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DAB LE OF CerOeNial i) Ni Gs Possible Effects of Forest Fire on Big Game in the Sioux Lookout Forest Protection District. - by A. T. Cringan
Annual Changes in Numbers of the Western Region Deer Herd. - by R. Boultbee
The Winter of 1955/56 and the Western Region Deer Herd. - by R. Boultbee
Variability in Deer Age-Measurements, Western Region 1951 to 1956 Inclusive. - by R. Boultbee
Deer Sample Size for Western Region. - by R. Boultbee
Seasonal Effects and the Western Region Deer Herd. - by R. Boultbee
The Manitoulin Archery Season in 1956. - by W. A. Morris
Report on the 1956 Deer Season in the Sault Ste. Marie Perese Dastrict. oe 2 Va, onmitm, CC. Le. Perrie and M. T. Watson
1956 Deer Report - Kemptville District. - by J. B. Dawson
Kenora District Winter Deer Mortality Survey, 1957.
- by V. Macins
The 1956 Deer Hunt Report, Pembroke District. = oy Ke K.. irizawa
The 1956 Deer Season in Pembroke Forest District.
=i i Ke Lrigawa
(THESE REPORTS ARE FOR INTRA-DEPARTMENTAL INFORMATION AND NOT FOR PUBLICATION)
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POSSIBLE EFFECTS OF FOREST FIRE ON BIG GAME IN THE SIOUX LOOKOUT FOREST PROTECTION DISTRICT
by A. T. Gringan
Introduction
Ideal conditions for moose and white-tailed deer happen in the early successional stages of a forest, whereas those for woodland caribou usually occur in the climax. Therefore changes in the age- classes of forests likely affect the relative abundances of these ungulates. Three important succession-initiating factors have Operated in the Sioux Lookout Forest Protection District in recent years - forest fire, logging and the spruce budworm. These have altered the ages of the forests and so have probably affected big game populations.
The purpose of this paper is to summarize the recent fire history of the district so as to facilitate interpretation of changes in big game populations. The effect of logging and forest insects should also be analyzed, and the results integrated with those of this study for a full understanding of the problem.
The Sioux Lookout Forest Protection District comprises 40,660 square miles, of which 33,748 are land.
Forest Protection Prior to 1926
No data concerning acreages burned annually prior to 1926 are available. Some residents think that the number of forest fires increased around 1910, when the trans-continental line of the Canadian National Railways was built. They also believe that fires were just as bad immediately prior to 1926 as they were in the period just ea Therefore I shall use the average area burned ead between 1926 and 1940 as an estimate of annual losses prior
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Areas Burned Since 1926
The average area burned annually has decreased greatly Simee 1926, as shown in Table I, based on data taken from District Annual Reports. The mean area burned annually between 1941 and 1955 was less than one-fifth of the average between 1926 and 1940.
The area burned over in 1956, 135 square miles, was the largest in any year since 1948, when 167 square miles were burned Over, and the second largest since 1937. Consequently, the total area burned between 1956 and 1960 will likely be greater than average five-year totals experienced since 19403 future 10-year and 15-year totals will not necessarily be influenced as greatly.
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Effect of Forest Fire on Age Composition of the Forest
Changes in the ages of the forests of the Sioux Lookout Forest Protection District as a result of fires may be computed using the foregoing information. Computations are subject to the following assumptions:
(1) that areas burned annually prior to 1926 were of the same size as those burned between 1926 and 1940.
(2) that 20% of all areas burned have already been burned within the last 15 years.
(3) that 80% of all areas burned have not been burned for at least 150 years; (the unreality of this assumption is admitted; it is to simplify computations).
(4) that areas burned from 1956 to 1980 will be essentially similar to those burned between 1946 and 1955.
(5) that all other succession-initiating factors have little effect; (the unreality of this assumption is also admitted).
The results of the computations are given in Table II. Forest fire protection may already have markedly changed the areas of forests of certain ages in the district. For example, in 1940 there were 1,850 square miles of O-15-year old burn, and in 1955 there were only 260 square miles of such burn. At the same time, the area of mature forest has probably increased. If the present
Siiteiency of forest fire protection is maintained, it is possible to Peeaieo the time during which stands of fire origin of particular ages will become scarce:
otands of Fire Origin of Years During Which Such Stands Age-Class Will Decrease In Area Owl5 years 1940-1955 16-30 years 1956-1970 31-45 years 1971-1985 46-60 years 1986-2000 61-75 years 2001-2015 76-90 years 2016-2030
The area occupied by stands of fire origin less than 15 years old has already been reduced to less than 15% of the area accupied by such stands prior to 1940. Similar reductions will eventually occur to all young age classes.
While the decrease in areas of young timber is rapid, the relative increase in areas of mature timber is much slower. The computed area of old (15l-years and over) forest increased by only 11% between 1940 and 1955.
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Effect of Habitat Changes on Moose
Burned-over areas seem to provide the best conditions for moose within 15 years of being burned. Such areas have been assigned a carrying capacity of four moose per square mile (Table III): 16-30-year old stands, two moose per square mile, 31-45-year Old stands, one moose per square mile, and older stands, four square miles per moose.
The carrying capacity of the Sioux Lookout Forest Protec- tion District may have been 20,000 moose in 1940, 13,000 of these Simic o50) square miles of forests of Tire origin less than 45_ meomorold! dnithe absence or ovher succession-initiating factors, @iemcarrying capacity is likely to drop to 10,000 moose by 1985, of which only 1,800 will be carried on the 780 square miles of forests Si tire Origin less than 45 years old.
The projected decline in moose carrying capacity is rapid, and is directly proportional to the decrease in area burned annually.
Effect of Habitat Changes on White-tailed Deer
fF am unable to suggest how deer populations in the Gieurtec. May be influenced by forest fire protection, as they are more strongly affected by other variables such as weather than are meose. i suspect that the carrying capacity for deer will decrease more and earlier than that for moose.
Effect of Habitat Changes on Woodland Caribou
The woodland caribou fares best in mature stands, is present in forests approaching maturity, and absent from young forests. JI have assigned a carrying capacity of one caribou per 10 square miles to forests between 91 and 150 years in age, and of one caribou per five square miles to older forests.
The carrying capacity of the forest protection district may have been about 3,800 woodland caribou in 1940 (Table IV). It should gradually increase to 4,500 by 1975 and 5,000 by the year 2,000, as the area of mature forest slowly builds up.
The carrying capacity of woodland caribou increases much more slowly (Figure I) than that of moose decreases.
Discussion
Forest fire protection, in the absence of other succes- Sion-initiating factors like logging, may cause the moose carrying Capacity to decline rapidly and the woodland caribou carrying capa- city to increase slowly. The combined carrying capacity for all Species of big game undoubtedly decreases.
This phenomenon can certainly be expected in the hinterland portions of the Sioux Lookout Forest Protection District,
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where logging is unlikely to begin for many years, and in adjacent parts of the Patricia West and Patricia Central Wildlife Management Districts where forest protection is now being practiced.
The projected change in moose carrying capacity may have far greater management consequences than a drop from 20,000 to 10,000 would indicate. If the 1940 moose population had reached the capacity of the range, there would have been about 13,000 moose on 5,550 square miles of good range. This would have been a healthy population capable of sustaining a kill of 25% or 35% annually - between 3,200 and 4,500 harvestable moose each year. The availability of this density of surplus moose would make hunting - and management —- much easier. On the other hand, by 1985 there may only be 1,800 moose on good range having high productivity, which will sustain a harvest of only 450 to 625 animals per year. The remaining 8,200 moose M@eGee district may sustain a kill of 10% or 15%, owing to a lower productivity of animals. The total allowable harvest by 1985 is likely to be between 1,270 and 1,855 moose per year. Had the range conditions of 1940 been stabilized, a total harvest of between 3,905 and 5,555 moose might have been maintained.
it will become increasingly difficult to persuade hunters beerarvest moose in the future, owing to the anticipated decrease in yield.
Projected increases in caribou carrying capacity will not commence soon enough or be sufficient to compensate for decreases in moose carrying capacity. The over-all supply of big game is bound GO deteriorate in areas influenced by forest fire protection but not by logging.
There were estimated to be about 9,300 moose in the Sioux Meorour Horest Protection District in the fall of 1953, at which time the carrying capacity (Table II) was computed to be about 15,000 moose. As the population continues to increase and as the Capacity is certainly declining, the two should soon come into balance, perhaps in 1957 or 1958. This situation could conceivably detonate a moose crashe Only time will tell?
On the other hand, I estimated there to be only about 2,000 woodland caribou in the district in 1955, when the computed S2eryame capacity (Table IV) was 4,100. It should take the caribou at least several years, perhaps 10 or more, to reach the general Capacity of the range within the district.
Some management problems raised by this consideration are as follows:
(1) Is the moose going to decline as a result of improved fire protection, or will gains in the form of succession initiation through logging compensate for this?
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Have these suggestions implications which we should work into our present public relations program? Specifically - how much Teaser ecan the present moose irrupvion Vast? Will it not shortly crash either because of our failure to contain the population or because of changes in the range? Should we not prepare for a decline in the moose population in the immediate Fucure’?
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ANNUAL CHANGES IN NUMBERS OF THE WESTERN REGION DEER HERD by \ R. Boultbee
The results of the Western Region Fall Deer Check Station from 1951 to 1956 inclusive are given in table one in percentage form.
TABLE I - Game Check Percentages
Migue = ¢.) a.s s 6.8
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lo ae Pee os) 6h 785 98.5 905 (Total 1951 Pe elt eS 2567 1869 9.2 6.8 ieOee 0 VOr> ~LOOse 1952 3250 URE} Ne, 56 9 8.9 Dini Pee ace he? LOO gO 1953 Baal BO, 1 UG te US Digit Da. Cpe Ose O.0>" 100.0 1954 2e6> Sha IUCN) 5 3469 Lg le Broo OZO: “LOOTO 955 28.3 29.6 ees. On 1 Sow 20 Paes «(OO 200.0 1956 L20k Bille e ile eb Se 4.6 1.9 Pie Ons... On0.) 100.0 eer Oe OC) vles.2 7305 33.7 2hel 17.1 6.6 2.4. 600.0 AVE. 28.5 249 2Oao ~ Lenk 5.60 4.0 eae ed "Oe
Experience has shown that three year old deer are the most vigorous, and suffer the least from the rigours of winter. This paper traces the changes in herd numbers, starting in 1951 with a representative herd of one hundred animals. The assumption is made that animals aged 3.5 years suffered average mortality each year in the preceding twelve months. It is not claimed that this assumption is perfectly correct but it is a reasonable basis for speculation on progressive changes in herd numbers. To some extent the errors should compensate each other so that the yearly changes in numbers are probably conservative.
The bottom row of table one shows that a six years’ average of 24.9 deer aged 2.5 are reduced to 20.5 animals one year later. Ths is a survival of 62.3 percent. If this survival rere is applied to 2.5 year animals in Ak 1951 check we can expect 15.5 (0. #23) = $2.6 animals of age 3.5 in 1952. - Table two is constructed on this basis. The line for i351 is the same as in table one except that it now represents a typical herd of one hundred animals. In the 1952 line it is seen that the 3.5 year animals are set at 12.8 as calcula- ted above. The remainder of the 1952 line is filled in by altering ine Values of table one 4n the ratio of 12.8/11.5. Thus 32.6 animals of age 1.5 in the 1952 line of table one become 36.3 animals in table two.
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The 17.0 animals of age 2.5 in table two for 1952, when multiplied by 82.3 percent yield 14.0 animals aged 3.5 in 1953. The numbers for 1953 in table one are then multiplied by the ratio 14.0/ 16.4 to complete the 1953 line of table two. These steps are repeated till table two is completed.
TABLE II - Progressive Changes in Herd Numbers
Hee = 66 las Se Ss Omeck Year. 1.5 _2.5 ee eo oro fe) (S05. 965. Total 1951 in mw oa met ono 8.2 6.6 1.0.01,0. 0+.5..L00.0 1952 Comme Ome noomly 26 90,9 6,3 00,3. 2.8 .2.1...111,3 1953 Deo Aba mle O Oo ee 2en ee 60.2 O.0 S5 ok LOSE Bou hte? 2uee Coan O. Seo eeOu t.0 ©,0 127.9 1955 BORO tee ee 91 bse Cawley? tbe ies. 0.0. -180,0 1956 Pim o Peu rue e oot 645 eeeg ooh. let 0.0, 140.7
The column of totals at the right hand side of table two purports to follow the annual changes in a representative herd that started with one hundred members in 1951.
There is a mechanism in this procedure for estimating absolute deer herd numbers but the writer is not rash enough to recommend its use. If the Spring mortality survey and the Fall check become accurate enough, the sample of dead animals in the mortality survey can be equated with the change in numbers indicated by the Fall check. The sampling is not yet accurate enough, as can be seen in table two. For the most part the numbers decrease as they should, proceeding downward diagonally from the left, but two large dis- crepancies and several small ones can be found. These discrepancies are probably due to errors in aging and sampling. Selectivity by hunters may also be a contributing factor. Such influences will be difficult to eliminate.
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THE WINTER OF 1955/56 AND THE WESTERN REGION DEER HERD
by R. Boultbee
The Wildlife Management officers of the three Districts in the Western Region made deer mortality surveys in the Spring of 1956. As a result of their findings they predicted that hunter success would be down in the Fall of 1956 and that the proportion of young animals would drop.
The predictions proved to be true. It will be interes- ting to study the changes that occurred in the herd as traced by the game checks of 1955 and 1956, and to see what indications, if any, of the changes could be seen in the Spring mortality surveys.
The most interesting point is the proportions of the herd in the kill of 1956 as compared to the average from 1951 to 1956 inclusive (the period during which game checks have been made). This is done in figure one on a percentage basis.
The next step is to trace the change from the proportions @el955 to those of 1956 as indicated by the kill data. These are given in table one.
si Ay =
FIGURE I Age Class Averages 1951-1956 Incl. 1.5 years 28.5% LO 2.5 years 24.9% 3.5 years 20.5% | 4.5 years 12.2% 5.5 years 5.6% 6.5 years 4.0% 745 years 2.8% P 6.5 years 1.1% e 9.5 years 0.4% r c 100.0% e n : Class \ o | Averages \ f Faemoeie1956 \ , 4 ine) Ine Lusi ve \ e 10 \ r x, d lea Pe ~ Se 0 S$ ro
Meer od> 405 Se O65 Yad) 8.5 965 1956 Kill Curve and Six Years’ Average
Figure one shows that there was indeed a deficit of young deer in the 1956 game check and also of old animals. The three and a half year animals seemed to withstand the winter much better than other ages, and time may prove this age to be the most hardy.
