S Montana* Dept* of

338*09 Agriculture and
A72m Publicity

1915 The Resources

and opportunities

of Montana

ndoie Avenue
Helena, Montana 59601

Montana State Library

3 0864 1004 0590 4

V

The Resources and Opportunities

OF

MONTANA

1915 EDITION

Where You Can Find-

A Home if You Want it
Prosperity if You Work for it
Rest and Recreation if You Need it

BY THE

Department of Agriculture and Publicity

J. M . KEN NED Y,
COMMISSIONER

SETH MAXWELL,
CHIEF CLERK

This Publication is Issued and Circulated by Authority of
the State of Montana

HELENA, MONTANA

1915

Independent Publishing Company, State Printers

Foreword

f~T*HIS PUBLICATION is issued under authority of the State of Mon-
J- tana, by the State Department of Agriculture and Publicity. This
Department represents no private interest. It was established and is
maintained by the state government, for the purpose of attracting to
Montana desirable settlers for the millions of acres of good agricultural
land yet waiting for the plow, and legitimate investors who will assist in
the development of the many varied natural resources which need but the
strong hand of industry to be transformed into wealth.

Infinite care has been taken to present in these pages only -the unvar-
nished truth, facts and figures that cannot be successfully disputed. The
truth is good enough about Montana; the greatest service that can be ren-
dered this State is to tell it.

This is the fourth "Montana Book," and it is a distinct pleasure to
realize that these publications have come to be regarded as the standard
authority on Montana; that they are in demand in libraries, colleges, schools,
newspaper offices and legislative bodies throughout the world; and that
they have served to not only correct erroneous impressions regarding
this state, but to have attracted to Montana a tide of desirable immigra-
tion which is scarcely equalled in the marvelous development history of
the northwest.

This department, on behalf of the State of Montana, invites the closest
examination into the merits of the claim that in this state farming pays
better than in any other state in the Union, that living conditions here are
more nearly ideal than can be found elsewhere, that opportunities exist
here which cannot be excelled on the continent. Montana invites settlers
and investors. It wants high class, energetic and upright men and women
who, with reward assured, are not afraid of honest endeavor. It wants to
share its manifold resources with those who are willing and able to assist
in their development.

No pretense to high literary merit is here made. We simply seek in
these pages to present briefly the most useful and salient facts about
Montana. In this endeavor we have not hesitated to clothe our statements
in the exact language previously employed in the publications of this de-
partment.

Because of the inadequacy of the appropriation made by the last legis-
lature for the work of this Department, this year's edition of "Montana"
has been reduced to one-third its usual size. In this process, much useful
information and many valuable features have necessarily been crowded
out. It is hoped, however, that the booklet is sufficiently comprehensive
to awaken an interest on the part of the reader which will lead to further
inquiry and a more thorough investigation of what Montana offers.

J. M. KENNEDY,

COMMISSIONER.

The State and Its People

Splendidly Virile and Progressive Citizenship Building an Empire out of

the Treasure State

'ONTANA, AN EMPIRE in domain and a
storehouse of wealth, invites the ambi-
tious and energetic. Third largest of the
states of the Union and possessed of more
diversified resources than any other com-
monwealth, it is just now coming into its
own and it asks that those who may
assist in its development share in its pros-
perity.

Montana lies between the 104th and
the 116th meridians of longitude west of
Greenwich and between the 45th and 49th
parallels of north latitude. The western
boundary follows the Coeur d'Alene and
Bitter Root mountains and is irregular;
in the southwest corner the line dips be-
low the 45th parallel and follows the main range of the Rocky Mountains ;
the northern boundary is along the 49th parallel and the eastern boundary
the 104th degree of latitude. It is bounded on the north by the
Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia; on
the south by Wyoming and Idaho; on the west by Idaho and on the
east by North Dakota and South Dakota. The average length from
east to west is about 535 miles and the average width from
north to south about 275 miles. Montana

It should always be remembered that Montana is big. of Imperial
The vast area of the state must be borne in mind in any Proportions.
consideration of its climate, its resources and its oppor-
tunities. It is the third state in size in the Union, only Texas and Cali-
fornia being larger; France and Germany are each only about one third
larger. England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland combined, with their
thirty millions of people, have fewer miles of territory; Montana em-
braces a greater area than all the New England states, New York, New
Jersey, Delaware and Maryland added together. These states have a
combined population of 19,701,130; Montana, with greater natural re-
sources, has an estimated population of 622,815. There are counties in
Montana larger than some of the populous states of the Union.

For many years the greater part of the empire embraced in Mon-
tana lay neglected and unknown. The Montana of the olden days was

6 MONT AN A- 1 9 1 5

• 9 t_M „ ,„ „ „. ., ,„ „ „ „, m „ M m „, M M „,_

Cutting and Threshing Wheat at One Operation.

the land of gold and silver and copper — and it is yet; later it became
the land of beef and mutton — and it is yet; but beyond and away from
the mountain ranges which had given the state its first return of wealth
and had sheltered its sparse pioneer population, there lay a land of wheat
and oats and flax and barley and corn of which the old-timer lived in
complacent ignorance.

It is only in recent years that the biggest discovery was made in
Montana, the discovery that its soil was fertile and that, with its ideal
climatic conditions, the state was destined to be a com-
Found Wealth monwealth of homes and farms. The result of this dis-
In Montana's covery has been that the tide of immigration, ever
Fertile Soil. streaming westward, but passing through this state with
not a thought of the opportunity ignored, has been turn-
ed Montana-ward, and this state is now undergoing the greatest devel-
opment ever witnessed in even the virile and enthusiastic west.

Montana is today the fastest growing state in the Union. Its school
census, its land office figures, its registration lists all serve to indicate
that the next federal census will officially reveal a decade of development
and settlement which has been unparalleled in the history of the nation.
Montana is today forging forward at a rate which is staggering to the
imagination. This state is the scene of the last great land rush which
is to be witnessed on the American continent — not a rush to the opening

THE TREASURE STATE

Looking Toward Hamilton in the Famous Bitter Root.

of a comparatively small reserve, but the opening of practically an
entire state and a state of imperial proportions.

Montana is the mecca of the land hungry, and this state gives
encouraging answer to all who would seriously heed the economic call
of back to the soil. The growth of Montana during the last few years
has been due to the extension of agricultural and allied interests more
than to any other cause. Mining, lumbering, stock-raising and industrial
enterprises have gone forward in a satisfactory, though comparatively
conservative way, while the advance along agricul-
tural lines has been little short of phenomenal. The The Mecca of
extension of farming in this state has been due solely the Nation's
to the repeated demonstration of the high fertility Land Hungry.
of Montana soil and the magnificient, growing char-
acter of Montana climate, combined with the extremely low price of
Montana farm lands.

Among the great assets of this commonwealth — and they are legion
— none count for more than the splendid citizenship with which this
state is blessed, a citizenship which, surrounded by every opportunity
for material prosperity, has nevertheless neglected no effort toward
making Montana a better place in which to live.

The beginnings of Montana were made by the sturdiest race which
has yet been known — the American pioneer. Those who first came to

MONTANA - 1 9 1 5

Scene Near Montana's University,

conquer what was then a wilderness were the men and women who
had the courage to face unknown danger without fear and the hardi-
hood to suffer untold privations without despair. The weak and the
timid were left behind to enjoy the comforts of an easier life, while the
strong went forth to blaze the trail of new empires. On the success
which crowned the efforts of these pioneers, they laid the foundations of
a strong and vigorous commonwealth, and the energy and determination
and enthusiasm which they displayed have been reflected in succeeding

years in the never lessening progress of the Treasure

State.

And while Montana has reason to congratulate itself

upon the strength and indomitable spirit of its pioneers

it has no less reason for pride in the character of the
later arrivals within its borders. It was, perhaps, fortunate for the
state that the beginning of the great era of agricultural development
now in progress was coincident with the general recognition of the fact
that brains and training were as valuable on the farm as in the office
or factory. Thus the men and women who came, and are coming, to
make their homes on Montana farms are not the failures, the derelicts
or the ne'er-do-wells of other lands. Instead, they are not only the
strong and the self-reliant, but they are also the educated and cultured
who are making the farm not only a source of livelihood for themselves

Foundation
Strong Laid by
Early Pioneers.

T II I : TREASURE STATE

Along the Banks of the Beautiful Kootenai.

and those dependent upon them, but are also making it a place to live
the life worth while.

Illustrations of modern farm life are to be found on every hand,
even in the newest of Montana communities. The well furnished home,
the opportunities for social intercourse, the groups of happy and health-
ful school children, the contented and prosperous settler — these are
everywhere in evidence giving ample proof of the fact that "farming
in Montana is different."

Montana is proud of the educational facilities it offers
to its future citizens. A wide variety of local school con- Excellent

ditions may be found in different parts of this great em- Educational
pire, but many a settler has come to Montana to find Facilities.
school facilities far superior to those he had left behind
in some of the older states. The revenues available for the support of the
common schools of the state are growing rapidly each year. To be-
gin with, at the admission of the state twenty-six years ago, two sections
in every township — that is, one-eighteenth of all the land in the state —
were set apart for the endowment of the public school system. Year by
year, as advantageous opportunity appears, these lands are sold to set-
tlers, never at less than ten dollars per acre, and usually more. A fund
is thus accumulating for the endowment of the public schools. Mean-
while lands not sold are leased and revenue is thus derived from them.

: io

MONTANA-1915

....

Where Soil Plus Climate Equals Prosperity Plus Happiness.

The permanent school fund, derived from the sale of land and
timber and invested in interest-bearing bonds, is steadily growing each
year and already amounts to more than three million dollars, although
less than one-tenth of the land has been sold. Every year the income
from this fund is apportioned to the school districts of the state in pro-
portion to the number of children of school age therein. While the
number of school children has been rapidly growing, it has not grown
so fast as the fund, and the per capita apportionment has been steadily

increasing for the past several years. In 1911 it was
Rural Schools $3.00 ; in 1912, $3.50 ; in 1913, $4.00 ; and in 1914, $4.50.
Have Had A As the county high schools do not share in this appor-
Rapid Growth, tionment, it really amounts to over $6.00 for every child

actually enrolled in the common schools. Each county
also levies a school tax of four mills, which yields an average of about
$20 per pupil. Finally each district may supplement this by a local
tax up to the limit of ten mills. The results actually accomplished are
most encouraging. The minimum limit of school terms is four months,
but there are very few that come down to this limit. More than four-
fifths of all the schools in the state have at least a six months' term.
Nearly all of the town schools are in session for nine months and
many for ten.

Only five of the forty-eight states of the Union exceed Montana in
the per capita expenditures for each child of school age. To the new

THE TREASURE STATE

11

Cutting Grain with Gasoline Power.

settler, the rural school is the one that is of greatest importance, and in
the development of rural schools Montana has taken the lead in the
west.

In the matter of secondary education, Montana has made great
progress within recent years. For a long time there have been good
high schools in most of the larger towns, as Butte, Helena, Great Falls,
Missoula, Billings and Anaconda. In the smaller towns, however, the
people were determined not to be behind and several years ago a law
was enacted by the legislature enabling a high school to
be established in each county, at the expense of the Secondary

whole county and free to all the children of that county. Education Not
Already sixteen counties have taken advantage of this Neglected.

opportunity, have erected fine modern buildings, and
are carrying on courses of four years which are fully accredited for uni-
versity entrance. The average salary paid to principals of these schools
is over $2,000 per year, and some receive as high as $3,000. Besides
these county high schools there are district high schools of equivalent
character in many of the larger towns — indeed there are only three
counties in the state which have no school accredited by the State Board
of Education, and even in these counties there are schools doing some
good high school work, but not yet equipped to be quite able to meet
the requirements for standardization.

r-

i.J

MONTANA- 1915

State Road Along East Shore of Flathead Lake.

In organizing the work of higher education, Montana has been pecul-
iarly fortunate. The act of Congress which admitted the state to the
Union, supplemented by other laws, set apart vast areas of public domain.
For all the higher institutions, this aggregates nearly seven hundred
square miles. Already this endowment yields a much larger annual
revenue than the total income of many private colleges of renown, and
the legislature supplements this by liberal appropriations from the
general funds of the state. The University of Montana is located at
Missoula, the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Churches Aid Arts at Bozeman, the State School of Mines at Butte, and
in Educating the State Normal School at Dillon. In the university,
State's Youth, much attention is given to extension and research work,
while the agricultural college, through various agencies,
makes its influence felt throughout the farming districts of the State.

In addition to the institutions of learning maintained at public
expense, there are a number of thriving educational enterprises car-
ried on by private activity. The oldest institution for higher educa-
tion in Montana is the College of Montana, sustained by the Presby-
terian church, at Deer Lodge. The Montana Wesleyan university has
been doing excellent work in Helena for many years under Methodist
auspices. The educational work of the Catholic church is most exten-
sive. In several of the larger towns parochial schools are maintained,

?**

THE TREASURE STATE

How Montana Livestock is Cared For.

and in several places are boarding academies which carry on both
elementary and secondary work. These include St. Vincent's academy at
Helena, Sacred Heart academy at Missoula, and Mt. Angela Ursuline acad-
emy at Great Falls, as well as the Catholic central high school at Butte,
and St. Charles college at Helena.

Practically every church in America is well represented in Montana.
There are three residential bishops in Helena — Catholic, Methodist and
Episcopal. The former has just completed in Helena a cathedral which is
second to none in the Northwest, and also has charge of
an extensive system of sectarian education, embracing col-
legiate, secondary and parochial schools. Throughout
every section of the state is to be found well supported
churches of every denomination, and all the larger cities
boast of splendid social clubs and fine Y. M. C. A. buildings.

Politically, Montana is among those desirable states which are
classed as "doubtful" at election times, a condition which not only pro-
tects the state from the abuses of unbridled political power, but also
develops a strong sense of responsibility on the part of those entrusted
to public office. In the first election following statehood, Montana's
electoral vote was cast for Benjamin Harrison; in 1896 and 1900 it was
cast for W. J. Bryan; in 1904 for Theodore Roosevelt; in 1908 for W.
H. Taft, and in 1912 for Woodrow Wilson. The present state administra-

People Take

An Interest in

Public Affairs.

:..

14

MONTANA - 1 9 1 5

Thirty-Seven Thousand Bushels of Wheat From One Farm.

tion is democratic, with the exception of the State senate, in which the
republicans have a majority.

Strong interest is displayed by the people of Montana in public affairs,
and the state has been particularly free from administrative scandals.
The magnificent state capitol at Helena, a picture of which is shown in
the frontispiece of this book, was built at a cost of $1,100,000 and is uni-
versally regarded as a splendid example of a state getting the full value of
every dollar spent.

Political power is jealously guarded by the people,
Succeed in and through the instrumentality of a direct primary law,
Making Life under which all nominations are made, they keep in close
Worth While, touch with political conditions. Through the initiative
and referendum clauses of the state constitution, they re-
serve to themselves the power to enact or defeat legislation by popular
vote, a power which thus far has been seldom but always wisely used. Of
seven measures which have been initiated through popular agencies, five
have passed and two have been rejected. Of two measures referred to
the people after legislative enactment, both were rejected. Equal suf-
frage without regard to sex has been written into the constitution.

The people of Montana welcome outside capital and treat it with
every degree of fairness, while at the same time insisting that capital be
also fair with the people. Every branch of legitimate industry is

THE TREASURE STATE 15

5 :

«-•••

A Big Stock Ranch in the Foothills.

encouraged, while the people amply safeguard themselves with every
necessary protection. A railroad and public service commission has
been established to regulate the rates of every public utility and com-
mon carrier; a "blue sky" law has been enacted to protect investors
from fraudulent promoters; a grain inspection department looks after
the proper inspection of Montana grain; farmers are protected in their
seed purchases by a system of free seed inspection; weights and
measures and pure food laws are rigidly enforced; an eight-hour day for
underground miners has been written into the state con-
stitution and an eight-hour day is in force on all public Protection
and practically all private works; child labor is prohibited Assured

and truancy laws are well enforced, while the law prohibits to Industry.
employers from requiring women employes to work more
than nine hours a day in certain classes of work; the promotion of the
dairy industry is in the hands of a state dairy department; an efficient
and well managed agricultural experiment station, with sub-stations in
various parts of the state, carries on extensive work among the farmers
of Montana, and good-road building has become the rule under the
energetic activity of the state highway commission.

Intelligent aid is extended agricultural operations of all kinds, and
every effort is made to insure the success of the new settler. Important
among the agencies active in this work are the county agriculturists, who

...

MONTANA -1915

Montana Beef Cattle.

are in reality county agricultural teachers, whose pupils are the farmers
of their respective counties. These men, who are paid jointly by the
state and the federal government under the Smith-Lever Act, assist
the individual farmer in working out his particular problems and already
their influence is being felt in the direction of better farming and in-
creased production.

The Montana State Fair, held each year at Helena, is a great state-
wide agricultural exposition, which attracts visitors not only from all
over Montana, but from neighboring states. Practically
Where Good every county in the state exhibits at this annual event,
Farming Is which arouses much competition among the farmers of
In Evidence, the state, and is an educational institution of incalcuable
value. The standing of the Montana State Fair is indicated
by a remark made by James J. Hill to President Taft at the 1909 State
Fair, when the great railroad builder assured the nation's chief executive
that this was the finest agricultural display he had ever seen.

In short, Montana, while offering to the honest and energetic of all
classes unequalled opportunity to better their condition in life also strives
valiently and successfully toward those happy conditions which make life
more worth living and without which success in a material way becomes
scarcely worth while.

