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MONTANA STATE LIBRARY
930 East lyndale Avenue
Helena, Monfano\ 59601

\

GOVERNOR S. V. STEWART
Governor of Montana

The Resources and Opportunities

OF

MONTANA

1914 Edition

52656

By the Department of Agriculture and Publicity
J. M. KENNEDY, Commissioner

This ^Publication is Issued and Circulated by the Authority of

the State of Montana

HELENA, MONTANA

PRINTED JANUARY 1, 1914
REPRINTED JULY 1, 1914

**oflI]T!!irKo

5^

INDEPENDENT PUBLISHING COMPANY
Stale Printtrs

CO

FOREWORD

W^Xl/o

It is the primary purpose of this publication to furni|]TJ
the State of ?iIontana for the use and information of those who^^ar?
towards this commonwealth as place of residence or as a field for safe and
profitable investment. Infinite care has been taken to present in these
pages only the unvarnished truth, facts and figures that cannot be success-
fully disputed. The truth is good enough about Montana ; the greatest
service that can be rendered this State in the work of advertising its
marvelous resources and attractions is to put the facts in plain and truthful
words. This we have endeavored to do in these pages. Rather than
publish a mass of glittering generalities encompassed in superlatives we
have sought to tell the story of a small part of Montana's richness and
greatness in direct and simple language. With this end in view there is
presented herewith special articles, prepared especially for publication in
this volume, by men of com.manding influence in Montana's affairs and men
who, by reason of their ability, integrity and experience, are splendidly fitted
to speak for Montana,

The legislature of 1900 increased the duties of the Commissioner of
the Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Industry, by providing for a pulilicity
department and authorizing the commissioner to collect, publish and
distribute such reports upon the resources and progress of this State as
in his judgment were expedient and practicable. Four years later, in 1913,
the legislature, appreciating the success of the publicity campaign which
had been inaugurated, created a new department of the state government,
to be known as the Department of Agriculture and Publicity, and vested
this department with the duties of furnishing authoritative information
concerning this State.

The first publication of the publicity branch of the Bureau of Agricul-
ture, Labor and Industry, Avas "Montana," a booklet of 216 pages, issued
in the fall of 1909. It was received with much favor, and was twice
reprinted, and in addition to those printed and distributed at the expense
of the State, ome of the railroad companies bought and distributed fifteen
hundred copies. The demand for the book was greater than the depart-
ment, with the small appropriation at its command, could meet, and the
work passed out of print Avliile the demand for it continued. The second
edition of "Montana" was issued by the department in 1912, and was as
much in dem'and as the earlier work, being likewise exhausted while the
demand still continued. Following the distribution of "Montana," the
Thirteenth Report of the Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Industry was
issued, much on the same plan as the 1912 "Montana," but enlarged to
contain census and other statistics, together with a state and county
directory, and so pleased was the general public with this work that the
report was quickly exhausted.

It is a pleasure to call attention to the fact that these publications have
come to be regarded as the standard authority of Montana; that they are

MONTANA 19U

in demand in libraries, colleges, newspaper offices and legislative bodies
throughout the v*-orld : and that they have served to not only correct
erroneous impressions regarding this state, but to have attracted to ^Montana
a tide of desirable immigration which is scarcely equalled in the marvelous
development history of the Northwest.

The year 1913 has been a marvelous year for ^lontana. In its closing
months it is gratifying to reflect upon the unparalleled development which
the year has witnessed in the varied lines of endeavor. The number of
new citizens who have come to make their homes here and the bountiful
crops which have been harvested in every section of the State, have set
another high record for agricultural ^.lontana. Railroad expansion has
been carried on at an unprecedented rate, while the development of the
great electrical power of the State has continued unabated. In the mining
field more men have found steady and profitable employment than in any
other year in the State's history and the output of the mines has been
larger than for many years. In brief, the year has been characterized by
unremitting activity on the part of a prosperous and progressive people. In
this volume an attempt has been made to reflect something of this spirit of
prosperity and progress, as well as to show, by carefully collected and
verified statistics, thiat such a condition is the rule and not the exception
in Montana.

To those who read these pages, this Department, on behalf of the
State of iSIontana, invites the closest examination into the merits of the
claim' of Montana that in this State farming pays better than in any other
state in the Union, that living conditions here are more nearly ideal than
can be found elsewhere, that opportunities exist here which cannot be
excelled on the continent.

Montana invites settlers and investors. It wants high class, energetic
and upright men and women who, with reward assured, are not afraid of
honest endeavor. It wants to share its manifold resources with those who
are willing and able to assist in their development.

To the newspapers and commercial bodies of this State who have so
earnestly cooperated with this Department, and especially to Prof. Thos.
Shaw, agricultural Expert for the Great Northern Railway; I\Ir. H. N.
Savage, Supervising Engineer of the United States Reclamation .Service;
Mr. F. A. Silcox, District Forester of the United States Forest Service;
Mr. J. L. D'e Hart, State Game and Fish Warden ; Mr. A. G. Scholes, State
Dairy Commissioner; Dr. H. H. Swain. Deputy Superintendent of Public
Instruction; Mr. W. J. Swindlehurst. State Commissioner of Labor and
Industry; Mr. Will A. Campbell, Editor of the Helena Independent; Mr.
J. H. Mcintosh, Mining Editor of the Butte ?Jiner; :\Ir. D. W. Ray-
mond, Secretary of the State Board of Stock Commissioners; Mr. M. L.
Dean, State Horticulturist; ]\.Ir. A. J. Breitenstein, Secretary of the I^.Iontana
State Fair, and ]\Ir. B. J. Boorman, a prominent lumber man of this State,
who contributed to this publication, the sincere thanks of the Commis-
sioner are extended. J. M. KEXXEDY;

Commissioner of Agriculture and Publicity.
Helena, Montana, Jan. i, 1914.

The State

Opportunities Which Montana Offers
to Homesteaders and Investors —
Unrivalled Resources Which Await
Only Development.

By HON S. V. STEWART,
Governor of Montana.

(Reprinted from the September, 1913, Num-
ber of The Westerner, Seattle.)

The Story of l^Iontana's development in the past ten years is a (h-eam
of empire come true ; and yet so comparatively little has been accomplished
that the results of the past can no more <?ive slight indication of the

mighty place the iVTontana of the future will inevitably hold.
The Awaken- 'Montana is today undergoing a transformation the like of

ing of a w^hich has seldom been Avitnessed in the onv/ard march ot civi-

Great State, lization. Of imperial proportion and endowed by nature with

apparently illimitable resources, which wait only an opportun-
ity to be utilized, ^lontana offers to the world an almost unprecedented
spectacle of wealth in the making. Ignored during- the great western immi-
gration tides which resulted in the settlement of the Pacific coast states, it
looked for a while as if :\lontana"s claim to greatness must always rest on
its remarkable mineral resources and the vast herds of cattle and sheep
which trod its plains. But the awakening came, and for the past three or
four years Montana has lieen the scene of settlement and development upon
a m'ammoth scale. Without the noise or the excitement sug-gfcstive of a

-A farm in Montana means happiness and prosperity.

MONTANA 19U

boom, but exemplifying the sturdy determination and resistless energy which
characterizes the vigorous Anglo-Saxon, Montana is giving ample evidence
of the dawn of la new era which bids fair to make the successes of its past
pale into insignificance.

Right now an average of over 18,000 families per year are finding homes
upon Montana's soil and almost a million acres of new sod is being turned
under every spring. The significance of this new phase of development can
be appreciated when it is known that ten years ago there were less than
750,000 acres of land in cultivation in this State; it becomes staggering when
we recall that three years ago when the last federal census was taken but
3,640.309 acres were returned as "improved lands." Remembering that there
are in Montana over 40,000,000 acres of high grade farming land, the room
for agricultural; expansion in this State becomes obvious.

"A Million acres ofnetv sod is being turned under every spring"

Montana has had an unique conimercial and industrial histor)^ and the
present stage of development warrants the belief that our pioneers
approach the truth from many unsuspected angles when
they gave to this territory the designation of "The Treasure
State." Montana owes its entity to its great deposits of placer
gold. It was Alder gulch and Last Chance gulch and Con-
federate gulch which, in the early sixties, first attracted to this
region the hardy pioneers who gave it a territorial status which
later brought about the birth of statehood. During the twenty years which
followed the discovery of gold, over $200,000,000 of the yello'W metal was
washed from the creeks and bars of this State, and since that time more

The Golden
Stream
from the
Gulches.

-Montana has broad-guaged people.

THE ST A TE

thian $100,000,000 has been added to this total. Followinrr the decline of
placer mining, vast deposits of silver were developed, and these yielded,
during the twenty-year period from 1885 to 1905, a total of over $400,000,000
worth of silver at market prices. Almost coincident with the development
of the silver industry and continuing- with increasing importance down to
the present day, camie the era of copper mining, and from the opening of
the first copper vein in 1882 down to the close of 1912, Montana, by virtue
of this industry, had added over $750,000,000 to the wealth of the world.
In the late enighties, we took premier place in the production of live-
stock. With its great rolling prairies extending from the main range of

Home of the greatest herds of cattle ever assembled in the Northivest.
the Rocky Mountains to the Dakota boundary, well supplied with native

grasses, on which fed in countless thousands the buffalo of
Cattle Add pioneer days, and with an ample supply of water, it was but
to the natural that this State should become the home of the great-

Great est herds of cattle which have ever been assembled in the

Wealth. Northwest. This was the day of the free and open range, when

the annual roundup of the larger ''outfits" extended over terri-
tory greater than a good sized eastern state. Cattle-raising developed rap-
idly and laid the foundations for some of the largest fortunes of this State,
reaching its height in 1894 when 302,655 head of beef were shipped to
market. The sheep industry had attained large proportions at the same
time and early this centur};- Montana became the banner state for sheep, a

— Montana is blessed with cool summer nights.

For;;st School
Uiiiversity of Monta

10 - MOISITANA 19U

Copy

distinction which, despite tlie asiTicnltural develo]:)nicnt now in progress and
the consequent curtaihnent of the public rar.g'e, this State still holds. In
1912 our wool product was $6,870,970, almost a million dollars more than
that of A\'yoming, which today holds second place in importanre in the
wool and sheep industry.

Montana has thus, at \'arious times, held first place in the production
of various forms of substantial wealth. The State has been first in gold ;
it has been first in silver; it has been first in copper; it has been first in
beef; it has been first in sheep, and wool; and it is not without reason that
we, its citizens, confidently look forward to the time, in a day not far dis-
tant, when our Treasure State will hold first rank in the production of
cereals, when ^Montana will become, in fact, the breadbasket of the world.

In the contention that ^Montana is entitled to become the greatest acfri-
cultural state in the l.^nion, we are sup])orted by the best authorities of
the day. Figures furnished by th.c Tnited States Department of Agriculture
conclusively show the fertility of ^lontana's soil, and this
Looking State can vv-ell bear comparison with any other. North" Dakota

the Facts is the banner Avheat producing state of America, yet an acre
in the Face. of wheat in ^.Tontana is wortli more to the farmef than an acre
of wheat in North Dakoita. And this, despite the fact that
owing to higher freight rates, the farm value of a bushel of wheat in
Montana is slightly less than that of a bushel of wheat in our neighboring
state. Figures contained in the December supplement of the 1912 Crop
Reporter show that Avith an average production of 18 bushels per acre and
an average price of 69 cents a bushel an acre of wheat in North Dakota wias
worth $12.42 on the farm. On the other hand, Avith an average production
of 24.1 bushels per acre and an average price of 65 cents per bushel, an acre
of wheat in Alontana was wortli $15.42 on the farm. Illinois is the greatest
corn growing state. Yet, according to figures taken from the December
Crop Reporter, an average acre of corn in IHnois was worth $16.40 to the
farmer, while an average acre of corn in Montana was worth $17.85 to the
farmer. Minnesota is the greatest producer of barley, yet an acre of barley
in ]\Iinnesota is worth but $11.56 to the farmer, while an acre of barlev in
IMontana is worth $19.34, the average yield of Minnesota being 28.2 bushels
to the acre and of Montana 36.5 bushels. Wisconsin leads all the states in
the production of rye, yet the A\'isconsin grower receives an average of
$11.16 per acre for his r}e, while tlie Montana grower receives $14.10, the
average yield per acre of rye in. Wisconsin being 18.3 bushels and of
Montana, 23.5. New York produces more potatoes than any other state in
the Union ; yet these Crop Reporter figures show that the average yield of
a New York potato patch is but 106 bushels to the acre as compared \vith an
average yield of 165 bushels in ]\Iontana. Iowa leads all the states in
the Union in the production of oats, yet the average yield of an Iowa
oat field is but 42.2 bushels per acre, as compared \\ ith 48 bushels per acre

— Get a homestead in Montana before they are all gone.

•.U ."!>.*-' T:-

Residence Avenues and Business Streets in Great Falls.

12

MONTANA 19U

in Montana, the Montana oats being: worth $16.80 to the farmer as against
$11,93, the farm value of the Iowa product. North Dakota produces more
flax than any other state, yet the averge yield of North Dakota flax is 9.7
bushels as agiainst 12 bushels in Montana, and the average value of
an acre of North Dakota flax is but $11.05 as against $13.44, the average
of Montana.

It is to the increased kno\v'ledge of these exceptionally high crop yields
and to the repeated demonstrations of the productiveness of Montana's broad
acres that this State owes its present most forward movement. An intelli-
gent campaign of publicity has resulted in the informing of a land-hungry
people that Montana, the last of the great public land states,
can satisfy the ambitious citizen who wants to become inde-
pendent and attain a competency through the ownership of a
farm home. During the fiscal year ending June 30, 1913, over
19,000 homesteads were filed upon in the several land offices

Attracting
the Atten-
tion of the
World.

'^.JlUUbi:-^..

Making use of the Public Domain.

of this State. Of these, 5,014 were made during the first three months of
1913, and 7,957 were made during the months of April, May and June of
this year.

Montana is exceedingly fortunate in the character of the new settlers
who are attracted by its resources. It has been particularly noticeable that
the men who come to make their homes here are the successful and
ambitious of Other states. They come equipped mentally, physically and
financially to enter upon their new life and to make the most of the oppor-

-Neiv toions andneiv counties keep Montana map-makers busy.

THE STATE

13

tunities which this State offers. It has been significient that on the home-
steads filed upon this year more new land has been broken and prepared for
crops than in any preceding- year.

An average of 2,000 new homesteads per month means that almost a
half million acres of public land passes from the unoccupied domain into the
hands of virile American citizens who are prepared to utilize to their advant-
age, and indirectl}' to the advantage of mankind, the resources which nature
has put before them. A continuation of the present rate of immigration into
this State (and there is no indication of a lessening of the tide of home-
seekers) means that within six or seven years Montana's public domain of
approximately 30,000,000 acres of land that is suitable for agricultural

f*^-

Montana coal mines produced $5,600,970 in 1913.

purposes will have become the property of the great American farmer. The
settlers who are coming to Montana at the present time are the kind of
men who, within a comparatively few yeaxs, will bring under cultivation and
to its maximum stage of production the land which they are now securing
from the government. When this is accomplished, Montana, instead of
having 800,000 odd acres of wheat, \yill have 20,000,000 acres that will pro-
duce over 400,000,000 bushels per year, which is greater than the entire
production! in the United Stales for the year 1912 ; instead of having 400,000
acres of oats, this State will have 4,000,000 and will produce 160,000,000
bushels; instead of having 460,000 acres of flax, it will have over 5,000,000

■The state will sell you land and give you twenty years to pay for it.

U MONTANA 19U

acres \vith a production of over 60.000.000 bushels, which is more than twice
the production of the entire nation ior last year.

Were it not for the fact that we of ]\lontana know that this is but the
beginning-, the story of this State's development during the
Showing past ten years would of itself seem marvelous. In the period

the Wonder- from 1902 to 1912, Montana increased its wdieat acreage from
ful Grow^th 90,583 to 803,000 acres, the production being 2,355,158 bushels
in Culti- in 1902 as against 10,346.000 bushels in 1912; it increased its

vated Acres, flax acreage from 12.500 in 1902 to 460,000 in 1912, with an
increase in production from 112,500 bushels to 5.520,000. In
the same period the total value of the eight principal farm crops of wheat,
corn, oats, barley, rye. potatoes, hay and flax increased from $9,217,290 to
$40,419,000, while in 1912 the fruit-raising industry reached a productive ca-
pacity of almost $2,000,000. and Alontana farmers sold $1,500,000 worth of
sugar beets.

A faint idea of the vast extent and wonderful range of Montana's
industries may be had from a few figures showing the actual production
of this State during the past year. Farm and garden products of all kinds
yielded a return slightly in excess of S61. 000,000 according to the most
reliable figures available ; the mines of ^lontana yielded $64,955,287, of
which $51,106,914 was in copper, $7,829,950 was in silver, $3,625,235 was in
gold, $1,857,402 w!as in zinc and $335,103 was in lead this not including
$5,600,970, the value of the coal yield for 1912 ; cattle, sheep and w^ool yielded
growers a total approximiately $20,000,000, and the product of the lumber
mills amounted to $2,811,000; making a grand total of $154.367,257 — not a
bad showing in raw wealth for a state which in 1910 was given a population

of 376,053.

Fruit growing in ]^Iontana has recently attracted wide attention because
of the high prices commanded by fruit lands and the eno^rmous
Fertile profits made by growers. I'nplanted lands, suitable for fruit

Fruit Lands growing in the inter-mountain regions of the west, are selling
Yield Big in many places at $500.00 or more per acre, while good

Profits. orchards, already in bearing, can hardly be purchased at any

price. This is not hard to understand, because growlers in
many instances have received m,ore than $1,000.00 per acre in net returns
for a single crop.

But while these figures may look large here in Montana, they are looked
upon as a mere indication of what may yet be done. In other words,
Montana is preparing for a future beside which its past will indeed be dim.
In this preparation the State is being assisted not only by the individual
settlers who are coming by regiments to the conquest of a virgin soil, but
by the masters of great transportation lines, who, looking to the future
and seeing the great harvest which is to be, are doubling their energies
townard bringing the most remote valleys and bench lands into communica-
tion with the outside world. More railroad construction is now under way

— Montana has a lot of intelligent farmers; it wants more.

THE STATE

15

in ^Montana and nmrc miles of snr\eys and definite locations have been
made for new lines than in any similar area on the continent.

The Xorthern I'acific. tlie pioneer of our transcontinental roads, is build"
ing" branch lines into many of the newer agriculttn"al sections of the State.
The Great Northern is rushinq^ work at both ends of what will virtually be

a new line from the eastern to the western border of the State.
Making and the Chicapfo, Milwaukee & St. Paul is building upwards of

Railroads 500 miles of new road through the richest wheat section of

for the the Northwest. On top of tliese extensive railway operations,

People, now being prosecuted, coimes the announcement that the Soo

line is to build across the entire northern section of Montana,

A Home on the Sun River Project.

contract for the first link of which has been let. Yet, with the feverish
activity of the railroads, doubly remarkable in Vv'hat is admitted to be a
hard' bofroWers' market, they are scarce able to keep pace with the demands
being made upon the transportaition facilities of the State. Tt is the uniform
history of the new railro'ads in Montana that the first cargo is invariably
that of the newl settler and his effects, and what was but yesterday a barren
plain becomes as if by magic the home of a prosperous and contented
coimmunity.

— Montana has more than 18,000,000 acres of national forest.

16

MONTANA 19U

The Things
That Make
Life Pleas-
ant.

In an article such as this, it is impossible to discuss at length the many
factors which make life in Montana so highly worth the living. Mention,
however, should be made of the great hydro-electrical development now in
progress, by which cheap and never-failing electrical power is furnished for
the home, the mine, the factory and the farm, and is already being used
for the transportation of railroad trains. Alention should also
be made of the excellent educational system of this State, and
of the social progress being made, as exemplified by the mag-
nificient churches, clubs and public buildings which distinguish
the larger cities of Montana. Last but not least, attention
should be called to Montana's claim to distinction as the playground of the
nation. From this State are entered the two greatest of the National Parks,
and here may be viewed scenery which for the unique and unusual is
unapproached in all the world and which for sublime grandeur is unsur-
passed. To the red-blooded who care to track big game, or battle with
fighting trout, or gaze awe-inspired upon the noblest works of nature, the
call of Montana is irresistible.

Thus, in brief and roughly, I have sketched Montana, and given a simple
indication of the aims and the ambitions of its people. In its vast domain
of over 146,000 square miles ^Montana has resources which are capable of
supporting millions. These resources, many of them, have for years awaited
but the coming of brains and brawn. We are now receiving the men and
capital necessary for the development of our State, and with the assistance
cf all the aids and appliances of a modern age we propose to make use of
our great heritage in the building here of an empire which will rank among
tlie really great achievements of mankind.

The People

Citizenship of Montana Is Virely
American — Montanans Are Big-
Gauged, Honest, Active, Enthus-
iastic and Energetic, and Take Live-
ly Interest in PubHc Affairs — Here
Energy, Industry, Integrity and
Intelligence Draw Big Dividends.

1 IlliP^ i w ^.#*,^

'If

^r^^

■t n.

liii

:n

Montana is no longer of the "wild and v/ooly" West. The picturesque
cowboy is seen only in the moving pictures, the bandit has retreated to the
covers of the "best sellers" and the bloodthirstv Indian is found onlv at the

state and county fairs and summer hotels, whither he must be
As to the enticed from his farm by liberal fee to give the newcomers

Men and and tourists a touch of the "local color" they have been led to

Women of expect. No Avork of this kind would be complete without
Montana. reference to the splendid character of the citizens with which

this State is favored, or without mention of the great progress
which has been made toward making Montana a better place in wliich
to live.

The beginnings of 'Montana were miade b}^ the sturdiest race \vhich has
yet been known — the American pioneer. Those who first came to conquer
what was then a wilderness were the men and women who had the cour-
age to brave unknown dangers without fear and the hardihood to suffer
imtold privations without despair. The weak and the timid were left behind
to enjoy the comforts of an easier life, Avhile the strong and fit went forth

— Epicureans demand Montana apples.

18

MOXTAXA 19 U

to blaze the trail of new empire. On the success which crowned the efforts
of these pioneers they laid the foundations of a strong- and vigorous com-
monwealth, and the energy and the determination and enthusiasm which
they displayed have been reflected in succeeding years in the never lessening-
progress of the Treasure State.

And while Montana has reason to congratulate itself upon the strength
and indominitable spirit of its pioneers it has no less reason for pride in the
character of the later arrivals within its borders. It was perhaps fortunate
for the State thlat the beginning of it? great era of agricultural development
now in progress was coincident with the recognition of the fact that brains
-and training were as valuable on the farm as in the office or factory. Thus
the men and women who come and are coming to miake their homes on
Montana farms are not failures. <l.«ke^q:^j;!iQie'er-do- wells. Instead they are
not onlv the strong and self-reliant, but they are also the educated and
cultured who are making the farm not only a source of livelihood for them-

A Group of Public Buildings at Bozeman.

selves and those dependent upon them, but are also making it a place to

live the life worth while.

Illustrations of modern farm life are to be found on even.' hand, even

in the newest of otir new com..munities. The well furnished home, the

opportunities for social intercourse, the groups of happy and healthy school
children, the contented and prosperous settler are everywhere
in evidence, giving ample proof of the fact that ''farming in
^Montana is different."

A significant remark by an observing old-timer in one of
the small towns in northern ^Montana is illuminative. A crowd
of forty or fifty men dropped off the train last spring- to look
over some land available for homesteading. As they had
scattered out over the country, the old-timer turned to a

friend and said :

Evidences
of Thrift
and Pros-
perity Are
on Every
Hand.

-Montana is destined to be the greatest dairying state in the Union.

THE PEOPLE

19

"Did you notice that practically every one of those men wore a
watch chain?"

The excellent educational facilities of the State are fully discussed else-
where in this volume, but mention should be made of the fact that
practically every church in America is well represented in this State. There
are three residential bishops in Helena — Catholic, Methodist Episcopal and
Episcopal. The former is now engaged in the construction of a Cathedral
which will be second to none in the Northwest and has also charge of an
extensive system of sectarian education, embracing collegiate, secondary and

■6£>

Where Prosperous and Contented People Dwell.

parochial schools. The ^lethodists also miaintain a splendid university at
Helena, while the Presbyterians maintain a college at Deer Eodge.
Throughout every section of the State, are to be found w^ell supported
churches of every denomination, and all the larger cities boast of splendid
social clubs and fine Y. !\r. C. A. buildings.

Politically, Montana is among those desirable states which are classed
as "doubtful" at election times, a condition which not only protects the

— Montana is imbued ivith state patriotism.

20 MONTANA 19U

State from the abuses of nnbricHed political power but also develops a
strong- sense of responsibility on the. part of those entrusted to
Speaking public office. In the first election following statehood, Mon-

of the Poli- tana's electoral vote was case for Benjamin Harrison; in 1896
tical Side and 1900 it was cast for W. J- Bryan; in 1904 for Theodore

of It. Roosevelt; in 1908 for W. H. Taft, and in 1912 for Woodrow

Wilson. The present state administration is democratic, the
democratic candidates having been elected by pluralities ranging from
\ ,000 to 7,000.

Strong interest is displayed b}' the people of Montana in public affairs,
and the State has been singular!}- free from administrative scandal.'^. The
magnificent capitol at Helena was built at a total cost of $1,100,000,
and is universally regarded as a splendid example of a state getting the full
worth of every dollar spent.

Political power is jealously guarded by the people, and through the
instrumentality of a direct primary law, under Avhich all nominations are
made, they keep in close touch with political conditions. Through the
initiative and refcren.dur.i clause of the State constitution thcv reserve to
themselves the power to enact or defeat legislation by popular vote, a power
which thus far has been seldom and always wisely used.

The people of ^Mon.tana welcome outside capital and treat it with every

degree of fairness, at the same time insisting that capital be also fair with

Lhe people. Every brancli of legitimate industry is encouraged, while the

people ampl}' safeguard themselves with every necessary pro-
Fair Play tectior. A railroad and public service commission has been
Is Guaran- established to regulate the rates of every public service corpo-
teed to All. ration and common carrier; a "blue sky" law has been enacted

to protect investors from the operations of fraudulent pro-
moters, a grain inspection department looks after the proper grading of
jMontana grain; farmers are protected in their seed purchases hx a svstem
of free seed inspection; weights and measures and pure food laws are
rigidly enforced ; an eiglit-hour day for underground miners lias been written
into the State constitution and the eiglit-hour dav is in force on all public
and practically all private Avorks ; child labor is prohibited, while the law
prohibits employers from requiring women employes to work more than
nine hours a day in certain classes of employment ; the promotion of the
dairying industry is in the hands of a state dairy department; an efficient
and well managed agricultural experiment station, with sub-stations in
various parts of the State, carries on extensive work among the farmers of
Montana, and good road-building is encouraged by a state highwav com-
mission.

-Montana has the state fair that educates.

Making Homes

Success Has Definitely Crowned the
Efforts of Those Who Have Under-
taken the Development of a Great
Agricultural Empire — Montana
Leads in Yield Per Acre — Every
Man Gets an Even Break in This
Land of Abundant Opportunities.

yff»CT«wntig-

Montana lies between the 104th and ii6th meridians of longitude west
of Greenwich and between the 45th and 49th parallels of north latitude. The
western boundary follows the Coner d'Alene and Bitter Root mountains and
is irregular; in the southw'est corner the line dips below the 45th parallel
3nd follows the main range of the Rocky Mountains; the northern boundary
is along- the 49th parallel and the eastern boundary the 105th degree of
longitude. It is boimdcd on the north by the Canadian provinces of
Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia ; on the cast b}^ North Dakota
and South Dakota; on the south by Wyoming and Idaho; on the west by
Idaho. Its average length from east to west is about 535 miles, and its
average width from north to south is about 275 miles.

It should always be remembered that Montana is big. The vast area of
the State must be borne in mind in any consideration of its climiate, its
resources and its opportunities. It is the third state in size in the
American union, only California and Texas being larger; France and
Germany is each only about one-tliird larger. England, Scotland, \\ ales
and Ireland combined have fewer square miles of territory ; it end>races a

— The schools of Montana are inferior to none.

22

MONTANA 19U

greater area than all the New England states, New York, New Jersey,
Delaware and Maryland added together; and there are counties in Montana
larger than some of the populous states of the Union.

For many years the greater part of this great empire lay neglected and
unknown. Montana of tlie old days was the land of gold and silver and
copper — and it is, indeed, yet ; later it became the land of beef and mutton —
and it is yet; but beyond and away from the mountain ranges
It Is a Story which had given the State its first return of wealth and had
of Progress, sheltered its sparse population, there lay a land of wheat and
oats and flax and harlev and corn of which the old-timer li^'ed
in complacent ignorance. It is only in recent 3'ears that the biggest dis-

A Montana Ranch Scene

covery has been mlade in Montana, the discovery that its soil was fertile
and that its climatic conditions were such as to make it a State of homes
and farm's. The result of this discovery has been that the tide of immigra-
tion, ever strea;ming westward, but passing through this State with not a
thought of the opportunity ignored, has been turned Montana-wTard, and
this State is now undergoing the greatest development ever witnessed in
even the virile and enthusiastic West. Montana is today forging forward
at a rate which is staggering to the imiagination. It is the scene of the last
great land rush which is to be witnessed on the American continent — not a

— The mineral wealth of Montana has scarcely been touched.

MAKING HOMES

rush to the opening' of a comparatively small reserve, but the opening of
practically an entire state and a state of imperial proportions.

Montana is the mecca of the land hungry, and this State gives encour-
aging answer to all who seriously would heed the economic call of back to
the soil. Accurate statistics arc impossible in a new land, and yet scattering-
figures, gathered here and there, are amazing in the story of
Montana Is wonderful growth which they illustrate. During the fiscal year
the Mecca. ending June 30, 1913, the General Land Office of the United
States reported that more than a third of all the public land
filed upon in the entire country was taken in Montana ; during this same
period, the amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land in Mon-
tana, available for homesteading, was reduced from 29.053,995 acres to
21,542,853 acres, a total reduction, practically all by homesteaders, of
7,511,142 acres oir 11,861 square miles, an area greater than that of the
entire states of Massachusetts and Delaware combined.

The assessed valuation, of the .State, property being assessed at between
25 and 40 per cent of its actual value, likewise shoA\'^ the rapid growth of
this State, being as follows for the last five years: 1909, $280,401,064.00;
1910, $309,673,699.00; loii, $331,670,418.00; 1912, $346,550,585.00; 1913,
$382,807,277.00.

The school census, taken every year, also gives indication of the rapid
increase in the State's population, the number of children of school age
(between 6 and 21 years) being reported as follows for the last five years :
1909, 81,545; 1910, 88,8oq; 191 1, 98,687; 1912, 104,774; 1913, 113,671.

The growth of ]^Iontana during the last few years has been due to the
extension of agricultural and allied interests more than to any other cause.
Mining, lumbering and industrial enterprises of a similar nature have gone
forward in a satisfacto.ry, though comparatively conservative
The Reason way, while the advance along agricultural lines has been little
For It All. short of phenomenal. The extension of farming in this State
\aas been due solely to the repeated demonstration of the high
fertility of Montana soil and the miagnificent growing character of Montana's
climate, combined with the extremely low price of ^Montana farm lands.

The Way they Harvest in Montana

2U

MONTANA 19U

Fig-nres from the published reports of the Department of Agriculture
^ive a slight indication of the crop wealth which this State is capable of
producing, and show that Montana is destined to lead all her sister states
in the production of small grains, and to hold an important place in many
lines of diversified farming.

In miany states assessors are required to report the acreage in crops in
their respective counties to a designated state officer who, using the acreage
reports as a basis and aided by reports from thresherm'en and volunteer

DB DO DID aa QQ DO D

V^^-

Good Barns are the Rule in Montana

carrespou.lents as to yields, is able to m'ake an approximately correct esti-
mate of the crop production for the current year. Ijut as no such reports are
mlade to this or any other office in ^Montana no official State statistics of
crop production are available.

The only official statistics on the subject available, other than the
reports' of the census office for the last decennial period, are those contained

-Heat prostrations are unknoivn in Montana.

MAKING HOMES

25

in the Year Books and in various issues of the Crop Reporter published by
the United States Department of Agriculture. No estimate is
Getting at published of the acreage and yields by counties, the acreage,
the Right the total production and the value of the crop being given for

Figures. the whole state. Tn the old, thickly settled states where the

farming industry is well established, fairly satisfactory results
may perhaps be obtained l)y the system of collecting crop statistics which
the Department of Agriculture has adopted, but it does not produce satis-
factory results in ^lontana where the area of land in cultivation increases
each year at a rate almost unprecedented in the history of the development
of the farming regions of the United States. Under such conditions it
may not be surprising that crop correspondents of the government have
failed to report manv thousands of acres that have been planted to crops

The Homesteader in Montana Grows Plenty of Potatoes ]

— m.»t^^^

for the first time in each of the last three years and, consequently, that
the department has not allowed for a sufficient percentage of increase. In
the opinion of this office, an opinion held also, it is believed, 1)\- members
of the staff of the Agricultural Experiment Station, railroad and elevator
men, secretaries of commercial clubs and other observers, the estimate of
the Diepartment of Agriculture of the acreage of staple crops is far below
the true amount. To estimate the acreage in staple crops to be twenty-five
per cent greater than the government's figures wduld seem to be conser\-a-
tive. Hbwjever, as the statistics of agriculture contained in the census
reports and in the publications of the Department of Agriculture are the
only official ones available, they are given in the fm-m of tables in this
chapter for the State at large.

— Montana Winters are mild.

26.

MONTANA 19U

The final estimate of tlie Department of Agriculture of the 1913 crop

yields was not available at the time of the publication of this work, and

the last available fig"ures, those of 1912, are used in the com-

A Tale Told parisons made below. That the 1913 figures will show a

in Bushels. substantial increase over those of 1912 there is no doubt.

The principal crop statistics of 1912, given by the United
States Department of Agriculture, were as follows:

Wheat
Oats . . .
Barlev
Rye

Com . . .
Flaxseed
Potatoes
Hay . . .

Crop.

Total

Acres

Yield per Acre

In Bushels
Production

Value.

803.000

24.1

19.346,000

$12,381,000

476,000

48.0

22,848,000

7,997,000

39.000

36.5

1,424,000

755,000

10,000

23.5

235,000

141,000

24,000

25.5

612,000

428,000

460.000

12.0

5,520,000

6,182,000

37.000

165.0

6.105.000

2,442,000

640,000

1.9 Tons

1,216,000

10,093,000

2.498.000

56.090.000

S40.419.000

The growth of ^Montana agriculture is strikingly shown in the follo\\'ing
tables giving the acreage and yield of various crops for the years 1903 to
1 91 2, inclusive, as reported in the Year Books of the United States Depart-

ment of Agriculture

Wheat.

Year.

1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

Acres.

Bushels.

Value.

98,735

2,784,327

$ 1,837,656

108,608

2,596,731

2,311,091

119,469

2,843.326

2,018,787

137.389

3,297,336

2,110,295

139,000

4,003,000

3,243,000

153.000

3,703,000

3,185,000

350.000

10,764,000

9,364,000

480.000

■ 10,560,000

9,081.000

429.000

12,299,000

9,740,000

803.000

19.346.000

12.381,000

Oats.

Year.

Acres.

Bushels.

Value.

1903

162.337

167.207

178.911

196.802 ;

240,000

254.000 :

300,000 1

350,000

425.000

476,000

7.532.437

6,303,704

7,389.024

8,501.846

11,760,000

10.566,000

15.390,000

13,000,000

21.165.000

22.848.000

% 2,636,353

1904

2,899,704

1905

3,177,280

1906

3,740,812

1907 .

5 410,000

1908

5,177,000

1909

6,464.000

1910

6.118.000

1911

8.466.000

1912

7,997.000

Barley.

Tear.

Acres.

Bushels.

Value.

1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

18.231

732.886

$ 425.074

17.502

523,310

324.452

15,227

502,491

281,395

14,313

472.329

264,504

17,000

646,000

400,000

25,000

875,000

534,000

50,000

1.900,000

1,197,0011

52,000

1.456,000

903,000

31,000

1,070,000

728,000

39 000

1,424,000

755.000

-Spend a vacation in Montana and you ivill come to stay.

MAKING HOMES

Rye.

Year.

Acres.

Bushel-s.

Value.

1903

1.890
1,871
1,871
2,021
2,100
2.000
2,000
4,000
8,000
10,000

46,494
37,233
37,420
41,430
47,000
40,000
68,000
80,000
184,000
235,000

$ 29,291
28,669
24 323

1904

1905

1906

27,344

1907

32,000

1908

27,000

1909

44,000

1910

54,000

1911

132,000

1912

141,000

Potatoes.

Tear.

Acres.

Bushels.

Value.

1903

12,904
13,162
13.688
14.099
18,000
20,000
25.000
25.000
27.000
37,000

2,271,104
1,882,166
1,642,500
2,143,048
2.700,000
2,760,000
4,500,000
3,000,000
4,050,000
6.105,000

$ 999,286

1904

1,148,121

1905

969.110

1906 ■•

1,307.459

1907

1,350,000

1908

1,932,000

1909

2,295,000

1910

2,555,000

1911

2,977,000

1912

2.244.000

Corn.

Year.

Acres.

Bushels.

Value.

1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

3.7SS

91.291

1 56,600

3,902

86.624

58,904

3,941

76,451

51,989

3,980

93,132

60,536

4.000

90,000

61,000

4,000

94,000

85,000

5,000

175.000

150,000

8,000

185,000

175,000

20,000

530,000

424,000

24,000

612,000

428,000

Flaxseed.

Year.

Acres.

Bushels.

Value.

1908
1909
1910
1911
1912

9.000

104.000

$ 104,000

10,000

120,000

192.000

60,000

420,000

1.008,000

425.000

3,272,000

5,890.000

460.000

5,520,000 .

6,182.000

Hay.

Tear.

Acres.

Tons.

Value.

1903 .

335. 5oS
34,S.9S0
362,939
373,827
500,000
525.000
556.000
600.000
612.000
640.000

697.961

670,042

580,702

691,580

850,000

1,050,000

995,000

840,000

1,224.000

1.216,000

$ 6.149,036

1904

5.829.365

1905 . .

4.471.405

1906

6.155.062

1907

8,075,000

1908

8,768.000

1909

9,950,000

1910

10,500,000

1911

12.240.000

1 912

10.093,000

An interesting comparison of the farm A'alue of i6o acres of crops in
four well known agricultural states has been made, being- based on figures
shown in the 1912 Year Book of the Department of Agricuilture. As regards

— "See America First." Start with Montana.

28

MONTANA 19U

the fertility of jNIontana's soil and its importance as an agricnltnral state,
these figures speak for themselves :

state

AVheat

Oats

Barley

Flaxseed

Potatoes

Minnesota
North Dakota
South Dakota
United States
Montana ....

$1,809.60
1.9S6.20
1,568.00
1,932.80
2.167.20

$1,734.40
1,457.60
1,352.00
1,748.80
2. 688.00

$1,849.60
1,675.20
1,747.20
2,398.40
3.094.40

$1,958.40
1,769.60
1,555.20
1,798.40
2.150.40

$ 6,048.00

5,734.40

6,048.00

9,163.20

10.560.00

The following tables, also taken from the Year Books of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture, sho\v why the farmer of Montana can and does excel
the farmer of other parts of tlie United States:

UNITED STATES AND IN

AVERAGE YIELD

PER ACRE OF WHEAT IN THE
MONTANA, 1903 TO 1912.

YEAR—

III!

I 1903 I 1904 I 1905 | 1906 | 1907

i I I
1908 1 1909 I 1910 I 1911

I I 1

1912

Average of United States....! 12.9 I 12.5 ] 14.5 ] 15.5 I 14.0 | 14.0 I 15.8 | 13.9 | 12.5 | 15.0

Average of Montana | 28.2 | 23.9 I 23.8 | 24.0 | 28.8 I 24.2 ( 30.8 | 22.0 I 28.7 ' 24.1

Ten Tear Average of the United States
Ten Year Average of Montana

14.16
25.85

AVERAGE FARM VALUE PER ACRE OF WHEAT IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN

MONTANA, 1903 TO 1912.

YEAR-

1903 1 1904 1 1905 | 1906 | 1907

I I I I

1908 I 1909 I 1910 1 1911

Ten Year Average of the United States
Ten Year Average of Montana

1912

I I I I I I I I I I

Average of United States 1$ S.96|$11.58i$10.831$10.37|$12.26|$12.97l$15.621$12.23|$10.92| $12.08

.Werage of Montana I 18.611 21.2Si 16.90i 15.361 23.331 20.82! 26.751 18.921 22.101 15.42

11.78
19.95

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF OATS IN THE UNITED STATES AND MONTANA,

1903 TO 1912.

TEAR-

1903 I 1904 I 1905 | 1906 | 1907 1 1908 | 1909 i 1910 | 1911 |

I I I I I I I I I

Ten Year Average of the United States
Ten Year Average of Montana

191?

I I I I I !

Average of United States....! 28.4 | 32.1 | 34.0 | 31.2 i 23.7 | 25.0 ] 30.3 | 31.9 ! 24.4 | 37.4

Average of Montana I 46.4 | 37.7 | 41.3 i 43.2 I 49.0 | 41.6 | 51.3 1 38.0 ' 49. S ' 48.0

29.84
44.63

AVERAGE FARM VALUE PER ACRE OF OATS IN UNITED STATES AND IN MONTANA.

1903 TO 1912,

YEAR—

I 1903 I 1904 1 1905 | 1906 | 1907 I 1908 I 1909
I I I I I I I

1910 1 1911

1912

i 1 I I 1 I I I ' I

Average of United States . . !$ 9.68|$10.05|$ 9.881$ 9.89!$10.51|S11.78|$12.20i$10.90 $10.98] $10.93
-Vverage of Montana I 16.241 17.34! 17.761 19.011 22.541 20.381 21. 55' 17.481 19.92' 16.80

Ten Year Average of the United States
Ten Year Average of Montana

10.69
18.90

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF BARLEY IN THE

MONTANA, 1903 TO 1912.

UNITED STATES AND IN

YEAR— 1903 1 1904
! 1

1905

1

1906 i
I

1907

1908

1909

1910

1911

1

1912

1 1

Average of United States 126.4 27.2

Average of Montana !40.2 29.9

26.8
33.0

28.3
38.0

23.8
38.0

25.1
35.0

24.3
38.0

22.5
28.0

21.0
34.5

nPt^n ^^par Av-pva^^p of thp TTnitPfl Sti^tfs

25.51

Tam "Vput AvprfiCTP of IVrontana.

34.61

— There is plenty of room to grow in Montana.

MAKING HOMES 29

AVERAGE FARM VALUE PER ACRE OF BARLEY IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN

MONTANA, 1903 TO 1912.

I I I I I I : : I I

YEAR— I 1903 I 1904 ! 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 190S , 1909 | 1910 | 1911 | 1912

I I I I I I I I I I

\ \ ^ i \ i i i \ \

Average of ITnited States I$12.05|$11.40|$10.80||11.74|n5.86|$13.91i$13.40|$12.92|$18.25 $14 99

Average of Montana | 23.32| IS. 511 18.48| ]S.48| 23.53| 21.56| 23.94| 17.37| 23.30! 19.34

Ten Year Average of the United States 13.53

Ten Year Average of Montana 20.78

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF RYE IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN MONTANA,

1903 TO 1912.

Y^EAE^ I 1903 I 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 j 190S i 1909 1910 I 1911 1912

I I I I I I I I I I

Average of United States 1 15.4 | 15.2 | 16.5 i 16.7 I 16.4 I 16.4 | 16.1 16 3 I 15 6 16 8

Average of Montana | 24.6 | 19.9 | 20.0 | 20.5 ( 22.0 I 20.0 | 29.0 | 20.0 | 23.0 | 23.5

Ten Y'ear Average of tlie United States 16.14

Ten Y'eiir A\ erage of Montana 22.25

AVERAGE FARM VALUE PER ACRE OF RYE IN UNITED STATES AND IN MONTANA,

1903 TO 1912.

Y'-EAR— I 1903 I 1904 I 1905 | 1906 I 1907 | 1908 | 1909 1910 1911 1912

I I I I I I i I ! I

I I '■ I \ i \ \

Average of United States. ... |$ 8. 39t$10.46|$10. 07j$ 9.S3l$11.98l$12.04i$11.87mi. 761^12 98 $1114

Average of Montana | 15.501 15.321 13.001 13.531 15.24' 13.501 22.00! 13.50' 16.5fi| i4;io

Ten Year Average of the United States 11 05

Ten Year Average of Montana 15 ''S

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF POTATOES IN UNITED STATES AND IN MONTANA,

1903 TO 1912.

YEAR— I 1903 I 1904 ! 1905 | 1906 '| 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911

I I I I I I I ( \

191-'

113.4
165.0

Avei-age of United States.... ( 84.7 1110.4 | S7.0 '|102.2 | 95.4 | 85. 7 1106.8 93 8 I 80 9
Average of Montana |176.0 |143.0 |120.0 |]52.0 |150.0 |13S.0 [ISO.O |120."o !150.'o

Ten Year Average of tlie United States m6~03

Ten Year Average of Montana j^g ^q

AVERAGE FARM VALUE PER ACRE OF POTATOES IN THE UNITED STATES AND

IN MONTANA, 1903 TO 1912.

YEAR— I 1903 I 1904 i 1905 | 1906 i 1907 | 1908 1909 1910 1911 191"^

I I I I I I I I

Average of United States. ... |$51.99|$49.96||53.67|.1!52.29|?58.86i$60.50|$58.59!$52.3l'$fi4 741 $57-^7
Average of Montana | 77.441 87.231 70.S0| 92.721 75.001 96.601 91.SO|102.00'111.00I 66!oO

Ten Year Average of the United States 56.02

Ten Year Average of Montana 87.06

AVERAGE YIELD PER ACRE OF HAY IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN MONTANA,

1903 TO 1912.

YEAR— I 1903 I 1904 | 1905 | 1906 | 1907 | 1908

I I I I I I

i

1909 I 1910 1 1911 I 191:]

Average of United States 1 1.54 | 1.52 I 1.54 | 1.35 | 1.45 | 1.52 1 1.42

Average of Montana I 2.08 | 1.92 | 1.60 | 1.85 | 1.70 | 2.00 | 1.79

1.33 1.10 I 1.47

1.40 I 2.00 I 1.90

Ten Year Average of the United States 1.4^

Ten Year Average of Montana I.g2

— Montana's assessed valuation increased 10.2 per cent in 1913.

30

MONTANA 19U

AVERAGE FARM VALUE PER ACRE OF HAY IN THE UNITED STATES AND IN

MONTANA, 1903 TO 1912.

YEAR—

I 1903 I 1904 I 1905 | 1906 | 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911

I

19i:

$17.33
15.77

Average of United States |n3.93|$l,'^.23i$13.11|n3.9.TlS16.SriK13.67|$15.07 S12.26 $16 10

Average of Montana | 1S.32| 16.70| 12.32| 16.4fi| 16.151 16.70| 17.90| 12.50| 2o!oo

Ten Year Average of the United States 14 55

Ten Year Average of Montana \\\\ 16.28

As before stated, these fig-nres, compiled from the gfovernment reports,
are exteremely conservative. They represent the naturally low average of
all conditions, and even then, as it will be noted, they aire much higher than

the averages of the greatest grain producing states in the
The Land Gives Union.
Big Yields. High yields are usual rather than the exception where-

ever proper treatment is accorded the land. As an illus-
tration of this,! there is printed herewith clippings from newspapers in everv
part of the State, recording some of the more interesting crop returns for

Flax is a Big Money Crop in Montana.

the year 1913. As will be seen, these reports are from practically every
county and they summarize a complete story of agricultura'l prosperity.

BIG HORN COUNTY.

Hardin Tribune: The first threshing report for 1913 in the vicinity of Hardin
comes from the farm of Lou Kennedy, five miles southwest of the town on the bench.
He has in 300 acres of winter wheat which he is harvesting with a combination
binder and thresher. The first 100 acres harvested made an average yield of 41
bushels and 10 i>ounds to the ajcre. There is no longer any question about the Big
Horn valley benchland being adapted to dry farming. The past four years have
demonstrated that one year with another the section surrounding Hardin will pro-
duce as good yield to the acre as the famed Gallatin valley and the Judith Basin.

— The people have more than $82,000,000 deposited in Montana banks.

MAKING HOMES

31

BEAVERHEAD COUNTY.

Dillon Tribune: Dr. F. M. Bimrose brought to this office yesterday some sam-
ples of his improved turkey red beardless wheat which he is just engaged in har-
vesting on his dry farm on the bench east of Dillon. The bead averaged in length
7% inches and the kernels are well filled. The doctor expects the wheat to thresh
between 40 and 50 bushels to the acre.

Dillon Correspondence in the Anaconda Standard: Several of the dry farms on
the east bench have finished threshing and yields of grain have been more than
satisfactory. Winter wheat is averaging nearly 40 bushels per acre; spring rye
nearly 20 bushels and flax 16 V2 bushels. These averages are far above the usual
and even more than was predicted.

Big Hole Basin News: Haying is on. Matt Christensen commenced last Friday,
beating E. N. Jones just a litttle. Some of the meadows are not quite ready, but
another week will hear the whir of the mower all over the Basin. The tonnage is
estimated at about 250.

Bald Barley Grozving at the Soldiers' Home, Columbia Falls.

BLAINE COUNTY.
Harlem News: Dr. W. M. Williams has just finished threshing a field of Grimm
alfalfa which produced better than $90 worth of seed to the acre, with a total
expense of $1.75 per acre. Taking into consideration that about three-fourths of the
alfalfa was badly lodged, producing not more than one bushel to the acre, the part
■of the field not lodged averaged between seven and eight bushels per acre.

BROADWATER COUNTY.

Toston Index: E. A. Kimpton appears to have captured the blue ribbon for
oats grown this year. The statement given out comes direct and removes all doubt
-as to its truth. From 15 acres Mr. Kimpton threshed 1,905 bushels of oats, a yield
of 127 bushels per acre. His ranch is about eight miles west and south of Toston.

F. W. Sherman threshed 11,200 bushels of winter wheat off 560 acres, a yield of
20 bushels per acre. He says he was pleased with the general results of dry farm-
ing, in which he has greater faith than ever.

Townsend Correspondence to the Montana Daily Record: Unirrigated wheat is
running about 25 bushels per acre as against 21i/^ last year. Irrigated fields of
winter wheat run from 40 to 50 bushels per acre, and the oat crop will be the

-Afi acre of land in Montana is worth more than an acre elsewhere.

32

MONTANA 191A

heaviest in the history of the country, many fields running 90 bushels per acre. I^ast
year, according to returns made by threshing outfits, Broadwater Coimty produced
160,000 bushels of winter wheat and 128,000 bushels of spring wheat. This year the
yield of both varieties is conservatively placed at 400,000 bushels.

Broadwater Opinion: Walter Montrey has just finished threshing 900 bushels
of fine turkey red wheat which average 36 bushels to the acre. Had the heavy
rains not lodged part of it, his crop would have been 40 bushels.

CARBON COUNTY.
Red Lodge Picket: T. M. Denton, who was in the city last Monday from his
dry land ranch in the Butcher Creek country, told the Picket that from a little less
than an acre of winter wheat he threshed 59 bushels of the prettiest and plumpest
wheat ever grown in the State. His homestead, recently patented, is on Dry Valley
creek, not many miles west of Red Lodge, and the most of the wheat was grown
whollv without irrigation or soil stirring or even rolling.

^^^^^

Gardun Truck Groics in the Non-Irrigated Districts.

Billings Gazette: J. A. Black of Fromberg was in the city yesterday to make
final proof on his homestead in the Clark's Fork valley. He took up a homestead
when there were many acres open for filing, and has one of the most valuable
ranches to be found in Carbon county. He has sent six sugar beets to the State Fair
that weighed just one ounce of 90 pounds. Four of them filled a bushel measure.

Carbon County Journal: Threshers have just begun work on an 80 acre crop
of flax from Sam Tuttle a few miles west of this city. As near as can be estimated
it was yielding about 20 bushels to the acre. The threshers began on the poorest
end, so final results may be even above that figure.

Albert Ruckman completed threshing on his big ranch near Luther last week,
and told a Journal representative a few of his results. From a 50 acre crop of
oats he threshed 3,300 bushels, a yield of 66 bushels to the acres. This was without
irrigation. Mr. Ruckman's wheat ranged from 25 to 40 bushels of the first quality.
His total crop was 6,700 bushels.

— Montana is growing faster than any state in the union.

MAKING HOMES

Charles Cross, another Luther farmer, secured a yield of better than 75 bushels
of oats to the acre on his dry land farm, and his barley yielded 41 bushels. Draper
Brothers, with their private threshing outfit, completed threshing all their small
grain before the storm broke; a tract of 80 acres of turkey red yielding an average
of 36% bushels of splendid hard wheat.

CASCADE COUNTY.

Belt Valley Times: In the country north of Belt reports are very cheerful,
many farmers reporting a yield far in excess of expectations, yields of 35 to 40
bushels of wheat to the acre not being uncommon. Oats and spring wheat yields
are good, and in some instances have been reported exceptional. On the whole the
crops of this section may be said to be good and far in excess of the average yield
of less favored states.

Great Falls Leader: The man who has doubts as to the future of Montana in
the world of prosperity has only to strike straight away from Great Falls in any
direction for as many miles as he may elect and view the foundations of greatness,
builded in the greatest farming country under the dome of heaven. In no country
under the sun can such agricultural showing be noted, and as yet only a few acres,
as compared with the whole, have been touched by the plow. Take every other
resource away from Montana, and her farming country alone would, with develop-
ment, place her first in the galaxy of states. And Great Falls lies tributary to
enough of it to build the greatest city in the northwest — not to mention her other
innumerable resources.

CHOUTEAU COUNTY.

Chouteau County Independent: One of the largest flax yields so far reported
is that of Frank Jestrab, who finished threshing his flax and other grain crops this
week. Mr. Jestrab threshed 20 bushels to the acre. Incidentally Mr. Jestrab demon-
strated the benefit of summer fallowing, as the land on which the flax was grown
was broken in the spring of 1912.

Bear Paw Mountaineer: J. B. Pierce threshed 80 acres of winter wheat Friday
that made an average of 22 bushels to the acre. Fifty acres of this was this year's
breaking, which was not so good, bvit the average was raised by the remaining
30 acres, which yielded something like 40 bushels to the acre.

CUSTER COUNTY.

Miles City Independent: H. D. Lytle returned from his ranch Thursday night
and said that he had just shipped the fourth car of grain that he had raised on his
ranch in the Moon Creek country this summer. He shipped two cars of wheat, one
of rye and the last one was of flax, and he will have a car of mixed grain to ship.
He has been most successful in raising hogs and has 125 of this class of livestock,
to which he will feed the corn he has raised also on the ranch and of which there
is 1,000 bushels. The corn raised this summer has already hardened sufficiently to
be fed. Mr. Lytle is convinced that this is a natural "hog and hominy" country.

Terry Tribune: Notwithstanding the heavy hail storms which visited the
section south of Terry the past summer, the elevators of Terry are receiving more
grain than ever before. At each place there is a steady stream of wagons arriving
that is taxing the energy of the elevator agents to properly care for them. From
north of the river more grain is coming to Terry than ever before, and jdelds are
reported as excellent, especially on flax.

DAWSON COUNTY.

Glendive Correspondence Billings Gazette: Threshing is already well under
way in this county, and yields of grain reported are very satisfactory, though not
as large as last year's reports. Some pieces of flax that have been threshed have
run as high as 22 bushels, a comparatively wonderful yield, but Dawson County
holds the palm of the Northwest for immense yields in flax. Wheat is running
about 30 bushels to the acre; barley from 25 to 30 bushels, and oats from 35 to 40
bushels per acre.

Glendive Independent: Halvor Bjornson, the Union stage driver, when in the
city this week, reported that I. N. Hill, one of the bonanza farmers of Union, had
threshed out 140 acres of flax which went over 3,000 bushels. This is one of the
largest yields of which the Independent has had knowledge the present year, and
is only another sample of the productivity of Dawson county's soil.

DEER LODGE COUNTY.

Anaconda Standard: Hugh Daly, manager of the big Gregson Springs farm and
of the springs hotel and resort, was in the city yesterday. He is one of the most
enthusiastic farmers in the Deer Lodge valley and is taking great pride in the big
undertaking of making the biggest farm in the state on the tract of land surround-

— Montana doesn't want speculators or land grabbers; it wants citizens.

3Ji MONATNA 19U

ing the springs, a tract that would well be designated as an empire. Already 500
acres of winter wheat are growing, and this spring there will be planted another
large area of cereals and vegetables.

FERGUS COUNTY.

Grass Range Review: G. A. Maddox, who is interested with his brother in a
ranch four miles southeast of Grass Range, reports the following remarkal)le yield
of wheat on 105 acres. This land was ploughed last year and sown to turkey' red
wheat in the fall of 1912. Mr. Maddox has just finished threshing. The average
yield, as shown by machine measure, on 22 acres, was 01 bushels to the acre. The
total yield from the 105 acres was 5,124 bushels, making an average of about 49
bushels to the acre.

P'ergus County Argus: I. M. Hobeusack has harvested and sold 18,520 bushels
of turkey red wheat from 472 acres of land, an average of 3914 bushels per acre.
The land is Mr. Hobensack's home ranch, midway between Benchland and Utica.
The average yield has been exceeded repeatedly on smaller acreages, l)ut so far as
the Argus knows the yield is the record for anything more than 320 acres.

Stanford World: As the threshing machines work their way through the fields
there are reports constantly coming in that will establish more firmly than ever
the Judith Basin as a superior agricultural region. Out at the Vincel Antonich ranch
near Coffee Creek station, a big field recently threshed gave the largest returns yet
reported, the average yield being 55 bushels per acre. On the Vinco farm near
the Antonich place the returns were 50 bushels per acre, and on numerous other
farms in that Immediate vicinity the yield very closely approximated these two
quotations.

Stanford World: The weighing out at the elevator of winter wheat raised on
70 acres this year by J. S. Webber, immediately north of town, showed that the
field brought returns in the amount of exactly 40 bushels per acre. This is Mr.
Webber's first season as a farmer in the Judith Basin, and the splendid yield from
his field is evidence to him that he purchased not only wisely but well when he
became proprietor of his present holdings.

Fergus County Argus: Fred T. Colver of Brooks has sold the wheat from IGO
acres, and so far as the Argus knows has made a record while doing it. The 100
acre field was virgin soil, first being ploughed in May, 1912. From this tract Mr.
Colver has just sold 0,400 bushels of wheat, his check from the elevator being
$4,178.00. This is an average yield of 40 4-5 bushels to the acre, and it brought
65^/4 cents per bushel.

Beechland Herald: The weighing out at the Farmers' Elevator of wheat raised
on 37 acres by S. E. Alexander, whose ranch Is three miles south of town, showed
that the field broaight returns to the amount of 47 bushels to the acre. Mr. Alexander
had 170 acres in wheat this year, which averaged 42 bushels to the acre. This is
only one of the many yields that went better than 40 bushels around Benchland
this fall.

FLATHEAD COUNTY.

Kalispell Bee: One often hears the statement that tomatoes cannot be grown
in the Flathead valley, but this is disproved by A. Ward, of Rollins, who has a crop
which will yield about 300 bushels this year from a two-acre patch, and which are
ripening fast. Like every other business there is much in "knowing how" and on
this point he is evidently well posted, as he took all prizes at the county fair last
fall. The quality of the tomatoes which he produces is of the very finest, and there
is no doubt that if they were grown in sufficient quantities a good foreign market
could be worked up on the strength of this reputation.

Whitefish Correspondence Helena Independent: A movement is on foot among
the owners of stump land in this vicinity to induce eastern people to come here and
settle. The land is being listed at attractive figures and data is being compiled to
show how the ground can be cleared off and cultivated at a profit. It is thought that
dairying will be the most profitable business here on account of the soil being
•especially adapted to growing hay and fodder.

Whitefish Pilot: Oats will go 110 bushels to the acre. Such is the statement
made by men who are taken as atithorities on such matters. Luke Dillon has suc'n
a piece of oats on his ranch about five miles east of here, and while bumper crops
are such a common occurrence in P^lathead County as to attract little, if any, atten-
tion, the above mentioned yield is cited to show what can be raised on the average
In this section with but little effort. It is conceded that more gold can be raised
from crops in the Flathead than can be dug from the most fabulous gold fields of
Alaska or can be raised from crops in any other section.

— Montina is the last of the great 'public land states.

6

1^

CO

o

•c-a
S

o

36 MONTANA 19U

GALLATIN COUNTY.

Bozeman Correspondence to Butte Miner: Seventeen thousand acres are planted
to peas in this county, the crop going to eastern seed houses under contract. The
price averages $1.70 a bushel on the track, and the growers estimate a gross retiu'u
of over $1,000,000.00 from this one crop.

Helena Independent: Robert Collins, a West Flathead rancher, has threshed
what is believed to be a banner yield of oats on non-irrigated land in the Gallatin
Valley. Of two tracts, one gives an average yield of 70 ])ushels per acre, and the
other 80 bushels per acre. They were threshed by Arch Martin.

Bozeman Courier: In the great dry land wheat belt north of Belgrade the wheat
is threshing out 30 to 40 bushels to the acre, with most of the yields running about
35 bushels. One yield of barley has been reported one mile from Manhattan where
Dennis Cascade harvested GO bushels to the acre of six-row barley on his field.
The seed pea returns that have been received have ranged from 20 to 30 bushels
to the acre, and indications are that the average yield will be hetween 20 and 27
bushels. About Salesville the wheat crop is good. Hogan H. Dawes threshed out 37
bushels to the acre on his 40 acre field. In the Belgrade neighborhood, A. M.
Martin on a 250 acre field of wheat threshed out 40 bushels to the acre. W. H. Cox
in the same neighborhood threshed out about 7,000 bushels on 200 acres, or 35
bushels to the acre.

Three Forks Correspondence to the Butte Miner: B. W. McKay, who farms
on the bench south of Three Forks, had in 400 acres of turkey red wheat which in
many parts yielded as high as 30 bushels to the acre. Frank Conrow on 50 acres
secured 33 bushels to the acre. E. H. Dean on the same acreage reported the same
yield. Many thousand hushels of wheat are coming into the elevators here daily,
all from land that has been under cultivation but three or four years. The wheat
averages about 64 pounds to the measured bushel in weight.

Bozeman Courier: A phenomenal yield of barley is that of Seymour Kent of
Cottonwood, south of Salesville, on a small acreage. Five acres yielded 494 bushels,
or 98 4-5 bushels per acre. The soil is of marked fertility in that section.

HILL COUNTY.

Havre Correspondence to Kalispell Times: Rev. Leonard J. Christler. bishop of
all outdoors and farmer, now lays claim to having the banner wheat yield in this
vicinity. He has just finished the threshing of his winter wheat cut from 49 acres,
which turned out a yield of 2,004 hushels, almost 41 bushels per acre. Mr. Christler
has always been a strong and enthusiastic booster of Montana, and his faith in the
Treasure State as an agricultural possibility has received some very visible proof.

Galata Journal: The best crops seem to be south of town this year. Douglas
Parker reports his winter wheat as going 19 bushels to the acre and a piece of
spring wheat averaged 30 bushels to the acre. Ivan Doolittle's winter wheat went
24 bushels to the acre.

Chester Signal: That we can raise corn is fully demonstrated by the yield on
the farm of A. J. Layton, about eight miles south of town, who has just husked his
crop and found that it went well 40 bushels to the acre. The variety was the
yellow dent.

LINCOLN COUNTY.

Eureka Journal: If any of the colonization men who visited the valley the past
month come through with the goods there will be something doing. We believe in
our county, and know that if a colony comes here it cannot help but make good.

Lil)by Correspondence Spokesman-Review: More stump land is being cleared in
the Kootenai valley and its tributaries in Lincoln county this year than in any
previous season and more people are living on the land than ever before. Most
of the settlers blow out the stumps with dynamite, but a few use stump pullers and
some burn them out by the char-pitting process. Hundreds of persons are living
on these forest lands in Lincoln county, where only a few years ago there was only
an occasional settler.

LEWIS AND CLARK COUNTY.

Helena Independent: Dope sheets of skeptics on the dry farm proposition have
been upset as a result of a remarkable yield of wheat on an 80-acre field owned by
Lewis Penwell on the Spokane benches. Without a drop of water except that which
fell from the clouds, one SO acre field yielded 25 ^^ bushels to the acre. Mr. Penwell
sowed a 300 acre field to turkey red wheat, which is now being threshed. He
surveyed one 80, measured the grain after threshing and found that it netted 25^^
bushels.

— Montana products capture first prizes ivhenever shoivn.

MAKING HOMES

37

MADISON COUNTY.

Madison County Monitor: From the dry farmers who have reported their crop
yields so far this year it is evident that the grain crop at least will be up to stand-
ard. Fred Awe, who has a homestead about twenty-five miles northeast, threshed
30 bushels per acre of Russian red winter wheat on a field containing forty-five
acres.

Twin Bridges Correspondence in Butte Miner: Farmers all through the valley
report that the harvest of grain is well under way and that the yield will be enor-
mous, as the grain is well filled and will weigh out heavily. The yield will run
from fifteen up to forty-iive bushels, with an average of about thirty bushels.

MEAGHER COUNTY.

Meagher Republican: Farmers all over this section for twenty miles state that
winter wheat and oats this season surpass any they have had for a number of years,
claiming an average of thirty-five and forty bushels per acre for wheat, and oats at
one hundred.

Oats in a Judith Basin Field.

Hedges Herald: One hundred acres of winter wheat four miles southwest of
this town average 47 bushels per acre. This yield was on the James Tovey ranch,
and was part of a three hundred acre field of turkey red that averaged 31 bushels
per acre.

Hedgesville Correspondence Billings Gazette: Fifty-six bushels of oats to the
acre was the actual yield of a four acre patch on the Delano Antoine farm south-
west of this city. This yield was secured as a result of the third tillage to which
the land had been subjected, all Mr. Antoines farm being irrigated.