TABLE I - Kill Data in Percentages
A e Co) ais Se vs
eae
From table one it can be seen that the deficits in the 1956 data are still present with relation to the 1955 data, as well as with relation to the six years’ average. The relationship will be still more evident if we use absolute numbers rather than per- centages, as follows. We take advantage of the fact that 3.5 year animals in 1956 seemed to be the least affected by mortality. Let us assume that only average mortality occurred in this age-class. Mortality may well have exceeded the average but we have no way of knowing by how much, and the results we secure must be accepted as a minimum condition. The problem is therefore to apply the average Paso Or mortality to the 29.6 animals of age two and a half in 1955. The average rate of decrease from 2.5 years to 3.5 years is in the ratio of 20.5/24.9 (secured from figure one). Therefore we multiply Popo by 20.5/24.9 and get the answer 24.4.
We can now construct a new table of the 1955 and 1956 data. In table two we repeat the 1955 figures but this time we view them as representing a herd of one hundred deer and not as percentages. In the 1956 line we place the figure 24.4 (obtained in the preceding paragraph) in the 3.5 year age class. These 24.4 deer represent the remnant of 29.6 deer a year earlier, assuming average mortality. The next step is to complete the 1956 line so as to have the same relationships within the line as previously. This is done by reducing all the 1956 percentages in the same ratio as the 3.5 year animals. Thus the 1956 percentage of 31.2 in table one is reduced to 24.4 animals in table two. Hach other 1956 percentage is reduced ewetearty, Thus 22.2 in table one is multiplied by 24.4/31.2 and yields 17.4 to go in table two.
TABLE II - Change in Herd Numbers
_ ae ae ee Mates oie 5) Oecd aot Gs Totals
Ved 100.0 0.6 UES
1950 PE.3- 2946 3 1956 ak 16,6 Cee Lee 3 3}
The herd is seen from table two to have been reduced to 78.3, a reduction of 21.7 percent from 1955. This is assuming average mortality from 2.5 years to 3.5 years. If the mortality of these age classes was actually greater, then the figure of 21.7 percent will be conservative. This difficulty can not be solved. If the discrepancy is great then the results could be seriously in error. in round numbers we can say that the 1955 herd suffered an above-average loss of approximately twenty percent (or one-fifth) presumably due to a hard winter.
The data of table two are presented in figure two. A better idea of what happened to the 1955 herd can be had from this figure. For instance it is easily seen that the deficit is princi- pally in young animals, but also appears in old animals. Middle- aged animals seemed to come through the winter without being much affected, particularly the 3.5 year animals.
= VG) =
FIGURE II
Gee GS ey
ok Age Class Wee ere) eo. 5. O55 7nd 645
Change in Herd Numbers
ihnukeaora and onoux Lookout Dastricts a total of twelve
animals were aged in the Spring mortality survey of 1956. Their age-class distribution was as follows.
TABLE III - Mortality Data
Sepa wm. oy 2 Age Cea iS asuce: Ss 1.0 PO) Biwio 4.0 5a OnO 729 nd) Totals 1956 5 @) O il: Ly @) a 1 12
By oe
By the Fall of 1956 these age classes would all be half a year older. They can be seen to correspond loosely to the deficits in the 1956 herd. If we continue our Spring mortality surveys till we acquire confidence and consistency we may predict the proportions of the Fall hunt with equal confidence.
This paper is therefore a plea to our Western Region Wildlife Managers to continue developing their skill in running Spring mortality surveys. At the same time they should endeavour to assess winter factors such as temperatures, snow conditions, and Guratzons of both factors, with regard to their effects on Spring mortality surveys. All inventory techniques will probably yield extra facts when related to each other.
Sm
VARIABILITY IN DEER AGE-MEASUREMENTS WESTERN REGION 1951 TO 1956 INCLUSIVE
by R. Boultbee
Aging of killed deer during hunt season has become a well established practice wherever deer are found in the province. It is important to know the relative accuracy with which the various age classes have been measured. This paper studies the problem using data from the Western Region Big Game Checking Station, gathered from 1951 to 1956 inclusive.
The data, omitting fawns, are given in table one in percentages.
TABLE I - Deer Hunt Data in Percentages
Age Gud. auses es Check Aver
Year io} OES: 325 aD Digi a 6.5 TaD 6.5 9.5 Totals ages ? 1951 eo eon, eed yy [eet | OeS 82.0 61.0 0.5 100.0 22.1 1952 Bewo! 15.3 He > LSM ee 9 Dell Sop cee)! Se9, LOOZO 11.2 1953 aie 20eL AG Re wee ee Aan Ove (O20. 100,012. 5 1954 28.5 373 L656 Deo gel, Bele Ose O10 100.0 12.5 ine yey rs | 29.6 Zion Ola. Blight 20 ZrO es) i OeOn LOOO 125.5 1956 Pe teste loys O 2.9 2.4 0.6 O10 100.0 12.5 eee ALLO) 123.2 73.5 3367 2hel 17.1 6.6 2.4 600.0 Meee 2h 20,5 12.3 5.6. 4.0 2.9 1.1 Of 100.0 11.1 ?
The average age class is seen to contain 11.1 percent of the herd.
Table two repeats the same information but the age classes are staggered so that all percentages with the same year of origin appear on the same line, The year of origin (year class) is indicated in the left column.
The right hand column of averages in table two shows a strong trend from small to large numbers going from top to bottom. This bias is due to incomplete data. The small numbers of older animals in the early year classes results in a small average, and vice versa. This bias is an introduced error which can be removed by adjusting each age class go that its average is 1ll.1, the same as the grand average.
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The bottom line of table three shows that each age class Reference to the right hand column of averages
now averages ll.l.
shows that the bias has been removed, leaving only irregularities
due to differences in year class strength. can be ironed out by making the adjustments indicated by the right hand column of table three based on the year class difference from These adjustments have been made in table four.
the grand average.
These last irregularities
TABLE IV - Bias and Year Class Irregularities Removed
Age Gans Se. S
Year
Class 1.5 205 ee)
1942 1943 1944 194.5 1946 1947 1948 1949 a0, © Os tle Lis Ode ~ Lb 6s a2.
EI
kb ON OM OWN
= ONO WI N\ OND
993 1954 Gos ids
TOMES 6757 66.2 63.2 Meee 1053 11.0 10.5
—eee Clee 0 eee ee eee
66.5 ele.
72.6 I2Zs
72.0 12.0
66. 7 sas Ae
Sami ee i LOC. Le9 eos 2.0 9.1 9.6 10.0 SIS) Oa? 9e3 9.7 GilsS 628 1053-1055
Aver- ages
eal ae de, a ted ileal tied dds Ti. 11.1 tie t Tse a Lied eS det Rae
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The right hand column shows that both bias and year class differences have been removed.
remain to be removed
with its deviation from its age class average line). This operation is shown in table five.
Only differences between age classes
- These can be removed by replacing each item
(shown in the bottom im this) table-the
data have been folded together again by game check years rather than
year classes.
feelin DD) ia TABLE V - Deviations From Age Class Averages
(Bias and Year Class Differences Removed)
Age G1l.@ ss és
Check
Year ie 5 225 325 Led 7) 65 (OW) 8.5 9.5 7951 =-2.0° -he7 Meir ae Leg 0.8 IAG 0.0 0.6 age 325 he? -3.9 25 0.9 0.0 et Zao ak 1953 203 Led Di)" eOe 2.) veh, 3 Onell (alee O.6 1954 -5.3 6a -3.9 -1.7 1.8 WAG) -1.3 -0.3 -0.9 1955 L.6 -O.4 -1.6 -2.7 Zad OME -l.4 -O.4 -0.5 1956 -—O.1 =1.7 Gols. Vaad 20'S Zur HO =0,6 =1e2 TOTALS 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.027) (O20
The figures in table five no longer represent deer: they are merely deviations. In table five variations due to bias, year class strength and age class strength have been eliminated. Pre- sumably the principal remaining sources of variation are random error and aging error. The data of table five are repeated in figure one to permit easier interpretation. Items within the stan- dard error are attributable to random error. Items well beyond the standard error and in the vicinity of the ten or five percent confidence limits are open to interpretation as errors in age measure- ment.
In general age classes with most of their items within the standard error can be classified as consistent and affected mainly be random errors. All age classes except 2.5 and 3.5 may thus be classified as satisfactory. Age classes 2.5 to 4.5 inclusive are shown separately in figure two, with the game check year placed beside each item.
In figure two age class 2.5 is scattered but shows some pattern in that the last two game checks are within the standard error, Age class 4.5 has most of its points within the standard error but shows an interesting tendency to go lower each year. It will be interesting to watch the course of these two age classes.
As it now stands age class 2.5 is badly affected by aging errors (perhaps spilling over from age class 3.5) but may be settling down,
Age class 3.5 has every item badly scattered. There is no tendency to form a cluster and only one item is anywhere near the zero line. No time pattern is discernable other than wide skips in successive years.
Whatever the cause, aging of 3.5 year old animals is subject to serious errors and appears in need of reconsideration.
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DEER SAMPLE SIZE FOR WESTERN REGION
by R,. Boultbee
You wrote me recently to ask what is an adequate sample of deer. In my opinion the answer given below is adequate for the Western Region and may apply in other parts of the Province. It is based on 1,297 deer 1.5 years and older checked in 1954, 1955 and 1956. These animals were divided into twenty-five samples of thirty or more each, and the variations in age-classes served as the basis of the study.
The simplest statement is the equation y ~ 1274.30 2 x where y is the sample size including fawns, and x is the percentage margin of error acceptable to the deer worker. The margin of error will be exceeded only five times in a century and then probably by a very small amount. Most values will be much closer than the acceptable margin of error.
As an example, how many deer should be sampled for an accuracy of two percent? Two squared is four, which when divided into 1274.30 gives a sample size of 318.575 which can be rounded off at 320. If as another example it is desired to know what per- centage of accuracy will be obtained with a sample of 200 deer we can place y at 200 and solve for x. We find x in this case is Peeer woaach we can round off at 2.5 percent,
The equation is a good way of finding a compromise between the Wildlife Management Officer who wants high standards of accuracy and the administrator who has to find the men to do the sampling.
Some persons prefer a graph to an equation. Figure one presents the equation in the form of a curve. As an example, to find what sample is needed for two percent accuracy, start from two on the lower edge of figure one and go up to the curve and then left to the answer which is about 316. This can be rounded off at 310 or 320. The figure can also be used in the reverse manner.
It may be asked what is meant by a certain margin of error if the sample data is presented percentically, or in other words as a representative herd of one hundred animals. It is meant that the collective errors of the various age classes will not add to more than the margin of error.
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In the Western Region the two and a half year age class has a slightly larger margin of error than that for the whole sample. The remaining age classes have smaller margins of error than that of the whole sample. Fawns were not included in the study, although they are included in the equation and in figure one. It should be noted that the margin of error only applies to animals one and a half years and older although the sample size includes fawns. If, in taking a sample in any one year it is found that fawns are showing at more than 20 percent of the herd the total sample should be increased somewhat.
The curve is more revealing than the equation. A little study makes it clear that a very large increase in sample size is needed above about 400 to get a small improvement in accuracy. Below about 100 a small decrease in sample size causes a large loss in accuracy.
Care should be taken not to alter the sampling conditions. Sampling should extend through the season, as previously, and include animals from all parts where hunting occurs.
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Bi SEASONAL EFFECTS AND THE WESTERN REGION DEER HERD
by R. Boultbee
In the Spring of 1956 Wildlife Management Officers in the Western Region predicted that hunting success would drop in the Fall from its position in 1955, and that the proportion of young animals would drop. Both predictions proved to be correct.
It will be interesting to see to what extent the six Fall deer checks made in Western Region vary from their average, and
speculate on the part played by seasons, especially winters. Table one presents the six years data in percentage form.
TABLE I - Game Check Percentages ALE iet = wer Val S. 5) evs
Check
Years .1.5 Zn 3 5 Leo Dipkbionr Om 27655.0005 Ges | Total 1951 21.4 Uy) 25m Le 39 9.2 6.8 OW sO" O25 4 LOOsO 1952 Bee Poe (lien E5298 2859 abe? 1 Sal 205 »1e9 100.0 1953 eo Om erOpk Gas Sek 2e7 263 O.2 0.0. 100.0 1954 28.55 Ses IMEI Died Sy) Palen ee Ons. 0.0 100.0 Tew, 28.3 29.6 COINS) aoa Oa Bis? Za enon Aid 10,0 | 200.0 1956 2202 Ailes Fg Aico. 7 4.6 9 OaemOs Se OeOnn 100.0 emo oO) ) Uete2 730593357 24.L 17.1 6.6 2.4 600.0 AVER. Pens Pie? (20600 2252 Seow wee) Lek Ok
These are hunting figures broken into age classes, but are assumed to be a sample of the herd in the Fall. The bottom line is the average for the six years of the game check. Table two is a collection of the surpluses or deficits of table one above or below the six year averages. For instance in 1951 the value of 21.4 for animals aged 1.5 years is 7.1 below the average of 28.5. Table two shows a value of ~7.1.
TABLE II - Surpluses and Deficits from Age-class Averages. Age-classes
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fed 10 svods ono eldat to edfolled to esauiquue Gna: ex . [S$ te sufisyv aris Age i mk bby AY) Jenk tod eGOReOve I #2.8S to essievs afd woled 1.) @f eaney @ tun ola Ve. 46 “eR ORStOVA B aplomons | nox? ett ae we ee z © ¢ : . : =\. € of — ila ‘ Ssh. ath a - *B; fn Ss Vet? 0+ il} @.S4 -Ssde°-GcEp OES = - " Ce b » Ss ” Y Vea gh - (hd A404 Vale By Oe > Oe «pele Crke Spies 4 seO~w -+ Tye Ole Cy bs
Arey
The data of table two are easiest to interpret by reference to figure one. The prediction made for the 1956 hunt is easily ° checked because the deficit in young animals stands out clearly. A deficit may also be present in the oldest age classes but more shailow and spread out. The 1956 curve also shows a plain peak at age 3.5, indicating perhaps that this age-class is the hardiest by a distinct margin. In interpreting these curves it must be kept in mind that they are based on percentages, so that when one part goes down, another part must go up, resulting in differences showing up in sharper contrast than in other kinds of curves.