Opportunities for Homebuilding

Homestead Landjin Abundance, State and Private Lands at Low Price,
Invite the Energetic and Ambitious

PPORTUNITY IS HERE seen on every
hand. Montana has long been famed for
its mines, its forests and its great bands
of cattle and sheep. These have produced
millions upon millions in wealth — and they
are still producing. Within recent years,
this state has held first place in the pro-
duction of gold, it has held first place in
the production of silver, it has held first
place in the production of copper, it has
held first place in the production of beef,
it has held and still holds first place in
the production of wool — but to Montana
has come at last one who is greater than
the miner, greater than the stockman,
greater than the flockmaster. Into Mon-
tana has come the farmer, and today from this day forward the agricul-
tural industry of Montana overshadows its other activities.

Montana is now riding upon a great wave of development, and the
crest has not yet been reached. The year 1914 set a new high water
mark. That year brought to Montana more new farmers and better
farmers than any of its predecessors; that year Montana produced the
biggest crop in its history; that year farm prices were better than in
years past, and the stimulating effect of thousands of successful farmers
is now being felt throughout the length and breadth of
the state. Becoming the

Montana is the last of the great public land states. Breadbasket of
When the broad acres of this state, now lying idle and the World.
unclaimed, shall have been seized upon by the home-
steaders and the farmers, the day of free farm land in the United States
will have passed. In the first great rush toward the west, the fertile
acres of Montana were given not a thought. Its mines had given
Montana its renown, but save for the rockribbed ore deposits lying
within its mountains and save for the grazing ground which it afforded
for cattle and sheep, the casual observer saw little for the future of the
commonwealth.

But the new day came and with it came the awakening of a great
state. It was shown that the bench lands upon which grew the nutri-

MONTANA- 1915

Wheat Farms Like This Are Found All Over the State.

tious buffalo grass could be transformed into the greatest and most
productive wheat farms in the world. Gradually the skeptic was con-
vinced; gradually the land hungry of eastern states turned their eyes
toward Montana, and the state awoke from its lethargy. Another
transcontinental railroad, in record-breaking time, stretched its line
across Montana and into the state began to come the advance guard of
the farmers who were to change its destiny and make it the "bread-
basket of the world."

They made good, and with less than one-tenth of the
One-Tenth of tillable lands of the state now under the plow, Montana,
Farm Area among the states of the Union, now stands fourteenth in
Cultivated. the production of wheat, eighteenth in the production of
oats, fifteenth in the production of barley, twentieth in
the production of potatoes, and third in the production of flax. When
the 35,000,000 acres of good farming land in this state shall be under
cultivation it is not unreasonable to suppose that this state will take the
lead in the production of practically all staple farm crops.

At the present rate of settlement and cultivation of the vacant lands
of Montana, it is apparent that it will be but a few years until all of the
available agricultural land of this state will be under the plow and Mon-
tana will be approaching the maximum production in cereals.

THE TREASURE STATE

I

Good Homes and Good Barns are the Rule in Montana.

This prediction will seem conservative when a glance is had at these
figures, taken from the reports of the United States Department of Agri-
culture, which show the growth agricultural Montana has experienced
in ten years:

WHEAT.

Production

in bushels Farm Value

2,596,735 $ 2,311,091

18,356,000 16,704,000

CORN.

86,624 58,904

1,400,000 1,064,000

OATS

6,303,704 2,899,704

18,550,000 7,234,000

BARLEY.

523,310

Acres

1904 108,608

1914 910,000

1904 3,902

1914 50,000

1904 167,207

1914 530,000

1904 17,502

1914 70,000

1904 1,871

1914 10,000

1904 13,162

1914 37,000

1904 348,980

1914 700,000

1904 9,334

1914. 320,000

2,135,000

RYE.

37,233
210,000
POTATOES.

1,882,166
5,180,000
HAY (Tons).

670,042
1,750,000
FLAX.

74,672
2,560,000

324,452
1,132,000

28,669
147,000

1,148,121
3,315,00a

5,829,365
15,225,000

70,93&
3,072,00a

• .._»„_.,_,._„_,. „ „ „,_„__ „»— .- .. «— .„ 1. ... H »-— « ..— « «. »-_,_»_. .. ..-•••

i 20 MONTANA-1915

Why Montana Leads in Per Acre Production.

In no way can the remarkable growth of Montana be more strikingly
shown than in the reports of the Commissioner of the General Land Office
giving the number of homestead entries made in Montana during the
period when the present influx of settlers has been at its height. The
following figures cover the years 1911-14 inclusive:

HOMESTEAD ENTRIES.

Year Number Acreage

1911 15,399 3,917,816

1912 12,597 3,234,199

1913 17,844 3,996,358

1914 20,662 4,429,623

ENTRIES OF ALL KINDS.

Year Number Acres — Original

1911 21,988 4,257,302

1912 20,626 3,600,260

1913 29,246 4,675,840

1914 37,699 5,335,393

FINAL PROOFS AND PATENTS.

Year Acres final proof Acres patented

1911 522,269 1,187,312

1912 629,835 742,230

1913 1,475,722 2,342,923

1914 2,667,632 3,485,067

Montana's forward stride, as shown by assessment of property for
purposes of taxation, is aptly illustrated by the following table:

THE TREASURE STATE

• ••

Farming Right Up to the Foot of the Mountains.

1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914

Acres

assessed

4,930,196

5,402,016

5,737,841

6,055,807

6,523,346

6,558,425

7,726,240

7,886,094

8,210,376

9,123,673

8,877,833

8,651,348

10,542,536

12,060,904

12,219,920

13,255,102

14,194,569

14,975,584

15,746,887

15,770,887

17,956,224

19,167,871

20,382,209

22,541,034

25,836,655

Total value
of state

$112,916,272
143,472,743
129,466,949
127,548,175
118,850,892
124,076,586
120,697,847
130,757,412
133,969,519
142,117,656
153,401,594
166,787,593
185,725,657
201,333,315
201,748,063
209,912,340
233,953,571
251,882,437
248,774,792
280,401,064
309,673,699
331,670,418
346,550,585
382,807,277
412,361,919

No. of
counties

16

16

16

21

21

23

23

24

24

24

24

26

26

26

26

27

27

27

27

28

28

29

31

34
*38

-41 counties in 1915.

The life-giving effect of the agricultural development of Montana
is felt on all sides. In 1913 more miles of railroad were built in

•••—„.

•

: 22

MONTANA- 1915

Turning Grain Into Dollars.

Montana than in any other state of the Union. Railroad building was
suspended all over the country in 1914, but the present year promises to
see a resumption of the activities of the transportation companies in
their efforts to throw branch lines into every section of the state.
Already a great transcontinental system has construction crews at work
on its second line east and west through the state, and other companies
have mapped out new work which, when carried out, will even exceed the
new construction record of 1913.

This new era of development has opened many lines

Railroads Are of opportunity. New towns are being built, new indus-
Being Built To tries are being established, new avenues of trade are
New Towns. being laid out, with the result that there is scarcely a
line of work in which a man with some capital and an
energetic determination to win will not succeed. In every county seat in
Montana there is a live commercial organization, the secretary of which
will be glad to answer inquiries regarding business openings and invest-
ment opportunities in his section.

The statement that an acre in Montana is worth more than an acre
elsewhere is not a mere idle boast. The following figures, taken from
the final estimates of the United States Department of Agriculture for
1914, shows the average yield in bushels per acre for each of the crops
noted in the states given.

THE TREASURE STATE

Wheat Raising on New Homesteads is Profitable.

Wheat

Indiana 17.4

Illinois 18.5

Michigan .. 19.7

Wisconsin .. 19.1

Minnesota 10.6

Iowa 18.6

Missouri.. 17.0

North Dakota 11.2

South Dakota 9.1

Nebraska 18.6

Kansas 20.5

Texas 13.0

Oklahoma 19.0

United States 16.6

Montana.. 20.0

Dats

Barley

28.5

25.0

29.3

29.5

33.5

26.0

27.0

27.3

28.0

23.0

33.0

26.0

21.5

24.0

28.0

19.5

27.5

23.0

32.0

23.5

33.5

25.4

25.0

25.0

27.5

25.0

29.7

25.8

35.0

30.5

Rye

16.3
16.0
16.0
16.5
18.8
19.0
14.0
17.1
17.0
16.0
20.0
14.8
16.0
16.8
21.0

Corn Potatoes

33.0
29.0
36.0
40.5
35.0
38.0
22.0
28.0
26.0
24.5
18.5
19.5
12.5
25.8
28.0

80.0

60.0

121.0

124.0

114.0

86.0

45.0

109.0

90.0

80.0

62.0

61.0

70.0

109.5

140.0

An even better showing for Montana is made by comparison of
the fifteen year average per acre production of the principal farming
states of the Union, as reported by the United States Department of
Agriculture. The following shows in bushels the average yield per acre
of wheat, oats, barley, rye, hay and potatoes in the states of Illinois,
Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North
Dakota, South Dakota, Ohio, Wisconsin, the United States and Montana:

24 MONTANA-1915

Heavy Yields of Oats May Be Had.

Wheat Oats Barley Rye Hay Potatoes

Tons

Illinois 15.4 31.1 28.2 17.2 1.25 75

Indiana 14.4 29.6 25.8 15.2 1.28 83

Iowa 17.7 31.0 25.6 18.2 1.44 81

Kansas 14.3 25.1 18.6 14.3 1.33 68

Michigan 15.1 31.8 25.1 15.0 1.30 93

Minnesota 13.5 31.5 24.8 19.2 1.57 94

Missouri 14.6 23.8 22.5 14.7 1.15 73

Nebraska 17.0 25.9 22.1 16.2 1.45 77

North Dakota 10.8 28.1 21.4 15.9 1.30 95

South Dakota 11.3 28.9 22.9 16.4 1.31 81

Ohio 15.0 33.7 27.2 16.8 1.33 84

Wisconsin 17.2 32.9 27.9 17.0 1.52 99

United States 14.3 29.8 25.3 16.1 1.41 95

Montana 25.4 43.2 34.8 22.8 1.84 148

As to what the farmer may expect to get from his crops, the fol-
lowing table, showing the average value per acre of each crop raised
in the various states for a period of fifteen years, ending in 1914, these
figures being taken from the official report of the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, is illuminating :

THE TREASURE STATE

A Typical Montana Outfield.

Wheat Oats Barley

Illinois $12.95 $10.85 $15.40

Indiana 12.47 10.36 13.55

Iowa 13.49 9.70 12.29

Kansas 10.80 9.21 8.15

Michigan 13.14 12.05 14.73

Minnesota 10.77 10.08 11.90

Missouri. 11.94 8.73 13.14

Nebraska 12.16 8.26 9.04

North Dakota 8.59 8.94 9.14

South Dakota 8.46 9.05 10.28

Ohio 13.33 12.52 15.88

Wisconsin 14.29 11.65 15.83

United States 11.24 10.91 12.42

Montana 18.87 17.63 19.80

Rye

$11.27

9.86

10.56

9.02

9.71

11.12

10'. 20

8.80

8.75

8.82

11.44

10.93

10.66

15.12

Hay

Potatoes

$13.79

$49.95

14.04

50.80

11.19

45.85

9.00

52.90

14.17

41.29

10.50

50.57

10.88

49.79

9.01

46.51

6.77

46.36

6.86

42.44

15.18

51.23

15.40

44.06

14.81

55.58

16.62

88.80

During the last few years thousands of energetic farmers have
learned the truth of the marvelously superior productive power of Mon-
tana's soil, and have taken advantage of the liberal homestead laws of
the government to come to this state and get a home. They are here
now and they will unreservedly tell you that they are on the road to
prosperity. Yet despite the fact that last year over one-third of all the
homesteads taken in the United States were located in Montana, so great
an empire is this commonwealth that there is yet room for many thou-
sands more of the same kind of farmers. According to the last report

..

:

• ••-

MONTANA-1915

Pea Field in Gallatin Valley.

of the Commissioner of the United States General Land Office there yet
remain in Montana more than 20,000,000 acres of unreserved and un-
appropriated public land, over half of which is suitable for farming. In
the greater part of this area homesteads embracing 320 acres may be
"taken up." The homestead laws have been recently made much more
liberal. Formerly the homesteader was required to live continuously
and uninterruptedly for five years upon his claim before he could perfect
title. Under a recent act of congress, the required residence on a home-
stead is reduced to three years, each year of which the
homesteader may, if he so desires, have five months'
leave of absence. The homestead law gives the ambi-
tious a chance to secure a home at the mere expense of
nominal filing fees. Unmarried women, as well as
women who are the heads of families, have the same rights as men under
the homestead law.

Montana, more than any other state in the Union, spells Opportunity
for the ambitious farmer who wants to get ahead. The public domain
of this state offers an exceptionally brilliant chance for the young man
just starting out in life for himself or for the tenant who has grown tired
of paying rent and desires to become a freeholder. Over 20,000,000
acres of free public land may be had in this state for the asking. It is
Uncle Sam's gift to those of his citizens who are willing to contribute to

Homesteaders
Coming By the
Thousands.

THE TREASURE STATE

27

Farming Without Irrigation.

the development of the nation by making productive broad acres which
now are barren. The present federal homestead laws have been greatly
liberalized within the past few years and it is now possible for any ambi-
tious man or woman who owes allegiance to the United States govern-
ment to secure title to 320 acres of public land by residence and culti-
vation of only three years.

The State of Montana is divided into ten land districts, each con-
taining a United States land office for the administration of the public
land affairs of that particular district. These land
offices are located at Billings, Bozeman, Glasgow, Steps To Take In
Great Falls, Havre, Helena, Kalispell, Lewistown, Miles Order To Get A
City and Missoula. A person desiring to make home- Homestead.
stead entry should first decide where he or she wishes
to locate then go or write to the land office of the district in which the
land is located and obtain from the records diagrams of the vacant land.

A personal inspection of the land sought to be entered should be
made to ascertain if it is suitable and when satisfied on this point entry
can be made at the local land office or before a United States Commis-
sioner.

Any one desiring to obtain information in regard to vacant lands in
any district before going there for personal inspection should address the
register and receiver of the particular land office who will give such in-

28

MONTANA- 1915

A Nice Patch of Celery.

formation as is available. The local land officers cannot, however, be ex-
pected to furnish extended lists of vacant land subject to entry except
through township plats which they are authorized to sell at a nominal
price. A plat showing the vacant land in any township (a township
being six miles square) may be had at the price of $1.00. The township
survey of Montana is shown on the map inserted in this publication, each
township being designated by number. The legal designation of the
township in which Helena is located would be Township 10 North,
Range 3 West; Missoula is in Township 13 North,
Range 19 West; Lewistown is in Township 15 North,
Range 18 East, while Livingston is in Township 2
South, Range 9 East. From this map the location of
public land in any part of state may be readily made.
All unappropriated surveyed public lands adaptable to any agricul-
tural use are subjected to homestead entry if they are not mineral or
saline in character and are not occupied for the purpose of trade or busi-
ness and have not been embraced within the limits of any withdrawal,
reservation or incorporated town or city, but homestead entries on lands
within certain areas are made subject to the particular requirements of
the laws under which such lands are opened to entry.

Homestead entries may be made by any person who does not come
within either of the following classes:

Homesteads
May Be Filed
On These Lands.

THE TREASURE STATE

Farming Amid Scenic Beauty.

(a) Married women, except as hereinafter stated.

(b) Persons who have already made homestead entry, except in cer-
tain cases where former entry has been cancelled through no fault of
the en try man.

(c) Foreign-born persons who have not declared their intention to
become citizens of the United States.

(d) Persons who are the owners of more than 160 acres of land in
the United States.

(e) Persons under the age of 21 years who are

not the heads of families except minors who make Public Lands
entry as heirs, or who have served in the Army or Waiting For the
Navy during* the existence of an actual war for at Man With Plow.
least 14 days.

(f) Persons who have acquired title to or are claiming, under any
of the agricultural public land laws, through settlement or entry made
since August 30, 1890, any other lands which, with the lands last applied
for, would amount in the aggregate to more than 320 acres.

A married woman who has all of the other qualifications of a home-
steader may make a homestead entry under any one of the following
conditions :

(a) Where she has been actually deserted by her husband.

(b) Where her husband is incapacitated by disease or otherwise

:30

MONTANA-1915

Wheat Grown on "Dry" Land.

from earning a support for his family and the wife is really the head and
main support of the family.

(c) Where the husband is confined in a penitentiary and she is
actually the head of the family.

(d) Where the married woman is the heir of a settler or contestant
who dies before making entry.

(e) Where a married woman made improvements and resided on the
land applied for before her marriage, she may enter them after marriage

if her husband is not holding other lands under an
unperfected homestead entry at the time she applies
to make entry.

The marriage of the entrywoman after making
entry will not defeat her right to acquire title if she
continues to reside upon the land and otherwise comply with the law.

A widow, if otherwise qualified, may make a homestead entry not-
withstanding the fact that her husband made an entry and notwithstand-
ing she may be at the time claiming the unperfected entry of her de-
ceased husband.

A person serving in the Army or Navy of United States may make
a homestead entry if some member of his family is residing on the lands
applied for, and application and accompanying affidavits may be executed
before officer commanding branch of service in which he is engaged.

Some Pointers
From National
Homestead Law.