Meagher Republican: An even five acres of Smith River valley land produced
575 bushels of oats. The oats went 115 bushels to the acre and were far above the
average standard weight, weighing forty pounds exactly to every bushel.

—Montana has millions of acres of state land to sell on easy terms.

38 MONTANA 19U

MISSOULA COUNTY.

Ronan Pioneer: P'rom ten acres of potato ground John Vallee cut and harvested
800 bushels of oats, 80 bushels to the acre, weighing 123 pounds to the sack, free
from foul seed.

Ronan Pioneer: A party of Rouan gentlemen, composed of A. J. Brewer, I. M.
Brandgord, W. S. ilollingsworth and A. M. Sterling, made a trip to St. Ignatius and
visited among other places the ranch of J. M. Doyle, east of the Mission, where they
saw as fine a field of wheat as they ever saw before in their lives. They estimated
that the yield will be fully fifty bushels per acre. Mr. Doyle is one of the good
farmers of the valley and this yield demonstrates just what can be done by good
farming.

MUSSELSHELL COUNTY.

Roundup Record : Threshing is now beginning in earnest and the records whicli
are coming in of the yields make us all swell with pride. Emil Zimmerman has
just finished threshing one 80 acre field which averaged 42 bushels of wheat to the
acre. One hundred acres of the Arding field has been threshed and the yield so far
averages over thirty bushels. Frank Wiggins reports a yield of something like thirty-
live bushels to the acre of wheat and sixty bushels per acre of oats. Comparing
these yields with the yields which they consider a large crop in Kansas and other
central states makes us wonder why they don't all come to the Treasure State where
an adequate return for labor is given.

PARK COUNTY.

Shields Valley Record: Thomas AUphin is another of the scores of ranchers of
the upper valley who is not complaining as to the results of his wheat crop; 135
acres with an average yield of 45 bushels to the acre is his record for the season;
53 bushels of barley to the acre was threshed out of the Metzger ranch northwest
of Wilsall last week.

Livingston Enterprise: J. .1. Troutman, an Oregon valley rancher south of
Elton, has a field of oats which for number of kernels in tlie head will probably
establish a record for Montana. In the presence of three witnesses Charles Francis,
one of Park county's most eminent rancliers, counted the kernels on two heads, and
one contained 168 kernels and the other 172.

Livingston Post: Here is another record for the famous Shields River valley —
the most wonderful yield of oats per acre grown in the world. Six miles east of
Wilsall is the 490 acre farm owned by Judge James F. O'Connor of Livingston, and
worked by George and William Killorn; 129 acres were planted in oats by the
Killorn brothers and with threshing nearly finished the yield reached the startling
figure of 15.500 bushels; 40 acres of this land was first threshed and it averaged 80
bushels to the acre, but In threshing the remaining 89 acres the yield was heavy
enough to bring up the general average for the amount in cultivation to 120 1-6
bushels per acre. The oats went 44 pounds per bushel by measure, but since only
32 pounds are required to make a bushel, the result is other startling figures. On
the basis of 30 pounds per bushel the total yield on the 129 acres is 21,312 bushels,
an average of 165 bushels per acre.

POWELL COUNTY.

Silver State: The Deer Lodge grain elevator is now receiving grain, the first
load having been delivered Wednesday morning by Senator C. H. Williams, of the
Mullen ranch. The grain delivered by Senator Williams was turkey red winter
wheat and was graded as No. 1 by W. J. Marsh, the superintendent of the elevator.
The wheat delivered by Senator Williams was pronounced to be of No. 1 grade
and that it would make the very best of flour. Growing of wheat for milling
purposes is a new experiment in the Deer Lodge valley, but it is apparent from the
result of Mr. Williams' trial that the very best quality of flour wheat can be success-
fully and profitably grown.

The yield per acre is as great in this valley as anywhere in Montana, which
has a general average of 40 bushels to the acre as compared with 15 of Minnesota
and the Dakotas.

RAVALLI COUNTY.

Northwest Tribune: Seven cents apiece is a pretty good price for spuds, but
Bitter Root potatoes brought that money on a market in Cleveland, Ohio, a few
days ago. The potatoes were shipped to Cleveland from Stevensville by James M.
Dunkel for the Ridgeway Ranches, of which he is the resident manager. The car-
load of potatoes were shipped in crates which held about 60 pounds of potatoes.
Each spud was wrapped in paper and they were all sorted, all potatoes in a crate
being of equal size. Mr. Dunkel took particular care to see that they were marketed
'n a first class manner. On their arrival in Cleveland the shipment was refused

— Montana is the third largest state in the union.

MAKING HOMES S9

because some of the potatoes had sprouted. A member of the company at Ridgeway,
Pennsylvania, was communicated with and he went to Cleveland, where the matter
was settled and the spuds were taken. It was then that they went on the market
:here, as fancy spuds, and the largest of them, weighing nearly two pounds, were
sold at seven cents each.

ROSEBUD COUNTY.
Hysham Echo: Yesterday afternoon Grant Edenfield finished threshing a 23-
acre field of turkey red winter wheal, which yielded 1.242 bushels, an average yield
of 54 bushels per acre per machine measure, and which is believed to be a world's
record for dry land wheat. The farm lies two miles east of Hysham and the ground
was sown last fall on last year's breaking, this being the first crop the land has
ever produced. The writer went out to Mr. Edenfield's farm today at noon to have
him verify the yield and he informed us that 54 bushels and four pounds per acre
were the correct figures. It is believed that the city scales, where the grain was
weighed a second time, will show an increase in weight over the separator weight.

SHERIDAN COUNTY.
Poplar Standard: Last Saturday :Mrs. .1. F. Smith of Boxelder threshed 655
bushels of turkey red Kharkov winter wheat, testing GG pounds per bushel from a
15 acre field, making a yield of 43 2-3 bushels per acre. This is considered a
remarkable yield, the season being too dry and conditions very unfavorable during
the winter, all varieties of winter wheat needing a protection of snow. This wheat

'4

i

'^ ^^

A Rudijard, Hill County, Farm, Settled in 1911

was not sown until the first of September last year.

Poplar Standard: One of the best grain yields near Poplar this year was that
of ^luskrat, chief of the Indian police, a full blooded Indian who does not speak
English. He had 10 acres of oats that yielded 571 bushels by measure, and 8 acres
of spring wheat that yielded 194 bushels machine measure. His place is about eight
miles east of Poplar.

Medicine Lake Wave: T. F. Bowman, whose farm adjoins town, raised 23
bushels of wheat and 35 bushels of barley per acre this season on fall plowing.
This is the largest yield of wheat we have heard of this season in this section.

Fox Late Promoter: Ole T. Thorsen. a bench farmer a short distance southeast
of town, secured 22 bushels of wheat and 53 bushels of oats to the acre.

STILLWATER COUNTY.

Billings Gazette: The lake basin, in common with the other dry farm regions of
Montana is continuing to hold up its reputation for being the bread basket of the
nation. Threshing reports indicate that yields will not only be greater than had
been expected for this unprecedented year, but that they will exceed all previous,
records upon the continent.

Absarokee Enterprise: Milton Everett, the Enterprise printer and dry land
f.'irraer, reports that the crops on his ranch are all harvested and stored away. He
raised 100 bushels of potatoes on a half acre and had field peas and navy beans each
m half-acre lots. Both produced fine crops and the pea crop was sold on the ground
to a neighbor, who will use it for feed. Milton himself intends to keep the greater

— Anything that will grow went of the Ohio River will groiv in Montana.

JfO

MONTANA 19U

part of his bean crop for seed for his own ranch and he says he will have the bean
ranch of Stillwater county next year.

SWEETGRASS COUNTY.

Big Timber Pioneer: Billy McMahon, who hauls the freight between this city
and the Melville stores, says that wheat harvesting is now on in that county. He
also reports a bet between James Duffy, of American Fork, and Charley Langston,
who has started cutting 120 acres of wheat on the divide between Fish creek and
Melville. Mr. Duffy's bet is that the Langston crop will average 60 bushels to the
acre. Mr. McMahon thinks the crop will thresh at least 50 bushels to the acre.

TETON COUNTY.

Cut Bank Tribune: A fine yield of winter wheat was threshed on the ranch
of Carrie Green last week. Her ranch is northeast of Headlight about two miles.
A field of 30 acres yielded an average of 29 bushels per acre. It is claimed that
if the wheat had not been cut too green it would have yielded at least 35 bushels.
As it was the grain was badly threshed and the yield less than it would have been
had it been cut at the proper time. But 29 bushels of winter wheat is a good yield.

Choteau Acantha: The Border Bench country is entitled to all the honors for
big yields in Teton county this year. Reports of good crops come in frequently
from this section, one of the latest being Mr. Sullivan, who threshed his crop last
week, the yield' being as follows: Spring wheat, 35 bushels to the acre; winter
wheat, 29 bushels to the acre; oats, 55 bushels to the acre. Other parts of the same
locality have been practically as good, and in fact a poor crop on this bench is the
exception rather than the rule this year.

Harvesting Near Kremlin in 1913.

Conrad Observer: What is probably the record yield in this section for crop
on non-irrigated land is reported by Nick Miller, who lives just west of Conrad. Mr.
Miller completed his threshing the first of the week and his entire crop made the
following averages: Flax, 21 bushels per acre; spring wheat, 28 bushels per acre;
barley, 51 bushels per acre. Wliat Mr. Miller raised should have been equaled by a
big majority of the farmers of the community had they had their ground as well
prepared and gotten their seeding done at the proper time.

Valierian: While there have been many large yields of grain reiJorted from
this valley, we wish to make special mention of that on the Mountain Meadow ranch.
Mr. Kingsbury, who is the owner of this large, beautiful tract of land, which com-
prises 6,000 acres, reports the following yields: From 100 acres of winter wheat
the yield was 34 bushels per acre; oat crop of 40 acres yielding 60 bushels to the
acre. Ninety per cent of these 6,000 acres is subject to irrigation. However, the
acreage given to the wheat and oat crop this year was non-irrigated.

VALLEY COUNTY.

Valley County News: The report of threshing in this county is almost com-
pleted and the farmers generally are well satisfied with the season's crops. Those
who farmed well report from 15 to 20 bushels of wheat, 25 to 75 bushels of oats,
and other crops in proportion. One report comes from one who is recognized as
one of the good farmers, reporting a yield of about seven bushels of alfalfa seed to
the acre.

— The best ivheat grown in America came from Montana.

MAKING HOMES

Al

YELLOWSTONE COUNTY.

Billings Gazette: Harvesting in the great Yellowstone valley has already com-
menced and by the middle of this week the cutting of winter wheat will be in full
blast all over the country. The yield will be great, especially on irrigated tracts,
while on dry land farms it will be about the average of a year ago, when it was
exceptionally good, the crop running as high as 30 to 35 bushels to the acre.

Billings Correspondence Helena Independent: A. C. Logan, whose ranch of 400
acres lies about two miles northwest of Billings on the edge of the high bluff which
lines the Yellowstone valley on either side, has just finished his threshing and the
yield averaged a little under 25 bushels to the acre on the entire 400 acres. These
are considered about average yields.

Laurel Sentinel: F. Farrar is one who can tell a story of prosperity as a result
of farming on the high lands. He had a 30 bushel wheat crop from 107 acres, and
will put in a 70 acre crop this fall. He located on his place about seven years ago,
and now has all his farm machinery, good improvements and everything paid for
and a $2,400 'bank account as a result of his crops. C. H. Ferine had a 49 bushel
wheat crop from summer fallow land. D. W. McCarnan realized 37 bushels of wheat
to the acre from a 35 acre tract, first crop. H. W. Wallace reports a wheat crop
yielding up to 27 bushels per acre.

White Hulless Barley on State Domonstration Farm in Helena Valley.

One of the best means of jnclging- the agriculttiral conditions of ^lontana
is by the study of a list of its prodtictions. It is safe to^ say that every
fruit, vegidtable and cereal tliat matures in the temperate zone can be
successfully grown here, and it is interesting to note that in
^n-Competi- addition to the fact that IMontana produces more per acre of
tion With standard crops than any O'ther state in the Union, the quality
the World, of these productions is tniiformly high, and that in competition
Montana with all the world Montana is invariably returned prize-winner

Wins, at exhil)itions of land products.

As long ago as the Chicago Exposition in 1893, besides

— Montana people believe in Montana.

h2 MONTANA 1914

mining awards for gold nuggets, crystals and placer, gold, for collections
of silver and silver crystals, for copper ores, for coal and for building
stone, this State won distinguished recognition by its agricultural products,
awards being made to the State of Montana on apples, and also on a col-
lective exhibit of flaxseed, oats and hay. J. W. Dawes, M. M. Ferguson,
Sam Fowkr and the Manhattan Alalting company secured awards on barley;
William Caldwell and J. Mason secured awards on wheat; Biailev & O'Don-
nell on hay, and Thomas B'lake and Mrs. Ed. Duke on Timothy hay.

At the Louisiana Purchase Exposition held in St. Louis in 1904, the
Grand prize for the mining industry was awarded to the State of Montana.
The State of Monix'^'' was awarded a goW medal for fruit ; Bass Brothers
of Stevensville received a gold medal for apples, and the
Gold Medals P)itter Root Farm of Hamilton a gold medal foT apples and
and Grand crab applos. Thirty-eight silver and twenty-three bronze
Prizes by medals were received by various exhibitors from Montana on

the Score, apples, cral) apples, strawberries. pJums and prunes. For agri-
cultural exhibits from Montana there were received sixty-nine
gold medals, sixty-two silver medals and fifty-three bronze medals. Gold
miedals were awarded to the following exhibitors from this State:

Barley — Duncan Cameron, Cascade; B. H. Kemp, Cascade; A. H. Sales, Sales.
ville.

Barley and Oats— G. F. Anderson, Belt; J. E. Morse, Dillon; P. R. Nash, Boze-
man; James A. Potter, Bozeman.

Barley, Oats and Wheat — E. M. Davidson, Belgrade; W. C. Newton, Bozeman;
Daniel Payne, Monarch; Robert Scott, Sand Coulee.

Barley, Wheat, Oats, Rye and Speltz — Experiment Station, Bozeman.

Barley, Wheat, Rye and Oats — E. Bisson, Great Falls.

Beans — Frank Rene, Echo.

Beans and Peas — Samuel Dick, Great Falls.

Bromus Inermis — J. R. Krueger, Plains; Christ Prestbye, Kalispell.

Hay — Alfalfa— Paul McCormick, Billings.

Hay— Timothy— J. M. Horan, Belt.

Hay — Claude V. Flynn, Toston.

Hay Seed — Timothy — Ed Peterson, Kibbey.

IRRIGATED PRODUCTS— MONTANA COMMISSION.
Oats — F. K. Armstrong, Bozeman; A. M. Austin, Flathead; C. H. Austin, Flat-
head; O. H. Barnhill, Holt; Joseph Braithvant, Highwood; Henry Bush, Chinook;
James Cook, Chinook; Wallace Cook. Chinook; C. R. Featherly, Dillon; John H.
Green, Plains; Frank Harlen, Missoula; B. J. Heaney, St. Peter; J. M. Horan, Town-
send; Carl Innes, Dillon; Otis Johnson, Plains; J. H. Lamphear, Manhattan; C. H.
Lind, Great Falls; Con Mannix, Townsend; Theodore Nelson, Dillon; Theodore Nor-
man, Bozeman; C. E. Skidmore, Bozeman; G. W. Sparr, Bozeman; Leonard Stone,
Central Park; Charles Stephens, Highwood; J. H. Stubbs, Kalispell; M. D. Sullivan,
Townsend; Otis Thompson, Plains; C. Van Wagen, Laurel, and M. L. Wade, Choteau.

Oats and Wheat — C. M. Anderson. Belt; W. R. Cullen, Monarch; Jacob Carolus,
Bozeman; John C. Coulson, Cascade; C. A. Lee, Sand Coulee; J. J. Patterson, Truly;
C. W. Winslow, Waterloo, and W. L. Cork, Riceville.

VEGETABLES— COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT OF— MONTANA COMMISSION.
Wheat — Pete Fake, Eden; H. Hicke, Truly; G. P. Kessner, Stockett; Joe Maxner,
Eden; Charles Morgan, Truly; John G. Ross, Great Falls.

At the Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition held at Portland, Ore-
gon, in 1905, the State of Montana was awarded a gold medal for Educa-

— Life is worth living in Montana.

MAKING HOMES J^J

tional Kxhil)il. .yold medal for collective exhibit of grains and grasses, gold

^ _ , , nu'dal for mineral exhibit and gc^ld medal for gold exhibit.
At Portland, ,, -iii-ia. " ii

In the agricnltural exhii^it Montanans were awarded a

total of sixty-two gold medals, thirteen silver medals and two

^ bronze medas. 'Jlie gold medals awarded in tlie agricultnral

division were on the fallowing products :

Barlej- — Manhattan Malting Co., and J. P. Stone.

Barley aud Oats — J. E. Morse.

Barley and Wheat — W. J. Bowers.

Barley and Timothy — Ed Peterson.

Barley, Wheat aud Oats — Nash Bros., and C. R. Gearch.

Barley, Spring Rye and Wheat — Manhattan Malting Co.

Bromiis Grass Seed, Wheat, Oats and Flax — C. Presbye.

Flax and Oats — P. R. Nash.

Oats — John Kinner, Mrs. A. Lock, J. Carolus, C. Van Wagen, W. A. Little, G. N.
Featherly, John H. Stubbs, John McKennick, Pabst Steel, S. Holmsland, Thos. Bauers,
Thomas Nelson, J. E. Morse, Clark Harlan, W. C. Newton, C. Mancat, George Bentley,
C. W. Winslow, Carl Innes, Charles King and U. Marte.

Rye— C. H. Campbell, E. E. Wilcox.

Rye and Wheat — C. H. Lindle.

Timothy Seed— J. C. Gibson.

Wheat— Thomas Kening, A. C. Vanderpool, James Baker, S. D. Luce, S. Holms-
land, H. F. Peterson, E. F. Mann, A. H. McMillan, Daniel Cummiugs and George
Sparrel.

Wheat — Macaroni — John Epperson.

Wheat and Oats — John Baumgardner aud Otis Johnson.

At the Dry Farming Congress held in Cheyenne in 1908, Montana exhibi-
tors received most of the prizes, among the important Avinners being
the following: W. B. (jeorge, silver cup for the best 25 pounds of wheat;
Aliss Mabel Sudduth, first, for best display miade by woman
Dry Land homesteader, first for sheaf flax, second for display of alfalfa,
Products and third for hulless barley: Dr. W. X. Sudduth. second for

That Aston- wbeat, first and second for flax, second for field peas, third
ished the for Durum wheat and field beans. C'f the five first sweep-

World, state prizes, the Billings exhibit took three.

In later showings Montana cxhil)its have far exceeded the
earlier records, exhiliits from this State winning in competition against the
world whenever and wherever shown. At the Dry Farming Congress of
191 1, held at Colorado Springs, the gold medal for the best potatoes was
awarded to H. E. Murphy of Wibaux, while the gold medals for the best
hulled barley and the best hulless barley were won b}- John Forester of
Grey Cliff.

At the great Land Show held in Madison S(;uaro Carden. New York
City, in 191 1, Montana exhibitors practically s\vc])t the boards, being
awarded first prizes for the best v.heat in the l-nited Slates, best oats in
the United States, best barley in the United States and the best alfalfa
in the United States.

-MontaiHi is a state of vast resources, scarcely touched.

U MONTANA 19U

The $i,ooo silver cup, donated by James J. Hill of the Great Northern
Rai'lvviay "for the best one hundred pounds of wheat grown in the United
States in 191 1," was awarded to^ James Todd of Geyser, Cascade county
Montana. INIr. Todd's exhibit consis'ted of one hundred pounds
The Best of Turkey Red winter wheat that was grown without irriga-

Wheat, Bar- tion. It was part of a yield of 75 bushels grown on an acre
ley and Oats and weighed 65 pounds to the bushel.

in America. The $1,000 silver cup donated by A. J. Earling, president

of the Chicago, Milwaukee &: St. Paul Railway, for "the best
one hundred pounds of oats raised in the United States in 191 1," was
awarded to Hlartman & Patton of Bozeman, Gallatin county. Montana. The
oats entered by T. Menard of the same county were found to be the next
best.

The $1,500 silver cup donated by Colonel Gustav Pabst of Milwaukee
for the best bushel of barley grown in the United States in 191 1 was
awarded to R. Eisinga, of Manhattan. Gallatin county, Montana.

The $1,000 silver cti]) donated by Paul L. Van Cleve. to
Our Alfalfa be awarded "to the persons demonstrating the best and widest
Also, Took uses of alfalfa as food for man and beast who shall also
First Prize, exhibit at this exposition alfalfa meal or flour and bread and
other products made therefrom," was awarded to Dr. W. X.
Sudduth of Broadview, Yellowstone county, Montana.

At the Land Products Sho'W, held in St. Poul under the auspices of the
NorthAvestern Development League, December 12 to 23, 191 1, there were
exhibited the best coHectioii of land products from the state of IMinnesota,
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Idaho, Oregon and Washington
ever brought tog-ether, and in this show ^Montana again distanced a'll com-
petitors.

The valuable cup offered by L. W. Hill for "the largest and best
exhibits of products from any one state," was won by Montana. This
exhibit was collected and exhil)ited by J. H. Hall,> Com'missioner of the
Bureau of Agriculture, Labor, Industry and Publicity, who
Montana received the cup as the representative of the State of ^Montana.

Defeated the The beautiful cup offered by the O'Donnell Shoe Coin-

Greatest pany for "the best bushel of winter wheat produced in the

States in American Northwes't'' was awarded to Frank Smart of Boze-

the Union. man, the wheat being a part of the Gallatin county exhibit.

The cup offered by the St. Paul Association of Commerce
for the best sample of barley grown in North Dakota or Montana was
awlarded to John Klaver, of Manhattan, Montana.

The cup offered by W. A. Campbell for the "most beautiful, elaborate

and attractive booth at the show" was won by the Judith Basin exhibit,

Fergus county, Montana.

— Montana is two-thirds as large as Germany.

MAKING HOMES

The J. J. Hill cup for the best individual display of potatoes was
awarded to Pat Carney, of ^^'aterloo. r^Fadison county, Montana.

At the Minneapolis Land Show of 1912, a [Momtana
When Men- exhibit won the laro;cst prize ever offered for five bushels of
tana Took wheat. This was a $5,000 traction engine, and the competition
Every Prize covered the entire American Northwest. Nash & Bridgeman
in Sight. of Clyde Park, Park county, ]\Iontana, easily won this big

prize, while the second, third and fourth places in the same
competition were taken by Montana exhibitors.

The scores of the ten Icadinc: contestants were as follows:

;»*'

it .1 liWHOWiW

mmMli»immmmtitUtllM

■•■

^

Grain Ranch in the Timbered Country.

Nash & Bridgeman, Clyde Park, Montana 92.1

Peter Deboer, Conrad, Montana 84.23

J. F. Kane, Conrad, Montana 81.05

Dick Heun, Conrad, Montana 80.08

J. V. Skarvoid, Christine, N. D 79.53

K. F. Ebner, Cando, N. D 79.03

J. W. McNamara, Amanda, N. D 75.52

Fred Pietz, Mott, N. D 73.00

Frank Anderson, Heffner, Ore 72.61

Josephine Connolly, Power, Montana G7.8

Out of the twelve sweepstakes offered at the Dry Farming Congress
in Tulsa, Oklahoma, in 1913, ^Montana won four. The significance of this
^"ictory can be appreciated more full}- when it is understood that these

— TJiere is no place in Montana for the loafer.

MONTANA 19 H J,6

prizes were competed for by products from e\-ery section of the American
continent.

The sweepstakes prizes won l)y ^Montana e\hil)itors were as follows:
First on Turkey Red M'heat by Joe Nash.
First on sheaf of hard wheat by .Toe Nash.
First on sheaf of alfalfa by Joe Nash.
First on timothy by Pat Carney.

For a man with a little capital the loqived-off lands of nortlnvesiern
jMontana offer a field of endeavor which in proportion to the returns
promised can scarcely be equalled. As is well known there are thousands
of acres of bench and \alley lands from which timber has been removed,
leaving- the stum|)S and nndcr,Q-ri)wth. uijnn a soil which when cleared is
of uniformly fertile character, usually perfectly sub-irrigated
Value of and suitable for the growing of all kinds df crops.

Cut-Over Such land is a\ailable for the most profitable kind of in-

Lands. tensive cultivation. Much n\ this land is held by the big

lumber companies of the State; a considerable portion of
it is in private ownership by original homesteaders and timber entrvmen.
and but a relatively small quantity is in the hands of land speculators.
Roughly speaking the log'ged-off lands of Montana are in the counties
of Lincoln, which has approximately 20,O(,io acres of such land; Flathead,
with 70,000 acres; Missoula, with 75.0013 acres; Sanders, with 25,000
acres, and Ravalli, with 30.000 acres. The Big Blackfoot Lumber Com-
])any, which accjuired the timber land holdings of the Northern Pacific
Railroad, recently announced a definite policy for the disposal of its stump
lands to actual settlers. These lands will be sold on easy ])ayments,
extending over a considerable period of time, ami every effort will be made
by the company to assist in the development of this character of land.
Generally speaking, land of this character can be bought on time paymenis
of from $10.00 to $25.00 per acre, v.diich is regarded by manv as cheaper
than homiesteading. The settler can get title at once by comjileting his
payments, and can sell as his land rises in value.

The man who l)uys a stump ranch and clears up ten acres each year
is merely making an annual ])ayment of $500.00 on a cleared ranch. The
stump land produces fine clover, blue grass and timothy pasture for cows.
and even before clearing offers an excellent opportunity for
It Pays stocks raising on a limited scale. The stuni]) land is invariably

Well to well watered, nearly always by streams and springs. Modern

Pull the methods have been adopted in the clearing of logged-off lands,

Stumps. powerful stump pullers and blasting powder being used to

good advantage.

The following statement hy J. C. Keller, who has successfully con-
verted a stump ranch into one of the most valuable farms of the State,
gives a good example of what can be done with stump land in north-
western Montana:

— Montana spells Oppvrtunitij for those ivho want to "get ahead."

MAKING HOMES J,?

"In .March, iS()<), 1 landed witli my family in Kalisjicdl, THathead county,
Moniana, nuniui;- iwnn Lawrence. Xuckles county, Nebraska. l<"or the first
six years I rented farms, farming- during- the season, except winter months,
when I went into the woods and worked in hind^er camps. , Eight years ago
I bought my first piece of land in this county, a tract of 120 acres, sixteen
miiles southeast of Kalisjicll, lying along the Mathead ri\-er. This land was
all covered \\\{h slunijis, logs and brush. The tiniber had been \er\- heavy
upon it, running about two and one-half millions of feet per quarter section.
The land cost me $25 ])er acre.

"I continued renting adjacent farm land, fanning it during the summer,

and at odd times during the winter T worked on my 120 acres, clearing.

During the eight years) since I have purchased the original 120 acres. I have

™, „. purchased other land and have cleared up 240 acres. This 240

, -,,. , acres is perfectlv clear, and looks like prairie land. In clearinor

the Work • . 1 ^

,-. .^ I used a Hercules stmr.p puller of the largest size. T used a

Was Done. , , , , , , . / ^ .. , ,

great deal of forty per cent blasting powder. I fmd that you

want good powder, and that it took about 100 pounds per acre, as the

timtoer had been heavy on my land. 1 put enough pow'der in to split up the

stumps. I used my thresher traction engine for pulling. It is a i6-horse-

power machine. I found I could pull the split stumps faster with it than

with the stump puller, though on some stumps I used the Hercules. Two

men handling the cable and one man on the engine did the work. The

tim'ber was pine and; fir.

'T have a herd of 152 head of Angora goats, which I let run on the
stump land, and I find they are great brush clearers. They will eat the
young willow sprouts and sm'all brush clean of leaves, as well as the small
twigs. They will also bark the small trees, completely killing out the
brush. Besides, their clip of mohair is quite profitabc.

"This same cleared land last year produced no bushels of oats per acre
by actual measurement of the land and grain measuremient from the machine.
Last year I had one piece that went 127 bushels of oats per acre. None of
my land is irrigated, but well farmed. I'his land grows good corn, and last
year I cut and weighed one-fourth acre of' corn when in the silo stage and it
weigihed 5 tons, 700 pounds, or over 22 tons per acre.

'T can grow all kinds of grasses, alfalfa, cloN'er and grains and vege-
tables, as well as fine fruit. I have improved my place as fast as my means
would permit, building a comfortable house and barn, a granary that holds
12,000 bushels, with wagon dump and elevator, feed mill, wagon sheds, feed
mill house, scales and hay barn that holds 150 tons i>f hay. I have an
orchard of 700 fruit trees of different varieties that are bearing and doing
fine.

"When I bought my first land I had no mone\', Init had 12 head of good
horses and 20 head of cattle and farm machinery. Three years later I

— Milliona of acres of free homestead land await the plow in Montana.

h8

MONTANA 19U

bong-ht another 150 acres of land at $25 per acre, all stump land and brush.
In 1910 I bought another piece of 91 acres, of which 40 acres

It Was was cleared, at $50 per acre. Last August, 1912, I bought

Both Pleas- another piece of 36 acres, all stump land, at $25 per acre,

ant and making 408 acres.

Profitable. "We have a family of four boys and three girls, all ol

wthom are home except my eldest son, who is farming

away fro-m home. The following is a list of the crops I raised in 1912:

Wheat, bushels 2,315

Oats, bushels 4)725

A Garden in a Forest Homestead.

Hay, tons 1 50

Sugar beets, tons 60

Carrots, tons i

Rutabaga, tons 22

Potatoes, bu'shels 2,000

Apples, boxes 60

Plums, boxes 10

Cherries, boxes 6

Pears, boxes i

-Montana is destined to be the bread-basket of the world.

MAKING HOMES 49

"I ha\e the followinc: stock :

-J

Horses, head 2:

IMules. head 5

Cattle, head 53

Hiogs. head 117

Angora Goats, head 152

Chickens 500

"I have found farming- very pleasant and profitable. I get good prices
and have lost no stock by disease. I just got my check today from a local
butcher for $870.40 for 40 head of hogs which averaged 240 pounds. I got
8 cents, live weight. I pastured them during the summer and finished them
off on wheait. I weighed the hogs when I commenced feeding and weighed
them wdien I sold them, on my own scales. I also weighed the feed, and I
found that I made a trifle more than $1.00 per bushel on my wheat by
feeding it.

"I find that a slump ranch is a poor man's best investment if he wants
a farm. You can buy the land at a low figure and every acre you clear up
is the same as payment on an improved farm, only that you are not

paying interest on a big investment.
The Poor "My stump land furnishes me lots of pasture for my stock

Man's Best while I am clearing it up. Timothy, blue grass and clover
Investment, scattered over the ashes where I have burned the brush comes

up and makes a rich ]:)asture. Most any poor man can start in
with a small investment on a stump ranch and in ten or twelve years have
a valuable and profitable home."

W'vth the development of the agricultural resources of the State, there
are springing up all over ^Montana allied and kindred industries which serve
not only to give life and vigor to the many small towns now in the process
of making, but also to increase the profit which comes to the farmer. On
practicalh' every siding in eastern ]\.rontana there is now an elevator, many
of even the smaller towns boast of twO or three. In numerous places
throughout the State flour mills are being constructed, and Montana flour
is alreadv achieving a world-wide reputation.

The manufacture of numerous alfalfa products is already an accom-
plished fact and this industry displays a permanence and indication of growth

that is indeed gratifying. The enormous JMontana yields
By-Products of potatoes have led to thorough study of methods of
Being Taken extending the importance of the potato industry and dur-
Care of. ing the past year steps have been taken toward the

building and operation of potato flake factories in various
parts of the State.

AA'ithin recent years the growing of flax has developed into an import-
ant industry. It is estimated that this year not less than 7,000.000 bushels of
flaxseed were produced in this State. Heretofore the straw of the flax has

— Montana has 65,000,000,000 feet of standing, inerchantable timber.

50 MONTANA 19 U

not been put to any practical use. In almost every instance it has been
disposed of by being burned by the growers. When we realize that flax tow.
when properly prepared, is worth anywhere from fifteen cents to eighteen
cents a pound, it is obvious that the farmers have lost a good deal of money
which thev might have had if there had been any means of dealing with
flax straw. A company has recently been organized in Great Falls withi a
view to improving this state of affairs, and within the near future this com-
panv will build several mills to take care of the flax straw and to manu-
facture it into fiber. This company has already started work on the first
mill, located at Conrad in Teton county, and this mill will be compieied
early in the year.

By growing flax for fiber it is possible to produce an equal amount ot
seed and the straw, of which from three to four tons can be produced i^er
acre, is worth at the mill from S6.oc to $io.go per ton. The i)lant to be
built at Conrad will cost about $40,000.

Montana welcomes the energetic home-builder and extends to him an
opportunity which cannot be found elsewhere. To those who wish to make
a success of farming, to own rather than rent the land they farm, there is
no place on the continent today where the combination of high
A Roval yields, excellent living conditions and an assured future is so

Welcome strikingh- in evidence : there is no place where failure is so

Awaits the remote.

Right M'ontana does not Avant the ne'er-do-well, the easily tired,

People. or those who expect golden dollars to fall, unearned, into soft

hands. Neither does the State invite the land-hog or the specu-
lator. That IMonana's lands w^ill increase in value with cultivation and
with the settlement of the State there is no question, but the policy of the
national government reserves its public lands to the actual settler and farmer
and in the enforcement of this policy the state government stands shoulder
to shoulder with the authorities at Washington, holding that the increased
value which must come with the development of the State shall be a portion
of the reward of those who participate in and assist this development.

Montana is today calling for men, strong-hearted and capable men, who
wish to improve their own condition, to provide for their future and for their
children's future. In many places throughout the country there are capable,
energetic farmers who, through liigh land rentals and impoverished soil, are
barely able to make a living and, in their present localities, can never look
forward to the pleasure and satisfaction and competence which come from
the actual ownership of land. F'or such Montana is especially inviting.
Here, with the same or less labor, it is possible for them to build themselves
a homie amid congenial surroundings and to make a living while doing so,
and, as the years increase, to witness also the increasing value of their
possessions and the increasing happiness which comes from an energetic
and successful life.

— If you leant a homestead, Montana is the place for yon.

MAKING HOMES

51

There is opportunity for the industriou's homesteader in Alontana,

although it is but fair to state that the door of this opportunity will not

long- be open. At the rate public land is now being taken in Montana, it

will be but a few years until the free homestead will be but a

memory. The history of the older states is being repeated

here today. Those who come now are enabled to secure for

merely the asking the land for which those who come later

must pay a high price, but this condition cannot long remain.

It is conservatively estimated that within the next five years

all of the jmlilic land, available for farming, will have been appropriated.

Free Lands
Are Being
Taken
Fast.

T"-'

%

Harvesting Scene on 1,500 Acre Conrad Farm Near Kalispell.

while it is certiain that the state and privately owned land will have increased
greatly in price.

Of the twenty odd million acres of public land yet remaining to be
appropriated, at least 10,000,000 acres are suitable for farming; in addition,
the State has between 4,000,000 and 5,000,000 acres of choice agricultural
land which it will sell or lease on very favorable terms. In many parts of
Alontana large ranches are being cut up into farms, and sold either for cash
or at a low price and on easy terms extending over a long period of years.

Montana is no longer of the "wild and wooly west/'

52

MONTANA J9U

The Northern Pacific's large lioldings are being put on the market for the
benefit of the actual settler and the same is true of the great body of cut-
ovei* lands owned by the Big Blackfoot Milling Company.

Detailed instructions are given in this volume for securing free home-
stead land, and for securing State lands. In this connection it should be
mentioned that owing to the fact that public land is being constantly appro-
priated, and wdiat is vacant land today may be taken tomorrow, it is i«ipos-
sible to furnish maps shov.'ing vacant land. This department, however^
will, upon application after J\larch ist, 1914, furnish a guide map of the
State, showing the county boundaries and the township and range lines of
the public survey. From this niap it will be easy for a prospective settler
to determine the various localities of the State and. furnishing the township
and range number, secure from the various land offices information respect-
ing vacant land in any particular township.

Those interested in railroad Innd should address ]\Ir. Thomas Cooper,,
land commissioner of the Northern Pacific, at St. Paul, while those seeking
to purchase cut-o^;er timber lands of the Big Blackfoot ^Milling Companv,
should address Mr. Daniel Arms, Missoula, IMontana.

Secretaries of commercial clubs, whose names are given in this book»
will be glad to answer inquiries concerning the opportunities which exist
in their respective localities.

Homesteads

Provisions of Liberal Federal Law
Which Permits a Man to Secure
Title to 320 Acies of Government
Farming Land by Residence and
Cultivation of Only Three Years —
How to Go About It to Secure a
Free Farm From Uncle Sam.

The State of ^Montana is divided into ten land districts, each containing
a United' States Land O'ffice for the administration of the public land affairs
of that particular district. These land offices are located at Billings, Boze-

man, Glasgow, Great Falls, Havre, Helena, Kalispell, Lewis-
Looking town, Miles City and .Missoula. A person desiring to make
up a homestead entry should first decide where he or she wishes
Homestead to locate, then go 01 write to the land office of the district
Location. in which the lands are situated, and obtain from the records

diagrams of vacant lands.

A personal inspection of the lands should be made to ascertain if thev
are suitable, and, when satisfied on this point,, entry can be made at the
local land office, or before a United States commissioner.

Anyone desiring to obtain information in regard to vacant lands in any
district before going there for personal inspection, should address the register
and receiver of the particular local land office, wlio will give such information
as is available. The local and ofificers can nolt, however, be expected to
furnish extended lists of vacant lands subject to entry, except through
township plats, which they are authorized to sell at a noniiinal price.

-Montana is but three days travel from Neiv York; only one from Seattle.

5^ MONTANA 19U

All unappropriated siirA^eyed public lands adaptable to any agricultural
use are subject to homiestead entry if they are not mineral or saline in char-
acter and are not occupied for the purpose of trade or business and have
not been embraced within the limits of any withdrawal, reservation or
incorporated town or city, bn't homestead entries on lands within certain
areas are made subject to the particular requirements of the laws under
which such lands are opened to^ entry.

Homestead entries may be made by any person who does not come
within either of the following- classes :

(a) Married women, except as hereinafter stated.

(b) Persons who have already made homestead entry, except in cer-
tain cases where former entry has been cancelled through no fault of the
en try man.

(c) Foreign-born persons who have not declared their intention to
beco'me citizens of the United States.

(d) Persons who are the owners of more thian i6o acres of land in the
United States.

(e) Persons under the age of 21 years who are not the heads of fam-
ilies except min'ons w^ho make entry as heirs, or who have served in the
Army or Navy during the existence of an actual war for at least 14 days.

(f) Persons who have acquired title to or are claiming, under any of
the agricultural public-land laws, through settlement or entry made since
August 30, 1890, any other lands which, with the lands last applied for,
would amount in the aggreg'ate to more than 320 acres.

A married woman who has all of the other qualifications of a home-
steader may make a ho-mestead entry under any one of the following con-
ditions:

(a) Where she has been actually deserted by her husband.

(b) Wbere her husband is incapacitated by disease or otherwise front
earniuig a support for his family and the wife is really the head and main
support of the family.

(c) Wfliere the husband is confined in a penitentiary and she is actually
the head of the family.

(d) Where the miarried woman is the heir of a settler or contestant
wlho' dies before making entry.

(e) Where a married woman made improvements and resided on the
lands applied for before her marriage, she may enter them after marriage if
her husband is not holding other lands under an unpcrfccted homestead
entry at the time she applies to make entry.

The marriage of the entrywoman after making entry will not defeat her
right to acquire title if she continues to reside upon the land and otherwise

— Montana has the resources; it needs men and capital.

HOMESTEADS

55

comply with the law. A husband and wife can not, however, maintain sep-
arate residences on homestead entries held by each of them,
and, if at the time of marriage, they are each holding- an un-
perfected entry on which they must reside in order to acquire
title, thev can not hold both entries.

Briefly
Telling of
the Rights
of Land.

A widow, if otherwise qualified, may make a homestead
entry notwithstanding the fact that her husband made an entry
and notwithstanding she may be at the time claiming the unperfected entry
of her deceased husband.

A person serving in the Army or Navv of the United States mav make
a homestead emtrv if some member of his family is residing on the lands

■■W'si^.^yn^T-

i^'f^',*

A Picturesque Montana Valley.

applied for, and 'the application and accompanying affidavits may be executed
before the officer commanding the branch of the service in wdiich he is
engaged.

A homestead entry may be made by the presentation to the land office
of the district in which the desired lands are situated of an application prop-
erly prepared on blank forms prescribed for that purpose and sworn to
before either the register or the receiver, or before a United States com-
missioner, or a judge, or a clerk of a court of record, in the county in which
the land lies, or before anv officer O'f the classes named who resides in the

-Montana "chinooks" make the winters pleasant.

56 MONTANA 19U

land district and nearest or most acccssilde to the land, althongii he nray
reside outside of the connt}' in ^^■hich the land is situated.

Each application to enter and the affidavits accompanying- it mmst recite
all the facts necessary to show that the applicant is acquainted with the land;
that the land is not, to the applicant's kno\\dedge, either saline or mineral
in character; that the applicant possesses all of the qualifications of a home-
stead entrymian ; that the application is honestly and in g'ood faith made for
the purpose of actual settlement and cultivation, ami not for the l^enefit of
any other person, persons or corporation; that the applicant will faitlifully
and honestly endeavor to comply with the requirements of the law as to
settlement, residence and cultivation necessary to acquire title to the land
applied for; that the applicant is not acting as the agent of any person, per-
sons; corporation, or syndicate in making- such entry, nor in collusion with
any person, corporation or syndicate to give them the henefit of the land
entered or any part thereof; that the application is not made for the ])ur-
pose of speculation, Imt in g-ood faith to obtain a home for the applicant,
and that the applicant has not directly or indirectly made, and will not mlake
any agreement or contract in any way or manner w'ith any person or per-
sons, corporate or syndicate whatsoever by which the title he may acquire
from the g-overnment to the lands applied for shall inure, in whole or in part,
to the benefit of any person except himself.

A homestead entryman is required' to estal:)lish residence upon the land
within six mionths after the date of entry unless an extension of time is
allowed, and is required to maintain residence there for a period of three
years. He may absent himself, however, for a portion of each year not
exceeding- five mionths.

Cultivation of the land for a period of three years is required. During
the second year not less than one-sixteenth of the area entered must be
actually cultivated, and during the third year and until final proof cultiva-
tion of not less than one-eighth is required. There must l^e actual breaking
of the soil followed h\ i^la-nting-, sowing of seed and tillage of a crop other
than native grasses.

The homiestead cntr}-man must have a hal)ital)le house upon the land
entered at the time of submitting- proof. Other improvements should be of
such character and amoimt as are sufficient to show good faith.

All original, second and additional homestead, and adjoining- farm
entries may be cominiiuted, except such entries as are made under particular
laws which forbid their commutation.

The entryman or his statutory successor submitting such commutation
proof, miust show su]Jstantial]^' continuous resilience ui)on the land, and

-Montana's best year was 1913; 19H will be better.

HOMESTEADS ' 57

cultivation thereof, for a period of at least 14 months immediately preceding
submission or proof of filing of notice of intention to submit
Residence same, and the existence of a habitable house upon the claim.
Upon the The area actually cultivated must equal at least one-sixteenth

Land Is of the entire acreage A person submitting commutation proof

Requisite. must, in addition to certain fees, pay the price of the land, -'this
is ordinarily $1.25 per acre, but is $2.50 per acre for lands
within the limits of certain railroad grants. The price of certain ceded
Indian lands varies according to their location, and inquiry should be made
regarding each specified tract.

"\Mien a homesteader applies to make entry he must pay in cash to the
receiver a fee of $5.00 if his entry is for 80 acres or less, or $10.00 if he
enters more than 80 acres. And in addition to this fee he must pay, both
at the time he makes entrv and final proof, a commission of $1.00 for each
40-!acre tract entered outside of the limits of a railroad grant and $2.00 for
each 40-acre tract entered within such limits. Fees under the enlarged-
homestead act are the same as above, but the commissions are based upon
the area of the land embraced in the entry. In all cases where lands are
entered under the homestead laws of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho,
Montana, Nevada, New ^lexico. Oregon, Utah, ^^''hshington and Wyoming,
the commission due to the register and receiver on entries and final proofs,
and the testimony fees under final proofs, are 50 per cent more than those
above specified, but the entry fee of $5.00 or $10.00, as the case may be,
is the same in all the states.

A mortgage by the entryman prior to final proof for the purpose of
securing money for improvements, ot for any other purpose not inconsistent
with good faith, is not considered such an alienation of the land as will pre-
vent him from submitting satisfactory proof. In such a case, however,
should the entry be cancelled for any reason prior to patent, the mortgagee
would have no claim on the land or against the United States for the
money loaned.

The following table shows the amount of imappropriated and unreserved
public land in each land district July i, 1913, together with a brief sum-
mary of the general character of the acreage of each county, showing the
amount of land open, and is taken froiu Circular 259 of the general land
office :

— Not a bank in Montana issued clearing house certificates in 1907.

58

MONTANA 19H

MONTANA

Land district
and county

Area unappropriated and
unreserved.

Surveyed

ITiisur-
veyed

Total

Brief description of character of unap-
propriated and unreserved land.

Billings:

Big Horn

Carbon

Mussel.shell

Rosebud

Stillwater

Yellowstone

Total

Bozeman:

Beaverhead

Broadwater

Carbon

Gallatin

Jefferson

Madison

Park

Stillwnter

Sweetgrass

Total

Glasgow:

Dawson

Valley

Total

Great FalLs:

Cascade

Chouteau

Fergus

Hill

Lewis and Clark
Teton

Total

Havre :

Blaine

Chouteau

Hill

Total

Helena:

Beaverhead

Broadwater

Cascade

Deerlodge

Gallatin

Granite

Jefferson

Lewis and Clarke

Madison

Meagher

Park

Powell

Silverbow

Sweet Grass
Teton

Total

Kalispell:

Flathead

Lincoln

Sanders

Total

Acres
60.967

240,033
152,532

90,089
9,207

95,453

645,281

13,821
29,691
36,014

23,170

29,224
103,949

73,519

135,956
229.120

674,464

304.100
1,788,675

2,092,775

74,134

250,718

9.568

52,337

13,798

399,460

800,015

716,720
143,640
212,840

1,073,200

239,550

97,860

38,782

33,200

6,728

99,740

67,120

623,257

283.944

190,237

5,126

100,026

70,527

6,045

24,825

1,856,967

86,430

6,211

38,565

131,206

Acres

110,200
9,520

202,120
321,840

24,264
' 7,680

8,723
112,682

1,742

155,091

560,371
2,732,207

3,292,578

46,140
14,880

7,280
35,060

103,360

1,128,635
124,800
334,710

1,588,145

189,701
57,425
12,133
18,809

37,469

46.480

62,253

582,468

5,030

19,425

178,340

6,401

23,040
1,288,974

Acres
60,96';

350,233

162,052

90,089

9,207

294,573

967,121

38,
29,
43

085
691
694

23,170

37,
216,

947
631

75,261

135,
229

956
120

829,555

864,471
4,520,882

5,385,353

120,274

265,598

9,568

52.337

21,078
434,520

903,375

1,845,355
268,440
547,550

2,661.345

429.251
155,285

20,915

52,009
6,728
137,209
113,600
685,510
866,412
245,267

24,551
278,366

74,928
6.045

47,865

3,145,941

86,430

6,211

38,565

The general character of these lands is
grazing, dry farming, tim))er, and
stone and coal.

Do,

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.

Mostly grazing.

Principally arid.

One-third good farming land; two-thirds
mountainous.

One-fourth good farm land; three-fourths
mountainous.

Principally arid.

One-fourth arid; three-fourths mountain-
ous.

One-third good farm land; two-thirds
arid and mountainous.

Grazing and dry land farming.

Grazing and mountainous.

Grazing and farming.
Agriculture and grazing

Grazing and agricultural.

Do.

Broken, grazing land.
Grazing and agricultural.
Mountainous and agricultural.
Agricultural and grazing.

Mountainous,
Do.
Do.

grazing and agricultural.

Mountainous and grazing.
Mountainous and agricultural.
Grazing and agricultural.
Mountainous, some agricultural.
Mountainous.

Do.
Mountainous,

Do.

Do.

Do.

Do.
Mountainous,

Do.

Do.

Do.

grazing, and agricultural.

some agricultural.

131.206

\'alle.\-s, mountainous, timber, grazing.
Mountainous, timberland.
.Agricultural, timber, valleys, and moun-
tainous.

-// you are the right sort, there's a place for you in Montana.

HOMESTEADS

59

Area u

nappropriated and
unreserved

Brief description of character of unap-

Land district
and county

Surveyed

Unsur-
veyed

Total

propriated and unreserved land.

Lewistown :

Chouteau

Acres

5(),!MJ0

113. 9S7

726.214

26,012

1S7.520

46,862

18,240

Acres

7,040

300,347

690,000

34,140

56,750

Acres
64,000

414,334

1,416,214

57,152

244,270
46,862
18,240

Broken, grazing.
Do.

Fergus

Grazing, farming, timber, mountainous.

IVIeaerht^r

Farming and grazing.

Musselshell

Do.
Broken, grazing.

Sweet Grass

Farming and grazing.

Total

1,175,795

1,085,277

2,261,072

Miles City:

Custer

794,081
694,434
820,843

1,660,209
639,251
216,447

2,454,290
1,333,685
1,037,290

Grazing and agricultural.

Dawson

Do.

Rosebud.

Do.

Total

2,309,358

2,515,907

4,825,265

Missoula:

Beaverhead

Granite

26,720
29,020
80,85i0

1,600

7.130

73,120

11,000
79,000
72,500

2,880

4,800

44,000

37.720
108,020
153,350

4,480

11,930

117,120

Arid and grazing.
Mountainous, timber, mineral.

Missoula

Powell

Small valleys, mountains, timber and

mineral.
Mountains, timber, grazing, mineral.

Ravalli

Mountainous.

Sanders

.agricultural. timber, mineral, moun-

tainous.

Total

218,440

214,180

432,620

State Total

10,977,501

10,565,352

21,542,853

Acres

Acres

Acres

Surveyed

Unsurveyed

Total.

13,821

24.264

38,085

239,550

189,701

429,251

26,720

11,000

37,720

280,091
60,967

224,965

505,056
60,967

TABLE SHOWING THE AMOUNT OF UNAPPROPRIATED AND UNRESERVED

PUBLIC LAND IN VARIOUS COUNTIES OF MONTANA, TOGETHER WITH

LAND DISTRICTS IN WHICH THE SAME IS LOCATED.

County and District —

Beaverhead (Bozeman)

Beaverhead (Helena)

Beaverhead (Missoula)

Total for Beaverhead

Big Horn (Billings)

Total for Big Horn

Blaine (Havre)

Total for Blaine

Broadwater (Bozeman)

Broadwater (Helena)

Total for Broadwater

Carbon (Bozeman)

Carbon (Billings)

Total for Carbon

Cascade (Great Falls)

Cascade (Helena)

Total for Cascade

Chouteau (Havre)

Chouteau (Great Falls)

Chouteau (Lewistown)

Total for Chouteau

Custer (Miles City)

Total for Custer

— There is prosperity and happiness in Montana.

60,967
716,720

1,128,635

60,967
1,845,355

716,720
29.691
97,860

1,128.635
57,425

1,845,355

29,691

155,285

127.551

36,014

240,033

57,425

7,680

110.200

184,976

43,694

350,233

276,047

74,134

8,782

117.880
46,140
12,133

393,927

120,274

20,915

82,916
143,640
250,718

56,960

58,273

124.800

14.880

7,040

141,189

268,440

265,598

64,000

451.318
794,081

146,720
1,660,209

598,038
2,454,290

794,081 1,660,209 2,454,290

60

MONTANA 19U

Acres

County and District — Surveyed

Dawson (Glasgow) 304,100

Dawson (Miles City) 094.434

Dawson (Lewistown) 113,987

Total for Dawson 1,112,251

Deer Lodge (Helena) 33,200

Total for Deer Lodge 33.200

Fergus (Lewistown) 720,214

Fergus (Great Falls) . 9,568

Total for Fergus 735,782

Flathead (Kalispell) 86,430

Total for Flathead 86,430

Gallatin (Bozeman) 23,170

Gallatin (Helena) 6,728

Total for Gallatin 29,898

Granite (Helena) 99,740

Granite (Missoula) 29,020

Total for Granite 128,760

Hill (Havre) 212,840

Hill (Great Falls) 52,337

Total for Hill 265.177

Jefferson (Helena) 67,120

Jefferson (Bozeman) 29,224

Total for Jefferson 96,344

Lewis and Clark (Helena) 623,257

Lewis and Clark (Great Falls) 13,798

Total for Lewis and Clark 637,055

Lincoln (Kalispell) 6,211

Total for Lincoln 6,211

Madison (Bozeman) 103,949

Madison (Helena) 283,944

Total for Madison 387,893

Meagher (Helena) 190,237

Meagher (Lewistown) 26,012

Total for Meagher 216,249

Missoula (Missoula) 80,850

Total for MLssoula 80,850

Musselshell ( Billings) 152,532

Musselshell (Lewistown) 187,520

Total for Musselshell 340,052

Park (Bozeman) 73,519

Park (Helena) 5,126

Total for Park 78,645

Powell (Helena) 100,026

Powell (Missoula) 1.600

Total for Powell 101,626

Ravalli (Missoula) 7,130

Total for Ravalli 7,130

Acres

Unsurveyed

560,371

639,251

300,347

Acres
Total.

864,471
1,333,685

414,334

1,499,969
18,809

2,612,490
52,009

18,809
690,000

52,009

1,410,214

9,568

690,000

1,425,782
86,430

86,430

23,170

6,728

37,409
79,000

29,898
137,209
108,020

116.469
334,710

245,229

547,550

52,337

334,710

46,480

8,723

599,887

113,600

37,947

55,203
62,253

7,280

151,547

685,510

21,078

09,533

706,588
6,211

112,682
582,468

6,211
216,631
866,412

695,150
55,030
31,140

1,083,043

245,267

57,152

86,170
72,500

302,419
153,350

72,500

9,520

56,750

153,350
162,052
244,270

66,270

1,742

19,425

406,322
75,261
24,551

21,167

178,340

2,880

99,812

278.366

4.480

181,220
4,800

282,846
11,930

4,800

11,930

— Montana is the vacation land of the continent.

HOMESTEADS

f!l

County and District-
Rosebud (Billings)

Rosebud (Lewistown)

Rosebud (Miles City)

Total for Rosebud
Sanders (Kalispell) . .
Sanders (Missoula) . .

Total for Sanders
Silver Bow (Helena)

Total for Silver Bow
Stillwater (Billing's) ....
Stillwater (Bozeman) . . .

Total for Stillwater
Sweetgrass (Bozeman) .
Sweetgrass (Helena) . .
Sweetgrass (Lewistown)

Total for Sweetgrass

Teton (Great Falls)

Teton (Helena)

Total for Teton .
Valley (a) (Glasgow)

Total for Valley .
Yellowstone (Billings)

Total for Yellowstone

Acres
Surveyed
90,089
4G,8G2
820,843

Acres
Unsurveyed

" 21G,447

Acres
Total.
90,089
46,862
1,037,290

957,790
38,5G5
73,120

216,4447
44,000

1,174,241

38,565

117,120

111,685
70,537

44,000
6,401

155,685
76,928

70,527

9,207

135,956

6,401

76,928

9,207

135,956

145, 1G3

229,120

6,045

18,240

145,163

229.120

6,045

18,240

253,405

399,460

24,825

35,060
23,040

253,405

434,520

47,865

424.285

1,788,675

58,100
2,732,207

582.385
4,520,882

1,788,675
92,453

2,732,207
202,120

4,520,882
294,573

92,453

202,120

294,573

(a) Sheridan county public lands are included in the figures given for Valley'
county, from which Sheridan was segregated in 1913.

Irrigated Cabbage in Yellowstone Valley Near Miles City.

MONTANA 19U

UNAPPROPRIATED AND UNRESERVED PUBLIC LAND IN THE VARIOUS
COUNTIES OF MONTANA ON THE FIRST OF JULY, 1913.

Beaverhead

Big Horn

Blaine

Broadwater

Carbon

Cascade

Chouteau

Custer

'Dawson

Deer Lodge

Fergus

Flathead

Gallatin

Granite

.Hill

Jefferson

Lewis and Clark

Lincoln

Madison

Meagher

Missoula

Musselshell

Park

Powell

Ravalli

Rosebud

Sanders

Sheridan (a) . . . .

Silver Bow

Stillwater

Sweetgrass

Teton

Valley (b)

Yellowstone . . .

Totals 10,977,501

(a) Included in Valley county acreage.

(b) Includes Sheridan county, segregated from Valley in 1913.

Acres

Acres

Acres

Surveyed

Unsurveyed

Total

280,091

224,965

505,050

60,967

60,967

716,720

1,128,635

1,845,355

127,551

57,425

184,976

276,047

117,880

393,927

82,916

58,273

141,189

451,318

109,920

598,038

794.081

1,600,209

2,454,290

1,112,521

1,499,969

2,612,490

33,200

18,809

52.009

735,782

690,000

1,525,782

86,430

86,430

29,898

29,898

128,760

116,469

245,229

255,177

334,710

599.887

96,344

55,203

151,547

637,055

69,533

706,588

6,211

6,211

387,893

695,150

1,083,043

216,249

86,170

302,419

80,850

72,500

153,350

340,052

66,270

406,322

78,645

21,167

99,812

101,626

181,220

282,846

7,130

4,800

11,930

957,794

216,447

1.174,241

111,685

44,000

155,685

70,527

'6,401

76,928

145,103

145,163

253,405

253,405

424,285

58,100

582,385

1,788,675

2,732,207

4,520,882

92.453

202,120

294,573

0,977,501

10,565,352

21,542,853

State Lands

Montana Has Millions of Acres of
Choice Agricultural Land Which
It Will Sell to Settlers on Pay-
ments Extending Over 20 Years —
An Opportunity to Secure an Ideal
Home at Low Price — Prices and
Term.s Upon Which State Land
May Be Purchased.

To many new arrivals in ^lontana the opportunity to purchase State
land on exceeding liberal terms is even more attractive than the opportun-
ity to file upon a homestead. As a result there is an increasing demand for
these State lands, and in the not far distant future it is prob-
Attractive able that ^Tontana will have disposed of the major portjon of
Oppor- its land holdings.

tunity. The chief advantage held by the purchaser of State land

over the homesteader lies in the fact that those who bu}' State
land are not required to live upon the same in order to perfect title. Added
to this is the liberal provision under which purchasers are given twenty
years in which to complete their payments. As a result of this system the
land, if placed in cultivation, pays for itself many times over long before
the time to make the final payment arrives.

Under the terms of the act cna1>ling the territory of ^Montana to assume
the status of statehood the federal government allotted to this State approxi-
mately 5,500,000 acres of land for public purposes. This grant includes
Sections 16 and 36 in each township for pulilic school pur])oses ; 140,000
acres for the State Agricultural College; i8j,0(-X) acres for tlie State Capi-

-Ifyou have faith in yourself, you will have faith in Montana.

6.1, MONTANA 19U

tol ; 50,000 acres for the Deaf and Dumb School; 100,000 acres for the
Normal colleg'e; 50,000 acres for the Reform School; 100,000 acres for the
School of Mines, and approximate!}^ 50,000 acres for the State Universitv.
Under the terms of the grant none of this land may be sold for less than
$10.00 per acre, or where appraised at a hig-her fii^ure may not be
sold for less than the appraised value. Up to the end of the fiscal year
of 1912 there had been sold from these various grants the following:
Common school land, 442,196 acres; Agricultural College, 25,336 acres;
Capitol building. 49,101 acres; Deaf and Dumb Asylum, 9,652 acres; Normal
college,, 26,415 acres; Reform School, 6.153 ac^'i'es ; School of Mines, 33,374
acres ; State University, 26,196 acres. The proceeds from these land sales
form permanent investment funds with which the State buys state, county,
municipal and school district bonds, the interest on which is devoted towards
the maintenance of the various institutions. Under the terms of the land
grant the principal of these funds is held in trust in pcrpetuit}^ for the
various institutions.

In disposing of these land holdings the State has adopted a liberal policy
and one which is destined to encourage settlers in coming to this State. The
State government takes the view that Montana will gain in the long run by

cutting up its vast domain rather than by playing the part
Montana of the speculator and ho'lding the land for the purpose of

Not a profiting by the unearned increment. Tt is believed that it

Speculator. is better for these lands to be sold at the present time for

from $10.00 tO' $20.00 an acre than to be sold some years
hence at double that price.

The State's land holdings are administered under the direction of the
State Board of Land Com^missioners, composed of the Governor, Secretary
of State, Attorney General and Superintendent of Public Instruction. The
executive authority of the board is exercised by the State Land Office,
presided over by the Register of State Lands and the State Land Agent.
This department maintains not only an adequate office force to facilitate
the prompt transaction of its vast volume of business, but also each season
has a large field force engaged in selecting, classifying and appraising
these lands.

The State's holding's emljrace land in every county in the State, as
shown in the table printed below. All land sold is on a competitive basis,
the land being auctioned off after application for purchase has been made
and the sale duly advertised. Under the law the state land
Character board is compelled to hold a state land sale in. every count}- at
of State least once every two years, but it is the practice of the board

Lands. to hold sales as often as may be required by the public con-

venience. No land is offered for sale except that for which
application has been duly made, a nominal fee of 50 cents being required
to file an application for purchase.

— Once a Montanan, always a Montanan.

STATE LANDS 65

Those who wish to have any particular tract of State land offered for
sale should mtike this formal application on blanks which will be supplied
by the State Land Office for that purpose, but any one may bid on' land thus
offered without previous application. The receipt of such application with
the fee of 50 cents insures the land being- offered at the next sale held in
the county in which the land is located. Applications must be filed at least
five weeks prior to the date of the sale, and advance notices of the sale are
mailed to all applicants. Except coal and timber land, or land which has
been reserved for the completion of an irrig-ation enterprise, all of the State
land ho'lding-s are subject to sale at any time, but unless application to buy
is filed. State land will not be offered for sale.

The terms upon Avhich these lands are sold are exceptionally liberal ;
fifteen per cent of the purchase price in cash must be paid on the day of
sale and the balance miay be paid in twenty equal annual installments

bearing- interest at the rate of 5% per year. The exception to-
Easy this rule is that a purchase of Sioo.oo or less must be paid in
Terms for full at the sale. Payments of one or more annual installments
Buyers. may be made on any settlement day, and the purchaser may

thus complete his payments at any time and secure absolute-
title to his land and save interest on deferred payments.

State lands can be sold only to citizens of the United States, or those
who have declared their intention to become such, or domestic corporations,
actual settlers or persons, who will improve the land or to the United States
Reclamation Service. All State land is sold at public auction held at the
court house in the county in v.-hich the land is located, after a description of
the land, place, time and terms of sale has been advertised for four con-
secutive weeks in a paper published in the county.

The State Board of Land Commissioners ma}^ sell land in such parcels
as is deemed best, provided that each quarter section or such portion
thereof as belongs to the State shall be offered for sale separately. Smaller
tracts may be sold when impossible to sell otherwise, or when
How Much thereby a larg^er price may be obtained. Not more than 160
Can Be acres of land classified as agricultural and susceptible of irriga-

Purchased. tion, nor more than 320 acres classified as ag-ricukural not sus-
ceptible of irrig-ation. and not more than 640 acres classified as
grazing land can be sold to one person or corporation.

No security for deferred payments is required, and a certificate of pur-
chase is issued after the approval of each sale. Assignments of such certifi-
cates of purchase ma}- be made upon forms which will be supplied by the
State Land Department, executed in original and duplicate, and sworn to
before a notary public. If the assignor is unmarried the assignment must
so recite; if married, man and wife must ioin in the instrument.

State land in a city or town, or within three miles thereof miav be
divided into lots or tracts of five acres or less and sold as are other State
lands.

-Montana people are intelligent, self-reliant and resourceful.

66 MONTANA 19 U

The State Board of Land Commissioners grants rig-ht of way on State
lands on such terms as may be agreed upon for any ditch, resen'oir. rail-
road, private road, telegraph or telephone line or other public use ; such land
reverting to the State or its successor in interest when it is no longer used
for such purposes.

In addition to the sale of State lands the State Land Board also leases
tracts of land to persons and corporations. The rental for grazing purposes

Haying in Helena Valley.

usually ranges from $40.00 to $100.00 per section per annum. Rental for
agricultural use is higher than for grazing. A part of a section
State may be leased for grazing and a part for agriculture in one

Lands lease, or a lease for grazing only may, on application and pay-

May Be ing additional rental be changed.

Leased. Leases run up to a maximum of five years on surveyed and

appraised land. On unsurveyed and unappraised land leases
are issued on special form for a period of one year, these leases being called
permits. By paying the yearly rental in advance such permits may be re-
newed four times, unless in the meantime the land is sur\'eyed, approved
and appraised, after which it may be leased for the five year period.

—Montana is the sportsman's paradise.

3
5J

68 MONTANA 19U

A lessee is protected in any improvements made on State land, the law
providing- that where a lessee has made improvements the purchaser of the
land, if it is sold before the termination of the lease, must pay the lessee a
reasonable price for his improvements, unless the latter elects to remove the
same. Cultivation and a water right under certain conditions are held to be
improvements. When the two parties cannot agree as to the value of the
improvements, the State Land Agent is authorized to appraise the same. A
lessee is given ninet}- days in which to dispose of or remove such improve-
ments as are capable of removal without damage to the land.

Where there is more than one applicant for the lease of the same land,
it i^i put up for competition and leased to the highest bidder. Bids must be
for a definite amount and mailed to the Register of State Lands on or before
the date set for the sale.

Practically every character of land is to be found in t?ie State's hold-
ings. In the case of the public school grant the State secured title to Sec-
tions i6 and 36 in each township, and some of this land is necessarily of
varying quality. In the case of the other grants, however, the State was
allowed to make selection from the public domain, and as a result selected
manv thousands of acres of the choicest agricultural land to be had in the
entire State.

