Author: Pennsylvania Dept. of Forests and Waters

Title: Research circular, no. 3

Place of Publication: Harrisburg, Pa.

Copyright Date: 1930

Master Negative Storage Number: MNS# PSt SNPaAg084.2

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DEER DAMAGE TO FOREST
TREES IN PENNSYLVANIA

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LeRoy Im'ohI/

COAiMUNWhAl.lii (M i'i.\.\^\ i.\ AM/v
])l.l'ARl\Mi:\ r ()1 1X)R1::STS AMM\ Ai'l-RS

CiiAKi.i..- lA 1 )uiv\\ui:i 11^ Seo'cfarij
Joseph S. Illick, Depufij Secrctarjj and State Forester

Harrisburg, Poinisylvniiin
1930

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STATE 1 ORKST ( (»fMISSIO\

TiiAKLKS Iv DoRWoirJii, ('hairr)i(in
Ki)\\ AHD JJailia

^Marv Flinx Lawrk.vci: (]\[ks. John W.)
N. P. Wiii:i:li:r, .1r

A. -1. ( )i)i:.\\\ iiLDi'.iv', .Ii;.

OlUiAMZATlON Ol J>E1MKT.M ILNT Ol lOKESTS AND WATKliS

( iiARLEs Iv 1) OR WORTH, S(cnlanj

JosEi'H S. li.T.irK. T)( puiij Xfcr( '<tni and Sfah Foi'fstrr

George li. Wjrt, Clii'f, Jhirma <j( Forest Proiection

Alfred V 1\! rr. FJiicf, Ihnaui of Forest }hnia()ement

C'iiAKLi:> J{. Aii;i:K. Ch'u i\ Hinidu. of Fori si F.rh )i.sion

]]:\\\ \V. (Ji.i;a>()N. ('J\i<( llnnnK o( Fon si Jjiiids

Iv. Lnnn I^Mi.ixicK. (Imf. liiiridii of Fori si lusrorch and I iifoDnai lon

Jacob M. 11<>!I'.m \.\. ('ho \\ Hurion oj For< si piiil,s

AV. Tmipm \xx ArDXTcoMKRv. FJn't f, linrnni of A<-coinifs and Moi nifurnjre

i'i\:\\iiA.> Iv I\ni>i;r, (Jh'oj F)i(jiiii(r, Waii r mid F<>iV' r Itisoiircts Board

I (n:i:sT i{i:si:\K( H rNSTiiiTi:

W ii i.i> M . r» \ K\ \i. Hi !•( dor
(.i.«)K(.i; S. pKKin'. Senior liistarcJi For<siir
ni:xin- E. d.KPi'KR. S( iiior TirsrarcJi F'rnsitr
'I<'ii\ v. A r(,n \xi;au(,ii. Jiisforc/i Fonsi^r
Chester A. Coover, Assistant Ucstarck Forester

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DEER DAMAGE TO FOREST TREES IN PENNSYLVANIA'

\\y LeUoy Froxtz, Assistant tn Forest Mana(j( nient

THE P(Minsylvaiiia IJcpartiiuvnt ot* Forests and Waters lias
rcccMviHl iHiHu^'oiis Topoi'ts siiice 1!):24 coiicc^riiin^- ({('('v dam-
a^'c to forest tree ])laiitatioiis and to iiatui-al forest j^rowth
ill many ])arts of the Coiniiionwealtli. To determine the nature and
extent ol' this damage the J)e])artmeiit during- the winter of 1!)'J7
and the spring- ot* 1{)1^S made a thoroug'h study of the re<;ions in wliieh
extensive (huna«i'e was rei)orted. For this i)urp()se, speeial study
ph)ts were established on State For<'st hmds in II unt in<z'(h)n, Frank-
lin, dearfield, Clinton, Elk, and Camei'on Counties. These studv
\^\,^i< -M'o nn.. (MiHrtpr of fill 'dcve ']}] tw":]. l^u(] were loeated so as to
portray a\'era<^'e rathei* than exceptional eonditions. Tlu' data col-
lected are representative of conditions found not only upon the plois
hut also in the rej^ions about them.

