Occasional Papers

Museum of Texas Tech University

Number 250 20 January 2006

Results of a Mammal Survey of the Tandayapa Valley, Ecuador

Thomas E. Lee, Jr., Jay B. Packer, and Diego Alvarado-Serrano

Abstract

A mammal survey was conducted of the Tan¬
dayapa Valley, Pichincha, Ecuador. The Tandayapa
Valley is located on the western slope of the Andes
(0°00’ 13”N, 78°40’70”W), The ecosystem of the sur¬
vey area is subtropical cloud forest. Sherman traps,
pitfall traps, and mist nets were used to collect the
specimens. Nineteen species of mammals were col¬
lected from the survey area (and two additional spe¬
cies were observed). Among the specimens collected
were eight species ( Marmosops impavidus, Cryptotis

equatoris, Micronycteris megalotis, Dermamira rava,
Platyrrhinus dorsalis, Vampyressa thyone, Myotis ke-
aysi, and Neusticomys monticolas) that had not been
recorded for this location and three species ( Carol-
lia castanea, Vampyressa thyone, and Neusticomys
monticolus) that represented new elevation records of
their species. Shannon-Wiener diversity analyses were
performed for the overall mammalian diversity and the
bat diversity, and the values were compared to other
nearby locations.

Introduction

The Tandayapa Valley is located on the western
slope of the Andes, 60 km northwest of Quito, Pichin¬
cha, Ecuador. The valley has a north/south axis that
bisects the Equator. This study was conducted from
23 July to 17 August 2003. Although the Tandayapa
Valley has been surveyed for birds many times (Ridgely
and Greenfield 2001) it has been missed by mammal
studies that were conducted close to this location (Jarrin
and Fonseca 2001; Fonseca and Jarrin 2001; Fonseca
et al. 2003; Tirira 1999). The surveyed ecosystem is
subtropical cloud forest of the western Andes (Ridgely
and Greenfield 2001). The mountains along the valley
are steeply sloped and landslide- caused disturbance

events appear to be common. Almost all the large plants
(palms, tree ferns [ Cyathea sp.], cecropia, strangler figs,
and many large hardwoods) in the forest have epiphytic
vascular plants (mostly Tillandsia sp.) and mosses on
them. The forest floor is an assemblage of fungi, ferns,
lycopods, vines, and young hardwood trees. There are
patches of cattle pastures and orchards. Two streams
run the length of the valley and down slope from our
study site other streams merge from other valleys and
the mountains. No caves were found near our site
which may impact bat species diversity. At the time of
this survey, there was an oil pipe line under construction
near the upper elevations of the valley.

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Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

The focus of this survey was a mountain cloud small (8 m by 2 m) water tank impoundment in the for-
forest between 1500 to 2100 m in elevation and est. The forest near the impoundment was old growth
within a 2 km radius of our main camp at 0°00T3”N, cloud forest.

78°40’70 ,, W. Most of the bats were collected over a

Materials and Methods

Sherman traps were set along hiking trails on the
forest floor, in trees, in streams, and along stream banks.
Bats were caught using mist nets over natural streams
and over hiking trails. Pitfall traps were set in fields
and along stream banks. All voucher specimens (skins,
skulls and skeletons) were deposited in the Abilene
Christian University Natural History Collection
(ACUNHC) and Seccion Mastozoologia - Museo de
Zoologia Pontificia Universidad Catolica del Ecuador
(QCAZ). All frozen tissues collected from the survey

were deposited in the ACUNHC. A Shannon-Wiener
Index was calculated using the formula H p = nlogn -
f logf/h. for the purpose of comparing the diversity of
the Tandayapa Valley with other nearby sites. The re¬
cords and the identifications of the mammals presented
in this paper were checked against specimens in the
Seccion Mastozoologia - Museo de Zoologia, Pontifica
Universidad Catolica del Ecuador. Some specimens
that were of problematic identification were examined
by other researchers of Neotropical mammals.

Results and Species Accounts

Presented in these results are a number of new
records for the Tandayapa Valley. Many of our speci¬
mens represent records in either range or elevation that
had not previously been reported. We are not suggest¬
ing that these records are the result of new invasions
by mammal species into the Tandayapa Valley. We
suggest the new records reported here are examples of
species that have been missed by previous sampling
efforts. The survey is important because there have
been many surveys close to the Tandayapa Valley, but
few in that location itself (Albuja 1999; Jarrin and
Fonseca 2001; Fonseca and Jarrin 2001; Fonseca et
al. 2003; Tirira 1999).

