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Restraint

Domestic Animals

A BOOK FOR THE USE OF

Students and Practitioners

312 Illuitrationi from Pen Drawings and
2b Hals Tonts from Original Photographs

George R. White, M. D., D. V. S.

Graduati Columbian University {Veterinary Department) , and University of Nashville {Medical Department)

Member

American Veterinary Medical Association

Tennessee State Veterinary Medical Association

American Medical Association

Tennessee State Medical Association

Nashville Academy of Medicine

and Davidson County Medical Society

Published by the Author

NASHVILLE, TENNESSEE
19 0 9

COPYRIGHTED 1909

BY

George R. White

PRESS OF

BAYLESS-PULLEN CO.

NASHVILLE

Dedication

To W. H. Dalrymple, M. R. C. V. S.

As a slight token of personal friendship, as well as for his untiring and continued

efforts to advance the status of the Veterinary Profession in the South

— especially for his pioneer work in the State of Louisiana,

is this volume respectfully dedicated by

THE Author

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAET I.

Restraint of the Horse in the Standing Posture.

CHArTER I. Twitches, Gags and Barnacles.

Chapter II. Restraint or "War Bridles" and Halters.

Chapter III. Restraint Harness and Other Leather and

Rope Appliances.
Chapter IV. Stocks.
Chapter V. Slings.

PART II.

Restraint of the Horse in the Recurnbent Posture.

Chapter I. Hobbles.

Chapter II. Casting and Securing Harness and Ropes.

Chapter III. Operating Tables.

PART III.

Restraint of the Ox.

Chapter I. Restraint of the Ox in the Standing Posture.
Chapter II. Restraint of the Ox in the Recumbent Posture.

PART lY.

Restraint of the Dog.

Chapter I. Operating Tables.

Chapter II. Muzzles, Tape and Other Methods.

PART V.

Restraint of the Hog.

INTRODUCTION

Restraint of Domestic Animals, in the broadest acceptation
of the term, means much to the average busy and active practi-
tioner of Veterinary Surgery.

Each species of our domestic animals is endowed with one
or more means of defense. These are oftentimes — in individ-
uals of certain temperament — converted into weapons of offense.
The horse will strike, kick and bite ; the ox will gore and kick ;
the dog and hog will bite. It is with these weapons of offense
that we are called upon to contend and overcome by restraint.
These animals must be rendered harmless by the means of re-
straint which we have at hand. Of course the particular method
employed depends largely upon the animal and the degree of
restraint necessary.

While we constantly find it necessary to employ methods of
restraint in order to confine the animal, we should always dg
so in as humane a manner as possible. Humanitarian treatment
applies here as well as elsewhere in the practice of Veterinary
science. We should never take advantage of an animal when
confined in order to cause torture or to inflict unnecessary pain
of any kind.

The surgeon is confronted with problems pertaining to re-
straint or some method of subjection almost every hour of each
day of his professional career.

Xot only does the restraint problem confront and concern the
surgeon alone, but his client and patient are also directly inter-
ested to a well marked degree. The surgeon owes it to his
client, his patient and himself to become proficient in properly
and securely restraining animals for examination and operation.
Without efficient means of restraint the surgeon is in constant
danger of great bodily harm; the animal in danger of self-
inflicted injuries as a result of its own efforts at resistance,
thereby causing the owner financial loss which could and should
have been avoided by proper methods of procedure.

8 INTRODUCTION.

In order to cast and secure an animal properly and success-
fiillj the operator should possess a level head associated with
plenty of courage and confidence. He should retain his equili-
brium in spite of any untoward accident or emergency which
may chance to take place. Self-confidence and good judgment
are both valuable assets in performing work of the character
which this book undertakes to illustrate and describe. The
surgeon should get control and remain in control from the time
the twitch is placed on the animal preparatory to applying the
hobbles or casting harness until the animal is again on its feet.
Experience and dexterity are not to be underrated in the oper-
ator who is to undertake the task of securing and properly con-
fining the larger of our domestic animals. Do not allow your-
self to become excited or unduly alarmed or aggravated should
everything not transpire as smoothly as you expect or desire,
for in so doing the surgeon is not in possession of his mental
faculties sufficiently to do justice either to himself, his patient
or his client.

Perfect, or even good, surgery is impossible without per-
fect restraint. The surgeon is no better than the restraint
method which he uses. It is rare to see a surgeon handle a knife
any more skillfully than he handles his restraint technique.
Imperfect restraint means an imperfect operation.

This book contains 338 illustrations; of this number 312
are zinc etchings made from pen drawings, and 26 are half-
tones from original photographs. In compiling and placing it
before the profession of this country I have endeavored in so
far as possible to avoid technicalities in order to make it valua-
ble to the student and amateur horseman.

I do not care to be held responsible for the imperfections
of many of the modes of restraint and subjection illustrated and
described. I have endeavored to the best of my ability to illus-
trate and describe the good methods as well as those which are
bad or even indifferent. Each operator should select his favor-
ite method — the one or ones which most appeal to his fancy —
and by practice become proficient in the skillful use of same.

My thanks are due and are hereby acknowledged to Professors
A. Liautard, John A. W. Dollar, W. L. Williams, and L. A.

INTRODUCTION. 9

Merillat for their courteous assistance and advice; Mr. J. T.
Jolley for his painstaking care in making the drawings, and
all others who have in any way assisted me in my efforts to fur-
nish the profession with a book on Restraint of Domestic Ani-
mals, which appeals to me as in a manner filling a long felt
want in American veterinary literature.

Geoege R. White.

PART L

Restraint of the Horse in the
Standing Posture.

CHAPTEK I.

TWITCHES, GAGS AND BARNACLES.

The Twitch.

If every practicing veterinarian in the civilized world was
asked to name the first and most important factor in confining
a horse in the standing posture, their unanimous answer would
be "a well made and properly applied twitch." The twitch
as a means of subjection or restraint, is as ancient as the
domesticated horse himself. Since its introduction it has been
used with excellent and satisfactory results ; although brutal
in principle, it is the veterinary surgeon's most valuable asset
against injury.

It is almost universally applied to the upper lip; however,
in rare instances it is placed on the lower lip and ear. It is
applied by grasping lip through loop of the twitch, and is tight-
ened by rotating the handle. It acts by squeezing the lip until
sufiicient pain is produced to detract the animal's attention from
the seat of operation. To use more force in this squeezing
process than is necessary is inhuman, besides rough handling
of the twitch or bearing on it too long will often cause labial
paralysis.

The twitch diverts the animal's attention by compressing
the sensory nerves of the lip. The ordinary rope and stich
twitch, Figure 1, is one of the simplest and most inexpensive

Fig. 1. Ordinary Rope and Stick Twitch.

forms. It is made In' simply boring a round hole (c) in a
stick (a), preferably hard wood, about one inch from the end.

H

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

When the hole is made, insert a piece of rope or sash cord (b) ;
this may vary in diameter from !/§ to i/o inch, and in length
from 10 to 20 inches. Tie ends of rope or cord together and
the twitch is completed.

Another rope and stick twitch, Figure 2, can be easily made

by boring an oblong hole (e)
^in a piece of hard w^ood (a)
similar to that used in Fig.
1. Use same diameter and
Fig. 2, Ordinary Rope and Stick length sash cord or rope (b)
^' ^ ■ as is used in Figure 1. In-

stead of tying ends of rope together they are inserted through
hole (e) on each side and are retained in place by a simple
knot on each end (d) (c).

Ring Ttuitch.
The ring twitch, Figure 3, consists of a metal ring (b) and

Ring Twitch.

Triangle Twitch.

TWITCHES, GAGS AND BAKNACLES.

15

piece of rope (a). This ring may vary in diameter from 4 to
6 inches. Into the ring is tied the piece of rope or sash c-^rd
(a). This cord may vary in diameter from Ys ^ V2 inch, and
in length from 8 to 18 inches. This makes a neat and liglit
twitch, and one which can be folded np and carried conveniently
ill an ordinary inslrnment grip or satchel.

Triangular Twitch.

The triangular twitch, Figure 4, is made similar to the ring
twitch, Figure 3, except instead of a metal ring the piece of
metal in shape of a triangle (b) is used into which the rope or
cord (a) is tied.

Miles' TivitcJi.

The Mile^

Fig. 5. Miles'
Twitch.

twitch. Figure 5, was designed and first used
by ^'Farmer" Miles. It is made from a piece
of hickory or other tough and hard wood 18
inches long, % inch thick, and 2 inches wide
(a). A metal rivet (h) is inserted near the
end. An oblong hole is bored to carry rope
(e). Another hole (d) is bored about 3 inches
from the small end of stick to carry strap or
rope (b) (c). The rope (e) can vary in
diameter from l^ to % inches, in length from
12 to 20 inches. Insert ends of rope through
hole and retain in place by tying knots (f)

Tlie Miles twitch, Figiire 6, is applied and
used in the ordinary way, with the exception
that the twitch stick (e) is fastened up to side
of halter (a) by straps or ropes (c) (b). Fig-
ure G. This dispenses with holding the twitch
])y lumd. This is a convenient as well as an
effectual method of using the twitch.

i6

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The rope and stick twitch

Fig. 6. Miles' Twitch Applied.

with metal bound head,
Figure 7, is more sub-
stantial than either of
those described and illus-
trated above. The stick
(a) should be heavy and
strong, size and shape to
suit the operator. Spaces
should be hollow^ed out of
head under the metal band
to accommodate rope or
sash cord (f) (e). A
metal band (g) (d) is
shrunk around head of

twitch stick. A round hole is bored four inches from head
(c) (b). The rope (f) (e) may vary in diameter from % to

Fig. 7. Rope and Stfck Twitch Metal Bound Head.

% inch, and in length from 18 to 22 inches, and are fastened
together at side of head of twitch (c).

Ball and Chain Twitch.

Figure 8 consists of a
piece of % to i/o inch twisted
link chain 10 to 12 inches
long attached to piece of iron
at one end, and upon the
other end is a ball, as shown
in the illustration. This
makes a good twitch, and one
easy to apply. But on ac-
count of its rigidity it must
be used with care and dis-
cretion.

Fig. 8. Ball and Chain Twitch.

TWITCHES, GAGS AND BARNACLES.

17

Another form of iron and chain twitch, Figure 9, is strong
and durable. It is preferred by some operators, while by
others it is condemned. The
hand piece is simply a flat
piece of iron hammered into
proper shape. After shaping
the metal two holes are
drilled through it to accom-

Fig. 9. Iron and Chain Twitch.

modate the t^visted link

chain. The chain may be the same diameter and length as
the one used in Figure 8. This same pattern of twitch may be
made of wood for handle instead of metal, and horse-hair rope,
sash cord, or common rope instead of chain.

Fig. 10. Rope Loop and Short Stick Twitch.

The rope loop
and short stick
twitch. Figure 10,
consists of a piece of
rope or sash cord
varying in diameter
from Yg to % inch,
and in length from
12 to 20 inches. The
bends are tied togeth-
er, A round stick
(a) from 8 to 20
inches long is used
to complete this
twitch.

The Gag.

The "gag" has been used since time immemorial as a means
of subjection and restraint. Although seldom used now by the

i8

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 11. Loop and Rope G)ag.

American veterinarian, its use is continued by many practi-
tioners of central Europe. Unless used with extreme caution
lacerations of the lips and con-
tusions of the "poll" are liable
to occur. The gag should al-
ways be used and removed as
quickly as possible.

The loop and rope gag.
Figure 11, consists of a rope or
sash cord which may vary in
diameter from 1/4 to ^2 ii^ch,
and in length from 5 to 10 feet.
To apply this form of gag it is
only necessary to place rope in
mouth (a), then pass looped
end (d) over poll (c) ; now
carry rope (b) through loop

(d), and make the desired tension by pulling on free end of
rope (b).

Rope and short stick gag. Figure 12, is made by tying both

ends of a rope together
the proper size to fit a
horse, somewhat similar
to an ordinary bridle
(a) ; then with a round
piece of wood (c) 6 to
8 inches long, placed
between rope and cheek,
make traction by twist-
ing at side of cheek (b)
until the desired ten-
sion is obtained. The
diameter of the rope or sash cord used should be same as that
described in Figure 11.

Fig. 12. Rope and Short Stick Gag.

TWITCHES, GAGS AND BARNACLES.

19

Fig. 13.

Long Stick Gag,

The rope and long stick
gag, Figure 13, is made sim-
ilar to that of Figure 12 ex-
cept the piece of wood (a)
should be from 10 to 18 inches
long. Insert the stick at side
of cheek (b) and twist until de-
sired tension is obtained. The
free end of stick can then be
tied to rope (c) at side of
face.

Barnacles.

Barnacles are made of either metal or wood. They con-
sist of two pieces hinged together at one end and so shaped at
the free ends as to make them easily and quickly brought to-
gether so that they can be "fixed" securely by cord or other
means. The barnacle answers the same purpose as either the
twitch or gag. It is more severe in its effects, and should al-
ways be used with
discretion. The
wooden barnacle,
Figure 14, con-
sists of two round
pieces of hard
wood 1 1/2 inches

in diameter and 15 inches long, into which notches or circular
ridges are cut to come in contact with the lip. These cause
pain as well as prevent the appliance from slipping off the lip.
They are hinged at one end by means of a piece of rope or
cord. To apply this barnacle the lip is grasped and the free
ends of the stick brought together until desired pressure on
lip is obtained ; then the free ends of sticks are tied together
with cord.

Fig. 14. Wooden Barnacle.

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Metal barnacle, Figure 15, consists of two pieces of metal

with their approx-
imating edges flat-
tened and hinged
together. On the
distal end of one
of these pieces of

Fig. 15. Metal Barnacle.

metal a ring is placed to fit into notches on the corresponding
end of the other. To apply this barnacle, Figure 16, the nose

Fig. 16. Metal Barnacle Applied.

should be grasped and the metal pieces forced together until
the desired tension is secured. The ring (c) is then locked in
the appropriate notch (a).

Fig. 17. Subjection by Grasping Nose and Twisting Ear.

TWITCHES, GAGS AND BARNACLES.

Other Simple Methods of Subjection.

To liriiily grasp the nose (b) with the left hand, Figure lY,
and simply twisting or compressing the ear (c) w^ith the right
hand will oftentimes prove to be sufficient restraint for exam-
ination and minor operation.

Fig. 18. Rope or Cord Held Tightly Around Lower Jaw.

Figure IS represents a rope or cord (b) passed into the
mouth (a) and held tightly around lower jaw (c). This will

oftentimes enable the op-
erator to examine and op-
erate upon many animals
without resorting to other
methods of restraint.

To simply "blindfold"
or cover the head, Fignre
19, will cause many ner-
vous and sometimes vicious
animals to stand without
resorting to other more
complicated or painful

Fig. 19. Subjection by Blindfold. methods.

CHAPTEK 11.

RESTRAINT OE "wAE BRIDLEs" AND HALTERS.

The Restraint or "War Bridle."

As a means of restraint and subjection of animals which
are of a certain nervous or vicious temperament, the "war
bridle" is far superior to the twitch or any other appliance.
This device has been in successful use for many years by some
of the world's most famous "horse tamers." It is oftentimes
indispensable in handling certain animals. When properly
applied, correctly adjusted and judiciously used there can come
no bad results from its application. When the nervous and
vicious character of some animals is taken into consideration,
its use on them, even from a humanitarian viewpoint, is amply
justified. The "war bridle" can be modified in a variety of
ways to increase its power and efficiency. Experience, good
judgment and extreme care are the three attributes necessary
on the part of the operator to handle the "war bridle" suc-
cessfully.

To make a good "war bridle" it is necessary to use rope
or sash cord of first-class quality, varying in size from 5-16 to
%-inch in diameter, and from 15 to 24 feet in length. The
object of the "war bridle" is to cause pain by pressure on the
spinal cord at its most exposed part, which is immediately over
the axoat^loid articulation, at the same time tension is brought
on cheeks at corners of mouth by traction on free end of cord.
This also causes excruciating pain, thereby bringing the ani-
mal under immediate and thorough control. If properly used
it is certainly a powerful and valuable method of restraint.

KESTRAINT OR "wAR BRIDLEs" AND HALTERS.

23

Gleasons "Wai^ Bridle."
The bridle of
Gleason, Figure
20, is one of 4lie
simplest of war
bridles. After se-
curing sash cord
or rope of proper
diameter and
length, the rope is
passed around the
neck (d) and tied
securely (c). It
is then passed into
and through the
mouth (a) to the

opposite side and over the poll (e) and back again (f), after
which the pull or traction is made from end of rope (b).

Fig. 20. Gleason's "War Bridle."

Eureha "War Bridle.

Fig. 21. Eureka "War Bridle."

The Eureka "war
bridle," Figure 21, is
made and applied by
tying the rope (g) (f)
around the neck well
posterior to the "poll."
Xext pass rope (c) to
right side of face and
through the mouth.
Then pass rope (a) (b)
back through loop
around neck (d) and
make traction on free
end of rope (e).

24

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 22. Bonapart "War Bridle."

Bonaparte "War Bridle."

The Bonaparte "war
bridle," Figure 22, is one
of the most popular and
widely used "war bridles"
that has ever been de-
signed. It is also known
as the double draw-hitch
bridle. It gives at least
three times more power
than any other form of
"war bridle," and is es-
pecially useful in handling
and controlling large, pow-
erful and vicious animals. To make this appliance the cord
(d) is tied securely around neck (c). Then bring the cord
from below upwards. ISTow pass it over poll (e) and back
through mouth (a) thence through the loop (F) and make trac-
tion from free end of rope. If desired to secure still more
power the cord may be placed under the upper lip instead of
though the mouth.

Magners "AYar Bridle."

The Magner "war
*bridle," Figure 23,
is made by simply
making loop (a)
around lower jaw
and through mouth,
after which pass free
end of cord upward
on oif-side of head
and over "poll"
(b) ; then downward
through loop (a) and
make traction from
free end of rope (c)

Fig. 23. Magner's "War Bridjea

RESTRAINT OR WAR BRIDLES AND HALTERS.

25

Magner's "War Bridle" Modified.

Figure 24 represents
Magner's "war bridle"
modified. This bridle is
applied by making a loop
around lower jaw (a) with
free end of rope on off-
side; then over "poll" (d)
downwards and through
loop at lower jaw; thence
under upper lip (e) back
along side face on off side
over poll again (d) down
and through loop (b). Make traction from free end of rope (c).

Fig. 24. Magner's "War Bridle"
Modified

Restraint and Dental Halters.

Devices of this character are oftentimes useful in confining
horses for minor surgical and dental operations. Inasmuch as
the head does not require additional holding, these halters
dispense with the services of at least one assistant. There are
several good and substantial halters made for this purpose.
The principal ones are as follows:

Lucas' Denial Halter.

The Lucas dental halter, Figure 25, is a very desirable
device for securing the horse's head in almost any position for

minor surgical operations
and dental work. It was de-
signed by George H. Lucas,
Veterinary Dentist, of To-
ronto, Canada, and consists
of (a) metal nose band (a)
hammered into proper shape.
This nose band is well padded
with felt or other soft mate-
rial. The nose band is con-

Fig. 25. Lucas' Dental Halter,

26

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

nected with the heavy two-inch overhead or "poll strap" (h)
by means of two 6-inch doubled and stitched straps (g). There
are two side rings into which the two side ropes or straps (e)
(f) are fastened. These side ropes or straps are fastened
securely to a post on each side of the head to prevent move-
ment of head from side to side. At bottom of nose band is a
ring (c) into which is attached the chain martingale (d). This
martingale is to fasten into a strong surcingle and prevent up-
ward motion of the head. The Lucas dental halter, when
properly adjusted, will effectually prevent the head from move-
ment to either side or upwards.

FeJirs Dental Halter.

Fehr's dental halter, Figure 26, is an effectual device for
holding the animal's head steady while performing minor sur-
gical operations about the
head, and dental work. It
is simple and light, con-
sisting of only four pieces.
The semi-circular metal
nose band is covered with
either rubber tubing or
leather. The covering is
held securely to the nose
band by metal clamps to
which are attached the
suitable rings for attach-
ment of the heavy over poll s
strap and the side ropes or Fig. 26. Fehr's Dental Halter.
straps which are to secure the head on each side to post or
sides of stall. All straps and ropes are adjustable. The appa-
ratus is readily cleaned, and on account of its lightness and
compactness may be easily transported.

KESTEAINT OR WAR BRIDLES AND HALTERS.

Ellis Combination Surgical and Dental Halter.

The Ellis combination dental and surgical halter, Figure 27,
is an appliance for fixing the head in certain positions for minor
surgical operations and dental work. This
halter possesses several original features
which arc valuable in restraining the head.
The principal feature is the "lip strap" (b)
to which the jullar or side reins (g) are at-
tached. These suspend the head at the proper
height and prevent side to side movement.
The nose band (a) is metal, non-compressi-
ble and heavilv padded. There are offsets
in the nose band which hold the cheek pieces
of the halter 21/4 to 3 inches from the cheeks
of the horse. The cheek pieces are doubled
and very strong. The "lip strap" is covered
with rubber. There is a piece of forged steel
(c) into which a substantial martingale (e)
is snapped (c). The side reins (g) are 7
feet long and can be of either sash cord,
leather or chain. The halter is made of fine
russet leather, rawhide, and metal with brass mountings.

Fig. 27. Ellis Com-
bination Maker.

Directions for Its Application.

After backing the horse into his stall in the usual manner
for work upon the teeth, drop off the stable halter and apply
the "combination" halter to the head, unbuckle the lip-strap
on one side, pass it under the upper lip over the incisor teeth
and buckle quite tight. Elevate the head by fixing the side or
pillar reins to the stall-posts on each side as high up as you can
reach ; then tighten the strap leading to the surcingle which is
provided with a buckle, thereby lowering the nose to a height
convenient to the operator. If the stall chances to be exces-
sively long, place a rope across it behind the horse before back-
ing him in, for him to rest back against, and he positively can-
not move, and you can operate upon the teeth and mouth with
an ease and precision that is most satisfying.

CHAPTER III.

EESTEAINT HARNESS AND OTHER LEATHER AND ROPE
APPLIANCES.

By the use of certain appliances made from leather and
rope we are enabled to successfully confine or restrain one, two,
or even all the legs of a horse in the standing posture. The
particular pattern of apparatus varies according to the ideas
or fancy of the individual surgeon in conjunction with the
amount and character of restraint required. Of course, it is
understood that the twitch is a necessary adjunct to all of the
following methods of restraint.

Restraint of One Foreleg.

When it is desired to confine only one
fore leg it can best be done by use of some
form of knee strap. One of the best
knee straps is represented by Figure 28.
This pattern has been used by the author
for a number of years. The straps are
both two inches wide and made from first-
class harness leather. To make them
stronger they are doubled and stitched.
The smaller strap (b) is applied between
ankle and pastern. It is securely stitched
into blank buckle (d) (e). A buckle (a)
is inserted two inches below blank buckle
(d). This strap is lined with soft leather
or lamb skin to prevent chafing. When
applied, the blank buckle (d) (e) takes
all the strain off the main buckle (a).
On the opposite side of the blank buckle
(e) (d) is applied the main strap (g)
(h), which fastens over the forearm when
Fig. 28. Author's Knee ^^ ^^^^- ^his strap is adjustable and very
Strap. satisfactory and convenient.

KESTKAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES.

29

The

r

Trashot's Knee Strap.

knee strap designed and used by Trasbot, Figure 29,
consists of a leather strap two inches
wide and four feet long (d), pierced
with a sufficient number of holes to
render it adjustable to any size horse.
At one end is a heavy blank buckle (c) ;
on one side about ten inches from the
blank buckle is a heavy and strong
buckle (a). The strap (d) running
through the buckle (c) forms a loop,
which is applied around pastern and
then wound around fore arm. It is
then fastened in the buckle (a).

I

Fig. 29. Trasbot's Knee
Strap.

Fig. 30. Foot Held by Means of Rope.

30

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Another method of holding one fore foot up, Figure 80,
is to loop a rope around pastern and have it held over the
withers (d) by an assistant. This is a safe method to the
animal on account of the rapidity w^ith which the leg can be
released.

Fig. 31. Fixing Pastern to

Forearm With Rope. Fig. 32. Hess' Knee Strap.

Another method is to simply fix pastern (a) to the fore
arm (b) as shown in Figure 31. This is a simple as well as
an inexpensive method of confining the fore leg.

Hess' Knee Strap.

The Hess knee strap, Figure 32, is made of a heavy leather
strap 2^'2 to 3 inches wide. At one end is a strong buckle.
About 8 inches below this end buckle a blank buckle is placed.
The main strap is about 36 inches long, and is applied by
looping bottom section of strap around pastern, then pass the
strap between pastern and fore arm, thence around fore arm
to buckle.

RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES.

31

Surcingle and strap method, Figure 33, is simply a surcin-
gle (d) applied tightly around chest. The strap is placed

Fig. 33. Surcingle and Strap.

around pastern (a) by means of a loop, then it is passed through
buckle (c), thence upward under surcingle (b), then down
until it reaches buckle again.

Resteaia^t of One Hind Leg.

The object of restraint or control of one hind leg is prin-
cipally to prevent kicking. However, such restraint oftentimes
has the effect of diverting the animal's attention and causing it
to remain quiet while an examination is being made or a minor
operation performed. The twitch must always be used in con-
nection with any side line method. The hind leg may be con-
trolled in a variety of ways. The principal ones are as follows :

t

Hock Twitch.

The hock twitch, Figure 34, is for the pur-
pose of preventing the animal from flexing the
liock. It is made from a heavy piece of rope 18
to 22 inches long, with a loop or opening in each
end through which a stick of wood about 11,4
inches in diameter and 12 inches long is thrust.
This twitch is placed around leg from 4 to 6
inches above the hock and tightened by rotating
the stick of wood.

g. 34.
Twitch.

32

KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The tail can be utilized in connection with restraint of one
hind leg, Figure 35. This is done by a special form of knot
which will not slip when the weight is thrown on the tail,

Fig. 35. Utilization of Tail in Restraint of
Hind Leg.

Fig. 36. Tail Knot for
Hind Leg Rope.

Figure 36. After securely fixing rope (b) to tail (a) it is
then passed through the ring (c) of hobble strap. The foot can
be raised in the backward position by making traction on free
end of the rope.

Restraining the hind leg by sideline, Figure 37, is best
done by using %-inch cotton rope ; however, manilla, or sisal
rope or webbing will answer the purpose. Loop rope around
pastern (a), the free end is then carried under chest between
fore legs ; then upward and back of shoulder on opposite side ;
thence over back (c) and down behind elbow on the side of the

RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES.

33

Fig. 37. Restraining One Hind Leg by Side Line.

leg which you desire to restrain. Draw hind leg up and make
about two wraps around the rope (b). This will prevent the
ropes from slipping. Hold free end of rope (d) with one or
both hands (e).

Fig. 38. Restraining One Hind Leg by Side Line.

34

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Another method of restraining one hind leg by side line,
Figure 38, is by tying the %-inch rope around the neck (f ) (e),
then pass rope (c) down to and around the pastern (a) which
you desire to restrain. If you use a hobble strap the rope (c)
is simply passed through the ring. Raise foot by making
traction on free end of rope (d). Fix rope to prevent slipping
by making one or two wraps (b).

Restraining one hind leg by means of surcingle and rope
is done by (Figure 39) wrapping rope (b) (d) twice around
fore legs below elbows, then fix by tying. Now bring rope upward

Fig. 39. Restraining One Hind Leg by IVIeans of Surcingle and Rope.

through ring in surcingle (c) ; then pass rope downward and
backward to pastern of leg which you desire to restraiu. If
hobble strap is used pass rope through ring. If no hobble strap
is used simply wrap the rope around pastern (e), raise
foot by making traction on rope (f).

Merillat's side line. Figure 40, consists of a hobble strap,
a %-inch rope 20 feet long,, and a special leather collar. The
rope is attached to the bottom of collar (c). Collar is then put
on horse, after which carry rope (d) down to and through

RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES.

35

hobble ring (f), then upward (e) through hole in collar (a) ;
by making traction on rope (g) the foot is lifted and held off
the floor. The advantage of this method is that should the
aninuil lunge or fall, the leg may be released instantaneously.

Fig. 40. Merillat's Single Side Line.

Another method of securing the hind leg, Figure 41, is by
tying rope around neck with knot over withers; then carry

Fig. 41. Restraining One Hind Leg in Backward Position.

rope back to and around root of tail ; thence downward to
pastern ; then back through hobble ring. Make traction on

36

KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

free end of rope and the foot will be lifted from floor. By
this method the weight is thrown almost entirely on the hips
and back.

The German method of restraining one hind leg, Figure 42,
is by first applying a heavy leather collar (h) (g). Then slip
leather strap or rope loop (d) over tail. ISTow carry tail
through loop in crupper strap (e) and fasten crupper strap

Fig. 42. German Method of Restraining One Hind Leg.

(f) to collar (g). Tie rope around neck with knot in front
of chest (i) ; then carry rope between fore legs to and through
ring (a) in hobble strap. Kow carry rope up to and through
loop (b) and make traction from free end of rope.