8])<'cial etfort was made tli rouiihout this study not to charj^'e the
deer willi douhtt'nl dama^'e. The cUhm* wfre eousidrrcd innncrnt nf
damaiic unless there was conclus!\'c exidciice that tlhw \vei*e actuallv
i'e.s|)onsil)le j'oi- the damaiic Wlici'e delinite evidence of deei* damaiz'i;
could not he determined, ihe damaiic n<»t<'d was not considered in
the computalion. The actual basis of recordinu' {{(ht dama^'c con-
sisted oi' (ii) actuallx' seeiim' the deer dest ro\ iiii:' trees; (b) hoof
pritits in the snow leadinii' from ti'i'e to li'c<' ;is the {{{'{'V W^d ; and
(e) the nature of the damaji'c beinu' such thai persons familiar with
the habits of drcr could be ])()sitive that the injury came from no
otiier soure(\

The deer dama^'e consisted ])rimarily in the eatinij' of buds, ac-
com|)ani'Ml verv fre(nientl\' with the destruction of leaves and vouuli'
twi«'s. In manv localities the i)i'ow"siiu.i- was so complete that lai'Lj'c
areas that would ha\'e otherwise >u|)ported a satisfactory stand of
Nounu timber were i)racticallv denuded of tree ;;rowth. In some
cases the i2']"eatest damaiz'e ap]^eai'ed to be coneeuti'ated uj)on planted
areas, while in other instances, and without any known reasons, the
greatest damay:c' was found in young stands of natural forest growth.
It was also ohs(u*ved that deer show a t(uid(uicy to couLii'(\eate in cer-
tain localities in which tlie\' do Lrreat damaiz'e, soiiietimes amoimtiie''
to the com|)lete destruction of all trees and shrubs below an a\erage
ludirht of six f(M^t. Such ar(\'is ^vn'e n])s(u*V(Hl in Fi'anklin and rieai'-

* Presented t\i ( "(nit'cnMicc of i 'fimsvU ;ini;i Eorc'stcrs, Mcnt Alto, |';i., .1 ;niii;i t \'
29-30, H)oO.

field (\)nn1i('s, ;iii(| in ,i niunhcr of (»as(>s they \\cr(> sp]);i r;il,'(i noj
'"<»''<" tii;m i\ mil.' tVoni .-n-cns iipoii wliidi litllc or no <I<-iiikiov was
''l>M'"'''"'- '111(1 wliciv Ihrrc \\;is ;iM a 1)11 1 1( hi iicc of similar i\i',^v \\hh\.
This ()hs(M\ali()ii sccnis lo iiidicalc that, ronlrary lo popiihn- ,)i)iiii,,ii,
the (Irrr arc nol ac.'iisloiiKM I to ?-ai!U'(> A\i(h'Iy in search oT looih

The (h-rr a|)|)c;ir lo haxc no set ovdi^v of prcrcrcncc in I'iMMliiiL!- on
U)vvs\ Irccs. In phi iit;it ioii.s, pilch pine and while pine seemed lo be
prel'erred. This, ho\\e\er. may he in a mensnre ri11ribut(M] to the
f.'iet thni \vhile pine is ihe most wich'ly phinted tree in the Stnte. In
-( veral inst;mees it \\;is ohsei'vc! th,-it Scotch pine was ^ivoidcnl, pos-
sibly because oj" its slnirp, si iff needles, especially when otheT* tre(\s
'>r lender ;m'e were present.

rr;icl ic;illy total destniction w;is observed in phintations of white
pill.', shorthat pine, pilch pine. Ih-in!<s pin(\ i"ed pine. -1,-ipanese larch.
\(»r\\ay sprnce. ,ind American elm. In the imlui-al foiN-st growth,
pi'aclically all species of trees pceseiit oil the areas studied were eaten
I'ldiscrimimilely. iiichid iiiLj' black locust, white oak. seai'let oak. black
<';ik. sci-iil) oalv. red maple, cliestnnt. pilch pine, while pine, hemlock.
eli''!f.\ and such slirulis as mountain laurel, sweel Tern, aud huckle-
berries.

Tiee major ]>oi'ti(»n of llic field woi-k in this special >tiid\- A\as con-
fined to phintations, beeansc Inll records are avaihible of i^wvy |>hiii-
tation e.stabiislieii jn the State Foi-esls o!' I'minsy l\ ania. \Vitli tliese
comph-te ])la]itation recoi-ds it was possible to di-aw acciii-ate con-
clusions. il(t\\e\cr. exlensi\-e held obseiwa 1 ioils. supplemented i)\ the
study |)h)ls, show ihal natural loi-i'sl i^rowth has been damaged even
morn s(>?-ious!y limn pla nlat ions. An examination o\' natural hai-d
wood are;is ;ind iialur;il Lirowlh of white pine in 1 1 iiiit iimdoii and
('eiilre <'oni!ties showed thai upon speciUc areas e\er\- sprout and
seedliii'j tree jiad Ixv^i killed.

