U. S. DEPARTMENT OE AGRICULTURE
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY -

NORTH AMERICAN FAUKA

No. 16

[Actiiiil (late of publication. Octol)er -28, 1899]

.r'^fim

RESULTS OF A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MOUNT SHASTA
CALIFORNIA

BY '

C. HART MERRIAM
CHIEF OF DIVISION OF lUOLOGIOAL SURVEY

GOVEUNMENT TRINTING DFFICE

18 9 9

CONTENTS OF NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

No. 1. Kpvisii)ii of the Xorth Aiuericaii Pocket Mic« . P>v Dr. (". Hart Meiriaui.
y\). 36, pis. 4. October 25, 1889 '. Price, 10 rents.

No. 2. iJescriptions of fourteen new species (ipnora Otv/chomyf;, Arctamys, J.mjomyx,

SpermophUnH, Tamias, yi/cti nonius, and Arcivola) auil one new genus {I'lir-

nacomys) of North American ^lamnials. Bv C. Hart Morriam. V\t. 52, pis.

'8, tigs. 7. October 30, 1889 .' Price, 10 cenU.

No. 3. Kesults of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Mountain Uogiou and
Desert of the Little Colorado, Arizona. By Dr. C. Hart Merriain. [List
of Reptiles and Batrachians, by Dr. Leouhard Stejueger.] Pp. 13(3, jils. 14
(2 colored), maps 5 (colored), tigs. 2. September 11, 1890. Price, 25 cents.

No. 4. Descriptions of twenty-six new species of North American Mammals.
[Kevision of Splloqale and descriptions of new species in nine other
genera.] By Dr. C. Hart Merriani. Pp. 60, pis. 3, figs. 3. October 8,
l.SiK) • Price, 10 cenU.

No. 5. Kesults of a Biological Reconnoissance of south-central Idaho. By Dr. C.
HartMerriam. [List of Reptiles and Batrachians, by Dr. LeonhardStejne-
ger.] Pp. 132, pis. 4 (1 colored), figs. 4. .Tuly ".0, 1891 ... Price, 15 cents.

No. 6. (Xot puhlished.)

No. 7. The Death Yalley E.Kpedition: A Biological .Survey of Parts of California,
Nevada, Arizona, and Utah. Part ir. [Reports on Birds, by Dr. A. K.
Fisher: Reptiles and Batrachians. by Dr. Lconhard Stojneger; Fishes,
by Chas. H. Gilbert, Ph. D. ; Insects, by C. V. Riley, Ph. D.; Mollnsks.
by R. E. C. Stearns, Ph. D.; Desert frees and Shrubs, by Dr. C. Hart
Merrlam: Desert Cactuses and Yuccas, by Dr. (*. Hart Merriani; List of
Localities, bv T. S. Palmer.) Pp. 402, pis. 14, maps 5 (colored), figs. 2.
May 31, 1X93! .--. .^. {Ont of print.)

No. 8. Monographic Revision of the Pocket Gophers, Family Geomyidw (exclusive
of the spe(;ies of TUomomys). iiy Dr. C. Hart Merriani. Pp. 258, pis. 2(i,
maps 4 (colored), figs. 71. .January 31, 1895. Price, .'?.5 cents.

No. 9. (Xot pnhlishcd.)

No. 10. Revision of the American Shrews of the Genera Sorcx, Xolioso7-ej:, and
Blarina. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam and Gerrit 8. Miller, .Jr. Pp. 124, pis. 12,
figs. 3. December 31, 1895 Price, 15 cents.

No. 11. Svnopsis of the Weasels of North America. By Dr. C. Hart Merriam. Pp.
■ 44, pis. 6, figs. 16. .June 30, 1896 Price, 10 cents.

No. 12. Genera and Subgenera of Voles and Lemmings. By Gerrit S. Miller, .Ir.
Pp. 84, pis. .3, figs. 40. .July 23, 1896 Price, lo cents.

No. 13. Revision of the North American Bats of the Family VespertUionido . By Ger-
rit S. Miller, .Ir. Pp. 135, pis. 3, figs. 40. October 16, 1897. Price, 10 cents.

No. 14. Natural History of the Tres Marias Islands, Mexico. By E. Wj Nelson and
others. Pp. 97, map 1, figs. 2. April 29, 1899 Price, 10 cents.

No. 15. Revision of the .Jumping Mice of the Geuns Zapus. By Edward A. Preble.
Pp.42.pl. 1. figs. 4 Price, 10 cents.

All applications for Nos. 1-5, 8, and 10-15 should be addressed to the
Superintendent of Documents, Union Building, Washington, D. C.

Remittances should be made by postal money order or express money order,
not by private check or postage stamps.

H. C. BuMPU§,

U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SLRVEY

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA

ISTo. 16

[Actnnl flato of i)ublication, Oetoher 2S, 1899]

RESULTS OF A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MOUNT SHASTA
CALIFORNIA

BY

C. HART MERRIAM
CHIEF OF DIVISION OF BIOLOGICAL SURVEY

washingto:n^

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
180 9

oy. ('> t ^ f. «fc^y-/'7

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

TJ. S. Department of Agriculture,

Division of Biological Survey,

Washiuf/ton, I>. (7., May 19, 1890.
Sir: I have the honor to trausniit herewith for publication, as Jforth
American Fauna No. 10, a report on the results of a Biological Survey-
or Mount Shasta, California, made during the summer of 1898.
Eespectfully,

C. Hart Merriam,
Chief y Biological Survey.
Hon. James Wilson,

Secretary of Agriculture.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction 9

Itinerary 10

Persoiiuel 15

Provious publications 15

New .species 16

General features 17

Effects of scanty nu)isture 19

Glacial basins 20

Cauyons L'l

Streams 23

Rock slopes 25

Avalanches 26

Timberline 27

Forests of Shasta 30

The yellow pine belt 30

The Shasta fir belt 36

The white-bark pine belt 39

Forest lires 16

Efiects of burns in changing zone positions .. 17

Slope exi)osure 47

Effects of steep slopes 51

Basin slopes 52

Life zones of Shasta 52

Upper Sonoran zone 53

Transition zone 54

Canadian zone 61

Iludsonian zone 64

Alpine zone 67

The Boreal fauna and llora of Shasta contrasted with corresponding faunas and

floras of the Sierra and the Cascades t)9

Efficiency of Klamath Gap as a barrier to P.oreal species comi»ared with that

of Pitt River and Feather River gaps collectively 83

Sources of the P)oreal faunas of Shasta and of the Sierra and the Cascades ... 85

Manmials of Shasta 87

Birds of Shasta and vicinity 109

Notes on the distribution of Shasta plants 135

5

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATES. Facing

paj;e.

Plate I. Mount Shasta from the west Frontispiece.

II. Shasta from northwest, showing great snowbank in head of Diller

Canyon IH

III. Southeast slope of Shasta, showing canyons of Mud Creek and

Clear Creek. (Kindness of J. S. Diller) 22

IV. Tongue of dwarf white-bark pines at extreme upper liuiit of tim-

berline. (Kindness of .J. S. Diller) . 28

V. Pine forest at west base of Shasta, showing yellow and sugar jiines.

(Kindness of J. S. Diller) 30

TEXT FIGURES.

-faga

Fig. 1. Wagon Camp 10

2. Shasta from east brink of Mud Creek Canyon 11

3. Shasta from Inconstance Creek, near timl)erline on north side 12

4. Shastina from ni)rth, showing great bank of snow which feeds Shas-

tina streams 13

5. Alpine hemlocks, Squaw Creek Camp 13

6. Heather meadow on Squaw Creek 14

7. Pumice sand strewn with gray volcanic shale. Young hemlocks in

foreground ; white-bark pines in distance 18

8. Heather meadow bordering Squaw Creek. Shasta peak in distance

covered with fresh snow. September 22, 1898 19

9. Glacial meadow at head of Squaw Creek 21

10. Heather meadow on upijcr Squaw Creek, showing concentration of

vegetation near stream 23

11. Miniature cascade on upper Sfiuaw Creek, frequented by water shrews

and ouzels — - 24

12. Characteristic rock slope on north side of Shastina 25

13. Track of avalanche invading forest of Shasta tirs on Cold Creek, east

side of Shasta 27

14. High timberline ridge, showing eti'ects of slope exposure. (Photo-

graphed by John H. Sage) 29

15. Manzanita chaparral on south slope of Shasta 31

16. Cones of ponderosa and Jeffrey pines 32

17. Knobcono pine on Panther Creek 33

18. Incense cedar on south slop(^ below Wagon Camp 35

19. Cone scales of Alnes shastensis and Ahics concolor loiriana 37

20. White-bark pine 38

21. Dwarf white-bark pines on a high ridge 39

22. Pumice plain north side of Shasta, showing timberline mats of

white-bark pines 40

8 NOKTII AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

I'.ajje.

Fig. 23. A large prostrate tree of white-bark pine, a little below tiinbeilinc . 11

24. Black alpine hemlocks near Squaw Creek 42

25. Group of alpiuo hemlocks near Deer Canyon 43

26. Trunk of alpine hemlock, showing thifkeniug and curvatun' of base. 44

27. Group of alpine hemlocks 45

28. Diagram showing average hourly march of temperature 48

29. Dwarf pines ending abruptly ahmg cold east side of ridge 50

30. Diagram of Shasta showing relations of life zones 52

31. Winter earth plugs of pocket gopher 96

32. Mound made by ])ocket gopher. (Photographed by "W. H.Osgood). 96

33. Rock cony. (Photographed by F. Stephens) 99

34. Mink. (Drawn by Ernest S, Thompson) , 105

35. Maiten. (Drawn by Ernest S. Thomi)Son) 106

36. Red-tail. (Drawn by J. L. Kidgway) 112

37. Sparrow hawk. (Drawn by J. L. Ridgway) 113

38. Arctic three-toed woodpecker. (Drawn by L. A. Fuertes) 115

39. Clark crow. (Drawn by L. A. Fuertes) 120

40. Clark crow. (Photographed by Walter K. Fisher) 121

41. Western evening grosb<ak. (Drawn by L. A. Fuertes) 122

42. AVhite-crowued sparrow. (Drawn by L. A. Fuertes) 125

43. Audubon warbler. (Drawn by E. A. Fuertes) 129

44. White helh-bore. (Photographed by Walter K. Fisher) 140

45. Manzanita chaparral 157

46. Monument on summit of Shasta. (Photographed by W. II. Osgood. 169

No. 16. NORTH AMEEICAN FAUNA. October, 1899.

RESULTS OF A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF MOUNT SHASTA,
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA.

By C. IIakt Mekriam.

INTRODUCTION.

At the close of the field season of 1897 the Biological Survey had
nearly completed a reconnoissauce of Washington and Oregon, and in
previous years had carried its operations over extensive tracts in south-
ern, middle, and northeastern California, so that with tlie exception of
a rather large area in northern California fully two-tliirds of the Pacific
States had been covered. In 1898, therefore, the unworked part of
nortliern California, reaching from the Madeline Plains on the east to
the Pacific Ocean on the west, and from the Oregon boundary on the
north to Lassen Butte and adjacent parts of the Sierra on the south,
came to be the principal field of our investigations. In this area Mount
Shasta occupies a nearly central position.

All high mountains, j)articularly those that stand alone, are likely to
throw light on the j)roblems of geographic distribution and are worthy
of careful study. Shasta, not only because of its great altitude, but
even more because of its intermediate position between the Sierrai and
the Cascades, promised an instructive lesson, and was therefore chosen
as a base station for part of the field work of 1898.

From work previously done in the Sierra Nevada of California and
the Cascade Eange of Oregon it was known that many species of ani-
mals and plants are common to both ranges, and many restricted lo
one or the other. Shasta, lying between tbe two, was expected to share
the common features of both, and in addition afford the northernmost
limit of Sierra species, the southernmost limit of Cascade species, or
an overlapping of both, so that its fauna and flora, other things being
equal, should be richer than either. But Shasta [troved very much
drier than either the Sierra or the Cascades, and consequently many
species common to the two ranges were absent, and the total number
was less than was expected. Nevertheless, the mountain shares a large
21753— No. 16 2 9

10

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

percentage of the coiuiuon species ami is, as expected, a stepi)ing stone
on wbicli restricted ISieria and Cascade species overlap. r)Ut the rep-
resentatives of the two ranges are not equally apportioned. The most
evident gap is on the north, Shasta sharing nmny more species in com-
mon with the Sierra than with tlie Cascades. Indeed, the resemblance
to the northern Sierra is so exceedingly close, jiarticularly in the mam-
mal faiuia, that from the standpoint of geographic distribution Shasta
could without violence be classed as i)art of the Sierra. This is the
more surprising in view of the fact that the g('ograi)liical gap between
Shasta and the Cascades is only half as broad as that between Shasta
and the Sierra. This subject is discussed in detail iu the chapters
entitled 'The l>oreal fauna and tiora of Shasta contrasted with corres-
ponding faunas and Upras of the Sierra and the Cascades;' 'Efticiency
of Klamath Gap as a barrier to Boreal species compared with that of
Pitt Eiver and Feather Kiver gaps collectively,' and 'Sources of the
Boreal faunas of Shasta and of the Sierra and the Cascades.'

ITINERARY.

Leaving the railroad at Sisson, at the west base of Shasta, we estab-
lished the first camp July 15, 1898, at a point known as Wagon Camp,

Wa;;()ii Caiii]i.

on the south alojte of the mountain, about a (juarter of a mile west of
Tanther (Jreek, at an altitude of 5,700 feet (tig. 1). Wagou Camp is.situ-

OCT., 1890.]

ITINERARY.

11

ated ill a desceiiding tongue of Shasta tirs between ascending tongues
of inaiizanita cbaparral, Just above the uppermost grove of ponderosa
pines, ou the boundary between the Canadian and Transition zones.
It is abundantly supplied with water from several small springs, from
which tiny streamlets run short distances before disappearing in the
thirsty soil. Some of these springs unite to form a small marsh, in
which flourish a number of plants not found elsewhere on the mountain.
It is naturally a favorite spot for birds, and more species were seen
here than elsewhere. Wagon Camii was occupied continuously by one
or more members of the party from July 15 to August 1, and at brief
intervals thereafter until October 3.

A few days after reaching the mountain I set out on a trip around
the i)eak in order to become familiar with the general features of the
region and lay plans for the season's work. On this trip I was accom-
panied by Vernon Bailey, my most exjjerienced field assistant, and by a

.■^ms^^sMkmssmmaKs.

Fig. 2.— Shasta 1 1. m

.1 .Mud Creek Canyon.

voluntary assistant, Lyman L. Merriam. We took saddle horses and
a pack animal, which were of material aid, although we had much dif-
ficulty in getting them across some of the deep canyons and over the
indescribably rough lava on the west side of the mountain.

Leaving Wagon Cam]) on the morning of July 21*, we ascended Pan-
ther Creek to its source, turned easterly through 'The [South] (rate,'
north of Gray and Red buttes, crossed Squaw Creek near its head, and
kept on among the timberline white-bark pines to the rim of Mud
Creek Canyon (pi. in), which we followed down into the Shasta lirs.
The first night was spent in the bottom of this canyon at an altitude
of 5,000 feet — some distance below the lower fall. The second day we
climbed the steep east bank of the canyon, here 1,000 feet deep (fig. 2),
crossed Cold Creek and Ash Creek Canyon below timberline, and reached

12

NORTir AMERICAN FAl'XA.

Brewer Creek Canyon in tlie upper part of tlie wliite-bark pines. Find-
ing; absolutely no grass or other feed for the animals liere, we crossed
the canyon lower down (a little below the forks) and continued on
over rough lava ridges in the ui)per edge of the foiost until dark,
when we camped on Inconstance C'reek (hg. 3). The third day we pushed

Fici. 3. — Shasta from Incoustiiiice Creek, near tiiiilicrliiu^ on uortli side.

on around the north end of the mountain, keeping a little below the
great glaciers, and in the main near timberliue. We climbed over a
nund^er of lava ridges, availed ourselves of a natural passageway
('ISTorth Gate') at the upper end of a pair of coTisi)icuous lava buttes,
traversed a curious pumice plain covered with timberliue nuits of
prostrate white-bark pines (fig. 22), crossed the fearful canyons of Whit-
ney and Bolam creeks, and finally reached Shastina, M'here, after a very
severe day, we camped on some small streams of snow water on the
north side (fig. 4). The fourth morning we clind)ed the rough slide rock
of Sliastina to an altitude onO,()00 i'vv\^ in order to get around a high
impassable lava ridge, and then, after encircling a great amphitlieater
of rough slide rock, descended by some iminense masses of perpetual
snow to the white-bark ])ines, in which we continued fo the great can-
yon on the west side of Sliastina ([>1. ii), wliich I named DiUcr ('anyon,
in honor of J. S. Diller of the IJ. S. (Geological Survey, in recognition of
his admirable researches on the geology of Shasta. After crossing
Diller ('auyou we ke{)t in tlie upper i)artof the Shasfa fir forest all the
way to Tanther Creek, wliich we Ibllowcd down to Wagon Camp. This

OCT., 1899.]

ITINER.\RY.

13

was the most trying day of all — sixteen miles of continual climbinj^-,
removing- blocks of lava, and bnilding trail. Our animals suffered

Fig. 4. — Slia.stiua lioin imrtli, sliowing grt'at bank of snow which fi-eds Shastiiia streams.

severely, and one of them gave out entirely. However, the mountain
was completely encircled after four long days, and the desired iufornia-

I'lii. ,'>. .\liiiiic lienilocks, Scjuaw Creek Camp.

tion "was obtained. In the main we kept near timberline, climbing over
the bare rock slopes above, or descending into the dark forest below,

14

NORTH AMERICAX FAUNA.

[no. 16

as occasion required. And since all the canyons of Shasta radiate from
the summit, all -were crossed on this trip.

A base camp was next established in a f,n'ove of black alpine hem-
locks near the head of the west branch of Squaw Creek, close to and
just east of the upper end of IJed Butte. 1 1 ere one or more of the ])arty
remained continuously from August 1 till September 24. All things
considered, this is probably the best camping ground on Shasta, though
1 am not aware that it had been used before our visit. It is close by
the three upper 'meadows' on Squaw Creek and within reach of the
best feed for horses found on the mountain, with the possible exception

Fio. G. — Heather mtadow on Sijuaw Creek.

of a small area near Cold Creek, and it is by far the most conven-
ient base from which to work the timberline region of the southern
slopes.

'l'emi)orary (tamps were established at the head of Panther Creek, in
Mud Creek Canyon at the mouth of Clear Creek, in Ash Creek Can-
yon a little below timberline, and high up between Mud Creek Canyon
and the head of (Jlear ( 'recdc, from whicli ])oint the main ])eak was twice
asc(tnded. At the base of the mountain, work was done at Sisson on
the west side, in Squaw Creek and McCloud valleys on the south, and
in Shasta and TJttle Shasta valleys on the north, and finally a trip was
made completely around the mountain, mainly within the belt of yel-
low ])ines which <'lothes its lower slopes.

OCT., 1899.] PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS. 15

PKUSONXEL.

Ill the iield work on which the present report is based, I was aided
by Yernoii Bailey, chief flekl naturalist of the IMological Survey, and
my assistants, Wilfred H. Osgood, Walter K. Fisher, and Kichard T.
Fisher. Yernoii Bailey had charge of the work at the Shasta base camps
and on a trip around the base of the mountain; Walter K.Fisher
had charge of the work in JMud Creek and ^Vsh Creek canyons and
near timberliue east of Mud Creek, and afterwards took a party to Fall
Elver Lake and Lassen Butte; W. H. Osgood had charge of the work
on Lassen after Walter Fisher's departure, and also visited Squaw
Creek and Shasta and Little Shasta valleys; 11. T. Fisher spent the
season working from the various camps on Shasta and at Sisson, and
accompanied Osgood on the trip to Little Shasta Valley.'

Our camps on Shasta were visited by Henry Gannett, chief geo-
grapher of the I'. S. Geological Survey; John H. Sage, of Connecticut,
secretary of the American Ornithologists' Union ; and two or three
others, all of whom rendered important assistance.

In addition to the work on and near Shasta covered by the present
report, held work was done in various directions. Three cross sec-
tions of the Sierra Nevada, north of latitude 39°, were made b}^ Bailey,
Osgood, and myself; Bailey and Walter Fisher ran a line from Black
Bock Desert, Nevada, to Shasta, by way of Madeline Plains; Bailey
and I, accompanied by Henry Gannett, carried the work across the
wild and little known mountains from Shasta to the ocean, which
we reached at Humboldt Bay; and later in the season much work was
done farther south, chiefly in the inner and outer Coast Ranges.

PREVIOUS PUBLICATIONS.

Only two publications have been found relating to the zoology and
botany of the Shasta region. The first is a report by Charles H. Town-
send, of the U. S. Fish Commission, who, fifteen years before our visit,
was stationed at Baird, a fish hatchery on McCloud River. While
thereMr.Townsend visited Berryvale (now Sisson Tavern) and accom-
panied Major Gilbert Thompson, who was in charge of a triangnlation
party of the U. S. Geological Survey, in his field work on Shasta. The
results of Mr. Townsend's work are contained in an important report
entitled 'Field Notes on the Mammals, Birds, and Rej^tiles of Northern
California,' published in the fall of 1887.^ In addition to the records in
this report, Mr. Townsend has kindly placed his manuscrii^t catalogue
at my disposal, and has in several instances given me important sup-

' While this report was passing through the press (July, 1899), I sent Walter K.
Fisher to Mount Shasta ami Shasta A'alley to obtain supplemental infoiination, some
of which is incorjiorated in the mammal, hird, and plant reports at the end. — C. H. M.

2Proc. U. S. National Museum, X, pp. 1.59-241, Nov., 1887.

16 NORTH AMF.RICAX FATNA.

[no. 16.'

])leiiH'iitai y iiitbrnuitioii resi)ectiu.ii- the exact localities at wliicli speci-
meii.s -were collected, all of which is duly credited in the body of the
Ijresent report.

The second publication referred to is a brief i)aper by Mis.s Alice
Eastwood ou 'The Alpiue Flora of ]\Iouut Shasta,"' coutaining the
results of a hasty trip to the summit made in Au.uust, 1893.

So far as I Lave been able to ascertain, this is the first and only pub-
lication relating directly to Shasta plants, although a number of species
collected there during a brief visit by Prof. Wm. H. Brewer in the
early sixties are mentioned in the Botany of (California fby Brewer and
Watson, 187G-1880).

NEW. Sl'ECIES,

In w(n-lving up the collections it was found, that several of the plants
and nuunmals belonged to uudescribed species. Some of the uew
plants have been described by Prof. E. L. Greene;^ others remain
uunamed. The new mammals are here described. The new species
are:

riant.s. MdmiiKiln.

Agoseris monticola. Lepns IdMiiiiitbensis.

Arnica iiierriami. Lynx fasciatus ])alle.sceiis.

Cani]ianula Milkiusiana. Nenrotricbns gibbsi major.

Pbacclia frigida. Procyon psora pacilica.

Pyrobi pallida. Reitbrodontomys klamatbonsis.

Sorex sbastensis.

Tboinoinya mouticola piuetonim.

Urocyon califoruicus townsendi.

' Erytbea, IV, No, 9, pp. 136-142, Sept.. 1896.
' Pittonia, IV, pp. 36-40, March 17, 1899.

GENERAL FEATURES OF SHASTA.

The snowy peak of Shasta, the pride of California, is one of the
highest and most accessible of the snow-clad glacier-bearing moun-
tains of the United States. It is an old volcano, 14,450 feet in alti-
tude, and is completely cut off from neighboring mountains — from
Lassen Peak, at the north end of the Sierra proper, by the valleys of
the IMcCloud and Pitt rivers; from the south end of the Cascade Range
in Oregon by a broad lava plateau and the valley of Klamath River..
The breadth of the gap on the north is diminished by a cluster of low-
volcanic mountains known as the Goose Xest Group.

Shasta is the best-known landmark in California. Seen from the
north, south, and east it appears as a single cone pushing its lofty
crown upward six or seven thousand feet above apparent timberline.
Seen from the west and southwest its summit is elongated and looks more
like the crest of a ridge (frontispiece). This appearance is due in part
to a large secondary volcano, Shastina, which rises from the northwest
shoulder of the mountain, and in part to a long ridge which pushes out to
the south. This west side, the one seen by tourists in traveling over the
Shasta route from San Francisco to Portland, is in many resjiects the
least interesting. From its exposure to the direct rays of the afternoon
sun it is the hottest slope, and consequently the one on which timber
reaches highest and on which the ice and snow are most reduced.

Like most isolated mountains, Shasta is seen to best advantage from
a distance. The most imposing view to my mind is from the northeast,
the region of the Modoc lava beds, from which tlie peak looms up in all
its icy grandeur — a single massive cone buried from top almost to bot-
tom in continuous glaciers, below which it is encircled by a dark belt
of coniferous forest. It is also very imposing as seen from the distant
Trinity Mountains.

The north and east sides of the peak are completely, and the south side
partly covered by glaciers, but not a glacier is to be found on the west,
where the large masses of white seen from Sisson are banks of snow,
more or less permanent. The only glacier visible from the railroad is
Whitney Glacier, which occui^ies the notch between Shasta and Shas-
tina, and may be seen from points north of Edgewood. The higher
slopes, between the lower edge of the ice and snow ami the ui)per edge
of the forest, are steep and rocky. In the main they consist of radi-
ating ridges alternating with glacial basins and precipitous canyons.
As a rule the surface is light pumice and pumice sand thickly strewn
with fragments of gray volcanic rock, interrupted here and there by
masses and cliffs of darker lava, often reddish brown in color.

21753— Xo. IG 3 17

II

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

The south aiui east sides, except the deep cauyoiis of Mud, Ash, and
Bl•e^Ye^ creeks, ;ire fair travoliiiji' for mountain liorses. The north side,
below the great glaciers, is interrupted by exceedingly rough lava
ridges and the terrible canyons of Bolani and Whitney creeks. The
west side, though scored by only a single notable canyon — Dillcr Can-
yon (1)1. II) — is by far the most <lifticult. After crossing the tremendous
slopes of steep and sharp slide rock, very dangerous lor horses, on the
northwest side of Shastina, and surmounting the two i)rincipal lava
ridges west of Shastina Creek, the way to Diller Canyon is comparatively
easy. But l)etwecn Diller Canyon and Cascade Ciulch, a mile or so north
of Horse Camp, and extending from timberline downward several thou-
sand feet, is a chaos of lava the like of which I have never seen. It
suggests the worst i)arts of the Snake Kiver and ^Modoc lava beds
turned up on end — basins, ridges, and tumultuous piles without order
or direction, witliout beginning or ending — dry basins that empty
nowhere, drier ridges that lead nowhere, until one is worn out with
thirst and eflbrts to escape. The whole is hidden in a dark forest of
Shasta firs whose hardy tiunks force themselves out between the lava
blocks in ways that almost surpass belief. Finally all this stops as
suddenly as it began, and one emerges from the dark inferno to slake
his thirst in the refreshing i)o<)ls of Cascade Gulch — known only to the
deer — and. with a sense of infinite relief, reenters the area of pumice

sand and gray shale
which stretches away
to the southeast and
thence onward around
three (juarters of the
mountain.

The timbered valley
at the west base of
Shasta falls away both
to the south and to the
north. On the south
it drains immediately
into the Sacramento
Iviver; on the north
into the Shasta liiver,
wliich traverses Shasta
\'alle\' and empties
into Klamath liiver.
Shasta Valley is an
()l)en plain northwest
of the nu>untain; it is lowest at the north, and its northwestern cor-
ner ends in a pocket or basin containing the mining town of Yreka,
whi(th is doubtless the hottest part of northern (California west of the
axis of tiie Sierra-Cascade system.

•* •■.£«..

X3

(• .s.iiiil .ili.N'.u \wlli ;:r.i> \(jliaiiic sliiilc. Touiiji
ill loriMiiiiiiiKl ; wliilc-liiiiU iiiiii'.H in (li,staM(('.

North American Fauna, No. 16.

Plate 11.

OCT.. 1899.]

EFFECTS OF SCANTY MOIST[JRE.

19

EFFECTS OF SCANTY ^NiOTSTClJE.

The flora of Shasta, contrasted with that olinoistei- iiiountains imme-
diately nortli and immediately soutli, is poor in species and individuals;
and the same is true in less degree of the fanna. At least nineteen
characteristic genera and numerous additional species of i)lants com-
mon to the Sierra and the Cascades, are unknown (p. 80); and to these
must be added the distinctive s])ecies of each range which fail to reach
Shasta. The luxuriant mountain meadows and ilower beds that form
such conspicuous features of the timberliue region in the Cascades, the
Olympics, the High Sierra, and the IJocky Mountains are wholly
absent, and the only areas that in any way resemble tliem are the

Fig. 8.— Heatlu r imadow l.onluriug Squaw (Jrci'k. Slia.sta pcalv in ilislaiK

September 22, 1898.

■11(1 with fresh snow,

insignificant patches of mountain heather and accompanying plants
that carpet the moist bottoms of the glacier basins and form narrow
beds along the tiny streams, where tliey are concentrated by the local
distribution of soil moisture. The only real soil above timberliue is
restricted to the borders of the streamlets, where the decomposing
heather has left a shallow covering. Everywhere else are pumice,
broken lava, and barren clifl's.

The summer rainfall amounts to little or nothing, and when rains
occur they sink and vanish in the thirsty pumice sand. The streams
from melting snows are exceedingly small, averaging hardly more than
a foot or two in width, and most of them disappear before reaching the
base of the mountain. The turbid streams from the glaciers are larger,

20 NORTH AMERICAN FAIXA.

[NO. 16.

but tliey Lave cut for themselves deep gorges where they run their
rapid courses 1,000 feet l)eh)M' the surfa(;e, and consecpieiitly are use-
less for purposes of general irrigation. They exert a local influence, it
is true, since far down in tlie damp bottoms of the canyons and along
their cool easterly lower slopes a number of moisture-loving plants occur
that are not found elsewhere except about the few and widely scattered
springs in the forest — serving by contrast to accentuate the general
aridity. Even the black alpine liendock, which in the Cascades forms
so attractive a feature of the upper sloi)es, is of local occurrence on
Shasta, where its distribution is interesting as furnishing an index to
soil moisture. It is associated with the white-bark pine {Pinus albi-
caiilis), which requires less moisture and is the dominant timbeiiine
tree. In our circuit of the peak we found the range of the white-bark
pine ])ractically continuous; that of the alpine hemlock discontinuous
and greatly restricted. As a rule the hemlock is confined to narrow
strips along the streams and gulches, or to tongues along the cool east
sides of buttes and ridges, where the soil, sheltered from the hot after-
noon sun, is able to retain more moisture than elsewhere. Below the
alpine hemlocks and occui)ying the middle belt of the mountain is a
magnificent forest of Shasta firs; but the humbler vegetation of this
belt is scanty and irregular.

From what has been said it is obvious that excessive dryness pre-
vents many of the characteristic zone species from filling their appro-
priate belts, restricting them to scattered spots, where, as in the desert,
succulent vegetation is concentrated about springs and streams. Hence
Shasta is a poor i)lace to study the broad general facts of zone distri-
bution, but, as shown later, an admirable place to study detailed effects
of slope exposure and humidity.

GLACIAL IJASINS.

As in most i»arts of the Sierra and many parts of the Cascades, gla-
cial l)asins are conspicuous on the higher slopes of the mountiiin. Tliey
occupy the deep depressions between the radiating ridges, and their
terminal moraines are usually clearly defined. In some of the valleys,
as along tlu; ui)]»er ])art of Sipiaw Creek, two or three such moraines
may be found at intervals, marking su(;cessive stages in the retreat of
the glacier. The glacial basins usually contain small streams, at least
during spring and early summer, and they receive additional moisture
from the melting snows, whi(;h linger long in the shadows of the lidges.
This moisture ])ermits the growth of a more abundant vegetation than
occurs elsewhere on Shasta, save only along the streams. The bottoms
of the basins therefore are usually carpeted with red heatlier {Ih-yanthns
or rinjUodocc oiipctrifonnis) and a variety of small plains, the majority
of which arc inconspicuous except when in llower. Among the most
noticeable of these, each contributing its mite to the general verdure
of til*' hrafln r Ix'ds, are the dwarf huckleberries, white aljnne anteu-

OCT., 1899.]