Another method of restraining one hind leg. Figure 43, is
by looping rope or strap around leg above ankle (a) ; then carry
rope or strap (b) upward to the opposite side and around chest

RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES.

37

(e) (d). Then twist or wrap the rope around the other rope
(b) behind elbow (c) and make traction on free end of rope (f ).

Fig. 43. Restraining One Hind Leg.

To restrain the leg in backward position, Figure 44, the
rope is tied around neck (c) (d) with knot about middle of

Fig. 44. Restraining Leg in Backward Position.

38

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

shoulder (b) ; then carry rope (a) downward to and through
hobble ring (f). Instead of making traction forward the pull
is made from behind. This raises foot and draws it backward.
When using this method it is best to have an assistant to
support the animal.

Another method of restraining the hind leg, Figure 45, is to
buckle heavy surcingle (a) around horse; then loop rope around
ankle (d) and fix it there in such a manner as to prevent the
rope from slipping. Now pass one free end (c) through ring

^\x^

Fig. 45. Securing One Hind Leg Forward.

of surcingle (b) on top of back; then carry rope (e) backwards
to and through tail loop (f). Make traction on front rope (j)
to raise foot and draw it forward. Then make traction on
back rope (g). In this position the animal is unable to move
the leg either forward or backward.

Restraint of Both Hind Legs.

The purpose of restraining both hind legs is to prevent the
animal from kicking. This method of restraint is demanded

KESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES.

39

principally for breeding purposes. Restraint of this character
will prevent a mare from injury to stallion during service,
besides it is useful to the surgeon in making examinations and
in performing operations upon the posterior parts of an animal.

The German appa-
ratus, Figure 46, is for
the purpose of prevent-
ing kicking by lifting
or raising both hind
legs off the floor. Two
pieces of metal are
made — one to fit over
root of tail (e), the
other to have loop near
end of tail (d). Be-
tween these two metal
parts are several
strands of rope (f). A
heavy strap is fastened
around each hind leg,
between the hock and
stifle (d) (a). By
means of a block and
tackle (b) (c) the hind
quarters are lifted suf-
ficientlv to get the hind

feet clear of the floor ^'^- ^^- G^'""^^" Apparatus for Lifting

leeL eiedr oi me noor. Hind Legs off the Floor.

Wocher's Service Hohhles.

These hobbles. Figure 47, will prevent kicking in every
instance. They can be quickly applied and easily removed.
They are made of good leather and rope and are strong, safe
and durable. The parts are a heavy leather collar to the
bottom of which is two doubled and stitched leather straps.
These straps are punched with a sufficient number of buckle

40

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

tongue holes to render them thoroughly adjustable. To the
two front straps are buckled the connecting rope from hobble
rings.

Fig. 47. Wocher's Service Hobbies.

The Ewell Farm Service or Anti-Kicking Hobbles, Figure
48, are made by using a 4-inch leather collar (1) t<o which is
securely fastened (k) the main strap. This strap passes be-
tween the fore legs to connect with the main buckle (i). The
main strap is 2 inches wide and contains a sufficient number of
buckle tongue holes to render it adjustable for any size animal.
On each hock are two straps (c) (b) fastened at each end to a
ring (a). These two rings are brought together and fastened
into a heavy snap (e) (d). A 1-inch rope (f) running through
a wooden pulley (g) connects the two heavy snaps which carry
hock straps or hobbles. The main buckle (i) is fastened to the

KESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APrLIANCES.

41

pulley (g). By means of this arrangement the animal is
enabled to walk or move in almost any direction; however,
kicking is rendered impossible.

Fig. 48. Ewell Farm Service or Anti-Kicking Hobbles.

The rope and hobble method of restraining both hind legs,
Figure 49, is easily and quickly applied. It is very effectual
in prohibiting kicking. This device is made by applying a
hobble strap to each hind pastern (a) (b). Connect the two
hobble strap rings by means of a rope (c). This rope is then
passed upward and forward between fore legs; thence upward
on outside of shoulder on opposite side, and back over withers
(f) ; then down and around rope (d) behind elbow. The free
end of rope (g) is held by an assistant.

42

eesteaint of domestic animals.
Restraint of All Four Legs.

We are called upon to restrain all four legs to prevent kick-
ing as well as to prevent striking or pawing. This means of
restraint oftentimes takes the place of stocks for restraint in
the standing posture.

Fig. 49. Rope and Hobble Method of Restraining Both Hind Legs.

Weh and Rope Method.

This appliance, Figure 50,. when used properly, will effect-
ually prevent an animal from using either of its four legs.
The web rope should be made from either manila or sisal fiber.
The total length should be from 22 to 25 feet. Begin with a
heavy ring (c) and make the first 14 feet of web (d) 4 inches
wide. The next 8 to 11 feet should be rope (a) (e) %-inch in

RESTRAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 43

Fig. 50. Web and Rope Apparatus.

Fig. 51. Web and Rope — Plate Longe Applied to all Four Legs.

44

RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

diameter; at the end of this rope is attached another heavy
ring (b). This apparatus is applied by carrying the rope
around the horse immediately above hocks and knees. After
making it snug and tense against all four legs it is tied together
at ring in the web end; the rope end is now carried over back
and tied into web part on the opposite side ; then carried under
abdomen and tied in the ring or web end of rope.

Fig. 52. Morgan's Method of Restraining Ail Four Legs.

Figure 51 will give a comprehensive idea of the proper
way to apply and use the web and rope apparatus illustrated
in Figure 50. This apparatus is applied by beginning with
the rope on near side of horse about opposite the chest; pass
it forward across the forearm of that side ; then in front below
breast (d) across forearm of off side; thence backward across
thigh (b) well above hock; then pass it back of animal across
other thigh to the starting point. It is here made secure. To

EESTKAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES.

45

prevent it from slipping down the end of rope is thrown over
back (c) and secured by a knot.

Morgan's Method.

The Morgan Method, Fignre 52, is manipulated by means
of surcingle, rope and two hobble straps. The rope should be
l/o-inch in diameter and 20 to 25 feet long. Begin by attach-
ing rope to hobble strap of near fore leg (a), pass upward 1x)
and through ring (c) in surcingle; then backward above hocks

Fig. 53. Rope Method of Restraining All Four Legs.

(g) to and through ring in surcingle of opposite side; thence
down to hobble ring of left fore (b) leg. The rope is now
carried back to and through surcingle ring. Traction sufficient
to prevent kicking is brought on free end of rope (f).

Rope Method.

To apply the rope method, Figure 53, two %-inch to %-inch
cotton, manila or sisal ropes, each 15 feet long, are necessary.

46

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Loop the ropes to each hind pastern (a) (f), or, if hobble straps
are available, the ropes are fastened into the hobble rings. Then
carry ropes (c) (d) upward, behind elbows (e) (h) ; thence
from within outward under the preceding part of rope (e)
and upward (g) over withers (k). The two ropes are then
tied together (i), which completes the rigging.

Galvayne Method.

The Galvayne method of restraining all four legs of the
horse, Figure 54, is by means of a single rope of the proper
size and length. This rope is looped or wrapped around both

Fig. 54. Galvayne Method of Restraining All Four Legs.

hind pasterns (c) ; then pass rope (b) upward to and over
withers (j) ; then down below elbow on opposite side; thence
several times around both forelegs, at the same time taking in
the main part of rope (b) immediately behind the elbow (a).
This appliance will effectually prohibit kicking and striking.

EESTKAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES.

47

Hippo Lasso.

Ej means of the Hippo Lasso, or Equine Straight Jacket,
nervous and even vicious animals may in a short time be ren-
dered docile and safe. There are several different designs of
the Hippo Lasso ; however, the result obtained by use of either
one of them is the same. To prevent being kicked the hippo
lasso is sometimes used preparatory to applying hobbles.

Fig. 55. Galvayne Method of Restraining All Four Legs.
(The Galvayne "Straight Jacket.")

Galvayne s Rope Hippo Lasso.

The rope hippo lasso of Galvayne, Figure 55, will effectually
confine all four legs of a horse, in the standing posture, with a
single rope. It is possible to put this apparatus on vicious
horses, even those which are wild and unbroken. It can be
applied without injury to the animal or danger to the operator.
As a means of subjection and restraint this equine straight
jacket of Galvayne is second to none.

48

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 56. Raabe's and Lunel's Hippo-Lasso.

Fig. 57. Hippo-Lasso Applied.

KESTKAINT HARNESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 49

Raabe's and LuneVs Hippo Lasso.

The hippo lasso of Kaabe and Liinel, Figure 56, is com-
posed of two principal parts, viz. : breast collar and breeching
strap. These are joined together by two long side straps (e)
(d). The breeching is suspended by a leather strap (g). This
strap is buckled on each side to the breeching strap (b) (c).
The breast collar (i) is also suspended by a similar strap (h)
and is attached on each side by buckles (j) (k). The over-
neck strap (h) and over-hip strap (g) are connected by an
adjustable back strap (g) (f).

Fig. 58. Hippo-Lasso in Action.

Figure 57 represents the hippo lasso applied. The breast
strap (b) is dropped down between knee and elbow. The
breeching strap (a) (k) is dropped down between hock and
stifle. The breeching and breast straps are suspended by over
withers strap (i) and over back strap (h).

Figure 58 represents the hippo lasso in action. Tension

50 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

is being made on long side straps (c) (d) and the breecliing
band is being brought firmly against the hind legs of the horse.

Belmont Bider Ha7"ness.

The Belmont rider harness, Figure 59, is a heavy and strong
hippo lasso. It is adjustable in all directions and affords a

Fig. 59. Belmont Rider Harness.

convenient and safe method of restraining a horse in the stand-
ing posture.

Gleasons Restraint Harness.

The restraint harness, Figure 60, is a pattern of leather
hippo lasso used by O. R. Gleason, The whole apparatus is
made of leather without buckles. The breast collar (a) which
drops down almost to knees is 8 inches wide. The breeching
strap (b) is 6 inches wide and drops down almost to hocks. The

EESTRAINT HAENESS AND OTHER APPLIANCES. 51

Fig. 60. Gleason's Restraint Harness or Hippo^Lasso.

withers strap (h) and hip strap (d) are connected by a back
strap (g). These withers and hip straps support the breast and
breeching straps. Two straps on each side run from breeching
strap to rings in the breast strap and connect these two parts.
The straps are all adjustable and are "fixed" by knots.

CHAPTER IV.

STOCKS.

With some operators the stocks are a favorite apparatus for
restraint of the horse in the standing posture. Other opera-
tors, equally as competent and experienced, are severe in their
condemnation of the stocks as a means of restraint. In my
opinion there are good reasons for both of these conflicting
opinions. Some animals cannot and should not be confined in
the stocks ; some operations cannot and should not be attempted
with the stocks as the only means of restraint. Some forms of
stocks are worse than worthless, while other models are very
desirable. Properly constructed stocks are safe and sane ad-
juncts to any veterinary operating room. AVe must all admit
that accidents to the operator and patient do sometimes occur
whenever and wherever stocks are used ; but on the other hand,
we are forced to admit that accidents sometimes occur to the
operator and the patient when any of the other methods of
restraint are used. The knee straj), side line, hobbles, casting
harness and operating table all have their objections, l^one of
them afford us perfect means of restraint. Accidents some-
times occur when using all or any one of them. Admitting
that the above in regard to other means of restraint is true,
then how can any one be justified in severely condemning the
stocks. The stocks afford a quick and easy means of restraint.
Without hesitation an animal is placed in the stocks ; they are
labor savers, time savers, and by utilizing the stock one assistant
can successfully confine or restrain a patient for many minor
and even some major operations.

The Barcus Stochs.

The Barcus stocks. Figure 61, is the product of an unique
and original idea of restraint in the standing posture. It is
especially useful in shoeing and operations on the soles of the
feet. The frame of this stock is triangular in shape, which ren-
ders it exceedingly strong. The two sides of the frame (f) (e)

STOCKS.

53

are separate and hinged to the wall. When not in use they
are open wide apart and swing back against the wall. The body
girth (g) is made of heavy canvas or cotton belting, and when
tightened by the ratchet it lifts the horse partly off the floor.
This body girth is 32 inches wide. By means of the automatic
self-adjusting foot clamp (a) the foot of any wild, vicious or
nervous horse can be grasped, secured, and held in any position

Fig. 61, Barcus Stocks.

with perfect safety to the operator. The castings are all mal-
leable and are dijfficult to break. In placing a horse in this
stock the head is tied to the wall, after which simply bring
the two swinging sides of the stock together until they are
against the horse. The forward movement of the animal is
limited by a rope breast band which fastens by a cam. Lying
down is prevented by the body girth which is tightened by a
crank (k). The apparatus for controlling the foot consists of

54

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

a sliding or lifting bar, on the lower end of whicli is the auto-
matic foot clamp. The sliding bar can be raised and locked at
any desired height and then swung either forward or backward
carrying the foot with it. On the side of the sliding or lifting
bar is a rack, the cogs of which receive the locking bolt. It is
constructed with an automatic self-locking, self-adjusting foot
clamp, pivotly connected to the lower end of the sliding bar.
With the automatic foot clamp the surgeon is in no danger of
receiving a kick while fastening it to the foot. This clamp is
self-adjusting and fits around any size pastern. The machine
is provided with four supporting plates securely bolted to the
frame immediately beside each leg of the horse, to these
are locked, absolutely solid, the foot-handling device which is
constructed in such a manner that the foot can be instantly
released by simply raising the locking pall which unfastens

Fig. 62. McKillip Veterinary College Stocks.

STOCKS. 55

the foot device and same can be as quickly adjusted and locked
at either of the other supporting plates.

McKillip Veterinary College Stocks.

The stocks used at the McKillip Veterinary College, Figure
62, are strong and convenient. With them an animal can be

Fig. 63. McKillip Veterinary College Stocks with Horse
Secured — Side View.

properly secured in the standing posture. They are made by
securing four corner posts (6x8 inches) to both floor and ceil-
ing. About 3 I/O feet from the floor these posts are sawed out to

56 'EESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

accommodate the main (3x8-incli) side timbers. These side
timbers are cut out, both in front (i) and behind (e), to accom-
modate the (3x8-inch) bars which are placed against the breast
in front and hips behind. The girths (f) (g) are wide and
made of heavy canvas or wide belting. The back straps (h)

Fig. 64. McKillip Veterinary College Stocks — Side and Rear View.

(i) are also strong and made of the same material as that used
in the girths. Figure 63 represents a side view of the stocks
with a horse secured therein. It will be observed that the
head is made fast on each side to the front corner posts of the
stocks. The two girths (b) (c) are buckled under the abdomen.
The two back straps are buckled on the opposite side. These
prevent the animal from either lying down or rearing up, and

STOCKS.

57

^^^^^^^^^^

Fig. 65. McKillip Veterinary College Stocks — Rear View.

58

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

the cross bars prevent forward or backward movement. All parts
are well padded on inside.

Figure 64 represents the rear and side view of the McKillip
stocks. It will be observed that the cross bar behind the horse
can be removed and the animal backed against the cross bar (s)
on outside of rear corner posts. This places the posterior parts
of the animal in an accessible position for examination and
operation. The last mentioned position is especially conve-
nient for all tail, rectal and vaginal operations.

Figure 65 represents rear view of the McKillip stocks and
is self-explanatory. One advantage the McKillip stock has
over many others is that by removing the three cross bars an
animal may be led through the stock and back again, thereby
dispensing with the troublesome practice of "backing them" in.

Fig. 66. Ordinary Wooden Stock.

STOCKS.

59

Another advantage is that there is no obstruction between the
operator and the legs and feet of the animal.

Ordinary Wooden Stocks.

Figure 66 represents an ordinary wooden stock. It is made
bv fastening four corner posts (Gx6 inches) securely to the
floor (a) (b) (h). The wooden timbers (i) (j) (k) (1) (m)
(n) are firmly nailed or bolted to the corner posts. The horse
is led into the stocks and the halter rein fastened to one of the
four corner posts (o). A rope from the floor ring (d) is carried
over withers (e) and back across to bottom of opposite post (c)
and there secured.

s:idL

Fig. 67. Vinsot's Stocks.

E. Vinsofs Stocks.

The apparatus designed and used by E. Vinsot, Figure 67,
is so arranged that the animal may, after being confined therein.

6o

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

be operated upon either in the standing or recumbent posture.
The corner posts on one side are hinged at their bottom. By this
hinge arrangement the stocks are turned down to almost the
horizontal position.

The frame of this stock is made of metal and equipped with
a body girth (a) similar to that of the ordinary sling. Thi?
body girth is suspended by chains (c) (b), which are attached
to the iron beam above. Traction on these chains is made by
a ratchet windlass (q) which at the same time tightens the chain
to which the hobble rings (e) (m) (n) (o) are attached. The
horizontal bar (i) is removable in order to place the animal in
the stock. The head is fixed on each side to the front upright
corner posts. A leather strap (g) is attached to the body girth
and passes between the hind legs and fastens into chain above to

Fig. 68. Peuch and Toussaint's Stocks.

STOCKS.

6l

62

RESTRAINT OF DO]\rESTIC ANIMALS.

STOCKS. 63

support the hind quarters. The Vinsot stock is the beginning
of the John A, W. Dollar operating table. The Dollar table
has during recent years been improved and perfected by the
Bradwood Manufacturing Company, and is now known and sold
in America as the Bradwood Humane Equine Operating Table.
These tables are illustrated and described in Part II, Chap-
ter III.

Peuch and Toussaint's Stocks.

The stocks described by Peuch and Toussaint, Figure 68,
are satisfactory in many respects. The cut is self-explanatory.
It will be observed that these stocks are built upon a strong
wooden floor, which renders them portable. They are easily
moved to any desired place in the hospital or operating room.

New York State Veterinary College Metal Stocks.

Figures 69 and 70 will give the surgeon a good general idea
of the metal stocks now in use at the New York State Veteri-
nary College. These stocks were designed and perfected by
Prof. W. L. Williams and were manufactured and installed
under his supervision. They are strong, neat, attractive and
satisfactory. They are as near sanitary as it is possible for
stocks to be made. By using this form of stocks almost every
part of the animal is accessible. The unique and original
method of applying the girths and back strap is especially
attractive. These stocks are made almost entirely of tubular
steel of a large and strong size. The steel tubing is joined
together by elbows and threaded connections. These tight and
strong joints make the apparatus rigid and substantial.

Australian "Crush."

The Australian "Crush," Figure 71, is simply a "pen" or
"chute" into which wild and vicious horses are driven in order
to catch them. It is made high enough to prevent the animal
from jumping out, and narrow enough to make it impossible
for him to turn around. An outfit of this kind is particularly
convenient where a large number of unbroken "range horses"
are to be caught and handled.

64

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

CHAPTER V.

Slings.

Slings are useful appliances for restraint in the standing
posture. The stock is often supplanted by a good strong sling
in conjunction with some one of the several methods of re-
straining one or more legs. By means of the sling the animal's
body is supported. If the head is held properly it is impossible
for the animal to turn from side to side or to move either back-
ward or forward.

Fig. 72. H. & D. Sling.

66 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

H. & D. Sling.

The H. & D. sling represented in Figure 72 is made with
a heavy sail canvas body girth (a) to which is attached the
breeching straps (g) and breast harness (f). This canvas body
girth is supported by and attached to a whiffletree (n). A block

Fig. 73. An American Sling.

and tackle is attached to the whiffletree in its center by means
of a hook. By this block and tackle (o) (p) sufficient tension
can be made on the body girth to support the animal.

Figure 73 represents an American sling which is similar in

SLINGS.

67

most respects to that shown in Figure 72. The main difference
is that the breeching (k) and breast harness (b) are padded
or lined with soft leather or canvas. This makes them wider
and less liable to chafe the animal.

The sling represented in Figure 74 is made extra heavy
witli wide canvas body girth. The breeching and breast har-

Fig. 74. Sling for Large Horses.

ness are wide canvas and are leather bound. It is made heavy
and large throughout for use on large animals. The body girth
(a) is three-ply canvas 3 feet long, bound and stitched, with
2-inch leather. Breeching (c) and breast collar (b) are 8
inches wide and made of leather, covered with canvas and lined
throughout with lambskin. The straps are supplied with heavy
snaps. The breeching and breast collar straps are connected

68

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

to center of whiffletree by means of IV^-inch leather straps with
snaps on each end. ^

The German sling, Figure 75, is in several respects similar
to those of Figure 73 and Figure 74. The, body belt (a) is

Fig. 75. German Sling.

to theholKl/f .?"""* ''""'''■• ^"•"P^- They are attached
to the body belt, both anterior (1) and posterior (m). Five

SLINGS.

69

heavy straps (d) (c) merge together at the whiffletree and con-
nect the body with the whiffletree. An iron or wooden bar (e)
runs lengthwise of the horse. By this bar the tail (j) and head
(f) are supported.

Fig. 76. Marsch's Sling.

Marsch's sling, Figure 76, is similar to those illustrated and
described above, except that the body (a) is connected with the
wooden or iron supporting piece (j) by means of a rope lace.
This makes the sling body adjustable, which is an advantage in
some instances.

70

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The Frencli sling, Figure 77, is neat and light. The body
belt (a) is made of canvas. The breeching (n) (m) and breast
harness (g) (j) (h) are web. Four iron rods (r) (s) (q) (p),

Fig. 77. French Sling.

one from each corner of body belt, merge together and fasten
into a ring to which the block and tackle is attached. The sling
body is attached in front (i) to a martingale strap. This strap
prevents the sling from slipping backward.

PART II.

Restraint of the Horse in the
Recumbent Posture

PART 11.

Restraint of the Hoese in the Recumbent Posture.

"When deciding whether or not it is necessary to cast and
secure a horse for operation or other purpose, the surgeon should
carefully consider the temperament, the physical condition ot" tLe
animal, the length of time restraint will be required, the pain-
fulness and character of the operation, the part or organ to be
invaded, and last, but by no means least, the physical ability
and qualification of the operator. As a general proposition it is
always advisable to cast and secure animals for painful or long
continued major surgical operations. Kervous, highly bred and
vicious animals should be cast and securely confined. When it
has been decided to cast the animal we should, first of all, care-
fully survey the surroundings and select the most satisfactory
location. Of course circumstances and existing conditions play
an important role in making our selection. When the weather
will permit the operation being performed out of doors, there
is no place better adapted than an open field or la^vn. It is
here that we have ample room to manipulate our restraint
technique without interruption. When we have selected the
location the next problem which confronts us is the "casting
bed." The ideal operating mat or mattress is a plot of green
grass grown upon smooth ground. Always avoid the manure
heap or the "rotten straw pile" whenever possible. They are
both hotbeds of all forms of bacterial growth and are directly
responsible for many cases of fatal septic infections. If we are
forced to cast an animal inside of doors, then we must make
the best of our misfortune and get busy in devising means and
methods to best overcome that handicap. Select the place — be
it hallway, stall or operating room — where the most room is
available. Then a proper bed must be prepared. This may be
done by the use of tanbark, soft wood shavings, straw, hay, excel-
sior, sawdust, etc., or a specially constructed mattress or pad
may be used. The next proposition which confronts us is what
particular form of hobble or casting harness it is advisable to

74 EESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

use in this particular case. We have the hobble, casting har-
ness, and the equine operating table from which to make our
selection. Each have their disadvantages as well as their ad-
vantages. The method selected or employed must depend large-
ly upon the circumstances and surroundings encountered in each
individual case. The temperament, size, strength, age and
conformation of the animal must each receive due considera-
tion. Then the location of the field of operation, the length
of time required to operate, number and ability of assistants,
value of the animal, and means of restraint available are all
to be considered. To avoid rupture or dislocation of important
internal abdominal organs it is best to prepare the patient before
casting. This is done by withholding water and food for from
twelve to twenty-four hours. When we once undertake the
task of casting and confining the animal it should be completed
with dispatch. Do it quickly, avoid accident unless same is
unavoidable, and, above all things else for the personal safety
and protection of the operator and the welfare of the animal,
the restrain should be secure. The dangers encountered in
jDerforming work of this character are legion. The operator is
often kicked, struck or bitten while applying and adjusting the
casting apparatus. The animal may receive halter burns, lacer-
ations and abrasions of different kinds. Rupture of muscles
and tendons sometimes take place. Fractures of the vertebrae
and other bones are by no means infrequent. Some patients
present radial paralysis as a sequela of casting, while others
become exhausted and never rise after being released.

There are three useful adjuncts to casting and securing
animals which it is well to mention at this immediate juncture,
viz., the operating hood, the apparatus of Bemardot and Buttel
for preventing broken back, and the cross hobbles.

The Operating Hood.

The operating hood, Figure 78, is made of heavy canvas,
doubled, stitched and padded, after which the hood (a) is
bound around the edges with either leather or heavy cloth.
Openings are made at top (d) to accommodate the ears. It is
held on by buckles under chin and jaw (b) (c). This hood

RESTRAINT OF THE HORSE IN RECUMBENT POSTURE.

75

Fig. 78. Operating Hood.

protects tlie head from injury and at the same time it acts as
a means of subjection bv answering the purpose of a blindfold.

" 1

Fig. 79. Bernardot and Buttel Apparatus for the Prevention of
Broken Back.

Bernardot and Buttel Apparatus.

The Bernardot and Buttel apparatus, Figure 79, is for the
purpose of protecting the spinal column from injury while

76

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

casting and confining an animal. This appliance was invented
and used by E. Cooper Smith, M. R, C. V. S. By the use of
this appliance "broken backs" can often be avoided. The main
object of this apparatus is to hold the head in an extended
position. This appliance consists of a wide and strong surcin-
gle (u). On the end of this surcingle are two leather straps
(x) (y) to fasten into the buckles (w). On each side of this
surcingle are two straps (v) (b) which join together in front
(s) (t). A strong halter is placed on the horse. This halter

Fig. 80.

Bernardot and Buttel Apparatus for Preventing Broi<en
Back — Applied.

is supplied with a heavy over-check attached to the nose-band
(h). This over-check passes in front of the face and forehead,
between the ears, and attaches to a metal ring (y). To this
metal ring has already been attached the two straps (s) (y)
from the martingale. By lengthening or shortening the over-
check strap (q) the head is placed in the desired position. The
surcingle is prevented from slipping forward by a strong crup-
per and strap. The apparatus is applied loosely before the
animal is cast, and tightened after it is on the ground.

Figure 80 shows the Bernardot and Buttel outfit applied.
It will be observed that the head and neck are well extended,
thereby lessening the liability to back injury.

RESTRAINT OF THE HORSE IN RECUMBENT POSTURE.

77

Ci'oss Hobbles.

In securing the animal in special positions we are called
upon to use various appliances. Some of the arrangements for

this purpose are the
cross hobbles and the
side-bar hobbles.
These hobbles are for
use on the thigh and
fore arm. The Eng-
lish cross hobbles,
Figure 81, and those of James, Figure 82, can be used upon
legs diametrically opposite, such as the near hind and off fore
legs, and vice versa. "While the side-bar hobbles, Figmre 83,

Fig. 81. English Cross Hobbies.

Fig. 82. James' Cross Hobbles.

are for use on opposite legs only. The illustrations. Figures
81, 82 and 83, are self-explanatory. Suffice it to say that these
appliances are useful and valuable adjuncts to restraint in the

Fig. 83. Side-bar Hobbles.

recumbent posture. They should be used whenever the hobbles
or casting harness fail in themselves to sufficiently immobilize
the legs for operation.

CHAPTEK I.
Hobbles.

The advent of hobbles as a means of restraint in veterinary
practice marked an epoch of beginning advancement in veteri-
nary operative technique. The hobbles, as a means of re-
straint, have the advantage over any other method in so far
as they are light, portable, strong and convenient. They can
be quickly applied, the animal cast and secured, with few
assistants and little ceremony. An animal can also be released
promptly and allowed to regain its feet. The disadvantages
of hobbles are the impossibility of securely restraining the
patient, liability of accident to patient, and inability to fix the
legs in special positions for operations where position plays an
important role. There are numerous styles and kinds of hob-
bles; some are of course better and more satisfactory than
others. In making a selection be sure and not make the mis-
take of sacrificing strength for appearance. Be sure the hobbles
you use are well made and strong. The application of hobbles
should always be preceded by the twitch. An operating hood
or some other head protector should be applied before the
hobbles are brought into action. There are numerous styles
and kinds of hobble straps. They are made of leather, rope,
metal, rawhide, webbing, etc.

Figure 84 represents the improvised
rope hobbles of Denenbourg. These are
made by taking four heavy metal rings and
four pieces of l/2"iiich rope. Fix the rings
with the rope by passing it several times
around each pastern. For the forelegs the
ring should be placed behind the pastern,
and for the hind ones the rings should be
in front of the pasterns. If metal rings
cannot be procured, loops may be made on

each end of the cord, through which the
Improvised Rope Hob- , ^ . ° .

ble of Denenbourg. castmg rope or cham can pass. Hj usmg

HOBBLES.

79

a casting rope or chain the animal is cast and secured in the
ordinary manner.