•••_„„_., — „ — .. — .. — „ — „ — „ — .. — .. — „ — ., — ., — .. — .. — .. — •• — .»_._. — II, — » — .. — .„—..-—„_.._.— ••
THE TREASURE STATE 31

Peas on Spokane Bench Near Helena.

A homestead entry may be made by the presentation to the land
office of the district in which the desired lands are situated of an appli-
cation properly prepared on blank forms prescribed for that purpose and
sworn to before either the register or receiver, or before a United States
commissioner, or a judge, or a clerk of a court of record, in the county in
which the land lies, or before any officer of the classes named who re-
sides in the land district and nearest or most accessible to the land, al-
though he may reside outside of the county in which the land is situated.

Each application to enter and the affidavits ac-
companying it must recite all the facts necessary to What Applicant
show that the applicant is acquainted with the land; Must Know of
that the land is not, to the applicant's knowledge, either Land Entered.
saline or mineral in character; that the applicant pos-
sesses all the qualifications of a homestead entryman; that the appli-
cation is honestly and in good faith made for the purpose of actual settle-
ment and cultivation, and not for the benefit of any other person, per-
sons or corporation; that the applicant will faithfully and honestly en-
deavor to comply with the requirements of the law as to settlement, resi-
dence and cultivation necessary to acquire title to the land applied for;
that the applicant is not acting as the agent of any person, persons, cor-
poration or syndicate in making such entry, nor in collusion with any per-
son, corporation or syndicate to give them the benefit of the land entered

MONTANA- 1915

..5

On Land Thought to Be Fit Only for Grazing.

or any part thereof; that the application is not made for the purpose of
speculation, but in good faith to obtain a home for the applicant, and
that the applicant has not directly or indirectly made, and will not make,
any agreement or contract in any way or manner with any person or per-
sons, corporation or syndicate, whatsoever, by which the title he may
acquire from the government to the lands applied for shall inure, in
whole or in part, to the benefit of any person except himself.

A homestead entryman is required to establish residence upon the

land within six months after the date of entry unless an

Homestead extension of time is allowed, and is required to maintain

Land Must Be residence thereon for a period of three years. He may ab-

Cultivated. sent himself, however, for a portion of each year not

exceeding five months.

Cultivation of the land for a period of three years is required. Dur-
ing the second year not less than one-sixteenth of the area entered must
be actually cultivated, and during the third year, and until final proof
cultivation of not less than one-eighth is required. There must be actual
breaking of the soil followed by planting, sowing of seed and tillage of
a crop other than native grasses.

The homestead entryman must have a habitable house upon the land
entered at the time of submitting proof. Other improvements should be
of such character and amount as are sufficient to show good faith.

THE TREASURE STATE

33

An Irrigation Canal on the Flathead.

All original, second and additional homestead, and adjoining farm
entries may be commuted, except such entries as are made under particu-
lar laws which forbid their commutation.

The entryman or his statutory successor submitting such commu-
tation proof, must show substantially continuous residence upon the
land, and cultivation thereof, for a period of at least fourteen months im-
mediately preceding submission or proof of filing of notice of intention
to submit same, and the existence of a habitable house upon the claim.
The area actually cultivated must equal at least one-six-
teenth of the entire acreage. A person submitting com- Public Lands
mutation proof must, in addition to certain fees, pay the Remaining in
price of the land; this is ordinarily $1.25 per acre, but This State.
is $2.50 per acre for lands within the limits of certain
railroad grants. The price of certain ceded Indian lands varies according
to their location, and inquiry should be made regarding each specified
tract.

When a homesteader applies to make entry he must pay in cash
to the receiver a fee of $5.00 if his entry is for 80 acres or less, or
$10.00 if he enters more than 80 acres. And in addition to this fee he
must pay, both at the time he makes entry and final proof, a commis-
sion of $1.00 for each 40-acre tract entered outside of the limits of a
railroad grant and $2.00 for each 40-acre tract entered within such

MONTANA- 1915

A Montana Clover Field.

limits. Fees under the enlarged homestead act are the same as above,
but the commissions are based upon the area of the land embraced in
the entry. In all cases where lands are entered under the homestead
laws of Arizona, California, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexico,
Oregon, Utah, Washington and Wyoming, the commission due to the
register and receiver on entries and final proofs, and the testimony fees
under final proofs, are 50 per cent more than those above specified, but
the entry fee of $5.00 or $10.00, as the case may be, is the same in all
the states.

A mortgage by the entryman prior to final proof
for the purpose of securing money for improvements,
or for any other purpose not inconsistent with good
faith, is not considered such an alienation of the land
as will prevent him from submitting satisfactory proof. In such a case,
however, should the entry be cancelled for any reason prior to patent, the
mortgagee would have no claim on the land or against the United States
for the money loaned.

Circular 335 of the General Land Office shows the amount of unap-
propriated and unreserved public land in each land district by counties,
July 1, 1914, together with a brief summary of the general character of
the acreage of each county. A table giving the total vacant acreage by
counties may be found in this publication.

Millions of Acres
Available For
Homestead.

• ••-.. .._.. ..— -.. .. .. H .._._. .._.._.,_., .. .. .,_.„ „„_.„ „„_,» .,_.._.,_..__„._•

THE TREASURE STATE 35

Barley Yields are Heavy.

For those who do not desire to reside upon land while acquiring title
or who do not wish to become subject to the requirements of the home-
stead laws or who desire to avoid some of the hardships of pioneering,
the state lands of Montana offer an unusual opportunity. The lands
granted to the State of Montana by the Congress of the United States for
the use of public school and for other public purposes remaining unsold
at the present time aggregate 4,113,053 acres, classified as grazing, agri-
cultural, timber and coal lands. Sections 16 and 36 in each township
within the state, lying outside of Indian reservations and
national forests are state lands, unless sold, and in addition State Lands
to Sections 16 and 36 the state has selected and owns For Sale At
thousands of acres of land, all of which is for sale except Low Prices.
coal and some timber lands. A minimum price of $10.00
per acre is charged for state lands, and sales are made upon the basis of
15 per cent cash and the remainder extended over a period of 20 years
with interest at 5 per cent.

The State Board of Land Commissioners is custodian of all state
lands, and the fixing of sale dates is discretionary with this board. The law
requires a sale to be held in each county in the state at least once every
two years. Sales may be held oftener if deemed necesssary.

Those who desire to buy state land should make formal application
to the Register of State Lands, Helena, Montana, upon the receipt of

: 3<

•

•••-•

MONTANA - 1 9 1 5

Cutting Wheat in the G a Hat in Valley— "The Egypt of America."

which, together with a fee of 50c, the land will be offered for sale at
public auction at the next sale held in the county where the land is sit-
uated. Advance notice of such sale will be mailed to the applicant.

Sales of state land can be made only to citizens of the United States
or those who have declared their intention to become such, or to corpora-
tions organized under the laws of this state.

Not more than 160 acres classified as agricultural land and suscep-
tible of irrigation ; nor more than 320 acres classified as agricultural land
not susceptible of irrigation; nor more than 640 acres
A Lessee Is classified as grazing land can be sold to one purchaser.
Protected In State lands not sold may be leased for a period not exceed-
Improvements.ing five years, and the purchaser of state lands on which
a lessee has improvements must pay such lessee a reason-
able value therefor. If the lessee and purchaser cannot agree on the
value of the improvements, the State Land Agent fixes the price the
purchaser must pay for same; provided, such improvements as are cap-
able of removal without damage to the land may be removed by the
lessee. Lessees of state lands are required to pay a rental for grazing
use of $50.00 to $100.00 per section per annum and for agricultural use
of from $150.00 to $320.00 per section per annum.

No maps or lists of state lands are published. A typewritten
list of the state lands in each county will be furnished at the legal rate

THE TREASURE STATE

-— :

37

I

Irrigated Wheat on the Valier Project.

of 20c per folio, a folio consisting of one hundred words, two figures
counting as one word. The cost of a list of state land in a single county
ranges from $5.00 to $15.00.

A table showing the amount of state land in each of the several
counties of the state November 30, 1914, may be found in this publica-
tion.

For further information about Montana state lands, write to Sidney
Miller, Register of State Lands, Helena, Montana.

In addition to the public and state lands which are
available for entry and purchase in Montana, there are Opportunities
thousands of acres of especially good farming land which For Land
are held by the Northern Pacific railroad, the Big Black- Colonization.
foot Lumber Company, and many of the larger old-time
ranching companies of this state. These lands offer an exceptionally fine
opportunity for colonization work, as in many cases they can be pur-
chased in large compact bodies at prices which will yield a handsome
profit to the man who will undertake the development and colonization of
them. Already there are several large concerns operating upon this line,
and they have been uniformly successful.

For a man with a little capital the logged-off lands of northwestern
Montana offer a field of endeavor which in proportion to the returns
promised can scarcely be equalled. As is well known there are thou-

38

MONTANA- 1915

Where Livestock Do Not Grow Hungry.

sands of acres of bench and valley lands from which timber has been
removed, leaving the stumps and undergrowth upon a soil which when
cleared is of uniformly fertile character, usually perfectly sub-irrigated
and suitable for the growing of all kinds of crops. Such land is avail-
able for the most profitable kind of extensive cultivation. Much of this
land is held by the big lumber companies of the State, while a consider-
able portion of it is in private ownership by original homesteaders and
timber entrymen. Roughly speaking the logged-off lands of Montana

are in the counties of Lincoln, which has approximately 20,000
Value of acres of such land; Flathead, with 70,000 acres; Missoula,
Cut-Over 40,000 acres ; mineral, 35,000 acres ; Sanders, 25,000 acres, and
Lands. Ravalli, 30,000 acres. These lands will be sold on easy payments

extending over a considerable period of time. Generally
speaking land of this character can be bought on time payments of from
$10.00 to $25.00 per acre, which is regarded by many as cheaper than
homesteading. The settler can get title at once by completing his pay-
ments, and can sell as his land rises in value.

The man who buys a stump ranch and clears up ten acres each year
is merely making an annual payment of $500.00 on a cleared ranch. The
stump land produces fine clover, blue grass and timothy pasture for cows,
and even before clearing offers an excellent opportunity for stock raising
on a limited scale.

Diversified Resources

Some of the Many Reasons Why the Treasure State Offers the Maximum
of Opportunity to the Industrious

FTER ALL, Montana's great economical im-
portance lies in its many sided richness.
The mineral deposits of this state alone
would make a wealthy commonwealth.
Its agricultural resources and opportuni-
ties, both for grain growing and for inten-
sive and diversified farming, rival those
of the great rural communities of the
west. Its forests could for years supply
the nation's demand for lumber. Its live-
stock leads in both quantity and quality.
Its natural water power could turn the
industrial wheels of the continent. Its
transportation facilities are being devel-
oped to meet its rapidly growing needs,
and a period of great industrial activity,

inevitable because of the abundance of raw material and cheap power, is
upon the threshold. Combined, these resources serve to make Montana
the premier state in the Union, a commonwealth which needs only men
and capital to lay its diversified riches at the feet of mankind.

Farming in Montana, while yet in its infancy, is making gigantic
strides. Of the more than 93,000,000 acres of land within this state, it
is conservatively estimated that over 35,000,000 acres are available for
agricultural purposes. Of this agricultural empire upwards of 6,000,000
acres will in short time be brought under irrigation leaving some 29,000,000
acres which will be farmed by non-irrigated methods,
a condition which will inevitably make Montana the Dry Farming On
greatest producer of small grains in the world. Non- Great Benches of
irrigated farming in Montana is carried on almost ex- This State.

clusively on the benchlands, which are nearly level or
undulating table lands lying between the streams. Along the streams the
valleys are relatively wide and level. The borders that line them are
usually rough and rugged. The railroads usually traverse the valleys;
hence the impression made upon the traveler is usually anything but
favorable. The benches lie beyond the hills and extend away and across
until the bluffs are reached which border another stream. These are
the best lands in Montana. They are usually composed of a clay loam
covered with the short grasses of the prairie and are underlaid with clay.
The benchlands of Montana are farmed on what is known as the
dry-land plan of farming, which means the holding of moisture that falls

....

MONTANA- 1915

The Kind of Horses Montana Raises.

in the soil until it can be utilized by the growing crops. This is done
by plowing, packing, harrowing and cultivating the soil at a certain time
and in a certain way. Under this method winter and spring wheat, win-
ter and spring rye, speltz, barley, flax, oats and peas can be very profit-
ably grown without the hazard of failure even in a dry year, providing
they have been planted in season and in properly prepared land. In all
parts of Montana potatoes are especially prolific, and beans are a success
below the middle line of the state. In the eastern part of the state corn

is rapidly coming into favor as a profitable and certain
Ideal Climate crop.

For Grain The climate of Montana, though comparatively dry in

Production. many parts, is temperate and because of the comparative

coolness of the nights in the harvest season is extremely
favorable to the production of large yields of grain. This, more than
anything else, has given Montana first place in the Union for large
grain yields.

Intensive farming in Montana is to a large extent carried on on irri-
gated lands, and in the matter of furnishing water for the supplying of
moisture to growing crops, Nature has again been bountiful to this
state. Of the more than 35,000,000 acres of land, which will ultimately
be cultivated in Montana, it has been conservatively estimated that
upwards of 6,000,000 will some day be irrigated.

THE TREASURE STATE

41

Montana Cattle in the Foothills.

Already the federal government, through the reclamation service,
has spent many millions of dollars on irrigation projects in this state,
and this work is still under way. The last congress appropriated several
millions of dollars for reclamation work in Montana during the present
year, and the reclamation service is now engaged in completing some of
the largest irrigation enterprises ever undertaken on the continent.

The national reclamation act was one of the most important pieces
of legislation to the agricultural development of Montana since the pas-
sage of the homestead law, and this act is now being
utilized by the building of great irrigation projects in Government Is
various parts of the state. Under irrigation it is pos- Reclaiming Many
sible to practice intensive farming to the highest de- Thousand Acres.
gree and thus to produce more valuable and certain
crops. Under good administration, it follows that in irrigated regions
the greatest number of citizens can be given opportunities on the small-
est area. With the high price of labor it has been found impracticable
to produce crops wholesale on land of this character. The individual
farmer who has industry and intelligence, and especially if he has a
family, the members of which can do their part, can make a far better
living and produce greater crop returns on a small farm than is pos-
sible by the consolidation of small farms into larger holdings.

•••-„„-

•

: 42

MONTANA-19 15

A Montana Dairy Herd.

Under the reclamation act there has been constructed, or are being
constructed, in Montana, the Huntley Project, the Lower Yellowstone
Project, the Milk River Project, including the St. Mary Storage feature,
and the Sun River Project. All of these projects have been completed to
a certain degree, but all of them are incomplete as regards ultimate de-
velopment. Water is being delivered to irrigated land on each of these
projects, and at frequent intervals additional areas are being made avail-
able for entry. The irrigable areas of the various reclamation projects are
as follows: Huntley, 32,405; Lower Yellowstone, 60,-
116; Milk River, 219,557; Sun River, 216,346. In addi-
tion to these projects the reclamation service, under an
agreement with the office of Indian Affairs, is carrying
on development work on Indian reservations. The Indian
projects in Montana are the Blackfeet, on which 122,500 acres will be
irrigated; the Flathead, 152,000 acres, and the Fort Peck with 152,000
acres. The total area to be irrigated in Montana by the reclamation
service is thus 954,924 acres, of which 426,500 acres is in Indian reser-
rations which are, or will shortly be opened to settlement. The esti-
mated cost of these irrigation projects reach the stupendous total of
$35,828,020.

In addition to the work of the United States reclamation service,
the development of irrigation enterprises under the Carey Land Act

Development
Under Carey
Act Successful.

THE TREASURE STATE

43

Potatoes Do Fine in All Parts of the State.

has been undertaken in Montana, with the result that there are now three
very successful Carey projects in Montana already or practically com-
pleted and receiving settlers, while two other projects, it is expected,
will be completed within the year.

The largest of the Carey projects in this state and one of the largest
irrigation enterprises ever undertaken in the west is the Valier project,
surrounding the town of Valier in the northern part of Teton county.
This project is now the scene of one of the most prosperous and success-
ful farming communities in the entire northwest. For
the benefit of settlers on the project, the company
constructed a railroad, which connects at Conrad with
the Great Northern, and which furnishes adequate
facilities for marketing the livestock and produce
raised on the project. The Valier project embraces almost 195,000 acres,
of which over 100,000 acres will actually be irrigated. Within this
project there are now available for entry under the Carey act and sus-
ceptible of irrigation some 38,000 acres of land. Under the Carey Act,
the en try man pays the state $1.50 per acre for the land, and also pays
the irrigation company $40.00 per acre for perpetual water right. The
annual maintenance on this project is 50c per acre. Land in the Valier
project may be entered on easy terms, $5.00 per acre being required at

Low Price For

Land Taken Under

The Carey Act.

MONTANA- 1915

Samples of Sanders County Grapes.

the time of purchase and the balance being payable in fourteen annual
installments, with interest at six per cent per annum.

Rapid development has marked this project and a fine spirit of co-
operation exists between the settlers and the irrigation company. During
the year 1914 the acreage farmed on this project increased by 6,050 acres,
while the number of hogs on the project increased from 1,884 to 5,135.
The Valier-Montana Land & Water Company, which developed this pro-
ject, does everything possible to insure the success of the settlers on the
project. The company's engineer runs the farmer's
Water Right Goes ditches, often having a man go out and help in building
With Land Taken the ditches at no cost to the settler. In addition, the
Under Carey Act. company has men each season who cover the project
showing the farmer how best to irrigate his land and
giving him every aid possible to get started in the right way. For full
information regarding the Valier project, address the Valier-Montana
Land & Water Company, Valier, Montana.