CAXYONS.

21

iiarias, sileiies aud ligusticuiiis, yellow monkey flowers, violets and
hieracinms, blue veronicas and asters, cream-colored feathery lutkeas
aud parnassias, pink epilobiiims, red alpine laurels, and scarlet painted
cups.' True grasses are scarce, but grass-like carices abound.

The mammals inhabiting the heather meadows are the rare alpine
phenaeomys ( rhcn(«'0)in/s oroph ilus], the white-footed mouse ( Peronij/scKs
(/ainbi'Ji)^ the long-tail mountain vole {Mirrofiis morda.r), and the Sierra
pocket gopher {TIkhhohii/s nunificoJiO. The gophers throw up their
characteristic mounds about the edges of the heather beds but are
commoner on the a<l.iaceiit pumice slopes.

Fio y.— (ilacial inradow at licad of Squaw Cieek.

CANYONS.

All the cauyons of Shasta radiate from the ice-covered summit and
take remarkably straight courses down the steep sides of the moun-
tain. Most of them are profound gorges cut by swift-flowing glacial

' The plants of the glacial basius in the timberliue region vary somewhat with the
moLstiire of the soil. The commonest sjiecies in moist spots and along the Ijorders
of the streamlets are: Arnica merriami, Castilleja miniata, EpUohimn vlavatum, Iliera-
cinm (iracile, Hypericum anagalloides, Mimulus implexus (growing in the water), Mimu-
his priniHloides, Mitella peidandra, Parnassia caJifornica, Veronica ciisicki. The com-
monest species in the drier parts of the heather heds are : Anteiniaria media, Castilleja
miniata, Hieracium (jracile, Kalmiu (jlauca microphijUa, Liitkea pecttnata, Ligusticum
grayi, Phiillodoce empetriformis, Sibbaldia procmnhens, Silene (jraiji, Taccinium caspi-
iosmn, f'iola purpurea.

22 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

streams. They average about a thousand feet in <lei)th, and their
slo])es are as steep as permitted by the unstable material through
which they are cut — usually pumice, gravel, and fragments of lava.
Owing to the fact that all of the great glaciers are on the north, east,
or southeast sides of the mountain, the canyons nuule by their rivers
are necessarily on these sides also. The only one of any size which
does not come from a glacier is Diller ranyon. on the west side of
Shastina.

In most, if not all, cases the bottoms of the canyons in their upper
courses are bridged for long distances by masses of ice and snow — the
dumps of avalanches. I>elow these snow bridges are vast accumula-
tions of loose stones, which in several instances, as in Brewer, Bolam,
and Whitney canyons, are piled itp in a curious nuinner. During
periods of higb water the rocks that fall in are carried down by the
torrent and deposited on each side in banks several feet high, so that
the traveler on reaching the bottom has to climb up over a ridge of
loose stones and down again before coming to the stream. These lat-
eral ridges form miniature canyons in the bottoms of the big ones.
Most of the canyons have falls several hundred feet high in their upper
courses, and some have other falls farther down. Notable falls are
found high up in the canyons of ^Tud Creek, Ash Creek, Bolam Creek,
and Whitney Creek. While diflicult of access, they are well worth the
effort of a visit.

Mud Creek Canyon (pi. in)-, the only one likely to be seen by the
ordinary visitor to Shasta, is not easy to cross except near the mouth
of Clear Creek, which comes into it from the east. Its east bank is a
precipitous single slope about 1,000 feet in height. Its west bank,
except above timberline, is broken by a forest- covered terrace or bench,
and both descents are likewise steep, though less diflicult than the oppo-
site side. The canyon of Ash Creek is better timbered and a little less
precipitous than that of Mud Creek. The canyons of Bolam and Whit-
iu»v (Greeks, like that of the ui)pcr part of Mud Creek, are territic naked
chasms, very deep and so steep that in most places the loose material
of their sides will not sustain the weight of a man — much less that of a
horse — and when disturbed dashes in avalanches to the bottom.

Diller ( 'anyon is peculiar (pi. iij. It is a tremendous gash on the west
side of the otherwise symmetrical cone of Shastina, whicli it cleaves
from to}) to bottom before taking its practically siraiglit westerly
course down the rest of the mountain. It is the only canyon on Shas-
tina, the only notable one on the west side of Shasta, and the only one
anywhere on the mountain that does not enmnate from a glacier. Its
stream comes from enormous banks of perpetual snow.

A\'hile the upi)er i)aits of the <-anyoiis are exceedingly steep and
barren, and pra<;tically devoid of vegetation, the middle and lower
parts are invaded by the trees of the adjacent sloi)es, and in marshy
and springy si)ots contain patches of willows, ahleis. and a nmltitude

North American Fauna, No. 16.

Plate III.

2
O

w o

w <

O 2

^ o

?^ o
>

Si

r m
w ^

JO ^

G

a
>

Z

d

o

r
>

O

:a

M

M

. ?^
w

on- . 1899. 1

STREAMS.

23

of smaller ])lauts. These places, in Mud Creek and Ash Creek canyons,
are the homes of the mountain showt'l or sewellel {Aplodontia major), a
curious bob-tailed rodent resembling a, large muskrat, wliich lives in a
labyrinth of subterranean passages in wet ground, and cuts and drags
to its burrows bundles of coarse plants on which it feeds. Weasels
{ruforin.s ((rizonen.si.s) are usually found in the aplodontia colonies
and it is safe to assume that their presence there is the most serious
factor in tlie life of the rightful owners of the land.

STREAMS.

The streams that come from glaciers are rapid, turbid, and muddy,
and have cut deep V-shaped canyons down the steep slopes of the
mountain. Those that come from melting snow are clear as crystal

Fig. 10. — Heather meadow on ujiper S<iiiii\v Cit-ek, .showini; i-oiKeiitration of vej^etation near stream.

and usually flow on the surface or in shallow channels hardly more
than a foot or two in depth. They are smaller and less constant than
those from the glaciers, and in times of high water carry so much
gravel and pumice that they often block their own shallow channels
and overflow, cutting new courses near the old ones. During the fluc-
tuations incident to the irregular melting of snow they often reopen the
older channels and at the same time retain the new, so that on the
higher slopes it is not unusual for a mountain rivulet to occupy several
beds at the same time. These are commonly separated by intervals of
a few feet or a few rods, and the spaces between are often covered with
l)atches of red heather, dotted Avith flowering plants of many kinds.

24

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

Tlie banks of the more periusmeiit streamlets are so M'ell supplied
with moisture that the heather and other i)lants, often mixed with
alpine mosses,^ form a sod which, growing thicker eacli year, gradually
comes to overhang and tinally bridge the swiftly running water. Even
away from these sod bridges, which for long distances completely hide
the winter, the space between the constantly protruding banks is so
narrow that only the middle part of the stream can be seen.

The icy rivulets abound in cascades, miniature waterfalls, and crys-
tal pools, bordered by overhanging banks of moss, heather, and dwarf
alpine laurel, and adorned by the waving heads of the scarlet i)ainted

FlU. 11.— Aliiiiatiiie riiscailc on iippi'i- S(iiiaw Ci-it-k, f iciiiirntcd liy watiT sliixw.s and ouzels.

cups and cream-colored parnassias. They are ideal homes for the water
on/.iil {Cincl us me.ricdnus), the large water shrew {Xeosorc.r n((ri()((t<>r),
and the mountain vole {Microtiis itiortht.r). The latter animal is i)ar-
ticularly abundant, and its dark burrows, almost hidden among the
plants, may be found opening out on the vertical overhanging baidcs
only a few inches above the water, so that whenever the occupants
come out they may plunge in the icy stream before proceeding on their
journey. Miid<s occur lower down along the streams, and still lower,
otters.

' The prevail in;; m
num.

oil tlio i),inl<s of till- ;il[)iiic >ti(:iiii.s i.s .1 iilminii niiini <indrogy-

OCT., 1899.]

ROCK SLOPES.

25

KOCK SLOPES.

The whole upper part of tlie inouiitaiii botween the glaciers aud snow
banks above and the forest belt below consists of bare rocky slopes,
broken at intervals by i)recipitons cliffs and small heather meadows.
The slopes are largely pumice sand, strewn and mixed with fragments of
gray volcanic rock, among which the individual plants are so scattered
as to disappear in the general view.' White-footed mice {Peroniyscns
(jamheli) are common on these slopes, feeding on seeds of Polygonum
neicherryi and other timberline plants. Pocket gophers [Thomomijs
iuonfi col a) ocaur here and there and throw up their characteristic mounds
in the i)umice sand between the rocks. They subsist on the tough roots

Fig. 12. — Chara<teristic rook slope on noitli .side of .Sljastiua.

of alpine plants, and were observed at intervals up to an altitude
of 9,000 feet. The pika or rock cony (Ochotona schist icep.s) inhabits
steep rock slides at distant points around the peak, and lays up stores
of plants for winter use. Another mammal inhabiting the rock slides

' Tlie commonest plants of the bare stony pumice slopes are: A<ioser'is moiiiicola,
Antennaria media, Arah'in lylatuspcrma, Clia'nacfis neradensis, Chri/aothamiiiis hloomeri,
Cjjviopterus Urehinihinns, Eriogonum pohipodum, E. pyrohi folium, Erigeron compositus
irifidus, Hulsea larseni, II. nana, Luilcea pectinata, Lupintis ' ornatus,' L. Jyalli, I'ent-
siemon memiesi. Phlox domjlasi diffusa, Polygonum netvherryi, P. shasiense, Saxifraga
tolniiei, Senecio canus, Silene grayi, S. sulcsdorji, Spraguea umhellata, Streptatiiliua
orhiculatus, and Viola purpurea. liesidt-s these, several ferns occur very sparingly
on the rock slopes. These are Dryopttrls acnlcata aropinina, Cyxtoptcris fnignis,
Clieilanthen graciUima, and Pricgoptcris alpe><tris.

21753— No. 16 4

26 NORTH AMERICAN FAT-NA. [xo. 16.

and clitt's. l)ut for sonio uiiiiccouiitable reason even rarer than the cony,
is the bushy-tailed wood rat or pack rat {Xr()t(>)H(( ci)i('>-ei(), which, if
my memory serves me correctly, is less coiiiiiion on Shasta than on any
other mountain T have visited in the AVest. The mountain chipmunk
{Eut(())ii((s sriic.f) and ^i;olden ground squirrel {CaUosperiiiophiluH rhryso-
deiniN) inhabit the tongues of pines on the ridges, and not infrequently
live in burrows among the bare rocks. ^larinots. it is safe to assert, are
altogether absent. We completely encircled the ])eak in the neighbor-
hood of timberliue, and examined innumerable ledges and rock slides,
such as on other mountains are inhabited by marmots, but without find-
ing so much as a track or sign or even a bleached bone to indicate that
any member of the genus Arefomy.s had ever inhabited Shasta. In
former days the bighorn {Oris eaiiadensis) was common here, but now
the occasional fragment of a skull or the scattered i)arts of a skeleton
are all that remain. In fall the old bucksof the CoTumbia black-tail deer
wander u]) on the higher ridges. Here and there, i)articularly in the
shelter of the prostrate white-bark ])ines, tracks and dung of rabbits
were seen, but in spite of all our efforts no member of the party succeeded
in tinding a rabbit on the mountain. The species is probably the Sierra
rabbit {Lepiis Ihimathemis), though from the large size of some of the
dung pellets 1 was inclined to suspect the presence of LejiKs campestris.

AVALANCHES.

During the loosening of the snow in spring, avalanches must be very
common on the higher slopes, and it is probable that they exert a
controlling influence in determining the timber areas above the limit of
continuous forest. jSTothing forces itself on the observation more firmly
than the iieculiar way in which the white-bark pines are restricted to
the long radiating ridges where they form narrow tongues, separated
by broad intervals of steep slopes and basin shaped valleys. While it
might be hazardous to assume that the absence of trees from these
extensive slopes ami basins is due mainly to avalanches, tlu^ fact
remains that the tracts they occupy along the tops and upper slopes
of the ridges are entirely out of reach of these resistless engines of
desti'uction.

Now and then, however, an avalanche, taking an unusual course,
reaches the outskiits of one of these tongues of alpine pines and
snatches up ami carries below all that lie Avithin its path. This is
evident from the weathered trunks and roots often found at the bot-
toms of slopes where trees have never grown.

The most consi)icuous i)ath of a recent avalanche observed is on Cold
Creek, between the deep canyons of Mud and Ash creeks (fig. l."}). Here
an avalanche of unusual size must have shot dowri the higher slopes
until it reached the upper edge of the continuous forest of Shasta firs,
where, instead of stopi)ing, it cut a broad swath tliiougli the huge
trees, tearing them up by the roots or snaiq)ing tliem off and carrying

OCT., 1899.

TIMHERLINE.

27

them oil over an almost level tract with such resistless force that the
few now left standing arc deeply scarred at a height of 3 0 to 15 feet
above the ground, showing where they were struck by other trees in
passing over the deep snow. Hundreds of huge trunks To to 100 feet
long and .'> or 4 feet in diameter are strewn in desolate confusion over
the broad area tlnit marks the place where this terrific avalanche
slowed up and hnally stopped. The accompanying illustration shows
a part of this area, and also the gate cut by the avalanche when it
struck the upper edge of the forest.

Fig. 13. — Track of avalanche iii\ adiuii lll^e^^t nt' Sliasta liis uii Cold Creek, ea.st side of Shasta.

TIMBERLINE.

Timbeiiine is the upj)er or boreal limit of tree growth, as determined
by temperature. It varies somewhat according to the particular species
of tree, for even Hudsonian species differ in the degree of cold they
are able to endure. Thus in the northern Cascades where the alpine
hemlock and alpine fir are the dominant timberline trees, the fir pushes
up to higher altitudes than the hemlock. So on Shasta, where the
alpine fir is replaced by the white-bark pine, the latter is the true tim-
berline tree and always attains higher elevations than the hemlock.

Theoretically, nothing is easier than tracing timberline on a moun-
tain \vhose upper slopes are bare or dotted with alpine fiowers and
whose middle slopes sui)port a continuous forest. Yet on Shasta, and
on most high mountains, it is exceedingly difiicult to fix the boundary
of timberline or indicate its exact position on a map. Of course, it is

28 NOKTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

possible to follow the uppermost trees wherever they may lead, but a
uiaj) showiii<.i- sudi a route WKuld resemble a saw from which alternate
teeth had beeu removed, the remaining teeth indicating the way the
dwarf trees push up on the summits of ridges, the broad spaces
between the teeth, the treeless gaps, usually the intervening valleys
or basins. Trees always occur at some i)oint in tlic bottoms of these
valleys, and usually extend completely across them, but at an altitude
a thousand feet or more lower than that reached on the ridges, and
there is a material ditlerence in the trees themselves. If of the same
species, those in the valleys are much larger and taller; if of other
species, as is frequently tlie case, they belong to the ui)per i)art of the
belt below — the middle forest belt. On Shasta, the trees that push up
highest on the ridges are always the dwarf wliite-baik i)ines, while
as a rule those that bridge the intervening valleys below are full-
grown alpine hemlocks or Shasta iirs, the upper limit of which must
not be mistaken for timberline. The difticulty lies in determining
what ought to be considered true timberline, and the reason why
in the absence of obvious barriers the white-bark pines do not lill more
than a third or a fourth of the belt to which they proi)erly belong.
If a mountain could be found whose upper slopes form a true cone
instead of a series of alternating ridges and valleys, so that suc-
cessive transverse sections would be circular in outline, instead of
irregularly scalloped, it is probable that timberline would form almost
a true circle around the peak, rising a little on the southwest and
dipping down a little on the northeast. But in the absence of such
ideal conditions, actual visible timberline is usually confined to the bor-
ders of the tongues of dwarf trees tliat occupy the summits of the radi-
ating ridges (pi. iv). The explanation of the absence of trees from the
intervening valleys is not always easily found; still, if the valleys are
studied with reference to the details of their several slope exi)osures
and other local conditions, the position of the hypothetical timberline,
in most cases, will be obvious. Let us take, for instance, oiu3 of the
numerous glacial basins on the south side of Shasta, bordered on each
side by lofty ridges which are capped by tongues of white-bark pines.
The bottom of the valley, whenever its axial slope is steep enough to
be regularly swept by avalan(;hes, can not, of course, contain trees. The
broad basin slope of the ridge on the west faces east and is in its own
shadow in the afternoon; as a consequence it is too cold ibr trees, but
is well sprinkled with alpine plants. Its summit is covered with dwarf
white-bark ]»incs, which come up from the other side and end abruptly
along its eastern crest. The cold eastern slope is, in its /one ])osition,
actually above timberline, althcmgh the tongue of dwaif trees along
its crest may stretch up a thousand feet above the lowest al]nne
idants.

On the op]>((sitc or eastern side of the basin the slope faces west or
southwest, and receives the warm ra\s of the afternoon sun. The

North Ameiican Fauna No. IC.

Plate IV,

TIMBE KLINE.

29

result is that this .slope, unless too steep or otherwise unsuited to tree
growth, or withiu the track of avalauches, is commonly covered with
white-bark i)ines. As a rule the timbered area on these westerly slopes
takes the form of a broadening- tongue, beginning at the highest alti-
tude attained by trees on the crest of the ridge and increasing in width
at lower altitudes until the bottom of the valley is reached and skirted,
and the limit of avalanche movement passed, when the trees again
strike out boldly. The pines in the basins are much larger and more
erect than those on the summits of the ridges; they decrease in size
with increase in elevation. The long oblique line which on the west
side of each ridge marks the lower limit of tree growth commonly

.^^"

'ito •>"'•- /^-.- 'f^^WM't^mJ-''^' m ."

:4.«

V

;1i

Fig. 14.— niiili tiiiiliriiuic ml.

I.s of sl(,

(west) side ot the ri(lj;e are dwarf wliite-bark jjines.

■xiiosiuf. I'lic (lark |jatelies on the left
(Photographed by John H. Sage.)

marks also the upper limit of the area in shadow during the late
afternotni. In local s})ots other factors may account for the absence of
trees. Thus, they are always absent from the avalanche-swept bot-
toms of the valleys, and from ground kept wet by springs or melting-
snow. Studied with these facts in view, comparatively few treeless
areas will be fouiul which can not be explained, and the position of
true timberline may be fixed with some degree of certainty. This is
really a very important matter inasmuch as it affects the zone position
of a great many species.

It is necessary to remember that the reason trees are absent from
the cold east and northeast slopes of the ridges whose summits are

30 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

covered with dwarf trees is that tliese sl()])es are in their zone ])osition
truly alpine and above tin.berline, as already exi»lained.

Nothing is easier than to refer to the wrong zone species found in the
treeless basins between the pine-covered ridges. But when it is under-
stood that parts of each basin, regardless of the distance below the
highest tongue of timber, are unquestionably aborr timbcrline (and con-
sequently Alphie) and that other i)arts, regardless of the distance above
the nearest trees in the basin, are unquestionably well heJo^r tini])erline
(and consequently llii(ho)tia)i), mistakes of this kind will be less
frequent.

THE FORESTS OF SHASTA.

Shasta rises from a forested region (pi. v), and the mountain itself is
continuously forest-covered up to an altitude of 7,500 or 8,000 feet. The
trees of the lower slopes are those of the surrounding region, but those
of the middle and upper sIojjcs belong to such widely different species
that it is necessary to divide the mountain forest into three belts, which,
from their most distinctive trees, may be designated (1) the lower or
yellow-pine belt; (2) the middle or Shasta lir belt, and (3) the up])er or
white-bark pine belt. It is interesting to observe that these forest
divisions, as shown later, coincide with the tliree Life zones — the
Transition, Canadian, and ITudsonian.

(1) The Lo-wer Belt or Belt of Yellow or Ponderosa Pmes (Phms jionderona).

The most abundant and characteristic tree of the lower slopes and
surrounding region is the yellow or ponderosa pine, which forms a con-
tinuous open forest up to an altitude, on the south and west sides, of
about 5,500 feet. The only material gap in tlie pine belt of the moun-
tain proper is a strip about 8 miles in length on the cold northeast
quadrant, which is occupied by lodge-i)ole pines belonging to the zone
above (Canadian zone).

On the south and west the open pine forest of the basal slopes is
interrui)t('d by extensive i)arks, which from a distance appear to be
meadows of waving grass. A nearer view shows this to be an illusion,
the broad fields of green being in reality impenetrable thickets of
chaparral — a chaparral of unyielding manzanita and buck brush
(Arc(o.st<(jtlii/l<>s pat Ilia and Ceanothus rrliitiniis, see tig. 15).

Nortliwest of Shasta, the yellow pine forest is interrujjted by the open
plain of Shasta Valley, which on the southwest ends abruptly at the
town of Edgewood. North, northeast, and east of Shasta the ponder-
osa pine forest continues with uniini)ortant interruptions to Devils
Garden, Goose J^ake, and the Madeline Plains; on the south it is prac-
tically continuous to the base of Lassen Butte, and thence along the
flanks of the Sierra for 350 miles; on the southwest it follows tlie canyon
of the Sacramento lliver to a little below Delta, wiiere, in the bottom
of the canyon and on its wanner slopes, the curious digger pines of
the l'j)i)er Sonoian zone nii.x with and soon replace the jmnderosa pines

North American Fauna No. 16.

Plate V.

Pine Forest at west base of Shasta

Showing yellow and sugar pines.

OCT., 1899.]

YELLOW PINE BELT.

31

of the Transition zone. On the cooler and liigher canyon sloi)es and
adjacent foothills the pouderosa pines continue to tlie border of the
Sacramento Yalley. West of Shasta they cover all but the highest
elevations of the Scott Mountains, completely surround Scott Valley,
and reach up a considerable distance over the east arm of the Salmon
Mountains, where, mixed as usual with Douglas firs, incense cedars,
and sugar pines, they fill the Transition zone. Still farther west they
occur in greater or less abundance in the valleys of liussian Creek,
North aiul South forks of Salmon liiver, Trinity Eiver, and Klamath
River, and at appropriate altitudes on the west arm of Salmon Moun-
tains, Trinity Mountains, and the mountains between Hoopa Valley
and Redwood Creek. Hence the Shasta forest of ponderosa pines is

Flu. ]'j. — Maii/.aiiita cliaparial cm sciiitli .slnpf, iil' Shasta.

directly continuous — either broadly or by narrow and tortuous tongues —
with corresponding forests of southern Oregon, northeastern Califor-
nia, northwestern California, and the tlanks of the Sierra.

The ponderosa pines of the Shasta plateau and adjacent region are
peculiar — peculiar in the extent of their variability — and deserve care-
ful study. Not only do the cones of adjacent trees ]n'esent an unusual
degree of variation in size and compactness (particularly noticeable in
Scott A'alley), but the cones of trees subjected to apparently slight
differences of temperature, moisture, and soil present certain average
differences that are quite surprising. Moreover, on higher parts of
the Scott Mountains, and also along their cool east base, fairly typical
Pin u fi Jeffrey i grows within a short distance oi ponderosa. Whether or

32

NORTH A:\[ERT('AN fatxa.

[NO. 16.

not the two actually iiitei-jjiade, while an iiiterestiii<>' qnestion, is of
little coiiseriueiice com[)aied with the fact that here, as in the Sierra,
the two trees occupy adjoining but distinct belts — ponderoHa the warmer
and noniinlly the lower; Jefreiji the colder and normally the hiji^her. It
sonu'tiines hai»[)ens, however, as in i)laces alon<i' the cold east base of
the Scott Mountains, where local conditions produce abnormal tempera-
tures, that a stri]) of Jeffrey pine is sandwiched in between two areas
of ponderosa i)ine. In this instance the low temperature^ comes in part
from the coolinji' effects of cold streams, and in part from the afternoon
shadows of the mountains.

The ponderosa forest is nowhere pure over any large area, but is
sprinkled in varying i)ro[)ortion with sugar ]>ines, incense cedars,
Douglas lirs, and white firs, and at lower altitudes with black oaks.
The stately sugar pines are so valuable for lumber that the best have
been already cut, but enough remain to show that the species was

formerly common in most
parts of the i)onderosa for-
est. The incense cedars
also are scattered over the
whole region, butthe Doug-
las and white firs require
more moisture and conse-
(juently are less evenly dis-
tributed. They ;ire most
abundant on the borders
of streams, in cool canyons,
and along the M'ell- watered
east base of .Mount Eddy and the Scott ^lountain.s, where they become
the dominant trees, the ]>onder<)sa pines being coinitaratively scarce.
On drier an<l warmer soil, away from the cooling intiuence of the Scott
Mountains, the ponderosa pines ra[)idly increase, and in the area
betw<^en Black IJutte, Shasta Valley, and the mountain, although
sprinkled with incense cedars aiul black oaks, they Ibrm the purest
ponderosa forest of the region.

Another conifer of the yellow-])ine belt is the knobcone ])ine {Pi)iiis
attennafa), a narrow interrupted tongue of which ])ushes up Panther
Creek. The deciduous trees of this belt are the black oak {(Jtiemis
caJifornic(()j Oregon maj)le (.Leer nKicropJijiUu))!). tree alder {Aliuifi
fenui/olia), and Oregon dogwood [Coriiux nvtf((lli). The maple and
dogwood are restricted to the lowest levels :uid do not occur in very
dry places: the alders are conlined to the neighborliood of water: the
oak ranges more widely over tiie lower half of the pine l)elt and tliri\('s
on dry as well as f)n modeiately moist soils.

The conifers will be considered as individual species.
Sugar Pine {Pimis lumhcriiana). — The sugar i>ine is the hirgest,
handsomest, and noblest of our wcvstein pines, and its wood is so

Fig. 16. — CoDes of ponderosa and Jelirey pines.

OCT., 1899.]

YELLOW PIXE BELT.

33

valuable for lumber that, except in inaccessible places, the best trees
Lave been cut. The huge trunks, often (> or 7 feet in diameter, rise as
straight symmetrical pillars to a height of 150 or 200 feet, and are cov-
ered with fine beautilul bark. The long and graceful branches are
usually confined to the upper parts of the trees, and the cones they
carry are the lougest known, frequently attainiug a length of a foot and
a half and sometimes of 2 feet. They are very light, however, and
when falling are by no means
so dangerous to the passer
below as the shorter and
more massive cones of the
digger pines.

Around the base of Shasta
the sugar pines reach from a
point on the northwest slope
about 4i miles southeast of
Edgewood, near the south
end of Shasta Valley, south-
erly and westerly all the way
around to Ash Creek, where
they cease at an altitude of
about 5,000 feet. They are
fairly common in McCloud
Valley and at Sisson, whence
they extend south along the
Sacramento Canyon to 'The
Loop.' They are at present
more abundant in the neigh-
borhood of Black Butte than
elsewhere about the moun-
tain. In the Sliasta region
they are not so large as on
the west slope of the Sierra
in central California; still
the stump of a sugar pine measured by me in McCloud Valley was 7
feet 7 inches in diameter 0 feet above the ground.

Knobcone Pine (Pinus attenuata, fig. 17). — The knobcone i)ine is
a tree of erratic distribution. On Shasta it is confined to the lower
slopes on the south side, from Panther Creek easterly to a point
between the branches of Mud Creek, where it ranges irregularly from
an altitude of 3,800 up to 5,000 feet. The latter limit is attained in a
gully a little east of Wagon Camp, in a continuation of the Panther
Creek strip. Lower down on Panther Creek, where the original forest
of i)onderosa and sugar pines has been removed by the combined work
of lumbermen and forest fires, and the slopes are now covered by
an impenetrable jungle of manzanita, this singular pine remains, com-
21753— Xo. 16 5

j!A'. ■C-'x'-n

Fig. 17. — Kuolxoue piue un Panther (Jieek.

34 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

mouly growing" in narrow lines. The trees are rarely more than 30
feet in height, and most of them are much smaller. They bear a mar-
velous load of slender curved cones, which on the limbs grow close
together in wliorls or lows, and on tlie truidcs are scattered or grow in
circles. They renuxiu on the trees for many years, as in the case of
few other species, and their large size, extraordinary numbers, and
peculiar arrangement give tlie tree a singular and unusual appearance.
Vernou Bailey has given me the following note on some knobcone
pines examined by him on Panther Creek, September 27, 1898:

Tbe trees were loaded with eoiies, in whorls of three to seven around the branches,
and down the trunks to 10 or 12 feet from the ground. Some of the cones must have
been 20 or 30 years old, and perhaps much older. I cut off a lot of the old lower
cones to .see if the seeds were good, and put them on a bowlder and cracked them
with a few hard blows of the ax. All of them were full of worm dust, with only
now and then an undiscovered seed or a fat white worm. Cones of medium age (5
or 6 years back from the end of the branch) were invariably occupied by worms and
worm dust, and usually contained few good seeds. Cones only 1 or 2 years old
were rarely wormy. A great many of the old cones had been dug into by wood-
peckers, either lor seeds or, mure likely, for the fat white grubs that live on the
seeds. The cones are too hard to be broken or s])lit apart by the woodpeckers, and
are opened by a smooth hole drilled into the middle, or sometimes to the 02)]»08ite
wall. Usually the opening is long and narrow. .Sometimes the whole inside of the
cone has l)eeii drilled out, leaving only the shell; sometimes a small round hole has
been drilled just through the outer shell.

White Fir (Abies concolor loiriana.) — The white fir ranges from
Sisson, at the bottom of the west slope of Shasta, up to the lower edge of
the Shasta lir belt, which it slightly overlaps. At Wagon Camp (tig. 1,
alt. 5,700 feet) both species are common. The white fir requires more
nujisture than the other conifers of the lower timber belt, and cou-
se(iuently its distribution is discontinuous. It is most abundant along
the well-watered eastern base of Mount Eddy, north of Sissou. The
highest elevation at which it was observed is a warm ridge on the
east Bide of Mud Creek Canyon, between the mouths of INInd and Clear
creeks, where, with a number of other Transition /one species, it occurs
at an altitude of 0,700 to 7,000 feet. This is 1,000 feet above its usual
limit, audits presence heie is due to the angle and steepness of the
slope, as explained elsewhere (p. 40).

Abies loiciana is easily distinguished from A. shastcnsis and .1. itiag-
n{ficaby the bark, which is very thick and deeply furrowed, so that it
resembles that of Douglas si)ruce {Pncu<l<)tsu[)<i miicnutatd) nuich more
closely than that of the other Abies of the region. The cone scales are
broad and ratlicr short, and the biact is short aiul tricuspidate (tig. 10).

Douglas Vm on Si'RUCE {I'svudotsiuja miwronata). — Douglas fir is
scattered irregularly through the ponderosa pine forest. Like tlie white
tir, it prefers a moister soil than suits the jxjuderosa ])ines, and there-
fore thrives best in the gulches and near tlu; streams. Thus along the
cool well-watei-ed east baseof Scott Mountains tlu' forest consists maiidy
of Douglas and white tirs, with scattered iiu;euse cedars and sugar

OCT., 1899.]

YELLOW PINE BELT

35

and ponderosa pines, while on the drier ground a little farther east
the pines increase and the tirs decrease or disappear. Most of the
larger trees on the south and west slopes have been cut for lumber. A
stump near IVIcOloud Sawmill measures, at G feet above the ground, 8
feet in diameter.

Incense C!^dar {Libocednis decurrens), — The incense cedar occurs
in greater or less abundance in all parts of the ponderosa forest, on
both dry and wet ground, and from the bottom of the valley at fcJisson

Fin. 18. — luceusc, cedar on .south slope below VVafioii Camp.

up to the edge of the Shasta firs at Wagon Camp. But it is common-
est near the cool east base of the Scott Mountains. lu moist places
the trees often grow in groups, but in the dry forest they are usually
scattered at intervals among the pines. On Shasta the bark of the
cedars is generally smooth and free from scales, except on the very
youngest trees. In the more humid area between Scott JMountains and
the coast the scaly bark persists for many years, so that the trunks of
middle-aged trees look very different from those of corresponding size
m the dry interior.

36 NORTH A:\rERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

(2) The Middle Belt or Belt of Shasta Fir.s {.Ih'us shastciisis).