The Tandayapa Valley was found to have a com¬
parable level of chiropteran diversity as other nearby
sites (Guajalito and Otonga) with a Shannon-Wiener
diversity index value of H p = 0.88. The overall mam¬
malian diversity was H p = 0.99. The species are ar¬
ranged below in taxonomic order that follows Wilson
and Reeder (1993).

Order Didelphimorphia
Family Didelphidae
Highland Mouse Opossum

Marmosops impavidus (Tschudi 1844)

A single specimen (ACUNHC 942) was salvaged
from a forest trail. The vegetation on either side of the
trail where the specimen was found was a disturbed
thicket. The site was not far (< 100 m) from a bird
lodge hotel. Both large and small didelphids have been
observed on the hotel grounds feeding on trash and in
the bird feeders. The range of M. impavidus in Ecua¬
dor is not well documented (Eisenberg and Redford
1999; Tirira 1999). Since most of the records are from
southern Ecuador, this specimen is a important record
for the north. Only one other species of opossum, a
Didelphis sp., was observed in the forest.

Lee et al.-Results of a Mammal Survey of the Tandayapa Valley, Ecuador

3

Order Insectivora
Family Soricidae
Ecuadorian Least Shrew

Cryptotis equatoris (Thomas 1912)
Synonym: C. thomasi

A single female specimen (QCAZ/TEL 1433) was
collected in a pitfall trap. The trap was located in a dry
wash that contained a thicket of vegetation and was ad¬
jacent to a house and a field. All of these habitats were
disturbed by humans. Although the pitfalls remained
out for 300 trap nights no other shrews were caught,
which may indicate that they are rare in this area. This
is the first record from the Tandayapa Valley for any
shrew (Eisenberg and Redford 1999; Tirira 1999).

Order Chiroptera
Family Phyllostomidae
Common Big-eared Bat

Micronycteris megalotis (Gray 1842)

A single male specimen (QCAZ/TEL 1533) was
caught in a net that was over a forest trail. Near this
net were large old growth trees. One of these trees was
a strangler fig that provided many holes for roost sites.
The elevation at this point was 2000 m. Micronycteris
megalotis is known in the tropics and subtropics of the
eastern slope and tropics of the western slope of the
Andes (Albuja 1999; Tirira 1999; Jarrin and Fonseca
2001). However, most of the records are from south
of the equator and there are none from the Tandayapa
Valley.

Minor Hairy-Legged Long-Tongued Bat

Anoura caudifer (E. Geoffroy 1818)

Four individuals of A. caudifer were collected
at four different locations within the study site. Two
specimens (ACUNHC 888 and QCAZ/TEL 1416) were
caught over a human-constructed impoundment water
tank (elevation 1750 m). One of these specimens was a
female with a 10 x 13 mm embryo. The other specimen
caught at the impoundment was a male. A second male

specimen (QCAZ/TEL 1475) was caught over a stream
just 40 m from the water tank with similar habitat as
the first. The fourth specimen (ACUNHC 887) was
caught over a stream at about 1800 m in elevation. This
specimen was a female with one embryo. This species
previously has been collected from a location near our
sites and these specimens are within the recorded eleva¬
tion range (Patterson et al. 1996; Albuja 1999; Jarrin
and Fonseca 2001).

Common Hairy-Legged Long-Tongued Bat

Anoura geoffroyi (Gray 1838)

Two female specimens (ACUNHC 894 and
QCAZ/TEL 1432) of A. geoffroyi were collected in a
net that was placed two meters above a stream (mea¬
sured from the base). The net was located at 0°00’ 18”N
and 78°41 ’00”W and about 1760 m in elevation. Both
specimens were females and neither had embryos.
This species previously has been collected from a
location near our site and these specimens are within
the recorded elevation range (Patterson et al. 1996;
Albuja 1999).

Chestnut Short-Tailed Fruit Bat

Carollia castanea (H. Allen 1890)

Twelve specimens (ACUNHC 882, 895-897,
926, 927, QCAZ/TEL 1424, 1443, 1470, 1489, 1495,
1507) (six males and six females) were collected from
the Tandayapa Valley. These specimens were collected
in a variety of habitats including fields, over streams,
pools, secondary forests and old growth forests. The
body size of these specimens was highly variable (total
length 66-78 mm and forearm 36-41 mm) but all of
these specimens have flat low cusps on the first lower
molar that separates this species from other Carollia
(Pine 1972). These specimens were all collected at
locations around 1700 m, 600 m above the recorded
elevation levels (Patterson et al. 1996). This species
previously has been collected near the Tandayapa Val¬
ley (Albuja 1999).