The Register of State Lands will furnish lists of holdings in any par-
ticular county or township upon payment of a fee of 20 cents per folio of
one hundred words. Those desiring to purchase or lease State

lands should address the Register of the State Land Office at
Secure t_, , ivr ^

Helena, JNiontana.
Lists of

The following table shows the amount of State land in each

of the several counties of the State November 30, 1913:

Counties. Acres.

Beaverhead 154.046.56

Big Horn 39,972.9:^

Blaine 1S7,887.86

Broadwater 20,601.27

Carbon 46,562.02

Cascade 105,981.62

Chouteau 317,135.77

Custer 345,020.11

Dawson 388.357.87

Deer Lodge 12,548.56

Fergus 209,529.28

Flathead 127.772.93

Gallatin 56.028.74

Granite 16,660.06

Hill 243,222.18

Jefferson 30,106.52

Lewis and Clark 118.586.88

Lincoln 58,296.64

Madison 123 742.61

Meagher 132!788.36

Missoula 106.986.10

Musselshell 98,375.77

Park 4'' 3'''0 '^9

Powell 73;i44!02

Ravalh 31.094.11

Rosebud 191174 91

Sanders 55;802;i7

Sheridan 61,759.15

Sliver Bow 16 114 79

Stillwater ; ; 54'.629!67

Sweet Grass 79 500 §0

Teton '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 216;i60;50

^Valley 119,151.68

Yellowstone 86.804.56

3,967,869.30

Farming

How the Fertility of Montana's Soil
Has Been Amply Demonstrated —
Only Intelligent Effort Is Needed
to Make This State First in Wheat
and Flax and First in Beef and
Dairy Products,

By PROF. THOMAS SHAW,
Agricultural Expert for the Great
Northern Railway.

Until recently it was the common opinion that ^lontana could not be
farmed without the aid of irrigating waters. This view was encouraged by
ranchmen, whose flocks and herds fed upon the open range upon pastures

that were free. It was to the personal interest of these men
View to claim that crops could not be grow^i with success on the

of the benchlands of Montana. These men claimed that they had

Ranchman. tried to grow cereal crops and they had failed. They were

honest in their statements. They had tried and failed, but they
had failed because the crops they had tried to grow were not grown on the
principles which alone can lead to the successful production of crops in a
country in which the normal rainfall is low. These men were honest in
their statements, but they did not know". They had not become acquainted
with the principles that underlie successful dry-land farming. They had
honestly tried to groAv crops, but they had failed because they did not know
how to grow them. And because they had failed, in their haste they con-
cluded that crops in paying quantities could not be successfully grown.
What are the facts regarding the possible production of ^Montana? As

— There's room for you in Montana.

70

MONTANA 19U

iiearlv as can be ascertained the tillable area of Montana embraces about
30,000,000 acres. Of these there are al)ont 6,000,000 acres, or it may be

more than that, which are susceptible of irrigation. This
Tillable would mean that about 24.000,000 acres of the arable

Area of land of Montana must be tilled on what may be termed

Montana. the dry-land plan, if it is to produce paying crops. The

principles that must be followed in successful dry-land farm-
ing will be discussed later.

Clover Field in Gallatin Valley.

On the assumption that there are 24,000.000 acres of arable land that
may be tilled with success, what ma}- not this mean to ]^lontana? Take
10,000,000 acres of this land and devote it to the growing of wheat. What
would it mean to Montana? Why. simply this: If the 10,000,000 acres
were managed on the summer fallow plan, there would be 5,0000,000 acres
in wheat each year. Under INlontana conditions the estimated yield from
wheat would be not less than 20 bushels to the acre. From the 5,000,000
acres thus devoted to the growing of wheat on the summer fallow plan the
yield of winter wheat in Montana should not be less than 100.000,000 bush-
els. This would mean that Montana wlould attain first rank among the
wheat-producing states of the Union.

— To give the boys a chance, come to Montana.

FARMING

71

Now suppose that but i.ooo.ooo acres of the arable l)ench lands of Mon-
tana were devoted to the growing of flax. Suppose that 8 bu. per acre only
were grown. The yield would be 8,000,000 bushels. This would put ]^Ion-
tana at the head of the flax-growing states of the Union. That Montana
will soon be at the head of the wheat and flax-producing states of the
Union is the confident expectation of the writer This would still leave
more than half the entire area of the non-irrigable lands to the production
of crops other than wheat and flax.

1913 Flax on Field Near Glasgow.

The lands that may be irrigated and that probably will be within the
next few years, are not fewer than, say, 6,000,000 acres. These lands can
produce on the average not fewer than four tons of alfalfa to the acre.
They will also produce pasture per acre that should give not
Lands less than 450 pounds of beef in one season. The four tons of

That May alfalfa turned into dairy products should be worth not less tnai»
Be Irri- $48.00 at the present prices for these. The area of pasture

gated. should give returns at the present prices of meat of not less

than $36.00 per acre. Think of the amazing possibilities that
are in store for Montana on her irrigated lands! What is there to hinder
Montana from becoming the foremost dairy-producing state in the Union,
and where the production of meat on its 30.000,000 acres of rugged pasture

— IVs cheaper to buy Montana land than to pay rent elsewhere.

72

MONTANA 19U

lands are linked with the beef that may be made, especially in the winter
season on the irrigated lands, why should not Montana be the greatest meat-
producing state in all the Union? That, indeed, would be a rare distinction.
The greatest wheat and flax producing state in the Union and the greatest
dairy and meat producing state! Nothing but the apathy of the people can
prevent such a consummation. But the intent of this paper is to deal more
particularly with the dry lands of the State.

By the benchlands of i\Iontana is meant the nearly level or undulating
tablelands. These lie between the streams. The topographv of the coun-
try, east of the Rocky iNTountains, is very similar. Along the streams the

An Unirrigated Wheat Field.

valleys are relatively wide and level. The borders that line them are usually
rough and rugged. The railroads usually traverse the valleys; hence, the
imipression made upon the traveller is usually anything but favorable. The
benches lie beyond the hills and they extend away and across until the
bluffs are reached which border another stream. These are the best lands
of Montana. They are usually composed of a clay loam covered witli the
short grasses of the prairie and they are underlaid with clay. Usually it
takes considerable power to break them up. but when once broken they are
not difficult to till subsequently. These are the lands that are tilled on
what may be termed the dry-land plan. Of these, there are some areas
known as gumlbo land sand impregnated with alkali, the tillage of which has

— There are more sunshiney days in Montana than in any other Northern state.

FARMING

73

not yet been solved. Homeseekers should avoid these lands in the mean-
time. Fortunately they do not embrace a large percentage of the lands of
Montana.

The bench lands of ^lontana must be farmed on what is known as the
dry-land plan of farming. This is necessary because of the limited amount
of precipitation. In the whole State the average of the precipitation is not

more than 15 inches per year. In some parts it falls as low
Dry- Land as 10 or 11 inches, and in others it reaches as high as 22 inches.
Farming. Near the foothills not distant from the base of the mountains,

there is not infrequently more or less of seepage water in tlie
subsoil that proves greatly helpful to the growing of crops. Dry-land farm-

iK

Non-Irrigated Oats near Glasgow, 1913

ing means the holding of moisture that falls in the soil until it can be
utilized by the growing crops. This is accomplished by plowing, packing,
harrowing and cultivating the soil at a certain time and in a certain way.
In plowing, the aim should be to break the land when it has the largest
aniount of moisture in it. Usually that will be in the spring from tlie
opening of the same until about the end of June. The aim should be to
plow not less than six inches deep. It may not be easy to do this in many
soils save by the aid of steam or gasoline power. To plow this deep will
call for four horses. If not more than three are available, the ground must

— The railroads have to buy more cars to haul Montana crops.

7Jt

MONTANA 19U

be turned less deeply, with the expectation that it will be plowed more
deeply in subsequent plowings. One great advantage of the deep plowing
at the outset is that the moisture may get down into the sub-soil. Before
the land is broken the moisture seldom goes down very far. It rather runs
away over the surface. The more deeply the land is plowed the more read-
ily does the moisture go down into the sub-soil; hence, if it cannot be plow-
ed deeply at first, the aim should be to deepen the plowing subsequently
as soon as this can be done -without too great an expenditure of power. The
aim should also be to avoid plowing the land when it is dry, as when
plowed while in this condition there is waste in the power called for. But
some seasons it may be necessary to plow land when it is thus drv.

1913 Corn Grown Near Malta.

When plowed in the spring the land should be packed as soon as plow-
ed. Unless in the early spring it should be the aim to pack the land the
same day that it is plowed. The sub-surface packer may be used if avail-
able. If not, the ordinary disc Avill do fairly well, l)ut the discs should be
set at so small an angle that sods will not be brought to the surface. Usu-
ally, autumn plowed land does not need to be packed. The object of pack-
ing is to so firmi the land th.at it will not too readilv lose mioisture.

In ordinary farming the mission of the harrow ordinarilv is to prenare

— Every Montana farmer carries a check book.

FARMING

75

the land for sowing" and in some instances to cover the seed when sown.
In dry-land farniino- it has another and a very important mission that is

two-fold in character. It is used to aid in conserving" moisture,
The Mis- and at various times, it is used with great profit on the summer
sion of the fallow in forming and maintaining a dust mulch and in keep-
Harrow, ing down weeds on the same. No sooner is the fallow land

plowed and packed that it should be harrowed. The harrow^
makes a soil mulch, that is, a covering of fine soil wdiich dries to the depth
of a couple of inches. This prevents the escape of moisture from below.
But should rain fall sufficiently to wet through the soil moisture, the
surface in drying, will form cracks or openings, and through these the

.- . . xmw^- -x

;. ■>_..; ^^ ^, >■;;*.■«

/«^-*..« ■< ■ . -. ■

,- ... ,. ■: — ■<""'M--5,»^v-.-*.«(«n-A"--»» -■ *

■ -A-rfJ

^H9S^^I^^hI^^v

V'tfJj

i^Bb"

t^ .i^HI^^^^^^^^H

1

^^^^^^^^B^^^^^HIk *^

MJ^^^^^B^m ^ JtB

H

\W^^M

^H

^^H^^H^^^^B^^

^M

r^HH

^^H

HgXPF^^^^

w

" '-^^■Brf

H

W

"^.^^■hBB

HH

An Irrigated Field of White Navtj Beans Near Miles City Which Yielded the Grower

$61.00 Per Acre.

moisture will escape from below. To prevent this the harrow should be run
over the land as soon as it has dried sufficiently to renew the dust mulch,
and it ought to be renewed as frequently as rail destroys it. The use of
the harrow thus frequently will go far to maintain cleanness in the land.
When breaking is thus managed in an ordinary season the moisture at the
end thereof will be down 30 to 36 inches. In land not broken, beside it,
there will be litte or no mioisture. It is usually better not to harrow
autumn plowed lands the same autumn, as such lands do mot hold any snow.
The harrow may also render great ser^'ice when used judiciously on
grain crops in dry areas. This claim has been disputed, but our experience,

— Brains pay on a Montana farm.

76

MONTANA 19U

both in Montana and Dakota, bears out its correctness. It should, however,
be done with much judgment. (Ordinarily the aim should be to
For the harrow grain three times in dry areas, but sometimes twice will

Grain on do, and in other instances as many as, say, four harrowings

Dry Land may be given with profit. When but one harrowing is given,
it is done with a light "harrow, the teeth being turned backward,
just as the first blade points of the grain begin to show. If the harrow is
used a second time its use should usually be deferred until the grain is five
or six inches high. In the interval between these harrowings, the use of the
harrow would bury much grain, but this should not follow the judicious use
of the weeder. On soft soils the weeder may serve the purpose much better
than the harrow. Both harrow and weeder thus used aid materially in pre-

Spring Wheat Near Great Falls.

venting the escape of moisture. Neither, however, should be used on
shoddy ground or on flax or alfalfa until these are several inches high.

When practicable, the plan is good which discs the ground as soon as
possible after the crop has been harvested. The discing destroys many
weeds and it opens up the soil so that any precipitation falling subsequently
may penetrate it more deeply. It will then also be plowed with
Discing Is a less expenditure of power, whether plowed in the autumn or
Often of the spring. The cultivation of corn should be continued in

Great many instances at least until the end of July.

Value. If too much seed is sown the plants will be so numerous

that the moisture supply will not be enough. It is not difficult
to ruin a crop in dry-land areas by having too many plants on a given area.

— Montana beef tops the market.

FARMING

Where the annual rainfall is 12 to 15 inches in a year, the following- amounts
of seed should suffice on well prepared land : Winter or spring rye, five
pecks ; winter wheat, three pecks ; Durum spring wheat, four pecks ; other
varieties of spring wheat, three to four pecks ; speltz, five
pecks; white hulless barley, three pecks; common barley, four
pecks ; oats, four pecks, flax, one and a half pecks ; peas, five
pecks ; alfalfa, sown with a drill, all of the drill tubes in use,
five pounds ; in rows of 36 inches apart, say, two pounds, or
even less; broom corn millet, in rows of 36 inches distant, say, foiir to five

Importance
of Light
Seeding.

Irrigated Spring Club Wheat on the Billings Bench, Which Yielded 63 Bushels Per Acre-

pounds. The oats should be sown to measure, as Montana seed is usually
very heavy. AMiere it is expected that the harrowing will be very severe
from ten to twenty per cent more seed should be sown to allow for some of
the plants being removed with the harrow.

The aim should be to sow v.'inter rye and winter wheat in summer
fallow or amid the standing corn in August, But lack of nwisture may make
it advisable some seasons to defer sowing until September. All the spring
sown cereals should be put into the ground early and in about the following
order: Spring rye, spring wheat, speltz, peas, barley, oats, flax. The aim

— Montana Sheep and wool lead the world.

78 MONTANA 191i

should be to sow the flax crop in May and alfalfa in earl_\- June. The aim
should be to sow all these crops on summer fallod or on corn or potato
land, leaving the stubble land of the previous year for summer fallow and
corn. \\'hen spring opens the land for grain will probably need discing and
harrowing, when the grain may be once put in. Corn and potato land
should not be plowed for the crop that follows.

On the dry-land farms the following crops may be grown without the
haxard of failure, even in a dry year, provideing they have been planted in
season and on properly prepared land. These include winter rye, spring

rye, winter wheat, spring wheat, flax, barley, oats, speltz and
Crops That peas. In all parts of Montana potatoes do well when properly
May Be handled and beans are a success below the middle line of the

Grown. State. The chief fodder crops are corn, alfalfa and broom corn

millet. The most promising pasture crops tried thus far under
dry-land conditions are winter rye, brome grass and sweet clover.

The rve crop is the hardiest and surest of all the grain crops that can
be grown. When given a fair chance it should seldom or never fail. But it
should not be gTOwn as a directly marketable crop by those who can feed it,

as it will be worth much more when judiciousl}^ fed on the
Rye the farm. Every farmer with stock should grow some rye every

Hardiest year. The aim should be as far as practicable to follow rye

and Surest. with corn to prevent the volunteer rye from remaining in the

land.
Tlie wheat crop is the greatest of the cash crops of ^Montana and in
much of the dry-land area the winter v^'heat crop will give better returns
than spring wheat. Only on the western border of the State is it much

liable to injurv in the winter in the absence of protection. It
Wheat Is ^^'^^^ equally well on summer fallow or on corn or potato land,

the Big The Turkey Red. the Karhov and Bufifonis beardless Turkey

Cash Crop. Red are the varieties of most promise. Of the spring varieties

Durum is the best yielder, but the Marquis also has given

good yields.

As a marketable crop, tlie flax crop ranks next to wheat. The climatic
and soil conditions are so peculiarly favorable to the growing of flax that
in the near future jMontana must stand first in flax production among all
the states in the Union. The normal yield of flax in ^Montana
As to the jg about eight to ten bushels per acre, but there have been

rowmg instances when the almost unprecedented yield of 25 bushels

per acre have been realized. Flax may be best grown on sum-
mer fallow or corn land. Good crops have been grown on
breaking, but to this there are some objections, as is shown under the dis-
cussion on rotations. AYhen growing flax every care should be exercised to
secure seed free from the germs of that dread disease known as flax wilt.
To introduce that disease into the virgin soils of ^Montana is in a sense
calamitous, as where once introduced it will reniain many years in the soil.

-The same effort ivill pay a higher dividend in Montana.

FARMING

Barley, oats, speltz and peas may all be grown nnder practically the
same conditions. The aim should be to i^row them on summer fallow or
corn land. The white hulless barley would seem to be especially well
adapted to ?\lontana conditions. Its best use is to provide food
Barley, Oats for livestock. The bearded barle3'S may be g-rown for malting
and Other uses. One of the best of these is the Mensary. Of the varieties
Grains. of oats the sixty-day is probably the best under austere con-

ditions, but under average conditions no varieties have been
found superior to the Lincoln and the Swedish select. Speltz is well adapted
to dry conditions. It, like oats, is a food crop for livestock, and should be
given a place. There is also a place, especially in southern Montana, for
winter barley and winter emmer. The latter is susualK^ spoken of as speltz,
but experience in growing these is limited as yet. Peas sown early usually
given fair returns, and in the dry autumns that usually characterize Montana
these may be harvested by swine. The cost of harvesting may thus be
greatly reduced. Wlien peas are sown they should be planted deeply and
it is important that they shall be harrowed subsequent to sprouting and
before they have reached the surface.

Potatoes do exceptionally well on the dry lands of ^Montana. This fol-
low's when they are planted on breaking or on stubble land. They do not,
of course, give yields so large as on irrigated land, but they grow so well
that the homesteader may easily grow potatoes for his own
Potatoes family the first year and of a superb quality. The Colorado

Do Well beetle, that great potato scourge, is as yet practically unknown

in This in ^Montana.

Region. jj-i ^Jontana, where the elevation is less than 4,000 feet,

corn is one of the most profitable crops that may be grown.
Even along the "high line" of the Great Northern Railroad the past season
good corn was matured of several varieties, including the Squaw, North-
western Dent and Minnesota No. 23. It would seem safe to say that where
the elevation is not more than 4.000 feet good crops of fodder
Corn is corn may be grown that will yield not less than tw'o tons pei

Among the acre of dry fodder. This will be worth more than two tons of
Best Crops. ordinary hay, for it will contain much grain. In southern
Alontana corn may be grown for the grain as well as for the
fodder. In the Yellowstone valley as much as 100 bushels of corn have
been matured per acre on irrigated land. In many localities silos w'ill be
introduced in the near future.

Under dry-land farm conditions corn is probably the best paying crop
that the farmer can grow. In many areas, e\en of northern AFontana, the
corn crop will average as much as 25 bushels per acre. In addition there
will be about two tons of cured fodder. For feeding, the corn should be
worth at least 50 cents per bushel to the farmer. The fodder should be
worth not less than $5.00 per ton. This means that the corn and fodder

— Making money is hard work — but it is easier in Montana than anyivhere else.

80 MONTANA 19 lA

per acre shoiuld be worth more than $20.00 to the farmer. There is the
further advantage that the ground is virtually ready to receive the seed of
a grain crop that may be expected to yield satisfactorily. The corn crop
may also be grown successfully on stubble land under conditions in which
grain would fail. The dry-land farmer should give every attention to grow-
ing corn. He may plow for it fall or spring, preferabU- the former. It is
usually better to plant it in hills, putting four to five kernels in a hill. The
aim should be to plant seed matured in the locality.

Under dry-land conditions it cannot be said that the alfalfa problem
has been worked out to a finish. In some instances as many as two or
three tons of hay have been secured per acre without irrigation. But these

areas are especially favored with a moisture supply from the
Alfalfa sky or from a subterranean source, as in proximity to foothills.

Does Well But in other instances it has not given paying yields where
in Most the plants have lived from year to year. In the instances last

Regions. referred to the crop has been usually sown on land not long

broken, a plan of sowing that should not be followed. The
indications now point in the direction of growing alfalfa in rows 36 inches
apart and cultivating it where the crop is to be relied vipon to produce a
paying crop in a dry season. \Miere the crop is sown on the broadcast
plan there is not enough moisture in the ground in a dry season to produce
a paying crop. It is also more than probable that good crops of seed may
be grown from alfalfa that is tlnis cultivated. The crop should be sown
on land that is deeply plowed and summer fallowed or that has been devoted
to growing corn and potatoes. For such sowing not more than two pounds
of seed should be called for per acre.

The best rotation in the crops under dry-land conditions at the present
time is probably the following: Sun-tmer fallow, winter wheat, corn for
fodder, spring rain, followed again by summer fallow. The summer fallow

conserves moisture for winter wheat. The corn may be suc-
Rotation cessfully grown on the wheat stubble land. The corn crop in

in Crops. turn conserves moisture for the grain crop that follows. If

crops are grown on spring breaking, those most successful will
be flax, Durham wheat, corn and potatoes. But the aim should be to fallow
the land the first season in order to get moisture down into the sub-soil.

The climate of ^Montana, though dr}-- in many parts, is temperate and
because of the comparative coolness of the nights in the har^'est season, is
extremely favorable to the production of large yields of grain. This, more
than anything else, has given IMontana first place among the
Climatic states of the T'nion for large grain yields. The bracing and

Conditions. temperate character of the climate makes it extremely favor-
able to the growing of livestock, robust, thrifty and singularly
free from disease, but a discussion pertaining to livestock is not the purpose
of this chapter.

— Nature was in a generous mood u'hen Montana was in the making.

Irrigation

Many Millions of Dollars Bein^ Ex-
pended in Putting W'ater on Mon-
tana's Fertile Acres — The Recla-
mation Act and What Its Provis-
ions Mean in the Big V/ork of
Developing the Treasure State.

By H. N. SAVAGE.

Supervising Engineer of the United

States Reclamation Service.

ift^yrrn

The Act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat.. 3S8), known as the National
Reclamation Act, was one of the most important pieces of legislation to
the agricultural development of Montana since the passage of the Home-
stead Law. More than eleven years have passed since the
Looking passage of the Reclamation Act. Sufficient data has been ac-

Into the cumulated as tc the construction and operation of irrigation

History of works thereunder, and sufficient experience has been gained in
the Act. the administration of the provisions of the Act, that it is prac-

ticable to review the history of i'ts operation, and to some ex-
tent forecast the future.

While the Reclamation Act was one of the most important acts of Con-
gress to aid in the development of the West, it was also at the time of its
passage distinctly novel. In no case before that time had the government
agencies been used in enterprises of this nature, and the intent of the act
was to use government funds to reclaim arid lands which are so located
as regards available water supply that profitable development ])v individual
enterprises or private capital might be out of the question. This condition

— Six million acres of Montana land can and will be irrigated.

82

MONTANA wn

presupposes that the extensive areas must be developed in single projects
so that notwithstanding- the reatively great expense in the construction of
works an individual irrigated farm would not be placed out of the reach of
the average farmer.

The provisions of the Reclamation Act are extremely general, and the
operations under the act have, of necessity, grown from small beginnings
and have been subjected to extreme tests both as to their legal and prac-
tical application.

The w^isdom of the framers of the act is shown in the fact that there
have been relativelv few amendments, and these have been principally to

Dam on Poplar River Unit, Fort Peck Project.

correct certain manifestly inappropriate restrictions wdiich were inserted in
the law, chiefly as a matter of expediency to secure its pas-
Helping sage. The motive underlying the Reclamation Act is one wdiich
Small Farm- is fundamental to the growth and maintenance of a democradc
ers to Ob- form of government, namely, the providing of opportunities for
tain Homes, citizens to obtain homes upon small farms and to derive a liv-
ing therefrom. Under irrigation it is possible to practice inten-
sive agriculture "to the highest degree, and thus to produce the most valu-
able and certain crops, tinder good administration, it follows that in irri-

— Montana land was made to be farmed.

IRRIGATION

83

gated regions the greatest number of citizens can be given such opportun-
ities on the smallest area. Economic conditions also prevent any one man
or group of men from obtaining control, consolidating and operating suc-
cessfully the small irrigated holdings. With the high price of labor, it has
been found impracticable to produce crops wholesale on land of this char-
acter. The individual farmer, who has industry and intelligence, and espe-
cially if he has a family, the members of which can do their part, can make
a far better living and produce greater crop returns on a small farm than
is possible by the consolidation of the small farms into larger holdings. The
tendency in irrigation districts is to subdivide and thus reduce the size of
these irricrated farms.

Two Medicine Canal Headivorks, Blackfeet Project.

Under the Reclamation Act there have been constructed, or projected
for construction, in Montana the Huntley Project, the Lower Yellowstone
Project, the ]\Iilk River Project, including the Saint Mary Storage feature,
and the Sun River Projecit. All of these projects have been
completed to a certain degree, but all of them are incomplete
as regards ultimate development. V\'ater is being delivered to
irrigated land on each of these projects. At short intervals
additional areas are being made available.

Before the passage of the Reclamation Act. irrigation in
r^Iontana was confined generally to individual enterprise ; then
irrigation farming folloAved the pioneer, who was usually a homesteader

Irrigation
Projects
That Cover
a Wide
Area.

— Montana is the best place to live.

8I^

MONTANA 19U

upon unirrigated land. More reccntl}', and with the estahhshnicnt of the gov-
ernment enterprises undertaken on a much larger scale, lands have become
available somewhat faster than they have been effectively occupied. From
the nature of the operations under the Reclamation Act and the magnitude
of individual projects, this condition must necessarily obtain, and with the
settlement of the projects and payment by the settlers to the government
of the cost of the irrigation works, the funds l)ecome available for the
development of additional irrigated areas, so that there always will be
available irrigated land luider these projects for new settlers.

IPk-

Detail Vieic of Point of Rocks Controlling Works, Milk River Project.

In the early days of the Reclamation Service certain fallacies were
entertained which have been most persistent. Perhaps the most important
is the idea concerning the low cost of reclamation of land b}' irrigation. The

early ideas of cost were based upon the results obtained by the
Early Ideas pioneer. The first settlers built comparatively cheap and tem-
Were i)orary canals in localities wdiere the physical and engineering

Erroneous problems were least difficult, and provided a supply of water
As to Cost. which, without storage and without protection against floods,

are frequently unreliable. The average cost per acre was
estimated at an extremely low figure because of the fact that the actual

■Opportunity wears brass knuckles in Montana.

IRRIGATION

f<5

cost was not recorded and the acreage which might be irrigated was, as a
rule, highly exag-gerated, no allowance being made for imperfect water
Bupply nor for lands which could not be cultivated.

Another of the fallacies was the assumption that as soon as water was
provided this was practically the end of necessary expenditures. Little con^
^ideration was given to the large cost of levelling, subduing and cultivating
the soil, and of providing the necessary fertilizers. Because the
arid lands contain certain mineral salts which \n the east are
sometimes used as fertilizers, it was assumed that the soil
was necessarilv fertile, not appreciating the fact that it fre-
(|ucntly lacks the essential elements common in humid regions.
Another oversight in the earlier years was the neglect of full
consideration of drainage ami the importance of providing this to prevent

Some of the
Obstacles
That Were
Overlooked.

Dodson South Canal and Milk River Near Dodson Bridge, Milk River Project.

much of the more valuable hind from being destroyed by swamping or
alkali. \\'|lien large irrigation systems are constructed covering extensive
areas and the water has been applied for several years, it has followed th.at
from ten to twenty per cent of the total irrigated lands have been more or
less water-logged. To kcc]) the lands in a condition of irrigibality. extensive
drains must be provided.

— Montana has the greatest undeveloped electrical power in the Union.

86

MONTANA 19U

It was not appreciated also that staple markets could not be liad
immediately for whatever crops were raised and that time is required in
developing good markets and in discovering- those crops or varieties which
are most profitable under the existing conditions of soil, climate and trans-
portation facilities.

Under a policy initiated by the Secretary of the Interior, James R. Gar-
field, an agreement was made in 1907 between the Office of Indian Affc

lairs

i«i|i«i

r :

Results of Irrigation on E. C. Stevens' Ranch, Fort Peck Project.

and the Reclamation Service, and certain irrigation work on Indian reserva-
tions, authorized by Congress and provided for in appropria-
B--inging tions under the control of the Indian Office, is being performed
Water to the bv the Reclamation Service. The Indian Projects in ^Montana
Lands of the are the Blackfeet (122,500 acres'), the Flathead (152,000 acres),
Red Men. and the Fort Peck (152,000 acres). Plans and estimates for
proposed work are prepared by engineers of the Reclamation
Service and reviewed by the Office of Indian Affairs, and if concurred in by
the Secretary of the Interior the work is prosecuted by the Reclamation
Service in accordance therewith, the cost being returned to the Reclamation
Fund from authorized Indian appropriations upon statements rendered
monthlv.

— Twenty thousand families found neiv homes in Montana last year.

IRRIGATION

87

When the Reclamation Act was discussed in 1901 and 1902, it was
e^enerally assumed that tlie principal operations would be those of con-

structincr only the larij^er
reservoirs and main line
canals, leaving- to the farm-
ers the building- of the dis-
tril)ution system — and in
til is respect following out
the practice of the pioneers
Avho individually or in small
groups worked together to
take water out of the na-
tural streams. The theory
was entertained that the
government would in effect
St. Mary Crossing Pipe. provide conditions analog-

ous to those found b}^ the pioneers by bringing water in main line canals
to points where the farmers could perform the rem'ainder of the work
themselves. The limitations prescribed, however, were not suc-
Evolution cessful. It was found that the construction of the reservoirs
'if the Plans and main line canals wias noit foillowed by the expected co-
of the operation on the part of the settlers, and that to enable the

Service land to be cultivated it would be necessary to provide a com-

plete system by which the water could be taken to the
'icinity of each farm.

It thus resulted that the original policy, based upon constructing a few
'arge structures and canals for storing and handling a considerable quantity
of water, has been amplified
from time to time at the re-
quest or demand of the set-
tlers to include many exten-
sions. Thousands of small,
permanent structures, main-
ly of concrete and steel, and
consisting- of gates, measur-
ing boxes, flumes, siphons,
culverts and bridges, ha\e
been built. Had the pet^ple
been able to take the
water at a few points
from the main canal and Lower Face of Completed Two Medicine Dam.

build these themselves the expenditures by the government would have been
notably ]ess ; but, on the other hand, it would not have been possible to have
brought under cultivation any considerable part of the land now reclaimed.

-The square deal prevails all around in Montana.

88

MONTANA 19U

The amendments to the Reclam'ation Act ha\'e been relatively simple
and have been initiated larg-ely In- local ratlier than general conditions.
Probably the most important of these amendments is that of June 25, 1910,
(36 Stat., 385), relating- to advances to the reclamation [in id.
Amend- making an appropriation of twenty million dollars to complete

ments to the reclamation projects and such extensions as may be .leemed
Reclama- necessary for the successful operation of the works ;nid 10
tion Act. protect v^^ater rights claimed by the l.^nited States. This act
also repealed section 9 of the original act, wh'ch, by attc mint-
ing to limit expenditures largely by state lines, tended to lack of economy
and forced the construction of works wdiere the need was not wholly estab-
lished. It provided also that ''No entry shall be hereafter made and no
entryman shall be permitted to go upon lands reserved for irrigation pur-
poses until the Secretary of the Interior shall have established the imit of
acreage and fixed the water charges and the date when the water can l)e
applied and made public announcement of the same."

It is now possible, after a decade of experience, to point out the actual
effect of various requirements of the Reclamation Act, which, at the time of
its passage, were theoretical. The residence required led to some hardships
to individuals, because of the fact that as soon as survey part-
Effect of ies appeared in the field settlers would rush in and take up land
the Require- often wholly in ignorance of the probabilities of reclamation,
ments of In some instances these men paid from fifty to one hundred
the Act. dollars to .so-called land locators to point out to them the de-

sirable spots, ^\■hen tlic surveys were completed and the plans
adopted, it was found, not infrequently, that many of these entries had been

Headivorks Jocko Canal, Flathead Project.

IRRIGATION

89

made upon areas wliich could not be reached by water at reasonable cost,
or wliere many years Avould elapse before extension of the system would
cover the area.

The need of this re(iuirement of settlement is based upon the funda-
mental conception of the objects of the act. Tt is not only simply to re-
claim the land. This may add to the material prosperity of a few. l)ut it
does not produce citizenshi]). Unless settlement is recpiired, a man in a
neig-hboring- state may take up a desirable farm, have it irrigated at the
expense of the o-overnment, put a tenant upon it, and thus defeat the prin-
cipal motive of the law, namely, the development of a self-supporting
citizenship.

Another of the novel features of the Reclamation Act is that limiting the
area of the reclaimed land to the acreage Avhich, in the opinion of the

,^,.^im

i^'te*-

Headworks Poplar River Unit, Fort Peck Project.

secretary, may be reasonably required for the support of a family. Nearly
every settler desires to obtain as much land as he can, because
As to the of the hope of obtaining the unearned increment in value of
Size of the this land. As a consequence, nearly everyone attempts to hold
Farm Unit, at least i6o acres and to scatter his improvements over the
entire area. He even tries to hold additional land in the name
of some near relative or friend. The result is that, witli scanty capital, he
s not able to level and sul)due all of the land and bring it to a profitable
state of cultixation. Tl frequently happens that a man who would be pros-
perous on 40 acres fails on 160 acres, because of inability to nmke the pay-
ments on a large area wdicn only a small area is being cultivated. The result
is not only disastrous to him l)ut to the project as a whole, and to the
object of the law in that he is unable to produce profitable crops and this
deprives others of the benefits that would accrue if he made his payments

There's health and wealth in Montana.

90

MONTANA 19U

promptly and the money was used over again to reclaim other lands. The
strongest j-tleas for extension of time of repayment, and for the amelio-

ration of the conditions,

come froni men who are
w'linly trying to cultivate
more land than they can
successfully handle. In a
numl)er of instances where
men have had possession of
areas upon which they were
making failures, it has
jiroved advantageous to
them to cut the unit in
half.

As Avas to be expected
since tlie beginning nf irri-
Spillway on Lower Yellowstone Project o-ation the rise in the

ground waters on the various projects has been marked. Where irrigation
>s confined to small areas or narrow valleys witli open subsoil conditions,
the rise in ground waters is not ordinarily sufficient to interfere
Drainage Is with agricultural operations, the excess waters which are put
a Matter of on the land during the irrigation season being in general drain-
Mudh ed out and carried away before the next season's irrigation is

Moment. begun. Where, however, large areas are being irrigated and
where the ground water must travel for a considerable distance
before finding any natural outlet, a general rise in the water plane ordinarily
occurs. The keeping down of the water plane to the required depth blow
the surface is being accomplished by' the coustruction of drainage works and
by reducing the quantity of water used in irrigation to a minimum.

In order to maintain in irrigability of the land, investigations are being
carried on relative to the elevation of ground waters, and wherever neces-
sary the construction of drainage works is being undertaken. On account
of the varying conditions of soils and topography encountered on the differ-
et projects, various plans for drainage are required. The general purpose,
however, in each case is the same, this being the removal from the subsoil
of excess waters which have been carried into it through over-irrigation and
unavoidable seepage from canals and laterals.

The crops produced upon the Reclamation Service farm units, measured
by the returns of the average farmer, are satisfactory. The possibilities in-
dicated by the returns obtained by the best farmers, and which are within
the reach of the average farmer, are astounding. Small farm
The Results unit, residence upon land, intensive cultivation, ample water
Have Been supply, intelligence and industry in combination cannot but
Very result in abundant success, where the farm unit is scientifically

Satisfactory, located and is as nearly as possible potentially equal to every
other farm unit.

The government irrigation projects in ^Montana, their status of con-

— Electric power is cheap and abundant in Montana.

IRRIGATION

91

struction, settlement and development at this time, are set forth in tabulaied

exhibits and' under separate heads as follows:

HUNTLEY PROJECT.

Location.
County: Yellowstone.

Townships: 2 and 3 North, Ranges 27 to 31 East, Montana Meridian.
Railroads: Northern Pacific; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy.
Railroad stations and estimated population, January 1, 1913: Huntley, 150;

Osborn, 5; Worden,
tine, 100; and Anita

1913
100; Newton, 5; Pompeys Pillar, 75; Bull Mountain; Ballan-
Montana.

Water Supply.

Source of water supply: Yellowstone River.

Area of drainage basin: 12,000 square miles.

Annual run-off in acre-feet of Yellowstone River at Huntley (12,000 square miles),

1904 to 1911: Maximum,

Reservoir: High
Dam: High line
cubic yards of earth.
Length of canals:

7,040,000; minimum, 4,590,000;
Data for Complete Project.
(Estimated for Uncompleted Features.)
line equalizing reservoir; capacity,
reservoir; height, 53 feet; length.

mean, 5,840,000.

853 acre-feet.
1330 feet; volume,

151,350

Ten miles with capacities greater

than 300 second-feet; 19
with capacities less than

miles with capacities from 50 to 300 second-feet; 196 miles
50 second-feet; waste water ditches and drains, 78 miles.

Main canal: Maximum capacity, 500 second-feet, designed to carry 400 second
feet; length, 27 miles.

Water power: Estimated total, 600 horse power; 286 net horse power developed

Tunnels: Three; aggregate length, 2,654 feet.

Irrigable area: Entire project, 32,405 acres.

Present status of irrigable land: Entered subject to the

acres; open to entry,
entry, 3,600 acres.

1,969 acres; in private ownership.
Results to June 30, 1913.

,192

Reclamation Act, 23,644
acres; withdrawn from

Canals: Completed.
Tunnels: Completed.

Canal structures: 27 costing over $2,000 each; 32 costing from $500 to $2,000
each; 2,380 costing less than $500 each.
Bridges: Combination; 135 less than

Culverts: Concrete, 20; length, 600

50 feet in length;
feet. Wood, 230;

total length,
length, 6,000

2.040
feet;

feet,
con-

length, 2,640 feet,
station, 1; barns

Wood, 20;
and store-

class 2, indurated

Crete and pipe, 95; total length, 2.880 feet.

Pipe laid: Concrete, 2,100 feet. Steel, 270 feet.

Flumes: Concrete, 1; length, 85 feet. Steel, 15;
length, 2,285 feet.

Buildings: Offices, 1! residences, 11; pumping
houses, 11.

Wells, 4; aggregate depth, 625 feet.

Telephone lines: 23 miles. Telephones in use, 9.

Material excavated: Class 1, earth, 1,644,165 cubic yards;
material, 22,190 cubic yards; class 3, rock 12,600 cubic yards.

Riprap: 1,680 cubic yards.

Paving: 1,109 square yards.

Cement used: 17,122 barrels.

Concrete placed: 12,575 cubic yards.

Agricultural and Climatic Conditions.
Area for which the service is prepared to supply water, season 1913, 28,805 acres
Area under water right applications, season 1913, 24.188 acres.
Length of irrigating season: May 1 to September 30, 153 days.
Average elevation of irrigable area: 3,000 feet above sea level.
Average annual rainfall on irrigable area: For six years, 14.12 inches, for calen
dar year 1912, 18.17 inches.

Range of temperature on irrigable area: -35 to 100 degrees.
Character of soil of irrigable area: Ranges from heavy clay to
Principal products: Alfalfa, oats, barley, potatoes and sugar

light sandy loam.
beets.

Principal markets: Billings, :Montana;
Denver, Colorado; Kansas City, Missouri.

St. Paul and Minneapolis, Minnesota;

Capital is fairly treated in Montana; but it is also required to play fair.

03

o

so

o

CO

o

IRRIGATION 93

LOWER YELLOWSTONE PROJECT.

Location.

Counties: Dawson, Mont.; McKenzie, N. D.

Townships: 18 to 26 North, Range 5G to GO E., Montana Meridian; 150 to 152 N.,
R. 104 W., Fifth Principal Meridian.

Railroads: Northern Pacific, Great Northern and Missouri River Railway.

Railroad stations and estimated population, January 1, 1913: Intake, 75; Burns,
25; Savage, 255; Crane, 25; Sidney, 450.

Water Supply.

Source of water supply: Yellowstone River.
Area of drainage 'basin: 6G,000 square miles.

Annual run-off in acre feet: Yellowstone River at Glendive, Montana, 1903-1912;
maximum, 13,300,000; minimum, 8,500,000; mean, 10,800,000.

Data for Complete Project.

Diversion dam,: Type, rock-filled timber weir; maximum hight, 12 feet; length
of crest, 700 feet; length of rock .fill, 700 feet; volume, 14,000 cubic yards.

Length of canals: 49 miles with capacities greater than 300 second-feet; 19
miles with capacities from 50 to 800 second-feet; 190 miles with capacities less than
50 second-feet.

Dikes: Aggregate length, 35,600 feet.

Water power: Estimated 290 horse power; none developed.

Irrigable area: Entire project, GO, 116 acres; first unit, 40,914 acres; extensions,
19,202 acres.

Present status of irrigable land: Entered subject to Reclamation Act, 14,068.0
acres; open to entry, 3,845.0 acres; state lands, 1,644 acres; private lands, 40,559.0
acres.

Results to June 30, 1913.

Canals: 49 miles with capacities from 301 to 800 second-feet; 19 miles with
capacities from 50 to 300 second-feet; 133.2 miles with capacities less than 50
second-feet.

Waste waiter ditches and drains: 31 miles.

Diversion dams: Completed.

Dikes or levees for protection from overflow: Total length, 35,600 feet; volume,
138,276 cubic yards.

Canal structures: Costing over $2,000 each: Concrete, 48; wood, 1. Costing
from $500 to $2,000 each: Concrete, 90; wood, 4. Costing from $100 to $500 each:
Concrete, 48; wood, 54. Costing less than $100 each: Concrete, 71; wood, 1,183.

Bridges: Steel, 15 with lengths of 50 feet or more; 16 with lengths less than
50 feet; total length, 1,474 feet. Combination, 6 with lengths of less than 50 feet;
total length, 155 feet. Wood, 8 with a length of 50 feet or more; 122 with lengths
less than 50 feet; total length, 1,960 feet.

Culverts: Concrete, 37; length, 3,678 feet. Wood, 192; length, 3,817 feet. Terra
cotta, 31; length, 2,913 feet.

Pipe laid: Terra cotta, 16,783 feet.

Flumes: Concrete, 10; length, 840 feet. Wood, 29; length, 1,073 feet.

Buildings: Offices, 4; residences, 23; barns and storehouses, 18.

Wells: 7; aggregate dep*th, 200 feet.

Roads: 10.5 miles.

Telephone lines: 80 miles. Telephones In use, 24.

Material excavated: Class 1 .earth, 6,326,473 cubic yards; class 2, indurated
material, 182,733 cubic yards; class 3, rock, 189,111 cubic yards.

Riprap: 18,736 cubic yards.

Cement used: 27,345 barrels.

Agricultural and Climatic Conditions.

Area for which the service is prepared to deliver water, season of 1913, 37,799
acres.

Area under water right applications, season 1913: 29,737.

Length of irrigating season: May 15 to October 10; 148 days.

Average elevation irrigable area: 1,900 feet.

Average annual rainfall on irrigable area: 16.5 inches for seven years; 18.9
for 1912.

— Montana fruits and niellons are everywhere in demand.

H

MONT AX A 191 J,

Range of temperature on irrigable area: -4G to 110 degrees F.

Character of soil of irrigable area: Deep sandy loam predominates; some alkali
and gumbo.

Principal products: Grain, forage crops and vegetables.

Principal markets: Minneapolis, St. Paul and Duluth, Minn.; local markets
consume forage crops and vegetables.

MILK RIVER PROJECT.
Location.

Counties: Teton, Hill, Blaine and Valley.

Townships: 34 to 37 N., R. 14 W.; 34 N., R. 15 W.; 37 N., Rs. 11 to 13 W.;
27 to 33 N., Rs. 17 to 42 E., Montana Meridian.

Railroads: Great Northern and Canadian Pacific.

Railroad stations and estimated population, January 1, 1913: Browning: Havre,
4,500; Chinook, 1,000; Harlem, 450; Savoy, 40; Coburg, 30; Dodson, 200; Wagner, 75;
Malta, 650; Saco, 600; Hinsdale, 250; Glasgow, 1,500, and Nashua, 150; Montana;
Cardston and Woolford, Canada.

Water Supply.
Source of water supply: St. Mary Lakes, Swift Current Creek and Milk
Area of drainage basin: St. Mary Lakes and Swift Current Creek, 292
Havre. 5,050 square miles; Milk River at Malta, 10,700
Hinsdale, 17,300 square miles.

acre feet of Milk River: At Havre (5.050 square miles), 1898

426,000; minimum, 17.100; mean, 227,140. At Malta (14,000

to 1912: Maximum 675,000; minimum, 51,000; mean. 380,240.

River,
square
square

miles; ]Milk River at
miles; Milk River at

Annual run-off in
to 1912: Maximum,
square miles), 1903

At Hinsdale (17.300 square miles), 1909 to 1912: Maximum 1,229,000; minimum,
228,000; mean, 594,600.

Data for Complete Project.

Reservoirs: St. Mary Lakes — Area 6,910 acres; capacity, 218,000 acre-feet;
length of spillway, 500 feet; elevation of spillway, 40 feet above water surface of the
natural lake. Sherburne Lakes — Height of dam, probably 95 feet; capacity, about
100,000 acre-feet; area, 2,000 acres. Red Eagle Lakes — Height of dam, area, etc., not
determined; capacity, probably about 5,000 acre-feet. Nelson Reservoir — Area, 6,380
acres; capacity, 141,815 acre-feet; no spillway.

Storage dams: St. Mary La,kes — Type, earth embankment, height is dependent
upon which of the conditions, as shown in the following table, is chosen:

Spillway
Elevation.

Effective

Storage

Height of Dam.

Storage
Capacity
Acre-feet.

Dam at lower site

Dam at lower site

Dam at lower site and
Canal between lakes...
Dam at lower site and.

Dam at upper site

Dam at lower site and.

Dam at upper site

Dam at lower site and.
Dam at upper site and
Canal between lakes...

4500
4485
4485
4480
4485
4500
4485
4509
4485

4500

34

46

218.000

31

116,000

31

150.000

26

116,000

31

184,000

34

31

218,000

43

31

218,000

Most probable choice, maximum height. 45 feet; effective storage height, 31
feet; length of crest, 2,600 feet; volume, 135,000 cubic yards. Sherburne Lakes —
Type earth embankment; height, probably 95 feet; length of crest, 900 feet; volume,
300,000 cubic yards. Red Eagle Lake — Type, rubble masonry (probably) ; height,
not determined. Nelson Reservoir — Type, earth embankment; maximum height, 33
feet; length of crest, 15,135 feet; volume. 911.540 cubic yards.

Diversion Dams: Swiftcurrent Creek — Type, earth embankment backed by tim-
ber crib, rock-filled; length. 2,800 feet; maximum height, 13 feet. Chinook — Type, tim-
ber crib, rock-filled, with concrete abutments; maximum height and length not deter-
mined. Dodson — Timber crib, rock-filled, with automatic crest; maximum height.

— If you want a home get it in Montana and get it note.

IRRIGATION 95

2G feet; length, 318 feet, 7 inches. Vandalia — Type, re-enforced concrete dam,
Ambursen type; height, 26 feet apron to fixed crest (34 feet bottom of abutment to
fixed crest), with top 6 feet movable; length, 320 feet; length of auxiliary spillway,
1,200 feet.

Length of canals: St. Mary Canal — Length, 28.8 miles; capacity, 850 second-
feet. Chinook division not determined. Malta division — 44 miles with capacity
greater than SOO second-feet (including 1.4 miles of slough, 0.8 miles Peoples Creek
and 0.5 miles of natural basin) ; 110 miles with capacities from 50 to 300 second-
feet; 190 miles with capacities less than 500 second-feet. Glasgow division — 41
miles with capacities 50 to 300 second-feet; 60 miles with capacities less than 50
second-feet.

Pressure pipes: There will be a lO-foot concrete pipe under Kennedy Creek
of total length 200 feet, operating under a pressure head of 10 feet; a double barrel
7%-foot steel pipe across the St. Mary River of total length of 3,300 feet, operating
under a pressure head of 150 feet; and a double barrel 6%-foot steel pipe across
Halls Coulee, of total length 1,500 feet, operating under a pressure head of 95 feet.

Aggregate length of dikes: Malta division (constructed), 28,265 feet.

Irrigable area: There are no irrigable lands in the St. Mary Storage feature.
The St. Mary Storage feature of the Milk River Project comprises the storage
of the waters of the St. Mary River and their diversion into the North Fork of Milk
River only. Entire project, 219,557 acres (Malta division works completed for
12,800 acres).

Present status of irrigable land: 43,700 acres entered subject to Reclamation
Act; 28,300 acres public lands unentered; 8,700 acres state lands; 108,857 acres in
private ownership; 30,000 acres Indian lands.

Results to June 30, 1913.
St. Mary Storage Feature —

Canals: With capacities greater than 800 second-feet, 3 miles.

Bridges: Wood, 2 more than 50 feet in length; 20 less than 50 feet in length;
total length, 50G feet.

Buildings: Offices, 3; residenees, 6; dormitories, 21; messhouses, 7; barns and
storehouses, 22; blacksmith shops, 3; sawmill, 1.

Roads: 65 miles.

Telephone lines: 83 miles. Telephones in use, 5.

Material excavated: Class 1, earth, 406,500 cubic yards; class 2, undurated
material, 4,581 cubic yards; class 3, rock, 5,078 yards.
Milk River Project —

Canals: 8 miles with capacities more than 800 second-feet; 12% miles with
capacities from 50 to 300 second-feet; 35.4 miles with capacities less than 50
second-feet.

Waste water ditches and drains: 16 miles.

Diversion dams: Valume — Masonry 163 cubic yards; earth, 5,900 cubic yards;
rock fill, 8,350 cubic yards; crib, 8,363 cubic yards.

Dikes and levees for protection from overflow; total length, 29,800 feet; volume,
144,442 cubic yards.

Canal structures: Concrete— 13, costing over $2,000 each; 9, costing from $500
to $2,000 each; 14, costing from $100 to $500 each. Wood— 1, costing over $2,000;
21, costing from $100 to $500 each; 343 costing less than $100 each.

Bridges: Steel — 1 over 50 feet in length; 1 less than 50 feet in length; total
length, 155 feet. Wood — 2 over 50 feet in length; 31 less than 50 feet in length;
total length, 872 feet.

Culverts: Concrete— 1, 518 feet. Wood— 7, length 108 feet. Vitrified pipe— 8,
length 1,030 feet.

Flumes: Steel— 4. length 322 feet. Wood— 9, length 2,122 feet.

Buildings: Offices, 1; residences, 6; barns and storehouses, including bunk-
houses and messhouses, 6.

Wells: 3; aggregate depth, 200 feet.

Roads: 3% miles.

Telephone lines: Rented. Telephones in use, 8.

Material excavated: Class 1, 2,397,770 cubic yards; class 2, 8,357 cubic yards;
class 3, 5,1131/^ cubic yards.

Riprap: 7,164 cubic yards.

Paving: 4,499 square yards.

Cement used: 4,128 barrels.

Concrete placed: 3,304 cubic yards.

— Wheat pays good profits in Montana,

o

so

s

o

^

IRRIGATION 97

Agricultural and Climatic Conditions.

Area for which the service is prepared to supply water, season 1913, 12,800 acres.

Area under rental contracts, season of 1913: 1,170 acres.

Length of irrigating season: From March 1 to September 15, 199 days.

Average elevation of St. Mary Storage: 4,500 feet above sea level.

Average elevation of irrigable area: 2,200 feet above sea level.

Average annual rainfall on St. Mary Storage: About 24 inches. Rainfall at
Babb, Montana, 1912, 22.7 inches.

Average annual rainfall on irrigable area: For 30 years at Havre, 13.58 inches
(for 1912 at Havre, 12.26 inches); for 7 years at Malta, 13. 7G inches; for 1912 at
Malta, 17.56 inches.

Range of temperature on irrigable area: -50 to 103 degrees F.

Character of soil of irrigable area: Sandy loam and gumbo.

Principal products: Alfalfa, hay, grain and vegetables.

Principal markets: Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minn. Local.

SUN RIVER PROJECT.
Location.
Counties: Teton, Lewis and Clark and Chouteau.
Townships: 20 to 25 North, Rs. 3 E. to 8 W., Montana Meridian.
Railroads: Great Northern; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.

Railroad stations: Vaughn, Power, Button, Collins, Largent, Fort Shaw, Simms,
Riebling, Gilman and Choteau, Montana.

Water Supply.

Source of water supply: Sun River and tributaries Deep Creek, Bowl Creek
and Basin Creek.

Area of drainage basin: Sun River, 1,070 square miles; Deep Creek, 260 square
miles; Bowl Creek, 9 square miles; Basin Creek, 15 square miles.

Annual run-off in acre-feet: 1905-1912, North Fork of Sun River, near Augusta;
maximum, 805,000; minimum, 378,000; mean, 640,000. Willow Creek, near Augusta,
1906-1912; maximum, 35,300; minimum, 7,900; mean, 21,000. Sun River at Sun River,
1906-1911; maximum, 1,140,000; minimum 390,000; mean, 816,000. South Fork of Run
River, near Augusta, 1905-1912; maximum, 147,000; minimum, 28,000; mean, 75,000.

Data for Complete Project.

Reservoirs: Willow Creek — Area, 2,696 acres; capacity, 86,000 acre-feet; length
of spillway, 200 feet; elevation of spillway, 100 feet above stream bed. Sun River
Storage— Area, 3,540 acres; capacity, 269,000 acre-feet; length of spillway, 580 feet;
elevation of spillway above stream bed, 321 feet. Pishkun — Area, 1,542 acres;
capacity, 45,700 acre-feet. Mudd Creek — Area, 1,828 acres; capacity, 33,000 acre-feet.
Benton Lake — Area, 9,300 acres; capacity, 144,000 acre-feet.

Storage dam: Willow Creek — Type, earth fill; maximum height, 110 feet; length
of crest, 1,045 feet; volume, 452,000 cubic yards. Sun River Storage — Type, masonry;
maximum height, 329 feet; length of crest, 989 feet; volume, 296,500 cubic yards.
Jishkun — Type, earth fill; maximum height, 48 feet; length of crest, 3,500 feet;
volume, 440,000 cubic yards. Benton Lake — Type, earth fill; maximum height, 35 feet;
length of crest, 120 feet; volume, 12,000 cubic yards.

Diversion dams: Sun River — Type, concrete masonry; maximum height, 140
feet; length of crest, 190 feet; volume, 3,300 cubic yards. Deep Creek — Type, re-
enforced concrete weir; maximum height, 12 feet; length of crest, 100 feet; volume,
500 cubic yards.

Length of canals: Fort Shaw Unit — 18 miles, with capacity of from 50 to 300
second-feet. Project as far as surveyed, 240 miles, with capacities greater than 300
second-feet; 110 miles, with capacities from 50 to 300 second-feet; 140 miles, with
capacities less than 50 second-feet; balance of canals not located.

Tunnels: Number, 5; aggregate, length, 4,980 feet.

Dikes: Number, 5; aggregate length, 22,000 feet.

Irrigable area entire project, 216,346 acres; Fort Shaw Unit. 16,346 acres.

Present status of irrigable lands: 110,477 acres entered subject to the Reclama-
tion Act; 2,405 acres open to entry; 54,108 acres withdrawn from entry; 14.680 acres
state land; 34,676 acres in private ownership.

Results to June 30, 1913.

Canal structures: Costing over $2,000 each — Concrete, 6. Costing from $500 to
$2,000 each— Concrete, 6. Costing from $100 to $500 each— Concrete, 38; wood, 16.
Costing less than $100 each — Concrete, 135; wood, 473.

Bridges: Steel — 8, less than 50 feet in length; total length, 225 feet. Combina-

— The more Montana ground is cultivated, the better the crop.

98

MONTANA 19U

tion — 1, 60 feet in length. Wood — 2, 50 feet or more in length; 2G less than 50 feet
in length; total length, 973 feet. Total length of all bridges, 1,258 feet.

Culverts: Concrete— 59; length, 1,935 feet. Wood— 57; length, 1,01G feet.

Pipe laid: Concrete, 1,627 feet; steel, 610 feet.

Flumes: Steel, 2; length, 330 feet. Wood, 1; length, 60 feet.

Buildings: Offices, 5; residences, 30; barns and storehouses, 15; messhouses, 3.

Wells: 3; aggregate depth, 212 feet.

Roads: 34 miles.

Telephone lines: 95 miles. Telephones in use, 21.

Material excavated: Class 1, earth, 737,828 cubic yards; class 2, indurated ma-
terial, 23,400 cubic yards. Class 3, rock, 7,083 cubic yards; wet, 26,089 cubic yards;
puddle, 9,054 cubic yards.

Riprap: 7,999 cubic yards.

Paving: 714 square yards.

Cement used: 5,288 barrels.

Concrete placed: 4,457 cubic yards.

Agricultural and Climatic Conditions.

Area for which the service is prepared to supply water, season of 1913, 16,34G
acres. Area under water right applications, season 1913, 11,073 acres.
Length of irrigation season: May 15 to October 1 — 138 days.
Average elevation of irrigable area: 3,700 feet above sea level.

LEGEND
U. S RECLAMATION SCRVICE PROJECTS UNDER

^((construction and partial operation
"^mnvestigated

GTrECLAHATION service INDIAN PROJECTS UNDER
I CONSTRUCTION AND PARTIAL OPERATION

DEPARTHINT OF THE INTKKIOB

UNITED STATES RECLAMATION SERVICE

NORTHERN DIVISION

H N SAVAGK 6UPERVI6ISQ ENGnreMl
eCALB OP MILES

Reclamation Projects in Montana.

IRRIGATIOA 99

Average annual rainfall on irrigable area for 25 years: 12 inches; 1912, 9.84
inches.

Range of temperature on irrigable area: -40 to 100 degrees.

Character of soil of irrigable area: Sandy loam clay, adobe and alluvium.

Principal products: Hay, grain and vegetables.

Principal markets: Great Falls, Helena and Butte, Montana.

BLACKFOOT (INDIAN) PROJECT.

Location.

County: Teton.

Townships: 31 to 34 North, Ranges 5 to 10 West; 29 North, Range 8 West;
30 North, Ranges 6 to 9 West; and 35 North, Ranges G to 7 West, Montana Meridian.

Railroad: Great Northern.

Railroad stations and estimated population: Browning, 250; Blackfoot, 50; Bom-
bay; Seville; Garnet; Glacier Park, 100; Cut Bank, 800.

Water Supply.

Source of water supply: Cut Bank, Two Medicine, Badger, Birch, Whitehall and
Blacktail Creeks.

Area of drainage basins: 1,700 square miles.

Annual run-off in acre-feet: Cut Bank Creek at Cut Banks (971 square miles),
190G to 1911— Maximum, 269,000; minimum, 142,000; mean, 200,000. Two Medicine
Creek at Family (368 square miles), 1907 to 1911— Mean, 341,000. Badger Creek at
Family (224 square miles), 1907 to 1911 — Mean, 191,000. Birch Creek at Dupuyer
(155 square miles), 1907 to 1911— Mean, 116,000.

Data for Complete Project.

Reservoirs: Two Medicine Lake — Area, 854 acres; capacity, 16,000 acre-feet;
length of spillway, 5G feet; elevation of spillway, 25i/4 feet above stream bed. Spring
Lake — Area, 1,400 acres; capacity, 29,000 acre-feet; length of spillway, 50 feet;
elevation of spillway, 455 feet above stream bed. Four Horns — Area, 1,867 acres;
capacity, 60,640 acre-feet; length of spillway, 50 feet; elevation of spillway, 57 feet
above stream bed.

Storage dams: Two Medicine Lake — Type, earth embankment with rock-filled
log crib and re-enforced concrete controlling works; maximum height, 3G feet; length
of crest, 900 feet. Spring Lake — Type, earth fill; maximum height, 50 feet; length
of crest, 1,500 feet; volume, 75,000 cubic yards. Four Horns — Type, earth fill; maxi-
mum bight, 62 feet; height of crest, 2,225 feet; volume, 149,000 cubic yards.

Diversion dams: For Badger, Birch and Cut Bank Creeks, not designed. Two
Medicine — Type, brush and rock; maximum height, 4 feet; length of weir, 165 feet;
length of earth fill, 1,000 feet.

Length of canals: 40 miles, with capacities greater than 300 second-feet; 144
miles, with capacities from 50 to 300 second feet; 600 miles, with capacities less than
50 second-feet.

Dikes: Aggregate length, 800 feet.

Irrigable area: Entire project, 122,500 acres: Two Medicine Unit, 48,000 acres;
Badger Unit, 33,000 acres; Cut Bank and Carlow Units, 38,000 acres; Birch Unit.
3,500 acres.

Present status of irrigable land: AH lands on Indian reservation principally
allotted to Indians.

Results to June 30, 1913.

Canals: 62 miles, with capacities from 50 to 300 second-feet; 154 miles with
capacities less than 50 second-feet.

Canal structures: Costing over $2,000 each: Concrete, 3; wood, 1. Costing
from $500 to $2,000 each: Concrete, 5; wood, 7. Costing from $100 to $500 each:
Concrete, 16; wood, G. Costing less than $100 each: Concrete, 83; wood, 1,064.

Bridges: Wood, 1, more than 50 feet in length; 33, less than 50 feet in length;
total length, 733 feet.

Culverts: Concrete, 13; length, 1,142 feet. Wood, 87; length, 5,629 feet.

Pipe laid: Concrete, 2,687 feet; steel (corrugated), 1,346 feet.

Flumes: Steel, 2; length, 800 feet. Wood, 3; length, 503 feet.

Buildings: Offices, 1; residences, 1; barns and storehouses, 2.

Wells, 6; aggregate depth, 184 feet.

Roads: 7 miles.

Telephone lines: 109 miles. Telephones in use, 11.

Material excavated: Class 1, earth, 1,357,736 cubic yards; class 2, undurated
material, 38,168 cubic yards; class 3, i-ock, 79,817 cubic yards.

Riprap: 550 cubic yards.

— A vast acerage of Montana stump land awaits clearing and cultivation.

100

MONTANA 19U

Paving: 4,250 square yards.
Cement used: 2,781 barrels.
Concrete placed: 2,888 cubic yards.

Agricultural and Climatic Conditions.

Area for which service is prepared to I'uniish water, season 1913: 2G,649 acres.

Area irrigated season of 1913: None to June 30.

Length of irrigating season: May 1 to September 30, 153 days.

Average elevation of irrigable area: 3,850 feet above sea level.

Average annual rainfall on irrigable area: 16 inches; 10.32 inches in 1912.

Range of temperature on irrigable area: -44 to 100 degrees.

Character of soil of irrigable area: Principally rich, sandy loam; some gravelly
loam and gumbo.

Principal markets: Great Northern Railway towns from St. Paul to the Pacific
Coast. Local demand for hay for stock feeding.

Principal products: Hay, grain and vegetables.

FLATHEAD (INDIAN) PROJECT.
Location.

Counties: Flathead, Missoula, Sanders.

Townships: 15 to 25 North, Ranges 17 to 25 West, Montana Meridian.

Railroad: Northern Pacific.

Railroad stations: Evaro, Arlee, Ravalli, Dixon and Perma, Montana.

Water Supply.

Source of water supply: Flathead, Jocko and Little Bitter Root Rivers; Mud,
Crow, Post, Mission, Dry, Finley, Agency, Big Knife and Valley Creeks, and about
60 smaller streams.

Area of drainage basin: 8,000 square miles.

Annual run-off in acre-feet of Flathead River at Poison, 1908 to 1911: Mean,
8,420,000.

Data for Complete Project.

Reservoirs: IG; aggregate area, 117,550 acres; aggregate capacity, 1,944,970
acre-feet as follows

Reservoir.

n

O

03

a
en

o
m

p

S

P (0

cr <
o P
< c.

(D p

w ^
ir>-

CD >-b
P

!t

• P

• v;

Big Draw

Dog Lake

Dry Fork

Flathead Lake (Newell Dam)

Flubbart

Kickinghorse

Little Bitter Root Lake

Lower Crow Creek

McConnell

^McDonald Lake

Mission

Ninepipe

Pablo

Poison

St. Mary's Lake

Twin

Acres.

901

160

250

107,000

480

675

3,000

300

100

220

300

2,100

1,630

70

300

70

Acre-Ft.

9,330

3,200

1,918

1,800,000

20,000
6.800
6,000
9,485
2,000

10,600
8,300

29,600

15,100
1,700

25,000
937

Feet.

100

100

1,000

50

20
100

200
100

50

Feet.

25
30
25
180
108
23
3
82
40
51
74
36
30
80
52
25

-It is not unusual for Montana farmers to pay for their land with one crop.

IRRIGATION

101

Storage dams, as follows:

Storage Dams ajid Type.

B

Big Draw — Earth

Dog Lake — Loose rock and earth

Dry Fork— Earth

Hubbart — Loose rock and earth

Kickinghorse — Earth

Little Bitter Root Lake — Earth

Little Crow Creek — Earth

McConnell — Earth

McDonald Lake — Loose rock and earth

Mission — Loose rock and earth

Newell — Concrete

Ninepipe — Earth

Pablo — Earth

Poison — Earth

St. Mary's Lake — Loose rock and earth
Twin— Earth

Feet.

Feet.

Cu. Yds.

35

3,G00

137,000

35

2,250

67,000

33

1,860

130,000

118

450

302,000

31

3,700

181,000

10

300

4,000

92

860

330,000

45

1,130

71,000

57

1,500

214,000

80

2,500

346,000

170

850

100,000

38

2,180

162,000

46

14,000

1,028,000

85

1,100

170,000

58

2,200

140,000

30

1.600

46.000

Sun River Canyon,

Where an Arch Darn ISO Feet in Height is Now {Dec. 1913) Being
Constructed.

102 MONTANA 19U

Diversion Dams: Mainly log crib type, rock filled; dimensions not determined.

Length of canals: 14 miles, with capacities greater than 300 second-feet; 82
miles, with capacities from 50 to 300 second-feet; 800 miles, with capacities less than
50 second-feet.

Tunnels: Aggregate length, 2,300 feet.

Water power: None developed. Possibility of developing about 300,000 horse-
power from Flathead River and principal mountain streams.

Irrigable area: 152,000 acres, as follows: Jocko Division, IG.OOO acres; Mission
Division, 23,000 acres; Post Division, 30,000 acres; Crow Division, 14,000 acres;
Pablo Division, 40,000 acres; Poison Division, 6,000 acres; Big Arm Division, 3,000
acres; Camas Division, 20,000 acres.