Above the forest of poiulerosa pines, and therefore not connected
witli siniihir forests elsewhere, a belt of Shasta lirs avera«4in<j;" 2 or 3
miles in breadth and 2,000 feet in vertical range completely encircles
the mountain. It is the distinctive forest of Shasta — a forest of tall
stately trees, dark, sonilxn', and free from underbrush, tlKagii here and
there beds of the low mountain man/anita {ArctosiKpliiiJos ncrddciisis)
afford a pleasing relief from the uniform darlc brown of the surface
carpet — usually a shallow hjyer of tir needles mixed with decayed cones
and wood. The massive trunks, which on the steep slopes are often
swollen just above the ground to give greater strength to resist the
l)ressure of snow, average from 4 to G feet in thickness and some attain
a diameter of 7 or 8 feet. Above the level of winter snow their northern
sides are usually covered with the handsome bushy yellow lichen,
Evernia nilpina, which also clothes many of the branches; and in the
denser parts of the forest the trees are draped with pendant masses of
the long black-beard lichen, Alectoria fremonti. The forest almost
everywhere consists of large mature trees, and is free from evidences of
fire; but in one ])lace, between Mud Creek Canyon and Cold Creek, a
considerable area, evidently an old burn, is covered with young trees
averaging perhaps 20 feet in height.

As a rule, the Shasta firs stop abruptly where the white-bark pines
begin, and trees at their ui)per normal limit are of full size. But now
and then on the steep and relatively warm southwesterly slopes of
the ridges, dwarf Shasta firs occur. The highest point at which such
were observed was at an altitude of S,000 feet on the east rim of INlud
Creek Canyon, where a few stunted trees 3 or 4 feet in height were found
mixed with white-bark pines. On a similar warm slope west of Squaw
Creek a scattered line of these trees was noted at an altitude of S,100
to 8,.")00 feet. Here the largest were 20 feet in height. Their bark dif-
fered materially from that of trees lower down, being pale grayish
instead of dark brown, and thin, smooth, and full of blisters, instead of
thick and deeply furrowed. These lir trees were mistaken for another
si)ecies until 1 had the good fortuiu' to tind a few bearing cones, which,
on August J, were two-thirds or three-fourths grown. To my surprise,
they had long exserted bracts which, as in the young cones, stood
straight out horizontally. Very young cones (2 to 3.\ inches long) always
ap])ear to consist of bracts alone, the scales being hidden inside. On
breaking open the cones the tiny scales are seen encircling the axis;
they are less tlian half the size of the bracts and occu])y the inner half
of the diameter or section of the cone.

The normal bark of tiie Shasta fir resembles that of the alpine hem-
lock. It is rather regularly furrowed vertically, and the plates between
the furrows are cracked horizontally, so that it sugg(!sts that of the
l)onderosa pine, though the ])lates are smaller and less red. Along the
lower edge of the Shasta lir belt the bark is darker and the cracks
and furrows are narrower.

OCT., 1830.]

SHASTA FIR ]iELT.

37

The upper eil^e of the Shasta fir belt meets the alpine hemlocks aud
white bark pines of the belt above; the lower edge the ponderosa pines,
incense cedars, Douglas spruce, and wiiite firs of the belt below.
The firs are easily distinguished by bark, branches, and cones. The
Shasta fir has very dark and relatively thin bark, regularly furrowed
so as to form 'plates' like those of the ponderosa pines, only smaller,
narrower, aud transversely cracked. The branches are irregular, droop
at first (from the weight of winter snow), and then curve up^vard, and
the branchlets are small and terete, and stand out with mathematical
precision ; the cones are huge, and their green, tongue-like, single-iwinted
bracts protrude far beyond the scales, as in the noble fir of the north-
ern Cascades. In young cones the bracts
stand out straight; in old cones they are
strongly defiexed. The Miiite fir {Abies
ion'iaua) has much thicker and grayer
bark, deeply furrowed at base and not
forming regular scales or plates; the
branches are more regular and more nearly
horizontal, the branchlets flatter, more
spreadiug, and lacking the mathematical
lines of the Shasta fir ; the cones are more
slender, and the tricuspidate bracts are
short, reaching less than half-way across
the scale. The cone-scale differences
are shown in the accompanying diagrams.
(See fig. 19.) The year 1808 was an 'off year'
for cones, but plenty of old scales were
found on the ground, and broken cones
were discovered in holes in logs, Avhere
they had been carried by pine squirrels.

The Shasta fir forest is mainly pure,
but in places, particularly on the east
and northeast sides of the mountain, silver pines are scattered through
it, and in one place along its lower border (between Ash aud Incon-
stauce creeks) the firs are replaced by lodge-pole pines, the only ones
on the mountain.

Whether or not Abies ma(/nijica occurs on Shasta is a question on
which we can throw no light. I do not know how to tell magnifica
from shastensis except by the cones, and the trees did not bear cones the
year of our visit.^ Still, we found great numbers of old cones tucked
away by the squirrels in decayed logs, and disconnected scales under
most of the trees where search was made, and among all these failed to
find a single bract which was not strongly exserted. And yet Miss

' While this paper was passing through the press (July, 1899), Walter K. Fisher
revisited Shasta. He found the lirs heavily laden with cones, and although thou-
sands of trees were examined he failed to liud a single cone without the exserted
bracts.

Fig. 19. — Cone scales of (a) Abies shas-
tensig and (b) Abies cnncolorloiviana.

38

NORTH AMERICAN lAFXA.

[NO. 16.

Alice Eastwood showed mo, in the herbarium ot" tho California Acad-
emy of Sciences, a cone, said to have come lioni Waj^on Camp, in which
the bracts, except a few at the base, are not exserted.

Silver Pine or Mountain White Pine {Pinusmonficola). — Silver
pines occur here and there on Shasta, scattered among tlie Shasta tirs.
They were found in greatest abundance on a pumice slope south of
Brewer Creek Canyon, where they are the dominant trees up to an
altitude of 7,200 feet, and where the ground was strewn with cones of
the previous year — cones in which the scales are strongly retiexed.

KiG. 2i(.— Wliitc bark pii

In this area, along Brewer ('reek, they nu»et and .slightly overlap the
alpine hemlocks and white-bark pines of the zone above. They are
common also ou the steep lava ridges on the north side of Shasta, i)ar-
ticularly in the neighborhood of Jnconstance Creek and in IMud Creek
Canyon, especially on the west side of tlie ridge between JMud and
Clear creeks. A few trees occur near tlie top of Bed Cone, east of
Wagon Cam]).

Lodge-Pole Pine {Pinu.s taurrayann). — The lodge-i)ole pine was
not found on Shasta except ou the northeast (quadrant, where Ver-

OCT., 1899.]

WHITE-r.ARK PIXE BELT.

30

11011 Bailey, in following' the w agou road around the inouiitaiu, passed
through a belt of it about 8 miles iu length. It begins 3 miles
northeast of Ash Creek at an altitude of about 5,400 feet and reaches
northerly to about 3 miles northwest of Incon stance Creek, where
it ends abruptly at an altitude of 5,000 feet. Here it is the dominant
tree, and in half of it the only tree. This area is covered during the
latter part of the afternoon by the shadow of the mountain, and conse-
quently is colder than places of equal altitude farther north or south.
The soil is sandy and barren and the trees are of small size.

(3) The Upper Belt or Belt of White-Bark Pines {Finns alMcaulis).

Still above the forest of Shasta firs, braving its way upward over the
bare rocky ridp-^s into the very teeth of the domain of perpetual snow,
is another timber belt — an c pen belt of straggling, irregular trees, whose

whitened, twisted trunks with their storm-beaten heads of green are
among the most weirdly picturesque objects on the mountain (fig. 20).
The tree is the timberline white-bark pine, which, wherever found,
pushes its way over steep and barren slopes to the extreme upper limit
of tree growth.

At the lower part of its range it forms an almost continuous though
narrow belt around the mountain, and often attains a height of 30 or 40
feet and a diameter of 2 feet. In the higher parts of its range it soon
becomes restricted to the ridges, leaving the intervening basins and
gulches bare, and as it climbs higher and higher becomes more and
more reduced iu size and undergoes material changes of form and posi-
tion. At certain altitudes the slanting trunks, only 4 or 5 feet in
height, serve as pillars to support the flattened tops which form a
canopy of intertwined and matted branches (lig. 21).

40

NORTH A:\rERI('AN FAUNA.

These dwarf groves oiler atti-aetive slielters from wind and storm,
and we nsnally camped among tliem when working the upper sh)pes.

The tree is one of exceptional hardihood, and as it pushes on still
farther into the realm of eold the trunks become completely prostrate
and the branches luig the ground, forming among the rocks dense mats
which sometimes rise a foot or two above the general level, but at their
upper limit usually occu])y depressions, or, if growing in the lee of a
bowlder, crouch behind it and continue its surface level to the adjacent
slope, as if trimmed to tit. Indeed, one is amazed at the way these
uppermost ])iues avoid exposure by tiatteniug themselves into the hol-
lows, as if afraid to lift a finger above the general level. Their life is a
perpetual struggle — not against competing plants, but against a hostile
environment. In summer they are buffeted by the winds ami pelted by
sand and gravel; in spring they are swept and torn ])y the resistless
avalanches, and in winter they are deejjly buried under heavy banks of
snow. The prostrate trunks in young and middle-aged healthy trees
are completely concealed, often half covered by stones and pumice sand,
and hidden by the density of their own branches and foliage ; but in very
old trees, and those injured by passing avalanches or laid bare by the
washing away of i)rotecting rocks during violent storms, the trunks are
partly exposed and their extraordinary features may be easily examined.
As a rule they are not only nalced, but the strongly twisted wood,
gnarled, contorted, and, ironlike in firmness, has been eaten into by
the sand blast till the knots and hardest parts stand out in prominent
ridges.

A little below tiraberline on the north side of Shasta, between Xorth
Gate and Shastina, is an extensive gently sloping pumice i)lain, strewn
with fragments of gray shaly lava, and thickly sj^otted with rather

;-*^v^

. r- -■»/

Fig. 22.— Puinif-r |il:iiii ikhiIi Midc of Sliasta, showiiiL; liiiil" i lun- m.iis nl W liilc li:irk jiiiios.

large mats of pines, averaging 1^ to 1 feet in height, whicli give a most
curious aspect to tin; region (tig. 1^2). This area, which is about a mile

OCT., 1899.]

WHITE-BARK PINE BELT.

41

and a half across (horizontally), nuist contain thonsands of acres of the
dwarf, flattened pines. Along its lower edge, singnlarly enough, trees
of the same species suddenly stand upright and grow to large size,
forming a rather solid forest, i^erhaps 30 feet in lieight, with an abrupt
front facing the dwarf pines above. The suddenness of the transition
is unusual and difficult to explain.

The forest just mentioned is probably the largest continuous area of
Pinm albicauUs on Shasta. Situated a little below timberline, it
stretches, apparently witbout interruption, from ^orth Gate Buttes
to Diller Canyon, a distance of fully 5 miles, thus encircling the north-
west quadrant of the mountain, including Shastina.

Perhaps the most attractive grove of white-bark pines on Shasta is
one that fills an open gulch or glade on the east side of Xorth (late
Buttes. Here, in the lower part of their belt, the trees are large and
uncommonly symmetrical, and the gray pumice soil is covered with
silvery lupines. In ascending the gulch the pines gradually decrease
in size until at 'The Gate' (alt. 8,500 feet) they are dwarfed and their
tops are broadly flattened.

The normal altitudinal limits of the white-bark i)ines on Shasta are
hard to fix. On the south and southwest sides the trees descend in
places to 7,500 feet and range thence upward on the hottest ridges to
an extreme limit of 9,800 feet. But this extreme altitude is attained at
two points only — on the long ridge above 'The [South] Gate' (near lied
Butte) and on a ridge about a quarter of a mile west of Mud Creek
Canyon. On the west rim of the canyon the pines stop at 9,500 feet

Fig. 23. — A laini- prdstrate tree of whitrhark pine, a liltli- below timberline.

and on the ridge on the east side at 8,600. Probably 9,300 to 9,500
would be a fair average for their upi)er limit on the warmer southerly
slopes.

On the cold northeast slope, just south of Brewer Creek, they descend
21753— No. 16 6

42

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[N-n. 16.

on a biirrou ])umice slo])e to 7,000 lect, where, sparingly mixed with
alpiue hemlocks, they meet tlie iii)]>er limit of Sliasta liis and silver
pines.

]Jlack Alpine nE:\Li.O('K {'rsinia mrrtensland'^ ). — lUit the wliite-
bark pine, although the dominant and most widely distributed tree of
the up])er timber belt, is not the only tree, for in i)laees it is mixed
with or re])laced by the black alpine hemlock. Shasta is a Yevy dry
mountain, and yet the white-bark pine thrives on its driest slopes and
grows among the bare, naked blocks of lava where tree life seems
irai)ossible. The hemlock re(iuires more moisture, and therefore is at a
decided disadvantage. It never reaches as high as ri)nis <il]>!('((uJis
and attains its best development along the lower border of the Hud-

FlG. 24. — r.lack alpine lieiiilocks mar Scjuaw ('i

sonian /one, where it occurs iu disconnected sheltered localities —
usually in canyons or on the shady east or northeast sides of buttes or
ridges, where there is more moisture than on the exposed slo])es. Since
these shady easterly slopes are always cold, tlie hemlocks that occupy

'This is the species heretofore coiiiinoiily laiowii as Tsin/a jxtltoni ov Ti^mia patio-
niana. It lias been recently discox-crod lliat the name Tniuja mcricnsiana, commonly
:ij)]ilie(l to the racilif lowland hemlock, wiis first <;iveii to the jjrcseut aljiiiie 8])ccies,
iiecessitatinj; a most nnhajiiiy change oi" name. Fortunately, however, the common
Knglish names of the two ami Ihcir widely difl'erent /one ranges — one restricted to
the low Transition licit ncai- the inast, the other to the high lludsoniau zone on the
lof'tii'st mountains — may ]ire\ciit the confusion that otherwise would result from the
change of name.

OCT.. 1899.]

WHITE-B.\RK PINE BELT.

43

tbem descend in tongues considerably below the nsual lower limit of
the belt to which they belong. The most extreme ease of the kind
observed is on the east side of the series of hills and ridges known on
the map as 'dray Butte/ where a gulch, sheltered from the warm after-
noon sun and moistened by seepage from melting snows, carries the
hemlocks to a lower altitude than they reach elsewhere. On suitable
slopes they usually begin about 7,1*00 or 7,300 feet and range up to
about 8,000 feet. The highest altitude at which they were observed is
8,700 feet, a little east of Mud Creek Canyon, where a few stunted trees
were found among the white-bark pines. Their extreme upper limit is
thus a thousand feet lower than that of the white-bark pines. This is

Fig. 25. — Group of alpine liemlocks near Deer Canyon.

due, in part at least, to the character of the upper slopes, where no
trees can grow except on the ridges — as explained under the head of
Timberline (pp. 27-30) — and here the ridges are too exposed and too
dry for hemlocks.

On Shasta the alpine hemlock does not grow in such luxuriance
or attain such dimensions as in the Cascade IJange. The average
height of mature trees seems to be 80 or 100 feet; the average diameter
a little less than 3 feet. Trunks 4 and 5 feet through are by no means
rare and the one shown in the accompanying photograph (tig. 20) meas-
ured G feet. It is a characteristic habit of hemlocks on sloping ground
to grow in clusters, 3 to 7 springing from a common base. In this way,
when young, they are better able to withstand the pressure of the snow.

44

NORTH A^IERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

Those that grow singly usually sui)i)ort tlieniselvos by luiviug the
trunks >>troii<ily curved downward Just above the ground, as shown iu
fig. 2(5.

The alpiue hendock is one of the most ])ictures(iue and attractive
trees of our western mountains. Its beauty is due in part to the hand-
some trunks and irregular drooping branches, but mainly to the dense
and peculiarly tutted foliage which falls in graceful masses iu such
manner as to conceal the branches and upper parts of the trunks. The
twigs or ultimate branchlets curve upward and the needles stand out
on all sides and point outward — away from the body of the tree — pro-
ducing a tufted appearance very unlike that of other conifers. This

KlQ L'li. — 'I 111 II k nl III jiiih In iiiliirK , ^liiiw 111^ t liii Kriiiiig and (■in'\;itui<' 111

effect is heightened during the latter part of summer by the light green
tips of the new growth.

The hemlock forest is dark, somber, and silent, and its drooping
branches are draped with the dangling beards of the black-beard
lichen {Alcctorinfrcmonii). The only color that breaks the otherwise
uniform darkness is the bright yellow lichen {Evcrnia ridpina) whidi
covers the north or northwest sides of the trunks and ui)i)er sides of
the branches — a conspicuous feature and one seemingly out of harmony
with the general tone of the forest. In all tliese respects tlie hendock
forest accentuates the features of the iShasta lir forest of the belt below,
with whi(;h it is directly continuous. The tree trunks and bark also
reseMd)le those of the Shasta tii's. The bark is in long scales which, as

OCT., 1899.]

WHITE-I5ARK PINE BELT.

45

tlie trees grow, tliickeii into irregular ]>lat('s transversely broken at
intervals of S to 12 inches.

In the growing' tree the branches die from below npward in a curious
way. First a subdivision of a low branch dies and the tii)s curl down-
ward and inward, drawing together until they form a close curl or
tail Miiich can be set on fire by a single match. Dozens of these curls
can be seen on most of the young trees, and also on the lowermost
remaining branches of the middle-sized and some of the old ones. This
process of dying and curling continues until all the lower branches are
dead. Meanwhile, the curl-tails gradually drop off and litter the
ground, leaving the bare dead branches hanging down at a sharp angle.
These dead branches hug the trunks closer than the living ones and
cling on until the bark comes off', when they form an armature of

Fui. Ii7.— Uioui) ot uliiii

unsightly bleached and brittle sticks pointing downward around the
trunk. These in time break off', too, so that as the tree grows into
maturity the handsome trunk finally becomes clear and clean.

The alpine hemlocks are prolific bearers and the ground is always
strewn with their cast-off' cones, which average about 2^ inches in
length, and have a dark streak down the middle of each scale. When
young the cones are conical, Avhen old and the scales become fully
reflexed they are slender, subcylindrical and only three-fourths of an
inch in diameter. Year after year the cones fall to the ground in
such prodigious numbers that they form a very important part in
the layer of felting that covers the surface in the hemlock forests —
a loose dark felting composed of disintegrating needles, twigs, and cone
scales pressed iirmly together by the weight of the snow in winter, and

46 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

only rarely dotted by living plants. lu moist spots, partienlarly along
the borders of the tiuy sparkling streams, the red heather {PliyJlodoce
emj)etr{formlfi) forms little beds and the delicate leathery Lutkea pecti-
naia spreads a faint veil of green over the dark soil. In the drier
parts of the forest hardly a plant is seen save now and then a solitary
clnmi) of prince's pine {ChimapMIa mrnziesi) or painted wintergreen
( Pi/roJd picf(i).

Late in Se])tember the hendocks molt and the wind brings down show-
ers of needles that falling on the tent at night sound like rain. Their
color has now changed from green to golden brown and they s[)riidile
the black lloor of the forest so thickly as to change its appearance.

FOREST FIRES.

During the past ten years the country about Shasta, particxUarly on
the west and south, has been repeatedly devastated by forest tires.
Here, as elsewhei-e, lumbermen and fires have destroyed the greater
part of the timber on the lower slopes and adjacent i)lain, Avhich are
now covered by a dense cha[)arral of manzanita and buckbrush, dotted
with scattered pines. Fortunately, the fires have not as yet spread
upward far enough to do much damage to the Shasta firs of the middle
timber belt. Whether the character of these trees and the freedom of
the ground beneath from combustible material will prevent the spread
of fire remains to be seen. Thus far the greatest harm has been done
in the forests of ponderosa and sugar pines, where lumbering opera-
tions are being carried on with painful vigor.

While we were on the mountain, from the middle of July until the
end of Sei)tcnd)er, one or more fires, the result of van<lalism or neglect,
were raging continuously on the south and west slopes, and two of them
did irreparable injury. One began near some woodcutters' shanties, 3
or 4 miles below Wagon Camp, on the road to Sisson; the other and
more destructive originated in the area covered by the lumbering opera
tions from McCloud Mill and pushed swiftly up the Panther Creek
slope, consuming the greater part of the only area of Finns attenuata
on Shasta and l)urning great tongues into the handsome fir forest on
both sides of Wagon Camj), which it closely and almost completely
surrounded.

The fire that lasted longest in the summer of ISO.S did the least harm.
It consunn-d a worthless tract of manzanita chaparral between Black
l>utte and tlie mountain, and gave off a surprisingly enormous (|uantity
of smoke, ]ii<ling the country to the west lor a full month. During its
continuaiKJc the entire mountain was often enveloped in smoke and
when the wind was northwest, as it was a great deal of tlic time,
showers of burned leaves fell daily at our camps. On August U, when we
were at work on the rocky slo))es above the head of Scpiaw Creek at an
altitude of *.>,")()() feet, chari-ed leaves fell so abundantly that we caught
many in our hands. (Ireat clouds of smoke rolled ni) between us and

OCT., 1899.] ST.OPE EXPOSUHE. 47

the sun, which became (hu'i) red like the full inoou and then disappeared.
At 5 o'clock the smoke began to settle back, as it always did when the
chill of the evening- came on, and the sun reappeared, to set as usual
behind the dark ontlines of the distant mountains.

Fires on the south, in the valley of the McCloud, cut oft' the view iu
that direction, and it was only at rare intervals, and nsually at sun-
set, that we were able to see the snowy crown of Ijassen Butte <)0
miles away. Even Castle Crags, almost at our feet, weie rarely visible.
This experience is frecinent in the west; and of the hundreds of persons
who visit the Pacific slope every summer to see the mountains, few see
more than the immediate foreground and a haze of smoke which even
the strongest glass is unable to penetrate.

Along the railroad between the head of Sacramento Canyon and
Shasta Yalley one traverses desolate tracts which a few years ago were
covered by a noble forest of ponderosa and sugar pines.

EFFECTS or BITRNS IN CHAN(rING ZONE POSITIONS.

A burn in the lower part of the Shasta fir forest a little above
Wagon Camp affords an excellent illustration of the way fires some-
times change the zone relations of particular areas. The area iu ques-
tion was well within the Canadian zone before the fire, which occurred
only a few years ago. Since the fire. Transition zone species have crept
up the ridge, and now Geanofhns reJufinus, Arciosiapliylos paUda^ Ror-
Ivelia pseiulocapitata, Aiwciinnm piim il urn , (r((yophi/tHmr<(mofii.sf>im am, aud
others are common. The manzanita and buck-brush are young and
small but are spreading, so that in a few years the ridge, whi<,'li has a
warm southerly slope, will be mainly Transition. But in the mean-
time a new growth of Shasta firs has started, and in ten or twenty
years is likely to overtop and drown out the Transition zone species,
enabling the Canadian zone to reclaim the burn.

Such cases of alternation of zones resulting fioni the clearing of
forest land are not uncommon, i)articularly when deforestation is
caused or accompanied by fire. But on steeper sloi)es, especially rock
slopes, if the vegetable layer is burned off, the (lower) zone wliich
creeps up to replace the (higher) one destroyed becomes permanent or
nearly so.

It may be laid down as a general rule that the destruction of forests,
by admitting the sun and wind, lessens the moisture in the soil and
increases the temperature, thus inviting animals and plants to come in
from adjacent warmer areas. Deforestation of an area therefore tends
to lower its zone position.

SLOPE EXPOSURE.

By slope exposure is meant the inclination of the earth's surface at
a particular point with reference to the angle at which it receives the
sun's rays. The amount of heat, were it not for the retarding effect of

48

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

the atmosphere, would be "reatest at noon, wlum the snn's position
with reference to tlie earth is most nearly vertical. But, as everyone
knows, the atmosphere becomes heated slowly and does not attain its
highest temperature until the middle or latter i)art of the afternoon,
the hour varying- with the locality. Ilence slopes that face the sun
most nearly at a right angle at tlie time of day when the atmosphere
is hottest are naturally the hottest slojies — those that carry the zones
highest; while conversely, sloj)es that face the opposite direction are
naturally the coldest slopes — those that depress the life zones lowest.
At Portland, Oregon (about 275 miles north of Shasta), the hottest
part of the day in summer is a little after 4 o'clock in the afternoon,
at which time the sun is nearly due west. Conseiiuently the hottest
uncomplicated slopes are those that face west or a little south of west.
The accompanying diagram shows the actual mean hourly march of
atmospheric temperature at Portland, Oregon, for June, July, and
August :

AM. g PM.

1

^

3

4

5

6\7

a

9

10

n,:

12 3 4 f. , t; " J P /,■ // \ll

/lueusT

JULY

JUN€
MAY

APHIi

/■«

AUGUST
JULY

JUNE
APRIL

//

,

N

•b

\

■'b

1

N

7J

1

/

s

V

7?

-

/

/

\\

\.

•//

/

1

70

69

j

/

\

68

1

\

67

II

\.

^,

56

1

1

N

'

v

65

1

/

N

s

\

64

y

/

Sl

63

)

/

*1

\

61

^

\

\.

6/

/

\

\

>

60

^

s

/

/

\

s

SS

s

\

1

\

68

\

t

/'

\

>^

.W

^.

V

^

k

,5«

.._

/

1

s

s

J,5

,

\.

S4

s

/

1

.

53

\

/

s

.V

<

_-

/

/

s

[SI

\

,

^

/

\

ts

/

/

\

48

"

s

41

1

s

46

s

46

N

.

/

44

•^

/

43

^

-

1

Flo. 28. — Diagram showing average hourly niarcli
of temperature.

The influence of slo])e exposure on the faunas and floras of moun-
tainous regions is i)rofound. INIeasured by a scale of altitudes, it
amounts on ordinary sloi)es to nearly a thousand feet, and on steep
sloi)es is still more marked. Thus on mountains it is usual for plants
and animals of i)articular species to occur on warm southwesterly
slopes at elevations 800 to 1,000 feet higher than on cool northeasterly
slopes. Similarly on north and south ridges, the faunas and floras of
the warm west sloi)es often belong to lower zones than those of ecpial
elevations on the cool east slopes.

Shasta affoi'ds innumerable examples of tlie cll'ccts of s]o])c exi)osure,
both simple and complicated by canyons.

An excellent illustration of the latter is t(k he found in .Mud (-reek

OCT., 1899.] SLOPE EXPOSURE. 49

Canyon, .lear the mouth of Clear Creek (see pi. iii). Tiie altitude of
the bottom of the canyon at this point is 0,700 feet, which would nat-
urally i)lace it in the middle of the Canadian zone. The steep west
side of the narrow ridge between the two creeks receives the afternoon
sun at nearly a right angle, and is in consequence an unusually warm
slope for the altitude. The result is that seeds of plants carried upward
by winds and birds from the Transition zone, more than 1,000 feet
below, have here found a favorable resting place and have grown into
a colony of Transition zone species, among which are Abies eoncolor
loiciana, Arvtostaphi/los patula, Kmizia trUhntata., Amelanchier abiifolia,
Biibus parvifiorus, Sorhus fiambuci folia, Symplioricarpos pilosus, Bibes
viscosissimKm, B. amiction, iS((nibuc7(s melanocarpa, Apocynum. pumihim^
ISpira'a doiKjIasi, Vaccinimn {arbuscula*), Liipinus elmeri, Eriogonum
marifolium, Gilia aggregata, Pteris aquilina lam(gi7iosa, and the large
Transition zone form of CasiiUeja miniatu. Just across the canyon,
and in one place less than 100 feet from the lower edge of this isolated
Transition colony and at a lower level, are species belonging to the
Hudsonian zone — such as Pentstemon neivberryi and Pulsatilla oeviden-
talis. Thus, growing close together on opposite slopes of the same
canyon, are species characteristic of zones both above and below the
one to which the altitude properly belongs. This case is by no means
peculiar and is a good illustration of the simpler effects of slope exposure
commonly shown in mountain canyons.

Another class of cases is found on the buttes and hills. A mile
and a half northeast of Wagon Camp is a cons])icuous red cinder cone
about 1,000 feet in height, known as Ked Cone. In zone position it is
well within the lower part of the Canadian belt where it is surrounded
by the forest of Shasta iirs, scattered trees of which push up on the
basal slojies and on the south side reach the top. Just below the sum-
mit are a few silver pines belonging to the same zone. The warm south-
west slope brings up Irom the Transition zone below thickets of man-
zanita, a few incense cedars, and several humbler plants. The cold
northeast slope, although reaching an altitude of only about (5,800 feet,
which would place it in the middle of the Canadian zone, is cold enough
to bring down from the Hudsonian zone several characteristic i)lants,
such as Polygonion neirberryi, Oymopterus terebinthinus, Cycladenia
humilis, IJriogonum polypodum, and Viola purpurea.

On the south side of Shasta an interrupted ridge or series of buttes,
known collectively as 'Gray Butte,' reaches up the mountain side from
Red Cone, east of Wagon Camp, northward to the gap known as 'The
Gate.' In a gulch or canyon on the east side of this butte the black
alpine hendock descends more than 1,000 feet below its usual lower
limit. The reason is obvious. The row of buttes cuts off the warm
afternoon sun, and seepage from melting snows keeps the soil moister
than in more exposed places, so that the gulch meets the two require-
ments of the alpine hemlock — a moist soil and a cold atmosi)here. For
its entire length this long tongue of hemlock is Hanked by Shasta firs
21753— No. IC 7

50

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

from the zone below, so that the usual zone relations are chan<ie(l,
I)arallel strips of Canadian and lludson'an ruuninji' up and down the
mountain — instead of encircling it in the usual liorizontal belts. Along
Squaw Creek another tongue of alpine heialock descends to the head
of the main fall, at an altitude of about 1,2~A\ feet, and is siniihirly
sandwiched between ascending tongues of Shasta lirs.

Between 'The [South] Gate' and the grove of alpine hemlocks on
upper Squaw Creek is a prominent mass of lava 700 or 800 feet high,
known as 'Bed Butte.' It is about li,()0(> feet below the altitude of
extreme timberline and its summit is covered witli trees; nevertheless
its precipitous northeast side is so cold that its zone position is well
above timberline, as shown by the presence there of such distinctively
alpine i)lants as O.tyrla d'ujyna and Saxifnuja tolmin. In this case the

-K^-^ii;

S^.

Fig. 29. — Dwiii'l iiiiir.-, fiidiiiL; al)rui)tl.v Jlloug cold east side i<t' ri(lj;f.

effect of a very cold mass of rock is added to that of the coldest slope,
and the result is a lowering of alpine zone species 2,000 feet below their
normal elevation on the hottest southwest slopes.

The high north and south ridges alford perhaps the simi)lest exami)le
of the direct influence of slope exi)osure. The warm west sides of these
ridges usually bear trees in i)r<)])ortion to the availability of their slopes,
while the cold cast sides remain naked and alpine (see lig. 14). The way
the (hvaif pines stop along the east crest of the ridges is shown in the
acconi[)anying figure (fig. "29).

Fiiuilly, the glaciers of Shasta afford impressive evidence of the
effects of slope exposure. .My party did not take the altitudes of fhe
ghutiers, but accoi'ding to the Shasta map sheet of the U. S. Geological
Survey those on the <'old east and norfheast slopes descend below
9,000 feel, and one of them, at the liead oi" Ash Creek, below s,r,{n) feet,
while the only one having a south exposure^ (at the head of Mnd
Creek) stops at 11,000 feet,' and theic ar<' no glaciers at all on the west

'There is another i^liuiei- on tlic south side, tributary to Mnd Creek, which
descends lower than the one marked on the niaj) as * Konwakitoii f^liicicr/ bnt it
is fomitli'tely hid(hni l>y a hij^li riduo and is not e\])o8ed to the kite afternoon sun.

o'T., 1899.] EFFECTS OF STEEP SLOPES. 51

side. Hence if tLie altitudes to whicii glaciers descend on the various
slopes be accepted as indicating tlie course of a sinuous line of equal
temperature, it follows that the difference in temperature dependent on
the angle and conditions of slope exposure, as measured by the glaciers,
is e(iuivaleiit to a difference of upward of 2,(H)0 feet in altitude. I>ut
this is doubtless excessive and due in part to local influences.

EFFECTS OF STEEP SLOPES.