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Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Pygmy Fruit-Eating Bat

Dermanura rava (Thomas 1893)

Synonym: Artibeus phaeotis Miller 1901

Seven Dermanura rava (ACUNHC 885, 886,
890, 891, QCAZ/TEL 1427, 1484, 1492) were netted
in two locations. Six individuals (three males and three
females) were caught over the impoundment water
tank, and one (a female) was caught over a trail through
old growth forest. Most of the individuals collected
in this study had distinct facial stripes, but one did
not. The total length ranged from 58-64 mm and the
forearm was 39-44 mm. No specimen of this species
has been recorded in the Tandayapa Valley (Albuja
1999). The closest record is from Rio Umachaca 25
km to the east of the valley, Our identification of these
specimens was confirmed by Bruce Patterson (New
Mexico State University) and Sergio Solari (Texas
Tech University).

Thomas’s White-Lined Fruit Bat

Platyrrhinus dorsalis (Thomas 1900)

Three Platyrrhinus dorsalis were found on this
site. Two (QCAZ/TEL 1415, 1434) were caught over
the impoundment water tank and one (ACUNHC 884)
in higher old growth forest. All three of these speci¬
mens were females with one embryo each. These speci¬
mens all had clearly visible buff-colored facial stripes
and a bright dorsal stripe. This color pattern probably
rules out that these specimens are P chocoensis (Ferrell
and Wilson 1991; Tirira 1999, 2001). The range of P.
dorsalis is not well documented in Ecuador (Albuja
1999). There are no records from the Tandayapa Val¬
ley and only two from the western Andean subtropical
ecosystem of Ecuador. The closest records are from
30 km to the north of the Tandayapa Valley and 30 km
to the south (Albuja 1999). These specimens are well
within the elevation range for the species (Patterson
et al. 1996).

Andean Yellow-Shouldered Fruit Bat

Sturnira bidens (Thomas 1915)

Two specimens (ACUNHC 929 and 930), a male
and a female, were caught at the impoundment water
tank. These specimens were caught at 1750 m which

is 150 m lower than previously reported (Patterson et
al. 1996). There are records within 20 km of the Tan¬
dayapa Valley for this species (Albuja 1999).

Dark Yellow-Shouldered Fruit Bat

Sturnira erythromos (Tschudi 1844)

Sixteen individuals (ACUNHC 878, 928, 931,
932, 934, 935, 937, QCAZ/TEL 1429, 1439, 1440,
1456, 1487, 1488, 1500, 1523, 1528) (eight males and
eight females) were caught in many habitats within the
study site area. All of these specimens were dark brown
to black in color with gray underfur. One specimen had
a single embryo. There are records of this species from
near our collecting site, and it is within the recorded
elevation range for the species (Patterson et al. 1996;
Albuja 1999).

Western Yellow-Shouldered Fruit Bat

Sturnira ludovici (Anthony 1924)

Thirty individuals (ACUNHC 879-881,892, 893,
904-913, 933, 936, QCAZ/TEL 1419, 1422, 1436,
1455, 1457, 1458, 1460, 1462, 1463, 1486,1501, 1510,
1522) were caught in all of the habitats examined in
this study. Twenty-one were females and of these
three had embryos. Four of the nine males caught
were rusty colored on the ventral surface, four were
light gray, and one was immature. There are nearby
records from about 10 km west of our site for this spe¬
cies. These specimens were collected (1750-1850 m)
close to the upper limits (2000 m) in elevation for this
species (Reid 1997).

Common Yellow-Eared Bat

Vampyressa thyone (Wagner 1843)
Synonym: V pusilla Thomas 1909

A single specimen (ACUNHC 883), a female with
an embryo, was caught in a net over the impoundment
water tank. There are no previous records from the
Tandayapa Valley. The elevation was 1750 m, 750 m
higher than other known specimens (Patterson et al.
1996). This is significant because this elevation places
this specimen of V. thyone outside of the lowland tropi-

Lee et al.-Results of a Mammal Survey of the Tandayapa Valley, Ecuador

5

cal zone where most specimens have been obtained
(Albuja 1999). However, Albuja (1999) states that V
pusilla (V thyone) is known from all the ecosystems of
Ecuador except the Paramo of the high Andes. Never¬
theless, it has not been recorded from the nearby sites
with similar elevation of Guajalito and Otonga (Jarrin
and Fonseca 2001). The nearest range records are 15
km west of the Tandayapa Valley (Albuja 1999).