Figure 85 represents Suykcrbuyck's rope hobbles. Each
hobble is made by braiding several cords together, or by a
single rope or sash cord not less than % of an inch in diameter,
folded upon itself. These are tied together in a simple knot

Fig. 85. Suykcrbuyck's Rope Hobbles.

(a). A ring (e) is fastened in the loop formed by the folding
of the ropes, and secured by wrapping or tying ropes together
by means of a "waxed end," or strong string (d). The hobble
is then placed around pastern as shown in the illustrations on
the left. A casting rope or chain completes the outfit. To re-
move this hobble the tension on same must first be released ;
this is done by bringing the legs together.

8o

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 86. Miles' Rope Loop Hobble.

Figure 86 represents the Miles rope hobble. It consists
of a piece of %-inch rope 35 inches long and a "D" metal

ring (a). In the center
of the rope (b) is looped
the metal "D" ring. The
ends of the rope (d) (e)
are fastened together (c).
These hobbles are applied
by simply looping them
around each pastern. It
will be observed that when
the 34-inch rope is doubled it makes a hobble only 17 inches
in length.

Figure 87 represents practically
the same hobble strap as that
shown in Figure 86. The "D"
ring (a) is attached to the plaited
rawhide rope (d) by means of a
leather strap (e). A piece of
leather (c) is applied to the raw-
hide hobble. This leather strap is
to grasp with the hand in order
to render its removal by unloop-
ing more convenient.

Fig. 87.

Plaited Raw-hide Hob-
ble Strap.

Figure 88 represents a heavy and strong leather loop hob-
ble. The strap (e) is doubled and stitched. It is 17 inches

long and 2 inches wide, fas-
tened at each end by three
rivets into a metal clasp (c)
(d). These metal clasps also
carry two blank buckles (a)
(c). It will be observed that
these blank buckles are so
sized that one will pass con-
veniently through the other by turning it cornerwise, which
prevents them from becoming unlooped and dropping off the
pastern.

Fig. 88. Leather Loop Hobble.

HOBBLES.

8i

Figure 89 represents Becker's liobtle strap. The Becker
hobble strap consists of a leather strap 3 inches wide, doubled

and stitched. ISTear one
end of this strap is the
metal receptacle (A)
for the spring lock pin
(e) which holds the dis-
engaging buckle (c).
^ The hobble "D" (b) is
attached near the above-
mentioned receptacle.
The free end of this
hobble strap (d) is per-
forated with a number

Becker's Hobbles.

Fig. 90. Over's Spring Hobble.

of holes to accommodate the buckle (c). The inside of this
hobble strap is lined or padded with felt or lamb's wool. The

82 BESTHAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

buckle (c) of the hobble is disengaged by withdrawing the
spring pin (e).

Figure 90 represents Over's spring hobble. It consists of
a piece of flat spring steel (a) 21/^ inches wide, and shaped to
fit around the pastern. The hobble "D" or rings (c) (b) are
attached to each end of the spring strap. The special advan-
tage of this spring hobble of Over is that it can be readily
slipped over the pastern, and when once applied the spring
feature makes it self-retaining. There is no looping or buck-
ling required, and the movements of the animal will not cause
it to drop off.

DiKECTIONS FOK CaSTING AND CoNFINING A HoKSE WITH

Hobbles.

First. — Select a suitable place and prepare a soft bed for
casting.

Second. — Place the animal in propor position.

Third. — Apply the twitch.

Fourtli. — Apply the operating hood.

Fifth. — Apply the hobbles.

Sixth. — Detail assistants to their proper positions and in-
struct them to obey orders.

Seventh. — Cast the animal.

Eighth. — Secure the animal.

There should be one assistant at the head ; he should have
charge of the twitch and halter rein. Two or more assistants
should pull the main rope, strap or chain. The operator should
stand directly behind the animal with a firm tail hold. As soon
as everything is in readiness the command should be given, at
which time sufiicient traction is made on the main rope to draw
the feet from under the animal. The success of the job depends
largely upon the way the tail hold is manipulated. At the
proper time the operator should, by pulling tail either to the
right or left, unbalance the animal, and just before it comes in
contact with the ground lift up on the tail. This will take
much of the jar or concussion off the hind quarters and reduce
chances of injury to a minimum.

HOBBLES. 83

DiEECTIONS FOR RELEASING AN AnIMAL FeOM HoBBLES.

It requires some care and quite as much time to release an
animal from the hobbles as is required in the casting and re-
straining process. If the horse is in the dorsal position it
should be placed on its side. If the main hobble rope, strap or
chain has been "fixed" while restraining, the same should now
be "un-fixed" and withdrawn from the hobble rings. The

Fig. 91. James' Patent Hobbles.

operator should stand back well out of reach of the feet, how-
ever facing them, and carefully remove the hobble straps from
each pastern and allow them to drop off. ISTow remove the hood,
and lastly the twitch, after which allow the animal to rise.

James' Patent Hobbles.

^Figure 91 represents the hobbles introduced by James.
They are light and neat as well as sufficiently strong. They

84

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

consist of four pieces of %-inch rope double and fixed over a
grooved piece of metal through which the main rope (j) glides.
These hobble ropes (b) (e) (f) (g) are made in form of loops
and are covered with leather or rubber hose to prevent chafing.
They are each 17 inches long. The main rope (j) is fixed to one
of the hobble rings (i) by means of wrapping with a "waxed
end" or strong cord (a). This rope is passed through all the
hobble rings (b) (c) (d) and back to the point of beginning
(i). The main rope (j) is 18 feet long and % inches in diam-
eter, preferably cotton.

BarnicVs Loop Hobbles.

Figure 92 repre-
sents the loop hob-
bles of Barnick.
They consist of
four hobble straps
(b) made of
leather in the form
of a loop. Each of
these are attached
to a "D" metal
ring (a) (e) (f)
(g) of special de-
sign through which
, the main rope (c)
passes. The leather
straps are felt
lined. These "D"
rings open up and
allow removal of
main rope without
removal of the hob-
ble from pastern.
They are locked on
by means of a
metal key. The
main rope is attached securely to an end ring (a) ; this ring is

Fig. 92. Barnick's Hobbles.

HOBBLES.

8S

also attached to ring of master hobble strap. That part of rope
upon which the hobble strap rings glide is leather covered to
prevent wear. This rope should be 18 feet long and % to %
inches in diameter.

Munich Hohhles.

Figure 93 represents the Munich hobbles. They are similar
in many respects to the improved English hobbles. They con-
sist of four hobble straps (a) (b) (c) (d), which are applied
by buckling around pasterns. These straps are felt or soft

Fig. 93. Munich Hobbles,

leather lined, and each of them carry a "D" metal ring (h)
(g) (e). The wearing end of the main rope is leather covered
and attached to the "D" ring of master hobble (h). This rope
may be attached by loop (g), as shown in the small illustration.
Attachment to master hobble ring by the latter method makes
the main rope (i) easy to remove.

Matthias' Hohhles With Safety Loch.

Figure 94 represents the hobbles of Matthias. These hob-
bles are supplied with safety lock (d). They consist of four
heavy doubled and stitched hobble straps, felt or soft leather

86

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

lined, and are attached to hobble ring (c) by means of a loop
(b). They attach to pastern by buckling. The hobble rings
are metal and heavy, and of a special design. The ring (c)

Fig. 94. Matthias' Hobbles with Safety Lock.

of the master hobble is attached to the main chain (e) by a
safety lock (d). The safety lock makes their removal con-
venient.

Conkey's Self-Locking Buckle Hohhles.

Figure 95 represents the self -locking buckle hobbles of
Conkey. These hobbles were designed by Professer L. L. Con-
key and are now very extensively used by veterinarians through-
out the world. The principle and most attractive feature of
this hobble is the self -locking buckle device (e). These hobbles
consist of four double and stitched hobble straps (a) (b) (c)
(g). These hobble straps fasten around the pasterns by means
of strong buckles. In three of these straps is a metal "D,"
which carries the main hobble chain (f). This chain itself
is 4 feet long and is continued by 6 feet of %-inch rope. The
object of this chain is to lock in the flat split spring-tongue of
the buckle (e) which is attached to the master hobble strap
(g). One end of the chain is also attached by means of a thumb
screw (d) to this master hobble. To release the animal this
thumb screw (d) is removed. The Conkey master hobble strap,

HOBBLES.

87

Fig. 95. Conkey's Self-Locking Buckie Hobbles.

lock buckle, and chain can be used with many designs of hobble
straps. The following illustrated hobble straps can be used in
conjunction with the Conkey lock-buckle: Figures 84, 85, 86,
87, 88, 89, 90, 91, 92, 93, 94; also the hobble straps from the
English and Berlin hobbles.

Fig. 96. Berlin Hobbles.

88

KESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Berlin Hobbles.

The Berlin hobbles, Eigiire 96, consist of four leather hob-
ble straps 2 inches wide, doubled and stitched. Each of these
straps (b) carry a buckle and a metal "D," through which the
main hobble rope (g) (h) passes. The hobble straps are lined
with felt or soft leather and are attached around pasterns by
buckling. To the master hobble is attached a strong chain (e).

Fig. 97. Berlin Hobbies Applied.

This chain is 4 feet long. At its end a %-inch rope (g) is
attached. The part of the rope which comes in contact with
the "D" of the hobble strap is covered Avith leather. This
leather covering prevents wear on rope. The Berlin hobbles
applied is shown in Figure 97. A hobble strap is placed on
each pastern. The king hobble strap is to be placed on near
fore leg (a). The rope is carried from the near fore to the

HOBBLES.

near hind leg (f ) ; then across to off hind leg (e) ; thence to off
fore leg (b) and back through "D" ring of near fore (a). For
further instructions, see directions for casting and securing a
horse, with hobbles.

Fig. 98. Casting witin Berlin Hobbies and Plate-longe.

Figure 98 illustrates the Berlin hobbles applied and used
in connection with the plate-longe or "unbalancing strap,"
applied by a loop over the near elbow\ By use of plate-longe
the animal can be cast upon a mat or mattress.

Stuttgart Method.

In casting and restraining a horse by the Stuttgart method
(old style). Figure 99, two ropes %-inch in diameter and 18
feet long are necessary. A loop is placed in one end of each
rope. If it is desired to cast horse on near side one rope is

90

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

looped around near fore pastern (d) ; an ordinary hobble strap
is placed around near hind pastern (b). On the off side the
rope is looped around off hind pastern (c) and the hobble strap
is placed on off fore pastern. The rope from the near side is
then passed through the hobble ring on the off hind pastern.
The end of the other rope is then passed through the hobble
ring on the off fore pastern. The ropes are now crossed, the

Fig. 99. Stuttgart Hobbles (old style).

one from the near leg to remain under the one from the off leg.
Two men should pull on the same rope backwards and two
pull on the other rope forwards. One assistant should be in
charge of the head and another in charge of the tail. When the
horse is cast it can be secured in the ordinary manner in several
desirable positions.

Figure 100 represents the Stuttgart hobbles with surcingle
(k) applied. The surcingle is for the purpose of aiding in

HOBBLES.

91

Fig. 100. Stuttgart Method of Casting a Horse.

Fig. 101. Stuttgart Hobbles Showing Plate-longe or Unbalancin£

Rope in Use.

92

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 102. Stuttgart Method of Casting a Horse as Modified by
Von Cheicliowski.

securing after horse is cast. Otherwise hobble arrangement
is the same as that of Figure 99.

Figure 101 represents Stuttgart hobble, surcingle (i) and
plate-longe or "unbalancing strap" (h) applied, ready for cast-

ing.

Figure 102 represents the Stuttgart hobbles as modified by-
Yon Chelchowski. It will be observed that the hobble and rope
arrangement here is the same as that of Figures 99, 100 and
101, with the exception of the free end of the off rope (e),
which passes from ofp hind pastern to and through "D" ring
(f ) on surcingle. When the horse is cast the off hind and near
forefoot are drawn near "D" ring of surcingle, as shown in
Figure 103.

HOBBLES.

93

Fig. 103. Horse Cast and Secured with Stuttgart Hobbles.

English Hobbles Improved.

Figure 104 represents the improved English hobbles. These
hobbles are probably more universally used than any yet de-
vised. They consist of four hobble straps (h) (i) (f) (g), a
chain, and a rope. The hobble straps are heavy and strong,
being 3 inches wide and doubled and stitched. They are in two
sections ; one section carries a small metal "D" at one end and

Fig. 104. Improved English Hobbles.

94 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

buckle tongue holes at the other end. The other section carries
a large metal ^'D" at on end and a heavy buckle at the other end.
The hobble strap is made smaller or larger by the buckle. This
renders it adjustable to any size pastern. When once fitted to
the pastern the hobble strap is applied by slipping the small "D"
of one end through the large '^D" of the other end. These
smaller "D's" carrv the main chain. The main chain is 4 feet

Fig. 105. Improved English Hobbles Applied,

long and attached to small ''D" of the master hobble strap by
means of a thumb screw. To the other end of chain a %-inch
rope 20 feet long is attached.

Figure 105 shows the hobbles applied. It will be observed
that if the horse is to be cast on the off side the master hobble
is applied to pastern of near fore leg (a). Then pass chain
(E) and rope (H) through "D" of near hind leg (B) ; then
across to "D" of off hind leg (c) ; thence forward (G) to off fore

HOBBLES.

95

Fig. 106. Horse Ready to Cast with Improved English Hobbles and
Plate-longe or "Unbalancing Strap" Around Forearm.

Fig. 107. The English Hobbles Applied, Together with Bernardot and

Buttel's Apparatus; Also Plate-longe or Unbalancing Strap

Around Fore Arm.

96

BESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

leg (D) ; then across to and through "D" of near fore leg. To
cast the horse traction is made on free end of rope (F). See
directions for casting a horse with hobbles.

Figure 106 represents a horse ready to be cast with im-
proved English hobbles, and plate-longe or "unbalancing strap"
applied to near fore arm.

Figure 107 represents a horse ready to be cast with the im-
proved English hobbles, used in connection with Bernardot and

Fig. 108. Trasbot's Method of Casting with Three Hobble Straps and
Knee Strap (English Hobble).

Buttel's apparatus for preventing broken back, and the plate-
longe or "unbalancing strap" applied around off fore arm.

Figure 108 represents the method suggested by Trasbot for
casting nervous or vicious animals with the English hobbles. It
will be observed that the near forefoot is secured by Trasbot's
knee strap (g). (See Knee Straps, Figure 29.) Only three
hobble straps are used (g) (b) (f). The master hobble strap
(c) is placed on near hind pastern; then pass chain (d) to off

HOBBLES.

97

fore (f) ; thence backward (c) to off hind; then across to and
through "D" of the master hobble strap (g). The plate-longe
is looped around the animal (h). Traction is made on free end
of main rope (e). It is claimed by Trasbot that an animal thus
cast struggles less than when cast by the ordinary method.

"Farmer" Miles' Method of Casting a Colt.

Figure 109 represents the Miles colt hobbles applied (first
position). The hobbles of Miles consist of four hobble ropes.

Fig. 109. Miles' Colt Hobbles Applied — First Position.

These are of the loop variety. The material used in making
the loops may be either rawhide (plaited), Figure 87; leather,
Figure 88, or rope. Figure 86. These hobbles are each from 15
to 18 inches long and are applied by looping. The main rope
is %-inch, cotton, and 18 feet long. Upon one end is a 2-inch
metal "D." This main rope is also used as the master hobble.

98

RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 110. Miles' Colt Hobbles (Second Position).

It will be observed that there is one hobble rope on each hind
pastern, and two hobble ropes on off fore leg — one around pas-
tern and the other below the knee. The main rope is applied
around pastern of foreleg (a). It is now passed across through
hobble ring on near fore pastern (b) ; then backward to near
hind (d) ; thence across to off hind (e) and back to hobble ring
(c) below near knee. The object of this arrangement of the
ropes (two hobbles on near fore leg) is that when traction is
made on free end of main rope (f) the near fore foot is raised
or lifted off the ground. This in itself unbalances an animal
and puts it to a decided disadvantage, besides by lifting the near
fore foot the animal will go down on the shoulder of that side
and will in all probability receive an easy fall. The animal

Fig. 111. Miles' Method of Securing a Colt (Third Position).

HOBBLES. 99

is cast as illustrated in Figure 110 (second position), and se-
cured by taking two or more half hitches with the main rope
around uppermost hind pastern. This is done by an assistant.
The oj^erator stands opposite the assistant and behind the ani-
mal and is handed the main rope (g) by the assistant (after
it is fixed about upper hind pastern). The rope is carried over
the loins and under the horse ; thence to the lower hind pastern.
Now by rolling horse on his back, Figure 111 (third position),
and making do"\^Tiward pressure on the hind feet, at the same
time drawing the rope tight by upward pull the hocks are flexed
and all four feet brought down close to the abdomen.

The Miles method affords us a light, portable, strong, con-
venient, safe, and in every respect an efiicient and satisfactory
means of casting and securing the colt or even the horse. The
colt is held balanced in the dorsal position by an assistant on
each side.

Secueing the Hoese in Special Positions when Cast with

Hobbles.

Oftentimes after an animal is cast it becomes necessary to
release one or more feet in order to re-secure them in some
other or different position. By so doing, parts are rendered
more accessible for operations of different kinds and in different
locations, besides the restraint oftentimes is more perfect and
secure. Upon the subject of "Special Positions," Moller, Liau-
tard and Dollar have each contributed interesting as well as
valuable descriptions. They are at the present time our best
authorities on this important subject.

To restrain an animal in a special position after being cast
with any of the ordinary hobbles, we may use either leather
or rawhide straps, rope — preferably cotton rope on account of
its softness and flexibility, or webbing. Moller's method of
securing the legs to a board is useful in many instances. The
board should be l^/o inches thick and 5 inches wide. It should
be well padded and supplied with a curved iron handle. The
cross hobbles, Figures 81 and 82, and cross bar hobbles, Figure
83, are very useful in retaining the legs in special positions.

loO EESTHAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Figure 112 represents the near fore arm (e) secured to the
near thigh (j) by means of webbing. The off fore leg (a) is
released from the hobble strap and fixed to the board (b) by
wrapping with a web strap according to Moller's method. The
near fore leg and both hind legs remain in the hobble straps (f).

Fig. 112. Near Fore Arm Secured to Near Thigh and Off Fore Leg to

Board (IVIoller).

Figure 113 represents the near hind leg secured to the near
fore arm by means of the web strap. The off hind leg is re-
leased from the hobble strap and fixed to board (b) by means
of another web strap (c).

Fig. 113. Securing Off Hind Leg to Plank and' Near Fore and Near
Hind Legs to Each Other (IVloller).

HOBBLES.

Figure 114 represents Dollar's method of fixing the hind leg
by drawing it forward. The off hind leg is released from the
hobble strap and the webbing applied by looping around pastern.
The webbing (c) is carried over the withers, beneath the neck,
over front of chest, over the fore arm (d), and thence back-

Fig. 114. Dollar's Method of Drawing the Hind Leg Forward.

ward (b) from below, upwards back of the tendon Achilles.
Make sufficient traction on free end of web strap (e) to draw
the leg in position sho^^^l in Figure 115. It will be observed
that the off hind leg is well extended by tension above hock (a)
and that the foot (c) is securely fixed behind the elbow.

Fig. 115. Hind Leg Drawn Forward Ready for Operation (Dollar).

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 116. Berlin IVlethod of Drawing tlie Hind Leg Forward.

Another method of securing a horse in this position is by
the Berlin method, shown in Figure IIG,

Still another method of extending and drawing the hind leg
forward is that of Liautard, Figure 117. The webbing is looped

Fig. 117. Liautard's Method of Drawing the Hind Leg Forward.

HOBBLES.

103

above the ankle (b), tben carried forward over the withers
(c) under the neck, across the chest, over shoulder (d) and
back to and under hind leg above hock (f). Extend the leg by
making traction on free end of rope (g).

Dollar's method of securing the hind leg to the fore leg on
the same side, Figure 118, is by releasing the hind leg from

Fig. 118. Dollar's Method of Securing the Hind Leg to the Fore Leg
on the Same Side.

the hobble strap ; then loop the webbing around leg above the
hock (e) ; pass it forward between fore legs near the breast (d) ;
thence under the shoulder to opposite side, where it is held by
an assistant. The hind and fore legs are at this time crossed be-
low the knee of one and below the hock of the other. They are
to be held together in this position by another piece of webbing
forming figure "8."

Liautard's method of securing the hind leg to the fore leg
on the same side. Figure 119, is by allowing all four legs to
remain in the hobble straps. Loop the plate-longe or web strap
around the fore leg below the knee ; from there it is carried

I04

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 119. Liautard's Method of Securing the Hind Leg to the Fore Leg
on the Same Side.

9 ^

Fig. 120. Dollar's IVlethod of Securing the Lower Hind to the Upper

Fore Leg.

HOBBLES.

105

backward to, and from above, downward around hind leg above
hock; thence forward to elbow; then around fore arm. Make
traction from free end of the rope.

Figure 120 represents Dollar's method of securing the lower
hind to the upper fore leg. The lower hind leg is released from
the hobble strap. The plate-longe or webbing is looped around
the leg above the hock. It is then carried forward between the
fore legs, in front of the breast, under the neck and out on the
opposite side, in which position it is held by an assistant. The
legs are secured where they cross (f ) by means of another strap.
To make it more stationary and secure a hock twitch may be

Fig. 121. Liautard Method of Securing Off Fore to Off Hind Leg.

applied around both hocks (b). To fix the near fore to near hind
leg, Figure 121, it is necessary to loop the plate-longe or web-
bing around at the middle third of the metacarpal region. Then
the leg is drawn up and placed across the hind leg above hock.
They are secured here by tying in shape of figure "8."

Figure 122 represents the Berlin method of restraining a
horse in the dorsal position after casting. The hind and fore
leg of each side must be fixed together (b) (d), this is done with
either webbing, rope or leather. With a running noose in the
end of strap a loop is made around hind fetlock; then by two

io6

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 122. Berlin Method of Restraining an Animal in the Dorsal

Position.

or more half hitches the hind fetlock and fore fetlock are fas-
tened together. The animal is now rolled on to its back. If
more restraint is desired it may be readily obtained by looping
a strap or rope just above the fetlock on near side; then carry
it downward under the back thence upward to fetlock of off side.

Fig. 123. Vienna Method of Restraining a Horse in the Dorsal Position.

HOBBLES.

107

The legs and feet can now be drawn down close to the abdomen,
which affords ample restraint.

Figure 123 represents the method used in Vienna for re-
straining a horse in the dorsal position. It is similar in all re-
spects to the Berlin method, Figure 122, with the exception that

Fig. 124. Pulley and Short Chain for Holding Hoi"ses on the Back
(English Hobbles).

a broad back strap (a) is used instead of the webbing or rope.
This back strap (a) is 8 to 10 inches wide and made of leather.
In each end is a large metal triangle. To apply this back strap
(a) the horse is lifted by the tail until the back strap can be
slipped under. Then by webbing or leather straps around and

lo8 RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

above the fetlocks (b) and through the end triangles the legs can
be drawn down against the abdomen to the desired position.

Figure 124 represents another method of restraint in the
dorsal position. The animal is cast and secured with English
hobbles, then by means of a short chain and pulley the animal
is raised to and held in the dorsal position. It is possible for
only two men to confine a large and strong animal by this
method.

For another method of securing an animal in the dorsal
position, see Figure 111.

CHAPTER 11.
Casting and Securing Harness and Ropes.

Casting and restraining the horse by use of harness, ropes
or other methods — aside from hobbles and operating tables —
will surely test the skill and dexterity of the surgeon in the effi-
ciency of his restraint technique. It is by means of the
various designs of securing harness and ropes that most of the
"special positions" of the animal are obtained. Special posi-
tions are necessary in order to perform certain surgical opera-
tions.

Restraint by use of casting harness and ropes means re-
'straint in its broadest sense. With these special appliances we
are enabled to render the animal absolutely motionless and at
the same time harmless. When thus properly restrained the ani-
mal is entirely at our mercy, and we can with safety and con-
fidence proceed with whatever operation we wish to undertake.

Casting and securing harness, and rope methods, vary much
in their "make-up." They not only vary in different countries
but in different sections of the same country. The original de-
signs are constantly being modified by different practitioners.

Knots Used in Rest"raint for Fixing the Various Ropes,
Cords and Straps.

In order to properly fix or secure ropes,
cords or straps, the surgeon should know
the formation of the different varieties of
knots used for this purpose.

Figure 125 represents the Gramy knot.
The formation of this knot is somewhat
Fig 125. The Gramy tedious and complicated ; how^ever, when
Knot. once formed or applied it will not slip.

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Figure 126 illustrates the double
hitch or "Clove hitch" knot. This
knot is made by forming two loops
and throwing them together. This is
one of the principal knots used in
recumbent restraint with casting har-
ness and ropes. The half hitch knot
so often mentioned and used is sim-
ply a part of this double hitdi knot
and is very simple in its formation.

Figure 127 represents the true
lovers' knot. This is a knot which
is simj)le in its formation; however,
on account of its liability to slip or
become untied, it is of doubtful value in restraint technique.

Fig. 126. Double Hitch Knot.

Fig. 127. True Lovers' Knot.

>^.'^'■■^^^^.^sv^'^^'.■■,^^^.v.^ ;. 1. 1. k ■. k,k ■ .~^

' 'i 'I'l'iji

Fig. 128. Slip Bow Knot.

Figure 128 represents the slip bow knot. This knot is
easily and quickly made and can be conveniently untied by
makino' traction on one of its free ends.

Fig. 129. Slip Knot or Loop.

CASTING AND SECUKING HARNESS AND ROPES. Ill

Figure 129 represents the slip knot or loop. This loop is
very extensively used in restraint work. So long as traction
is made on the free end of this loop there is no liability of its
slipping. Besides the above, there are ring knots, stopping
knots, surgeon's knot, etc.

Hock Twitch.

After the animal is cast and restrained by most of the cast-
ing harness and rope methods it oftentimes becomes necessary

to supplement this restraint by
applying the hock twitch. Fig-
ure 130. This twitch consists
of a heavy rope with a loop in
each end to carry the stick by
which the twitch rope is tight^
ened around the leg. This ap-
pliance limits the leg move-
The hock twitch is apj^lied about 4 inches above the

Hock Twitch.

ment.
hock.

Figure 131 represents Petersen's hock
joint flexing and fixing apparatus for
bending and holding the hind leg in the
flexed position. This apparatus consists
of two heavy leather straps attached to a
specially designed metal center piece. The
metal is placed against and in the flexure
of the hock. One of the straps is attached
around the leg above the hock and the
other below the hock.

Figure 132 illustrates one of Dollar's
modes of fixing the fore and hind legs

together after an animal is cast.

Fig. 131. Petersen's
Hock Joint Flexing
and Fixing Appa-
ratus.

Knee Straps.

In order to properly throw an animal with casting harness
it often becomes necessary to first restrain one fore leg by using
some form of knee strap. Sometimes, or with some forms of
casting apparatus, it becomes necessary after casting to apply

112 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

the knee strap in order to complete the restraint. These can
be applied to one or both fore legs to a good advantage, thus

Fig. 132. Dollar's Method of Fixing the Fore and Hind Legs Together

After Casting.

Fig. 133. Author's
Knee Strap.

Fig. 134. Trasbot's Fig. 135. Hess' Knee
Knee Strap. Strap.

insuring most perfect restraint. The various forms of knee
straps have already been described under head of "restraint of
one fore leg," hence it is unnecessary to again describe them.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 1 13

137. Magner's Surcingle
and Strap.

Fig. 136. Fixing Fore Leg Flexed
With Rope.

Conhey's Casting and Securing Harness.

The Conkey casting and securing harness, Eigiire 138,
affords us a safe and secure means of restraint. The strap parts
are of rawhide, carrying heavy metal buckles and rings. The
ropes are best grade sisal. All parts are adjustable. It will be
observed that the animal is mostly cast with the hobbles, and
secured after casting with the harness.

Directions for Casting and Restraining ivith Conkey's Harness.

First apply the hood (A). This is done by laying it on
the withers and gently drawing it up over the head until it
comes in place, then instruct your assistant (1) to hold the
head straight with the body and well up as shown in Figure

114

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

138 ; should the animal exhibit a restless disposition and con-
tinue to move about after applying the hood, you are to apply
a twitch to the nose, which is to be held by assistant (1), who
must not allow the animal to move forward under any cir-
cumstances. You will now proceed to adjvist the harness by
placing loin strap (B), back strap (C), belly girth (E) and
breast strap (F) as shown in Figure 138. You will notice that
breast strap (F) comes below the sternum and against the arm
of front legs to prevent choking. ISTow buckle the short pastern

Fig. 138. Conkey's Casting and Securing Harness Applied.

strap (G) to the right hind pastern, Dee in front and buckle
outside, then take side rope (H), pass it through the Dee (G)
from right to left, carry it up to the side ring, passing it from
left to right, and carry it back across the hips, handing it to
assistant ]^o. 2, who should stand close behind, facing the
animal and a little to the left.