^5teep slopes, jjarticulaily those that face the southwest and west,
exaggerate the effects of slope exposure. Those that face the hot after-
noon sun at nearly a riglit angle receive the greatest (juantity of heat,
but this alone is not sufiicient to account for the very extraordinarj^
degree to which the fauna and flora are sometimes affected. When it is
remembered that the hottest ordinary slopes carry up the zones only
800 to 1,000 feet, one is startled to find that on some favorable steep
slopes they are pushed up more than 2,000 feet above their normal
limits. The explanation did not occur to me until, in discussing the
matter w ith the geologist, G. K . (lilbert, he suggested the diurnal ascend-
ing current as the missing factor.

It is well known that in ordinary calm weather the air currents on
mountain sides and in deep canyons ascend by day and descend by
night. The ascending currents are warm, the descending currents cold.
The night current, being in the main free from local influences that
afl'ect its temperature, must exert an essentially equal effect on all sides
of a mountain ; but the temperature of the ascending day current, being
constantly exposed to and in fact created by the influence of the sun,
must vary enormously on diflerent slopes. The activity and eflective-
ness of this current increases with the steepness of the slope and the
directness of its exposure to the afternoon sun. Hence the hottest
normal slopes— those that face the sun at nearly a right angle during
the hottest part of the day — are rendered still more potent by increased
steepness, the direct exposure to the sun keeping up the supjDly of heat
while the steepness of the sloi)e accelerates the rate of movement of the
diurnal ascending current, carrying the heated air upward a very great
distance before it has time to be cooled by the general temperature of
the stratum it penetrates. Thus it is that species characteristic of the
Transition zone on Shasta — species which on normal southwesterly
slopes attain their upper limits at an altitude of 5,500 to 5,700 feet — are
in favorable places enabled to live at elevations of 7,900 and even 8,000
feet, considerably more than 2,000 feet above their normal upper limits.

The steep slopes of Diller Canyon furnish instructive illustrations of
the ett'ects of these ascending hot-air currents. Here, on the hot stony
pumice slopes, such distinctive Transition zone species as Arctostaphylos
patula, Kunzid tri<lentat(i, Ceaiwthns velutinn.s, and Chrysofhamnus-occi-
dentalis flourish among the Shasta firs and white-bark pines at an alti-
tude of nearly 8,000 feet in the belt where the Canadian and Hudsonian
zones overlap, and more than 2,000 feet above the extreme upper limit
of their normal distribution on uncomplicated hot southwesterly slopes.

52 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

IIASIN SLOPES.

Many of tlie jilacial basiiisof the timbeilinerejjion arc broad U-sliai)ert
depressions with <4(Mitly sloping bottoms, ending abruptly in terminal
moraines, below whicli they may or may not continue on to other
moraines. They were excavated by glaciers at a ])eriod when the ice
cap of Shasta was much larger and more complete than at ])resent.
The upi)er ends of most of these valleys abut against the steej) up]>er
slopes of the peak, and are bordered on both sides by lofty ridges, so
that they are walled in on three sides and thus converted into basins.
Such basins, when they face the southwest, appear to promote the
retiection of heat and retard the escai)e of hot air, so that they some-
times become hot pockets characterized by species belonging to the zone
below.

LIFE ZONES OF SHASTA.

Shasta stands on a Transition zone plane, with a dilute tongue of
Upper Sonoran approaching its northern base by way of Klamath and
Shasta valleys. Its forested slopes rise (juickly through the Boreal
zones to timberline, above wiiich its ice-clad summit towers to a height
of 5,000 feet. The life zones of Shasta, therefore, beginning with the
Upper Sonoran element of Shasta Valley, arc —

Upper Sonoran Iludsonian

Transition Arctic-Alpine.

Canadian

In a generalized diagrammatic north and south section of the moun-
tain the relations of these zones may be shown somewhat as follows:

N

'a^a ^a va v^ v^ V/^ v^ ^,

'f u'IpeV^I^ A V A V A V A ^ TRANSITION^ V a V a ^^ A ^ /077"^^7r^ A V/
^!S^AVAVAVAVXVAV;VAVAVAVAyAyAVAVAV/
A^X^^ a'^aVa^^aVaVaVaVaVaVaV^VaV/xVaVaVa

Fl(i. 30. — I)i:ii;raiii oi Sha.sta HhowiDg relations of life zdiiis.

The altitudes of zone boundaries licrc given are inteiided to repre-
sent their average or mean elevation on normal southerly sloi»es. The
aridity of the mountain as a whole, with conse(iuent scattered or
'spotty' instead of 'continuous' distribution of most of its zone species,
comi)licated by the inlluences of hot and cold slopes, springs, and air
currents, elsewhere discussed, which frci|uently carry species 1,0(M» feet
or more above or below their normal limits, makes it almost impossible

OCT., 1899 ] UPPEK SONORAN ZONE. 53

to tix with certaiuty the normal zone altitudes. Hence those here given
must be regarded as approximate only. Tlie average width of the belt
of overlapping of adjoining zones appears to be about 800 feet; so that
the normal vertical distribution of the distinctive species of each zone
overreaches in both directions the altitudes given by about 400 feet.

The zone positions accorded the various species are based on per-
sonal Held experience, and in the great majority of cases are believed to
be correct; in a few instances, however, the evidence is inconclusive —
hence the zone lists must be regarded as provisional and subject to
correction. Species recently exterminated or driven away, as the moun-
tain sheei^, elk, and griz;^ly bear, are included in the tables.

UPPER SONORAN ZONE.

The Upi>er Sonoran element in the region about Shasta is dilute and
is limited to Shasta Valley at the north base of the mountain, which it
reaches by way of the Klamath country on the north and northeast.
It has no connection whatever with the Upper Sonoran of the Sacra-
mento Valley on the south, which ends near the point where Pitt River
joins the Sacramento, about 50 miles below Shasta.

Shasta Valley is an arid plain about 25 miles in length by 10 or 12 in
breadth, studded with small volcanic buttes and lava Hows. It varies
in altitude from a little less than 4,000 to about 2,700 feet, and is lowest
at the north, where the Shasta Kiver, by which it is traversed, tiows
into the Klamath liiver. Shasta Kiver is in places bordered by decid-
uous trees, mainly Foj)nluH triehocarpaj Betula occidentaUs, and Alnus
rhomhij'olia. The valley is sparsely covered with rahbit brush of sev-
eral species, mainly ChriisotJiamnns occidentaUs and ('. rlscuJiJiorus, and
in some places, chietly on the east and south, by the true sagebrush
{Artemisia tridentata). The southeastern part contains an open forest
of junipers [Junipcrus occidentaUs), which meets the pine forest of the
basal slopes of the mountain. The western i)art is an open plain very
scantily dotted with rabbit brush and a few small and mainly incon-
spicuous plants, among which were observed: Mentzelia hci-icaulis,
Xanthium strnmarium, Heliotropium cnrassavicum, Verbena bracteosa,
Datura meteloides, Sarcobatus rermiculatus and Nicotiana sp. ? Along
the western border of the valley, near the Scott Mountains, several
characteristic shrubs occur, among which are Ceanothus cuneatus, Arcto-
staphyJos {viscida!'), Cercocarpus parvifolius, Eriodictyon glutinosKm, and
Garry a fremon ti. '

The zone position of this region is further indicated by the presence
of such birds as the chat {Icteria virens lonyicauda), bush-tit {Pstdtri-
parus minimus calif or nicus), California towhee [Pipilo fuscus crissalis),
California jay {Aphelocoma californica), and California valley quail
{Lophortyx caUfornicus vallicola). Formerly antelope were common
here, but now they are rarely seen. The most abundant mammals are
jack rabbits (Lepus caUfornicus), sagebrush cottontails {Lepus nut

' (iarriia fremonti is both Upiim- .Sonoran and Transit ion.

54 NORTH A.MKRTCAN FACNA. [xo. 16.

/«///), kangaroo rats [Dipodomiix ca1{/oniirii,s), ])()cket mice {Vcrixitudhus
2)arn(Nf), woodrats {yr<>fom(< fuHcipes). coyotes {Canis ochrojju.s), and
raccoons {Procyon psora pacijica).

So little work was done in Shasta Valley that the species mentioned
are of course only a fraction of those i)resent.

.MA.MMAI.S Ol' II'I'EK SONOUAN /OXE (IN SHASTA VALLEY).

liestrictiil to fjiper Svnuran.

Lepus calilbrnicns. I'eioj^iiatlius (parvus ^\

Lt'j)ns mirtalli. I'eroiiiyscii.s triici.

Mi( Totns califoiuiciis. Reitlirodontoiiiys klaiiu.thensis.

Cuiamon to Vpper Sonoran iind TraiisHinn .

Autilocapra auiericana. Procyoii psora ])a(ilica.

Cauis Ofhropns. tScapaims californitus.

Dipodoinys caliroiiiiciis. Spermopliiliis douylasi.

Mi'pliitis occidental is. Spilogale latifrons.

M yotis evotis. Taxidea taxns.

Ncotoiiia fnacipes. Vesjx'rtilio i'liscii.s.

Peromyscns gaiiibeli. fZapua ]iaciticus.

BIRDS OF UPPER SOXORAX ZONE (IX SHASTA VALLEY).
liextrictcil to Upper Sonoran.
Catliprpes luexicanns puurtiilatus. Lanius ludovicianiis excubiforides.

C'hniidestes graniniacus strinatus. Otocoris alpestris iiierrilli.

Cyanoceplialns cvanoceplialiis.' Pipilo fnsciis crissalis.

Falco mexicaims. Psaltrii)anis minimus (alil'oriiicus,

Coiimion to Upper So no ran mid Transition.

Apheloconia californica. Melanerpes lorniicivorus l)airdi.

Astrajialiinis psaltria. Phala'uoptilus niittalli.

I>iit<() swainsoni. Pipilo macnlatns megalonyx.

Calyptc, anna. Scolecopbagns cyauoceplialus.

Carpodacus niexicanns obscnrus. Speotyio cuiiicnlaria liy])0.ua'a.

Cathartes aura. Spi/.ella socialis arizona'.

Chondestes granmiacns strigatns. Sturnella magna neglccta.

Chordeiles virgiuianus. Tbryomane.s bewicld s])iIurnM.

Cyanospi/a anid-na. Troglodytes ai'doii i).irkni.ini.

Dendroica a-stiva. Tyrannus verticali.s.

Geothlypis trichas occidcntalis. Yireo gilvns swainsoni.

Icteria virens longicanda. Zenaiduia maci nra.
Lophortyx caliibi'nicus vallicola.

TRANSITION ZONE.

Ex(;e])tin,u- Shasta Valley, the Transition zone covers the whole coun-
try about Shasta and i)ushes up over the basal slopes to an altitude of
r),()()() or (),()(»() feet. To the northeast and east it reaches and extends
beyond the Klamath country and Goose Lake in Oreoon, aiul the
.Madeline Plains in extreme northeastern California, interrupted only
by narrow ton}>ues of Upper Sonoran in the ui)per Pitt Iviver Valley,
and by small islands of Canadian on the lii^liest inouiitaiii summits.

I The ]»irion jay visits the JnuiptH' Ibrests in Shasta \allcy in I'all to Icrd nn tbo
jiinipitr berries, Ijut whether or not it breeds there is not known.

OCT., 1809.1 TRANSITIOX ZONE. 55

To the soiitb the Transition zone tills the McCloud and Pitt Kiver val-
leys, embraces the canyon of the Sacramento, and stretches onward
along tlie flanks of the Sierra all the way to southern California. To
the west it overspreads the wild mountain region between Shasta and
the Pacitic Ocean, changing gradually from Arid Transition to Humid
Transition, and surrounding the Upper Sonoran bottoms of Scott and
Hoopa valleys, and the Boreal summits of Salmon, Trinity, and Siski-
you mountains. It covers the lower slopes and eastern part of the
Siskiyous, and passes around the southern ends of the Salmon and
Trinity mountains continu(»usly to the sea.

On the tianks of Shasta the Transition zone forms a broad continuous
belt covering the basal slopes on the northwest, west, and south, but
interrupted on the cold east and nortbeatt sides by the Boreal, which
here pushes down to the actual base of the mountain, crowding the
Transition out to the east around a group of low volcanic liills.

On the southwest and west it pushes up on ordinary slopes to
5,500 or 0,000 feet, rising on stee]) pumice canyon slopes a couple of
thousand feet higher, and everywhere eaibracing tongues of Canadian
which descend along the cold streams and on the cold easterly slopes
of ridges.

On Shasta the study of the Transition zone is complicated by strong
local differences of soil-moisture and humidity — differences that exert
a profound effect on the distribution of plants, and to a less degree on
that of animals also. It has been shown elsewhere (Life Zones and Ciop
Zones of the United States, p. 28, September. 1898) that in some places
the Arid Transition of the Rocky Mountains and Great Basin passes
gradually into the Humid Transition of the Pacific coast. On Shasta
similar changes occur in such small compass that they may be studied to
excellent advantage. Thus, near the south end of Shasta Valley the
dominant types of vegetation are Pinus ponderom, (^hiercKs calij arnica,
Artemisia tridentata, Kmizia tridentata, Aretostapliylos painJa, Chryso-
thamnua oceidentalis, Rhus irllohata^ Garrya fremoHti, and rrniius sab-
cordata, all characteristic Arid Transition species. On moister soils
near by, particularly in shady canyons, the dominant types are Pseu-
dotsiKja mucronata, Abies concolor lowiaria, Acer glabrnm, Cornus mittalli,
Ruhns parvifloriis {=^niitlanus Auct.) Spircea douglasi and other Humid
Transition species.

In this connection it is important to bear in mind that the extreme
bottom of the west slope of Shasta, between the Sacramento Elver and
Shasta Valley (elevation about 3,4C!J feet), is decidedly cooler and more
boreal than the middle part of the slope 1,000 or 2,000 feet higher.
The reason is twofold: The bottom ])art of the west slope, from the
head of the Sacramento Canyon northward, lies close to the cast base of
Mount Kddy and the Scott Mountains, by which it is sliielded from the
late afternoon sun, and consequently receives less heat than higher
parts of the same slope. Furthermore, it is well watered, and the rapid
evaporation caused by the dry atmosphere tends to lower the tem-

5G

NORTH AMEKICAX FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

peratuie still more. Higlier parts of tbe same slope are not only very
iiiucli drier, but are exposed to the direct rays of the afteruoon suu,
which, owing- to the increasing steepness, strike the ground more nearly
at a right angle than at lower elevations, the result l)eing a material
increase in the amount of heat received. It is obvious, therefore, that
on the southwest and w^est slopes the middle ])ai't of the Transition
zone is the hottest and driest, the part in which low Transition or even
Upper Sonoran species are most apt to be found, while the upper and
loiccr parts are coolest and dampest, the parts most likely to be invaded
by Canadian zone species. Hence it is not surprising- that J)ouglas and
white hrs, willows, alders, elder, snowberry, red spinca, osier, and thiui-
bleberry tiourish at the top and bottom of the Transition slope, but are
absent from the middle part. At the extreme foot of the slope, along
the cool streams near Sisson Tavern, two normally boreal ])lants occur
■which were not found at all in the boreal belts on the mountain. These
are Limuva borealis and Pachi/stima myrsinites. With them is associ-
ated the mountain chin(|uaiiin {('((sttoiopsis strnprrrirens). There is
something- peculiar about the distribution of l'<(ch!/stiiua. It is abund-
ant in the neighborhood of Sisson Tavern and occurs here and there,
apparently on dry soil, up to an altitude of 4,700 feet, but not above.
Since all three of these species are boreal, it is possible that the forms
here referred to are Transition zone subspecies.

MAMMALS OF TKANSM'IOX /.ONE.

(1) Species kiiuirn to

Autilocapra aiiieiicaiia.

J3a8.saris(U.s astiitus niptor.

(_'all()sj)eim(ipbiln.s clirysodririis.

Caiiis ochropus.

Ca.stor cauadcnsis.'

Cervii.s occidentalis.

Dipodoiiiys calit'iiriiiciis.

Eietlii/.ou ei)ixaiitbus.

Entaniias aiiKi'iius.

Eutauiias scnex.

Felis oregoiieusis.

Lutra liudsonica.

Liitreola vison.

Lyux fasciatua palle.scens.

Mepliitis occidentalis.

MicrotiiB nioiitaiiiis.

MiiTotUfs uiorda.x.

Myotis evotis.

Myotis lucifiigiiH loiijfic^nis.

Nt'otoina ciiiciea.

Neotoiiia fuscipes.

Neurotrichns gibbsi major.

■uf in llie Traiiaition zone of 5/ia.s/a.

(•(loco ileus coluinliianus.
Pei'ognatbus niollipilosvia.
Peromyscus boyli.
Peroiuysciis gaiubeli.
Procyon p.sora pacilica.
Scapaims cnlifornicus.
Scinroptorns (klaiiiatbcnsis?).
Sciiirus alboliinbatiis.
Scinru.s fossor.
Sorex inoiitcroyensis.
Sorex vagrans anmiius.
iSpermopbilns douglasi.
Spilogalc latifroiis.
Tax idea tax us.

Tbomomys iiionticol;i piiu'toiiim.
1,'rocyou califoniiiMis tnwiiscndi,
Ursiis atncricaiiii.s
Ursiia bonibilis.
A'espertilio fu.sciis.
Viilpes iiiacronrus.-
Zapus pacilicus.

' li'e.stricteil to cold strcims wjiirji tlinii
Bori'nl t,(^ni])(!ratur«'s.

- l'roliai)ly does not hncd Ixdow ( ,iii;Hli;iii.

li t I'.n ersinir tlii' Tr.iiisitioii /one all'ord

OCT., 1899.]

TRANSITIOX ZONE.

67

MAMMALS OF TRANSITION ZONE — Continued.

(21 Restricted to Transition zone.

BassMi'iseus astntus raptor.
Lyux fasciatus palh'soeu.s.
?Meplutis occideu talis.

fMicrotu.s niontauns.

Sciurus ibssor.

rrocyou califoriiicus townscndi.

(3) Common to Transition and Upper Sonoran zones.
[See p. .54.]
(4) Common to Transition and Canadian :on<s.

Callosperniophilus chrysodeirus.

Cervus occidentalis.

Eretliizou cpixantlins.

Entaniias aiiKrnus.

Eutamias senex,

Felis Oregon eiisis.

Lutra hudsonica.

Lntreola vison energiimenos.

Microtns mordax.

Myotis lucifugus lougicrns.

Xeotoma ciuerea.

Keurotriclius gibbsi major.

Odocoileus columbiauus.

Perognatlius moUipilostis.
reromyscus boyli.
Pei'omyscus gambeli.
Scapanus califoriiicus.
Sciuropterus aljnnus klaiuatheiisisl
Sciiirus albolimbatus.
Sorex moutereyt'iisis.
Sorex vagrans aiiKi'nus.
Taxidea taxus.
Trsus americauua.
Ursns liorribilis.
"\'ulpe8 niaorourus.'

BIRDS OF TliANSITlON ZONE.

(1) Species known to occur in Transition zone of Shasta,

Apheloconia californica.

Ai|nila clirysai'tos.

Astragalimis psaltria.

Astragaliuus tristis salicamaiis.

Bubo virginianns.

Buteo borealis calnrus.

Buteo swainsoni.

Calypte auua.

Carpodacus iiiexicaniis obscurus.

Catliartes aura.

Ceophla-us pileatus abieticola.

Certbia fannliaris occidentalis.

Cha'tura vauxi.

Choudcstes grammacus strigatus.

Cbordeiles virgiuianus.

Circus hudsonius.

Colaptes cafer.

Contopus l>oreali8.

Contopus ricbardsoui.

Cyanocitta stelleri.

Cj'auospiza amd'ua.

Dendragapus obscurus fuligiuosus.

Dendroica a'stiva.

Dendroica auduboiii.

I)ryol)ates pubescens gairdncri,

Dryobates villosus hyloscopns.

Empidouax ditilicilis.
Km pidoiiax b a m uiond i .
Empidonax wrigbti.
Falco sparverius.
Geotblypis tolmiei.
Geotblypis trichas occidentalis.
Glaucidium guoma califoniicum.
Helmintbopliila celata lutesceus.
Helmintliophila rubricapilla gutturalis.
Hiruudo erytbrogastra.
Hylocicbla aonalascbkie auduboui.
Icteria virens lougicauda.
Lopliortyx califoruicus vallicola.
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi.
Melanerpes tor(]uatus.
Melospiza liucolni.
Melosjtiza melodia montana.
Merula migratoria propinqua.
Oreortyx pictus plumiferus.
Oreospiza cblorura.
Passerella iliaca megarbyucba.
Petrochelidou Inuifrons.
Pliahenoptilus uuttalli.
Pipilo maculatus uiegalouyx.
Pirauga Indoviciana.
Scolecophagus cyanocepbalus.

' Supposed to breed in Canadian and wander over Transition.
21753— No. IG 8

58

NORTH A:\rERrCAN FATNA.

[xo. 16.

RiRDs OK TRAN.srri<.)N zoxK — ('onHiined,
(1) Sjyecies kmiirn to occur in Transition zone of Shasta — C'ontiiincd.

Selasphorus rufus.

Sialia mexicana occidentalis.

Sitta carolinensis acnleata.

Sitta pygmiBa.

Speotyto cuiiicnlaria hy])()g:i'a.

Spbyrapicus nilnr.

Spizella socialis aii/otin'.

Stellula calliope.

Stnrnella niagua iieglecta.

TacliYfiiieta bicolor.

Tacbycineta tlialassina.
Thryoinaues Lewicki spiluru.s.
Troglodytes ai-don parkniani.
Tyranuns verticalis.
Yireo gilvus swainsoui.
Yireo .solitarins cassiiii.
?Wilsoiiia ])iisilla pileolata.
Xenopicii.s aUiolarvatus.
ZaiiK'lodia iiielanoccpliala.
Zciiaidiira iiiacroura.

(2) L'luirictcd to Trannitiun cone.

fCbaetura vauxi.
Coiitopns ricbard.soni.
Dryobates pubescens gairdneri.
Glaucidium gnoma califoniiciiiii.
^Ii'lanerpt'.s torcpiatus.
Oreospiza cblorura.

Passerella iliaca uiegarbyncha.
Sialia niexicaua occidentalis. '
Sitta pygmita.
Spbyrapicus ruber.
Yireo solitarius cassiui.
Zamelodia melauocepbala. '

(:>) CiDiimon to Trnnxition and Upper Sonoran zons8.

[See p. 54.]

(4) Common to Transition and Canadian cones.

Aquihir clirysai'tos.
Bilbo virginianus.
Butoo borealis calurus.
Ceopbla'us pileatus abieticoLa.
Certbia faiuiliaris occidentalis.
Cbordciles virginianus.
C(daptes cafer.
Contopiis borealis.
Cyanocitta stcUeri.
Dendragapus nbscurns fuliginosus.
Dendroica audnboni.
Dryobates villosns byb>scoi)us.
Empidonax difficilis.
Eniiiidonax bamniondi.
Empidonax wrigbti.

Falco sjiarverius.

Geotblypis tolmiei.

Helmiutbopbila celata lutescens.

Helmintbopbila rubricai)illa gnttinalis.

Ilylocicbla aonalascbka' audnboni.

Mclospiza lincolni.

Merula migratoria projiintiua.

Oreortyx ])ictus plumifcrns.

Piranga ludoviciana.

Selaspborus rufus.

Sitta carolinensis acnlc-ua.

Stellula calliope.

AN'ilsonia pnsilla pilcohila.

Xeuopicus albolarvatiis.

I'l.ANTS OK THANSITION /.ONK.

(1) Sfieciix knoun to occur in the Transition :onr ol' Shasta.

Abies concolor lowiana.
Acer circinatum.
Acer glabruin.
Acer inacnipbyllniii.
Acbillea lannb)sa.
AInus tcnuifolia.
Amelanchier alnilblia.
Anaphalis niargarltacea.

Antennaria geycri.
Apocynuni ])uiniluni
Afiuilegia- triincata.
Arctostapliylos patii
Artemisia ludovici;i
Artemisia triib'utat:
Asarum bartwcgi.
Betnla occidentalis.

I'roliahly connnon to Transition an<l U])]"

OCT., 1899.]

TRANSITION ZONE.

5'J

PLANTS OF TRANSITION ZONE — fOUtinUcd.

(1) Species known to occur in Transition zone of Shasta — Continued.

Caruju gairdneri.

Castauopsis sempervirens.

C'eanotlins cordnlatus.

Ceauotlius iutegerrinms.

Ceanotlius (Cerastes) prostratus.

Ceauotbus velutiuus.

Cerasus dcmissa.

Cerasiis emargir.ata.

Cerasus glandulosa.

Ceicocarpus ledifolius.

Ccrcocarpus i)arvifolius.

C]lanla^saracha nana.

Cliiniapliila luenziesi.

Chiuiaphila unibellata.

Cbrysampliora oalifornica.

Chrj sotbamnns bloouieri angustatns.

Chrysotbamnns occidentalis.

Cornus iinttalll.

Coruns pubesceus.

C orylus rostrata californica.

Cratitgus rivnlaris.

Cryptauthe geminata.

Epilobiiim brevistylum.

Epilobium oregoncnse.

Epilobiuni spicatum.

Eriogonuni marifolium.

Eriogonniu nudum.

Euiiatorium occideutale.

Fragaria bracteata.

Fragaiia cbiloeusis.

Fraxiuus oiegaua.

Fritillaria atiopuri)urea.

Gay opby turn ramosissinium.

Gilia aggregata.

Gilia (Colloniia) grandidora.

Hastingsia alba.

Heleiiiastrum rivulare.

Heracleum lanatuin.

Hieraciuui albiflorum (large form).

Hieraciiuii cynoglossoides uudicaule,

Hieracium greenei.

Horkelia pseudocapitata.

Juniperus occidentalis.

Kuuzia tridentata.

Lajipula nervosa.

Libocedrus decnrrens.

Lilium wasbiiigtonianum.

Linna'a borealis.

Linum lewisi.

Ltitus amcricaniis.

Lupinus elnieri.

Lupiuns minimus.

Macbicrantbeia sbastensis (large form)

Mimulus moniliformis.

Mimulus tiling!.

Osmorrbiza inula.

Pacbystima myrsinites.

Punmia browni.

Pentstemou confertns (form not tyi)ical ).

Pbacelia niagellanica.

Pinus attcnuata.

Piuus lambertiana.

Pinus ponderosa.

Polygala cornuta.

Populus tricbocarpa.

Potentilla glandulosa (large I'orni).

Prunus subcordata.

Pseudotsuga mucronata.

Ptiloria lactuciua.

Pyrola picta.

Pyrola secuuda.

Quercus californica.

Ebamuus californica (or ruura).

Rbus trilobata.

Ribes amictum.

Ribes cerenm.

Ribes klamathense.

Ribes viscosissimum.

Rosa californica.

Rosa gymuocarpa.

Rubus parvidorns.

Rubus vitifolius.

Salix lasiaudra.

Salix iiuttalli.

Salix sitchensis.

Saml)ucus nielanocarpa.

Sisyrincbitim bellum.

Smiiax californica.

Solidago elongata.

iSorbus sambucifolia.

Spiriea donglasi.

Stacbys iugrata.

Sympboricarpos ]iilosus.

Sympboricarpos racemosus.

Tritelia ixioides.

Vaccininm arljuscula.

Vagnera stcllata.

60

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

PLANTS OF TRANSITION ZONK — Continued.

(2) Specicfi restricted to Trdiixition emit.

Abies concolor lowiana.

Acer ciicinatuin.

Acer glabrnni.'"

Acer niaeropbylluni.

Achillea lanulosa.

Alnns tcnuifolia.

Aiuehincbicr alnifolia.*

Ana])bali8 margaritacea.

Autennaria geyeri.

Apoc ynuni piimilum.

A(inilegia truncata.

Arct()8ta]ibylos ])atula.

Artemisia hidoviciaua (form).

Asarnm liartwtgi.

Ceanotbus cordubitus.

Ceanotlius integerrimus.

Ceanotbus (Cerastes) prostratus.

Ceanotbus velutinus.

Ccrasus demissa.

Cerasus emargiuata.

Cerasus gbiudulosa.

Cercocarpus ledifolins.

Cbry8ani])b()ra californica.

Cbrysotbamnus bloomeri augustatus.

Cornus nuttalli.

Cornus ptubcscens. '

Corylus rostrata californica.

Crata-gus rivularis.*

Cryptantbe geminata.

Fragaria bracteata.

Fragaria cbilocnsis.

Fritillaria atropurpurea.

Gayopbytum raiuosissiiiuun.

Gilia (Collomia) graudillora.

Hastingsia alba.

Ilieracium albillorum ("large form).

Hieracium cynoglossoides nudicaule.

Hieracium greenei.

Horkelia pseudocapitata.

Lai)j)ula nervosa.

Libocedrus decurrens.

Lilium wasbiugtoniaiinm.

Linua'a borealis.' '

Linuni lewisi.

Lotus auiericanus.

Lupiuus minimus.

Osmorrbiza nuda.

Pacbystima myrsinites. *

Pu'onia browni.

Pinus attenuata.

Piiuis lambertiana.

Pinus ponderosa.

Polj'gala cornuta.

Pseudotsuga mucronata.

Quercus californica.

Rbamnus californica (or rubra).

Ribes klamatliense.

I\ibes viscosissinuini.

Rosa californica.

Rosa gymnocarpa.

Rubus parvidorus.*

Rubus vitifolius.

Salix lasiandra.

iSambucus melanocarpa.

Sisyrincbium belluni.

Sniilax californica.

Solidago elongata.

Symjiboricarpos pilosus.

Symi)boricariios racemosus.

In otber mountains the si)Ocies marked with au asterisk (*) are believed to occur
iu the Canadian zone as widl as the Transition.

(3) Spcciex common to Traiixilion atul I'ppcr I'^otioran ~o)ies.

Alnus rliombi folia.
Artemisia tridentata.
Betula occidcntalis.
Cercocarpus parvifolius.
( 'brysotbamnus (x-cidtintalis.
Kriogouum nudum.

l-'raxinus oregana.
.Fuuii)erus occidental is.
Kiinzia tridentata.
V l'()i)ulus tricbocarpa.
I'runus siiln'ordata.
Rhus trilobata.

'Linn(i<( horeal'iH is ordinarily a Boreal ])laiit, but it was not found in the Boreal
belt of Shasta, tbougb cominon in ])laces at Siss<Mi. 'VUo ."^isson form has been
separated as var. lomjiJIorK, and may be worthy of recognition as a Transition zone
Bubspecies.

OCT., ]899.]

CANADIAN ZONE.

61

PLAXTS OF TKANsniox /ONE — coutinuetl.

(4) Species common to Transition and Canadian zones
(Or growing ou boundary between.)

Caiuni gairdneri.

Castanopsis senij>eivir(>n8.

Castilleja miiiiata.

Clianiii'saracha nana.

Chimapliila mcuziesi.

Cliiniaphila iimlielhita.

Epilobinni bievistylum.

Epilobiuni oregonense.

Epilobiiim spicatnm.

Eriogonuni marifolinm.

Eupatorinm occidentale.

Gilia aggregata.

Helen last rum rivulare.

Heraclenm lanatum.

Lupin n.s elmeri.

Macha-rauthei'a shastensis (large form).

Miniulus mouililbrmits.

Minnilns tilingi.

Pentstemou confertus (form not typical).

Phacelia magi-llauiia.

Potentilla glaudulosa (large form).

Ptiloria lactucina.

Pyrola picta.

Pyrola secuuda.

Ribes amictum.

Ribes cereum.

Salix nuttalli.

Salix sitchen.sis.

Sorbus samliucifolia.

Spira-a douglasi.

Stacliys ingrata.

Tritelia ixioides.

Vaccinium arbuscula.

A^'agnera stellata.

CANADIAN ZONE.

The Canadian zone on Sbasta forms a broad forest belt, usually sev
eral miles in width and about 2,000 feet in vertical depth, which com
pletely encircles the mountain. On southwesterly slopes it begins at
an altitude of about 5,000 to 5,500 feet and pushes up to 7,r)00 to 7,800
feet.