Another very successful Carey project in Montana is the Big Timber
project, located near Big Timber, in Sweet Grass county, Montana, and
embracing 18,000 acres of irrigable and 14,000 acres of non-irrigable land.
On this project some 9,000 acres of land have already been settled upon
and cultivated, while an equal amount is now available for settlement.
The price for a permanent water right on this project ranges from $45.00

THE TREASURE STATE

Logging Near Missoula.

to $60.00 per acre, terms being two to ten per cent cash on first pay-
ment and the balance running from one to ten years, with interest at the
rate of six per cent. This project is exceptionally favored in the excel-
lent quality of the soil, and the intelligent interest shown by the company
in the treatment and assistance rendered settlers on the project. Full
information regarding the Big Timber Carey project may be had by ad-
dressing the Glass-Lindsay Land Company, Big Timber, Montana.

The Billings Carey Land project was the first successful develop-
ment of Montana irrigation lands under the Carey act.
The project embraces a total of 34,000 acres, of which Railroad to
27,000 acres is susceptible of irrigation. Owing to the Market Built
success of this project there is now open to entry but For Farmers.
2,132 acres of Carey land susceptible of irrigation. Per-
manent water rights on Carey lands in this project cost from $25.00 to
$58.00 per acre, with an annual maintenance charge of $1.00 per acre.

The Billings project is located upon what is known as the Billings
bench, but a short distance from the rapidly growing city of Billings,
and the project has made good progress during the last few years. The
Billings Land" & Irrigation Company, which developed the project, rec-
ently took up the question of markets which was becoming of great im-
portance owing to the growth of the district. In 1913 the company
built a farmer railroad over the project, connecting the farmers with the

MONTANA- 1915

..i

Bringing Sheep in from the Range.

Billings market. This enabled many of the farmers to engage in the
growing of sugar beets for the sugar factory at Billings and also put the
dairymen in a position to market their milk and cream in that city.
The road is so located that but a small portion of the land is more than
two miles from a loading station. A thriving town has sprung up in
the center of the project. Literature regarding the Billings project may
be had by addressing the Billings Land & Irrigation Company, Billings,
Montana.

Stockraising has long been an important industry

Raising Stock in Montana, and in 1914 this commonwealth still raised
Is Profitable more sheep and produced more wool than any other
For the Farmers, state in the Union. The beef industry in Montana since
early territorial days has been of prime importance, and
it was but natural that the almost unlimited amount of free public range
would attract to this state monstrous herds of cattle. It is interesting
to note that with two exceptions every year between 1891 and 1910
over 200,000 head of beef cattle were shipped from Montana to east-
ern markets.

With the enactment of the 320-acre homestead law and the spreading
of knowledge of the true agricultural conditions in Montana, followed by
the influx of farmers, the land available for free public range was rapidly
reduced, and during the past two or three years it has been the policy of

THE TREASURE STATE

47

A Small Load of Logs.

the big cattle companies to gradually close out their extensive holdings.
It is estimated that not to exceed 158,623 head of cattle were shipped
from Montana during the year 1914, and with the increased local demand
it is more than likely that this output will continue to grow smaller for
several years. It is admitted on all sides that Montana is now in the tran-
sitory stage as regards the beef cattle industry, but those who have
given the subject thought unhesitatingly declare that within a few years
Montana will regain its prestige as a great producer of beef, although to
do this means the production of cattle on an entirely dif-
ferent basis than that of the past. More Cattle

In addition to cattle which may be ranged during To Be Raised
most of the year on uncultivated lands the beef pro- In Montana.
duction of the state will unquestionably be larger in the
near future by the development of small herds throughout the state. It
has been demonstrated that it is a real economy for the farmer to feed
as many head of live stock upon his farm as is practicable, and the large
importation of high bred stock during the past year indicates that an
unusually numerous body of farmers are taking advantage of this con-
dition.

Montana has for years been the leading sheep growing and wool
producing state of the union, and in 1914 it produced a total of 30,177,000
pounds of raw wool of a value of $6,364,329. In a lesser way the wool

-„,.-•••

: 48

MONTANA - 1 9 1 5

Along the Park-to-Park Highway.

industry is undergoing the same change as the beef industry, the set-
tlement of the open range making it necessary to cut down many of the
larger flocks of the state. The increasing number of small flocks, how-
ever, and the better and more intelligent care now being given the
range, together with the high price of wool, makes it certain that the
growing of sheep will always be an important industry in Montana.

In addition to the development of its beef and dairy herds, horses
and hogs are also of prime importance. The growing of hogs on a com-
mercial scale has recently been successfully undertaken
in practically every section of the state and is rapidly
being extended. Many Montana swine are consumed in
the larger markets of the state, and the surplus finds
ready sale at both eastern and western primary markets.
Horse-raising is a very important industry in Montana. The range
horse — the "cayuse" of olden days — has given way to a large extent to
full blooded stock with a preponderence of heavy draft animals. A few
years ago the United States War Department established at Miles City
the largest remount station in the United States, and coincident with this
has been developed at Miles City the largest primary horse market in the
world. Here very successful sales are held every month, and practically
every kind of horse flesh, from the full blooded running and trotting ani-

Wool Growing
An Industry
of Importance.

r

THE TREASURE STATE

• ««

Good Farming With Good Montana Horses.

mals to the heaviest of draft horses, are bought for shipment to every
section of this country and abroad.

Although the dairy industry of Montana is still in its infancy, the
possibilities in this line of farming are very great, and the past two years
has seen rapid growth. The climate of Montana is very favorable to
dairying. The winters are not so severe as in some central states, and the
greater part of Montana is better adapted to dairying than these states.
In summer the weather is fine for the work, and with cool evenings and
plenty of good cold running water in all parts of the
state, dairy products are easily handled.

Montana is noted for the vast amount of hay
that is being grown. Clover, alfalfa and other
grasses are produced in abundance. With plenty of
water for irrigation in nearly all parts of the state, pastures, one of the
most essential items for the dairyman, are easily kept in good condition
until late in the fall. Alfalfa is being raised in nearly all sections of the
state, and dairymen find that this is a very valuable roughage feed and
cheap in cost. The demand for dairy products is very strong the year
round, and there is no state in the Union in which the market is so well
maintained. Taking into consideration the cheapness of the land, the
vast amount of feed that can be grown and the high prices received

Horses and Hogs

Add To Wealth

Of The Farmers.

MOXTAN A - 1 9 1 5

Apple Growing is Becoming an Important Montana Industry.

for dairy products, Montana, it seems certain to assume, will rapidly be-
come the ideal dairying state.

Horticulture in Montana, like many other enterprises, began in a
small way but it likewise has grown to large proportions. Today fruit
growing is one of the leading pursuits of the entire northwest, and
Montana is sharing in its production in proportion to the utilization of
her sections adapted to horticultural development. Private corporations
and reclamation funds have given the horticultural industry an impetus
that nothing can check, and each year sees hundreds of
acres being planted to orchards. The utilization of the
horticultural lands of the state affords pleasant and
and profitable employment for hundreds of people and
will be the means of developing a type of rural life and
establishing rural homes that are equal, if not surpassing any rural com-
munity in the United States. Recent experiments by farmers who are
not afraid to learn what their soils will produce, have served to revolu-
tionize previous conceptions of the horticultural opportunities of Montana.
While fruit growing has heretofore been largely confined to the western
section of the state, in which it has been marked with great success, it
has been found that eastern Montana is also adapted to horticulture.
Grapes have been successfully grown in Elaine county, while apple or-
chards are now common throughout the eastern part of the state.

Fruit Raising
Profitable In
Many Sections.

I....

THE TREASURE STATE

ill

Montana Fruit and Vegetables.

Commercially, the Bitter Root valley, including Missoula and vicinity,
stands foremost in orchard development. Next in horticultural impor-
tance comes that part of Flathead county lying tributary to Flathead lake.
Following these sections are found Carbon county, Sanders county from
Plains to Trout Creek, and Lincoln county. The orchard acreage of the
state is upward of 30,000 acres, the greater part of this, however,
being young orchards not yet in bearing.

Montana presents conditions for the growing of a large list of fruits,
the success of their growing being measured by the
care with which the grower selects the variety and
the location upon which they are grown. The apple
is the principal commercial fruit grown in Montana;
Mclntoshs, Wealthies and Gravensteins have establish-
ed a reputation of their own whenever they have entered the market.
Cherries rank next to the apple in importance, and many carloads are
annually shipped from Bitter Root, Missoula and Flathead orchards.
Pears, plums and prunes are a good source of revenue to growers who
give them proper attention, and excellent success has been met in the
production of peaches and grapes. The growing of canteloupes, water-
melons, cucumbers and garden stuffs, especially peas, is rapidly coming
Into prominence in various sections of the state.

Montana Apples

Are Known All

Over The World.

,..

:

MONTANA- 1915

••;

Unloading Logs for the Mill.

Markets for all kinds of agricultural and dairy products are ready-
made in the mining districts of the state. Butte, the greatest mining
camp in the world with a monthly pay roll considerably in excess of a
million dollars; Great Falls and Anaconda, large smelting centers, and
numerous smaller camps throughout the state employ thousands of men
who yearly add from sixty to seventy millions of dollars to the mineral
wealth of the nation. Since 1880 Montana has produced one-third as
much copper as has the entire United States since 1845, and this year's
production, it is conservatively estimated, will closely
approximate 400,000,000 pounds. In no other mining
district of the world are the methods used so advanced
and so economical as can be found about the copper
mines of Butte. Long ago the management of the
different companies learned that the best results could be obtained by
paying the best wages, by employing the most capable men, by adopting
the best and safest methods and using the best equipment. They learned
that the best of everything is cheapest in the long run, and new processes
are being constantly utilized; while $6,000,000 is this year being spent
to enlarge and improve the smelting and reduction plants at Anaconda
and Great Falls.

Within the last two years the zinc producing industry has come rap-
idly to the front in Montana, and upwards of 12,000,000 pounds of spel-

Mines and Woods
Offer A Market
For All Products.

?*"

THE TREASURE STATE

A Portion of Montana's $7,000,000 Wool Crop.

ter are produced each month in this state. Gold mining, which brought
the Montana pioneers across the plains and built up the State's first
camps, has been outstripped by the mining and smelting of the baser
metals, such as copper and zinc, and yet the gold production of this
state, which has reached a total of approximately $330,000,000. is still
an important industry — the annual production now ranging between
$3,000,000 and $4,000,000. The bulk of this gold is now developed as a
byproduct of the copper mines of Butte, but in various parts of the
state gold mining, both placer, including hydraulic and
dredging, and quartz mining contribute to the annual
supply of the yellow metal.

Montana is the largest producer of silver in the
world, and its annual production of from 12,000,000 to
14,000,000 fine ounces is being gradually increased. Silver is secured
principally from the copper ores, and any increase in its production is
largely the result of a greater copper output.

Extensive and profitable coal mining operations are carried on in
various sections of the state, and the mining of precious stones gives
promise of assuming important proportions. Near Yogo, Montana, is
the largest sapphire mine in the world, and other districts throughout
the state give indication of the profitable production of precious and
semi-precious stones. The mining industry, which must now take sec-

Many Millions

Taken From

Montana Mines.

MONTANA- 1915

Farming is Pleasant and Profitable in Montana.

ond place in the development of the state, is in itself only in its infancy.
Coincident with the growth of Montana has come the enormous de-
velopment of the water power of the state, and electricity has become
the popular power in all industrial enterprises and is rapidly being utilized
for the propelling of freight and passenger trains across the mountain di-
visions. There are few places in the world in which nature lavished so
generous a hand in the distribution of natural resources as in Montana,
and this is particularly true with respect to the bounteous water power
within the confines of this state. Two of the greatest
rivers of the continent, the Missouri and the Columbia,
have their headwaters in the mountains of Montana
at elevations ranging from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, and
traversing Montana for great distances leave its bor-
ders at elevations but slightly in excess of 2,000 feet above sea level. So
great is the waterfall of Montana's streams that conservative electrical
authorities have estimated that not less than 1,000,000 horse power can
be developed within this state. Already one company, the Montana
Power Company, has developed over 100,000 horse power, and additional
development is being prosecuted as rapidly as markets are found. Work
is now under way for the electrification of over 400 miles of the main
line of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railroad, and it is expected that
the other transcontinental roads will shortly follow the lead of this

Enormous Water
Power Is Now
Being Utilized.

THE TREASURE STATE

55 :

•

.... .«•

Where an Acre is Worth More.

one. Electrical power is used at all of the principal mines of this state,
and the invisible fluid has become an important essential in the indus-
trial and domestic life of the commonwealth.

Supplementing its 60,000,000 acres of rich valley and bench agricul-
tural and grazing lands, Montana has approximately 30,000,000 acres
of mountain lands for the most part timber, and the lumbering industry
of this state contributes in no small degree to its prosperity. The total
estimated stand of commercial timber in the State of Montana is ap-
proximately 65,000,000 M feet, of which 33 per cent
is in private ownership, 6 per cent in state ownership,
3 per cent in national parks and reserved public land,
and 58 per cent controlled by the national forests,
which cover an area of 17,977,580 acres. The com-
mercial value of the forests in all ownership represents an aggregate com-
munity wealth of approximately $1,500,000,000. To a state whose
greatest resource is its agricultural land, the value of such a body of tim-
ber is incalcuable. This great body of forest land has developed a lum-
bering industry which, with its enormous pay roll, adds much to the
prosperity of the state and assists in furnishing a market for the products
of Montana's farms.

The real value of Montana's diversity of resources cannot be even
estimated. Not only are each of them adding millions of dollars to the

Timber Lands

Add To Great

Store of Wealth.

•••-„„.

! 56

MONTANA- 1915

Montana Leads the Nation in Sheep and Wool.

wealth of the State, but in addition the success of each industry con-
tributes largely though indirectly to the success of others. This is par-
ticularly true with regard to the influence which Montana's mining, lum-
bering and industrial resources have upon the development of the farm
lands of the State. Not only do these industries offer a home market for
many of the farm, garden and range products of the state, but in
other ways they contribute to the success of the farmer and particularly
the new settler. The first years on a new homestead are necessarily lean
years for the farmer, and in the majority of instances
he welcomes an opportunity to earn a little money on
the outside while getting ready to grow crops. The
five months annual leave of absence allowed under the
homestead laws is being put to practical advantage by
many new settlers, who spend this period working at good wages in the
mining or lumbering districts and thus secure ready cash to assist them
in their farming operations. In many instances the opportunity to secure
outside work of this character has enabled a man of limited means to
make a success where failure would otherwise have characterized his
homesteading operations.

Montana has been proclaimed the greatest grain producing state in
the Union, and its great agricultural wealth is so strongly supported by
so many other industries that its lasting prosperity is assured.

Outside Work
Means Much
To Homesteader.

Vacation Land

The Pleasure Seeker and Those Desiring Rest May Find Recreation and

Comfort in Montana.

IVALING IN IMPORTANCE its material
wealth are Montana's scenic attractions.
Montana has been aptly called the play-
ground of the nation. Certainly the state
can live up to this appelation, for in no
other commonwealth may be found so
many and so varied works of Nature
which appeal irresistably to those upon
vacation bent. With its wealth of nat-
ural scenery, its countless lakes and ma-
jestic peaks, its glaciers, its geysers and
its wonder-colored canyons, its unlimited
supply of fish and game, its great alti-
tudes with their accompanying ideal sum-
mer temperatures, and, last but not least,
its superb mountain highways, which

bring the great outdoors within easy and comfortable reach of the tour-
ist, Montana indeed offers inviting retreat to those who would, for a
day, a week or a month, break away from the commonplace.

It can be truthfully said that a vacation in Montana can be arranged
to suit any taste and any purse. Camping parties can spend months in
the mountains and on the lakes at a cost which is so small as to be
almost negligible. Boon companions may wander for days through prim-
eval forests at the mere expense of coffee and bacon and bread, while
the sparkling trout streams serve to make their table a
banquet board. On the other hand, those who would retain Vacations At
all the luxuries of civilization while upon their outings may Your Own
here find magnificient hotels dedicated to their comfort Price.

and convenience.

While the lakes and mountains and forests of Montana would of
themselves put Montana at the head of the list of recreation places, it
is to the two greatest and largest national parks that Montana owes its
best known summer attractions. These two great national playgrounds —
the Yellowstone and Glacier National Parks — are primarily Montana in-
stitutions. Even before the nation was awakened to the importance of
reserving these great natural wonders for the benefit and enjoyment of
all the people, these parks were vacation and sight-seeing places for the
people of Montana. Glacier National Park, containing more than 1,500
square miles and nestling upon the very apex of the continent, is wholly

MONTANA- 1915

Fishing De Luxe in Northwestern Montana.

within Montana, while Yellowstone National Park, the oldest and best
known of all the national reservations, is reached through this state. The
official entrance to this park, an imposing rock arch, dedicated by Presi-
dent Roosevelt, is at Gardiner, Montana, five miles from Mammoth Hot
Springs, the administrative headquarters of the great reserve, which
contains over 3,500 square miles, while across the park at Yellowstone,
Montana, is the western entrance, now vieing in importance with its older
rival.

The pride which Montana takes in these two great
Along The national playgrounds is shown by the building of a magni-
ParktoPark ficient automobile highway, which connects Yellowstone
Highway. and Glacier National Parks, and which incidentally gives
the tourist an entirely new conception of the phrase "See
America First."