The operator (3) will now proceed to buckle the other
pastern strap (1) to the left hind pastern. Dee in front and
buckle inside, now pass the side rope (J) through the Dee
(1) from right to left, then up to and through side ring froui
left to right, or outside in, then carry it through under the belly

CASTING AND SECUKING HAKNESS AND EOPES. II5

dropping it in a convenient place, or you may give it into the
hands of a bystander until you are ready for it.

The operator will now take three hobbles, the one having the
chain buckle he will fasten to the near hind leg, buckle inside
or to the right and just below the pastern strap (I), then
buckle the other two hobbles (K) and (L) to the fore pastern.
Dees behind and buckles to the right, now pass the chain rope
from right to left through the right Dee (K) and the left Dee
(L) carrying it back to the chain buckle and pass it from left
to right through the chain buckle and carry it forward so that
the operator will stand just in front and about 3 feet to the
right of the animal as shown in the cut (138),

If a third assistant (J) is employed, which may be done
with good results, he is to stand 3 feet behind and between l^o.
1 and the operator. He will at the word "pull," pull just
enough to keep rope (J) tight until the horse drops, the operator
managing the chain rope alone. As the horse drops, the opera-
tor will first see that the chain buckle has clasped the chain,
then take rope (J) from his assistant (J) and proceed a>^ if
alone.

Do not pull a pound until the word "pull" is given, then
you are to pull your rope across the hip until the horse drops on
the left side, pulling hard enough to draw the foot up to, or
near the side ring to which the rope is attached, and keep it
there at all hazards.

The operator (3) will now take a firm hold of chain rope
and a moderate hold of rope (J), he will now instruct assistant
(1) to step the horse backward, and (above all do not allow
the horse to take one step forward as he might trip and fall
on his head, causing severe injury) push until he falls over
on his left side. As the horse lifts his near hind foot the oper-
ator will give a quick pull on the chain rope, drawing the hind
leg up to the front legs, where it is held by the self-locking
chain Ijiickle, at the same time shouting pull. Seeing that the
chain buckle is secure, the operator turns his attention to the
rope (1), holding it firm enough to prevent the harness from
turning on the horse while assistant (2) draws the off foot up
near the ring, giving his rope one turn around the foot, holding

Ii6

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

it there until the operator unbuckles the chain buckle hobble
from the hind leg, securing the leg by winding the rope around
the foot, then back around the hock, describing a figure 8, as
shown in Figure 139 ; give the rope several turns quite tight to
prevent its slipping and make it fast ; now proceed to secure the
off hind leg in the same manner. Unbuckle the off front hobble
(K), take knee strap (M), give it one turn around the pastern,
then up around the arm, flexing the leg as shown in Figure 139 ;
then unbuckle the near hobble (L), flex and bind the leg in

Fig. 139. Conkey's Casting and Securing Harness — Animal Cast and

Secured.

the same manner; now instruct assistant (1) to hold the head
as follows : Place your knee on the horse's shoulder, your right
foot so that the leg comes against the horse's back; with your
left hand grasp the halter or hood while the right hand is to
grasp the rope at some convenient point near the hind foot,
holding the animal in the position shown by the cut. Assistant
(2) will grasp the hock, lifting the leg a little upward and you
have the animal in the most desirable position that it is possible

to gain.

In releasing the animal, remove the knee straps first; then

CASTING AND SECUEING HARNESS AND ROPES.

117

release the lower hind leg and then the upper one ; unbuckle
the belly girth (E), then breast strap (F), and lastly remove
the operating hood and assist the animal to rise.

^y. F. Knowles' Casting and Securing Harness.
The casting and securing harness illustrated in Figure 140

were designed by W. F. Knowles.

These harness are made in

Fig. 140. W. F. Knowles' Casting and Securing Harness — Applied.

large and small sizes. The large size fits horses weighing 900
pounds or more, and small size harness fits those of smaller size.
This apparatus is light, compact, and convenient to carry.
When properly used it affords ample restraint for all ordinary
purposes. It consists of a flat webbing collar, two main ropes
and two hobble straps. The collar is in tw^o sections (h) (g) ;
each section is connected on each side of the horse by heavy

ii8

KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

double rings (e), one of which is of special design (i) to afford
easy passage of the two main ropes (d) (c). The ropes (d)

(c) are each %-inch in diameter and 20 feet long. One end is
securely fastened into the inner ring (e) of the webbing breast
collar. Around each pastern (a) (b) is placed a webbing
hobble (j). In each end of this webbing hobble is fixed a
specially constructed metal rounded '^D" (K) (K) through
which the ropes pass. To apply this harness the breast collar
is placed over the head and adjusted to the shoulders. One
section fits over the withers (h) and the other section is dropped
down below point of shoulders (g). The free end of the ropes

(d) (c) passes downward to and through each "D" of webbing
hobble; then upward to and through "D'i (e) of breast collar.
If desired to cast horse on off side, the off fore foot is to be
raised and secured by some form of knee strap. The free end
of main rope on near side should be carried backward over back
and held by two assistants. The free end of main rope (f) on

C'tDff side should be carried forward, well in front of the animal
and there held by two assistants. To cast the animal traction
is made on each rope and at the same time the animal is forced
backward a step by assistant in charge of the head. The head
is pulled to the right, and the animal is cast on'off side. After
being cast the animal may be secured by two methods.

Animal Cast and' Secured with W. F. Knowles' Casting
Harness by Crossed Rope IVIethod.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES.

119

Figure 141 represents animal secured by the crossed rope
method. This tie is made by drawing the foot (c) forward;
take a half hitch around pastern to fix rope ; then pass rope
down over back; then under horse and around hip (f) ; thence
to pastern (c), where it is fixed by one or more half hitches.
The knee strap is applied to near fore leg, after which turn
animal over. The same procedure is gone through with on the
opposite side, which secures the horse by crossing the ropes (i)
in front, also on the back. A back rope may then be applied
from crossed ropes behind to breast collar at withers. This pre-
vents ropes from slipping off the hips.

Fig. 142. Animal Cast and Secured witii W. F. Knowles' Harness by
Half Hitches Above and Behind Hock.

Figure 142 represents an animal cast and secured with W.
F. Knowles' harness by half hitches above and behind hock (h)
(g) ; these retain the hock in a flexed position which affords free
access to the inguinal region. In securing by this method
(Figure 142) no back rope is required.

WhitwelVs Casting and Securing Harness.

The Whitwell casting and securing harness, Figure 143,
are similar in many respects to those of W. F. Knowles (Figure

I20 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

140) ; the principal variation is in the breast collar. It will
be observed that the breast collar of Whitwell's harness consists
of an over-withers strap (k) attached on each side to metal
blank buckles (b) ; those carry the adjustable rope (d) which
completes the breast collar. This harness is applied and the
animal cast and secured same as by using W. F. Knowles'
harness (Figures 140, 141 and 142.)

Fig. 143. Whitwell's Casting and Securing Harness.

Hulburt's Casting and Securing Harness.

The Ilulburt casting and securing harness, Figure 144,
consists of a very heavy and substantial body belt (f) made of
leather. This body belt is applied so that the four heavy metal
"D's" (e) hang down imder the chest. The body belt is pre-
vented from slipping forward by a crupper. A rope rein (h)
is fastened around lower jaw (j) and to body belt (i). This

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. I2I

rein is used for controlling the head. A rope is looped around
one hind pastern (a) and then carried forward (d) to and
through one of the "D's" of body belt. One fore leg is fixed
by means of a knee strap to one of the "D's" in the body belt;
this puts the horse on three legs, which places him at a dis-
advantage while being cast by traction on free end of rope (c)
at the same time head is drawn around to side. After casting,
the other two legs are secured to "D" of body belt by means of
hobbles and knee straps.

Fig. 144. Hulburt's Casting and Securing Harness — Applied.

G. W. Ziegler's Casting Harness.

The casting harness of G. W. Ziegler, Figure 145, consists
of an over-withers strap which carries at each end a heavy metal
ring (a) ; into this main ring another ring is fastened (b), also
the girth rope, breast rope (j) and main casting rope (m). This
casting rope is passed over the back, then downward (c) to and
through hobble strap ring (d) of off hind pastern, thence upward
and forward (f) to and through ring (b) on opposite side.

122 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The same arrangement of ropes is made on the other side. One
fore leg is flexed and fixed bj using a knee strap. The animal
is cast by making traction on free ends of main ropes (n).

Fig. 145. G. W. Ziegler's Casting and Securing Harness.

Danish Casting and Securing Harness.

The original Danish method of casting has been modified in
at least three instances. The authors of these three modifica-
tions are Abilgaard, Pfeiffer and Mathias. The original Danish
casting harness, Figure 14G, consists of a body girth, breast
strap, four hobble straps, and two main casting ropes. The
body girth is heavy and strong. It carries a heavy ''D" at
bottom (e) and one at the top (h). The breast strap (i) is
adjustable and is attached to body girth on each side of horse to
prevent girth from slipping backward. A hobble strap is applied
to each pastern. If it is desired to cast horse on near side one
of the main ropes is attached to hobble strap ring of off fore leg
(d) ; the rope is then passed across to and through hobble ring
(c) of near fore leg; thence backward to and through hobble
ring of near hind (b) ; then upward through "D" (e) of body
girth. Traction is made from free end of rope (j). The other

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES.

123

main rope begins at hobble ring of off bind ; then carry rope (g)
upward to and tbrongh "D" (h) on top of the body girth. As
will be observed by the nse of this process, the casting is done
by forcing the animal to flex his legs, followed by its slowly
falling on the bed. The legs being tied up to the body, their
extension is impossible ; muscular contraction is limited, and
excessive flexion of the vertebral column prevented. Besides

Fig. 146. The Original Danish Casting Harness.

this, the complete flexion of the extremities allows full view
and easy access to all regions, especially the inguinal.

To cast the horse the head is held by an assistant; a pull
made at the same time on the chain and on the rope bringing the
legs together — the animal is cast. The chain is fixed in the
usual way and the rope pulling near hind leg close to the body
and towards the upper ring of the belt, is secured by half
hitches around the coronet.

124 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Danish Casting Harness as Modified by Matthias.

The casting harness, Figure 147, represents Matthias' modi-
fication of the Danish casting harness. It is similar in all
respects to the original Danish casting harness (Figure 146)
with the exception of the breast collar. In the harness, as
modified by Matthias, a martingale breast collar is substituted
for the plain strap breast collar of the original.

Fig. 147. Danish Casting Harness as Modified by IVIatthias.

Danish Casting Harness as Modified by Pfeiffer.

Figure 148 represents Pfeifi^er's modification of the Danish
casting harness. This again is the same outfit as the original,
with the exception of the breast collar. The collar of Pfeiffer

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES.

125

Fig. 148. Danish Harness as Modified by Pfeiffer.

is of leather and extra heavy. It is attached to the body girth
by a strap (f) passing from lower margin of collar backward
between the fore legs to lower margin of body girth (e). The
rope and hobble strap arrangement is same as that of Figures
145 and 146.

Danish Casting and Securing Harness as Modified hy Ahil-

gaard.

Figure 149 represents Abilgaard's modification of the
Danish casting harness, and consists of a heavy body girth
which carries a strong metal "D" under the chest (f), three
hobble straps and three ropes. The hobble straps are applied
to both hind pasterns and near fore pastern in order to cast
animal on the off side. One rope is attached to hobble ring of
off hind ; then it is passed forward to hobble ring of near fore :

126

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

thence upward to and through "D" of girth (f). Traction is
made from free end of rope (C). Another rope starts from
hobble ring (k) of near hind and passes upward (i) and for-
ward over back (a). Traction is also made from free end of
this rope (1). The third rope is used to flex and fix the oft
fore leg. This foot is raised and knee rope applied before
casting.

Fig. 149. Danish Casting and Securing Harness as IVIodified by

Abiigaard.

Bohard's Method of Casting [and Restraining a Horse With

Ropes.

The rope method of Rohard, Figure 150, is simple in its
construction and convenient in its application. It is intended
to be used in casting and restraining wild, nervous or vicious
animals on occasions where sufficient help for other methods
is unavailable. A rope 25 feet long, furnished with a loop in
end, is all that is necessary in making this appliance. To apply
this rope and cast a horse an assistant holds the halter rein in

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 127

one band and the animal's ear in the other. If the horse is to
be cast on the off side the operator stands on the near side oppo-
site the horse's shonlder. About 8 feet from the other end of
the rope a ring knot (a) is made; this forms the loop (n) (i)
which is then placed over the horse's head and around base
of neck in form of a collar. Below this ring a check or lock
knot is made ; this latter knot holds the rope and prevents it

Fig. 150. Rohard's Method of Casting a Horse witli Ropes.

from slipping. These knots reach near the point of shoulder.
The other end of the rope is placed behind the fore arm below
the elbow, then brought around the outer side of the near fore
arm ; thence in front of both fore arms (b) and lastly carried
around the outer aspect of the off fore arm under the portion
which has been passed around the back part. By the above
arrangement we have the fore arms enclosed in the rope. This
rope is then tightened by bringing the two fore legs closer

128

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

together. An assistant holds this rope arrangement in place
while the operator passes the free end of the rope (d) under the
body to and around the near hind pastern (f ) ; then back to
the withers (o) on the off side. The operator grasps free end
of rope (o) by a firm hold, his body pressing at the same time
against the horse's near shoulder. Then a gentle pull is made;
at the same time lightly kick the horse's near hind foot to cause
him to lift it ; continue pulling slack out of rope until leg is
completely flexed and animal will sink and fall lightly upon the
ground. The legs are then secured in the following manner :
On the near hind leg the free end of rope is passed around

Fig. 151. Rohard's Method of Securing a Horse After Casting.

pastern but below the other part of rope proceeding from the
fore leg, and there tied so that this pastern is secured by a double
twitch knot. The remainder of the rope is carried up to the
neck portion and hitched there. Then it is brought back to and
around the off hind pastern and finally tied to the neck rope
by a single knot. To effectually use this method much practice
is required. The operator should constantly bear in mind the
fact that the best results are obtained w^here the hind leg is
pulled forward and completely flexed.

Figure 151 represents a horse cast and restrained by the
rope method of Rohard. Only one assistant is necessary in
casting and securing a horse by this method.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 129

Hayes' Improvised Casting Ropes.

The collar loop, Figure 152, of Hayes' improvised casting
ropes consists of a rope loop (d) large enough to slip over the
head and small enough to fit snugly around base of neck. Into

Fig. 152. Collar Loop of Hayes' Improvised Casting Ropes.

the knot (c) at base of this loop two 2i/2-inch metal rings are
fixed. To prevent these rings from slipping out of place another
knot is made in rope behind them. This completes the collar
loop of Hayes.

Figure 153 represents Hayes' casting ropes applied. It will
be observed that the loop is placed around the neck (d) with

Fig. 153. Hayes' Improvised Casting Ropes Applied.

the knots and rings placed near the withers (c). There are
two free ends of the ropes (i) (j) ; these are each 28 feet long.
From the withers (c) these ropes are passed downward on each

I30

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

side to and through rings of hobbles on each hind pastern (k)
(h), thence upward (g) to and through the metal rings at
withers (c). One fore foot is raised and fixed with a knee
strap. The animal is then cast and secured in the ordinary
manner.

Dollar's Rope Method of Casting with Double Side Line.

The double side line method of Dollar, Figure 154, consists
of a %-inch rope 50 feet long. In the middle of this rope a loop

Fig. 154. Dollar's Rope Method of Casting with Double Side Line.

is made (h) large enough to fit around base of neck. The knot
is placed against chest and each rope (d) (e) is passed down-
ward to and around each hind pastern (k) (h) ; then upward
through the neck loop (a). To cast the animal the free ends
of the ropes are each held by two assistants. One of the fore
feet (c) is lifted and held flexed by an assistant or secured by a
knee strap. One of the main ropes is now pulled outward at

CASTING AND SECUKING HARNESS AND KOPES.

131

right angles to the shoulder and the other backward. When
traction is made on the ropes with them in this position it causes
the animal to drop upon its hocks and finally upon the ground.
A plate-longe or webbing "unbalancing strap" may be attached
to surcingle to aid in unbalancing the atiimal. As soon as the
animal falls to the ground the ropes are tightened and animal
rolled on its back — dorsal position. The hind feet should be
drawn down close to the abdomen and secured by one or more
half hitches around each hind pastern. "Halter burns" can be
avoided by first applying bandages around hind pasterns. It
is advisable to use cotton rope when possible in casting and re-
straining horses by this method.

Lernherg Casting Ropes.

Krolokowski's Lernberg casting and securing ropes, Figure
1.55, consist of 65 feet of %-inch rope, two hobble straps, and a

Fig. 155. Lernberg Casting Ropes Applied — Krolokowski's.

132

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

short rope with which to fix the fore legs together. In center
of main rope a neck loop is made. This loop should be large
enough to fit around base of neck (g) (h). The knot is placed
in front of breast (h). The fore pasterns should now be fixed
together by means of a short cross rope or strap (a) (b). The
main ropes should be carried downward under cross rope (a)
(b), then backward to and through hobble strap rings on each
hind pastern (d) (e) ; thence upward on each side of horse;
then over the back (f). The horse is cast by making traction
on free ends of main ropes (i) (j). It is secured after casting
by two or more half hitches around each hind pastern.

McDonald's Casting Ropes.

The casting ropes of McDonald, Figure 156, consist of
60 feet of %-inch rope. This rope is then doubled so that one
free end will be 8 feet longer than its fellow on the opposite
side. A neck loop (H) is made in this rope at its middle and
placed over the head and around base of neck in the ordinary

Fig. 156. McDonald's Casting Ropes — Horse Secured.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 133

manner. The long end of the rope being placed on the side upon
which we expect to cast the horse. Then cast him in the usual
way. After being cast, the operator pulls the under rope back-
ward under the withers and winds it two or three times around
the upper fetlock. The rope is then passed down in front of
the upper stifle (A), then backward and under the quarters,
bringing it up on the outside of the opposite thigh (B) and
around the front of the lower hind fetlock. The rope is now
steadily and firmly pulled until the hind legs are well flexed;
then it is wound twice around the lower hind fetlock, passed
down in front of stifle (C), over the quarter to the opposite
side; then upward on inside of the thigh (D). Xow pull
firm and wind rope twice around the upper hind fetlock and
hand rope to an assistant to hold. The fore legs are flexed and
secured by a knee rope or knee straps.

It will be observed that when an animal is cast and secured
by the rope method of McDonald the hind legs are intensely
flexed and the feet (hind feet) are firmly and securely fastened
to the horse's own hind quarters.

Over's Double Side Line Casting Ropes.

The double side line casting ropes of Over, Figure 157, con-
sist of two %-inch ropes. One rope is 20 feet long, the other
one 25 feet long, and two hobble straps. Double the longer
rope and at its middle make a loop to fit around base of neck,
the knot being on the off side and loop near the withers (a).
Pass the free end of the rope (e) through hobble strap ring on
off hind, then upward (a) through the collar loop (b) ; then
over the back where it is handed to an assistant (c). Attach
the other rope by a loop around the near fore pastern (g) ; then
pass its free end backward to and through hobble strap ring
on near hind pastern (f). The rope should now be crossed
over and brought outside the animal's off fore leg and there
held by an assistant (h). This assistant should stand some-
what in front of the horse and to the off side. To cast the
animal the assistant in front makes traction on rope (h) ; this
lifts the near hind foot off the ground and draws it forward

134

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 157. Over's Double Side Line Casting Ropes Applied.

and causes the horse to drop down on his near hind quarter
and finally to the ground. The horse is secured after casting
by placing a hobble strap on off fore pastern. The rope which
has already been passed from near fore to near hind is now
passed through hobble strap ring on off fore. By tightening
this rope the two fore feet and near hind foot are brought
together. In this position they are secured by two or more half
hitches around one of the pasterns. The other rope is tight-
ened until the off hind foot is pulled down near the abdomen.
It is then and there fixed by tying to collar.

Russian Method of Casting with Ropes.

The Russian method of casting with ropes, Figure 158, is
similar in many respects to that of Rohard, Figure 150. It
(Russian) consists of a %-inch rope 25 feet long; at one end
is a heavy metal ring 3 inches in diameter. If the horse is to
be cast on the off side, the collar is made by simply looping the
ring end of rope (h) around base of neck (d) (e). The free
end of the rope (b) is carried downward to and around off hind
pastern (a) ; then forward and upward (c) to and through

CASTING AND SECUEING HARNESS AND ROPES.

135

ring (h). The operator now stands on the off side, the side
upon which the animal is to fall, and makes traction on the
halter rein (e) with one hand and free end of rope (g) with the
other. This compels the horse to lie down.

Fig. 158. Russian Method of Casting With Ropes.

Ordinary Double Side Line Ropes.

The rope used in casting and securing a horse by the ordi-
nary double side line method, Figure 159, should be %-inch
in diameter and 60 feet long. It is doubled and at its middle
a collar or neck loop (k) (h) is made by tying a simple knot
(h). This collar loop is placed around base of neck; the ropes
are then passed do^^Tlward between the fore legs, then backward
(e) (f) to and around — from without inward — each hind pas-
tern (a) (b) ; thence under the preceding rope in a crossed

136

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 159. Ordinary Double Side Line Ropes Applied.

position (c) (d) and back under collar loop (g). The horse is
cast by making traction from behind on free ends of ropes (i)
(j). If this method is used the hind pasterns should first be
bandaged to prevent ^'halter or rope burns." It is better to
use an ordinary hobble strap on the hind pasterns and allow the
two ropes of the double side line to pass through the hobble strap

Fig. 160. Ordinary Double Side Line Ropes — Horse Cast and Secured.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES.

137

rings. Cast in the ordinary manner. After casting the animal
can be secured by tightening main ropes until hind feet are
drawn well forward and down close to the abdomen, Figure
IGO. The ropes are now fixed by taking two or more half
hitclies around the hind pasterns ; then pass ropes over loins
and under back and fix by half hitches over hind pasterns.

Miles' Rope Method of Casting and Securing "Ridglings"
( Cryptorchids. )

The rope method of casting and securing horses, as designed
and used by "Farmer" Miles in his "Ridgling castration opera-
tions," Figure 161, consists of a cotton rope % inches in
diameter and 66 feet long. The rope is doubled and at its
middle a collar or neck loop is made by tying a knot in the
rope. This rope plays no part in casting the horse ; it is simply

Fig. 161. Miles' Rope Method of Casting and Securing a "Ridgling.

(First Position.)

138

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

for restraint after casting. The casting is done with Miles'
rope hobbles, Figures 86 and 109. To cast and secure a horse
by Miles' method a suitable place is selected. The Miles twitch,
Figure 5, is applied and tied up to side of halter. Figure 6.
The halter rein is held by an assistant. The loop of the Miles
casting ropes is then placed over the horse's head and around
base of neck (u) (r), with knot (r) in front of breast. Both
ropes are passed between the fore legs and backward (i) (j) —
from within outward, around the hind legs above the hocks
(m) ; then forward and upward (k) (1) through the collar
loop (q). The free ends of the ropes (s) (t) are now handed

Fig. 162. Miles' Rope Method of Casting and Securing a "Ridgling-"
(Second Position.)

to two assistants who are instructed to keep all slack out of
them, but not to pull a pound until after the horse is on the
ground. The Miles rope hobbles are now applied. With the
operator holding the tail the command is given and the horse
is cast by two assistants making traction on free end of main
hobble rope (a). After the horse is cast, Figure 162, the ropes
are dropped from above the hocks (m) down to the hind pas-
terns. The hobbles are now removed and the fore legs flexed
and fixed by means of knee ropes or straps. Sufficient traction
is now made on free ends of the main ropes to draw the hind
feet well forward. The rope is now fixed by taking two or more
half hitches around the near hind pastern, then carry rope over

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES.

139

behind the horse iii front of stillo (over the loins and under
rump), and back behind the lower thigh; then across in front
of scrotum (k). After drawing the rope tight and hind feet
against abdomen, fix it around upper pastern (j) with two or
three half hitches. The horse is now turned over and the same
modus operandi proceeded with on the other side.

It will be observed that the ropes are crossed both in front
and behind. To prevent them from slipping off the hips a back
rope may be applied. This back rope is attached to the crossed
ropes behind hips and to the collar loop on top of neck in front.
If it is desired to have the legs stretched wider part the same
can readily be done by inserting the Miles leg spreader between
the hind feet.

Fig. 163. Cowie's Casting and Securing Harness — Improved.

I40 EESTSAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Cowie's Casting and Securing Harness, Improved.

The casting and securing harness of Cowie, Figure 163,
is strong, safe and convenient. The chains (4) (5) prevent
wear on the ropes, and the lock buckles (3) will not allow
them to be drawn backward. It is therefore automatic in

Fig. 164. Lewis' Modification of Cowie's Casting and Securing Harness.

locking. The body girth (1) is made of leather and strong.
This girth carries a lock buckle (3) on each side, also two
"D's," to which the chains are attached. Over the loins is a
heavy leather strap (2) for the purpose of fixing the hind legs
in a flexed position after casting. This strap is prevented from
slipping backward by its attachment (15) to the body girth.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 141

Four hobble straps (G) (7) (8) (9) are used on casting by
this method. To the end of each chain a 12-foot rope is at-
tached. In casting the horse these ropes are carried from their
attachment to the body girth to and through hobble strap rings
(6) (7) on each hind pastern. Then forward (10) (11) to
and through hobble strap rings on fore pasterns; thence up-
ward to and through the lock buckles (3)- To cast the animal
traction is made on free end of main ropes (12). This draws
all the feet together and against the body girth and they are
retained there by the action of the self-locking buckles on each
side. After the horse is cast the loin strap (2) is buckled at
each end around each hind leg above the ankle. This holds
the hind legs flexed and secure.

Figure 164 represents Cowie's improved casting and secur-
ing harness as modified by Lewis. The modification consists
of a breast collar attached to body girth on each side of horse.
This breast collar carries two buckles (16) into which the knee
straps (not shown in the illustration) buckle. The knee straps
are buckled around the leg above the ankles and answer the
same purpose in front as the loin strap (2) do behind. The
breast strap (17) prevents the body girth from slipping back-
ward.

"One Man" Methods of Casting and Securing a Horse.

There are at least five good and reliable methods whereby
one man is enabled to cast and secure a full grown horse with
ease and safety. The methods referred to are the Russian, Gal-
vayne, Gleason, Magner and Rarey.

Russian Method.

The Russian method, Figure 165 (first position), is not
intended to be used by a "tenderfoot." It requires courage,
strength, alertness and practice. To cast by this method a 12-
foot rope carrying a loop at one end is necessary. If the horse
is to be cast on the near side the operator stands close to the
horse on that side. Be sure and do not fall before the horse
does. A loop is passed around the base of the neck. The free

142

EESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

end of the rope is passed downward and around near hind
pastern (d), then back to and through loop (a) in main rope.
This rope is now held in the operator's right hand (c). The
operator at this time is standing on the near side of the Horse ;

Fig. 165. First Positron Russi'an One Man Method of Casting and
Securing a Horse.

his right elbow is supported by the horse's loins. The halter
rein is grasped firmly and held in the left hand. By making
traction on end of rope (c) the near hind foot is lifted off the
ground and drawn somewhat to the off side, Eigure 166. By
traction on halter rein the head is drawn around to the shoulder ;
then by pressing down Avith elbow on loins the horse is caused
to drop down on his haunches, and later to lie down on the
near side, Figure 167. If it is desired to secure the animal, the
same can easily and quickly be done by first drawing the near
hind leg well forward and fixing it there by tying main rope
to collar rope, then carry the rope (e) back to and around
off hind pastern, draw it forward and fix by tying to collar rope.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 143

Fig. 166. Second Position Russian One Man Method of Casting and
Securing a Horse.

Fig. 167. Third Position Russian One Man Method of Casting and
Securing a Horse.

144

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Galvaynes Method.

First apply a heavy halter, surcingle and crupper, Figure
168 ; then pass a strap or rope through the side ring in the sur-
cingle on the off side — that being the side upon which the horse
is to fall; the strap or rope is then passed under the fore arm
of the off fore leg. Tie by a simple bow slip knot and draw it
around so as to bring the bowknot on inside of fore arm and
close to elbow. The object of this strap is to prevent the sur-

Fig. 168.

Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting and Securing
Horse — First Position.

cingle from slipping around. Now fasten one end of the
throwing rope to the second ring (b) ; from the front on the
top of the surcingle pass the other end of rope through the near
side cheek ring of halter ; then back to and through the foremost
top ring of surcingle. Tie up the off fore leg by means of knee
strap or rope imtil the heel touches the elbow (a). N'ow you
are ready to cast the animal. This is done by taking the halter

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 145

Fig. 169. Galvayne's One Man Method of Oasting and Securing a
Horse — Second Position.

rein in your right hand, pushing the animal's head away from
you as far to his near side as possible, and at the same time
take in the slack of the throwing rope (d) ; step back about 6
feet and steadily draw the horse's head around against the sur-
cingle and the animal will gradually lie do\\Ti, Should the

Fig. 170. Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a
Horse — Third Position.