Excepting" an area of lodge-pole i)ines [rinus murrayana) on the
northeast base of the mountain, the Canadian zone is everywhere
marked by a continuous forest of stately trees, consisting of Shasta firs
{Ahies shastensis)y mixed in places with silver pines {Pimis monticola).
It is a dark, somber forest, growing on a blackish soil, with very little
noticeable vegetation except scattered patches of dwarf nianzanita in
the dry woods, and lines of more succulent plants at widely distant
intervals along the borders of streams.

MAMMALS OF CANADIAN ZONE.

(1) Species known to occur in Canadian zone on Shasta.

Aplodontia major.

Callospermoiibilus chrysodeirus.

Canis lestes.

Cervus oocidentalis.

Erethizon epixanthus.

Eutamias amoenus.

Eutamias senex.

Evotomys mazama.

Felis oregonensi.s.

Lepus klamatliimsis.

Lutra liudsonica.

Lutreola vison energnmeuos.
Microtus mordax.
Mustela caurina.
Musfcela jiennanti.
Myotis lucifugus longicrus.
Myotis yumaneusis saturatus.
Neotoma cinerea.
Neurotricbus gibbsi major.
Odocoileus columbianus.
Perognatbus mollipilo.sus.
Peromyscus boyli.

62

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[\o. 16.

:MA:\niAi.s oi- Canadian zonk — coutinucil.

(1) ^2>(ci<'s hiioini to occur in Canadian -one on Slianid — Continued.

Peiomyscus ganibeli.
Putoiius iirizonensis.
Scapanns oalifoinicus.
SciuroptiTus alpimis klaiiiatbcn.sis*.
Sciurus albolimbatiis.
Sorex montereyeiisis.
Sorex (Neosorex) navigator.
Sorex shasteusis.

(2) •Species restricted to Canadian :on

Sorex vagiaus ainirinis.
Taxitlea taxus.
Thiinioniys moiitu'ola.
Ursiis umericaniis.
Ilrsus horribilis.
Vulpes macronrus.
Zapns triuotatus alleni.

Aplodoutia major.

? Sorex (Neosorex) navigator.

Sorex shasteusis.
Zapiis triuotatii.s alb-ni.

(3) Species cininnon ta Canadian and Transition -ones.

[See p. ,57. 1

(4) Sjx-cies coiinnon to Canadian and Jludsoniaii :()nes.

C."llo8peruiopbilus cln ysodeirus.
Cauis lestes.
Eretbi/.ou epixantbus.
Eutamias amu'nus.
Eutaiuias sensx.
Evotomys mazama.
Lepus klamatbensis.
Microtus mordax.
Mustela cauriua.
Mustehi ])eunauti.

Myotis yuniaueusis saturatus
Neotoma cinerea.
Odocoileus colnmbiauus.
Perognatbus uiollipilosus.
Peromyscus ganibeli.
Putorius arizouonsis.
Sorex vagraus amnMius.
Thomomys monticobi.
Vulpes maerourus.

BIRDS OF CANADIAN ZONE.

(1) S2)ecies hnoicn to occur in Canadian zone on Shasta.

Accipiter atricapillns striatuliis.

Accipiter velox.

Aquila cbrysai-tos.

Bubo virginiauus.

liuteo bnrealis calurus.

Carpodacus cassini.

Ceopbbrus pileatus abieticola.

Certbia familiaris occidcntalis.

Cbordeiles virginiann.s.

Cinelua inexieanus.

Coccotbraustes vesper! iuus umntanus.

Colaptes cafer.

Contopus bnrealis.

Cyanocitta stdleri.

Dendragapus (ibscurus f'liliginosus.

Dciidroica aiidulioni.

Deudroica occidental is.

Dryobates villosus byl<)sco]nis.

I'.inpidonax dilMcilis.

Eiiipidonax baunuoiidi.

l^iiipidonax wrigbti.

l-'alco sparverins.

Geothlypis toluiioi.

lleimintbopbila celata lutesceus.

Heliuintbopbila rubricapilla guttnralis.

Hylocicbla aonalaschka' auduboni.

J unco layenialis tburberi.

Loxia eurvirostra beudiiei.

Melospiza lineolui.

Merula inigratoria ])r(>pini[iia.

Myadestes townsend:.

Oreortyx pictus pluuiiferus.

Par us ganibeli.

Perisoreus ob.scurus.

I'icoides arctious.

riranga ludoviciaiia.

b'cgiilus (•ab'iiiliila.

Reguliis satra])a olivaceus.

8elas])boru.s rufiis.

Sitta eanadensis.

Sitta oarolinensis acub^ata.

Spliyraj)iius tbyroideus.

Spiuiis pinus.

Stollula <allio))e.

Wilsouia jmsiila ]iii(oiata.

Xenopicus albolarvatns.

OCT., 1899.]

CANADIAN ZONE.

BIRDS OF CANADIAN' /.ONK^-OoutillUecl.

(2) Speeiex rfntricted to Caiiadkni zoue.

Loxia <iirvir(»str;i liciulirci.
Melospizii liiicolni.

Picoides iucticus.

(li) Species common to Cavadiaii and IravxUion zones.

[See p. :^>^.'\
(4) Species common to Canadian and U udsonhni zones.

Accipitcr atricapillus stiiatulus.

Accipiter velox.

A(|nila cbrysai'tos.

Carpotlacus cassini.

Cinclus mexicanus.

Coccothraustes vesj)ertirnis moiitauiis.

Dendragapus obscurns fiiliginosus.

Dendroica auduboui.

Dendroica occidentalis.

Falco sparverius.

Juiico byemalis tburbeii.

? Loxia curvirostra hendirci.
jMyadestes townseiidi.
Parus gambeli.
Perisoreus ob.scurus.
Kegulus calendula.
Regulus satrapa olivaceus.
Selasphoius rufus.
Sitta canadensis.
Spbyrapicns tbyroideus.
Spinas pinns.
Stellula calliope.

PLANTS OF CANADIAN ZONE.

(1) Species knoicn to occur in Canadian zone on Shasta.

Abies sbastcnsis.

Aconitum columbianiun.

Allium validum.

Alnus simiata.

Arctostaphylos nevadensis.

Arnica lougifolia.

Campanula wilkinsiaua.

Carum gairdueri.

Castanopsis sempcrviiens.

Castilleja luiuiata.

Chamtesaracba nana.

Cbiuiapbila menziesi.

Cbimapbila unibellata.

Chrysotbamnus bloonieri.

Corallorbiza bigelovi.

fCrepis intermedia.

Cymopteris terebintbiuu,s Marge form).

Delpbinium sonnei.

Drosera rotundifolia.

Epilobium brevistylum.

Epilobium oregoneuse.

Epilobium spicatum.

Erigeron inornatus.

Eriogonum marifolium.

Eupatorinm occidentale.

Gentiana simplex.

Gilia aggregata.

Habenaria leucostacbys.

Habenaria unalascbeusis.

Heleniastrum rivulare.

Heracleum lanatum.

Holodiscus discolor (large form).

Hypericum auagalloidcs.

Ligusticum grayi.

Lilium parvum.

Lupiuus elnieri.

Madia bolauderi.

Macbferauthera sbastensis (large form).

Mimulus moniliformis.

Miniulus primuloides.

^limulus tiliugi.

Monardella odoratissinia.

Peutstemon conferius (form not typical).

Pentstemon deustus.

Pentstemon gracilentus.

Phacelia magellanica.

Pblox douglasi diffusa.

Pinus monticola.

Piuus mtirrayana.

Potentilla glandulosa (large form).

I'tilor.a lactucina.

Pyrola pallida.

Pyrola picta.

Pyrola secunda.

Eibes amictum.

Ribes cereum.

Salix nuttalli.

Salix sitcheusis.

Senecio trigonophyllus.

Sorbus sambucifolia.

64

NORTH AMERICAN FAUXA.

[NO. 16.

PLANTS ()!•' CANADIAX ZONK — ColltiinU'd.

(1) Species kiwwii to occur in Cunadian zone on Sluisla — Continued.

Spirn-a (loiij^lasi.
Spraguea uinlielhita.
Stacliys ingrata.
Stellaria crispa.
Toticldia occidt'iitalis.

Tritelia ixioides.
A'accininni oi'oidcntale.
Vagnera stellata.
Veratnuu <alifornicnm.
Viola blanda.

(2) SpecitH restricted to Canadian ;one.

Abies sliastensis.
Aconitiini coluinbiaimin.
Allium validum.
Alnus siuuata.
Arnica longifolia.
?Coranorbiza bigelovi.
Deljibininm sonnei.
Drosora lotundifolia.
Erigerou iuornatus.
Gentiana simplex.
Ilabenaria leucostacliys.
Habenaiia unalascbensis.

Lilium ]>arvum.
Madia bolanderi.
Pentstemon denstus.
Pentstemon gracilentus.
Pinus monticola.
Pinus murrayana.
Pyrola pallida.
Seuecio trigouophyllus.
Tofieldia occideutalis.
A'accinium occidentale.
Viola blanda.

(3) Species cotnmon to Canadian and Transition zones.
[See p. 61.]

(4) Species common to Canadian and llndsonian zones.

Arctostapbylos nevadensis.
Campanula wilkinsiana.
Castanopsis semi)eivirena.
Castilleja miniata.
Cbrysothamuus bloomeri.
Holodiscns discolor.
Hypericum anagalloidcs.

Ligusticum gray!.
Miunilus primnloide.s.
Monardella odoratissima.
Pblox donglasi ditlusa.
Ribes cereum.
Spraguea umbellata.
Stellaria crispa.

HTDSONIAN ZO^'E.

The lliulsoniaii zone is the liighest of tlie timber l>elts. Its sinuous
upper border lises on the liigh ridges to in(;lose the narrow tongues of
dwarf prostrate trees that push up ou the warmest southwesterly expo-
sures to an extreme altitude of 9,800 feet, but between the ridges it
dips down a thousand feet or more, and is diflieult to fix with i)reeision.
The lower border slightly overlaps the upper limit of Shasta lirs. Two
sjjeeies of trees, and only two, grow in tliis zone — the black alpine hem-
lock [TsHtja mertensiana) and the white bark pine {Piitu.s alhicaulis).
The hemlock is restricted to local spots, while the white-bark pine forms
a i)ractically continuous belt, as already explained (see i). 42). Ou
warm southwesterly slopes the Hudsonian reaches from 7,500 or 7,800
up to M,.">00, or in extreme cases to 0,800 feet.

OCT., 1899.]

HUDSONIAN ZONE.

65

MAMMALS Ol' III'DSONIAN ZONE.

(1) Sjicciea Inioicn to occur in Iludsonian zone of fihdsta.

Call(isperiiio]>liiliis cbry.sodciriih

Canis lestes.

Erethizoii epixauthiis.

Eutiiiuias anid'Hiis.

Entainias senex.

Evotomys niazauia.

Lepiis klaniatht'iisis.

Microtus niordax.

^Instela canriiia.

Mnstela i)euuauti.

Myotis yniiianeiisis satiiratiis.

Neotoma cinerea.

(Jcbotoua schisticcps.
Odocoilen.s colatnhiaiiiis.
Ovis canadensis.
Peiognatlius inollipilosus.
Peiomyscna <^anil)eli.
Phenacomys oropliilus.
Putorius arizoneusis.
? Sorex vagrans ama-iius.'
? Sorcx (Neosorex) navigator.
Thomoniys nionticola.
Vnlpes niacroiirvis.
? Zapns trinotatus alleui.'

(2) Spccicn restricted to Hndftonian zone.

( tchotoiift scliisticeps.

(3) Species common to Hndsonian and Canadian zones.

[See p. 02.]

(4) Species common to Iliidmniaii and Alpine zones.

Caui.s lestes. -
Microtus niordax.
Ovis canadensis.
Peromvscus samheli.

Pbenacomya oi'opliilus.
Tbomomys mouticola.
Vulpes macroums. -

HIRD.S Ol' HUn.SOXIAX /ONE.

(1) Species Inonn to occur in Hndsonian zone on Shasta.

(Specie.s (jueried are not positivi'ly known to lirccd in tlie Hudsoiiiaii, tlioujrh treqiieiitly sei-n in this

l)elt iu July and August.)

Accipiter atricapillns striatulus.

Accipiter velox.

Aqnila cbrysa'tos.

Carpodacus cassini.

fCertbia familiaris occidentalis.

Cinclns mexicanus.

fCoccotbraustes vespertinus niontauus.

Dendragapns obscurus fuligiiiosus.

fDendroica aiidnboni.

Dendroica occidentalis.

Falco sparverins.

Junco byemalis tburberi.

ILoxia curvirostra, bendirci.

Myadestes townseudi.

Nncifraga colnnibiana.
Parus gaiubeli.
Perisnieus obscnras.
Regnlus calendula.
Regulus satrapa olivacetis.
Salpinctes obsolctus.
Selaspborus rufus.
Sialia arctica.
Sitta canadensis.
?Sitta carolinensis acnleata.
Spbyrapicns tbyroidcns.
Spinns pinns.
Stellula calliope.
Zonotrichia lencopbrys.

Nucifraga colnmbiana.

(2) Species restricted to Ifudsonian zone.

Zonotricbia lencopbrys.

' These tbree species occur along tbe lower edge of tbe Hndsonian zone, but were
net obtained in its upper ])art, and it is not certain wbether or not tbey should be
included.

-Does not breed above Hndsonian.

21753— No. 10 9

66

NORTH AMERICAN FAINA.

iNu. 16.

HIIiDS ol' HinsoNlAX /ONI. — coll t iiiiied.

(3) Species common to Hudsoiiian mid <'<nui(H<tn zo)ies.

[See i>. ()3.]

(4) S/iecitx common to Hitdnouidn and Aljiinc :oncs.

SalpiiU'tes ol>.s()leriis.'

Sialia arotica.
Stellnla callio])e.

llt'DSOMAN /()\I-;

il) Species known to ocenr in Iludsonian :o)ie on Shuxtn.

Agoseris mouticola.

Allium sp. ?

Antennari.a ine<ii;i.
Aval>isi)laty8pei-iiia.
Arctostaphylos iievadeiisis.
Aruica inerriami.
Arnica viscosa.
Cami)auula wilkinsiaiia.
Carex breweri.
Castauopsis sempervirens.
Castilleja afflnis.
Castilleja- miniata (Hiiiail form).
Clitiianthus pereiiiiis.
Clirysothaniims bloomeri.

Crepis iiiteriiu'dia.
Cycladenia linniilis.
Cyinopterua terebiiitliiims.

E])il()bimiL clavatuni.

Kpilobiniu obcordatuiii.

Epilobimn i)iiiigleaimiii.

Erigerou armeria'folinni.

Eriogouuiu polypodnin.

Eriogonviiu pyrolafolium.

Hieracinni albiilorum i alpine form).

llieiaciuni gracile.

HiiTaciiim liorridiun.

ll(d()iliscns discolor.

Ily])ericiuii aiiagalloides.

Jiiiicus ]iarryi.

Jnuii>erus nana.

Kalniia gliuica inicropliylla.

Lignsticnni grayi.

Lupinns all)irn)U8.

Lnpinns '(»rnatus."

Lntkea i)ectinata.
MachaTantbera sbastensis.
Minnilns iniplexiis.
Minnilns ]irininloidi-K.
^litella ]»eiitandia.
Monardclla odoiatissinia.
Oreastrnni alpiginuni.
Oreobronia triphylla.
Oitbocarpns pilosiis.
Parna.ssia californica.
Pentsteiuon glaher utahensis.
Pentstemon nienziesi.
Pentstcmon newberryi.

I'blox donglasi diffusa.
Phyllodoce cnipetriformis.
Pinns albicanlis.

Polygonniu newberryi.

Polygonum sbastcnse.

Potentilla llabellilblia.

Potcntilla ])8en(lorn])estris.

Pulsatilla occidentalis.

Ribes cereum.

Saxifraga bryopbora.

Scutellaria nana.

Sibbaldia procunib'ns.

Silene grayi.

Silanion cinereuni.

Spraguca unibellata.

StcUaria crispa.

Stre])tantbus orbi cubitus.

Tsuga mertonsiana.

Vaccinium <',a'spit(>siiiii.

\'eroniia cusicki.

Vii>la i)nr])ur<'a.

(2) Species resMcied to Ilndxonion .one.

Allium sp. ?

Aruica mciTiami.
Arnica viscosa.
fCastilleja afliui.-

Cast.illeja miniata (small tonn).
Cycladenia humilis.
E])il<)biiiiii clavatuni.
I'".l)iloliiuni olxonlatiini.

' On Shasta the rock wren is restricted
but in other places it occurs imicii Inwf
Valley by W. K. Eisli.r.

•lose!

cly to tlie Alpine and Hudsoniau zones.

wii. and was recently Inund in Sliasta

OCT., lS9!t.]

ALTIXE ZONE.

G7

PLAN'TS OK IU'DSONIAN ZONK — COlltiimccl.

(2) Sj)ccics rcslricled to /liidnoiiiaii ;oiie — Continued.

I'entsteuiou ii,l;iber iitiilieusis.
Pentstenion newl)erryi.
Phyllodoce cnqietrifoiniis.
Finns albicanlis.
Pott-ntillii Habellifolla.
Poteiitilla ])sciulornpestri.s ?
Scuti llaria nana.
Tsnga ni(>rteusiana.
Vaccininni (•,i'8])itosnni.

11a.

Epilobiutn priuyleannin.
Holodiscus discolor ityiiical form).
Junipeins nana.
Kalniia glauca uiicro|>l
Miinnln.s implexus.
Mitt'lla i^entandra
Oreobronia tripliylla.
Ortliocarpus ])ilosus.
Paruassia californica.

(3) Species eommoti fo llndHou'uin and < (nuidiau zortes.
[See p. M.]

(4) Specien common to Hudnoiiioii ond Alphic zouts.

Agosi lis inonticola.
Antennaria media.
Arabis platysperiua.
Caiex breweri.
C'heirantlms pereuni.s.
Cbrysothamnns bloonicri.
Cymo])terus terebiuthinus.
Erigeron arnieria-foliuin.
Eriogouuui polyj)odnni.
Eriogonnm pyrola'folinui.
Hieracinni albitlornni (alpine form).
Hieracium gracile.
Hieiacium boriidum.
Jiincus parry i.
Ligusticiim grayi.
Lupiuus 'ornatus.'

ALPINE ZONE

Lutkea pectiiiata.
Macliicrauthera^ sbasteusis
Oreastrum alpiginum.
Pentstemou menziesi.
Plalox douglasi diHnsa.
Polygonnni uewlierryi.
Polygonum sliastense.
Pulsatilla occldentalis.
Sibbaldia prooumbcns.
8ilene grayi.
Sitanlou cinerenm.
Spragnea nmbellata.
Stveptautbus orbjoulatns.
Veronica tusitki.
Viola purpurea.

The Alpine zone occupies the iiregular belt of pumice and lava
between timberline and the upper limit of i)lant growth. On the
Wcirmer southwesterly slopes its lower limit may be found at 9,000 to
0,800 feet, but on ordinary slopes it is considerably lower. The great
majority of its sjjecies stop at or below an altitude of 11,000 feet, but
on the relatively warm southwesterly slo]»es Hnlsea nana was found at
ll,oOO feet, and two species, Draba hreireri and Polemonliim pulchelliim,
as high as 13,000 feet — the extreme limit of plant growth on Shasta.

MAMMALS OF ALPINK ZONK.

(1) Sjifcus known io occur in AJpine zone on Sluista.

Cauis lestes.'
Microtus mordax.
Ovis canadensis.
Peromyscus gambeli.

PbtMiacomys oropbilus.
Tbomomys nu)nticola.
Vuljics macr(Mirus.'

(2) Species restricted io Alpine zone.
None.

' Tbe coyote and fox range up into the Alpine zone, but do not breed, above the

Hndsoniau and possibly not above the ('anadian.

G8

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[XO. It).

MAMMALS ()]•• AI.l'IXK /ONK

■OIll lIUK'd.

An thus ])ensilvaiii<'us.
Leueosticte tciihioootis.
Nucifraga i-oliiinbiana.

(3) Specie^ common to Alpint (iinl II lulsoiuiui zonis.
[See i>. t).").]

IUI!I>S OK AI.l'INK /ON'E.

(1) Spvcitfi known (o occur in Alpine zone on Shastn.

8ali)iuctt's obsoletuB.
Sialia aictica.
8tellula calliope.

(2) Specicn rest rioted lo .11 pine zone.
Aiitlins peiisilvanious. L.'UcoHt icte te))hr.)<>()tis.

(3) Species common to Alpine <tnil II mlsonian zu)i(s.
[Sec p.Ud.J

PLANTS ()!■■ AI.IMXE /.OXK.

(1) Species hiioirn to occnr in Aljiine zone on Slitixtn.

Achillea borealis.

Agoseris iiionticola.

Anteunaria media.

Arabia platysi)erma.

Bikuknlla unitloi-a.

Cardaiuiiie beliidifolia pacby])h.vUa.

Carex breweri.

Cbicnactis nevadensis.

Cbeiranthus pcreiinis.

Chrysothanmus bloomeri.

CynioitttTus terebintliiniis.

l)ral>a breweii.

Erigeroii armcria'l'oliiiin.

Erigeron coinpositus tiiiidus.

Eriogouuiii iiolypoduiii.

Eriogoiium pyrola-foliiuu.

Hicraciuni albilloniiii (alidiif t'Dini).

Hieraciiim gracili-.

Ilieraciuin liorridiiiu.

Iliilsca larseni.

Hulsea nana.

J uncus parry i.

Lignsticuni grayi.

]jUi)inus lyalli.

Lu[nnus ' ornatus."
Lutkea pectinata.
MacbaTanthera sliastensis
Oreastrnni alpiginiini.
Oxyria digyna.
I'entstemon uien/.iesi.
I'hacelia frigida.
I'blox douglasi ditl'nsa.
Poleniouinni i)ulcbelhun.
I'olygonuni new berry i.'
Polygon u in sbastensc.
Pulsatilla occidcntalis.
Sagina saginoides.
SaxilVaga tolniiei.
Senccio canns.
Sibbaldia proiuiiibcns.
Silene grayi.
Silene suksdorti.
Sitanion cinereuni.
Spraguea unibellata.
.Streptautlins orbicular us.
\erouica cusicki.
\'i()la jjurpurea.

(2) Species restricted to Alpine zone.

Achillea l)orealis.

Bikuknlla unillora.

Cardaniine bellidii'olia p.i(liy|>liylla.

C'ba'uac.tis ncvadcn«is.

Draba bieweii.

Erigerou coin]>ositus trilidu-.

Ilulsea larseni.

Hnlsea nana.

{'ii) Species comiiiiin

Lujiinus lyalli.
( »xyria digyna.
Pliacclia frigida.
P(dcnioiiiuMi jtuli hcl Inn
Sagina saginoidcN.
Saxifraga toliuiei.
Senecio <'anus.
Sibiue Huksdorli.

Mpiiii mill II iidsitiiinn zones.
re p. (i7. I

THE BOREAL FAUNA AND FLORA OF SHASTA CONTRASTED
WITH CORRESPONDING FAUNAS AND FLORAS OF THE SIERRA
AND THE CASCADES.

Ill considering' the relations of the boreal iaiiiias and lioras of Shasta
to those of other parts of the Sierra-Cascade system it is necessary at
the outset to have a clear conception not only of the extent of the
range as a whole, bnt also of the iiuniber and magnitude of the breaks
or gaps in the continuity of its boreal fauna and Hora. The Cascade
Kange enters the State of Washington from British Columbia in lati-
tude 49° and pushes southward completely across AYashington and
Oregon; its continuation, the Sierra Nevada, traverses California
for a distance of 500 miles, ending a little south of Mount Whitney, in
about latitude 3(P. The Cascade-Sierra system, therefore, extends over
13 degrees of latitude, and has a total length of fully 1,000 miles. For the
whole of this distance it rises abruptly from a low region, whose faunas
and floras are in the southern part Sonoran, in the northern i)art Tran-
sition. The field work of the Biological Survey has shown that the
narrow boreal band which occui»ies the higher parts of the range is not
continuous, but is interrupted by four important gaps, through which
Transition zone species pass freely in broad belts from one side to the
other. These gaps, begining at the north, are:

■ (1) The Columbia 6'«7>, or gorge of the Columbia lliver, on the bound-
ary between Washington and Oregon, where the breadth of the Tran-
sition zone seems to be less than ."iO miles. ^

(2) The Klamath Gaj), on the boundary between Oregon and Califor-
nia, extending from a little south of Mount Pitt in Oregon to Mount
Shasta in California, a distance of about 50 miles. This interval is
interrui)ted by one or two detached groups of low mountains on the
California side, and by long ridges on both sides, whose summits are
inhabited by boreal species, materially decreasing the actual breadth
of the gap.

(3) The Pitt River Gap, between Mounts Shasta and Lassen in north-
ern California. The breadth of the Transition zone here is about 00
miles.

'Although not bearing on the fauna of Shasta, it is interesting to note, in connec-
tion with the effects of the Columbia River Gap, that a number of species charac-
teristic of the northern Cascades, in the State of Washington, do not occur in the
southern Cascades, in Oregon. Among the mammals the most notable sjiecics of
this kind are Arctomys calii/atns, ('olloupcnnophiliis safto-atus, ErotomyH (jaiqteri satu-
ratiis. Oreamvos montaniis, Pf'roniijscKs orean, I'lttoriiis irashiru/toni, Zapus irinotatiis.

69

70 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

(4) The Feather River or (Jidnrij dap^ between Blount Lassen aiul the
high ridge northwest of Honey Lake — the northern end of tlie Sierra
l)reper. This ga]) is the shallowest, narrowest, most irregular, and
least etCeetive of all, and is the only one which has not been cut deeply
and coni])letely through the range by a large river. The Boreal zones
of the two sides, at the points where they come nearest together, which
is southeast of the southeastern extension of the boreal plateau on
which Lassen stands, are not sejiarated. a}»parently, by more than 15
miles. The distance between the Iludsonian elements appears to be
several times greater. This region needs further exploration.

Fully half of the boreal species of Shasta are common to both the
Sierra Nevada and the Cascade IJange, aiul some of them extend over
the entire length of the Sierra-Cascade system, inhabiting the princi-
pal boreal summits all the way from British Columbia to Mount Whit-
ney: others are restricted to particular parts of the mountains, and
each of the ibur gaps mentioned forms a barrier beyond which certain
species do not pass. Therefore, in contrasting the boreal faunas and
floras of Shasta with corresponding faunas and floras of the Sierra
Nevada and Cascade llange it is necessary to flx definite limits to the
terms employed. The term 'Sierra,' as nsed in the table headings and
following (iiscnssion, is restricted to the lofty range extending from
Mount Whitney northward a little beyond Honey Lake; the 'Cas-
cades,' to the Cascades of Oregon. In other words, the term ' Sieri a ' is
restricted so as not to include Shasta or Lassen;' the term 'Cascades'
so as not to include the Casca<lcs of Washington.

The paucity of animal and plant life on Shasta, contrasted with that
of the Sierra and Cascades, has been already noted aiul is clearly
shown in the following tables. The explanation, briefly stated, is that
Shasta, on account of its aridity and relatively small area, is incapable
of supporting so rich a fauna and flora as either of the extensive ranges
between which it is situated. It is m^t assumed that all of the boreal
si)ecies inhabiting Shasta were discovered by us, but in the case of the
Canadian and Iludsonian mammals and birds, and the Iludsonian and
Alpine plants it is believe<l that the number which escaped detection
is too small to nuiterially alter the results here given. ^

In grouping the species for study it seems ii'.ost logical to arrange
the mammals, birds, and plants in two principal categories: [a) Boreal

' The flora and fauna of Lassen are not known in sufficient detail to admit of com-
plete comiiarisons in cither direction; hence this mountain is omitted from consid-
eration in the accompanyinjj tables. At the sauK^ time it should )>e stated that
Lassen is clearly a i)art of the Sierra, so far as its fauna is concerned.

-The accomi)anyiiif^ jierceiitages and lists of species are jirovisional and subject
to revision. They aie based on ])resent inioruiaiion and will, of course, be corrected
and 8ni)plementcd liy future field work, 'i'liey are suriiciently near the truth, how-
ever, to demonstrate certain facts and warrant certain deductions and iieneraliza-
tionsof v(^ry j;i<'at interest in connection witii the oriuin of tlie lioie.il lauiias ami
floras of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range.

OCT., 1899] BOREAL SPECIES OF SHASTA AND SIERRA-CASCADES. 71

species that occur on Shasta, with reference to their occurrence in tiie
Sierra or Cascades or both; and (h) Boreal species that occur on the
Sierra or the Cascades or both, but which, so far as known, are absent
from Shasta.

BOREAL SPECIES OF SHASTA CONSIDERED WITH REFERENCE
TO THEIR PRESENCE OR ABSENCE IN THE SIERRA AND THE
CASCADES.

The boreal mammals, birds, and ])lants of Shasta have been grouped
in four categories* (1) species common to Shasta and the Sierra-Cas-
cade system as a whole: (2) species common to Shasta and the Sierra,
but not known from the Cascades; (3) species common to Shasta and
the Cascades but not known from the Sierra^ and (4) Shasta species not
known from either the Sierra or the Cascades.

Thirty-six distinctively IJoreal mammals are known from Shasta,
includino- the boreal species which range down into or through the
Transition zone. Of these, 20 are common to the Sierra on the south
and the Cascades on the north, 7 are common to Shasta and the Sierra
but are not known from the Cascades, 1 is common to Shasta and the
Cascades but is not known from the Sierra, and 2 are peculiar to
Shasta.

Of the 30 distinctively Boreal mammals of Shasta, 17 are believed to
be exclusively boreal. Of these, 12 are common to the Sierra and the
Cascades, 4 are common to Shasta and the Sierra but are not known
from the Cascades, 1 is peculiar to Shasta, but not one is common to
Shasta and the Cascades which does not occur also in the Sierra.

Forty-seven distinctively Boreal birds are known from Shasta, includ-
ing' the boreal species which range down into or through the Transition
zone. Of these, 41 ai e common to the Sierra and the Cascades, 4 are
common to Shasta and the Sierra but are not known from the Cas-
cades, and 2 are common to Shasta and the Cascades but are not known
from the Sierra.

Of the 47 distinctively Boreal birds of Shasta, 22 are believed to be
exclusively boreal. Of these, 18 are comiuon to the Sierra and the Cas-
cades, 2 are common to Shasta and the Sierra but are not known from
the Cascades, and 2 are common to Shasta and the Cascades but are
not known from the Sierra.

One hundred and twelve distinctively Boreal plants are known from
Shasta, including- the boreal species which range down into or through
the Transition zone. Of these ~)~) are common to the Sierra and the Cas-
cades; 31 are common to Shasta and the Sierra but are not known
from the Cascades; 10 are common to Shasta and the Cascades but
are nol; known from the Sierra, and S occur on Shasta which are not
known from either the Sierra or the Cascades.

Of the 112 distinctively Boreal plants of Shasta, 101 are believed to
be exclusively boreal. Of these, 47 are common to the Sierra and the
Cascades; 28 are common to Shasta and the Sieira but are not known

72 NORTH AMERICAN FAT'NA. [n-o.16.

from the Cascades; 15 are common to Shasta and the Casca<h's but
are not known from the Sierra; and 8 are restricted to Shasta.

Three mammals. 5 birds, and (!S }»hints are believed to be restricted
to the Hudsonian and Alpine zones. Of these, 2 mammals, ."> birds,
and 30 plants are common to the Sierr.i and the Cascades; one mam-
mal, 1 bird, and 18 plants are common to Shasta and the Sierra but
are not known from the Cascades; and no mammal, 1 bird, and 12
plants are common to Shasta and the Cascades, but are not known
from the Sierra. Five Hudsonian- Alpine i)lants from Shasta are not
known from cither the Sierra or the Cascades.

These c<)m]>arisons show:

(1) That of the boreal species known from Shasta, including those
which ranji'e down into the Transition zone, 87 ])ercent of the birds,
72 percent of the mammals, and only at) percent of the jdants are
common to the Sierra and the Cascades.

(2) That of the exclusively boreal species known from Shasta, 85 per-
cent of the birds, 70 percent of the mammals, and 40 percent of the
plants are common to the Sierra and the Cascades.

(3) That of the exclusively Hudsonian and Alpine species known
from Shasta, (50 percent of the birds, 07 percent of the mammals, and
44 percent of the plants are common to the Sierra and the Cascades.