Between these two parks, this great roadway runs for over four
hundred miles along the "backbone of the continent," giving an ever
changing vision — the majesty of towering mountains, the sublime of prim-
eval forests, the romantic glamour of great cattle ranches, the busy
activity of thriving cities and great industrial enterprises, and the quiet
prosperity of rich farm and meadow lands.

Along this highway may be traced the history of the commonwealth.
By the roadside may yet be seen the placer miners sluicing gold as the

?*'

THE TREASURE STATE

Two Medicine Lake, Glacier National Park.

Calif ornian of '49 washed it from the native sands. There may be seen
some of the deepest mines and some of the largest smelting and reduction
plants in the world. There may be seen the woodsman felling the giant
trees and the sawmills which cut them into the lumber of commerce.
There may be seen the harnessing of swift and turbulent streams and
their conversion into the mystic power which turns the wheels of industry
all over an empire teeming with life and activity. There may be seen
great traction engines breaking virgin sod that it may be sown to grain,
and further beyond may be seen the shack of the home-
steader— Montana's newest citizen. And if you care to
stop by the side of the road you may angle from the
sparkling streams the gamest trout known to the dis-
ciples of Isaak Walton, or wandering into the forests
you may treat yourself to the spectacle of the greatest and most varied
collection of wild game which yet remains in America.

Along this roadway may be seen in a state of civilization far beyond
what the average tourist expects, the remnants of tribes of the aboriginal
inhabitants of the western hemisphere. The Indians who formerly roved
the plains and hunted buffalo and white men's scalps have been tamed
and, yielding to the influence of the white men's way, has turned to
raising cattle and growing grain, in which more than one Indian has

Nature And

Industry Work

Hand in Hand.

L.

MONTANA- 1915

Trout Sport in a Thousand Montana Streams.

found the way to success which measures large even by the white man's
standard.

The mountains and prairies of Montana are prolific in game. In
fact, after centuries of relentless hunting by Indians and white men, elk,
moose, deer, antelope, Rocky Mountain sheep, Rocky Mountain goats and
bear abound. On account of the ruthless slaughter of moose by the In-
dians and antelope by both races, it has been found necessary to perpet-
ually protect these beautiful animals. Big game hunting, which in most
parts of the world, is a princely pastime capable of indul-
gence only by the very wealthy, may be had in Montana
by even the humblest. Despite the slaughter of bison
and other large game animals by early settlers of the
state and the relentless hunting by Indians ages before
the white man's advent, all game in Montana, with the exception of the
American bison, is now increasing under the protection afforded by the
game laws and constant patrolling by the members of the state game
department. Twenty-five years ago the elk on the northern boundary of
the Yellowstone National park did not number one-half as many as they
do today and in the northwestern part of the state where these animals
have never had the protection afforded by the federal authorities, they
have more than held their own and are numerically stronger now than
twelve years ago.

All Wild Game
May Be Found
In Abundance.

THE TREASURE STATE 01

Bison on Reserve Near Missoula.

Unlike some of the eastern states and Canadian provinces the game
and fish districts of Montana are not subject to private lease by native
or foreign citizens and all of the vast territory of the state, covered by
almost 150,000 square miles of prairies, mountains and timbered areas,
watered by thousands of lakes and streams, is open to all followers of
the sport, subject only to the liberal provisions of the state game laws,
which permit the killing in season of all game animals, except moose,
antelope, buffalo, bison, caribou, mountain sheep and goats, and elk in
certain counties, while the gamest of game fish, trout
and grayling, may be taken from the waters at all times Hunting Deer
of the year with rod, hook and line. Within A Few

There is not a city or town in the mountainous re- Miles of Home.
gion which does not yearly contain the carcasses of deer
killed within a radius of a few miles of the business sections. Many
deer are annually bagged within ten miles of Helena, and the same may
be said of Butte, Anaconda, Missoula, Dillon, Livingston, Bozeman, Deer
Lodge, and Kalispell. Mountain sheep and Rocky Mountain goats are in
considerable numbers within a few miles of Anaconda and Deer Lodge.
But few states possess the proud and majestic Rocky Mountain sheep.
Montana is pre-eminently the abode of the largest number of these mag-
nificient animals in the United States. For the present these beautiful

rr

••*-•«•

» — „,-•••

MONTANA- 1915

An Ideal Vacation Spot.

animals are protected by the game laws and are expected to rapidly
increase.

From September first of each year, on which date the season opens
for ducks and other water fowl, only, until November 30, when
the season on all big game closes, the mountains of Montana contain
thousands of hunters, some camping for a few days, and others out
for a month or six weeks' trip, systematically bagging all the different
varieties of birds and animals permitted to be killed under the law. The
season on elk and deer is from October 1 to December
15; there being a limit of one per season on the former
and two per season on the latter; on grouse, prairie
chicken, fool hen, pheasant, partridge, sage hen, with a
limit of five per day, from September 15 to October 15,
except in the counties of Custer, Dawson, Richland, Sheridan, Valley,
Philips, Rosebud, Big Horn, Prairie and Fallon, in which counties the open
season on these birds is from September 1 to October 1 ; wild ducks, limit
twenty per day, and wild geese and brant (no limit) September 1 to Jan-
uary 1.

There is no closed season on bear, which are often the coveted
quarry of local and eastern sportsmen, during the months of April, May
and the early part of June. At this time, especially during the month of
May, the skins are prime. The animals have just finished their winter

Offers Good
Nerve Test.
A Hungry Bear

••.-„„ — .. — .. — » — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — .. — ,. — ,. — .. — .. — .. — „ — .. — .. — .. — .. — ..-•••

THE TREASURE STATE <«!

m

Good Roads are the Rule in Montana.

hibernation. When they first emerge from their long retreat, they are
in fairly good flesh and ravenously hungry. Unless they immediately
find food in considerable quantity they rapidly lose flesh and soon become
thin and gaunt. It is at this time that bear travel over a large area in
twenty-four hours in quest of meals and it is especially true of the Griz-
zly or Silver Tip variety that at this season they are most fierce and
seldom seek to avoid an encounter with their natural enemy — man —
consequently to the hunter, in addition to procuring pelts in their primest
condition, there is the added zest of dangerous sport.

Bear are native to all the mountainous regions of the Bear, Deer
State, but probably the greatest numbers are found in the and Elk
counties adjacent to the Yellowstone National Park and in Also Found.
the northwestern portion of Montana, being particularly
numerous on the South Fork of the Flathead and Swan rivers, in Powell,
Flathead, Missoula and Lincoln counties, where many silver tips and other
varieties of the bruin family abound. These regions are also the homes
of thousands of elk and deer which may be hunted during the open sea-
son, subject only to the provisions of the game laws, which require the
possession of the proper hunting license and an observance of the law
as to the limit.

While Montana has long been known as the hunter's paradise, the
fishing streams are also among the best on the American continent.

MONTANA-1915

Moonlight on Flathead Lake.

Here, native to the waters of the eastern side of the continental divide,
are found millions of toothsome grayling, beautiful game fish, the pea-
cocks of the aqueous realm, which are native to only three localities-
Montana, Michigan and Alaska. On the western slope of the Rocky
Mountains trout abound in great quantities and numerous varieties. To
specify the best trout fishing in Montana would be a presumption and
more than that it would be largely a guess — there are so many streams
and mountain lakes in which abound these gamy specimens of the finny
tribe. The Stillwater, Big Boulder of Sweet Grass
county, the Upper Yellowstone, the Gallatin and tribu-
taries, the Madison, Red Rock river and lakes, the Big
Hole, Silver and Georgetown lakes, Flint creek, Rick
creek, the Big Blackfoot river, Clark's Fork, the Flat-
head, Stillwater river of Flathead county, the Big river, the Kootenai, the
Yakt, the Swan and hundreds of smaller streams throughout the state, to-
gether with the lakes of Lincoln and Flathead counties, all afford this
most alluring pleasure. An excellent detailed description of the fish
streams and game regious of Montana and how best to reach them, writ-
ten by Mr. Dave Morgan, chief deputy game warden, is published in the
first biennial report of the Montana Game and Fish Commission, a copy of
which will be forwarded free by this Department upon receipt of four
cents' postage.

Nimrods Have
Hundreds of
Fishing Streams.

«...

THE TREASURE STATE

"•"•

Lower Falls and Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone — Yellowstone National Park.

The game laws require that all males over the age of fourteen years
who are resident citizens of this state and who desire to hunt and fish
shall first procure a license therefore. This license may be had upon pay-
ment of $1.00 to the state game and fish warden or any salaried deputy
or SI. 10 to a justice of the peace or non-salaried deputy. Any person
who has not resided in this state for the six months last past, but is a
citizen of the United States may procure a non-residents' license, of which
there are three classes — the "general" which entitles the holder to hunt
large and small game and to fish, and costs $25; the
"limited" which entitled the holder to hunt small and Game Laws

feathered game and to fish, and costs $10; and "fish- Insure Good

ing" which entitles the holder to fish only and costs $2. Sport To All.
Any person who is not a citizen of the United States,
irrespective of the time he has resided within this state, is entitled to
secure an alien license, which is in two classes — "alien general," which
entitles the holder to hunt large and small game and to fish and costs
$30 ; "alien fishing" which entitles the holder to fish only and costs $5.

Among the natural wonders of Montana, the tourist should not neg-
lect the Lewis and Clark cavern (formerly called Morrison's cave) , a lime-
stone cavern of great scientific interest, because of its length and because
of the number of large vaulted chambers it contains. It is of historic in-
terest, also, because it overlooks for a distance of more than fifty miles

MONTANA- 1915

Upper St. Mary's Lake — Glacer National Park.

the trail of Lewis and Clark along the Jefferson river, named by them.
The vaults of the cavern are magnificiently decorated with stalactites and
stalagmite formations of great variety in size, form and color, the equal
of, if not rivaling, the similar formations in the well known Luray cave 3
in Virginia.

The cavern is located about three-quarters of a mile northeasterly
from Cavern, a postoffice in Jefferson county and a station on the North-
ern Pacific railway, about 45 miles from Butte. The cave may also be
reached from the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul station
Cavern Which of Alcazar, about two miles distant. The cavern is sit-
Rivals Famous uated in a massive deposit of what is known as Madison
Mammoth Cave, limestone, which at this place dips steeply to the south-
west. The various chambers in the cave, as far as ex-
plored, extend for a distance of about 700 feet horizontally and 350 feet
vertically, but there are many openings and passages that have never
been explored. The chambers and passages seem in general to follow the
dip of the formation. The cavern is best reached by following the rail-
road track easterly for about a quarter of a mile and then following a
circuitous road or trail about one and a half miles. The mouths of the
cavern are 1,300 feet above the railroads and the climb requires about an
hour and a half. Its two entrances which are about one hundred yards
apart, are upon the walls of a deep canyon about 500 feet below the rim.

THE TREASURE STATE

Lakes, Mountains and Woodland Combine to Make a Charming Scene.

The Lewis and Clark cavern is a national monument, under the jurisdic-
tion of the Secretary of the Interior.

The Yellowstone National Park has unrivalled claim to the title of
the Wonderland of America. In fact, at no place on the globe, are to be
found, so closely grouped, so many natural phenomena. It is the home
of the unique and unusual in nature, and its attractions are known all
over the civilized world, from every country of which it annually draws
its large quota of visitors. During the year 1914, 20,250 persons toured
the park, and it is expected that this number will, be-
cause of heavy western travel, be doubled during 1915.

The tour of the Yellowstone National Park may be
made in five and one-half days, and yet, so many and so
varied are the opportunities here to enjoy the wonders
which abound on every hand, that a visitor may spend months within the
park confines and know not the feeling of time heaviness. The route
of tourist travel through the park is ideally arranged to produce a con-
stantly changing view of world wonders, with each new scene lifting the
emotions to a higher point and giving a more glorious conception of
nature's marvelous work.

First, at Mammoth, with its hundreds of mineral springs, constantly
building and rebuilding myriad formations, and its wierd spectral rocks
and subterranean caverns; another day, and the visitor is in the heart

Playground

Is Open To

All The People.

08

MONTANA- 1915

Where the Mountains End.

of the geyser region, where, each on its own regular schedule a hundred
spouting springs send forth their charge of boiling water, playing for a
minute or an hour, as the case may be, sending their streams upward in
some instances to heights of hundreds of feet, and then dropping back into
the form of a clear pool which gives no indication of the mighty forces
working beneath its surface; out of the geyser region, the tourist views
and sails across beautiful I/ake Yellowstone, a magnificient body of cool,
clear crystal water, over 7,000 feet above the level of the sea, a scene
which makes one feel that the turbulent, volcanic
activity he witnessed the day before can be scarcely
more than a dream, so strikingly is the contrast;
another day and he comes upon the wonder of won-
ders— the falls and grand canyon of the Yellowstone,
a mighty river dropping over a precipice of 360 feet and into a chasm, the
wonderful coloring of which has baffled every artist who sought to trans-
fer its marvelous tints to canvas.

There are numerous and varied accommodations for those who desire
to "do" Yellowstone National Park. This great national playground is
open to all the people and the choice of the method of viewing its won-
ders lies entirely with the individual. Many parties annually go through
the park with their own camping "outfits," making the trip as leisurely
as they desire, and while enjoying the unusual scenes about them live, in

Weird Sights
To Be Witnessed
In Geyser Land.

THE TREASURE STATE

««!

Foot of Lake McDonald— Glacier National Park.

reality, close to nature. Although wild game of all kinds is protected
in the park, fishing is allowed in all the streams and in many parts of
the park excellent catches may be had. Others patronize the professional
camping companies and thus enjoy outdoor life without the expense and
worry of providing and caring for their own means of transportation.
Many others secure accommodations at the Wylie permanent camps, which
company also maintains a line of stages for the transportation of its
guests. Another favorite method of seeing the park is to take advantage
of the palatial hotels which the Yellowstone Park Hotel
Association has erected at various points throughout the
park, in close proximity to the scenes of the great nat-
ural wonders. As the precincts of the park are still
closed to the automobile, tourists are transported between
the hotels by comfortable stage coaches, and coaching itself has a most
delightful attraction. By following the hotel route the tourist is enabled
to reach all the points of interest in the park and at the same time to
enjoy, between sight-seeing expeditions, all of the comforts and conven-
iences of a metropolitan hostelry, with most excellent cuisine and service.
Those desiring to visit the Yellowstone National Park should go to
Livingston, on the main line of the Northern Pacific, from which point
a branch line runs up the picturesque Yellowstone to Gardiner. Over this
line modern Pullman trains are run twice daily, making the trip to the

Vacation Can

Be Had At

Low Expense.

70

MONTANA- 1915

An Orchard Home Along the Lakes.

park as easy and comfortable as a ride on a transcontinental train. Rep-
resentatives of the various companies holding camping, transportation
and hotel concessions in the park may be met on the train and all ar-
rangements made for necessary accommodations. The cost of the park
trip is usually between $35 and $60, depending upon the character of the
accommodations desired. The season is from June 15 to September 15
each year.

Glacier National Park is the newest of the great national playgrounds,
having been created by act of congress in February,
1910, and yet so well and favorably known have its at-
tractions become that between June 1 and October 1,
1914, 12,168 visitors registered at its two entrances, Bel-
ton and Glacier Park station. This park is located in
northwestern Montana and comprises an area of 1,500 square miles. It
is bounded on the north by the Canadian border, on the south by the
main line of the Great Northern railway, on the west by the north fork
of the Flathead river and on the east by the Blackfeet Indian reserva-
tion. The main range of the Rocky Mountains extends from north to
south throughout the center of the park, and within this region is found
a variety of mountain scenery unsurpassed for beauty and grandeur on
this continent, and said by those who have seen both countries to excell

Glacier Park
Lies On Top Of
The Continent.

THE TREASURE STATE

•••

•

..;

Along the Narrows in Fl a I head Lake.

the famous Alps of Switzerland. Recently Secretary of the Interior
Franklin K. Lane, wrote:

"The United States contains Switzerland, the Riviera, the fiords of
Norway and the Egyptian desert. This is a flamboyant way of saying a
simple fact that there is nothing of natural grandeur or beauty which
our people cross the water to enjoy, which has not its rival or superior
within this country. And in addition our land is rich in canons, forests
and natural wonders, the like of which the Old World does not present.

"To see the Yellowstone, with its golden canon and its strange
spouting geysers; the emerald lakes of Glacier, gathered
in the laps of massive mountains of brilliant red; * * * Making It

— to see these is to know 'Nature in her supremest mo- Easy To See
ments.'" Glacier Land.

Glacier National Park takes its name from the fact
that within its borders are upwards of 60 living glaciers, of which the
Blackfeet glacier, covering an area of almost five miles square, is
the largest. There are within the park more than 250 mountain lakes,
hundreds of wild mountain streams and almost countless beautiful water
falls. There are snow-covered mountain peaks ranging from 8,000 to
10,000 feet in height, a number of which have never been climbed by
white men. This region of scenic beauty and scientific wonder is
awaiting the tourist, the explorer, the fisherman, the artist, the scientist
and the mountain climber, and because of its variety of attractions and

...

MONTANA - 1 9 1 5

A Profitable Way to Spend a Vacation.

ease of access, it is destined to become one of the great playgrounds of
the world.