The preceding observations on the 1956 curve are obviously not firm conclusions but they are reasonable enough to justify some speculation on the other curves, The 1955 curve is almost flat and may represent an average winter in 1954/1955. The 1954 curve is the reverse of the 1956 curve and may represent better than average survival in the winter of 1953/1954. The 1953 curve shows ambiguous characteristics namely a high survival of young animals and a deficit in old animals, The curve of 1952 shows a high survival of young and old animals and may indicate a better than average winter in 1951/1952. An inconsistency in age 2.5 animals is perhaps attribu- table to error in aging since a previous study shows this age class to have been too low in 1952. The 1951 curve may indicate hard conditions in the winter of 1950/1951.
The 3.5 year age class served as a good determinant in each of the above curves. Surpluses and deficits are most easily seen in relation to the 3.5 year age-class, and the position of the 3.5 year age-class above or below the axis indicated the assumed severity or favourableness of the winters.
A check on the significance of the surpluses and deficits may be had from a Chi Square test. This is done in table three. Age=~classes 7,5, 8.5 and 9.5 were joined in one group.
TABLE III
Check Year Chi Square Pu data =. 6) INS onl dBe yr (555) 0.02 ne bey 19.85 0.01 1952 Seow 0,23 1954 E33 | 0.08 1955 Cee Oxo 1956 10,09 Owe
The curves for 1951 and 1952 vary from the average with strong significance. The curves for 1954 and 1956 are reasonably significant. The 1953 curve is not acceptable as different from the average, though the value of P is suggestive. The 1955 curve is
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distinctly average. These findings correspond with those made from figure one. It is only an assumption to say that they are due to winter conditions but the writer thinks they justify an investigation of en between snow station records and deer population checks.
Such a study may lead to the skill to predict the effects of winter on the deer herd in numerical terms. If this skill is added to the present practices of our Wildlife Management Officers the following annual routine might result:
1. Estimate of effects of winter on the herd as the winter prog- resses, and estimate of consequent effects on the hunt.
2. Confirmation and check of winter estimate coming from the Spring mortality survey, followed by a prediction of the coming hunt based on the two procedures.
3. Fall check on the hunt. This will serve as a check on the Spring prediction, and lead to further refinements in gauging winter effects and predicting from the Spring mortality survey.
The combination of several approaches to population conditions gives a greater total of information, and a greater insurance against a mistaken prediction. Spreading the various population checks through the year means that the Wildlife Management Officers will not “lose touch" with the herd.
\ Wi
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istesiy 5 bap . ae " Saat i o° into’ woo py a eovkg : 8CIGY ent "i EDs yrEGC: eNO totherra x isn ve £m, 2 Jamis : : ILilociW edd. Isak? Basa bt 4 { } Agro ‘eas
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FIGURE I - Surpluses and Deficits
a -——. 1951 Nea ea | aap SN Lg 52
~ +
1955
nore A ee ee
— SS
Age Classes
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ot ae
MANITOULIN ARCHERY SEASON IN 1956.
by William A, Morris
Introduction
This report deals with the events leading to the first archery season on Manitoulin Island, The success of the hunt is outlined, and recommendations are made for future seasons.
The Sudbury office of the Department of Lands and Forests wishes to express its thanks to Mr, John Budd, Mr. W,. J. Patterson, Mr, Art Racey, and Mr. Harry Loth for their efforts in initiating this season,
A special archery season for Manitoulin Island was first Suggested by Mr, John Budd, Biologist at the South Bay Fisheries Research Station, Mr. Budd made the suggestion while attending a meeting of the Manitoulin Conservation Council in May, 1956, because he was well acquainted with the successful archery season in his home state of Wisconsin, The idea met with only mild enthusiasm at that time; however, it did appeal to some of the local tourist opera- tors, since it appeared to be a way to increase the length of the Season and yet not seriously deplete the deer herd. W. J. Patterson, editor of the Manitoulin Expositor, also expressed interest in the plan, The topic was raised again at the following meeting of the Council in June, but still no definite decisions were made. In an effort to get a final answer, Mr. Art Racey, a forester with the Ontario Paper Company and also secretary of the Council, conducted a telephone poll in late August of all the township representatives. The results of this poll showed that ten of the sixteen townships were in favour of a trial season from October 27th to November 10th, A signed letter to this effect was sent to Dr. W. J. K. Harkness early in September for his consideration.
This proposed archery season was presented to the Fish and Wildlife Committee in early October, but during the intervening time, some of the Manitoulin residents, particularly landowners, became critical of the plan, It was suggested that the archers would "kill too many deer", "wound cattle" and so on. To offset these mis-= understandings, the department initiated a public educational program. Two coloured films on hunting big game with the bow and arrow, and a film "The Michigan Deer Story", an excellent illustration of deer . menagement were shown by William A. Morris, District Biologist, at Gore Bay, Little Current, Mindemoya, Manitowaning, and South Bay Mouth. During these film showings, which took place over the period of a week, it was noted that an increasing number of residents spoke in favour of the archery season proposal. By the time the last film
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a 2
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showing was made, the archery season became law on October 5th, 1956, by Amendment 188/56 made under the Game and Fisheries Act. When the Sudbury office received word that the archery season had received official sanction, a specially prepared news release was forwarded to the twenty archery clubs throughout Ontario as well as to the names on the regular mailing list. A copy of this news release is included in the Appendix.
In order to keep in close contact with the archery season progress, the Sudbury office arranged with the Little Current Chamber of Commerce to conduct registration of all archers at its Information Booth. However, it was found that few hunters were recorded in this way, and the Department was obliged to contact a large percentage of the archers through information supplied by local residents. By using this method, this office was able to obtain the names and addresses of thirty-four archers who took part in the season, Hach one of the thirty-four people was mailed a Simple questionnaire to be completed and returned to the office. A copy of this questionnaire is included in the Appendix. Every archer was asked to submit other names of persons known to have participated in the hunt. The archery clubs (see appendix) also assisted by reporting the names of their members who hunted on the Island during the special season. In this way, the Sudbury office obtained the names and addresses of all archers who took part in the hunt, with the exception of two non-residents who hunted a few hours in an area south of Little Current while awaiting transportation to Killarney. The results compiled from the questionnaire are shown in Table #1.
It is of interest to note that aside from the actual residents, 59.3% of archers paid for accommodation in either a lodge, hotel or cabins. A minority (40.6%) camped or stayed at non- commercial establishments. These figures indicate that future archery seasons would be of financial benefit to the tourist business.
During the special season, there were no reports of infrac- tions of the Game and Fisheries Act, wounding of cattle, or trespassing. The Department was notified that an archer's guide was using a dog to drive deer in the vicinity of Gore Bay. This action brought complaints from the residents and some criticism from other archers. The dog was used for one weekend, after which time there were no further reports. It would appear that the archer realized that he had deviated from the accepted practice of both the residents of Manitoulin and his fellow archers. This incident was the only issue which resulted in any criticism of the archers. On the other hand, letters were received by the Sudbury Office from the Manitoulin Tourist Association, and the West Manitoulin Board of Trade, as well as from numerous archery clubs, expressing their approval of the special archery season and asking that it be continued. Copies of some of these letters are included in the Appendix.
In order to further determine the public's reaction to a continuation of the archery season this year, William A. Morris, District Biologist, spent the greater part of a week in March, 1957, on Manitoulin Island, and with the cooperation of Conservation Officers C. J. Young and J. H. Bailey made personal contact with representatives of the Townships. The results of this poll are shown in Table #2.
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ot ofda eaw eottte bide ~bodtonr eld? -gnteu ya TEG 40 ot ow atedote iyo leyated ‘to @eegetbbe bas 8 s bsitam esw elqosq suoteystide ed? to sao dose a soktio sit of bonxudes bas hbotsiqnuoo of ef otter 10 L, Hors visva .xibneqgA oft af bape Lons ef. eviannotseeup & taqtotiteq ever o3 awond endeteg to Bemed iedio simdues ‘d bedetees oele (xibnegqr see) edulo pronogvs sail. ae frub basfel ont no betawd ofW eredmem tien? To Semen ont . ntaddo soltto ywuydbue edd Qyew bids ol .oORS sora end ns pisq Hoos ofw enetotea [fs to 25860" tbe is mi etivod wet. 28 -be Soe ow: Etitab Leotecior ows te. 10: 03 noliscroqdenst? anidiewse sidtaw goes ofsttd: ‘ 18 otisnnoitesip etd mowt beliqmos eidinnes ane = z : Y oid mot? ebles Jat odo ot deoned nd to ef #1 to at noltebommoose 167% his q- -etatote to Ri CE a on ga beyste vo boqmes (asce lay ytivortm A> set im wu? gadj, steotbui iyit.sect?. sedtemtet ids tee d tefuvot ott ot shiecned Letpapnes 16 ad bluow anobe ) BFtOqSt on tod hORRoR feiooge + ons o ef te5 Hnstow SA: eotrenets bets anew | "8 fe ‘ pert iiced aw tnentyeqed oft | ef 100 to vitaisey. ofd mt teeb syirtb OF: meioiti+ omee: ba etiebiees 6d moti eonkelam "t iw redte ,bror -o0 tod Betw esw g0b 8 { fit ay ta Vis ‘pivew $1 “gadroqet 19nd t rd to eotvorta ft 2908: ond mort. betelveb Ba do esw. gusbtent eldt lore! woflet eid bas wee 0 . YB Off3 Yo metoks bea ¥ab at betiuest as rf . tTLO yaudbue’ ard No: Dewioaes os9W Stags 4 atlivodinkl dec etd bas. paoigatoguiem Betqx end niyo Mes aglen tion. ro : bod: nines DAB Ok ase. YIOASIs: *E! 1) ofS of -bebetont eva eiegsel oeane e'otiduq od? siihwiadet Nadtast of. nobwa ae a filiw .teev elad inopeee- yrototes end To mae ‘ w 6 to Meg “Teteeny: ond Jace, .¢etgoloneas to nokge: Logos! ont idiw be .bueket af, oth Siw Lenoeied obeal -yelish HH .b Bae. BOO ob. a) ef ; . 3 16 esibeax: ont: i,eqéintéawol sd7 te eovise
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TABLE I - Manitoulin Archery Season
Meee rohery, HUNUCTS: wesc ccc cecceaewcmewerccesceos 30 Memes OF) QUESLIONMAIresS Teturned wecvespeccscsscesvccs 37 Se eMC CCU cccpatcecoenscccceanecbevsevecncoeses 97% Pemeamimnper Of GAYS HUNbE scoscosececcesecsseevessees 158 Average number of daysS hunted cescavcccercnvencscveccece Lok
iweraze Pull of 37 bows, Low = 35 1bs., High = 63 lbs.. 48.2 lbs. i
Piet Gecer MISSCO) scepecre Dewees eceesesedssveroeseseee
meron Cer KILLCd sesewerensencvoeesaseacccessacecs 0 MiigersOt Partridge Killed swcsmecvccssacecscvcccescess 0 Number of rabbits ka led eoeooe@eeoeaeeeoeoecoeoenreoeeseseeeoeesee ese © @ 2
Accommodations:
Lodge @eeeeoepeoesososeeos co ceeoeocneoeetweooneeeoeoeeeosvoeoenoeve#e020208@8800 2
Hotel eooocoaeseeoeeocoocvee Qceeeceeeowvedveaoo0oeeoneed0e7820000909090980029086 0
Cabin ecooooooeoooeoe 2@0O0O0e0@e0e8 C4e@eeaoe#eedodecedceeeoeeeesvedgeesvsegedcscevsdsd ogee Pawo ae NCCOMNIOMCALLON. scscvesoceweweocovervetseccecee
8 5 Camping @ooooogoeeoec ocaceoo0oeoeeee#ecvoeeeeeeseocvsoe#eoewmeovno0eoeeeegsoacn e098 6 0 L 8 9 Island Resident c@eeaoovoo@se@e@ogeoeovooe @BOvoovsoeosvso0eveon009098 09909930 @ 5
Percentage of archers visiting Island - paid lodging... 59.3%
Percentage of archers visiting Island - stayed at non-
Pommereial) eStablishmants ,omescccecscevecewss 40.6%
TABLE II - Poll of Representatives of Townships Regarding Manitoulin Archery Season in 1957.
Township Township
Allan yes Dawson yes Assiginack yes® Gordon yes Barrie Island no Howland yes Bidwell yes Mills neutral Billings yes Robinson yes Burpee no Sandfield yes Campbell yes Sheguiandah yes Carnarvon yes Tehkummah neutral
x The reeve suggested that archery kills should be certified, and that archery season should overlap with the time that the South Bay Mouth-Tobermory ferry is in operation.
During the poll (Table 2), it was found that twelve townships expressed a desire to continue the season, while two representatives were opposed and two were neutral. that more of the island is now in favour of archery hunting that prior to the opening of the experimental season, when the vote
taken by Racey was ten “yes" to six "no",
This indicates
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oe 35 = Conclusions
The Sudbury Office feels that the continuation of an archery season on Manitoulin Island in 1957 would meet with the approval of a large majority of the Island residents and it would also supply recreation for a large number of sportsmen.
Recommendations
From this study of the 1956 experimental archery season and subsequent inquiries, the following recommendations are respect- fully submitted:
(1) The archery season for deer should be continued on Manitoulin teleand in, 1957.
(2) The open season should be a period of two weeks or longer, prior to the regular gun season, which usually starts on November 15th.
(3) Consideration should be given to having the season overlap with the time that the South Bay Mouth to Tobermory ferry is in operation. This would ensure easier access to the Island and greater revenue for the Islanders. The last scheduled trip is on October 28th, 1957.
(4) The use of dogs to hunt deer on Manitoulin is subject to a great deal of controversy. Since most archers do not approve of the use of dogs for hunting, it is recommended that the use of dogs be prohibited during future archery seasons.
(5) From a public relations standpoint, it would be an advantage and source of information for the Department to have each deer killed by archers certified by the local Conservation Officer.
(a) The suggested dates for the 1957 archery season are? October 19th to November 9th, 1957 or October 26th to November 9th, 1957.
=
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APPENDIX
eopy Weekly Report Sudbury District
For Period Ending October 6th, 1956
Fish and Wildlife
The Minister of the Department of Lands and Forests is pleased to announce a special archery season for deer on Manitoulin island and Barrie Island from October 27th to November 10th inclu- eivee During this period, the hunting of deer with firearms will be illegal. The archery season on Manitoulin Island has been established this year by Order-in-Council on an experimental basis with the approval of a majority vote of all township councils on the Island.