(4) That in each instance, as would be expected, the i»crcenta,i;e of
species common to the two ranges is greater in the case of those rang-
ing (h)wn into the Transition zone than in those restricted to the Boreal,
for the obvious reason that geogra[)hically the Boreal belt is broken by
broad gaps, while the Transition zone is practically continuous.

(5) That of the birds, mammals, and plants of Shasta, birds have by
far the largest jjcrcentage of species common to the Sierra and the
Cascades, mammals next, and plants least of all. This corresponds
with the relative ])owers of dispersion i)ossessed by these grou])s.

Arranged ])riinarily by groups instead of zone limits, it appears that
the percentages of Shastai birds connnon to the Sierra and tiie Cascades
are as follows: Of boreal species, in(duding those which range down
into the Transition zotie, 87 percent ; of species restricted to the Boreal
zones, 85 percent; of species restricted to the Hudsonian and Alpine
zones, (10 percent.

The ))ercentages of Shasta mammals common t<> the Sierra an<l the
Cascades are: Of boreal spe(;ies, including those which range down into
the Transition zone, 72 percent; of species restricted to the P>oreal
zones, 70 I'crcent; of species resti'icted to tiic lludsoniaii and Alpine
zones, 07 i)ercent.'

The percentages ol" Sliasta plants common to the Sierra and the Cas-
cades are: Of boreal species, including those which range down into
the Transition zone, 40 lu'rcent; of s])ecies restricted to the Boreal

I 'I'lui iiiiniliii- (if I linls<iiii;ni-Aliiiiiii species is loo siimll Id -ivii this pcvrontngo
luuch value .

OCT., 1899.] BOREAL SPECIES OF SHASTA AND SIERRA-CASCADES.

73

zones, 4G percent; of species restricted to tlie Hudsonian and Alpine
zones, 44 percent.

For evidence of another kind — that based on the <rb,seiice from Sliasta
of species which occnr in tlie Sierra or the Cascades or both — see pages
79-82.

Following are the tables on which the foregoing generalizations are
based :

(1) BOREAL SPECIES COMMON TO SHASTA AND THE SIERRA-CASCADE

SYSTEM.

(Species followed by the letter T raiif^e down into or lhioiiL;li tho Traii.sitioii zone.)

(a) MAMM,*,LS.

Callospermopliilns clirysodeirus l'.

Canis lestes.

Erethizon epixantbus T. ?

Eutamias amci'mis T.

Eutamias senex T.

Evotoniys mazauia.'

Felis oregoneiisis T.

Lepiis klainatheiisis T. ?

Lutreola visoii energuiiienos T.

Microtna inordax T.

Mitstela cauriua.

Mustela pennanti.

Myotis liicif'ugits longicrus T.

Myotis ynmaiiensis satnr.itns
Neotoma cinerea T.
Nenrotrichns gibbsi major T.
Ocliotona schistif^eiis.
Odocoileus colniiibianiis T.
Peroiuysciis gauibcli T.
Pbenacomys oropliilus.
Putorius arizoiiensis.
Sorex vagraus amci'iins T.
Sarex (Neosorex) navigator.
Taxidea taxns T.
UrsHS aiiiericaiuis T.
Viilpt's macrourus T.

(h) BIKI)^■

AocipittT atrica]iillii8 striatnhis.
Accipiter velox.
Aqiiila chrysai'tos T.
CarpodacHS cas.sini.
Ceopblo-ns pileatus abieticola T.
Certbia familiaris occidentalis T.
Ciuclus niexicanus T. ?
Coccotbraustcs vespertinus iiiontanns.
Colai^tes cafer T.
Contopus borealis T.
Dendragapus obscurus fnliginosns T.
Dendroica auduboni T.
Dendroica occidental is.
Dryol>ates villosus bj'loscopus T.
Enipidonax difficilis T.
Enipidonax bammoudi T.
Enipidonax wrigbti T.
Geotblypis tolmiei T.
Hfliiiiutbopbila celata Intescens T.
Heluiiiitbopbila rubricapilla guttur-
alis T.

Hylocicbla aonalascbkn' .ludiiboni T,

Melospiza lincolni T.

Mcntla uiigratoria propiiuina T.

Myadestes townseiidi.

Nucifraga coluinbiaua.

Oreortyx pictns plniiiiferns T.

Parus ganibeli.

Picoides arcticus.

Piranga ludoviciana T.

Regnlus calendubi.

Rcguliis satrapa olivaceus.

Salpinctes obsob'tiis T.

Selaspborns rnfus T.

Sialia arctica.

Sitta canadensis.

Sitta carolinensis aculeata T.

Sphyrapicus tbyroideus.

Spinus pinus.

Stellula calliope T.

Wilsonia pnsiila pileolata T. ?

Zonotricbia leucopbrys.

' Evotomys mazama, a common Cascade species, was obtained by us on Shasta and
Lassen, and doubtless occurs iu tbe Sierra, fartber south.
21753— No. 16 10

74

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[no. 1G.

(C) I'LAXTS.

Achillea borcalis.

Aooiiitiuu coluinhianuui.

Allium validuin.

Alnns siiiiiata.

Aiitemiaria media.

Aral)i.s platys])erma.

Arcto8tai)liyl()s ne\ adeusis.

Bikiikulla iinitlora.

Cardamiue bellidifolia ])a(byiiliylla.

Carex breweri.

Castanopsis aempervireiis T.

C'liimapliila meiiziesi T.

C'liimapbila nmbellata T.

Cbry.sothamnus bloomeri.

Cymo])t,eru8 terel)iiithimis.

Drosera rotund i folia.

E])ilol)ium obcordatum.

Epilobium priiigleanum.

P>riogoiium pyrola-folium.

Gentiana simplex.

Habenaiia leucostaeby.s.

Habeuaria uiialascheneis.

Heracleum lanatum T.

Holodi.scus discolor.

Hypericum anagalloidt^s.

Juneus parryi.

Juniperus 7iana.

Kalmia glauea micropbylla.

Mimulus ])rimuloide8.
Mitella ])eiitaudra.
Oreobroma tri])bylla.
Ortliocarpu.s jiilosns.
Oxyria digyna.
Peutsteiiioii newbt-nyi.
Pblox douglasi ditl'nsa.
I'iiuis albicanlis
IMiius mouticola.
Piuus murrayaiia.
I 'oleuiouium ]inlclu(llum.
Polygonum sbasteuse.
Potentilla llabellifolia.
Pulsatilla occidentalis.
Pyrola ])icta T.
Pyrola secnnda T.
Ribes cereum T.
Sagina saginoides.
Salix nuttalli T.
Salix sitchensis T.
Saxifraga tolmiei.
Sibbaldia procnmbeus.
Sorbus sambucilblia. T.
Spraguea umbellata.
Tsuga merti'usiaua.
Viola blanda.
Viobi i)urpurea.

(2) BOREAL .SPECIES COMMON TO SHASTA AM) Till, SIEKKA lUT
NOT KNOWN FROM THE CASCADES.

(a) MAMMALS.

Aploiloutia major (represented in Cascades by A. major rainieri).
Ovis canadensis (not known or represented in Cascades).
Peromysens boyli T. (not known or representiMl in C'ascades).
Sciurua albolimbatus T. (represented in Cascades by S. caseadensis).
Sorex montereyeusis T. (not known irom any point north of Shasta).
Thomomys monticola (represented in Cascades by T. m.-izaina).
Zapus trinotatus aileni (repn^sented in ('aseades by Z. montanns).

Cyanoeitta stcUcri frontalis T. (represented in Cascades by ('. stelleri K'
.Innco liyemalis thnrberi (rejjresciiited in Cascades by .1. b. connectcns).
Loucosticte tephrocotis- (represented in Cascades by L. t. littoralis).
Loxia curviro.stra bendirei (represented in Cascades by T,. i . niinur).

'The Shasta. jay is intermediate between xttHi ri nwd frontalis.

-The mention of Lcucosticte tephrocoiis in this and subse(inent lists involves an
assumption. L. tephrocotis is known to be the l)reedingrosy finchof the High Sierra;
L. t. littoralis that of Mount Rainier in the Cascades of Washington. A rosy
finch was found, but not secured, on Shasta. It is ief"irrod ])ro\isi()nally to Icphro-
cotiH rather than litloralis, because the great majority of Shasta, spe<;ies which are
not common to )>oth ranges are Sierra and not Cascade Ibrms.

OCT., 1899.]

BOREAL SPECIES KESTKICTED TO SHASTA.

75

BOREAL SPECIES OF SHASTA AND SIERRA— CoiitiniU'd.

(v) l'l,ANTS.

Agoseris moutieola.

Arnica meriiami.

Castilleja aftinis.

Castilleja ruiuiata (al])ine form).

Cba-nactis uevadensis.

Cheiiautliu.s percniiis.

Coral lorliiza bigclovi.

Crepis iutennedia.

Cycladeuia liiuiiilis.

Delphiuium soiiuei.

Draba breweri.

Erigeron armeria- folium.

Erigeron compositns tritidiis.

Erigeron inoniatus.

Eriogonnm polypodum.

Hieraciuni albidoruni (alpiiir form).

Hieracium horridum.

Hulsea larseni.

Madia bolanderi.

Parnassia califoruica.

Penthtemou gracileutus.

Ribes ainictnm T.

Saxiiraga bryophora.

Senecio caniis.

Senecio trigoii()]iliyllns.

Stellana crispa.

Streptanthus orbiculatus.

Vacciiiinm cjespitosnm.

Vagnera stellata T.

Veratnim californicum T.

(3) HOREAL

SPECIES COMMON TO SHASTA AND THE CASCADES BUT
NOT KNOWN FROM THE SIERRA.

(a) MAMMALS.

Cervns occidcntalis T.

Anthus jjensilvauicus.

Abies sbastensis.
Epilobiiini clavatum.
Hieracium gracile.
Hulsea uaua.
Ligusticum grayi.
Lupiuus lyalli.
Lupiuus 'oruatus.'
Lutkea pcctiuata.
Macba-rantbeia shasteusis.

(b) BIKDS,

Perisoreus obscurus.

(Cj PLANTS.

( )rea8trum alpiginum.
Pentstemon menziesi.
Pbylbxloce empetrilbrmis.
Polygonum newberryi.
Sileiie suksdorfi.
Tofieldia occidentalis.
Vacciuium arbiiscula T.
Veronica cusicki.

(4) BOREAL SHASTA SPECIES NOT KNOWN FROM EITHER THE SIERRA

OR THE CASCADES.

Perognatbus mollipilosur T.

Arnica longifolia.
Arnica viscosa. '
Campanula wilkinsiana.
Mimulus implexus.

(a) MAMMALS.

Sorex sbasten.sis.

(b) HIRDS.

[None]

(C) PLANTS.

Pentstemon glaber utabenais.
Pbacelia frigida. '
Scutellaria nana.
Silene gravi. '

So far as known restricted to Shasta.

76

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

(5) EXCLUSIVELY BOREAL SPECIES OF SUASTA.

(a) :\IAMMALS.

Aplodontia iiiajor.

Caiiis lestcs.

Evotoiiiys iiiazaiua.

? Lepus klaniatlieiisis.

Microtiis iiioidax.

Jliistela caiiriua.

Mustela peunanti.

Myotis yniiiaueiisis satnratns.

Ocbotoiia schistitejis.

Ovis cauadciisis.
Phenacoinys oiophilns.
Putorins arizonensis.
.Sorex (Neosorex) naviyator.
Sorex shastensis.
Thoiiioniys iiioutieola.
\'iil]n's niacroiinis.
Znjnis tiiiiotatiis alleui.

{])) BIROS.

Accipiter atricapilliis striatnlns.

Anthus ]>ensilvanicu8.

Carpodacus cassini.

Cinclus uiexkanu.s.

Coccothranstes vespertinns montauus.

Deudroica Occident alls.

Junco byeiiialis tlmrhcri.

Leucosticte tepbrocotis.

Loxia curvirostra bendirei.

Myadestes townseiidi.

Nucifraga Columbiana.

Pains gaiiil)eli.
Perisoreiis obscurus.
IMcoides arcticiis.
Regains calendula.
Regnlns satrapa olivaccns.
Sialia aictica.
Sitta canadensis.
Spbyrapicns tbyinidens.
Spiuus pinus.
Wilsouia jjnsilla pileolata.
Zonotricbia ]eucoi)liiys.

(c) PLANTS.

Abies sbastensis.
Acbillea borealis.
Aconitum colnrabiannm.
Agoseris nionticola.
Allium validnm.

Allium sp. ?

Alnns sinuata.

Antounaria media.

Arabia j)latys2ienna.

Arctostapbylos nevadcnsis.

Ariiica lonnilolia.

Arnica meiriami.

Arnica viscosa.

P)il<uknlla nnitiora.

Campanula wilkinsiana.

Cardamine bellidil'olia ])acbyi)hyllM

Carex breweri.

Castilleja miniata (aljiinc lorin),

Chanactis ncvadensis.

Cbeirantbns ])ere!inis.

( 'hrysotbamnns bloonuiri.

Corallorlii/.a bigcb)vi.

Crepis intermedia.

Cycladcnia bnmilis.

Cy mop terns tiirfbinthinns.

Delpliinium sonnei.

Dralia breweri.

l)rosera rotnndifolia.

Epilobinm clav;itnm.

Epilobinm obcordatnm.

Epilobinm pringlcaunm.

Erigeron armeria-fcdinm.

Erigerou compositns tritidns.

Erigeron inornatns.

Eriogouum polyjiodum.

Eriogonum ])yroladolium.

Oentiaua simpb'X.

Habcnaria Icncostacliys.

Habcnaria nnalascbcnsis.

Hieracinm all)i(lorum (al])ine form).

Hieracium graiiie.

Hieracinm horridnm.

Unlodiscus discolor.

TInlsca larscni.

llnlsea nana.

llypericnm anagalloidcs.

Jnncus parry i.

.Inni])crn8 nana.

Knliiiia glauca microiihylla.

l>ignsl icnm grayi.

Lnj)inns albili'ons.

Lnpiniis lyalli.

Lnpimis 'ornatns.'

J.,ntkea pcctinata.

Macliaiantbera sbastensis.

Madia liolanderi.

Mimnlns im])lc\ns.

Mininliis primuloidcs.

OCT., 1809.] EXCLUSIVELY HUDSONIAN- ALPINE SPECIES OF SHASTA. 77

Exclusively boreal species of shasta— coiitiuued.

(c) I'LANTS — roiitiimed.

Mitella peiitandra.
Mouardella odoratissima.
Oreastrum alpigimim.
Oreobroma tripliylla.
Orthocarpiis pilosus.
Oxyri.a digyua.
Paruassia califoriiira.
Pentstemoii donstus.
Peutstenion glaber vitahensis.
Pentstemoii gracileutiis.
Peiitstomou iiien/ie.si.
Pentstemoii newberryi.
Pliacella frigida.
Phlox douglasi difl'usa.
Phyllodoce einpetriformis.
Pinus albican! is.
Piuns moiiticola.
Pinns murrayana.
Polemoninm pulcliellnui.
Polygonnni newberryi.
Polygonnni sbasteiise.
Potentilla llabellifcdia.

I'otentilla pseudornpestris.
Pnlsatilla occidentalis.
Sagina saginoides.
Saxifiaga bryopliora.
Saxifraga tolmiei.
Senecio canus.
Senecio trigoiiopliyllus.
Sibbaldia procnmbens.
Silene grayi.
Sileiie snksdoili.
Sitaiiion cinereuni.
Spraguea uinbcllata.
Stellaiia crispa.
Streptantlius orVticnlatus.
Tofieldia occidentalis.
Tsuga inertensiana.
Vaccinium caespitosuin.
Vaccininm occidentale.
Veronica cnsicki.
Viola blanda.
Viola purpurea.

(H) EXCLUSIVELY HUDSONIAN-ALPINE SPECIES OF SHASTA.

MAMMALS.

Ochotona schisticeps.
Ovis canadensis.

Phenacomys oropliilus.

Anthus pensilvanicus.
Leucosticte tephrocotis.
Nucifraga columbiana.

Sialia arctica.
Zonotricliia leucopbrys.

Achillea borealis.

Agoseris uionticola.

Antennaria media.

Arabis platysperma.

Arnica merriami.

Arnica riscosa.

Bikukulla nniilora.

Cardamine belliditblia pacliyphylla.

Carex breweri.

Cha-nactis iievadeneis.

Cheiranthus perennis.

Chrysothamiin.s bloomeri.

Cycladenia humilis.

Cymopterus terebinthiuus.

Draba breweri.

Epilobiuni clavatum.

Epilobium obcordatum.

Ejiilobium pringleanuni.

Erigeron arineria'folium.

Erigeion compositus tritidus.

Eriogonuni i)olypoduni.

Eriogouum pyrolu'tolinm.

Hieracium albiflorum (alpine form).

Hieracium gracile.

Hieracium hoiridum.

Holodiscus discolor (alpine form).

Hulsea larseni.

Hulsea nana.

Juncus parry i.

Juniperus nana.

Kalmia glauca luicropliylla.

Lnpinus albit'rons.

Lupinus lyalli.

Lupinus ' ornatus.'

Lutkea pectinata.

Macha-ranthera shastensis.

Mimulus iniplexus.

Mitella pentandra.

Oreastruiu alpigiiium.

Oreobroma tripliylla.

78

NORTH AMERICAN FATNA.

[NO. 16.

EXCLUSIVELY HUUSONIAN-ALPINE SPECIES OF SHASTA— Coutiuued.

iM.AXTS — continued.

Orthotarpiis pilosus.
Oxyria digymi.
Parnassia californica.
Pentstenion glabcr utalieiisis.
Peiitstenion nien/.it^si .
Peutstenion newberryi.
Phacelia fiigida.
Phyllodoce cmix'trilbriiiis.
Pinue all)ic;inlis.
Polemoniiini i)ulrlielliini.
Polygon uiii newberryi.
Polygonum sbasteiise.
Potentilla llal.ellifolia.
Potent ilia ]t8eudorui)cstris.

Pulsatilla Occident alib.
Sagina saginoides.
Saxifraga biyopbora.
Saxifraga tolmiei.
Scnecio caniis.
Sibbaldia prociimbens.
Silene giayi.
Silene suksdorli.
Sitanion cinereuui.
Strcptantbus oi'biculatus.
Tsuga niertensiana.
"N'acciniuni ca'spitosuiu.
Veronica cusicki.
Viola purpurea.

(7) EXCLUSIVELY IIUDSOXIAN-ALPINE SPECIFS COMMON TO SHASTA
AND THE SIERRA-CASCADE SYSTEM.

Ochotona scbisticeps.

Nucii'raga coluiubiana.
Sialia arctica.

Acbillea borealia.

Anteiinaria media.

Arabis platysperma.

Bikukulla unillora.

Cardamine bcllidirolia. ])arbyphyll:i

Carex breweri.

Chrysothamnus bloomcri.

Cymopterns tei-ebintliinus.

Epilobiuiii itbcordatum.

l>]iilobium priugleannm.

Eriogonum pyrola' folium.

I lolodiscuH discolor ( ty;,ical a !pin<' U

,J uncus parryi.

.lunijx^rus nana.

Kalmia glauca miciopli ylla

MAMMALS.

Plienacomys oropbilus.

BIRDS.

Zouotricbia leucojibrys.

PLANTS

Mitdlla pentandra.
(^reobroma tripliylla.
Orthocarpiis i)il()su8.
Oxyria digyna.
Pent.stenion newbcnyi.
Pinus albicaulis.
Polemouium pulchellnm.
Polygonum sbastense.
I'otcntilla tl a belli folia.
Pulsatilla occidentalis.
Sagina saginoides.
Saxifraga tolmiei.
Sibbaldia proeuuibens.
Tsuga niertensiana.
Viola ])uri)nrea.

(8) EXCLUSIVELY HUUSONIAN-ALPIXK SPFCIES COM.MOX T( » Sll
AXl) TIIK SIERb'A P.UT Xt)T KXOWX FROM TIIF ('AS(Al»i;s.

MA.MMAI.S.

( )viH canadensis.

lilltDS.

? Leucosticte tepbroeotis.

I'LANTs.

Cy«'ladeiiia liuniilis.
Draba breweri.
Erigeron ariiieri;il'< ilium.
ICriyiTnii e(im])()situs frilidus.

TA

Agoseris montieolii.
Arnica merrianii.
Cha-nact is nevadensis.
Clieirantbus j)erennis.

OCT., 1899.] SIERRA-CASCADE SPECIES NOT KNOWN FROM SHASTA. 7'J

HUDSONIAX-ALPINE SPECIES OF SHASTA AND SIERRA— Coutinued.
PLANT.S — continued.

Eriogoniini polypodnm.

Hieracium albilloniin (alpine form).

Hieraciuni horridum.

Hul.sea larseni.

Painassia californica.

Saxifraga bryopbora.
Senecio canus.
Streptautluis orbiculatus.
Vaccininm o;i'8]iito.suni.

(9) EXCLUSIVELY HUDSONIAN-ALPINE SPECIES COMMON To SHASTA
AND THE CASCADES BUT NOT KNOWN FROM THE SIERRA.

MAMMALS.

None.

lUUD.S.

Anthiis iiensilvanicus.

Epilobium clavatnm.
Hieracium gracile.
Hulsea nana.
Lupinus lyalli.
Lupiuus ' oriiatus.'
Lutkea pectinata.
MachiPranthera sba.stensis.

Oreastrnm alpiginum.
Pentstemon nienziesi.
Pbyllodoce empetriformis.
Polygonum newberryi.
Sileue suksdorli.
Veronica cusicki.

BOREAL SPECIES OF THE SIERRA-CASCADES NOT KNOWN FROM

SHASTA.

Turning to another phase of the subject, the absentees, or boreal
species of the Sierra and Cascades whicli are not known from Shasta,
an equally instructive lesson may be learned.

The boreal species that occur in the Sierra or Cascades, or both, but
which are not known from Shasta, have been grouped in three cate-
gories: (1) species common to the Sierra-Cascades but not known from
Shasta; (2) Sierra si)ecies not known from Shasta or the Cascades;
and (3) Cascade species not known from Shasta or the Sierra.'

(1) Boreal spe(;ies common to the Sierp^a and the Cascades

BUT NOT KNOWN FROM ShASTA.

Only three boreal mammals are known to occur in both the Sierra
and the Cascades which have not been found on Suasta. These are
the Sierra marmot {Arvtomys fJaviventer), the wolverine {GuJo luseus),
and the silver-haired bat {Lasiouycteris noetir<igans). The marmot,
it maybe stated with confidence, is really absent; the wolverine has
been killed in the near vicinity and probably occurs on Shasta; the
bat is a local species common in the mountains west of Shasta, easily
overlooked and most likely to occur. Hence there is every reason to

' In tbe accompanying tables and discussion tbe boreal species are treated col-
lectively, no account being taken of the important distinctions between tbe Alpine,
Hudsonian, and Canadian species. Tins course bas been rendered necessary by the
absence of discriminative zone lists of Cascade-Sierra species.

80 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no.16.

believe that the Sierra iiianiiot is really the only mamnial coiiniMm to
the Sierrai and the Cascades which does not occur on Shasta.

Two boreal birds believed to be coniinon to the Sierra-Cascade
system (the western winter wren, Anorthura liioiKilis pacified, and the
Townsend warbler, Dendroiva townnenili) have not yet been discovered
on Shasta, but are liable to be found there at any time.

With plants the case is (i[uite different, for at least 11) well-known
genera, and a considerable number of species of other genera, not
known from Shasta are common to the Sierra and the Cascades.

(a) MA.AIMAI.S.

Arctoinys tlaviveiiter. Giilo liisciis. Lasioiiyctoris iioctivagans.

(ll) H1KI>S.

Anorthura liiemalis pacifica. J)eu(lioica towiiseiidi.

(c) I'I,AXTS.

Genera not kuoicii from iShaata.

Art-naria. Iris. IJauuiiciilus.

Cassiope. Ivesia. Siiiolowskia.

Claytonia. Listera. 8trei)topiis.

Clintonia. jMcrtensia. Tluiru'tniiu.

Erythrouiiiiu. Pedicnlaris. Xeropliylhmi.

Geuiii. Priiiiiila.

Henchera. Raillardella.

AdiiitiotiaJ upevicb iiol huoicn J'nitti Sliasid.

Arnica chamissonis. Loniccra in\olucrata.

Campannla sconleri. I'olygoiuun bistortoides.

Crepis nana. Populus treniuloides.

Erigeron salsugiuosus. Salix barclayi.

Geutiana ucwberryi. Saxifraya nivalis.

JTincns ortliopbylliis. . Saxitrafza ])nii(tata.
T>ouicera conjugalis.

(2) liOREAL SlERJiA SPECIES NOT KIS'OWN FROM ShA.STA OR THE

Cascades.

Eight mammals, 1 bird, 3 coniferous trees, several shrubs, and a num-
ber of small plants are known from the High Sierra which do not occur
on Shasta or the Cascades; the majority of them are restricted to the
southern part of the Sierra, not reaching as far north as the mountains
about Lake Tahoe, and consequently need not be considered here.
Only three of the Sierra mammals {Spermophihis hchliiKji, Eutamias
spccio.sii.s frairr, and Sorer ol>sciiri(s) whi(!h range north to the south
end of Feather liivcr (rap fail to reach Shasta, and two if not all three
of these are known to cross this gap and occur on Lassen, showing
that the Feather Kivei- Cap of itself is of very little signifu;ancc. The
details of ]>lant distiibulion in these jnouutains are not sutliciently
known to admit of safe generalizations.

OCT.. 1899.]

BOREAL CASCADE SPECIES.

81

BOEEAL SIERRA SPECIES— Coutiiuied.

(a) MAMMAL.S.

Eutamias alpiniis.'
Eutamias speciosus.'
Eutamias speciosus rallipeplns.
Eutamias speciosus fratei'.

Pinicola euucleator talifornica.

Abies magnifica.
Areuaria compacta.
Arenaria congesta.
Artemisia rothrocki.
Chvysopsis breweri.
Draba lemmoui.
Euloplius parishi.
Hnlsea al,i;i(la.
? Ledum glaudulosum.
Leucothoe davisia-.
Lycliuis califoniica.
Montia fontana.

Microtus dutclieri.'
Sorex obscurus.
Spermopbilus beldingi.
Tbomomys alpiuus. '

(/') lURDS.

(C) ]'L.\NT.S.

Oreobroma iievadensis.
Oreobroma pygma-a.
Phyllodoce breweri.
Piuus balfouriana.
Piuus flexilis.
Primula sufFrutescens.
Quercus vacciuifolia.
Raillardella scaposa.
Ranunculus oxynotus.
Silene bernardiua.
Silene lalifornica.

(3) Boreal Cascade species not known from Shasta or the

Sierra.

Eleven mammals, 2 birds, '.^ Hr trees, and a number of shrubs and
other plants which inhabit the Cascade Range in Oregon are not known
to occur on Shasta or in the Sierra Nevada. One of the mammals
{Eutamias townsendi) does not reach as far south as the southern end
of the Cascades, and two others {Aplodontla major rainieri and Sclurus
c«smf7('u.v/.s) are only subspecifically separable from corresponding forms
in the Sierra. The remaining eight are independent specific types not
represented on Shasta or in the Sierra, and all of them push south to
the extreme southern end of the Cascades immediately across Klamath
Gap from Shasta.

(a) MAMMALS.

Aplodontia major rainieri.

Eutamias townsendi.

Lynx canadensis.

Microtus (Arvicola) arvicoloides.

Microtus (Chilotus) bairdi.

Putorius cicoguani streatori.

Hylocichla ustulata.

Scapanus alpinus.
Sciurus douglasi cascadensis.
Sorex (Atopbyrax) bendirei.
Tbomomys mazama.
Zapus montiiTius.

(b) BIRDS.

Leucosticte tephrocotis littoralis.^

' Tbese mammals are restricted to the southern part of the Sierra and none of them
come as far north as the mountains about Lake Tahoc.

-Leucosticte tcplirocoth Uttoralis breeds in the Cascades of Washington but is not
actually known from the Cascades of Oregon. It is likely to be found among the
glaciers of Mount Hood and The Sisters when the Inrds of these mountains are
studied.

21753— No. IG 11

82

NORTH A:\IERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

(f) I'LANT;

Abies amabilis.
Abies lasiocarpa.
Abies nobilis.
Gaultheiia myrsinites.
Menziesia ferniginea.
Rbododeiulrou albiflornm.
Eibes erythrocaipuiu.

Ribes lat-ustre.
Rnbus biisiococcuB.
Sileiie acanlis.
Sorbus occ-identalis.
Spiiiea arbuscula.
Vacciiiium iiiicropbyllum.
^'ak■^i;uul sitcbensis.

EFFICIENCY OF KLAMATH GAP AS A BARRIER TO BOREAL
SPECIES COMPARED WITH THAT OF PITT RIVER AND FEATHER
RIVER GAPS COLLECTIVELY.

Ill view of the iiiiriowiiess of Jvlaniatli Gap, a break of less tliaii 50
miles, separating the boreal fauna of Shasta from that of the Cascades,
compared with the breadth of the combined Pitt lliver and Feather
River gaps, about 100 miles, separating Shasta from the boreal fauna
of the Sierra Nevada northwest of Honey Lake, one might expect Shasta
to share more species with the Cascades than with the Sierra. The con-
trary is true. The Featiier River Gap, as elsewhere explained (p. 70), is
ineffective compared with the others; the branches of Feather River do
not cut comi^letely through the mountains, and the gap is merely a low
part of the range, with the Honey Lake ridge and small boreal-capped
peaks projecting here and there as stepping stones between the main
Sierra and Mount Lassen. Pitt River Gap is deeper, cutting completely
through the range between Lassen and Shasta, forming a boreal break
about 60 miles in width, and there is no apparent reason why it should
not be as effective a barrier as Klamath Gap, although from the stand-
point of zone distribution it does not cut so low and therefore has a
slightly cooler summer climate, in consequence of which it is less effect-
ive. But this difference is insufficient to explain the really great dis-
parity in potency of the two, for in checking the extension of boreal
species Klamath Gap has proved far more effective.

Passing over the species common to Shasta and the Sierra-Cascade
system as a whole (see p. 73), only three of the ten distinctively Sierra
mammals which reach the northern end of the Sierra fail to reach
Shasta, and two if not all of these bridge the Feather River Gap and
reach Mount Lassen, which is separated from Shasta by only the Pitt
River Gap. On the other hand, not one of the ten distinctively Cascade
mammals which occur at the extreme south end of the Cascade Range
has been able to cross the narrow Klamath Gap to Shasta.

If the number of distinctive mammals of the Sierra-Cascade system
be reduced by subtracting those which are represented in the two
ranges by closely related forms ' 8 distinctive specific types will remain

'Close discrimination of species and. subspecies is necessary in laying off the
minor subdivisions of faunas; and it is interesting from the zoological standpoint
to know which and how many of tlie specific types common to a given area have
undergone enough change in ]iart8 of that area to warrant separate recognition by
name, but from the standpoint of the distribution of specific types such details are

of little value.

83

84 NORTH A:\[ERI('AN fauna. Fno-IG.

for the soiitlieru Cascudes aud 7 lor the northern Sierra. ( )f these
distinctive specific types only 3 of the 7 Sierra species fail to reach
Shasta, Avhile all of the 8 Cascade species fail.

The signiticance of these tacts appears when the lioreal faunas of
the mountains north aud south of Klamath (lap are studied with ref-
erence to their geographic sources of origin, as pointed out in the next
chapter.

SOURCES OF THE BOREAL FAUNAS OF SHASTA AND OF THE
SIERRA AND THE CASCADES.

The boreal animals aiul plauts of the Sierra-Cascade systeui as a
whole are not yet well enoagii known to admit of ])Ositive statements
as to the number of species or the details of their distribution. Hence
a complete study of their distribution with reference to the geographic
source of origin of the various specific types is not possible. Never-
theless, enough has been learned to point to some very interesting
conclusions.

It has been already shown that the boreal fauna and flora of Shasta
form a part of the fauna and flora of the Sierra-Cascade system; that
70 percent of the exclusively boreal mammals of Shasta are common
to both ranges; and that of the remainder, 80 percent are common to
the Sierra. It is obvious therefore that, so far as mammals are con-
cerned, Shasta may be considered a part of the Sierra (see p. 71).