Already much progress has been made toward making it easy for
the tourist to see Glacier-land. So rapidly has this been carried on, that
it is now possible to penetrate the very heart of the Glacier region by
automobile, Secretary of the Interior Lane having directed the building
of an automobile road to Lake McDermott, where may be found all the
comforts and conveniences of a modern city hotel, located in what was

until recently one of the most remote and inaccessible
Pack Horses, recesses of the northwest.

Automobiles The Great Northern Railway, the officials of which

And Launches, were active in the movement for the setting aside of

this great natural reserve, has taken a leading part in
providing accommodations for those who desire to view the park. At
Glacier Park station, the eastern entrance to the park, a magnificient
hotel, costing upwards of $200,000, and having accommodations for 300
guests, was opened to the public in the spring of 1913, but before the
close of the year it was found that this was inadequate to supply the
demand, and the construction of an annex, to double the hotel's capacity,
was immediately commenced and rushed to completion. This hotel is
unique among the inns of the world and deserves more than passing men-
tion. It is constructed of huge logs, and its great lobby, with its campfire

THE TREASURE STATE

Montana is a Crank on Good Roads.

in the center, and around which hang hundreds of bear skins and buffalo
skulls and other early-day trophies, is one of the show places of the
continent. In addition to this hotel and the one at Lake McDermott, the
Great Northern has established comfortable and sanitary permanent
camps at easy stages throughout the park. These are gradually being
replaced by Swiss chalets, a magnificient example of which is located at
Belton, the western entrance to the park.

Many who make the trip through the interior of
Glacier Park do so by walking, taking camping equip-
ment with them on pack horses or securing accommoda-
tions at the permanent camps. Others go through on
horseback, plenty of horses and guides being available
during the season. This trip takes the visitor over the continental
divide and over some of the largest glaciers and is very popular
with those who desire to "rough it." For those who do not care for travel-
ing as hard as this, however, easy and in fact luxurious trips can be made
far into the interior of the park from either entrance. From Glacier park
station, as stated above, the tourist may penetrate the heart of the glacier
region at McDermott lake, using automobiles and steam launches tne entire

Crystal Lakes

And Streams

Call The Weary.

74

MONTANA-1915

Countless Turbulent Mountain Streams in Montana.

way. From Belton, on the western side, there is an easy stage or auto
ride to beautiful Lake McDonald, upon the shores of which numerous per-
manent cottages and camps, as well as two modern hotels, both of which
were greatly enlarged in 1914 to accommodate the rapidly increasing tour-
ist travel. Long before Glacier National Park was created by congress,
Lake McDonald had more than a state-wide reputation as a summer at-
traction, and many prominent citizens have secured small land holdings
on the shores of the lake and spend the entire summer
amid these attractive surroundings.

Glacier park is reached only by the main line of the
Great Northern railway, being entered either from Gla-
cier Park station, on the eastern border, or Belton, on
the western. Trips through the park may be made at a cost of from $1
to $10 a day, depending upon the character of the accommodations de-
sired and the number of persons in the party making the trip. Good
accommodations may be had at the hotels and permanent camps at the
uniform rate of $3 per day, American plan. The Glacier park season is
from June 1 to October 15.

In addition to the two great national parks, there are many other

Glacier Park
"Done" At
Moderate Cost.

THE TREASURE STATE

A Camping Spot in the National Forest.

places which invite one to while away vacation hours. Along the shores
of Flathead lake, the largest fresh water lake in the country, numerous
restful places are to be found. Flathead lake is easily reached from
Kalispell, on the Great Northern, or from Ravalli, on the Northern Pa-
cific. Swan lake, near by, is popular with summer colonists.

The famous Kootenai country, stretching through Lincoln county, in
the northwestern corner of the state, attracts many summer visi-
tors, who find restful days in the shadow of the giant pines and along
the banks of the wonderfully beautiful lakes and rivers. The Blackfoot
valley, in northern Powell county, offers numerous at-
tractions, and is especially popular with Helena and Fountain Of
Great Falls people, while the lakes on the Missouri river Youth Is

near Helena, are being rapidly developed into summer Not Needed.
resorts. At Helena, also, is the famous Broadwater
natatorium, the largest enclosed swimming pool in the world, which an-
nually attracts visitors from all over the country.

These are but a few of the better known places which appeal to
those on vacation bent. There is scarcely a section of the state in which
mountain streams, so dear to the heart of the angler, are not to be found,
and those who want to get away from the beaten path of summer tour-
ist travel can easily do so by dropping off the train at almost any station
in the mountains and beating back a few miles, where they can become
immersed in solitude.

MONTANA- 1915

Where Nature Strives to Please.

While Montana is calling for the home-builder and the settler, it,
nevertheless, welcomes the casual visitor. In this country, it is believed
that Americans should "See America first," and in doing so there
can be no better way than to begin with Montana. Many weeks may be
spent in sight-seeing and out-door enjoyment in Montana, and the time
thus spent will not be wasted. It will not be taken from the sum total
of one's life. Rather, it will lengthen your years, and more than that it
will, in bettered health and increased capacity for living, give you the
real heritage of the mountain land. Ponce de Leon's fabled fountain of
youth has not, in fact, been discovered, but its nearest substitute, all
are agreed, is to be found amid the mountains and lakes of Montana,
the glories of Nature's most inspiring efforts.

•• ..

THE TREASURE STATE 77

•••-*• — «•— •• — «— ••— •• — •• — » — « — •• — •• — •• — «- — « — « — •• — « — » — « — » — » — « — » — ••— . . — •• .. ..-.•«

Montana Grains the Best in the World

AT THE PANAMA-PACIFIC INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION
AT SAN FRANCISCO, MONTANA WON

The Grand Prize in Cereals

The highest competitive award in the agricultural division, while
Montana farmers were awarded more medals than were given the agri-
cultural exhibitors of any other state or foreign country.

Montana received nine medals of honor on wheat, oats, barley, flax,
grains and general agricultural products;

73 Gold Medals 236 Silver Medals 195 Bronze Medals

100 Honorable Mention

The winnings at San Francisco Fair are only a few of a long string
of victories that the state has carried off in competition with the world
and with other states.

At the NATIONAL CORN EXPOSITION, Dallas, Texas, 1914, Mon-
tana won World's Championships in —

Wheat — (Grain and sheaf). Clover — (sheaf).

Barley— (Grain and sheaf). Millet— (sheaf).

Oats — (sheaf). Brome Grass — (sheaf).

Flax — (Sheaf). Orchard Grass — (Sheaf and Seed).

Timothy — ( sheaf ) .

United States Championships in —

Oats Fall Wheat

Spring Wheat Macaroni

At the DRY FARMING CONGRESS, Tulsa, Oklahoma, 1913, Mon-
tana won four out of twelve sweepstakes, as follows—

First on Turkey Red Wheat; First on sheaf of alfalfa;

First on sheaf of hard wheat; First on timothy.

At the MINNEAPOLIS LAND SHOW, 1912, Montana won the $5,000 first prize
for the best five bushels of wheat.

At the LAND PRODUCTS SHOW, St. Paul, 1911, Montana won first prize for
largest and best exhibit of products from any one state; first prize for best bushel
of winter wheat produced in the northwest; first prize on barley.

At the MADISON SQUARE GARDEN LAND SHOW, New York, 1911, Montana was
awarded four sweepstake prizes for best wheat, best oats, best barley and best alfalfa.
First prize offered for the best 100 pounds of wheat grown in the United States and
best 100 pounds of oats grown in United States were both awarded to Montana exhi-
bitors; also first prize for the best bushel of barley.

When Montana Grains are shown they take FIRST PRIZE AGAINST THE
WORLD. FIRST IN QUALITY AND FIRST IN QUANTITY is Montana's motto.

:
•
••

MONTANA-19 15

....

Montana Banks Reflect the State's Prosperity

December 31, 1914, there were in Montana 62 National Banks,
208 State Banks and Trust Companies and 22 Private Banks.
The Combined Report of the Condition of These 292 Institu-
tions, as Tabulated by Mr. H. S. Magraw, the State Superin-
tendent of Banks, Shows Stronger Than Any Words Can Por-
tray the Substantial Nature of the Prosperity Which Montana
Is Enjoying.

The Following Table Shows the Aggregate Resources and
Liabilities of the Banks of Montana on the Date Given:

RESOURCES National Banks State Banks Private Banks

Loans and Discounts $32,433,117.97 $35,414,859.95 $4,421,494.29

Overdrafts 128,145.50 712,063.72 147,086.55

Bonds and Warrants 7,170,889.20* 2,140,920.01 780,037.62

Real Estate, Purn. & Fix 1,893,624.57 2,687,374.21 798,934.76

Cash on Hand 3,571,184.32 3,472,969.50 757,532.86

Due from Banks 9,419,063.07 8,119,074.34 1,027,117.90

Checks and Cash Items 396,566.92** 353,357.22 56,140.79

Other ; Resources 167,219.05 73,954.41 6,093.04

Total Resources $55,179,810.60 $52,974,573.36 $7,994,437.81

* — Includes $3,305,700 U. S. Bonds to secure circulation.
** — Nickels and cents included.

LIABILITIES National Banks State Banks Private Banks

Capital Stock $ 5,405,000.00 $ 8,110,000.00 $1,009,100.00

Surplus 2,716,500.00 1,885,418.93 52,200.00

Undivided Profits 1,100,749.48 1,425,108.87 74,150.66

Due to Banks 2,754,053.36 2,320,956.34 108,023.37

Deposits, Checking 28,228,195.15 25,106,206.61 3,859,027.55

Deposits, Savings 11,344,335.19 13,039,280.63 2,720,112.74

Bills Payable 162,460.00 1,083,009.86 171,637.90

Other Liabilities 3,468,517.42f 4,592.12 185.59

Total Liabilities $55,179,810.60 $52,974,573.36 $7,994,437.81

t— Includes $3,171,537.50 National Bank notes outstanding and $296.931.32
Dividends unpaid.

?*"

THE TREASURE STATE

79

• ••

Progress of Montana Agriculture

(All figures from the year books of the U. S. Department of Agriculture.)

FIFTEEN YEARS' GROWTH IN WHEAT

Year

Acres Bu. Per Acre

1900 72,555 26.6

1901 88,807 26.5

1902 90.583 26.0

1903 98,735 28.2

1904 108,608 23.9

1905 .119,469 23.8

1906 , 137,389 24.0

1907 .-. 139,000 28.8

1908 153,000 24.2

1909 350,000 30.8

1910 480,000 22.0

1911 429,000 28.7

1912 803,000 24.1

1913 870,000 23.8

1914 ....910,000 20.2

Production

1,929,963

2,353.386

2,355,158

2,784,327

2,596,731

2,843,326

3,297,336

4,003,000

3,703,000

10,764,000

10,560,000

12,299,000

19,346,000

20,673,000

18,356,000

Value

i 1,177,277

1,576,769

1,460,198

1,837,656

2,311,091

2,018,787

2,110,295

3,243,000

3,185,000

9,364,000

9,081,000

9,470,000

12,381,000

13,644,000

16,704,000

FIFTEEN YEARS' GROWTH IN POTATOES

Acres

4,781

Bu. Per Acre
134

Production
640,654

Value
339,547

Year

1900

1901

1902 11,521 153 1,762,713 881,356

1903 12,904 176 2,271,104 999,286

1904 13,162 143 1,882,166 1,148,121

1905 13,688 120 1,642,560 969,110

1906 14,099 152 2,143,048 1,307,259

1907 .....18,000 150 2,700,000 1,350,000

1908 20,000 138 2,760,000 1,932,000

1909 25,000 180 4,500,000 2,295,000

1910 25,000 120 3,000,000 2,550,000

1911 27,000 150 4,050,000 2,997,000

1912 ." 37,000 165 6,105,000 2,442,000

1913 36,000 140 5,040,000 3,377,000

1914 37,000 140 5,180,000 3,315,000

FIFTEEN YEARS' GROWTH IN FLAX

Year Acres Bu. Per Acre Production Value

1901 16 13.7 200 $ 268

1902 12,500 9.0 112,500 76,500

1903 12,625 14.0 176,750 106,050

1904 9,334 8.0 74,672 70,938

1905 16,570 10.0 165,700 135,874

1906 24,855 12.0 298,260 298,260

1907 . . . 34,000 13.0 436,000 353,000

1908 9,000 11.5 104,000 104,000

1909 10,000 12.0 120,000 192,000

1910 60,000 7.0 420,000 1,008,000

1911 425,000 7.7 3,272,000 5,890,000

1912 460,000 12.0 5,520,000 6,182,000

1913 400,000 9.0 3,600,000 4,140,000

1914 ... 320,000 8.0 2,560,000 3,072,000

•••

MONTANA- 1915

Progress of Montana Agriculture — Continued

(All figures from year books of the United States Department of Agriculture.)

FIFTEEN YEARS' GROWTH IN CORN

Year

Acres

1900 1,598

1901 3,095

1902 3,714

1903 :.... 3,788

1904 3,902

1905 i 3,941

1906 3,980

1907 4,000

1908 4,000

1909 5,000

1910 8,000

1911 20,000

1912 24,000

1913 28,000

1914 .. - 50,000

Bu. Per Acre
15.0
25.0
22.0
24.1
22.2
19.4
23.4
22.5
23.4
35.0
23.0
26.5
25.5
31.5
28.0

Production

23,970

77,375

81,708

91,291

86,624

76,455

93,132

90,000

94,000
175,000
184,000
530,000
612,000
882,000
1,400,000

Value

I 14,172

69.638

58,830

56,600

58,904

51,989

60,536

61,000

85,000

150,000

175,000

424,000

428,000

679,000

1,064,000

FIFTEEN YEARS' GROWTH IN OATS

Year

Acres

1900 65,865

1901 147,365

1902 159,154

1903 162,337

1904 167,207

1905 178..911

1906 196,802

1907 240,000

1908 -" 254,000

1909 300,000

1910 350,000

1911 425,000

1912 476,000

1913 500,000

1914 .. 530,000

Bu. Per Acre Production

39.0
42.0
41.9
46.4
37.7
41.3
43.2
49.0
41.6
51.3
38.0
49.8
48.0
43.5
43.5

2,568,735

6,189,330

6,668,553

7,532,437

6,303,704

7,389,024

8,501,846

11,760,000

10,566,000

15,390,000

13,000,000

21,165,000

22,848,000

21,750,000

18,550,000

Value
$1,078,869
2,228,159
2,400,679
2,636,353
2,899,704
3,177,280
3,740,812
5,410,000
5,177,000
6,464,000
6,118,000
8,466,000
7,997,000
6,960,000
7,234,000

FIFTEEN YEARS' GROWTH IN BARLEY

Year Acres Bu. Per Acre Production

1900 . 5,194 38.8 201,527

1901 16,398 39.0 639,522

1902 ....17,874 37.0 661,338

1903 18,231 40.2 732,886

1904 17,502 29.9 523,310

1905 15,227 33.0 512,491

1906 14,313 33.0 472,329

1907 17,000 38.0 646,000

3908 25,000 35.0 875,000

1909 50,000 38.0 1,900,000

1910 52,000 28.0 1,456,000

1911 31,000 34.5 1,070,000

1912 . 39,000 36.5 1,424,000

1913 60,000 31.0 1,860,000

1914 . ....70,000 30.5 2,135,000

Value

! 96,773
364,528
337,282
425,074
324,452
281,395
264,504
400,000
534,000

1,197,000
903,000
728,000
755,000
893,000

1,132,000

THE TREASURE STATE

Irrigation Projects in Montana

RECLAMATION SERVICE PROJECTS.

1 «-• w

•0 (3- M >

>« >

COc-g

tw

Project

ill

CD £}j

O- £. M>

1 B*&3
J o o "

[> Q M
|%|

ea irrigated
3ason 1913 —
cres.

H* W
W o'w

'II

J

il

Huntley

32,405
.. 60,116
219,557
216,346
..528,424

30,642
37,799
12,800
16,346
97,587

15,796

7,660
2,545
7,500
33,501

$ 1,244,344.49
3,194,265.52
1,782,749.36
1,188,229.80
67,409,609.17

$ 1,121,000.00
3,030,000.00
7,211,000.00
10,721,000.00
22,083,000.00

Lower Yellowstone..
Milk River

Sun River

Reclamation Service

Blackfeet

INDIAN

122,500
152,000
152,000
..426,500
954,924

SERVICE P:
26,649
38,000
7,500
72,149
169,736

CAREY

ROJECTS IN

MONTANA.

$ 814,666.09
1,214,561.78
298,225.67
2,327,453.54
9,737,062.71

$ 4,287,500.00
4,829,520.00
4,628,000.00
13,745,020.00
35,828,020.00

Flathead

4,631
550
5,181
38,832

PROJECTS.

Fort Peck

Total, Indian Serv
Total Montana

|||

I|

I

P "*

H
IH

CD «-*•

s|| Hi

'*aa 5' g

O W
*C ^

• CD "O <*

>— ' fD p

Pi

cc ,-, _

aa

•-J

(-1- M

O £".

Billings Land & Ir-
rigation Co., Bill-
ings, Mont 13,834.63 10,112.88 3721.75 $ 450,000.00 $ 454,698.77 $25.00

Glass-Lindsay Land
Co., Big Timber,
Montana 11,334.10 4,894.94 6,439.16 740,000.00 800,000.00 45.00

Valier-Mont. Land
& Water Co., Va-
lier, 'Mont 85,580.14 33,860.33 51,860.33 4,060,946.83 3,910,946.83 40.00

Fergus Co. Land &
Irrigation Co.,
Lewistown, Mont. 7,768.80

L it 1 1 e Missouri
Land & Irrigation
Co., Butte, Mont. 20,607.98

Teton Co-Operative
Reservoir Co., Hel-
ena, Montana 55,353.83

(1)

(1)

400,000.00 30,000.00 50.00

500,000.00 50,000.00 40.00

(2)

194,479.48 48,868.15 62,021.24

(1) Contract entered into between Company and
ment of lands.