Mo Gebers wee ane wesidents or Ontario will require a regular $5.00 deer licence. If they wish to take bear, rabbits, partridge, ducks or geese, they will require an additional $1.00 resident hunting licence. Hunters who are not residents of Ontario Wall be permitted to take bear, rabbits, partridge, ducks and geese as well as deer during the season by obtaining a regular non-resident deer licence for $36.00.
If an archer (resident or non-resident) succeeds in taking a deer, he will not be entitled to hunt deer during the regular gun season. If, however, the deer licence has not been filled during the archery season, he will be entitled to use the same licence to hunt deer during the regular gun season.
Archers are reminded that the success or failure of future archery seasons on the Island may well depend on good hunter- landowner relationships during the initial season. In this respect, it would be well to remember all land on the Island is private, and although the majority of landowners are in favour of archers, -eueware nou, Iherefore, before you start your hunt, please make the necessary arrangements with the land owner. It may be of interest to prospective archers to know that Manitoulin Island has long been recognized as one of the best deer hunting areas in the province. This high population of deer is due to the good produc- tion of second growth hardwoods which is used for summer food, and extensive growth of white cedar which supplies winter browse. In addition, the snowfall on Manitovlin is generally lighter than that Manen Occurs in the more northern parts of the Province. The success of hunters during the past regular gun seasons from November 15th to November 25th has been as high as 50%. Each season, well over 1,000 deer are taken.
The Manitoulin is accessible by road, rail, and aircraft, but unfortunately, the ferry which runs between Tobermory and South Bay Mouth will not be operating at this time.
10 Sob. TOF Aoeese, Yiediois ialooge: @ soatior
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Bear are scarce on the Island, but the partridge and the snow=shoe hare (rabbits), are abundant enough to supply good small
game hunting for the archer.
It is of interest to archers to note that the accommodation on the island ranges from well equipped lodges and hunting cabins to camping privileges. In addition, guides will be available and groceries and archery supplies may be purchased at local stores.
All enquiries regarding accommodation and maps should be
addressed tos: Mr. John Tilston, Secretary,
Manitoulin Tourist Assocation, or MANITOWANING, Ontario.
or Mr. Adam Casson, Secretary,
Rotary Club, GORE BAY, Ontario.
Sed.
Hor
Mr. Graydon D. Hay, Chamber of Commerce, LITTLE CURRENT, Ontario.
iVigan AS Morris"
W. G. Cleaveley, District Forester.
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MANITOWANING, Ontario, November 30th, 1956.
Dr. Clarke,
Fish & Wildlife Division, Department of Lands & Forests, Parliament Buildings,
TORONTO, Ontario.
Dear Dr. Clarke:
We are writing this in the hope that you will consider favourable an archery season on Manitoulin Island for 1957.
As far as the executive of Manitoulin Tourist Association can learn there has been nothing but favourable comments from the local people about the archers.
If there is to be a season in time that we can include that information in our 1957 folder. We would be much obliged
if you can let us know as soon as possible the dates you may set.
ours truly,
Jar be Lalstonm, —secty, Manitoulin Tourist Association.
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WESTERN MANITOULIN BOARD OF TRADE GORE BAY, Ontario
GORE BAY, Ontario, December 5th, 1956.
Department of Lands & Forests, Fish and Wildlife Division, SUDBURY, Ontario.
Attention: Mr, C, Bibby
Dear Mr. Bibbys
Please be advised that at a recent meeting of our Board of Trade, the following resolutions were passed? 1. “That the Western Manitoulin Board of Trade go on record as being unanimously in favour of continuing the Archery Season for at least another year", 2. "That we ask the Department of Lands and Forests for a permanent resident manager to attend to our Fish and Wildlife problems".
Please let us hear from you on these two resolutions. If the Archery Season is going to be continued, it should be ineluded in the Tourist Association Advertising for 1957.
Mourns truly, ,
M. McQuarrie, Secty.
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Bushmaster Bowmen, 217 Burton Road, OAKVILLE, Ontario, November 26th, 1956.
Department of Lands & Forests, Pish and Wildlife Division, SUDBURY, Ontario. Dear Sirs In reply to your letter, none of the Bushmasters participated in the deer hunt this year due to previous arrange-
ments, but quite a few intend to, next summer.
Yours truly,
Sgd. Wendy Weyman, Sec.-Treasurer.
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BRANT BOWMEN
199 Grand River Avenue, BRANTFORD, Ontario, November 28th, 1956.
Mr. W. G. Cleaveley,
District Forester,
Department of Lands & Forests, SUDBURY, Ontario.
Dear Sir:
In answer to your letter wishing to contact all archers who participated in the recent archery season on Manitoulin Island, our club has no archers to add to your list.
We do wish, however, to draw to your attention that ten of our members who went to the archery season in Michigan, would have gone to Manitoulin Island had we only known soon that there would be an archery season there. We appreciate the opportunity we had to shoot in Manitoulin, but having arranged to get time off work and make reservations in Michigan, we could not make use of the opportunity.
We are definitely in favour of an archery season in Manitoulin Island and will certainly support it next year, provided we have enough time to make arrangements and reservations.
And we do wish to thank you for the work you have done
in this regard.
Yours truly,
Sgd. George McGowan, Secretary, The Brant Bowmen.
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Archery Clubs in Ontario, 1956
Blue Water Bowmen,
c/o John E,. Hammond, 1275 - 3rd Ave., West, OWEN SOUND, Ontario.
Brockville Fish & Game Club,
c/o John Dixon, Archery Chairman, 68 George Street,
BROCKVILLE, Ontario.
Chemical Valley Bowmen, c/o Robert Carter,
496 Davis Street, SARNIA, Ontario.
Forest City Archers, c/o Norm Goody,
470 Charlotte Street, LONDON, Ontario.
Glendale Archery Club, c/o Harry Loth,
37 Glenridge Avenue,
ST. CATHARINES, Ontario.
King's Forest Archers, c/o Mrs. V. Kolmer,
172 London Street, South, HAMILTON, Ontario.
Oxford Archery Club,
c/o Mrs. W. Stevenson,
3 Vansittart Avenue, Apt.-5, WOODSTOCK, Ontario.
Renfrew Archers,
c/o Bruce McPhail,
168 Raglan Street, South, RENFREW, Ontario.
Woodland Field Archers, c/o Mrs. A. Kitchen, 431 Centre Street, OSHAWA, Ontario.
Belleville Bowmen, Geoff Calvert,
®7o (GC. Belch,
Rie Re #6, BELLEVILLE, Ontario.
Brant Bowmen,
c/o George McGowan,
199 Grand River Avenue, BRANTFORD, Ontario.
Bushmaster Bowmen, c/o Herb Brooks, 84 Cross Street, OAKVILLE, Ontario.
Dunnville Bowmen, c/o Max Beckett, 916 Pine Street, DUNNVILLE, Ontario.
Galt Bowmen,
c/o Herm Walters, 85 Edwin Street, KITCHENER, Ontario.
Grimsby Archery Club, c/o Art Harley,
25 Elizabeth Street, CRIMSBY, Ontario.
Ottawa Bowmen, c/o W. L. Ross,
201 Metcalfe Street, Apt. 10,
OTTAWA, Ontario.
Port Colborne Bowmen, c/o Charles Goss,
72 Homewood Avenue, PORT COLBORNE, Ontario.
Windsor Bowmen,
c/o Len Gensens, 1986 Ellrose Avenue, WINDSOR, Ontario.
York County Bowmen, c/o Miss Ella Inches, 47 Brookmount Road, TORONTO, Ontario.
Humber Valley Archers, c/o Gerry Barbcur, 292 Evelyn Avenue, TORONTO, Ontario.
Compiled by: Mr. Harry Loth, Secretary,
Hunting and Field Archers of Ontario,
November l4th, 1956.
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REPORT ON THE 1956 DEER SEASON IN THE SAULT STE. MARIE FOREST DISTRICT
by M. W. I. Smith, C. L. Perrie and M. T. Watson
Introduction
The value of accurate data on the total kill and on the composition of the kill during a deer season has been clearly demonstrated.
For several years now this district has obtained data on the non-resident kill including total numbers, percentage success of hunters, and age composition of the kill. In 1955 the first approach in this district to assessing the resident kill was made when the Elliot Haynes Company was engaged to conduct a ballot survey. In 1956, having learned some valuable lessons the previous year, an improved survey was carried out by our own staff and inclu- ded, for the first time, the kill by farmer deer licensees.
This report, therefore, provides our most complete coverage of district deer hunters to date.
Resident Hunters _ Methods
During December, 1956, and January, 1957, a mailed ballot survey was conducted among a 25% sample of the 5,000 Ontario deer hunters who bought licenses in this district. Lists of licensees were obtained from all license issuers and the hunter sample which comprised every fourth name appearing on these lists amounted to 1,238 hunters.
The questionnaire, or ballot, mailed to these hunters, a sample of which appears as Appendix "A", was designed to provide data on the following:
Total kill by residents
Percentage success of resident hunters Townships in which deer were killed Hunting days per hunter
Hunting days per deer bagged
Use of dogs, and opinion on use of dogs
OO OS HhOoQA0 0 9 SS SS
Initial contact with the 1,238 sampled hunters was made on January 10th when the ballot, Appendix "A", was mailed. This was followed by two subsequent mailings on January 2lst and on January 31st with Appendices "BY" and "C", respectively.
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Weather Conditions
During the 1956 season temperatures were slightly above normal and precipitation was perhaps less than normal. Table #1 shows the noon temperature records for several points in the district gus prior to the season.
TABLE I
Date Peshu L. Sand L. Blind R. Sys le Average Oeti, 15 64, 58 Bi 64 61 Oct. 16 6h 66 Sh 60 61 Cete 1.7 70 65 63 76 68 Oct. 18 43 L8 53 DZ L9 Get. 19 5k 58 54 5h Do Oet ¢20 58 58 De 60 bY Oet, 21 6h 52 52 60 Sif Oeus 22 58 63 5k 5k Si, Ot. <3 13 39 De 48 15 Cet. el 42 Lg 16 45 Het. 25 a2 De 5k 54 Cec. 26 L6 48 L6 L6 Oct, 27 Lk 52 5 50 Oct. 28 Lh
Oct. 29 56
Oct, 30 56
Ceti 3a. 58
Snow stations were in operation from November lst and Table #2 records this information.
Date Bat chawana sand L. Balkan His Oise Twp. Wells Hover 1 Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nove 2 Nove), 3 Nev. &
Nover 5
Nove. 6
Nove 7
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Data
Initial sample ballots mailed - 1,238 = 100% Ballots returned, completed - 978 = 79%
Since the original was a 25% sample, the nonrespondents, 260 in number, reduced the overall sample to 19.3 percent.
Of the 978 respondents, 40 = approximately 4 percent, hunted in areas outside the Sault Ste. Marie District. A further 28 hunters - 3 percent of those who bought licences, did not hunt. Of the nonrespondents, 9 were returned because of incorrect addresses.
As in 1955, the district has been broken into 6 areas for purposes of comparing success and total kill within the district. These areas are shown in Appendix "D", Table #1 presents, by area, the numbers and percentages of resident hunters and of resident+-farmer hunters and their respective success.
TABLE III No. of No. of Resident- Percentage Success Resident Farmer Percentage Area No. Hunters Hunters of Hunters Residents Farmers 1 1h 0 16 28.6 O 2 2h9 8 29.5 Zoe 50.0 2. ZOD 70 h2o1 266) 40.0 4 23 38 Aen 41.5 3422 | 22 O 205 36.4 O 6 48 3 509 Sar) B30
Ontario residents who purchased deer licenses in this district numbered approximately 5,000. Of this number, 4 percent - 200, hunted outside the boundaries of this district. Thus, of the total number, 4,800 actually hunted in the district.
Fourteen percent of the respondents to our survey indicated that they had hunted on a farmer's deer license. The total number of such licenses can, therefore, be calculated at 672. Returns by these licensees indicated a success of 38.7 percent. The total kill by these hunters is calculated, therefore, at 260 deer.
The remaining 86 percent of the Ontario residents sampled in the survey hunted on a regular resident license. These residents numbered 4,128 and reported a success of 30.4 percent. Kill by these resident hunters is estimated at 1,245 deer.
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The total kill by resident hunters, therefore, is estimated at 1,505 deer. Of these, 47.8 percent were bucks, 38.7 were does and 13.5 percent were fawns.
The foregoing may be summarized as follows:
Pueemcersales to residents of Ontario secccccecececcccccess 5,000 Licensees hunting outside of this district ~- 4% 200 Beemer hunters (Ontario residents) Soscosccsccccccvcscece 4,800 Farmer deer licensees = 1L% of sample eeev5envo0aevn0e2e0e¢8020028080808008 672 Percentage SUCCESS @eeeeoocvccoseseeevseeeevoeveevseceeveeoeseonoeseseoeseeeeeevreoe @ 36.07 feuamated kill by farmer deer LicenSeeS sccvcccccesccsocses 260 Resident deer licenses - 86% of sample cescccccervevceccees Hyl2e Percentage sucCceSS eeeseaeocoeaeoceaoeeoegpgeseocoeaespeoegew#weoecodn0ecn0e @ oH © eeseeseoses ee @ 305% Meeimated Kill by resident deer licensees ceccscsevcacsceves Lek hotel Pode): by Ontario residents eoogo@eeeveoecevoevee#@ocooeoeeeoee eed @ @ 1 505 deer.
The average hunter spent 6.4 days hunting and it required an average of 20 hunter days to bag a deer. The average hunter reported seeing 2.6 deer or almost nine times as many as were shot.
Approximately 29 percent of the hunters used dogs and 42 percent favoured their use. Forty-two percent of those using dogs bagged a deer, as compared to 27 percent success by hunters who did not use dogs.
Non=Resident Hunters
The non-resident deer kill was sampled as in 1955 by personnel stationed at the ferry dock on weekends only. In this way a total of 224 non-resident deer hunters and 106 deer were CL aese Of these, 72 hunters had bagged 45 deer outside this
TSN AE gaa eae
Thus, 152 non-resident hunters shot and exported 61 deer from this district.
On the basis of this sample of 106, 57.5 percent, of the deer exported at the border had been shot in this district. Customs records show that a total of 515 deer were exported in 1956. It follows then that 57.5 percent - or 296 of these were bagged in the Sault Ste. Marie District.
The sample taken also indicated a 40 percent success by non-resident hunters. Thus, if non-resident hunters bagged 296 deer in this district with 40% of the hunters successful, we must have had a non-resident population of 740.