Fifty-eight boreal ' species of mammals are known from the Sierra
and the Cascades. Of these, 31 (54 percent) are common to both ranges,
11 (19 percent) are restricted to the Sierra, and 10 (28 percent) to the
Cascades.

Of the 58 boreal species of mammals known to inhabit the Sierra-
Cascade system not a single genus or snbgenus is ])eculiar, though the
genera Aplodontia and Neurotrichus and the subgenus Atophi/ra.r are
restricted to the northwest coast region. With species the case is very
different, for 23 of the 58 si^ecies (40 percent) are peculiar to the
Sierra-Cascades; but even of these only 10 differ sufticiently from near
relatives elsewhere to be considered distinct specific types. Of the 58
species Avhose relationsliips are so obvious that there can be no doubt
as to their affinities and origin, 5 (9 percent) come from mountains
farther north (in British Columbia, some ranging into southeastern
Alaska), 8 (14 percent) are of general transcontinental boreal distri-
bution, 10 (28 percent) are characteristic of the humid west or north-
west coast region, 19 (33 percent) are identical with or closely related
to species living in the Eocky Mountains, and 10 (17 percent) are dis-
tinctive superspecific types restricted to the Sierra-Cascade system.

If, instead of treating the Sierra-Cascade species collectively, we
group them with reference to the particular part of the monntains they
inhabit, putting the Cascade species (those north of Klamath Cap) in

'Our collections from the Cascades have not vet been worked up, and it is proba-
ble that several species will be added to this luimber.

85

86 NORTH AMERICAX FAUNA. [no. 16.

one category, and the Sierra species (those south of Klamath (lai)) in
another, some additional facts are brought out which emphasize the
v.idely ditfeient sources of origin of the distinctively Cascade species
on the one hand, and the di.stinctively Sierra species on the other.
Of the distinctively Cascade species, 2o ])ercent are derived from
mountains farther north, 12 percent are local types, 12 percent belong
to transcontinental boreal types, and 25 percent to northwest-coast
types. Of the distinctively Sierra species, 50 percent are specially
developed local types, and 50 percent belong to types common to the
Sierra and the southern IJocky lAfountains.

These facts point not only to the great antiquity and effectiveness of
the Klamath Gap, but also to a former east and west continuity of
range of Boreal species between the Eocky Mountains of Utah and
Coloiado and the Sierra Nevada of California, a distance of at least
500 miles.

MAMMALS OF SHASTA.

Sorex shastensis sp. iiov. Shasta Shrew.

Type from Wagon Camp, Mount Shasta (alt. 5,700 ft. in the lower part of the Cana-
dian zone). No. 95450, U. S. Nat. Mns., Biological Survey Coll. Collected Sept,
26, 1898, hy W. H. Osgood. Orig. No. 317.

Cliaracters. — Size small; decidedly smaller than S. vagrans ; tail
rather short; ears small, but conspicuous. Third unicuspid smaller
than fourth. Skull and teeth peculiar.

Color. — Type specimen, in change from summer to winter pelage:
Head and sides of neck to shoulders dull fulvous brown ; rest of upper
parts dark steel gray; uuderparts ashy brown; tail sharply bicolor,
dusky above, bufly below, becoming dusky toward tip.

Cranial cliaracters. — Skull small, decidedly snniller than in vagrans
and as small as in californicus ; brain case moderately high — not at all
flattened as in californicm ; rostrum rather small (about as in califorui-
cus); constriction swollen. Tooth row, as a whole, somewhat shorter
than in caUfornicus ; unicuspids decidedly narrower, particularly the
first and second; molariform series much as in californicns, but slightly
smaller; large premolar very broad posteriorly.

Measureynents. — Type: Total length, 90; tail vertebra?, 35; hind
foot, 12.

Remarks. — This new species is based on a single specimen caught by
W. H. Osgood in a trap set in a springy place among the Shasta firs,
immediately above Wagon Camp. In the same trap, and in the iden-
tical spot, he caught also specimens of Neosorex navigator and Xeuro-
trichus gibhsi major. Several specimens of Sorex vagrans amcenus were
caught near by, but no others of this species.

Sorex shastensis is a small shrew of uncertain affinities. In several
respects it resembles aS'. caUfornicus, but differs from this species mark-
edly in color, and still more in the form of the cranium and narrow-
ness of the unicuspidate teeth.

Sorex vagrans amcenus Merriam. Sierra Shrew.

Twenty-two specimens of this small shrew were collected on Shasta
and about its base. Two were caught among the tules at Big Spring,
in Shasta Valley, on the north side of the mountain; two at Warm-
castle Soda Springs, in Squaw Creek A^alley, on the south side; and
nineteen in the Canadian zone and lower part of the Iludsonian from
Wagon Camp up to upper Squaw Creek, Mud Creek, and Ash Creek.
Most of them were trapped under logs in damp places.

8<S NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 10.

Sorex montereyensis Meriiaui. Monterey Shrew.

Six speciineiKs of this laijic long-tail slirew were secnre*! — one at the
lower edge of the lludsonian zone, near Mnd Creek; fonr in the Can-
adian zone, in ]\[nd Creek Canyon: and one in the Transition zone, in
S(|naw Creek A'alley, neai- AVanncastle Soda Sinnugs.

Sorex (Neosorex) navigator Baird. Wliite-bellied AVater-shrew.

Apparently rather searce. as a large auiouut of trapping resnlted iu
the captnre of only four specimens. These were obtained at as many
localities, namely, the head of Panther Creek, upi)er Squaw Creek,
upper Ash Creek Canyon, and Wagon Camp, all in the Canadian zone.

Neurotrichus gibbsi major subsp. nov. Large Shrewmole.

Type iroiii Carberry Rau<b, Shasta County, Calif, (alt. I,l(i0 ft., between Mts. Shasta
andliassen). No. 6r)321. ^^ ad., C S. Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll. Collected
.May IS, 1S!)4. hy C. 1'. Streator. Orig. No. 3789.

VJmracters. — Similar to .V. (/ihh.si, but decidedly larger: hind feet
larger; forefeet much broader and longer; tail much longer; under
l)arts darker; skull larger and broader: ftfth upper lateral tooth (the
'large premolar') de(;idedly smaller than in X. (/ihh.si, and possessing a
distinct anterior cusp on the cingulum, which is absent in (jibh.si ; fifth
lower lateral tooth (the 'large premolar') decidedly larger than in (/ibbsi.

Measurements. — Average of 3 specimens from type locality: Total
length, 120; tail vertebra*, -iO; hind foot, 17. Average of 4 specimens
from Mount Shasta: Total length, 113; tail vertebra-, 41; hind foot,
1().2.

h'emarhs. — Four specimens of this new form of Gibbs shrewmole
were collected by our party on Shasta — all in the Canadian zone.
Three were caught in Mud Creek canyon near the mouth of Clear
Creek by Walter K. Fisher and W. H. Osgood, and one was taken at
Wagon Camp by ( )sgood. In ^lay, 1894, my assistant, Clark P. Streator,
obtained 3 specimens (the type and cotypes) at Carberry l{anch,on the
south side of Pitt Kiver, between Mounts Shasta and Lassen. Carberry
lianch is in the upper part of the Transition zone. The Canadian
zone specimens from Shasta are not cpiite so large, but agree in other
characters.

Scapanus cahfornicus (Ayres). California Mole.

Vernon Bailey found a dead mole of this species, October 3, iu the
road between Wagon Camp and Sisson at an altitude of 4,500 feet.
He reported mole ridges as common in ])laces a little ])elow Wagon
Camp, and also in sandy soil in the Murray pine belt east of the moun-
tain; W. II. Osgood saw mole ridges in Shasta Valley.

Myotis evotis ( 1 1 . Allen.) Big-eared Hat.

At Sisson, Seplember ;">, 11. T. I'ishcr olttained a si)ecimen from a
small boy, who caught it in a kitchen. The species doubtless occurs
in Shasta Vallev also.

OCT., 1899.] MA:\nrALS. 89

Myotis lucifugus longicrus (True),

At Wagon Camp, July 17, Walter K. Fislier shot one of these bats.
Small bats Avore abundant here, but kept so much in the forest that
they were hard to shoot.

Myotis californicus (And. & Bach.). California Bat.

A single specimen of this species, collected on Mount Shasta by C. H.
Townsend, is recorded by Miller in North American Fauna, No. 13,
page 71, October, 1S97.

Myotis yumanensis saturatus ^Filler.

Common among the ali)ine hendocks at Squaw Creek Camp, where
they were seen every inght, darting in and out of the flickering light
of the camp fire. Here I shot one the evening of August,'}, and four
the eveiung of August 9. Late in July and early in August small bats,
probably the same si:)ecies, were seen nearly every evening at the tem-
porary camps on or near upper Mud Creek. The species is interesting
as the only bat secured in the Hudsonian zone.

Vespertilio fuscus Beauvois. Large Brown Bat.

Common at Wagon Camp, where Vernon Ijailey shot one July 17,
and I shot three the evening of July 28. Many more could have been
killed if desired. In 1883 C. II. Townsend obtained it at Sheep Rock.
The species is one of the commonest in the foothills and valleys, and is
easily recognized on the wing by its large size and its character of flight.

[Arctomys flaviventer (And. & Bach.). Mountain Marmot.

It may be asserted with conlidence that no marmots of any kind live
on Shasta. Our collectors were at work on the mountain from July 15
until October without seeing a single individual. Moreover, when
Vernon Bailey and I made our trip completely around the peak the
latter part of July we kept near timberline all the way and made a
special search for marmots, but were unable to And a trace of their
presence.]

SpermopMlus douglasi (Kichardson). Oregon Ground Scjuirrel.

Common at Sisson and in ]McCloud and Shasta valleys, whence it
ranges up through the manzanita chaparral of the basal slopes nearly
to Wagon Camp. At Sisson B. T. Fisher collected eight during the
first half of September, and says of them : '^ One of the few really plen-
tiful mammals at Sisson. Hardly an acre in the valley is free from
their burrows. Lender the barns and houses, in the fields, along the
hot slopes east and west of the town, and even in the woods, one con-
stantly sees them. At the time I write of, September 1-15, they seemed
to be feeding chiefly on acorns and chinquapins — acorns in the valley,
chinquapins on the western slopes. In behavior they were wild and
sneaking; at all times diflicult to approach. None appeared to have
hibernated."

21753— No. IG 12

90 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. if..

At Big Spring, in Shasta Valley, where they abound, W. H. Osgood
saw several climb up on a beam and enter an opening in a granary.

Callospermopliilus chrysodeirus ^Merriani. (4ol(len-niaiitI<'d (Jround
Squirrel.

One of the most abundant and conspicuous mammals of the moun-
tain, where they were seen daily from the manzanita belt up to timber-
line, and where 52 specimens were collected. At Sisson they are rare,
but 2,000 feet higher are fViirly common, as they are also in Squaw Creek
Valley at the south base of the mountain. In the lir forest they make
their homes under logs or about the roots of trees, but in the neighbor-
hood of timberline live in burrows under tlie rocks, often in slide rock,
associated with small colonies of conies. At low altitudes they are
usually unwary and maybe easily killed with the 'auxiliary' barrel,
but in the neighborhood of timberline they are so exceedingly shy it
is dirticult to approach within gunshot. At our canq) among the alpine
hemlocks on upper Squaw Creek they first kept at long range, but find-
ing us harmless gradually overcame their fear, and finally, toward
the end of the season, came to be one of the most persistent of camp
robbers, stealing bread and other eatables. At the same time they
never came freely and boldly as did their associates, the chipmunks,
but always stole in silently and if possible kept out of sight.

This species goes into winter quarters nuich later than its relatives in
the Rocky Mountain region. On Shasta it was seen daily near timber-
line until after the middle of September and a few were noticed on
warm days as late as September 24, but all those secured during the
latter part of the mouth were young of the year. Between Wagon
Camp and Sisson they were seen as late as September 20.

Eutamias amcenus (Allen). Klamath Chipmunk.

Abundant in the chaparral of the lower slopes aiul thence up through
the forest to timberline. Fifty-three specimens were obtained at vari-
ous j)oints on the mountain. At Wagon Camp they were common
and were seen picking unrii>e serviceberries the latter ]»art of 'Tnly.
At the south base of the mountain one was killed as low down as
Warmcastle Soda Springs in Squaw Creek Valley. In the forest they
live mostly about logs aiuI stuinps and are quite fearless, but along
the upper edg(^ of timber, where they live among the bare rocks, they
are much more wary.

Eutamias senex (Allen). Allen Chipmunk.

Abundant m the Shasta lir belt and ranging down to Sisson and
Warmcastle Soda Springs at the base of llie mountain and up to tlui
upper lim.it of continuous timber, though ])('rha]>s not to extreme tim-
berline. Sixty-eight s]>ecimens were secured.

At Wagon Camp they wer(> common and were usually associated with
their small cousin, A', ((iiui )iiis. Tliey are more arboreal than the other

OCT., 1899.] MAMMALS. 91

chipmuuks and we often saw them in the trees 40 or 50 feet above the
grouud, moving' about in the branches or chasing one another around
the great trunks of the hendocks and firs. At our camp in the alpine
hemlo(;ks on Sc^uaw Creek they were the most abundant and most fear-
less of the diurnal mammals. Here they were constantly associated
with the less abundant golden-mantled ground squirrela {Gallospernio-
philus chry,so(lcirus)j compared with which they are bolder, more active,
more graceful, and more interesting.

In camp they made frequent visits to the mess box, which they
clearly regarded as public property, approaching it boldly and without
suspicion and showing no concern at our presence — in marked contrast
to the golden-mantled ground squirrels, which approached silently,
stealthily, and by a circuitous route, in constant fear of detection, [f
disturbed while stufting their cheek pouches with bits of bread, pan-
cake, or other eatables, each chipmunk usually seized a large piece in
its mouth and scampered off, returning as soon as we withdrew. In
fact, they made themselves perfectly at home in camp, and evidently
ranked us with other harmless inhabitants of the forest. They climbed
up the sides of our tent and over towels hung to dry on branches, as if
such things had always been a part of their environment. It should be
added, however, that the most familiar animals were always the young
of the year, which probably had no recollection of the time l)efore our
arrival.

Along the upper border of the timber, where the ground is more
open and is covered with gray rocks and pumice instead of the dark felt-
ing of hemlock and fir needles and cones, the chipmunks are far more
alert and wary.

After the middle of September the adults were rarely seen, and after
the 20th the young came out only during the warmest part of the day.

At Sisson, 11. T. Fisher found these chipmunks more abundant than
any other mammal. They were common in the woods, in the chapar-
ral, on the hillsides, and in the bottom of the valley. At the time of
his visit — from the end of August to the middle of September — they
were in the molt and very ragged.

Sciurns albolimbatus Allen. Sierra Pine Squirrel.

[ = *S'. californicus Allen, preoccupied.]

Common in the Canadian zone forest of Shasta firs, and in the Transi-
tion forest of ndxed pine and Douglas spruce. Among the Shasta firs
they were seen on all sides of the mountain and came up as high as the
lower edge of the alpine hemlocks. Among the pines and Douglas firs
they were seen as low as Bear Butte, near Squaw Creek Valley, and
were common at Sisson and thence northward along the base of the
Scott Mountains. Like other pine squirrels they lay up stores of cones
for winter use. At low elevations they rival the large gray tree squirrels
in collecting the seeds of the huge cones of the sugar pines. At higher

92 NORTH A:\rERICAN FAUNA. In... 16.

elevations tbey seem to feed laii;ely on the nmcli smaller seeds of the
Shasta tirs, the cones of which they collect in larye nnnd)eis. These
cones are gathered in heaps at the bases of trees, where the sipiirrels
live, and are also stored in decayed logs, where they are stntted into
all available openings. As 1898, the year of onr visit, was an ' ofl" year'
for cones, we were forced, in order to obtain specimens, to take advan-
tage of the stores made by these sipiirrels the j^revions year. lu
them we found innumerable cones, more or less perfect and with the
seeds still untouched, of both Abies shastensis and A. loir'unia.

Sciurus fossor Peale. Oregon (iray Squirrel; Large Tree S(iuiriel.

Fairly common in the i)ine forest covering the southern and western
basal slopes of Shasta. At different times during the summer these
large squirrels were seen in Squaw Creek Valley and between Sisson
and Edgewood. On July 13 Vernon Bailey found them common near
Bear Creek, between Fall River Valley and Shasta, where the sugar
pines begin. They were then <utting ofl" the scales and eating the green
seeds of the half-grown cones of sugar pines.

Sciuropterus alpinus klamathensis Merriam. Klamath Flying S(juirrel.

The only tlying scjuirrel seen by our party was observed by me in
August on a cedar stub near a small stream a couple ot miles below
Wagon Camp, but was not secured. There is therefore some uncertainty
as to the species. At Sisson I was informed that a boy had a pair alive
in a cage, but he left town with them before they could be examined.

Castor canadensis Kuhl. Beaver.

Probably not now living in the immediate vicinity of Shasta, although
in 1883, according to C. H. Townsend, "a luimber of them occupied
unmolested a dam, which they had constructed in a corner of a meadow
belonging to Mr. J. II. Sisson." They were ibrmeriy common in Shasta
Kiver, where Walter K. Fisher was recently told a few were seen in
the winter of 18!)8-1M».

Aplodontia major Merriam. Aplodontia; Sewellel.

In making the circuit of Shasta the latter part of July, Vernon
Bailey and I discovered a colony of a])lo(loutias in some rank vegeta-
tion covering a springy place in Ash Creek Canyon, in the upper part
of the Canadian zone. A little later W. K. and R. T. Fisher were sent
there and obtained two specimens. About the same time they and
W. II. Osgood caught eight in Mud (heek Canyon near the mouth of
Clear Creek, at an altitude of nearly 7,000 feet.

Aplodontias live in wet or damj) ijlaces usually overgrown with rank
vegetation, and preferably in springy, sloi»ing ground where some ot
their innumerable burrows and sunken runways are kept wet by tlie
cold trickling water. As is well known, they cut various plants, com
moldy rank or woody kinds, which they gather and carry in bundles
to their burrows, or to places near by, where they spread them out to dry.

OCT., 1899.1 MAMMALS. 93

In Ash Cteek Canyon Walter Fisher found their cuttings to consist
chietiy of ferns and willows — tlie latter carried from a long distance.
In Mud Creek Canyon the cuttings consisted chietiy, according to
W. H. Osgood, of thimble-berry bushes, mountain ash, and brake
ferns — the latter predomiiuiting, and in one place forming a pile as big
as a bushel basket. The animals commonly live in colonies, but Osgood
concluded that in Mud Creek Canyon only one individual, or at most,
a pair, lived in one [)lace, ''though several may be distributed among
the branches of a stream.''

Mus museulus Linn. House Mouse.

Abundant at Sisson, and running wild like the native s])ecies. R.
T. Fisher reported them as constantly getting into his traps, partic-
ularly in the weeds and sedges in wet places along the banks of Cold
Creek, where he caught a dozen or more.

Reithrodontomys klamathensis sp. nov.

Typv from Big Spring ('May ten'), Sliasta Valley, Calif. No. 95444, ^ ad., U. S.
Nat. Mus., Biological Survey Coll. Collected Sept. 18, 18i»S, by W. H. Osgood.
Orig. No. 281.

Characters. — Size medium; ears and hind feet large; tail long, only
slightly shorter than in longicauda; color grayish or brownish gray,
decidedly paler than loncjicauda.

Color. — Summer pelage: Upperparts pale grayish brown, washed
with butfy on sides; underparts white, tail bicolor, dusky above,
whitish below.

Cranial characters. — Skull rather large; braincase and rostrum rel-
atively broad; audital bulla" small. The skull as a whole agrees better
with that of iiicf/alotis than with that of Io)igic((V(h(, particularly in the
length of ]nilate and breadth of braincase; but the rostrum is broader
and the audital bulhe are smaller than in either.

Measureinents. — Type: Total length, 14!>; tail vertebra', 71; hind foot,
19. Average of 2 adults from type locality: Total length, 144; tail
vertebra', 6G; hind foot, 18.5.

Remarhs. — Both in color and cranial characters Reithrodontomys
Mamathensis resembles the pale grayish R. megalotis of the desert
region of the southern part of the Great Basin much more closely than
it does the dark brownish R. longicauda of California west of the
Sierra.

This new harvest mouse is common in wet places in Shasta and Lit-
tle Shasta valleys, where four specimens were obtained by W. H.
Osgood and K. T. Fisher. They were caught in little runways in wet
grass near tules. The species doubtless reached Shasta Valley by way
of the open Klamath country. During our explorations in eastern
Oregon in 1890, numerous specimens of the same species were caught
by my assistants, E, A. Preble and Cleveland Allen, in the tule marshes
bordering the streams connecting Malheur and Harney lakes.

94 NORTH A:MERICAN FAl'NA. [no. 16.

Peromyscus gambeli (Baird). Common Wliite-footed Mouse.

Common on all. or nearly all, parts of the mountain from Sisson up
to and possibly a little above extreme timbcrline. One hundred speci-
mens Avere collected.

lu choosing their homes these mice are easily suited, for they seem
e(pially contented among the dense vegetation in damj) parts of the
bottoms of canyons and among the bare lava rocks and pumice soil ot
the driest timberline slopes. tSome were caught also in the heather
meadows bordering the little streams in the Hudsoniau zone. At
Sisson Iv. T. Fisher found them rather rare except in damp woods
along Cold Creek, where he caught a number under roots and stumps
close to the water.

Peromyscus boyli (l>aird).

Exceedingly rare, or else of such peculiar habits that it escaped
observation. Only a single specimen was obtained on Shasta, it was
caught at the extreme upper limit of the Canadian zone (alt. 7,800 feet)
on Squaw Creek, August 9, by Walter K. Fisher. Others were secured
at Fall River Lake, iu the Transition zone, southeast of the base of the
mountain.

Peromyscus truei (Shf.). Big-eared Mouse.

Collected in Little Shasta Valley by Walter K. Fisher, who found it
living among bushes of Ceanothns cKneatus.

Neotoma fuscipes Baird. Round-tail Wood Rat.

Not found on Shasta, but common in some of the low valleys at its
base. Their characteristic stick houses were seen in the juniper forest
at the southern end of Shasta Valley, in the chaparral near Gazelle,
and in several places in the Scott Mountains (Bailey), lu Little Shasta
Valley one was collected September 19 (Osgood).

Neotoma cinerea Ord. Bushy-tail Wood Rat.

Rather scarce. Only four specimens were obtained — two in Mud
Creek Canyon near the mouth of Clear Creek, and two high up on
Squaw Creek (alt. 8,800 feet). Of those caught in Mud Creek Canyon,
one was trapped at the end of an old log, the other at the entrance to
an aplodontia burrow. Shasta abounds in the kinds of ledges and
cliffs usually inhabited V)y this si)ecies, but, except at rare intervals, no
traces of the animals were found-

Microtus californicus (Peale). California \'ole.

Not obtained by us except in Shasta Valley, where six si)ecimens
were se(;ured in Sei)teinber by W. U. Osgood and R. T. Fisher. Their
runways were found in very wet places in the tules at Big Spring, in
Shasta N'alley, and along Little Shasta Creek. Walter K. Fisher
secured specimens along Shasta River, northeast of Edgewood.

OCT., 1899.] MAMMALS. 95

Micro tus montanus (Peale).

Not obtained on Shasta, but collected at Fall Kiver Lake in August
by W. K. Fislier. In August, 1883, seven specimens were (collected in
the grassy meadows at Sisson Tavern by C. H. Towusend.

Microtus mordax (Merriam). Mountain Vole.

Common in suitable moist places througliout the Canadian and Hud-
souian zones, particularly in the heather meadows a little below timber-
line, where, though chiefly nocturnal, they were sometimes seen in the
daj^time. Their burrows abound in the lieather beds, especially along
the overhanging banks of streams, and are so large that some of them
were at first mistaken for those of Microti(.s arricoloidcs^ a species which
does not occur on Shasta. They were not found in the dry forest.
Seventy- four specimens were collected, of which only six were obtained
at Wagon Camp. Near Sisson Tavern E. T. Fisher caught fifteen along
"the wet and bushy banks of a long ditch." They probably reach
Sisson not from Shasta, but from Mount Eddy, in the Scott Mountains,
near the foot of which Sisson Tavern is situated. Still, it is possible
that the two colonies are connected along some of the few cold streams
that traverse the Transition zone slopes of Shasta.

Evotomys mazama Merriam. Mountain Evotomys.

Fairly common in moist places in the Shasta fir forests of the Cana-
dian zone, where nineteen specimens were obtained. Ten were col-
lected in Mud Creek Canyon near the mouth of Clear Creek (altitude
6,700 feet); seven along Squaw Creek from 0,700 up to 7,700 feet; one
at the head of Panther Creek at 7,700 feet, and one at Wagon Camp at
5,700 feet. They were usually caught in traps set under logs in damp
or wet i^laces.

Phenacomys orophilus Merriam. Lemming-Mouse.

Eare and local, judging from the results of our trapping. Only three
specimens were obtained — all in the heather meadows along the upper
part of Squaw Creek, where they were caught August 7, 10, and 12 by
Walter K. Fisher.

Thomomys monticola Allen. Sierra Pocket (TOi^her.

Abundant throughout theboreal slopes of the mountain, from the lower
part of the Canadian zone to above timberline. In the dark forests of
Shasta firs their mounds were seen wherever there was enough small
vegetation to furnish food, and were commonest along the streams and
about the edges of marshy idaces, where i)lant life is abundant and luxu-
riant. Above the line of continuous timber their mounds were noticed
on many of the pumice slopes between the altitudes of 8,000 and 0,000
feet. Above the head of Squaw Creek a small colony was found at an
altitude of 8,300 feet, and another between 8,900 and 9,000 feet. On
the east side of Mud Creek Canyon they were seen at 8,800 feet, and on
the west side at 8,900 feet. On our trip around the mountain near

96

NORTH A:\rEK'r('AN FAUNA.

[no. 16.

tiinberlinc, tlu' liiitcr ])iirt of .Inly, tlicir iiiouiid.s were fouiid in almost
every ])\iuv wheic the soil was lU'cp eiioiiglilor the animals to work;

FKt. :!1. — Winter eailli plii^s uf j)iickit <;i)i>licr.

Via. :;2. - :\Iiiimm1 iii.mIc liy pocket Koiilier. (Pliotogiiiidii'd l)y "W.H. Osgood,)

and on tlic nurtli side tlicy \vcr<' a ban (hint nearly np to I imhcrlinc. both
on the main jnak and (Mi Shastina.

OCT., 1899.] MAMMALS. 97

At Wagon Camp, aiul tbeiice eastward to Pantlier (Jieek, the whole
country is honeycombed with tlieir subterranean passages. While we
were at Wagon Camp they were unmitigated pests, throwing up little
mounds of fresh earth in our midst every day and keejiing the ground
disturbed the whole time, so tliat it was impossil)le to walk in any
direction outside of the marsh without stirring up a cloud of dust. I
shot several in cam^) in the daytime, as they poked their heads out of
their burrows, pushing little loads of dirt before them. They throw
out the earth so rapidly that it is difficult to observe the process accu-
rately. One appeared to empty it from his pouches, but I shot him in
the act and found his jiouches free from dirt and full of cut pieces of
roots.

On the higher slopes the winter earth plugs — the cylinders of earth
mixed with heather which in winter are pushed up into the snow from
the underground passages — remain on the ground all summer, a strik-
ing evidence of the absence of rains, for a single hard shower would
disintegrate and wash them away. They usually take the form of
irregular serpentine ridges; but on Squaw Creek one was found which
formed n complete oval ring with radiating cylinders. A photograph
of this one, taken August 1, 1898, is here reproduced. (See fig. 31.)

Thomomys monticola pinetorum subsp. nov. Pine- woods Gopher.

Type from Sisson, Siskiyou County, Calif. No. 95152, (^ .ad.., U. S. Nat. Mus., Biological
Survey Coll. Collected Sept. 4, 1898, by R. T. Fisher. Orig. No. 173.

Characters. — Similar in general to T. monticola, but slightly smaller;
skull shorter and broader; color very much paler.

Color. — Upperparts j)ale fulvous, almost orange fulvous (in striking
contrast to the much darker colors of monticola and mazama)) nose
dusky; sides of head in one pelage plumbeous or slaty faintly washed
with buffy; in other pelage strongly washed with ochraceous.

Cranial characters. — Skull, contrasted with that of monticola, short
and broad, with zygomata much more widely spreading.

Measurements. — Type: Total length, 210; tail vertebrae, 7G; hind
foot, 28.

RemarTcs. — Common at Sisson and thence up to Wagon Camp, grading
gradually into T. monticola,

Dipodomys californicus Merriam. Kangaroo Rat.

Common in the manzanita chaparral on the south side of Shasta
from Squaw Creek Valley, near McCloud Mill, up along the road to
Wagon Camp, as far at least as an altitude of 4,800 feet, where their
unmistakable tracks abounded in the dusty soil. In Shasta Valley
they are exceedingly abundant and destructive to grain, according to
complaints of the ranchmen. Here W. H. Osgood found their little
trails winding about through the sage brush in all directions, and saw
fresh tracks in the road every morniug.
21753— No. 10 13

98 NORTH AMERICAN' FAUNA. [no. 16.

Perognathus mollipilosus Cones. Mountain I'ocket-^Ionse.

Coninion in the nianzanita chaparral, a little below Wagon Camp,
where four were canj:;ht in July by E. T. Fisher. But the most extTii-
ordiuary locality at which the species was found — aud for that matter
the most rennirkable and abnormal place in which any species of the
family has ever been found — is a snbalpine pumice basin near tind)er-
line at the head of Panther Creek, Avhere Walter K. IMshcr discovered
it and (;aught two tlie night of .Inly 18. Later, six more were secured
at the same place.

In Shasta Valley Vernon Bailey and ^\^ IF. Osgood found abundant
signs of some species of FerognathuSj but did not obtain specimens.
The si)e('ies is probably 7*. ^a/-r?<.s', which is common in the adjacent
Klamath Basin.

Erethizon epixanthiis Brandt. Porcupine.

A])parently common, and yet not a specimen was obtained. Their
characteristic gnawings on the trunks of small trees were seen at
nmny ])oints arouiul the mountain, usually in the Hudsonian or upper
l)art of the Canadian zone. They were common among the dwarf
timberline white-bark pines on the north sides of both Shasta and
Shastina; and in a sn)all forest of young Shasta firs between Mud
Creek Canyon and Cold Creek. Xear timberline we several times
found small trees whose tops had been gnawed in winter when they
protruded above the snow. In a single instance fresh tracks Avere
seen in the trail between Wagon Camp and Squaw Creek Camp (^by
Vernon Bailey). And on August 4 our favorite mule came into camp
with porcupine quills in his nose. C. 11. Townsend found porcu])ines
in surprising abundance in Lassen County, south of Shasta, in 1883
and 1884, and gives an interesting account of their habits.

Zapus trinotatus alleni Elliot. Sierra Jerboa.

Fairly common in damp jtlaces on and near the mountain. Twenty
specimens were colle(;ted — lifteen in the Canadian zone in Mud Creek
Canyon near the mouth of Clear Creek (alt. (>,7()0 feet), two near the
upper i)art of Mud Creek (alt. 7,900 feet), and three at Wagon Camp.

One of the most attractive spots near Wagon Camj) is a grove of
ponderosa i)ines in which the ground is carpeted with strawberries
and scarlet jtainted cups, mixed Avitli ferns and scattered clumi)s of
serviceberries. Tlie soil, while not wet, recei\es enough moisture
from the little streams that sink into the ground a few rods above to
enable tliese i)lants to grow in such piofnsiou that they form a con-
tinuous meadow — 'Castilleja meadow' we called it, from the abundance
of painted cui)s. Here the jerboas abound. We saw several in the
daytime, leaping al)out like frogs in tlio dense vegetation, and caught
one or two in our hands.

In 31u(l Creek Canyon, W. 11. Osgood inlbrms me, tliey were als(>
fre<|uently seen in the daytime, in wet phu^es under the white hellebore
( Veritlnoti (■((}} fornic ion ].

OCT., 1899.]

MAMMALS.

99

Zapus pacificus jMeniam. A'alley fJeiboa.