(2) Application for segregation pending (Apr. 15,

213,658.60

$6,150,946.83 $5,459,304.20

State for reclamation and settle-

1915) before General Land Office.

;

•

MONTANA- 1915

How Settlers are Flocking to Montana Homestead Lands

(Report General Land Office for Fiscal Year Ending June 30, 1913)

Land Office

p o> <•*- •—>

Iff*

so**

It II

P £s

Ejtf

Original entries.
Acres

Final entries.
Acres

Patented.
Acres

Billings

1,210

164,239.53
176,324.87
561,366.19
606,056.39
1,205,773.29
167,388.61
18,475.78
494,919.14
1,247,924.82
33,372.18

51,494.62
72,953.78
323,519.94
216,667.43
118,295.36
55,678.43
6,358.99
255,408.50
360,033.92
15,281.50

57,524.279
55,010.036
198,262.882
138,643.096
66,152.106
50,778.665
31,142.677
221,404.709
195,941.280
38,353.858

1,289,709.610

Bozeman

1,495

Glasgow

3,695

Great Falls

4,507

Havre

6,077

Helena

1,55 L

Kalispell

218

Lewistown

4,539

Miles City .

5,619

Missoula

335

Railroad, Indian and
private land grants

(Report General

29,246
Land Office for

4,675,840.80
the Fiscal Year

1,475,722.47
Ending June

2,342,923.198
30, 1914)

Land Office

!«*

~~-Ba

lass

re.^

P <D 0
g, BB £

Original entries
Acres

Final entries
Acres

Patented.
Acres

Billings

2,285

450,004.44
240,463.71
1,300,555.32
380,286.32
821,334.83
195,508.44
35,468.59
912,034.82
972,287.44
27,449.97

69,606.16
81,903.51
584,766.46
462,976.66
623,367.86
73,008.96
4,595.04
247,456.08
503,933.89
16,018.18

96,203.880
87.097.933
505,380.418
403,418.693
391,403,244
63,664.950
14,764.994
277,808.761
462,841.490
42,195.391

1,140,287.940

Bozeman

1,809

Glasgow

7,004

Great Falls

4,697

Havre

6,599

Helena

2,024

Kalispell

344

Lewistown

7 103

Miles City

5,499

Missoula

345

Railroad, Indian and
private land grants.

37,699

5,335,393.88

2,667,632.80

3,485,067-694

:

•
•

TH

E TREASURE STATE

.«-•••

83 !

Counties of Montana

County

Location

Approximate
Elevation

Principal Industries i

Beaverhead

SW

5,147
2,966
2,404
3,833
5,557
3,313
2,630
2,377
2,091
5,293
2,500
2,946
3,893
4.773
5,195
2,480
4,90J
3,955
2,055
5,128
4,165
3,000
3,223
3,184
4,510
2,300
4,530
2,200
3,583
2,000
2,535
2,462

2,044
5,490
3,624
4,094
3,501
3,500
2,092
2,000
3,124

Stock growing, farming and mining.
Farming and stock raising.
Farming.
Agriculture, dairying, mining and stock raising.
Coal mining, agriculture and stock raising.
Smelting, mining, farming and commerce.
Stock growing and farming.
Farming and stock raising.
Farming and stock raising.
Smelting, mining, agriculture and stock raising.
Farming and stock raising.
Lumbering, fruit raising and farming.
Farming and mining.
Farming.
Mining and stock raising.
Farming.
Mining, stock raising and farming.
Manufacturing, mining, agriculture and commerce.
Lumbering, mining, farming and fruit raising.
Mining, farming and stock raising.
Farming and stock growing.
Mining, lumbering, fruit growing and farming.
Farming and fruit raising.
Farming and coal mining.
Stock raising, farming and mining.
Farming.
Agriculture, stock raising and farming.
Farming and stock raising.
Farming, fruit growing and lumbering.
Farming and stock raising.
Farming and stock raising.
Farming, fruit growing, stock raising, lumbering and
mining.
Farming and dairing.
Mining, manufacturing and commercial pursuits.
Farming and stock raising.
Farming and stock raising.
Farming and stock raising.
Farming.
Farming and stock raising.
Farming.
Farming and commercial pursuits.

Big Horn

s

Blaine

....N

Broadwater

...we

Carbon ... .

S

Cascade

we

Chouteau

....NC

Custer
Dawson

SE
E

Deer Lodge

SW

Pallon
Flathead

SE

...NW

Fergus

..C

Gallatin

sc

Granite

w

Hill

N

Jefferson

...we

Lewis & Clark
Lincoln

we

...NW
...SW

c

Madison .

Meagher

Mineral

w

Missoula

w

Musselshell

c

Park

s

Phillips

....NE

Powell . .. .

we

Prairie

E

Ravalli

w

Richland ...

E

Rosebud

s

Sanders

w

Sheridan

..NE

Silver Bow

Stillwater

swc

s

Sweet Grass ...

s

Teton

N

Toole

NW

Valley

NE

Wibaux

Yellowstone

E

S

I—

: 84

•

MONT A

N A - 1 9 15

•
•
•

. .. £

COUNTIES OF MONTANA (CONTINUED).

" — "• — ««-•••

County

1
i

Land in private
Ownership
(acres)

Ul

?l

3 f1

SJ2

p
Pi

Unappropriated
Public Land
(acres)

Land in National
Forests
(acres)

Beaverhead

5,632

499,620
126,638
339,470
290,387
277,809
1,262,986
675,436
1,635,717
2,000,192
152,139
896,222
844,152
1,630,948
793,989
239,237
423,674
307,520
659,608
532,872
543,221
1,057,182
(1)
968,137
1,600,915
638,808
(2)
626,783
(3)
382,617
643,580
1,597,876
435,663
526,564
121,418
477,023
592,253
749,577
(4)
309,988
(5)
689.617

160,597
41,257
165,302
19,551
47,545
108,627
326,481
182,771
238,575
10,923
123,684
117,766
234,858
58,725
17,202
196,663
25,691
113,882
57,197
120,103
138,656
26,285
62,415
99,108
39,448
108,729
70,704
54,858
28,778
82,159
185,163
59,070
145,721
14,996
50,539
76,629
112,143
112,143
129,268
31,358
67.472

452,973
443,759
1,646,475
157,153
357,276
185,771
638,692
2,160,087
2,773,180
42,013
1,718,870
84,530
1,425,214
17,109
239,518
532,819
140,463
686,861
4,150
996,804
278,474
(1)
138,830
184,864
76,203
(2)
242,839
(3)
8,210
37,309
1,140,809
143,040
789,922
66,582
101,747
215,876
293,607
118,043
3,566,188
(5)
131.427

1,491,618

Big Horn

5,111

Elaine

4,219

Broadwater

1,248

221,653
359,159

421,242
6,303
341,293

Carbon

2,108

Cascade

3 411

Chouteau

4,594

Custer

7,111

Dawson

9,280

Deer Lodge

746

307,793
107,580
2,202,120
204,497
840,418
718,094

Fallen

5,003

Flathead

6,380

Fergus

7,178

Gallatin

2,529

Granite

1,728

Hill .. .

4,180

Jefferson

1,642

482,267
863,147
2,005,535
839,382
728,887
875,000
940,000
24,480
898,382
29,240
621,509

Lewis and Clark ...

3,476

Lincoln

3,660

Madison

.... 3,588

Meagher

3,553

Mineral

1,224

Missoula

3,022

Musselsheli .

2,944

Park

2.679

Phillips

f\266

Powell

2,549

Prairie . ...

1,685

Ravalli

2,391

1,131,346

Richland

2,703

Rosebud

6,067

100,607
1,005,438

Sanders

2,837

Sheridan

5,103

Silver Bow

698

188,144
99,200
413,809
434,441

Stillwater .

1,684

Sweetgrass

2,310

Teton

6,546

Toole .

1,949

Valley

5,496

Wibaux

944

Yellowstone .

2.708

(1) Included in Missoula county.

(2) Included in Blaine and Valley Counties.

(3) Included in Dawson and Custer counties..

(4) Included in Hill and Teton counties.

(5) Included in Dawson and Fallen counties.

THE TREASURE STATE

COUNTIES OF MONTANA (CONTINUED).

Estimated Assessed

County Population Valuation County Seat.

1914

Beaverhead 10,108 $ 9,539,805.00 Dillon.

Big Horn. 2,977 4,963,521.00 Hardin.

BlaJne 7,560 6,516,081.00 Chinook.

Broadwater 4,803 3,932,191.00 Townsend.

Carbon 18,078 8,016,603.00 Red Lodge.

Cascade 38,565 29,547,612.00 Great Falls.

Chouteau 12,084 8,195,742.00 Fort Benton.

Custer 2i,765 16,882,879.00 Miles City.

Dawson „.. 19,342 12,191,481.00 Glendive.

Deer Lodge 15,004 9,234,979.00 Anaconda.

Fallen 11,385 8,021,345.00 Baker.

Flathead 22,827 12,583,747.00 Kalispell.

Fergus 29,721 19,561,908.00 Lewistown.

Gallatin 18,516 15,930,117.00 Bozeman.

Granite 3,426 3,654,651.00 Phillipsburg.

Hill 17,469 7,507,479.00 Havre.

Jeffersor. 5,695 5,947,861.00 Boulder.

Lewis and Clark 24,410 21,926,677.0'- Helena.

Lincoln 7,184 5,940,071.00 Libby.

Madison 8,860 7,154,627.00 Virginia City.

Meagher 7,867 10,394,967.00 White Sul. Spgs.

Mineral 2,618 (1) Superior.

Missoula 31,569 19,345,532.00 Missoula.

Musselshell 12,154 11,750,876.00 Roundup.

Park 12,625 10,587,947.00 Livingston.

Phillips 7,010 (2) Malta.

Powell 7,722 7,317,126.00 Deer Lodge.

Prairie 6,107 (3) Terry.

Ravalli 13,256 7,276,883.00 Hamilton.

Richland 15,868 4,211,569.00 Sidney.

Rosebud 15,675 12,126,791.00 Forsyth.

Sanders 6,605 5,699,357.00 Thompson.

Sheridan 18,506 8,867,099.00 Plentywood.

Silver Bow 72,500 43,138,110.00 Butte.

St.illwater 7,829 6,140,499.00 Columbus.

Sweet Grass 4,637 4,980,900.00 Big Timber.

Teton 20,678 11,798,269.00 Choteau.

Toole 7,383 3,926,800.00 Shelby.

Valley 15,401 7,756,446.00 Glasgow.

Wibaux 5,336 (4) Wibaux.

Yellowstone 28,690 19,793,371.00 Billings.

(1) Created after 1914 assessment period; valuation included in Missoula county.

(2) Created after 1914 assessment period; valuation included in Valley and
Blaine counties.

(3) Created after 1914 assessment period; valuation included in Dawson and
Custer counties.

(4) Created after 1914 assessment period; valuation included in Dawson and
Fallen counties.

: 80 MONTANA-1915

• ••-"" "• " II— ••—11—11— II II « H, .. .. u, ., „„ «. .. .. .. .. .. .. „ ,. „. „ .,-..5

Why Farming in Montana is More Profitable

The following figures, compiled from the year books of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture, show the comparative average annual value for a period of
fifteen consecutive years, of a 180-acre crop of wheat and oats:

Wheat Oats

Illinois $2,072.00 $1,736.00

Indiana 1,995.20 1,657.60

Iowa .". 2,158.40 1,552.00

Kansas 1,728.00 1,473.60

Michigan 2,102.40 1,928.00

Minnesota 1,723.20 1,612.80

Missouri L 1,910.40 l|396.80

Nebraska 1,945.60 1,321.60

North Dakota 1,374.40 1,430.40

South Dakota 1,353.60 1,348.00

Ohio 2,132.80 2,003.20

Wisconsin 2,286 40 1,864.00

United States 1,798.40 1,745.60

MONTANA 3,019.20 2,820.80

The following figures, compiled from the year books of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture show the comparative average annual value for a period of
fifteen consecutive years of a 160-acre crop of barley and rye:

Barley Rye

Illinois $2,364.00 $1,803.20

Indiana 2,168.00 1,577.60

Iowa 1,966.40 1,689.60

Kansas 1,304.00 1,443.20

Michigan 2,356.80 1,553.60

Minnesota 1,904.00 1,779.20

Missouri 2,10240 1,632.00

Nebraska , 1,446.40 1,408.00

North Dakota 1,462.40 1,400.00

South Dakota 1,644.80 1,411.20

Ohio 2,540.80 1,830.40

Wisconsin 2,53280 1,748.80

United States 1,987.20 1,705.60

MONTANA 3,168.00 2,419.20

The following figures, compiled from the year books of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture show the comparative average annual value for a period of
fifteen consecutive years of a 160-acre crop of hay and potatoes:

State Hay Potatoes

Illinois $2,206.40 $ 7,992.00

Indiana 2,246.40 8,128.00

Iowa 1,790.40 6,136.00

Kansas 1,440.00 8,464.00

Michigan 2,267,20 6,606.40

Minnesota 1,680.00 8,091.20

Missouri 1,740.80 7,976.40

Nebraska 1,441.60 7,441.60

North Dakota 1,083.20 7,417.60

South Dakota 1,097.60 6,790.40

Ohio 2,428.80 8,196.80

Wisconsin 2,464.00 7,049.60

United States 2,369.60 8,892.80

MONTANA . 2,659.20 14,208.00

THE TREASURE STATE

Fourteen Years of Montana Cattle

Milk Cows

Year

No. of Head

1902 52,380

1903 53,951

1904 55,030

1905 61,634

1906 65,948

1907 69,000

1908 75,000

1909 80,000

1910 77,527

1911 85,000

1912 91,000

1913 95,000

1914 - 104,000

1915 - 114,000

Value
$2,101,486
1,953,026
1,809,455
2,098,638
2,308,180
2,484,000
3,300,000
3,720,000
3,407,090
4,122,000
4,495,000
5,795,000
7,332,000
8,550,000

Other Cattle

No. of Head

1,048,559

1,059,045

1,048,455

964,579

916,350

879,000

905,000

842,000

865,620

813,000

732,000

717,000

753,000

791.000

Value

$28,560,233
20,563,797
19,314,006
17,352,775
18,134,570
17,580,000
19,910,000
23,071,000
24,067,032
22,439,000
21,814,000
27,533,000
34,939,000
38,759,000

Montana's Contribution to the World's Meat Supply

The following table shows the number of head of Montana beef cattle shipped to
markets out of the state in each of the years noted:

No. of Head

Year

No. of Head

1885 70,089

1886 119,620

1887 82,134

1888 167,602

1889 123,880

1890 174,035

1891 250,000

1892 203,000

1893 279,158

1894 302,655

1895 206,460

1896 254,864

1897 252,162

1898 232,225

1899 _ 203,499

Year

1900 160,055

1901 151,986

1902 230,000

1903 210,573

1904 288,775

1905 267,966

1906 , 276,722

1907 , 214,642

1908 241,320

1909 255,178

1910 243,662

1911 205,873

1912 188,675

1913 180,000

1914 158,623

Fifteen Years of Montana Wool

No. of Sheep Average p p , Wool

Year Shearing Weight Washed and

Age of Fleece Shrinkage Unwashed Scoured

1900 3,717,160 7.00 63 26,020,120 9,627,444

1901 4,526,517 6.75 63 30,553,990 11,304,976

1902 5,081,000 7.00 63 35,567,000 13,159,790

1903 5,100,000 6.00 63 30,600,000 11,322000

1904 5,576,000 6.75 64 37,773,000 13,598,280

1905 5,200,000 7.25 66 37,700,000 12,818,000

1906 4,940,000 7.25 65 35,815,000 12,535,000

1907 4,600,000 6.70 63 30,820,000 11,403,400

1908 4,600.000 7.00 64 32,200,000 11,592,000

1909 5,000,000 7.00 63 35,000,000 13,300,000

1910 4,800,000 7.00 64 33,600,000 12,096,000

1911 4,650,000 7.50 64 34,875,000 12.903,750

1912 4,300,000 7.25 62 31,175,000 11,846,500

1913 4,200,000 7.50 63 31,500,000 11,655,000

1914 3,869,000 7.80 63 31,177,000 11,165,490

MONTANA- 1915

Fourteen Years of Montana Horses

Year

Number of Head
On Farm and Range

Value

1902 246,570 $ 7,251,264

1903 244,104 8,988,890

1904 236,781 9,084,698

1905 239,149 10,352,765

1906 291^970 18,379,534

1907 292,000 21,316,000

1908 304,000 19,760,000

1909 319,000 25,520,000

1910 315,956 27,115,764

1911 344,000 29,928,000

1912 ,. 347,000 30,189,000

1913 354,000 32,922,000

1914 372,000 37,944,000

1915 391,000 33,626,000

Fourteen Years of Montana Mules

Number of Head
Year On Farm and Range Value

1902 3,424 $131,784

1903 3,390 161,552

1904 3,424 195,754

1905 ; 3,561 237,526

1906 3,917 314,939

1907 4,000 328,000

1908 5,000 415,000

1909 5,000 510,000

1910 4,174 445,278

1911 4,000 428,000

1912 ; 4,000 364,000

1913 4,000 436,000

1914 4,000 424,000

1915 4,000 392,000

Fourteen Years of Montana Swine

Number of Head

Year On Farms Value

1902 51,745 $ 560,916

1903 54,850 496,941

1904 57,592 467,071

1905 59,896 512,111

1906 62,891 578,597

1907 66,000 660,000

1908 68,000 680,000

1909 75,000 758,000

1910 99,261 858,000

1911 124,000 1,290,000

1912 143,000 1,416,000

1913 153,000 1,821,000

1914 184,000 2,190,000

1915 276,000 2,981,000

THE TREASURE STATE

Homestead Lands

The following table, taken from Circular No. 335 of the General
Land Office, shows the amount of unappropriated and unreserved pub-
lic land in each county June 1, 1914.