Percentage composition of the non-resident kill was as follows:
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Age distribution was as follows: 2 aA
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Total deer kill in the district: Resident hunters - 1,245 Farmer-hunters - 260 Non-resident hunters - 296
Total LOO
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Discussion and Summary
The survey of the 1956 deer season was conducted bys Vaunenehecking station at the ferry dock and (b) a mailed ballot survey for resident and farmer hunters patterned after that con- ducted in 1955 through Elliot Haynes Limited.
It was estimated that approximately 4,800 residents hunted in the district, and killed 1,505 deer. Of these, residents who hunted on farmers’ licenses numbered 672 and killed 260 deer. The success of the farmers was estimated at 38.7 percent and that of other residents at 30.4 percent. The significant number of farmers’ licenses sold and their relatively high rate of success emphasizes the need for continuing to obtain figures on this portion of the kill.
Non-residents numbered 740 in 1956 as compared to 1,400 in 1955. Their rate of success dropped only slightly from 43 percent to 40 percent but the total kill dropped from 615 in 1955 to 296 in 1956.
The total kill estimated at 1,801 deer, decreased from the 1955 kill of 2,030 by an amount nearly equal to the decrease in the non-resident kill.
Areas #*s 2, 3 and 4 were again the most popular and the most lucrative. Special attention was again given to the kill on St. Joseph Island and another sharp drop in the total kill for that part of the district has been noted. A special survey of the herd and range conditions on St. Joseph Island is now underway and a Supplementary report of our findings will be issued shortly.
An attempt is being made to prepare a special report providing historical data for deer in the district. This report will also include the more complete data of recent years and it is hoped that information will emerge to show us how our present deer herd compares to that of earlier years.
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in Lasoo odd oad tneo1sq OL © | 2 ORG ‘
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-~ 4S -
APPENDIX A
DEER Hoven fe NeG. io UR Vee y ONTARIO DEPARTMENT OF LANDS & FORESTS
We are conducting a survey among Ontario hunters regarding hunting practices and deer appearances and kills during the 1956 season. Your co-operation in answering the following questions will help improve hunting conditions in future years, and the three minutes you spend answering this questionnaire will be greatly appreciated. To show our apprecation, we are enclosing a carborundum stone that you will find useful on your next hunting or fishing trip.
Yours sincerely, District Forester. Approximately how many days did you spend hunting deer during the 1956 season? iiscueces GAYS iiewmiae vOownship or general area did you hunt? .wcsccvscecccceee
(a) Approximately how many deer did you see during your hunting trip? eoo@cooe2s6e06000828008009000600 @ecegoeeo0oe¢?d0 sd ®@
Pamowonany Moose Gid YOU SCE? .sccncsucvees sveseveces
Dadeyou bring home a deer this season? Yes ( ) No ( 3 ie Ves, what was it? Buck ( ) Doe 10 3) Fawn (_ ) Sead you hunt with dogs? .iccctess. Yes (° ) No ( )
(b) Are you in favour of or opposed to the use of dees an deer hunting? J.e.s.. in favour 4 } Opposed ( )
Pear eSweaa Mere At WOU WES Seen occ ee ei eecesicnccccescoce ve
Thank you sincerely for your help with this survey. All
information will be treated confidentially.
Please fold and seal this self-addressed (return postage
guaranteed) form and drop it in the mail box today.
~ a
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eqiit acite Lt ate) per baton aero ey ate evioreonte eww0t ISVBS TS ' ea Ma A egw
ee ee eee eon ere nie Ty
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qntrwh eee Hoy bth +98 a, wot vied Seer aed pes RR Rida duh oo"
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to weu ond oF baaoaga ib 10 niowe aa ( } beeogq’ OD at rsh ny, seen fant ae a west
ohh al ie Ss, } Lg) a e«e Soe ero ees Oe SOK OHH He OH eee ee hetor ie 8 onpect! ig
" eee ee i "0 kere + — tM Ch me ce aR CRIES LE lake IME Nok aes ahaa Mm ill Yr Arr tert A et i
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‘foe abny J fies. bares bf vent fie 3% ott Re nia ont ‘ban, i a
WHEN REPLYING KINDLY QUOT THIS FILE NUMBER
APPENDIX B
ONTARIO
DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FORESTS
DouUlt ote. Marie, Ontario, canuary 2, 1957.
Dear) D112
Recently we forwarded you a deer hunting survey questionnaire, which you have not returned to date.
We would appreciate your cooperation in returning this questionnaire, which will help us in our deer management program.
If your questionnaire is already in the mail, please accept our thanks and disregard this reminder.
Yours very truly,
A. J. Herridge, GPC /f District Forester.
O28 VIC SHIVIEAR “IHW
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a ‘ Wel Pp Yi } ‘ t ‘ muy ty ® ci bf Bp. ols wiih eer a cM steteexol détade a! | ee i
ioe 50 ul WHEN REPLYING KINDLY QUO
APPENDIX C THIS FILE NUMBER
DEPARTMENT OF LANDS AND FCRESTS
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, January 31, 1957.
Near Sirs
On December 13, 1956, we forwarded you a deer hunting survey questionnaire which you have not returned to date. We also forwarded you a reminder on January 21, 1957. Would you please fill in the following information and return it to this Office as soon as possible?
1. Approximately how many days did you spend hunting deer during the 1956 season? deigiena sew Gays
2. in what township or general area did you hunt? .rccccevoe
3. (a) Approximately how many deer did you see during
MouE hUMbANeS CUP? veese teases sec Ne enewecces gee
(b) How many moose did you see? cesece Sap wiaisiswee eevee feaelvaeyou bring home a deer this season? Yes { ) No( )
if yes, what was it? Buck (_ ) Boe {).) Fawn ( }
Meet you hunt with GOES? Jdcenuswares Yes ( ) No ( )
(bo) Are you in favour of or opposed to the use of dogs iiedecr HunliNehawewseeee In tavour ( )) Opposed ( )
Your cooperation in returning this questionnaire will help us in our deer management program. If your questionnaire is already in the mail, please accept our thanks and disregard this letter.
Yours very truly,
MTW/f A. J. Herridge District Forester.
ity Pega
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yoy bilyoW .VeOl ,[S yrasast no teboaimes 2 oer Be etd} o¢ 2i aude bre nolsemrotat yntwollot ord ae ) eidleeoq eo -M antgnavc biege voy bib a YNsa wor Les emt OVED: osesbcneae *noeese BeOL ang gat ab
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exoh to ser we og besoqqo oO ‘to nyove? AE yoy 6 f : } beaoqq) ( ) voVvBt AL vevsesece * got toud ‘oud aa
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APPENDIX D
SAULT STE. MARIE DISTRICT
) \ Sault Ste. Marie un) TLE Vie \ , 2B Min vr yi eBruce Mines Ms Xa Thessalon hie g ins Eee a rth Sa We oi aa Cha Nel o.? ~ Plan Showing -
Areas for breakdown of deer hunter survey data.
em 2 eT Non-Pistrict a Data.
200
aTAaM .8T2 RVAE
TOIATeIG. i,
2
a= “4 of See _— ~ ~ } 4 “a ~- _- xD é ~, | i 7s oa = ay, 7 : ae es. Pee Bees <i ¥ = ee .- et i - . é
-
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: ' BIRD 4) i wnat smnyainpeneme |; *hhtdetdanol Clee
Bua ots
DEER SEASON - KEMPTVILLE DISTRICT - 1956
by J. B. Dawson
Deer kill data are difficult to obtain in Kemptville_ District since an extensive road system makes the use of checking stations impractical.
Three methods of data collection were used during the 1956 deer season. These were as follows:
(i) Two survey teams, each composed of two men, collected information during the course of the hunt; one team spent one week, the other two weeks in the field.
(ii) A checking station was set up on the Lanark road, near Perth, on November 17th and 18th.
(iii) An appeal for deer heads or jaws for aging purposes was sent to District Licence Issuers for distribution to District hunters. 1500 mimeographed forms and a similar number of shipping tags were sent to approximately 90 issuers. The value of deer management was outlined and hunters were requested to ship the head or lower jaw of their deer, express comlcen, FO the Kemptville District office.
Of the above three methods of data collection, the survey Bedlis were the most effective. 311 Kemptville District deer were checked: 200 of these were checked by one team, 56 by the other.
The Lanark road station provided information on only 15 Kemptville deer, although 92 Tweed District deer were aged during the two-day check.
The appeal for aging material made through the licence issuers was disappointing, since only 55 jaws or heads were received at District Office. Co-operating hunters represented only 3.2% of the total number of appeals. It is believed however, that approxi- mately one third of the forms were not distributed to hunters. If this was so, and if hunter success is considered to be about 30%, then the 55 returns represent a return of nearly 20% of those suc- cessful hunters receiving forms and tags. Some of the deer aged in the field were potential returns; this, of course, influenced the amount of aging material received at District Office.
Hunter Success
Although reliable figures are limited, hunter success appeared to be good in Kemptville District.
The method of data collection influenced hunter success rates. Field crews located many deer for aging purposes by ques- tioning farmers and local storekeepers. Thus, hunter success information was biased by the fact that most of the parties inter- viewed had already bagged one or more deer.
aT
he bar Ww A PU ae - Hf : im # vs 23 "TP J ies k qs Siw pepe A - we) : 1 ba a LD iw te Be i : ~ eee - 1 ory 5 prarsk fy i Src rer Go LO 4 ‘+ \ 2 4 wv “~ i. or < 4 at w : Ww b ‘, Ps | Li ni ® ‘ | " © x ev “4 -* rf & ’ | e ‘ ; ry ’ fp 6% s: 7a) r o~ ‘ ha) ‘ ; : re ree ~- & i
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edd gexten medeye bao owikenedas”: nF pone
,fem ows Io Deng sey 9 rs, ‘aneee tae ot sno seri add. “ie EB IHGO eng Meri sitoae eilsow “¢
shee Aw | a om ‘ tom = sok i HIGRBS ote SO. 8 oS8 Shy aotteva = e
re ‘is ae ee or
HIBS Bove dave, “adie ‘
Los 0) ewe aN ih ely Leek ot ttudindeatla ToT 4 sosteotd ie te 8 bas ergot erptae” GOR \ ris ¥; ry Ae The
e1aW ange? eniea Rigi <99 0 <3 fen? otha om haw
(foo estet to ehedged-seads svodie ‘od - inet rs , mr “%y :
‘7 olliveqnet, £06" "sav eaors te teonr old
2 yee ono Yd bedondts, stew epede Taam
mount bobiven)) iin, 4 “ny Spal a voob *ointerl bsowl-Se savodels ami ioods:
¢ "rr oe at he ; } " bys Peary Bites xt Leeqass edt
TO Bwe; ¢ Pee os ot Cm “y tars DOY Longe ; ~. * rs a we ie, ; ie 7 i. in | on fae | " : “A nn aarti 200 Sm eRe “pt pit (BOLTR r Mr ah ¥ ’ or iy “7 eo 7 ‘ ReaD Lee de Pt enn Rear nese 8 PLEAS TO Te
4odiroe eb dom ei Gayo? se ‘th badass
i} boyshhedeo @2 meomoie tegaent Tl Bee 7 Bi rson to. ode e sitese eee anidtet a a mod sAaee’ one atrro? uiivieset “To dn sano: "Lo <a ite series Is peieetty,. tow ‘30 tetnsekO G6 boevisgat Dette) ate
ee | : 10) bo dteon oft. Te ure 10't 6 yet au he tad ewerrd blok® cane r ta} iii ‘ au » &: *"y 48 af ora slg 80 Je BBG ®, 4 bas B tom
ete. ottort tO erie. : ee vbesais | bar
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ry Alm
a
Data collected in the above manner is as follows:
No. of Percent of Man-days Man-days Hunters™ Deer Shot Success of Hunting per deer 170 88 Bey. 1051 ae,
More reliable hunter success figures were obtained on opening day. 181 hunters who had bagged 20 deer, were checked in Marlborough Township of Carleton Count, on November 12th. This indicated a hunter success rate of 11.6% and a figure of 9.0 man- days per deer bagged. The hunter success figure is low since hunters were questioned throughout the day and some, no doubt, shot their deer after they had been checked.
For several reasons, no attempt was made to distinguish between organized and casual hunters. Casual hunters predominate in this District, and those that do hunt in an organized fashion are usually farmers.
High hunter densities in many areas no doubt tended to equalize organized and casual hunter success rates. Many hunters shot their deer in front of other men's dogs and organized drives, and numerous deer, wounded by organized groups, were claimed and tagged by casual hunters.
x includes organized, local and casual hunters.
cee
sewolfot ee ab ama evodo et at
eysbenal ” eyabeat to dnsost gob 190 &,
Cif | FOL
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usnitzeth o3 sbem sew of notte. OM ,enoese't { ninoberq etocnud Eeuesd etodaurl Laveno 8 fr £
tdest boexstnsegyro ne at deal ob tel veond. b
tS
ot bsbas? tduob on epsta yaom at aoittensb + ¢ e1sdnud ynsli .estek sesoowe ted Isveso me ~eavitib borinss10 bis egob a?nem toddo to grotto me bos bemislo stow ,equotg bexinsgio yd bebauow — » atch
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- 54 -
Deer Age-Class Distribution Summary District Kemptville 195 6
Total Deer Checked: 311
MOG BUCKS seseees 125 Adult Does cooeeeeee 87 mek KAWNS wee cece LO Doe Fawns 6oeoogc 080 @@00 Li Unsexed @eeeeoeoeeeoee8ese 8
Adults unaged wesc. 25
Percentage of Deer Checked:
Percentages of Adult Deer in Each Age Class
Bucks No. of Percent of
Age .—«s—<és=Deer Total Ne 43 36.4 23 19 16.1 34 14 ro LB a7 1hek 53 16 13.5 63 5 4.3 73 2 le? 84 = 0.0 93 2 aici
104 - 0.0
forAnS 118 100.0
UNAGED 8
tank 1s
Average age of Adult Bucks 3.32
AGUA BUCKS Waakasevesscese 4Oe51% AiG UGSGI EN Calsibessncsees 27097% Bees Game siecsatcesecs Sle52% 100.008 Does oexes Combined No. of Percent of No. of Percent of Becer om Pamelwil)) Deer. jcRotal _ 23 32 39 66 bipees 9 1248 28 14.9 9 1245 23 T22 Th Liat 28 14.9 vel Ne ay 1h.4 2 earie) fi Fad 5 43 D Z¢0 2 29 2 tee - 0.0 Z Lvl - 0.0 - 0.0 70 100.0 188 100.0 17 25 bey 87 213 Average age of Average age of
Adult Does 3.58 eld adults 3.12
> Race LE
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our eee ee eee en eee neotl siuha . ec eee eee enhances enwst Lesot
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Age-Class Distribution
Age-class distribution figures, for 188 adult deer aged in Kemptville District, indicate
(1) that 37.8% of all adult deer aged were 43 years of age or older.
faye that 22.9% of all adult deer aged were 53 years of age or older.