Present status of irrigable land: Entered under acts of congress approved
April 23, 1904, and May 29, 1908, about 70,000 acres; open to entry, about 2,000 acres;
withdrawn from entry, none; state lands, 5,000 acres; private lands, 75,000 acres,
mostly Indian allotments.

Results to June 30, 1913,

Canals: 10.73 miles, with capacities from 301 to 800 second-feet; 54.98 miles,
with capacities from 50 to 300 second-feet; 224.97 miles, with capacities less than
50 second-feet.

Tunnels: 1; total length, 1,703 feet.

Storage dams: Volume, earth, 331,428 cubic yards.

Canal structures: Costing over $2,000 each— Concrete, 17. Costing from $500 to
$2,000 each— Concrete, 13; wood, 5. Costing from $100 to $500 each— Concrete, 71;
wood, 75. Costing less than $100 each— Concrete, 9; wood, 833.

Bridges: Wood, 12^ less than 50 feet in length; total length, 2,183 feet.

Culverts: Concrete, 5; length, 345 feet. Wood, 72; length, 1,292 feet. Cast iron,
2; length, 78 feet.

Pipe laid: Concrete, 1,102 feet; cast iron, 78 feet.

Flumes: Wood, 40; length, 7,768 feet.

Buildings: Offices, 5; residences, 22; barns and storehouses, 12.

Roads: 9 miles.

Telephone lines: 98 miles. Telephones in use, 17.

Material excavated: Class 1, earth, 1,928,796 cubic yards; class 2, indurated
material, 6,100,859 cubic yards; class 3, rock, 25,060 cubic yards.

Riprap: 438 cubic yards.

Paving: 12,612 square yards.

Cement used: 5,333 barrels.

Concrete placed: 4,300 cubic yards.

Agricultural and Climatic Conditions.

Area for which the service is prepared to supply water, season of 1913: 38,000
acres.

Area under water rental applications, season of 1913, 11,444 acres.

Length of irrigating season: May 1 to September 30, 153 days.

Average elevaition of irrigable area: 3,000 feet above sea level.

Average annual rainfall on irrigable area: At St. Ignatius, Mont., station, 16.24
inches; 1912 season, 16.7 Inches; probably less on average area.

Range of temperature on irrigable area: -30 to 96 degrees F.

Character of soil of irrigable area: Varies from light sandy loam to heavy clay.

Principal markets: Missoula, Butte, Anaconda, and other mining and lumber
towns and camps.

Principal products: Grain, hay, apples, vegetables, small fruits and cattle.

FORT PECK (INDIAN) PROJECT.
Location.

Counties: Valley, Sheridan.

Townships: 26 to 33 N., Rs. 39 to 56 E., Montana Meridian.

Railroad: Great Northern.

Railroad stations and estlamted population, January 1, 1913: Wlota, Kintyre,
Frazer, 10; Oswego, 20; Lohmiller; Wolf Point, 250; Macon; Chelsea; Poplar, 600;
Sprole; Brockton, 100; Calais, and Blair, Montana.

Water Supply.

Source of water supply: Missouri and Poplar Rivers; Big Porcupine, Little
Porcupine, Wolf, Smoke and Big Muddy Creeks.

Area of drainage toasin: Missouri River, 85,000 square miles; Poplar River,
3,000 square miles.

Annual run-off in acre-feet (1909-1912): Poplar River, mean, 74,300; Big Porcu-
pine Creek at Nashua, mean, 20,000; Little Corcupine Creek, near Fraser, mean,

— Water, sunshine and soil make crops; Montana has all three in abundance.

IRRIGATIO.\

103

near Culbertson, mean, 24,200.

acre-feet,
slopes; volume,

34,000 cubic

7,000; Wolf Creek at Wolf Point, mean, G.700: Big Muddy,

Data for Complete Project.
Little Porcupine Unit —

Storage reservoir: Area, 390 acres; capacity, 3,900
Storage dam: Type, earth with brush mattress on
yards of earth; 9,400 cubic yards brush mattress.

Diversion dam: Little Porcupine — Type, concrete weir on rock-filled timber crib
base; maximum height, 4 feet; length, 150 feet.

Length of canals: 1 mile, with capacity from 50 to 300 second-feet; 13 miles,
with capacity of less than 50 second-feet.

Irrigable area: 2,000.
Poplar River Unit —

Diversion Dam "B" canal: Type, concrete weir on rock-filled timber crib base;
maximum height, 4 feet; length, 300 feet.

Length of canal: 11 miles, with capacity over 50 second-feet; 22 miles, with
capacity less than 50 second-feet.
Dike: Length, 700 feet.
Poplar River "C" canal: 18
feet; 48 miles, with capacity less
"A" canal: Dimensions not
Irrigable area: 28,000 a;cres.
Porcupine Unit —

Diversion dam: Dimensions not determined.
Length of canal: 7 miles; 70 second-feet capacity.
Irrigable area: 4,000 acres.
Muddy Unit — '

Storage reservoirs: Wolf Creek; capacity, 4,550 acre-feet;
5,300 acre-feet.

Wolf Creek — Type, earth; contents, 85,300
contents, 75,600 cubic yards.
3: dimensions not determined.
16,000 acres.
Unit—
on Missouri River.

miles of canal, with
than 50 second-feet,
determined.

capacity of over 50 second-

Big

Big

Storage dams:
Creek — Type, earth;

Diversion dams:

Irrigable area:
Missouri River

Headworks

Smoke Creek, capacity,
cubic yards. Smoke

Length of canal
Siphon: Under
Iri-igable area:

100 miles, with capacity
Milk River, -500 feet long.
84,000 acres.

of 625 second-feet at headworks.

Main Canal Looking South, Loiver Yellowstone Project.

lOi

MONTANA 19U

Distribution system: First development to irrigate 00,000 acres; final develop-
ment, 24,000 acres additional.
Galpin Bottom Pumping Unit —

Location irrigable areas: Ts. 20 and 27 N., Rs. 41 and 42 E.

Proposed works: Pumping equipment for 20-foot lift with canals and distribu-
tion system to cover irrigable area of 10,000 acres.
Milk River Pumping Unit —

Location irrigable areas: Ts. 20 and 27 N., Rs. 42, 43 and 44 E.

Proposed works: Pumping plant to lift water from 10 to 20 feet out of Missouri
River Gravity Canal and distribution system for irrigable area of 8,000 acres.
Entire Project —

Irrigable area: 152,000 acres.

Present status: Practically all lands in Indian Reservation and chiefly allotted
to Indians.

Results to June 30, 1913.

Canals: 22 miles, with capacities from 50 to 300 second-feet; 35 miles, with
capacities less than 50 second-feet.

Storage dams: Volume, 34,000 cubic yards of earth.

Diversion dams: 2; 450 feet long, 4-foot concrete weirs; volume, 475 cubic yards
of concrete.

Canal structures: Concrete— 7, costing over $2,000 each; 5, costing from $500
to $2,000 each; 22, costing from $100 to $500 each; 4, costing less than $100 each.

Canal structures: Wood— 1, costing from $100 to $500 each; 108, costing less
than $100 each.

Bridges: Combination, 1; length, 30 feet; wood, 13; total length, 219 feet.

Buildings: Offices, 1; residences, 7; barns and storehouses, 5.

Material excavated: Class 1, earth, 508,000 cubic yards; class 2. earth, 2,201
yards.

Cement used: 1,118 barrels.

Concrete placed: 1,140 cubic yards.

Agricultural and Climatic Conditions.
Area for which service is prepared to supply water, season 1913: Little Porcu-
pine Unit, 2,125 acres; Poplar River Unit, 5,000 acres.
Area irrigated, season 1913: 700 to .Tune 30.

Length of irrigating season: Prom April 1 to August 15, 137 days.
Average elevation of irrigable area: 2,000 feet above sea level.
Average rainfall on irrigable area: 13 inches. 1912, 12.7 inches.
Range of temperature on irrigable area: -40 to 100 degrees F.
Character of soil of irrigable area: Heavy clay and loam.
Principal products: Hay, grain and vegetables.
Principal markets: Local.

The following table gives a summary of the reclamation projects in Montana:
Reclamation Service Projects in Montana.

PROJECT

Estimated

Total

Irrigable

Area— Acres

Area for
Which Irriga-
tion Works
Have Been
Completed —
Acres

Area

Irrigated

Season- 1913

—Acres

Total
Expenditure
to June 30,

J913

Estimated Total
Cost of Project

Huntley

32,405

00,110

219,557]

210,340

528,424

30,042,

37,799

12,800

16,346

97,587

15,790
7.000
2,545
7,500

33,501

$ 1,244,344.49
3,194,205.52
1,782.749.30
1,188,229.80

$ 7.409.009.17

$ 1.121,000.00

Lower Yellowstone

Milk River

3,030,000.00
*7.211,000.00

Sun River

*10,721.000.00

Reclamation Service.

$22,083,000.00

Indian Service Projects in Montana.

Blackfeet

Flathead

Fort Peck

Total, Indian Service
Total Montana . . . .

122,500| 20,049 0| $ 814. GOG. 09,*$ 4,287,500.00

**152,000| 38,000 4,C31| 1,214,501.78' 4,829,520.00

***152,000| 7,500 550 298,225.071 4,028,000.00

420,5001 72,149 5,181| 2,327,453.54! 13,745,020.00

954,924] 169,730! 38,832! $ 9.737,002.71] $35,828,020.00

Other Reclamation Service Projects.

Shoshone. Wyoming . . .

104,122

41,310

19,453

$ 4,183,232.41

$ 9,452,000.00

North Dakota Pumping.

20,314

12,239

1,739

958,550.01

1.200,000.00

Total, Other Projects..

190,436

53,549

21,192

5,141,789.02

10,712,000.00

Northern Division . . .

1,145,360

223,285

59,874

$14,878,851.73

$40,540,020.00

*Preliminary estimate, subject to material change after construction.
**Includes Grow, Big Arm and Camas Divisions, 37,000 acres.
***Includes Galpin Bottom and Milk River Pumping Units, 18,000 acres.

The Forests

More Than Eighteen Million Acres
of Timber-Land in Montana Arc
Administered by the Federal Gov-
enment, Furnishing Grazing to
livestock and Conserving State's
Timber and Water Resources.

By F. A. SILCOX,

District Forester of the United States
Forest Service.

Supplementing its 60,000,000 acres of rich valley and bench, agricultural
and grazing lands, Alontana has approximately 30 million acres of mountain
lands, for the most part timbered. Of this mountainous area 18,977,580
acres are included within National Forests. The best data available rough-
ly classifies national forest area 73% timber: 20% open grazing parks inter-
mixed with the timber; 2% agricultural; 5% barren, rocky mountain tops.

The area classified as timber land includes all of the ground
Area and upon which now stands or upon which will grow timber either
Value of the for commercial use or Avatershed protection. Protection forests
Forest cover about 2,874,000 acres and are located on the headwaters

Resources, of streams in the high ranges and have little or no commercial
value. Commercial forests cover about 7,882,000 acres. The
timber is yellow pine, lodgepolc, larch, red fir, hemlock, white fir, white
pine and cedar, either in pure stands or stands of varying mixtures.

The total estimated stand of commercial timber in the State of Montana
is approximately 65,600.000 M. feet B. M., of which 33% is in private owner-

-Several transcontinental railroads stretch ribbons of civilization across Montana.

106

MONTANA 19U

ship, 6% in State ownership. 3% inchided in national parks and on un-
reserved oubHc lands, and yS% controlled bv the national
Figures forests. Some idea of the amount of this timber can be secured

That when it is considered that one billion feet of timber will load

Astound a string of freight cars 417 miles long, or it would build 65,000

By Their ordinary five or six-room houses. This State resource, figured
Vastness. at an average stum]Dage of $2.00 per ]\I.. represents a direct
money value of approximately $131,200,000. Turning this tim-
ber into lumber means $10 in wages and supplies and an equal amount for

Making a Farm and Orchard Out of a "Stump" Ranch in the Mountains.

freight for every thousand feet manufactured.

SunTming up, the commercial value of the forests of the State in all
ownerships represents an
aggregate community wealth
of approximately $1,443,-
200.000. To a state whose

greatest resource is its agri-
cultural lands, the value of
such a body of timber is in-
calcuable. Enormous

amounts of timber are need-
ed for the development of
its lands for building pur-
poses. The old sod roof
house of the early pioneer
has given place to the lum-
ber constructed house of the

1

^^'•v

An Unusually Well Developed Forest Homestead.

prosperous farmer. The great yields of grain must have for its
proper handling storage elevators and granaries. Montana has
for the past four or five years been one of the largest markets
for lumber Roughly estimated it consumes annually 200,000
million feet of lumber. Its forest can supply its own needs
and this insures abundant timber in any development work in

the State, an extremely important matter for new investors to take into

consideration.

Lumber
Enough tc
Supply a
Great
Nation.

-Grief and grouches don't grow well in Montana.

THE FORESTS

107

World wide observation brings out the fact clearly that for a country
to reach its highest economic development, it must have a certain propor-
Mon of its land continually covered with timber growth. In addition to its

direct value for fuel and lumber, the forests fulfill other very
Some Very important functions in the economic program — watershed pro-
Important tection for irrigation and power, sheltered summer ranges for
Special stock, refuges for wild game and fish, and playgrounds for

Values. general recreation. In the national forests of Montana are to

be found some of the finest scenery and hunting in the world.
Big game of all kinds — elk, deer, sheep and T'^ocky ]\Ioiintain goats, and
grouse being abundant.

Chessman Reservoir, Source of Helena' s Municipally Oumed Water Supply, Located in
Helena National Forest. This View Illustrates the Method Taken to Protect Water

Sources in National h orests From Pollution.

The successful cultivation of irrigable areas aggregating at least eight

million acres, which will make available homes for thousands of families,

and the development of electrical energy aggregating 500,000 horse power

depends upon large quantities of water under control. The

Irrigation forested mountain areas provide and conserve the water and

and make such devlopmnt possible. Permits for reservoir sites for

Power for both irrigation and power can be secured on the national for-

Domestic ests. Sites for irrigation use are granted free while a maxi-

Use. mum charge of $1.00 per horse power is made for the power

sites. The forest must be so managed upon these important

watersheds that not only will damaging erosion be prevented

but a continuity and uniformiity of waterflow be insured. Action to prevent

— People speak lightly about millions of dollars in Montana.

108 MONTANA J9U

uncontrolled denudation of the forests and to protect them from fire has
been taken by all far-sighted nations of the world and this policy is now
being worked out under the nation's forest policy in co-operation with the
State and private owners.

Since it has become known that the health of every city depends pri-
marily upon the purity of its water supply, the safeguarding of the source
of its water has become a vital necessity. It is a choice of either ade-
quate watershed protection or the construction of expensive
Pure Water filtration plants. Montana has coming out of its forested
Is Kept mountain areas a supply of water which is practically pure.

Pure by The value of safeguarding its purity can not be over estimated

Protection, in terms of community health and happiness. Co-operative
steps are being taken between the various cities and the United
States forest service to properly protect these watersheds from pollution.
No timber is allowed to be cut except under the strictest sanitary rules
governing the location and regidation of camps. The grazing of stock is
controlled. Fire protection is assured. Agricultural lands applied for are
not open for entry in such water-sheds, since settlement by individuals on
such areas would jeopardize the health of whole communities.

In the fiscal year July i, 1912, to June 30, 1913, 717,091 sheep and goats.
137,109 cattle and horses secured forage on the national forests in Montana
under a systern of grazing which recognizes the homesteader as against the
transient. The definite allotment of grazing ranges to those
Sensible who have established a preference through their use has re-

Manage- suited in preventing the tramping out of the grass, damage to
ment of stock, killing of young timber and erosion of the soil itself, and

Grazing in increasing the carrying capacity of the range in many in-

Rights. stances as much as 5%. The old system of range use under

tacit agreements without effective control gave rise, and has
given rise since the world began, to constant controversies which can only
be settled on the basis that might makes right. These differences are elim-
inated under a system of range management.

The soft, succulent weeds growing usually at the high elevations are
allotted to sheep for it is these areas which produce the heaviest and tend-
erest of lambs; the lower bunch grass ranges, together with the open moun-
tain parks, are reserved for cattle. By the construction of drift
Many thou- community stock associations who take an active part in range
sands of management, the studying of the poisonous plants, classifica-
Sheep tion of the range into types such as meadow, bunch grass, weed

Range the sage brush, etc; killing off predatory animals, full ultiliza-
Hills. tion and protection of this valuable resource is assured. The

fences, reservoirs or troughs for watering, the organization of
grazing areas within the national forests are usually the parks above timber
line or small scattered tracts of land so intimately associated with forested

— Montana! The land of assured success and human happiness.

THE FORESTS

109

units that they must be administered together. Their management with
the timber is essential from a fire protective standpoint alone for, if the
grasses of the mountain parks were allowed to mature from year to year
without being removed, tliev would constitute verv serious fire menace to
the timbered areas. Special provisions are made to take care of the small
bunches of stock of new settlers by cutting down the large herds. Permits
are necessary to secure the use of national forest ranges.

The serious fires which have been i^rev^alent in the past have destroyed
many thousand feet of valuable timber and many acres of valuable range.

4

i4 ^ ,!*.

^Wtllffl^^^^^nfP'^^W-% ,: .. . ^;M

^^^^H ^^^I^^^^^^^^E;

^^StM

Cattle Grazing in Open Mountain Park in National Forest.

Realizing, in the light of past experience, the danger of leaving the forests
unprotected, all agencies, including" private, state and national.
As to Co- are bending every effort to reduce the danger from this menace
operative to the minimum. Fire recognizes no boundary lines between
Fire the owners of different tracts and co-operation eliminates dupli-

Protection cation of effort and makes possible a definite organized sys-
tem of scientific fire prevention. The plan of protection pro-
vides a patrol force of specially equipped men along the railroads and on
lookout points, proper distribution of tool caches at strategic locations,
transportation facilities, such as pack horses, wagons, motorboats, motor-
cycles; it also includes the building of trails and telephone lines. Within

-Pass your plate for a portion of Montana's fabulous wealth.

110

MONTANA 19U

the national forests of Montana there have been built 2,800 miles of trails.
119 miles of road and i,Soo miles of telephone lines. Mudi has been done
in cleaning up old slashes, the rights of way of railroads and in assisting
the rancher to safeguard the surrounding timber when clearing his home-
stead of debris. A close-knit co-operative association of private owners
work with the forest service in northwestern ^Montana to insure the pro-
tection of 964,160 acres of tim^berland. This association collects a certain
tax per acre from all of its members, hires patrolmen, keeps a reserve supply
of tools and extends to private holdings practically the same system of fire
protection as is effective on the national forests. This is of vital importance
to prospective investors in timber land whether large or small.

Last year the cut of timber on the national forests of jNIontana was
82,757 AI. feet B. ]\I. The average stumpage price received for this timber
was $2.25, or a total value of $185,036.

Timber is sold when it is ripe and readv for cutting. All dead timber
and ripe green timber is for sale. ?\lost of the timber purchased goes to
.^mall operators. 91% of the sales made being for less than $100 in value.

Sales exceedmg $100 in value must be advertised. Sales below
Selling the ^his can be made without advertisement. This makes it
Ripe Timber possible to meet the demanrl for small sales very promptly,
on the Res- Rangers are authorized to sell up to S50 in value and most of
ervations. the supervisors up to $100 in value. All timber ii- scaled

rather than ^old on estimate. There are many attractive small
chances in the national forests for small operators who can secure

Ik

bHI ^

^ *\,

^^n^

1

.^

^^^^■^B

W^'M i

^H

^^^^^^HBb^^B^^j

H^jy

ti

Typical Country Included in National Forests, Slwicing High Ruckey Mountain tops and

Open Grazing Parks Mixed With Timber.

THE FORESTS 111

a contract for a small body of timber and cut lumber to meet a distinctly
local trade. This applies particularly to small portable mills located in the
large agricultural valleys which are as yet untapped by the railroads.
Timber for house loigs, fence posts, etc., up to $20 in value is given free to
settlers and prospectors to assist in tlie development of their claims.

Timber needed for ranch development, in excess of the amount allowed
free, is sold to settlers and farmers at the actual cost of administration
Large sales and long term contracts are approved only Avhere the timber is
inaccessible and it is necessary to make a heavy investment in railroads,
flumes or in clearing up the stream for driving before the timber can be
handled. Development of such limber is encouraged and the national for-
ests of Montana offer many opportunities. In the large sales, detail maps
and estimates are made and the stumpage price based on the hazards o^
the chance and its accessinility, as well as market conditions and other fact-
ors. Such sales are advertised for periods from 30 to 90 days and open com-
petition invited.

Located as they are in the higher mountainous country the national
forests contain onlv a very small percentage of agricultural land. Rouehlv
estimated, tliis does not exceed 2% of their total area. The agricultnval

lands are usually found in long, narrow strips along the stream
Information bottoms and on the more level benches. From June 11, 1906,'
As to For- the date of the passage of the Forest Homestead Act by Con-
est Home- gress which permitted the location of homesteads wnthin thel
steads. national forests, to October i, 1913, there have been opened

to entry 258,977.32 acres. As rapidly as practicable a detailed
land classification is being made of the national forests to determine defin-
itely the areas valuable for agriculture. Detailed soil and topographic maps
are prepared and a study made of climatic conditions. In fact, all of those
factors which have an influence on the raising of agricultural crops are con-
sidered. The work is handled in co-operation with the Bureau of Soils so
that the best talent of the U. S. Department of Agriculture is brought to
bear to assist in solving this difficult problem. The completion of this land
classification will make it possible to respond directly to requests of pros-
pective homesteaders for information relative to the location of agricultural
lands within the national forests. The government can then allow the set-
tler to go upon the land, if untimbered, without delay and begin the con-
struction of his home. Land heavily timbered is withheld from entry until
the timber is sold and removed. Applications on such lands are suspended.
Special effort is being made to sell the timber on these suspended areas.

Individual applications for small scattered tracts of land are handled
by separate examinations. A.ppHcation for an agricultural claim within a
national forest is made out on a regularly provided form, secured from any

officer of the forest service, and mailed to the district forester
Opening at Missoula, Montana. This is filed in order of priority and an
the Forest examination and classification of the land is made. If the land
Lands to is chiefly valuabe for agriculture, it is opened directly to entry
Settlement, subject to the same condition as homestead areas outside of

the national forests.

— Show is no substance. Montana has the goods.

112

MONTANA 19 U

Forest homesteads can be applied for on both surveyed and unsurveyed
land. On the unsurveyed lands, areas arc open to entry by a metes and
bounds survey which gives a man an opportunity not only to get patent
even though the regular rectangle public land surveys are
Every Piece never made but also to include the maximum amount of actual
of Agricul- agricultural land in his i6o acre homestead. It is the desire
tural Land of the forest service to have as many homesteaders within the
Will Be national forest as the available agricultural land will support.

Available. All agricultural land is not open to entry, because it is neces-
sary for the governmient to retain small areas of land here and
there to provide stations for the forest rangers and to take care of the pack
horses used in fire protection work, telephone, trail and road construction.
Rights of way for the removal of timber and the driving of stock must also
be retained. The areas retained bv the government are held to the mini-

Forest Homestead and Orchard on Sivan River.

mum needed for the proper protection of the national forests and the utili-
zation of their resources.

The administrative unit of the forest service is an area embracing
approximately one million acres called a national forest. This national for-
est is directly under the charge of a forest supervisor. He may or may not
have a deputy to assist him, depending upon the quantity of
The Organi- work. The forest is cut up into sub-units of 100,000 to 200,000
zation Is acres and these areas are directly under the supervision of for-
Very Com- est rangers. The ranger handles all the different lines of work.
plete and timber sales, grazing, fire protection, etc., in his ow'n district
Effective. ind is assisted during the hazardous fire season by temporarily
employed men known as forest guards. There are 18 forests
in Montana. The names of the supervisors, their addresses, the area of
each national forest, date of last proclam.ation. area of national forest m
a natioral forest are shown bv the following tables:

-Nature left the door of fortune open in Montana.

THE FORESTS

113

NATIONAL FORESTS OF MONTANA.

p

:

2;

SB

^1
3 tP

3

•^ D

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0 to

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P

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■-' r.

Name of Counties
in Which Forest
Is Located

Gross Area of P"or-
est in Each
County — Acres

Absaroka

J. D. Warner ....

Livingston .

987,710

1
852,800 June 19
1912...

1

Park 1 665,523

Sweetgrass | 247,978

Meagher [ 74,209

Beartooth

Glen A. Smith . . .

Billings

681,9301 660,814 April 15
1912...

Carbon

Sweetgrass

Park

359,159

165,831

57 740

Stillwater

99,200

Beaverhead

C. K. Wyman ..

Dillon

1,365,00011, 340, 344|Julv 1
1 1 1910...

Beaverhead ....
Silver Bow ....

1,361,723

3,277

1,123,461

31.089

Bitterroot

W. W. White ...

Missoula ...

1,154,550

1,046,022

April 30
1912...

Ravalli

Missoula

Blackfeet .

R. P. McLaughlin

KiUispell . . .

1,067,0901 890,284 June 19
1 1912...

Flathead

Lincoln

688,133
378.957

Cabinet . .

C. W. Griffin ...

Thompson ..

1,026,5501 873,220 April 30
1912...

1

Sanders

Flathead

Lincoln

964,478

58,834

3,238

Custer

G. E. Martin

Allies City..

512,8101 441,900!June 19
1 1 1912...

Custer

412,203
100,607

327,134

292,221

184!S67

71,909

69,431

18,438

Rosebud

Deer Lodge

L. C. Stockdale...

Anaconda

964,000

846,952!

July 1
1910...

Jefferson

Deer Lodge . . . .'

Silver Bow

Granite ....
Powell ■ ■

Madison

Flathead .

P. S. Bunker

Kalispell ...

2,088,720

1,827,161

June 19
1912...

Flathead . . .
Powell ■

1,455,153
114,Sl:i
237,032
112,288

Missoula

t-ewis and Clark

Gallatin

D. T. Conklin ...

3ozeman ...

909,430

490,982

Sept. 4
1912...

Gallatin

Park

631,442

175,119

102,280

589

Madison

Meagher

Helena . . .

J. B. Seeley

Helena

920,480

643,863

Sept. 4
1912...

f^ewis and Clark

Broadwater

Meagher

Jefferson

Powell

237,630

221,653

159,503

155,133

144,812

21,675

5,564

4.510

Gallatin

Deer Lodge . . .
Cascade

Jefferson .

Scott Leavitt

Great Falls.

1.175,840

1,047,840

Feb. 27
1912...

Meagher

Cascade

Fergus

494,586
416,732
''04 499

Blaine

oq 040

Musselshell ....
Choteau

24.480
0,303

Kootenai .

W. A. Raymond. .

Ubby

\,623, 34011,370,249

June 19
1912...

Lincoln 1,623,340

1

Lewis and

T. C. Spaulding .

Chouteau ...

826,3601 814.560

June 19
1912...

Teton

434,441
391.919

Clark....

Lewis and Clark

Lolo

Elers Koch

Missoula ...

1,192,6101 860,033 April 30
1912...
1

Missoula

Sanders

Ravalli

1,143,765

40,960

7,885

Madison . .

C. W. Hudson ..

Sheridan

1,035,860

1,013,602 Sept. 24
1912. ..

Madison | 718,664

Gallatin | 187.301

Beaverhead | 129.895

Missoula ..

lUitledge Parker. .

Missoula . . .

^,330,040

996,865

Sept. 24
1912...

Granite

Missoula

Powell

646,185
399,518
153 019

Lewis and Clark
Deer Lodge . . .

121.310
10.008

Sioux ....

C. A. Ballinger...

Camp Crook,
S. D

115,260 107,5801Julv 1
1 1911...

Custer

115.260

— The sun of prosperity ever gleams upon the peaks of Montana's majestic mountains.

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to

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CO

THE FORESTS

115

RELATION

OF NATIONAL FORESTS IN MONTANA TO COUNTIES.

.'='(D O <

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P-*!]

3 ?f,P 3

>--! 3 3

ct.- £,ff

K3

?

Area — Acres
. Land in
County

tage
of N
Are;
ty ..

ue tc

ty F

Endi

913, 2

ibutio

Fun

Year

30 1

Reve
ty F

!tS .

Name of County.

1

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o y"^

) Each
rom N.
ng June
5% Fund

n of 1

d by Co

Ending

1)13

p p

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3* M

: !^

1

3
P

Beaverhead

Big horn

Blaine

Broadwater

Carbon

Cascade

Choteau

Custer

Dawson

Deer Lodge

Fergus

Flathead

Gallatin

Granite

Hill

Jefferson

Lewis and Clark

Lincoln

Madison

Meagher

Missoula

Musselshell

Park

Powell

Ravalli

Rosebud

Sanders

Silver Bow

Stillwater

Sweetgrass

Teton

Valley

Yellowstone

TOTAL

3,642,
3,200,
3,969,

761,
1,313,
2,165
3,015
8,419
8,467,

479,
4,673,
3.S50,
1,650,
1,047,
3,237,
1,056,
2,217,
2,315,
2,299,
2,270.
2,740,
2.979,
1,682,
1.647
1,566
6.184
1.772

446,
1,112,
1.504
4,851,
8.649,
1,458

240
000
920
920
920
,760
040
840
840
360
920
752
240
680
120
.000
600
264
520
720
864
840
560
.744
,080
320
416
720
960
640
840
600
560

1,491,618

29,240
221,653
359,159
421,242
6,303
527,463

307,793
204,499
2,202,120
840,418
718,094

482,267
863.147

2,005,535
839,382
728,887

1,811,404

24.480

898,382

621,509

1,131,346
100,607

1,005,438

188.144

99,200

413,809

434,441

96,652,800 18,977,580

40.9

0.7

29.8

27.3

19.5

0.2

6.3

Vs'.i

4.4
57.0
50.9
68.6

45.7
38.9
86.4
36.6
32.1
66.1

0.8
53.4
37.7
72.2

1.6
56.4
42.2

8.9
27.5

9.0

19.6

? 5,021.97 I 5 4,000.00

65.69

929.76

1.999.00

962.66

2.63

2,845.85

'3,365'. 07
457.20
5,153.83
2,232.52
1,330.10

'4,'3'95'.68
1,798.25
14,859.37
3.576.38
1,908.66
3,955.76
55.18
1,864.45
1,715.53

440.58

425.76
1.442.33
2,110.11

563.53
1,362.39

634.33

$ 65,473.97

3,000.00
3,500.00

8,000.00
1,350.00

0 5,000.00

$ 24,850.00

? 9,021.97

65.69

929.76

1,999.00

962.66

2.63

2,845.85

'3,'3'6'5'.67
457.20-
8.153.83
5,732.52^
1,330.10

'4,'3'9'5'.68
1,798.25
22,859.37
4,926.38
1,908.66
3,955.76
55.18
1,864.45
1,715.53
5,440.58

425.76
1.442.33-
2.110.11

563.53
1.362.39

634.33

$ 90,323.9?

All of the forests in Montana, seven forests in northern Idaho and one
in North Dakota, are organized into an administrative division known as
District One of the forest service. The headquarters are at Missoula. ]\Ton-

tAreas from table on page 189, Report of Montana State Bureau of Agriculture and
Labor for 1911-12. Adjustments of County Boundaries made by Legislature, 1913, computed
by Office of Geography, District 1, and necessary corrections applied.

"*That hereafter twenty-five per centum of all money received from each forest reserve
during any fiscal year, including the year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and eight,
shall be paid at the end thereof by the Secretary of the Treasury to the state or territory
In which said reserve is situated, to be expended as the state or territorial legislature may
prescribe for the benefit of the public school and public roads of the county or counties
in which the forest reserve is situated: Provided. That when any forest reserve is in more
than one state or territory or county the distributive share to each from the proceeds of
said reserve shall be proportional of its area therein."

By a recent decision of the state attorney general the act passed by the state legisla-
ture providing for the distribution of this fund for Montana does not carry out the inten-
tion of the act of congress in that dist'ibution of the fund was made to each county by
proportion of national forest area it possessed in relation to total area of national forest
land in the State; where as the receipts from each forest should be divided among the
counties within whose boundaries it lies, thus the i-^venues should revert to the counties
from which they were derived. The fund.s for year ending June 30, 1913, and also those
for the year ending June 30, 1914, will probably be held in the state treasury, and not dis-
tributed to counties until the spring of 1915, after the legislature passes a new act con-
formable with the act of congress.

**"That an additional ten per centum of all moneys received from the national forests
during the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and twelve, shall be avail-
able at the end thereof to be expended by the Secretary of Agriculture for the construc-
tion and maintenance of roads and trails within the national forests In the states from

— There are about as many banks as paupers in Montana.

116

MONTANA 19U

tana, under the direct charge of the district forester. All the forest super-
visors report to the district forester, who considers matters of general dis-
trict policy and finances, large timber sale contracts up to 20,000 ]\1. feet
B. M., complaints wliicli can not be settled on the ground by the local force
and action on personnel.

There are seven districts in the forest service organization, all in
charge of the forester at Washington, D. C, who reports directly to the
Secretary o"* Agriculture

A Scenic Homestead Amid the Forests on the Shores of the Beautiful Flathead Lake.

■which such proceeds are derived; but the Secretary of Agriculture may, whenever practicable,
in the construction and maintenance of such roads, secure the furtherance of any system of
highways of which such roads may be made a part."

The above act of congress makes an appropriation, for expenditure each year by the for-
est service, equal to 10% of the total receipts of the national forests in each state. The
which will benefit groups of settlers and communities within the national forests at present
policy of the forest service in building roads with this money is to undertake; first, projects
without adequate means of transportation; second, those roads in the national forests of
most use to settlers and communities immediately adjacent to the forest; third, roads which
are part of the state trunk line highways. In most cases the money is put in projects of the
above classes where it is possible to secure co-operation in the construction on the part of
counties or local organizations.

0$3,500 Permanent Improvement allotment for roads in addition.

— Literally hundreds of Montana's beautiful streams flow over beds of gold.

Horticulture

Great Strides Which Have Been Made
in Montana in the Growing of
Fruits of All Kinds, and the Excep-
tionally High Class of People Who
Have Taken to This Industry in
This State.

By M. L. DEAN,
State Horticulturist.

Horticulture in jMontana, like many other enterprises, began in a small
way, and its history, when written, will read like the true account of the
growth of many other industries in this great state. It will be full of excit-
ing accounts of the horticultural doings of the men and wom-
Planting en of the State. It will tell how many batches of seed, scions,
the Early grafts, or trees were carted across the plains in the early six-
Seeds on ties, or sent around the Horn, some to meet with accidents,
Montana to be lost in river fords, others to perish for want of congenial
Soil. soil, and the remaining few to become guiding signs for the

.'.ater prospective growers.

The names of men who, in the early sixties, planted the few trees,
should go down into history as public benefactors of this State, because on
every hand we can now see the fruits of their labors. John G. Pickering,
by planting apple trees tributary to the ATissouri canyon; Cyrus McWhirk, in
bringing from Wallace, tied to the pummel of his saddle, trees which he
planted in Hell Gate canyon ; T. W. Harris, by planting apple trees at Three

— Once in a ivhile, not often, one hears of a man tvho kicks about Montana's climate.

118 MONTANA 19U

Mile in the Bitter Root valley, and men who planted fruit trees in the
Yellowstone, Flathead and Plains valleys, all made it possible for the resi-
dents of the State today to say that "Montana is a fruit state," a state where
the conditions in every county are such that sufficient fruit can be grown to
supply the needs of the ranch home. Today in some counties commercial
fruit growing has reached high development, and there are parts of the
State where it is one of the leading commercial enterprises.

Many of the pioneers are still alive who can point with pride to an old
bunch of fruit trees that they planted upon first coming to the State. These
people deserve great credit for their untiring efforts, as through these efforts

_, _, has come an industry that will alwa3^s be closelv allied with

To These . , j i r i o

_, the progress and deveiooment of the State.

Pioneers ^ --^ ^ x

-_ , Today fruit growing is one of the leading agricultural pur-

_. ,. suits of the entire northwest, and INTontana will share in its

Credit ... . , .,• .

_, , production m proportion to the utilization of her sections

Belongs. , , , • , , , i

adapted to horticultural development.

It is a difficult matter to appreciate the extent of the fruit

lands in this great state without giving the contour of the State careful

study. As one passes through the State on the train he feels that only the

valleys can be utilized, but a careful investigation shoAvs thousands of acres

back from the valleys on the benches that are being put under irrigation

ditches, or placed under tillage systems, thereby making the most desirable

fruit lands.

Private corporations, and reclamation funds have given the horticul-
tural industry an impetus that nothing can check. Each year hundreds of
acres are being planted to orchards. True, there are some losses, but these
are quickly replaced and other land planted, or the same land
Each Year 5s again prepared and replanted.

Adds to the There are a few conditions which should be evaded in the

Orchards ^^election of fruit land, viz: alkali, poor air and water drain-
and age, undesirable subsoil, insufficient moisture, either natural or

Vineyards, artificial; and, if the operation is to be on a commercial basis,
too great a distance from transportation facilities.

Montana lands are of two classes, irrigated and non-irrigated. In some
sections there is a sub-irrigation which is very beneficial where other mois-
ture conditions are unavailable. Technical information tells us that six
inches annual rainfall, properly handled, will develop a crop of fruit, and
as Montana's average is from twelve to sixteen inches, the requisite is amply
supplied.

The soils of ^Montana are variable, tlie principal fruit sections having
soils made up of disintegrated granite, or pulverized rock formations, sup-

— Montana needs more hogs, but not land hogs.

120

MONTANA 19U

plied with the necessary amount of oroanic matter. Loams of this forma-
tion, with the clay subsoils are very common. In some places

Soils That we have the washes from the upper g-lacier basins, with occa-

Suit Are sional deposits of rock flour as fine as the volcanic ash.

Not Hard The development of the horticultural lands will afford

to Find. pleasant and profitable employment for hundreds of people,

and will be the means of developing a type of rural life, and

establishing rural homes that are equal to, if not surpassing- any rural com-

munitv in the United States.

Portion of Fruit Exhibit at 1913 Montana State Fair.

The unlimited amount of natural water power makes possible a net-
work of electric lines to cover tlie valleys in the near future.

The cosmopolitan group of people in almost every fruit community in
the State brings with them the determination to win. It is not an uncom-
mon sight to see doctors, railroad engineers, lawyers, school teachers, min-
isters, and in fact people from every professional calling located in a fruit
valley. It is uncommon, though, to find fruit-growers from the east growing
fruit in the western districts. This fact may appear unfortunate, yet it is
one of the most fortunate conditions to be found.

— There is no miasma in Montana's climate.

HORTICULTURE

121

Many men from the east comiti"- into western conditions have so nmich
to forget and so much to learn, that they would be discouraged in the
attempt As a rule, the most successful fruit growers in the west come

from those professions which require exactness, punctuality
Fruit-Grow- and good business training. Successful fruit-growing in the
ing Requires Northwest demands that certain operations be performed at
Good Busi- definite times, and in a specific manner. Improper pruning
ness Meth- curtails the revenue of the trees. Delays in cultivation and
ods. irrigation retard the growth and development of the fruit.

Careless, indifferent spraying allows the pests to attack the fruit,
which makes it unmarketable at remunerative prices, and, while Montana
is freer from fruit pests at the present time than any other fruit section, yet

v-i •

ifM#N««^

^¥^.

i

Fruit Farm at Libhy.

the careless manner of caring for the orchards has been responsible for
heavy losses in orchard operations.

The natural conditions for fruit and vegetable growing are such that,
if trees are properly planted and seeds sown as they should be, a bountiful
harvest in due time is assured, but with the evolutionary changes of con-
ditions which always follow develo]5ment, the degree of success is measured
by the skill and aptitude of the grower.

The Bitter Root valley, includinsr INTissoula and vicinitv, stands fore-
most in orchard development. This valley, lying in the southwestern part
of the State, has a mean altitude of 3,300 feet, is about one hundred miles
In the long, from one to twenty miles wide, and is traversed its entire

Beautiful length by the Bitter Root river, which empties into the Mis-
Bitter Root ^^^^^^ river near Missoula, and represents as many orchard acres
Vallev ^^ ^'^ ^^^^ other fruit-raising sections combined. The orchards

in this valley range from the home orchard of about a hundred

'Sunshine and success brighten the eye and lighten the heart in Montana.

122 MONTANA 19U

trees to the commercial orchards np to two thousand acres.
The first commercial orchard in the valley was planted near Stevensville
by the Bass brothers in 1870. The first planting- in the State of the Mcin-
tosh Red, "The Apple That Made Montana Famous," was made in 1877 near
the same town by Amous Buck. These trees are still strong, healthy and
productive.

Next to the Bitter Root valley in horticultural importance comes that
part of Flathead county lying- tributary to Flathead lake. Following- these
sections we find Carbon county ; Sanders county, from Plains to Trout
Creek, and Lincoln county. In Jefferson and Yellowstone counties some
valuable orchards are to be found, and in fact in every valley of the state
that is sufficiently developed bearing orchards are to be found. In those
not having been settled long enough for the trees to have reached a bearing
age, many young orchards are located.

The orchard acreage of the state is approximately thirty thousand acres,
about twenty thousand of this being young orchards not yet in bearing.
The annual planting of the state for the past six 3^ears has exceeded a

million trees.
Thirty Horticulturally speaking, except the citrus and other sub-

Thousand tropical fruits. ^Montana presents conditions for the growing of
Acres of a large list of fruits, the succe<=;s of their growing being nieas-
Orchards. ured by the care with which the growers select the varieties
and the location upon which they are to be grown.

The apple is the principal commercial fru't grown, and Montana Mc-
intosh, Wealthies and Gra^'enstines have established a reputation of their
own whenever they have entered the markets. Many other varieties de-
\ elop a high quality.

Cherries rank next to the apple in im[)ortance. Manv carloads of sour
cherries are shipped annually froni the Bitter Root and Missoula valleys,
and also from the Flathead.

No fruit shipped from the Northwest has created the sensation in the
eastern markets that the first carload of sweet cherries did in New York in
iQio. The Bing and the Lambert were the varieties. By the expert dealers
they were pronounced to be the choicest quality ever shipped
Our Sw\''et into the eastern markets. Their firmness, texture, attractive-
Cherries ness in size and color and delicacy of flavor placed them in a
Made New class by themselves. There are a few locations west of the
York Take range where the soil and other conditions seem to be right for
Notice. the production of ideal Bing and Lambert cherries. This fruit
has proven to be very remunerative to the grower. The largest
bearing sweet cherry orchard in the state is located in the Bitter Root
valley. The largest sour cherry orchard is on the shores of Flathead lake.
During the past three years there have been heavy plantings of the sweet
cherries, and the day is not far distant when the eastern markets will be
supplied with the luscious sweet cherries from Montana.

— Get the habit! Tell all the tvorld of marvelous Montana.

o

(a

o

'-0

12U MONTANA IBIA

Pears have been sparsely planted, but the Clapp, Flemish, Clairgeau,
A-njou, Howell and Winter Nelis develop high quality, the last four being
raluable commercial sorts.

^ , _ ,, Plums and pnuies are a good source of revenue to growers

Other Small , • ,, ^, ,• ,^ • ^- , ,

. who give them proper attention. ::>oTne varieties develop a

pruits Do ,. ^ , , 11 1 1 1

,,^ „ . qualit}^ that cannot be excelled elsewhere.
Well in

rpii^ Sanders county stands first in the point of production of

Ree-ions peaches and grapes. At Plains and Thom'pson Falls com-

mercial peach orchards are to be found.

This branch of horticultural work is making rapid strides. Owing to
the clearness of the atmosphere and bright sunshine during the winter
months, the florists produce a grade of bloom, which is much sought after
by the trade in the cities of the coast. The florists at Missoula, Great
Falls, Helena, Kalispell and other cities have an expert trade in the
cities farther west, the demands of v/hich exceed their production.

There are upwards of twenty-five florists in Montana at the present
time who have from five to fifty thousand feet of glass, representing in
plants and production seveial millions of dollars. The growing of vegetai)les
under glass is gaining popularity among many florists, and one florist at
Helena har\'e&ts several tons of tomatoes from his houses annually.

The soil and climatic conditions of ^lontana are such that wherever
vegetable seeds are planted the yields are enormous and tlie quality un-
excelled. At the state fair and the different county fairs, annually there
are exhibitions of vegetables from ever}^ county tliat are par excellent.
The quality and yield of vegetables are such that they are a x'alnable adjunct
to the farmers as stock feed. In some valleys they are extensively grown
as a commercial crop.

The growing of cantaloupes and watermelons as commercial crops has
proven to be very remunerative in the Yellowstf.'iiie valley.

Cucumber growing, both for seed and the manufacture of jickles, is
a prominent industry at Huntley.

The growing of garden seeds, especially peas, is rapidly coming into
prominence as a money-making crop.

The nurseries in IMontana are represented by extensive plants in Ham-
ilton, Missoula, Kalispell, Billings, Helena, Big Timber, Rockvale and sev-
eral other smaller places. A e-eneral nursery business is carried on by
them, but they are obliged to import large amounts of stock
Raising to suppl)'- the growing demands for trees and plants. Besides

Trees to fruit nursery stock there are rapidly increasing demands for

Beautify ornamentals by farm owners and trees for wind-breaks. These
This State, are very favorable tendencies toward farm home development.
Many of the orchardists grow their own nursery stock, which
in the aggregate would greatly increase tlie nursery interests in the state.

— In Montana there is perpetual peace, plenty and prosperity.

Dairying

In the Making of Milk and Butter
and Cheese, the Thrifty Owner of
Good Dairy Cows Finds in Montana
Big Profits and a Never Failing
Market — Need for More Cream-
eries Here.

By A. G. SCHOLES,
State Dairy Commissioner.

Although the dair}' industry of ]\Iontana is still in its infancy, the pos-
sibilities in this line of farming are very great, and the past twelve months
has seen a rapid growth in the dairy industry. The climate of Montana

is very favorable t ) iairymg. In some parts of the State the
The Climate winters are a little severe, but not as much so as in some of
Helps the the central states, and the greater part of Alontana today is
Dairyman better adapted to dairying than the central states. In summer
Here. the weather is fine for the work, and with the cool evenings

and plenty of good, cold running water in all parts of the
State, the dairy products are mu.ch easier handled than in the central and
eastern states.

Montana is noted for the vast amount of ha}- of all kinds that is being
grown. Clover, alfalfa and other grasses are grown in abundance. With
plenty of water for irrigation in nearly all parts of the state, pastures, one
of the most essential items for the successful dairvman, are easily kept in

NOTE — As an illustration of the progress and development of the dairy industry of
Montana, the views shown at the heading of this chapter are significant. The lower
picture is an exterior view of the recently completed dairy barn owned by H. B. Mitchell,
managing editor of the Daily Tribune of Great Falls, while the oval in the corner shows
an interior view of the same building. It is interesting to note the excellent sanitary
arrangement to be seen on everj^ hand. This is declared by experts to be one of the most
modern and best equipped dairj- bams in the Northwest.

126

MOXTAXA 19U

good condition all during the summer months, until late in the fall. Alfalfa
is being raised in nearly all sections of the state, and the dairymen find by
experience that this is a very valuable roughage feed and cheap in cost.

The number of flour and grist mills is gradually increasing and the by-
products from these, such as are used for the dairy cow, are a great
deal easier to obtain than they were a few years ago. The demand for
dairy products is very strong the year round and there is no
There Is state in the Union in which the market on dairy products is
Ever a Good so well maintained. In nearly all towns milk retails at from
Market. seven to tef. cents a quart and the demand is very great. In

the year 1912, five million pounds of butter and about the
same amount of cheese were shipped into the state. Taking in consideration
the growing population and the fact that Oregon, Idaho, and other neigh-
boring states cannot produce the amount of dairy products consumed, one
can readily understand why tlie markets are so well established. At the

In the Dairy Country.

present time there are thirty creameries in operation in ^Montana and only
one cheese factor}-. These all find a ready market for their products at a
price ranging from three to six cents above the eastern markets. At the
prices paid by these creameries for butter fat the past three or four years,
the profits on the right kind of dairying surely have been very good. The
price for butter fat ranges from, twenty-seven cents in the summer to as
high as forty cents during the winter.

Montana needs better dairy cows, and people from all over the state
are constantly inquiring where such cows may be purchased and circulars
from eastern breeders would be very much appreciated., '\\'ithin the past

six months about twenty-five cars of good 'grade cows' have <
More Good been shipped into the state, purchased in the east by Montana
Dairy-Cows people. Local banks and biisiness men are aiding the farmers
Are Needed, in buying better dairy cows. At a bankers' meeting recently

held in Helena, the bankers, seeing the great opportunities for
the dairy farmers, passed a resolution to assi.st them in buying cows and
building creameries.

— God made Montana with a smile.

00

CO

e

•»^
e

CQ

K>

o

128

MONTANA 19U

Several new creameries have been built the past year and more are
organizing at the present time. A few \ears ago a number of creameries
were built that were not successful, because they had not enough dairy
cows in the locality to make them a success and they were compelled to
close. The past year has seen several of these reopened and with the
increasing population and more dairy cows, the outlook for them is much
better now. There is opening for more, as some of the best dairy localities
in the state are still without a creamery. These localities, with the right
kind of management, would in a few years have some of the best creameries
in the country.

The new State Dairy Commission law passed by the last legislative
assembly is now in effect, and it is said b}- outside experts to be one of
the best dzlryr laws in the country. Under it the farmer is protected in
marketing his product, as well as the consumer in getting a
Giving the good, clean supply of milk, cream, butter and cheese. To show
Dairyman that Montana products are equal to eastern goods: at a butter
Protection scoring contest recently held at the State Fair (tlie scoring

and Aid. -being done by an eastern expert"). Montana butter scored about
two points higher than butter had been scoring in the east.
In some states there is no protection to the small creameries and the big
fellow can easily get the best of them. In ^Montana the small creamery is
protected in buying and selling its products, under an act to prohibit unfair
competition and discrimination in buying and selling, passed by the last
legislative assemblv and which is now in effect.

As there are few commission men at the present time handling dairy
products, all the successful creameries are installing cold storage plants.
In this ■way they can take care of their output the year round, and it also
enables them to handle the farmers' eggs and poultry and pay
There Is them cash for their products. Xot only do these cold storage
Room for theplants aid the creameries in handling their product, but return
Man With them a nice profit, as butter and eggs are from twenty-five to
the Cow. forty per cent higher during the winter months than they are
during the summer. There are, however, openings for com-
mission men and no doubt they will soon be established in the larger cities.
Taking into consideration the cheapness of the land, the vast amount
of feed that can be grown and the high prices received for dairy prod-
ucts, why should not Montana be an ideal dairy state? It surely is the
best state in the union for opportunities in this line of farming.

The Weather

Montana Is a Land of Sunshine, With
Short Winters and Pleasant Sum-
mer Nights — Weather Bureau Sta-
tistics Show Temperature of This
State Equal to That of More South-
ern Regions — What Others Say of
Montana's Excellent Climate.

•V

i J Jr

The uninformed are often anxious to learn of -the climate in ^Montana,
and are invariably surprised when they learn the truth. For many years an
erroneous, though popular, impression to the effect that this is a land of
long and cold winters has prevailed in various sections of the
This Is a country. Nothing conld be farther from the truth, for even in
Land of winter the uncomfortably cold Montana day is the exception

Sunshine. rather than the rule. The winter climate of Montana, as shown
by United States weather bureau statistics, is milder than that
of other states of the same latitude: in fact, a line of equal temperature,
drawn through Montana points, extends southward from this State and
swings eastward over portions of Iowa (see diagram), thus indicating that
the January climate of this .State is similar to that of Iowa.

In ^\\\ discussion of Montana climate, however, much consideration
must be given the great area of the State and the great range of altitudes
here. Montana is two-thirds as large as the German empire; its altitude
ranges from the high peaks of the main range of the Rocky ^Mountain divide,
which crosses the State from north to south, to great areas of plains in the
eastern section, and valleys in the western sections which are but approxi-
mately 2,000 feet above the sea level.

In Montana there are high mountain peaks which reach above the level
of perpetual snow ; there are sheltered valleys in which the wind scarcely

-Time will tell a thrilling tale to many millions of marvelous Montana.

130

MONTANA 19U

Stirs a leaf; there are great plains, level as a floor/and there are many
foothills and stretches of rolling- land. All these have their own effect on
the climate of the State, making- for different temperatures and different
weather conditions in different sections of the State. The most pronounced
of these diversified conditions is due to the influence of the main range of
the Rocky Mountains, on the western slope of which there is, generally
speaking, much milder winter weather and considerable more precipitation
than on the eastern.

The climate of Montana is conducive to good health. Fogs are prac-
tically unknown, and malarial conditions are entirely absent. The winter
<iea.son is not one of continued cold. Bright, sunshiny days in December,
January and February are the rule rather than the exception.
The When the State is visited by a snow storm the temperature

Climate Is may drop considerably below zero, but these cold spells are not
Conducive only infrequent, but are also short, being rapidly modified by
to Good what is knowm as the "chinook" wind, a western breeze, which

Health. warmed by the Japanese current in the North Pacific, spreads

its modifying influence as far east as the Dakotas.
Montana is blessed with bounteous sunshine, there being sections of the
State where an average of more than 300 days of clear weather is expe-

FlG. 11. — Rainfall map of Montana. The figures show the average annual rainfall in inches
From Bulletin No. 188, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.

rienced each year. The altitude makes for a clear, dry atmosphere, and the
disheartening, cloudy, damp day is seldom witnessed here.

Many enthusiastic tributes have been paid Montana's climate. A federal
government report contains the following:

"The light snowfall in the valleys throughout the state during
the winter months is usually speedily evaporated by the chlnook winds
which are prevalent from Oregon to Nebraska, from the Peace River
to Arizona, being particularly common in Montana, where they do
much to modify the climate."

In his book, "The Treasure State," James H. Mills said:
"The average temperature in Montana is about the same as in New York or
Pennsylvania. The snowfall in the valleys is less than in either of those states-
there is more sunshine than in any Middle, Eastern or New England state, and the

—Even heai-ts and brains grow bigger and better out here.

Nature
Bestowed
Her-Bless
ings Here

THE WEATHER

131

STe&t mountains, ribbed with veins of gold, silver and copper and crowned with
majestic forests, are but gigantic framework in which are set great picture valleys,
bench lands and foothills, fertile as the Valley of the Nile, and which have never
yet refused to yield bounteous harvests when touched by the hand of industry and
nourished with water."

Randall J. Condon, superintendent of the public schools of Cincinnati,
Ohio, who for some years resided in Helena, has written for a geography
used in the public schools, a brief but coinprehensive description of Montana.
From personal knowledge, he discusses the climate as follows :

"It is doubtful if there is another state in the Union where the climate, taken
the year round, is so delightful as that of Montana. Its northern latitude is more
than offset by the mild westerly winds, which temper the climate of the mountains
and plains and yet do not bring excessive moisture.

"Fogs are almost unknown, and on the days when the temperature is low there
is not that penetrating chill which is felt in the more humid states.

"As in any extreme northern state, the thermometer occasionally records a
low midwinter temperature, but the cold spells are short. "WTiile they remain there
is practically no wind; the air is dry and the sunshine clear. The ordinary outdoor
occupations may be carried on in winter with little inconvenience. On the other
hand, the summer temperatures are never oppressive, and heat prostrations are un-
known. The temperature in the middle of the long summer days may rise higher
than in the states farther south, but with the coming of night the cold mountain
breeze brings a delightful change."

The following comparison of the monthly and annual mean temperatures
of the states of Ohio, New York, Wisconsin and Montana is of interest:

An-
Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.
55 45 31 24
59 48 32 19
61 49 37 27
65 53 41 31

The United States weather bureau maintains a station in charge of a
section director in Helena, and Mr. R. F. Young, the director in dharge, has
very kindly submitted the following tables, together with chart shown below.

State, Jan.

Feb,

Mar,

Apr.

May

June

July

Aug.

Sept.

Oct.

Nov.

Dec.

nual.

Montana 19

22

30

44

53

59

66

65

55

45

31

24

44

Wisconsin 15

16

29

42

56

65

70

67

59

48

32

19

44

New York 22

22

31

44

55

65

69

67

61

49

37

27

46

Ohio 28

27

38

50

61

70

74

71

65

53

41

31

49

Lines Pass Through Points of Equal Mean January Temperature.

132

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THE WEATHER

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— Nature is the best booster' Montana has.

State Fair

Annually Montana Places Before the
World an Exhibition of Her Pro-
ducts and Resources That Cause
Commendatory Comment Through-
out the Nation— They call It "The ^,j
Fair That Educates."

By A. J. BREITENSTEIN,
Secretary Montana State Fair.

The Montana State Fair held during- the month of September each
year at Helena ranks ai one of the State's educational institutions and, in
fact, already has gained the title among big expositions throughout the
country as "The Fair That Educates," and under this nickname
It Is Called U strives to keep up its reputation of teaching people in all
the Fair Thatclasses of life that which allows them to become more valu-
Educates. <»ble to their community and incidentally bring them better
returns for their labors.

In 1913 was held the twelfth annual event under the auspices of the
State; its growth even against 1912 was wonderful, while compared with
1903 was phenomenal. In 19x3 there were 9,293 entries; in 1912 there were
6,680, or a gain of 36>4% in one year. This alone tells very eloquently
the growth of the wonderful natural resources of tlie Treasure State. Every
one of the 34 counties was represented. The entries in the live stock
divisions totalled 951, subdivided as follows: Horses, 214; cattle, 387;
sheep, 123; and swine, 227. In the poultry department there were_ 1,277
entries; in the several women's divisions, including art, 1,567, and in the
educational division, 22=;.

-Providence exagerated quite a little when Montana was in the making.

1S6

MONTANA 1914

In the agricultural department Montana leads the world; just think,
695 exhibitors with a total of 4,341 entries, which does not include the
horticultival division with 585 entries! 'i'ake the statistics of any of the

')ig expositions in the na-

-^V

Auction of Blooded Livestock, WIS Montana State Fair.

richly embedded mines,
produce an amazino- o-al-
axy of resources whicli are
g'athered together annu-
ally at the state fair. The
many county fairs and the
individual stock raisers and
farmers, through co-opera-
tive plans and assistance,
bring annually to this ex-
position the best the state
produces.

The State Fair in re-
turn offers liberal cash and
special premiums; in 1913
this amounted to over $30,-
000.00. of which $8,000 was

tion and Montana stands
sui)reme in the interest
shown in displays of grain,
grasses, vegetables and root
crops. Twenty-seven of the
thirty-four counties had
lorge and compreliensive
displavs as county exhibits,
\\liich caused the out-of-
state N'isitors to gasp with
astonishnient,

P)Ut Montana's wealth
of agricultural land, the
broad stretches
ing slopes, the

graz-

acres of forest

countless
and the

and
eager

farm-

Some Prize Winners in the Horse Ditision.

Beef Cattle on Parade; 1913 Montana State Fair.

in cash and machinery
donated by the rail-
roads, individuals
manufacturing firms

to instill in the
ers the best methods of
raising stock and the prf)-
ducts of the soil. Be-
sides, it ed-".cates and inci-
dentally instruC'S a n d
amuses. They all go 'hand
in hand. It gives every
man a g-olden ooportunity
to meet and see what his
neighbor in some other sec-
tion of the State is accom-

— It's hard to speak about Montana and avoid using superlatives.

MONTANA'S GREAT STATE FAIR

137

plishing along- similar lines. In one sweep it depicts the past, present and
future of the fastest growing- commonwealth in the United States.

The Montana State Fair claims to be as great an educational institu-
tion as the Agricultural College or the State University; it is broad in its
scope and widespread in its appeals. In agricultural ideas and industrial
problems it stands high. It helps make Montana one of the
Teaching richest and greatest states in the Union — in fact, the astonish-
the Truth to ing wealth of Montana's products has long ago earned it the
the Thrifty, cognom.en, "The Treasure State." The "man who produces"
gathers inspirations and ideals here which send him home
with a firm resolution to produce better types of live stock and make his

Country Winners in Boys' State Wide Industrial Contest, 1913 Montana State Fair.

acres bring forth more. Object lessons for this kind of man are on every
side; Montana has made great advances along lines which tend to influence
farmers to come to this state and live, as the statistical records of this
volume will show.

The Montana State Fair is made up of many departments. In the
horse division the I^ercherons lead, ^^lontana is one of the states where

— Wake up! Free land ivill soon be as scarce as hair on an

egg.

138

MONTANA 19U

fine horses predominate, and at the annual state fair the very best of these
animals are shown. In the several cattle divisions, Short-
Animals horns, Herefords, Aberdeen-Angus and Galloways are most
That Are prominent, while Jerseys, Holsteins, Guernseys, Ayshires and
Autocrats in Brown-Swiss are very popular as dairy types. Of the five
Their Class, million sheep in the state the choice lies betw'een Oxford
Downs, Hampshires, Ramboillet and Shropshires as repre-
sented at the state fair. The predominating types of swine are Poland
China, Berkshire, Duroc-Jerseys, Hampshires and Chester-Wfhites. The
farms in Montana are becoming too valuable for poor live stock and each
year finds a w^onderful increase of the best herds in the country. Live
stock creates diversified farming and brings about better profits to the
farmer and, better still, preserves the fertility of the soil.

mmm^^,'mmm

Fergus County's WIS Exhibit at Montana State Fair, Winning First Prize on Display and

Arrangement.

Every year there is imported into ?^Iontana millions of dozens of eggs
and enormous shipments of poultry; to the man who has his eye on Mon-
tana and knows a little something about poultry and will come to the
Treasure State's double-producing acres he may know the field for poultry
raising is very lucrative. Last year the poultry entries at the State Fair
showed an increase of 56% over 191 2. Tliere were 1,277 entries in 1913 in
this particular departm.ent. which is considerably more than at most of the
northwestern fairs. Plymouth Rocks, Wyandottes, Rhode Island Reds.

—Don't push! Get in line and tell the man you want a ticket to Montana.

MONTANA'S GREAT STATE FAIR

1S9

Brown Leghorns and other varieties thrive extra well in the altitude and
atmosphere of Montana and bring good revenue from the investment. The
state fair's poultry division, like the other various departments, tells a
story of its own and has a place in the rapid development of the state.

In the agricultural departments including fruits and honey, are to be
found exhibits that are little short of wonders. Montana is one of the few

Cascade County's 1913 Exhibit at Montana State Fair, Winning First Prize on Largest

Variety of Grains, Grasses and Vegetables.

states which has a particular policy of showing their grains, grasses and
vegetables, root crops, fruits and other land by-products by
Golden Har- counties— these different counties making appropriations
vests Taken to bring their best to the show windows of the state. These
From Mon- booths range from a space 25 by 13 feet to 50 by 15 feet.
tana Farms. These exhibits like all others are made up due to the fact
that the exhibitor has pride in his or her work and these
displays come the nearest to the exhibitor's ideal. IMontana has long won
supremacy in wonderful production per acre and never a year goes by
without this state capturing national honors in competition with the best
farmers in the world. Montana through its educational institutions has
taught its people that successful agriculture is the result of proper rotation
of crops and judicious diversification, with live stock as the backbone and

—Louis W. Hill: "/ run out of superlatives tvhen I talk about Montana.

UO

MONTANA 19U

mainstay of this prosperity. Montana farmers for the most part have
trained minds, for to be successful they reahze that this is as necessary as
the brawn which must accompany it, and it is the farmers' exliibits at the
state fair each year whicli makes it so instructive, entertaining- and inspira-
tional. Here it is that the science of good crops is practiced and realized,
and where the other fellow secures the prescription to be as successful as
the "first prize winner" and eventually the old fossilized methods are
elimiinated.

Realizing- that first impressions last the longest and that children are
always interested in the teachings of big exi>ositons, the state fair conducts

Beaverhead County's 1913 Exhibit at Montana State Fa^r Winning Fourth Prize on Dis-
play and Arrangement.

a boys and girls industrial contest each year; the boy from each county
raising- the best 12 potatoes or the best 12 ears of corn, and
Boys and the girl baking the best loaf of bread or making the best glass
Girls Lend of jelly, is given a free week's trip with all expenses paid to
a Helping the fair. They are under the supervision of reliable and trust-
Hand, worthy chaj^erones, and classes in stock judging, crop rotation,
and kindred subjects, together with character building, are
conducted. The training given tends toward the ideal ; for the state fair
sets forth these ideals as no other educational institutions can. To the
young mind great object lessons are taught the rising generation and they

— Butte has the largest payroll of any city of its size on earth.

MONTANA'S GREAT STATE FAIR

HI

become better citizens and help make a l^etter state, morally and socially.

The several departments for the women are always popular as is

evidenced by the large increase in exhibits in the culinary, fancy work and

art departments. The public and rural schools have their building- also and

the competition is always keen.

Where the The scores made by the buttermiakers of the rapidly in-

Women Dis- creasing creameries throughout the state were splendid this
play Their year, the winner totaling 96. while the lowest of 18 contestants
Handiwork, was 94l/>. The dairy cow and the state's luxurious forage
crops assist in giving Montana's citizens the best bu'iier obtaiii
able. Montana creameries liave more than doubled the past few years.

Rosebud County's Unique Com Exhibit at the 1913 Montana State Fair.

The real purpose of the Montana State Fair is to attract new settlers,
encourage manufacturing, and to interest investors; fundamentally it is to
give educational service to those who are already here. It gives the state a
modern spirit. It makes the liler of the soil more successful and the stock-
man more enthusiastic. It tells of the achievements made throughout the year.
It displays the most perfect type of horses, cattle, sheep and swine. It
shows first choice of grains and fruits, poultry and pet stock. The county

Come to Montana for health, tvealth and happiness.

11,2

MOI^TANA 19U

exhibits outrival and outshine in arrangement and quality any similar ex-
hibition in the world. It searches out man's most perfect thought and
work. As the late President McKinley once said, "Fairs and expositions
are time-keepers of the world's events, marking progress in agricultural
and industrial development from 3'ear to year and from time to time."