146

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

animal attempt to rear, slacken the throwing rope by a jerk with
the left hand and pull on halter rein with the right hand,
Figure 168.

Figure 169 represents the horse cast ready to secure. To
secure the horse, Figure 170, the double side-line ropes are
used. Slip loop over head, down around base of neck; then
carry ropes (a) between fore legs, back to and around hind pas-
terns (e) (d) ; fix by a half hitch, then carry the ropes around
and under animal. ISTow^ fix to the hind pasterns. The rope
from near hind should be fixed to off hind and vice versa.

Gleason's Method.

A horse can be cast and secured by the method of Gleason
with a halter and rein, a knee strap and a piece of rope 15 feet
long. Figure 171 represents the horse ready to be cast (first

Fig. 171. Gleason's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a
Horse — First Position.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES.

H7

Fig. 172. Gleason's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a
Horse — Second Position.

V 11

Fig. 173. Gleason's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a
Horse — Third Position.

148

KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

position). It will be observed that the operator stands on the
near side with his breast pressing firmly against thorax of
horse. The halter rein (f) is held in right hand (e). The
near fore leg is flexed and fixed by means of knee strap (d)
(c). A loop in end of main rope is placed around off fore pas-
tern; then passed upward (b) and held in right hand (h). The
horse is now caused to move and the rope is tightened, which
prevents extension of off fore leg and puts animal down on its
knees, Figure 172. The head is now drawn around to side
and the horse topples over flat-sided, Figure 173. By holding
head (e) off the ground, and rope (c) tight, the animal is pre-
vented from regaining its feet. If more restraint is desired the
hobbles or casting harness can be applied and used for that
purpose.

Magner's Method.

In order for one man to cast and secure a horse by the
method of Magner, a special harness or "rig" is necessary. For
this purpose Magner has designed a leather "rig," Figure 174,
and an improvised rope one. Figure 175. They are similar in
design and their result is the same. The only difference is in the
material used. The surcingle of the leather rig should be 3

Fig. 174 Magner's Leather Casting Rig.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES.

149

inches wide, double and stitched, and long enough to apply
around the horse. It is best to have a double-tongue buckle
(i) made of -wrought iron. To this surcingle is attached the
back straps (e) (f) bj means of rings (g) (h). To these back
straps the crupper (c) (d) is attached by a heavy ring (a). To
make the rope rig, Figure 175, it is necessary to procure 18
or 20 feet of %-inch rope. Make a simple loop about 3 inches
long at one end (e) and double the rope about 3 feet from the
loop. Pass over this double part a heavy ring 3 inches in
diameter (g). Measure the distance from the tail to where
the saddle of the harness fits; to this place bring the ring (g)

Fig. 175. Magner's Rope Casting Rig.

and fix it there by a simple knot with both ropes around it (h).
N'ext put the doubled portion of rope (a) (b) under the tail
(c). Xow twist this rope two or three times and bring the
ring to its place, about 8 inches to the right of back.

Figure 176 represents Magner's leather casting rig applied.
Figure 177 represents the rope rig applied and in action. The
near fore foot is raised and attached to body girth by Magner's
knee strap, Figure 33. When using the rope crupper it is
necessary to wrap same with some kind of soft cloth to prevent
chafing. Xext put on a strong halter with nose band well down
on the nose and draw it up rather close, back of the jaw. Xow
take a strong cord or small rope 20 feet in length and fasten one

I50

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 176. Magner's Leather Casting Rig Applied.

Fig. 177. Magner's Rope Casting Rig in ActioM.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES.

151

Fig. 178. Magner's Leather Casting Rig in Action — Horse About Ready

to go Down.

end around the body girth just above the ring. Pass the other
end from above down and over the halter strap behind the jaw,
thence back to and through ring in body girth until all slack
is taken up. The near fore foot is now tied up.

In casting animals by this method it is advisable to have
them on soft gi-ound free from stone. Now being ready to cast
the horse, step a little to the right and almost in front of it,
with a firm grasp on the cord or rope make gentle traction until
the head is drawn down and backward almost against breast.
Figures 177 and 178. This unbalances the animal and causes
it to fall by rolling over on its side. Figure 179 represents the
horse cast with the rope rig. The head is held around to the
side to prevent rising.

Fig. 179. Magner's Rope Casting Rig — Horse Down and Head Drawn
Back to Prevent Rising.

152 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Rarey's Method.

The method of Rarey, Figure 180, is similar in many re-
spects to that of Gleason; the only difference is that Gleason
applies the tripping rope to one fore foot and Rarey applies
it to both the off fore and the off hind feet. In using Rarey's
method a knee strap is applied to off fore leg and the foot
raised against the elbow. A rope is then attached around near

Fig. 180. Rarey's One Man Method of Casting a Horse.

fore pastern (a) and another rope around near hind pastern
(b). A surcingle carrying a ring (c) is applied and the two
leg ropes are carried through this ring (c) and then upward
over back. The operator stands on the off side, against the
horse. The head is draAvn around to the opposite side by
means of halter rein; at the same time traction is made upon
both ropes. This puts three legs "out of commission" and the
horse falls.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES.

153

Restraint of Wild and Vicious Horses.

The practitioner of veterinary surgery oftentimes has occa-
sion to subject and restrain wild and vicious horses — the kind
that are often referred to as "bronchos." These animals kick
behind and strike viciously in front. They are dangerous to
man, and to subject and restrain them without receiving bodily
injury requires considerable tact and skill. These animals are
often too wild and vicious to even allow the operator to put a
halter, bridle, or twitch on them, to say nothing of adjustment
of hobbles and casting harness around their legs and feet. They
must be cast without going in striking or kicking distance of

Fig. 181. Lasso and Loop Rope Method of Casting a "Broncho" — First

Position.

them. There are several methods of doing this ; however, only
three of them will here be illustrated and described.

Figure 181 represents the lasso and rope method (first posi-
tion) of casting a broncho. The lasso is cast and the horse
caught by a loop around its neck (b). The lasso rope is then
carried one or more times around a post or tree (b) (c). Of
course during this time the horse is busy in his struggling efforts
to get away; however, no attention should be given to that part
of the projposition. A loop (a) is made in the end of another
rope and the horse allowed or forced to step into the loop with

154

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC AjSTIMALS.

Fig. 182. Lasso and Loop Rope Method of Casting a "Broncho" — Sec-
ond Position.

its fore feet, after which the loop is closed around the pasterns.
Figure 182, by making quick and substantial traction on the
free end (h) of rope. The horse will continue his efforts at
resistance for a short while ; however, it will finally become
unbalanced and fall flat-sided to the ground, with its head
extended by traction on neck rope, Figure 183. If suffoca-
tion is threatened the neck loop (d) may be relaxed. The hob-
bles are now applied and the animal secured in the usual man-
ner.

Figure 184 represents the lasso method of casting a broncho.
This method is used when a tree or post is not available. The

Fig. 183. Lasso and Loop Rope Method of Casting a "Broncho" — Third

Position.

CASTING AND SECURING HARNESS AND ROPES. 155

Fig. 184. Lasso Method of Casting a "Broncho."

!^k.

Fig. 185. Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting a "Broncho."

156 EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

lasso is cast and the horse caught by a loop around the neck (a).
The rope (b) is then wrapped two or more times around the
fore legs below the knee (c) (d). This pulls the legs together.
By traction (f ) on free end of rope (e) the horse is unbalanced
and falls from the effects of its own efforts at resistance.

Galvayne's "One Man' Method of Casting a "BroncJio."

Figure 185 represents the method of Galvayne for casting
a broncho by one man. A strong halter is applied and the halter
strap (e) secured to a post or tree with a double hitch knot (f )
so that it cannot slip up or down. jSTow jerk the looped end
of the casting rope under the animal towards the near side.
Take the other end of the rope, walk quietly around the back
of the animal with it, and pass it through the loop, thus making
a slip loop. Then pull the end of the rope (c) until the noose
is reduced to a suitable size and jerk it quickly upward, around
both hind legs above the hocks ; then draw the legs close together
by making more traction on free end of rope (c). Stand on
the near side, slightly to the rear, and continue to pull strongly.
The horse will kick and otherwise resist at first, but will soon
sit down upon its haunches and subsequently roll over on its
side. The horse can now be secured with the casting rope, or
hobbles may be applied for that purpose.

CHAPTER III.

OPERATING TABLES.

As a means of restraint in the recnmbent posture, the
Equine Operating Table occupies an important position; how-
ever, the operating table, as with the stocks, as a means of
restraint, has its advocates as well as its adversaries. Some
prominent surgeons of this and other countries are flattering
in their praise of the table, while other practitioners of equal
prominence and like experience are severe in their condemna-
tion of the table as a means of restraint. Many have con-
demned all tables in general without subjecting even a single
one of them to a fair and impartial trial. Others have con-
demned all tables because one table in their hands chanced to
be defective in design, hence unsatisfactory. Some practition-
ers have even objected to the table because it is stationary and
not sufficiently light or small to be carried with them from
call to call. Another objection is the inconvenience or impossi-
bility of putting some fractious or nervous animals on the table
or because it cannot be used under all circumstances and condi-
tions. They even dislike it because it occupies too much space
in the operating room, and requires two or more assistants to
successfully handle a large and strong horse on account of the
equine operating table not yet being a "one man" affair.

The author being more or less acquainted and familiar with
several different designs of operating tables, their advantages
as well as their disadvantages, has no hesitancy in saying that
the twentieth century practitioner of veterinary surgery cannot
any longer afford to be influenced either by prejudice on the
part of himself, or the adverse opinions of other people, to de-
prive himself of the advantages afforded by a properly con-
structed and modernly equipped equine operating table. Such
tables are now manufactured and sold at reasonable prices, and
their use and value to the surgeon should not be underestimated.

Professor Louis A. ^lerillat says: "The greatest advantage
of the operating table in this connection is the leisurely manner

158 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

with which an operation may proceed without discomfort to
the confined horse, and the decided freshness of the patient
after the operation is over. The operating table does not often
provoke exhausting struggles. With harness restraint the pa-
tient is uncomfortable throughout, and it is essential to hurry
the operation in order to shorten the duration of the confine-
ment. The patient always arises more or less exhausted, even
from short operations, while w^ith the table two or even three
hours confinement will leave no exhaustive effect. In short, the
horse is much safer on the operating table than upon the floor
secured with casting harness. From the standpoint of thor-
oughness and exactness of the surgical technique, the table has
both good and bad points. The operations are much cleaner.
There are no flying particles from the litter and less dust in
the operating place, and as the surgical field can be more se-
curely tied there is much less danger of soiling the surgica'
wound and a much better opportunity of accurately executing
the various steps of the operation. The dissection, the ha^mos-
tasis, the suturing, and the dressing are greatly facilitated by
the fixed state of the operating field."

Professor W. L. Williams says : "We could not consistently
continue the use of the table in daily work for a period of
nine years, side by side with the various kinds of casting har-
ness, following the exclusive use of the latter during seventeen
years' experience, except it had for us some points of superior-
ity in cases of sufficiently wide range of character to warrant
its installation and retention. Having made this use of the
table and after a long study of its practical working, with so
many radical changes that we have virtually operated four or
five different machines and studied them carefully, besides
temporarily operated upon or observed the actual working of
an equal number of others and borrowed therefrom and applied
to our own each feature commending itself to us, it is inevita-
ble that we should favor the one with which w-e are most fa-
miliar."

Professor John A. W. Dollar says : "The advances of anti-
septic surgery and the invention of the new operating machine
have placed in the hands of veterinary surgeons a means of over-

OrERATING TABLES. I59

coining obstacles hitherto regarded as insurinonutal)le. Be-
tween these two factors, however, an important difference ex-
ists, inasmuch as while we all recognize with a fair degree of
precision the requirements and capabilities of antiseptic sur-
gery, it is impossible to accurately forecast the benefits to be
obtained from a new means of controlling animals during op-
eration. In important operations the disadvantages inherent
to the old method not infrequently form a fatal bar to success,
or even to experiment. While fully recognizing, therefore, the
immense importance and possibilities of antiseptic surgery, I
venture to predict for it an extended scope and greatly in-
creased success in veterinary operations, since its application
has been so greatly facilitated by the invention of this oper-
ating table."*

The first effort at devising an equine operating table was
made by Hoerdt. This apparatus was crude in design and
cumbersome to handle, rendering it of doubtful value as a
means of restraint. This machine or apparatus of Hoerdt was
soon modified and improved by Fromage de Feurgre, Kersting,
Owen and others, luitil at the present tinie equine operating
tables as a means of restraint are in great demand, and are used
by most of the prominent surgeons throughout the world.

In selecting an operating table we should carefully consider
the following important facts and accept that apparatus which
possesses the most points of excellence :

1. Strength. — Any table to be satisfactory must be strong.
The wood, ropes, chains and straps should all be double strengtli.
One weak place in a single one of them subjects the operator
rnd his assistants to liability of great bodily injury.

2. Simplicity. — The design and construction should be as
simple as possible. However, never sacrifice efficiency, ease of
operation, strength and safety for simplicity or appearance.
Complicated mechanical constmction was for many years the

* Author's Note — Professor Dollar refers here to the table orig-
inated by Vinsot, later improved by Dollar. The "Dollar table" has,
during recent years, been improved and perfected by the Bradwood
Manufacturing Company, and is now known and sold in America as
The Bradwood Equine Operating Table and Surgical Chair.

l6o RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

foundation of most of the objectionable features of the equine
operating table, but these have to a large extent been eliminated
in the successful table of today.

3. Ease of Operation. — A successful table never requires
over three or four men to operate it^ — even when handling a
large and strong horse. If more assistants are required, some-
thing is wrong, either with the table or the operator. How-
ever, as a general rule, we should beware of the tables that
"can be lowered to the horizontal position by a small boy," as
it is liable to require the combined strength of two or more
full grown men to put the table again in the upright position
and the animal onto its feet. A table should possess speed as
well as strength.

4. Thoroughness of Restraint. — A table should be so con-
structed and equipped that the restraint is thorough. This
places the operator in perfect control of his patient, which is
in itself a decided advantage.

5. Safety to the Patient. — A successful table should possess
logical, safe and efficient means of placing the patient on the
table as well as the same advantages for releasing it from the
table. The best table is that one which reduces the danger in
this respect to the smallest possible minimum.

f). Accessibility of the Patient, Especially the Field of Op-
eration.— Tables should be so constructed that there is a min-
imum amount of obstruction between the surgeon and the oper-
ative field. The hinderance in this respect should be reduced
as much as possible. This can be and is done by special table-
top construction in the shape of "cut out" or removable center,
removable head piece, cut out or indented sides, etc.

7. Antisepsis and Asepsis. — The table should be so con-
structed that its thorough cleansing and disinfection, when nec-
essary, is possible. Sanitation is an important point of excel-
lence in favor of any table.

8. Special Positions. — The time has come when special posi-
tions for special operations are necessary. A table should be
so constructed that it affords the surgeon the widest possible
range of means and methods of restraining the animal in special
positions.

OPERATING TABLES.

i6l

Possible Accidents to Patient in the Use of the Oper-
ating Table as a Means of Restraint.

Abrasions and contusions about the head and bony points
of the body occur from insufficient padding or imperfect re-
straint. Or they may occur about coronets, pasterns and fet-
locks from the hobble straps and chains. Fractures of one or
more of the long bones sometimes take place. This is also liable
to happen to some short bones, such as the phalanges and verte-
brae; especially is this accident likely to occur in old horses or
in those suffering from one or more of the various bone dis-
eases, such as osteoporosis, rickets, etc.

Sprain or rupture of tendons and muscles is not an infre-
quent sequelae of operating table restraint.

Dislocation of one or more of the important joints is an-
other sequelae of no rare occurrence.

Daviau's Operating Table.

Daviau designed, made and used the first equine operating
table of any practical value. The original apparatus of Daviau,
Figures 186 and 187, was a large, hardwood, flat-top table,
the top (a) being 6x8 feet.

Fig. 186. Daviau's Operating Table, Upright Position, with Animal

Secured.

l62

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The part coming in contact with the body and head of
the horse was well padded, and the padding covered with heavy
leather. Holes (b) (d) were made for passage of halter rein
(b), neck strap (d), hobble ropes (p) (q), and body strap (n).
The table top was equipped with body girths (e) (f) (g) and
horizontal body breeching (m) and breast straps (o) ; also
hobble straps (r) (s), and ropes by which the animal was se7
cured. The supporting framework of this table was 2^ feet
high and consists of four strong legs with substantial braces and
cross braces between them. The frame work so arranged that

Fig. 187. Daviau's Operating Table, Horizontal Position, with Animal
Secured Ready for Operation.

when the table is lowered by means of the cog gears and crank
it acts as a support to the table top. Figure 187 represents the
table top lowered to the horizontal position, with a patient ready
for operation. This illustrates the body girth and hobble strap
arrangement ; also shows the legs and frame work of the sup-
porting platform.

Daviau's Opebating Table IxMpeoved.

Finding by experimentation and practice that the original
table possessed several objectionable features, viz., difficulty
of applying and tightening the straps and girths, the inaccessi-

OPERATIXO TABLES

Fig. 188. Daviau's Table Improved, Upright Position, Back View.

Fig. 189. Daviau's Table, Improved, Upright Position, Front View,
Animal Secured Ready to Be Lowered.

164 EESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

bilitj of hobble ropes which were behind and underneath the
table, etc., Daviau designed and made an improved table, Fig
ures 188 and 189.

This latter table is quite satisfactory and is yet used in
some parts of France and Germany. This improved table is
much larger and more complicated than the original. Figure
188 represents upright position, back view. It shows the
manner by which the ropes, straps and girths are fastened ; also
the mechanical construction of the raising and lowering device.
Figure 189 represents the improved table, front view, upright
position, with animal secured, ready to be lowered to the hori-
zontal position. It will be observed that the body girths are
considerably different from those of the original table.

Coziee's Improved Equine Opeeating Table.

The improved operating table of Cozier is simple in con-
struction, neat in appearance, and said to be very satisfactory
by those who have used it. Figure 190 represents front view of
the table in upright position. This table is made from the
best Puget Sound fir lumber. The top of the table (A) is about
the usual size of veterinary operating tables, being seven feet
wide by nine feet long. It is thoroughly padded and covered
with canvas, paraffined and oiled, making it absolutely water-
proof, and, as near as possible, aseptic.

The planks are 2x12 inches, doweled together and bolted
to 4x6 inch cross pieces on which the table turns. That portion
of the surface (S) on which the feet of the animal are secured is
covered with 'No. 18 galvanized sheet iron, amply protecting it
from the kicks and cuts of shoes. The sheet iron, canvas and
bindings are all nailed on with galvanized nails, thus avoiding
the action of rust, and adding much to the durability of the
table.

The table is amply supplied with hooks, body girths (k)
(q) (r), and hobbles (K) (L) (m) (n) for securing the patient.
The adjustability of the straps makes it an essentially reversible
table. The hobbles tighten automatically after buckling on the
patient's feet. Long body girths and cams are furnished only

OPERATING TABLES.

165

on request. Otherwise the table is fitted with short body girths
(k) (q) (r) and ropes (e) (j) (g) running through rings (b)
(c) (d) at the end as shown in cut. Dr. Cozier prefers this
method. By it very much of the dirt and Avater that accumu-
lates on or around a table is kept from coming in contact with
the operator or patient by way of the body girths. The table is
furnished with three body girths and rings, three lifting ropes,

L

Fig. 190. Cozier's Improved Equine Operating Table, Front View.

one two-ply oil tanned neck strap (h), one twenty-foot side line
rope, hobble straps and irons for securing the frame to floor.

Figure 191 represents rear view of the Cozier table. The
frame (S) is built of 4x6 inch material fitted and bolted to-
gether with joint bolts, thus allowing all parts of it to be kept
thoroughly tight. The special feature of importance is the
gearing (h) (t) (m), which is Dr. Cozier's own designing. It
is unique for its strength and simplicity. The power is applied
to the table top at two points simnltanooiisly, doing awny with

i66

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 191. Cozier's Improved Equine Operating Table, Rear View-
all lateral and racking motions, and is transmitted from the
crank (K) to the lifting segments by means of a worm and
worm wheel, thus forming a lock at all points of the arc through
which the table turns. It is impossible, therefore, to move the
table up or down without turning the crank.

Hodgson and Magee/s Equine Operaiing Table.

The table, Fig-ures 192, 193 and 194, was desig-ned by Drs.
Hodgson and Magee. It is simple in construction, with very
little mechanism to get out of working order. The particular
difference in this table and many others is the method of raising
and lowering it by means of block and tackle, which is anchored
in selected positions suitable to make traction at certain angles
in order to handle the hinged table top which rests upon a
strongly constructed wooden frame or base. Another important

OPERATING TABLES.

167

Fig. 192. Hodgson & Magee's Table, Horizontal Position.

difference between this and other tables, except the Kyle Bros,
table, is the manner by which the hobble chains are tightened
and rendered immovable. Tigiire 192 represents the table with
its top (a) lowered to the horizontal position. It will be ob-
ser^'ed that the frame or base of the table is fixed securely to two

Fig. 193. Hodgson & Magee's Table, Oblique Position, Side View.

i68

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

flat pieces of wood (c) (d) which rest upon the floor. Between
these two flat pieces of wood are two braces ; the front one car-
ries two rings (f) (e) into which the hobble chains fasten, and
the rear one carries one ring (g) into which the lowering pulley
is fastened. The table top is made of hardwood boards substan-
tially fastened together. Through this top are holes to accommo-
date the neck strap and hobble chains. A strong metal ring is

Fig. 194. Hodgson & Magee's Table, Upright Position, Back View.

attached on upper margin of table near its middle to accommo-
date pulley rope.

Figure 193 represents an end view of the Hodgson & Magee
table raised to its oblique position. This position affords the
reader a comprehensive view of the strong wooden base or frame
(e), also the arrangement of the body girths (f) and neck strap.

Figure 194 represents a back view of the table top (a) raised
to the upright position. It shows the legs and turn-buckles

OPERATING TABLES. 169

applied on each side to render the table stationary and solid;
also the rope and pulley arrangement which may be described
as follows:

Directly below the middle of the superior border of the table
on its posterior face are two heavy wrought iron rings (b). At
the floor into the wooden cross brace or sill, another ring ( c )
is fixed. In the ceiling is another ring. This ceiling ring should
be directly in line with the ring on table (b) and the one on
the sill (c) at the floor. In handling this table two systems of
pulleys and ropes are used. One pulley is attached into ring on
ceiling and its rope to ring on the table top (b). Another pulley
is attached to the ring on the sill (c) and its rope attached above
to the low^er ring on table top (b). These pulleys will allow
the table to be raised and lowered wuth little difficulty. On
account of the hobble chains being stationary to the cross brace
at the bottom, the hobble straps are automatically tightened and
loosened when the table is lowered or raised.

The Neiu YorJc State Veterinary College Operating Table.

The operating table which was recently installed by Dr. W.
L. Williams, professor of surgery at the Xew York State Veteri-
nary College, and known as "The Xew York State Veterinary
College Operating Table," is the result of the expense of much
time, thought and labor, to say nothing of the financial outlay.
A similar outfit has recently been manufactured by William
Sellers & Co., Philadelphia, Pa., and installed at the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania (Veterinary Department) under the direc-
tion of Dr. John W. Adams, Professor of Surgery at that school.

This table, with that manufactured by the Bradwood Manu-
facturing Company (to be described later), represents the result
of the latest and most up-to-date thought yet applied to equine
operating table construction. With such machines as these in
the reach of the veterinary profession, little can be said and
proven derogatory to the equine operating table as a practical,
useful and necessary apparatus. About the sole argument against
them is the one of price, and when we stop to consider their
cost of construction, perfection and usefulness, the price is to be
considered a weak argument indeed against tlieir installation.

I70 KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The ISTew York State Veterinary Operating Table is made of
metal, except those portions upon which the body of the animal
rests. The frame work is built of steel channels and I-beams
securely connected, making a rigid support for the oak and
plate steel platform. The wooden portion of the platform is
made in three pieces ; a main section and two smaller inter-
changeable square pieces. These may be entirely removed or
placed in suitable positions for the head and tail ; that intended
for the head being slightly inclined.

Two heavy cast iron supports are provided, having their
upper ends connected by hinged joints to the table, and upon
these the table rocks from vertical to horizontal positions. The
movement of the table from one plane to another is accomplished
by a hydraulic cylinder, bolted to the foundation through a
rocking joint, having its piston rod attached to the under side of
the table frame ; by admitting water to either end of the cylinder
the piston rod can be moved in or out and the table rocked to
the desired position. When the table is horizontal it rests on two
metal posts of suitable height, which, together with the two main
standards, give four points of support whereby all tendency to
vibration is eliminated.

Figure 195 shows the table in an upright position ready for
use. The animal stands close beside it. The halter strap is
passed through a convenient aperature in the detachable head
piece of the table and the head pulled against the surface, after
w^hich the strap is tied to cleats provided for the purpose. When
this is done the girth-straps and foot nooses are tightened, the
latter being accomplished by suitable ratchet windlasses on
the under side of the platform. If required, the tail may be
lashed to the detachable tail piece.

When the animal is thoroughly secured, the table may be
tilted over by the hydraulic cylinder until it lies horizontally,
or, if desired, to any intermediate angle, where it may be sus-
tained indefinitely.

The cylinder is double acting, and so controlled by a valve
as to be positively located in every position. Its action is
smooth and free from all undesirable vibration. A small triplex
pump driven by an electric motor provides the water supply. A

OI'KIIA ri.\<; lAlJI.KS.

Fig. 195. New York State Veterinary College Table, Upright Position,

Ready for Use.

This illiistr;itii)ii >li()\\s ;h1 jii>t;ilMlily ot" tlio liniil I'csrs. the
arraniiciiicnr <it" Ixidy ;^irllis jiihI i'ojics, the ji-dn jx.st wliicli siip-
purt.s the tahlo wlicii in horizniital ])()sirit>n, also heavy metal
foot pieces at hottom of tahle. The head and tail rests are re-
movable antl interchangeal)le.

172

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 196. New York State Veterinary College Table in Horizontal
Position, with Horse Secured to Table Ready for Operation.

Observe the position of the body girths and rope, also the
table resting firmly on the two metal posts.

<)l'i;i;AII\Ci TAltLKS.

173

F;g. 197. New York Stste Veterinary Collage Table, Upright Position,
with Horse Secured to It After Operation Prior to Being Released.

T<t release rlie liorse the Imlililc ruiie- arc tirsi reilnivcd from
the feet. The iieek straj) is removed and haher rein sliiihtly
loosened, after whieh inchiee the animal to stand on its feet, and
lastly release hody rope .-md izii'tli-.

174

EESTEAIiSTT OF DOMESTIC AKIMALS.

tr^ ^m w

/

A

P, .8

:iw,'%^'i;.

H--

l^-

Fig. 198. The New York State Veterinary College Table, Front View,
With Table in Upright Position-

(A) Table surface of ijolished hard Avood.

(BB) Lower section of the table of heavy boiler plate iron.

(C) Detachable central section composed of heavy boiler
plate iron.

(D) Securing" straps or bands which act as a sling beneath
the horse.

(EE) Openings in the table through which the side line or
longitudinal strap passes in confining the animal.

(FF) Adjustable head pieces. The one on the right is
placed at the highest point, while that on the left is attached
lower to accommodate smaller sized animals. One of these is
depressed as is shown in Figures 201, 202 and 203, while the
other is direct.

fITH) The foot pieces of heavy cast iron in each segment
of which are two holes for the passage of the foot ropes as shown
in Figure 201. These foot pieces are rounded and project above
the general surface of the table sufficiently to have a space be-
tween the lower part of the limb and the table surface.

OPKRATTNG TABLES.

175

176

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 200. New York Stats Veterinary College Table, Rear View.

(1) The hydraulic jack by which the table is operated. The
1)11111]) from which the jack is worked is located along the wall of
the rnoiii and connected by concealed pipes.

(J) One of the pedestals npon which the table pivots.

(L) One of two supports upon which the upper portion of
the table rests when horizontal. The second support is not shown
in the photogra])h.

OPERATING TABLES.

Fig. 201. New York State Veterinary Collegf

'rm-iuMl down to a Imri/Diiial |Hi>iiinii with tlu' cciitor piece
rcniovcil ami (lriiii|M'(| nprni the llnm-. ami the i'<\\v Innpcil loot
rojios ill position in tlic font jticccs (1111). Tlic li'ttcriiiii; is
identical Avitli Fiiiiirc r.»S. Kadi foot ri.])c is slu.wn passing
tliruuiili a rafclicr cylimlcr liciiralli the talilc This cylimh-r is
operafcil hy means of" a I'atchit li'xcf.

178

KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 202. New York State Veterinary College Table.

In horizontal position with an animal secured in position
for operating for roaring. The depressed head piece is used and
on either side of the head is placed a flange-like support (K),
forming a sort of groove or trough in which the patient's head
rests securely. The dorsal position of the animal is maintained
by means of four over-head pulleys acting upon the feet. It is
shown that three assistants are in an available position for aiding
on one side of the head and neck and an equal number may as
readily approach the part from the opposite side, thus showing
that it is freely approaelial)le from any direction.