^'"d\' plots in natural iirowth in the .Moshannon State Foi-esl -n
^'h'arlield ('(Uiuty show that cNcry woody plant less than six teel
ill heiiili! had been entirely desli-oyed or hopelessly injured b\- deer.
'Hi'' codecteil data sJm.w that a total of '\\i) specimens of woodx' plants
^^■ere present on a one(piarier acre plot. ()t' Ibis numei- KiU were
<d' for-slal \a!ue, l!*J w.-re classed ;i^ leinpoi-ary nnrs" crop t re(»s. and
i:)2 as shrubs. Of the l(i(; va!iia])le trees, 41 or 85% were eilhe!'
th'ad or d\in-'. ()nly 11 specimens o\' the \aluablc t rer^ on the plot
sliowed no exidejice of injury from brow sin-' drcv. These 11 tr<'es
were .imoiiL' the oMest on the plot. Their rrce<iniii from deer dam-
a<^*e call be alliubuled lo their heiLdil. which ran-jvs fj-om 11 to *_»]
feet. Two linudi''.(l and ninety-nine trees and shrubs, or H8^ i of
the total number of woo(|y plants on the plot were eithei* dead. d\ iim'
or se\('iu'ly iujiu-ed b\- de<'r. In this localitx pitch |Miie 1 r(>es l(i feet

in lieJLdlt W(>re o])s.M'Ve.|. the top- (.!' which li;id been browsed bx' (jeei-

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while the trees were load<'d with snow and bent to the o-ponnd. The
fore^omji- data record only the nH)re recent damaii-e on this plot. Tor
tlH! (li'i^v had been destroyin<i' s«Hv1limrs and small saplinir trees for
^jeverai years belori^ the study plot was establislied. The deei- dam-
aji'c piu(U' to the establishment o\' tiie i)lot is nol included in this com
P'llalioii. It is notewortliy tliat not a sino-le tree or shrub less tli:in
SIX feet in hei-ht could b'e found (Ui this particular plot and adjoin-
in<:- areas that luui not been killed or injured by de(M- to such an
extent that they were practically worthless for timber j)roduction.
In .u'cuerab these (!eer-dama<i'ed areas appear much like over-grazed
farm woodlots. A network of drov paths I'amify over IIkmu like
^''^^^'♦' P'dfis in heavily ora/.'d woodplots. (\)nditions on these study
plots are typical of extensive areas oi" forest land in maii\- s<-clions
(d' the State.

An examinaticMi of the natural forest irrowth in Deck.-r \'alley
^^^'"^'•" <"^^""^v. in the I'enn Slate Forest, showed that everv^kiinl
of natural <xvo^Mh was ])(-ino- eattm by drrr. I^racticadv all'voum-
-'''^^^'' "I' ^^' ^i^'' ^"''''^ i" Ix'ii^iil was kille,! as a result (d' the severe
'^'•^'^^^•"- ^^y ^'"'-" animals. The while oak .ulfered extreme dama^v
'" ^i"^ ■xMdiou. All kjud.s of natural -rowlli. imdmliun- slnmbs such
^^•^ '""■'^''''" '■'■>' •'"•^ ^^^'^^^t fern, have been eaten by the deer. .Moun-
^^JJ>J laurel in places has been practically ext(M'm i n.iied.

^'^'"" "^'l''"''te result (d' dm- dama-e to yoimo' natural forest -rowt!i
'"" '"' ""*•''' '■"">" '"iderstood when the present forest stands have
'T'"''"''' "i^'^>"-'bv ;:nd are re.-idy to be lumbered. This is especiallr
Mn-nilicanl. lor forestry ni l>ennsyKatiia will )or many vears to ,-om'e
'''"'■;' P''""'"''ly ^^>lil natural rather than with planted 'forest slam's.
-^ '^^ ^" ^'"'^'' natural Mamls we must h,nk for a lar-e portion of our
t'llure wood supply. Tlie.se natural lorest stands are alreadv. for
tin' niost part, composed of pnnr specimens of inferior trees 'whicli
will surely (ontiniie t(. deteriorate if drov dama-e continues at the
])reseiit rale.