There is no longer any question that a state fair is the mirror of the
state's prosperity and growth ; we read it in the educational journals, the

Custer County's 1913 Exhibit at Montana State Fair, Winning First Prize on Best Exhibit

of Vegetables and Root Crops.

magazines and the daily papers. We hear of it at conventions, on railway
trains and in street cars — and we find all these agencies
It Shows actively engaged in promoting agricultural education.
the State's As the state fair helps the state, so the county fair helps

Greatness as the county. Practically every county in Montana has its
in a Mirror, annual county fair but on a smaller scale; nevertheless the
functions are the same, all tending towards a rapid and sincere
development of the state, and to bring out the possibilites of the soil.

— Bring the tiny tots out to Montana and give them a chance to grow.

The Schools

Justly Proud of Her Splendid School
System, Montana Makes Princely
Provision for All Her Institutions
of Learning — High Standards Are
Set and Maintained — This State
Leads in Educational Work.
By DR. H. H. SWAIN,
Deputy State Superintendent of Pub-
lic Instruction.

m early days pioneers had often to count on coming to a wilderness
when they decided to seek homes in the west. There must be a balancing
in their minds of advantages against disadvantages. They would have to
decide v/hether cheap lands, fresh soil, and the tempting oppor-
As the Early tunities of a new country were worth enough to offset the
Settlers breaking of home ties, the hard and perilous journey, and the

loss of all chance for the education of their children.

Now, however, many factors of the problem are decidedly
changed. The journey has been reduced to a veritable holi-
day excursion, and yet all the developm.ent of steam power
and the building of great commercial highways have hardly altered the
situation for the new settler more than the changes in educational op-
portunities.

Montana is a state of vast extent, and a wide variety of local school
co'nditions may be found in different parts of this great empire, but many
a settler has come to Montana to find school facilities far superior to those
he had left behind in some of the older states.

Looked on

Their

Chances.

— The Knocker soon grows listless and anaemic in Montana.

lU MONTANA 191J,

Portions of ^^ontana have already been settled for half a century, and
here there has been time for a great development ; and yet many of
the newer towns are hardly behind. Indeed the towns that grow up the
most rapidly are often the most enterprising- — in school matters as in other
things — and after all. what people get in tlie way of schools is largely a
question of what they want — want enough to pav for.

Where good schools are lacking it is apt to be from one or more of
three causes. First, the people may not know that there are such things.
Thousands of people nb over the country have not yet learned of the
existence of modern schools. Or they are not able, or wdiat is
The Good more likely, they think they are not able to pay for them.
and the Bad O'r they waste their money by not entrusting the mmag'ement
in Schools, of the schools to thoroughly practical experts.

The school -situation is thus ■'^ery largely a question of
local conditions, and there are still communities in Montana where the
schools are not very good, but rapid prog^ress is being made everywdiere,
and there are many localities where the schools can safely challenge com-
parison with those in any part of the United States.

The resources available for the support of schools are growing rapidly
each year. To begin with, at the admission of the state, twenty-five years
agfo, two sections in every township — that is, one-eighteenth of all the land
in the state — ^were set apart for the endowment of the public school system.
Year bv year, as advantageous opporttmity appears, these lands are sold
to settlers, never at less than ten dollars per acre, and usually more. A
fund is thus accumulating for the endowment of the public schoo'l system.
I^Ieanwhile the lands not sold arc subject to lease and a revenue is thus
derived from them.

The permanent school ftmd. derived from the sale of land and timber,
and invested in interest-bearing bonds, is steadily growing each year, and
already amlounts to about three million dollars, though not one-tenth of
the school lands haA-e yet been sold.

There Is Every year the income of this fund is apportioned to the

a Lot of school districts of the state, in proportion to the number of
Money for persons of school age. While the number of persons has
the Schools, been steadily growing, it has not grown so fast as the fund,
so that the per capita apportionment has been steadily in-
creasing for several years. In 191 1 it was $3.00, in 1912 $3.50, and in 1913
$4.00. As the county high schools do not share in this apportionment, it
really amounts to almost six dollars for every child actually enrolled in the
common schools.

Each county also levies a school tax of four niills. This yields an
average of about $20 y>cv jiupil. Finally each district may supplement this
by a local tax up to the limit of ten mills.

The results actually accomnlished are most encouraging. The mini-
mum limit of school terms is four months, but there are very few that

— One mining company alone paid $20,000,000 for labor in Montana in 1913.

THE SCHOOLS

U5

Montana
Stands
Near the
Top.

comie down to this Hmit. More than four-fifths of all the schools in the
state have at least a six months term. Nearly all the town
schools are in session for nine months and many for ten.

A recent comparative study of public school systems in
the United States, conducted through the Russel Sage Founda-
tion, discloses some very interesting facts Several states with
more than double IN'Jontana's population expend less for mainte-
nance of schools than M'ontana; only five out of the forty-eight states

exceed Montana in the per
capital expenditure for each
child of school age.

Only three states west
of the Missssippi river have
public school property of
as great a value in propor-
tion to the school popula-
tion as Montana, which in
this respect greatly exceeds
such progressive states as
Michigan, Wisconsin, Iowa
and Minnesota.

In the annual expendi-
ture per child, in 1910
only five other states came
up to Montana's m'ark. Only nine expended so great an amount per child
per day of actual attendance. As the report well points out, "Low cost
means cheap teaching." Here
is where Montana's record
is especially good. The aver-
age annual salary paid to
public school teachers in
the United States as a
whole is given as $485,
while in some places it runs
as low as $200. In Mon-
tana, however, the average
is (given as $645 — an amount
equalled only by six other
states of the forty-
^'^^it. A Modern Rural School Such as Is Now Being Built.

All these statistics it will be noted, too, are nearly four years odd, and
during the last four years Montana has hcen making' more rapid progress
than m any previous period of her history.

To the new settler the rural school is the one that is of greatest im-
portance. Here has always been the weak spot of the Amencan school

The Kind of School House That Is Passing Away.

—There's thirty million acres of farming land in Montana.

H6 MONTANA 19U

system, but just liere is where the g:reatest interest in recent years has

been developed, and wliere the most widespread movement for progress

is taking place.

That Montana is fully sharing in thi<^ moven:ent is particularly shown

by two striking facts. At the last session of the state legislature a law

was enacted, without opposition, adding to the State Department of Public

Instruction, a special inspector of rural schools, whose whole

Keepmg time is given to personal visits to country schools, conferences

Country wnth patrons and teachers, learning of their local needs, and

Schools In acquainting them with the best things in rural education that

-, j.^. are available.

Condition.

A man has been secured for this work who has been
engaged in educational enterprises in Montana for more than a dozen
years, and whose work has familiarized him with every quarter of the
state. He entered upon the new office in June, and a new impetus has
already been given to the work of the rural schools in the counties visited.
When the Montana State Bankers' Association met in annual conven-
tion in August, so impressed were they with the great importance of this
rural work, that they voted to take upon themselves for two years, until

the next session of the legislature, the support of an addi-
Bankers tional rural inspector in order that a far greater number of

Help Make rural districts may be brought quickly into touch with the
the Schools modern miovement.
Useful. Consequently a young woman who had several years

of very successful experience as county superintendent of
schools in the largest county in ^lontana. if not indeed the largest in the
United States, has been engaged, and started upon the work the first of
November.

One reason in particular for recognizing the importance of this new of-
fice is the fact that, at the general election in November, 1914, the voters of
Montana are to decide the question of a state tax levy which will be used
partly for the suppo^rt of elementary schools in districts not able of them-
selves to hold school for more than six months. It is of course essential

to the best results that the expenditure of such money should be most
carefully supervised.

The same legislature just mentioned also raised the minimum legal
requirement for teachers' certificates. Already, however, largely by reason
of the good salaries paid, Montana was demanding and getting teachers
of high character. Many a teacher with fine credentials has
Teachers come to Montana from the east expecting to drop readily into
Must Have 3- g'ood position, only to fail completely to pass the tests re-
High Quali- q^iired for teachers' certificates.

fications, 5^ ^ygH known has the character of Montana teachers be-

come that many of them find their way to the most responsible
positions in other parts of the country. A noticeable instance of this hap-

— Montana's mines alone would make a ivealthy state.

THE SCHOOLS

U7

pened very recently. One of the large eastern cities, needing a school
superintendent, secured for this place the head of the public schools in
Helena, a town of less than I5.0(X) inhabitants, and now only two years
later, this man is receiving the highest salary ever paid to a public school
superintendent in the United States.

Secondary education often requires a long time for development, but
the growth of hig-h schools in Montana has been remarkably rapid in the
last few years. For a long time there have been good high schools in

most of the ilarger towns, as Butte, Heleaia, Great Falls, Billings
The State's and Anaconda. In smaller towns, howev^er, the people were
Splendid determined not to be behind, and some years ago a law was
High enacted by the legislature enabling a high school to be estab-

Schools. lished in each county at the expense of the whole county,

and free to all children of the county.

Already sixteen counties have taken advantage of this opportunity,
have erected fine modern buildings, and are carrying on courses of four
years, which are fully accredited for university entrance. The great finan-
cial resources available for these schools enables them to be well housed,
to have thorough
equipment, and se-
cure teachers of ex-
ceptionall ability.
The average salary
paid to principals of
all these schools ex-
ceeds two thousand
dollars per annum,
and some receive as
high as three thou-
sand.

Besides these
county high schools,
there are district
h i g h schools of
equivalent character in many of the larger towns — indeed, there are only
three counties in the state which have no school accredited by the State
Board of Education, and even in these counties, there are schools doing
some good high school work, but not yet sufficiently equipped to be quite
able to meet the requirements for staindardization.

While these standard high schools are accredited to the institutions
of higher learning, they are by no means dominated by the requirements
for university entrance. The great majority of high school students never

Agricultural Hall, Montana Agricultural College, Bozeman.

— Montana's water power tvould turn the wheels of the nation's factories

U8 MONTANA 19U

enter college; the interests of this majority are not to be sacrificed
for the smaller number who are preparing for a college course.

Most of the high schools offer some business training at least along
commercial limes. Every )^ear a larger number provide practical instruction
in domestic arts and in ait least the beginnings of mechanical trades, and
several have agricultural courses of most clearly demonstrated value.

In organizing the work of higher education Montana has been peculiarly
fortunate. The act of Congress which admitted the state to the union, sup-
plemented by other laws, set apart for the endowment of higher education
vast areas of the public domain. For all (the higher institutions
Schools in this aggregates nearly seven hundred square miles. This land
This State is not taken, however, just as i't happens to come, but has
Are in been selected with great care, in all parts of the state. As a

Funds. considerable amount of this land is valuable timber land, the

state institultions wilil in time have a very productive endow-
mient fund. Already it yields a much larger annual revenue than the total
income of many private colleges of renown, and the legislature of the state
supplements this by liberal appropriations from the general funds of the
state. To all this is to be added, if the people endorse the action of the
last legislature, a special state levy of one mill for educational purposes.

In locating the institutions of higher education, regard was had for the
fact that Montana is a state of great distances, and it was planned to have
somie one institution readily accessible to the different centers of population,
and to give to several different communities the stimulus to educational
achievement that comes from having such an institution in its midst.

When the educational institutions were established, most of the popu-
lation was in the western third of the state, and all the higher institutions
were located somewhat west of the geographical center, but the extensions
of railroad building has made them accessible to all parts of the state.

The Ubiversity of Montana is located at Missoula, at the lower end
of the famous Bitter Root valley. A fine group of imposing buildings,
though soniewhat dwarfed in apearance by the gigantic mountain back-
ground, houses the different departments of the university.
Montana's In Montana from the outset there has been strong opposi-

Splendid tion to the plan so common in many new states of trying to
and Pro make a great showing in numbers by low standards of entrance
gressive requirements. When the University of Montana was opened

University, in 1895, the fact that there were only two or three places in
the state where it was possible to make complete preparation
for college entrance, seemed to necessitate the maintenance for a time of a
preparatory department. But with the growth of high schools the need of
this has passed away, and for some years the attendance has been made up
entirely of pupils of coillegiate grade.

The great majority of students are enrolled in courses in science, arts,
and letters, leading to the degree of B. A. or B. S. But in 1911 a law

— Montana can produce more wheat than any state in the Union.

THE SCHOOLS

U9

school was established as a ciepartment of the university, and immediately
a number of young- men entered upon a three years law course, seA'-eral of
whom expect to graduate, well equipped for their profession, at the close
of the present year.

In 1913 the legislature also established a school of forestry as a depart-
ment of the university. This enables the university to offer two years of
professional training, following three years of study of those subjects which
naturally underlie an education in technical forestry. Missoula

t^ores ry s j^ located in one of the most instructive forest areas to be

Taught on . , • , 1 , i-. , ,t • • ^,

°. iound in the Whole Rocky Mountam region. The nature of the

Lines adjacent country also affords opportunities for the prac-

tical application of fores^try in remunerative employment.

The United States Forest Service has district headquarters
in Missoula, and its practical operations are available for study the year
round, and assistance of its expert officers is g^ven in lectures and other
ways of practical value to the studenit of forestry. The university is also
lookingr to the estab-
lishment of a course
in lumbering- and for-
est management for
training men to organ-
ize and conduct large
operaltions in logging
and milling, and at the
same time to give ef-
ficient management to
extensive tracts of for-
est land.

Space cannot here be
given to a resume of
all the various activities

of the university, but brief mention should be made of its largely attended

summer school at Missoula, and particularly of its bioilogical station on

the eastern shore of Flathead lake. Hiere the universty owns nearly ninety

acres of land, and maintains a biolog-ical laboratory, and for six weeks

every summer gives courses in varous biological subjects.

The university also includes a School of Pharmacy, and offers, besides,
various courses of correspondence study.

The Montana Agricultural College which has ailready completed its
twentieth year, is located in the heart of the world-famed Gallatin valley,

IMIIIi

Main Hall, University of Montana.

■The ivanderlust dies ivhen one comes to Montana.

150 MONTANA 19U

at Bozeman, where a campus and farm of 380 acres afford abundant oppor-
tunity for experiment and demonstration.

Where the Besides the land grant endowments for all the state edu-

Young cational institutions already mentioned, the Agricultural Col-

Farmers are lege also receives an annual appropriation of $50,000 from the
Instructed, treasury of the United States, for maintenance expenses. This
is in addition to an annual appropriation of $30,000 from the
sam:e source for the support of the Agricultural Experiment Station in
connection with the college.

The buildings and equij^mcnt at Bozeman ])lace the Montana Agri-
cultural College in these respects in favorable comparison with the foremost
agricultural colleges in the ITnited States, and the members of the faculty
have been drawn from all the leading agricultural colleges of the country.

Four year courses, leading to the degree of B. S. are offered in each
of the three divisions of the college.

Division of Agriculture — Tn Agronomy, Animal Industry and Dairying,
and Horticulture.

Division of Engineering — In Civil Engineering, Electrical Engineering,
and Mechanical Engineering.

Division of Industrial Arts and Sciences — In Biology, Chemistry and
Home Economics.

Graduates of many of these courses have gone immediately into lucra-
tive positions, especially as engineers or as managers of extensive farming
operations, or as teachers of domestic arts. Others have established enter-
prises of tlieir own, with the consciousness of thorough equipment for
their work.

Besides all these advanced courses the agricultural college also offers

short courses in the School of Home Economics and Mechanics, and in the

School of Agriculture. The courses in home economics and mechanic arts

,^ , . are maintained for the benefit of the vormg women and men
Useful Arts • • o

who are not convenient to high schools, and especially for
and Sci- ...

those who want industrial training. The large and well

ences Are . , , 1 .^ • 1 • 1 -^ 1

^ equipped laboratories, drawing rooms, kitchen, sewing rooms,

^ ■ and sihops provide facilities for work that will rank with

the best secondary polytechnic schools.

The Sc'hool of y\griculture has for its specific purpose the training of
the younger generation in such a way that the term "farming" will mean
a pleasure and a profitable source of income rather than the much dreaded
drudgery as thought of at present. Much of the instruction is of a practical
nature, and the student is brought into actual contact with the problems
connected with farm life. This course extends through three years of six
months each, and comes in the winter season, when the young people can
be spared from farm work.

— There is room for millions of prosperous, contented people in Montana.

THE SCHOOLS

151

Besides the farm at Bozeman. the agricultural college maintains several
experiment stations in different parts of the state, but the work of instruc-
tion is all carried on at Bozeman.

The agricultural college provides, however, for holding farmers' insti-
tutes at the various county seats throughout the state, and bulletins are
sent out free, upon request, which embody practical information based on
the researches of the experiment station.

The State Normal College opened at Dillon, in 1897, though one of the
youngest of the teachers' training schools of the country, has taken a high
standing almost from the first. This was the first normal school in any
of the northwestern states to insist on the high standard for
The State graduation which is now required b}^ all the better teachers'
Normal Col- training schools of the country. The result has been most
lege Takes gratif3'ing in the high rank taken b_v the graduates of this
High Rank, institution — including in this number the present state super-
intendent of public instruction, one of the state rural school
supervisors, a large number of county and city superintendents, and numer-
ous teachers in most of the best school systems of Montana and in several
other states.

The Monltana State Normal Codlege has one of the most practical and
effective systems of training to be found anywhere in the country. Many

normal colleges have small
model school in connec-
tion, some have the privi-
lege of sending their stu-
dents to practice in cer-
tain of the public schools
of the neighbor'hood., but

tlie college at Dillon is

one of only two or three

the countrv \v*hich has

in

A Typical Graded School Building.
When high school graduates who are

as its model and practice
school the whole public
school system of a town.

pupils of the ^Montana State
Normal College have studied for one year at ]3illon, throughout the next
year they spend a part of each day actually teaching the regular grades in
the pul)lic schools of Dillon, under careful criticism of their supervisors, but
otherwise under just such typical conditions as they Avill find when they
become professional teachers. During the preceding year they have already
been making systematic visits in the Dillon schools, and observing care-
fully th-e work of expert teachers.

To make this arrangement possible the Dillon public school board
chose one of the faculty of the normal college as superintendent of schools

— In parts of Montana the sun shines more than three hundred days a year.

152 MONTAKIA 19U

and all the public school teachers work under his supervision, and indeed
are appointed on his nomination.

The Dillon school board has just completed the erection and equip-
ment, for this school, of a building which is. perhaps, the most thoroughly
up to date modern school building- in the state.

As the majority of the teachers in "Montana are rural teachers, special
care is needed for their training and a model ungraded school is carried on
for their benefit.

For the work of instruction the State Normal College has also fine
buildings of its own, on the most beautiful campus in the State, and libraries
and other equipment of the most valuable character.

For teaching the science of minerolog}- and the practical art of working
mines, the opportunity in Montana is unique, and of all places in the State
Butte is the ideal location for such work. Here the Montana State School

of Klines has been carried on for the past fourteen years, and
The School is affording young men who are interested in this field the
of Mines opportunity of their lives to make practical preparation for
at Butte. becoming mining engineers and experts in all lines of quartz

mining operations.

The institutions alread}' mentioned are for the benefit of all the people
of ^^lontana in general, but in providing these generous facilities, the State
has not overlooked those unfortunate classes wlio are unable to avail them-
selves of advantages of this character.

At Boulder, midway between Helena and Butte, is the State School for
the Deaf and Blind. Here are gathered all the deaf and blind children of
the State, unless they are too feeble in health to engage in
Helping the school work.

Deaf and These children receive not only a good general education.

the Blind, but every effort is made to render them capable of self-support.
Carpentry, printing and other handicrafts are taught to the deaf
boys, and sewing and housekeeping to the girls. Above all a large and well
equipped ranch, stocked with horses, cattle, hogs and poultry, and provided
with a modern sanitary daii}' barn, gives ample opportunity for training in
useful work. But besides this the deaf are taught in a large measure to
overcome some of their limitations. While they cannot hear, they are
taught to read ordinary conversation by watching the speaker's lips, and a
\ery large proportion of the deaf are taught to speak so well that a stranger
would not be likely to suspect their infirmity.

For the blind, the range of opportunity is more limited, but they learn
to read books specially prepared for them, and to do typewriting. Their
delicacy of touch is so great also, that they learn to do many things quite
as well' as those who see. Music and the tuning of musical instruments are
naturally among the occupations at which they learn to excel.

Provision is also made at Boulder in a separate institution, but under the
same superintendency. where those who are not suited mentally to the work

-It you would he satisfied anyichere, you would be satisfiedin Montana.

THE SCHOOLS

153

of the public schools, may be trained in the State School for Back-
ward Children. It is remarkable what progress, imder the careful individual
treatment given them here, can be made by many children who were regard-
ed as hopeless in the public schools. Many such children become self-
supporting and useful citizens, who would otherwise have been a burden
and a menace. No children are received here who are incapable of any
mental progress.

Even a brief account of the educational advantages of ]^Iontana ought
not to omit all mention of many educational enterprises carried on by pri-
vate activity. The oldest institution for higher education in Montana in-
deed, is the College of IMontana, sustained by the Presbyterian
Some Other denomination at Deer Lodge.

Educational For some time after the opening of the state institutions,

Institutions this college confined itself chiefly to the work of an academy,
of This but recently plans for enlargement have been undertaken, and

State. a campaign for endowment is now in progress which it is hoped

will result in the college coming to fill a much larger pllace in
the educational work of the State.

The Montana \A^esleyan University likewise has been doing an excel-
lent work for many 3-ears in Helena under Methodist auspices, A new site
has been secured and a large new building just erected and this institution,
too, is making a most vigorous canvass for the enlargement of its endow-
ment, with strong hopes of success. The university makes a strong appeal
through its academy department to parents living in rural communities who
wish to send their children
where the absence of home
surroundings will be in a
large measure offset by the
special care offered in dorm-
itory life.

The educational work of
the Roman Catholic church
is the most extensive of any
of the private enterprises in
the State. In several of the
larger t o w n s parochial
schools are maintained. In
Butte these are particu-
larly well organized, extending from the lowest primary grade througli the
high school.

In several towns boarding academies are sustained which carry on both
elementary and secondary work. Of these St. Vincent's Academy at Helena,
Sacred Heart Academv at Missoula and Mt. Angel Ursuline Academv a:

St. Helena's Parochial School at Helena.

— The natural resources of Montana are a bar against "hard times."

ISA

MONTANA 19U

Great Falls, as well as the Catholic Central High School at Butte, have
been accepted by the State Board of Education on the list oi accredited high
schools.

St. Charles college for boys has recently been opened at Helena, and
has a large attendance from all parts of the State. The college building is
singularly complete, attractive and commodious.

A free County High School.

Labor

In No Part of America Is the Wage-
Earner Better Paid or More Pros-
perous Than in Montana — Here the
Laws Are Framed for His Protec-
tion and Their Provisions Are
Rigidly Enforced.

By W. J. SWINDLEHURST,
Commissioner of Labor and Industry.

tr^i^^^ii*-'

There is probably no department of the jMontana state governmient with
which the public is less familiar than with the newly created Department
of Labor and Industry. Tt would seem that very ilittle is known and under-
stood of the duties and functions of this office, and it is there-
Big and fore with a great deal of pleasure that I accept your very kind
Useful in Its invitation to furnish for your annual publication a brief article
Mission. on the industrial condition of the State, the origin and mission

of this department, the duties of the commissioner and some-
thing of the work beino: done in the interest of labor and industry in this
State.

The first state bureau of labor in the United States was created by the
Massachusetts legislature in 1869— 44 years ago. Congress of the United
States established a national bureau of labor in 1885. the same being still
in existence, having accomplished many practical and substantial results,
especially in the interest of the wage-working class. Wide-spread interest
followed this new depart\irc, and gradually bureaus of labor were created
in other states. Some fortv states now have labor bureaus and all are

— A vacation in Montana will add years to your life.

156 MONTANA 19U

appointive offices. The Department of Labor and Industry in Montana was
created March 4th, 1913. by an act of the Tliirteenth Leg-islative Assembly,
convened in this State.

Since February 17th. 1893. a ])ureau of labor has been maintained in
conjunction with another department of the State government. As origin-
ally created, it was a part of the Bureau of Agriculture, Labor and Indus-
try, and was so conducted with many gratifying results until the spring
of 1913.

For many years the old bureau was overburdened with an excess of
work, and as a consequence the labor branch of the department suffered,
the scope of its usefulness being confined to a very limited sphere.

With the growth, activity and industrial development in the State, the
need of a separate department devoted to labor interests has been apparent
and anticipated for many years. It was not, however, until the present
governor had been installed in office that the matter submitted to the
joint assembly, and a recommendation made for the segregation of the two
departments which had hitherto been classed as one.

While the governor and legislature contemplated and required many

new, important and varied duties for this department, it is probably of
interest to the public to know that scarcely any additional expense has
been incurred to the State, under the new order and existing
The Inter- regime. AV^hile the law governing labor bureaus in other states
ests of Labordiffers somewhat from the one under which the department
Are the was established here, the difference is not material, the duties

First Con- being similar and practically the same. Some have a wider
sideration. scope of usefulness than others, with broadened duties depend-
ing on the diversity of industries, and the character and sur-
rounding conditions under which they operate.

Briefly stated, the Department of Lal)or and Industry was established
for the benefit of the \\^rking classes and the general public. It has for its
purpose the collecting and compiling of statistics with relation to various
establishments in the State which are employing labor, the enforcement of
all labor laws, especially those relating to the employment of minors,
women and children, and for the protection of people working in mines,
mills, smelters and factories in the State. Another important duty is to
collect, assort, systematize, arrange and present in an annual report to the
governor, statistical details relatino- to the moral, social, educational and
sanitary conditions of the laborino- classes, together with suggestions and
recomiUiendations to the governor and legislature.

The value of the industrial statistics is beinp- recofrnized more and more
each succeeding year. The gathering and compiling of statistics of the kind

and character above mentioned is one of the important features
Facts That of all labor bureaus throughout the United States. Their
Will Be chief value is for comparative purposes, and the knowledge

of Value, thus acquired can frequently be used in safeguarding the

public in the preparation and enactment of such laws and

— The good farmer raises a tew hogs in Montana.

LABOR

157

amendments as may from time to time be deemed wise, beneficial and
expedient.

One of the most important investigations by this department during its
brief term of existence has been that with relation to the gathering of
statistics of manufacturing industries in the State. This, we believe, is being
carried on with very satisfactory results. It is hoped that this compilation
will be of interest and value, and prove to some extent the usefulness of
this department.

Our attention has been called to the rapidly increasing manufacturing
and industrial enterprises in the State, in which labor is so extensively em-
ploved and so largely interested. With a phenomenal advancement along
this line, it is natural that abuses will become prevalent, and it is the desire
of the present commissioner to be of service, through recommendations to

Portland Cement Factory at Trident.

the law-makers, which will result in protecting rhe interests of both em-
ployee and employer alike.

During my brief tenure in office many labor violations have been en-
countered, and with the exception of a few cases, have been amicably ad-
justed without recourse to the courts.

The conditions of labor during the past summer have been very satis-
factory, and but few and slight disturbances have taken place. I am glad
to say that none of them have been of a nature sufficiently serious to check
industrial activity in general, or in any particular line of in-
Labor Con- dustry or locality durins- the oast vpar.

ditions Are Labor as a whole has been in greater demand, and but few

Very Satis- persons have experienced any difficult}'- in obtaining employ-
factory, ment at good wages. The prospect of a continuance of this
desirable condition is excellent.

— Montana tniners are the best paid in the world.

158 MONTANA 1914

Owing- to the development of nran}- new and varied resources ; the fact
that the Butte mines are AVorkin<r the larsfest force of men in the history
of that mining- camp; many new railroads and branch lines under construc-
tion and anticipated ; a g'ood demand for farm lahor and hands in luml^er
and log-ging^ camps, all point to a future of uninterrupted industrial activity.

W'hile on the subject of labor conditions. T mig-ht with propriety men-
tiotti here the contract entered into last May between the Butte miners'
union and the Anaconda Copper Mining Company, which practically fixes
and determines the scale of Ava.ges in the quartz mines of this
Big and State. This contract is in the form of a graduaited wage scale
Steady Pay and runs for three years. It provides that when copper is 17c
for the per pound or more, wages for miners shall be $4.00 per day ;

Miners. when copper is below 17c and above 15c, the rate of wages

shall be $3.75 per day: when copper is under 15c per pound,
the wages shall be $3.50 per day. If my memory serves me correctly, the
price of copper has remained above t^c the entire summer, and wages have
not at any time been under $2,.'/^ per day. Wages have therefore been
practically $3.50 and $4.00 the past season — a very gratifying condition for
the most important industrial locality in the State.

Summarizing, it may be said that while many of the laboring people of
Montana are far from leading an ideal existence, yet their condition as a
whole is much better than that of their fellow workers in surrounding states.
It is gratif3dng to feel, after a careful and thorough canvas of all sections
of the State, that the percentage of unemployed is comparatively small,
while the number of employed is much greater than ever before in the
history of this commonwealth.

I wish before closing to make some mention of the excellent market
afforded for home products. Montana is singularly blessed in this particu-
lar. This is true of manufacturing as well as of agricultural products. It
is, however, a matter of extrem-e regret and concern to the
Home Pro- State as a Avhole that so much of the raw materiad of a diversity
ducts Find of home production is annually shipped out of the State for
a Ready manufacturing purposes, and this is done regardless of the

Market. saving of transportation charges, and the fact that much of

the finished products can be turned out quicker, cheaper and
better here at home. It would seem that the possibilities of manufacturing
in this State are still being overlooked, as they have been for a genera-
tion past.

Montana annually ships many train loads of live cattle, sheep and swine
to the eastern markets, while large quantities of fresh meats, including
hams, bacon and lard are imported every year to supply the local consump-
tion. With cattle and lives<tock raised in abundance, and a continually
growing market, Montana has no slaughtering or packing plants of conse-
quence within its boundaries, and we can see no particular or valid reason
for this condition. Here is an industry in which the people of the State
should interest and bestir themselves, \\ith proper financial support and

— The mineral wealth of Montana has scarcely been scratched.

LABOR

159

encourag'emen't, the slaughtering, packing- and shipping of m'eats should
become in the near future an imoortant and profitable industry in the State.
After a thorough and conservative investigation of the S'tate, it is esti-
mated that the annual meat importations, including mutton, hams, bacon
and lard, irrespective of live and dressed poultry, is 12,000,000 pounds. The
average wholesale price of these products during 1913 was
Meats approximately 21c per pound, which would give a value of

Worth Mil- $2,520,000 for meat importations alone.

lions Are Another surprisiner condition is the importation of live and

Shipped in. dressed poultry. This estimate is given at $1,500,000, while

150,000 cases of eggs at 30 dozen each were shipped into the

State during the past twelve months. At 30 cents per dozen, the egg impor-

f.^"^

f ":

« M

V •

.t^

y^.^

V*'

Digging an Irrigation Ditch.

tation would amount to $1,350,000. The poultry products would therefore
total $2,850,000.

The creamery business is another industr}^ showing a lack of growth,
improvement and development. With fifty creameries in the State Mon-
tana annualily imports 3,500,000 poimds of butter and 4,000,000 pounds of
cheese. The wholesale price of butter has averaged 31 cents per pound the
past year, and cheese, of which practically none is made in the State, ha?
sold at 20 cents per pound. Based on these prices, and adding thereto 300
cars of 40,000 pounds capacity each, of condensed milk and cream at $2,100
per car, annually shipped from abroad, would make a total of $2,515,000
sent out of the State each year for dairy products which should be pro-
duced and manufactured at home.

-Montana leads the country in production per acre.

160 MONTANA 19U

While Montana can boast of fifty creameries, twenty of them are idle
at the present time. This condition is not surprising when consideration
is given to the fact that this important industry is apparently passing
tlirough the experimental stage which has marked the history
More-Cream- of the early establishment of creameries in other states. Every
eries Are in effort is being made to stimulalte the product of milk, butter
Demand. and cheese in every locality with unusually satisfying results.
With a favorable market in every city and village, it is con-
fidently expected that the creamery industry will soon assume the import-
ance which the prospects and conditons of the country warrant. The new
dairy commissioner is giving added interest and impetus to this industry
by advice and co-operation with the farmer and manufacturer wherever
necessary, practicable and advantageous.

It is our observation that excellent opportunity is afforded in some

localities for the establishment of small canning factories in both the east-
ern and western parts of the .State. Fruits, berries and vegetables are

grown in abundance and can be preserved and canned at a
Canning profit and shipped to favorable mark'ets as the industr}?- grows

Factories and develops.

Would Pay \t this time new creameries, flour and cereal mills and

Big Profits, other small factories are being talked of and exploited, and the

erection of several starch and potato flake factories are con-
templated in different localities throughout the State. Whh the develop-
ment of the great miodern power plants in many localities and the building
of transmission power lines in every direction, the future development of
manufacturing in the State is confidently expected, anticipated and assured.
The season of 1913 has been an active one in railroad building, and
good progress has been made on several important extensions of the Great
Northern and IMilwaukee roads in the northern section of the State. The
Soo line has entered the State this year, and is traversing the northeastern
section from the Dakota line to a point on the boundary west and north
of Great Falls. The construction work on these lines has given employ-
ment to an extra large amoimt of labor during the past season. Late in the
summer and fadl many workmen were attracted to the harvest fields, caus-
ing a scarcity of help in railroad and construction work.

The lumber business which has for the past few years sho\vTi a de-
pressed condition, owing to what is said to be an over-production, is looking
up and already shows increased activity.

Generally speaking the condition of Montana from an industrial stand-
point is excellent, and a feeling of confidence in the future development and
prosperity of the State prevails.

— You can buy Montana land ttvice as good for half the price of eastern land.

The Mines!

Out of the Gulches and Canyons
Flow Golden Streams of Wealth —
Fabulous Fortunes Are Annually
Taken From the Mountains of
Montana and Uncounted Millions
Yet Lie in Rock-Ribbed Hills.

By JOHN H. McINTOSH,
Mining: Editor of the Butte Miner,

Mining was Mon'tana's first occupation. Until recent years it was by all
odds the pre-eminent occupation.

And from this statement the inference should not be drawn that the
metal producing industry in Montana has had a recession, but rather that
agriculture has grown with such remarkable strides, it has caused the

groiwth of mining to appear slow by comiparison.
Mineral Pro- It was the lure oi gold that brought the pioneers of this

duction vast territory across ithe plains and over the mountains in the

Continues to late 50's and early 6o's. It wa."^' the quest for the yellow
Increase. metal that popuated Alder gulch. Last Chance gulch, Bannack,
the Moose creek country and other placer camps of early days.
Mining it was that invited to what was then a wilderness the hardy and
adventurous sons of the middle west and east, and also the experienced
miners from the Sandy creek beds of California.

Thus it was that mining was responsible for blazing the trails, for re-
placing the grizzly and the Indian Avith the white man, for opening the
eye of civilization to the fact that Montana's timber, hay and grain land.

— Brains and brawn pay big dividends in Montana.

162 MONTANA 19U

her water power and other resources, were second to no other state within
the borders of the nation.

What a far cry it is from tiie mininor of the days of '62 to minint^ of
the days of 1913! It is not so much the chans^e in the quantity of mining
done, but rather with the vastly improved methods that we are impressed.
Where once the grizzled miner panned his dust, giant dredge
Like a Ro- boats now ply in the gulches. Where, after the rush for placer
mance Reads diggings had subsided and attention was first called to lode
This Strangemining, the windlass and whim were used to hoist the ore,
Story. great electrical equipment of modern design now does the work

— a throbbing monument of steel to tbe genius of time!

A generation in ]Montana has witnessed the transition from the horse
and w(him to steam and from steam to electricity, (the latter being possible
through the harnessing: of the rivers of the Treasure State. No other occu-
pation has shown more rapid advancement than mining. That means within
the State of Montana, for Montana's mining has shown the way to the
rest of the mining world in the matter of labor-saving and economical
methods.

And it is on the subject of more recent activities that this article Vv'ill
dwell. The history of mining in this State is intensely, yes, thrillingly inter-
esting. But, with the excepton of an occasional reference to the production
of Montana's metals in the past, we cannot deal much with history. Lack of
space forbids.

And the future of Montana mining? Before getting back to the major
trend '.he writer would ask the privilege to record a prediction — that mining
in Montana is but an infant in swaddling clothes. A few decades hence
will find it a mighty giant of an industry and the millions of
Mining Is dollars in ore already extracted from her ground will seem
Yet an small in comparison with the multiplied millions still remain-

Infant ing and which will be mined by the generations that are yet

Industry. to come.

To the uninitiated such a prediction might indeed seem bold.
Yet it is made only after mature thought and careful observation. Today
the output of Montana's mines is being steadily increased. And think oi
the countless mines that are vet to be opened and worked and made pro-
ducers ! Throughout aM of the State's systems of mountain ranges there
are evidences of mineralization. New prospects are daily being located.
New properties are being opened up from time to time. It is possible that
other hills within Montana's confines will yet be found to be as rich as the
famous Anaconda hill of the Butte district, which today gives to the world
a healthy percentage of its copper output, and actually brings forth one fifth
of the red metal produced on the North American continent.

The human mind can scarcely comprehend the total wealth produced
to date by Montana's mines, measuring that wealth in dollars. It was not
until 1882 that accurate account was kept of the ore produced. The State

— Montana is big enough for an enipire — and it will be one, too.

THE MINES

163

was sparsely settled and the industry itself was in a crude stage. It has
been estimated thait Montana, in those pioneer times, extending from 1862
to 1881, gave to the world $211,000,000 in gold and silver. Copper mining
has not then gained a foothold in the State.

Starting with 1882 records of the ore mined and smelted, or otherwise
treated, were kept. In iqii the .State's mineral products w^ere valued at
$46,955,287. In 1912 there was a hig advance and the total output was

When Mining Was in Its Infancy.

valued at $64,754,613, the principal increase being shoAvn in the copper
columns. The 1913 figures will not be shown until the year fades away
and ushers in 1914. But it is safe to prophesv tlie mineral output of 1913
will be somewihere around the $65,000,000 mark.

This brings us down to the total fig-ures of ore produced by Montana,
measured in dollars, since mining became an industrv in the State in 1862.

-Montana need not call on the outside world for a single necessity.

16A MONTAAA 19U

Counting all the production of all years from 1862 to 1912, and we have
Startling the sum total of $1.^41. =;8o,o87. Then add to that the 1912
Figures production of $64,754,613, together Avith the estimated 1913

That Show production of $65,000,000, and we have the value of Montana's
Montana's ore production to date— $1,671,334,700.

Mineral As before stated, the latest authentic fiofures cov^rino- min-

Wealth. ing in Montana do not include the results of 1913. As tlii^ is

wTitten there are still a number of weeks of 1913 left on the calendar and
so the only figures for this year we can bring forward are estimated.

Time was when gold was the eagerly sought metal beneath the surface
of Montana's soil. Today coooer is the major mininsf industry. The prin-
cipal increase in metal values of 1912 over 191 1 is shown in copper. The
value of the copper increase was $17,000,951.

The first copper produced in this .State for the market that we have
any record of was in 1868. In 1881 there was some more copper mined, and
yet the output was less than a million and a half pounds. It was in 1887
that the Treasure State came to the froint as the premier copper
Copper Fills producing state. For two decades Montana held this dis-
the Banks tinction. In 1907 Arizona came to the front with a leap and
With Coin, displaced Montana as first in copper production. As an illus-
tration of what Montana's copper mining industry' means to
the country, the Treasure State, since 1880, has produced one third as much
copper as ha 5 the entire United States since 1845.

In pounds, Montana produced 309,738,873 last year, which was a gain
of 36,891,168 pounds over 191 1. •

And when the copper mining industry of Montana is spoken of the
Butte district is spoken of, for t'le bulk of Montana's copper is produced in
Buitte. A good idea of the proportion can be gained when it is known that,
of the 1912 output, Butte contributed all but 1,516,326 pounds of the total.
Jefiferson county comes next with 776,072 pounds and Broadwater was
third.

A sumtai.1 ry sun^ey of the records show that the sulphide copper ores
of smelting grade predominate and average 5.57 per cent of copper, while
the oxidized copper ores contained only 4.42 per cent of copper. The copper-
lead sulphide and oxidized ores contained respectively 3.08 and 3.50 per cent
of copper. Included in this crude ore sent to smelters were copper precipi-
tates contairJng 6,333,918 pounds of copper recovered from mine waters and
the washings from oil tailings by the use of scrap iron as a precipitant. Con-
centrates produced at milling plants contained 218,708,512 pounds of copper,
nearly all of which was from copper concentrates, which averaged 7.30 per
cent of copper.

While there are several minino^ companies operating successfully in
Butte — companies that have no connection with the Anaconda company —

— There's always a bright future for the good farmer in Montana.

THE MINES 165

ihe production of the latter company so far exceeds the aiggregate produc-
tion of the other companies that the output of the Anaconda
Properties is often referred to as the output of Butte. Amoncr the inde-
That Made pendent companies operatingr in Butte are the East Butte,
Butte Rich North Butte, the Butte & Ballaklava, the Davis Daily, the
and Famous. Tuolumme, the Pilot Butte and several other smaller producers.

AJso the Butte & Duluth and the Bullwhacker companies,
which are operatincT leaching- plants, and which will be taken up later. Also
the Butte & Superior and the Elm Orlu companies, which are zinc producers
and Which brings us to another subject and one that will be told of else-
where in this article.

That the reader may get a more intimate acquaintance with the copper
production industry of Montana, which, as before remarked, is the industry
of Butte, we will bring in some facts as gleaned from an official of the
Anaconda company, a company that has proved copper mining to be a
business in which the element of chance is eilimdnated as far as it can
possibly be done.

Tbis gigantic company produces and distributes $100,000 every day
before a dollar comes in for orofit. Those are average figures every day
now and of that average v$5o,ooo goes out every day for labor. Sixteen
thousand dollars is also paid out each day for freight; $13,000
Labor Gets for fuel and power; $8,500 for lumber and timber; $7,400 for
a Big Share supplies, and $13,200 for taxes and other expenses. In the
of the last five years this one mining company has distributed the

Reward. huge sum of $208,279,332, of which $189,830,754 was paid for

labor and material and about $18,500,000 in dividends.

What the mining industry means to ihe young State of Montana can
be guessed when the information is given that an overwhelmiing percentage
of the money paid out for labor and supplies by the mining companies, is
paid out in Montana, to Montana men and for Montana supplies. Another
aittractive feature is the fact that mining employees in this State receive the
best wages for like work in the world.

The figures of the Anaconda comipany are at hand and show that this
year the 16,000 employees of this conipan}' were paid $20,000,000, which is
an average of something more than $1,200 a year. WJth the mining indus-
try of the State on such a sound basis it is easy to account for the fact that
labor troubles are practically unknov.'n in the Treasure State and that the
most friendly relations exist between the company heads and the employees,
and the latter includes the army of wage earning miners.

NoWhere else in the world can be found a mining district so fraught
Vv-ith interest, both to the mining man and the layman, as Butte.

Forty years ago the Butte hi'll, or the Anaconda hill as it is sonue times
called, was a wilderness of scrubby trees and rocks. What occasional sign

— Montana is the state ivith a future

a:;

-si

o

'a

o

CO

I

THE MINES 167

of life was seen was furnished by some passing prospector. Attention was
first called to it as a placer minincf district. Next there was
Before the some silver mining near the grass roots. The copper era came
Miners Dug later. In a few years this industry was on a firm basis. The
the Deep production has been steady and there have been no vicissitudes
Holes. worthy of mention.

As the large copper deposits were discovered with greater
depth came greater costs of mining. But also came improved methods, off-
setting the added expense of having to go deep into the earth's bowels for
the red metal.

We said just now that forty years ago Butte was virtually a wilder-
ness. In that forty 3'-ears a billion dollars worth of ore, roughly estimated,
has been mined from beneath the very streets of the city, which long ago
outgrew the mining camp stage and is today a metropolitan place of 75,000
inliabitants.

And the most valuable item of all is the fact that the mines are daily
proving richer with depth, thus establishing the permanency of the district.

It is said that the underground workings of the Buitte mines aggregate
2.000 miles. The total depth of all the shafts of the district combined is 12
miles. Nearly all the mines are connected with underground workings and
one might travel for a week going through new tunnels and
Many Miles drifts and stopes. Through the shafts of the Butte district
of Under- are daily hoisted about 18,000 tons of ore. The big bulk of this
ground ore is sent to the Washoe smelter in Anaconda and the Great

Workings. Falls smelter. Incidentally the Washoe plant is the greatest
in the world. It was built at a cost of many millions. A small
idea may be g^leaned of the capacity of the two big smelters by the
knowledge that they consume on an average of 1,400 tons of coal and coke

each day.

That the reader of this article may be thoroughly impressed wath the
scope of the copper mining industry of Montana, the focal point of which
is Butte, it might be Avell to state that in the course of a year the Butte
mines used 100,000,000 feet of lumber and more than 300,000 round timbers
for mine props. That amounts to a veritable forest. The Butte mines use up
more than 5,000,000 pounds of djmamite each year, this giant powder being
used to break rock.

In no other mining district of the world today are the methods used
so advanced and so economical as can be found about the copper mines of
Butte. Long ago the management of the different companies learned that

the best results could be obtained by paying the best wages,
Methods by employing the most capable men, by adopting the best and
Used in safest methods and by using the best equipniicnt. They learned

Mining Are that the best of everything is the cheapest in the long run.
Most To the year 1913 can be credited the thorough and full

Modern, application of electricit}^ to mining and smelting. That is one

of the best and most significant developments in the history of
Montana's copper producing industry. The Anaconda company led the way

—If you have faith in yourself come to Montana.

CO

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THE MINES 169

ill this progressive move and the others have not been slow to profit by the
experiments. The Montana Power Company controls some mig-hty plants
on the Missouri river near Helena and Great Falls, and of this company the
management of the mines purchases the power used.

Not long ago steam power was used. This is fast becoming obsolete.
Not only are the mines using electrically driven horse-power, but so are the
smelters and so is the Butte, Anaconda & Pacific railway, udiich transports
the ore fro^m the Butte mines to the Washoe smelter. In all it is estimated
that the Butte mines, and the smelters employ .40,000 horse-power, furnished
by the Montana Power company.

Electricity is emplo3^ed in mining in many ways. This power, for in-
stance, compresses the air, with which the big hoistiuig engines of the dis-
trict are operated. The tramiming, the driving of the drills and other forms
of Avork are now done by electrical power, either directly or
Electricity indirectly. The smelters employ electric power to crush tbe
Has Revo- rock that carries the ore and to concentrate this.

lutionized And the biggest point of all is the big saving effected, for

Mining. the companies are finding that electricity is much cheaper than

steam. And thus the harnessed power of Montana's streams
is used to make cheaper and better the operation of Montana's mining and
smelting industry.

Reference has been made in this article to the leaching of ores by the
Buitte & Duluth and the BuUwhacker companies. Along with the advance-
ment within a year of the zinc mining industry in the state these leaching
pla..v^ form a marked and significant change. It means that a
Getting the new industry has been added — a sort of adjunct to the
Metal by mining industry already established. It means that very low
an Easy grade copper ores lying at or near the surface can be scooped
Process. up by means of steam shovels and prepared for the market at

minimum cost. The successful leaching plant is its own
smelter and refinery. It crushes the rock, extracts the ore and turns it into
the finished product, ready for the copper market.

While this part of the copper producing industry is entirely new
and of sufficient importance to treat in a separate chapter. The Bul-
whacker and Butte & Duluth properties are located southeast of the Butte
hill across the flats and on the slope of the mOimtains just west of Columbia
Gardens. The companies differ in their methods somewhat, but both have
the same objecltive point, viz. — producing copper by the leaching process at
the least possible cost.

For many months the leaching process was in experimental stage.
Gradually it was perfected and with perfection of the process came enlarge-
ment of the plants. In mid-sunmier it was announced by both companies

that they had passed through the experimental stages and had
This Means arrived at the point when copper could be turned out of their
Big Things plants and shipped east for commercial j)urposes. Since then
for Butte. regailar shipments have been made and the plants have been

bus}^ increasing their capacity.

With all equipment in place the capacity of the Bullwhacker plant will
be 500 tons of ore per day, or about 20,000 pounds of pure, or electrolytic,

-An acre of grain is worth more to the farmer in Montana.

170

MOA TANA 19U

copper. And when the Butte and DuUith plant has reached its fullest devel-
opment its capacity will have been i.ooo tons of ore daily and about 40,000
pounds of commercial copper.

It may be interesting to tell here the story of the starting of the Butte
& Duluth plant, the largest yet built of the kind. A year and a half ago
Captain A. B. Wolvin bought the Brundy group of claims southeast of Butte.

He had organized the Butte 8c Duluth company with the in-
The Story tention of mining the ground in the regular, old-fashioned way.
of the Great Then he carefully studied the situation and determined that
Butte & the big bodies of oxidized, low grade copper ore might be

Duluth. treated successfully, and more economically, by the leaching

process. That was the starter for the present leaching and
electrolytic plant.

The property was carefully prospected. Pits, shafts and cuts were
worked, proving the continuity of the big ore bodies. Experts declare there
are 20.000,000 tons of ore to be mined in the property owned by the Butte
& Duluth company. In the 70 acres owned by the company there are

Open Face Mining in the Butte and Duluth.

2,000,000 tons in sight and easy to be mined. One thing that makes it
good leaching ore is the fact that it carries no other values but copper, and
it runs on an average of about 45 pounds of copper to the ton.

After many experiments a process was evolved which means practically
the complete saving of the copper values. And today Butte & Duluth is
producing and shipping copper at a cost of just about 10 cents a pound.
W'hh the enlargement of the plant experts declare this company can pro-
duce the red metal at not to exceed 6 cents per pound.

It is interesting to look ahead a little in this new industry and make
some estimates. Estimating on a basis of 15 cents as the price of copper,
and on 50 pounds to the ton, which will probably be nearer the average
than 40, as rich bodies of ore have recently been enronn^ered,
Looking to and also estimating on the minimum basis of 20.000 nrvi tons
the Future of ore. this A\T)uld give 500.000 tons of finished copper
Brings a which, at S300 per ton, would mean that Butte & Duluth car.
Smile. Bee in future $150,000,000 as returns from its ore.

— Montana markets make Montana profitable.

THE MINES 171

With the enhirg-ed mill 5.000 cathodes (the copper in com-
mercial form) \\\\\ be dipped, and tliese will "ive Bntte & Dulnth a capacity
of 1,200,000 ponnds of finished, electrolytic copper per mbnth.

It would require much space to tell in detail, and in technical form,
each step of the leachinq- process, and to the layman this would mean little.
In a nutshell tlie ore — which in itself forms a motmtain on the surface — is
broken down with surface shots and scooped up with steam shovels. Tt is
dumped into' the little cars and conveyed 1)y them to the mill, a few hun-
dred feet away, where it is dumperl into the crusher. From the crusher it
passes into the rolling mlachine and from there to the leaching machines,
a series of wooden troughs, w'here the acid solution gets in its work of
extraction, through the aid of agitating wheels and paddles that keep the
solution stirred. This is then passed on to the electroylitic cells or tanks
where the copper is precipitated onto copper sheets, or cathodes, by elec-
trolosis, and these cathodes are then in the form of commercial copper to
ship to market.

Thus has Butte entered into the surface, or pit, mining field. At the
Bullwhacker they have extracted their ore through a great pit, known as a
"glory hole." At the Butte & D'uluth the process is to dig right into the
side of the hill, starting near the top and stripping off the
Results ground in tiers of about twenty feet each. A few years back

That Have experts said these mountains of low^ grade copper ore were
Astonished practically worthless — that the grade was too low to make
the Experts, mining profitable. And so it Would be under the. old methods
of treatment. But with the leaching plant right at the prop-
erty and with the process 01^ extraction, or precipitation, bronght to* such an
economical basis, the question has been solved and the low grade copper
Oire is now beiing mined and shipped to market at good profit. The Bull-
w^hacker ores average four per cent copper and the Butte & D'uluth about
three per cent.

The two leaching plants related are but starters. Others are sure to
._uiiie. John D. Fields, manager of the North Star property of Granite
county, has established a big leaching plant there for the treatment of his
oo'mpany's ores. And the Anaconda company is also entering the new field.

And so another branch has been added to Montana's mining industry
and no matter how low grade the copper ores, even down to one per cent,
the mineral values can be extracted at profit by the leaching process.

Before leaving the subject of copper there is one point quite worthy
of emphasis here and that is copper mining in Montana is getting better
with depth. That also is quite significant for it proves the theory of per-
manancy adhered to bv John O. Ryan, president of the Amal-
Depth gamiated Copper company, that the ore exists at very deep

Seems Only levels.

to Add to Until twelve years ago ISTontana had not seen deep mining.

Values. Even the Butte mines had not been worked to the lov/er levels.

Silver ore had been found in the early days of the camp near

the surface and many old-timers thought the mines were wortMess when

— Comparisons may be odious, but they breed pride in Montana.

172

MONTANA 19U

the silver ore gave out. But the opposite has been proved. At the recent
meeting of the American Institute of Mining Engineers, held in Butte, the
statement was made by a high official of the Anaconda company, that rich
copper ore had been cnt in the High Ore mine at a depth of 3,230 feet.
Since that time more rich ore has been encountered at a depth of 3,400
feet. All this portends permanency. Copper mines have proved the lasting
mines since history first mentions the industry. And even today the Rio
Tinto copper mines of Spain are worked ait profit, though they are more
than 1,000 years old.

In Granite comnty rich strikes of copper ore have been reported from
the Royal Basin, the Swastika and other mines and it is quite possible that
the district around Philipsburg may rival Butte as an imiportant copper
producer. Madison and Jefferson counties have also produced considerable
copper.

The year 1913 has brought the zinc producing industry rapidly to the
front in Montana until that industry today ranks as one of the most im-
portant in the state under the head of mining. As in the copper producing
industry, Butte is also the focal point in the production of zinc
Zinc Has and, as the Anaconda company is the chief producer of copper,
Brought the so is the Butte & Superior company the chief producer of zinc.
Dawn of Crude zinc ores have been shipped from Lincoln, Jefferson
New Riches, and Fergus counties, but by comparison with that produced by
the Butte & Superior company the aggregate of the others is
smiall.

It is a startling statement, but none the less true, that the B'utte &
Superior company is today producing one pound of zinc for every two

lown of Elkhorn and Elkhorn Mine, One of the Big Producers.

THE MINES 173

pounds of copper that all the copper properties of the entire Butte district
combined, produce.

And this is a production worked up to within the year. The miine, with
its g^reat zinc treasure, was there a year ag-o, but the method of treatment
had not been worked out. The Butte & Superior company, at its mine, has
one of the finest zinc mills in the world. There was considerable experi-
menting- in the matter of treatment of the ores, but finally the management
adopted the oil flotation process and the results have been most g-ratifying.
For more than a year the recovery from the Butte «& Superior ores had
been unsatisfactory. But with the adoption of the oil flotation process and
the improvement of the plant the recoveries slowly climbed to above 90
per cent, thus allowing- the mining- and milling of Butte's zinc ores at
large profits.

The zinc or spelter market (spelter is the market term for zinc product)
is more valuable than the copper market. It is influenced by different
factors. But even with the price of spelter at its lowest point of the year
the Butte & Superior company can place its product on the market and
miake good money.

Let us take a more intimate view of the Butte & Superior operations
that we may better understand this new industry. The months of Septem-
ber and October, 1913, saAv the mine and mill making a wonderful record.
Shipments of concentrates during those months approached
Trainloads close to an average of 15 cars a day, these cars ranging in
of Zinc Ores weight from 40 to 50 tons, approximating 700 tons daily with
Shipped a zinc content approaching 50 per cent.

Daily. In addition the Butte & Superior company is said to have

so perfected its recovery of values that the silver and lead saving
now is about at a figure that represents half of the milling costs of the
company. TTie silver and lead concentrates, which are shipped apart from
the zinc, average 35 ounces of silver, which practicaly is "velvet", as the lead
content nearly pays the cost of smelting of the silver-lead product to the
reduction works.

Butte & Superior earned $140,000 during the month of August, milling
30,000 tons of ore, producing about 11,000.000 pounds of spelter. There
was an improvement in .September. There was aJso an advance in the
price of spelter, which helped the profits to swell.

During the month of September about 1,250 tons of ore were handled
daily by the company and the saving of the spelter was above 90 per cent.
Between 13,000,000 and 14,000,000 pounds of zinc were produced in Sep-
tember, which is half as much zinc as the Butte district produces in copper.

The enormiity of this output may not be grasped unless we show by
comparison what it means. There are more than 100 properties producing
copper and they aggregate about 26,000,000 pounds monthly. The Butte &

Superior places its big production on the market from its
An Astound- single property — The Black Rock mine.

ing Tale This production is made possible by the extraordinary

of Zinc richness of the crude zinc ores and the mammoth deposits of

Production, the high grade ore. Miners from the Black Rock say that the

ore in places is "twenty posts wide," giving it a width of 100
feeit. It is even said that the extreme width of 150 feet of the ore bodies

-Montana is the Mecca of the homesteader.

171^ MONTANA 19 H

has been reached and it is solid ore with a grade averaging i8 to 20 per
cent. The average width of the ore deposits is more than 60 feet. The
ore is very dark — indeed it is black, and gives the visitor the idea that he
is in a coal mine while inspecting the underground workings of the Butte
& Superior.

It was but a comparatively short time ago that mining experts scoffed
at rich values in that part of the district, for it is considerable to the north
and east of the big copper mines that Marcus Daly owned and which he
sold to the Anaconda company. And yet nowhere in the Butte camp has
mineralization been found showing the precipitation of values to the extent
that obtains in the Black Rock mine. The ore has been blocked out from
the 1,200 level up to the 500-foot level and within this area alone 5.000.000
tons of ore have been revealed.

Butte & Superior's advantage over the ^Missouri ores lies in the high
grade character of the ore as it comes from the mine — averaging between
18 and 20 per cent, as compared with from 4 to 8 per cent for the zinc dis-
trict of Joplin, Missouri.

And if Butte's copper industry can be said to be in its infancy surely
the zinc industry can be descriped as newly born. Another year will see
an important addition to this great branch of the mining industry of Mon-
tana, for former Senator W. A. Clark has actively entered the
New-Born zinc producing field. He is constructing, on the side of Tim-
Industry bered Butte— less than two miles south and across the flats
Assures from Butte— a zinc concentrator and mill almost as large as

Wealth and that of the Butte & Superior plant. This mill, it is said, will
Permanancy.have cost about $1,000,000 when finished and it will treat the
ores from the Elm Orlu mine, a rich property lying alongside
the Butte & Superior. It is expected the new Clark zinc mill will be in
operation about April 1st, when it is anticipated about 500 tons of ore will
be treated daily, all coming from the Clark mine— the Elm Oriu.

It is known that there are great deposits of zinc ore north of the Ana-
conda hill and east of Walkerville. This ore is complex and will not yield
easily to the treatment used at the Butte & Superior plant and a similar
treatment to be used at the Clark plant, yet it is believed by
Seeking a engineers the time is not far distant AVhen every pound of com-
New Process plex zinc ore in the Butte district can and will be successfully
for Complex treated. Several able articles on electric zinc smelting have
Ores. been contributed to the mining journals by Peter E. Peterson,

a young Butte engineer, and Mr. Peterson is now working out
plans for the construction of a small plant of this nature in Butte, when
he hopes to demonstrate that he has a successful process for the treatment
of the most stubborn zinc ores. Not only would such an evolution help
the Butte district, but a number of districts in Montana -vVhere complex
zinc ores lie exposed in large quantities.

And so we have an important addition to this state's mining industry
— What has been accomplished in Montana is a mere index to future performance.

176 MONTANA 19 U

and one that wiU, in time, mean millions in dividends and millions paid out
for Montana supplies and Montana labor.

Now comes the metal, the quest of which forms one of the most
rornlantic chapters in Montana's history. We can only touch on the early-
day gold mining- in Montana, for we have arrived at a fast moving age
when gold mining in the Treasure State has been outstripped
The Fascin- ^Y the mining and milling of baser metals, such as copper
atingHunt and zinc.

for Gold. Gold brought the Montana pioneers across the plains.

Gold built uip the state's first camps — Virginia City, Alder,
Bannack, Deer Lodge. Helena and other towns. Gold invited the men to
Montana who became a part of the territory's life and worked through
the dark days that it might grow into a young, but strong and virile state.

In those early days placer mining was the method used to gather gold.
The gulches containing the yellow metal were carefully worked, the sands
being panned for the gold dust. Alder Gulch in Madison county was by
far >t!he biggest producer. And this gulch is being worked today. Dredge
boats now do the work of the miner with his pan. A California company
is also interested in prospecting for the mother lode in Alder gulch, which
has never been found. This prospecting is being done by means of bore
drills and the company is sparing no expense to find the original source
of Virginia City's onee great mineral wealth.

That the pioneer miners did not work for nothing in the rugged days
of territorial life is evidenced by the fact that within twenty years after
the first rush to Alder Gu'lch $200,000,000 had been mined, principally in

gold dust. Of this amount Alder Gulch produced approxi-
Gold Bullion mately $150,000,000, which gives it the distinction of being the
in Carload biggest gold producing gulch the world has ever known.
Lots. Last Chance Gulch, the present site of the city of

Helena, produced its millions, and Bannack and other placer
miiining districts produced their share in the early days. And when the
sands became lean and failed to give up tlie fabulous profits in gold dust
attention was called to lode mining. Marysville, Radersburg and other
camps attracted the mining interests. One of the state's most famous gold
mines was the Drumlummon, of Marysville, which produced for its owners
many millions of dollars. This mine was closed through litigation several
years ago and is now idle. In the old Radersburg district the Keating
Gold and Ohio Keating mines are making money. In the Scratch Gravel
district, a few miles from Helena, Thomas Cruse is working the Franklin
and the Prunell property is also active. Madison county has several gold
producers and scattered about the state are gold mines that are being-
worked, though none on a very extensive scale. Much of the state's gold
is now produced as a bi-product, along with other metals.

Gold mining is carried on quite extensively in Fergus and Blaine
counties. These counties lead the state as practically exclusive quartz

-Montana is the playground of the nation.

Going on Shift in the Deep Mines.

178 MONTANA 19 U

gold producers. Diiring the past year the Kendall and Barnes King and
Zortman properties have been active, while a considerable amount of pros-
Decting has been done in the Kendall district.

It is estimated that the gold production for 1913 will about equal that
of 1912, and that of 1912 was not equal to 'the amount produced in 191 1.
The 1911 production was 179.980 fine ounces, valued at $3,710,571, and in
1912 it was 175,370 fine ounces, valued at $3,625,235, the decrease being
about 5,000 ounces, valued at about $86,000.

The bulk of this gold was produced in the deep mines of Silver Bow
cmmty. Fergus county is second in the 1913 gold production, its 1912
output of the yellow metal being valued at $441,021, followed by Blaine,

with an output valued at $431,270. Madison county is leading
Out of the in the production of placer gold, its output last year being
Creek Beds valued at $689,197. Most of Madison's gold is mined by the
Comes Much big dredge boats operating near Ruby, Placer mining, except
of the Gold, by dredge boats, is now a comparatively small industry in

Montana. For instance, six dredging plants, four operating in
]\Iadison county, one in Fewis and Clark and one in ^Missoula, extracted
gold fromi the gravels am'ounting to $710,387, or 88 per cent of the state's
placer gold output, AVhich was $806,419 in 1912, an increase over 191 1,

The records of the L'nited States geological department show that at
amalgamation and cyanide mills $1,030,471 in gold was produced with an
average recovery of $5.06 per ton of ore and tailings treated. Ores treated
at concentration mills produced concentrates, containing $666,954 in gold.
The crude ore of shipping grade to sme*lters contained $1,109,255 in gold,
or lan average of $1.32 per ton. No very important gold discoveries, either
in placer or lode, were reported in 1913.

]\Iontana's gold industry needs prospectors. The day of the prospector
is no longer brig-ht, it seems. And it is the prospector who, after all. is
responsible for the mines. Prospectors nowadays need encouragement to
cover the vast virgin fields that have yet to be touched by pick and shovel.

Montana is a large producer of the white metal and the Anaconda
company, of Butte, is the largest single producer of silver in the world.
Silver is produced in almost all of the mining districts of the State. Some
of 'the lead-silver mines of Montana are among the state's
Silver, Too, steadiest producers. It is one of the biggest assets in the
Pours Out a copper producing industry.

Rich Stream. The yield of silver in Montana in 1912 was 12,731,638 fine
ounces, valued at $7,829,597. This was an increase of 746,442
ounces in quantity, and of $1,477,803 in value over the previous year. Silver
is contained principall}' in the copper ores and any increase in its production
is largely the result of a greater copper output. The 1913 output of silver,
it is believed, will compare favorably with that of 1912, which was unusu-
ally large.

— Montana's resources are capable of supporting millions.

THE MINES 179

The larg-est increase Avas made in Silver Bow county, which is credited
with a production of 11,352,106 ounces, or 89 per cent of the total silver
output for the year. Of this quantity the copper ores contained 10,555,306
ounces and important quantities of silver also came from siliceous ores
and zinc ores, each kind of ore in this county containing miore silver than
in any other county. At gold and silver mills the largest quantity of silver
recovered by amalgamation was from ores mined in Lewis and Clark
county, and by cyanidation from ores produced from Blaine and Lewis
and Clark counties.

Many of Montana's silver ])roperties that were producing at a profit
up to 1893 were closed after that and only the higher grade properties
have been worked of recent years, though where low grade lead-silver ore
is found in quantity it is mined extensively. Some of Montana's steadiest
producers rely on such ores. Amiong the counties of the state recognized
as good silver and lead, as well as gold, districts, are Blaine, Broadwater,
Lewis and Clark, Jefferson, Powell, Deer Lodge, Madison, Silver Bow,
Cascade, Missoula, and Lincoln.

This state does not stand in the front ranks as a producer of lead,
though the Coeur d'Alene district, of Idaho, adjoining ]\Jontana on the
west, is one of the largest lead producing districts of the continent. The
production of lead last year aggregated 7,446,749 pounds,
Lead Takes valued at $335,104. This was an increase over the 1911 record,
Its Place as which was 6,431,575 pounds, valued at $289,421.
a Producer The greatest increase Avas in Cascade county, followed by

of Wealth. Lincoln. Silver Bow and Sanders counties. The decrease was
greatest in Beaverhead and Jefferson counties. The largest
production was in Cascade county, credited with 2.259,494 pounds, followed
by Jefferson county with 1.589.588 pounds. Silver Bow with 1.296,823
pounds and Lincoln county wdth 1,109.907 pounds. Crude ore sent to
smelters contained nearly half of the total output, or 3,412.852 pounds, of
which 2,178,145 pounds were contained in crude lead ores averaging 14.25
per cent of lead. Concentrates produced 4,033,891 pounds, of whtch the
lead concentrates contained 2,681.854 pounds, averaging slightlv better than
39 per cent of lead.

