.).
Verticaria hyperythra beldingi, VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci.
(2), V, 1895, p. 131.

Description.—Nostrils opening in large anterior nasal
plates, which meet on top of snout. Posterior nasal
forming sutures with anterior nasal, first, second, and
sometimes third labials, loreal, prefrontal, and fronto-
‘nasal plates. Loreal in contact with third, fourth, and
(usually) second labials, first subocular, preocular, first
superciliary, (often) first supraocular, prefrontal, and
posterior nasal plates; sometimes divided into a larger
anterior and smaller posterior portion. Three or four
supraoculars; first in contact with superciliary, prefrontal,
and frontal plates; others separated from superciliaries
and parietal, and usually from frontoparietal, frontal,
and first supraocular, by small granular scales. A single
large frontoparietal plate separating frontal from inter-
parietal and parietals. One or two transverse rows of
small occipital plates. About five superior and as many

142 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

inferior labials to a point below middle of eye. Large
sublabial plates present. Gulars large centrally, becom-
ing smaller anteriorly and laterally, and changing ab-
ruptly to smaller granules posteriorly. Scales on fold or
collar usually large, largest being along its edge. Eight
longitudinal rows of ventral plates. Back and sides
covered with small, smooth, equal-sized granules. Limbs
plated in front and below. Rings of large scales,
strongly keeled except on the proximal part of its ventral
surface, covering tail. Har-opening large, without den-
ticulation. About thirteen to sixteen pores in a series
along each thigh.

Soe s oS es

ke

— J
Ser

The back is black or brown, darkest in young speci
mens, sometimes dotted with gray, with three longi-
tudinal ight lines on each side. The lower two of these
lines are wider and lighter than the upper one. The
lowest line is continued along the side of the head and
thigh. Near its base the tail is banded like the back,
but it becomes unicolor toward the tip. It is bright
campanula blue in young specimens, but this color dis-
appears with age. The lower surfaces are yellowish
white, often tinted with gray or bluish slate on the belly,
more or less washed with bright reddish orange-chrome
in adult males.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 143

Wenethytovamusteen cece. oe. ase 31 36 59 61 65 68
Theniothyotataileeeme crc ecieea mercer oes 65 77 OY IBP ES UG Ne
SOU tOreanimers oatmeal S 8 8 13 14 14 15
Snout to interparietal plate.......... 64 if 10 11 11 12
Waditihyofeh ca diyesecrres rare cence cie> 5 5 8 8 8 9
ore lambs aea sce aoa ae 11 12 19 20 20 22;
dis (picae Wo toa 6 cae at Sere Nee kerry 22, 23 37 42 41 46
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe..... 10 11 17 19 19 20

Distribution.—Belding’s Orange-throated Lizard has
been found in California only in the western parts of
San Diego and Riverside Counties (San Diego, Mexican
border between Campo and the coast, Oak Grove, be-
tween Oceanside and San Jacinto, San Jacinto, River-
side), but ranges for some distance down the peninsula
of Lower California.

Habits.—At San Jacinto this lizard lives on rocky
hillsides, is very shy, and quickly retreats to holes when
approached.

Family IX. SCINCIDZ.

The tongue is slightly notched at its tip. The head
is covered with large, regular plates. The scales on the
body and tail are moderately large, imbricate, and rein-
forced with an armor of bony plates. The eyes have
round pupils and well developed lids. Femoral pores
are absent. Limbs may be either present or absent. An
interoccipital plate is rarely present.

A single genus represents this family in California.

Genus 20. EUMECES.

Eumeces, WircM., Herp., Mex., 1834, p. 36 (part); Plestiodon, Dum.
& Brpr., Erpét. Gen., V, 1839, p. 697; Lamprosaurus, HALLOw.,
Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 206 (type guttulatus);
“ Hurylepis, BuytH, Journ., As. Soc. Beng., XXIII, 1854, p.
739.”

The limbs are four, pentadactyle. The dorsal, lateral,

*Reproduced.

144 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

caudal, and ventral scales are thin, smooth, and strongly
imbricate. A distinct ear-opening is present. Gular
and lateral dermal folds are absent. The tail is moder-
ately long.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—Light lines persistent, the upper pair separated by two and two half
rows of scales; head never red.......... E. skiltonianus.—p. 144.
a’,.—Light lines present in young only, upper pair separated by not more
than two rows of scales; head bright red in adults.
E. gilberti.—p. 147.
42.—Eumeces skiltonianus (Baird & Girard). WESTERN

SKINK.

Plestiodon skiltonianum, BAtRD & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., VI, 1852, p. 69 (type locality Oregon); BAirp & GrRaRD,
Stansbury’s Exped. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, p. 349, pl. IV, figs. 4-6.

Humeces quadrilineatus, HALLOWELL, U.S. Pac. R. R. Sury., X, 1859,
Pt. IV, p. 10, pl. IX, fig. 3 (type locality near Mojave River
and in San Bernardino Valley, southern California).

Humeces skiltonianus, Corr, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p.
45. Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 41; Sres-
NEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p, 201.

Eumeces hallowellii, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Rept., 6¢, livr.,
1879, p. 435, pl. XXII E, fig. 7 (type locality California).

Description.—Body long and rounded, with long tail
and short legs. Nasal scute small, in contact with in-
ternasal, postnasal, first labial, and rostral plates. Post-
nasal touching nasal, internasal, anterior loreal, and
first and second labial plates. Anterior loreal forming
sutures with postnasal, internasal, (usually) frontonasal,
prefrontal, posterior loreal, and second and third labials.
Posterior loreal larger than anterior and bordered be-
hind by two preoculars and first superciliary. Four
large supraoculars, first three touching long frontal.
Interparietal larger than either frontoparietal, but very
narrow posteriorly and sometimes not separating
parietals. Parietals very large and followed by one or
two pair of wide occipitals. Temporal plates very

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 145

large. Upper labials seven or eight in number, last
largest. Symphyseal very broad and followed by one or
two wide azygous sublabials (postmentals), and several
large, paired sublabials in contact with infralabials.
All scales on body, limbs, and tail similar in shape, very
smooth, and strongly imbricate. Lower caudals of
median series greatly enlarged transversely. Upper
caudals about size of dorsals, larger than laterals, ven-
trals, and gulars. Twenty-four or twenty-six rows of
scales encircling middle of body. Ear-opening about
size of a gular scale and feebly denticulated anteriorly.

The color above is black or dark olive, with two
bluish gray or pale brown lines along each side. The
upper of these lines originates at the internasal plate,
crosses the anterior loreal, prefrontal, supraocular, and
parietal plates, and runs along the dorsal scales of the
second and third rows from the median line to, and
often for some distance along, the tail. The lower
traverses the upper labial plates, crosses the ear-open-
ing, and continues along the side of the neck and body
to the hind limb, often reappearing on the tail. The
ground color is usually darkest near the light lines.
The upper pair of the latter are separated by about two
and two half rows of scales. The limbs are olive, some-
times marked with darker brown on the margins of the
scales. The bands of the back are continued for a vary-
ing distance on the tail, which is elsewhere greenish

146 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

bluish, or grayish slate in adults, bright cobalt blue in
young. The lower surfaces are yellowish white, often
clouded with blue or slate on the belly and throat.

In very old specimens the ground color becomes paler
and the lines widen and sometimes almost disappear.

henetihetosanalsyee ae eee 248) 41 55 60 64 66
Meneth of taille a ae. e seeker 40 695 105) SUI Saal 20
SM OMEUO [OAT ec vers eee nc erst bee epee ee oes 7 8 11 11 12 12
Snout to occipital plates .............. 6 8 10 10 ll 1]
Hore Hm bite) i. sa seicrese aalares oe oie a 10 15 14 16 15
Hindylimb:2 56 bei eas er me chieccs ee eee 10 14 22 21 23 23
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe....... 4 6 9 8 9 9

Distribution.—The Western Skink, Skilton’s Skink,
or Blue-tailed Lizard, is more widely distributed in Cali-
fornia than any other saurian. It probably ranges
over the entire State, except the lower, dryer portions of
the Colorado and Mojave Deserts and San Joaquin Val-
ley. It has been found in San Diego (San Diego, Cuy-
amaca Mountains), Riverside (San Jacinto), Los Angeles
(Los Angeles), San Bernardino (Mojave River), Santa
Barbara (Santa Barbara), Inyo (Argus and Panamint
Mountains), Kern (Fort Tejon, Kern River), Tulare
(White River, Trout Meadows), Fresno (Fresno), El
Dorado, Placer (Red Point), Shasta (Pitt River, Baird),
Siskiyou (Fort Jones), Lake (Kelseyville), Sonoma
(Healdsburg), Napa (Napa), Marin (Larkspur), Alame-
da (Berkeley, Oakland), San Mateo (Pescadero), Santa
Clara (Palo Alto, College! Park, Mountain View, Black
Mountain, Alum Rock Cafion, Smith Creek, Mt. Hamil-
ton, Los Gatos), Santa’ Cruz (Big Basin, Boulder Creek,
Corralitos), and Monterey (Monterey) Counties, Cali-
fornia.

This species lives also in western Oregon (Willamette
Valley), and probably will be found in Washington.

Habits. —This lizard seems to be most abundant in

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 147

damp places, such as are found throughout the redwood
forests of the Coast Range. Here it is usually found
under decaying logs or behind the loose bark of old
stumps. It is rather slow of movement and may easily
be caught with the hands. Its food consists of insects.
Vegetable matter is sometimes found in its stomach but
is the food of caterpillars eaten by the lizard.

43.—Eumeces gilberti Van Denburgh. RErD-HEADED
SKINK.
Eumeces gilberti, VAN D., Proc. Cal. Ac. Sci. (2), VI, 1896, p. 350

(type locality Yosemite Valley, Mariposa County, Cali-
fornia).

Description.—Body long and rounded, with long tail
and short legs. Nasal plate small, in contact with in-
ternasal, postnasal, first labial, and rostral. Postnasal
touching nasal, internasal, anterior loreal, and first and
second labial plates. Anterior loreal forming sutures
with postnasal, internasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, pos-
terior loreal, and second and third labials. Posterior
loreal larger than anterior and bordered behind by two
preoculars and first superciliary. Four large supraocu-
lars, first three touching long frontal. Interparietal
larger than either frontoparietal, but narrower than
usually in £. skiltonianus, and often not separating
parietals. Parietals very large and followed by one or
two pair of wide occipitals. Temporals very large.
Upper labials eight in number, eighth largest. Sym-
physeal very broad and followed by two wide azygous
sublabials and several large, paired sublabials in con-
tact with infralabials. All scales on body, limbs, and tail
similar in shape, very smooth, and strongly imbricate.
Median series of lower caudals greatly enlarged trans-
versely. Upper caudals about size of dorsals, larger
than laterals, ventrals, and gulars. Twenty-four or

148 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

twenty-six rows of scales encircling middle of body.
EKar-opening about size of an abdominal scale and
feebly denticulate anteriorly. In old specimens of this
skink, as in other species, the temporal regions become
more or less swollen.

The adult is brownish olive above, slightly bronzed, or
faintly washed with red, without traces of longitudinal
lines. The dorsal scales are edged with darker brown,
and often, especially toward the tail, show central spots
of verdigris green. The tail is greenish or grayish
yellow. The limbs are colored like the back. The entire
head and more or less of the neck are bright poppy red
slightly tinged with carmine. This color is brightest just
behind the ear-opening, sometimes slightly mixed with
olive on top of the head. The lower surfaces, behind
the red of the throat, are dull yellowish white.

The head and back of the smallest specimen are dark
seal brown, darkest on the margins of the scales, with
four longitudinal light lines. The lower line on each
side is indistinct, hardly to be distinguished from the
coloration of the ventral surfaces, except between the
ear and the fore limb. The upper pair of light lines are
broader than in #. skiltonianus and are separated by
only two rows of scales. They are white only on the
head, being overlaid with bronze posteriorly. The limbs
are olive, darkest on the margins of the scales. The
tail is bluish gray with some bronze and greenish tints
near its base. The lower surfaces are creamy white,
grayish on the belly.

A somewhat larger specimen (second in table of
measurements) is sepia above, with traces of the upper
pair of light lines on the neck but disappearing about
fifteen millimeters behind the head. The red of the

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 149

head is just beginning to appear around the ear-opening.
The lower surfaces are grayish white.

ene th vom nus ey sae ree 52 64 81 8] 84 96
ene thvotetalln wanes oe eae 66 119 142 136 158*
SnoutMto. ears cans tacts sess tk 10 12 15 15 15 19
Snout toloccipital plates... ........ 9 11 13 13 14 16
Hove) limibigers snake gett nar. can 12 17 20 21 20 25
Vain Mime, ane cde ser asta scien 18 24 29 30 30 34
Base of fifth to end of fourth toe.... 7 10 1] 11 11 13

Distribution.—The Red-headed Skink is known only
from the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, California.+
In the vicinity of the Yosemite Valley, it has been taken
on the floor ef the Yosemite Valley, at Inspiration Point,
Yosemite Valley, at an altitude of about 4,500 feet on
the Yosemite road four miles from Wawona, and between
Groveland and Crocker’s. Farther north it has been
found at Big Trees, Calaveras County, and at Sugar Loaf
(5,000 feet), El Dorado County.

Habits. —This lizard is common in the mountains
near the Yosemite Valley and is well known to the
hotel keepers and ranch men. It is often seen in grass
and among rocks, retreating swiftly to holes under
stones and boulders when frightened. lt seems to be
much more active than the Western Skink. Were it
not for the different position of the light stripes of the
young and the fact that this form seemingly does not
occur in most parts of the range of £. skiltonianus,
Eumeces gilberti might be regarded as a color phase of
the Western Skink.

*Reproduced.
tDr. Stejneger’s ‘“‘ Z. skiltonianus’”’ from Kern River and Fort Tejon (N. A. Fauna, No.
7, 1893, p. 202) may, perhaps, belong here.

150 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Suborder IT. SHRPENTEHS—Snakes.
Family X. LEPTOTYPHLOPID.

There are no large plates on the belly, the body being
covered everywhere with uniform scales. The head is
very small and continuous with the neck. The nasal
plate reaches the margin of the lip. The eye may be
seen through the ocular plate. One or two large plates
precede the anus. The tail ends in a smallspine. A
pelvic girdle is present, but there are no external traces
of limbs. The lower jaw is toothed.

The small blind snakes belonging to this family are
similar in appearance to the Typhlopide of the Old
World and tropical America, but differ in several struc-
tural features.

Genus 21. SIAGONODON.*

‘* Siagonodon, PETERS, Sitzb. Ges. naturf., Freunde, 1881, p. 71”
(type septemstriatus).

The body is cylindrical, covered with smooth, cycloid
scales. The rostral plate is very large, and is recurved
on both the upper and lower surfaces of the protruding
snout. The nasal plate is very large; behind it is the
large ocular, followed in turn by wide parietal and
occipital plates. A row of small scales runs along the
top of the head behind the rostral plate. No supra-
ocular plates are present. The preanal plate is not
divided.

A single species represents this family in California.
44. —Siagonodon humilis (Baird & Girard). Worm

SNAKE.

Rena humilis, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Reptiles, I, Serpents, 1853, p. 143
(type locality Valliecitas, Cal.); StEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 501; StesnecrErR, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893,
p. 203.

* The type of Rena is R. (—Leptotyphlops) dulcis B. & G.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 15 A

Glauconia humilis, BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., I, 1893,
p. 70.

Description.—Body long and slender, with short,
blunt tail bearing a small spine at its tip. Head small,
continuous with neck, slightly depressed, with promi-
nent, rounded snout. Rostral plate strongly recurved
on top of snout and continued back on lower surface of
head to mouth. A large nasal plate bordering lip and
divided behind, and sometimes in front of, nasal open-
ing. Ocular plate reaching margin of lip

between two labials. Two large plates, €¢£ is
parietal and occipital, behind ocular. No
supraocular plate. Nasal, ocular, parietal, pes
and occipital plates separated from corre- ae

sponding plates on opposite side of head
by a single series of small, rounded, im-
bricate scales. Scales on chin smallest. <\\y\xn
Fourteen rows of very strongly imbricate
scales around middle of body; middle ven-
tral series often slightly enlarged. Preanal plate
single. Caudal scales similar to those on body.

The entire upper surface, five to
seven longitudinal rows of scales, is
brown, sometimes slightly grayish at
the edges of the scales. The lower
parts are creamy white, rarely clouded with gray.

ienethitowmnuseer ase eee 91 OStlSomelO9 ms S200m 22m Ol
en xthyo fatale sere rere yr 4 4 a 10 9 9 1]
Width? of heads 3): ea een 2 2 2 3 4 4 4
Width of middle of body....... 2 2 2) 4 5 5 6

Distribution.—In California, this little snake has been
found only at Yuma and Vallecita, San Diego County,
and in Death Valley, Inyo County. It probably occu-
pies most of the intervening desert regions. Boulenger
records a specimen from San Bernardino.

fo CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Family XI. BOID.

The belly is provided with a series of large plates.
The head may be covered with either small scales or
large plates. The eye is well developed, with vertical
pupil. Rudimentary pelvis and hind limbs are present,
the latter usually showing externally as a small spur on
each side of the anus. Both jaws bear teeth.

Two genera of boas have been found in California.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.
a.—Head covered with small scales; tail not very blunt.
Lichanura.—p. 152.
a’,—Head with large plates above; tail very blunt.
Charina.—p. 154.

Genus 22. LICHANURA.
Lichanura, Corz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 304.

The head is slightly distinct from the neck and is
covered with small scales. The nostril is between two
plates, the anterior of which meets that of the opposite
side on the median line. The scales on the body are
smooth and nearly as wide as long. The urosteges and
preanal plate are undivided. The short tail is tapering,
but ends in a rounded plate.

45.—Lichanura roseofusca Cope. CALirorniA Boa.

Lichanura roseofusca, Cope, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 2
(type locality northern Lower California); STEJNEGER, U.S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 514; Corr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
XIV, 1891, p. 591.

Lichanura myriolepis, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1868, p. 2
(type locality northern Lower California); STEJNEGER, Proc.
U.S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1889, p. 98.

Lichanura orcutti, STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1889, p.
96, fig. 1 (type locality Colorado Desert, San Diego County,
California); STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p.
513-515; Corn, Proc: U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 592.

Lichanura simplex, STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1889, p.
97, fig. 2 (type locality San Diego, Cal.).

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 153

Description.—Top of head nearly flat, covered with
small, smooth scales. Snout long, with a more or less
prominent high rostral
plate. Anterior labials
very high, but their
tips sometimes cut off
and appearing as small
scales below loreals.
Loreals usually three,
but their number not
at all constant. Seven
to ten scales encircling
eye. Scales on the
body smooth, imbri-
cate, nearly as wide as
long and arranged in
from thirty-five to for-
ty-three longitudinal See ee
rows, lowest row on each
side formed of larger scales. Gastrosteges narrow and
varying in number from two hundred and twenty-four to
two hundred and forty-one. From thirty-nine to forty-
seven urosteges. Spurs small, but easily seen at each
side a little in front of anus.

EO OSSS
Ke

The color above is light bluish or brownish gray or
deep drab, with or without three more or less indefinite
reddish or yellowish brown longitudinal bands. The

154 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

middle of one of these bands originates between the
eyes, while the others arise on the temples. All or none
of these bands may extend to or along the tail. The
lower surfaces are yellowish white, more or less spotted
or blotched with brown or gray. ;

lhength toyanussye5 ne ae eae eae OMnO LS: O95" a0 toO0 mone
Inengthyotrtalle essere ane 48 66 90 80 17 VIL

Distribution.—This northern relative of the great boas
of tropical America has been found, in California, only
in San Diego (San Diego, Colorado Desert, Bonsall),
Riverside (San Jacinto), San Bernardino (Cucamonga
Cafion, San Gabriel Mts.), and Los Angeles (Mt. Wilson)
Counties. It lives also in Arizona and northern Lower
California.

Genus 23. CHARINA.

‘*Charina, GRAY, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1849, p. 113 (type
bottz);’ Wenona, B. & G., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p.
176; ‘‘Pseudoeryx, Jan, Arch. f. Nat., 1862, p. 242” (type
bottee).

The head is not, or is very slightly, distinct from the
neck and is provided with large plates. The nostril is
between two plates. The scales on the body are smooth,
small, imbricate, and about as long as wide. The uro-
steges and preanal plate are undivided. The tail is
short, very blunt, ending in a large, rounded plate.

46.—Charina botte (Blainville). RuBpBER SNAKE.

Tortrix botte, Buainv., Nouv. Ann. Mus., IV, 1835, p. 289, pl.
XXVI, fig. 1-lb (type locality California).

Charina botte, Gray, Cat. Spec. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1849, p. 113;
Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., 8e livr., 1882, p. 511; STEJNEGER,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, p. 181; Copr, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 592.

*From Stejneger, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XLV, 1891, p. 515.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 155

Wenona isabella, BARD & G1RARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852,
p. 176 (type locality Puget Sound); Grrarp, U. S. Explor.
Exped., 1858, p. 113, Atlas, pl. VII, figs. 8-14.

Wenona plumbea, BArrp & GIRARD, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852,
p. 176 (type locality Puget Sound); B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rep-
tiles, I, 1853, p. 189; Girarp, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp.,
1858, p. 112, Atlas, pl. VII, figs. 1-7; Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au
Mex., Rept., 8e livr., 1882, p. 512, pl. XXX, figs. 7-7c.

Charina plumbea, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861. p, 305;
TownseEnp, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, p. 240; STEJNEGER,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, p. 181; SrnsneceErR, N. A.
Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 203.

Charina brachyops, Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, p. 88,
pl. XXXVI, figs. 2a-2f (type locality Point Reyes, Cal.);
STEJNEGER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, p. 181; Cops,
Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 592; BouLeNGcER, Cat.
Snakes Brit. Mus., I, 1893, p. 131.

Description.—Top of head very slightly rounded, coy-
ered with plates which often differ greatly in size, shape,
and number in different individuals. Rostral plate very
large. Between it and broad frontal, two or three pair

of plates—anterior nasal, internasal, and prefrontal.
Labial and prefrontal plates sometimes entering orbital
ring.€ A single loreal usually present, but sometimes
two or none. Anterior upper labials usually very high,
but, like all head-plates, subject to much variation.*
Scales on body smooth, imbricate, about as wide as
long, and arranged in from thirty-nine to forty-nine
longitudinal rows, lowest row on each side being formed

*For an account of the scale variation in this genus, see Stejveger, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 177-182. i

156 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of larger scales. Gastrosteges narrow and ranging in
number from one hundred and ninety-two to two hun-
dred and eleven. From twenty-nine to thirty-nine
urosteges; usually all single, but sometimes a few
divided. Anal spurs small but distinct. Tail very
short and nearly as blunt as head.

. All the upper and lateral surfaces are grayish, yellow-
ish, or greenish brown, with-

out dark or light markings. se es (see
The chin and throat are some- : 2
: : ees coos
times clouded with gray or oe eas eae =

brown. The rest of the lower
surface is yellowish white.

Four young, from Placer County, are dull buff both
above and below.

Mengihitownusjare cbt setae 193) (2389 3b6)" 408 94825 olg
length ofstailae acc es ee ers aoe 26 31 47 58 58 73

Distribution. —The Rubber Snake, or Two-headed
Snake as it is often called because of its blunt tail, is
not rare in the moister portions of California. It has
been taken in Siskiyou (near Mount Shasta), Lassen
(Eagle Lake), Placer (Red Point, Tahoe City), Mariposa
(Yosemite Valley), Fresno (Fresno), Tulare (Redwood
Cafion, East Fork Kaweah River), Humboldt (Humboldt
Bay), Marin (Point Reyes, Mt. Tamalpais), Alameda
(Temescal, Oakland), San Francisco (Presidio), San
Mateo (Halfmoon Bay), Santa Clara (Palo Alto, Black
Mountain), and Santa Cruz (Big Basin, Soquel)
Counties, California; and in Oregon (John Day River,
Summer Lake, Willamette Valley), Washington (Puget
Sound), Nevada (Humboldt River), and Idaho (Kootenai
County).

Habits.—This little snake is most abundant in moist
places, such as are found in the redwood forests of the

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 157

Coast Range. It is slow of movement and very gentle.
When handled, it usually ties itself into a curious ball-
like knot—whence its common name—but, like Licha-
nura, never tries to defend itself by biting. A female
caught in June contains large eggs.

Family XII. COLUBRID.