Ol'IiKATING TABLES.

179

Fig. 203. New York State Veterinary College Table-

Ill the same position as Figure 201, with a horse confined
in position for cryptorchid castration. The depressed head piece
is nscd so that the animal's nose is lower down than the poll,
rendering chloroform anaesthesia more safe. The central piece
is romovcd and the operator stands against the ventral surface
of the body of the animal l)otwcen the anterior and posterior
limbs. The right hind liml) is drawn upward by means of two
overhead pulleys and tlio right inguinal region is thoroughly
opened. The posterior confining strap or girth marked (D), in
Figure 198, has been released and dropped out of the way and
the position of the patient made secure by fixing the tail to the
upper border of the table. It will be seen that the ventral sur-
face of the body is at a convenient height for operating, with
operator in standing position.

i8o

RESTItAI.XT OF DO^rESTIC AA'IMALS.

E

^

(>

<U

i

<u

^

■>

>%

Ol'KIv'ATIXG TABLES.

OPERATING TABLES. 183

bj-pass valve is provided so that when water is not being deliv-
ered to the cylinder, and the pump still running, it passes back
into the supply tank.

Figure 196 shows the table in an horizontal position, with
horse secured to table ready for operation. The middle section
of the lower half of the table may be easily removed, permitting
the operator to stand between the legs of the animal.

Figure 197 shows the table in the vertical position, with a
horse secured to it after the operation, prior to being released.
The center section previously referred to is shown removed.

As the head and tail extensions are removable and inter-
changeable, the animal may be placed upon the table facing
either way.

The manipulation of the operating table may readily be
accomplished by the surgeon and a reasonably competent assist-
ant.

Figure 198 represents the table in upright position — front
view. To place an animal on this table the head is supplied
with a strong halter to which is attached a 15 or 20-foot rein
(rope). This rein is passed through the eye in the head piece
of the table (F). The groom handling the rein can step entirely
beyond reach of the animal and yet hold the head firmly fixed
against the table. The fixation may be increased by carrying the
halter rope back along the side of the patient and passing it
through the table at "E," instead of the side strap for which
this opening is made; by traction on this rope the animal's
body is pressed firmly against the table. The horse is now in
position where the operator can afiix a hobble strap or rope to
off fore pastern. This is passed through the opening "H,"
and tied by an assistant to prevent the animal from rearing.
The body girths can now be applied without danger to the
operator.

The table with the patient upon it can now be promptly
brought to the horizontal position by means of the hydraulic
pump, with the operator and assistants entirely out of reach
of the animal in its struggles ; and once down the restraint can
be completed without coming in striking reach of the horse.

Figure 199 represents the table in upright position, front

184 RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

view, ready for reception of patient — hydraulic pump against
wall to the left.

Figure 200 represents the table, rear view. The hydraulic
cylinder, or Jack I, supplies the power by which the table is
raised and lowered. This is a strong and powerful apparatus
and works automatically. The largest horse can be handled
without any effort whatsoever upon the part of operator or his
assistants.

Figure 201 represents the table turned down in the hori-
zontal position, with the center piece removed and dropped upon
the floor, also the four looped hobble ropes in the metal
foot pieces, H. H. These ropes each pass through a ratchet
cylinder beneath the table. They are tightened by means of the
ratchet lever.

Special Positions.

Animals are readily placed in special positions for certain
operations on the New York State Veterinary College Table.
Figure 202 represents the table in the horizontal position with
the animal placed in the extended dorsal position by use of over-
head pulleys. It will be observed that in this instance the animal
is under chloroform anaesthesia; the depressed head piece is
used, and on either side of the head there are flange-like sup-
ports (K). These hold the head stationary. This illustration
also gives a comprehensive idea of the absence of obstruction
between the animal and the surgeon and his assistants, or we
might say the accessibility of the head and neck from the front
and from either side.

Figure 203 represents animal in position to aiford free
access to the scrotal and inguinal regions. On account of the
central portion of the table being removed almost every part of
the animal may be easily and readily approached by the surgeon.

Special Metal Platform and Padded Recovery Stall.

ISTo doubt every surgeon has experienced the worry and
vexation of attending an anaesthetized patient after operation
upon the table. To prevent them from producing self-inflicted

OPERATING TABLES.

185

injuries or doing damage to the operating room and its equip-
ment requires constant attention for a length of time varying
from fifteen to forty-five minutes. To obviate this difiiculty,
Prof. W. L. Williams has constructed a specially padded re-
covery stall adjoining his operating room. The animal is simply
slided from the table to the padded recovery stall by using a
metal platform shown in Figures 204 and 205. When once
the animal is in this stall it may be left alone to recover
without injury to itself or trouble to the surgeon or his assistants.

The Chicago Veterinary College Operating Table.

The operating table which is used at the Chicago Veterinary
College is a flat top table. This table possesses several decided

Fig. 206. Chicago Veterinary College Table, Upright Position,
Front View.

1 86

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

advantages over some other tables of the same type. The Chi-
cago Veterinary College table is a modification of the original
Dyson table, the principal modification consisting in changing
the gears from eight to sixteen turns of the crank to elevate or
lower the table. This change increases the power by decreasing
the speed; however, with the present gears the table possesses
ample speed, and one man can easily turn the crank even vv^hen
a heavy horse is being handled.

Figure 206 represents front view of Chicago Veterinary
College table in the upright position, ready for reception of
patient. The top of the table is made heavy and strong of hard
wood. There are openings to accommodate hobble straps (e)

Fig. 207. Chicago Veterinary College Table, Upright Position,
Rear View.

OPERATING TABLES.

187

(f) (g) (li) and neck strap (r) (p). The center (o) and sides
(i) (j) are cut out to allow free access to the patient. The top
is padded with oakum and covered with painted canvas. The
body belts (1) (m) (n) are of 5-inch 5-ply cloth belting, and
fasten by means of cam buckles near top of table. The four
hobble straps (e) (f) (g) (h) are 3-ply harness leather of a
good quality. These are connected to chains which are fixed
stationary to the frame of table. This table is elevated and
lowered by sixteen turns of the crank. All gearings are sub-
stantial and extremely simple.

Figure 207 represents the table in upright position, rear
view. The frame (a) (b) is built heavy and strong, being sup-
ported at each corner by a 4x6-ineh post well braced in all direc-
tions. On the end of the crank (c) is a worm -gearing by which
the power is transmitted to the main cog gear (d).

Figure 208 represents the table in horizontal position.

Fig. 208. Chicago Veterinary College Table, Horizontal Position.

Directions for Placing Patient on the Chicago Veterinary Col-
lege Table.

Raise table to upright position, then induce the horse to stand
alongside table and near enough to strap body to it by means of
body girths and hobble straps. To accomplish this the horse
should be blindfolded. iSTow, the halter rein should be passed
through opening in the table and held by an assistant. The

l88 KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

foremost body girth should be brought around the animal and
fastened. Then fasten the neck strap and the remaining two
body girths. The hobble straps may now be placed around all
four pasterns, after which re-tighten the halter rein, neck strap
and body girths until horse is firmly against the table. The
hindermost hobble straps — ^both fore and hind — must be buckled
to pasterns of the outer legs. The coronet pastern and fetlock of
outer hind leg should be protected from injury in struggling by
wrapping with a bandage or heavy cloth.

Now turn the table down to the horizontal position as rapidly
as possible.

To release the horse the hobble straps are removed first, then
the twitch is removed, after which the neck strap and halter rein
are loosened. The body girths are at this time loosened several
inches. The table is then raised to the upright position. The
head is still held with halter rein firmly against table. The
blindfold should be removed as soon as animal is standing on
its feet; so are all other girths and straps released at this time.

The Conhey Equine Operating Table.

The table designed and used by Professor L. L. Conkey,
Figure 209, is of the flat top variety. The top is of hard wood,
padded and covered with painted canvas. Openings are made
through the top to accommodate the halter and neck straps, also
hobble chains. This table has the center and sides cut out to
afford free access to the patient. It is equipped with two

Fig. 209. Conkey's Equine Operating Table, Horizontal Position.

OPERATING TABLES.

189

strong body girths (f) (g). These are made of heavy cloth
belting, four strong leather hobble straps (d) (e) (k) (1) at-
tached to chains from the ratchet by which they are tightened by
turning the crank (n). On either side of the table are two
heavy iron cranks (b) (c) ; by turning one of these cranks to the
left the table top is raised to upright position, and by turning
the same crank to the right the table top is lowered to the hori-
zontal position. By turning the other crank to the right the table
top is reversed (turned upside doAvn), placing the patient in the
dorsal position ; and by turning the same crank to the left the
table top is again brought to the horizontal position. The wide
range of positions is an attractive feature of the Conkey table.
Moreover, the table top rests upon a heavy metal base (a). This
base is equipped with turn-table castings which enables the oper-
ator to turn the table with the patient on it in any direction,
with perfect ease. All the mechanical parts are enclosed in the
metal base, which protects them from dust and dirt.

J K

Fig. 210. Price's Equine Operating Table.

190 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Price's Equine Operating Table.

The Price table, Figure 210, represents one of the earlier
American designs of operating tables. The table top (a) is
9x6 I/O feet, heavily padded, and covered with painted canvas.
This top is made of hardwood planks two inches thick, tongued
and grooved to match. The table top is equipped with three heavy
canvas body girths (c) (d) (e) supplied with cam buckles, also
four hobble straps (h) (g) (i) (f), with their accompanying
cams and two neck straps. The chains are attached under the
table to a ratchet and are tightened by turning the self-locking
crank (j). The top is supported by a heavy stationary wooden
frame (1). This frame is braced in all directions, and on that
account is very substantial. The table top is lowered and raised
by turning the crank (o) in the rear.

Price's table is somewhat antiquated and very little used at
the present time.

Kyle Bros.' Comhination Equine Operating Table and Stocks.

The table top of Kyle Bros, is made of 2-inch plank, covered
with heavy canvas and upholstered. The table frame is made
of 4x6-inch lumber and put together in a bracing manner and
will never rack.

Figure 211 represents the table in upright position, front
and end view.

Figure 212 represents the table, upright position, rear view.

At the rear of the frame is situated a large master gear-
wheel (f) 30 inches in diameter, with 3-inch face and 140 cogs,
which is always in engagement with a small 3-inch gear-wheel
on a winding shaft, which extends the full length of table so
that cranks (a) (f) can be used at either or both ends of the
table, operator always in position to watch the animal while
tilting the table. On the rim of this master gear-wheel, at
diametrically opposite points, are two cranks. To one of these
is pivoted the lower end of a lever, and the upper end of this
lever is pivoted into a pair of lugs, located at the rear edge of
the tilting table. In the center of this lever are disc-like en-
largements forming a hinge (c) provided at its front side with

OPERATING TABLES.

191

Fig. 211.

Kyle Bros. Operating Table, Upright Position, Front and
End View.

a radical slot, which lies in the path of the opposite free crank
on master gear-wheel, and as this wheel turns around the free
crank enters this slot in hinge and springs the hinge, which is so
arranged as to grasp the crank, making it perfectly safe and a
direct, quick and easy lift from the edge of the table. The
platform is of 2-inch plank, 9 feet long and 21/4 feet wide, well
braced underneath with strong iron bars swung with large 30-
inch rods to a hinge shaft, and by long rods to each end of the
table; then by unhooking these chains the platform can be swung
to its lower position while operating on the feet. Horse is lifted

192

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 212. Kyle Bros. Operating Table, Upright Position, Rear View.

by the feet instead of the girths, making it much easier on
the animal.

Figure 213 represents the table in upright position, with
horse attached ready to be lowered to horizontal position. The
stocks are not illustrated in cut ; however, they are made of
4x6 lumber and are located in front of the table, the padded
table raised perpendicularly answering as one side. The sills of
stocks are attached to the ends of the sills of the table frame and
extend forward to outer edge of platform where the posts are
attached, which are 7 feet high, well braced from one to the
other by a beam and at corners by strong bolts.

Animals are forced into the stocks by a swinging (wooden)
bar. This bar swings from either end and is operated by a rope
attached to one end of the ratchet shaft. The girths and ratchet
ropes are then applied, which prevents lying down or shifting
about while making examinations of the mouth, drenching,

OPERATING TABLES.

193

dressing teeth, or performing minor operations where it is un-
necessary to cast an animal ; also convenient in holding animals
while applying girths and hobbles.

When the stocks are added to table it is not necessary for
the table to be bolted to the floor, and if mounted on castors it
can be shifted to the light or to any part of the barn by the
ratchet ropes and shafts.

Located at each end of the table frame are two ratchet
shafts, used in drawing stubborn horses up to table by the halter
strap, and in forcing horse around against the table by passing
a rope around it and onto one of the ratchet shafts, which is
turned by a crank. This table is supplied with neck straps,
girths, fastening for halter strap, and ropes ; has four hobbles
attached to heavy chains Avhich work automatically, and is so
arranged that the slack in the chains can be taken up to prevent
them from being caught by the feet.

Fig. 213. Kyle Bros. Table, Upright Position, Horse Secured Ready
to Be Lowered to the Horizontal Position.

194

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The stocks are 8 feet high, but can be easily made lower if
necessary. A table can be operated in a 10x12 stall, though
12x12 is better.

This table is also arranged for shoeing. A 5-inch plank can
be easily removed at the bottom of the table, giving shoer access
to the feet, while feet are held steady by ropes and the ratchet
shafts.

Directions for Operating the Table.

If a kind, gentle horse, lead him up close to the padded
side of the table, and if a stubborn horse, pull him up by means
of the rope ratchet shaft and force him around to the table by

dl e a, c b

Fig. 214. Kyle Bros. Operating Table, Horizontal Position, with
Horse Confined Ready for Operation.

the swinging bar of the stocks, or by the rope and ratchet shaft,
then apply the girths and hobbles. Take up the slack in the
hobble chains, then proceed to tilt the table.

Figure 214 represents the table in horizontal position, with
horse secured ready for operation. Observe the arrangement
of the lash rope, body girths and hobble strap chains.

The most attractive feature of the Kyle Bros, operating
table is that it is possible for one man to confine and place a full
grown horse in position for operation.

OPERATING TABLES.

The German Equine Operating Table.

195

The German table was designed and first used by Herr
Trapp. It is of the rocker variety and is yet used to a limited
extent throughout Germany for casting and confining oxen as
well as horses.

Fig. 215. German Equine Operating Table, Upright Position, Ready for
Reception of Patient.

Figure 215 represents the German equine operating table,
upright position, ready for reception of patient. The table top
(k), including head-board (j) and platform for the feet (a),
is made of hardwood boards 2x4, arranged in slat fashion. To
place an animal on this table the table itself is raised to the
upright position. Figure 215. The animal is then led upon the

196

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 216. German Equine Operating Table, with Horse Secured
Ready for Operation.

platform (a) alongside the table. The head is fixed to head-
board by means of a rope or strong halter strap. The body is
then fixed securely to table with lash ropes. The table is then
rocked over to the horizontal position, Figure 216 ; then the feet
are secured, after which the horse is ready for operation.

Figure 217 represents the table in horizontal position. The
platform or foot board is hinged to bottom of table. The head

Fig. 217. German Equine Operating Table, Horizontal Position.

OPEKATING TABLES. 197

piece is removable and interchangeable and can be placed on
either side, depending upon whether the horse is to be placed
on the table on its near or off side.

This table is strong, well braced in all directions, light,
cheap, and to a certain extent portable.

Kansas City Veterinary College Rocker Operating Table.

The ^'Rocker Table," Figure 218, used at the Kansas City
Veterinary College, is one of the flat-top variety. The top is
made by wood pieces 2x6 inches, these being placed crosswise in
slat fashion. These pieces are each padded and covered sepa-
rately with painted canvas. The head piece is made in the same

Fig. 218. Kansas City Veterinary College "Rocker Table."

manner and is interchangeable from side to side to accommo-
date each side of the horse. The top is equipped with eight
hobble straps of special design; also hobble strap chains
and two canvas body girths. The hobble chains are tightened
and fixed by means of a crank at the end of table. Two hobble
straps are applied to each leg — one around pastern and the other
above ankle. The body girths are tightened by means of ropes
which attach behind the table when in upright position. The
rockers are of solid wood and strong. The table is also supplied
Avith a foot board which drops off as soon as table is lowered
to horizontal position.

To place a horse on this table the table itself is first raised

198 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

to upright position. The animal's head is fixed to head piece
by using the halter rein. The horse is now placed alongside the
table, standing on the foot board or platform. The body girths
are now placed around the body and fastened. The table, with
horse attached to it, is now rocked or turned over to the hori-
zontal position. The feet are then made fast by the hobble
straps and the body girths are reinforced by a lash rope extend-
ing alongside the horse and fastened at each end. The horse is
now secured, ready for operation. To release the animal, first
remove hobble straps, then the lash rope, after which raise table
by means of a pulley and rope to the upright position. As soon
as the animal's feet come in contact with the floor the trip is
thrown, which releases the body girths instantly and allows the
animal to regain its feet without difficulty.

The Bradwood Humane Equine Revolving Operating Table

and Chair.

The fundamental principle of this invention belongs to M.
Vinsot, of Chartres, in the form of Vinsot's Stocks, Figure 67.
This apparatus of Vinsot, in the form of stocks, was later re-
designed and shaped into an operating table by John A. W.
Dollar, of London, and has long been known, manufactured
and sold in England as the "Dollar table." Several years ago
the apparatus of Dollar was brought to this country by Frank
G. Atwood, who applied for and was granted a United States
patent on same. Since that time the apparatus has been changed
in several important mechanical respects under the direction of
H. L. Bradley, and as now manufactured and sold by the Brad-
wood Manufacturing Company — from a surgical restraint view-
point— it is probably the most perfect and desirable horse-hand-
ling machine manufactured in the civilized world. The table of
today weighs only one-half as much, but is twice as strong, as the
table of five years ago. Instead of large and heavy castings,
strong steel forgings are substituted. It can readily be con-
verted into a surgical chair or stocks. The table itself is 9 feet
high, 12 feet long, 3I/2 feet wide. It requires 9 feet to turn in.
There should, of course, be an allowance of at least 2 feet on all

OPERATING TABLES. 199

sides to make the operating of it easy and convenient. This
calls for a room 14x16 feet and 10 feet high.

Some of the most attractive features of this table are the
ease and convenience with which the surgeon may approach the
patient by entering the table from the back side. This allows
him a space of 10 feet long by 5 feet high to enter the table,
whereas in all other tables it is necessary to enter from the side
the feet are attached to.

Another advantage is that of the table being used for a sur-
gical chair after operations, as previously mentioned; and,
lastly, the labor which it saves the veterinarian is a large item
with the advantage of being able to turn it to the right or left
or upside do^\Ti. Its range of movement is far greater than
that of other operating tables. If necessary the surgeon and one
assistant can successfully secure a large horse for operation in
this machine.

Directions for Operating the Bradwood Table.

When it is desired to secure an animal therein, one or more
of the bars is freed from engagement with the ears of either
of the end frames, and the horse or other animal is then led into
the frame, after which the bars are secured into position. The
sling is then properly disposed about the animal and the breast
and breeching straps tightened. The hobbles are then secured
around the ankles and the winding shaft is actuated to tighten
the chain and thus securely hold the legs of the animal against
movement. The winding shaft is next actuated through the
mechanism explained to elevate the sling and lift the animal
sufficiently to remove the feet from the ground. The
animal being now in proper position to be thrown, the hand
wheel is operated, and the table carrying the animal is swung
either to the right or to the left and gradually lifts the feet of
the animal from the ground, and at the same time the body
will be caused to recline upon the cushion previously adjusted
and positioned together with its auxiliary attachment, if neces-
sary in the operation to be performed. The stay chain will
obstruct the movement of the cushion, and any tendency of the

200 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMATES.

cushion to turn will be j)Ositively obstructed so that all danger
of variation in the position of the animal will be obviated.

Means will also be provided in connection with one or both
of the end frames for attaching halter straps or other head har-
ness and great care will be exercised in the formation of the
several parts as to distances apart to overcome any tendency to
injury of the animal during his retention within the table. It
will also be understood that the animal may be either led or
backed into the table, and after the operation has been per-
formed the release of the animal is pursued reversely to the
steps just described in securing him.

One of the most essential features of the present invention
is the mechanism for tilting the table to any position and hold-
ing it locked after the desired adjustment has been obtained.
As before indicated this table, together with the attachments
therein, is adjustable either to the right or left and fully through
a circular path. It is obvious that under the control of certain
actuating mechanisms the table, especially after an animal has
been placed and secured therein, would require considerable
manual strength to throw or position the animal at the angle
desired. Consequently it is imperative from a standpoint of
facility of operation that the necessary concomitants of the
mechanism for adjusting or operating a table of this class are
that they shall combine great strength, ease of operation, freedom
from damage in use, and positiveness in holding the table at any
required adjustment. Mechanism having the foregoing re-
quirements in the present instance consists of a worm wheel
secured to the pintle and held in constant mesh with a worm
carried by a shaft having bearings in opposite brackets on the
adjacent standard. The shaft is journalled in suitable ball
bearings to reduce the friction in the operation of such shaft.
When a horse is reclining upon either of the cushions, the lateral
thrust against the threads of the worm will be excessive, and the
provision of these ball-bearings reduces the resistance to move-
ment of the shaft to a minimum.

This invention relates to veterinary operating tables wherein
a frame or holding means is movably disposed and fulcrumed
between uprights or standard devices anchored to a base rest.

OPERATING TABLES. 20I

The present form of table is equipped with attachments to facili-
tate the arrangement of the animal in any desired position for
performing surgical and shoeing operations. In positioning the
table carrying the animal, the labor incident to such operation
is reduced to a minimum, and after the required adjustment
has been obtained the possible movement of the table as well
as injury to or bodily movement of the animal is prevented.
Furthermore, the table is of such open construction that an
operator or surgeon may enter any part thereof from either side
or end close to the body of the animal, to easily and conveniently
perform the necessary operation. The improved table is mov-
able in a complete circle and has readily operated mechanism
for throwing a horse over on either side, downwardly at an angle
with the hoofs up, or fully over with the back down and the legs
and hoofs in a vertical position. The table in the present in-
stance is also supplied with readily adjustable auxiliary sup-
porting attachments which in part are specially cushioned and
padded to serve as rests for different portions of the body of the
animal, and easily movable from one position to another with
respect to the opposite ends and sides of the table to accommo-
date the position of the animal and assist in the performance of
surgical operations. One of these attachments is specially useful
in holding the head and neck of an animal during the admin-
istration of an anaesthetic, or one limb for special treatment or
operation. A part or all of the attachments may be used in the
table, and in addition to a sling of ordinary form included in the
complement of attachments and having a freely movable securing
means, other supporting harness or straps may be introduced,
particularly when the table is so arranged that the legs and
hoofs of the animal are turned up in vertical position. These
additional supporting straps will be used in this instance to re-
move the w^eight strain from the legs of the animal, which under
ordinary conditions are secured and firmly held against move-
ment by hobbles attached to a part of the table. The possibility
of introducing different kinds of harness or straps within the
table is an important advantage, and is due to the open structure
of the several parts of the table and the adjustability and re-
movabilitv of other auxiliaries.

202 EESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

It will be observed that the operator has free access to any
or all parts of the animal without removing the patient from
the table. This is of the greatest importance, on account of the
danger to the operator, his attendants, and patient.

The following half-tone illustrations from original photo-
gTaphs will give the reader a comprehensive idea of the range
of usefulness of this machine :

OPERATING TABLES.

203

Fig. 219. Bradwood Operating Table in Upright Position Ready
for Reception of the Patient.

It will be observed tliat this apparatus can be used for stocks.
For operations in the standing posture the horse can be placed
either forward or backward by shifting the iron loops on the
overhead lengthwise beam. By this arrangement operations on
posterior parts of animal can be performed with ease and safety.

204

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 220. Bradwood Operating Table Open for Reception of Patient,

Illustrating Manner in Which the Slings Are Applied, also

Both Side Pads on Table for Double Operation.

lly this arrangement the u})erator is enabled to operate upon
one fore or hind leg, or one side of the body, and immediately
turn the other side in position for examination or operation
without releasing the patient.

OPERATING TABLES.

205

Fig. 221. Bradwood Operating Table, Side View, Illustrating Method
of Removing Patient from Apparatus After Operation.

2o6

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

OPERATING TABLES.

207

Fig. 223. Bradwood Operating Table.

T\\v horse is hacked iiiln tlie tahh' and secured in the
usual iiianuer. The tahh' is then tilted slii;htl_v to the riiiht.
thus placinii' the animal in ])roper position for eve, head, mouth
and poll operations. It demonstrates how easily the surgeon
can ])ass out from tlie hack side and back again when necessary.
The amount of s]>ace for ]»assage de])ends u])on the angle of
elevation c^f the tal)le.

2o8

BESTICAI^TT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

OPERATING TABLES.

209

Fig. 225. Bradwood Operating Table, Horse in Dorsal Position for

Roaring Operation, and Others Where the Dorsal Position Is

Desirable.

To place a horse in this position it is necessary to set the
overhead iron loops back one or two notches. This places the
horse entirely inside the machine, so that it can be turned com-
pletely over.

RESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 226. Bradwood Operating Table, Horizontal Position, Legs Fixed
in Position for Ope'aticn on Near Hind.

OPERATIXCr TABLES.

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

OrJOUATlA'G TABLES.

213

4) dj
^ -J

H P

-l-> 4)

to Z
o

Q. E

I O

-"2

2X4

KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 230. Bradwood Operating Table, Horizontal Position.

This shows position which the surgeon can take in per-
forming foot and leg operations. In entering the table for such
an operation the surgeon enters from the back side and not from
the side on which the feet are attached to the chain. This allows
a space for the surgeon to enter 10 feet long by 4:% feet high.

OI'KRATIXG TABLES.

215

Fig. 231. Bradwood Operating Table, Horizontal Position.

The :iiiiiii:il idaccd for (>|ici';i1 ioii (Hi the fccf. Tlio hobbles
can readily be i'eiiiove(l and tbc Icii to be operated on attached
to chain bracket, wliich IidMs the same firmly in the position
required, as the l)i-a('ket is adjustable and idlow the surgeon to
stand outside the table willi llic Ic^- li,.],] backwaril or foi-ward
as the case demands.

PART III.

Restraint of the Ox.

PAKT III.

Restraint of the Ox.

The object of restraint of the ox is to protect the operator
iigainst personal injuries as a result of kicking as well as goring.
We also apply means of restraint for the purpose of immobil-
izing the animal sufficiently for examination and operation.
The character and thoroughness of the restraint depends entirely
upon the location, magnitude and painfulness of the operation
to be. undertaken. It also depends to a certain extent upon the
size, strength, and physical condition of the individual animal
and the number and ability of the surgeon's assistants. In
many instances, partial restraint in the standing posture will
suffice, while at other times complete restraint in the recumbent
posture becomes imperative. As a rule, little can be accom-
plished by gentleness and kindness in controlling animals of the
bovine species. Time may be saved and much vexation avoided
by proceeding at once with whatever restraint method it has been
decided to use. The ox is extremely susceptible to pain, and has
a tendency to actively resist as soon as a pain of any character
is inflicted, hence the necessity of prompt and efficient restraint.

CHAPTER I.

EESTKAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE.

On account of the anatomical conformation and tempera-
ment of the ox, the modes of restraint in the standing posture
vary greatly from those made use of in restraint of the horse in
the standing position.

Restmaint of the Head.

The simplest method of restraining or controlling the head
is to firmly grasp the lower extremity of the septum nasi (a)
between the thumb and index finger of one hand, and the horn
(b) with the other hand, FigTire 232. By a tight grasp in the
nose most cattle are subdued sufficiently for examination and
minor operation. Grasping the nose of the ox causes pain and

Fig. 232. Restraint 'by Grasping Septum Nasi with One Hand an/d
Horn with the Other Hand.

RESTEAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTUKE. 221

detracts to a certain degi'ee the animal's attention from the seat
of operation. The nose grip, either by hand or by the nose
clamp, has the same effect, from a restraint viewpoint, on the
ox as the twitch does on the horse. I

Nose Clamp.

There are several designs of nose clamps ; all of them are
made of metal, and when applied, all produce the same effect.
They are useful implements of subjection and restraint, and
should be applied whenever the ox is to be secured either for the
purpose of examination or operation. The nose clamp is useful
in the recumbent as well as in the standing posture. The fol-
lowing illustrations will afford the reader a comprehensive idea
of the different designs of nose clamps now in universal use:

Fig. 233. American Nose Clamp
with Sliding Metal Keeper.

Fig. 234. American Nose Clamp
With Rope.

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 235. Nose Clamp with Spring
and Keeper.

Fig. 236. IModified English Nose
Clamp with Keeper.

Fig. 237. Modified English Nose
Clamp with Sliding Metal Keeper.