Montana is, and has been, a pretty good producer of coal. During the
year the Anaconda company closed its coal mines at Belt, but the coal
mines of the southern part of the state, notably in Carbon county, are as
active as ever. Also the coal companies of Musselshell county
Many Other are producing right along, and it is known there are extensive
Sources of coal beds in this state yet untouched.

Great Riches. The mining of precious stones gives promise of assuming
important proportions, also. Near Yogo, ^Montana, sapphires
and other stones are mined in large quantities and the operators are making
big money. There is also mining of this nature in Granite and ]\Iadison
counties.

Montana's granite and sandstone are popular for building purposes
and in this state are large phosphate beds, which will no doubt furnish the
basis for a new industry in future.

There is large capital now invested in ^.lontana mining, but this is
centered in Silver Bow county. There are vast mineralized districts in the
state outside of Silver Bow county that offer much for the capitalist, and
when the state's wonderful resources are more generally known in the
financial centers Montana v.'ill doubtless invite many millions of dollars of
eastern money for mining development.

■"See Venice and die" if you want to, but it is better to see Montana and live.

180

MONTANA 19U

Some Men
Who Made
a Fortune
Mining.

It would be unfair to close this article without some mention of the
men who helped to make m.ininp^ a g^reat industry for Montana. Granville
Stuart, now custodian of the Butte public librar^v and who is 80 years of
ag-e, was the state's first gold miner. On the morning of May
2, 1858, Mr. Stuart panned gold at a point on Gold Creek,
which is now marked by a wooden shaft, but which will be
marked by a marble shaft erected by the state, if the plan
materializes that has been sugg-ested by Hon. M. L. Rickman.
Marcus Daly's name will g-o down in history as one of the
big mining men of the Avest, he being- identified v.Hth the Anaconda and
other big copper producers of the Butte district. William A. Clark was
for years one of the big minincr operators of ]\rontana and he still retains
important mining interests in Butte and elsewhere in ^Montana as well as
other parts of the west. Thomas Cruse, of Helena, is one of the state's
most successful gold miners. Mr. Cruse still operates rich mining properties
near Helena. John D. Ryan, president of the Amalgamated Copper com-
pany, and Ben B. Tha}er. president of the Anaconda company, are big men
today in the mining world.

Dozens of others, many of whom were successful and some who were
not, have been a part of ^Montana's mining industry. Their names will find
places in the history of the state. Montana today boasts a number of
millionaires who made their money in mining, and some of the country's
leading capitalists got their start in a mining way in the Treasure State.

]vlining is still an infant industry in Montana, as before stated in this
article. It has a bright future. Countless thousands will find profitable
employment in the years that are to come. Capital will find an inviting
field for investment here. And for the millions that have been taken froni
Montana's hills, billions will doubtless be produced in the years that are
yet to come.

The foixowing tables give the value of the metal production by years
from 1882 to 1912 :

Year Gold

l»fi2 to 1881 $200,000,000

1882 2,550,000

1883 1,800,000

1884 2,170,000

1885 3,400,000

1886 4,402.000

1887 5,978.536

1888 4,200,253

1SS9 3,500,000

1890 3,300,000

1891 2,890.000

1892 2.891,386

1893 3.576,000

1894 3.651,410

1895 4,327,040

1896 4,380.671

1897 4,496.431

1898 5,247,913

1899 ' 4,819,157

1900 I 4,736.225

1901 4,802.717

1902 4.400,095

1903 4,590.516

1904 5.097,786

1905 , 4,889,234

1906 4,469,014

1907 3,286.212

1908 3,057.640

1909 3.791.510

1910 3,730.486

1911 3,710,571

1912 3,625,235

TOTALS $321,788,038

♦Coinage value to 1906.

*Sih^r

Copper

Lead

Totals

' $ 11,000.000
4 3V0 000

$

, $

$ 211.111111,0111'

1 539 860

1

8 459 860

6.000.000

3.452,960

226,42'

1 11,479,384

7,000.000

5,386,500

246 .'>:6

14,802,826

11,500,000

6,779.800

27'.,.350

21,954,150

13.849.000

5.761. ■>00

491,132

24,526,332

! 17,817.548

8,853,750

607,662

33,257,496

15,790,736

15,103.946

569,160

35,664,095

19.393.939

13,334,970

456.975

36.685,884

20,363,636

16,630.958

964,089

43,029,827

20,139,394

14,377,336

1,229,027

38,635.757

22,432,323

19.105,464

990.035

45,419.208

21,858.780

16,630,958

946,089

43.029,827

16,575,458

17,233,718

730,551

38,191.137

22.886,992

21,114,869

754.360

49,083,261

20,324,877

25.356,541

670,010

50,732,099

21,730.710

26,798,915

928,619

53,954,675

19,159.482

26,102.616

809,056

51,319,067

21,786.835

40.941,906

909,410

68,457,308

18,482,211

39.827,135

701,156

63,746,727

18,334.443

36.751.837

498.622

60.387.619

17,662,285

24.606.038

332.749

46.961,167

17,097.702

28.200.695

387.445

50.276,355

18,887.227

36,410,310

195.525

60,590,848

17.359,912

48.165,277

227.160

70.677,583

8,027,072

56,105,288

254,390

68.855,764

6,149.619

44.021,758

198,660

53,656,249

5.4S8.7S5

33.220.149

193.056

42,036.710

6,436.931

40.567,541

128,287

51.429.694

6.567,942

36.170,686

180,677

48.358.253

6,351.794

34,105,963

289,421

46.955,287

7,829,597
5468,651.230

51,106,914

335,104

64,754,613

$793,791,334

? 15,4.^7.382

$1,606,334,700

The Railroads

Ribbons of Civilization Bind Together
in Bands of Steel the Broad and
Fertile Acres of Montana — The Big
Work of Empire Building Is Going
Rapidly Forward.

By WILL A. CAMPBELL,
Editor of The Helena Independent.

Before tbe power of steam was known, }'ears before electrical energy
was harnessed and transmitted, in a period when there were only trails,
beaten paths, caravan routes, coastwise and river shipping, a famous

English essayist said that next to a fertile soil the most funda-
Easy Trans- mental necessity of commerce and civilization — of life itself,
portation for was the "easy transportation for men and comiinodities from
Men and one place to another."
Materials. This statement has never been successfully disproven. The

history of transportation is the liistory of civilization, wdiether
it refers to the pack animals toiling over trails, the goods van, stage coaches
or crude ships and barges of old. The railroad is but new — it has only
recently taken the place of inferior means of "transportation for men and
commodities."

When the railroad first appeared in the United States, the only thickly
settled territory was along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the navig"iblc
rivers flowing from the interior into the seas, making possible easy but
slow communication with tlie coast, and centers of population along these
streams.

— The Montana homesteader of today is the prosperous farmer of tomorrow.

182 MONTANA 19U

To discover a new river, explore it and announce that it was navic^able
for a hundred or a thousand miles from the coast, meant new settlements
all along the stream up to the head of navigation and as far beyond as
an easy trail coukl be made inland.

Seeking Then the railroad came, not only to connect the centers

New Ave- of population, but the long lines of shimmtering iron and steel
nues of Corn-were thrown boldly out into the wilderness and across the
munication. prairies. The railroad in the United States has been the path-
finder and the juoneer.
There is no more graphic demonstration anywhere of the necessity of
"easy means of transporta'tion" and of the development which vAW follow
the blazing of a trail, than "out here in Montana," where »t)he railroads
were built in advance of civili;^ation, outrunning the settlers and beckoning
the farmer, the m,iner, the manufacturer, with their families to follow and
open up the new territory.

It is a selfish statement for either the railroads or the men and women
who were the pioneers to say that either is tcjtallv responsible for the
remarkable growth and development of Montana. The railroads and the

men and wonen who preceded or followed them have been the
Honors most intimate partners in the building of the American North-

Have Been west, of which Montana is a considerable part.
Divided in Without the railroads, the state would have developed, but

the March with the steam roads one single year has seen growth which
of Progress, would likely not have been realized in a decade — perhaps in a

score of years.

The Missouri and the Yellowstone rivers would have carried the traffic,
the towns and cities of the state would have been scattered along the banks
of these rivers or on well constructed v/agon roads, all leading tO'ward
the great waterways.

But with the coming of the railroads, the towns and cities grew up
along these highways of travel, and year by year their mileage has been
increased. Perhaps the years in which the largest number of miles of
railroad have been built have been the years of greatest general prosperity.

People of Montana are filled with visions of the place which this state
shall gain in the future; they are ambitious for its development; they want
it to be not only a fairer and more prosperous place for them to live, bur

to hand down to posterity a state intensively developed.
The Splen- The expression is often heard that "Montana needs rail-

did Progress roads as badly as a neglected garden needs a hoe," and there
of Montana's are various reasons given to show why such a vast mileage
People. is needed. 1"hose who have studied the necessities of com-

merce, for instance, say: "A farmer cannot grow wheat at a
profit on land which is located further from a railroad than he can haul a
load to the market and return to his home in the same day."

— Clearing an acre of Montana stump land is like paying $50 on an improved farm.

>5

s

to

HO

o

18Jt MONTANA 19U

This would indicate, if it is true, that sooner, or later Montana will
have to have a railroad line within twelve or fifteen miles of every farm.

The value of Iowa land is not in the soil. Acre for acre, the lands of
old Iowa will not compare in value when it comes to production with
the lands of Montana. The value which has been g-iven to the farms of
low'a has come from their beinsy made accessible to the m)arkets by the
construction of good wag:on roads and the building- of railroads.

Iowa is a network of steel. There is a railroad through almost every
*ownship, until there are but two small spots on the map of the state
which are more than ten miles from a railroad or railroad station. The
average wagon haul in the state is under six miles. In Mis-
Where Dis- souri the average wagon haul is but nine miles.
tance Does Thus the ^Icntana farmer has to compete in the markets

Not Lend of the world, not only with a farmer who can make two or
Enchant- three trips a day to the railroad with his grain, but after the
ment. grain is on the traiu it reaches a primary market at least five

hundred miles nearer the point of production than the farm
in Montana.

The Montana farmer then mu.'^t have lines of railway nearer his land,
and there must be enough more farmers to increase the production to a
point where very low rates can be made by the railroads to enable the
products of the farm to reach the primary markets and compete successfully
with the farmers of the more intensely developed sections which are nearer
these markets.

If the people of Montana realized fully what the building of a railroad
tlirougii a given section means to the state in added wealth, they would
forget all other problems with which they have trifled in confusing num-
ber and variety, and bend eA-ery energy to railroad building.

It would be a long story to trace the development which followed the
construction of the Northern Pacific railway across the siate. Thirty
years is too great an era to use as an illustration. When the Xortherri
When the Pacific came. Montana could not pay the cost of its operation
First Rail- 'icross the state, and for years the traffic in Minnesota and
roads Came "^^'^shington paid the expenses of the railroad in Montana.
t This "^^ ^^"^^^ °^ more recent construction is the line known as

State Chicago-, Milwaukee & Puget Sound, of the great Chicago, Mil-

waukee L^' St. Paul system. This line was completed across
the state in 1909. It stretched from one end of the state to another —
500 miles of steel.

The first benefit derived by the state from the coustruction of such a
line of railroad, aside from obtaining "easy transportation for men ^ and
commodities," is the enormous increase in the taxable property valuations.

An authority on the subject says $10,000.00 per mile is added to the
taxable value of the land along new railway lines. This is conservative.
The building of the ^Milwaukee & Puget Sound added rnore than $10,000.00
per mile to the taxable value of lands a'long its line before the first loco-
motive pushed across the Dakota line, drove the cattle and sheep back

— Free homestead land can he found in etery county in Montana.

186 M0N7ANA 19U

from its pathway in the heart of ]\Tontana and penetrated the forests be-
yond the continental divide.

Since that day the Chicas^o, Alihvaukee & St. Paul has served not merely
as a connecting link between the cities of the Great Lakes and those by
the Western Sea, but it has served as a creative energy in the vast prin-
cipality between the Falls of St. Anthony and Puget Sound.
Bound in Comlmunities have been created almost in a single day and
Ribbons of people have pushed back from the railroad as far as they
Civilization, could go and engage in agriculture at a profit. The road has
created a ribbon of civilization at least fifty miles wide across
the heart of IMontana.

In igo8 immigration into Montana was at the extreme lov/ ebb. Filings
on public land were few and new acreage brought under cultivation small.
The next year the Milwaukee & Puget Sound was completed. There werfc
4,434 filings for homestead lands, totaling 1,163.472 acres of land. In 1910
this increased to 6,311 filings, and 2,378,672 acres of land. During the four
years from 1909 to 191 3, 20,349 families had filed on 5,544,759 acres of
Montana land.

This gives but a faint idea of what the building of a railroad means
to the state of Montana.

The activities of a railroad already constructed are quite as importawi
as the building of a new line. The three roads across Montana are all
active in a continuous campaign to develop the state and increase its pro-
ductio'U, which means, of course, increased tonnage and revenues for the
railroads, with a proportionate decrease in the railroad rates to the primary
markets.

The story of the development along the lines of the Great Northern and
Northern Pacific railroads is quite as remarkable as that ot the growth
which followed the building of the Milwaukee & Puget Sound, though cov-
ering a longer period of time and perhaps for this reason not usually con-
sidered as graphic an illustration of development following the construction
of railroads.

When James J. Hill walked and rode for two thousand miles from the
Falls of St. Anthony to Puget Sound and proposed a railroad across the ter-
ritory stretching for two thousand miles along the Canadian border, the
plan was called "Hill's folly."

For a number of years it seem.ed the criticisms of the eastern railroad
builders were justified. For a good many years the Great Northern
operated across Montana, securing little revenue from the handling of
livestock and wool. The movement of ores v.^as by far the most important
part of its business. Later on considerable lumbering was developed in
the Flathead country.

Suddenly the Plill interests began their development propaganda on the
largest scale ever attempted in the United States. The object, of course,

-Montana's schools have a princely endoivment.

C

o

188 MONTANA 191Jt

was to increase the revenues of their railway hnes. "A railroad can increase
its profits only by increasing its receipts," said Mr. Hill. "Since
Carrying the rates cannot rise above a certain level without becoming pro-
Message of hibitive. the proceeds must be increased by increasing the
Thrift to volume of business."

Thousands. The Great Xorthern kept steadily increasing its mileage

and making acre after acre more accessible to the markets,
while carrying the message to hundreds of thousands in the Middle West
of the opportunities "out here in ^Montana."

The amount of money expended, the means employed, the number of
miles of new road constructed, are of little consequence compared to the
results of railroad activity. Tlie main facts stand out: millions of new
wealth have been created for the State of ^^ontana; the tonnage has been
multiplied by ten ; r"iilroad sen-ice has been made better and lower rates
made possible for moving the crops.

Little or no Montana grain moved to the primary miarkets of the world
in 1907. The Great Northern received for shipment in the State during that
year but 469,000 bushels of wheat. Five years later it was given for ship-
ment to primary markets either in the east or west, 6.760,394 bushels of
wheat.

One of the most remarkable increases in business ever recorded by a
railroad is the new tonnage of flax created in JMontana.

The linseed crushers on the Great Lakes have never been able to
secure enough flax. Following the work of the Great Northern they in-
creased their tonnage from a miserable 79,000 bushels in 1907 to 3.924,498

bushels in 1912.
New Ton- New wealth wdiich comes to a state following the creation

nage Shows of "an eas}^ means for the transportation of men and commod-
a Wonder- ities" may be realized when it is known the Great Northern
ful Increase, hauled not a bushel of grain from Montana for years, and six

years ago secured but 1,747.000 bushels in the entire State.

live years later shipments from stations in Montana aggre-
gated 11,340,502 bushels of grain, and when the 1913 crop is moved it will
show a total of iS.oco.cco bushels on the lines of the Great Northern alone.
•With the creation of this tonnage railroad rates have been decreasing
at a corresponding ratio, however much the public may doubt that rates
decrease as a country settles. This is not a brief to show that the present

rates are reasonable, but only to demonstrate that the trans-
Rates Go portation situation in Montana is on a satisfactory basis and
Down As will permit every industry proper to this territory to be carried
Tonnage on at a profit.
Increases. It has been many times said that if the railroads should

charge today the rates which they collected a few years ago,
they would actualh^ confiscate property in Montana; that if they should col-
lect for the hauling of the present business the rates they charged when

— The men who knoic declare Montana will be the greatest tarming state in the union.

s

I

O

•g

190 MONTANA 19U

they were constructed, their receipts in one year would pay for the con-
struction of a double track line from the Father of Waters to the shores
of the Pacific.

Something of the reductions which have been made, indicative perhaps
of the clieape/ rates sure to come as the State develops, may be realized
from the fact that the average rate received by the Great Northern for haul-
ing one ton one mile in 1881 was 2.88 cents (two cents and eight mills).
The average rate for hauling one ton one mile in 1913 is .765 cents (seven
and sixty-five one hundredths mills, or three quarters of a cent).

The Great Northern collected $58,426,235.00 for freight revenues along
its dines in the year ending July i, 191 3. Had its rates been based on those
of 1881 it would have received for the service performed in 1913 the enor-
mous sum of $219,860,825.00. Thus the shippers are saving in
Develop- 1913 more than $161,434,000 because of the development of the
ment Brings territory along the Hill lines w^hich has made the lower rates
Its Rewards possible.

to Shippers. In 1909 the Great Northern hauled 4,841,000,000 revenue

tons one mile and collected $39,464,000 for the service. Devel-
opment of the territory enabled the road to secure in 1912, 7,634,056,499 rev-
enue tons to haul one m-ile, for which service $58,426,000 was collected.

This is the most conspicuous example of what Montana may expect in
increased transportation facilities and cheaper rates as acre by acre of the
country served is occupied and made to yield its greatest contribution to
wealth.

In selecting a new home the farmer and business man wants to know
first of all, whait is the situiation with regard to transportation? The answer
is that every railroad operating in Montana is seeking the same end — to
develop the State and increase its revenues by multiplying the tonnage
produced.

For a quarter of a century before states began to exercise their right
to control railroad rates, the railroads of M'ontana had been lowering their
rates year by year. When twenty years ago they were securing but one quar-
ter of the freight business they are securing today they were re-
Charges ceiving on an average of one cent and two mills per ton per

That Show mile. Today the roads operating in Montana receive on their
Changed lines but seven and six-tenths mills, or two tenths of a mill less
Conditions, than the average rate in the United States per ton per mile.

In five years the rates on grain from Montana to Minne-
apolis have been reduced 27% and to Seattle 29%, which shows
a disposition on the part of the railroads either to voluntarily reduce their
rates as rapidly as consistent with the development of the country, or to
comply with the rulings of the railroad commission without resisting efforts
to cheapen the cost of shipping.

While the territory which has had transportation for years has been
developing under the stimulus of well directed advertising campaigns,

— Only those who don't knoiv say harsh things about Montana's cli))iate.

THE RAILROADS 191

"feeders" and branch lines have been comstructed to the extent of about
600 miles, according- to the report of the State Railway Commissioners for
1913. Practically this amount of road has been constructed in eighteen
months. In a continuous line it would cross Montana from one end to the
other. Even at the low fig-ures of Benjamin F. Yoakum, who estimated
that for every mile of 'road constructed in Texas, $10,000 is added to the
taxable value of the property along the lines, this would be an increase of
$6,000,000 for Montana on account of the railroad activity during- 1913. It
is safe to say, however, that the increase is easily double that amount.

During 1913 the Minneapolis, St. Paul & Sault Ste. Marie railway
entered the State for the first time, pushing- across the North Dakota line.

Where the Increased Railroad Tonnage Comes From.

While only fifty-five to sixty miles have been built of this line, it will

doubtless cross the State within the next twenty mfonths.
The Coming The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul reports the construc-
of New tion of the following lines : Main line from Colorado Junction

Lines of to Clifif Junction, 14 miles ; branch line, Hilger to Roy, 26.3
Railway. miles ; from the junction with the Lewistown-Hilger line to
Great Falls, 136 miles; from Great Falls to Agawam, 66 miles;
from the junction with the Hilger-Roy line to Winnifred, 23 miles, and from
the junction with the Harlowton-Lewiston line to Grass Range, 36 miles.

The Great Northern extended its line from Plentywood west 45 miles
and built the Great Falls and Teton county railroad from Power to Bynum,
45 miles. It also built branches from Snowden to Sydney, 24 miles, and
west from Newlon, 28 miles. From Lewistown to Grass Range it built
a line 37 mliles in length.

— The man ivho isn't afraid of himself has nothing to be afraid of in Montana.

192 MONTANA IdH

The farmers of Yellowstone county have built a short line known as
the "Billings & Central ^lontana." It was constructed to SQwe some irri-
gated tracts and is twelve and a half miles in length.

The outlook for continued railroad building in the Northwest is bright,
regardless of the situation elsewhere. Construction of new lines goes
steadily on in Montana, where it is realized that the people and the rail-
ways "lose by the folly and prosper by the wisdom of either."
Plums Put There is in prospect the building of the Soo Line across the
in the Bay State ; the completion of the Great Northern's new through line
for the from New Rockford, North Dakota, to Lewistown, and recently

Future. Mr. J. J. Hill made the statement publicly that the Great

Northern will build within two years a new line west from
Kalispell to Libby. There is talk of the Northern Pacific constructing a
new line across the heart of Montana from Glendive to Helena, and also a
branch from^ R^avalli to Poison, at the foot of Flathead lake, and of the
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul entering Helena from Three Forks.

People of Montana are lending every encouragement to the construc-
tion of new railway lines, desirmg that the companies building them re-
ceive at all times a "rate that in addition to the cost of taxes and a proper
allowance for maintenance and other necessary charges, will pay interest
on its bonds and fair dividends on its stock."

Oh the other hand, the people are insisting that the railroads make
rates as low as possible, "the maximum that a shipper can pay being one
that will enable him to market his products at a living profit."

In a state where public sentiment lends encouragement to every form
of legitimate investment and appreciates the necessity of "easy transporta-
tion for men and commodities," eastern capital need not fear to tread. No
state traversed by the transcontinental highways has a closer
Capital feeling of common interest between the public and its rail-

Need Fear road companies than Montana.

No Unfair As the public and the railway must prosper and suffer

Treatment, together, a continuation of this policy in the Treasure State
is assured, making it safe for the settler or manufacturer to
invest time and money^ and for those who furnish the finances for railroad
construction to put their means into the bonds and stocks of railroads,
which will be given every opportunity to earn good profits and increase in
value as tlie era of new and complex development opens in Montana.

— More new post offices were established in Montana last year than in any other state

Livestock

/

On Thousands of Hills and in as
Many Fertile Valleys Montana
Feeds, in Plenty, Millions of Head
of Livestock That Brings Riches to
Their Owners and Fame to This
Commonwealth. This State Is
Destined to Even Greater Impor-
tance as a Beef-Producing Center.

. . 4

The beef industry in Alontana since early territorial days has been of
prime importance. It was but natural that the almost unlimited amount of
free public range would attract to this State monstrous herds of cattle,
and for a period of a quarter of a century the growing of
Beef Broughtbeef cattle in this State was one of the material factors in
Millions its enrichment. It is interesting to note that with two excep-

to Montana, tions over 200,000 head of beef cattle were shipped from
Montana to eastern markets annually for ever}- year between
1891 and 1910; this production of Montana beef reaching its maximum in
1894, when 302,655 head were shipped.

With the enactment of the 320 acre homestead law aind the spreading
of knowledge of true agricultural conditions in Montana, followed by the
influx of farmers, the land available for free public range was rapidly
reduced, and during the past two or three years it has been the policy of
the big cattle companies to gradually close out their extensive holdings-
It is estimated by the secretary of the state board of stock commissioners
thiat not to exceed 170,000 head of cattle were shipped from Montana during
the year 1913, and with the increasing local demand it is more than likely

— It is easier to succeed in Montana than anywhere else.

19^ MONTANA 19H

that this output will continue to grow smaller for several years. It is
admitted on all sides that Montana is now in the transitory stage as regards
the beef cattle industry, but those who have given the subject thought
unhesitatingly declare that within a few years Montana will regain its pres-
tige as a great producer of beef, although to do this means the production
of cattle on an entirely different basis than tha't of the past.

The open range is what was known as the range country, viz., eastern
Montana, is now gone and will never return. The range of the future will
unquestionably be found in the mountainous areas of the State where land
is too hilly or too rocky to be cultivated, but where it is capable
The Open of yielding excellent service as pasture. Much of this remain-
Range a ing range is to be found in the national forests, and its use
Thing of will, of course, be limited to the number of cattle which in the
tihe Past. judgment of the forest experts can be maintained in each in-
dividual unit. Discussing this phase of the question. Dr. F. B.
Lin field, director of the Montana Agricultural Experiment Station, recently
said :

"To get the most from, this range pasture, it should have intelligent management.
Experience and experiment prove that such intelligent management will practically
double the pasture from the ranges. Intelligent management is not possible without
some kind of control, the kind of control that is only possible under either private
ownership, local co-operative management, or state or federal management.

"Before any plan of management could be put in operation it would be neces-
sary to make an agricultural survey of the range country, so that the character of
the cojmtry could be determined and the limits of the farm and range country defined.

"Some new legislation by congress should be enacted that
Control of would permit of some of the methods of control and management

, .p suggested above, to be applied to large tracts of pasture land under

the Kanges Qug management.

Is JMecessary. "Definiteness as to the control and use of the pasture area is as

necessary to the success of the live stock industry as definiteness in
the control of the farm land is to the farm industry.

"If to this we add the thought that with intelligent management the pasture area
may be made to grow practically double the feed, we see at once the very great im-
portance to the country of working out these problems thoroughly and correctly.

"The farm lands of Montana are adapted to two distinct kinds of farming, the
valley and the river bottom lands, much of which are or will in the future be irri-
gated, and the higher bench lands which either surround these valleys or are on the
divides separating the river valleys. Between these valleys of irri-
Feed for gable land and the higher plateaus are large areas of broken lands,

Millions; of TO^Sti. hilly or mountainous, suitable only for grazing. They are so
minions oi gjtuated that for the most of the country they could be best used by
Head of becoming the summer pastures of the farmers on the adjoining farm

Livestock, lands.

"These facts at once suggest the place for the cattle industry.
The wonderful farm development of the state within the past few years has changed
materially the market conditions of the Montana farmer. Up to within recent years
the farms of this state did not, as a rule, produce enough grain and forage to supply
the local demands. As a result, farmers frequently got eastern prices plus the
freight for their bulky crops. That condition has passed, I believe, never to return.
From this time on the prices received will be eastern prices less the freight. This
will mean much cheaper feed than in the past.

"To maintain the productiveness of the irrigated lands and to get the high yields
that the use of water makes possible and necessary, the leguminous crops must have
a larger place on such lands. I believe that at least a half of the cultivated irri-
gated area should each year be growing such crops as alfalfa, clover, peas or simi-
lar soil, enriching crops. This means a large amount of roughage that can only find

-The time to come to Montana is now, while land is cheap and the state is growing.

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196 MONTANA 19U

a market through live stock. On such farms and on the dry bench farms there is
a large amount of fall feed in the fields and large strawstacks that make excellent
roughage for wintering live stock, more especially cattle.

"The success of the live stock business in Montana in the past has been due
to cheap feed on the free, open range. The distance from the market made it
necessary that the labor entering into the growing of live stock should be reduced
to a minimum. The profits in the business are determined by the ability to keep
the labor cost on all that enters into the production of the beef to the lowest
possible amount. To as large an extent as possible the animal must harvest its
own feed."

Ill addition to the caittle which may he ran.ijed during most of the year on
these uncultivated lands the heef production of the State will unquestion-
ably be larger in the near future by the development of small herds on

thousands of successful farms throughotit the State. It has
In the Days been demonstrated that it is real economy for the farmer to
When the feed as man}'- head of livestock upon his ranch as is prac-
Small Herds ticable, and the large importation of high bred stock during
Appear. the past year indicates that an unusually numerous body of

farmers are taking advantage of this condition. Among the
farmers of the State who endeavor to engage on a small scale in stockrais-
ing there is much interest now being manifested in the dual purpose cow,
of which a number of importations have been made.

Mr. D. W. Raymond, secretar}- of the state board of stock commission-
ers, who is one of the best informed stockmen in the entire N'Orthwest,
unhesitatingly takes the position that the livestock industry in this State is
at the present time at the low ebb, but, in the restriction of the sale of
any but mature cattle and in the complete utilization of the range and water
facilities of the State, he predicts a certain and continuing increase in the
importance of Montana stockgrowing. In a brief statement, prepared for
this publication, Mr. Raymond says :

"The production of beef has always been one of the important industries of
Montana. It necessarily will continue to be so. It is admitted by all who are fami-
liar with conditions that this state is now at the low ebb of cattle production. Dur-
ing the year 1913 Montana has exported approximately 170,000 head
Soeakinp- ^^ cattle. This number is lower than for many years past. When,
y , j^ however, we realize that the population has been increasing very
CI the Pro- rapidly, and, therefore, the local consumption increasing proportion-
duction of ately, it seems reasonable to believe that the number of cattle in
Cattle. t'^i^ state has not decreased to any great extent during the past year

or two.

"Prior to 1911, the large herds decreased very rapidly, but the
small farmer and the homesteader have been increasing their holdings in live stock.
There has been an enormous influx of settlers and it is seldom that they are found
without some stock. They are increasing the number as fast as their financial
condition and land holdings will allow. It is the small ranchman with from ten to
a hundred head of cattle who is going to increase the cattle census of the state.

"One need only turn to the shipments from Montana to find that the small
rancher is increasing his herd. The Chicago receipts of calves shipped from Mon-
tana in 1911 was practically five thousand head: in 1912 it was only one thousand

head. This shows that the calves are being allowed to mature, and
rpt were we able to get exact figures on heifers and young cows shipped it

would be found that there is the same proportion of decrease; there-
Slaughter fore, Montana is today only exporting her mature cattle and saving
of Calves her breeding stock. This is very natural when we consider the pros-
Has About P^f'ti^'e prices of beef and at the same time consider the possibility
■p, , J of Montana's supporting many more cattle than she has at present.

Urnaeu. "Montana has long been known as a cattle state. This state has

always been a large factor in the western beef supply. The stock-
growers have taken advantage of the possibilities of stock-raising as they appeared,

— Montana worries less about railroad rates than it does about cars to ha%d the grain.

LIVESTOCK

197

but are there not great latent possibilities that they do not yet realize? Is there not
some way of increasing the range of [Montana or of conserving the grazing lands so
that they will support much more live stock than at present? We have the natural
forage, or we did have it before the indiscriminate use of the public lands decreased
their productiveness.

"Why is it that the state of New York, which is approximately one-third of the
size of Montana, has three times as many cattle as Montana? Come further west
and use Nebraska for a comparison. Nebraska, about one-half the size of [Montana,
has three times as many cattle. Again, compare Montana with the very mountain-
ous state of Colorado, and it will be found that where Colorado has
two acres of land Montana has three, but she has three head of cattle
where Montana has two

"These figures would lead one to suppose that Montana's lands
are not as good as the states cited, but a little investigation will show
that Montana holds the record in production per acre. It has been
proven many times that Montana's soil excels in productiveness.
"In this state there are range lands only fit for the grazing of live
stock — and plenty of them. The total acreage of Montana is about 94,000,000, but

Montana
Has the
Lands and
Needs the
Stock.

Scene at Miles City Horse Market, Largest in the World.

with the coming of the homeseeker the big stockman has been to a great extent
compelled to withdraw from the open range, and the average homesteader has not
yet found himself in a financial condition to carry enough live stock to counteract
the withdrawal of the large herds. Eventually, when he makes a success of his home-
stead, he will become the owner of cattle. It is hoped and believed that some time
in the not distant future the homesteader will also be a stockman on a small scale.
"From the total of Montana's vacant acres there must be deducted the lands
not suitable for grazing or agriculture. It has been estimated that about one-third
of Montana is mountainous to such an extent that the land is not fit
for either grazing or agrreulture. To be conservative, say we have
50,000,000 unoccupied acres and that 30,000,000 of this is fit for graz-
ing only. For every head of cattle, horses, mules and sheep in the
state, there are five acres of grazing land. This grazing land could
be called upon to support them not more than seven months out of
the year. Does this not show we could stand a vast increase in the
numbers of our live stock?
"Conditions have completely changed since the days of the strictly range busi-
ness. In those days there was a question of winter feed; now it is a question of

There Is
Yet Room
for Thou-
sands of
Cattle.

— Montana has enough coal to supply the No7-thwest.

198 MONTANA IGU

summer feed. Today we could feed much more live stock on the ranches and farms
'iuring tlie winter than could be successfully run on the o^pen range during the sum-
mer months. Where Montana used to ship all of her beef during the
Getting' the ^^^1 months, she now holds a great many and after being fattened
Most Out luring the winter they are sold in the spring. This industry has
become very important in the western part of the state and in the
of the Yellowstone valley. The ranchmen have found it the only practical

Livestock. way of marketing their hay.

"With proper regulations pertaining to grazing lands and the
present facilities for winter feeding, the state of Montana could treble its live stock
holdings and probably not have enough."

In addition to the development of its beef and dairy herds, the raising
of sheep, horses and hog-s is also of prime importance in Montana. Due to
the restrictions of the public range, Ithe sheep and wool industry is, like the

beef industry, in a period of transition, and practically all ot
Taking the large flocks are being cut down. On the other hand, the

Bands of number of flocks in the State is actually on the increase. In
Sheep on accordance with the general plan of good farming now being
Shares. carried on in this .State it is realized that a few shepp are an

economic necessity on every well established farm, and some
of the larger growers, who find their range passing away, are making
arrangements for a large number of farmers to carry a small band of sheep
— ^^as many as they can economically care for — on shares, a plan which
alread}' gives every indication of being mutually profitable. These smaller
herds, together wnth the larger bands which may be run on the national
forests, insure the continuing importance of Montana's sheep and wool
industry.

The growing of hogs on a commercial scale has recently been suc-
cessfully undertaken in practically every section of the State, and is rapidly
being extended. For some time this Avas regarded as a somewhat hazardous

business owing to the fear of cholera, btrt excellent work on
Hogs Thrive the part of the state veterinarian's department in innoculating
and Bring brood stock has almbst entirely removed this danger and it
Big Prices, is authoritatively stated that there is no trouble with hog

cholera in ?\Iontana at the present time. ]\Iany [NTontana swine
are consumed in the larger markets of the state, and the surplus finds ready
sale at both eastern and western primary'- markets. Montana farmers who
have taken up hog-raising are shov^nng a marked partiality to good blooded
stock, and some excellent registered herds are to be found in the State.

Horse raising is a very important industry in this State, and in this
line, too, the old order has rapidly changed. The range horse — the "cayuse"
of the olden days — has given way to a large extent to graded and full

blooded stock, with a preponderance of heavy draft animals. A
Montana's few years ago the United States war department established at
Horse Miles City, on the site of old Fort Keough, the largest remount

Market Is station in the United States, and here are purchased a large
Famous. number of remounts used in the cavalry and field artillery

branches of the service. Coincident with this remount station,
there has been developed at ^[iles City the largest primary horse market
in the world, and here very successful sales are held every month, and
practically every kind of high class horse flesh, from the full blooded running
and trotting animals, to the heaviest of draft horses, are bought for ship-
ment to every section of this country and abroad.

— One-third of all the copper in the United States comes from Montana.

Lumber

In the Development of Timber Pro-
ducts of the Highest Quality, This
State Takes Front Rank — Fabulous
Wealth to Be Reaped From Mon-
tana's Millions of Acres of Virgin
Forests.

By B. J. BOORMAN.
Prom.inent Lumber Manufacturer.

How many people there are in the east who have a misapprehension as
to the resources of the west. Many of our eastern neighbors do not realize
'the resources of Montana, "The Treasure State." They are prone to think
of bad lands, worked over placer diggings, mines, plateaus. bar-
Forests ren mountains and eveny'thing of that character, which is mis-
That Cover leading when compared with Montana's broad expanse of
a Vast fertile and alluvial plains, her fertile valleys, rich deposits of
Empire. minerals, her orchards and her forests. The intent of this
article is primarily to deal more specifically with the forests,
their extent, care, uses and value.

The Divine Architect of the imiverse, about six centuries ago, from
the hollow of His hand sowed the seeds which germinated and became the
parents of our forests today, yet, from the best authorities, it can be reliably
estimated that the average age of the matured trees of our forests is about
three hundred years.

This primeval forest extends to the western slope of the Rockies, cov-
ering an area of approximately 19,605,100 acres, or 3,315 square miles — an
area larger than Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts. Rhode Island and

— It is easy to be a booster for Montana.

200

MONTANA 19U

Connecticut conubined. In making this comparison, the magnitude and
enormity of Montana's forests can better be realized.

It has been conservatively estimated that the merchantable timber on
the stump, uncut, in Montana approxinnates 65,000,000,000 feet. This is a
figure beyond comprehension. Computing the value of the stumpage at
$3.00 per thousand feet, it would indicate that the standmg
Sums of saw timber of Montana is worth $195,000,000, or, when re-
Money That duced to lumber at the sawmill, the value would be $975,000,000,
Stagger the or nearly twice the value of all the precious metals which have
Imagina- been exitracted from our valuable mines during the last fifty
lion. years, or since gold was first discovered in Montana.

We have heard alarming reports from high ofticials. stat-
ing that in a decade our forests would be entirely denuded. At the
present time there are about 60 saw mills in operation in the State of

Big Blackfoot Mills at St. Regis.

Montana and tLtir annual output is approximately 400,000,000 ieet. On
this basis there is enough standing timber in the State of Montana to
supply the mills for a period of 162 years, making no allowance for the
timber which will replenish itself by natural growth. The largest mills are
located in Flathead, Lincoln and Missoula counties, while the largest bodies
of virgin forests are located in Flathead and Lincoln counties.

The annual consumption of lumber in Montana has been about 300,000,-
000 feet per annum for the last three years, and with the rapid increase in
population and development of our agricultural industries, railroad build-
ing and other general development, it is reasonable to expect
Speaking of that this amount will naturally be increased from time to
Lumber used time.

Annually in The government, through the organic act, set aside cer-

This State, tain lands or grants for the benefit of the public institutions

of the State, and through the wisdom of state officials some

— Montana welcomes the neivcomer and starts him affright.

5-

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53

202 MONJANA 19U

of the choicest timber lands of the State were chosen and desisrnated as

&'

follows :

Grants — Acres. Timber.

School 100,000 276.000,000 feet.

Public Buildings 73,320 580,000,000 feet.

School of Mines 15,733 95,000,000 feet.

State Normal School 16,267 72.000,000 feet.

Agricultural College 30,340 160,000,000 feet.

State Reform School 5,699 28,000,000 feet.

Deaf and Dumb Asylum 9,626 40.000,000 feet.

University 1,920 5,000,000 feet.

252,205 1,256,000,000 feet.

The present value of these selected acres is at least $3,768,000 and
thev are becomingf more valuable from vear to vear.

In makine the above estimates of the amount of standincr timber in the
forests, no account or estimate has been given of the tens of thousands of
acres of small spruce. lod.c:e-pole pine, which is not considered as merchant-
able saw timber, yet it has a very marked value and it will
When Poles some day come into the market to be used for making- paper
Are Needed and paper products when the spruce forests of the east have
to Make been exhausted. The area of value of this portion of the
Paper. forests has never been estimated, yet when the exigencies

require it for use, it will have a value beyond our compre-
hension.

The first historical report we had of Montana's forests was in 1805,
when Lewis and Clark made their famous expedition. They gathered seeds
from the larch trees and took these seeds back to the east. Some of the
seed found their way to Great Britain and from these seeds splendid forests
have been propagated.

The great value of ^Montana's forests v.^as never considered as seriously
in the earlier years, but of late, with a greater realization, there has been
an intense interest shown, not only with the public schools but the educa-
tion has been g^eneral with the citizenship. The realization
Coming to has brought about the fact that if we are to perpetuate our
Know the forests, certain scientific and economical lines must be follow-
Value of ed. This realization has brought about the necessity of organ-
the Trees. ization in wliich the federal government, the state and private
owners are co-operating, and during- the dry seasons the
forests are carefully patrolled by trustworthy men whose dut}' it is to see
that all the rules and regulations are enforced, relative to the prevention of
spreading of forest fires. .So well have these societies been organized that
it can be truthfully said of those in charge that in some instances the for-
ests are patrolled during the fire season for the amazingly small amount of
one-fourth cent per acre, and b}^ reason of these organizations the forest
fires during the last three or four years have been reduced to a minimum
and the timber has been saved from wanton destruction for the uses of
future generations.

— Montana is only at the beginning of its development.

CO
O

a

o

20J^ MONTANA J9U

Forests grow wihere the climatic conditions are most favorable, on the
northwestern slope, and there the precipitation is from 15 to 25 inches or
more. There are 18 federal reserves in Montana, or about 20,000,000 acres
in forest reserves, one-fifth of the area of the entire state.
Among the The kinds of timber which are most prevalent are western
Giants of pine, fir and larch, the larch predominating.

These West- Larch (larix occidentals), or western larch, grows in the

ern Woods, greatest degree of perfection on the western slopes of the
main range of the Rockies and in the foothills adjacent thereto
and the zone Avhere the greatest annual precipitation prevails, assuring more
plant life. Larch is not an evergreen btit is a deciduous tree, shedding its
needles in the autumn. The finest stands of the species occur in Flathead,
Lincoln and Missoula counties and cut the highest percentage of clears.

Western larch, as found in ^Montana, is the largest and most valuable
of all the larches. Its size. form, and clearness makes this wood one of the
most valuable trees on the continent ; authorities agree on this point. It
attains the largest size in ^NFontana. where it occasionally reaches a height
of 170 to 180 feet and a diameter up to four feet. It usually remains 150
years or more before the decav, incident to old age, sets in. In strength
and elasticity it measures up with the best classes of hardwoods and soft-
woods. In color it resembles cherry and express, and is of a fine, satiny
grain, susceptible to a fine polish. It takes stain perfectly, looks rich w'hen
finished in the natural, and takes paint equally as well, as it contains no
rosin, and is appreciated when a fine interior is desired. It resembles in
appearance Circassian walnut. It is a semi-hardwood, and is not nearly as
susceptible to atmospheric influences as many other woods, therefore does
not check, warp or twist as badly as other woods. The larch trees are
fairly free from insects and fungus enemies.

Larch can almost be considered a "wood everlasting," as it is exceed-
inglv durable and resists decav unusuallv well. The United States test,
taken at the time of the United States census of 1910, showed larch to be
the strongest, toughest and hardest of all northern American conifers.

We have gone through the j^eriod of exploration and now we are
giving thought to conservation and re-forestration ; next will be considered
utilization, then we will more fully realize the value of the forest and its
by-products. .Some of these might be named ; paving blocks,
The Mines wood novelties, tanbark. pulp for paper, wood alcohol, creosote.
Use Train tar, charcoal, turpentine, furniture. At the present time no use
Loads of is made of by-products ; the}^ are wasted. Whole train loads
Lumber of lumber are used daily in the mines of Butte, in the shafts

Daily. for general timbering, supplied from ^Montana forests.

Fir is found to be very desirable for underground work
in the mines, as it has a resistance to the chemical action of the copperas
acids, while the yellow pine is used for general structural building ma-
terial. It is also used quite extensively in the manufacture of sash and
doors.

AMiile we are reviewing, briefly, the resources of Montana, and espe-
cially our forests and the wonderful growlth and development of this State,
we recall the lines :

"Men look to the East, for the dawning things

For the light of the rising sun ;
But they look to the West, to the Crimson West,
_ For the things that are done, are done!"

— Montana seed is demanded by the best farmers the world over.

Power

Montana Can Furnish Hydro-Electric
Power Enough to Move the Indus-
tries of a Great Nation — How the
Mighty Rivers Are Made to Serve
the Uses of Man. Monster Tur-
bines and Great Generators Are
Being Installed Along All the Swift-
ly Running Streams of the State.

II II II n fi

AA4IAA

There are few places in the world in which Nature lavished so generous
a hand in the distribution of natural resources as in Montana, and this
statement is particularly true with respect to the bounteous waterpower

capable of development within the confines of this State. Two
Electrical of the grea'test rivers of the continent, the Missouri
Power One and the Columbia, have /their headwaters in the mountains of
of This Montana, at elevations ranging from 5,000 to 7,000 feet, and

State's traversing Montana for great distances, leave its borders at

Treasures. elevations but slightly in excess of 2,000 feet above sea level.

These great rivers are fed by innumerable mountain streams
which with their cascades and cataracts ofifer an almost illimitable oppor-
tunity for economical power development. So great is the waterfall of
Mbntana's stream's that conservative electrical authorities have estimated
that no less than 1,000,000 horse-power can be developed within this State.

The main range of the Rocky Mountains divides the State into two
parts, the eastern section of which is drained by the Missouri river and
its tributaries, the Madison, Jefferson, Gallatin and Yellowstone rivers.
The western part is drained by the tributaries of the Columbia, the Clark's

'There is only one Montana.

206 MONTANA 19 U

Fork and the Kootenai rivers. The Clark's Fork in turn is formed by the
junction of the Missoula river and the Flathead river, which latter drains
the Flathead lake.

Already great strides have been made in the development of this en-
ergy, and electrical power is now used for many purposes throughout the
State. Practically all of the cities and towns of Montana are lighted by

current secured by hydro-electric development; all of the larger
Many Uses cities have modern street car facilities, and the use of electricity
Made of for cooking and other household purposes is common. In addi-
Electrical tion electrical power is used for pumping water for large irri-
Energy. gation enterprises, and its use as motive power for railroad

trains is being rapidly extended.

The Butte, Anaconda tS: Pacific railway, running from Butte to Ana-
conda, a distance of 26 miles, and carrying in addition to heavy passenger
business immense ore trains between the Butte mdnes and the Anaconda
smelter, is now operated entirely by electricity. Twenty-four hundred volts
direct current has been adopted for this electrification, this being the high-
est direct current voltage thus far used for this class of work. The suc-
cessful electrification of this railroad, which has just been completed, was
watched with the closest attention by the great transportation systems of
the world, and is believed to mark a new epoch in this field. Already there
is indication that in the near future many hundreds of miles of Montana
railroads will be operated entirely by electrical power.

A contract has recently been entered into between the ^Montana Power
Company and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company to sup-
ply power for the electrification of this line from Harlowton, Montana,
to Avery, Idaho, a distance of approximately 450 miles. It is
Moving expected that work on this electrification will start within the

Trains next year and will be completed as rapidly as possible, the

Across the experience of the Butte, Anaconda & Pacific being that a
Continent material economy in operation, together with increased speed
By Elec- and efficiency, follows the use of electric motive power. Dis-
tricity. cussing this phase of development recently, a well known

electrical expert said :

"It appears to be only a matter of time until all the transcontinental railways,
in their mountain divisions especially, -will find it necessary to turn to electrical
operation. This method of operation not only has the advantage of making large
savings in operating expenses on account of the elimination of coal and the greatly
reduced maintenance expense of electric locomotives, as compared with steam loco-
motives, but also on account of the fact that with the increase in traffic the capacity
of the whole line is limited by the tonnage which can be hauled over the steep
mountain grades. Inasmuch as electric locomotives can be made with a much greater
continuous power capacity than any steam locomotives yet built, it follows that the
trains can be hauled over the heavy grades at considerably increased speed and
the tonnage hauled over the division increased accordingly, while to get a corre-
sponding increase with steam operation would require double-tracking the road."

The largest use of electrical power for irrigation purposes is made in the
Prickly Pear valley, a few miles from Helena, and this use of electricity

—Montana potatoes have made the state famous.

WATER POWER

207

will doubtless be largely extended. During the spring of 1913 a large pump-
ing plant for irrigation was installed in the Prickly Pear valley
Lifting the by the Montana Reservoir & Irrigation Company. During the
Waters By past season this plant furnished water for over 5,000 acres, and
Their Own in the fall of 191 3 construction work was begun on a second
Power. plant which it is expected will be finished by the spring of

1914. Following this a third unit in the same district will
also be brought under irrigation, and a total of practically 5,500 horse-
power will be used on this one irrigation project.

Near the city of Billings the Lockwood irrigation project is being
established with a pumping capacity of 500 horse-power. In the Helena

One of the Dams on the Madison.

project water for irrigation purposes is furnished at an exceptionally low
rate, the farmers contracting with the Reservoir company to
Irrigation Is supply water for $1.75 per acre foot. The success of the
Not Expen- farmers under this project speaks for its itself and insures the
sive By rapid extension of electricity for irrigation purposes. Up to

This Plan, the present time irrigation has been practiced for the most part
only where the natural conditions were such that it was easy
to get water on the land by gravity ditches. Much excellent land, however,
is so situa-ted that it is impossible to supply it with water by gravity and
pumping will inevitably be resorted to.

-Montana is the third state in size, it is first in opportunity.

208 MONTANA 191 A

The following' comprehensive information regarding the present status
of power development in Montana is taken from a paper by ]\Iax Hebgen,
general manager of the Montana Power Company, and one of the ablest
engineers in the west. This paper was read before the 1913 convention of
the Americaix Institute of ]\Iining Engineers :

"One of the first power development in the State was made on the
Big Hole river about 22 miles south of Butte. This plant was built in 1899
and has a capacity of 3.000 kilowatts. The development was made by build-
ing- a rock-filled crib dam across the narrow canyon through
Starting which the river flows and developing a head of 65 feet. This

the Installa- plant has been in operation fourteen years and is apparently
tion of in as g^ood condition today as the day it was built.

Power '-jt supplies power to the city of Butte over a wooden pole

Plants. line operating at 15,000 volts Power is used for lighting and

for the operation of the street railway. Power is also supplied
to the pumping plant of the Butte Water Company, located on the Big Hole
river, about one mile below the power plant. A large part of the Butte
city water supply, is furnished by this plant through a wood stave pipe line.

"The Canyon Ferry plant, located on the ^Missouri river, 17 miles from
Helena, was built in 1898. A rock-filled timber crib dam, 39 feet high, was
built across the river and apparatus installed for 7,500 kilowatts. Power
was first transmitted to Helena at 11,000 volts, and a little later to Butte
at 66.000 volts. Power from this plant is used principally to supply the
requirements of the mining industry.

"Madison Plant No. i was built in 1901. It is located in the Madison
river canyon, 61 miles east of Butte. This development originally consisted
of a low crib dant and wooden flume about i-OCVD feet long, supplying power
to two 1,000 kilowatt units. The power was transmitted to Butte at
40,000 volts.

"In 1890 a dani was built across the Missouri river, just above the
Black Eagle falls, near the city of Great Falls, and power developed at
this point to the extent of 8,300 horse-power, 7,500 of this being used direct-
ly by the Boston and Montana smelter and the balance trans-
Big Power mitted electrically and used for lighting and street railway
Dams Along purposes in the city of Great Falls.

the Missouri "These four plants supplying power to the cities of Butte,

River. Helena and Great Falls, and built at the time when the trans-

mission of power by elctricity was in its infancy, formed the
nucleus of what has become one of the g^reat power sysiems of the
country.

"In 1906, and in the succeeding years, great strides were made in
power development. The ^ladison river dam was rebuilt and enlarged, and
the Madison Xo. 2 plant installed with a capacity of 9.000 kilowatts. This
plant is notable in that it employs a lo-foot and a 12-foot wood stave pipe
7,000 feet long. These pipes, at the time the}^ were built, were the largest
pipes of this type ever constructed. The Madison No. i plant was rebuilt

-Farming in Montana is pleasant and profitable.

WATER POWER

209

and used as an auxiliary. The voltage of the system was raised to 46,200
and additional transmission lines built to Butte, to the Conrey Placer Mining
Company in Alder gulch, to the Three Forks cement plant and to the towns
<^;f Bozeman, Livingston, and later to Billings.

"On the Missouri river, below Canyon Ferry, was constructed the
Ilauser lake plant with a 60-foot dam and a capacity of 14,000 kilowatts.
This plant was connected with the transmission lines to Butte and the lines
were extended to supply power to the Washoe smielter at Anaconda.
Numerous branches and extensions were also made between Butte and
ITelena to supply power to various small mines located in the intervening
districts,

"The greatest natural power site in the State, and one of the greatest
in the country, is on the Missouri river, near the city of Great Falls. In a

Thompson Falls, Where a 30,000 Kilowatt Plant is Now Being Installed by the Montana

Power Company.

distance of eight miles the river falls approximately 400 feet, ihalf of this
drop being in abrupt falls, making power development particu-
larly easy, and making feasible a total development of about
125,000 kilowatts.

"In 1910 the first large development was made at this
in the State, point. This development w'as called the Rainbow plant, after
the falls of the same name. A low diversion dam was built
above the falls and the water conducted through two 15-foot 6-inch steel
pipes; to a point below the falls, where it was utilized at a head of 105 feet.
Generating apparatus having a capacity of 21,000 kilowatts was installed,
but upon test it was found that both the water wheels and generators con-

As to the
Greatest
Power Site

— The reclamation act means much to Montana.

210 MONTANA 19U

siderably exceeded their original rating-, and this plant is now conser\ative-
ly rated at 25,000 kilowatts.

"Power from this plant is transmitted at 6,600 volts to the smelter at
Great Falls over duplicate steel tower transmission lines operating at 100,000
volts. From Butte an additional line is extended to Anaconda so that at
present almost the entire capacity of both the Rainbow plant and the
Missouri river plants are utilized in the mines of Butte and the smelters at
Anaconda and Great Falls. In addition to these main transmission lines
additional feeders of smaller capacity have been built from the Rainbow
plant to Lewistown, Havre and Cascade.

"In 1906 and 1907 a timber dam Avas built on the ^lissoula river, six
miles above Missoula, just below the mouth of the Blackfoot river. A
4,000 :horse-power installation was made, and power from this development
serA'es the city of Missoula. A high-tension line from this
Namiro- development is also constructed up the Bitter Root vallcv and

Over Some serves the cities of Hamilton, Stevensville and Victor,
of the "A 2,500 horse-power development has for some time been

Smaller in operation on the Big Fork river in the northwestern part

Power of Montana. Power from this development ser^^es the cities

Plants. of Kalispell, Whitefish, Columbia Falls and intermediate points.

"In addition to the plants previously mentioned, there are
in operation several smaller plants which are not of sufficient capacity to
require description. They will, however, he. included in the following list,

which shows the total normal capacity of all the plants which are now
operating on the combined systems of the ^Montana Power Company and
the Great Falls Power Companv:

Generating Capacity
Plant — (kilowatts)

Big Hole 3.000

Billings No. i 1,000

Black Eagle 1,400

Canyon Ferry 7oOO

Hauser Lake 14,000

Lewistown No. 1 350

Lewistown No. 2 100

Livingston 1,500

Madison River No. i 2,000

Madison River No. 2 9.000

Prospect Creek 750

Rainbow 25,000

?^Iissoula River development 4,000

Big Fork development 2,500

Total '. 72,100

"The principal transmlission lines of the combined system operate a1
46,200, 66,000 a-nd 100,000 volts. The various lines are tied together through
transformers and operate as one large distributing net-work, into which

-The good farmer in Montana is assured of success.

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212 MONTANA 19U

power is fed through each of the eleven plants and from which power is
taken by some 46 sub-Stations, varying in size from the Great Falls Power
Company's sub-station at Butte, having a capacity of 21,000 kilowatts, down
to the lowest standard high voltage sub-station of 250 kilowatts.

"There is at present in operation a total of 1,300 miles of transmission
line, of which 340 miles is steel tower line and the balance is wood-pole
line. The transmission system covers a territory approximately 200

miles square.
Lines That "From this one system power is supplied for lighting 40

Cover an cities and towns in Montana. In addition to lighting, power
Empire in enters into almost every phase of the industrial life of all these
Extent. cities and towns. The domestic water supply in all of the

larger cities of the State is pumped by electric power. Some-
thing over 10,000 flatirons are in constant use in the homes of the people.
Cooking by electricity is becoming v^ry popular. Over 500 electric cooking
stoves are in dail}^ use. Electrically driven sewing machines and washing
machines are in every-day use, and many other devices which tend to lighten
the duties of the housewife are operated by electric power.

"The street railway system of the cities, of Butte, Great Falls, Miissoula,
Helena, Anaconda, Billings and the Gallatin Valley railway system all
receive po'wer from the transmission lines within the State.

"It is admitted that the average cost of steam power for mining purpose
in the state of Montana is $125.00 per horse-power per year. In many isolated
mining districts this figure rises as high as $150.00 and even $200.00 per

horse-power per year. Electric power is purchased at $50.00
Cutting the per horse-power per year in comparatively small quantities, and
Cost to the in larger installations prices for power can be obtained as
Users of low as $35.00 per horse-power per year. The advent of electric
Power. power in mining districts of Montana has meant that many a

property which formerly operated at a loss on a steam basis
is now making a profit by the use of edectric power,

"It is estimated that the advantages to be derived froin the combined

operation of many plants due to the causes above enumerated amounts to

at least 50% in the economical utilization of the total available power. To
give an idea of the value of the power which is being generated by the
plants of the system under co'usideration, which are now producing 49,500
kilowatts, it mJay be stated that to produce this amount of power from coal
would require the yearly consumption of 750,000 tons, which, at the aver-
age price of $4,00, which would apply at the points where the power is
used, would, amount to $3,000,000 per year.

"When it is remembered that this value in coal is, bv means of water
power, being saved for future generations, and that during the next ten
years this saving will, in all probability, be increased some six or seven
times, it is not difficult to appreciate that true conservation consists in
encouraging rather than restricting the free development of water power.

— Uncle Sam is liberal to those who want homes in Montana.

WATER POWER

213

"The use of electric power is increasirig by leaps and bounds. The
power companies must maintain a sufficient reserve capacity m power plants
to accommodate increases in the demand for power as they may occur. It
beromes a difficult matter to predict far enough m advance
Each Day the increase in load which will have to be taken care of. Such
Brings New a prediction can be based on little else than past expenence.
Demands for "To take care of the general increase m load, especially
Electricity the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway electrification, work
has been com'menced on two new, large developments, one at
the great falls of the Missouri and one at Thompson falls on the Clark's

The Beautiful Rainbow Falls of the Missouri Near Great Falls.
Fork. The Great Falls development will have a capacity of 60.000 kilowatts,
and the Thompson falls development a capacity of 30,000 kilowatts.

'The Great Falls development is located about eight miles down the
river from the city of Great Falls, and utilizes a natural fall in the river for
about 85 feet, which fall will be increased to a total of 150 feet by the
erection of a solid masonry dam immediately above the falls. This dam
will have a crest line 1,000 feet long and will have an overflow section
desicrned to take care of the maximum flood of the river, estimated at 100,-

t5 ^

^.Montana's soil is the investment that never passes a dividend.

2ri MONTAhA 19U

ooo second feet. Generating- equipment will be installed to utilize the
normal flow of 6.000 second feet in six vertical single runner waterwheel
units of 10,000 kilowatts capacity each. To illustrate the high efhciency
which can be obtained in a modern waterwheel of this type, it may be
stated that manufacturers have promised an efficiency of 90% for these
wheels, and this efficiency has even been exceeded by similar wheels which
have already been built. The power plant will be built on a rock ledge just
below the falls and will take its water through six short steel pipes leading
directly to the dam.

''The Great Falls development will supply power to the territory cov-
ered by the present system and to the Chicago. ?ililwaukee & St. Paul rail-
way from Harlowton to Deer Lodge.

It Will Pull "The Thompson Falls development will be similar to the

the Trains Great Falls development, in that approximatel_v one-half the
Over High head exists in the form of a natural fall and the other half
Mountains, will be developed by a dam immediately above this fall. In
the case of Thompson falls, however, the plant will be situated
some little distance below the falls and the water conducted thereto through
an old dry channel, which will be flooded when the dam is built. The
design of generating units and the general plan of the power house will
be similar to that of the Great Falls plant. A total head of about 50 feet
will be utilized. The Thompson falls development will supply power to the
territory west of that which is covered at present and to the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul railway from Deer Lodge to Avery, Idaho.

"The addition to these two plants will more than double the present
capacity of the system, but it is estimated that this increase will be absorbed
within a very short time after the completion of the plants, which will
require two or three years."

^luch of the power developed in this State is now used in the mining
and smelting industries at Butte, Anaconda and Great Falls. The mines in
Butte use electric power principally for operating compressors, hoisting and
pumping.

The Mines In addition to the plants already built and under construc-

and Smelt- tion, there are a large number of power sites standing ready
ers Use to be developed as demands for power continue to increase.

Electricity. Although these developments are located in all parts of the
State, the larger possibilities exist in the northwestern section
of Montana, where the waters of the Flathead, the Kootenai river and other
large streams present possibilities for the development of at least 500.000
horse-power. The power site at the mouth of Flathead lake, \Vhich is one
of the most feasible in the State, has been reserved by the government in
connection with the reclamation system centering a portion of what was form-
erly the Flathead Indian reservation. A number of smaller power sites have
also been reserv-ed, while man}- others are under private ownership.

-Montana needs strong, self-reliant, stout hearted men.

Fish and Game

Over Montana's Majestic Mountains
and Through Her Beautiful Valleys
Roam Countless Thousands of the
Finest Big Game Animals to Be
Found in the World— Her Lakes,
Rivers and Brooks Are Alive With
Fish.

By J. L. DeHART, v

State Game and Fish Warden.

/

■5t"*.A -vrff-v^'.---'

Within the ntemory of ,nany thousands of Montana's citizens buf.aloes
thronged the ranges o,f this State. When *e line of the Northern Paof.c
was completed into Custer eottnty in iSSi, the final slaughter of these
ponderous animals comlm:enced. A few years afterward they
When Buff- were considered as practically extinct. Today after years of
Ts Throng- careful nurturing by the federal author.fes and pr.yate .ndt-
ed the West- viduals, the few remaining species are again slowly mereas.n^
em Plains, in numbers.

Despite the ruthless slaughter of bison and other large
oame annuals by the eadv white settlers of the State and the relentless
huntino- bv Indians for centuries before tlie white man s advent, all game
in Montana, with the exception of the American bison, is now mcreasmg,
under the protection afforded by the game laws and constant patrollmg by
the members of the state game department.

Twenty-five vears ago the elk on the northern boundary of 'the Yellow-
stone National Park did not number one half as many as they do today

_^^^,^ ^^„^, ^^ Montana unless you are prepared to do your share of the tvork.

216 MONTANA 19 U

and in the northwestern part of the State where these animals have never
had the protection afforded by the federal authorities, they
Guarding thehave more than held their own and are now stronger numer-
Elk From ically than twelve vears as:o.

Final Ex- Under a recent law the elk are protected in certain counties

tinction. until October ist, 1918. This will permit the transportation of

these animals from the congested ranges in the vicinity of the
Yellowstone Park to former ranges of the elk. During 191 1 and 1912, four
hundred head were taken into Ravalli, Missoula, Sanders, Powell, Granite
and Jefferson counties. In all instances they aire thriving and increasing
in numbers, seemingly content on their new ranges.

Unlike some of the eastern states and Canadian provinces, 'the game
and fish districts of Montana are not subject to private lease by native or
foreign citizens, and all the vast territory of the State, covering aproxi-

mately one hundred and fifty thousand square miles of
Real Sport prairies, mountains and timbered area, watered by thousands of
at the Very lakes and streams, is open to the humbilest followers of the
Doors of sport, subject only to the liberal provisions of the State game
the People, laws, which permit the killing in season of all game animals

except moose and antelope, and elk in certain counties, while
the gamest of game fish, trout and grayling may be taken from the waters
at aM times of year with rod, hook and line.

There is not a city or town in the mountainous regions that does not
yearly contain the carcasses of deer killed within a radius of a few miles
fro'm the business sections. Many deer are annually bagged within ten
miles of Helena; the same may be said of Butte, Anaconda, Missoula, Dillon,
Livingston. Bozeman, Deer Lodge and Kalispell. Moimtain sheep and
Rocky Mounitain goats are in considerable numbers within a few miles of
Anaconda and Deer Lodsre.

A Rocky Mountain ram was killed by Frank Anthenian of Georgetown
on October 4, 1913. that possessed a wonderful pair of horns. For the
sport enjoyed by this Montana hunter within twenty miles of a city of
12,000 population, eastern sportsmen, yea even European
Shooting huniters, would have willing!}^ traveled thousands of miles and
Mountain lavished a small fortune to have enjoyed the distinction.
Sheep and But few states possess the proud and majestic Rocky

Goats Right Mountain sheep. Idaho tO' the south and west and Wyoming
Near Town, on our southern boundary have a few. but Montana is pre-
eminently the abode of the largest number of these magnificent
animals in the United States. H'ere one ram, may be killed during the
open season by each hunter who possesses the hardihood and fortitude to
ascend the highest peaks in t'he pursuit, but the timorous nimrod wh<j
anticipates bagging a "big horn" from the beaten trails of the country
road will be disappointed in his expectations.

Fro^m September first of each year, on which date the season opens
for ducks and other water foAvl only, until November 30th, when the season

-Montana will do her part if you do yours.

FISH AND GAME

217

on all big g-ame closes, the mountains of Montana contain thousands of
hunters, some camping for a few days and others out for a
Big Game month or six weeks' trip, systematically bagging all the differ-
and Wild ent varieties of birds and animals permitted to be killed under
Fowl the law. The season on grouse, prairie chicken, sage hens,

Abound pheasants and fool hens is during the month of October. Large

Hereabouts, game, elk. deer, goats and sheep may be hunted in October
and November. There is no closed season on bear, which are
often the coveited quarry of local and eastern sportsmen, during the months
of April, May and the early part of June. At this time, especially during
the month of May, the skins are prime. The animals have just finished

A Day's Shooting

their winter hibernation. When they first emerge from their long retreat,
they are in fairly good flesh, and ravenously hungry. Unless they imme-
diately find food in considerable quantity, they rapidly lose flesh and in
a few days are thin and gaunt. It is at this time that bear travel over a
large area in twenty-four hours in quest of meals and it is at this season
that they are most fierce and seldom seek to avoid an encounter with their
natural enemy — ^man — especially those of the Grizzly or Silver Tip vairieties,
consequently to the hunter, in addition to procuring pelts in their primest
condition, is the addest zest of dangerous sport.