The 1954 and 1955 Ontario Deer Season summaries show that only 16.35% of adult deer aged were 44 years or older, and only 8.4% were 54 years or older. (Ave. of nine Districts 1954, 10 Districts 1955).
The number of 23 and 34 year olds in the Kemptville sample is low and the reasons for this are not well known. It has been suggested that the deep snows of late winter in 1955 may have influenced the survival rate of the 1954 fawn crop and thus lowered the number of 23 year old deer in the sample. If this was true, an appreciable mortality must have occurred, which is questionable.
Certain sampling errors may have occurred; these are, however, not obvious.
if a representative sample of the deer herd was obtained the abundance of older deer would seem to indicate that the herd has not been over-harvested during recent years.
bens tseb tiuhe 88f 10% sous pare mt: etsotbut
10 ens to e1sey ba bh / bogs we0b ton fe 40 8
aan ° D2
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to ogs to ersey 42 Stew iia wink oobe Is ‘to Re.SS .
—
fab OY teda wore eotismmue moesee te9f obtetn0 y anes ree “SOL 8 vine bas ,1bfo to ersey $ ovew bess toeb ¢ ba Yo.
OL ,de@L etotisetd ontn to .ova) wiabhLo 70 etEs 198
olqmse olfliviqaeNt edd at eblo se07 de bas Eg to deanna need esd 31 .nwont flow ton ete eidd rot enossst ena: everd yam @20L nt wstntw etal To eworne . ps Deis berewol end bne qovo mwet §20L ond to ston Levi ,outd Bew etdd Il .efqmse edd af tosh Blooteey | sfdenotsesip.el do Eat ~beris9899 eved Jenn tities
sis gases shorimeso ovat yem etoTrs gr itqmoe ated wevotvde J -
<q Z
benitstdo esw bied s9eb odd To eee evita steestqet a bred eft tJedd staolbni oF mege biyow toab nebLo, to £ -21seY Inesey aniawh boszowssit0v0 A
So)
H 32-4
1956
Nov.
Nove
Nov.
Nov.
Nov.
NOV. Nov. Nov. Nove
Nov.
Nov. Nov.
Nov.
i2 13
14
a5
16
a7 18 9 20 ran
Ze 23 2h,
Deer Season Weather Report
Station General Conditions
Snow Conditions
% of Ground Soft or Average
Covered Crusted Depth Hild - - ia - <
100% in am. soft Me an P.M,
igus all = ‘ale ile = mat - al: - ia) - ma ‘= na 1 - mid - mal -
District Kemptville
Ground Conditions
Frozen eee or oft. Wet vor Dry _ SOLt Dry
lightly fro- Dry zen in A.M.
soft Wet-erain all day
soft Weterain all day
soft Wet-rain in aem. - high winds in p.m.
soft wet
soft dry
soft dry
soft wet-rain all day
frozen wet
frozen wet
frozen wet
™ f. ¢ ri : v if r ene en ame A nA Ea elie ae me Hg nwa “ Ta PSOE “> ~ 4 bh on 59 4 eet: ae —eree a woe he ie ete it ee earemeeoreny ey ap 48 tok i La rv ' mwe 7 1 V + i 0 i. 1 ior rr + ee a & ” . LIS a et r eo + call 4 ; rey aly yi + Ae hy a y a is on et j ‘5 «= Nik SR : * _ ivf oD se ) ' | f er 7 ay ict bE fae ny Prey r ‘ - “af * 2 yay 7 i H “ L q j j Oe
atl
STOVER
foyer
ayer in 8 “Aeterna
Cd
ToS 208 bosenay
oo
= 57 =
Temporal Distribution of the Deer Kill - November 12th-17th.
Since hunters were interviewed continuously during the hunt, temporal distribution figures for the deer kill are limited.
One survey party worked sections of Lanark County only during the second week of the hunt. The temporal distribution of 114 deer killed in these areas during the previous week was as follows:
Date No. of Deer Killed Percent of Total November 12 37 Bie ole November 13 25 PAS, November 14 7 We.6 November 15 ae bak November 16 8 Te November 17 is 15 TOTALS 114 100.0
This sample indicates a gradual decrease in hunter success following that of November 12th. The kill was lowest on November Poco, a day of rain and high winds.
Milk Teeth
Condition of the milk teeth was. noted on 35 deer 14 years of age. Of these 17 had shed and 18 had not shed their milk teeth.
Lactation in Does
The state of lactation was noted in only 37 of the 87 does checked, since many deer had been cut up when the survey teams arrived.
Lactation, by age-classes, was as follows:
Age Class Milking Dry 13 3 6 ai 5 2 34 6 : i i i és é f 73 al 1
TOTALS ral 10
[stol to stneotes hal ira |
en eee en Se ae ree cuig eee anu nar pe Sarg arene wag agra en rade em
ot gaisub cisandbuee: ‘newotovaie .bedinif ote Lfhl teh: ont M02 aosuge?
yino vinwod aArened Ao: nioidoee: bewkrow: yor to noldwdstseER laroqmet oAT trust odd to Ret es esw Moow auolvetd ei? gubive: Rea Te
é todnwi at ceserieb Iavbewi se aeteo tine ofqim ap ee: j oe, Og : “tte eee isda iy An ae lw ‘Ages fie pels ~
£ f tsob Of m6. bedon sew dooed wim oniat 1 itoor7 » stent pene ton Bed 8. bee bende bed. vs coh TR odd to SE vino wt Beton eew noldedosl to: soem aure? yavise odd ctedw quo ds moed ‘bet eek gaam)
3 See mey eeglo ene. f $i. a Pal al : oh cy e £ 9 $ : EH fi a é nae scsiapdatulcaiatalas . f c ¢
= |
a
Distribution of Deer Checked
Map #1 shows the number of deer checked in each of the Townships open for hunting during the 1956 season.
The number of deer checked is not correlated with the actual number of deer killed per Township in any way, since the survey crews, of necessity, confined their activities to certain areas.
MAP #1 - Deer Checked by Townships, Kemptville District, November, 1956. cf
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oft conka .¥SW YOS Wi ofdeawol: tee: nistres od ®ekiivivos: reese) ponpt ceo"
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sel O
1956 Deer Data - Marlborough Township*, Kemptville District
This Township, in Carleton County, has an assessed acreage Brey .o09"™,. (The amount of Crown Land is’ negligible). Of this 85 square miles, only 29% is cultivated. 32% is abandoned farm land, much of which is woodlot and swamp, and the remainder, 39%, is wood- lot or unimproved land.
Much of the Township is excellent deer habitat, and since the area is located about 15 miles from the city of Ottawa, annual hunting pressure is high.
Several factors contributed to an even heavier concentra- tion of hunters than usual in Marlborough Township in 1956. For the first time in several years, the five eastern Counties of Kemptville District were closed to deer hunting. This, coupled with the fact that adjacent areas to the south and east of the Township Opened two days later, resulted in a very high hunter density, especially during the first two days of the hunt.
In an attempt to check as many deer kills as possible during the period of highest hunting pressure, a section of the Township covering approximately 48 square miles was cruised exten- sively by automobile on November 12th and 13th.
On November 12th, 161 hunters, with a total kill of 20 deer, were checked - a hunter success of 11.6%.
On November 13th, about the same number of hunters bagged 16 deer, After the 13th, as the season opened to the south and east, hunting pressure fell considerably and the intensive check was abandoned.
In two days, 36 deer kills were checked on the 48 square Miles. It is estimated that about 70% of all deer killed were checked during the two days; if this assumption is correct, then about 50 deer, (slightly over one deer per square mile) were killed on the first two days.
This rate of kill was certainly not maintained during the last three days of the season due to a greatly reduced hunting pressure. A kill of slightly over two deer per square mile is estimated for the entire six-day season. If this figure is applied to the Township as a whole, then a kill of 85 x 2 or 170 deer occurred. This figure is probably high, since the 48 square miles checked com- prise a large percentage of the Township's best deer range.
x see map #2.
xx Canada Bureau of Statistics, 1951 Census.
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Sixty-nine deer from Marlborough Township were aged. The
results are contained in the deer age-class distribution summary on page 61.
This summary indicates that deer in the older age-classes
constituted the bulk of the sample. Several causes of this age- class distribution are suggesteds
te
(34)
Since the sample is small, a random sample of the kill was probably not accomplished.
The sample may indicate a trend towards older age classes in the population. If this is so, it may be that although high densities of hunters occur, hunting is done in a very inef- ficient manner. Hunting pressure was higher this season than in previous years. It is quite possible that the harvest of recent years has not affected the Township's deer herd appre- ciably.
No definite conelusions can be made from one sampling of
the population and special efforts will be made to collect data from Marlborough Township in the future.
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Hy 30 Deer Age-Class Distribution Summary Marlborough Township, Kemptville District 1956 Total Deer Checked: 69 Percentage of Deer Checked: Adult Bucks eoee000 26 Adu Bucks oenoseoeeeew#oet eo 4 B77 Adult Does e@o0ooeoee@2e00 Bay Adult Does oeoe@e@oeeeeongeg eee 6 305k EUeePaWIS seesecces Ll MG eWelWiNS bese ss 0s 0060 0 B19 MGSVPAWHS es¢gseueee Ll Unaged & Unsexed AO - Total Ce ee ee ee 100.0 Percentages of Adult Deer in Each Age Class Bucks Does Sexes Combined Nos or Percent No. Of Percent NO. Of Percent Age Beer” of ‘Total peer, ot. Total Deer of Total 13 5 TWA 6 28.5 ia 23.4 23 3 ERS 3} te3 6 12,0 cS - L-) 2 9.4 z eo he 9 Slee 7 3 14.3 12 () 53 7 26.8 5 SE We 25.5 63 i e0 1 he@Y 2 eS: 73 - 2 il 4.9 al Ana gh . me : : 93 iL 4.0 a - 1 2A 104 “ aa e & uy a TOTALS 26 100.0 Zi £OO..0 17 1007.0
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KENORA DISTRICT WINTER DEER MORTALITY SURVEY, 1957
by V¥. Macins
Areas Checked For Deer Winter Kill in the Spring of 1957
(1)
(2)
(4)
May 6, 1957 check on the Long Bay area North of Sioux Narrows Lake of the Woods) by Carl Liddle (Conservation Officer) and Val Macins. Area covered: three miles long, one chain wide (3760 mi, sq.).
In this area the remains of two deer were found. The lower of one 3 = 4 year old deer was collected. Part of skull, chips of bone and hair also found in the same vicinity.
Meeehevother location (30 chains S. E. of the first) only chips of bone, contents of the stomach and large amounts of hair found. No sex could be determined and no femur was collected in either case. Evidence points to predator kill. Sufficient browse available throughout the area covered, but in places heavy browsing on Juneberry, Mountain Maple, White Birch, Hazel and Aspen was noted.
May 11, 1957 the area north of Granite Lake (up to Deception
Lake) was checked. Area covered: 5 miles long, one chain wide (1/16 mi. square).
In this area no dead deer were found. Browsing only moderate. Browse most utilized - Dogwood, Mountain Maple, Juneberry and Fly Honeysuckle. Browsing on Hazel very light, no signs of heavy concentrations of deer in this area.
On May 13th. and l4th. areas east and west of Cygnet Lake were checked. Both areas covered were of a similar size five miles x one chain wide (1/16 mi. square).
No deer that died the previous winter were found. Remains of few from the winter of 1955/56 were noted.
In the area east of Cygnet Lake moderate browsing on Hazel, Juneberry, Birch, Aspen and Balsam Fir. The effects of the heavy browsing in the winter of 1955/56 were noticeable. In this area more present signs of moose than deer were noted.
The area west of Cygnet Lake is moderately to heavily browsed utilizing mainly the same species of browse. In this area deer populations seem to be much more abundant than on the east shores of the lake (estimated from fresh pellet groups).
The total area covered in all four checks on the spring of 1957 was .23 square miles.
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1956 DEER HUNT REPORT - PEMBROKE FOREST DISTRICT
by K. K. Irizawa
Information on the 1956 deer hunting was collected at the highway checking stations, by using hunt camp survey forms and through field checks of camps and hunters by Department personnel. This report presents a summary of our findings. In most cases comparisons will be made with similar data from previous years so that you may follow the trends which occur in deer populations and hunting in general.
This year, 179 hunt camp report forms were sent or handed out to the parties compared with 103 in 1955 and 107 in 1954. Prior to January 7, 1956, when a reminder was sent out, 87 returns were made. Following the reminder another 69 returns were received for a total of 156 or 87% returns. This compares very well with 1955 when 85% made returns and with 1954 when 82% made returns. At this rate by 1965 we should be getting close to 100% returns.
Of the 179 hunt camps contacted 101 were operating with a land-use permit on crown land. The remainder were camp parties hunting from camps on patented land or from summer cottages and farm-houses. Of the final returns totalling 156, 14 indicated their camps were not in use for a variety of reasons leaving 142 whose information is used in this report.
Let us look now at the overall summary of success and effort for the hunt camps and of checking station data.
For Hunt Camps 1956 O55 1954 Number of deer reported 604 37k 376 Total number of hunters lige 646 607 Total days of hunting 7010 LLOQ 3977 Hunter success 53.4% 57.9% 61.9% Hunter = days per deer 6 260 10.6
In addition to the 604 deer reported above six moose were reported killed. If these moose are added to the deer the "new" success and effort figures become 53.9% and 11.5 hunter-days, respectively. Some people have suggested that one moose is worth five deer because the average weight of moose and the cost of the Special “moose licence” are both approximately five times as much as that for deer, Following this reasoning further we added 30 (6 x 5) to 604 and got a “revised hunter success of 56.1% and effort of 11.1 hunter-days.
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- 65 =
At The Checking Stations 1956 ODD 1954 Number of deer checked 381 39h 295 Total number of hunters 137 1004 Shab Total days of hunting 6343 5720 Ah3h Hunter success 33.5% 39.2% 35.0% Hunter - days per deer 16.6 IAG) Dai
Although the success dropped somewhat and the time required to kill a deer increased slightly there is no need to panic because this was the general picture in this part of the Province last fall. The averages for this district still remain better than those of Similar districts adjacent to us,
The age-sex breakdown for hunt camp and checking station deer are shown next as percentages of the total.