Fig. 238. German Nose Clamp with
Sliding Ring Keeper.

RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE.

223

Fig. 239. Italian Nose Clamp with Set Screw Keeper.

Vigan's Controlling Apparatus.

The controlling apparatus of Vigan, Figure 240, affords us
an efficient and safe method of iimnobolizing the head. It con-
sists of a pole of sufficient length to reach from the withers to a
point about twelve inches beyond the muzzle. At one end of
this pole is an iron staple (d) through which passes a strong
surcingle (e). The pole is then fixed between the horns by
means of a rope or strap (c). The distal end of the pole
carries an iron prolongation, about twelve inches from the end
of which is a hook (b). This hook is to be inserted into the

Fig. 240. Vigan's Controlling Apparatus.

224 KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

nose ring. On the end of this iron prolongation is a large ring
by which the head is controlled by one hand^a). This appa-
ratus is- positive and severe in its action, and the most vicious
animals are quickly subdued and controlled by its application.

Securing the Head to a Post or Tree.^

Another simple method of securing the head, Figure 241, is
by looping or tying a rope around base of horns (a), after which

Fig. 241. Head Secured to Post.

the animal is forced in close proximity to a strong post (C) or
tree around which the free end of the rope is fixed (B) by a
simple knot.

Figure 242 illustrates a desirable method of restraining
the head by means of a rope looped around base of horns (a),
after which it is carried around the ear (e) (c) in a half-hitch
fashion. Restraint is secured by tightening the rope by
traction on its free end (b) ; this causes severe pain, and the
animal quickly responds.

RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE.

225

Fig. 242. Restraining the Head by Rope
Around Base of Horns and Ear.

Leavitt's Head Holder.

The head holder of H. W. Leavitt, Figure 243, is intended
to be used in connection with a chute or stocks which were
designed by the same inventor. The head is thrust through the
opening; the lever is then drawn over against the side of the
neck and secured there by means of an iron pin thrust through
a hole behind it. The rope is then dropped down over top of
neck and tightened by means of a self-locking ratchet and
windlass.

Fig. 243. Leavitt's Head Holder.

226 RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Head Tied to Post, and Tail Through Opening Between
Slats of Oate.

Figure 244 represents a simple, quick and effectual method
of securing cattle in the standing posture for "spaying" and
other surgical operations. A rope is looped around base of
horns (a); the head is then drawn near the gate post, around

Fig. 244. Animal Secured by Head Tied to Post and Tail Held
Through Opening Between Slats of Gate.

which the rope is fixed by tying (b). The tail is then passed
through opening between the gate slats above the animal (c)
and there firmly held by an assistant. This "tail hold" pre-
vents the animal from either turning around or lying down.

Restraining the Fore Legs.

The fore legs of the ox are restrained in many instances by
means of knee straps of the same desigiis as those used in re-
straining the horse. Figures 245, 246 and 247 illustrate knee
straps of satisfactory design :

RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 227

Fig. 245. Hess' Knee Fig. 246. Author's
Strap. Knee Strap.

Fig. 247. Trasbot's
Knee Strap.

Fig. 248. Restraint of One Hind Leg.

228

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Restraining One Hind Leg.

The simplest method of restraining one hind leg is bj means
of passing the tail between the legs, then forward and around
in front of hind leg above the hock, in which position it is held
firmly by a backward pull. Figure 248. If the animal attempts
to kick or move, traction on the tail will cause pain and prevent
such movement.

Hoch Twitch.

The hock twitch, Figure 249, is an excellent appliance by
which one hind leg may be restrained to prevent kicking. The
rope of this twitch is placed around the leg above the hock; a

Fig. 249. Hock Twitch.

stick is then thrust through the loops in each end of the rope.
The rope is then twisted until the tendo- Achilles is pressed down
in contact with the posterior face of the leg. This prohibits the
animal from kicking or raising the leg.

Fig. 250. Hess' IVlethod of Restraining One Hind Leg.

RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE.

229

Hess' Method of Restraining One Hind Leg.

Hess' method of restraining one hind leg, Figure 250, con-
sists of securing the head to a tree or post by means of a rope
looped around base of horns (a). The hind leg is then drawn
back and fixed to the cart standard (d). This same method may

Fig. 251. Hess' Method of Restraining One Hind Leg by Fixing to Pole.

be used with the same degree of efficiency by substituting a tree
or post for the cart standard.

Figure 251 represents another one of Hess' methods of re-
straining one hind leg by means of fixing the leg (d) to a pole
(a) (b) which is placed in front of the hock (d). The leg is
fixed to the pole by means of a rope, strap or cord,
■s

230 KESTBAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Restraining Both Hind Legs with a Rope Tie.

Figure 252 represents Moussu's method of restraining both
hind legs with a rope tie. The rope is simply looped (d) around
one hind leg above the hock and passed backward and forward
around the legs (b) (c) above the hocks, forming a figure "8,"
after which fix by a knot (a) between the legs.

Fig. 252. Restraining Both Hind Legs with a Rope Tie.

Fig. 253. Smith's Anti-Kicker.

Smith's Anti-Kicker.

The anti-kicker, Figure

253, is made entirely of met-

fd al. It consists of two flat

spring clamps (a) (d) so

shaped as to fit firmly over

the Achilles tendon. To one

of these spring clamps one end of the chain (b) is securely fixed.

The other spring clamp carries a locking ring (c) to receive

and lock the chain.

Figure 254 represents the anti-kicker applied. This makes
a convenient and' safe hobble for the hind legs, and will effect-
ually prevent kicking.

RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 231

Fig. 254. Smith's Anti-Kicker Applied.

Hess' Method of Restraining Both Hind Legs.

The method of Hess, Figure 255, for restraining both hind
legs consists of doubling a rope, webbing or strap, and placing
it around one hind leg above the hock (b) (c). Pass one free
end up between the hind legs and through the loop, and the
other free end is passed in front and around the other hind leg
(a) and through the loop. Traction is made on both free ends
(d) ; this draws the legs together and prevents backward, for-
ward and side wise movement.

Restraint of Both Hind Legs with a Sack or Cloth.

Figure 256 represents restraint of both hind legs by means
of a sack or cloth folded and placed in front of the hocks (a)
and held on each side (b) (c) by an assistant.

Restraint of Both Hind Legs hy Pole in Front of Hods.

Figure 257 represents both hind legs restrained by placing
a pole in front of the hocks (A). Each end (C) (B) of this
pole is held by an assistant.

332

RESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 255. Hess' Method of Restraining Both Hind Legs.

Fig. 256. Restraint of Both Hind Legs with a Sack or Cloth.

RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE.

233

Fig. 257. Restraint of Both Hind Legs by Pole in Front of Hocks.

Restraint of Both Hind Legs with a Plank Held by an

Assistant.

Figure 258 represents both hind legs restrained by placing
a plank in front of the hocks (A) with one end down against
the wall (C) and the other end held by an assistant (B). By
means of a plank held in this manner the animal is forced and
held against the wall and kicking is prevented by the plank
being held in contact with the hocks.

Fig. 258. Restraint of Both Hind Legs with Planl< Held by One
Assistant.

234 KESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Restraint of One Hind Leg and One Fore Leg.

Fig. 259 represents the hind and fore legs fixed together
with a rope. The rope is looped around the hind leg above
the hock (a), then passed forward (b) to and around the fore
leg (c) (d) above the knee and there fixed by a knot.

Fig. 259. Hind and Fore Legs Fixed Together with a Rope.

Hess' Method of Bestraining One Fore Leg and One Hind Leg.

The method of Hess, Figure 260, of securing the animal to
a wagon, consists of fixing th-e head to frame. Then lift one
fore foot (a) with rope (b). The rope is then passed over
frame (c) and its free end held by an assistant (d). The
hind leg is fixed (f) to a pole (g) which has been thrust between
the spokes of wheel.

EESTKAINT OF THE OX IN TPIE STANDING POSTURE.

235

Fig. 260. Hess' Method of Restraining One Fore and One Hind Leg.

Restraint of All Four Legs.

Figure 261 represents one of the simplest methods of re-
straint of all four legs. It consists of two strong rings securely
fixed in the wall — one in front (A) and the other behind the
animal (C). To one of these rings a strong rope is fixed. The
rope is then passed alongside the animal (B) to and through the
other ring (C). Traction is made on the free end of the rope
(D) ; this forces and holds the animal against the wall.

Fig. 261. Restraint of All Four Legs by Forcing Animal Against
Wall with Rope.

236

RESTBAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Travis or Stocks.

Figure 262 represents a form of stocks now in general use
on the Continent of Europe for controlling oxen. The four
upright side posts are beveled and curved to fit the body of the
animal. They are attached at their bottom by a hinged bolt to
posts firmly fixed into the ground. They are united at the
top by keyed pins (c) (a) (b) (d). A post (e) is placed in
front of the animal, to which the head is fixed by means of a
rope around base of horns. The hind legs may be fixed to the
rear post (f) ; the fore legs are fixed to support (g) on front
post.

Fig. 262. Travis or Stocks.

Cattle "Chute."

Figure 263 represents a design of cattle "chute" which is
used very extensively in the West and Northwest for confining
wild and range cattle for spaying and other surgical operations.
This "chute" is simply a wedge-shaped stockade. The sides of
the "chute" are six feet high and the "chute" itself is only two
and one-half feet wide. The gate (A) is eight feet high and
two and one-half feet wide. The sliding bars or rails (B) are to
be placed behind the animal to prevent backward movement
and to wedge it in the "chute." The head is thrust through the

KESTKAINT OF THE OX IN THE STANDING POSTURE. 237

Fig. 263. Cattle "Chute

opening in the gate (G). After the operation, the animal is
released by simply opening the gate. This "chute" affords ns
a quick, safe and convenient method of restraining wild and
vicious animals.

CHAPTEK 11.

RESTEAIJfT OF THE OX IN RECUMBENT POSTURE.

The OX is easily cast and secured for oj)eration. This may
be done with most any of the ordinary hobbles, ropes and cast-
ing harness which are used in casting and restraining the horse.
These have already been illustrated and described in Part 11.

The ox may also be secured on most of the equine operating
tables which were also illustrated and described in Part II.
However, there are a few special methods that are used exclu-
sively in ox surgery. To make this volume complete, it will
be necessary at this point to briefly consider the special appli-
ances for subjection and restraint of the ox. In casting and
securing this animal precautions must be taken against fractur-
ing the horns and rupturing the rumen. It is always advisable
to have the animal empty by fasting several hours before cast-
ing, and to cast upon a thick bed of straw or other soft material.
In all cases the head should be supplied with a halter, or the
nose clamp may be used.

Fig. 264. Rueff's Method of Casting tlie Ox — First Position.

KESTKAINT OF THE OX IN ,;EEOUMBENT POSTUEE.

239

Fig. 265. Rueff's Method of Casting the Ox — Second Position.

Rueff's Method of Casting.

The method used in Germany by Rueff, Figure 264, con-
sists of looping a rope thirty-six feet long around base of horns
(a). This rope is then passed along on top of neck and half
hitches taken around base of neck (b), chest (c), and flank
(d). The free end is then carried backward over the hip (e)
and with one assistant controlling the head, traction is made on
free end of rope sufficient to compress the body, and in a few
seconds the animal will lie down, at which time the restraint
may be completed by application of hobbles.

Figure 265 represents the animal about ready to go down.
Figure 266 represents the animal cast, ready to be secured.

Fig. 266. Rueff's IVlethod of Casting the Ox — Third Position.

240

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Figure 267 represents a quick and convenient method of
casting calves for "spaying operation." Two ropes are simply
looped around the hind and fore legs (a) (b) above the ankles,
and the calf is stretched broadsided on the ground by making
traction on the free ends of the ropes (c) (d).

Fig. 267. Casting Calves for "Spaying Operation."

Soffners Method of Casting.

The method of Soffner, Figure 268, consists of a forked
rope, both ends of which are passed under the chin strap of the
halter, then carried between the fore legs (f), thence to and
through the ring (b) in surcingle (g), then the two ends are
looped around each fore leg above ankles (a) (c). The animal
is cast by making traction on free end of rope (e).

Fig. 268. Soffner's Method of Casting.

KBSTRAINT OF THE OX IN KECUMBENT POSTURE.

"Draw Back" or "Pulley Harness.

241

The "draw back" or "pulley harness," Figure 2G9, were orig-
inally designed for preventing cattle from "running away."
However, it later developed that they are also desirable for
casting purposes. A rope surcingle carrying two pulleys is
fastened firmly around the chest (d). Hobble straps are ap-

Fig. 269. "Draw Back" or Pulley Harness.

plied around both fore pasterns. The main rope is fijied to
hobble strap ring (a) of off pastern. The rope is then carried
upward to and through the pulley (b), thence downward to and
through the hobble strap ring on near fore leg (e) ; then upward
to and through the remaining pulley (c). Traction is made on
free end of rope (f).

Conkey's Lock Buckle Hobbles.

The lock buckle hobbles of Conkey, Figure 270, are very
convenient for casting and securing the ox. The hobble straps
are buckled around the legs above ankles. The master hobble
(a) is applied to near fore leg when it is desired to cast animal

242

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 270. Conkey's Lock Buckle Hobbles Applied.

on off side. The rope carrying tlie chain is passed from near
fore to and through hobble strap ring of near hind ; then across
to off hind ; thence forward to off fore, and back through lock
buckle. The animal is cast and secured, Figure 271, by mak-
ing traction on free end of main rope.

Fig. 271. Animal Cast and Secured with Conkey's Lock Buckle Hobbles.

RESTRAINT OF THE OX IN RECUMBENT POSTURE.

243

Casting unth Rope on Three Legs.

Figure 272 represents a mode of casting with rope on only
three legs. The rope has a running noose or loop at one end
which is placed around the near fore pastern (a) then carried
around off fore pastern (b), thence around off hind pastern (c)
and back around the part of the rope connecting the fore legs.
The free end of the rope (e) is passed backward, and the ani-
mal is cast by two or more assistants making traction on rope.

Fig. 272. Casting with Rope on Three Legs.

Casting Ropes Fixed to Horns.

Figure 273 represents the manner of casting an animal with
main casting ropes fixed around base of horns. Take a % or
•yj-inch rope fifty feet long ; double the rope and loop its middle
around base of horns (a). The free ends are brought down on
either side between the fore legs behind elbows (b) ; then back-
ward (c) (d) to and around each hind pastern (h) (i) ; thence
forward (e) (f), and the animal is cast by traction on free ends
of the ropes (j) (k). If available, it is advisable to use hobble
straps on hind legs above the ankles.

244

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 273, Casting Rope Fixed to Horns.

Fig. 274. Casting by Double Side Line.

BESTKAIAT OF THE OX IN KECUMBENT POSTUKE.

245

Casting by Double Side Line.

Figure 274 represents the ox being cast by means of the
double side line. The rope used should be %-inch in diameter
and fifty feet long. A loop is made in middle of main rope
sufficiently large to fit around base of neck (a), side loops (k)
are made in this collar loop for passage of free ends of main
rope. From the breast each main rope is passed between the
fore legs and backward (f) (g) to and around each hind leg
above ankles (d) (e) ; thence forward (h) (i) to and through
side loops (k) in collar. The animal is cast by traction on free
ends (b) (c) of the two main ropes.

Fig. 275. Knowles' Web Casting Harness Applied.

Knowles' ^Yeb Casting Harness.

The web casting harness of Knowles, Figure 275, is an
excellent appliance for casting the ox. This harness has already
been fully described in Part II, hence it is unnecessary to re-
describe it here. It will be observed that the webbing hobbles
are applied above ankles in casting the ox, otherwise the harness
is applied and used as in casting and securing the horse.

Figure 27 G represents an ox cast and secured with the
Knowles web casting harness.

246

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 276. Animal Cast and Secured with Knowies' Web Casting

Harness.

Fixing the Legs to Pole After Casting.

Figure 277 will afford the reader a comprehensive idea of
one method of fixing the legs to a pole after casting. With the
animal thns secured, it can be placed in the dorsal position
with little difficulty.

Fig. 277. Fixing tiie Legs to Pole After Casting.

PART IV.

Restraint of the Dog.

PAKT IV.

Resteaint of the Dog.

In restraining the dog for either examination or operation,
care must be exercised to avoid injury. By rough handling,
the animal is liable to receive both external and internal inju-
ries ; by improper or imperfect restraint the operator is liable
to receive personal injuries as a result of bites from the animal.

Some animals are very active in their efforts at resistance,
while others are docile and easy to manage. It is always advis-
able to apply some form of muzzle before proceeding far with
any examination or operation. It only requires a few mo-
ments' time to apply a muzzle, and it will oftentimes relieve the
surgeon of the embarrassment of caring for and treating severe
punctured and lacerated wounds, or in many instances resorting
to Pasteur treatment. Especial care must be exercised in hand-
ling nervous, fat and aged animals, also those of the smaller
breeds, on account of their susceptibility to injur v.

The quickest, as well as the safest, method of handling a
dog is to promptly and firmly grasp the skin of the nape of the
neck. But in very large, savage and dangerous dogs the risk
of personal injury to the operator can be greatly minimized
by seizing them with a long pair of collar nippers or tongs. In
the absence of nippers or tongs an improvised "catcher" may be
<[uickly made by procuring a stick four or five feet in length,
rhrough the end of which two holes are bored. Through these
holes a piece of wire or cord is carried, forming a running noose
at the end of the stick. Standing at a distance from the ani-
mal this noose is placed over the head and the wire or cord
tightened. An appliance of this kind holds the dog at a safe
distance until more secure restraint can be applied.

CHAPTEK I-

OPERATING TABLES.

In order to intelligently and hnmanely manipulate the opera-
tive technique of canine surgery, the surgeon's operating room
must of necessity be equipped with some form of operating table.
This particular form of operating room equipment does not
present itself as a question of choice, but confronts us as one
of absolute necessity. To make most tables complete, there are
two important adjuncts with which they must be equipped, viz.,
hobbles and operating trough. There are many different designs
of hobbles ; however, the Dawson-Erench hobbles and those of
Hobday have proven themselves in actual practice to be far
superior to all others.

Dawson-Frencli Hohhles.

These hobbles. Figure 278, were designed and perfected by

Doctors Charles F. Dawson
and Cecil French. The
Dawson-French hobbles are
admirably adapted to canine
use. The main feature of
the hobbles is their self-lock-
ing action. A swinging-
ratchet arrangement is sus-
pended in a frame through
which the control rope passes.
The frame is supplied with a
screw clamp by means of
which it is attachable to and
removable from any operat-
ing table at will. One set of
four large and one set of four small running-noose leg bands
are provided. These will fit any sized animal, and are con-
nected to the control ropes by steel snaps. Should the operator

Fig. 278. Dawson-French Portable
Hobble.

OPERATING TABLES.

251

wish to tighten the control rope he does so by merely pulling on
it, and the moment he lets go it is firmly clinched by the ratchet.
The animal can be quickly released from the control position at
any moment by simply holding back the handle bars by which
the ratchet is prevented from cliiicliing, tliis allows h\'c ])assage
for the rope.

Fig. 279. Hobday's Hobbles.

Hobday's Hobbles.

The hobbles of Hobday, Figure 279, consist of a clamp (a)
carrying a set screw (g) by which it is securely fixed to the
corners of any operating table. The top of this metal clamp
carries a small rope or cord (b), upon the free end of which
if- a specially-constructed, selfdocking loop (e), carrying a metal
ring (f) to which the webbing hobble strap (d) is attached by
means of a snap (e). These hobbles are portable, and can be
quickly and easily ap])li(Ml to and removed from any operating
table. They are ap})li(Ml I)y looping the webbing hobble (d)

Fig. 280. Ordinary Table Equipped with Hobday's Hobbles-
Dog Secured.

252

RESTRAINT OV DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The slack is taken

above the elbows and hocks of the patient.
up by the sliding self -locking device (c).

Figure 280 represents an ordinary flat-top table equipped
with Hobday's hobbles. The patient is secured in the extended
abdominal position. Observe the position of the clamps at

Fig. 281. Ordinary Table Equipped with Hobday's Hobbles —
Dog Secured.

corners of table, the hobble straps applied and the self-locking
device on each hobble rope. Figure 281 represents the same
patient placed in the extended dorsal position. (The author
much prefers to place the hobble loops on the fore legs above
the elbows and hocks.)

Fig. 282. Improvised Cord Hobble Loop.

Improvised Cord Hobble Loop.

The improvised hobble loop, Figure 282, is made by doubling
a piece of cord, tape or webbing so as to make a slip noose or
loop in the center. The hobble ropes may be fixed at each
corner to the legs of any ordinary table.

OPERATING TABLES.

253

Fig. 283. Key Hobble Looped
Ready for Application.

Key Hohhle.

Figure 283 represents the key hobble. The keys for this

hobble are made of brass or other
metal having a shoulder or ri'm
just underneath the head (B) of
the keys to prevent them from
pressing too far into the wooden
top of the table. The hobble con-
sists of a piece of tape, leather or
webbing passed through the ring
(B) on the key, the two ends be-
ing stitched together. In order to
use this key hobble it becomes nec-
essary to have key holes cut into

the table top at intervals of about three inches. (See Hobday's

table, Figure 289.) •

Young's Operating Trough.

The operating trough of Young, Figure 284, is a valuable
adjunct to most operating
tables. It is useful in drain-
ing off the fluids as well as
holding the patient in a sta-
tionary position. This trough
sets flat on the table and is
made of enamelled iron. It
can be readily rendered
sterile by boiling or by cleansing with any of the ordinary
disinfectants.

FigTire 285 represents the extension grate which is used for
the same purpose as the operating trough. This appliance is
depressed in its center and provided with a slat floor (a). It
readily fits the top of any operating table.

Bernard's Operating Table.

The table of Bernard, Figure 286, is an ordinary flat-top
table (a) provided with an operating trough (b) and a head-

Fig. 284. Young's Operating Trough.

254

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

b >>

Fig. 285. Extension Grate.

Fig. 287. MacQueen's Operating Table.

OPERATING TABLES.

255

holding device (c) (g). Bernard's table is used very exten-
sively in France and Germany, and is quite satisfactory.

MacQueen's Operatiuij Table.

The table of MacQueen, Figure 287, is similar in many
respects to that of Bernard, Figure 2S('). In fact, this is a
nioditication of the Bernard apparatus. It is made of v.ood,
consisting of four parallel leaves connected by hinges. The
two outer leaves may be inclined at any angle toward one an-
other, forming a trough to receive the animal's body. When
folded it is readily portable.

Ordinary Metal Flat-Top Table.

The table. Figure 288, is an ordinary metal table of the
flat-top stationary variety. This table is finished in cmamel,

Fig. 288. Metal Table with Enamel Finish.

which makes it extremely easy to cleanse and render sterile.
AVhen equipped with hobbles it makes a very desirable table for
ordinary purposes.

Tlohday's Operating Tahle.

The table of Hobday, Figure 289, is made of wood. It is
provided with a strong wooden base (i) of the cross-leg variety.

256

KESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 289. Hobday's Operating Table.

At each end is a receptacle (f) (g) (h) for instruments and
solutions. The top (e) is perforated with key holes and is
supplied with key hobbles (a) (B) (c) (d), which are adjust-
able to any-sized animal.

Fig. 290. Livon's Operating Table.

OPERATING TABLES.

Livons Operating Table.

257

The table of Livon, Figure 290, is made of wood, and is of
the stationary flat-top variety. The top (a) is perforated to
allow escape of fluids, and is attached to a substantial base
consisting of eight legs (b) (c) (d) (e) placed cross- wise under
the table.

C. A. White's Operating Table.

The table designed and used by C. A. White, Figure 291,
is made entirely of metal, with white enamel finish. The top

Fig. 291. C. A. White's Operating Table.

(i) and drain shelf (k) are made of sheet steel. The legs
(c) (d) (e) (f) are of tubular iron. The basin holders (g)
are of round steel rods and may be attached to either corner of
the table. This table is mounted on heavy castors, and is five
feet long, two feet wide, and three and one-half feet high.

German Operating Table.

The German operating table. Figure 292, is made with a
wrought-iron frame and heavy plate glass top (a). The frame
is white enamel finished, which makes the table as aseptic as it

258

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 292. German Operating Table.

Fig. 293. Italian Operating Table.

OPEKATINO TABLES.

259

is possible for it to be. The table is supplied with an instru-
ment basin (e) and a solution basin (b), and is mounted on
castors.

liallan Operaliug Table.

The Italian operating table, Figure 293, is made entirely
of metal, the frame being tubular and the top of sheet steel.
This tabic is equipped with castors (b) (c) (d) (e). When
in the desired position the lever (g) is thrown, which displaces
the castors and allows the table legs to come in direct contact
with the floor this renders the table more solid and stationary.

Fig. 294. Delahanty's Folding Table — Horizontal Position.

26o

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Delahantys Folding Operating Table.

The folding table of Delahanty, Figure 294, is very conven-
ient where the operating room space is limited. This table
consists of a single wide board top (a) attached at one end by
two hinges (g) (h) to the wall (g) (h). The other end is sup-
plied at each corner with two hinged legs (i) (j). Five oblong
openings are made through the top (b) (c) (d) (e) (f). These
are to receive the four legs and nose of the dog. This table is
especially convenient for "ear trimming," as it holds the dog
perfectly motionless. The legs are thrust through the holes
(b) (c) (d) (e) and tied together underneath the table. The

mwm^^.

Wm

h/>' ?■

'

'Or,

Fig. 295. Delahanty's Folding Table Secured Against the Wall.

OPEKATING TABLES.

261

nose is thrust through the front hole (f) and secured underneath
the tahle with the muzzle tape.

Figure 295 shows the table from the underside and repre-
sents it folded back and fastened against the wall. Observe the
hinged legs folded down against the table top and the button
fastening (g) on wall, which holds tlie table up. When thus
folded, the table is entirely out of the way.

German All-Metal Revolving Tahle.

The German table, Figure 20(i, is made entirely of metal, and
is adjustable in most all particulars. The frame consists of four
legs (b) (c) (d) (1), braced at the bottom (a). These braces
merge together at the top against the center post (h). This post

Fig. 296. German All-Metal Revolving Table.

262

RESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

carries the mechanical parts of the table. These parts consist of
a cog (s) and lever (f) device by which the table is lowered or
raised to any desired height, a ball and socket device (f ) which
allows the table to revolve or be turned in any direction or ele-
vated to any angle. The top consists of three short metal
leaves (m) (n) (o). These are perforated with numerous
holes to allow fluids to escape. The ones on either side are
hinged to that of the middle, and are easily raised, lowered,
and locked at any angle by the self-locking ratchets on each end
of the table. They can even be dropped down to the sides and
animal placed on the table in the astride position.

b i

c =

Fig. 297. Stuttgart Operating Table.

OPERATING TABLES.

263

Stuttgart Operating Table.

The Stuttgart table, Figure 297, consists of an ordinary
wooden table with metal top to which is attached by suitable fast-
enings the four metal legs of the Stuttgart apparatus. These legs
support the two leaves (a) (a) of the hollow metal top. By a
special arrangement the top can be lowered either at sides or in
the center, which makes it in many particulars an adjustable
table.

Fig. 298. Improvised Operating Table — Horizontal Position.

Improvised Operating Table.

The improvised operating table. Figure 298, is made from
an ordinary sewing machine stand. The metal parts are
painted with aluminum paint. The top (i) is of solid wood
painted with white enamel paint. The top is hinged at one
end (h) and the other end is supplied with hinged brace rods
(g) which fit into ratchet notches (j) on the metal frame (d).
By means of this arrangement the top can be elevated, Figure
299, to any desired angle. This table is cheap, neat, clean and
efficient.

264

KESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 299. Improvised Operating Table — Upright Position.

CHAPTER II.

MUZZLES, TAPE AND OTHER METHODS.

Muzzles.

To avoid being bitten the surgeon should take the wise pre-
caution of applying some means of restraint to the mouth before

Fig. 301. Tape Muzzle Properly Applied.

Fig. 300. Clove Hitch Muzzle.

an examination is made or an operation performed. The best
and safest mouth restraint is some form of muzzle. The ordi-
nary clove hitch, FigTire 300, made of either cord, tape or

Fig. 302. Tape Muzzle Held
by an Assistant.

Fig. 303. Leatlier Strap Muzzle
Held by an Assistant.

266

EESTKAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

leather, and applied around the jaws in such manner as to
close the mouth and keep it closed with bow tie back of the
poll, makes an excellent muzzling device. Figure 301 repre-
sents the tape muzzle properly applied.

As a simple, temporary precaution in making a hurried
examination the muzzle may be applied and the ends of the
tape held by an assistant as shown in Figures 302 and 303.
All short-nosed animals, in which the capacity of the nasal
passages is limited, must be secured by this method with extreme
caution to avoid suffocation. To remove the muzzle and. release
the jaws, simply untie the knot by grasping end of tape. There
are several desirable muzzles manufactured and sold, some of
them better than others. A comprehensive idea of them may be
obtained by referring to the following illustrations :

Fig. 304. Automatic Muzzle Applied.

MUZZLES, TAPE AND OTHER METHODS.