This family contains a large number of snakes in
which the belly is covered with a series of large plates;
the head-plates are large and more or less regular; the
eye is always well developed, but its pupil may be either
round or elliptical; there are no rudiments of limbs or
pelvis; both jaws are toothed, without poison-fangs
near the front of the mouth.

SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

a.—Scales smooth.
b.—Anal plate divided; urosteges in two series.
c.—Loreal plate absent.
d.—Anterior nasal united with internasal, sometimes meeting its
mate on top of the snout; rostral prominent, greatly depressed;
scalesiimi thirteen rows)... 52)... 24; Chilomeniscus.—p. 158.
d?.—Internasal distinct, anterior nasal not extending onto top of
head; rostral slightly prominent, not depressed; scales in fif-
TEEN ETO WSR Ate hos oa ke ctelerscaee Tantilla.—p. 176.
c?.—Loreal plate present.
e.—Pupil round.
f.—Rostral not free at edges.
¢.—Fourth infralabial largest; nasal plates usually more or
less united; preoculars normally one; temporals 1-2.
h.—Snout high, not pointed in profile.
Contia.—p. 161.
h?.—Snout depressed, pointed in profile.
Chionactis.—p. 159.
e”,—Fifth (rarely 4th or 6th) infralabial largest; nasals dis-
tinct*; preoculars normally two.
i.—Temporals 1-1; frontal little longer than wide; a nar-
row white or yellow collar across nape.
Diadophis.—p. 164.

* Rarely united above the nostril in Diadophis.

158 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

i?.—Temporals 2-2 (rarely 1-1 or 2-3); frontal much
longer than broad; no single, definite, light collar

oni neck: 5. syeyes cesrosioers Bascanion.—p. 183.
f?.—Rostral large, with free lateral edges; coloration in longitu-
dinallibandstt: 2 -iusaeeeeroer Salvadora.—p. 180.

e*,.—Pupil vertically elliptical.
Rostral without free edges; coloration in blotches.
Hypsiglena.—p. 178.
b?.—Anal plate single.
j.—Urosteges in one series (at least anteriorly).
Snout protruding; coloration in cross-bands.
Rhinocheilus.—p. 174.
j’. Urosteges in two series.
k.—Scales in twenty-one to twenty-three rows; loreal nearly as
high as long; rostral not protruding; coloration in rings,
blotchesvorsiness.. =. eeeeeeere Lampropeltis.—p. 166.
k?.—Scales in twenty-seven to thirty-one rows; loreal elongate;
rostral prominent; coloration in blotches.
Arizona.—p. 192.
a’.—Dorsal scales keeled.
Laterals keeled or smooth; anal single; urosteges in two series.
1.—Prefrontals normally four (often two); scales in twenty-seven to
thirty-five rows, several of the lower usually smooth; no longitudinal
MMOS Fe cere tek Sea ian rsd eer atete ale elevaetets Pituophis.—p. 195.
1’—Prefrontals two; scales in seventeen to twenty-three rows; not more
than three smooth; usually with longitudinal lines.
Thamnophis.—p. 199.

Genus 24. CHILOMENISCUS.
Chilomeniscus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 339 (type

stramineus).

The body is stout and cylindrical, with short tail, and
without constriction at neck. The snout protrudes far
beyond the lower jaw and is rounded and greatly de-
pressed. The internasal is merged in the anterior nasal
which, therefore, extends onto the top of the snout.
There is a small posterior nasal but no loreal. The
scales are in thirteen rows, smooth and with apical pits.
The anal plate is divided, and the urosteges are in two
series. The eye is small, with round pupil.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 159

47. — Chilomeniscus ephippicus Cope. Burrowine
SNAKE.
Chilomeniscus ephippicus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1867,
p. 85 (type locality Owen’s Valley, California); Cours, Sury.
W. 100th Mer., V, 1875, p. 625, pl. XVIII, figs. 3, 3a.

Description.*—‘‘ Scales broad, in thirteen rows; tail
about one-seventh total length. Rostral plate large,
entirely separating internasals [anterior nasals], not
encroaching on prefrontals; [posterior] nasal plate sep-
arating prefrontals and labials, in contact with pre-
ocular. Postoculars two, upper only in contact with
occipital [parietal]. Superciliaries [supraoculars] very
narrow, occipitals [parietals] broad as long. Temporals
+ [1+1] large. Labials above, seven, third and fourth
in orbit, these with second, narrow erect; first longitu-
dinal; fifth and sixth smaller than the others, seventh
suddenly larger. Inferior labials eight, first pair in
contact before pregenials; postgenials very small. Gas-
trosteges 118, separated from geneials by four rows
gulars; anal 1-1; urosteges 28-28.

‘¢ Above reddish or yellowish, with twenty-one black
cross-bars to vent, which are broader than interspaces,
and do not quite reach gastrosteges; five nearly complete
rings on tail. Belly white. From occipitals [parietals]
to anterior part frontal with the labials opposite this
part (except their lower edges) black.

‘‘ Total length five and one-half inches.”

Distribution.—The only Californian locality at which
this snake has been taken is Owen’s Valley, Inyo Coun-
ty. It has been found in Arizona.

Genus 25. CHIONACTIS.

Chionactis, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1860, p. 241 (type occipi-
tale).

The body is small but not very slender, with short,

* Original description by Cope.

160 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

tapering tail, and little if any constriction at neck.
The snout is long, rounded, and much depressed. The
head-plates are normal except in the union of the an-
terior and posterior nasals. One preocular, two post-
oculars, anda lorealare present. Temporals are normally
1-2. The scales are smooth, in fifteen rows. The anal
plate is divided and the urosteges are in two series. The
eye is rather small, with round pupil.

48.—Chionactis occipitalis (Hallowell). DrserT SNAKE.

Rhinostoma occipitale, HALLow., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., VII, 1854,
p. 95 (type locality Mojave Desert).
Lamprosoma occipitale, HALLOw., 1. c., VIII, 1856, p. 310; Hatiow.,
U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, pt. 1V, p. 15, pl. IV, figs. 2a—2c;
Kenn., U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., III, Rept., 1859, p. 21, pl. XXI,
fig. 1; Bocourt, Miss. Sci.au Mex., Rept., 9eLivr., 1883, p. 558,
pl. XXXIV, fig. 6-6e.
Lamprosoma annulatum, BATRD, U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ITI, Rept.,
1859, p. 22, pl. XXI, fig. 1 (type locality Colorado Desert).
Chionactis occipitalis, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phil., 1866, p. 310;
Corz, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 605.
Contia occipitalis, GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zool., VIII, 3, 1883, -
p. 91; BouLenGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., II, 1894, p. 266.
Description.—‘‘ Head small, of same breadth poste-
riorly as neck, depressed in front; snout rounded; rostral
plate large, excavated
below, presenting a tri-
angular shape above and
in front where it forms
the extremity, of the
muzzle ; internasals
smaller than prefrontals, their inner margins much
shorter than their external, which are in contact
with the upper margins of the nasal plates; the pre-
frontals are more or less pentangular in shape, the
posterior margin of each in contact with the ante-
rior margin of the antocular, the supraocular, and

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 161

the half of the frontal plate, its external margin with
the upper margin of the frenal; the frontal plate is about
as broad as long, narrower posteriorly; supraoculars
broader posteriorly; occipitals of moderate size, pen-
tangular; nostril large, deeply excavated, in nearly the
center of a large and conspicuous nasal plate, somewhat
pyriform; a long and very narrow frenal, lying between
the second and third supralabials, and the prefrontal;
but one preocular, which is quadrangular, resting on the
third supralabial; two postoculars, the upper much larger
than the lower; there are seven supralabials, the three
anterior smaller considerably than those which follow;
the eye in contact inferiorly with the third and fourth;
body long and slender, depressed; scales, of which there
are fifteen rows, quadrangular, smooth and shining,
their posterior margins rounded, the three inferior rows
larger than the others; gastrostiga appearing to a slight
extent upon the flanks; tail short, with a somewhat
blunt extremity.” Gastrosteges 147-158. Urosteges
34-44.

‘‘Milk white above, with thirty-four transverse black
bands, including one upon the posterior part of the
head; six complete rings of black upon the tail, and one
incomplete just behind the anus; jaws, chin, throat and
abdomen white; interspaces between rings upon under
part of tail white.”

SING PLOT VTNUUSM Ar: acces As SISter us Oraea The atch: Kc Tia eRe ey aicca vanes spake cosas 229
ILA Chi HHS DES Sic talkecvadiciac’ 6 ¢ Boca Oa aoOOR Sion ee deco Oks oer cor 56

Distvibution.—Mojave and Colorado Deserts.

Genus 26. CONTIA.

Contia, B. & G., Cat.N. A. Rept., I, Serp., 1853, p. 110 (type mitis);
Lodia, B. & G., 1. ¢., p. 116 (type tenuis); ?Sonora, B. & G.,
l. c., p. 117 (type semiannulata); ‘‘ Hirenis, Jan, Elenco Sist.
d. Ofidi, 1863, p. 48.”

162 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

The body is rather stout for so small a snake, with
short, tapering tail, and slight constriction at neck.
The head is flat-topped, with broad, rounded snout. Its
plates are normal, except that the anterior and posterior
nasals usually unite above, or both above and below, the
nostril. Usually one preocular and two postoculars are
present. Temporals are 1-2. There is one loreal. The
scales are smooth, in fifteen or seventeen rows, each
with one apical pit. The anal plate is divided, and the
urosteges are in two series. The eye is small, with
round pupil.

49.—Contia mitis Baird & Girard. SHARP-TAILED SNAKE.
Contia mitis, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., I, Serpents, 1853, p. 110
(type locality San José, Calif.); Yarrow, Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus., No. 24, 1883, p. 87; BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus.,
II, 1894, p. 267.
? Lodia tenuis, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p. 116
(type locality Puget Sound, Or.); GiraArp, U.S. Explor. Exped.,
Herp., 1858, p. 122, pl. IX, figs. 8-11; Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 602.
Ablabes purpureocauda, GUNTHER, Cat. Colub. Snakes, Brit. Mus.,
1858, p. 245 (type locality California).
Description.—Head wide, with flattened top and broad,
rounded snout. Rostral plate large, high, hollowed
below, and bounded behind by internasal, nasal, and
first labial plates. Plates on top of head, a pair of in-
ternasals, a pair of
prefrontals, a frontal
. broad in front but
ur pointed behind, a
~ long supraocular on
each side, and a pair
of large parietals. Anterior and posterior nasal plates
frequently united above, or both above and below,
nostril. Loreal small and nearly square. Normally one
preocular, but two sometimes present. Postoculars two,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 163

rarely one. Temporals one followed by two. Seven
superior and seven inferior labials, sixth upper and
fourth lower largest, third and fourth upper bordering
eye, first pair of lower meeting on median line behind
small triangular mental. Geneials in two pair, anterior
much larger than posterior. Scales on body smooth, in
fifteen rows. Anal plate divided. Gastrosteges vary-
ing in number from one hundred and fifty-one to one
hundred and eighty-six. Urosteges in two series of from
twenty-nine to fifty-two. Tail short, conical, ending in
a sharply pointed plate.

The color above is grayish or yellowish brown, usually
very finely punctulated or reticulated with slate or black,
with or without a light yellowish or brownish line along
each side. The scales below these lines are sometimes
spotted with black. In very young specimens a contin-
uous black line along each side takes the
place of these spots, while a similar line
runs along the middle of the back. The
sides of the head show these lateral black lines more
or less distinctly. The tail is colored like the back,
except that its upper surface is sometimes suffused with
red. The lower surfaces are grayish or yellowish white,
transversely barred with black on the anterior half of
each gastrostege and (often) urostege.

Menor hwtOramuUst 1 yale serie a a 106 176 238 240 299 330
Theme thvotitailes Mee csercteor es, 22 27 57 37 78 83

Distribution.— This harmless little snake is common
among the redwoods of Santa Cruz (Big Basin) and San
Mateo (Woodside) Counties, California. It has been
found also in Santa Clara (San José), Alameda (Hay-
wards, Alameda), Marin, Sonoma (Petaluma), Mendo-
cino (Kel River Bridge), and Shasta Counties. Dr.
Yarrow has recorded it from Fresno. I have seen a

164 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

specimen from Fyffe, El Dorado County. It has not
been taken in the southern portion of California, but
ranges north across Oregon and Washington to Puget

Sound.
Habits. —Unknown.

Genus 27. DIADOPHIS.

Diadophis, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., I, Serp., 1853, p. 112 (type
punctatus).

The body is slender, with long, tapering tail, and
slight constriction at neck. The head is flat-topped,
with broad, rounded snout. Its plates are normal.
The nasal plates very rarely unite above the nostril.
There are two preoculars and two postoculars. Tempo-
rals are 1-1. A loreal is present. The scales are
smooth, in fifteen or seventeen rows, each with one ap-
ical pit. The anal plate is divided, and the urosteges
are in two series. The eye is moderately large, with
round pupil.

50.—Diadophis amabilis Baird & Girard. WesTERN

RING-NECK SNAKE.

Diadophis amabilis, BARD & GIRARD, Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Ser-
pents, 1853, p. 113 (type locality San José, Cal.); Barro, U.S.
Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859; Pt: IDL, pl. XXXII, figs. 83:

Diadophis pulchellus, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853,
p. 115 (type locality E1 Dorado Co., Cal.); Barrp, U.S. Pac.
R. R. Surv., X, 1859, Pt. III, pl. XXXIIT, figs. 85; SrEesnEcER,
N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 203.

Diadophis punctatus pulchellus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1883, p. 27.

Diadophis punctatus amabilis, YARRow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24,
1882, p. 95 (part); TowNnsEenp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1887, p.
239.

Diadophis amabilis pulchellus, Copr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891 (1892), p. 616.

Diadophis amabilis amabilis, Corr, Proc. U. 8, Nat. Mus., XIV,
1891 (1892), p. 616.

Coronella amabilis, BoULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., II, 1894, p.
207 (part).

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 165

Description.— Top of head flattened posteriorly, but
curving slightly downward to broad, rounded snout.
Rostral plate large, broader than high, hollowed below,
and bounded behind by internasal, anterior nasal, and
first labial plates. Plates on top of head, a pair of in-
ternasals, a pair of prefrontals, a short, broad frontal
between two supraoculars, and a pair of long parietals.
Anterior and posterior nasals normally distinct, but
rarely united above
nostril. Loreal
small and nearly
square. Preoculars
and postoculars two
each. Temporals
one followed by one. Seven (rarely eight) superior and
eight (rarely seven) inferior labials, sixth (or seventh)
upper and fifth (or fourth) lower largest, third and fourth
(rarely fourth and fifth) superior reaching eye, first pair
of inferior meeting on median line. Geneials in two
pair, anterior very slightly, if at all, larger than poste-
rior pair. Scales on body smooth, in fifteen rows.
Anal plate divided. Gastrosteges varying in number
from one hundred and eighty-two to two hundred and

ten. Urosteges in two series of from fifty-three to sev-
enty. Tail tapering, ending in a pointed, conical plate.

The color above is olive, brownish, greenish, bluish,
or blackish slate, or gray, minutely reticulated, but
without definite markings, except a light col-
lar across the neck just behind the head.
This collar may be white, yellow, or unicolor
with the belly, and is often edged with black
or slate. It covers from one and one-half to
three transverse rows of scales. The upper
part of the head is usually a darker: shade of

166 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the color of the back. The upper labials are partly
white or yellow. The lower surfaces, including none,
one-half, one, one and one-half, or two rows of scales,
are white, yellow, rose,* orange, lake,* or coral red—
brightest posteriorly—more or less spotted with black
at the posterior edges of the gastrosteges and urosteges
and under the head.

henothetoranis 4. eee eeae oe 137 166 270 333 366 420
ene thyofitallen eerie 32 40 68 66 101 92

Distribution.— The Western Ring-neck or ‘‘ Red-
bellied” Snake lives in all parts of California except
the desert area. It is rather inconspicuous, because of
its small size, but has been taken in San Diego (San
Diego, vic. Carlsbad and Oceanside), San Bernardino
(San Bernardino, Ontario), Fresno (Fresno), Mariposa
(Mariposa, Yosemite Valley), El Dorado, Santa Cruz
(Santa Cruz), Santa Clara (San José, Palo Alto), Ala-
meda (Oakland), Contra Costa (Mount Diablo), Marin,
Sonoma (Sonoma, Petaluma, Healdsburg), Napa (Calis-
toga), Lake (Highland Springs), and Shasta (McCloud
River) Counties, California, and in Willamette Valley
and at Fort Dalles, Oregon.

Habits.—Diadophis amabilis 1s most often found under
boards or logs in moist localities, sometimes even in salt
marshes. Its food probably consists chiefly of insects,
but one specimen had eaten a half-grown tree -toad
(Hyla regilla). Nothing is known of its breeding habits.

Genus 28. LAMPROPELTIS.

Lampropeltis, FITZINGER, Syst. Rept., 1848, p. 25 (type getulus);
Sphenophis, F1rz., |. ¢., p. 25 (type coccinea); Ophibolus, B. &
G., Cat. N. A. Serp., 1853. p. 82 (type sayi); Bellophis, Locx-
INGTON, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., VII, 1877, p. 52 (type zonatus).

The body is rather thick, with short tail, and little if

*In formalin.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 167

any constriction at neck. The snout is broad and high.
The upper head-plates are normal. The nasal plates are
distinct. One (rarely two) preocular and two (rarely
one or three) postoculars are present, as is also a small
loreal plate. Temporals are normally 2-3, rarely 1-2,
1-3, 2-2, 2-4, or 83-4. The scales are smooth, in twen-
ty-one or twenty-three (or 24) rows, each with two apical
pits. The anal plate is undivided, but the urosteges are
in two series. The eye is of moderate size, with round
pupil.
SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.
a.—Black rings more or less split by red; gastrosteges fewer than 220.
L. zonata.—p. 167.
a*.—No red; gastrosteges more than 220.
b.—Color in transverse blotches or rings..... L. boylii.—p. 169.
b’.—Color chiefly in longitudinal lines or blotches.
L. californize.—p. 172.

51. — Lampropeltis zonata (Blainville). Catirornra

Kine SNAKE.

Coluber (Zacholus) zonatus, BLAIN., Nouv. Ann. du Mus., [V, 1835,
p. 293 (type locality California); B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept.,
Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p. 153.

Ophibolus pyrrhomelas, Corr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., I, 1875, p. 37
(part?); Corr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 610 (part ?).

Bellophis zonatus, Lock1tneton, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., VII, 1877,
p. 52 (type locality [Santa Barbara, | Calif.).

Ophibolus getulus multicinctus, YARROW, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., V,
1882, p. 440 (type locality Fresno, California).

Coronella multifasciata, Bocourt, Miss. Sci. au Mex., Rept. 10e Livr.,
1886, p. 616, pl. XL, figs. 2-2c¢ (type locality California).

Coronella zonata, BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., II, 1894,
p. 202.

Description.—Top of head slightly flattened posteriorly,
curving downward to broad rounded snout. Temporal
regions frequently swollen. MRostral plate large, broader
than high, hollowed below, and bounded behind by in-
ternasal, anterior nasal, and first labial plates. Plates on
top of head, a pair of internasals, a pair of prefrontals,

168 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

a short, broad, irregularly wedge-shaped frontal between
two supraoculars, and a pair of large parietals. Anterior
and posterior nasals distinct. A small loreal present,
but sometimes united with prefrontal. Two postoculars
and one (or rarely two) preocular. Temporals normally
two followed by three, sometimes 1-2, 1-3, or 2-4. Seven
(rarely six) superior and nine inferior labials, fifth and
sixth superior and fifth (or fourth) inferior largest, third
and fourth superior reaching eye, first pair of inferior
meeting ou median line. Geneials in two pair, anterior
larger than posterior. Scales on body smooth, thin,
imbricate, in twenty-one or twenty-three rows. Anal
plate never divided. Gastrosteges varying in number
from one hundred and ninety-nine to two hundred and
fifteen. Urosteges in two series of from forty-five to
sixty-one. Tail short but slender.

The snout may be black, white, or spotted. The mid-
dle third of the head is black. A white band crosses
the back of the head, involving
the tips of the parietal plates and
joining the white of the throat.
Behind this white one is a full or
_ half ring of black, followed in
® turn by another of red. The

whole body is similarly marked,
being encircled by from twenty-five to forty-three white
rings* between which are rings of black more or less
divided and replaced by blotches or rings of red or pink.
The proportion of black to red varies greatly in different
specimens, as does also the intensity of the red. This
color is sometimes present anteriorly only, and is usually
absent near the tip of the tail. The colors of the back

* Not counting the five to eleven on the tail.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 169

and sides are continued, somewhat irregularly, onto the
lower surfaces. The white areas, and more rarely the
red ones also, are sometimes tinged with dull yellowish
brown. The white rings are little if at all broader on
the sides than on the back.

Lengthitojanuse te. sciac oak ot on ess 288 486 560 607 695 722
Thengpthvot tailep yes tte oe leas 3 46 71 7, Ne Seas

Distribution.—This brilliant snake seems to prefer the
moister, cooler portions of the State, such as are occu-
pied by coniferous forests. It has been taken in San
Diego (vic. San Diego), San Bernardino (San Bernar-
dino Mountains), Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara), Tulare
(Heaven’s Gate, near Little Kern Lake), Fresno, Tuol-
umne (Hodgdon’s), Mariposa (Yosemite Valley), El
Dorado (Riverton), Santa Cruz (Soquel, Santa Cruz,
Glenwood), and Santa Clara (Mt. Hamilton) Counties,
California.

Habits.—Very little is known of the habits of this
snake. Old hunters say that it destroys many rattlers
and other snakes. One of my specimens had eaten two
Blue-bellied Lizards (Sceloporus occidentalis).

Many names are applied to this species, among which
are King Snake, Red Milk Snake, Coral or Corral Snake,
Ring Snake, Harlequin Snake, etc. It is popularly sup-
posed to be very poisonous, but, like all Californian
reptiles excepting the rattlesnakes, is entirely harmless.

52.—Lampropeltis boylii Baird & Girard. Boynin’s MILK
SNAKE.

Ophibolus Boylii, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp. 1853, p. 82
(type locality El Dorado Co., Cal.).

Coronella balteata, HALLow., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1853, p.
236; Id., Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, pt. 4, 1857, pp. 14, 24, pl.
V (type locality ‘‘ El Paso Creek and Benicia; also inter-
mediate places,’’ California).

Lampropeltis boylii, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 255;
STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 204.

170 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

“Coronella getulus, var. pseudogetulus, JAN, Icon. Gen. Ofid., I,
Thivins 125 ole Vela Big eae

Ophibolus getulus boylii, Copr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV. 1891, p.
613.

Coronella getula, BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., II, 1894, p.
197 (part).

Description.—A larger and stouter snake than ZL.
zonata. ‘Top of head slightly flattened posteriorly, curv-
ing downward to broad rounded snout. Temporal
regions rarely if ever swollen. MRostral plate large, lit-
tle broader than
high, hollowed below
and bounded behind
by internasal, ante-
rior nasal, and first
labial plates. Plates
on top of head, a pair
of internasals, a pair of prefrontals, a short, broad,
irregularly wedge-shaped frontal, supraocular of each
side, and a pair of large parietals. Anterior and pos-
terior nasals distinct. A small loreal present, but
sometimes united with posterior nasal. One preocular
and two (rarely one) postoculars. Temporals nor-
mally two followed by three, but may be 2-2, 2-4, or
3-4. Seven superior and eight to ten inferior labials,
fifth and sixth superior and fifth or fourth inferior
largest, third and fourth superior reaching eye, first
pair of inferior meeting on median line. Geneials in
two pair, anterior much larger than posterior. Scales
smooth, thin, imbricate, in twenty-three rows. Anal
plate undivided. Gastrosteges varying in number from
two hundred and twenty-one to two hundred and fifty-
five. Urosteges in two series of from forty-six to sixty,
a few of the first sometimes undivided.