For Hunt Camps 1956 1955 1954 Adult bucks 45.9% 47.6% 51.6% Adult does 28.8% 27.5% 30.6% Total fawns 253% 2h..9% 7.870 At The Checking Stations 1956 1955 1954 Adult bucks L6.4% 2.1% LO. 7% Adult does s 27.60% 31.5% 31.5% Total fawns 26.0% 26.4% 278%
A total of 573 deer were aged at the checking stations and in the field. Of these 134 were classed only as “unaged adults" so that 439 actually aged animals of both sexes are represented in the table below.
+
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Age 4 (fawn) 13
22 Seite hes hail No. 130 Ze fan y) 2
53 34 WS 8 The average ages of adult deer shown below are based on checking station data only.
1956 1955 Sys Adult Bucks 2 5O. VE Sa 2eino. yrs. 2.10. ViPS Adult Does Dial, eS Sa2e VCS. 2-99 yrs. All Adults 2a ou VE Se 2u0 VESe Pe Oh TS
Complete weight figures are not available this year be- cause very few deer were weighed at the checking stations. We recall one buck at 218 lbs. but the rest of the "big bucks" were just over or under 200 lbs.
Hunters checked at the checking stations this year were classed as "casual" or "organized" again. Calculations show that organized camp hunters are more than twice as successful as casual
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hunters and bag their deer in almost half the time.
1956 - Casual hunters -~ 17.1% success, 27.6 hunter-days Organized hunters 39.4% success, 15.1 hunter-days 1955 - Casual hunters - 18.6% success, 26.0 hunter-days Organized hunters - 45.3% success, 14.1 hunter-days
Based on success and effort figures for hunt camp and checking station data combined, the following general areas of the Pembroke Forest District were rated on a one, two, three - basis for your best chances of getting a deer in the least time.
Area 1956 1955
I Deux Rivieres - Stonecliffe - Rolphton II Deep River - Chalk River - Petawawa IiI Alice - Westmeath - Lake Dore
IV Indian ~- Round Lake - Bonnechere
V Paugh Lake = Barry's Bay - Aylen Lake VI Madawaska - Hay Lake - Whitney
ke WE MOHN WN
EWNAPSE
Area II has established itself as the best deer unit in the district every year. This year Area IV replaced Area I as the second best unit. There were no clear-cut differences between positions 2, 3, 4 and 5, in fact Area I and Area VI ended up in a virtual tie.
“To Use Dogs or Not To Use Dogs"
Dogs remain as one of the controversial topics among deer hunters. We are not proposing any solutions but we present the following information extracted from the 142 hunt camp returns made as being of possible interest to you.
Four parties did not state whether they used dogs or not, (we presume they didn’t). Sixty-eight parties did not use dogs at all and seventy parties reported using dogs. Of the latter, 16 parties had one dog each, 17 parties used two dogs each, 13 parties used three dogs each, 20 parties used four dogs each and four parties had five or more dogs in camp. The average number of dogs used per dog-using party was 2.8 or nearly three dogs per party.
The average number of hunters per party reported was eight but in actuality there was an average of 6.6 hunters per party out each day. This difference, we believe, is due to the practice of some camps designating one licencee as “cook-for-the-day", while other camps have some hunters with that familiar “morning-sickness", which renders them hors de combat for the day’s hunt.
MYou'li Take the High Road and J’ll Take the Low Road"
Do you recall that you were asked at the checking stations whether you went to your camps entirely by land or whether any water travel was involved. We have found out that for this district one party out of 13 have some water travel before they can reach their camp. This information is necessary if the season were to be extended or perhaps set back later in the month.
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Res Special Moose-Deer Licences
A Gotal of 127 licences were sold in this district, In addition 14 hunters who had bought their licences elsewhere hunted Memunts district for a grand total of 141 "moose hunters”. Returns amounted to 115 or 81% and the reported kill was 40 moose (18 bulls 13 cows and nine calves) and 19 deer (10 bucks, five does and five fawns) for a hunter success of 51.3%. There were 56 unsuccessful hunters (48.7%). The most disappointing feature of the moose survey we conducted was that only 10 sets of lower jaws (out of 40) and two sets of reproductive tracts from cow moose (out of 13) were turned in.
Bear Facts
Hunt camp parties numbering 19 reported killing 31 bears of which six were male adults, nine female adults, 11 male cubs and five were female cubs.
The Winter of 1956-57 and Deer
Some preliminary field work was started this winter in a census of our deer herd. In late January and early February we covered the district by aircraft for the aerial survey of deer and moose populations and distributions. Later a follow-up was done on the ground using the pellet-group census technique. This involves counting the number of deer dropping groups that can be found on plots as we walk along measured strips in the bush. From this we can compute the number of deer in a chosen area if we know the period of time, say the number of days after a heavy snowfall.
As far as snow conditions are concerned we had a very mild winter. The highest standing snow depth reported was 21 inches in the Stonecliffe area in mid-February. Other snow stations run by the Department in this district reported an average of 15 inches as the deepest snows in mid-January. These low standing depths of snow and the absence of any serious crust conditions certainly would not impede deer in their movements.
With the passage of time we will be concentrating more of our efforts on the field work aspects of deer investigation. The facts we dig up, we hope, will aid us in deer management and thus ensure “good deer hunting" for you every fall.
How to Age Deer
Many hunters whom we have interviewed in the field, at the checking stations or at their camps have expressed an interest in the techniques used in determining the age of deer by the teeth of the lower jaws. (Editor's note - a series of diagrams were included in the original paper). First, you have to recognize that certain changes occur in deer dentition with increasing age just as in human beings. Until deer reach the age of 14 years fer: months) or so the number of teeth present and the replacement of the "milk" premolars
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are the guides used in aging. Once the "milk" teeth have been replaced by the permanent premolars at about 18 months, there is no more replacement taking place. From then the amount of wear as reflected
by the relative widths of the whitish enamel to the brownish dentine
is the key used in age-reading. It is rather difficult to state simply the innumerable subtle changes that occur in wear pattern from 23 years (30 months) on, but in general principle if the teeth are sharp and shows lots of white, the animal is younger than that whose teeth are flattened from grinding and hence show lots of brown.
Do You Know
- That within the U. S. and Canada white-tailed deer inhabit 1,500,000 square miles of range and number about 6,500,000 animals?
- That doe fawns may breed their first year? Where deer were getting all they wanted to eat as high as 35% of the fawns born in the spring were breeding in the late fall.
= That the rate of reproduction in a deer herd is affected by food conditions? Does living in a range where food conditions were good were producing nearly twice as many fawns as were does living where food conditions were poor.
- That availability of food rather than disease, poachers, parasites or predatory animals is the factor limiting the size of our deer herd?
- That antler size and formation is a reflection of nutri- tion and condition of bucks and not of age? We have checked yearling bucks with forked horns and older bucks with only “spike” horns.
About Hunter Safety
Do you know why many of us are scared of becoming deer hunter casualties? We are scared because we do not know why we have such accidents and it is only human to be frightened of something that is not understood.
One good tip for the hunter - wear RED - scarlet - not the black and red plaid. The latter, especially when faded, looks black and bear=like when seen at a distance. Better still, wear some of that fire orange or neon red material that is available now. It is almost four times brighter than scarlet in bright light and the difference increases as the light fades.
Gun accidents, particularly deer hunting accidents, seem to be a little more spectacular than most forms of sudden death. We become calloused to the ordinary, such as vehicle accidents or drown- ings, which we read about every day.
The greatest single cause of deer hunting gun accidents is the hunter himself or a member of his own party - an accidental dis- charge at point-blank range, cleaning or unloading rifle, horseplay or stumbling and falling. All of us have read the 10 Commandments of
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Firearm Safety, maybe so often that they sound trite. Read them again?
However, if all this sounds too gloomy and you need reas- suring see you insurance man. He probably will tell you that you are a lot safer watching a run way on a frosty morning than you are painting your house, driving to the movies or even having a nice quiet game of golf?
(adapted from Mich. Cons.)
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Pembroke, Ontario, April 9th, 1957.
Dear Sir:
We are sending you a copy of the 1956 deer hunting report for the Pembroke Forest District. You will notice that special emphasis has been placed in putting out a more informative report so that you will have a better understanding of the problems we encounter in deer management. We hope that after you have read the report you will pass it along to the rest of your hunt camp members.
Along with sending you this report we would like to voice our appreciation for the splendid cooperation shown by most hunt camp parties. It goes without saying that without your encouraging support it would not have been possible to complete this report.
When the 1957 deer season rolls around we shall be appealing to you again for information on the hunt. We trust that at that time we will get the same high degree of cooperation and help which you have given us in the past.
Yours very truly,
DNs Omandy, K.K. Irizawa/SS District Forester.
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THE 1956 DEER SEASON IN PEMBROKE DISTRICT
by KK, Irazawa
The 1956 deer season in the Pembroke District was from November 12th to 24th inclusive, excepting Sunday, the 18th. As in past years, information on the hunt was collected at the highway checking stations, through hunt camp report forms and on field checks of hunters and camps.
I Checking Stations
About 49% of the data shown in this section was obtained at the Arnprior station. The rest came from stations in adjoining districts in the following approximate proportions: Burleigh Falls - 29%: Gravenhurst - 14%: and Millbridge-Kaladar - 8%. One card from the Union Creek Station (Lindsay) was grouped with Burleigh Falls and one from North Bay was grouped with Gravenhurst. In the summaries following, the data from Millbridge and Kaladar, both in the Tweed District, are combined and listed under Millbridge.
The composite summary of hunter success and effort-per-deer for this district is shown below.
Number of deer checked - 381 Number of hunters checked - 1,137 Total days of hunting = 46,343 Hunter success percentage - 336) Hunter-days per deer - 16.6
A breakdown of these data by checking stations is presented below. The percentage of the total of deer, hunters and days are listed in parentheses.
Suation Deer Hunters Days Success Effort Arnprior ToL Bho) Ve Cheer ue 3260 (51.4) B2.7 18.0 Burleigh LOG (2758) 3h 2062) i/o (27.8) 30.9 V6)s6 Gravenhurst 70: '(1s 1.) 133. (ab) HOS Veit i.) 52.6 10.3 Millbridge Au O65) MOT Ok) 597 ( 9.4) Zeal 24.9 TOTALS 381 orgie fi 6343 3565 16,6
Each station where deer and hunters from this district are checked is unique inasmuch as the origin and destination of the hunters is concerned. At Arnprior hunters from Ottawa and the lower Ottawa valley and St. Lawrence valley towns are checked. They have hunted chiefly in our deer management units I, II and IV. (For a description of these units the reader is directed to pp. 2-3 of the August 1955 Fish and Wildlife Management Report. Alice Township formerly in unit IV has been placed in unit III this year.) At
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Gravenhurst, hunters headed for the Toronto - Southwestern Ontario areas have hunted in Units I, V and VI. At Burleigh Falls, hunters bound for the Toronto = Western Lake Ontario region have hunted in units IV, and V and VI. At Millbridge and Kaladar the hunters checked are from the Eastern Lake Ontario - Bay of Quinte and lower Trent valley towns and their hunting was confined mainly to units mv, v and VI.
In addition to hunter-success and effort data, data on age and sex of deer, premolar condition of yearling animals and lactation in adult does were collected at the stations. Owing to the difficulty in attempting to age frozen animals on the second week-end, the numbers of unaged adults is quite high when compared with those of boo or 1955.
Age-Class Distribution
Total Deer Checked Percentage of Deer Checked Agel bucks. - 177 Adult bucks - 46.4% Hautes does . = 105 Adwlt dees) = 27.0% Topal fawns - 99 total fawns = 26.0%
Percentages of Adult Deer in Bach Age-Class
isle! ic ae Un Be Combaned Ages Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 13 53 L605 745) Boece 76 TEARS 26 25 Bve®) 16 Zoe ral Dealt 36 19 Ge7, ae 15.9 30 16.4 he 1 9.6 iipk ISAS) Be L260 23 5 Lek 3 Lod 8 Lek 63 1 0.9 2 29 3 1.6 73 - ~ il les i 0.5 7s + - - 2 29 2 ak TOTAL JW 100.0 69 1LOO.0 183 LOOEO UNAGED 63 3510 36 Bh 99 3543
GRAND TOTAL 77 100.0 105 100.0 282 100.0
Average age of adult bucks - 2.56 years Average age of adult does - 3.14 years Average age of all adults - 2.78 years
This year, hunters interviewed at the stations were classed as either “Organized" or "Casual". The former includes organized camp hunters and guided hunters, the latter consists of hunters who hunt on varying roadsides and locales from day to day.
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Success and Effort by Units and Categories
Unit Category Deer Hunters Days Success Hi tort I Organized 70 178 72 13 67% N68? Casual 13 65 34.2 20.0% 26.3 aE Organized 77 57 970 49.0% 12,6 Casual a Pa) 198 2h oL% 18.0 ry Organized 5 23 108 Pe Zi 20 Casual 2 20 72 10.0% 36.0 IV Organized 36 80 391 45.0% 109 Casual 7 39 27 17.9% 1S gl V Organized 55 5 923 35.0% 116.8 Casual 3 V7 358 16.9% 2s VI Organized 87 24,3 1418 35.8% 16.3 Casual 5 of) 264, 9.4% 5226 Summary by Categories Organized 330 838 L982 39.4% Gel Casual 51 299 1361 Gs 260-7
Percentages of Deer, Hunter and Days by Category
Category Percent Deer Percent Hunters Percent Days Organized 86.6 EPO 4A) Casual 13.4 26.3 PAS)
Summary by Units
Total. Total Total Hunter Hunter Unit Deer Hunters Days Success Effort a 83 243 m5 1), 34.2% 1662. ri 88 202 1168 43.6% WB Ae! EO i 4,3 180 16.3% 25. IV 13 119 518 36.1% 2.0 V 68 23h 1281 29.1% 18.8 VI 92 296 1682 Bia 18.3
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Condition of Premolars in Yearlings
Special attention was paid to the condition of premolar replacement in 13 year old animals. Those with the milk teeth shed completely or in the process of shedding with perhaps P3 and Ph shed and P2 still intact were classed as shed. Those with all the milk teeth intact were classed as unshed. In the sample 34 animals had milk teeth shed, 34 had the teeth unshed and nine animals were unchecked for a total of 77 yearling animals.
Condition of Lactation in Adult Does
Udders on adult does were slit and examined to see if the does were milking (wet) or dry. This gives an indication of the reproduction in the deer herd. On the second weekend particularly, some difficulty was encountered in checking for lactation owing GO the frozen condition of the animals. A total of 105 does were examined in the following proportions.