Common Vampire Bat

Desmodus rotundus (E. Geoffroy 1810)

A single male specimen (ACUNHC 889) was
caught in a net over the impoundment water tank. This
was not the ideal habitat for this species compared to
pastures with large domestic mammals. We placed
nets in and near cattle ranches, and no vampires were
caught. There is one record within 15 km of our site
for this species (Albuja 1999).

Family Vespertilionidae

Hairy-Legged Myotis

Myotis keaysi (Allen 1914)

Synonym: M. pilosotibialis

Eight specimens (four males and four females;
ACUNHC 901-903, QCAZ/TEL 1421, 1425, 1426,
1532, 1544) were collected. Six of these specimens
were caught at the water tank impoundment and two
were caught higher (1800 m) over a forest trail. This
species has never been recorded from the Tandayapa
Valley. Moreover, there are no records in northern
Ecuador (Albuja 1999). There are only four records,
three from the southern third of Ecuador in the sub¬
tropical western Andean ecosystem and one from the
north (Albuja 1999; Jarrin and Fonseca 2001). These
specimens were all caught well within the elevation
range (Patterson et al. 1996).

Black Myotis

Myotis nigricans (Schinz 1821)

Three female specimens (ACUNHC 925, QCAZ/
TEL 1506, 1509) were caught over a creek that was at
the lowest elevation point (1500 m) in this study. One

of the individuals was lactating. This elevation is within
the range reported from the Manu Biosphere Reserve,
Peru (Patterson et al. 1996) and range records indicate
that this species has been collected in this location
previously (Albuja 1999).

Order Carnivora
Family Felidae

Oncilla

Leopardns tigrinus (Schreber 1775)
Synonym: Felis pardinoides

A single specimen (QCAZ/TEL 1449) was sal¬
vaged from a villager. The village in the Tandayapa
Valley is bordered by a road, the forest, and a stream.
The site was not far (< 1000 m) from a bird lodge hotel.
Some bird guides had seen the cat alive the day it was
given to us. It appeared to be a malnourished subadult
male. This individual was striped, not the normal spot¬
ted pattern (Reid 1997). This species has been recorded
for Pichincha and in all the ecosystems of Ecuador
except the Paramo (Tirira 1999, 2001). However, this
is an important record because of the rarity of oncilla
in all of the ecosystems of Ecuador. The only other
member of the order Carnivora seen during this study
was a kinkajou (Potos flavns).

Order Rodentia
Family Muridae

Tiny Rice Mouse

Microryzomys minntus (Tomes 1860)

Four individuals of M. minutus (ACUNHC 898,
899, QCAZ/TEL 1481, 1482) were collected. Some of
the specimens had patches of white pelage around the
face. Interestingly, all three males were collected on the
same day, 5 August, while the one female was collected
on 13 August 2003. These specimens are within the
recorded range, at 1700 m. However, most specimens
are found around 1900 m and these animals were at
the lowest limits of their elevation range (Eisenberg
andRedford 1999). Although no temperature readings
were taken during this study, it was noticeably colder
on the two days we collected M. minutus.

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Occasional Papers, Museum of Texas Tech University

Mountain Water Rat

Neusticomys monticolns (Anthony 1921)

Two individuals, a male and female (ACUNHC
900, QCAZ/TEL 1541), were caught with Sherman
traps placed in a forested mountain stream. As de¬
scribed by Tate (1931), our specimens were taken near a
small waterfall and the traps were exposed to the spray
of water from the fall. There are no records of this spe¬
cies from the northern subtropical (north of the equator)
ecosystem of Ecuador (Eisenberg and Redford 1999;
Tirira 1999; Voss 1988). These specimens represent a
low elevation record in Ecuador. A GPS reading was
not possible in this location because the forest canopy
was too thick, and the stream was in a box canyon.
However, an estimate of the location and elevation of
this site (based on other nearby sites) was 0°00’09”N,
78°41 ’30”W, and 1,850 m in elevation. Voss (1988)
documented N. monticolus in Ecuador between 2,245
and 2,290 m. The Voss (1988) specimens from Ecuador
were found in three locations: San Ignacio, Guarumal,

and Papallacta. In Colombia four specimens have been
found between 1800 and 1900 m. However, these
Colombian specimens differ in skull morphology from
Ecuadorian samples (Voss 1988),

Montane Rice Rat

Otyzomys albigularis (Tomes 1860)

Thirty-two specimens (ACUNHC 914-924,938-
941, 950, QCAZ/TEL 1450, 1451, 1459, 1461, 1467,
1468,1473, 1477, 1480, 1496, 1497, 1499, 1513, 1518,
1520, 1525) were collected in all the elevation levels
sampled. Most of the specimens were found along
streams or near springs. Some that were collected
away from open water were found near rotten vegeta¬
tion. There were 22 males and 10 females collected.
None of the females had embryos. All the specimens
(except one juvenile) had a dark reddish- brown back
and a gray to buffy belly and throat.