The snout and sides of the head are yellow or white,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. iva.

more or less spotted or blotched with dark brown along
the edges of the plates. The nape and the top of the
head behind the prefrontal
plates are dark brown, with a
rarying number of white or
yellow spots, one of which is
very constantly present just
behind the parietal plates.
The body and tail are marked
with great blotches or rings
of brown, separated by nar-
rower rings of yellow or white. These white rings are
much broader on the sides than near the middle of the
back, and vary in number from twenty-four to thirty-
five on the body and five to eight on the tail. The
markings of the sides are continued onto the lower
surfaces.

ienothetoranusey eae sete eee. SM aOot mOS OMEN OOM Oo lan mOOs
enethrotitailan gee ats ahd kane 44 55 (By IL) abilisy 11S

Distribution.—Boyle’s Milk Snake is common in al-
most all parts of California, where it has been taken in
San Diego (San Diego, Santa Margarita), Riverside (San
Jacinto, Riverside), Los Angeles (Pasadena), Kern (Ft.
Tejon, Kern Valley), Tulare (East Fork Kaweah River,
Three Rivers), Fresno (Fresno), El Dorado (Alt. 2000
ft.), Placer (Applegate), Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara),
Santa Clara (Los Gatos, Palo Alto), Alameda (Oakland),
Solano (Benicia), San Francisco, Marin (Mt. Tamal-
pais, Camp Taylor), Sonoma (Healdsburg), Mendocino
(Irishes), and Shasta (Redding, Ft. Reading, McCloud
River) Counties.

It has been recorded from St. Thomas and Overton,
Muddy Valley, Nevada.

Habits.—The black and white king snake is most

ee CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

abundant where the country is covered with chaparral
and where small streams are numerous. It is usually
very gentle, but sometimes fights its captor most fierce-
ly, rarely, however, being able to draw blood with its
small teeth. I have twice found it swallowing the con-
tents of quail’s nests, and once observed one crawling
along the ground and looking up into the bushes for
nests of small birds. Several times while I watched its
quick eyes detected nests three or four feet above it, but
although the snake immediately climbed up to these, it
did not obtain a meal, for the nests which it examined
had been abandoned by their builders or robbed by some
earlier comer.

While I was watching a man spade up a small plot of
ground, he killed two gophers (Thomomys) and threw
them a few feet away. A few minutes later a snake of
this species appeared, went directly to the spot where
the gophers lay side by side, and swallowed first the
adult and then the half grown one. It took no notice
of our presence, and after completing its hearty meal
disappeared in the direction whence it had come.

53-—Lampropeltis californie (Blainville). CALIFORNIA

Mik SNAKE.

Coluber (Ophis) Californie, BLAinv., Nouv. Ann.du Mus., IV, 1835,
p. 292, pl. XXVII, figs. 1-lb (type locality California); B. &
G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p. 153.

Coronella californie, Dum. & Brpr., Erp. Gen., VII, 1854, p. 623.

Ophibolus california, Corr, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 37.

Ophibolus getulus eiseni, YARROW, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., V, 1882,
p. 439 (type locality Fresno, California).

Ophibolus getulus californiew, Cork, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p- 614.

Coronella getula, BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., II, 1894, p.
197 (part).

Description.—Similar to LZ. boylit in everything but
color. Top of head is slightly flattened posteriorly,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. ie

curving downward to broad rounded snout. Temporal
regions rarely if ever swollen. Rostral plate large, little
broader than high, hollowed below, and bounded behind
by internasal, anterior nasal, and first labial plates.
Plates on top of head, a pair of internasals, a pair of
prefrontals, a short, broad, irregularly wedge-shaped
frontal, supraocular of each side, and a pair of large
parietals. Anterior and posterior nasals distinct. A
small loreal. One preocular and two (rarely one or
three) postoculars. Temporals normally two followed
by three. Seven superior and nine or ten inferior labials,
fifth and sixth superior and fifth inferior largest, third
and fourth superior reaching eye, first pair of inferior
meeting on median line. Geneials in two pair, anterior
much larger than posterior. Scales smooth, thin, im-
bricate, in twenty-three (or twenty-four) rows. Anal
plate undivided. Gastrosteges varying in number from
two hundred and twenty-six to two hundred and thirty-
six. Urosteges in two series of from fifty to fifty-eight.

This is a very peculiar snake, which may prove to be
a mere variation of Lampropeltis boylii, from which it
does not differ in size, form, or scale characters. There
is an immense amount of variation in the color pattern;
indeed this is rarely alike in any two specimens. The
head is not colored differently from that of L. boylii,
except that there often
is more yellow near the
posterior edges of the
parietal plates. Along
the sides of the body are
more or less broken lon-
gitudinal lines or bands of white or yellow. Above
these the coloration is dark brown to the median line,
along which is a single, definite, narrow line, or a series

174 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

of small spots or blotches, or both. The tail is dark
brown, spotted above with white or yellow. The gastro-
steges are yellow or white, unicolor or blotched with
brown as in L. boylii.

henctily tofanusie 7h se eae ee eee ere ee hs heehee Selo hae nee eae 277 = 342
enethyvot, tale. May OMe ee tester osc Aliese oeyakites JB 44 49

Distribution.—The California Milk Snake has been
found in San Diego, Riverside, and Fresno Counties.
Habits.—Unknown, but probably like those of L.
boylit.
Genus 29. RHINOCHEILUS.

Rhinocheilus, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., I, Serp., 1853, p. 120
(type lecontei).

The body is rather slender, with short, tapering tail.
The head is slightly distinct from the neck, and ends
in a narrow snout which projects far beyond the lower
jaw. The head-plates are normal. The nasal plates
rarely unite above the nostril. One (or two) preoculars
and two (or three) postoculars are present, as is also a
small loreal. Temporals are normally two followed by
three. The scales are smooth, in seventeen to twenty-
five rows, with apical pits. The anal plate is divided.
Urosteges are in one series, except usually toward the
end of the tail. The eye is of moderate size, with
round pupil.

54.—Rhinocheilus lecontei Baird & Girard. LonG-NosEpD
SNAKE.

Rhinocheilus Lecontei, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853,
p. 120 (type locality San Diego, California); Bairp, U.S.
Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, Pt. III, pl. XXIII, figs. 90; Barro,
U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., Rept., 1859, pl. XX; Bocourt, Miss.
Sci. au Mex., 1886, p. 602, pl. XL, figs. 7-7d; Corr, Proc. U.S.
Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 606; BouLmENGrR, Cat. Snakes, Brit.
Mus., II, 1894, p. 212.

Description.—Head round and snout projecting and

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 175

pointed. Temporal regions not swollen. Rostral plate
large, prominent, recurved on top of snout, and
bounded behind by internasal, anterior nasal, and first
labial plates. Plates on top of head, a pair of inter-
nasals, a pair of prefrontals, a broad frontal, supraocu-
lar of each side, and a pair of rather short, rounded
parietals. Anterior and posterior nasals usually dis-
tinct, but sometimes
united above nostril.
Loreal small, elongate,
sometimes entering or-
bit. One or two pre-
and two or three post-
oculars. Temporals normally two followed by three,
rarely 2-2, 2-3, or 2-4. Eight (rarely nine) superior
and nine (or ten) inferior labials, seventh or eighth
superior and fifth or sixth inferior largest, fourth and
fifth (or fifth and sixth) superior reaching eye, first
pair of inferior meeting on median line. One or two
pair of geneials, posterior very narrow when present.
Scales on body smooth, thin, in twenty-three or twenty-
five rows. Anal plate not divided. Gastrosteges vary-
ing in number from one hundred and ninety-one to
two hundred and six. Urosteges in one series, or more
often in one series anteriorly and two posteriorly, of
from forty to fifty-five.

The snout is yellowish more or less marked with
black. Back of this the head is black or brown, often
spotted with yellow or white. Across the back is a
series of large black or brown blotches; twenty to
twenty-eight on the body and six to eight on the tail.
These blotches may be rounded, pointed, or truncate
on the sides, and are from one and one-half to three
times as long as the intervals which separate them.

176 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

These intervals are brick red,
orange, yellow, or white, and usu-
Moe ally are continuous with the white

z or yellow of the lower surfaces.
The lateral scales which fall within
the dark blotches often have light
centers, while those in the lght
intervals are similarly spotted
with black or brown. Small black
or brown blotches are sometimes present on the sides
midway between the larger ones. The lower surfaces
are yellow or white, unicolor or marbled with black or

brown.
IL AVACATN Wo) BYU, Goad ecagagnns eceonnec 275 310 490 496 520 £800
Iiengthpo tata pees =e. Lee eee en nan eiee 43 51 70 73 83 =-:140

Distribution.—It is probable that this snake occurs
throughout southern California. It has been taken at
San Diego, San Diego County, and White River, Tulare
County. It ranges east across Arizona.

Habits.—Unknown.

Genus 30. TANTILLA.
Tantilla, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., I, Serp., 1853, p. 131 (type

coronata); Homalocranion, DumEéRIL, Mém. Ac. Sci. Paris,
XXIII, 1853, p. 490.

The body is very slender, with tail of moderate length
and no constriction at neck. The snout protrudes a
little beyond the lower jaw. The head is very low, and
very flat above. Its plates are normal, except that there
is no loreal. One preocular and one or two postoculars
are present. The scales are smooth, arranged in fifteen
(or thirteen) rows. The anal plate is divided, and the
urosteges are in two series. The eye is small, with
round pupil

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. We

55. Tantilla eiseni Stejneger. CALIFORNIA TANTILLA.

Tantilla nigriceps, YARROW, Buil. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 24, 1883, p.
85 (part).

Tantilla eiseni, STEJNEGER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XVIII, 1896, p.
117 (type locality Fresno, California).

Description.*—‘‘ Head very flat above, rather broad
across the anterior temporals; eyes small; rostral wider
than high, the portion visible from above longer than
the internasal suture; internasals short; prefrontals
nearly twice as large as internasals, their lower border
wedged in between posterior nasal and preocular, but
not in contact with supralabials; frontal rather long,
six-sided, angular in front and behind, the lateral bor-
ders nearly parallel; supraoculars rather small, half as
wide as frontal; parietals long and narrow, nearly as
long as their distance from tip of snout; nasals long,
the posterior in contact with preocular, which is but
slightly shorter; no loreal; one preocular; two postocu-
lars; temporals long, 1+1; supralabials seven, last one
largest, third and fourth entering eye; sublabials [infra-
labials] seven, four in contact with first pair of chin
shields; first pair of sublabials not in contact behind
mental; fifteen rows of smooth scales; four rows of
scales between posterior chin shields and ventrals; ven-
trals 176 [167-181]; anal divided; subcaudals 62-1
[58-65].

‘Color (in aleohol) uniform pale flesh color, slightly
darker grayish brown above; top of head, lores, temples,
and nape for a distance of three scale-lengths back of
the parietals, dark grayish-brown; behind this a narrow
white [transverse] band, one scale-length wide, bordered
behind by a few dark-brown dots.

‘¢Total length, 365; tail, 82 mm.”

* Original description of Stejneger.

178 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Distribution.—Sevyen specimens of this little snake
were collected by Dr. Gustav Eisen near Fresno, Fresno
County, California, in 1879. The species has not been
found since.

Genus 31. HYPSIGLENA.

Hypsiglena, Copr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 246 (type
ochrorhynchus); Pseudodipsas, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac., 1860,
p- 521; Comastes, JAN, Elenco Sist. Ofid., 1863, p. 102.

The body is small, with moderate, slender tail. The
head is distinct from the neck by reason of the swollen
temples, which in old specimens are greatly enlarged.
The snout is rounded and rather prominent. The head
plates are normal. The nasals rarely unite above the
nostril. Two (or three) preoculars and two postoculars
are present, as is alsoa loreal. Temporals are normally
one followed by two. The scales are smooth, in nine-
teen or twenty-one rows, with apical pits. The anal
plate is divided. Urosteges are in two rows. The eye
is of moderate size or small, with vertically elliptic
pupil.
56.—Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus Cope. Sporrep Nicur

SNAKE,

Hypsiglena ochrorhynchus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860,
p. 246 (type locality Cape San Lucas, Lower California,
Mex.); Cort, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, p. 32; STEJNEGER,
N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 204; BouLencsr, Cat. Snakes Brit.
Mus., II, 1894, p. 209.

Hypsiglena chlorophea, Cops, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 247
(type locality Fort Buchanan, Ariz.); STesNrecER, N. A.
Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 205. b

Hypsiglena texana, STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1894, p. 205
(type locality ‘‘ between Laredo and Camargo, Tex.’’).

Description.—Head flat-topped or slightly rounded,
and snout projecting. Temporal regions usually swollen.
Rostral plate large, prominent, recurved on top of snout,
and bounded behind by internasal, anterior nasal, and

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. LTO

first labial plates. Plates on top of head, a pair of in-
ternasals, a pair of prefrontals, a frontal, supraocular of
each side, and a pair of rather short, rounded parietals.

Ne
al
OH

(\ (0 <
A9norere,
eontgeee ey
Nisteuggere

Anterior and posterior nasals usually distinct, but some-
times united above nostril. Loreal small, but often
elongate. Two (or one or three) pre- and two postocu-
lars. Temporals normally one followed by two, rarely
2-2. Hight (rarely seven) superior and ten (or nine)
inferior labials, sixth or seventh superior and fifth or
sixth inferior largest, fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth
superior reaching eye, first pair of inferior meeting on
median line. Geneials in two pair, posterior equal to
or a little larger or smaller than anterior. Scales on
body smooth, thin, in twenty-one rows. Anal plate
divided. Gastrosteges varying in number from one
hundred and sixty-seven to one hundred and eighty-
seven. Urosteges in two series of from forty to fifty-
five.

The ground color above is yellowish white, so thickly
sprinkled with minute brown or black dots as to present
an ashy or olivaceous appearance. Along the middle of
the back is a single or double series of more or less al-
ternate and confluent blotches of brown or black. On
the sides are two or three or four alternating series of
small brown or black spots. There are two or three

180 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

elongate dark blotches on the nape,
each lateral one being produced
forward as a narrow band across the
side of the face. These nuchal
blotches often unite to form a dark
transverse band or collar. The top
of the head, the labials, and the
genelals are spotted with brown. The gastrosteges are
yellowish or white, immaculate. The urosteges are
sometimes speckled with gray or brown.

length tovanussqeeee soccer ee ee 137 282 284 318 325 447
hen eth often er cee eee eee: 21 60 56 47 60 76

Distribution.—This little snake has been taken in
California at San Diego and in the Cuyamaca Mts., San
Diego County, at San Jacinto and Strawberry Valley
(5,000 feet), Riverside County, at Hesperia, San Bernar-
dino County, and in Shepherd Cafion, Argus Range,
Inyo County.

Habits.—Unknown. Probably nocturnal.

Genus 32. SALVADORA.

Salvadora B. & G. Cat. N. A. Rept., I, Serp., 1853, p. 104 (type
grahamiz); Phimothyra, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.,
1860, p. 566 (type grahamie).

The body is very long and slender, with long whip-
like tail. The head is distinct from the neck, large,
long, flat-topped, with truncate snout. Its plates are
normal, except the rostral which is very large and has
free lateral] edges. The nasal plates are distinct. Two
preoculars, two postoculars, and a loreal are present.
Temporals are 1-2, 2-2, 2-3, or 3-3. The scales are
smooth, in seventeen rows, with two apical pits. The
anal plate is divided. Urosteges are in two series. The
eye is large, with round pupil.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 181

57.-—Salvadora grahamie Baird & Girard. PATCHED-
NOSED SNAKE.

Salvadora grahamie, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853,
p. 104 (type locality ‘‘Sonora, Mex.’’); Barrp, U. S. Mex.
Bound. Surv., II, 1859, p. 21, pl. V, fig. 2; Bocourr, Miss. Sci.
au Mex. Rept., lle Livr., 1888, p. 661, pl. XLIII, figs. 2-2e ;
Corr, Proc .U. S. Nat. Mus. XIV, 1891 (1892), p. 619; VAN
DeEeNnBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), V, Pt. 1, 1895, p. 146.

Phimothyra grahamie, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p.
300; Cops, 1. c., 1883, p. 14.

Phimothyra hexalepis, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, p. 304
(type locality Fort Whipple, Ariz.).

Zamenis grahami, BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., I, 1893, p.
395 (part).

Salvadora grahamie hexalepis, STEJINEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, p-
205.

Description.—Head flat-topped or slightly rounded,
and snout projecting and very blunt. Temporal regions
not swollen. MRostral plate very large, prominent, re-
curved on top of snout, with free lateral edges, and
bounded behind by internasal, anterior nasal, and first
labial plates. Plates on top of head, a pair of inter-
nasals, a pair of prefrontals, a frontal, supraocular of
each side, and a pair of rather short, rounded parietals.
Anterior and poste-
rior nasals distinct.
Loreal small, but
sometimes divided.
Two or one pre- and
two or three postocu-
lars. Temporals normally two followed by three,
rarely 1-2, 2-2, or 3-3. Eight or nine superior and
about ten inferior labials, sixth or seventh or seventh
and eighth superior and fifth or sixth inferior largest,
fourth and fifth or fifth and sixth superior, or small de-
tached portions of them, reaching eye, first pair of
inferior meeting on median line. Two pair of geneials,

182 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

posterior equa] to or smaller than anterior. Scales on
body smooth, thin, in seventeen rows. Anal plate
divided. Gastrosteges varying in number from one
hundred and seventy-four to two hundred and six.
Urosteges in two series of from seventy-four to one
hundred and eight.

The upper surface of the head is grayish or yellowish
brown, without dark or light markings. The ground
color of the body is drab, yellow, light brown, or plum-
beous, with one or two narrow black,
slate, brown, or olive longitudinal
bands. These bands fade out on the
tail, and may extend on to the sides

of the head. Sometimes they widen
and merge; in other specimens the
upper band is partially broken up into spots; while in
one the bands are ‘‘represented by blackish shades at
the bases of the scales.”” The upper lip and all the
lower surfaces are yellow or yellowish white, the tail
and posterior part of the body sometimes with an orange
or reddisa cast.

iden ethato amumshpe eee oe eis 235 258 340 652 695 850
Length of tail os... 2's ee 63 60 98 215 189 290

Distribution.—In California, the Patched-nosed Snake
probably ranges over most of the desert area. It has
been found at Valle de la Viejas, San Diego County,
San Jacinto, Riverside County, at Lytle Creek and near
San Bernardino, San Bernardino County, and in Inyo
County at the Amargosa Borax Works and in the
Argus Range, California. It has, been collected in
Nevada at St. Thomas and the Virgin River near
Bunkerville.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 183

Genus 33. BASCANION.

Bascanion, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p. 93 (type
constrictor); Masticophis, B. & G., 1. ¢., p. 98 (type ornatus).
The body is very long and slender, with long whip-
like tail. The head is distinct from the neck, large,
long, with flattened top and rounded snout. Its plates
are normal. The nasal plates are not united. There
are two (rarely one) preoculars and two postoculars.
Temporals are normally 2-2. A loreal is present. The
scales are smooth, in fifteen, seventeen, or nineteen
rows, usually with two (0-3) apical pits. The anal plate
is divided.* Urosteges are in two series. The eye is
very large, with round pupil.
Four species are known to be Californian. Young of
the first two are blotched, of the others, striped.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.—Scales in seventeen rows.
b.—No distinct longitudinal light lines.
c.—Urosteges fewer than 100; gastrosteges fewer than 185.
B. constrictor vetustum.—p. 183.
c?.—Urosteges more than 100; gastrosteges more than 190.
B. flagellum frenatum.—p. 186.
b?.—A light line along third and fourth rows of scales.
B. laterale.—p. 188.
a?.—Scales in fifteen rows.......... B. teniatum.—p. 190.

58.—Bascanion constrictor vetustum Baird & Girard.
WESTERN YELLOW-BELLIED RACER.

Bascanion vetustus, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853,
p. 97 (type locality San Jose, Calif.); Grrarp, U. 8. Explor.
Exped., Herp., 1858, p. 127, pl. VIII, figs. 12-19. ;

Bascanium constrictor flaviventris, YARRow & HENSHAW, Surv. W.
100th Mer., App. NN., 1878, p. 213; Yarrow, Bull. U.S. Nat.
Mus., No. 24, 1882, p. 110 (part).

*This plate has been found undivided in B. flagellum and its westernmost subspecies
B. f. frenatum. :

184 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Bascanium constrictor vetustum, TOWNSEND, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus.,
X, 1887, p. 240.

Bascanium constrictor, Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. XIV, 1891 (1892),
p. 624 (part).

Zamenis constrictor, BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., I, 1898,
p. 387 (part).

Description. —Head rather long, with flattened top and
rounded snout. Rostral plate large, about as high as
wide, hollowed below, and bounded behind by inter-
nasal, anterior nasal, and first labial plates. Plates on
top of head, a pair of internasals, a pair of prefrontals,

supraocular and part of upper preocular of each side,
long frontal, and a pair of large parietals. Anterior
and posterior nasals distinct. Loreal well developed.
Preoculars normally two, but sometimes united. Post-
oculars two, uppera little larger than lower. Temporals
normally two followed by two, but may be 2-3, 1-2, or
1-1. Seven or eight superior and eight or nine inferior
labials, next to last of upper and fifth (or fourth) of
lower largest, third and fourth or fourth and fifth
superior reaching eye, first pair of inferior meeting on
median line. Geneials in two pair, equal or either pair
a little larger. Scales on body smooth, in seventeen
rows. Anal plate divided. Gastrosteges varying in
number from one hundred and sixty-three to one hun-
dred and seventy-nine. Urosteges in two series of
from seventy-nine to ninety-eight.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 185

The color above in adults is green, olive, or yellowish
or reddish brown, changing to
green (or blue) on the lower
rows of scales and the tips of
the gastrosteges. There are no
dark or light markings but the
skin between the scales is often
black. The head and tail are unicolor with the body.
The lower surfaces are yellow or, rarely, white, un-
spotted.

Young are colored like adults on the tail and posterior
part of the back, but
anteriorly are spot-
ted, blotched, or
cross-barred with
brown of a_ shade
darker than the
ground-color. These
dark markings spread
and blend until the
adult coloration is
assumed. Dark spots are present also on the tips of
the gastrosteges and sides of the head.
ena hhetOraniusea sais tices ctcia ct detelers D203 ola o2G)) .O26u em OoOmm O47
Pionietiioty tathse ak hat. J a4as. Ses see 64 103 (196 217. 192 209

Distribution. —The Western Yellow-bellied or ‘‘ Blue”’
Racer ranges over the whole length of California, but,
I believe, has never been taken in the desert regions of
the southeast. It has been collected in San Diego
(Agua Caliente 3,400 feet), San Bernardino, Kern
(Fort Tejon, Kernville), Monterey (Monterey), Santa
Cruz (Glenwood), Santa Clara (Los Gatos, San José,
Palo Alto), San Mateo (Pescadero), San Francisco,
Alameda (Berkeley), Contra Costa (Crockett), Marin

186 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

(Mill Valley, Camp Taylor), Sonoma (Healdsburg),
Mariposa (Yosemite Valley), El Dorado (5,000 feet),
Placer (Red Point), Lassen (Honey Lake), and Shasta
(McCloud River) Counties, California. It crosses Ore-
gon (Klamath Lake, Summer Lake, Warner’s Valley,
Willamette Valley, Dalles) to Washington (Ft. Steila-
coom, Puget Sound) and Idaho (Atlanta, mouth of Bru-
neau River, Big Butte).

Habits.—Like other members of its genus, the West-
ern Yellow-bellied Racer is a skillful climber and often
runs through the tops of the bushes at almost as great
a speed as when upon the ground. It is frequently
found, however, in open country or in fields of growing
grain.

59.—Bascanion flagellum frenatum Stejneger. WESTERN
WuHip SNAKE.
Bascanium flagelliforme testaceum, YARROW, Bull., U. S. Nat. Mus.,
24, 1882, p. 112 (part).
Bascanium testaceum, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, pp.
29) 32
Bascanium flagelliforme, Cork, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891
(1892), p. 625 (part).
Bascanion flagellum frenatum, STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7,
1893, p. 208 (type locality Mountain Spring, Colorado
Desert, San Diego County, Calif.)
Description.—Head rather long, with flattened top, and
narrow, rounded snout. Rostral plate large, high, hol-
lowed below, and bounded behind by internasal, ante-
rior nasal, and first labial plates. Plates on top of head,
a pair of internasals, a pair of prefrontals, supraocular
and part of upper preocular of each side, long frontal,
and pair of large parietals. Anterior and posterior
nasals distinct. Loreal] well developed. Preoculars
normally two, but sometimes united. Postoculars two,
upper a little larger. Temporals normally two followed

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 187

by two, but rarely 2-1, 1-2, or 1-1. Eight or nine
superior and ten or eleven inferior labials, seventh or

=

eighth upper and fifth lower largest, fourth and fifth or
fifth and sixth superior reaching eye, first pair of in-
ferior meeting on median line. Geneials in two pair,
posterior pair a little larger. Scales on body smooth,
in seventeen rows. Anal plate almost always divided.
Gastrosteges varying in number from one hundred and
ninety-seven to two hundred and six. Urosteges in two
series of from one hundred and four to one hundred
and twenty-three. Third, fourth, and fifth urosteges of
one specimen not divided.