267

Fig. 305. Safety Muzzle Applied.

Fig. 307. Protection Muzzle.

268

KESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 308. Hungarian IVIuzzle.

Fig. 309. Adjustable Leather Muzzle.

Fig. 310. Collar Nippers.

The collar nippers, Figure 310, are useful for grasping wild
and vicious dogs by the neck preparatory to restraining them.

Figure 311 represents a dog held safe for examination by
a firm grasp with one hand by the nape of the neck and the

MUZZLES^ TAPE AND OTHER ME TllODS.

269

Fig. 311. Hobday's Method of Holding a Dog Safe for Examination.

Fig. 312. Safe Method of Holding a Dog for Examination or Operation.

270 EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

other hand held firmly against the lower jaw. A hold of this
kind prevents opening of the jaws.

Another safe method of holding a dog, Figure 312, is by
grasping the fore and hind legs and bringing them up to the
side of the jaws, in which position they are held by tight grasp-
ing and firm pressure on each side of the face. In this position
the dog is absolutely helpless.

Fig. 313. Holding Jaws Apart with Tapes.

Figure 313 represents the jaws being held apart with a
tape or cord looped around both the lower and upper jaw.

Miles' Method of Restraining the Bitch.

The method of Miles, Figure 31-i, of restraining the bitch
for "spaying" operation consists of first applying a tape muzzle

MUZZLES^ TAPE AND OTHER METHODS.

271

(i). A piece of small rope or cord (c) (b) is then tied by a
running noose knot above each hock (e) (d). The bitch is then
hung lip to nail or hook (a). Another similar rope is fixed

Fig. 314. Miles' Method of Restraining the Bitch.

around both fore legs, above the elbows (f) (h). The operator
now places his foot through loop (g) on fore legs, which allows
him to make sufficient traction to hold the animal in an ex-
tended position without the aid of an assistant.

PART V.

Restraint of the Hog.

V

PART V.

Restraint of the Hog.

Little or no difficulty is experienced in casting and securing
young pigs or small bogs, either in the standing or recumbent
positions; but aged and large animals are more difficult and
dangerous to control, and by their tusks sometimes inflict severe
lacerated wounds.

Some large hogs are tedious and difficult to catch, and when
caught most of them are extremely difficult and unhandy to hold.
This is largely due to the few and inaccessibility of projecting
parts by which a firm hand hold may be taken. In restraining
or securing the hog we have only two objects in view, viz., pro-
tecting the operator and assistants from bites and wounds from
the tusks, and sufficient immobilization of the animal for exam-
ination and operation.

Catching the Hog.

Many methods have been suggested whereby the hog may be
conveniently caught preparatory to securing for operation. The
animal may be seized above the ankle of one or both hind legs,
or by the ears, or both, and thrown on its side. Food may be
placed in a deep vessel and while engaged in eating, it may be
captured. Or a stiff piece of cord witli a loop or running
noose upon one end of it may be tied to end of a stick and a
piece of bread or other solid food placed in the loop ; when the
hog opens its mouth to take the food the loop is passed over its
snout and tightened. Or a loop may be placed on the ground
and tightened as soon as the animal has placed one of its
feet into it.

The mechanical hog catcher. Figure 315, is an excellent de-
vice for catching hogs. It consists of a pair of metal jaws
(c) (d) fastened to the end of a long pole (h). These jaws
are hinged (j) and arc closed (a) (b) around the leg of the

276

RESTEAIJSTT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

animal by making firm and continued traction on the rope (e)
(g). The hog can now be approached and further restraint
applied.

Fig. 315. Mechanical Hog Catcher.
d

F.g. 316. Hog Catcher Open Ready for Reception of Animal.

Figure 316 represents a hog catcher placed in the gateway
of a fence (a) (b). The lever (c) is attached in pivot fashion

EESTEAINT OF THE HOG.

277

at bottom bv a strong nail or iron pin. The hog thrusts its head
throngh opening (h) at which time the lever is forced over (d)
against side of animal's neck and locked by pins through holes
(e) in top support.

Fig-ure olT represents hog trap made in box or crate fash-
ion. The frame is made of 2x4 inch lumber strongly bolted
at corners. The front end has a door (A) made of two strong
thick oak boards with cross cleats on the inside at top and bot-

Fig. 317. Hog Trap.

tom. This is held to the frame by two strong hinges, and when

in use is held up by the strong iron clamp (F). The lever is

so arranged that the trap can be set for small or large hogs. The

crate is four feet two inches long, two feet four inches high,

and one foot six inches wide, inside measure. Place the trap

with rear end close to the hog pen with the lever thrown back.

^Yhen the hog enters he will thrust his head through the hole

and you can then pull the lever and hold him. With two

strong handles attached to the sides of the crate it makes an

excellent loading device.
18 " ,

278

RESTRAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 318. Catching Hog by Corn and Barrel Method — First Position.

Figure 318 represents first position of catching a hog by
the corn and barrel method. An ordinary barrel (b) is placed
on the ground in the horizontal position, with open end facing
the hog. Corn or other food (a) is scattered on the ground, and
some of it thrown into the barrel. The hog (c) will eat up to

Fig. 319. Catching Hog by

Corn and Barrel Method,

Second Position.

Fig. 320. Catching Hog by

Corn and Barrel Method,

Third Position.

and into the barrel, Figure 319, at which time the barrel is
quickly raised to upright position. Figure 320, and the animal
is caught and in a way secured with head down and hind feet
up. It is impossible for it to emerge from the barrel by its
own efforts alone.

RESTRAINT OF THE HOG.

279

One of the first things to be done after catching a hog is to
apply the twitch, Figure 321. This twitch consists of a piece
of wood 18 inches in length, flattened at one end. The flattened

Fig. 321. Hog Twitch.

Fig. 322. Cliampion Hog Holder Applied.

28o

RESTKAIIfT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Fig. 324. Practical Method of Securing a Large Hog with
only One Assistant.

EESTKAINT OF THE HOG.

281

end carries two holes for passage of the cord or chain for the
loop. This loop is passed around either the upper or lower
jaw, or around both jaws. Instead of the twitch, the Champion
Hog Holder, Figure 322, may be applied to the upper jaw (b).
This holder is made entirely of metal and by slight traction by
one man, with one hand (f) the larg:est hog can bo held per-
fectly secure without assistance.

Fig. 325. Pig Held Between the Knees.

Figure 323 represents a practical method of securing a hog
by placing a loop around the upper jaw back of the canine teeth,
and fixing the free end of rope or cord around a post or tree.

Figure 324 represents a practical method of securing a large
hog when only one assistant is availal)1('. A heavy rope with
a loop on one end is placed over the head, neck and one leg (a)

282

KESTBAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

(b). The free end of the rope is thrown over a beam above
the hog. Traction on this rope will raise fore feet of the hog
off the gronnd and place it in a helpless position.

Fig. 326. Pig Held Between
the Knees.

Fig. 327. Pig Held Between
the Knees in Proper Po-
sition for Administra-
tion of Medicine.

Fignres 325, 326, and 327 represent proper methods of hold-
ing a pig or light hog between the knees for either examination
or operation.

EESTKAINT OF THE HOG.

283

To secure a large hog in the rccmubent position an assistant
grasps one of its hind legs. He rapidly slides his right knee
toward the front of the left side of the chest, passes his left hand
over the withers, and by the combined use of his knees and arms,
throws the animal on its left side. The animal is then further
secured by passing a cord, rope or strap in figure ''8" fashion
around the legs above the ankles. Figure 328. If necessary, all
four legs may be secured, after which apply the twitch or Cham-

Fig. 328. Hog Secured Ready for Operation.

]uon Ilog Holder, and the restraint is complete. Or, instead
of fixing the legs together, the animal may be secured as in Fig-
ure 329, with a pole or rail over the neck and shoulders. This
pole (c) is simply thrust through an opening (b) between the
rails of a fence, and is held down firmly against the hog by
pressure downward (d) on its free end. If two assistants are
available to seize, cast and secure a hog of ordinary size, it
should be done as follows : One assistant seizes a hind leg above
the hock, the other assistant seizes the two ears, then by their

284

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

combined efforts the animal is cast on its side and kept in that
position by placing the knee on its neck.

Fig. 329. Hog Secured by a Pole or Rail Over Neck and Shoulders.

Conlxcy's Method of Restraining the Sow for "Spaying
Operations."

Procure a piece of 3-8 inch rope (soft) about six feet long,
tie the free ends together forming a loop, as shown in Figure
330. ]^ext you will procure a 2xl4-inch plank about 12 feet
long; j^lace it on the floor or ground as the case may be, either
spike the upper end fast or drive a stake in the ground belo^v,
or in some manner make the plank secure (D). Now make
your rope fast to the upper end of the plank wdth a spike (B),
or by boring a hole through the plank large enough to allow the
rope to be drawn up through, when it will be secured by a large
knot in its ends. This should be so arranged that when the
hog is fastened to the plank she will be about waist high, as indi-
cated in the following illustrations:

RESTRAINT OF THE HOG.

285

Fig. 330. Conkey's Method of Restraining the Sow for "Spaying
Operation" — First Step.

Fig. 331. Conkey's Method of Restraining the Sow for "Spaying
Operation" — Second Step,

286

EESTEAINT OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

The operator will stand facing the plank, with his right hand
toward the low end of the plank; pass yonr right hand (a)
through the looped rope, and instruct your assistant to grasp
both right legs of the hog and bring it to you, placing it on the
board. As he approaches pass your left hand under your right
hand and the rope, grasping the left hind leg, while your right
hand grasps the 7'ight hind leg; now guide the left- leg to your

Fig. 332. Conkey's Method of Restraining a Sow for "Spaying
Operation" — Animal Secured.

right hand, which grasps it. The right hand now retains both
hind legs, Figure 331, while your left hand grasps the loop
from over your wrist and carries it back, dropping it posterior
to the hind feet. As you drop the rope back of the feet you
are to say "pull" — meaning that your assistant is to pull the hog
downward on the plank, making the rope taut, as is shown in
Figure 332.

With a little practice a sow can be secured, by this method,
in less than five seconds.

INDEX

INDEX

A

PAGE

Abilgaard's Modification of Danish Casting and Securing Har-
ness 125, 126

Accidents to Horse in Use of Operating Table IGl

Adjustable Dog Muzzle 268

American Xose Clamp 221

American Xose Clamp, with Rope 221

American Sling 66

Anti-Kicker — Smith's 230

Australian "Crush" 63, 64

Author's Knee-Strap 28, 112, 227

Automatic Dog Muzzle 266

B

Barcus' Stocks 52, 55

Barnacles 19, 20

Metal 20

Wooden 19

Barnick's Loop Hobbles 84

Becker's Hobbles 81

Belmont Rider Hippo-Lasso 50

Berlin Hobbles 88, 89

Bernardot and Buttel Apparatus 75, 76, 95

Bernard's Operating Table 253

Blindfold 21

Bradwood Operating Table and Chair 198-215

Broken Back, Apparatus for Prevention of 75, 76, 95

"Broncho," Restraint of 153, 154

c

Casting and Securing Harness and Ropes 109-256

Casting and Securing Harness, Conkey's 113-116

Cowie's 139, 140

Cowie's as modified by Lewis 1-iO

290 INDEX.

PAGE

Casting and Securing Harness — Continued.

Danish 122-126

Dollar's Double Side 130, 131

Double Side Line 135, 136

Hayes' 129

Hulburt's '. 120, 121

Knowles' 117, 118, 119, 245, 246

Lernberg 131, 132

McDonald's 132, 133

Miles' (Ridgling) 137-139

Over's • • 133, 134

Rohard's 126-128

Russian 134, 13&

Whitwell's 119, 120

Ziegler's 121, 122

Casting and Securing the Horse, One Man Method of 141-152

Galvayne's 144-146

Gleason's 146-148

M'agner's 148-151

Rarey's 152

Russian 141-143

Casting and Securing Horse with Hobbles, Directions for 82

Casting and Securing the Ox 238-246

With Conkey's Self-Locking Buckle Hobbles 241

With Double Side Line 245

With Knowles' Web Casting Harness 245, 246

With Rope Fixed to Horns 243

With Rope on Three Legs 243

Rueff's Method of 239

Soffner's Method 240

Calves, Casting and Securing for '"Spaying" 240

Catching the Dog with Collar Nippers 268

Catching the Hog 275-278

With Corn and Barrel 278

With Mechanical Catcher 276

With Trap 277

Champion Hog Holder 279

Chicago Veterinary College Operating Table 185-188

"Chute" for Cattle 237

Clove Hitch — Dog Muzzle Made by 265

Collar Nippers 268

Conkey's Operating Table 188, 189

Conkey's Method of Securing the "Sow 285, 286

Conkey's Self-Locking Buckle Hobbles 86, 87, 241

INDEX.

291

PAGE

Controlling Apparatus for Ox, Vigan's 223

Cowie's Casting and Securing Harness 139, 140

Cozler's Operating Table 164-16G

Cross Hobbles 77

Crush, The Australian 63, 64

D

Danish Casting and Securing Harness ; ;.;...;; 122-126

Daviau's Operating Table 161

Improved 162, 163

Dawson-French Dog Hobbles " 250

Delahanty's Operating Table 259, 260

Denenbourg's Improvised Rope Hobble 78

Dental Halters 25-27

Ellis' 27

Fehr's 27

Lucas' 25

Directions for Casting and Securing Horse with Hobbles 82

Releasing Horse from Hobbles 83

Dog Hobbles 250-253

Dawson-French 250

Hobday's 251

Improvised Cord Loop 252

Key 253

Dog. Holding Safe for Examination and Operation 269

Dog Muzzles 265-268'

Adjustable 268

Automatic 266

Clove Hitch 265

Hungarian 268

Leather Box 267

Leather Strap 265

Protection 267

Safety 267

Tape 265

Dog Operating Tables 250-264

Bernard's 253

Delahanty's 259, 260

German .257, 258

German, All Metal 261, 262

Hobday's 255, 256

Improvised 263, 264

Italian 258. 259

292 INDEX.

PAGE

Dog Operating Tables — Continued.

Livon's 256, 257

MacQueen's 254, 255

Metal, with Enamel Finish 255

Stuttgart 262, 263

White's 257

Dog, Restraint of the 249-271

By Holding 269

By Holding Jaws Apart with Tape 270

Miles' Method 270, 271

Operating Tables 250-264

Dollar's Method of Casting and Securing with Double Side Line. 130, 131

Drawing Hind Leg Forward 101

Securing Fore and Hind Legs Together 112

Securing Hind Leg to Fore Leg on Same Side 103

Securing Lower Hind to Upper Fore Leg 104, 105

Double Side Line, Casting by 135, 136

Drawback or Pulley Harness 241

E

Ellis' Combination Dental and Surgical Halter 27

English Cross Hobbles 93, 96, 107

Hobbles 77

Nose Clamp Modified 222

Nose Clamp Modified with Metal Keeper 222

Ewell Farm Service Hobbles 41

Extension Grate 253, 254

F

Fehr's Dental Halter 26

French Sling 70

G

Gags 17 19

Loop and Rope 18

Rope and Long Stick 19

Rope and Short Stick IS

Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting and Securing a Horse.' 144-146
Galvayne's One Man Method of Casting and Securing Wild and
Vicious Horses 155-156

INDEX.

293

PACE

Galvayne's Method of Restraining All Four Legs 4G

Straight Jacket 47

German Apparatus for Restraining All Four Legs 39

Metal Operating Table 2G1, 262

M'ethod of Restraining One Hind Leg 36

Nose Clamp 222

Operating Table for Dog ,257, 258

Operating Table for Horse 195-197

Sling 68

Gleason's Hippo-Lasso 51

One Man Method of Casting and Securing a Horse 146-148

War Bridle 23

Grate — Extension for Dogs 253, 254

H

H. & D. Sling 66

Halters, Restraint and Dental 25-27

Hayes' Improvised Casting Ropes 129

Head, Restraint of Ox 220-225

To Post .^ 224

With Leavitt's Holder 225

With Rope 225

Hess' Knee Strap 30, 112, 227

Method of Restraining Both Hind Legs of Ox 231

Method of Restraining One Fore and One Hind Leg of Ox. 234

Method of Restraining One Hind Leg of Ox 228, 229

Hippo-Lasso 47-51

Belmont Rider ' 50

Galvayne's 47

Gleason's 51

Raabe's and Lunel's 48

Hobbles for Dog 250-253

Dawson-French • • 250

Hobday's 251

Improvised Loop 252

Key 253

Hobbles for Horse . • ■ 78-108

Barnick's Loop 84

Becker's 81

Berlin 88

Conkey's Lock Buckle 86, 87

Cross '^'^

'9

29+ INDEX.

PAGE

Hobbles for Horse — Continued.

English 93-98

James' 83

Leather Loop 80

Matthias 85

Miles' Rope 80

Munich 85

Over's Spring 81

Plaited Raw-Hide Loop 80

Rope, Improvised 78

Service or Anti-Kicking 39-41

Side Bar 77

Stuttgart 89-92

Suykerbuyck's Rope 79

Hobday's Hobbles 251

Method of Holding Dog 269

Operating Table 255, 256

Hock Joint Fixing Apparatus Ill

Twitch 31, 111, 228

Hodgson & Magee's Operating Table 166-169

Hog, Catching the 275-278

By Corn and Barrel 278

By Trap 276, 277

By M'echanical Catcher 276

Hog, Champion Holder for the 279

Hog, Restraint of the 275-286

By Conkey's Method 285, 286

By Holding Between Knees 281, 282

By a Practical Method 280

By Pole or Rail Over Neck 284

Hog Trap 277

Hog Twitch 279

Hood, Operating 74

Horse, Casting with Hobbles 78-108

With Ropes and Harness 109-156

Directions for Casting with Hobbles 82

Directions for Releasing Horse from Hobbles 83

Operating Tables for the 157-215

Special Positions when Cast 99-108

Restraint of in Recumbent Posture 78-215

Restraint of in Standing Posture 13-70

Restraint of Wild and Vicious 153-156

Hulburt's Casting and Securing Harness .120, 121

Hungarian Dog Muzzle 268

INDEX. 2^5

I

PACE

Improvised Casting Ropes (Hayes) 129

Cord Loop Hobbles _ . . 252

Operating Table 263, 2G4

Italian Nose Clamp _ 223

Operating Table 25S, 259

Improved English Hobbles 93-96

James' Cross Hobbles 77

Patent Hobbles 83

K

Kansas City Veterinary College Operating Table 197, 198

Key Hobbles 253

Knee Straps 28, 31, 111-113, 227

Author's 28, 112, 227

Hess' 30, 112, 227

Magner's 31, 113

Trasbot's 29, 112, 227

Knots Used in Restraint Technique 109, 110

Knowles' Web Casting and Securing Harness 117-119, 245, 246

Krolokowski's Lernberg Casting Ropes 131, 132

Kyle Brother's Operating Table 190-194

Leather Box Dog Muzzle 267

■ Strap Dog Muzzle 267

Loop Hobbles SO

Leavitt's Head Holder 225

Lernberg Casting Ropes '• 131, 132

Lewis' Modification of Cowie's Casting Harness 140

Liautard's Method of Drawing Hind Leg Forward 102

Method of Securing Hind Leg to Fore Leg on Same Side. . 104

Securing Off Fore to Off Hind Leg 105

Livon's Operating Table 256, 257

Lucas' Dental Halter 2S

296 - INDEX.

M

PAGE

MacQueen's Operating Table 254, 255

Magner's Knee Strap 31, 1? 3

Leather Casting Rig 148

Rope Casting Rig 149

One Man Metliod of Casting and Securing a Horse. ....... 148-151

War Bridle 24

War Bridle Modified 25

Marsch's 'Sling 69

Matthias' Hobbles with Safety Lock 85

Modification of Danish Casting Harness 124

McDonald's Casting Ropes 132, 133

McKillip Veterinary College Stocks 55-59

Merillat's Single Side Line 35

Miles' Method of Securing the Dog 270

Method of Securing "Ridglings" 137-139 •

Rope Hobbles 80, 97-99

Mohler's Method of Securing All Four Legs 45

Method of Securing Near Fore Arm to Near Thigh 100

Method of Securing Off Hind to Plank and Near Fore and

Near Hind Legs to Each Other 100

Munich Hobbles 85

Muzzles, Dog 265-268

Adjustable 268

Automatic 266

Clove Hitch 265

Hungarian 268

Leather Box 267

Leather Strap 265

Protection 267

Safety 267

Tape 265

N

New York State Veterinary College Operating Table 169-185

Stocks 61-i63

Nippers— Collar 268

Nose Clamps 221-223

American 221

American, with Rope 221

English, Modified 222

English, Modified, with Metal Keeper •. . . 222

INDEX.

297

Xose Clamps — Continued.

German 222

Italian 223

With Spring and Keeper 222

o

One Man Method of Casting and Securing the Horse 141-152

Galvayne's 144-146

Gleason's 14G-148

Magner's 14S-151

Rarej^'s 152

Russian 141-143

Operating Hood 74

Operating Table for Dog 250-2G4

Bernard's 253

Delahanty's 259, 260

German 257, 258

German, All Metal 261, 262

Hobday's 255, 256

Improvised 263, 264

Italian ■. 258, 259

Livon's 256, 257

MacQueen's 254, 255

Metal, Enamel Finish 255

Stuttgart 262, 263

White's 257

Operating Tables for Horse 157-215

Bradwood 198-215

Chicago Veterinary College 185-188

Conkey's " 188, 189

Cozier's 1 .164-166

Daviau's ■ ■ ■ 161

Daviau's Improved 162, 163

German 195-197

Hodgson and Magee's • • 166-169

Kansas City Veterinary College 197, 198

Kyle Bros 190-194

iNew York State Veterinary College 169-185

Price's 190

Operating Trough — Young's 253

Over's Double Side Line Casting Ropes 133. 134

Spring Hobbles SI

298 INDEX.

PAGE

Ox — Restraint of the 219-246

In Recumbent Posture 238-246

By Conkey's Hobbles 241

By Double Side Line 245

By "Pulley Harness" 241

By Knowles' Harness 245, 246

By Rope Fixed to Horns 243

By Rope on Three Legs ^ 243

By Rueff's ^ethod .. .k .* 239

By Soffner's Method 240

Ox — Restraint of, in Standing Posture 220-237

All Four Legs 235-237

All Four Legs by "Chute" 237

All Four Legs by Stocks 236

Head .' 220-225

With Leavitt's Holder 225

With Hold in Nose 220

With Nose Clamps 221-223

With Rope 225

With Rope to Post 224

With Vigan's Apparatus 223

Both Fore Legs . 226, 227

Both Fore Legs by Knee Straps 227

Both Hind Legs 230-233

Both Hind Legs by Hess' Method 231

Both Hind Legs by Pole 231-233

Both Hind Legs by Plank 233

Both Hind Legs by Rope .'*. 230

Both Hind Legs by Sack or Cloth 231, 232

Both Hind Legs by Smith's Anti-Kicker 230

One Fore and One Hind Leg 234, 235

One Fore and One Hind Leg by Hess' Method. 235

One Hind Leg 227-229

One Hind' Leg by Hess' Method 228, 229

Hock Twitch 228

Patent Hobbles — James' 83

Peterson's Hock Joint Flexing and Fixing Apparatus Ill

Peuch & Toussaint's Stocks 63

Pfeiffer's Modification of Danish Casting Harness 124, 125

Plaited Rawhide Loop Hobbles 80

INDEX. 299

PAGE

Plate Longe 43, 89, 91, 95

Practical Method of Restraining Hog 280

Price's Operating Table 190

Protection Dog Muzzle 2G7

R

Raabe & Lunel's Hippo-Lasso 48

Rarey's One Man Method of Casting a Horse 152

Recumbent Posture — Horse in 7S 215

Ox in 23S-246

Releasing a Horse from Hobbles — Directions for 83

Restraint of "Broncho" I'ltJ-lSG

Restraint and Dental Halters 25-27

Restraint of Dog 249-271

By Hobbles 250-253

By Holding 269

By Miles' Method 270-271

By Muzzles 265-268

By Operating Tables 250-264

Restraint of Hog 275-286

By Conkey's Method 285. 286

By Holding Between Knees 281, 282

By Pole or Rail Over Neck and Shoulders 284

By Practical Method 280

For Operation 283

Restraint of Horse 13-215

In Recumbent Posture 78-215

Casting and Securing Harness and Ropes.. 109-256

Cross Hobbles ^^

Hobbles 78-108

One Man Method of 141-152

Operating Tables 157-215

Restraint of Horse in Standing Posture 13-70

All Four Legs by Galvayne's Method -46

All Four Legs by Hippo-Lasso -l^-^l

By Morgan's Method ^^

By Rope _ '^^

By Stocks ^-'^^

By Web and Rope • • ■*-

Both Hind Legs ^^'-^l

Both Hind Legs by Ewell Farm Service Hobbles 4i

Both Hind Legs by German Apparatus 39

300 INDEX.

PAGE

Restraint of Horse in Standing Posture — Continued.

By Ropes 42

By Wocher's Service Hobbles 40

One Fore Leg by Knee Straps 28-31

One Hind Leg 31-38

One Hind Leg by German Method 36

One Hind Leg Merillat's Single Side Line 35

One Hind Leg by Rope to Tail 32

One Hind Leg by Side Line 33

One Hind Leg by Surcingle and Rope 34

Restraint — Knots Used in 109, 110

Restraint of Ox 229-246

In Recumbent Posture 238-246

By Conkey's Hobbles 241

With Drawback or "Pulley Harness" 241

With Double 'Side Line 245

With Knowles' Web Casting Harness 245, 246

With Rope Fixed to Three Legs 243

With Rope Fixed to Horns 243

Reuff's Method 239

Soffner's Method 240

Restraint of Ox in Standing Posture 220-237

"Cattle Chute" 237

By Hand Held on Xose 220

By Hess' Method 228-231

By Hock Twitch 228

By iNose Clamps 221-223

By Plank 233

By Pole . 231, 233

By Rope Tie 230

By Sack or Cloth 231, 232

By Smith's Anti-Kicker 230

By Stocks 236

Rope Method of Restraining All Four Legs 45

Both Hind Legs 42

One Fore Leg 29, 30

One Hind Leg 32-37

Rope Hobbles, Denenbourg's 78

Miles' 80, 97, 98, 99

Suykerbuyck's 79

Rohard's Method of Casting With Ropes 126-128

Russian Method of Casting With Ropes 134, 135

One Man Method of Casting a Horse 141-143

INDEX. 301

s

PAHE

Safety Lock Hobbles, Matthias' 85

Self-Locking Buckle Hobbles — Conkey's 87

Service Hobbles — Ewell Farm 41

vVocher's 39

Side Bar Hobbles 77

Slings 65-70

American 66

French 70

German 68

. H. & D 65

Marsch's 69

Smith's Anti-Kicker 230

Soffner's Method of Casting the Ox 240

Special Positions of Horse when Cast with Hobbles 99-108

Standing Posture — Restraint of Horse in 13-70

Restraint of Ox in 220-237

Stocks 52-63, 236

Barcus' 52-55

McKillip Veterinary College 55-59

Xew York State Veterinary College 61-63

Peuch's & Toussaint's 63

Vinsot's 59, 60

Wooden 59

Stuttgart Method of Casting 89-93

Subjection of Horse by Barnacles 19, 20

By Blindfold 21

By Gags 17-19

By Galvayne's "Straight .Jacket" 47

By Operating Hood 74

By Twitch 13-17

By War Bridle 22-25

Subjection of Ox by Hand Hold 220

By Nose Clamps 221-223

By Vigan's Apparatus 223

Surcingle and Strap 29, 30

Suykerbuyck's Rope Hobbles 79

Tables— Operating, for Dog 250-264

For Horse 157-215

Tail Knot for Restraining Hind Leg 32

302 INDEX.

PAGE

Tape — Dog Muzzle 265

M'ethod of Holding Jaws Apart 270

Trasbot's Knee Strap 29, 112, 227

Trap for Hog 277

Trough — Young's Operating 253

Twitch — Ball and Chain iq

Hock 31

Hog 279

Iron and Chain 17

Miles' 15, 16

Ring 14

Rope and Stick 14

Rope and Stick with Metal-bound Head 16

Rope Loop and Short "Stick 17

Triangular 14, 15

Wooden 13

Twitches, Gags and Barnacles 13-20

V

Vienna Method of Restraint in Dorsal Position 106, 107

Vigan's Apparatus 223

Vinsot's Stocks 59, 60

Von Chelchowski's Method of Casting 92

w

War Bridles 22-25

Web and Rope Apparatus 43

Web — Knowles' Harness 117-119, 245, 246

White's Operating Table 257

Whitwell's Casting and Securing Harness 119, 120

Wocher's Service Hobbles 40

Wild and Vicious Horses — Restraint of 153-156

Wooden Stocks 59

Y

Young's Operating Trough 253

z

Ziegler's Casting and Securing Harness 221, 222

Webster Family Library of Veterinary Medicine
Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at
Tufts University
200 VVestboro Road
North Grafton, MA 01536

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