^ An exambiation of European larcli. vrd pine, Scotch pine and •
'•'"'•'^^ pine plantations, set out in l'lL>(. 1f)L>:). ;nid ]!»L>«i on Sy-n,.
''^"■'•^^^ ''"'^^ '^' ("learh.hl ( oiinlx. s|,nN\e,| s() ,,, .),v^^-, ,,.• ,,,,, ,,|.,,,,,,,|
trees o-rowimr at the end of the first season. In Pi-o .mi inspection
of these plantations dis.dosed that ihe phinled trees were bei'e-
"'''■'''■'''>■ '''""-'--d by .leer., and presented a verv unpromi.in- a|e
'"'"■'""'''■ '•> ""' ^b'i"'- -!' l"-'7. It was app;,renl that lo altcept
''"•tina- rHorestation was a waste of i rees. tune, and mn,c.^ . nniss
some mens W(>re Puind wlnaoby tlu' planted trees could' be p:o-
''''■^'''' '''•""'' ^''''^'•- I^'^^'' "ii- •••'^ison no p|;,nia1ions |,,v.. p,.,) made
''"'■'"- ^'"' ''-'^^ ^'"■-'•' ^"'"-^ ^" t'i'> l-aii1y. To have a better under-
^^'"^^''"~ "'' ^''^' n^dure and extent of drrr dama-e. a onenuarler
acre st ndy pint was established on ihe area i)lante(l wilh

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111 1924. ^ This livra ivpmseiits avrra«^-e coii<iitions for al! tlie phm-
tations. The phuitcd troos wdv ori-lnally spaced approximatclv live
by six r.'ot. hi lJ)i>,s. <,nly ir,(i trees w.mv h^l't of approximately 400
ori-inally phintcd n,, the study pK)1. This niindx'r consisted of^lead.
dyino', and a Few livin-' trees wliich had (h'veh)pcd snriicieidiy vi-or-
ons slioots to indicate thcii- al)ility to recc^-er from tlic efleets of !)ein-
<'atcM <Ar repeatedly. Oniy two trees that had escaped entirelv I'r )m
dvvv ,lania-e were found on tlu^ ph)t. These were -rowin- i,, a
brush covered area. A total of sev(Mi trees on th(^ ph)r appeared to
I)ossess sufticient vitality to recover and develoj) into merchantable
s!/e, provided tln^v are not injured lat(M- on. Sixty trees were found
that still siiowed some little si-ns of life. The remainin- trees ANvre
eutu-ely dead. Accordin- to normal -rowth records the trees on this
plot should have had an avera-e liei-ht of three I'ri^t. }iad tliev not
b(MMi damaji'(Ml by deer.

Studies of a i)itch pine plantation set (Hit in the Kelly fields in
Iluiitin-doii ( ouiity in the L(.<j;in State Kor.'^t <\^n^^ n.^t the trees
^^<"n' dama-ed heavily hy <hM'r. The trees were planted in the sprin-
ot 1!)1>4. They were spaced live hy live feet. Only four trees of the
U>\<i\ of :i-,i> found on the area on March ^. 1Sl>S, had suflicient lateral
^^'"'^ ^" ''"••'''''' ^'"•"' ^" live over the followinn. summer. The terminal

shoots of e\ei-y phiii|,.,l live had In-en nipped l,y the deer. Tlie fr,\\v
trees meniion.-d were tlie oidy ones fo,ind on the plot that possesse,'
rven lateral buds. The avera-r li,-ioht (»f the planted trees was seven
""*''^''^- '^'<*^''*'-'l>^ ^»t' pitch pine plantations show that under normal
conditions pitch pin.' at lour years after pl;,n1in- should attain an
avei-ii-v hei-ht of apj)ro,\im;dely three f.-ct.

Tn the sprin,!,' of l!)i>4. two plots of Am.'ricnu elm. 1 1 transolaids
^vere set out within oOO IVet of Korest K>annvr \Vm. F. McKiimev's
li<'^'<i<|narters in (Vntre (\mn1y. The soil, slope, elevaticm and other
-rowth factors were similar on th.' two plots. The onlv dit'fereuce
»'<"tween the two plantinos was that one was fenced and the (le(u- e.x-
•'■"''''^1 therefrom, and the other was not fenced. An examination of
tl'<' trees on both areas, made on March S. l!lL>!l. showed that the trees
!''''"''''l '" tlic unfenced areas avera-ed but IS inc-h.-s in height ;,nd
'''^'■•' •"'^''•"'" ''•''•! '"• ■" '•' <l>'"^' <'<mdition. Tlh' trees on the rrurr,\
m-ea from ulnrl, il„. dew uere exclude,!. ,veraovd six fo.^i 1,, h,M<.ld
and some of the hn-er trees bad attain. m1 a h,u-ht of 10 fr.'t The'
<-dr;.st b.^twe.m thes.. f.n.M.l ;n,.l unf.'u.-ed areas shows conclusi v.-ly
""■ "-'t'liv ail. I .-xt.'iit of drer daiiia-." to loivst t re.^s in seefious whrr'e
^'" o\.'r population of Ihesf^ auim;ds .le.uirs.