Discussion

The chiropteran community of the Tandayapa
Valley is similar to that of nearby Guajalito and Otonga
(Jarrin and Fonseca 2001). Both Guajalito and Otonga
are close to the same elevation range and both are a part
of the same ecosystem that was covered in the study of
the Tandayapa Valley. In this study we found 13 spe¬
cies of bat for the Tandayapa Valley, while Guajalito
has 16 species recorded and Otonga has 18 species.
The Shannon-Wiener index of diversity was H p = 0.88
for the Tandayapa Valley which is slightly lower than
the H p = 1.03 for Guajalito and H p - 1.02 for Otonga
(Jarrin and Fonseca 2001). It should be noted that we
changed the values of Jarrin and Fonseca (2001) to
logarithmic values to compare our data.

Fifty-six percent of the bat species from Guajalito
were shared with Tandayapa whereas 44 percent of the
species from Otonga were shared with Tandayapa. This
similarity is to be expected because Otonga (0°25’S,
79°00’W) in the state of Cotopaxi, is further from Tan¬
dayapa than Guajalito. Tandayapa, like Guajalito, is
in northern Pichincha. Members of the genus Sturnira

were the most common (greater than 20 captures) at
all three sites (Jarrin and Fonseca 2001). However,
S. ludovici was the most common at Tandayapa and
Guajalito, whereas S. bidens was the most common at
Otonga and S. bidens was rare at Tandayapa. Otonga
not only had the highest diversity in terms of actual
numbers of species, but it had more bat families as well.
Those bat families found at Otonga and not found at
the other two sites were represented by two species of
molossidae and one species of emballonuridae (Jarrin
and Fonseca 2001). All three locations had members
of the families Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae.

In conclusion, although we seemed to have col¬
lected a comparable sample of the bat species from
the Tandayapa Valley, we were unable to collect
many representatives of other mammalian orders. For
example, with the exceptions of the oncilla and the
kinkajou, carnivores and other taxa of large mammals
were not encountered on this survey because they are
probably rare. However, we did interview bird guides
and ecotourist lodge owners who said that they had

Lee et al.-Results of a Mammal Survey of the Tandayapa Valley, Ecuador

7

seen the following within the last two years: spectacled
bear (Tremarctos ornatns), jaguarundi (Herpailurus
yaguarondi ), and pudu (Pudu mephistophites).

Although land preservation in the Tandayapa
Valley has become more prevalent as the ecotourism

industry has expanded, the area continues to receive
environmental pressure from oil pipeline development
and deforestation. These pressures are especially strong
in the upper elevations of the Tandayapa Valley. There¬
fore it is critical that surveys like this study continue in
this northwestern region of Ecuador.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by a grant from the
Abilene Christian University Math/Science Research
Council. For help with permits and logistics we thank

Bob Dowler, Santiago Bumeo, Iain Campbell, and the
staff of the Tandayapa Bird Lodge. Drafts of this paper
were reviewed by Pebbles Lee and Jim Nichols.

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ERRATA for: Lee, Jr., T. E., J. B. Packer, and D. Alvarado-Serrano. 2006. Results of a
mammal survey of the Tandayapa Valley, Ecuador. Occasional Papers, Museum of
Texas Tech University 250:1-8.

Page 4, paragraph 1, lines 13-14: change New Mexico State University to The Field
Museum, Chicago

Page 6, paragraph 3, line 3: change Jarrln to Jarrin

Addresses of authors :

Addresses for Thomas E. Lee, Jr. and Jay B, Packer

Department of Biology, Box 27868
Abilene Christian University
Abilene, Texas 79699-27868
TEL lee@biology.acu.edu
JBP jbp98m@acu.edu

Address for Diego Alvarado-Serrano

Seccion Mastozoologia - Museo de Zoologia
Pontifica Universidad Catolica del Ecuador
Quito, Ecuador
DA fern81 @yahoo. com

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