The general color is whitish, grayish, ochraceous,
brownish, or straw yellow, usually lightest at the edges
of the scales, often spotted with brown or black at their
tips or bases. Across the
nape are several (3-7)
brownish or blackish
bands, often more or
less blended. Faint in-
dications of longitudinal
lines may sometimes be
seen along the sides. The lower surfaces are pale

188 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

yellow or white, more or less spotted anteriorly with
black, gray, brown, or yellow. These spots usually
form one row along each side of the anterior gastro-
steges.

Young are more or less distinctly cross-barred above
with gray, brown, or black, and show a light line or
blotch along the side of the face. The latter mark is
often retained by adults.

Length to anus... Wo5. eeeasoess se eee ene cis cers 303 541 723
Dengthrof tail: ore. arcu e eerie eticketat: 96 185 242

Distribution.—The Western Whip Snake or ‘ Red
Racer” has its true home in the deserts of San Diego,
San Bernardino, Kern, and Inyo Counties, but lives
also in the southwestern part of the State, and along
the eastern side of the San Joaquin Valley. It has
been taken in San Diego (Fort Yuma, Mountain Spring
Colorado Desert, San Diego, Agua Caliente), Riverside
(Palm Springs, San Jacinto, Riverside), Los Angeles
(Pasadena, Drum Barracks), San Bernardino (Ontario,
Needles), Inyo (Death Valley, Panamint Valley, Deep
Spring Valley, Keeler, Owen’s Valley), Fresno (Fresno),
Mariposa (Yosemite Valley) Counties, California, and
crosses southern Nevada (Vegas Valley, Overton).

Habits. —The ‘‘ Red Racer,” like its relatives, is re-
markable for the quickness of its movements. It climbs
trees and bushes with great agility.

60.—Bascanion laterale (Hallowell). CALIForNIA Racer.

Leptophis lateralis, HALLow., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1853,
p. 237 (type locality California); HaLuow., Pac. R. R. Surv.,
X, Rept., 1859, p. 138, pl. IV, fig. 3a-3c.

Bascanium teniatum laterale, YARROW, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24,
1852, p. 113 (part).

Bascanium laterale laterale, Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
(1892), p. 628.

Bascanion laterale, STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 209. °

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 189

Description.—Head long, with flattened top and nar-
row, rounded snout. Rostral plate large, about as high
as broad, hollow below, and bounded behind by inter-
nasal, anterior nasal, and first Jabial plates. Plates on
top of head, a pair of internasals, a larger pair of pre.
frontals, supraocular and part of upper preocular of each
side, long and posteriorly narrow frontal, and a pair of
very large parietals. Anterior and posterior nasals dis-
tinct. Loreal rather large, rarely with a small plate
below it. Preoculars two, upper much larger than
lower. Postoculars two (or three), nearly equal. Tem-
porals two followed by two, rarely 1-2 or 1-1. Eight
(or seven) superior and ten (or nine) inferior labials,
seventh (or sixth) of upper and fifth of lower series
largest, fourth and fifth (or third and fourth) of upper
reaching eye, first pair of lower meeting on median line.
Genelals in two pair, posterior larger than anterior.
Scales on body smooth, in seventeen rows. Anal plate
divided. Gastrosteges varying in number from one
hundred and ninety to one hundred and ninety-seven.
Urosteges in two series of from one hundred and twenty-
two to one hundred and thirty-three. Tail very long
and slender.

The color above, including the tips of the gastro-
steges and urosteges, is dark brown, palest on the tail.
A single light yellow or white line extends along each
side, on the third and fourth rows of scales, to, or
a little beyond, the base of
the tail. This line is often
bordered with black and its
scales are sometimes tipped
with orange-rufous. The
sides of the head are spotted with yellow. All the
lower surfaces and the upper labials are yellow, spotted

190 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

on the head and anterior gastrosteges with gray, slate,
or brown. The anterior gastrosteges are sometimes
washed with orange-rufous.
ength to%amiUs) 2 oe sian tee 632° 725 742 787 804 968
Ihenetheofetail asec eee Zio oll 17329) 9 s35 meso

Distribution.—The Californian Racer appears to be
confined to those parts of California which lie to the
west of the Sierra Nevada and Mojave and Colorado
Deserts. The northern limit of its range is not known.
It has been taken in San Diego (Santa Ysabel, Agua
Caliente, Oak Grove), Riverside (San Jacinto, Straw-
berry Valley, Riverside), Los Angeles (Los Angeles),
Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara), Kern (Fort Tejon,
Walker Pass), Tulare (Three Rivers), Fresno (Fresno),
Monterey (Carmel Valley), Santa Clara (Los Gatos),
and Lake (Mt. Saint Helena) Counties.

Habits. —Nothing is known of the habits of this snake,
except that, Jike other members of the genus, it is very
active and a skillful climber.

61.—Bascanion teniatum (Hallowell). Srripep Racer.

Leptophis teniata, HALLOW., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1852, p. 181
(type locality New Mexico); Hattiow., Sitgreave’s Zuni and
Colorado Riv., 1853, p. 133, pl. XIII (XII).

Masticophis teniatus, Bairp & GiRaRp, Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I,
Serp., 1853, p. 103; B. & G., Pac. R. R. Surv., X, Rept., 1859,
pl. XXXII, fig. 76.

Bascanium teniatum teniatum, YARRow, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., 24,
1SS2 spe wl2:

Bascanium teniatum, Corn, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891 (1892),
p. 629.

Bascanion teniatum, STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 210.

Zamenis teniatus, BOULENGER, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus., I, 1893, p. 390
(part).

Description. —Head long, with flattened top and
rounded snout. Rostral plate large, about as high as

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 191

broad, hollowed below, and bounded behind by inter-
nasal, anterior nasal, and first labial plates. Plates on
top of head, a pair of interna-
sals, a pair of prefontals, supra-
ocular and part of upper pre-
ocular of each side, long fron-
tal, and a pair of large parietals.
Anterior and posterior nasals
distinct. Loreal longer than
high. Preoculars two, upper
much larger than lower. Post-
oculars two, nearly equal.
Temporals two followed by
two. Hight superior and nine
or ten inferior Jabials, sev-
enth of upper and fifth of Jower largest, fourth and
fifth upper reaching eye, first pair of lower meet-
ing on median line. Geneials in two pair, anterior
smaller than posterior. Scales on body smooth, in fif-
teen rows. Anal plate divided. Gastrosteges varying
in number from two hundred and four to two hundred
and nine. Urosteges in two series of from one hundred
and thirty-six to one hundred and fifty-seven.

The color above is grayish or yellowish brown, palest
on the tail, the scales of the sides more or less yellow
and with narrow dark lines along
the middle of each row. These dark
lines are sometimes present on the
dorsal scales as well as those of the
sides and a wider line often runs
along the tips of the gastrosteges. The yellow of
the lateral scales is variable in intensity, and some-
times—especially in young—forms a distinct line
along the third and fourth rows of scales. All of these
lines fade out on the tail. The head is spotted with

192 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

yellow. The lower surfaces are yellow or yellowish
white, marked with slate or black anteriorly and along
the tips of the gastrosteges, and often more or less tinted
posteriorly with delicate rose pink.
hength: tocanueas ice. neater nee sees ts aes 803 910
Length of tail....... Ss AEE STORER eae Clete. ches bas eee oO OLE ROODET
Distribution.—The Californian range of this racer
seems to be restricted to the dryer eastern portions of
the State, leaving the more western parts to B. laterale.
‘‘Tt is much more widely distributed [than the Califor-
nian racer], as specimens have been taken in Idaho,
Utah, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico, but
it does not seem to reach the coast, nor does it appear
in the Valley of California, except at two points. These
are Walker Basin and Shasta County, northern Califor-
nia, where [Shasta Co.] it probably enters by way of Pitt
River Valley.””* Localities at which it has been taken
in California are Shasta County (Baird, Canoe Creek),
Inyo County (Argus Range, Coso Valley and Mountains,
Panamint Mountains), and Kern County (Walker
Basin); in Nevada, Carson City, and Antelope Springs;
in Oregon, Snake River; and in Idaho, between Bliss
and the Snake River.

Genus 34. ARIZONA.
Arizona, KENN., U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., II, 1859, Rept., p. 18
(type elegans).

The body is long and slender, with tail of moderate
length. The neck is constricted somewhat, so that the
head is distinct. The snout is long, rounded, and but
little lower than the flat top of the head. The cephalic
plates are normal. The nasals rarely unite above
the nostril. One (or two) preocular, two (or one)

* Stejneger, N. A, Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 210.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 193

postoculars, and a Joreal are present. Temporals are 2-3
or 2-4. The scales are smooth, in twenty-seven to thirty-
one rows. The anal plate is single. Urosteges are in
two series. The eye is moderately large, with round

pupil.
62.—Arizona elegans Kennicott. FAaprep SNAKE.

Arizona elegans, KENN., U.S. Mex. Bound. Sury., II, 1859, Rept.,
p. 18, pl. XIII (type locality Rio Grande); Bocourt, Miss. Sci.
au Mex., Rept., lle Livr., 1888, p. 676, pl. XLVI, figs. 3-3b.

Pityophis elegans, Copr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, p. 39.

Rhinechis elegans, Cork, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XXIII, 1886, p. 284;
Corr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891 (1892), p. 638.

Coluber arizone, BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., II, 1894, p. 66.

Description.—Head flat-topped or slightly rounded,
with snout projecting and rather narrow. ‘Temporal re-
gions not swollen. Rostral plate very large, prominent,
recurved between internasals on top of snout, and
bounded behind by internasal, anterior nasal, and first
labial plates. Plates on top of head, a pair of inter-
nasals, a pair of prefrontals, a frontal, supraocular of

each side, and a pair of large parietals. Anterior and
posterior nasals usually distinct, but sometimes united
above nostril. Loreal elongate. One or two preoculars
and two or one postoculars. Temporals normally two
followed by three, or 2-4, lower scale of first row often

194 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

elongate. Eight or seven superior and thirteen to
fifteen inferior labials, sixth or seventh superior and
seventh or eighth inferior largest, fourth and fifth
superior reaching eye, first pair of inferior meeting on
median line. ‘Two pair of geneials, posterior narrower
and shorter or but little longer than anterior. Scales
on body smooth, thin, in twenty-seven to thirty-one
rows. Anal plate not divided. Gastrosteges varying
in number from two hundred and ten to two hundred
and twenty-seven. Urosteges in two series of from
forty-five to fifty-nine.

The ground color is pale brown or yellowish gray,
lighter near the middle of
the back, along which is a 2) 1G os
series of dark-edged brown Stes ae a
or gray blotches. The 7
sides are marbled with
similar but smaller
blotches in more or less
alternating rows. The
tail is similarly colored.
In young, a dark streak runs from the eye to the corner
of the mouth, and another between the eyes, crossing
the posterior edges of the prefrontal plates as in Pztwo-
phis. These streaks are faded or absent in adults. The
lower surfaces are pale yellowish white, without mark-

ings.
IL ravet Ley CHIE, soocos oodHdG boo gsoced ZU 282 730 860 870
Ihenethvotitale ey eaen ences. ee ieee 33 33 122 160 125

Distribution.—This smooth-scaled relative of the true
gopher snakes has been taken in California between
Carlsbad and Oceanside and at Warner’s Ranch, San
Diego County, at San Jacinto, Riverside County, and
near Ontario, San Bernardino County. It ranges east
to Texas.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 195

Habits.— Unknown. A captive individual ate a
Brown-shouldered Lizard (Uta stansburiana).

Genus 35. PITUOPHIS.
Pituophis, Hotproox, N. A. Herpet. (2), IV, 1842, p. 7 (type mel-
anoleucus); Churchillia, B. & G., Stansbury’s Exped. Gt. Salt
Lake, 1852, p. 350 (type bellona).

The body is long but rather stout, with tail of mod-
erate length. The neck usually is slightly constricted,
so that the head appears little distinct from it. The
snout is long, narrowly rounded, and projecting beyond
the lower jaw. The head-plates show many variations,
but when typical are normal except that there are four
prefrontals. The nasals are usually distinct. One or
two preoculars, two to four postoculars, and a loreal are
present. Temporals are many and very variable. The
scales are in twenty-seven to thirty-five rows, the dor-
sals keeled, some of the lateral rows smooth. The anal
plate is single. Urosteges are in two series. The eye
is large, with round pupil.

63.—Pituophis catenifer (Blainville). WrstTeRN GOPHER
SNAKE.

Coluber catenifer, BLAIN., Nouv. Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat., IV, 1835, p.
290, pl. 26, figs. 2-2b (type locality California); BouLENGER,
Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., II, 1894, p. 67.

Pituophis catenifer, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept,, Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p.
69; GrrRARD, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp., 1858, p. 135, pl. VIII,
figs. 1-7; GuNTHER, Cat. Colub. Snakes Brit. Mus., 1858, p. 87;
STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 206.

Pituophis Wilkesii, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p.
71 (type locality ‘‘ Puget Sound, Oregon”’); Girarp, U.S.
Explor. Exped., Herp., 1858, p. 137, pl. IX, figs. 1-7.

Pituophis annectens, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., p. 72 (type locality
San Diego, Cal.).

Pityophis Heermannii, Hattow., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI,
1853, p. 236 (type locality Cosumnes River, Cal.).

Pityophis catenifer, Corr, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 641.

196 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Description.—Head flat-topped or rounded, with snout
projecting and rather nar-
row. Temporal regions
notswollen. Rostral plate
very large, prominent,
not very narrow, but often
recurved between interna-
sals on top of snout, and
bounded behind by inter-
nasal, anterior nasal, and first labial plates. Plates on
top of head, a pair of internasals, four, two, one, three,
five, six, or eight prefrontals, a
frontal, supraocular of each side,
and a pair of parietals. Anterior
and posterior nasals usually dis-
tinct, sometimes united. Loreal
usually elongate. One or two pre-
oculars and two to four postocu-
lars. Tips of some labials often
cut off, forming suboculars or lore-
als. Temporals four followed by
five, very variable. Seven to nine
superior and eleven to thirteen
inferior labials, next to last supe-
rior and sixth or seventh inferior
largest in its series, fourth or fifth
superior usually reaching eye, first pair of inferior meet-
ing on median line. Two pair of geneials, anterior
much larger than posterior. Scales on body in twenty-
seven to thirty-five rows, keeled except in a varying
number (about 3 to 10) of rows on each side. Anal
plate not divided. Gastrosteges varying in number
from two hundred and four to two hundred and forty-
five. Urosteges in two series of from fifty-six to sev-
enty-two.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 197

The ground color is pale brown or yellowish gray,
sometimes obscured
by the spreading of
the blotches or the
presence of black
marks along the keels
of its scales. Along
the middle of the back
is a series of from thir-
ty-six to seventy-nine
dark brown or black
blotches. There are several series of smaller alternating
dark blotches or spots on the sides. These spots some-
times tend to unite to form longitudinal lines. Across the
top of the head, between the preocular plates, is a line
of black or brown. A similar line runs down from the
center of the eye and another back and down from the
upper postocular plate. The lower surfaces are yellow-
ish white, usually maculated with black or brown.

Men otto; anus jaery rete 44 iersedescisis oie « 315 660 820 860 1200 1260
en gtihwotetalllysyacrcace + hscieis seers 2 Gh lbs) Gs A) 7) BA)

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ale Oe
; oie fae ve

VEAL

Distribution.—The Western Gopher Snake occupies
the Pacific Coast of the United States, but is replaced
in the Great Basin by its subspecies P. catenifer desert-
icola. It ranges north and south at least from Puget
Sound to San Diego. The eastern limit of its territory
in the north (in Idaho) is not known, but in California
is marked by the Sierra Nevada and the western edge of
the Mojave and Colorado Deserts. In California, it has
been taken in San Diego (San Diego), Riverside (San
Jacinto), San Bernardino (Ontario), Los Angeles (Pasa-
dena), Santa Barbara (Santa Barbara), Kern (Fort Tejon),
Fresno (Pitman Creek, King’s River), Montery (Mon-
terey), Santa Cruz (Soquel, Corralitos, Glenwood), Santa

198 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Clara (Los Gatos, San José, Palo Alto), San Francisco,
Alameda (Haywards, Oakland), Marin (Tamalpais),
Sonoma (Petaluma), Lake (Kelseyville), Mendocino,
Shasta (McCloud River), and Siskiyou (Mt. Shasta)
Counties.

Habits.—The Gopher or Bull Snake is the largest as
well as one of the most abundant of Californian serpents.
Individuals more than six feet long are not rarely found.
These are usually very gentle and show little resent-
ment even when roughly handled. The younger snakes,
however, sometimes strike very fiercely, but of course
harmlessly. This snake shares with many others the
curious habit of rapidly vibrating the tip of its tail when
excited; an action which sometimes, when the tail hap-
pens to strike upon dry leaves or grass, produces a sound
not unlike the warning whir of the rattlesnake. Its
food, so far as is known, consists of small mammals, of
which gophers are said to form a large part.

64.—Pituophis catenifer deserticola Stejneger. DESERT
GOPHER SNAKE.

Pityophis sayi bellona, Corn, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p.
641 (part).

Pituophis catenifer deserticola, STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893,
p. 206 (type iocality Great Basin and southwestern deserts).

Description.—I have seen no specimens of this ‘‘ richly-
colored form from the Great Basin and southwestern
deserts, which agrees with true P. catenzfer in having a
broad and low rostral. * * * Asageneral rule this form
has a more pronounced carination of the scales and a less
number of smooth scales on the sides, but this character
cannot be relied upon at all, and whether a specimen
shall be referred to either typical P. catenifer or to this
desert form must be decided upon the totality of the
characters, as a reliance upon the carination leads to
very erroneous results.”

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 199

Distribution.—The Desert Gopher Snake occupies the
Mojave and Colorado Deserts and those parts of the
Great Basin which lie within California, Nevada, and
perhaps southern Idaho and eastern Oregon.

Habits.—Unknown, but similar, doubtless, to those of
Peaient ser:

Genus 36. THAMNOPHIS.
Thamnophis, FitziNcer, Syst. Rept., 1843, p. 26 (type saurita);
Eutainia, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p. 24
(type saurita).

The body is more or less elongate, usually rather
slender, with moderately long, tapering tail, and head
distinct from neck. The cephalic plates are normal.
The nasals never unite. One or two (rarely three) pre-
oculars, two to four postoculars, and a loreal are present.
Temporals are normally 1-2, but may be I-1, 1-3, or
2-3. A loreal is present. The scales are keeled, in
seventeen to twenty-three rows. The anal plate is un-
divided. Urosteges are in two series. The eye is
moderate or small, with round pupil.

Although the several species and subspecies may often
be distinguished at a glance by one familiar with their
several characters, the amount of individual variation
is so great that it is quite impossible to make a key
which will properly refer all specimens. The following
synopsis will, I believe, usually serve its purpose, but
should not be trusted too implicitly.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.”

a.—Upper labials seven; posterior geneials much longer than anterior.

*If my estimate of the status of the various western members of this genus differs
rather radically from that of recent authors (the latest American review of this genus
admits seventeen species and subspecies from the territory under discussion), I may,
perhaps, be pardoned on the ground that I have carefully examined more than three
hundred fresh alcoholic specimens besides rather hastily inspecting the material in the
National Museum.

200 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

b.—Eye large; one preocular; scales in nineteen rows; dorsal line never
red.
c.—Lines wide; some red on body..... T. parietalis.—p. 200.
c’,—Lines very narrow; no red on body; belly dusky.
T. p. pickeringii.—p. 204.
b?.—Eye small; two preoculars or scales in seventeen rows, or both; dorsal
linessometimesired:aer eee eeeerenerice T. leptocephala.—p. 205.
a?.—Upper labials eight. A
d.—Scales in nineteen rows (if in 21 rows, some red on body or very dis-
tinct lines with few or no spots).
e.—Eye smaller; posterior geneials rarely much longer than anterior;
dorsal line yellow or red; head never red; belly sometimes red.
T. elegans.—p. 207.
e’.—Eye larger; posterior geneials much longer than anterior; dorsai
line blue or yellow; head sometimes red; belly never red.
T. parietalis.—p. 200.
d*?.—Scales in twenty-one (or twenty-three) rows; no red on body;
many spots or no distinct dorsal line.
f.—Eye smaller; posterior geneials shorter or but little longer than
anterior; belly marbled with slate; dorsal line present.
g.—One preocular; scales in twenty-one rows.
T. vagrans.—p. 210.
g’.—Two preoculars; scales in twenty-one or twenty-three rows.
T. v. biscutata.—p. 212.
f?.Eye larger; posterior geneials much longer than anterior; belly
not marbled with dusky; dorsal line often absent.

T. hammondii.—p. 212.

65.— Thamnophis parietalis (Say). Paciric GARTER
SNAKE.

Coluber parietalis, SAy, Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., I, 1823, p. 186
(type locality Camp Missouri near Council Bluff).

Coluber infernalis, BLAINV., Nouy. Ann. du Mus., IV, 1835, p. 291,
pl. XXVI, figs. 3-84. (type locality California).

Eutainia infernalis, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. 1, Serp., 1853, p.
26; GIRARD, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp., 1858, p. 148, pl. XIV,
figs. 11-16; Bocourt, Bull., Soc. Zool. Fr., 1892, p. 40 (part).

Eutainia parietalis, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. 1, Serp., 1853, p.
28.

?Hutaenia ornata, B. & G., U. S. Mex. Bound. Surv., ITI, Rept.,

1859, p. 16, pl. IX (type locality between San Antonio and
El Paso, Tex.).

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 201

Eutenia sirtalis tetratenia, Corr, U. S. Explor. Surv. W. 100th
Mer., V, 1875, p. 546 (no locality); Corr, Proc. U. S. Nat.
Mus., XIV, 1891, p. 664 (Puget Sound, Wash., and Pitt
River, Cal.).
Eutenia pickeringii, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 21.
Tropidonotus sirtalis var. parietalis, GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Compar.
Zool., VIII, 3, 1883, pp. 25, 139.
Hutenia sirtalis parietalis, Corr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 664.
EHutenia sirtalis trilineata, Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 665 (part), (Fort Benton, Mont.).
Tropidonotus ordinatus var. infernalis, BOULENGER, Cat. Snakes Brit.
Mus., I, 1893, p. 207 (part).
Thamnophis parietalis, StTEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 214.
Description.—Head distinct from neck, flat-topped,
with narrow, rounded snout, and temporal regions some-
times swollen. Rostral plate large, bounded behind by
internasal, anterior nasal, and first labial plates. Plates
on top of head, a pair of internasals, a pair of pre-
frontals, a frontal, supraocular of each side, and a pair
of parietals. Anterior and posterior nasals distinct.
One loreal. One preocular and from two to four postocu-
lars. Temporals normally one followed by two, some-
times 1-1, 1-8, or 2-8. Seven, or rarely eight, superior
and nine to eleven inferior labials, fifth or sixth supe-
rior and fifth, sixth, or seventh inferior largest, third
and fourth or fourth and fifth superior reaching eye,
first pair of inferior meeting on median line. Two pair
of geneials, posterior longer than anterior. Scales on
body in nineteen, or very rarely twenty-one, rows, all
keeled except sometimes the first row of each side.
Anal plate not divided. Gastrosteges varying in num-
ber from one hundred and fifty-one to one hundred and
seventy. Urosteges in two series of from seventy-four
to ninety-four, a few of the anterior rarely undivided.
Eye large.
There are three light lines, one on the middle of the

202 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

back and one along the second and third rows of scales
of each side, but the latera] lines not infrequently blend
with the color of the belly. The dorsal line usually is
bluish but may be yellow. The belly is bluish or yel-
lowish, or rarely slaty, and may have a black line or
series of spots near the tips of the gastrosteges. The
head may be brown, olive, or coppery red above, bluish
or grayish laterally, yellowish white below. The tail is
colored like the back, but less definitely. In some
specimens the ground color above is solid black, with-
out a trace of red. In others there are traces of red on
the sides, chiefly on the skin between the scales. In
several the red is more extensive and forms small irreg-
ular blotches on the sides. In a number these blotches
are larger and extend up from the
lateral line in definite and more or
less rectangular figures, between
which are similarly shaped prolonga-
tions downward of the black ground.*
Many show the red blotches spread out and blended
above, so that the downward prolongations of the ground
color have become detached and form a series of black
spots separated, by red,

from the narrow band of —
ground color remaining on
each side of the light dor- .—
sal line. In others these
black spots have become united and form a black line,
so that on each side of the light dorsal line we have a
line of black, one of red, another of black, and the
light lateral line.t In one specimen the black is almost

* This and the following are the most common forms.
t The Eutcenia sirtalis tetratenia of Cope.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 203

entirely replaced by red. These color variations are all
individual, none geographical.