Bear are native to all the mountainous region of the state, but prob-
ably the greatest numbers are found in the counties adjacent to the Yel-

— It won't do your hoy any good to tell him of the land you might have taken.

218

MONTANA 19U

lowstone National Park and in,' the northwestern portion of Montana, being

particularly numerous on the South Fork
of the Flathead and Swan Rivers, in Pow-
ell, Flathead and Missoula counties, where
many Silver Tips and other varieties of
the bruin family abound. These regions
are also the bonnes of thousands of elk.
sheep, deer and goats, and they may all be
hunted during the open season, subject
only to the provisions of our game laws,
requiring the possession of proper hunting
licenses and an observance of the law as
to limit, etc

The hunting season of 191 1 was remark-
able for a particularly early and deep fall
of snow. This brought all large game
down from the highest mountains to the
foothills and valleys, within easy access of
the local hunters. Many thousands of
deer fell under their bullets in Montana,
the largest numbers in Flathead and Lin-
coln counties. From reliable sources of
information — deputies of this department
Fishing Near Electric Hot Springs |,^ ^j^^^j^ respective districts and forestry
officers throughout the national forests of the state — it is estimated that
more than fourteen thousand deer were killed in :\lontana two years ago.

Between fifteen and sixteen
hundred elk fell during the same
hunting season, two-thirds of this
number on the borders of the Yel-
lowstone Park and the remaining
third throughout all the other elk
regions in Montana.

These figures appear some-
what startling, especially to citi-
zens of states where there is but
little game, but it must be borne
in mind that the elk of Yellow-
stone Park number more than

sixty thousand — forty thousand of
which winter in Montana, and this
number of Montana elk is increas-
ed by ten to twelve thousand ani-
mals on other ranges of the State.
It has been difficult to obtain
an approximate census of the deer Pals.

— The man who complains of Montana toill not be satisfied with paradise.

FISH AND GAME

219

of the state, but from the best obtainable information it is known that there
are more than one hundred and fifty thousand. These animals apparently are

not driven from their accustomed haunts by the encroachment
There Is No of man for the Game Warden of Massachusetts has stated
Scarcity of that more than five thousand deer were killed in that com-
Deer Out monwealth during the season of 191 1. This is certainly a
This Way. splendid example of the benefits of game protection under the

proper enactment and enforcement of game laws in one of the
old settled communities in the United States.

While Montana has long been known as a hunters' paradise, the fishing
streams are also among the best on the American continent. Here, native

Monarchs of the Montana Forests,
to the waters of the eastern side of the continental divide are found millions
of the toothsome grayling — those beautiful game fish — the pea-
Passing cocks of the aqueous, realm — are natives of only three localities,
Many Pleas- ^lontana, Michigan and Alaska. Dwring late years, grayling
ant Days fry from the state hatchery at Anaconda have been planted in
With Rod the waters on the western slooe of the continental divide. In

and Reel. some instances these experimental transplantations have seem-
ingly not been successful, but in others, notably the waters of

the Georgetown lakes, they have thrived beyond the expectations of the
experimenters. Three-year-old grayling have been taken from these waters
that weighed more than two and three-quarter pounds. The most ardent
trout fisherman agree that a graying is as ,''''ame and puts up as hard a
fight, pound for pound and ounce for ounce, as any variety of trout.

— Spunk, individuality, itidustry, integrity, comprise a ivorking capital in Montana.

220

MONTANA 19U

On the western slope of the Rocky Mountains, among other varieties
of trout are found the Dolly Varden or Bull trout. These trout, like the
eastern brook, spawn during- the late fall and ea^rly winter. They attain
enormous weight, some speciments as much as thirty pounds. On account
of the cannibalistic traits, they have not been classed as game fish under
our laws, and there is no restriction as to the number or weight that may
be caught each day. All other varieties of trout and grayling are classed
as game fish and a limiit of twenty-five pounds per day is fixed by law.

To specify the best trout fishing in the state of Montana would be
presumption and more than that — it would be largely a guess, there are

so many steams and mountain lakes in which abound
these gamy specimens of the finny tribe. The Still-
water, Big Boulder of Sweetgrass County, the Upper
Yellowstone, the Gallatin and tributaries, the Madi-
son, Red Rock River and Lakes, The Big Hole,
Silver and Georgetown Lakes, Flint Creek, Rock
Creek, the Big Blackfoot River, Clark's Fork, the
Flathead, Stillwater river, of Flathead County, the
Big River, the Kootenai, the Yakti, the Swan and
the lakes of Lincoln and Flathead counties, all afiford this
most alluring pleasure, dear to the heart of every disciple
of the famous old Izaak.

In short, no other state in the union affords the di-
versity and quantity of game and fish that today is to be
found in Montana.

Vacation Land

Amidst Mountains of Most Marvel-
ous Grandeur, Along Streams of
Unequaled Beauty and Purity,
Through Primeval Forests, Dense
and Impressive, the Pleasure Seek-
er and Those Desiring Rest May
Find Health and Peace in Montana.

Montana makes a peculiar appeal to all classes of people at the time
when the lengthening and drowsy days of summer send forth their irre-
sistible call for outdoors. Its mountains beckon the world-weary to come

forth and renew life at Nature's own springs; its placid lakes
Nature and deep forests offer inviting retreat to those who would get

Calls to away from the worries and cares of roaitine existence and seek

Those Who prinDitive comfort and health-giving relaxation amid unusual
Are Weary, scenes. With its magnificent scenery, its high altitudes and

cool summer evenings, and its wealth of game and fish and
wild fowl, Montana is indeed the ideal vacation-land.

It has been truthfully said that a vacation in Montana can be arranged
to suit any taste and any purse. Camping parties can spend months in
the mountains and on the lakes at a cost which is so small as to be almost
negligible. Boon companions miay wander for days through primeval
forests at the mere expense of coffee and bacon and bread, while the
sparkling trout streams serve to make their table a banquet board. On the
other hand, those who would retain all the luxuries of civilization while

-There is no room in Montana for the man tvho thinks the world owes him a living.

il ( I TANA 19U

Upon their outing's may find here magnificent hotels dedicated to their
comfort and convenience.

While the lakes and mountains and forests of IMontana would of them-
selves put Montana at the head of the list of recreation places, it is to the
two greatest and largest national parks that Montana owes its best known

summer attractions. These two great national playgrounds —
Opening a the Yellowstone and Glacier national parks — are primarily
Veritable IMontana institutions. Even before the nation was awakened
Paradise of to the importance of reserving these great national wonders
Pleasure. for the benefit and enjoyment of all the people, these parks

were vacation and sight-seeing places for the people of Mon-

c* ^iro».N*v. ?v«^f»CT^ V. H-u.

Hauser Lake Near Helena.

tana. Glacier National Park, containing more than 1,500 square miles, is
w/holly in Montana, while the Yellowstone National park, the oldest and
best known of all the national reservations, is reached through this state.
The official entrace to this park, an imposing rock arch, dedicated by
President Roosevelt, is at Gardiner. IMontana, five miles from Mammoth
Hot Springs, the administrative headquarters of the great reserve, which
contains over 3.300 square miles. The pride which ]^Iontana takes in these

— Montana's educational institutions are in strong hands.

VACATION LAND

two great national playgrounds is illustrated by the fact that work is now
under way for a niagnificent automobile highway which will connect Yel-
lowstone and: Glacier national parks. This park-to-park road, it is expected,
will be completed within the next year.

The Yellowstone National park has unrivaled claim to the title of the
Wonderland of America. In fact, at no place on the globe, are to be found,
so closely grouped, so many natural pihenomena. It is the home of the

unique and unusual in nature and its attractions are known
The Home all over the ciA'ilized world, from every country of which it
of the annual!}^ draws its large quota of visitors. The tour of the

Unique and Yellowstone park may be made in five and a half days, and
Unusual. yet, so many and so varied are the opportunities here to enjoy

the wonders which abound on every hand, that a visitor may
spend months within the park confines and know not the feeling of time-

A Portion of the Park-to-Park Higluvay.

lieaviness. The route of tourist travel through the park is ideally arranged
to produce a constantly changing view of world wonders, with each new
scene lifting the emotions to a higher point and giving a more glorious
conception of nature's mfarvelous w^ork.

First, at Mammoth, with its hundreds of mineral springs, constantly
building and rebuilding myriad colored formations, and its wierd spectral
rocks and subterranean caverns ; another day. and the visitor is in the
heart of the geyser region, where, each on its own regular
Where Na- schedule,, a hundred spouting springs belch forth their charge
ture Plays of boiling water, playing foj- a minute or an hour, as the case
Strange may be, and then dropping back into the form of a clear pool

Pranks. which gives no indication of the mighty forces working be-

neath the surface; out of the geyser region, the visitor views

-Montana has one of the finest bodies of public school teachers in America.

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VACATION LAND

225

and sails across beautiful Lake Yellowstone, a miag-nificent boch- of cleai
crystal water, over 7,000 feet above sea level, a scene which makes one
feel that the turbulent, volcanic activity he witnessed the day before can
be scarcely more than a dream ; another day, and he comes upon the wonder
of wonders — the falls and the grand canyon of the Yellowstone, the inspir-
ing view of which holds world-travelers spellbound as, in awe, they view
this lofty and magnificent w^ork of nature.

There are numerous and varied accommodations for tourists who desire
to view the Yellowstone National park. This great national playground
is open to all the people and the choice of the method of viewino- its

wonders lies entirely with the individual. Alany parties annu-
TheCostls ally go through with their own camping ouitfits, making the
Small and trip as lesiurely as they desire, and while enjoying the unusual
Comforts scenes about them live, in realitv. close to nature. Althouo^h
Are Many, wild game of all kinds is protected in the park, fishing is

allowed in all the streams, and in many parts of the park ex-
cellent catches can be had. Others patronize the professional campino-
coniipanies, and thus enjoy outdoor life without the expense and worry of
providing and caring for their own means of transportation. Many others
secure accomimodations at the Wylie Permanent camps, which company
also maintains a line of stages for the transportation of its guests. Another

Lake McDonald, Glacier National Park.

226

MONTANA 19U

favorite method of ''doing- the park" is to take advantage of the palatial
hotels which the Yellowstone Park Hotel association has erected at various
points throug'hout the park, in close proximity to the scenes of the greatest
natural w^onders. As the precincts of the park are still closed to the auto-
mobile, tourists are transported between the hotels by comfortable scage
coaches, and coaching itself has a most delightful attraction. By follow-
ing the hotel route, the tourist is enabled to reach all the points of attrac-
tion in the park and at the same time to enjoy„ between sight-seeing- expedi-
tions, all of the comforts and conveniences of a metropolitan hostelry, with
most excellent cuisine and service.

A Glimpse of Beautiful Lake Flathead.

Those desiring to view the Yellowstone National park should go to
Livingston, on the main line of the Northern Pacific, from which point a
branch line runs up the picturesque Yellowstone to Gardiner. Over this

line modern Pullman trains are run twice daily, making the
"Ro-w to trip to the park as easy and comfortable as a ride on a trans-

Reach the continental train. Representatives of the various companies
Land of holding camping, transportation and hotel concessions in the

Wonders park miay be met on the train and all arrangements made for

necessary accommodations through the park. The cost of

— The Indian is losing out in Montana because he ivon't work. Don't be an Indian

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228 MONTANA 19U

the park trip is usually between $35 and $60, dependin"- upon the character
of the accommodations desired. The season is from June 15 to September
15 each 3-ear.

Glacier National park is the newest of the national playgrounds, hav-
ing been created by act of congress in February, 1910. This park is located
in Northwestern i\Iontana and comprises an area of over 1.500 square miles.
It is bounded on the north by the Canadian border, on the
Where south by the main line 'of the Great Northern railway, on

Beauty and the west by the north fork of the Flathead river and on the
Grandeur east by the Blackfeet Indian reservation. The main range
Reign of the Rocky Mountains extends from north to south through

Supreme. the center of the park, and within this region is found a variety
of mountain scenery unsurpassed for beauty and grandeur on
this continent, and said by those who have seen both countries to excel
even the famous Alps' of Switzerland.

Glazier National park takes its name from the fact that within its
borders are upwards of 60 living glaciers, of which the Blackfeet Glacier,
covering an area of almost five miles square, is the largest. There are
within the park more than 250 mountain lakes, himdreds of wnld mountain
streams, and scores of waterfalls There are mountain peaks ranging from
8.000 to 10,500 feet in height, a number of which have never been climbed
by white men. This region of scenic beautv and scientific wonder is await-
ing the tourist, the explorer, the fisherman, the artist, the scientist, and
the mountain climber, and because of its variety of attractions and ease of
access, it is destined to become one of the great playgrounds of the world.

Although this park is not yet four years old. it is annually visited by
many thousands of tourists, and its wonders are becoming rapidly known
all over the world. Already much progress has been made toward making
it easy for the tourist to see Glacier-land. So great has been
Thousands the progress of this work that before the opening of the season
of People of 1914 it will be possible to penetrate into the ver}' heart of
Become the glacier region by automobile. Secretary of the Interior

Enchanted. Lane having last fall authorized the construction of an auto-
mobile road to the 3iIcDermott lake.
The Great Northern railway, the officials of which were active in the
movement for the setting aside of this great natural reserve, has taken
a leading part in providing accommodations for those who desire to view
the park. At Glacier Park station, the eastern entrance to the park, a
magnificient hotel, costing upwards of $200,000, and having accommodations
for 300 guests, was opened to the public in the spring of 1913, but before
the close of the year it was found that this was inadequate to supply the
demand for accommodations, and the construction of an annex, which will
double the capacity of the hotel, was commenced in the fall of 1913.

This hotel is unique among the inns of the world and deserves more
than passing mention. It is constructed of huge logs, and its great lobby,

— Blantant, brag and bluster won't do -the world want's the facts.

VACATION LAND

229

One of the
Prettiest
Tnns in All
the World.

w^ith Its camptire in the center, and aronnd wliidi hang- hundreds of bear
sknis and buffalo sknlls and other earlv-dav trophies is one
of the show places of the continent. In 'addition to this hotel
the Great Northern has established comfortable and sanitary
permanent camps at easy stao^es throughout the park These
are gradnally being replaced by Swiss chalets, a m0o-„ificent
example of which is located at Belton, the western ?mrance
to the park.

^Fany who make the trip
through the interior of Glacier park-
do so by walking, taking camping
equipment with them on pack

horses. Others

go

through on

horseback, plenty of horses and

guides being available during the

season. This trip takes the visitor

across the continental divide and

over some of the larp-est glaciers

and is very popular with those who

like to "rough it." For those who

do not care for hard traveling, how-
ever, trips ma_y be made far into

the interior of the park from either

entrance. From Glacier Park sta-
tion, as stated above, the tourist

may penetrate to the heart of the

glacier region at McDerm'ott lake,

using automohile stages and 'boats

the entire way. From Belton, on
the western side, there is an easy
stage ride to beautiful Lake ]\lc-
Donald, upon the shores of which
there are numerous permanent cot-
tages and camps, as well as two
modern resorts, hoth of which are
to be greatly enlarged in the spring
of 1914 to accommodate the rapidly
increasing tourist travel. Long be-
fore Glacier National Park was cre-
ated by congress. Lake McDonald
had more than a state-wide reputation as a summer attraction, and manv
prominent citizens have secured small land holdings on the shores of the
lake and spend the entire summer amid these attractive surroundings.

Glacier park is reached only by the main line of the Great K^rthern
railway, and may be entered either from Glacier Park station, on the

In Vacation Land.

—Montana is a gentle and generous mistress.

230 MONTANA 19U

eastern border, or Belton, on the western. Trips through the park may-
be made at a cost of from $i to $io a day, depending- upon
Great the character of the accommodations desired and che rrmber

Pleasure of members in the partv making the trip. Good accommoda-
at a Small tions can be secured at the hotels and permanent camps at the
Price. uniform rate of $3 per day, American plan. The Glacier park

season is from June 15 to October 15.

In addition to the two great national parks, there are many other places
in Montana which invite one to while away vacation hours. Along the
shores of Flathead lake, the largest fresh water lake in the country, numer-
ous restful places are to be found. Flathead lake is easily reached from
Ralispell on the Great Northern, or from Ravalli, on the Northern Pacific.
Swan lake, near by, is popular with the summer colonists.

The famous Kootenai country, stretching through Lincoln county, in
the northwestern corner of the state, attracts many summer visitors, who
find restful days in the shadow of the giant pines and along the banks of
wonderfully beautiful lakes and rivers. The Blackfoot valley,
Along the in northern Powell county, offers numerous attractions, and is
Banks of the especially popular with Helena and Great Falls people, while
Beautiful the lakes on the ^Missouri river, near Helena, are being rapidly
Kootenai. developed into summer resorts.

These are but a few of the better known places which ap-
peal to those on vacation bent. 1 here is scarceh- a section of the state in
which mountain streams, so dear to the heart of the angler, are not to be
found, and those who want to get away from the beaten path of summer
tourists can easily do so by dropping off a train at almost any station in
the mountains and beating back a few miles, where they can become im-
mersed in solitude.

While Montana is calling for the home-builder and the settler, it never-
theless welcomes the casual visitor. In this country we believe that the
people of this nation should "see .America first," and in doing so we are

confident that they can do no better than to begin with !Mon-
Begin With tana. Many weeks ma}^ be spent in sight-seeing and outdoor
Montana to enjoyment in }^lontana, and the time thus spent will not be
See America, wasted, it will not be taken from the sum total of one's life.

It will, rather, lengthen your years, and more than that it will,
in bettered health and increased capacity for living, give you the real
heritage of this mountain land. Ponce de Leon's fabled fountain of youth
has not, in truth, been discovered, but its nearest substitute, all are agreed,
is to be found amid the mountains and lakes of Montana, the glories of
Nature's most inspiring efforts.

— There's true melody in Montana's brooks.

The Newspapers of Montana

The newspapers of Montana are a powerful influence for progress, and
are important factors in the growth and development of the state. Decem-
ber I, 191 3. there were in Montana a total of 234 publications. Of these
19 were daily newspapers, 8 being morning and 11 being of evening issue.
There were 202 w^eekly new^spapers in the state. 5 semi-weekly, 2 semi-
monthly, and 6 monthly publications. These included 3 papers devoted
exclusively to agriculture and stock growing interests, 3 to educational
activities, 2 were religious publications, i was devoted to fraternal activi-
ties, and I to trade unionism.

The following directory shows the names, politics, frequency of issue,
editor and publisher of each newspaper in the state, as reported December
I, 1913:

NEWSPAPER DIRECTORY OF MONTANA.

(,'ounty and City.Xame of Paper. Politics.

Printed.

Editor.

Publisher.

Beaverhead:

Dillon Examiner . . . .

Dillon Tribune

Wisdom News

Wisdom Breezes

Big Horn:

Hardin Tribune

Blaine:

Chinook Democrat

Chinook Opinion

Dodson Montana Idea

Harlem News

Broadwater:

Townsend Opinion

Townsend Star

Toston Index

Carbon:

Red LodETe Journal

Red Lodge Picket

Bridg-er Times

Fromberg Herald

joilet Independent . .

Cascade: ,. ,

Great Falls h^^.^^^

Great Falls Tribune

.Dem "Weds H. F. CrittendenE. L. Poindexter.

.Rep Fri F. E. Foote F. E. Foote.

.Dem Thurs R. H. Hathaway. R. H. Hathaway.

.Ind .Weekly.. G. A. "U'illiams. . .G. A. Williams.

.Ind.

.Fri R. A. Vickers DeTuncq & Vickers

.Dem Fri Ed. T. Pierson Ed. T. Pierson.

.Pro Thurs Brooks & Richards Brooks & Richards.

Ind Fri A. J. Eyans Idea Pub. Co.

.Dem Fri H. C. Anderson.. H. C. Anderson.

.Rep Sat J. M. Cummins.. J. M. Cummins.

. Dem Tues T. N. Ayerill T. N. Averill.

.Ind Weekly.. T. F. Sheppard..T. F. Sheppard.

.Dem Tues Chas. H. Draper. Chas. H. Draper.

.Ind Fri Walter Alderson. .Walter Alderson.

.Rep Fri J. T. Spencer J. T. Spencer.

.Ind Thurs C. C. Crossen C. C. Crossen.

.Ind Fri Wm. ^^. Holmes.. Wm. W. Holmes.

Great Falls . . . .IMontana Farmer,

Great Falls Trade Journal ..

Great Falls . . . .Husbandman . . . .

Belt Times

Cascade Courier

Cascade Echo

Geyser Times

Simms Enterprise

Choteau:

Fort Benton ..River Press

•Rep Evenings

•Dem Mornings

and
W^ed...

.Agri Sat

.Com 'Monthly.

.Dem Thurs. . . .

.Rep Thurs. .

.Ind Fri

.Dem Thurs..

.Ind Thurs. .

Fri. . .

E. H. Cooney ..The Leader Co.

W. M. Bole The Tribune (Inc.

H. P. Griffin The Tribune (Inc.

W. H. Castner . .W. H. Castner.
R. N. Sutherlin...R. M. Pub. Co.
Bemis & DensmoreBelt Val. Times Co.

C. W. Tiernev W. F. Berger.

John W. Calf ee.. John W^ Calfee.

R. H. Dudley R. H. Dudley.

Fred Schoensigel. .Fred Schoensigel. .

Rep Daily and

Weekly. H. K. Harber.

Fort Benton. ..Independent Ind. Rep.W^eekly. . .G. C. Schmidt..

...Rep Thurs H. S. Flint ....

...Dem Fri D. F. Swenson..

Dem Thurs J. W'ilson

'...Dem Sat L. F. DePew

. . .Dem Weekly. . G. E. Shawler

...Rep IVIornings.Jos. D. Scanlan.

. . .Evenings. Pro Sam Gordon

.Dem Weekly. . H. L. Gross . . .

Big Sandy . . . .Mountaineer

Carter Chronotype

Carter Herald ....

Genou Patrol

Geraldine Review

Custer:

iMilPS City ^tar

Miles City Yellowstone

.lournal . .
Miles City .\merican

Miles Ci ty Stockgrowers'

.Journal

Miles City Independent

Fallon Forum

Ismay .lournal

Terry Tribune ....

.Pro Wed Sam Gordon

.Rep Fri Jos. D. Scanlan,

.Rep.
.Ind.

.Fri.
.Fri.

.H. "U'. Wilson ..
.E. H. McDowell.

.River Press Pub.

Co.
.Schmidt Bros &
Greeley.
.H. S. Flint.
.D. F. Swenson.
.Elizabeth Sessour.
.L. F. Depew.
. G. E. Shawler.

.Independent Print-
ing Co.

.Journal Pub. Co.

.American Printing
Co.

.Journal Pub. Co.
.Independent Print-
ing Co.
.H. W. Wilson.
• E. H. McDowell.

— Montana's destiny is secure; she is the heiress of Nature.

232

MONTANA 19 U

Newspaper Directory of Montana— Continued.

Cnvinl.\- and City.Xamo of Paper. I'dlilios.

I 'riiited.

lOditor.

I'lililislifr.

Dawson :
<;iendive
Glendive

independent Ind Tups J. R. Widmyer...

.Review Ind Thurs Gilluly & Allen.

Harry G. KetchamHari-y

.J. C. Mitchell
..\. S. Godfrey
Jos. P. Parker

.J. C.

.Fris.xcl
.Job. P

Prissell M. A.

G. KetchamHarry

Glendive Monitor Dem Thurs. .. .Geo. R. Desch..

firele Pioneer Ind. Dem. Sat F. S. Kahlberg- -.

Enid I'^i'ho Pro Wed. . .

Fairview 'limes Ind Thurs.

Fox Dake 'ronoter Ind W(h1.

Jordan Gazette Dem Weekly

Paxton Pilot

Savage Star Rop Thurs.

Sidney ''erald Ind Fri

i^Klnc-.v "hief Tnd Thurs.

Wibaux Pioneer Dem Fri

^^'ibaux Gazette Rep Weekly

Deer Lodge:

Anaconda Standard Dem Morning-. .O.

Fallon:

Ekalaka '<:asle Dem Fri O. A. Dahl O. A.

Alzada Kairplay Dem Fri Whi-O'ShaughnessyWrn.

nessy

Baker '='i>ntinel Hep Fri lyouis

AVostmore Press Ind Wed P. C.

Fergus:

Lewistown News Pro Evening. .Dave

J. R. Widmyer.
Gilluly & Allen.

E. A. Martin.

F. S. Kahlberg.

G. Ketcham-
Mitchell,
ivt Godfrey.
. Parker.

Frissell.
G. Ketcham.

.M. A

. Harr.y

. C. E. Clemensen. Clemensen& Owens
■ Rav Ij. Under .... l^iav 1. Linder.
Ch'as. E. White.. .Chas. E. White.

H. Eggleston. .Standard Pub. Co.

Dahl.
O'Shaugh-

Conser ....TjOuis
Bunn Bunn

Conser.
Bros.

News-

Lewistown
Lewistown

Benchland

, . .\rgus Rep Fri A.

. . 1 !emocra t Dem Tues E.

.Herald

Ind Fri F.

Buffalo Review Dem Wed B.

Denton Recorder Dem Thurs J.

Grass Range . . . "pview Tnd Fri J.

Hilger Herald Dem Fri A.

Hobson Star Tnd Thurs...

Moccasin " )ispatch Ind Thurs . . ,

Moore Inland Empire ...Rep Weekl.v.

Roy Public Opinion ...Dem Weekly.

Stanford World liep Thurs...

.. .Fri

.J.

.Chas.

T.
G.

r.

C.

W.

M.

R.

A.

M. Trepp. .Montana

paper Co.
Packard ..A. T. Packard.

Ivins Fergus County

Democrat, Inc.
P. C. IMarshall.
B. C. White.
J. W. Altizer.
Vrooman & Tipton.
A. R. Thompson.
Raitt.
A. Burdick.

Maishall .

White

Altizer . .
Vrooman .
Thompson.

Raitt J. A.

A. Burdick. Chas

.C.

Thurs R.

H.

F.

T.
B.

Smith C. H.

Cranston. .. .R. F.

Da Fond J. T.

Edminister. .G. M

Windham Leader Tnd. .

AVinnifred Times Dem.

Flathead:

Kalispell Interlake Pro Evening. .J

Kalispell Journal Dem Thurs.... J

Kalispell Times Rep Thurs.... Lou

Kalispell Bee Dem Tue.'i-Fri . Fred T\niiteside .

Big Arm Graphic Dem Wed M. A. Copeland..

Big Fork News Ind Fri I. Walter Hansen

Columbia Palls. .Columbian Ind Thurs.... C. E. Clemens...

Dayton T^eader Dem Fri R. H. Copeland..

Guy C. OsmondsonS. E. Peterson.
.E. A. Butterfield E. A. Butterfield.

. L. S. Thurston Thurston &

Henderson.

Smith.
Cranston.

La Fond.
Houtz.

Poison

.Courier Ind. Rep. .Thurs. .. .C. P. Cowman

Poison
Whitefish
Gallatin:
Bozeman

.News
.Pilot

.Dem Weekly.

.Ind Thurs. . .

Knight Knight & Cade.

.Bee Publishing Co.
.M. A. Copeland.
.1 Walter Hansen.
.C. B. Clemens.
.R. H. Copeland.
.C. P. Cowman.

Prtg. Co.
.News Pub. Co.
.F. R. Tallman.

.Thomas D. Bare
.F. R. Tallman..

Bozeman

Chronicle Dem Mornings

& Wklv Tames

Courier Rep Wed C. C.

Bozeman Exponent Non-
partisan . Fri Selmer

Belgrade Journal Ind Thurs. . . . L. W.

B. Bole H. H. Howard.

Davis Rep. Courier Co.

H. SolbergStudents M. S. C.

Henry . . . .Belgrade Journal

Co.

Manhattan

. ..^-'ecorrt

....Tnd

. . .Thurs. . .

.F. D. Geiger

.F.

D. Geiger.

Three Forks

...Herald

...Ind....

. . .Weekly.

. P. S. Dorsev . . .

.P.

S. Dorsev.

Three Forks

. . .News

....Ind....

. . .Thurs. .

.W. E. Ballard .

.Th

ree Forks Pub.

Granite:

Co.

I'hillipsburg

...Mail

. ..Rep. . .

. . . Fri

.Lawrence HaucK

.Lawrence Hauck.

I>rummond

. . .News

...Ind

. . .Thurs. .

.L. P. Leach

.Granite County

Hill:

Pub. Co.

Havre

. ..Democrat ....

. . .Dem. .
Dem. .

.. Sat

.. Sat

. .J. K. Bramble . . .
. .S. Y. B. Williams

• J.

• S.

K. Bramble.

Havre

. .,1'laindealer

Y. B. Williams.

Havre

, ..Promoter

Ind....

...Ind....

...Fri

. . . Fri

.W. M. Dynes...
.P. H. Hersey...

■ L.
P.

W. Plerson.

Box Elder . .

. ..Valley Fh"ess .

H. Hersey.

Chester

...Independent ..

Ind....

. . .Fri

.A. R. Dorris

■L.

"U'. Pierson.

Chester

...Signal

Pro. . .

• • Weekly.

. B. B. ^'eldv . . .

• B.

B. Weldv.

Devon

. . . Register

. . . .Dem . .

..Sat

. .C. T. Cavanaugh

.c.

T. Cavanaugh.

Devon . .

Tribune

Sat

Sat

.. Sat

. .H. J. Sanders . .

. .Wm. I..athrop

. .H. J. Sanden

.B.
.B.
.B.

B. "Weldv.

Dunkirk

I^r^pf;

B. Weldv.

CJalata

. ..Herald

— Dem. .

B. Weldv.

Galata

. ..Jn\irnal

....Ind

...Thurs..

.J. F. Kavanagh.

.J.

F. Kavanagh.

Gidford

. ..Tril)une

Dem . .

....Ind....
Pro. . .

..Fri

. . .Fri

. . Pii

. J. F. Casey

.Berkley Walker .
.R. B. McNeil ...

.J.

.Be
.R.

F. Casey.

rklev W.alker.

Inverness . . . .

. ..Index

B. McNeil.

Joplin

. . . 'I'i'T^es

. . . Pro

. . . Dem . .

...Sat

. . .Fri

. .B. B. Weldv

.Matt H. Casey..

.B.
.M:

B. Weldy.

Kremlin

. . .Chancellor

itt U. Casey.

— Montana's annual state fair is a classic.

THE NEWSPAPERS

2S3

Newspaper Directory of Montana — Continued.

County and City.Xame of Paper. Politics. Printed.

Editor.

Publisher.

Jefferson:

Boulder Monitor ma feat...

TMiitehall News Fn . . .

Lewis and Clark: , _ ivT^^r.

Helena Indep'^ndent Dem Morn

.H.
.C.

R.
G.

Young. .
Campbell

.II.
.C.

R.
G.

Young.
Campbell.

S.

anc
W. Will

A. Campbell.Ind. Pub. Co.

Helena Record Rep ^^yp^'*^

Helena Hermanns — Sohn Prat Monthly.

TToiono Meqseno-er . . . Rel Monthly . .Chas. „„ „ ^

H^'^"^ .Messen«ei Kei.. ^lonthly . .Rev. F. R. BatemanRev. F.R. Bateman.

Chas. D. Greenfield Record Pub. Co.
Waldemar Stein Waldemar Stein.
L. Bovard.C. W. Tenney.

.Rel..

.Pro Thurs.

.Ind Frl....

Helena Churchman . . .

Helena Progressive . . .

Helena Staats-Zeitung

Helena Stockman & . ^

Farmer Xonp Semi-Mo . L^.^

Augusta Times Pro Fri..... "'

Gilman Optimist Pern .Weekly

Lincoln: .

Libbv Herald Rep Fri

Libby Western News . . .Dem Thurs

.A. B. Casteel.
.Fred Schulten

.Pro,
-B.

Pub. Co.
Bauerschmidt.

H. Reifenrath.C. H. Reifenrath.

Will J. Rendall Will J. Rendall.

.A. J. Hedrix Hedrix & Hedrix.

Eureka
Madison:
Virginia

.Journal

City . . . Madisonian

.Ind Thurs.

.Dem Fri

J. T. Farris J. T. Farris.

Jewel A Kennedv Kennedy & Lang.
.Oscar F. Wolf... Oscar F. Wolf.

.Ira

.Times Rep.

.Monitor Ind.

.Forum Ind.

, .Fri .
.Sat.
.Fri.

, ...T.

F.

, ...C.

.Fri
.Fri

"Virginia City

Twin Bridges.

Sheridan

Meagher:

White Sul. Spgs.Republican Ind.-Rep

Harlowton News Ind

Hedges^ille Herald Nonp

.Tudith Gap Journal Nonp Fri

Missoula: „ .. _„. .

Missoula Missoulian Pro Morning . .A.

Missoula Sentinel Ind Evening. F.

Missoula Educator Ed ^°"t^^-' " -^

Missoula Kaimen Nonp Weekly . . .ii,

Cole Madisonian Pub.

Sk Co.

E. Castle Times Pub. Co.

B. Cleaves F. E. Cleaves.

H. Browne C. H. Browne.

...M. E. McKav M. B. McKay.

...Geo. H. Beasley. Geo. H. Beasley.
Tues ...Marion J. Small. .Marion J. Small.
...Lyle A. Cowan... Lyle A. Cowan.

T.

Ronan

. .Pioneer Ind. . . .

..Post Nonp.

.Fri.

Stone Missoulian Pub.

Co.

Ferguson. .Missoulian Pub.

Co.

J. Elrod M. J. Elrod.

Sutherlin Students of Uni-

versitv.
F. &. E. H. C. F. & E. H.
Rathbone Rathbone.

.Fri .

, .Chas.

A.
.C.

W.
E.

Coy.

Eiselein
Woff ord .

St. Ignatius

Musselshell: _, ttt„„i,t,.

Roundup Record Rep ^ ^eklj

Roundup Tribune Dem Thurs..

Lavina Independent Ind Fri Evan Lee.... Eva^

Melstone Messenger Ind ^\ i^ "

Musselshell .\dvocate Ind !■ n. . . . . . .t,a

Ryegate Reporter Ind Thurs. .. .Chas.

Park: _ . . id„^ irHro a,nd

...Post Pub. Co.

. .A. W. Eiselein.
, . .Roundup Tribune
Co.

R,

Lee.

Sarvis J. H. Sarvis.

Johnson.. M. W. Stockwell.
H. Allen.. Chas. H. Allen.

.Rep.

.Eve.

WTcly.

Bve.

Livingston Enterprise

Livingston Post '^^ki r

Clvde Park ....Herald Nonp Fri....

Wilsall Record Ind Thurs..

Frank
andThos.

\r right
Jefferson

.Frank Wright.

Johns Johns & Darroch.

.R. 1. Martin R. I- Martin

.H. C. GruwellandH. C. Gruwell and

G E. Devendorf. G. E. Devendorf

Powell:
Deer Lodge ...Post

.Silver State

.Dem Weekly.. C. E. Aspling

.Dem Thurs Jos Smith II...

Deer Lodge
Ravalli: „ _, .

Hamilton Republican Rep Fri

Hamilton Western News . . .Dem Tues. and

Pin

Stevensville Tribune Ind.-Dem. Fri

Stevensville Register Nonp Thurs

Rosebud: ^ , „ rru,,^o

For<5vth Times-Journal Rep Thurs

Ashland Chief Ind S'*"^?"}^'- "

Hysham Echo Pro Weekly..

Igbmar Index Ind Fri

Rosebud Courier Ind Thurs

Sanders: ^ ■

Thompson Ledger Rep -^(r„L;;,:.' ' '

Camas Signal Ind Weekl> . .

Dixon Herald Dem Fn.... ...

Plains Plainsman Rep ^\eekly..

.C. E. & J.

.Vspling.
.Jos Smith II

S.

J. C. Conkey J. C. Conkey.

Miles Romney
J. R. Faulds
Bruce Wells

Jacob A. Werner
R. A. Lockridge
W. T. Sherman.
Jack McCausland

R. A. Lockridge .

A. W. Thayer ..
Alex R. Rhone..

,R. H. Taeck

E. S. Durkee

.Miles Romney.
.J. R. Faulds.
.Bruce Wells.

Jacob A. Werner.
.Courier Print Co.
. \\'. T. Sherman.
.Shinner &

McCausland.
.Courier Print. Co.

.Conger & Thayer.
.Alex R. Rhone.
.R. H. Yaeck.
.E. S. Durkee.

—Success roosts high in Montana, but the climb is a pleasant one.

23U MONTANA 19U

Newspaper Dierctory of Montana — Continued.

County and City. Name of Paper. Politics. Printed. Editor. Publisher.

Sheridan:

Plentywood Herald Rep Fri C. S. Nelson C. S. Nelson.

Plentywood News Dem Frl Geo. Cook Geo. Cook.

Antelope Advocate Rep Frl Alfred E. Hinzc.J. F. Dolin.

Balnville Tribune Ind Weekly.. A. S. Hier A. S. Hier.

Barford Pioneer R. C. Jarrell J. F. Dolin.

Coalrige Call

Culbertson Searchlight Ind.-Rep. AVeekly. ..F. S. Reed F. S. Reed.

Dag'mar Record

Daleview Record Dem Fri Aruthur Cole Arthur Cole.

Dooley Sun Dem Fri W. R. Vezlna W. R. Vezina.

Flaxville Hustler Dem TV^eekly. . Geo. Cook Geo. Cook.

Frold Tribune Ind Frl J. W. Schnitzer. . J. W. Schnitzer.

Homestead Broadaxe Ind Frl Henry Downey F. A. Parratt.

Medicine Lake. . ."VVave Rep Thurs J. F. Dolin J. F. Dolin.

Mondak News Rep Sat C. W. Drake C. W. Drake

Poplar Standard Dem Thurs Linden O. John-sonLinden O.Johnson.

Outlook Promoter Dem Thurs Arthur Cole Arthur Cole.

Redstone Review Rep Weekly. . W. E. Johnson. . .Standard Publ. Co.

Scobey Sentinel Dem Fri P. B. Burke P. E. Burke.

"UHiitetail Courier Dem Sat Arthur Cole Arthur Cole.

Wolf Point Herald Dem Fri C. M. Hanson C. M. Hanson.

"U^olf Point Leader Dem Thurs Philip F. Murphy. Louis & Murphy.

Silver Bow:

Butte Miner .. Dem Morning-. J. L. Dobell Miner Pub. Co.

Butte '.Post Ind.-Rep. Evenings. Intermountain

and S. W. ..J. H. Durston Pub. Co.

Butte Independent Dem Sat J. B. Mulcahy J. B. Mulcahy.

Butte Intermountain ....

News Ind Sat M. S. Johnson M. S. .Tohnson.

Butte National Forum . .Neutral . . Monthly. .J. E. Mullinix. . . .Forum Pub. Co. . .

Butte Montana Sociallst.Soc Sun C. A. Smith and Butte Socialist

L. J. Duncan... Pub. Co.

Butte Tribune-Review ..Rep Sat Sam M. Roberts. .Oates & Roberts.

Butte Free Lance Labor .. Semi-Mo. F. A. Big-elow ..F. A. Bigelow.

Butte Auto and Motor

^ , Journal Nonp Monthly. .Irvin J. Auerbach.Irvin J. Auerbach.

Stillwater:

Columbus Democrat Dem Sat Bryant & Kuhn-.Bn^ant <t Kuhn.

Columbus News Ind Thurs J. T. Annin Harlan & Annin.

Absarokee Enterprise Ind Fri L. O. Edmunds. .Edmunds it Co.

Park City Herald Ind Thurs Mrs. E. H. TVells. .D.W.Watsavaugh.

Sweetgrass:

r:i> Timber Pioneer Rep Thurs Jerome Williams ..Jerome Williams.

Teton:

Chouteau Acantha Rep Wed C. G. Bishop C. G. Bishop.

Chouteau . Montanan Rep Fri C. E. Trescott C. E. Trescott.

& Son.

Brady WTietstone Rep Fri Jos. A. Whetstonejos. A. Whetstone.

Conrad Independent Dem Weekly .. Thomas A. Busey. .Thomas A. Busev.

Conrad ."observer Rep Thurs John F. Fergu.son.John F. Ferguson.

Cutbank " Pioneer Press Dem T\"eekly. ..L. M. Sullivan ...Daniel TVhetstone.

Cutbank Tribune Dem Weekly... S. J. Rigney S. J. Rignev.

Fthridge .' World Ind.-Dem.Sat B. B. Weldy B. B. \^^eldv.

Shelby News Rep Fri M. W. Pettigrew. .M. W. Pettigrew.

Shelby Promoter Dem ^^^dy John J. Conway... J. A. Johnson.

Sweetgrass Advocate Dem Fri F. A. Shipman. . .Shipman <fe

Mnsburker.

valler Valerian Dem Fri Ralph H. Kelley..Ralph A. Kelley.

Valley:

Glasgow Courier riem Fri ^- J- Hocking ...T. J. Hocking.

Glasgow democrat Rpn Fri Dan B. McGovernDan B. IVIcGovern.

Glasgow News S^A Fri '^- E- Rhodes ...W. E. Rhodes.

Hinsdale Tribune .'. .'-nern i i i • ""'■f^PT^lV- • ^''^"'^ Tooke Frank Tnoke.

Malta Enterprise !!.!!! "-Rep '.'.'.. 'I'hurs! .. .H. A. Johnson ... .H. A. Johnson.

Nashau Independent .. Dem .Thurs Russ R. Ranney. .Ranney Pub. Co...

Ophiem Herald •- • P. E. Burke.

Saco Independent .!...'.'lnd Fri W. D. Miller W. D. Miller.

Yellowstone:

Billings Gazette Rep Morn, and Gazette Printing

S.-W Jos. Hanlon Mgr. Co. Inc.

Bllliiigs .Tournal Ind Evening. .Jos. Hamlin, Mgr. Gazette Printing

Co. Inc.

Billings Bulletin Nonp Wed R. G. Linebarger..R. G. Linebarger.

Billings Times Dem Thurs M. C. Morris M. C. Morris &

Sons.

Ballantine Pro.iect-Pioneer . -Ind.-Pro. .Fri Francis T. Ellis. .Francis T. Ellis.

Broadview Bulletin Ind.-Dem Fri G. A. Waterman.. G. A. Waterman.

Huntley Journal Ind Fri G. M. Calkin G. M. Calkin.

Laurel Outlook Ind Wed Jos. Gehrett Laurel Outlook

Pub. Co.
laurel Sentinel Rep Thurs D. W. WatsavaughD. W. Watsavaugh

— Montana's climate is hard only on the doctors.

MONTANA IN BRIEF 237

Montana in Brief.

Area — 146,997 square miles.

Mountain and forest lands — 30,000,000 acres.

Grazing lands — 30,000,000 acres.

Farming lands — 30,000,000 acres.

Farming lands susceptible of irrigation — 6,000,000 acres.

Arable lands not susceptible of irrigation — 24,000,000.

Unappropriated and unreserved public lands, July 1, 1913 — 21,542,853 acres.

State lands available for lease or purchase, November 31, 1913 — 3,967,869 acres.

Lands embraced in national forests — 18,977,580 acres.

Assessed valuation, 1913— $382,807,277; increase over 1912— $36,256,692.

Population, December 1, 1913—542,407; 1910—376,053.

Number of children of school age in 1913 — 113,671.

Bank deposits Dctober 21, : 913— $82,562,684.

Value of agricultural products, 1912— $61,000,000, including $12,381,000 in wheat;

$10,093,000 in hay; $7,997,000 in oats; $6,182,000 in flax; $2,442,000 in potatoes;

$755,000 in barley; $428,000 in corn; $141,000 in rye; $2,500,000 in fruits, and

$2,000,000 in vegetables.
Value of mineral products, 1912 — $64,754,613, including $51,106,914 in copper;

$7,829^57 in silver; $2,818,816 in gold; $1,857,403 in zinc, and $335,104 in lead.

Coal production. 1912— $5,600,970.
Cattle shipments, 1912—13,875,000.
Wool shipments, 1912— $6,870,970.

Ten year average per acre yields of principal farm crops — Wheat, 25.85 bushels;

oats, 4-1,63 bushels; barley, 34.61 bushels; rye, 22.25 bushels; potatoes, 149.40

bushels; hay, 1.82 tons; sugar beets, 15 tons.
Number of counties, December 1, 1913 — 35.
United States Land Offices — Billings, Bozeman, Glasgow, Great Falls, Havre, Helena,

Kalispell, Lewistown, Miles City, Missoula.
Number of public land filings, fiscal year ending June 30, 1913 — 29,246.
Acres of public land entered, fiscal year ending June 30, 1913 — 4,675,840.
Number of importations of livestock, fiscal year ending November 30, 1913 — Horses,

20,150; cattle, 32,885; swine, 2,451; fiscal year ending November 30, 1912— Horses,

7,816; cattle, 4,482; swine, 393.
Water power capable of development — 1,000,000 horse-power.

-Montana has won a basketful of gold medals competing tvitk the world.

THE COUNTIES 239

Beaverhead County

Location — Southwestern.

Area — 5,(>91 square miles.

Elevation at Dillon— 5,147 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 7,835.

Assessed valuation — $9,569,093.00.

Principal industries — Stock growing, farming and mining.

Principal crops— Hay, oats, wheat, barley, flax and potatoes.

Amount of land in private ownership — 621,725 acres.

Amount of State land — 154,046 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 38,085 acres in Bozeman land

district; 429,251 acres in Helena land district; 37,720 acres in Missoula land

district; total, 505,056 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 1,491,618 acres.
Railroads — Oregon Short Line and Gilmore & Pittsburg.
County Seat — Dillon: Estimated population, 1913, 3,500; assessed valuation,

$1,500,000.00; bank deposits, $3,500,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $250,-

000.00; number and grade of schools, 1 graded and 1 high school; number of

newspapers, 2 weeklies. The State Normal School is located at Dillon.
Other Towns:

Wisdom — In center of Big Horn basin, famous stock region.

Bannack — Famous old-time gold camp.

Monida — Western entrance to Yellowstone National Park.

Lima — Railroad town and shipping point.

Armstead — Railroad junction point; growing towTi.

General Remarks: The Big Hole Basin, which is expected will be tapped by
a railroad within the next two years, is one of the most famous hay producing regions
in the AVes!. Every year thousands of beef cattle are fattened on the grass that
grows there abundantly and furnish set hetseb2w etaoin shrdlu cmfwyp xzfiflff. .wfm
grows there abundantly and furnishes the best of food.

For information regarding opportunities in Beavei'head County write the Secre-
tary of the Beaverhead Commercial Club, or the Secretary of the Beaverhead Club,
both at Dillon.

Big Horn County

Location — Southern.

Area — 5,000 square miles.

Elevation at Hardin— 2,966 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 2,485.

Assessed valuation — $4,674,709.00.

Principal industries — Farming and stock raising.

Principal crops — Grains, grasses, sugar beets and other vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership^91,418 acres.

Amount of State land— 39,972.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 60,967 acres in Billings land
district.

Railroad — Chicago, Burlington & Quincy.

county Seat — Hardin: Estimated population, 1913, 750; assessed valuation, $331,000.00;
bank deposits, $248,450.00; municipal improvements, 1913, city and fire department
buildings; number and grade of schools, 1 graded and high school; number of
newspapers, 1 weeklj-. Trading point for extensive and rapidly developing sec-
tion. Hardin has a flour and alfalfa mill, together with two elevators and a
plaining mill.

Other Towns:

Garryowen — Farming.

Lodgegrass — Farming.

General Remarks: This county has a number of undeveloped resources, among

which may be mentioned large bodies of coal which have only been touched to

secure fuel for local consumption. Extensive prospecting is now going on for gas

and oil. The Big Horn River is a rapid stream capable of furnishing hydro-electric

power in largi quantities. The soil is veiy fertile and the crop season is long. A

movement is on foot to build an electric line from the Big Horn Canyon to Custer.
For information regarding opportunities in Big Horn County write to the Presi-
dent of the Commercial Club at Hardin, Montana.

— IVs worth while to get the facts about Montana.

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THE COUNTIES 2 A3

Blaine County

Location — Northern.

Area— G, 203 square miles.

Elevation a' Cliinook— 2,404 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 6,925.

Assessed valuation— $5,880,830.00.

Principal industries — Farming.

Principal Crops — Wheat, oats, barley, flax, hay and potatoes.

Amount of land in private ownership — 249,667 acres.

Amount of State land — 187,887 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 1,845,355 acres in Havre

land district.
Amount of land in national forests — 29,240 acres.
Railroad — Great Northern.
County Seat — Chinook: Estimated population, 1913, 1,800; assessed valuation, $610,-

000; bank deposits, $700,000; municipal improvements, 1913, $100,000; number

and grade of schools, 1 graded and 1 high school; number of newspapers, 2

weeklies.
Other Towns:

Harlem — Population, 700. Center of big farming area and important trading point.

Dodson — Trading point for fertile farming section.

Zortman — Center of extensive gold producing section.

General Remarks: A large amount of land in Blaine County will be irrigated
under the Milk River irrigation project, now in course of construction. The county
has much mineral wealth. At Chinook are developed coal mines, and at many other
places coal banks supply local demands. In the Little Rockies is one of the most
important gold mine camps in the state.

For information regarding opportunities in Blaine County write the Secretary of
the Commercial Club at Chinook, or the Secretary of the Harlem Industrial Associa-
tion at Harlem.

Broadwater County

Location — West central.

A.rea — 1,194 square miles.

Elevation at Townsend— -3,833 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 4,485.

Assessed Valuation— $3,755, 722, .00.

Principal industries — Agriculture, dairying, mining and stock raising.

Principal crops — Wheat, oats and forage.

Amount of land in private ownership — 273,548 acres.

Amount of State land — 20,601 acres.

Amount of imappropriated and unreserved public land — 291,091 acres in Bozeman land

district; 155,285 acres in Helena land district; total, 184,970 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 221,653 acres.
Railroads — Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.
County Seat — Townsend: Estimated population, 1913, 1,100; assessed valuation, $438,-

104.00; bank deposits, $413,350.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $50,000.00;

schools, public and county high school; number of newspapers, 2 weeklies.
Other Towns:

Radersburg — Population, 300. Mining, farming and stock raising. One of the
most important gold producing camps in the State.

Toston — Population, 250. Farming, stock raising and shipping point.

Winston — Population, 300. Mining and farming.

Lombard — Population, 100. Junction point of Northern Pacific and Chicago- Mil-
waukee & St. Paul Railroads.

Hassel — Population, 150. Mining.

General Remarks: Much attention is paid in this county to the breeding of high-
grade live stock, and the county claims the best horses and hogs in the State. Fine
herds of dairy and beef cattle are numerous. A new county high school and court
house will be constructed in 1914. It is probable that Radersburg will secure rail-
road connections with Three Forks by the building of the Three Forks, Helena &
Missouri Valley Railroad in 1914.

For information regarding opportunities in Broadwater County write the Secre-
taries of the Commercial Clubs at Townsend and Toston, Montana.

— The laborer tvithoat some ready money should not come to Montana.

3N0i.9M0in3Ak

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THE COUNTIES 2h5

Carbon County

fvocation — Southern.

Area — 1.814 square miles.

Elevation at Red Lodge — 5,557 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)^17,331.

Assessed valuation — $7,715,140.00.

Principal industries — Coal mining, agriculture and stock raising.

Principal crops — Fruits, wheat, oats and sugar beets.

Amount of land in private ownership — 253,350 acres.

Amount of State land — 4G,5G2 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 43,G94 acres in Bozeman land
district; 350,233 acres in Billings land district; total, 393,927 acres.

Amount of land in national forests — 359,159 acres.

Railroads — Northern Pacific; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and Montana, Wyoming
& Southern.

County Seat — Red Lodge: Estimated population, 1913, 5,500; assessed valuation,
$1,000,000.00; bank deposits, $1,000,000.00; number and grade of schaols, 5 graded
and county high school; number of newspapers. 2 weeklies. Red Lodge is the
location of the famous Rocky Fork coal mines, w^hich maintain a monthly pay-
roll of approximately $100,000.00.

Other Towns:

Bear Creek — Coal mining.

Bridger — Coal mining and farming.

Fromberg — Fruit raising and farming.

Joliet — Intensified farming.

General Remarks: A company has been recently organized and financed locally

to build an electric line to connect Red Lodge with the Bear Creek coal fields and

the Stillwater Valley.

For information regarding opportunities in Carbon County write to the Secre-
taries of the Commercial Clubs at Red Lodge, Belfry and Fromberg, Montana.

Cascade County

Location — West Central.

^rea — 3,384 square miles.

Elevation at Great Falls— 3,313 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 37,319.

Assessed valuation— $27,810,234.00.

Principal industries — Smelting, mining, farming and commerce.

Principal crops — Wheat, oats and barley.

Amount of land in private ownership — 1,213,601 acres.

Amount of State land — 105,981 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 120,274 acres in Great Falls

land district; 20,915 acres in Helena land district; total, 141,189 acres.
A.mount of land in national forests — 421,242 acres.
Railroads — Great Northern and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.
County Seat — Great Falls: Estimated population, 1913, 24,000; assessed valuation,

$12,750,000.00; bank deposits, $7,002,121.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $350.-

000.00; number and grade of schools, 10 graded, 1 high and 1 Catholic academy;

number of newspapers, 2 daily, 2 weekly and 1 trade monthly.
Other Towns:

Cascade — Important farming and shipping center.

Stockett — Large coal mining camp.

Belt — Surrounded by good farming community.

Geyser — Important grain shipping point.

General Remarks: Owing to the large amount of electrical power available at
Great Falls, the city is destined to be the seat of many manufacturing establishments,
and it already has a commerce which extends for hundreds of miles in every direc-
tion. Great Falls is now the second largest city in the State and is rapidly becoming
a railroad center. It now has four branches of the Great Northern, over one of
which Burlington through trains are run, and one branch of the Chicago, Milwaukee
& St. Paul, which, with the completion of the Great Falls-Missoula branch of this
road, is expected to become the main line.

For information regarding opportunities in Cascade County write to the Secre-
tary of the Commercial Club, Great Falls, Montana.

— The railroads bring the people; likewise the people bring the railroads.

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THE COUATIES 2J,9

Chouteau County

Location — North Central.

Area — 4,711 square miles.

Klevation at Fort Benton— 2,630 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)— 9,253.

Assessed valuation — $G, 034,770. 00.

Principal industries — Stock growing and farming.

Principal crops — Wheat, flax, oats and barley.

Amount of land in private ownership — 436,309 acres.

Amount of State land — 317,136 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved land — 268,440 acres in Havre land (lis

trict; 265..598 acres in Great Falls land district; 64,000 acres in Lewistown land

district; total, 598,038 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 6,303 acres.
Railroads — Great Northern and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.
County Seat — Fort Benton: Estimated population, 1913, 1,200; assessed valuation,

$810,000.00; bank deposits, $1,370,000.00; municipal improvements. 1913, $150,-

000.00; number and grade of schools, 1 graded and a county high school;

number of newspapers, 1 daily and 2 weeklies.

Other Towns:

Geraldiue — New town on the Milwaukee railroad; growing very rapidly. Ce:iter
of big wheat section.

Big Sandy — Important farming point.

Carter — Surrounded by large farming section.

General Remarks: Although farming in Chouteau County is comparatively new,
it has attained great strides in recent years. Corn and alfalfa are now being ex-
tensively grown.

For information regarding opportunities in Chouteau County write to the Secre-
tary of the Commercial Club at Fort Benton, Montana.

Custer County

Location — South Eastern.

Area — 7,980 square miles.

Elevation at Miles City— 2.377 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 24,678.

Assessed valuation— $21,543,331.00.

Principal industries — Farming and stock raising.

Principal crops — Oats, wheat, barley, corn and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 2,308,164 acres.

Amount of State land — 345,020 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 2,454,290 acres in Miles City

laud district.
Amount of land in national forests — 527,463 acres.
Railroads — Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.
County Seat — Miles City: Estimated population, 1913, 6,500; assessed valuation,

$3,341,260.00; bank deposits, $4,000,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $40,-

000.00; number and grade of schools, 4 graded, 1 county high and 1 Ursuline

convent; number of newspapers, 2 daily and 3 weeklies. Miles City is a division

point on the Milwaukee.
Other Towns:

Ismay — Important farming point.

Terry — Large grain shipping point.

General Remarks: Nearly every grain, vegetable or fruit known in the northern
part of the United States grows in Custer County. Watermelons, peaches, pears,
apples. cra'l:apples, strawberries and raspberries do well.

For information regarding opportunities in Custer County write to the Secretary
of the Chamber of Commerce at Miles City and the Secretaries of the Commercial
Clubs at Terry and Fallon.

NOTE — The population, assos.sed valuation, amount of land in private ownership. Slate
land unappropriated and unreserved public land and land in national forest.? for Custer County,
also includes Fallon County, which was created out of Custer County November 25, 1913.

— A farm in some states is a liability; in Montana it is an asset.

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Dawson County

Location — Eastern.

Area- '^,231 SQuare miles.

Elevation at Glendive— 2,091 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 32,592.

Assessed valuation— $13, .522,813.00.

Principal industries — Farming and stock raising.

Principal crops — Wheat, flax, oats, potatoes and alfalfa.

Amount of land in private ownership — 2,2.53,GG0.

Amount of State land — 388,357 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — SG4,-471 acre..^ in Glasgow

lord district; 1,333,685 acres in '^Nliles City land district; 414,344 acres in Lewis-
town land district; total, 2,612,490 acres.
Railropls — Northern Pacific and Great Northern.
County Seat — Glendive: Estimated population, 1913, 5,000; assessed valuation, $1,250,-

000.00; bank deposits, $1,800,000.00; number and grade of schools, graded and

1 high school; number of newspapers, 3 weeklies.
Other Towns:

Srlney — Population. 1,000. Center of important and rapidly growing farming
section. Efforts are now being made to create the new county of Richland
with Sidney as the county seat.

Jordan — Au interior point which will be reached by the Great Northern ex-
tension; is growing rapidly, being surrounded by rich farming country.

Pfxton — A rapidly growing interior town.

Wibaux — An important and rapidly growing city, being trading point for a large
fertile farming region.

General Remarks: D^-A'son County is growing very rapidly, and with the building
of thp Glendve-Helena cut-off of the Northern Pacific and the completion of the
(Jreat Xorthern"s New Rockford-Lewistown extension a veritable agricultural empire
now rtmote from markets will be opened up.

For information regarding opportunities in Dawson County write to the Secretary
of tb'> Dawson County Development League at Glendive, and the Secretaries of the
Commercial Clubs at Sidney, Savage and Wibaux.

Deer Lodge County

Location — South western.

Area— 749 square miles.

Elevat'on at Anaconda — 5,293 feet.

Population (estimated. December 1, 1913) — 14,530.

Assessed valuation— $9,012,817.00.

Princi;ial industries— Smelting, mining, agriculture and stock raising.

Princii>aJ crops — Grains, hay and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 147,002 acres.

Amoui.t of State land — 12,548 acres.

Amour.t of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 52,009 acres in Helena land
district.

.A.mouiit of land in national forests — 307,793 acres.

Railroads- -Butte, Anaconda & Pacific; Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee &
St. Paul.

County Peat — Anaconda: Estimated population, 1913, 14,000; assessed valuation,
$3,145,019.00; bank deposits, $2,400,000.00; number and grade of schools, 2 paroch-
ial. 4 graded, 1 high school with domestic science and manual training depart-
ment ; number of newspapers, 1 daily. Location of Washoe smelter, largest
reduction plant in the world, with capacity of 12,000 tons of ore a day, giving
employment to over 3,000 men, with monthly payroll of over $300,000. Anaconda
is in every way a modern, up-to-date city.

Other Towns:

G( orgetown — Mining.

W ami Springs — Seat of State Insane Asylum.

General Remarks: The Deer Lodge Valley, the head of which is in Deer Lodge

County, is one of the best developed and best known farming and stock raising

sections of the State.

For information regarding opportunities in Deer Lodge County write to the

Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce, Anaconda.

— One scarcely ever hears of a business failure in Mantana.

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THE COUNTIES 255

Fallon County

Location — South Eastern.

Area — 5,4C7 square miles.

Elevation at Bkalaka — About 2,500 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — About 8,000.

Principal industries^Farming and stock raising.

Principal crops — Grains of all kinds.

Railroad — Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.

County Seat — Ekalaka: Estimated population, 1913, 500; number of newspapers,

1 weekly; assessed valuation, $05,000.00; bank deposits, $90,000.00; schools,

1 graded.
Other Towns:

Baker — Prosperous and rapidly growing city and shipping point for extensive
farming region.

General Remarks: Fallon County was created by a vote of the people November
25, 1913, and embraces what was formerly the eastern part of Custer County. This
region aptly illustrates the transformation of Eastern Montana, having but a few
years ago been sparsely peopled and devoted almost exclusively to stock raising,
which is now giving way to farming. The rapid growth of the county is indicated
by the fact that while but 1,904 voters were registered iu the territory embraced in
Fallon County in 1912, the registration for the special county election held one
year later was 2,413.

For information regarding opportunities in Fallon County, write to the Secretaries
of the Commercial Clubs at Ekalaka and Baker.

Note: — The population, assessed valuation, amount of land in private ownership.
State land, unappropriated and unreserved public land and the land in national
forests given for Custer County also includes Fallon County, which was created out
of Custer County November 25, 1913.

Fergus County

Location — Central.

Area — 7,303 square miles.

Elevation at Lewistown — 3,893 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 25,462.

Assessed valuation— $17,062,898.00.

Principal industries — Fanning and mining.

Principal crops — Wheat, oats and flax.

Amount of land in private ownership — 1,484,502 acres.

Amount of State land — 209,529 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 1,416,214 acres in Lewistown
land district; 9,508 acres in Great Falls land district; total, 1,425,782 acres.

Amount of land in national forests— 204,499 acres.

Railroads — Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Great Northern.

county Seat — Lewistown: Estimated population, 1913, 5,000; assessed valuation,
$2,761,572.00; bank deposits, $3,500,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $100,-
000.00; number and grade of schools, 3 graded and 1 county high school; number
of newspapers, 3. Lewistown has 4 branches of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St.
Paul Railroad and one of the Great Northern, and work is now in progress con-
necting both lines with Great Falls and extending both lines east.

Other Towns:

Hobson — Population, 500. Fine farming country, supporting three elevators.
Moore — Population, 600. Market place for large, well developed farming area.
Stanford — Population, 550. Farming.

Grass Range — Rapidly growing farming town just opened with railroad com-
munication to outside points.
Denton, Hilger, Roy, Winnifred and Benchland — Farming.
Kendall — Mining.
General Remarks: Fergus County forms a striking illustration of the rapid

growth of Montana. Until recently devoted exclusively to stock raising, it is now

the most important agricultural county in the State and has been the center of

extensive railroad activities for the past year, until a veritable network of railroads

now spreads out from Lewistown.

For further information regarding opportunities in Fergus County write to the

Secretaries of the Commercial Clubs at Lewistown, Hobson, Moore and Stanford,

Montana.

— Get rid of your gloom and grouch by living in Montana.

D O M I N 1 O N

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Flathead County

Location — North Western.

Area — G.OTO square miles.

Elevation at Kalispell — 2,94G feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)— 22,008.

Assessed valuation — $1 2,517,112.00.

Principal industries — Lumbering, fruit raising and farming.

Principal crops — Fruits, grains and vegetables of all kinds.

Amount of land in private ownership — 820,487 acres.

Amount of State land — 127,772 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public laud — 8G,430 acres in Kalispell land

district.
Amount of land in national forests — 2,202,120 acres.
Tlailroads — Great Northern.
County Seat — Kalispell: Estimated population, 1913, G.500; assessed valuation,

$2,500,000.00; bank deposits, $2,000,000.00: municipal improvements, 1913.

$1 Go, 000. 00; number and grade of schools, 3 graded and 1 county high school;

number of newspapers, 1 daily, 1 semi-weekly and 1 weekly.
Other Towns:

Poison — Population, 2,000. Important shipping point at the foot of Flathead Lake

Whitefish — Population, 1,700. Railroad division point and lumber center.

Columbia Falls — Farming and fruit raising. Seat of State Soldiers' Home.

Dayton — Population, 150. Lumbering, farming and fruit growing.

Big Arm — Population, 100. Farming.

General Remarks: In addition to its great agricultural, horticultural and timber
resources, Flathead is one of the scenic counties of the State. Surrounding Flathead
and Swan Lakes are numerous summer homes.

F3T Information regarding opportunities in Flathead County write to the Secre-
taries of the Commercial Clubs at Kalispell, Poison, Big Arm and Whitefish, and
the Secretary of the Civic Club at Dayton.

Gallatin County

Location — South Central.

Area — 2,513 square miles.

Elevation at Bozeman — 4,773 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 17.792.

Assessed valuation— $15,G23,310. 00.

Principal industries — Farming.

Principal crops — \\Tieat, seed peas, oats, barley and potatoes.

Amount of land in private ownership — 736,470 acres.

Amount of State land — 5G.028 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 23,170 acres in Bozeman

land district; G,728 acres in Helena land district; total, 29,898 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 840,418 acres.
Railroads — Northern Pacific; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and Gallatin Valley

Railway.
County Seat — Bozeman: Estimated population. 1913, 8,000; assessed valuation, $3,017,-

000.00; bank deposits. $2,000,000.00; municipal improvements. 1913, 25 blocks

of pavement and 3 miles cement sidewalks: number and grade of schools, 3

graded and 1 county high school; number of newspapers, 1 daily, 2 weeklies

and 1 college weekly. The Montana State College of Agriculture and Mechanic

Arts and the Agricultural Experiment Station are located at Bozeman.
Other Towns:

Three Forks — Division point on the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. Paul and probable
county seat of a new county. Center of rich agricultural district.

Manhattan — Manufacturing town, surrounded by fertile farming country.

Belgrade — Important farming and shii)ping point.