Milking (wet) - 363 Dry = 323 Unchecked - 37. Land ~ Water Route to Camps
Every party interviewed was asked whether they travelled by land only or by water as well to get to their camps. This would have a bearing on the open season especially if the season was extended for a week or two or if it was set back into December.
The summary is as follows.
By Land By Water No. of Parties Le 35 No. of Hunters 102L alas
Average No. hunters per land party - 2.38 Average No. hunters per water party - 3.23
Ratio - water: land partics - 1.03 12.3 Ratio = water: land hunters - 1.03 9.1
Weather Record
Weather reports from Cormac, Round Lake, Whitney, Stone- cliffe and Pembroke were kept during the season. Average conditions throughout the district for the two weeks may be summarized by stating that the first week was mild, and wet, snow falling on Tuesday and rain on Thursday and Friday: the second week was still mild and wet at the beginning but became colder towards the end with snow flurries on Thursday and Friday. Detailed reports on snow and ground conditions have been sent in to Maple.
II Hunt Camps
A substantial increase in hunt camps data this year resulted from extensive field work during the hunt and from concerted efforts by the staff at the Arnprior checking station to seek the identity of established hunt camps hitherto unknown. In all, 179
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hunt camp report forms were sent or handed out to the parties this meme cr. 195) = 107 amd 1955 = 103).° Prior to January 7, 1957 when a reminder was sent out, 87 returns were made. Following
the reminder another 68 returns were received for a total of 155 (86.6%). This compares favorably with 1954 - 82.2% and 1955 - 85.4%. Of the 155 returns made, 14 indicated that their camps were not in use for a variety of reasons leaving 141 whose information 1S used in this section.
Of the 179 hunt camp parties contacted 101 were operating with a land use permit on crown land. The remainder were either patented land camps or parties hunting from private summer cottages and farm houses.
summary of Success and Effort
Number OL deer reported coe ee CC OOOO oO eC DO oe OOO Be OOO MeO OO MeO eo 60h Dee emo Uti CieSielcebcsiueceoecoeco act oescescecccees LIZ] Teta days of hunting eo@ecoeaodvocecvceaevgveaovnoeevecvcgceen0env0e0e2c0eo0e2000 8908689 7OLO HUI QUCCESS PCYCENLAGS ceeccdecccvcccsvcevcceseesroseces D3 oly Hunter days per deer @oeoevo0oec0 coc ecocoeooeodcescoeeceseeeegeeeceeseaoacsegese ga TAS
In addition to the deer reported above six moose were reported killed. If these moose are added to the deer to total 610 animals, then the success and effort may be revised to 53.9% and 11.5 man days. IJ1f the weight differential and licence cost dif- ferential between moose and deer is taken into consideration it may be justifiable to conclude that a moose is worth five deer. Upon pursuing this reasoning and adding 30 moose to 604 deer the success and effort would be "improved" to read 56.1% and 11.1 hunter-days respectively.
The six moose killed consisted of two bulls, two cows and a male and female calf each. Two of these were killed in Airy Township and one each in Cameron, Wylie, Dickens, and Sabine .Town- ships.
A total of 19 parties reported killing 31 bears. These consisted of six adult males (19.42) , mine adult females (29.07%), Peete cubs (35.5%) and five female cubs (16.1%).
ouccess and Effort by Units
Unit Deer Hunters Days Success Effort r 113 259 1767 43.6% 15.6 It 194 289 1878 67.1% Oo7 OTT 5 1b 70 33.3% 14.0 IV 115 22h 19°72 51.3% 10,2 V 9h 163 1064 STD Aes VI 83 181 1059 45.9% 12.8
TOTAL 604 TS 7010 53.4% TA 6
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Age Class Distribution
Total Deer Reported
Adult bucks - 277 Adult does = 174 Total fawns = 153
Percentage of Deer Reported Adult bucks - 45.9% Mutt does = 28,8% Tobal fawns = 25.3%
The ages obtained of hunt camp deer will be found in section III,
Temporal Distribution of Hunt Camp Deer Kills
No. Of NOm Of New of Percent of Percent of Mase Hunters Parties Deer foveal Kilt Hunter Suceess
2 Nov. 943 133 163 Aun 1/5 ish Nev: 900 125 107 ie 7 19 14 Nov. 87h 23 gl LS 9.3 Peco. 758 oe 5)5) 8 IAS 16 Nov. 798 a2 L6 TENS SA) i7 Nov. 750 1LO9 LO 8.1 6.5 TOTAL 5023 Q13 481 1986 Dele 19 Nov. 392 66 3h SAIS Saw 20 Nov. BZ 61 23 Sa) Oe 2 Nov. 292 55 3 Rak heS 22 Nov. 323 58 19 Seal 59 23 Nov. 318 58 ay 208 Died 24 Nove 290 52 7 268 569 TOTAL 1987 550 23 ZOE 36.5
The pattern of temporal distribution of kill conforms to the general pattern throughout the Province. The importance that weather plays in determining the size of the kill is reflected in the data for Thursday, November 15, when rain was responsible for the low kill and success. By expanding on the deer kill in the temporal distribution table it was possible to determine the temporal distribution of the deer kill composition which is shown below.
Temporal Distribution of Deer Kill Composition
Bucks Does Fawns Date Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent 12 Nov. 81 49.7 39 BOS) 13 ZO 13 Nov. L9 4508 34 es 2k 22 0h 14 Nov. Al 50.6 20 Zhe? ZO 2he7 15 Nov. 18 51.4 at 20.0 10 28.6 16 Nov. 20 43.5 Ll 312.0 alm 2539 17 Nov. 18 36.7 1 30.26 IRS Giet TOTAL Ber AT oe 130 2700 12h 25a
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Bucks Does es he es
Date Number Percent Number Eercent Number” Percent. 19 Nov. 20 Dowe Tul Dew 3 8.8 20 Nov. 9 o7eL 9g D9aL 5 Zas 7 21 Nov. r Vol 7 52.8 D ISO) 22 Nov. 9 K7 oh 3 dsb ts) q 36.8 23 Nov. D 29.4 8 L7 el L We) 24, Nov. 6 3503 6 3563 5 294 TOTAL 50 40.7 hh o3.6 29 23.0 GRAND TOTAL 277 hed 174 28.8 LD 2503
Although there is inconclusive evidence in the table to show clear-cut patterns, there is a suggestion that the buck composi- tion decreases and the doe composition increases between the first and second week. The fawn composition is relatively unaltered between the two weeks.
Average Size of Hunt Camp Parties by Days
First Week Mon. Fues. Wed. Te Ss. | CR Oat. Total No. Hunters 94,3 900 87h 758 798 750 5023 No. Parties 133 15 23 ek a2 109 TAS Average size he fica 7 gill 6.8 ‘Lek 6.9 (20 second Week
No. Hunters 392 Be 292 323 318 290 1987 No. parties 66 61 55 58 58 52 350 Average size 59 Get ne Bris 565 io Daf.
The totals for the two week period were 7010 hunters, 1063 parties and an average party size of 6.6 hunters. This figure does not indicate the true average size of the party but merely the average party size of hunters out each day. The true figure may be arrived at by dividing the total numbers of hunters listed on the hunt camp return forms by the number of returns. In this case the hunters total 1131 and returns 141 hence the average size would be 8.0 hunters per party. The discrepancy between 8.0 hunters and 6.6 hunters is likely due to the fact that some camps designate one licencee as cook-for-the-day or other camps have hunters with that familiar “morning sickness" which renders them “hors de combat" for the day's hunt.
III Field Checks
The data in this section are results of field work done by the biologist and conservation officers and include district road checks, age studies and a brief summary of the Camp Petawawa military area hunting.
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Orange Road Check
On opening day, between 3.30 and 5.30 pem., 124 hunters with eight deer were checked at Duke's Crossing on Orange Road which taps the civilian hunting zone on the military area. The hunter success and effort-per-deer of this group of casual hunters was 6.5% and 15.5 hunter-days, respectively. When these are compared with the hunt camp hunters’ opening day figures of lie 3% and 15.6 hunter-days there is certainly conclusive evidence of the higher success enjoyed by organized hunters. The ages of these deer will be found elsewhere in this section.
Camp Petawawa Forms
Survey forms were prepared and distributed by the camp authorities to each casual hunter who registered to hunt on the military area. The return address on these forms was that of the Department of Lands and Forests at Pembroke. Our experience with this type of form last year was very discouraging, hence it was surprising to see that the Camp authorities had gone along with the forms again this year without consulting the Department. Our skepticism was borne out when only 52 forms were returned of the 1000 or so distributed. The return of 5.2% (cf. 4.7% in 1955) does not warrant continuing the use of these forms.
There was a tendency of the successful hunters replying for 29 (58.8%) of the respondents were successful and 23 not success- ful. The age-class distribution shows 16 adult bucks (55.2%), eight adult does (27.6%) and five fawns (17.2%). The effort was very low = 217 hunter-days for 29 deer or 7.5 hunter-days per deer. Temporal distribution of the kill was not calculated for such a small sample but it was noted that 23 deer were killed in the first week and six in the second.
Age Studies
A total of 191 deer ages were obtained from deer checked in the field and from deer jaws turned in by local hunters and by the local frigid locker establishment. Several sets of jaws were voluntarily mailed in by hunt camp hunters who had gone out on a week day and had not been checked at a checking station.
Age-Class Distribution
Total number checked: Adult bucks - 103 (53.9) (Percentages in parentheses) Adult.does’ = 58 (30.4) Hetaliatawnsie »32)) (15.7)
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Percentages of Adult Deer in Bach Age-Class
Bucks Does Combined
Ages Number Percent Number Percent Number Percent
13 3h 13.16 12 25.0 16 36.5
2 Oe 26.9 9 Ss 30 23 ats}
38 12 eS yeast 10 20.8 22 ile)
he 3} 3.8 fe) 18.8 Ae OTS)
22 5 aryh 2 Lee fi 5.6
63 3 35 2 here: D EO)
73 - ~ L 8.3 L Bist TOTAL 78 99.9 L8 LOO G1 126 HOO ea: Unaged 25 PATS) 10 Tee 39 Pala]: GRAND TOTAL 103 100.0 58 VOO'sO Vou 100/50
Average age of adult bucks ~ 2.64 years Average age of adult does - 3.54 years Average age of all adults - 2,98 years
Comparison of these average age figures with those in Section I show the same general pattern without any significant difference.
Since little information on premolar condition in yearlings and lactation condition in adult does was collected in the field, comparative analysis with similar information in Section I was not feasible.
IV Comparisons, Discussion and Recommendations
Checking Stations
The data for the years 1954-56 show a decline in 1956 of success and increase in effort but not sufficiently so to worry about.
Neere Hunters Days success Hf fort 1954 £95 Shh AWZh BE OY 15.0 at ys) 394 LOO4 5720 39.2% 14.5 1956 381 ilies ly, 6343 33.5% 16.6
The age-class distribution over the same period has remained fairly constant.
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Adult Bucks Adult Does Fawns 1954 40.7% 31.2% 27 8% (plus 0.3% unknown) 1955 42.1% 31.5% 26.4% | 1956 L6.4% 27.0% 26.0%
When the percentages of adult deer in each age-class for the last three years were plotted on semi-logarithmic paper a good straight line relationship without any severe departure points was noted. The slopes of these lines have been remarkably consistent suggesting a well balanced herd.
An analysis of the hunting summaries by the unit system indicates again that Unit II is the best area from the stand point of success and effort. A notable exception in 1956 was the resur- gence of Unit IV as one of the better areas. Formerly Unit V enjoyed the runner-up position behind perennial leader Unit II.
Hunt Camps
A Comparison of success and effort for the past three years Sale a consistency in spite of the greatly increased sample an 950.
Deer Hunters Days Success Hite owt 1954 376 607 3977 61.9% Oe: £955 374 646 LLOY 57.9% 12.0 1956 604 iWiesws 7010 53.4% 1.6
The success and effort for 1956 would be enhanced and brought up to the standard of the other two years if as suggested in section II the figures are revised to include moose as follows:
(a) addition of six moose - 53.9% and 11.5 days (6b) addition of 30 moose = 56.1% and 11.1 days (weighted version)
Hunt camp success and effort figures on the unit system basis corroborate the checking station figures for the three years. Unit II remains the best area and Unit V the second best, a position formerly held by Unit I in both 1954 and 1955.
The age-class distribution of hunt camp deer, with the exception of 1953 and 1954 when doubtful returns were made conform to the established pattern shown annually in the checking station data and in the 1955 hunt camp data.
Adult Bucks Adult Does Fawns 1953 53.0% 33.0% 13.9% 1954 51.6% 30.6% 17.8% 1955 147.6% 27.5% 21.9% 1956 45.9% 28.8% 253%
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pays 123 |e Recommendations
As usual, some hunters in the field, at the checking station and through the medium of survey forms and correspondence gave freely of their opinions and recommendations on the deer season, the deer populations, the congestion of hunters in certain areas, the use of dogs, pro and con, and similar pertinent hunting conditions. Generally speaking, hunters were quite satisfied with the 1956 deer hunt.
Dogs continue to be one of the main focal points in deer hunting controversy. The use or non-use of dogs as listed in the 141 hunt camp report forms received were tabulated. A total of 68 parties did not use dogs at all, 16 parties used one dog each, 17 parties used two dogs each, 13 parties used three dogs each, 19 parties used four dogs each and four parties used five or more dogs each during the hunt for a grand total of 69 parties using an average of 2./ dogs per party. The parties using five or more dogs each had in addition to their regular complement of four dogs, an average of two pups at camp for “breaking-in" or orientation purposes. Finally, four parties did not signify whether they used dogs or not.
In conclusion, it is felt by this district that the deer season could be extended for one week without any adverse effect on the deer herd. Another recommendation is that the deer season open yearly on the Monday before and including the 15th of November for this area. This would mean that the opening would be set to Open on the ninth at the earliest and 15th at the latest. If this is adhered to, the following benefits may accrue?
(1) Officials of the Department of Lands and Forests at the district level are besieged with queries from the public on the dates of the forthcoming deer season from January on. This is because many people have to declare their choice of holiday time to their employers well in advance.
(2) Early openings with consequent warmer weather contribute to deterioration of venison in the woods.
(3) There is better likelihood of ideal weather conditions for hunting with a later start. This would undoubtedly result in a larger harvest, a sound principle, management-wise.
(4) Bush road accessibility to hunt camps would be ideal under frosty conditions. At the same time there would be insuffi- cient freezing of the waterways to discourage those using water routes.
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