Hemp thst ovaniUS'eyyertaerers = te) fers ote y= 185 475 565 695 715 870
Ben Gihy Of taller ees seas ft = 6. 160) 190) 2276 200) 210)

Distribution.—The Pacific Garter Snake ranges all
over the territory under consideration, excepting the
desert areas and the western parts of Washington and
Oregon. It is abundant in eastern Washington and
Oregon and in Idaho, and has been reported from sev-
eral localities in Nevada.

It occurs in all parts of California except the Mojave
and Colorado Deserts. I have examined specimens from
Siskiyou (Mt. Shasta), Placer (Lake Tahoe), Mariposa
(Yosemite Valley), Fresno (Fresno), Humboldt, Men-
docino (Pieta), Lake (Kelseyville), Sonoma (Healds-
burg, Duncan’s Mills), Marin (Tomales Bay), Santa
Clara (Palo Alto), Santa Cruz (Glenwood), San Bernar-
dino (Ontario) and Riverside (Riverside) Counties.

Habits.—Like its relatives, the Pacific Garter Snake is
seldom found far from water. Its food is composed of
fish, batrachians, and the smaller mammals. ‘‘Along
the shores of the larger island in Pyramid Lake vast
numbers of Huienie are found, comprising this and, in
all probability, several other recognized varieties. Dur-
ing the heated part of the day, the mossy tracts in the
tepid, shallow water of the little inlets were thronged
with them, as they swam in gentle undulations over the
smooth surface or idly basked on the heated rocks along
the shore. In no other locality have we ever seen them
in such numbers. When disturbed, they swam boldly
out into open water or sought the bottom and hid them-
selves under the rocks. Though not in the true sense
of the word ‘ water snakes,’ the various Hutenie are all
thus quite aquatic in their habits.” *

* Yarrow & Henshaw, Ann. Rep. Surv. W. 100th Mer., Append. NN, 1878, p. 217.

204 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

66.—Thamnophis parietalis pickeringii (Baird & Girard).
NoRTHWESTERN GARTER SNAKE.

Eutainia Pickeringii, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. 1, Serp., 1853,
p. 27 (type locality Puget Sound); Girarp, U. S. Explor.
Exped., Herp., 1858, p. 150, pl. XIII, figs. 14-20.

Eutainia concinna, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. 1, Serp., 1853,
p. 146.

EKutenia sirtalis concinna, Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 664.

Hutenia sirtalis pickeringii, Copr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 665.

Eutenia sirtalis trilineata, Corr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 665 (part), (‘‘ Port Townsend, Oregon”’).

Description.—This subspecies differs from 7. parietalis
in color only. Some specimens approach the typical form
in having red blotches on the sides. The normal coler-

wees

ation is, however, fairly constant. The ground color
above is deep blackish brown or black, with three light
longitudinal lines. These lines are usually very narrow,
but may be as wide as in the typical
T. parietalis, and may be white,
grayish, bluish, greenish, or pale

; Ce
DNS EN Set
: Nees

yellow. The median dorsal line may
fade out posteriorly, and the lateral
lines may be very faint. A narrow
black line sometimes runs along the tips of the gastro-
steges. The top of the head is blackish, its sides light.
The lower surfaces are bluish black, slate, or greenish,
lighter anteriorly; the throat being yellowish white.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 205

This form may be readily distinguished from 7’. lepto-
cephala, of the same regions, by its larger eye.
ene thitora nu siemtlereierd ite ir s)= 2121 = 165 410 500 540 650 690
Renptt off tall meer ee oe... 3 Sl. 125 180 TeOs 71908" 215
Distribution.—This northern form of the Pacifie Gar-
ter Snake inhabits British Columbia and the northwest-
ern corner of the United States in the neighborhood of
Puget Sound. It is abundant in King County, Wash-
ington, and on Vancouver Island, and has been re-
ported from Oregon.

6'7.—Thamnophis leptocephala (Baird & Girard). Puarr
GARTER SNAKE.

? Tropidonotus ordinoides, B. & G., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI,
1852, p. 176 (type locality Puget Sound).

? Tropidonotus concinnus, HALLOw., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI,
1852, p. 182 (type locality Oregon Territory).

Eutainia leptocephala, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853,
p. 29 (type locality Puget Sound); Grrarp, U. 8. Explor.
Exped., Herp., 1858, p. 151, pl. XIII, figs. 7-13.

2? Eutainia atrata, KenN., U.S. Pac. R.R. Surv., XII, Pt. II, 1860,
p. 296 (type locality ‘‘California’’?).

Eutainia cooperi, Krenn., U.S. Pac. R. R. Surv., XII, Pt. II, 1860,
p- 296, pl. XV, fig. 1 (localities Cathapoot’] and Willopah
Valleys).

Description.— Head distinct from neck, flat-topped,
with narrow, rounded snout, and temporal regions
sometimes slightly swollen. Rostral large, bounded
behind by interna-
sal, anterior nasal,
and first labial
plates. Plates on
top of head, a pair
of internasals, a /
pair of prefrontals, a frontal, supraocular of each side,
and a pair of parietals. Anterior and posterior nasals

distinct. One loreal. One or two preoculars and about

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

three postoculars. Temporals normally one followed by
two, sometimes 1-3. Seven, or rarely six or eight, su-
perior and eight to ten inferior labials, fifth or sixth
superior and fourth, fifth, or sixth inferior largest, third
and fourth or fourth and fifth superior reaching eye,
first pair of inferior meeting on median line. Two
pair of geneials, posterior longer than anterior. Scales
on body in seventeen or nineteen rows, all keeled except
sometimes the first row of each side. Anal plate not
divided. Gastrosteges varying in number from one
hundred and thirty-nine to one hundred and fifty-two.
Urosteges in two series of from fifty-two to seventy.
Kye small.

The ground color above is olive or pale blackish
brown, dotted and spotted with black along the edges of
the scales, and with or without three light longitudinal
lines. The lateral lines, when present, are usually
grayish or greenish blue, while the dorsal line—which
often fades out posteriorly—may be white, gray, blue,
yellow, or brick red. A blackish streak usually runs
back from the eye in specimens light enough to show it.
The labials are bluish gray or yellowish. The pineal
spot is often present on the suture between the parietal
plates. The belly may be yellowish, olive, plumbeous,
or slate; the throat is yellowish white; the lower surface
of the tail is sometimes brick red. Many specimens
-can be distinguished from 7. p. pickeringit only by the
smallness of the eye, which, however, is a very good
character.
ensthstora nus ese i oe 395 420 518 560 585
ene thiotstalleeeereeeeeel eee 105 112 115 133 164 138

Distribution.—This beautiful little snake is very com-
mon in British Columbia and Washington in the vicin-
ity of Puget Sound, especially on Vancouver Island and

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 207

in King County. It has been noted from western Ore-
gon and from California. The last locality needs con-
firmation, although this snake may, perhaps, occur in
the northwestern corner of our State.

68.—Thamnophis elegans (Baird & Girard). HELeGanr
GARTER SNAKE.

Eutainia ordinoides, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, 1853, p. 33;
GIRARD, U. S. Explor. Exped., Herp., 1858, p. 153, pl. XIV,
figs. 1-4.

Eutainia elegans, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p. 34
(type locality El Dorado County, Calif.).

Tropidonotus trivittatus, HALLow., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI,
1853, p. 237 (Cosumnes River, Cal.).

Eutenia elegans ordinoides, Cork, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 654.

Eutenia elegans brunnea, Corr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 654 (type locality Fort Bidwell, Cal.).

Eutenia elegans lineolata, Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 655 (part), (no type).

Eutenia infernalis infernalis, Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV.,
1891, p. 657.

Eutenia infernalis vidua, Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 658 (type locality San Francisco, Cal.).

Tropidonotus ordinatus var. infernalis, Bouu., Cat. Snakes Brit.
Mus., I, 1893, p. 207 (part).

Thamnophis infernalis, STEIN., N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 210.

Description.—Head distinct from neck, flat-topped,
with rather narrow, rounded snout, and temporal regions
sometimes swollen. Rostral large, bounded behind by
internasal, anterior nasal, and first labial plates. Plates
on top of head, a pair of internasals, a pair of prefron-
tals, supraocular of each side, a frontal, and a pair of
parietals. Anterior and posterior nasals distinct. One
loreal. One or rarely two preoculars and from two to
four postoculars. Temporals normally one followed by
two, sometimes 1-1 or 1-3. Hight, or very rarely seven,
nine, or ten, superior and ten or eleven inferior labials,

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

fifth or sixth superior and fifth, sixth, or seventh inferior
largest, fourth and fifth or third and fourth superior
reaching eye, first pair of inferior meeting on median
line. Two pair of geneials, posterior equal to or little
or much longer than anterior. Scales on body in nine-
teen or twenty-one rows. Anal plate undivided. Gas-
trosteges varying in number from one hundred and
forty-four to one hundred and seventy-three. -Urosteges
in two series of from fifty-seven to eighty-nine. Eye
moderate.

The head is brown or olive above, never red. The
labials are yellow or olive. The chin and throat are
yellow or yellowish white. The belly is yellow or olive,
sometimes washed with brick red. The dorsal line is
never bluish. There are four distinct types of colora-
tion, each of which might be considered a distinct spe-
cies if compared with typical specimens of the others,
but allof which pass into one another almost impercep-
tibly when large series are examined. ‘These types are:

(a) Similar to 7. vagrans, the ground color being
brown with three light lines, a pair of dark nuchal
blotches, and numerous black or dark brown spots along
the sides. This style of coloration is seen in young
only, but many of the smallest specimens are unspotted.

(b) Black above, with three yellow-
ish or grayish white lines, the lateral
lines sometimes blended with the
color of the belly. Baird’s and Gi-
rard’s type of H. elegans was of this

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 209

(c) Brown above,
with three longitudinal
lines; the dorsal line
yellow; the lateral lines
and more or less of the
belly bright brick red.
(d) Dark olive above, with no lateral lines; the dor-

. sal line yellow and very
wide, the throat bright
yellow, the belly deep

olive or slate, with or

without a yellow streak
along its middle. This is Cope’s 2. infernalis vidua.
None of these forms occurs alone in any one place
and the series of intergradations is complete, so that
these cannot be recognized as geographical races. Nev-
ertheless, the form (d) without lateral lines seems to
occur nowhere else than on the coast slope of the San
Francisco peninsula.

Heniothstor anus seijaeioties steels aan 175 450 475 510 540 560
Bemethvo fatale rysee crs ise acta aceite « HSweloo ee loOh el Smunlos

Distribution.—The Elegant Garter Snake appears to
be confined to California north of the Tehachapi Moun-
tains. I have examined specimens from Shasta (Ft.
Reading), Placer (Lake Tahoe), El Dorado, Tuolumne
(Tuolumne Meadows), Mariposa (Tamarack Flat, Yosem-
ite Valley), Fresno (Fresno, Pitman Creek), Tulare, San
Luis Obispo, Monterey (Pacific Grove), Santa Cruz
(Soquel, Wadell Creek, Glenwood), Santa Clara (Mt.
Hamilton, Santa Clara, Stephen’s Creek, Palo Alto), San
Mateo (Pescadero, La Honda, Searsville), San Francisco
(Lake Merced, Union Square), Alameda (Calaveras
Valley, Oakland), Contra Costa (Mount Diablo), Marin,
Lake (Middleton), and Mendocino (Pieta, Irishes,

210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Sherwood’s) Counties. In many parts of its range it
occurs with the 7. parietalis.

Habits.—Little known, but similar to those of 7. pari-
etalis.

69.—Thamnophis vagrans (Baird & Girard). WaANnpDER-
ING GARTER SNAKE.

Eutainia vagrans, B. & G., Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p. 35
(type locality California); Grrarp, U.S. Explor. Exped., Herp.,
1858, p. 154, pl. XIV, figs. 5-10.
? Hutaenia couchii, KENN., U. S. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, Pt. IV, 1859,
p- 10 (type locality Pitt River, California).
Hutenia elegans lineolata, Corr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 655 (part) (no type).
EKutenia elegans vagrans, Corr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 656.
Tropidonotus vagrans, Bout., Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., I, 1893,
p. 202.
Thamnophis vagrans, STEIN., N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 18938, p. 213.
Description.—Head distinct from neck, flat-topped,
with narrow, rounded snout, and temporal regions
sometimes swollen. Rostral large, bounded behind by
internasal, anterior nasal, and first labial plates. Plates
on top of head, a pair of internasals, a pair of pre-
frontals, a frontal, supraocular of each side, and a pair
of parietals. Anterior and posterior nasals distinct.
One loreal. One preocular. Two to four postoculars.
Temporals normally one followed by two, sometimes
1-3. Eight superior and ten or eleven inferior labials,
sixth in each series largest, fourth and fifth superior
reaching eye, first pair of inferior meeting on median
line. Two pair of geneials, posterior equal to or shorter
than anterior. Scales on body in twenty-one rows, all
keeled. Anal plate not divided. Gastrosteges varying
in number from one hundred and fifty-two to one hun-
dred and seventy-nine. Urosteges in two series of from
fifty-three to ninety-one. Hye moderate.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Pailait

The ground color above is olive or greenish yellow or
brown. Along the middle of the back runs a yellow
line of varying width. On the second and third rows
of scales of each side is a similar yellow line. Any or
all of these lines may be very indistinct or even absent.
On each side of the back are
two series of alternating
black spots, the upper of
which often encroach upon
the dorsal line. ‘These spots
sometimes unite to form a
zigzag band along each side,
or may be obscured by the darkening of the ground
color. The top of the head is usually light brown, with
a yellow pineal spot. There is a pair of large dark
nuchal blotches. The gastrosteges and urosteges are
almost always more or less marbled with black or slate,
especially near their anterior edges and along the
middle of the belly. The chin and throat normally
are yellowish white.

enctheionanustees. s 4yserie. tsetse ct 295 342 485 520 525 535
mena thyofaiailpest. ens acacia ee eee Caan lone LOOM COM elas

Distribution.—In California, the Wandering Garter
Snake has been reported from Humboldt Bay, and is
known to live on both slopes of the Sierra Nevada
throughout the whole length of the chain. It ranges
east across Nevada (Ash Meadows, Silver Creek, etc.) to
Utah, and is common in Idaho (Salmon Mts., Birch
Creek, Challis Valley, Alturas Lake, Trail Creek, Sand
Point, Lewiston, Potlach Creek, Juliaetta, Wardner, Sho-
shone Falls, Ketcham, Blue Lake, Kootenai Co., Arco,
Weiser, etc.). It crosses the border into British Colum-
bia, and occurs in the eastern parts of Washington and
Oregon, being replaced in the western portions of these
states by its subspecies 7’. vagrans biscutata.

212 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

70.—Thamnophis vagrans biscutata (Cope). Copr’s
GARTER SNAKE.

Eutenia biscutata, Copr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883, p. 21 (type
locality Klamath Lake, Oregon.*)

? Hutenia Henshawi, YaRRow, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., VI, 1883, p.
152 (type locality Ft. Walla Walla, Wash.)

Description.—Differs from 7. vagrans in having usually
two or three (rarely one) preoculars, scales sometimes
in twenty-three rows, and superior Jabials not infre-
quently seven.

The coloration usually is not different from that of
typical 7. vagrans. Some specimens, however, are so
dark as to conceal the dorsal spots, and one is black
everywhere excepting the chin, throat, and a few. bits
of skin between the scales, no lines being visible. Some
dark specimens resemble, in coloration, certain examples
of 7. elegans.

ene thmtovanus ear. ee aera see 375 455 500 503 550 620
Tengthiofi tails. gctttse) ess bhi oe elcleke sys diet) | llyay sss}

Distribution.—This snake was first described from
specimens collected at Klamath Lake, southeastern Ore-
gon. I have examined specimens from that locality and
from Vancouver Island, besides more than thirty from
King County, Washington. Garter snakes are almost
incredibly numerous in the Klamath region. That all
belong to this subspecies seems improbable.

71.—Thamnophis hammondii (Kennicott). CALIFORNIA
GARTER SNAKE.

Eutainia hammondii, KENN., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, p. 332
(type localities San Diego, Fort Tejon, Cal.); Corr, U. 5S.
Explor. Surv. W. 100th Mer., V, 1875, pp. 545, 549.

Eutenia elegans couchii, Corr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891, p.
656.

Tropidonotus ordinatus var. hammondii, Bouu., Cat. Snakes Brit.
Mus., I, 1893, p. 210.

Thamnophis hammondii, Strsn., N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893, p. 212.

* See Cope, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, p. 651.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 213

Description.—Head distinct from neck, flat-topped,
with very narrow, rounded snout and temporal regions
not infrequently swollen. Rostral large, bounded be-
hind by internasal, anterior nasal, and first labial
plates. Plates on top of head, a pair of internasals, a
pair of prefrontals, a frontal, supraocular of each side,
and a pair of parietals. Anterior and posterior nasals
distinct. One loreal. One or two or three preoculars
and three postoculars. Temporals one followed by two
or three. Hight (rarely seven) superior and ten infe-
rior labials, sixth in each series largest, fourth and fifth
superior reaching eye, first pair of inferior meeting on
median line. Two pair of geneials, posterior much
longer than anterior. Scales on body in twenty-one, or
rarely nineteen, rows. Anal plate not divided. Gas-
trosteges varying in number from one hundred and fifty-
nine to one hundred and seventy-three. Urosteges in
two series of from sixty-eight to eighty-five. Eye large.

The ground color is grayish brown or olive marked,
in young specimens, with numerous black spots which
usually disappear with age. The dorsal line is almost
always absent, or represented by ;
a yellow spot or short line on =
the neck, but in some specimens <-
extends to the tail. The lateral —-< << m
lines are either distinct or blend-
ed with the color of the belly. Black spots are frequently
present on the first row of scales and tips of the gastro-
steges. The top of the head is olive, with a yellow
pineal spot on the line between the parietal plates.
Dark nuchal blotches are present. The lower surfaces
are whitish or grayish yellow, sometimes barred with
black between the plates, and rarely with a slight cen-
tral shading of slate posteriorly.

214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Ineniothwtoranust erage merece es 304 382 440 500 670 870
henigth ofa tall asemee eco 93 109 120 143 180 275

Distribution. —Hammond’s Garter Snake is confined
to southern California, where it has been taken in San
Diego (San Diego, Agua Caliente), Riverside (Hemet
Valley, San Jacinto), San Bernardino (Ontario), Los
Angeles (Los Angeles), Ventura (Santa Paula), Inyo
(Owen’s Valley), Kern (Fort Tejon, Kern. River),
Tulare (Kern River Lakes, Trout Meadows), and Fresno
(Fresno) Counties.

Habits.—Like other members of its genus, this snake
swims well and is usually found in or near water. Its
food consists mainly of aquatic animals, such as fish,
frogs, and tadpoles. One specimen was caught with a
good-sized trout in its teeth. Captive individuals some-
times change their colors very quickly, in accordance
with the lightness or darkness of the objects upon
which they rest.

Family XIII. CROTALIDA.

The Crotalidw or Pit Vipers are represented on the
Pacific Coast and in the Great Basin by six kinds of
rattlesnakes. These are our only poisonous serpents,
and may be distinguished from the harmless forms by
their possession of a pit in the side of the face between
the eye and the nostril, and a horny, segmented rattle
at the tip of the tail. They are provided with large
plates along the belly, and the head is covered with
small scales. The eye is well developed, with vertical
pupil. There are no rudiments of limbs. Both jaws
bear teeth, and near the front of the upper jaw are
large, perforate, erectile poison-fangs.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 215

Genus 37. CROTALUS.

Crotalus, Linnmvus, Syst. Nat., 10 ed., 1758, 1, p. 214 (type horri-
dus); ‘‘ Crotalophorus, Hourtuyn, Linn. Nat. Hist., VI, 1764,
p. 290 (same type);” Caudisona, LAURENTI, Syn. Rept., 1768,
p. 92 (same type); ‘‘ Crotalinus, RarINesque, Am. Month.
Mag., III, 1818, (p. 446), IV, p.41” (same type); ‘“‘Uropsophus,
Waacter, Syst. Amph., 1830, p. 176 (type triseriatus)”; Uro-
crotalon, F1rzincER, Syst. Rept., 18438, p. 29 (type durissus);
Aploaspis, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 206 (type
lepida); “chmophrys, Cours, Surv. W. 100th Mer. V, 1875, p.
609 (type cerastes).

The head is broad and low, with flattened top, and is
very distinct from the neck. Its upper surface 1s COV-_
ered with scales, which are small except sometimes on
the snout. The anal plate and most or all of the uro-
steges are undivided. The tail is short and ends in a
horny rattle or button. The dorsal and most of the
lateral scales are keeled.

SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

a.-—Rostral in contact with anterior nasal.
b.—Outer edge of supraocular plate normal, not raised into a horn-like
process.
c.—Dark bands on tail black; light postocular line, if present, reach-
ing row of scales next above supralabials in front of corner of
TOW ang Soe odo ado Ccom on pte Heer C. ruber.—p. 226.
c?.—Dark bands on tail brown (rarely in part blackish); light postocu-
lar line, if present, reaching row of scales next above supralabials
at corner of mouth if at all.
d.—Rostral not wider than high.
e.—Light postocular line one scale wide; dark postocular band
arising below anterior corner of eye
C. confluentus.—>p. 218.
e?.—Light postocular line more than one scale wide; dark postoc-
ular band, if distinct, arising below middle of eye.”
C. lucifer.—p. 216;
d?.—Rostral wider than high........... C. tigris.—p. 220.
b?.—Outer edge of supraocular raised into a horn-like process.
C. cerastes.—p. 222.
a?.—Rostral separated from anterior nasal by granular scales.
C. mitchellii.—p. 224.

* A narrow dark line sometimes runs forward from this point.

216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

72.—Crotalus lucifer Baird & Girard. Paciric RATrTue-
SNAKE.

? Crotalus oregonus, HotBrook, N. A. Herp., 2 ed., III, 1842, p. 21,
pl. III (type locality Columbia River).

Crotalus lucifer, B. & G., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, p.
177 (type locality Oregon and California).

Crotalus confluentus, YARRow, Sury. W. 100th Mer., V, 1875, p. 530
(part); BovuLencer, Cat. Snakes Brit. Mus., III, 1896, p. 576
(part).

Crotalus adamanteus atrox, STREETS, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7,
1877, p. 40.

Crotalus confluentus lucifer, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1883,
pps LW 1922.

Crotalus lecontet, HALLow., Rep. Pac. R. R. Surv., X, 1859, p. 18.

““Orotalus adamanteus var. lucifer, JAN, Elenco Sist. Ofid., 1865, p.
124.”

Crotalus oregonus var. lucifer, GARMAN, Mem. Mus. Compr. Zool.,
WABUE Tse jos U7s%

Crotalus confluentus lecontei, Cork, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, p.
692.

Description.— Moderately large. Head broad, flat-
topped, varying in outline according to position of
fangs, etc. Rostral much higher than wide, in contact
with anterior nasal. Two nasals. Usually two preocu-
lars and four internasals.- A large scale just in front of
supraocular and occasionally large scales on prefrontal
region. Supraocular large but not raised into a horn-
like process, separated from its fellow by three to nine
irregular rows of scales. Fourteen to seventeen supe-
rior and fifteen to seventeen inferior labials, first pair
of latter in contact on median line in front of single
pair of geneials. Two to four rows of scales between
supralabials and eye. Scales in twenty-five to twenty-
seven rows, keeled except in one to three rows of each
side. Gastrosteges varying from one hundred and sixty-
three to one hundred and eighty-nine. Urosteges six-
teen to twenty-six, a few sometimes divided.