Central Park — Grain shipping point.

Trident — Location of extensive cement manufacturing plant.

Logan — Important junction point on the Northern Pacific.

General Remarks: Gallatin County is the oldest and best developed farming
section of the State, and the Gallatin Valley is world farmous.

For information regarding opportunities in Gallatin County write to the Secretary
of the Chamber of Commerce at Bozeman and the Secretaries of the Commercial
Clubs at Belgrade and Three Forks.

— Cheerfulness follows success; one sees more smiles in Montana than elsetchere.

S C AUE IN M fLES

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The Cl3Son Map Co. Denyer, Colo-

THE COUNTIES 261

Granite County

Location — Western.

Area — 1,637 square miles.

Elevation at Phillipsburg — 5,195 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 3,181.

Assessed valuation — $3,524,226.00.

Principal industries — Mining and stock raising.

Principal crops — Hay and grain.

Amount of land in private ownership — 235,690 acres.

Amount of State land — 16,660 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 137,209 acres in Helena land

district; 108,020 acres in Missoula land district; total, 245,229 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 718,094 acres.
Railroads — Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.
County Seat — Phillipsburg: Estimated population, 1913, 1,250; assessed valuation,

$360,000.00; bank deposits, $300,000.00; number and grade of schools, graded and

high school; number of newspapers, 1 weekly.

Other Towns:

Drummond — Railroad junction and important trading point.

General Remarks: Granite County contains rich mineral resources, and Phillips-
burg was for many years one of the greatest silver camps in the West. Much
attention is now being paid to the breeding of high-grade horses and cattle.

For information regarding opportunities in Granite County write Secretary
Chamber of Commerce, Phillipsburg, Montana, or Secretary Commercial Club, Drum-
mond, Montana.

Hill County

Location — Northern.

Area — 5,058 square miles.

Elevation at Havre— 2,480 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)— 17,802.

Assessed valuation— $7,661,302.00.

Principal industries — Farming.

Principal crops — Wheat and flax.

Amount of land in private ownership — 291,170 acres.

Amount of State land— 243,222 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 547,550 acres in Havre land

district; 52,337 acres in Great Falls land district; total, 599,887 acres.
Railroad — Great Northern.

County Seat — Havre: Estimated population, 1913, 6,000; assessed valuation, $1,450,-
000.00; bank deposits, $1,200,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $160,000.00;
number and grade of schools, 3 graded and 1 high school; number of newspapers,
3 weeklies. Havre is a Great Northern division point, has Great Northern shops
and is surrounded by five coal mines. A State agricultural school will shortly
be established on the Fort Assinniboine Military Reservation, recently abandoned
by the government, and the remainder of the Military Reservation will be thrown
open to settlement.

Other Towns:

Chester, Devon, Galata, Gildford, Hingham, Inverness, Kremlin — all thriving farm-
ing and grain shipping points.

General Remarks: Hill County is growing very rapidly and during the past few
years has received many new settlers who have filed upon the fertile bench land
lying between the Great Northern and the Canadian boundarj*.

For information regarding opportunities in Hill County write to the Secretaries
of the Commercial CluBs at Havre and Chester, Montana.

— Earthquakes, cyclones, tornadoes and dangerous floods are unknoivn in Montayia.

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26^ MONTANA 19U

Jefferson County

Location — "^ '^esl Ceilral.

Area — 1,650 square miles.

Elevation at Boulder — 4,901 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 5,3G0.

Assessed valuation, $5,986,258.00.

Principal industries — Mining, stock growing and farming.

Principal crops — Oats, wheat, potatoes and hay.

Amount of land in private ownership — 244,156 acres.

Amount of State land — 30,106 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 113,600 acres in Helena land

district; 37,947 acres in Bozemand land district; total, 151,547 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 482,267 acres.
Railroads — Northern Pacific, Great Northern and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.

County Seat — Boulder: Estimated population, 1913, 1,000; assessed valuation, $275,-
000.00; bank deposits, $350,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $2,000.00;
number and grade of schools, 1 graded and 1 high school; number of news-
papers, 1 weekly. Boulder is the seat of the State School for the Deaf, Blind
and Feeble Minded. Boulder Hot Springs, near by, is a modern and well known
summer hotel and sanitarium.

Other Towns:

Clancy — Mining center and freight division point on the Great Northern.

Whitehall — Prosperous farming town and important trading point.

Alhambra — Location of two large hotels and pleasure resorts.

Basin --Mininf

Corbin — Center of rich and rapidly developing mining district.

General Remarks: Jefferson County enjoys the advantages of being close to the
cities of Butte and Helena, where farm products may be marketed and to which ores
may be shipped for treatment at smelters.

For information regarding opportunities in Jefferson County write to the Secre-
taries of the Commercial Clubs at Boulder and Whitehall.

Lincoln County

Lincoln — North Western.

Area — 3,530 square miles.

Elevation at Libby — 2,055 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 6,048.

Assessed valuation — $5,879,184.00.

Principal industries — Lumbering, Mining, farming and fruit raising.

Principal crops — Fruits of all kinds, hay, grain and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 525,633 acres.

Amount of State land — 58,296 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land— 6,211 acres in Kalispell land

district.
Amount of land in national forests — 2,005,535 acres.
Railroad — Great Northern.

County Seat — Libby: Estimated population, 1913, 1,500; assessed valuation, $277,959;
bank deposits, $375,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $35,000; number and
gradfe of schools, 2 graded and 1 high school; number of newspapers, 2 weeklies.

Other Towns:

Eureka — Population, 1,052. Farming and lumbering. Growing rapidly.

General Remarks: Lincoln County is being rapidly developed under the more
liberal policy of the forest service, which permits the location of agricultural land
within the boundaries of the forest reserve. The lower altitude of the valleys in
this section of the State form a distinct advantage, while the many means of
employment at all reasons make this section particularly attractive to homesteaders
of limited means.

For information regarding opportunities in Lincoln County write to the Secre-
taries of the Commercial Clubs at Libby, Eureka and Troy.

— Come to Montana and trade your sniffle for a smile.

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266 MONTANA lOH

Lewis and Clark County

Location — West Central.

Area — 3,4G5 square miles.

Elevation at Helena — 3,955 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)— 23,870.

Assessed valuation — $21,087,907.00.

Principal industries — Manufacturing, mining, agriculture and commerce.

Principal crops — All kinds of grains and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 518,434 acres.

Amount of State land — 118, 58G acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 685,510 acres in Helena land
district; 21,078 acres in Great Falls land district; total, 706,588 acre3.

Amount of land in national forests — 863,147 acres.

Railroads — Northern Pacific and Great Northern.

County Seat — Helena: Estimated population, 1913, 15,000; assessed valuation.
$12,000,000.00; bank deposits, $10,000,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913,
$500,000.00; number and grade of schools, 8 graded, 1 high, 1 parochial, 1 Catho-
lic High, 1 Catholic Boys" College, 1 Catholic Acamedy and Wesleyan University;
number of newspapers, 2 daily, 2 weekly, 1 semi-monthly and 3 monthly, Helena
is the State capital, and i.-? the financial, social and political center of the Slate.

Other Towns:

East Helena — Location of American Smelting & Refining Company's plant.

Wolf Creek — Farming and stock raising.

Craig — Farming and stock raising.

Marysville — Mining.

Augusta — Farming and stock raising.

Gilman — Farming and shipping point.

Rimini — Mining.

General Remarks: The Prickly Pear irrigation project, of which the first unit

was opened in 1913, is immediately adjacent to Helena. The construction of a second

unit of this project is now under way and will probably be opened in time to supply

water for the 1914 crop season. Renewal of mining activities in Lewis and Clark

County has been very pronounced in the past year, and many new properties are

being opened.

For information regarding opportunities in Lewis and Clark County write to the

Secretary of the Commercial Club, Helena, Montana.

Madison County

Location — South Western.

Area — 3,609 square miles.

Elevation at Alder — 5,128 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913—8,219.

Assessed valuation — $7,101,264.00.

Principal industries — Mining, farming and stock raising.

Principal crops — Oats, wheat, potatoes and hay.

Amount of land in private ownership — 537,890 acres.

Amount of State land — 123,742 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 210.631 acres in Bozeman

land district; 866,412 acres in Helena land district; total, 1,083,043 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 839,382 acres.

Railroads — 2 branch lines of the Northern Pacific run into Madison County.
County Seat — Virginia City: Estimated population, 1913, 500; assessed valuation,

$409,800.00; bank deposits, $525,000.00; number and grade of schools, graded
and high school; number of newspapers, 2 weeklies.
Other Towns:

Twin Bridges — Population, 525. Farming, mining and stock raising; seat of State
Orphans' Home.

Sheridan — Farming and stock raising.

Norris — Mining and shipping point.

Jeffers and Meadow Creek — Farming and stock raising centers.

General Remarks: Potatoes are extensively grown in Madison County, and
exhibits from this county have secured numerous awards all over the United States.

For information regarding opportunities in Madison County write Secretary
Madison Club, Virginia City, Montana; Secretary Commercial Club, Twin Bridges,
Montana, or Secretary Board of Trade, Sheridan, Montana.

— In her history, Montana has never had a lobor riot.

JEFFERSON

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THE COUNTIES 269

Meagher County

Location — Central.

Area — 3,548 square miles.

Elevation at Harlowton — 4,165 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — G,548.

Assessed valuation— $9,030,574.00.

Principal industries — Farming and stock growing.

Principal crops — All kinds of small grains and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 1,024,406 acres.

Amount of State land — 132,788 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 245,267 acres in Helena land

district; 57,152 acres in Lewistown land district; total, 302,419 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 728,887 acres.
Railroads — Great Northern; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and the White Sulphur

Springs & Yellowstone Park Railroad.
County Seat — White Sulphur Springs: Estimated population, 1913. 500; assessed

valuation, $000,000.00; bank deposits, $650,000.00; number and grade of schools,

1 graded and 1 high school; number of newspapers, 1 weekly.
Other Towns:

Harlowton — Population, 1,000. Important railroad, shipping and milling point.
Has a graded and high school, and is growing rapidly.

Judith Gap — Population, 400. Shipping point and center of fertile farming region.

General Remarks: The eastern portion of Meagher County has been going
forward rapidly since the completion of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Rail-
road. It is expected that better railroad facilities will be furnished the central and
northern portions in the near future by the building of the Glendive-Helena cut-off
of the Northern Pacific through White Sulphur Springs, at which time rapid and.
extensive development may be expected.

For information regarding opportunities in Meagher County write to the Secretary
of the Chamber of Commerce at White Sulphur Springs, and the Secretaries of the
Commercial Clubs at Harlowton, Judith Gap and Two Dot.

Missoula County

Location — Western.

Area — 4,243 square miles.

Elevation at Missoula— 3,223 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)— 33,626.

Assessed valuation— $18,053,002.00.

Principal industries — Farming and fruit raising.

Principal crops — Fruits, grains and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 809,933 acres.

Amount of State land — 100,986 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 153,350 acres in Missoula

land district.
Amount of land in national forests — 1,811,404 acres.
Railroads — Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.
County Seat — IVIissoula: Estimated population, 1913, 16,000; assessed valuation,

$6,389,993.00; bank deposits, $3,543,397.00; municipal improvements, 1913, exten-
sive street paving; number and grade of schools, 9 graded, 1 high and 1 Catholic

academy; number of newspapers, 2 dailies and 1 weekly. Missoula is the seat

of the University of Montana.
Other Towns:

Bonner — Important lumbering and power developing point.

Alberton — Important lumbering and shipping point.

Ravalli — Gateway to recently opened Flathead Reservation.

Ronan — In center of rich farming community formerly embraced in Flathead
Reservation.

St. Ignatius — Farming aand] seat of St. Ignatius Mission.

Arlee — Farming community.

General Remarks: Business conditions are excellent throughout the county.
Agricultural development is going forward steadily, and the completion of railroad
lines through the fertile valley and across the Flathead Reservation will aid materially
in opening up the resources of this section.

For information regarding opportunities in Missoula County write Secretary
Missoula Chamber of Commerce, Missoula, Montana, or Secretaries Commercial
Clubs at Ronan and St. Ignatius, Montana.

— Montana's laws protect the orphan and guard the weak.

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272 MONTANA 19U

Musselshell County

Location — Central.

Area — 4,GoG square miles.

Elevation at Roundup^3,184 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)— 9,690.

Assessed valuation— $10,G0G,132. 00.

Principal industries — Farming and coal mining.

Principal crops — Wheat, oats and flax.

Amount of land in private ownership — 987,438 acres.

Amount of State land— 98,375 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 162,052 acres in Billings land

district; 244,270 acres in Lewistown land district; total, 406,322 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 24.480 acres.
Railroads — Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and Great Northern.

County Seat— Roundup: Estimated population, 1913, 2,200; assessed valuation,

$760,000.00; bank deposits, $600,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $70,000.00;

number anu grade of schools, graded and high school; number of newspapers, 2.

Roundup is an important coal mining center, supplying coal to the Chicago.

Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad.
Other Towns:

Ryegate — Population, 325. Center of rapidly developing agricultural country, ship^
ping 400,000 bushels of grain annually.

Musselshell — Population, 150. Surrounded by good farming country. Three stage
lines connect from here to Fattig, Kelly, Winifred and Flat W^illow.

Melstone — Railroad division point and rapidly growing farming and trading center.

Lavina— Surrounded by good farming country.

General Remarks: The diversified resources of Musselshell County insure its
continued prosperity. The soil is good and large yields of all staple crops are made.

Opportunities exist to buy good land on easy terms.

For information regarding opportunities in Musselshell County write to the
Secretary of the Public Service Committee at Ryegate and the Commercial Clubs
at Lavina, Melstone, Musselshell and Roundup.

Park County

Location — Southern.

Area — 2,675 square miles.

Elevation at Livingston — 4,510 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)— 12,250.

Assessed valuation— $10,312,918.00.

Principal industries — Stock raising, farming and mining.

Principal crops — Wheat, oats, alfalfa and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 637,218 acres.

Amount of State land— 42,320 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 75,261 acres in Bozeman land
district; 24,551 acres in Helena land district; total, 99,812 acres.

Amount of land in national forests — 898,382 acres.

Railroad — Northern Pacific.

County Seat— Livingston: Estimated population, 1913, 6,500; assessed valuation,
$3,350,690.00; bank deposits, $2,525,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $23.-
335.00; number and grade of schools, 4 graded and high school; number of news-
papers, 2 dailies. Livingston is one of the most important railway points of the
State; is a division point on the Northern Pacific and also a junction point for
the Yellowstone Park branch.

Other Towns:

Clyde Park— Population. 400. Growing rapidly.

Wilsall— Population, 100. Trading point for large farming section.

Gardiner— Official entrance to Yellowstone National Park.

General Remarks: The recent opening of the Shields River Valley by a branch

line of the Northern Pacific has resulted in the development of one of the richest

farming sections of the State. Many of the prize grain exhibits from this State are

annually secured from the Shields River Valley.

For information regarding opportunities in Park County write to the Secretaries

of the Commercial Clubs at Livingston, Clyde Park and Wilsall.

— Womanhood is honored and protected in Montana.

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276 MONTANA 1911

Powell County

Location — West Central.

Area — 2,559 square miles.

Elevation at Deer Lodge — 4,530 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 7,331.

Assessed valuation — $(;,7."4,501.00

Principal industries — Agriculture, stock raising and mining.

Principal crops — Grain and hay.

Amount of land in private ownership — 613,731 acres.

Amount of State land — 73,144 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 278, 3GG acres in Helena land
district; 4,480 acres in Missoula land district; total, 282, 84G acres.

Amount of land in national forests — G21,509 acres.

Railroads — Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.

■county Seat — Deer Lodge: Estimated population, 1913, 4,000; assessed valuation,
$1,148,930.00; bank deposits, $1,250,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $10,-
000.00; number and grade of schools, 4 graded and 1 high school; number of
newspapers, 2 weeklies. Deer Lodge is the seat of the State Penitentiary and
a division point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad.

Other Towns:

Helmville — Stock raising and farming.

Ovando — Stock raising and mining.

Avon — Farming and trading point.

Elliston — Livestock and trading point.

Garrison — Railroad point.

General Remarks: The agricultural production of Powell County is being rapidly
increased, many of the large ranches in that section being put under cultivation.

For information regarding opportunities in Powell County write Secretary Com-
mercial Club, Deer Lodge, Montana, or Secretary Commercial Club, Ovando, Montana.

Ravalli County

Location — Western.

Area — 2,447 square miles.

Elevation at Hamilton — 3,503 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 12,382.

Assessed valuation — $6,755,002.00.

Principal industries — Farming, fruit growing and lumbering.

Principal crops — Potatoes, fruits of all kinds, hay, wheat, oats, alfalfa and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 391,091 acres.

Amount of State land — 31,094 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 11,930 acres in Missoula land

district.
Amount of land in national forests — 1,131,340 acres.
Railroad — Northern Pacific.
County Seat — Hamilton: Estimated population, 1913, 3,000; assessed valuation, $820,-

OOO.OO; bank deposits, $750,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $51,195.00;

number and grade of schools, 2 graded and 1 high; number of newspapers, 1

semi-weekly and 1 v/eekly.

Other Towns:

Victor — Population, 400. Farming and fruit growing center.

Darby — ^Population, 320. Farming, lumbering and orcharding

Stevensville — Population, 500. Farming and dairying.

Corvallis — Prosperous farming and fruit growing community.

General Remarks: The agricultural and horticultural sections of Ravalli County
are embraced in practically all of the famous Bitter Root Valley, noted as one of the
most wonderful sections of America on account of the salubrity of the climate, the
fertility of the soil and the beauty of the scenery. The lumbering industry of the
county also greatly enhances its prosperity, furnishing a large market for farm pro-
duce and giving employment to many men.

For information regarding opportunities In Ravalli County write to the Secretaries
of the Chambers of Commerce at Hamilton and Stevensville, the Secretary' of the
Business Club at Victor and the Secretaries of the Commercial Clubs at Corvallis
and Darby.

-Montana has a law-abiding people tvho love justice and fairplaij.

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278 MONTANA 19U

Rosebud County

Location — Southern.

Area — G.185 square miles.

Elevation at Forsyth — 2,535 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 12,880.

Assessed valuation — $11,351,724.00.

Principal industries — Farming and stock raising.

Principal crops — Wheat, oats, potatoes, sugar beets and hay.

Amount of land in private ownership — 1,581,743 acres.

Amount of State land — 191,174 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved pul)lic land — 90.089 acres in Billinss land

district; 4G,8G2 acres in Lewistown land district; 1,037,290 acres in Miles City

land district; total, 1,174,241 acres.
-Amount of land in national forests — 100,607 acres.
Railroads — Northern Pacific and Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul.
•County Seat — Forsyth: Estimated population, 1913, 1,500; assessed valuation.

$880,000.00; bank deposits, $800,000.00; number and grade of schools, graded and

county high school; number of newspapers, 1 weekly.
Other Towns:

Hysham — Rapidly growing farming town.

Ingomar — Surrounded by good grain country.

Rosebud and Carterville — Prosperous farming towns.

General Remarks; Rosebud County is coming rapidly to the front as a grain
producer, and some of the yields in this section have been record breaking, unirrigated
wheat land yielding as" high as 54 bushels to the acre. Corn Is being extensively grown.

For information regarding opportunities in Rosebud County write to the Secretary
of the Commercial Club at Forsyth.

Sanders County

Location — Western.

Area — 2,859 square miles.

Elevation at Thompson — 2,462 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 7,316.

Assessed valuation — $5,487,343.00.

Principal industries — Farming, fruit growing, stock raising, lumbering and mining.

Principal crops — Wheat, oats, barley, flax, potatoes and hay.

Amount of land in private ownership — 409,941 acres.

Amount of State land — 55,802.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 38,565 acres in Kalispell land

district; 117,120 acres in Missoula land district; total, 155,685 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 1,005,438 acres.
Railroad — Northern Pacific.
"County Seat — Thompson: Estimated population, 1913, 1,000; assessed valuation,

$174,739.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $2,500.00; number and grade of schools,

1 graded and 1 high school; number of newspapers, 1 weekly. Extensive power

development is now under way at Thompson, where the Thompson falls of the

Clarks Fork River are being harnessed.
Other Towns:

Plains — Population, 1,200. Center of rich farming district and outlet for western
portion of the Flathead Reservation.

Paradise — Population, 350. Northern Pacific division point and location of tie
treating plant.

Camas — Population, 300. Panning and health resort. Location of hot springs
which have been reserved by the federal government.

Dixon — Farming and shipping point for Flathead country. A steamer plies the
Flathead River between Dixon and Poison.

Heron — Population, 150. Important lumbering town.

General Remarks; There are many thousands of acres of stump lands in the
Clarks Fork Valley which are gradually being cleared and which, when cleared, are
Ideal for fruit and vegetables. Lumbering is a very important industry of this county
and mining, though in its infancy, shows signs of development.

For information regarding opportunities in Sanders County write to the Secretary
of the Improvement Association at Heron and the Commercial Clubs at Camas, Dixon,
Paradise and Plains.

— Five transcontinental lines of railway operate in Montana.

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282 MONTANA 19U

Sheridan County

Location — North Eastern.

Area — 5,019 square miles.

Elevation at Plentywood — 2,044 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 15,513.

Assessed valuation — $6,418,83G.OO.

Principal industries — Farming and dairying.

Principal crops — A\Tieat, flax and oats.

Amount of land in private ownership — 235,663 acres.

Amount of State land — 61,759 acres.

*Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land.

Railroads — Great Northern and Sault Ste. Marie.

County Seat — Plentywood: Estimated population, 1913, 1,000; assessed valuation,
$254,000.00; bank deposits, $341,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $100,000.00;
number and grade of schools, 1 graded and 1 high school; number of newspapers,
2 weeklies.

Other Towns:

Culbertson — Population, 500. Farming and shipping point. Growing rapidly.

Medicine Lake — Population, 450. Farming and trading point.

Poplar— Population, 600. Trading point for recently opened Fort Peck Indian
Reservation.

Froid— Population, 250. Farming; $850,000 worth of grain marketed here in 1913.

General Remarks: Sheridan County is one of the newest counties in the State,
having been created in March, 1913, out of the eastern portion of Valley County. Its
development since the building of the Plentywood branch of the Great Northern has
been very rapid. The greater portion of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation, for the
opening of which drawing was held in September, 1913, and upon which filings can
be made in April, 1914, is located in this county. The Great Northern has just
completed an extension of its Plentywood branch to Scobey, and the Soo Line in 1913
entered the northeastern corner of this county and is rapidly extending its road to
Opheim, Valley County, paralleling the Canadian boundary.

For information regarding opportunities in Sheridan County write to the Secre-
taries of the Commercial Clubs at Plentywood, Culbertson, Froid, Medicine Lake
and Poplar.

Silver Bow County

Location — Southwest Central.

Area — 698 square miles.

Elevation at Butte— 5,490 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)— 64,824.

Assessed valuation— $44,829,493.00.

Principal industries — Mining, manufacturing and commercial pursuits.

Amount of land in private ownership — 111,944 acres.

Amount of State land — 16,114 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 76,928 acres in Helena land

district.
Amount of land in national forests — 188,144 acres.
Railroads — Northern Pacific; Great Northern; Oregon Short Line; Chicago, Milwaukee

6 St. Paul, and Butte, Anaconda & Pacific.

County Seat — Butte: Estimated population, 1913, 60,000; assessed valuation,

$25,000,000.00; bank deposits, $16,000,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913,

$200,000.00; number and grade of schools, 14 graded and 1 high school,

7 Catholic parochial and 1 Catholic high school; number of newspapers, 2 dailies,
1 semi-weekly, 4 weeklies, 1 semi-monthly and 1 monthly. Butte is the seat of
the School of Mines.

General Remarks: Silver Bow, though the smallest county in the State, is by
reason of the great mining operations at Butte by far the richest. The payroll of
the mines of Butte average very close to $1,000,000 per month, and instead of lessen-
ing the mining industry of this great district has gone rapidly forward during the
past twelve months. One-fifth of the total copper production of the world comes
from the Butte mines.

For information regarding opportunities in Silver Bow County write the Secretary
of the Chamber of Commerce at Butte.

*The unappropriated public land of Sheridan County is in that shown for Valley.

MUSSELSHELL

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THE COUNTIES 285

Sweetgrass County

Loca'.ion — Southern.

Area — 2,298 square miles.

Elevation at Big Timber— 4,094 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 4,120.

Assessed valuation— .^5, 100,223.00.

Principal industries — Farming and stock raising.

Principal crops — Oats, wheat, potatoes and hay.

Amount of land in private ownership — 579,947 acres.

Amount of State land — 79,502 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 229,120 acres in Bozeman

land district; 6,045 acres in Helena land district; 18,240 acres in Lewistown land

district; total, 253,405 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 413,809 acres.
Railroad — Northern Pacific.
County Seat — Big Timber: Estimated population, 1913, 1,200; assessed valuation,

$749,740.00; bank deposits, $850,000.00; number and grade of schools, graded and

county high school; number of newspapers, 1 weekly.

Other Towns:

:Melville — Farming and stock raising.

McLeod — Trading point.

General Remarks: Extensive irrigation enterprises have been carried on in the
vicinity of Big Timber under the Carey Land Act, and this project is one of the
most successful in the State. Development in Sweet Grass County promises to be
more rapid in the future.

For information regarding opportunities in Sweet Grass County write to the
Secretarv of the Commercial Club at Big Timber.

Stillwater County

Location — Southern.

Area— 1,740 square miiles.

Elevation at Columbus — 3,624 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 6,786.

Assessed valuation— $4,871,009.00.

Principal industries — Farming and stock raising.

Principal crops — ^Wheat, oats and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 454,453 acres.

Amount of State land — 79,502 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 9,207 acres in Billings land
district; 135,956 acres in Bozeman land district; total, 145,163 acres.

Amount of land in national forests — 99,200 acres.

Railroad — Northern Pacific.

County Seat — Columbus: Estimated population, 1913, 1,000; assessed valuation,
$279,000.00; bank deposits, $300,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, new water
system and street lighting system installed in 1913; number and grade of schools,
1 graded and 1 high school; number of newspapers, 2 weeklies.

Other Towns:

Park City— Population, 300. Growing rapidly.

Absarokee — Center of rich farming district.

General Remarks: Stillwater County was created during the year 1913, and has
been rapidly forging to the front. At Columbus is found one of the largest deposits
of superior building stone in the Northwest, and the quarries have been extensively
developed, finding a ready market for their product.

For information regarding opportunities in Stillwater County write to the Secre-
tary of the Stillwater Club at Columbus, and the Secretary of the Commercial Club
at Park City. Montana.

People are increasing, but the acres are not; get land in Montana now.

THE COUNTIES 287

Teton County

Location — Northern.

Area — 7,5S1 square miles.

Elevation at Conrad— 3,501 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 23,345.

Assessed valuation— $12,118,539.00.

Principal industries — Farming and stock raising.

Principal crops — Wheat, oats, potatoes, flax and hay.

Amount of land in private ownership — GG1,781 acres.

Amount of State laud— 216,160 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 434,520 acres in Great Falls

land district; 47,865 acres in Helena land district; total, 482,385 acres.
Amount of land in national forests — 434,441 acres.

Railroads— Great Northern; Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, and Montana Western.
County Seat— Choteau: Estimated population, 1913, 1,000; assessed valuation,

$204,247.00; bank deposits, $700,000.00; number and grade of schools, 6 rural,

1 graded and 1 county high school; number of newspapers, 2 weeklies.
Other Towns:

Conrad- Population, 1,500. Modern and rapidly growing little city, supplying large
and fertile farming territory.

Valier — Prosperous city in the center of the Valier irrigation project, one of the
most successful enterprises in the State.

Shelby — Railroad junction, surounded by important farming community.

Cutbank — Imoprtant railroad and shipping point.

Gla( ier Park (Midvale P. O.) — Entrance to Glacier National Park.

Brady — Thriving farming and shipping point.

General Remarks: The development of Teton County has been very rapid in
the last few years, and it is probable that two new counties will be carved out of
Teton County within the next few months. The town of Choteau was reached by
a branch of' the Great Northern Railroad during the year 1913, and the Chicago,
Milwaukee & St. Paul is also constructing a line into this territory.

For information regarding opportunities in Teton County write to the Secretaries
of the Commercial Clubs at Choteau, Conrad and Shelby.

Valley County

Location — North Lastern.

Area — 8,496 square miles.

Elevation at Glasgow — 2,092 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913)— 12,922.

Assessed valuation — $6,471,459.00.

Principal industries — Farming and stock raising.

Principal Crojjs — Wheat, oats, barley, flax, corn, potatoes and hay.

Amount of land in private ownership — 181,583 acres.

Amount of State land — 119,151 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 4,520.882 acres iu Glasgow
land district.

Lajlroad — Great Northern.

County Seat — Glasgow: Estimated population, 1913, 1,400; assessed valuation,
$800,000.00; bank deposits, $1,000,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, con-
struction of sewer and water works; number and grade of schools, 1 graded and
1 high school; number of newspapers, 3, Glasgow merchants report 25 per cent
increase of business in 1913 over 1912.

Other Towns:

Malta — Population, 1,500. Rapidly growing city in center of extensive farming

district.
Saco — Population, 400. Distributing point for large agricultural community.
Opheim — New town, soon to be reached by railroad.
Vandalia — Shipping point.
Hinsdale — Farming and shipping point.
General Remarks: A considerable portion of the Fort Peck Indian Reservation,

which will be settled in 1914, is located in Valley County. Much land in this county

will be irrigated on the completion of the Milk River project.

For information regarding opportunities in Valley County write to the Secretary

of the Business Men's Association at Hinsdale, or the Commercial Clubs at Glasgow,

Malta and Saco.

-Mentally, morally and 'physically, Montana takes good care of the child.

DOMINION

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THE COUNTIES 289

Yellowstone County

I-ocation — Southern.

Area — 2,570 square miles.

Elevation at Billings — 3,124 feet.

Population (estimated, December 1, 1913) — 25,619.

Assessed valuation — $17,470,985.00.

Principal industries — Farming and commercial pursuits.

Principal crops — Grains, sugar beets, fruits and vegetables.

Amount of land in private ownership — 538,396 acres.

Amount of State land — 86,804 acres.

Amount of unappropriated and unreserved public land — 294,573 acres in Billings land
district.

Railroads — Northern Pacific; Chicago, Burlington & Quincy; Great Northern and
Billings & Central Montana.

County Seat — Billings: Estimated population, 1913, 14,000; assessed valuation. $6,558,-
000.00; bank deposits, $5,000,000.00; municipal improvements, 1913, $185,000.00;
Number and grade of schools, 8 graded, 1 high and Polytechnic Institute; number
of newspapers, 2 dailies, 2 weeklies. Billings is one of the most rapidly growing
cities in the State, and during the year 1913 building permits totalling $1,250,000
were issued. Here is located the only beet sugar factory in the State, and the
city is in the center of a large and prosperous beet growing district.

Other Towns:

Laurel — Population, 2,000. Important farming, shipping and railroad point.
Huntley — Population, 150. Farming community; has pickling plant.
Ballantine — Growing town on Huntley irrigation project.

Worden — Population, 130. New town, surrounded by a very successful irrigation
project; largest beet receiving station in the world.

General Remarks: Yellowstone County has been growing very rapidly, and
despite the fact that three new counties have been partially carved out of this county
within the last three years, the assessed valuation of the county is now higher than
it was in 1908. The 'beet sugar factory at Billings annually distributes over $2,500,000
to the sugar beet growers in that vicinity.

For information regarding opportunities in Yellowstone County write to the
Secretaries of the Chambers of Commerce at Billings, Worden and Park City, and
the Secretaries of the Commercial Clubs at Huntley and Laurel.

-Montana is the place for the man who wants a home.

MUSSELSHELL

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r^e ClQ^on Msp Co , Denver Colo

Instructions Under the Three-Year

Homestead Law

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

General Land Office

(CIRCULAR NO. 278.)

Washington, November 1, 1913.
The following instructions under the "three-year homestead law" of June 6, ISli
(37 Stat., 123), will supersede those contained in Circular No. 208, dated February 13^
1913 (41 L. D., 379). Paragraphs 5 and 6, relating to reduction of cultivation, are
identical with the instructions approved by the Acting Secretary of the Interior oa
September 6, 1913, promulgated by Office Circular No. 269 dated September 15, 1913.

Residence.

(1) By the act of June 6, 1912 (37 Stat., 123), the period of residence necessary
to be shown in order to entitle a person to patent under the homestead laws is.
reduced from five to three years, and the period within which a homestead entry
may be completed is reduced from seven to five years. The three-year period of
residence, however, is fixed not from the date of the entry but "from the time of
establishing actual, permanent residence upon the land." It follows as a consequence
that credit can not be given for constructive residence for the period that may elapse
between the date of the entry and that of establishing actual, permanent residence
upon the land.

(2) Honorably discharged soldiers and sailors of the War of the Rebellion and
also of the Spanish War and the suppression of the insurrection in the Philippines,,
entitled to claim credit under their homestead entries for the period of their military
service, may do so after they have "resided upon, improved, and cultivated the land
for a period of at least one year" after they shall have commenced their improvements.
This is the requirement of Section 2305 of the Revised Statutes, which is in nowise
affected by the act of June 6, 1912. Respecting the cultivation to be required under
said section, it has been heretofore administered as requiring such showing as
ordinarily applies in other cases preliminary to final proof, and, as the new law
exacts showing of cultivation of at least one-eighth of the area before final proof, a.
showing should be exacted of a like amount for at least one year before final proof.

Cultivation.

(3) The law requires that the claimant "cultivate not less than oue-sixteehth of
the area of his entry, beginning with the second year of the entry, and not less than
one-eighth beginning with the third year of the entry, and until final proof, except
that in the case of entries under Section 6 of the enlarged-homestead laws, double
the area of cultivation herein provided shall be required, but the Secretary may,
upon a satisfactory showing, under rules and regulations prescribed by him, reduce
the required area of cultivation."

(4) The enlarged-homestead acts here referred to (35 Stat, 639; 36 Stat., 531)
authorized entries of 320 acres of lands designated for this purpose by the Secretary
of the Interior, and require proof "that at least one-eighth of the area embraced in
the entry was continuously cultivated to agricultural crops, other than
native grasses, beginning with the second year of the entry, and that at

-The law is supreme in Montana; there is no mob rule here.

292 MONTANA 19 U

least one-fourth of the area embraced in the entry was so continuously cultivated
beginning with the third year of the entry." The residence provisions of the home-
stead law (and now the new act) were applicable to these entries, with an exception
relating to certain lands in the states of Utah and Idaho, with respect to which the
requirement of residence is omitted, and in lieu thereof the entryman is required
to cultivate twice the area required under the general provisions of the act. The
new law reduces the required area of cultivation to not less than one-sixteenth during
ihe second year of the entry and not less than one-eighth during the third year of
(he entry, and until final proof, except that in the case of entries under Section 6
of the enlarged-homestead laws, where residence is not required, one-eighth of the
area of the entry must be cultivated during the second year and one-quarter beginning
with the third year of the entry, and until final proof. In other words, the effect of
the new law with respect to the enlarged-homestead acts, except in instances where
residence is not required, is generally to reduce by one-half the amount of cultiva-
tion which had previously been required. Further information with respect to the
requirements for final proof in the case of an original entry under Section 2289,
I'nited States Revised Statute.s. to which an additional entry under Section 3 of said
-enlarged-homestead acts has been made, may be found in Circular No. 218, dated
March 17, 1913 (42 L. D., — ), containing instructions under the act of February 11,

1913, 37 Stat, CG6).

Reduction of Cultivation.

(5) The Secretary of the Interior is authorized upon a satisfactory showing
therefor, to reduce the required area of cultivation. The homestead laws were
•enacted primarily for the puropse of enabling citizens of the United States "in good
faith to obtain a home"' and the provision of the statute in regard to reduction in
the required area of cultivation will not be permitted to so operate as in any manner
to relax the rule that the entryman must so reside upon, use, occupy, cultivate, and
improve the tract of land entered by him as to satisfactorily show that he in good
faith at the time of such entry intended to make the laud his bona fide home and
that it has been his home to the date of final proof. However, if the tract of land
•entered is so hilly or rough, the soil so alkaline, compact, sandy, or swampy, the
precipitation of moisture so light as not to make cultivation practicable to the extent
of the required amount, or if the land is generally valuable only for grazing, a reduc-
tion in the area of cultivation may be permitted. The personal or financial disabilities
or misfortunes of the entryman existing at the time of entry will not be considered
sufficient cause for reduction in the area of cultivation; but if after entry and actual
stttlement, through circumstances which at the time of entry could not reasonably
have been foreseen, the entryman has met with misfortune which renders him
reasonably unable to cultivate the prescribed area, upon satisfactory proof thereof at
the time of making final proof, a reduction in area of cultivation may be permitted
during the period of disability following such misfortune, provided notice of such
misfortune and the nature thereof shall be submitted under oath within 60 days
after the occurrence thereof to the register of the land office of the district in which
the land is situated. Tilling of the land or other appropriate treatment for the pur-
pose of conserving the moisture with a view of making a profitable crop the suc-
ceeding year will be deemed cultivation within the terms of the act where that
manner of cultivation is necessary or generally followed in the locality.

No reduction in area of cultivation will be permitted on account of expense in
removing the standing timber from the land. If lands are so heavily timbered that
the entryman can not reasonably clear and cultivate the area prescribed by the
statute, such entries will be considered speculative and not made in good faith for
the purpose of obtaining a home.

The authority to make reduction in the prescribed area of cultivation relates to
enlarged homestead entries as well as ordinary homesteads made under Section 2289,
Revised Statutes, and applications for reduction of area of cultivation under enlarged-
homestead entries will be made or refused in accordance with the provisions of
this paragraph.

How to Obtain a Reduction in Area of Cultivation.

(6) A showing, should be made in each case as to the difficulties attendant upoT
the cultivation of that particular tract. To this end the entryman should show in
detail the special physical conditions of the land which he believes entitled him to
an order of reduction, describing its topography, whether hilly or level; its quality
and character as adapted to cultivation, whether light or heavy, sandy, loamy, rocky,
or alkaline, together with the prevalent climatic conditions in the matter of annual

— Think it over; then come to Montana.

THREE- YEAR HOMESTEA D LA W 293

suows or raius, as affording sufficient moisture for the production of crops one year
with another. The presence or absence of springs or permanent streams on or in
the immediate vicinity of the land should be shown. The natural products of the
land without tillage, and the effect of tillage on the soil, should be shown, as well
as the use to which the land is best adapted. It is desirable that the entryman should,
wherever practicable, know in advance what, if any, reduction can properly be made,
and, therefore, as a general regulation governing applications for reduction in area
of cultivation, it is directed that all entrymen who desire a reduction shall file
applications therefor during the first year of the entry and. upon forms to be prepared
and furnished by the Commissioner of the General Land Office and distributed
through the land offices, which will be forwarded, without action, to the Chief of the
Field Division, and report made in accordance with Circular 195, on Form 4 — 007b.
Applications for reduction in area of cultivation will be acted upon by the
Commissioner of the General Land Office, who may In appropriate cases defer action
until final proof, but his decision in granting or refusing applications for reduction
in area shall be subject to review, upon appeal, by the Secretary of the Interior.

Exceptions.

(7) The requirements as to cultivation do not apply to entries made for lands
within a reclamation project, under the act of June 17, 1902 (32 Stat., 388), nor to
entries made' in the State of Nebraska under the act of April 28, 1904 (33 Stat., 547),
commonly known as the Kinkaid Act. In such instances the existing requirements
as to cultivation made by the acts named continue in force.

Permissible Absence From the Homestead.

(9) The law clearly requires that the homestead entryman shall establish an
actual residence upon the laud entered within six months after the date of entry.
Where, owing to climatic reasons, sickness, or other unavoidable cause, residence can
not be commenced within this period, the Commissioner of the General Land Office
may, within his discretion, allow the settler such additional period, not exceeding
in the aggregate 12 months, within which to establish his residence. It is not
meant thereby that because, for the reasons stated, residence may not be commenced
within the six-month period, that the settler is authorized to delay the commence-
ment of residence beyond the required period and after the cause no longer exists.
An application for such extension must, as a general rule, be filed in the land office
for the district in which the land lies w'ithin six months from date of entry. It
must be in the form of an affidavit, corroborated by two persons having actual
knowledge of the facts, and should set forth in detail the grounds upon which
extension of time is asked. Including a statement as to the probable duration of the
hindering causes and when residence may reasonably be expected to be established.
The oath of the applicant and witnesses may be executed before any officer authorized
to administer oaths and having a seal of office.

These applications will be forwarded by the local officers to the General Land
Office by special letter and will be acted upon with as little delay as possible.
Should an extension of time be granted it will relate back to the date of entry and
protect the entryman from contest on the ground of failure to establish residence
within the usual six months unless it shall be further charged and shown that the
order of extension was fraudulently obtained. Should a contest be filed against a
homestead entry solely on the ground of failure of the entryman to establish residence
within six months from date of entry and the records show that an application for
extension of time is pending before the General Land Office, the local officers will
suspend action on the contest pending the disposition of the application for extension,
but should the further charge be made that entryman has materially misrepresented
the facts in connection with his application for extension, the local officers will
promptly report the contest to the Commissioner of the General Land Office and
await instructions.

The failure of an entryman to apply for an extension of time will not forfeit
his right to show, in defense of a contest, the existence of conditions which might
have been made the basis for such an application.

(10) After the establishment of residence the entryman is permitted to be
absent from the land for one continuous period of not more than five months in
each year following, provided that upon absenting himself for such period he has
filed in the local land office notice of the beginning of such intended absence. He
must also file notice with the local land office upon his return to the land following
such period of absence. A second period of absence immediately following the first
period, even though the two periods occur in different years reckoned from the date

— Bigness was born in Montana.

2H MONTANA 19H

•of the establishment of actual residence, will not be recognized, as it was never con-
templated that an absence was permissible in excess of six months, in view of the
specific provisions for contest provided for in Section 2297 of the Revised Statutes.
There should be at least some substantial period of actual, continuous residence upon
the land separating the periods of absence accorded under the statute. Only those
protracted absences with respect to which notice has been given as required by the
statute will be respected either in case of contest or on final proof. This law does
not repeal or modify the acts of March 2, 1889 (25 Stat., 854), June 25, 1910
(3G Stat., 864), and April 30, 1912 (37 Stat., 105).

Commutation.

(11) The privilege of coniimiijtation after 14 months" actual residence, as here-
tofore required by law, is unaffected by this legislation, excepting that a person
commuting an entry subject to said act must be at the time a citizen of the United
States. Commutation proof can not, however, be made on entries under the enlarged-
homestead laws, the reclamation act, or on entries made under any other homestead

-law which prohibits commutation. As a rule of administration it will be required
'that upon submission of commutation proof in support of an entry made subject to

tlie act of June 6. 1912. the cultivation of not less than one-sixteenth of the area
■embraced in the entry must be shown, that being the least amount of cultivation

contemplated by congress in connection with entries made under said act, unless the
• area capable of cultivation has been shown to be less than that amount, and for
•that reason the specific requirement made by the statute has been reduced.

Death of the Homestead Entryman.

(12) Where the person making homestead entry dies before the offer of final
proof those succeeding to the entry in the order prescribed under the homestead
law, in order to complete such entry, must show that the entryman had complied
with the law in all respects to the date of his death and that they have since
complied with the law in all respects as would have been required of the entryman
had he lived, excepting that they are relieved from any requirement of residence
upon the land. It follows as a consequence that where the entryman; had not complied
with the law in all respects prior to his death the entry will be forfeited and, upon
proof thereof, such entry will be canceled. This will apply to all entries made under
■the new law.

Effect of New Law on Entries Made Prior Thereto.

(13) An entryman whose entry was made prior to June 6, 1912, may avail him-
self of the provisions of Section 2291 as amended; however, if he desires to submit
proof in accordance with the law under which his entry was made he may do so
and need not have filed the election provided for in the last proviso to the amended
section, the necessity for such election having been abrogated by a provision in the
act making appropriations for sundry civil expenses of the Grovernment, approved
August 24, 1912 (37 Stat., 455), but he must, in his published notice, state the law
under which his proof is to be offered. Final proof under the^ new law must be made
^within five years from date of entry.

Under the act of March 4, 1913 (37 Stat., 912-925), a person qualified to make
homestead entry who, prior to June 6, 1912, settled upon unsurveyed lands subject
to such entry, and makes timely assertion of such settlement after the filing of
the plat of survey, may elect to perfect his entry under the act of June 6, 1912, or
under the law existing at the time settlement was initiated, notwithstanding that
•entry may be made after June 6, 1912.

(14) It may be that such prior entryman can not show that he had cultivated
•one-sixteenth of the area embraced in his entry beginning with the second year of

the entry and one-eighth beginning with the third year of the entry and until final
proof, although he may have had during the year preceding his offer of proof ont-
eighth or more of the area embraced in his entry under actual cultivation, and may
have cultivated one-sixteenth during the previous year, thus accomplishing the amount
of cultivation required as a general rule under the new law, but not in the order and
for the particular years required by that law.

(15) Under the law the Secretary of the Interior is authorized to reduce the
required area of cultivation, and pursuant thereto has prescribed the following rule
to govern action on proof submitted under the new law where the homestead entry
was made prior to June G, 1912.

Respecting cultivation necessary to be shown upon such an entry, in all cases
where, upon considering the whole record, the good faith of the entryman appears,
the proof will be acceptable if it shows cultivation of at least one-sixteenth for one

— In Montana all is large, massive, impressive.

THREE- YEA R HOMES TEA D LAW 295

year and of at least one-eighth for the next year and each succeeding year until final
proof, without regard to the particular year of the homestead period in which the
cultivation of the one-sixteenth was performed.

Time for Proof on Entries.

(16) The new law also requires that the proof shall be made within five years
from date of entry, and if the entry is to be administered under that law the depart-
ment is not authorized to extend the period within which proof may be made, but
when submitted after that time, in the absence of adverse claims, the entry may be
submitted to the board of equitable adjudiction for confirmation.

(17) Respecting entries heretofore or hereafter made requiring payment for
the land entered in annual installments extending beyond the period of residence
required under the new law, the homesteader may make his final proof as in other cases,
but final certificate will not be issued until the entire purchase price has been paid.

Very respectfully,

CLAY TALLMAN, Commissioner.
Approved:

ANDRIEUS A. JONES,

First Assistant Secretary.

-\N ACT To amend section twenty-two hundred and ninety-one and section twenty-two

hundred and ninety-seven of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to

homesteads.

Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That section twenty-two hundred and ninety-one and
section twenty-two hundred and ninety-seven of the Revised Statutes of the United States
be amended to read as follows:

"Sec. 2291. No certificate, however, shall be given or patent issued therefor until the
expiration of three years from the date of such entr>'; and if at the expiration of such time,
or at any time within two years thereafter, the person making such entr>', or if he be dead
bis widow, or in case of her death his heirs or devisee, or in case of a widow making such
entry her heirs or devisee, in case of her death, proves by himself and by two credible
witnesses that he, she, or they have a habitable house upon the land and have actually
resided upon and cultivated the same for the term of three years succeeding the time of filing
the affidavit, and makes affidavit that no part of such land has been alienated, except as
provided in section twenty-two hundred and eighty-eight, and that he, she, or they will bear
true allegiance to the Government of the United States, then in such case he, she, or they,
if at that time citizens of the United States, shall be entitled to a patent, as In other cases
provided by law; Provided, That upon filing in the local land office notice of the beginning
of such absence the entryman shall be entitled to a continuous leave of absence from the
land for a period not exceeding five m.onths in each year after establishing residence, and
upon the termination of such absence the entr>'man shall file a notice of sucb termination in
the local land office, but in case of commutation the fourteen months' actual residence as
now required by law must be shown, and the person commuting must be at the time a
citizen of the United States: Provided, That when the person making entrj^ dies before the
offer of final proof those succeeding to the entry must show that the entryman had com-
plied with the law in all respects to the date of his death, and that they have since com-
plied with the law in all respects, as would have been required of the entrj'man had he lived,
excepting that they are relieved from any requirement of residence upon the land: Provided
further, That the entryman shall, in order to comply with the requirements of cultivation
herein provided for, cultivate not less than one-sixteenth of the area of his entry, beginning
with the second year of the ent^y^ and not less than one-eighth beginning, with the third y^ar
of the entry, and until final proof, except that in the case of entries under section six of the
enlarged-homestead law double the area of cultivation herein provided shall be required, but
the Secretarj^ of the Interior may. upon a satisfactory- showing, under rules and regulations
prescribed by him, reduce the required area of cultivation: Provided. That the above provision
as to cultivation shall not apply to entries under the act of April twenty-eighth, nineteen
hundred and four, commonly known as the Kinkaid Act, or entries under the act of .Tune
seventeen, nineteen hundred and two, commonly known as the reclamation act, and that
the provisions of this section relative to the homestead period shall apply to all unperfected
entries as well as entries hereafter made upon which residence is required: Provided, That the
Secretary of the Interior shall, within sixty days after the passage of this act, send a copy
of tha same to each homestead enti^yman of record who may be affected thereby by ordinary
mail to his last known address, and any such entryman may, by giving notice w^ithin one
hundred and twenty days after the passage of this act, by registered letter to the register
and receiver of the local land office, elect to make proof upon his entry under the law under
which the same was made without regard to the provisions of this act."

"Sec. 2297. If at any time after the filing of the affidavit as required in section twenty-
two hundred and ninety, and before the expiration of the three years mentioned in section
twenty-two hundred and ninety-one, it is proved after due notice to the settler, to the
satisfaction of the register of the land office that the person having filed such affidavit has
failed to establish residence within six months after the date of entry, or abandoned the
land for more than six months at any time, then, and in that event, the land so entered
shall revert to the Government: Provided. That the three years' period of residence herein
fixed shall date from the time of establishing actual permanent residence upon the land:
And provided further. That where there may be climatic reasons, sickness, or other unavoid-
able cause, the Commissioner of the General Land Office may, in his discretion, allow the
settler twelve months from the date of filing in which to commence his residence on said
land under such rules and regulations as he may prescribe."

Approved, June 6. 1912. (.37 Stat.. 123.)

— It is worth a trip across the continent to see some of Montana's sunsets.

Index

Page.

Absence from homestead 293

Accommodatious for tourists 225

Acreage ia crops 2G

Agricultural College 149

Alfalfa products, extensive use of 49

Anaconda Copper Mining Company, statistics of 1G5

Area of National Forests 113

Assessed valuation of State 23

Awakening of State 7

Bank Resources 235

Barley, acreage, production and value of 26

— comparative farm value United States and Montana 29

— comparative yield, United States and Montana 28

Bear in Montana 217

Beaverhead County, condensed statistics of 239

— crop yields of 31

—map of 238

Big Blackfoot logged-oflf lands, sale of 52

Big crop returns 30-41

Big game in Montana 215

Big Hole River development 208

Big Horn County, condensed statistics of 239

- — crop yields in 30

— map of 240

Black Eagle Falls plant 208

Blackfeet project, detailed data on 99

Blaine County, condensed statistics of 243

— crop yields in 31

— map of 241

Boorman, B. J., article by 199

Boys' and Girls' contest at State Fair 140

Breitenstein, A. J., Secretary State Fair, article by 135

Broadwater County, condensed statistics of 243

— crop yields in 31

— may of 242

Building stone 179

Butte district, development in 170

By-products of forests 204

Campbell, Will A., Editor Helena Independent, article by 181

Camping in Montana 221

Canyon Ferry power plant 208

Carbon County, condensed statistics of 245

— crop yields in 32

— map of 244

Cascade County, condensed statistics of 245

— crop yields in 33

— map of 24G

Cattle, need of more 197

Cattle raising 193

Chinook winds, effect of 130

Chouteau County, condensed statistics of 249

— crop yields in 33

— map of 247

Circular 278, General Land Office 291

Citizenship, character of 17

Climate, description of 129

— Montana compared with Iowa 131

Coal production in Montana 179

Commission houses, opening for 128

Comparative value of 160 acre farm 28

Conservation of coal 212

Consumiption of lumber 200

Contributors 6

Copper mining, development of 164

Copper ores, character of 164

Corn, acreage, production and value of 27

— growing of 79

County exhibits at State Fair 139

^9S MONTANA 19U

Page.

Creameries, extension of 160

— number of IgO

Crops, best selection of 78

— rotation of 80

— value of 26

— juelds per acre 26

Crop yields 25-30

Cultivation of homesteads 53

Cultivation, reduction of under homestead law 292

— required by homestead law 291

Custer County, condensed statistics of 249

— crop yields in 33

— map of 248

Cut-over lands, importance of 46

— cultivation of 46

Dairy commission law, effect of 128

Dairy exhibits at State Fair 128

Dairying, description of 125

— success of 125

Dairy products, market for 126

Dawson County, condensed statistics of 252

— crop yields in 33

— map of 250

Deaf, Blind and Feeble-Minded, School for 152

Dean, M. L., State Horticulturist, article by 117

Death of homestead entryman 294

Deer in Montana 216

DeHart, J. L., Game and Fish Warden, article by 215

Deer Lodge County, condensed statistics of 252

— crop yields in 33

— ^map of 251

Denominational schools 153

Directory of newspapers 231

Department of Labor and Industry, purpose of 15G

Development following railroad building 184

Draft horses 198

Dredging for gold 178

Dry Farming Congress, 1908, prizes won at 43

Dry Farming Congress, 1913, prizes won at 45

Dry land farming, explanation of 69

Ducks in Montana 216

Education, article on 143

— higher 148

— sectarian 153

Educational institutions, endowment of 148

— sectarian 153

Effect of new homestead law on old entries 295

Electrical power, cost of 212

— used in irrigation 207

—utilization of 206

Electricity, use of in mining 169

Elk in Montana 216

Endowment of educational institutions 148

entries at State Fair 135

Entry on homesteads, how to make 53

— who can make 54

Exhibition of Montana products 135

Extension of railroad lines 192

Fallon County, condensed statistics of 255

— map of 253

Farming, discussion by Professor Thomas Shaw 69

Fergus County, condensed statistics of 255

— crop yields in 34

— map of 254

Fiber, flax, value of 50

Fish and Game 215

Flathead County, condensed statistics of 258

INDEX 299

— crop yields in 34

—map of ..........'.'.'...'. 25C

Flathead project, detailed data on 100

Flax, acreage, production and value of [[][ 27

— by-products of, use of ]] ] 49

— growing of 78

Forest headquarters II3

Forest homesteads Ill

Forest lands, grazing on 1 1 ^ 108

— ownership of 105

— value of 106

Forest service, organization of 112

Forests, area of national 113

— description of 105

— protection of 109

— revenues to counties II5

— sales of timber on HO

— supervisors of, names and addresses of 113

— use of by-products of 204

Foreword 5

Fort Peck rroject, detailed data on 102

Free county high schools, number of 147

Fruit raising, in Montana 117

— localities adapted to 121

Fruits, principal varieties grown in Montana 122

Gallatin County, condensed statistics of 258

— ^crop yields in 36

— map of 257

Game and Fish 215

Game laws 216

General Land Office Circular No. 278 291

Glacier National Park 228

Good and bad schools 144

Gold dredging 17g

Gold mining in Montana 176

Grain shipments, increase of 188

Grain yields, possibilities in Montana 70

Granite County, condensed statistics of 261

—map of 259

Great Falls, power development at 209

Harrowing, purpose of . 75

Hay, acreage, prdouction and value of 27

— ^comparative farm value United States and Montana 30

— comparative yield of United States and Montana 29

Hauser Lake plant 209

Hebgen, Max, discussion of power development by 208

High schools, growth of I47

Hill County, condensed statistics of 261

— crop yields in 36

— ^map of 260

Hog raising in Montana 198

Home products, market for 158

Homestead entries, number of, 1913 12

Homestead entrymen, death of 294

Homestead fees required 57

Homestead law, cultivation required 291

— reduction of cultivation allowed 292

— residence required 291

— three-year 291

— three-year, text of act 295

— three-year, effect of on old entries 294

— ^time for proof under 295

Homesteads, on forest lands HI

— permissible absence from 293

— provision of law on 53

Horses, large market for 198

Horticulture in Montana 117

300 MONTANA 19U

Page.

Hunting season, length of 21G

Huntley project, detailed data on 91

Hydro-electric power 205

Immigration, rate of into Montana 8

Industrial contest at State Fair 140

Inspection of rural schools 146

Irrigation, discussion of 81

Jefferson County, condensed statistics of 264

— map of 262

Labor and Industry 155

Labor conditions in Montana 157

Land offices, number and location of 53

Land offices. United States, in Montana 237

Land Products Show, prizes won at 44

Lands, public and unappropriated 58-62

Larch, Montana, value of 204

Lead production in Montana 179

Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, prizes won at 42

Lewis and Clark County, condensed statistics of 266

— crop yields in 36

— map of 265

Lincoln County, condensed statistics of 264

— crop yields in 36

— map of 263

Linfield, Dr. F. B.. on pasture management 194

Livestock in Montana 193

Livestock, changed condition in industry 193

Livestock, exhibits at State Fair 138

Location of State 21

Logged-off lands, development of 46

Louisiana Purchase Exposition, prizes won at 42

Lower Yellowstone project, detailed data on 93

Lumbering 199

Lumbering resources 200

Madison County, condensed statistics of 200

— crop yields in 37

— map of 267

Madison plant 208

Madison Square Land Show, prizes won at 43

Map of Beaverhead County 238

—of Big Horn County 240

— of Blaine County 241

— of Broadwater County 242

— of Carbon County 244

— of Cascade County 246

—of Custer County 248

—of Chouteau County 247

— of Dawson County 250

— of Deer Lodge County 251

—of Fallon County 253

— of Fergus County 254

— of Flathead County 256

—of Gallatin County 257

—of Granite County 259

—of Hill County 260

— of Jefferson County 262

— of Lewis and Clark County 265

— of Lincoln County 263

— of Madison County 267

— of Meagher County 270

— of Missoula County 268

— of Montana 236

—of Musselshell County 271

—of Park County 273

— of Powell County 274

—of Ravalli County 275

— of Rosebud Countv 277

INDEX 301

Page.

— of Sandens County 279

— of Sheridan County 280

— of Silver Bow County 281

— of Stillwater County 284

— of Sweet grass County 283

— of Teton County 28C

— of Valley County 288

— of Yellowstone County 290

Mcintosh, John H., article by IGl

Meagher County, condensed statistics of 2G9

■ — crop yields in 37

— map of 270

Mean temperature, comparison of 131

Metal production by years 180

Miles City horse market 198

Milk River project, detailed data on 94

Mines, School of 152

Mineral production 1G3

Mining :i Gl

Mining companies 165

Mining, improvements in methods I(j2

Minneapolis Land Show, prizes won at 45

Missoula County, condensed statistics of 2G9

— crop yields in 38

— map of 2G8

Missoula plant 210

Montana Agricultural College 149

Montana, condensed statistics of 237

Montana metal production by years 180

Montana, outline map of 236

Montana Reservoir & Irrigation Company, work of 207

Montana State Fair 135

Montana, University of 148

Mountain sheep in Montana 216

Musselshell County, condensed statistics of 272

— Crop yields in 38

— map of 271

National forests, administration of 105

National parks in Montana 222

New homestead law, effect of on old entries 294

New lines of railroads 191

Newspapers of Montana 231

Normal College 151

Northern Pacific lands, sale of 52

Oats, acreage, production and value of 26

— comparative farm value United States and Montana 28

— comiparative yield of United States and Montana 28

— growing of 79

Open range, passing of 194

Opportunity for a man of small capital 50

Orchards, acreage, extent of 122

Park County, condensed statistics of 272

— crop yield in 38

— map of 273

Parks, National 222

Peas, growing of 79

Per capita apportionment, growth of 144

Phosphate beds 179

Play grounds in Montana 230

Plowing, when and how to 74

Potatoes, acreage, production and value of 27

— comparative farm value U S. and Montana 29

— comparative yield U. S. and Montana 29

Potato flake factories 49

Powell County, condensed statistics of 273

— ^crop yields in 3g

— map of 274

302 MONTANA 19U

Page.

Power 205

Power capable of development 205

Power plants in Montana 210

Power sites, reservation of 214

— undeveloped 214

Poultry exhibits at State Fair 138

Precipitation, monthly and annual 134

Precious stones mined in Montana 179

Prickly Pear Valley, irrigation of 207

Prizes won by Montana exhibits 41 to 4G

— at Dry Farming Congresis, 1913 45

— at Dry Farming Congress, 1908 43

— at Laud Products Show, 1911 44

— at Lewis and Clark Centennial Exposition, 1905 42

— at Louisiana Purchase Exposition, 1904 42

— at Madison Square Land Show, 1911 43

— At Minneapolis Land Show, 1911 45

— at World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 41

Proof under homestead law 295

Prospectors, need of 178

Public land available for homestead entry 58-02

Purpose of State Fair 141

Railroad building 192

Railroad lands, how to secure 52

Railroads, electrification of 206

— importance of 181

— new lines built 191

— value to farmer 184

Rainfall, map 130

Range, control of 194

Ravalli County, condensed statistics of 27G

— crop yields in 38

— map of 275

Raymond, D. W., article by 19G

Reclamation Act, amendments to 88

— importance of 81

— purposes of 82

Reclamation projects in Montana 83

— description of 91

— Blackfeet project 99

— Flathead project 100

— Fort Peck project 102

— Huntley project 91

— Lower Yellowstone project 93

— Milk River project 94

— Sun River project 97

Rclamation work in Montana, discussion of 81

Reclamation work on Indian projects 86

Reducation in cultivation, how to obtain 292

Residence required on homesteads 53

Residence under homestead law 291

Resources of banks 235

Revenue from national forests to counties 115

Revised statutes. Sections 2291 and 2297 295

Rocky Mountain goats in Montana 21G

Rosebud County, condensed statistics of 278

— crop yields in 39

— map of 277

Rotation of crops 80

Rural schools, inspection of 140

Rye, acreage, production and value of 27

— comparative farm value U. S. and Montana 29

— comparative yield U. S. and Montana 29

Sanders County, condensed statistics of 278

c •■'7Q

— map of -'^

Sapphires mined in Montana 1^^

Savage, H. N., article by SI

INDEX 303

Scholes, A. G., State Dairy Commissioner, article by 12^

Schools, description of . . . ' 1 43

School children, average expenditure on 1 4c

—number of 23

School funds, growth and permanence of 144

School of Mines i-q

School teachers, average salary of .... 1 4r

School term, length of \^

Seed, amount of, to be used nr,

Shaw, Professor Thomas, article by 69

Sheep and wool 1 90

Sheridan County, condensed statistics of 282

— crop yields in 39

— map of njjf,

Silcox, F. A., article by '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 105

Silver Bow County, condensed statistics of 282

—map of 281

Silver mining in Montana -.70

Size of State '.'...'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. 21

Smelters, Anaconda and Great Falls 1 C 7

Speltz, growing of 79

State, assessed valuation of ' 2^

State Capitol, view of 4

State Fair, boys' and girls' contest 140

— county exhibits -.on

—description of 135

— importance as educational institution '. 1 37

— industrial contest 140

— livestock exhibits 130

—number and class of entries 1 35

—poultry exhibits \\ . og

—purpose of 141

— value of premiums at 1 o(>

State land grants, extent of 53

State lands, amount of in each county 68

— how to purchase 63

— lease of ' ' n-,

— location of 64

-price of 6"^

—residence not required ^t

—sale of \\ ^^

— terms of purchase of 63

— twenty-year payments on po

State, location of ^i^

State Normal College '..'................ ici"

State, political complexion of .............". 19

State School for Deaf, Blind and Feeible Minded 1 ro

State, size of '.".'.'.'.'.'.'. 21

Statistics of Beverhead County ..........'...!...!!! 239

— of Big Horn County 239

— of Blaine County 243

— of Broadwater County 9.0

—of Carbon County ."."'" "y/t

—of Cascade County 24^

— of Chouteau County „!„

—of Custer County '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. oTq

— of Dawson County 0^0

— of Deer Lodge County 25'>

— of Fallon County 9;;^

— of Fergus County 255

— of Flathead County 258

— of Gallatin County 258

— of Granite County 261

— of Hill County 261

— of Jefferson County 264

— of Lewis and Clark County 266

— of Lincoln County 264

sou MONTANA 19U

Page.

— of Madison County 2G6

—of Meagher County 2G9

— of Missoula County 209

— of Montana 237

— of Musselshell County 272

—of Park County 272

—of Powell County 276

— of Ravalli County 27G

— of Rosebud County 278

— of Sanders County 278

— of Sheridan County 282

—of Silver Bow County 282

—of Stillwater County 285

— of Sweetgrass County 285

—of Teton County 287

—of Valley County 287

— of Yellowstone County 289

Stewart, Governor S. V., article by 7

— portrait of 2

Stillwater County, condensed statistics of 285

— crop yields in 39

—map of 284

Stump land, importance of 40

Sun River project, detailed data on 97

Sunshine, amount of 130

Supervisors of national forests 113

Swain, Dr. H. H., article by 143

Sweetgrass County, condensed statistics of 285

— crop yields in 40

—map of 283

Swindlehurst, W. .1.. article by loo

Swine in Montana 198

Teachers' certificates, requirements for 146

Temperature, maximum and minimum 132

— monthly mean 133

Teton County, condensed statistics of 287

crop yields in 40

—map of 286

Three-year homestead law 291

— summary of 53

Thompson Falls, power plant at 213

Timber holdings of State 202

Timber, sales on national forests 110

Tourists, accommodations for 225

Trout fishing 220

United States land offices in Montana 237

University of Montana 148

Vacant lands 58-62

Vacations in Montana 221

Valley County, condensed statistics of 287

— crop yields in ^^

— map of 288

Value of premiums at State Fair 136

Wage scale in Butte 158

Washoe Smelter, size of 167

Water power 205

Wheat, acreage, production and value of 26

— comparative farm value U. S. and Montana 28

—comparative yield U. S. and Montana 28

— varieties of "^8

World's Columbian Exposition, prizes won at 41

Yellowstone County, condensed statistics of 289

— crop vields in 40

—map of 290

Yellowstone National Park 222

Yields, exceptionally heavy 30-41

Zlr.c mining in Montana 172

ill

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