All of this land is available for homestead entry, although, of
course, a considerable portion of it is unsuitable for farming opera-
tions. It is estimated, however, that over fifty per cent of the acreage
listed here is land which can be profitably farmed:

County Surveyed

Beaverhead 243,011

Big Horn 282,159

Elaine , 517,840

Broadwater 109,721

Carbon 267,896

Cascade 90,103

Chouteau 425,572

Custer 1,183,247

Dawson 1,106,331

Deer Lodge 25,198

Fallen 774,710

Fergus 485,654

Flathead .' 84,530

Gallatin 17,109

Granite 124,998

Hill 198,109

Jefferson 87,240

Lewis and Clark 625,358

Lincoln 4,150

Madison 376,052

Meagher 195,965

Missoula 66,330

Musselshell 149,024

Park 46,406

Powell 71,632

Ravalli 3,410

Richland 37,309

Rosebud 860,503

Sanders 99.040

Sheridan 720,300

Silver Bow 60,582

Stillwater 101,747

Sweet Grass 215,876

Teton 263,527

Toole 118,043

Valley 1,512,133

Yellowstone 97,445

Unsurveyed

209,962

161,600

1,128,635

47,432

89,380

95,668

213,120

976,840

1,666,850

16,815

944,160

939,560

11,648,232

114,520

334,710

53,223

61,503

620,752
82,509
72,500
35,840
29,797

171,207
4,800

280,306

44,000

69,622

6,000

30,080

2,054,055
33,982

10,589,428

Total

452,973

443,759

1,646,475

157,153

357,276

185,771

638,692

2,160,087

2,773,180

42,013

1,718,870

1,425,214

84,530

17,109

239,518

532,819

140,463

686,861

4,150
996,804

278,474
138,830
184,864

76,203

242,839

8,210

37,309

1,140,809

143,040

789,922

66,582
101,747
215,876
293,607
118,043
3,566,188
131,427

22,237,660

NOTE— The counties of Mineral, Wibaux, Phillips and Prairie were created after
July 1, 1914.

• • • _„ .. .. .. .. .. ,. .» «» ,, .. .. »« NX .. .. .. .. .. .. 1. ., .. .. .. .,__., „,_ • * «

! 90 MONTANA-1915

1. .._„_„—„_„_„_,._ 2

99* •• "M "« "" "" "" MM— HB^^n*^— HH— *vV

State Lands

The State of Montana, as explained elsewhere in this booklet, owns
land in each county of the state, this land being given in endowment
of the public schools, institutions of higher learning and public build-
ings.

This land, much of it including some of the best farming land in
the state, is all available for lease or purchase. Those who buy state
lands are merely required to pay 15 per cent of the purchase price down
and may pay the balance in twenty equal annual installments. The aver-
age price of this land is between $15.00 and $16.00 per acre.

The following table shows the amount of state land in each county
in the state Nov. 30, 1914.

Beaverhead 160,596.77

Big Horn 41,258.68

Blaine 165,302.33

Broadwater 19,551.02

Carbon 47,545.41

Cascade 108,626.88

Chouteau 326,480.88

Custer 182,771.03

Dawson 238,574.85

Deer Lodge 10,923.30

Fallen 123,683.81

Fergus 234,858.26

Flathead 117,765.92

Gallatin 58,724.98

Granite 17,202.45

Hill 196,663.32

Jefferson 25,691.22

Lewis and Clark 113,882.39

Lincoln 57,197.34

Madison 120,103.08

Meagher 138,656.22

Mineral 26,285.05

Missoula 62,415.23

Musselshell 99,108.22

Park 39,447.79

Phillips 108,729.29

Powell 70,704.31

Prairie 54,858.28

Ravalli 28,778.10

Richland 82,159.06

Rosebud 185,163.12

Sanders 59,070.85

Sheridan 145,721.01

Silver Bow 14,996.11

Stillwater 50,539.30

Sweet Grass 76,629.06

Teton 161,945.47

Toole 112,143.11

Valley 129,268.56

Wibaux 31,358 21

Yellowstone 67,472.55

Total . , 4,113,052.82

THE TREASURE STATE

Montana's Contribution to World's Wealth

Mining was Montana's first industry and the taking of precious and semi-precious
metals from the bowels of the earth is even yet in its infancy. In 1912 the mineral
production of the state reached a new high water mark when the total value of the
gold, silver, copper, lead and zinc taken from Montana mines reached the stupendous
sum of $64,754,613. That this record will be greatly exceeded in 1915 is apparent and
it is conservatively > estimated that this year's mineral output will be in excess of
$80,000,000.

The following table shows the mineral production of Montana by years:

Year

1862

1882

1883

1884

1885

1886

1887

1888

1889

1890

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

1896

1897

1898

1899

1900

1901

1902

1903

1904

1905

1906

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1912

1913

1914

Gold
to 1881....$200,000,000

2,550,000

1,800,000

2,170,000

3,400,000

4,402,000

5,978,536

4,200,253

3,500,000

3,300,000

2,890,000

2,891,386

3,576,000

3,651,410

4,327,040

4,380,671

4,496,431

5,247,913

4.819,157

4,736,225

4,802,717

4,400,095

4,590,516

5,097,786

4,889,234

4,469,014

3,286,212

3,057,640

3,791,510

3,730,486

3,710,571

; 3,625,235

3,493,432

4,000,000

Silver
11,000,000 $

Copper
$

Lead
$

Zinc Totals
! . .. $ 211,000,000

4,370,000

1,539,860

8 459 860

6,000 000

3,452,960

226 424

11,479,384

7,000 000

5,386,500

246,326

14 802 826

11,500.000

6 779,800

274,350

21,954 150

13,849,000
17,817,548

5,761,200
8,853,750

491,132
607,662

24,526,332
33257,496

15,790,736
19,393,939

15,103,946
13 334,970

569,160
456,975

35,664,095
36,685 884

20,363,636

16,630,958

964,089

43,029 827

20,139,394

14,377,336

1,229 027

38,635,757

22 432,323

19,105,464

990,035

45,419,208

21,858,780

16 630,958

946,089

43 029 827

16,575,458

17,233,718

730,551

38,191 137

22,886,992

21,114,869

754,360

49083,261

20,324,877

25,356,541

670,010

50,732,099

21,730,710

26 798,915

928,619

53,954,675

19 159,482

26,102,616

809,056

51,319,067

21,786 835

40.941,906

909,410

68 457 308

18,482,211

39,827,135

701,156

63,746,727

18,334,443

36 751,837

498,622

60,387,619

17,662.285

24,606,038

332,749

46,961,167

17,097,702

28,200,695

387,445

50 276,355

18 887,227

36,410,330

195,525

60,590,848

17,359,912

48 165,277

227,160

70,677,583

8,027,072

56,105,288

254.390

68 855,764

6,149,619

44,021,758

198,660

53,656,249

5,488,785
6,436,931
6,567,942
6,351,794
7,829.597
8,346,797
7,200,000

33,220,149
40,567,541
36,170,686
34,105,963
51,106,914
44,613,448
31,300,000

193,056
128,287
180,677
289,421
335,104
481,176
650,000

77,080 42,036,710
505,425 51,429,694
1,708,462 48,358,253
2,497,178 46,955,287
1,857,403 64,754,613
4,965,693 61,900,546
6,200,000 49,350,000

$329,281,570 $484,198,027 $869,704,782 $16,588,558 $17,811,241 $1,717,585,246

The following shows the number of tons of coal produced in Montana by years:

Production

Years (Tons)

1901 1,442,569

1902 1,502,115

1903 1,514,538

1904 1,471,504

1905 1,743,771

1906 1,502,200

1907 2,030,564

1908 1,978,347

1909 2,541,679

1910 2,970,246

1911 2,913,406

1912 3,143,799

1913 3,365,712

1914 2,938,671

: 92 MONTANA-1915

• __ __

Montana's Most Prosperous Year

On June 1, every indication was that 1915 would be Montana's most
prosperous year. The bureau of crop estimates of the United States De-
partment of Agriculture reported that crop conditions were excellent and
that the growing acreage was larger than ever before. With prospective
high prices for farm products there was every indication that Montana
farmers were to have the best year in their history.

The same degree of optimism pervaded the mining industry. The
European war had the effect of establishing exceptionally high prices
for copper and zinc and the mines of the state months ago began capacity
production.

The indication were, on the date mentioned, that during 1915 the
farms, ranges and mines of Montana would send to the markets of the
world products valued in excess of $175,000,000.

The following table compiled from the latest available information,
indicates the value of the various products of Montana which will go to
market in 1915:

AGRICULTURE.

Wheat $30,000,000

Oats 9,350,000

Flax 4,000,000

Barley 2,000,000

Rye 165,000

Hay 16,000,000

Potatoes 3,580,000

Sugar Beets 1,000,000

Apples 500,000

Other Fruits 250,000

Vegetables 1,000,000

Total Agricultural $67,845,000

LIVESTOCK.

Beef Cattle $15,000,000

Wool 7,000,000

Swine 2,500,000

Horses . 1,000,000

Total Livestock $25,500,000

MINERAL.

Gold $4,000,000

Silver 7,500,000

Copper 55,000,000

Lead 750,000

Zinc 10,500,000

Coal 5,000,000

Total Mineral $ 82,750,000

Grand Total . ....$176,095,000

THE TREASURE STATE

INDEX

Page.

Absences allowed from homestead ... ......................................................................................... 27

Acres of homestead land available ............................................................................................. 26

Agricultural college ............. .......... ................................ ............................................................ 12

Agricultural prizes won ............... ............................................................................................... 77

Areas of homesteads ................................... ................................................................................... 26

Banks, resources and liabilities of .............. . ......................................................................... 78

Barley, acreage, production and value of .............................................................................. 80

Beaverhead county, assessed valuation of ............................................................................ 85

Homestead land in ................................................ ............................................................... 89

State lands in ..... , .................................................................................................................. 90

Big game hunting .......................................................................... ................................................ 60

Big Horn County, assessed valuation of ................................................................................ 85

Homestead land in .............................. ................................................................................ 89

State lands in ....................................................................... ................................................ 90

Billings project, cost of land on .............................................................................................. 45

Big Timber projects, cost of land on ....................................................................................... 44

Elaine County, assessed valuation of ........................... ............ . ................................................. 85

Homestead land in ................................................................................................................ 89

State lands in ............................. . ...................... ....................................................................... 90

Boundaries of Montana .... ............................................................................................................ 5

Broadwater County, assessed valuation of ............................................................................ 85

Homestead land in ............................................................................................................... 89

State lands in ......................... ...... ........................................................................................ 90

Broadwater natatorium .............. ................ ....................................................... .......................... 75

Carey land act ................................................... ......... .......... ....................................................... 42

Carbon County, assessed valuation of ............. .................................................................. 85

Homestead land in ............................. ................ ......................................... ......................... 89

State lands in .......................................... ............. ................................................................. 90

Cascade County, assessed valuation of ............................. ...................................................... 85

Homestead land in ................................................................................................................ 89

State lands in ....................................................................................................................... 90

Cattle, statistics of ..................... ............................................................................... . ................. 87

Chouteau County, assessed valuation of .............................................................................. 85

Homestead land in ................................................................................................................ 89

State lands in ....................................................................................................................... 90

Churches ............................................................................................................................................. 13

Citizenship, character of ............................................................................................................ 8

Climate ..................................... ......................................................................................................... 40

Coal ..................................................................................................... ................................................. 53

Colonization opportunities .................................. . ..... ................................................................. 37

Copper, production of by years . ......... ................................................................................. 91

Corn, acreage, production and value of .............. .................................................................. 80

Cost of irrigation projects ............................................. .............................................................. 81

Crops, estimated for 1915 ...... .................................... ................................................................. 92

Counties, number of ...................................................... ....... :_.. ................. ...................................... 21

Cultivation of homestead ................ ...... . ................................................................................. 32

Custer County, assessed valuation of ................. .................................................................. 85

Homestead lands in ... ............. ................ . .............. ............................................................. 89

State lands in ................................................. ... .................................................................. 90

Dairying ................................................... .................. ...... ................................................................. 49

Dawson County, assessed valuation of .... .................... ......................................................... 85

Homestead land in ............................................................................................................... 89

State lands in ....................................................................................................................... 90

Deer ..................................................................... .......................................................................... r ...... 60

Deer Lodge County, assessed valuation of ........................................................................... 85

Homestead land in ............................................. ................................................................. 89

State lands in ........................................................................................................................ 90

Diversified resources ........................... ........ .............................................................................. 39

Dry farming congress, prizes won at ...... ........... ................................................................. 77

Education facilities ........................................................................................................................ 9

Electricity .......................................................................................................................................... 54

Endowment of public schools ........................................ 9

:»4 MONTANA-1915

Page.

Fallen County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in 90

Farm crops, compared valuation of 86

Farm value of Montana crops 19

Fees required on homestead 33

Fergus County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Financial statement of banks 78

Fishing 63

Fishing licenses required . 65

Flathead County, assessed valuation of .' 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Flax, acreage, production and : value of 79

Fort Peck reclamation project 81

Free Farm Land 17

Fruit raising 50

Gallatin County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Game laws, provisions of 62

Glacier National Park 70

Gold, production of, by years 91

Granite County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Growth of Montana 6

Hay, farm value of an acre of 25

Hill County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Hog raising 48

Homestead cultivation required 32

Homestead entries in 1913 and 1914 82

Homestead fees 33

Homestead law 27

Horses, statistics of 88

How to secure a homestead 27

Hunting licenses required 65

Huntley reclamation project 81

Hydro electric development 54

Illinois, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Intensive farming 40

Introduction 4

Iowa, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Jefferson County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Kansas, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Kootenai River 75

Land offices 27

Land office business in Montana 82

Lands owned by state 35

Land products show, prizes won at 77

Lead, production of by years 91

Leave of absence from homestead 27

Lewis and Clark Cavern 65

Lewis and Clark County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Licenses, hunting and fishing, required 65

Lincoln County, assessed valuation of 85

THE TREASURE STATE t»

:. . .:

Page.

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Logged-off lands 37

Lower Yellowstone reclamation project 81

Lumbering 55

Madison County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in 90

Meagher County, assessed value of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in 90

Michigan, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Mineral County, assessed valuation of 85

State lands in 90

Mineral output, estimated for 1915 92

Mining 52

Mining, statistics of 91

Minnesota, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Missoula County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in 90

Missouri, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Morrison Cave 65

Mules, statistics of 88

Musselshell County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in .' 90

National Corn Exposition, prizes won at 77

National Parks in Montana 57

Natural wonders 65

Nebraska, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Normal School 12

North Dakota, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Oats, acreage, production and value of 80

Ohio, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Oklahoma, comparative yields of 23

Opportunities for colonization 37

Orchard development 50

Panama-Pacific Exposition, prizes won at 77

Park County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in 90

Phillips County, principal industries in 83

State lands in 90

Political complexion 13

Population, estimated by counties 85

Potatoes, acreage, production and value of 79

Powell County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in 90

Prairie County, principal industries in 83

State lands in 90

Public lands available for entry 89

Railroad development 22

Rapid growth 6

Ravalli County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in 90

Reclamation projects 41

Religious Education 13

Requirements of homestead law 27

Resources of Montana banks 78

Richland County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead Lands in 89

State lands in .. 90

.. „ „_„ „ —

: 96 MONTANA-1915

Page.

Rosebud County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in 90

Rye, farm value of an acre of 25

Sanders County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead lands in 89

State lands in 90

Sapphires 53

Scenic attractions 57

Schools 9

Sheep raising 47

Sheridan County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Silver 53

Production <of by years 91

Silver Bow County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Size of State ... ._......^.....!..!.1Z....1!Z...I 5

South Dakota, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Standing timber, value of 57

State Fair 16

State land available for lease or purchase 90

Stillwater County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Stock raising 46

Stump lands 37

Sun River reclamation project 81

Sweetgrass County, assessed valuation of . 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Swine, statistics of 88

Teton County, assessed valuation of 85

Teton County, homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Terms of sale on state land 35

Texas, comparative yields of 23

Timber land 38

Toole County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

United States, compartive farm value of yield from one acre 25

Vacation land 57

Valier project, cost of land on 43

Valley County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Visitors in Glacier National Park 70

Visitors in Yellowstone National Park 67

Water Power 54

Wheat, acreage, production and value of 79

Comparative yield of 23

Who may take a homestead 29

Wibaux County, principal industries in 83

State lands in 90

Wild game in Montana 60

Wisconsin, comparative farm value of yield from one acre 25

Wool, statistics of 87

Yellowstone County, assessed valuation of 85

Homestead land in 89

State lands in 90

Yellowstone National Park 67

Zinc, production of by years 91