The ground color is brown, olive, gray, or dull yellow,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. mAs

marked along the back with a series of large dark brown
blotches which become cross-bars or incomplete rings
posteriorly. These blotches are often paler centrally
than about their edges and vary greatly in shade, shape,
amount of separation, and contrast with the ground
color. Smaller alternating blotches are usually present
on the sides. Many of the scales between or around the
dark dorsal blotches are light—yellow, gray, or white.
These colors often show between the lateral dark blotches
also. Young specimens show a light transverse streak
on the supraocular, usually not present in adults. A
dark streak runs from the
eye to the corner of the ¢ Seagate 5
mouth, the line of its lower \eamee ae ee
edge striking the eye about ) eae
under the pupil, although narrow forward continuation
may be present. This dark streak is bordered above by
alight streak which is wider than the width of one scale
and passes above the corner of the mouth. Another
light streak crosses the side of the face below the dark
one and usually is bordered in front by a dark brown
patch on the side of the snout. Sometimes these mark-
ings are more or less completely obscured. The tail is
provided with brown and light rings, a few of the for-
mer, near the tip of the tail, being occasionally blackish.
The lower surfaces are white or yellow, more or less
spotted or clouded with brown.
mente thttotamuss-its. a. 210 tere aloe 253 540 740 810 $10 960
Length of tail to base of rattle... 22 35 43 64 85 77
Distribution.—The Pacific or ‘‘ Black” Rattlesnake
occupies all parts of California except the Colorado and
Mojave Deserts. It ranges across Oregon and Washing-
ton to British Columbia. Farther east, it occurs in
Idaho, along the Snake River, and has been taken in

218 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

many parts of Nevada and even in Utah. Throughout
most of this territory it is the only rattlesnake, but in
southern California is found with C. ruber, and possibly
meets C. confluentus in Idaho. In California it ranges
from the floor of the San Joaquin Valley up at least to
an altitude of 8,600 feet in the Sierra Nevada. I have
examined specimens from San Diego (De Luz, Bonsall),
Riverside (San Jacinto), San Bernardino, Kern (Delano),
Tulare (Kern River, Sheep Meadows), Fresno, Monterey
(Monterey, Jolon), Santa Cruz (Santa Cruz, Glenwood),
Santa Clara (Black Mountain, Smith Creek, Mt. Hamil-
ton, Los Gatos, Gilroy), Sonoma (Petrified Forest), Lake
(Lower Lake), Counties, California; Klamath Falls,
Oregon; and Twin Falls and Blue Lakes Cafion, Idaho.

Habits.—We have no special knowledge of the habits
of this species. For an account of the rattlesnakes in
general see Stejneger, Report of the U. S. National
Museum for 1893.

73.—Crotalus confluentus Say. PRAIRIE RATTLESNAKE.

“<2? Crotalinus viridis, RAFINESQUE, Am. Month. Mag., IV, 1818, p.
41.”

Crotalus confluentus Say., Long’s Exped. Rocky Mts., II, p. 48;
Barirp & GIRARD, Cat. N. A. Rept., Pt. I, Serp., 1853, p. 8;
STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna, No. 5, 1891, p. 111; STeJNEGER, Rep.
U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893 (1895), p. 440; BouLENGER, Cat. Snakes
Brit. Mus., III, 1896, p. 576 (part).

Crotalus leconteit, HALLOow., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., VI, 1852, p.
180 (type locality Cross Timbers).

?C. lucifer var. cerberus, Couts, Surv. W. 100th Merid., V, 1875, p.
607 (type locality San Francisco Mts., Ariz.).

Crotalus confluentus var. pulverulentus, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci.
Phila., 1853, p. 11 (type locality vic. Lake Valley, New
Mexico).

Description.— Moderate. Head broad, flat-topped,
varying in outline according to position of fangs, ete.
Rostral much higher than wide, in contact with anterior

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 219

nasal. Two nasals. Usually two preoculars and four
internasals. A large scale just in front of supraocular
and occasionally large scales on prefrontal region.
Supraocular large but not raised into a horn-like pro-
cess,* separated from its fellow by from three to six
irregular rows of scales. Fourteen to seventeen superior
and a similar number of inferior labials; first pair of
latter meeting in front of single pair of geneials. Two
to four rows of scales between supralabials and eye.
Scales in twenty-five to twenty-nine rows, keeled except
in one to three rows of each side. Gastrosteges vary-
ing from one hundred and seventy-eight to one hundred
and eighty-eight. Urosteges nineteen to twenty-eight.

The ground color is grayish or yellowish brown,
marked along the back with a series of large, darker
brown blotches which usually become cross-bars or in-
complete rings posteriorly. These blotches are paler
centrally than about their edges and vary greatly in
shape and amount of separation. Smaller alternating
dark blotches are usually present on the sides. Many
of the scales between or around the dark dorsal blotches
are light—gray or white. These colors sometimes show
between the dark lateral blotches also. Many specimens
show a light transverse streak on the supraocular. A
dark streak runs from
the eye to the corner of
the mouth, the line of
its lower edge passing

in front- of .the eye or
striking it about under its anterior corner. This dark
streak is bordered above by a light streak which is
not wider than the width of one scale and passes above

*Garman mentions a specimen with horn-like supraocular..

220 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

the corner of the mouth. Another narrow light streak
crosses the side of the face below the dark one, and is
bordered in front by dark brown on the side of the
snout. The tail is provided with brown and light rings
or cross-bars, a few of the former, near the tip of the
tail, being sometimes blackish. The lower surfaces are
dull yellow or white, sometimes clouded with brown.
‘‘The color varies greatly, being ‘sometimes duller,
sometimes brighter, lighter or darker, depending upon
age, season, condition of skin, climate, and the pre-

dominating color of surroundings.” *
Length to anus....... Seid Cbd 0.0 Roe tnOr cocoa a aaa aac os ae oS); 595
Tenethtofitail to wattle eae ce rece ote re ccules i cteinege ee hee Peehieis & eeeemetee 37

Distribution.—‘ Broadly speaking, the Prairie Rattle-
snake occupies the area bounded in the East by the
ninety-sixth meridian and the Upper Missouri Valley;
by the main divide of the Rocky Mountains in the West;
by the thirty-third parallel in Texas and the Mexican
boundary further west in the South; and by the fiftieth
parallel in the north, * * * Although the main
divide of the Rocky Mountains in this northern region
seems to be the limit of its extension to the west, yet in
at least one place where there is no high crest to ob-
struct its passage across, it has been found on the west-
ern slope, viz.: at Lemhi, Idaho.”+ It has not been
taken in Nevada, nor in any of the Pacific States.

74.—Crotalus tigris Kennicott. TicgerR RATTLESNAKE.

Crotalus tigris, KeNN., U.S. Mex. Bound. Surv., II, Rept., 1859,
p. 14, pl. IV (type locality Sierra Verde and Poso Verde);
STEJNEGER, N. A. Fauna No.7, 1893, p. 214; STEJNEGER, Report
U.S. Nat. Mus., 1893, 1895, p. 449; BouLencrrR, Cat. Snakes,
Brit. Mus. III, 1896, p. 580 (part).

*Stejneger. Report U.S. Nat. Mus, for 1893.
}Stejneger. Report U.S. Nat. Mus. for 1893.

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. Q2T

Description.—Of moderate size. Head rather small,
flat-topped, varying in outline according to position of
fangs, etc. Rostral wider than high, in contact with
anterior nasal. Two nasals. Usually two preoculars
and four internasals. Supraocular large but not raised
into a horn-like process; separated from its fellow by
five to seven irregular rows of scales. About fourteen
superior and thirteen to fourteen inferior labials ; first
pair of latter meeting in front of single pair of geneials.
Three rows of scales between labials and eye. Scales
in twenty-one to twenty-five rows, dorsals strongly
keeled. Gastrosteges varying at least from one hun-
dred and seventy-eight to one hundred and eighty-one.
Urosteges nineteen to twenty-one.

The ground color is yellowish ash, varying from
whitish to tawny, marked along the back with a series
of rather small and indistinct brown blotches which
become cross-bars or stripes posteriorly (whence the
name tigris). These blotches are paler centrally than
about their edges and sometimes are nearly obsolete.
Smaller alternating blotches are present on the sides.
‘The head markings are rather indistinct, especially
the postocular stripe, which is often lost in the dense
sprinkling of minute black dots covering the sides of
the head.” The lower surfaces are yellow or white,
sometimes faintly clouded with brown.

Mone thptOmanustce sia dors dear ee ae Ree ac id 2 ee oe 540
Hongthyofutailetorrattloe. 25. a. xsl s hee Oe eet ieee ee 30

Distribution.—The Tiger Rattlenake ‘‘ was formerly
only known from a few localities in southern Arizona
near the Mexican boundary, until in 1891 the Death
Valley exploration under Dr. Merriam extended its
range very materially into the desert mountains of
southern California and Nevada south of the thirty-

222, CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

seventh parallel, from Owen’s Valley to the Great Bend
of the Colorado.”” The vertica] range is at least from
2,000 to 6,500 feet above sea-level. Some of the locali-
ties at which this snake has been taken are: Rocky
Creek, Independence Creek, Owens Valley, Coso Valley,
Argus Range, Panamint Mountains, and Slate Range,
California, and Vegas Valley, Vegas Wash, Indian
Spring Valley, and Grapevine Mountains, Nevada.

Habits.—This snake seems to be of partially noctur-
nal habits. It feeds upon small mammals, such as
kangaroo rats and pocket mice. It probably mates in
April.

75. —Crotalus cerastes Hallowell. Hornep Rarrie-

SNAKE. SIDEWINDER.
Crotalus cerastes HaALLow., Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1854, p. 95
(type locality ‘* Borders of the Mohave River, and in the
desert of the Mohave’’) Batrp, U. 8. Mex. Bound. Surv.,
II, 1859, p. 14, pl. III; Stesnecer, N. A. Fauna, No. 7, 1893,

p. 216.

Aichmophrys cerastes, Cours, Sury. W. 100th Merid., V, 1875, p. 609.
Description.—Small. Head rather narrow, flat-topped,
varying in outline according to position of fangs, ete.
Rostral as broad as, or broader than, high, in contact
with anterior nasal. Anterior and posterior nasals
united, at least above nostril. Usually two preoculars
and two internasals. Supraocular very large, raised
into a horn-like process, separated
from its fellow by from four to six
irregular rows of scales. Eleven
to thirteen superior and twelve to
thirteen inferior labials, first pair
of latter in contact on median line in front of single
pair of geneials. Two or three rows of scales be-
tween supralabials and eye. Scales in twenty-one rows,

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. 223

feebly keeled except in one to three lower rows on sides
where smooth; those near middle of back with central
tubercular swellings. Gastrosteges varying at least from
one hundred and thirty-four to one hundred and forty-
six. Urosteges sixteen to twenty-one, a few sometimes
divided.

The general color above is gray, often with a yellow-
ish or vinaceous tinge, with a series of rather small and
indefinite blotches of gray-

ish or yellowish brown. iS 00) ans We
Smaller blotches or spots ——-¢$ ce
are usually present on the ~~ x ~ ane

sides and on the tips of ——<
the gastrosteges. The su- any
praocular shows an indis-
tinct transverse streak. A brown streak runs from the
eye to the corner of the mouth. The tail is ash-color
with half rings of brown, which are much darker near
its tip than anteriorly. The lower surfaces are yellow-
ish white, sometimes faintly clouded with brown or

me an
ay HO) oe:

Wan) UN

eray.
Meno thatovanuspe a. stts TAC crt tito se ere core 415 440 450
iheneth’ ofstallttograttl ener etme rae ocd naa aie oe 38 42 31

Distribution.—The Sidewinder occupies the lower ley-
els of the Colorado and Mojave Deserts, where the Tiger
Rattler occurs in the mountainous districts, and ranges
thence across western Arizona and southern Nevada to
‘¢southwestern Utah.” In California it has been taken
near Salton, in the Colorado Desert; at Lone Pine, in
Owen’s Valley; in Panamint Valley; at Borax Flat; at
Bennett Wells, Death Valley; and at Pilot Knob. It is
known to occur in Nevada in Pahrump, Vegas, and In-
dian Spring Valleys, at Sarcobatus Flat, in the Amar-
gosa Desert, and in the valleys of the Virgin and Lower
Muddy.

224 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Habits.—In certain parts of its range, this species is
very numerous. ‘‘Its local name is derived from its
peculiar mode of progression: when disturbed it moves
away sideways, keeping its broadside toward the observer,
instead of proceeding in the usual serpentine manner.
x * * * | One was shot containing a kangaroo
rat (Dipodomys) and two pocket mice (Perognathus).
4» *- * During the latter partofApmlandibe
early part of May these rattlesnakes were often found
in pairs and were doubtless mating. At such times they
remained out in plain sight over night instead of re-
treating to holes or shelter under desert brush, and on
two occasions they were found by us on cold mornings
so early that they were too chilled to move until consid-
erably disturbed.” *

76—Crotalus mitchellii Cope. BLEACHED RATTLESNAKE.

Caudisona mitchellii, Copr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1861, p. 293
(type locality Cape St. Lucas, Lower California).

Caudisona pyrrha, Corr, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, pp. 308,
310 (type locality Canon Prieto near Ft. Whipple, Arizona);
CovEs, Surv. W. 100th Merid., V, 1875, p. 608, pl. XXII.

Crotalus mitchellii, Copr, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 1, 1875, pp. 33,
92; VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., (2), IV, 1894, p. 450;
Id. ibid., V, 1895, p. 159; StrsnEGER, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
1893 (1895), p. 454.

Crotalus pyrrhus, StEIN., W. Am. Scient., VII, April, 1891, p. 165.

Crotalus Mitchellii pyrrhus, StEIN., Rep. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1893
(1895), p. 456.

Description.—Moderately large. Head rather small,
with flattened top, varying in outline according to posi-
tion of fangs, ete. Rostral either higher than wide or
wider than high, separated from anterior nasal by one
or two rows of granular scales. Usually two nasals.
Supraocular large, somewhat projecting laterally, sepa-
rated from its fellow by from four to eight scales.

7

* Merriam, N. A. Fauna No, 7. 1893, p. 217.

REPTILES OF THE PACIF{[C COAST. 225

Fourteen to seventeen superior and fourteen to eighteen
inferior labials, first pair of latter meeting in front of a
single pair of geneials. Three to five rows of scales
between supralabials and eye. Scales in twenty-five or
twenty-seven rows, keeled except sometimes in one or
two rows of each side. Gastrosteges varying from one
hundred and fifty-eight to one hundred and ninety-
eight. Urosteges seventeen to twenty-seven, a few of
the posterior sometimes divided.

The general color is white, gray, yellow, vinaceous-cin-
namon, or salmon-red, minutely dotted with black or
brown, and with aseries of indefinite brown, black, or red
blotches along the back. These dots and dorsal blotches,

‘ i a vay
| a iy ie ;
She
3 Pies Ns

as well as smailer blotches which sometimes are present
on the top of the head and on the sides, may be so faint
as to cause the animal to be called the White Rattle-
snake, or so dark as to produce a blackish effect; the
blotches, however, never have definite outlines, appear-
ing only as darker portions of the general ‘‘ pepper and
salt’ style of coloration. A dark band sometimes runs
down and back from the eye. The tail is gray, with
black cross-bars. The lower surfaces are white or yellow,
usually more or less clouded with brown.

Length to anus....... Se oe Ae Oe FLO” TOT SLO 840) 9S 7030

Distribution.—This rattlesnake has been found in the
Colorado Desert, near Mountain Springs, San Diego

226 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

County, California, and in the Mojave Desert. It has
been taken in Arizona, and ranges the whole length of
the peninsula of Lower California.

Habits. —This seems to be distinctively a desert species.
Like other rattlesnakes, it is ovoviviparous. A specimen
taken at San José del Cabo, in September, contained
three young about 260 mm. in length.

77.—Crotalus ruber (Cope). WrsteRN DrAMonp RATTLE-

SNAKE.

Crotalus adamanteus ruber, Corr, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., XIV, 1891,
p. 690 (type locality unknown.)

Crotalus atrox ruber, STEJNEGER, Rep. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1893 (1895),
p. 439.

Crotalus ruber, VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (2), V, 1895, p.
1007.

Description.—Large. Head broad, flat-topped, vary-
ing in outline according to position of fangs, etc. Ros-
tral usually higher than wide, in contact with anterior
nasal. Two nasals. Usually two preoculars and two to
four internasals. A large scale just in front of supra-
ocular. Supraocular large but not raised into a horn-
like process; separated from its fellow by six or seven
irregular rows of scales. About sixteen or seventeen
superior and seventeen to nineteen inferior labials; first
pair of latter not meeting on median line in front of
single pair of genials. About four rows of scales be-
tween supralabials and eye. Scales in twenty-seven to
twenty-nine rows, of which one or two on each side are
smooth. Gastrosteges varying from one hundred and
eighty-six to one hundred and ninety-nine. Urosteges
twenty-two to twenty-six.

The general color is light red, reddish cinnamon, or
brownish yellow, with a series of large, darker blotches
along the back. These blotches are sometimes very

REPTILES OF THE PACIFIC COAST. DOT

indefinite, especially toward the sides. On the middle of
the back they are separated by light yellow or white.
This light edging may or may not be continued onto

the sides, where smaller indefinite dark blotches may
often be seen. The head is unicolor above. A faint

ASS
—s
oy

ILS HRCI
SEARO
FORO
OM WY)
OR ORRIN
ay

light stripe crosses the side of the face from the pre-
ocular plates to the mouth. The scales behind and
above this light stripe area Jittle darker than the ground
color and sometimes are set off posteriorly by a light line
running down and back from the posterior corner of the
eye and striking the supralabials in front of the corner
of the mouth. The tail is ash-color, with from three to

228 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

five black rings or cross-bars. The lower surfaces are
yellowish, often faintly clouded with light brown.
Hength to anus 2 os. as ee eis cohen Se Baers 935 1080
Length‘ of) tail: to:rattle: f. 2.) eee ee rs 2. Scones 55 75

Distribution.—This, the largest rattlesnake of the
West, was first described from a specimen of unknown
origin. It has since been found on the western slopes
of San Diego and Riverside Counties, at Twin Oaks,
San Jacinto, and De Luz. y

Abronia........

ActinemyS......+.

Agama Douglassit

Alderman Lizard
Alligator Lizard

Ameiva tessellata

Anniellide......

arizone (Coluber)
ater (Sauromalus)
alrata (Hutainia)

balteata (Coronella)
Banded Gecko

INDEX.

Synonyms are given in italics.

Ablabes purpureocauda.....e+..ssee-eveee 162 Bascanium constrictor....-....- snesvede 184
Siemon ateectsvaraeiet LU constrictor flavivent7ts .......+.0006 183

Sidackcesss 29 constrictor vetustum.........seeeeeee 184
MOAFMOTALG. «sco sciiceisjeciscesisiscescrs. GO flagella forme: nawenceiecicecssen sone e186
adamanteus alrox (Crotalus)............ 216 JSlagelliforme testaceum............-- 186
Mater (OLOTALUS))eceieleletalelalel-\a/e clelalcbein's 226 laterale LalerQle< J. csacescticintecesai) LSS
var. lucifer, (Crotalus))........00..-- 216 CONTA a ersicio'ormisielstoveicinie oteleeie sleeieetete 190
ABChMOPHT YS... eevee eves rcgas 15 teniatum laterdle.......ccrwcccennes 188
Re ere epeiarelelsisraetols eiciatels/ala’s'ese 222 teniatum teeniatum...........0.++--- 190

Rim chacloiersyereisUeiave aif ol pveters 90 CESLCEUNG Tan \010)0)ei0,0is/eisj ele sialeieiekeleieleleteteion LOO

agassizii (Gopherus).........12, 14, 20, 35 Batrachia sea secacanccene sleet anene 10
sapdonocoseacqsoseasgsoncope 35 BAT ACROSONUG -\caeia'ee siscivicleialiceinis eae OD
ntocguesSeaEpoCocHOUoGnS 35 beldingy, (Verticaria)i:. = ac--cewsstecles one) LLL

adacssosoonses be eddse 60 Belding’s Orange-Throat............... 141
dmaciGabogddonbsuabonooD 103 belli (ChrySemys)ccseiccinimisiceeielesiLosmad

amabilis (Diadophis)............ 13.19, 164 (CEEEUNYS Para a c1='s)a) sjeleiee stele (ela 0, tinistare erelercte 33
amabiiis (Diadopbis)............... 164 BeULODNAS sajna arele) sa cisseieeai<isicreYa\ore areletarsteretelele 166
(Goronetia).......... erie’ als atreierere weis 164 ROWMCUULS) Nelelaistetetesalehelefolajeisis\=)+ efsitaleicetei 167
pulchellus (Diadophis) ............. 164 biseriatus (Sceloporus)...13, 19, 20, 74, 80
Waeltetic cla ceneceteteoielicis 134 biscutata; (uteenta)).n. ccc cie ccc) cies BLS

VAINQDOPSISs 25 ccicieeas sc ccs cle Sea ce aeiete 123 Black Hootless) Wizard ve <cveisie) cc cieivia(cie’- 118
Befaleteratolo ete tia craistateiselateraisiats iste 38, 101 Ratilesmake sjejerrcicissiecleteiciceierateld erence)
annectens (Pituophis) cio... ccie= secs sss 195 Blainville’s Horned Toad.............. 91
Tae calhais side on ee corieeay ssineisies 116 | blainvillii (Phrynosoma).....13, 15,89, 91
yeecteneone BEECH CQEacoS Oy alakis alts) Bleached Rattlesnake............-..2.. 224

poao diacodudcpAdesocauuBDTS 13, 116 Bilue-Belled hizard! fois. esieetseivicecieten met
SUCEOCCnOGOn Banca 1s IBIMG HR AC OD a ayeaintelelaielcayac lel stcloteles alate iorere -. 185

Bana) Oh Se ei Semler Piers Bay 98 Blue-tailed) Wizard): << icissiscceiseleieelee LAO

Me C AULA rantorwrateyarateletajeresaretoleisiereicisieis'icle 100 IB O8s; CAlILOTNT Ai. <0), oe ios siaiata a oietelenetelelatat« 152
annulatum (Lamprosoma) .....-..++.+-- 160 bocourtit (Sceloporous).............- 77, 80
Senor ouaddo dcedoonnace bec sdb 89 BOI Disisie.cjals\cicts\a\s « wsicivsiciciaeisnccasle moos De
Bpareefeieierateepelereteiiiaia sete iaversctetetelevere 215 bott# (Charina)..........-...13, 19, 20, 154
approximans (Holbrookia).............- 51 (Tortris) .... 20.000 ccecssecdeccccces 154
ATION Bis ccicicrre acid csere aerate 158, 192 Boyle's Milky Snake s\n cise'jelelslelareresie 169
HUCHOOHOCOOCHOOUD dosagded 14, 193 boylii (Lampropeltis) .......13, 20, 167, 169
SaponouodeuDGeCOnodd c ~. 193 (Ophibotts))~ << ccicieeiceateceeaistaeiesete el Oo

Sos asoodd 12, 14,20, 60 BY ACRYAACHUUS. 15, <:0\018 we ceieleieidicrsleciaercte sao Oo
SeenouccconuuaAbaonodde 205 brachyops (Charina) ............-+....-- 155

atrox ruber (Crotalus).............-..-- 226 | Brown-Shouldered Lizard.............. 66
baileyi (Crotaphytus). ....12, 14,19, 20, 53 burnetti (Gerrhonotus)......... 13, 102, 107
Baileys: WIZ arden. .ce'sceeieleie'ciciciaicie,e.ciee 63 Burnett’s Alligator Lizard............. 107
nloinclarolsiele's wisiste Seis sale 169 Burrowing Snakes -nce-nicirniccicicecteieaietse LOG

Bias teteieie eivseiulclokivie ert cte= sto 40 | ceruleus (Gerrhonotus)............104, 107

BaSCaNION snes csiesicie noose dddadstane 158, 183 Calemysriccisei ialcisieietote nes sclesa ere sism elateiete 29
constrictor vetustum........ 13, 19, 183 calidzarum, (ANOtd)\ccccc os cncecine e daciec 98
flagellum frenatum..... TS QO183,, 86) | California, BOasac.scrccsisiele fevlcciaaeres 152
Widictacecscamethe% ies 13, 183, 188 Garter; Snake tc cijicisiccis cece eielesie Dae