.'^ ^'''■" '•*'*'" "I'^-f-ved that d.'cr se..|M to i^vrl-rv fredin.' oil a certain
^'"^'^ ''^' ^'■•"'' '" '"'•' Pl.mtntlon XNhile in aiioth.-r the .lama-e may be
neo-hoible. It has be.-n suj-ested that ^'s.vd s.uu'ce" mav account
for this d.(r..rence. Asso.d.d. Silviculturist LVrkins Coville of the

i

I

U. S. Forest Service, evidently Ixdic^ves that some hereditary dili'er-
ciice in ti-ees accounts for the diflVrin-- de-rees (d' dama.iiv. Tie sbows
ill Ki-ure !). Volnme 20, of tli.' October. 1!)L>!) issu.' ..f "The doiirnal
of Heredity," drw -ra/inu- on western yellow i)ine, dist iu-uished
between stock d(Muv<>d from seeds that came from the Idack Hills and
stock that cam.' from J.eadville and San Isabel sources. Trees o-roNs n
from s.'cd collect.'d in the lilack Hills w.'iv almost entirely dest'roy.'.l
by d.'cr, while trees ^^V()^\ u from the other sources wer.' (udy sli-iitly
damaj,I-ed. Tn Pennsylvania, the difference in severity of dama.uv may
be due to tlu^ topooraphy of the country with its resultiuo- infJiMMic
on the more or less definite paths followed by (hvr in th.'ii- wander-
in<i's from one locality to another in tli.'ir search for I'ood.

The (le<i-r(H' of over-population of drvv may be illustrated by a com-
l)arison of the di^rv |).)pulation of dackson Townshii), Huntin-don
(N)unty, Pennsylvania, with tli.' total number of (Uh^v that Furop.'an
ex])erience shows a s])ecitic re-ion is capable of su|)porl in-', dackson
Township has a total area of o^.OOO acivs, (d* which 88.000 aci-.\s ar<^
(dass.'d as lorest land. In l!)l>(i. an op.'u season was d.'daiv.i on fe-
^''^''<' <!<'<''' ill this township, an. I accordin-' to r.'cor.ls .d' the lioard of
<'ame Oommissioners, r):r_> IcLial do.' w.'i-e shot dui-inir the season. Tt
is reported that a t.it:d .^f l.l'OO dm were kilh-d in lii.' township diir
'"- i**'th the iv-i!l;,r an. I spr,'i;d liiiiiliuo- soasoiis. Include.l witiiin
this total is tlh' iiumbei- of (la^v estimat.'.l to have b.'en shot by farm-
ers \\hil.' f.'edin«i' on their crops.

<bi th.' basis of l.L'OO ,lrcr shot, it is appaivnt that ..n.' .h'er w;is
killed for i'Vi^vy l>li m-vrs of Idn^t land in the township. lOst ini;it iiiL!'
^•'''^ ''<•'' ^'y^'^y d^'^^y kill.'. I four ivmain.'.l. it is appai-eiit tli;it when
lh.' huntinii- season ojx'ued in da.'lxson Township in lULNi. theiv was
P''<''>''^''>' '' total of (i.OOO (h'.'r in th,' t.»wnsliip. that is, ap|)!'.)ximat.'ly
one (\rvv to e\cry five oi" six acr.'s of for.'st lan.l. lMirop,';in <'xp"ri-
<'uce shows that it is |)ossible for one drrv to live on about M) acr.'s.
causin-- little or no dama-v. The lab' Dr. JMlb.'rt KN.tli of th,' Tni-
versity of Michioan states in his "First F.ook of h^uvstry." that "In
hardwood forests lik.' those .d' the A Ih'-h.'iii.'s. :!') .h-er shoiihl fer,!
'■'"^^ ''^''' ^^^1 ^^)i)0 a.'ivs of |;in.l without i iit.'rf.-rin-' wiih fh,. r,^;d
"'••!''''< '"' t'oH'strx-; but 111 all .-as.-s the tiuitib.-r should be r-'- iil;i t ."d.
'""' til.' old does as w.'ll as old bucks should be remove,!." Th.'s.'
*'''^'' iippear to indicat.' that th.' iliu^v population .)f da.-ksoii Town-
ship in l!ll.>:) w;is from .-i-ht to l.'ii tim.'s -ivat.'r th;iii th.' ii..riii;il
carryiiiL!' e;ipa(dty of the forest.

''^''•' '■•"'•"i"<l ''f tlic l.'-al deer killed in Fen ns\i \ ,i n i;i ;is ivp.,rt."d h v"
the ]'(y,\Vi\ of (iame Fommi^^sion.'rs is a reliabl.- in, I, a !,. the r;ipi!
^"•''■''''^'' '*'" the .h'er popiilalion and the resultant damauv lo forest

grow ill

A II HI her of Legal
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