13, 14, 19, 20, 183, 190 Horned POA Saccrsithisid onic Relclntes = 93

Sieleia'cierei BAD a caleteyshisia tres Obed LES. Ming Sngkerten secs cece asks sitretectes LOG

230

California Milk Snake........... aoddoD 172
UR COV cieverele ie teieteis ielslateletecieielelataiane mierelstata 188
Tantilla..... G soopabEpcodeaunconadda 177
AWD p bail ory oare si winioieiielsin stele eeteaseleteievere 137

californiw (Coluber [Ophis]) ............ 172
(Cor ortell ct) ieictertereiatercieisieterstoteyrereiotsreret= 172
(Lampropeltis)...... ......13, 167, 172
(Ophibolus) .......-- dosodsbseaGconG 172

COPUIBE Tia Chenogoncsuscnaaoandaoosecse 43, 47
VOMUPALIS: cc ceive evar ceil 12,14, 20, 48

catenifer \(\Coluber)ic cn <ictccie secieleisieteoeiete 195
deserticola (Pituophis).. ...14, 20, 198
(CPULMOPHIS) Reece me celeeieereeey-te 14,19, 195
(ErityOpRrs) eres sialaitieiaiejeeiesieisterteciere 195

CAUAUS ONG: «ore lc). nsereie; eoiseloretes eee ieee 215
MNLLCREULUY samtelarefoletais oreo eieiecicistemictere tere 224
DUTT so cto sielelet-[clnie[s'aleteiatalee merece ern 224

cerastes (vchmophrys)..........- so000n 222
(Crotalus) vo. = <j as1wietente 14, 20, 215, 222

Charina....... Rppoococonochocoocaae 152, 154
POtter Facrcceiece ecoeieniects 13, 19, 20, 154
ONACKYONE laerceie cies ee meleteeeeiacesce 155
DUUMND EU velesislelsiciciaielsisisiaicte wieielere =) cong Iai)

(AMT noonc adooscden saccda7000R0H00005 29
MATMOTALUS rlaieloieolnaielejeiacieioieieietcisvele ee 30

Chilomeniscushiestecenceciteeeeiesstc 157, 158
OPHIPPICUS ce cieeineleleciecteteiseiee 13, 14, 159

Chionactis...... poceddisaadooganoode 157, 159
OCCIPItAlIS scenester 18, 14, 160

chlorophea (Hypsiglena)............+.. 178

OHV SOM SF. oreleic ois cieielelelsjetclelesieieilermsiel= 29, 32
Welbin. se sogq0 a0a6006 MBcaaDS 12,19, 33
CINETEDM WAL. DELLAT. <7. 0leeleieialejalsvale eeletare 33
MULLQIED ciorelaieloreieicietaretaiarerersiatelalsieleteisietete 33
OF CQONENSIS smicveleieistel ei keisiieneeiselieisaire 33

Chuck=wallateecececicciiiiecieeieeccctite 60

OUT (OUD Ha Seind 55 osdoooncoconsasceqonds 195

cinerea var. bellii (Chrysemys).......... 33

CLE MIMYSeaskelersielsilelsierelelsieiseecikeeee ees 29
MATMOTATA.... . «cio sisiclciete sa5000 12,19, 30
OT. CQONLENSTS: . creiais cicteiorcelnenieiecteoicioe 33
Wosnessensicyt var os ciclemleleitsicierieeiierels 30

Cnemidophoruse.ace.ess-cisceee eee eee: 133
gracilis..... Siew sroveeierls elcraltretsiae luatheioters 134
stejnegeri...............13, 15, 184, 139
UE RATS Seog qgnedotondoudoodnG Uiienis Loe
tessellatus tessellatus............ bodod JRE
wut baoonoasodeo .13, 14, 19, 20, 138, 134
tigris undulatus......... 13, 16, 134, 137
undulatus.......ceee ve Gosdedtocionsor 137

COLONY Keres cieleisiniesisierssicie ee erie steleieite 39
Variegatus....... socoobbouuoc 12,14, 40

Coluber arizone.....+.0- leteieletcietaletets Sooo ts}

(Ophis) Californie.... .scccee.ceees 172

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

Coluber infernalis.........- Ualslelelelsie seee 200
POUTLELCLUS lelelalayataieteyete(aeletstedstereestatetereste 200
(ZACROTUS) ZONAL tayereialcinieyelersieleralarele 167

Coil) WeGE Ee aeedsopeoso Go Socebooood 39, 157

(OCAEGT MageoaosoaobbCobooGESaunsAs: 6058 178

concinna (Eutainia)......... mi etolaieleleletevore 204

concinnus ( Tropidonotus) ........0. sees 205

confiuentus (Crotalus)...... 19, 215, 216, 218
Leconte ((\Crotalus))sswteie<\dsterslerereielelsiee 216
lucifer (Crotalus) cscs ajeleciclerele 216
var. pulverulentus (Crotalus)........ 218

constrictor (Bascanium)............0eee 184
flaviventris (Bascanium).........+ 183
vetustum (Bascanium)...-......06% 184

constrictor vetustum (Bascanion)..13,

19, 188
(Zamenis)...... oS oie evereintaqwtere eieiareresone 184

Contin seancceet ie teicercerheeeeertoe 157, 161
PLA Koad geDOSIGOSOOnO SA OoOd 13, 19, 162
Occipitalis ....eseeee. daccucustantcor 160

COO PET? (HAULAUNRUA) <x weicicisivivie's sie cineialesiere 205

Cope’s Garter Snake......5...--...-...- 212

Cophosaurus...... Gocodousandooodoouads 57

Coral Snake...... GobacocasesaoopGbanga0 169

Coronella amabilis .........+.---------- 164
DAU ALE sarc aicscricierntolsieisinee eect 169
GHAI RTM hanoonaangsdooccdaensan[00 172
ICLULE Nolalelelatsievele¥etelofereleterstelalersiietot 170, 172
getulus var. pseudogetulus....e.sere 170
multifasciata ....- eniee 167
Bu thiiiaos spponennsbadsodecoonegona0 167

COUCH TCH UTE NTA) sleleieleoleledtesiieiee atelier 210

Crested Poi ZaArd yeetereisieeleratctefeichers seetere 44

Orotalid ste. sietcicle oteiniciecissieie etree 39, 214

ONOCALLNUS oes octet ciatole sleieemicnsie(eleletaietniotee 215
WOLD Buona onducsaasqddoddads0cco0Ne 218

CrOtalopnroriis er rasiataeiioietalslatralataieleletelaiateete 215

Crotalus. ciccre ciejetesicicieeyeieciaterotatate/cvetnetetet 215
adamanteus atrov.........0-.cceeees 216
AdamanteUs TU ere ce eevee ioetrreis crete 226

VPs Waklaniaseseaqeneécobaagadcac 216
(Mov Wapodacacqod asses sAkdSsouges 226
ICOTASTES cepa ricer iy vecinclete 14, 20, 215, 222
confluentus)peeerr ec 19, 215, 216, 218
confluentus lecontet........0e+eeeeeee 216
confluentus lucifer.........2.+5 sees 216

var. pulverulentus...... .s.+- s+. 218
[QQ Oseanaoudbiaese ouaocoapd 216, 218
VUCILOR <5 ies cms ces oie 14,19, 20, 215, 216

VAT. CEnDENUS essere es erie cisco
mitchellidienccee eee 14, 215, 224
mitchellii pyrrhus........-..-- Siaeietele 224
ONCJONUS: xe lceinssiery- el eTacieeice eee ae

SVE {ULSCLT EN oa telatereinte’ isipstetereieteretetar= 216
PYTTRUS. ... 220000 aralelafnlalaletolateleieleice 224

INDEX. Zork
Crotalus ruber.............. 14, 15, 215, 226 Emys Oregoniensis.......0++ daidictes we celts 33
Tg rists ceric sci 14, 20, 215, 220 ephippicus (Chilomeniscus)..... 13,14, 159
Crotaphytushrricisceiasieccsiciccecisielssls 43, 53 OL Cee Do bon oODeAnOLUbOabOOLtiAGUOOOD 29
baileyi....... Spoddecas 12, 14,19, 20, 53 Hublepharidae.., ccc ceed ceveaasenose OO
dorsalis.......... SOM CERO COU OOOEEe 44 Eublepharis fasciatus ......sssee+.2+-2+- 40
(EOTIAVA DO doo CGD OGDODOOA oddaOOOn 56 HUN COS Tareiaic\alelaletslalelstelatetetelehs folate sinietereiniete 143
Silasiiserwieletsicieyelele eeeeiede ploy, Oo gilberti.......... Wenereetererne 13, 144, 147
wislizenii......... 12,14, 19, 20, 53, 56 hallowellii....... Gcocoodsanhedens «. 144
Desert Gopher Snake.................. 198 Quadrilinedtus.............sececs eee 144
Homed = LOadensssiciceretsieas HOsGOde 98 sSkiltonianug:....ccceescncte 13,19, 144
IND hitplul Zand erctsteiererclatemtersivisioeets eiare1= 123 EUDhTy me! ODESUS). 5 oJe alelocioe aiceia aio ectelorsieete 60
SMR s eyelets patevelclelsteels elereraiainielevel alc sialeie 160 ELUPy lenis ies is;c(ctoisicd< Maley bac irocete eae 143
SROTLOIUSO sisieie nlereie eieeialetcleiesievelere dendabc 35 Euteenia biscutata............0000: aieisfero SU
AV ibitp tail erarcrenyerercicleveterale niereleielel aiclsiever= 134 COUCREL 56.5 <iniatciciets atineiteiniceyaeieCe nee 210
DiadOphisisce. cacecds tec cect caicesics 157, 164 elegans OTUNNed.... Ao... + acer accieleee 207
AIMADILISGe. cyeretered levsloie sic sis.ce = 13, 19, 164 ELEGANS COUCKE acct bla telecine 212
amabilis amabilis.........022eeeeee: 164 elegans lineolata ..............- 207, 210
amabilis pulchellus.......2..2000.005 164 elegans ordinoides.............se000- 207
MULCH ELIAS eeetantacieieveleisiede ae vleleiaieieiors\e 164 CLEP ONSVAGTOMNE en rciet stacy -ferottelee ec iee 210
MUNCALUS AMAUNS...csccaccvsccccece 164 FIENSROWIET hac ei cicied aciciel sce taste Le
punctatus pulchellus........2+.+000 . 164 infernalts tnfernalts........sccsceee 207
DIPSOSAUTUSI sy asi avaetoclsers'sls eis cisicle siete eters 43 UUferNQUs VIAUGeeiscla essence 207
Ons Aeocnesacicodasde -.12, 14, 20, 44 ornata..... BOR ebbpnanocducos cond 200
Doliosaurus ....... Eyaeisiay aa islelelejsteveicveicrelerers 89 PIUCKEMUN trate feveheloctastecreieiisstels tesicterere 201
DUCLCOLULG Fin ate eases Sean aio on cM ae eine 100 SITTAUS CONCINNG ...<. ccc ccccccccece- 204
DLGLYTRUNOSat ara eemencias eee ae eons 98 sirtalis partetalis..........s0-.-...- 201
dorsalis (Crotaphytus) ..... ......... . 44 sirtalis pickeringit.........0..sscrees 204
(Dipsosaurus)........-.0- 12,14, 20, 44 Strlalisiterateniadic.sacceeneleaee 201
Gouglassit/ (AGAMA)... ss. ccslele cclp sleivs 90 sirtalis trilineata.... ..... ....- 201, 204
(Phrynosoma)).<..-..c..c. 1Gy TEE ane | MPs Ao ooneoaauamocececoudedc SAUCE ORS 199
pygmea (Phrynosoma)...... Stoloicrecste 90 GEA Manaieresieisiersicisicieiiariniie siete cleteniee 205
Dusky scaly Wizard eaenesisicec cceckwacer 86 CONCIMNGsxreisieicieratelee n/aisictotepelersateiete are 204
BAT ENIS eerctescfers cre meni aces ae sicieociole vale 161 COOPENT..... +200 Oonboddpososs6¢ aoc 205
eisenin(Lantills )eacsee ss cece scene 13, 16, 177 CLEY ONG 25.5 mn cid dsctelelai sia wacisialale’e oe oteee 207
elegans (Arizona)..... soc0Scobo0du0d 14, 193 ROIMNMONGHiva neces id= nie (rcietereeersielete 212
brunned (Hut@nia)......csscece-soe 207 IN [ETNALIS:. .'x'0 Sea caecsinnnnloseneecee 200
COUCH UL | (CEAULCENT )itctelclernnre sie eleislelerse 212 LeptocepRalaln ni casssieltereeietente meteorite 205
(CHUL ENT) Freie or cialale croisloentenie ee aces 207 ON AINOLAES, Sa slarg. cas ais sie seth owe re eree te 207
lineolata (Euteenia)............. 207, 210 Fe {ADO CER aeogso CoOBo00os seeRoo 200
ordinoides (Huteenia)...........+++- 207 PUCHEVANG ods. oisiswvinsdelateiee nstete cto 204
(ERALYOMRES) <\asejareivieie <iny sie) s sis'eiwrere evereleie 193 WAST AMS ci-\ciaioteleloisic aiaicteleleleretetcrereteteratare . 210
(HERA ECHES eee kos ot a ide cen 193 Waded'Snakes.<...s 7c. sitesee aacletesineie 193
((Ghammnophis))senmccienwre cere 14, 200, 207 | fasciatus (Hublepharis)...... Ratete elatnrctetole 40
(LUE) oer ORO GAnG Bhan eer on 66 Hen Ce HiZard el celcicieicis soe ceiciee cobaceoo, Gil)
Vagrans (Hutwnia)... 2. .0--sccccceae 210 | flagelliforme (Bascanium).............. 186
Elegant Garter Snake,...............-. 207 testaceum (Bascaniwm)............-. 186
FG OTE Oreja sie cisicisiciseles(sietouhre eis sooodcods 102 flagellum frenatum (Bascanion).......
JOTMOSUE is oa si aaisaiete aa phils bi clearieeee 108 13, 20, 183, 186
GT ANGUS) ver ahse slalcjavers sia aslo oetc eerste cee 104 Flat-Tailed Horned Toad .............. 100
MTANCUDUS ai cinie) sinictere\evelerwiseleleleletaiaiele/cicie' 112: || formosa) (Higaraa)) <<<. .oscescecneeeeee 108
SCUNCLCOME Arran eicciccioniestoe colecvexicniow, LOS frontale (Phrynosoma)....... 13, 16, 89, 93
JTUDARTS SG. SbOBOdeDOR0D DOU Mond doom ce 29 | frontalis (Sceloporus)...............08. 17
OAT OPM OAS BOG OdOrGROCIOOOe BGobHoonadud 33 Gambelit (Crotaphytus)...............- 56
SROTINOT ON Owe clalaielslebcrivies slele/eienticretere 30 Gecko Banded). ..cis seacemlassacics cocci 40
WGI Bieaiariressiteictsmiec civics eicmtorccits 30 GeoclemyS MATMOTALA, ....eecsseeeeveees 30

232

APETTHON OUUS sarecicisiiej <ininatsersierstelteteietetele 102
IDULNCUHIL. sclere ceieicciec ance -13, 102, 107
CETULCUSS . Soc cisies cee meee 104, 107
MMUMELCOTUN GUUS 5 « =,<1- 2 ajaiesaiai= siefoeelein(ere 104
PALMETI -yjacicjceielete Godaapoesnc 13, 103, 113
principis..... 4) Cascpoco 13,19, 103, 112
scincicauda..... .. 18, 19, 102,108. 104
SCINCICAUAA PALMETT...cer..ccccrcese 113
WELQMONTNAG 0.5 sjase;siorece leisioeieia eyeeiens 103
getulus boylii (Ophibolus)...... 20.0. goo Lew
californice (Ophibolus).............. 172
(Coronelia) an prtisinienic siacieiataieesiniets 170, 172
€18ENT (ODNIDOULS) - ~ «\<: 011010161 la siete aisle . 172
muiticinctus (Ophibolus) .....2.eeee 167
var. pseudogetulus (Coronella)...... 170
Gila Monster.jcc- ccc cece ieee Shoau -)
gilberti (Eumeces).... ......:. 13, 144, 147
Glauconta humilis sciccicieleni= sila cele eeicete 151
Glyptemys..... EsAcqgonocced Hepaomapcoese & 29
GOPHerus ice cisisicieiecineimieisiceie beoood 29, 35
A PASSUZ ate elieis'oiclatcletcrelertetete 12, 14, 20, 35
gracilis (Cnemidophorus).............. 134
(ScelOPOrs) erreietelevesaisce ett eters aeodo, wes
@TACLOSA (Uta) voice. veces cr ceen 12,14, 20, 69
graciosus (Sceloporus)....13, 19, 20,73, 74
(Trosaurus)......00.. slelateteetelaierste(ei= 69
grahamiz (Salvadora)....... .... 13, 20, 181
hexalepis (Salvadora) .....-......-- 181
(Rhamothyra) accuses cence 181
QGTARAMA (ZAMENTS) wo... ere. cocccecce 181
grandis (Hlgaria) ......<cucccceussshnee 104
Gridiron-Tailed Lizard.... .........00 48
hallowellit (Eumeces)....... mee eieesentcte 144
hammondii (Hutainia).......-2..2...05 212
(FLhamnophis) eects sicicersccs 14, 200, 212
Hammond’s Garter Smake.............. 214
HanlequimiSHake wee sleciciclelelsisicisiecemcieioe 169
_Heermanntt (Pityophis).....cecccccceess 195
PR O@LOM OTM As crsrc oie erste wtetiate acistoversisiofeteiarsiorets 120
SUSPOCHUM. atsete crecleaicaloclelsreisaee Oyo
ETOLOD CrINAEIG D5 jeleloietciclelsici=\s)=/=i=/< eierele 38, 120
henshavii (Zablepsis)..... alelofeleve\ess otatevetevors 128
henshawi (Hutenia) ...cs.cecscesscecs 212
(Kantusia)s.. <2 ccecesicie 13, 15, 128, 128
Henshaw’s Night Lizard............... 128
hexalepis (Phimothyr@) ..cccseceecce sees 181
LOM DrOOKIa- fic swsimisceisisite rie tiecicisicisis « 43, 51
OPPTOLUMGNS .0 occa cccccevecsecsss-s 51
maculata approximaDs.......... 20, 51
MUACULALA MACULALD .cccccccces.-ceos 51

VAL. JlAUULENtG. weniciivctscsisccss nie) (OL
HTOMLALOCHANLOM oa claslcicsetieieielewsie elaine > LTO
FTO NVOLOS CETUS .5j0's; cle .« els cietdele sisiela che cle'e's ee 47

VONLEQUIS: 5 ints sc cre ce elecie eels niente ios ots 48

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES.

humilis (Glauconia) ..........06 Spode lls
(CHE ROB DOODOPRCOE CROCE ORCCanECe: 150
{Sia POnOG ON) 5 sisi a-ecleee see a 13, 14, 150
hyperythra beldingi (Verticaria)......
13, 15, 144
Ev SI SLUG. cea ccielouisisisis sieincieieiielre OO mL SS
CHLOT ODED win omloinisiaisiselette a craietaleyaeeiete 178
ochrorhynchus............ iitenee [ole 13, 178
CELA arsieicisisioleiole ore Sad bancideososc 178
infernalis (Coluber) ........-cecseerees 200
(Hutainia) .......... dscoscactoopenec 200
infernalis (Eutenia).....-.+.00s Sono, ZANE
(Lhamnophis) eecriicmieteelacteineseee 207
DUAL, |(UUENTA eniaicieiaistelelemistsietetele te 207

inornata (Uma)..............!%, 14, 46, 47
EUAN ace ejeleicicicioistelacnisicicisia]ejataletetot tes G sare

ASQOELLA ( WENRONG) |e cicero clalele! sfalcletatalerctetoveta 155
Island Night Lizard... sue...) 0 cccsccs 130
PACH, Swallb omteicitereleicicielatereeieiciste=tectetestete 136
TAMA ILO POlbiss cicieresisielsiae sts ahr ats 158, 166
Ion Ab lAaogondoacuconeanc 138, 20, 167, 169
CALITOTMIL: tein\-ieie cies eisjelolele( 18, 167, 172
ZOUALALy s cinisielcieteleivieleterarsiiaiel= Ao aoen 13, 167
LOMprosaurus.... c.0- anaes asaneselscies 143
Lamprosoma annulatum.......e..ceeeees 160

OCCUDULALC aa nielolatstarnielaistoisiniarelsialatel= feel OU)
laterale (Bascanion).............13, 183, 188

laterale (Bascantum) ......++2+---+- 188
lateralis (Leptophis)..........«e-.-+-e+- 188
econtei ((Crotalus))...<- sce ire 216, 218

(Rhinocheilus)) ce 0\..2.1.-6 ses 13, 174
Heopard. Wizard. «2. <6... siciccscccciece 56
leptocephala (Hutainia)..........--e00 205

(Lhamnophis).............- 19, 200, 205
Leptophis lateralis... .....cccndececceces 188

CONTAT for eicleieloleloindelsistaietaieis=i=feietelsi¥-r= 190
Leptotyphlopide .............-- «.--38, 150
PAT CHANUT Ac eecrisoctelcieisielciohelelelate steteretale .. 152

MYTTOLEINS. 55 cescicvnese Bole cietereielare ts 152

OT CULUE cocci stein asteisio os iam oeteee et eek sieL Om

TOSCOLUSCH ... .. 000 vesns-c cee 13,15, 152

Qi We) pees onecnoenouoccdb IB00005 e. 152
WIZ ATO. eine acrene cine eielatas ees sieleicleimielela[ale 39
Dikzard >, Asl OTM ares a cece <toveteiaivialelela)alelelote 60

ATIVE ATOM. i6\<10 00) 01c/clelelelale|elelele) oi elevaletots 103

BAIL CY 2S (eine) 5 cinielvininiislelalsivialeljelsieisio.sis 53

Black HOOtless: << s(c.ac.c csecisisiecieeis 118

Blie=Bellicd: cmicls<icicisieiwvicicisissieicleluic 77

BN1e0-tailed qacece emreprcleictets sletereielae 146

Brown-Shouldered ..............-- 66

Burnett's Alligator. .... 225.0000 107

CLES Od inciie = cleicie's ov Saisie ctoieela Sk ale 44

DESERET ING PUG. eicrercrelciniaraicietatabetotalaai stele 123

Duskoy, Scaly creieiisateiellelemiesieisacieleietels 86

I CBL.CO sroeicislel aio eicialeieiveletalal diate Ainopenods 80

INDEX. 238

Lizard, Gridiron-Tailed............+.-: 48) f, notata(Uma)eoeo.n aciscesieetoeee 12, 46, 47
Henshaw’s Night................. 128 | nwttalit (Chrysemys).................-- 33
Eglande Nigh trescajeeissisiesteis-selolsciees 130 Obesus (Huphryne) <..c.cewcesce cusses citere 60
Leopard........ Peasicicteisfevererers eielanvele 56 | occidentalis (Sceloporus)....13,19, 73, 77
NUIGESOAHe onan napsoosodcacboboondes 64 occipitale (Lamprosoma) .....-...+-s0e 160
Mountainissecsueaeceneeceerieses: 004 (Rhinostoma)\yseceeeeereneece ates 160
Mountain Alligator.............++- 113 occipitalis (Chionactis).......... 13, 14, 160
Northern Alligator..... pncicaSagNTG 112 (CeImiEneaocenoasce coobnas oacodoss 160
lh Sele as Gomacmeabongae aacda 47 ochrorhynchus (Hypsiglena)....... 13, 178
STIG! das SadncapodacoU DOOD ODIODOACNS 47 Ophibolus ars <ciecencejemesnie. oy, Snare entnere 166
Sodlysec ee ccisaeceicclcaserae ce SOCOOG, ake DoT eA Gee RCC AG DUCCONOUNOSOG 169
Short-Nosed Leopard....... ....++ 59 COM fOTNTE ss J cc odewais wacaeeeceeas 172
Silvery Footless........----.....-» 116 getulus boylit............ Nowciatuctemies 170
Western Earless) <5. soccx scan. vs oe 51 Gelulus: cole fornten annie serinieieieriste 172

0 Gite Ae eee eNO ae ees 161 getulus eiseni.......... Sine eM ee 172
CENUAR teeter ate aie) elaine wielbiclefelale's e'erels 162 getulus multicinctus.......-seeeee 167
dongipes (Sceloporus) .......-.+see00e- 80 PYTTROMELAS.. conc ce =e snseisioldieeis'e LOU
Long-Nosed Snake...............eeeees 174 Orange-Throat, Belding’s............ . 141
Long-Tailed Uta, ....... ...ccceesesees 69 orcutti (Lichanwra))y .cesi. 0. eleenels 152
lucifer (Crotalus)........ 14, 19, 20, 215, 216 (Sceloponus)Pecjerc-mteeenre- 13, 15, 74, 86
var. cerberus (Crotalus).........+.- 218 | ordinatus var. hammondii( Tropidonotus). 212
maculata approximans (Holbrookia).20, 51 var. infernalis ( Tropidonotus) ...201, 207
maculata (Holbrookia)...........+> 51 ordinoides (Hutainia)... 2.0... ceeecce ee os 207
var. flavilenta (Holbrookia)......... 51 (‘Dropidormoris) eo cicveyerc om emis srerel gee 205
magister (Sceloporus)....13, 14, 20, 74, 84 oregoniensis (Chrysemys)...-.--....++-- 83
marmorata (Actinemys)......0.+++ a 30 (Clemimys)) lien rie s\ciclole sinictets(ereesieteiors 33
(GLemaimiys)eicrterertereis sreraiviclalele« 12; 19, 30 (Emys) BEEN Baseana tops seeeA 33
CETUS) sere otatejaiars\erclaiaieyeicieiciaisvaleleia\eis rete 30 oregonus (Crotalus)........-..-. Seeletsiaie) 210
(Geoclemys)..... SOMA ROTOCOOD Aadeed 30 van. liciper (Crotalus)! senciecna< me 216
marmoratus (Chelopus) .....2..seseerreee 30 ONAL (CEULOONUR)) -earactele iele'elstayaiciavarnictavere 200
PN ASITCODILES atcreievcinialasayreieiolalals|sVa(eleye!<jniesa'=]a\\e0 183 Pacific Garter Snake... 1: eo. -iseuniae oe 200
(MAMI Sodeoases Suacadenponsuc0de 190 Rath ORNAKC. ceises'cleloetesis cletniseciestotee 216
Mauremys.. ..-.s.e2--20%- nnadesonon0ds - 29 UNsyse yer -—Sosnan coda nosoooEs ode 30
BVT MUTA (CAI OLA) iarierciclctelercisieicisiale oitereteictoreia 100 palmeri (Gerrhonotus}..... ....13, 103, 115
(Phrynosoma)..........-- 13, 14, 89, 100 parietalis (Coluber) ........00. .+s0+-- 200
me’calli (Doliosaurus).........+22-2000 100 (HELL OATIND) fa ote wialtlelsinlejaiclale leet stateleteiae ie 200
mearnsi (Uta) ............06 aoc sk ayplos 64 pickeringii (Thamnophis) ..19, 200, 204
WLEA TSS Mal ZAT Core aie eielsi<iaisisicisleleiviviaieiatcrere 64 (Thamnophis)........ 14, 19, 20, 200, 201
ICP TCO ecaoenosndoG sacdooossoon 47 Patched-Nosed Snake..........2- ....-- 181
mitchellii (Caudisona)..........eessees 224 Phimothyra siatwlatajstaleteie(s]oi stateotafoeiarstolset tte 180
(Crotalus)! ccs isc vielen 14, 215, 224 GUA AMP si cinletelnio erare,o aotelatalteratetefs tela 181
pyrrhus (Crotalus), ........0...0-ec08 224 HEGOALEDUSi= | \stovelelsta ole laictetoltestokateitiseaateks 181
MMItisy (COMLTIA) |. «en aj> vree «cia c\='e)ar0 13, 19, 162 PHY NOSOMA a eleielal> cleo elelersicla siete) siclels 43, 89
Mountain Alligator Lizard............. 113 Dlgin vie eestcieias seterselerele 13, 15, 89, 91
MEOW NGATI TLZAT les -rers;0icluiak alsiai> wpjeloatela aie 74 GOuUPTASSIir ar. <mrcisieciericerels 13, 19, 89, 90
Wine Glatriallsy « beasocqacdemo odd -OOonor 32 Aouglasst PYGMOA,....-..2e seer eawe 90
multicarinatus (Gerrhonotus). ......... 104 frontalejncee Weer 13, 16, 89, 93
multifasciata (Coronella).....+...+++-- 167 Mi CAallid tacaaetenteistoseeieaters 13, 14, 89, 100
myriolepis (Lichanura)..........2...+ 152 platyrhinos........13, 14, 19, 20, 89. 98
IN GMEMUYS are lelainicial syaioieieiai= stalufalsiscal elelela\e’o\elel> 29 PRY MOLES caralorels aciel> = elelo) a= taielee ieioietel= 63
nigra (Anniella)................ 13, 116, 118 pickeringit (Euteenia).......- sg050> 201, 204
(CEETAY 3) Reloiaictslefuia's'eielcin(oieielelete =intelaiel 80) ||| picta, (Kamtisial) oe. os cic iercisi«/ase oreiemin 128
migriceps (Tantilla)... .. ce cceeseccnsswe 177 Piomy, Horned Toads ss soepemac sacle 90
Northern Alligator Lizard............. 112 PUGMOPD IS year wisisieict«: aleisioia/ievateleteyel cats 158, 195
Northwestern Garter Snake........... 204 AMIE CLENS se ome Bio ctipionls ise micelentors 195

234

Pituophis catenifer. ............ 14, 19, 195
catenifer deserticola........ 14, 20, 198
Walicesrirnyvctelslele!steielet-tokeloraleYileinvoteliclete 195

IPA OPhiS COUENUT ET a sietelelatetnl oral eio)aleletet=lelal-ta 195
Gh Peo caanbeooSud cos oobobo00 193
ELEGY IN UIGNUU ercret = aol orajalaleleyaicteleiatcieintelete 195
SEU AD ELLON Gre ereerieleleleleteiatelavelsieleteiete 198

Plain Sand Aizand' nr acecricicisielieleettatisiele 47

platyrhinos (Doliosaurus) ......-.seeee 98
(Phrynosomaj....... 13, 14, 19,20, 89, 98

Plestind 0nmase aeleeieieiie elaleleterstelsteteiaielereiciere 143
BCTLLORECIUALIN erate = elojerel ster etelel tofefatarelelorele 144

plumbea (Charina.).... ..... ...0+.. 155
(Wenod) |. o- .cicle wisiale vc cle eiaisielaleinlsie 155

Prairie: Rattlesmalce® cj. leyorele <es)«/e1eelelerers 218

Principis: (Llgarza) csc. soi ices -\eleleese 112
(Gerrhonotus).......... 13, 19, 103, 112

Pseudodipsas ....- arioeste elelelalstetelsicteteistetete 178

IPS CULAOETUE \a)nte crelaeie miolelaleiclole|a/seielaleleleieveln(e 154

Puget Garter SNaKe-nssicleicscmeciclesieleles 205

pulchra (Anniella) occ... cece cecil 13, 116

pulchellus (Diadophis) -----...-.. ereiciciets 164

punctatus amatilis (Diadophis) ........ 164
pulchellus (Diadophis) ... .......- 164

purpureocauda (Ablabes)....+ ees ee seen 162

YTNRA | (CAMAtSONA) lersieteicleleyeie)ctelsiereiclale/=isicis 224

pyrrhomelas (Ophibolus)...2..-. -seeceee 167

pyrrhus (Crotalus)........+ Bkscrciowicioctee 224

quadrilineatus (Humeces) ...........--- 144

RAC EL MB LUO aisieleleteraelel ste laloiateloralsteleleiawiet= gooutts}s)
Californiatecr-testcecscislveeismieiitecieteit 188
liXebea i eeonneoppocdeoosuoodsedabnde 188
Stam ottolo oes coganapoccasooscooncacor 190
Western Yellow-Bellied............ 183

Rattiesudke, bl acksnyctaectiseerslelialnrels 217
BGR CH eG erccieletetelaiaieielejerialeiat\nvcrehelelele 224
Horned ..... Ser he arereterstelaisveleicleraters\areye 222
VeVi anaeesnn bono! soobacoanD6 S00 216
IPT AUTIC tape cfere cies elelelelclelsoaiatatstetalsielore}etale 218
Ine Sosonnnodoosondso9ded so0usKNS 220
Wester lamtond settles lcleinictoierel- 226

Red-bellied Snakese) sa-tetccie sailors 166

Red-Headed Skimmer crete cece ee 147

Red) Milki Snake’. -)-l-c/-mmtetetelacieeatsre 169

Gd URACersicscceaicetcielatetclletetetes/alelsts/etere 188

RENGIRU MUS ce =< oisleleletinieleteletel=ieleleislalel= 150

Reptiles, Distribution of Califormian.. 12

RG ptiliaiisnye:sieici cclavielelseltiutetsel siete 10, 28

Rhinechis elegans........000----sceeccee 193

Rhinocheilus). 2... <6 cueers sence 158, 174
VOCONGOUA are cic eters <lectretaretetetactaicleteiels 13, 174

Rhinostoma occipitale .....¢ --+.++- sees 160

RIN gL SNAKE vascieres-sicieiecieiesiste mettetcisisieieisis 169

riversiana (Xantusia).,...... 13, 15, 123, 130

roseofusca (Lichanura)...........13, 15, 152

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF

SCIENCES.
Inpoeere Shey Cy ncameacwo coo ccosacaaacas. Itt!
ruber (Crotalus) ............ 14, 15, 215, 226
ISACOLUA’sci16 cise > at Tay-fototetetsieyeterete be one | 2,
ALVA OTE eter /eiclelolete ire seiclarefeteletetnratetle 158, 180
men C MAES oY 4 Socascccoe 13, 20, 181
grahamie hexalepis ........--++..0+- 181
SANG LAZANG \, jcieteieie:s cleierarsistaretntolelscstaretetotaese 47
SS MULT erereleve (ele slelsloleietsislaialeieteisteretererstetotelementare 39
Shim CN s5oe goccess56 coosouodd. 43, 60
BLOL ser sreveraie ciniolovnioke eee raat 12,14, 20, 60
sayi bellona ( Pityophis).........++. Scand le)
Scaly Tizard /s-.cemerian sete ose enee een Oe
ScelGPOLUSs. eeretee secretes 43, 73
biseriatus!eyecilerterte 13, 19, 20, 74, 80
DOCOUNE maicesieoc Ruclreeiieietareterererater 77, 80
Frontalis...... bmoopoToObo0dcab denne 17
QV OCUUST ei oorae e\esinla i=l ofalefelelarel=) rtelelejayeiel= 74
GTACiOBUS.........---- 13, 19, 20, 73, 74
LONGtD ES ateloleiatatetstertetetets etetaletsterete Hoeooe tll)
MAPISLEM) a= -leliee elec 13, 14,20, 74, 84
occidentalis.............. 13, 19, 73, 77
CHOMP LASS | GeadonooHcec 13, 15, 74, 86
SINT AQOLNUS lateiareriotelstalevalaratekerolslelatetays 80
VANAENDUTGIANUS .... 2-00 ce eeeeeeee 74
RANA (Oh Wageoons Gooodadcanoadoqucsas 70
scincicauda (Elgaria)................+: 103
(Gerrhonotus)....... 13, 19, 102, 103, 104
palmeri (Gerrhonotus)............. 113
(CL ODTAOLEN US) mistoumarereisinetomnterareleteletatere 103
SCUINCIMB ely creel eieisinleiclelstofelstetetelelteratele 38, 143
BOMPONTCS Co alote lalate teleratoialole{atetelieieletelefotenatatere 150
Sharp-Tailed Snake.. ................ 162
Short-Nosed Leopard Lizard.... ...... 59
SiaGZonod ON was aja ataelleeleiniaistotete aleletetetatete 150
NUM TI Ss cactaveeyeieeicteletole este 13, 14, 150
Sidewinder............ ano ansooenodoDy 222
silus (Crotaphytus)........-.- 12016453209)
Sil veri Sua ke Mee eteter al lereietetelstetarolciereie\elete - 118
Silvery Footless Lizard.............--- 116
simplex (Lichanura) ... ......--...-0s. 152
sirtalis concinna (Hutenia).......-..+.- 204
parietalis (Hutcenia)... ....++..+-s 201
pickeringtt (Eutwnia).... ... e000 204
tetrateenia (Huteenia)..........---- 201
trilineata (EFutenia) .. + ..ee 201, 204
var. parjetalis ( Tropidonotus).....-. 201
skiltonianum (Plestiodon).......+.+000: 144
skiltonianus (Eumeces).......... 13,19, 144
Skiltonis | SKimikoye ererceiclerelsicialeicierelsisteelera's’s 146
Skink, Red-Headed.-.. 05... .0:5:- 0c 147
Skiltowisusetspiebiececiiecte tidgnaésclose 146
MEO GI WAaabsadcontcadnodéace0s 144, 146
smaragdinus (Sceloporus).........----- 80
SNAKES Me csmcleieteleletteiers SAU O US ECUBOUO 150
Snake, Boyle’s MilK ....-...0-.eee eee 169

INDEX 239
Snake, Burrowing........ Ree txvaveleisis 159 dW) bi (: eee eC RST TO reo CIN Gn ODOC Coe G 38, 132
CaliformianGartenieeees sec) -1'.- 212 Terrapin; Pacificscc-s-cwccciscs sieeneciee 30
Californians emcees 167 Lessellaca: (CAMA) eaen als ersraloriereorsioneers 134
Californi seville eerrinctsistsiesicciicreela(- 172 tesselatus (Cnemidophorus)............. 134
Cope'’s Gartertaacceesicieeisesonieir= «0° 212 tessellatus (Cnemidophorus)........ 134
Ora ictaterare cic terstelenetelelelintetercrevereseiess ate =)'s 169 testaceum (Bascaniwm) ........ sessees 186
Desertitiaes- sect vo-emiseicclseecreinie’= 160 Pestudiness.\-fescreccieictelelesisicisty leieisteleloaye 28
Desert! Gopheriyn cjecte-vticecsleletatarelels' 198 MOST UGTA ctercine sieve aleteraiersisvelersistciniaterats 29
Elegant) Garters=.. ic.) secs sie 207 Testo AG ASevst tials smelelcetisisaisiseieeireisare 35
Faded...... sae ce seete mioersvenreia svete, sie 193 GENUS (LOGIA) a. sae eieilalseeeioeineeients 162
Hammonda?7s Garter, .-s--.4.2-5-05° 214 texana (Hypsiglena)................++- 178
Harlequins sr). ceys-iei- relent ertetersielsi-iesis 169 PDH AMNOPHISe cere tele siele/-leleleioteraieteveitat= 158, 199
THON = NOSE Watiereis)-elei=telsvetsgeialsie = sratereiss 174 GLE SANS yaistersicinleis\ielelel Nalco seis 14, 200, 207
Northwestern Garter...... .-..... 204 hammondilses-ee eee eee 14, 200, 212
PACING Garterrse.. -ct-pieielelsy tects 200 RIV ACH IVES We oleleinistelsfelelsilerstastekersiaTtaetate 207
Patched =NOSCG reece cisteleistecitatareecte- 181 leptocephala. cc... ssssclet- cls 19, 200, 205
PUP Sti GArtoite\...(erieisieciekocieicerieselsie 205 parietalis...<. 10. eas. 14, 19, 20, 200, 201
ROG WOME sricye)ereisiatarclele e)-iaiecemeretetstetey 166 parietalis pickeringii....... 19, 200, 204
Reds Maillon ane ro o/s cision se toneie eats 169 WELE IE} Gass soneaue 14,19, 20, 200, 210
IBA SongnaqeaoadadbeooeOOn. “ooGdd . 169 vagrans biscutata.......... 19, 200, 212
TRH Cb oo soba Gu aooa nono tS tasodn -154 | Tiger Rattlesnake....... . . 220
Sharp-Tailed. ..............4.-+++5 162 | tigris (Cnemidophorus). 13, 14, 19, 20, 133, 134
MUVOL Ee ewes ices aecieveinte “isisialeleysieieie nis io) 118 (Ohare WEN Grcgooacooondac 14, 20, 215, 220
Spotted Night ....... ............- 178 undulatus (Cnemidophorus).......
IEW O=HOAG © Oma yoletaisieieinisicioigetersielavareic 156 13, 16, 134, 137
Wandering Garter............- .... 210 | Toad, Blainville’s Horned............. 91
Western Gopher. .os.. ccc cncs ences 195 WMOREKE ELOLNEG seyeteleleicicini= =) sist ereiaisieters 98
Western Ring-Neck................ 164 Flat-tailed Horned ..............<. 100
Western Whip..................... 186 Pigmy Horned...............------ 90
WOT sa oo Ab unns ooodenosbacdmondue THOM ee Rortoises Desert.ccieecl ck lccl- eile Baca: 8
Snapper..... < Se coau Uy} TOTUTAD) DOLL wale 3 <\cicicleleisicisisteressicleinieciaterne 154
SOMON Garatcietateleisrelorcistestictoelerciel sails cerensrate.<is 161 Mees Swilbtiere cerclesaleaccraleleinteaelctelereetateratare 82
DPRLEROD US ertetelelsileieterelciolsiei=iinisisielsiciereretarate 166 TT QU Le vrais. cverci sis: 1a) comralarelermeatelavoisterdehetersiae 70
Spotted Night Snake...... ........ ..- 178 trivittatus ( Tropidonotus) ..........++++ 207
Squamata...............seee..e- 00s, DET S8y || Tropidolepise. « -1e1s\saiee eles ee eleesee l= 73
stansburiana (Uta) .......... 12,19, 20, 66 SCINCICRUGG..25:.+ sl sleaumeae eee 103
stejnegeri (Cnemidophorus)..13, 15, 134, 139 Lropidonotus concinnus ....-.-.- ..+++- 205
Stejneger’s Whiptail................... 139 ordinatus var. hammondit.......... 212
Stenodactylus variegatus............-... 40 var, nfernals......040+ 201, 207
Striped PRaACOr ymca cleetacleceicieieisists-s<rs1° 190 OF GENOUES 7s, ciaiws-c'ae Selonte mntocle raterelets 205
suspectum (Heloderma) ........... 20, 120 sirtalis var. parietalis...........++. 201
symmetrica (Uta)............ 12) 14, 29, 70 trivittatusicecs corse qezcmecosciccor 207
Simei DIE SSoodpcoactoe gudduos OnooSeeE 136 CUT RU Sanasdoasanes 4 Sh oatooganpeen’ 210
rohyibilg, UMRYS scognadeenpoosoenon soc dn5os Cy aU Hoban diey MRL Se Beooesssocusoocse rang OY;
teniata (Leptophis) .. arsaisiets . 190 Western’ Painted): . nce vemeiccalss-'1s 33
teniatum (Baaonnion)y: "13, id, 19, 20, 183, 190 Two-headed Snake. ......0ccesseese eo) LOO
PERRET BVIIO doooa0 bode AES ORODOO 190 LPS poCOoOnGoe DaGbOS FoacdoodcnosTS6 43, 46
laterale (Bascaniwm).......2...000. 188 OLA oooHHooneS. do 12,14, 46, 47
teniatum (Bascantum) ......+++0+ 90 NOt cncccecs cael tee 12,14, 46, 47
teniatus (Masticophis)........- .. .--- 190 | undulatus (Cnemidophorus)........... 137
(Zamenis)..... arate efelaseicloiciie) arelaciciersiate 190 UiRE RLY Sones pposocconsconooucounccnc 215
PLANT iarcinleleteleleleralsisiatere’a(elelalai=inlnicjelele 157, 176 UT OPSOPIMUBYaerelclolatel elaieldelotetelstart state ieteieria 215
Califor rit atererietetcieteririeisr<eietsax<ietnievers 177 UNO=SQUTURaiacicrelele cteisiaichelel teleterel creauieiaieielsiels 63
OISGM eh earcicisielsleie cricieicioteiereicrsiaine 13, 16, 177 RBG UEOH, adog OBoobodomocconacoans 69
(Or Ada Gotisdes soponconaoaear Bsoccc Hilt Uta ....c06 Soc ODODSeaodebaneaee 6b. 43, 63

236

LOW CM oa gaaogaaddulcoodde odo saDe
FTACTOBB lereretereteisieletstelevare 12, 14, 20, 63,
ire yee IMT Case oebose GooboscobDC
MOAT Sete rerate is) stelalsfeletetaleiers 12, 15, 63,
SCHOCEUG « (ciao ate aia (wle ieissolel= e)a)niota CRETE
stansburiana.......... 12, 19, 20, 63,
SYMMECLICA ss ccicielsecie state 12, 14, 63,
ANC Oh yeretelates sinisistoietatetelotsielereisielatereistate

vagrans biscutata (Thamnophis).19,200,
(HEME ON UE) ratcmstoleree sieislalnerseverters arieie
(Thamnophis) .......14, 19, 20, 200,
( Tropidonotus) ....+...eee BAe aaaee

vandenburgianus (Sceloporus).........-

variegatus (Coleonyx)............ 12, 14,
(SA COMMENT Meg bsod50nd00oda090Gd

ventralis (Callisaurus)....... 12, 14, 20,
(CHLGTLOLOSCUTALS) 5 -cieniel-i-lsio\eleip oistertevole

WOT CALI Airc -\a/<fe iors ainistelelereieateleleisieictaier 133,
Belden tmcieiele a sieleiolerelstaieie ceteteeeteetee
(QM NGOYTOD so serdosa essen ocuecol7
hyperythra beldingi......... 13, 15,

vetustus (Bascanion) .....-....--seseee-

vigilis (Xantusia) 2.2.22... 2006 13, 14,

WUPLAIS: (CTOLAIANIES) cies, clonicine cjels's vierele cle

Wandering Garter Snake .......... Pde

Weigmannti (Gerrhonotus)............-

WENO mrrreteteleletelaiem misicterete etsisivisicielcieicaielate
US COOL CR Maton favercrerercpeley este eC ete sss als ciate
PPUULATUD CE eheinjn ols\vivinlaielsioisioieivielsleielels) =\- ©

Western Diamond Rattlesnake.........

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF

212

210
210

48

141
141
141
183
123
218

SCIENCES.

Western Earless Lizard...... oadaktooS 51
Gopher Snakercteccaiccccicclels s/t 195
Painted Turtle’ <cecsriciciewie cesientee iat 33
Ring- Neck ‘SHAE Gx scervmtcteeemeeerets 164
Skink: as. ccissne selersteloeheneeeeee 144, 146
Whip) Snake toca ricci os
Yellow-Bellied Racer.............. 183

Whiptail, California. «nt elses ice 137
DOSEFbicicg.2, Geceinseitee cer Ore oriiecte 134
Stejnegerisicencchasscccenureciciciete 139

Witkesit (Pituo phis) pene secccesn cenit 195

wislizenii (Crotaphytus) 12, 14,19,20,53, 56

Worm Snake necatreinienisicn <> cniseeteisiieniens 150

Wosnessenskyi (Clemmys)............--- 30

Mantusiges sc meteoric ceric 123
henshawi. ees scseiae 13, 15, 123, 128
PLARK I CnSa REsdN Ga bbod hos SodasDORCob 128
TIVGTSIANA wc e\ceiehore siePtniere 13, 15, 123, 130
VA GUTS S| oye sere ess" «is'visceistatoretors relays 13, 14, 123

DEH ses e haaesRogdocovoasanonnborcde 38, 122

AEVOV ALES AGASSIZ avis» = <1ol siaiolshalersawtetatelia . 35

ZGOLEPSUBs ryoravctelalasis elesisie sieveteleietere eiereretters 123
RENENAUIT:, -caiaisiere Necsi tee Cee tom mee 128

ZGINIENTSICONUSETUCTOT alee eieisisreleleranciainiereteieieleye 184
OTT ralol neta] ater e\ol=/<taterotore/staetevetet=(olat 181
COPNUALUS tratein cielesteiticisieieletsctiererstetate 190

ZONAL CONOMELIA) a. were aye evclele evel eistetelataictete 167
(am propeltis) sere elses lafeeeiae 13, 167

ZOWACUS (VES CLLO DIS) ln alaleieloctnevetete aie teintalettetate 167
(Coluber [Zacholus])..........s00-- 167

OCCASIONAL PAPERS

CatirorniA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,
We.

THE REPTILES

PACIFIG COAST AND GREAT BASIN,

JOHN VAN DENBURGH, Pri D. oo»:

(Curator of the Department of Herpetology.)

Issued Sept. 4, 1897.

San FRANCISCO:

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES,

1897.

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