Only two specimens of tliis little-known species were secured and
one of tliese was destroyed in the trap. Tliey were caught in thickets
on the banks of Little Shasta Creek Sei)teniber 20 by E. T. Fisher.

Ochotona schisticeps (Merriani). Cony; Pika.

Kelatively rare and confined to small and widely separated colonies.
During our circuit of the mountain, made near timberline the latter
part of July, we saw what we took to be signs of conies among rocks
east of Mud Creek Canyon, but finding no more believed we had been
mistaken, until the evening of July 24, when we camped on some rivu-
lets of snow water on the north side of Shastina. Here we found a
small scattered colony reaching up in the slide rock from about 8,000
to nearly 10,000 feet, and a specimen was secured by Vernon Bailey.
The next day we found signs in Cascade Gulch a mile or two northwest
of ITorse Camp. Later,
when camped in the al-
pine hemlocks on the
small west branches of
Squaw Creek, we found
a colony in the slide
rock close by. Conies
were afterwards found
on both sides of Eed
Butte and on the east
side of Gray Butte, and
Osgood heard one near
the head of Mud Creek
Canyon. In all, 14 speci-
mens were collected.

This species differs in
habits and voice from
those of the Eocky Mom i -
tains; it is less noisy and less often heard in the middle of the day, for
which reason it is more apt to escape detection, and its common note,
instead of the usual 'bleat,' is a loud shrill eh^ eJi,' or e/i' eh' eh\ It
seems to be most active in the late afternoon and on moonlight even-
ings, and its voice is heard at all hours of the night.

On most mountains where conies live, their well known accumula-
tions of plants of various kinds, cut and piled on the rocks to dry, are
conspicuous objects. But on Shasta, where I often saw the animals
carrying freshly cut plants to their dens in the slide rock, I failed to
find a single 'haystack.' In one place a few fresh stems of Polygon nm
newherryi, with its large broad leaves, were seen, and in another a large
accumulation of old brown leaves of the same species mixed with a larger
quantity of I'hyllodoce empetriformis — apparently left over from the
previous year. But the only real 'haystack' found on the mountain by

Fio. 33. — Rock cony (Ochotona (■cliUtice^is) — Pliotograidied by
r. SteplifiLS.

100 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

any of the party was discovered on the east side of Gray Butte Septem-
ber 25 by A'enion liailey. It contained Epllohinm xiricnium . IloUxlisrus
discolor^ ^fonardeUa odoydfis.siiua, ll'urnrium /mrrithdii, Ccfoiothns velii-
tinus, and two species of grass. The bulk of the material was JJpilo-
hiuni and Monardclla.

On the west slope of (roose Nest Mountain, just east of Little Shasta
Valley, Walter K. Fisher Ibund conies common in an area of slide rock
which extends in a ])ractically unbroken stretch from the toj) to the
bottom of the mountain. I have not seen the specimens.

Lepus nuttalli iiachman. Sagebrush Cottontail.

Several seen and two secured by W. H. Osgood in the sagebrush in
Shasta and Little Shasta valleys, near the north base of the mountain.

Lepus klamathensis sp. nov. Klamath liabbit.

Ttij)(' from I"(irt Klaiuatli, Oregon. No. i)2248, $ ad., U. S. Nat. Mtis., Biological Survey
Coll. Collected Jan. 25, 1898, by B. L. Cunningham. Orlg. No. 86.

Char((ct<rs. — Similar to X. columhiensis Ehoads, but color fulvous
instead of yellowish, with a distinct white stripe on hind foot: skull
characters distinctive.

Color. — Summer pelf I f/e: Upperparts grizzled fulvous and black, the
fulvous rather pale and dull, but not at all yellowish as in columhiensu;
head, face, and x)ectoral collar dull fulvous; chin, throat, and belly
white; a white stripe, sometimes irregular, extending along full length
of upper surface of hind foot, on inner side, and usually including toes.
Winter jielage: Either snow white all over, or like summer pelage
but with black hairs much more i)lentiful.

Cranial characters. — Skull similar to that of cohoubiensis but some-
what smaller and narrower; interorbital breadth at anterior notch less;
bullae decidedly smaller (smallest of the amvricamis Ixdrdi iraslihuiloni
group); outer face of Jugalvery deeply grooved anteriorly, and with
upi^er ridge reaching anteriorly beyond end of groove.

MeaHuremenlH. — Ty])e: Total leiigth. 432; tail vertebra', 28 ; hind foot,
127. Average of .) specimens from type locality: Total length, 410;
tail vertebrae, 39; hind foot, 12G.

liemarlc.s. — Lejms liamathensis is a member of the americatui.s-hairdi-
7rashin(/toni grouj). In color it is intermediate between the yellowish
columhiensis and the dark fulvous irasliinf/toni. In cranial characters
it agrees best with columhiensis, particularly in the great length of the
IK)storbital processes, but in the small bulhe and peculiar form of the
jugal it dilfers from all known m(Mid)ers of the groni>.

This rabbit is common in the alder thickets in marshy i)laccs and
along streams near Fort Klamath. Oregon, from which place the late
IVIaJor Chas. I'], liendiie sent me several specimens in the winter of
1883-84; and from which we have recently obtained additional spec-
imens from I>. L. Cunningiiam.

OCT., 1809.]

MAMMALS. 101

A curious feature about Lcpus Idamathensis is the fact that it some-
times does, and sometimes does not, turn white iu winter. In the
Biological Survey collection we have brown specimens killed late iu
January aud white ones killed early in April.

This species was not obtained on Shasta, but rabbit dung, supposed
to beloug to it, was fouiul in niiiny places, particularly under the dwarf
PinnH albicauUs on the timberline ridges, liabbit signs and tracks
were seen also in the manzanita chaparral, but as no s])ecimens were
secured the species is a matter of conjecture.

Lepus californicus Gray. California Jack Rabbit.

Occurs in Shasta Valley at the north base of the mountain. Several
were seen and one was killed near Edgewood September 30 by W. H.
Osgood.
Odocoileus columbianus (Richardson). Columbia Black-tail Deer.

Abundaut on Shasta and throughout the surrounding region. Even
at Wagon Camp, which probably is visited by more hunting parties
than any otlier part of the mountain, deer were numerous, and their
well-beaten trails were in constant use during our stay. At first the
animals were commonest in the lower part of the Shasta fir forest,
where for a long time they were not driven away even by the frequent
shooting of our bird collectors. When we had been at Wagon Camp a
week tliey were still common within an eighth of a mile. Later, how-
ever, they became less numerous in the open forest and more abundant
in the dense chaparral of manzanita and buck-brush a little lower
down. They were common also on lied Butte, and along all of the
streams and canyons on the west, south, and southeast sides of the
mountain. On the west side, where water is scarce, numbers used
to visit the pools in Cascade Gulch, northwest of Horse Camp. In Mud
Creek Canyon their trails were so abundant as to form almost a mesh-
work. When we visited this canyon first, July 22, Vernon Bailey saw
eight deer; and several of us, resting on the west rim of the canyon,
watched a doe and fawn on one of the trails on the opposite side.
They were so plentiful iu a canyon about a mile east of Squaw Creek
that I named the ])lace Deer Canyon. Several times during the season
does with spotted fawns were seen in the Shasta fir forest. A yearling
'spike-buck' killed on Squaw Creek by Vernon Bailey August 7 was in
the velvet, and his worn summer coat was scant and faded. Another
'spike-buck,' killed in the mountains west of Scott Valley September
15, was in the fresh gray winter coat, with only a few red hairs of the
summer coat left.

In September the old bucks, which had not been observed earlier,
climbed the mountain and began to appear on the higher ridges, where
they travel extensively in the timberline tongues of dwarf white-bark
pines. On September 18 I followed the tracks of two large bucks along
the upper part of Panther Creek and found where they had bedded

102 NORTH AMKHK'AN FAUXA. [no. is.

close together under a lowSliasta lir on a stecj) slope, from which they
could overlook the coimtry below.

C. H. Townsend, in his notes on the inanuiials of ncntheru California,
gives an interesting aecoiint of tliis deer.

Odocoileus hemionus (Rafinesque). Mule Deer.

In the region east of Shasta, where the Columbia black-tail is the
prevailing species, C. II. Townsend occasionall}' found the mule deer.
" But in Lassen County, a hundred miles farther south, the reverse was
fouiul to be the case," and he saw nothing of the Columbia black-tail.
This was in 1883 and 1884. The mule deer was not observed on Shasta
by our party, although the tracks of an immense buck, seen by me
early in August on the rim of INIud Creek Canyon, may have been made
by it. Sherman Powell, in a recent article in Forest and Stream (April
27, 1899), states that mule deer are identiful a little east of Shasta "on
and around Glass Mountain, and also on the northeast sloi)es of Black
Fox Mountain."

Cervus occidentalis Ham, Smith. Elk.

( )ne of our party, R. T. Fisher, was informed by George B. Mitchell,
county surveyor of Siskiyou County, that elk were shot in the neigh-
borhood of Sisson as late as the early seventies. They were formerly
abundant on and about Shasta, particularly in S(juaw Creek Valley
and Elk Flat, and used to range along the Scott ^Mountains, and thence
westerly to the coast, where a few still exist.

Antilocapra americana Ord. I'rong-horn Antelope.

Antelope, we were told, still inhabit the open i)ine forest east and
northeast of Shasta. Formerly they were common in Shasta Valley and
ranged west into the foothills of the Scott and Siskiyou mountains.

The following infornuition regarding their distribution was obtained
by Walter K. Fisher: In winter they ranged in the country between the
l^dgewood divide and the foothills of the Siskiyou mountains north of
I Iornl)rook, extending into the low valleys west of Shasta lliver. They
were most plentiful in the region between Little Shasta and Gazelle.
Mr. Masgrave, one of the first settlers in Little Shasta Valley, is
authority for the statement that Ibrmerly they licMiuently herded with
his cattle. In Scarface Valley, west of Gazelle, he once saw a large
herd which contained not less than two thousand animals.

In summer the antelope ranged extensively through Goose Nest
Mountain and wooded valleys in Butte Creek region, as well as in Shasta
A'alley, I>ig \'alley, Fall Kiver Valley, and about Tule Lake, Klamath
i'alls, and Goose Lake. At present only a small herd remains. They
stay in the remoter valleys east of the mountains and rarely come to
Shasta Valley. In the summer of 1898 three were seen on the road
between Little Shasta post-office and Butte Creek.

OCT., 1899.] MAMMALS. 103

Ovis canadensis Shaw. Bighorn; Mountain Sheep.

The bighorn no longer inhabits Shasta, but its bleacliing- bones still
remain. In early days, and as late as the seventies, many were killed
here by J. IT. Sisson, of Sisson Tavern. Sheep Itock, at the northeast
base of the mountain, was one of their favorite and latest resorts, but
probably was not nsed during the breeding season. In 18G8 George
B. Mitchell saw a band of twenty near the bead of Mud Creek Canyon.
In 1883 C. H. Townseml found numbers of tlieir horns and bones scat-
tered about everywhere on Sheep Bock, and saw the complete skeleton
of a bighorn at the foot of Mud Creek glacier, high up on Shasta. An
old skull was found on Bed Butte by Vernon Bailey during our stay.

Canis lestes ]\[erriam. Mountain Coyote.

Common high up on the mountain, frequenting the pumice slopes
above timberline, where their tracks were often seen. Coyotes were
especially common east of Mud Creek Canyon, wliere B. T. Fisher
saw two early in August. As no specimens were secured, the species is
uncertain, but since C. lestes is the animal inhabiting tbe Sierra farther
south and (in a somewhat less typical form) the Klamath country farther
north, it is assumed to be the mountain coyote of Shasta.

Canis ochropus Esch. Valley Coyote.

Common in Shasta valley and also at Sisson. B. T. Bisher heard them
nearly every night during his stay at Sisson, from the end of August
until the middle of September; and about the end of September Ver-
non Bailey and W. H. Osgood heard tliem howl at night in the south
end of Shasta valley. A little ftirther north, in the flat valley near
Montague, I saw a highly colored one at close quarters in tlie day time
August 31. In July, 1899, Walter K. Fisher secured one in Shasta
Valley.

Vulpes macrourus liaird. Mountain Bed Fox.

Common on the upper slopes above timberline, where fresh tracks
were seen nearly every day; but the animals were very wary and refused
to enter our traps.

Urocyon californicus townsendi subsp. nov. Townseud Gray Fox.

Type from Baird, Shasta County, Calif. No. 14130, U. S. Nat. ]Miisemii. Collected
November 11, 1893, by C. H. Townsend. Orig. No. 49.

Characters. — Similar to V. caJlfornicns Mearns, but ears decidedly
smaller; fulvous tints everywhere darker and richer; rostrum broader;
zygomata broader anteriorly; carnassial teeth above and below, larger
and thicker. The color of the up])erparts and tail is grizzled gray and
black, as in californieus^ but the fulvous of the ears, legs, and under-
parts is very much darker and somewhat more extensive. The sides of
neck and posterior part of throat are rufous, in sharp contrast with the
restricted white of the chin and anterior part of throat ; the ears are

104 IS'OKTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

dark grizzled fulvous; tbe white stripe on the hind foot of <(ili/'<>nilciix
has disappeared and is represented by a pale streak.

i?ew«/7..s. — Gray foxes are abundant in the Transitieu zone about
the base of Shasta, and although no specimens were secured by our
party a number were obtained by 0. IF, Townscnd in 1SS3 along the
McCloud Eiver.

Felis oregonensis Ivafinesque. Oregon Puma; ]\Ioniitaiii i.ion.

Rather rare, but formerly common on Shasta. In .Inly Bailey saw
fresh tracks among the Shasta firs a little below lied IJutte. C. IT.
Townsend obtained seven specimens in Shasta County in 1883 and
1884, several of which were killed near the fish hatchery on the McCloud.
He states: "It is practically impossible to raise colts in the Shasta
County hills on account of these pests. They destroy many hogs and
young cattle also, but do not present so serious an impediment to the
keeijing of these animals as in the case of horses. ]\Ir. J. B. Campbell,
who trapped two panthers for me in 1883, told me that he had actually
never seen more than two or three of the numerous colts born on his
stock range, as they had been killed and devoured by x)anthers soon
after birth."

Lynx fasciatus pallescens subsp. nov. Wild-cat.

I'yjje from south base of Mount Atlaius, ue.ir Trout I..ak(', Washington. No. 76585, <?
ad., U. S. Nat, :Mu8., biological Survey Coll. Collected January 10, 1S<>5, by
D. N. Kaegi. Grig. No. 23.

Charavtvrs. — Similar to L. fasciatus, but slightly smaller and every-
where very much paler, particularly the head and face; basal black
ear patch (in winter pelage) indi.stinct or absent; gray ear patch larger;
general color hoary gray, contrasted with the dark rich rufous of
fasciatus. Skull like that of fasciatus, but slightly smaller; carnassial
teeth and second upper molar less swollen.

h'oHarls. — Specimens from the region about Shasta (Klamath country
on the north and Pitt and McCloud rivers on the simth) dilVer slightly
from Trout Lake sjjecimens; they show less tendency to spotting and
have slightly larger (;anuissial teeth aiul audital bulla'.

This wild-cat is fairly common in the chapairal of the l)asal slopes
of Shasta. One was seen a little below AVagon Camp, and tracks were
several times noted by Vernon Bailey in the trail a little above Wagou
Camp. Tracks Avere seen also in Shasta Valley by W. IT. Osgood. In
1883-84 C. 11. Townsend trapped many wild-cats along AlcCUoud l\iver
and the lower ]>art of Squaw Creek, when; they were "ap[)arently as
numerous as [gray] foxes, and as easily secured.'' ]\lost of these belong
to the i)re8ent species, but one l)elongs to the following:

Lynx californicus (Mcarns). (California Wild-cat.

A 8pe(;imen which I provisionally refer to this species was obtained
by C. n. Townsend at liaird, on AFcCloud Kiver, in 188;>. It is a
much smaller animal than /.. fasciatus pallesceus and has conspicu-
ous! \ smaller teeth.

on-., 1899.

MAMMALS.

105

Gulo luscus (Linn.). Wolverine.

We have no positive record of the wolverine from Shasta, but it is
known to occur on hoth the Cascades and the Sierra, and one was killed
near Carberry Eauch, between Mounts Shasta and Lassen, about the
year 1893 (reported by C. P. Streator).

Wolverines are notorious wanderers and it is most i^robable that they
occur on Shasta at intervals, even if they do not permanently live
there — which is by no means certain.
Taxidea taxus (Schreber). Badger.

Very rare on Shasta. In the trail between Wagon Camp and Squaw
Creek Camj) fresh tracks were seen August 4, by Vernon Bailey, and
in Shasta Valley, at the north base of the mountain, badger holes were
reported by W. H. Osgood, who also found a dead badger in the road
a few miles east of McCloud Sawmill.
Mephitis occidentalis Baird. Large Skunk.

Common in the low country around Shasta. On 'Horse Trail,' lead-
ing up the mountain from Sisson, Bailey saw their tracks as high as
an altitude of G,500 feet. At Sisson they are particularly abundant in
the wet meadows and thickets, where in September 11. T. Fisher caught
two along Cold Creek. In Shasta Valley they are also common and
several were cauglit by W. 11. Osgood and E. T. Fisher.
Spilogale latifrons Merriam. I^ittle Spotted Skunk.

Not obtained by us, but known to occur in the general neighborhood
of Shasta, both north and south of the mountain. In March, 1884,
C. H. Townsend caught one on McCloud Eiver, about midway between
the mouth of this stream and Mount Shasta.

WUJ

I II J4— Mirl (I)in\iilp\ Iiiifst> 1 lioiii])Mm )

Lutreola vison energumenos (Bangs). Pacific Mink.

Common along the streams at Sisson, where E. T. Fisher caught two,
one on Cold Creek, the other on the upper Sacramento Eiver.
21753— No. 1() 14

lOG

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[no. 16.

Mustela caurina Meniaiii. Tacific ^Nrartcn.

Couiiuou ill parts of tlic douse forests of tSliasta, partieiilarly on the
east side, where many are caught every winter by trappers. A\'e did
not su<'('<'ed in obtaining- a speciineii, althongli a line of 'meat traps'
was k('i)t out fully a month. Still, frcsli tracks were seen in tlie mud
along kS(iuaw Creek a short distance below ciunj) by \"ernoii iSailey.

^\^^^

^

Fig io— Miiitu (Drivubj Liiust'-) iloiii|

Mustela pennanti Erxleben. Fislier.

Said to occur in the dense forest on tlie east side of Shasta, Mdience
skins are biought to Sisson for sale nearly every winter. (\ If. Tovrn-
seud obtaiiu'd two on ^[('('loiid IJiyer, about halfway between the
mouth of the river and .Ab»unt Shasta, in I'ebruaiy, 1S.S4.

Lutra hudsonica Lac('pede. Otter.

Occairs along the iipjier Sacramento and McClond rivers: not noted
b}' our party.

Putorius arizonensis Mearns. Mountain AVeasel.

Ai)i)arently not common. I^arly in August tliice were caught in
Mud Creek Canyon, near the nunith of Clear Creek, in tia[)s set in
Aj)](Klonfia runways. It is (piite possible that another species, /'.
.rantlKxjoijis (>r(</(mi(Sj inhabits the low country about the base of the
mountain.

Bassariscus astutus raptor (IJainl). Cacoinistle; King-tail Cat.

Not observed by ns, but doubtless occurs about tlie basal slo])es of
Shasta, as it has been captured both ninth and south of the mountain.

OCT., I89<i.l MAMMAI.S. 107

In February, 1884, 0. H. Townsend caugbt oue on IMcCloud IJiver,
about halfway between tlie mouth of the river and Mount Shasta; he
also mentions a J*itt Kiver miner who had a pair alive; and C. P. Streator
reports it from old Fort Crook and Carberry Eanch. In Sei)tember,
1890, one of our collectors, E. A. rrel)le, caught oue in upper Ko<«ue
Iviver Valley, near Prospect, Oregon.

Procyon psora pacifica subs}). nov. Pacitic Raccoon.

Type i'rom Kechelus Lake, Cascade Mountains, Washington. No. 93137, ad., U. S.
Nat. Mns., Biological Survey Coll. Collected .Jan. 15, 1898, by C. Hansen.

Characters. — Coloration dark; ground color dark gray instead of
buffy; tail rings continuous (not interru))ted along median line below);
last premolar, tirst molar, and audital bulla' larger than in psora.

Color. — Upperi)arts dark gray everywhere profusely mixed with
and obscured by black hairs; underparts sooty-i)lumbeous sparingly
sprinkled with long buffy whitish hairs; sooty collar under throat con-
tinuous and much darker than in psora ; black rings on tail continuous;
pale rings, particularly the last one, obscured above by black hairs.

Measurements. — Type (from dry skin) : Total length, 940; tail verte-
bra-, 310; hind foot, 115.

Remarks. — This new raccoon is most typical in the northwest coast
region, particularly about Puget Sound and along the basal slopes of
the northern Cascades. Specimens from Pitt River and Little Shasta
Valley are much nearer pacifica than psora.

Raccoons do not occur on the higher slopes of Shasta, but are common
about its base. In Little Shasta Valley W. H. Osgood and R. T. Fisher
found them particularly abundant about the middle of Sei)tember, and
caught several in traps set under prune trees. The animals were caus-
ing much annoyance to the fruit-raisers by nightly visits to the
orchards.

Ursus americanus Pallas. Black Bear.

Abundant. AVhen we reached Shasta the middle of July, black
bears were exceedingly common throughout the Shasta tir forest. On
July 17, in going from Wagon Camp to timberline, we saw fresh tracks
of a dozen along Panther Creek, and on the way down, three hours
later, saw where four had crossed our trail after we had gone up. Their
well-worn trails abounded along Panther Creek and were traversed
daily until about the end of July, when, after our collectors had been
shooting for nearly two weeks, the bears became alarmed and moved
down into the nianzanita chaparral below the Shasta firs, Avhere they
remained the rest of the season.

Ursus horribilis Ord. Grizzly or Grisly Bear.

Formerly abundant in the Shasta region; now exceedingly rare or
absent. W. H. Osgood was told when in Shasta Valley that a few
years ago a huge grizzly known as 'Old Clubfoot,' which had been shot
at repeatedly, was killed near Goose Nest Mountain, just north of
Shasta.

BIRDS OF SHASTA AND VICINITY.

(All (latt's except where the yeai- is stated are for the year 18it8.)

1. Podilymbus podiceps. Pied-billed (xrebe; Hell Diver.

Several seeu in the pond at Big Spring, iu Shasta Valley, September
17, by W. H. Osgood. 0. H. Townseud obtained it " on ponds near the
base of ^Nlonnt Shasta in summer'' in 1883 or 1S81.

2. Anas boschas. Mallard.

W. H. Osgood shot a mallard in Lower Squaw Creek, near Warm-
castle Soda Springs, September 13, and found the species common at
Big Spring, in Shasta Valley, September 17. In 1883 0. If. Townsend
"found mallards August 1, at the base of Mount Shasta, in certain wet
meadows where, in all probability, they had nests."

3. Querquedula cyanoptera. Cinnamon Teal.

The commonest duck on the small ponds and streams in Shasta Val-
ley September 17-20 (Osgood).

4. Spatula clypeata. Shoveller.

Several seen in Shasta Valley September 17 by W. H. Osgood.

5. Dafila acuta. Pintail.

A tlock of six seen in Shasta Valley September 18 by W. H. Osgood.

6. Branta canadensis. Canada Goose.

Three seen at Big Spring, in Shasta Valley, September 18 (Osgood).

7. Ardea herodias. Great Bine Heron.

Seen at Sissou July 13 by W. H. Osgood, and repeatedly observed
during the first half of September by K. T. Fisher; several seen in
Shasta Valley September 17-20 by W. H. Osgood; common along
Shasta River (W. K. Fisher).

8. Porzana Carolina. Sora Rail.

One seen in Shasta Valley September 18 by W. H. Osgood.

9. Fulica americana. Coot; Mud Hen.

One seen among the numerous ducks in the pond at Big Spring, in
Shasta Valley, September 18 (Osgood).

10. Gallinago delicata. Wilson Snipe.

In Shasta Valley one was seen by W. H. Osgood September 18; and
I saw one at Edgewood August 2, 1899. On a small tributary of
McCloud River, flowing from the east base of Mount Shasta, one was
shot by C. H. Townsend July 25, 1883.

109

110 NORTH A:\IKRICAN fauna. [no. 16.

11. Ereunetes occidentalis (?) Western Sandpiper.

A Hock of small S!in(lpi})ers supposed to be this species was seen by
\V. H, Osf?ood in Shasta A'alley Sei)teniber 19.

12. Totanus flavipes. Yellow-legs.

A \\ader believed to be this species was heard in Shasta A'allt'v Sep-
tember 19 by E T. Fisher.

13. Helodromas solitarius cinnamomeus. Western Solitary Sandpi])er.
]Not observed by us. but in 188.5 a male was seen at Sisson on August

3 by C. H. Towusend.

14. Actitis macularia. S])<)tted Sandi)iper.

C. 11. Townsend secured a spotted sandpiper at Sisson August 2,
188."}. Late in July, 1899, Walter K. Fisher found it rather common on
Shasta liiver.

15. JEgialitis vocifera. Killdeer.

Common at Sisson, where from July to early September a small flock
was always crying and feeding in the nu'adows between the town and
Sisson Tavern. Abundant and noisy in Shasta A'alley September
17-20 (W. H. Osgood).

IG. Oreortyx pictus plumiferus. Plumed Mountain (i>uail.

Fairly common, but not often seen, in the Shasta fir belt and the
manzanita chaparral along its lower edge. Two or three broods were
found near M'agon Camp the latter part of July, when the young were
hardly a third grown. Several were seen and killed high up on Mud
Creek Canyon August 8 by H. T. Fisher and W. 11. Osgood, who also
saw several flocks in Shasta Valley Septend)er 17-20. At Sisson, the
first half of September, 11. T. Fisher found many small flocks in the dry
woods and chaparral west of the village.

17. Lophortyx californicus vallicola. California \'allcy (^)uail.

Not found on the mountain, but common in Little Shasta \'alley,
where W. H. Osgood secured a specimen September 19. In August,
1883, C. n. Townsend saw them "in considerable iuiml)crs at the base
of Mount Shasta," near Sisson.

18. Dendragapus obscurus fuliginosus. Sooty ('■ rouse.

Fairly common in the Shasta lir forest, and less so at higher alti-
tudes. At Wagon Camp, during the last half of July, we often saw a
hen grouse with half a dozen young; and in a rocky i)lace among the
ali)ine hendocks near S(|uaw Creek, in Septend)er, we several times
ran across a small flock, all full grown, feeding among patches of moun
tain chin(|uai)in aiul the dwarf mountain manzanita (Arctostaphi/los
ncvmlcitsiH). 1 Jerries of the latter fornu'd the principal contents of the
crop of one killed by Vernon Lailey August 21. Mixed with these
berries were seed cajtsules of /'rufstctiion tirarili-iii us and a few large

OCT., 1899.] BIRDS. Ill

ants. T'sually the grouse Avere found si ugly or in bunches of two or
three in the forest. When disturbed they generally flew up into the
tall Shasta firs, where, instead of remainiug motionless like many
grouse, they walked about among the branches, stepping deliberately
from limb to limb, but keeping on the opposite side from tlie enemy, so
that it was almost Impossible to see them.

The old males were sometimes found high up on the lava ridges
among dwarf Finxs albieaidis, 1,000 feet or more above the continuous
forest. When flushed they usually spread their wings and soared down
the steep mountain side until lost from sight in the forest below. The
'hooting' or 'booming' of the old males, so often heard in the northern
Cascades, was not heard by any of our party on Shasta.

10. Zenaidura macroura. Mourning Dove.

Fairly couimou at Sisson. In Shasta Valley W. H. Osgood found
them abundant September 17-20.

[The band-tail pigeon [Goliimha fasciata) was not observed in the
region by my party, but in the fall and winter of 1S83 C. II. Townsend
found it abundant in the foothills of the lower ]McCloud IJiver, " gather-
ing in the pine trees on the higher ridges in immense flocks,"]

L*0. Cathartes aura. Turkey Vulture.

One or two seen at Wagon Camp and between Wagon Camp and
Siss(m in July; one seen by Walter K. Fisher at timberline, east of
Mud Creek Canyon, about the end of July. At Sisson and in Shasta
Valley they were more common.

21. Circus hudsonius. Marsh Hawk.

Seen at Sisson the middle of July (F. A. M.) and end of August
(C. H. M.). Seen in Shasta Valley September 17-20 (W. II. Osgood).

22. Accipiter velox. Sharp-shinned Hawk.

Rather rare. One shot near Squaw Creek Camp August 10 by Ver-
non Bailey; one seen on Mud Creek in August, and several in Shasta
Valley by W. H. Osgood September 17-20. C. II. Townsend shot one
at timberline on Shasta September 7, 1883.

23. Accipiter cooperi. Cooper Hawk.

Eather rare. One killed above timberline (alt. 9,400 feet) above the
head of S(iuaw Creek August 21 by It. T. Fisher, In September 1883,
C. II. Townsend shot one near timberline on Shasta.

21. Accipiter atricapillns striatulus. Western Goshawk.

One visited our camp at Squaw Creek August 28. It was shot at
but not secured. July 28, 1883, C. H. Townsend shot two young gos-
hawks near timberline on Shasta.

112

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

25. Buteo borealis calurus. Western Eed-tail.

Ratlior coiiiinoii. Seen I'loin time to time at Wagon Camp in July
and early August, lieciuently at Squa\v Civek Camp in August and
September, and several times above timberline. One was seen Hying
over the summit of Shasta July 31 by AV. II. Osgood and 11. T. I'isher.
Common during fall migration in Shasta \'alley, where Osgood saw
many September IT-HO, and 1 saw several September 1*9 — chietly about
the narrow meadows bordering Shasta Kiver. At Sisson Miss Florence
A. jMerriam saw them September 3.

Fig. 36.— Kedtail (llulcn burealis). Drawn by J, L. Eidgway.

20. Buteo swainsoni. Swainson Hawk.

IJare. July 28 I saw a nearly black Swainson hawk near an aban-
doned sawmill (itlt. 4,800 feet) on the road from Wagon C^amp to
McCloud :VIill. In .luly, 1809, Walt<M' K. Fislu'r saw one in Shasta
Valley.

27. Aquila chrysaetos. (loldon Eagle.

llatlier rare, but seen from time to time Hying over the mountiiin,
usually at high altitudes. C. II. Townsend shot one lu'ar Sheep liock,
at the north base of Shasta, August 21, 188;;.

28. Haliaeetus leucocephalus. I'.ald ICiigle.

In speaking of the bald eagle, C. II. Townsend states that when he
had climbed to the extreme peak of Shasta (alt. 11,440 feet), on July 27,

OCT., 1S99.]

BIRDS.

113

1883, ''TvII eagie came up tlirougli the fog' that had gatliered imme-
diately below us and shared with us our rocky pinnacle above the
clouds."

20. Falco mexicanus. Prairie Falcon.

Several seen and one slu)t in the south end of Shasta A^alley, at the
north base of the mountain, September 30, by W. H. Osgood, who
thinks it probable that they breed on the cliffs at Sheep l^ock.

30. Falco columbarius suckleyi. Black Merlin.

At Wagon Camp, August 8, John H. Sage and I saw a small dark
falcon, supposed to be Suckley's merlin, fly into a Shasta fir, but we
were unable to shoot it.

31. Falco sparverius. Sparrow I lawk.

Coninion at tiniberline tliroughout tlie summer. Usually seen in the
heather patches and among tlie white bark pines, where they were

Fig. 37. — Sparrow Hawk (Falco sparverius]. — Drawn by J. L. Ridguay.

feeding on grasshoppers. Several were killed near timberliue, east of
Mud Creek Canyon, the latter jiart of July and early August, and one
was recorded as high as 13,0(t0 feet by Walter K. Fisher. On the west
side of Mud Creek Canyon two were killed August 11 at an altitude of
10,000 feet by Vernon l>ailey. Their stomachs were distended with
21753— No. IG 15

114 NOKTir AMKHIOAN FAUNA. [no.16.

grasshoppers. At the north baso of the mountain one was seen by me
on tlie narrow meadows bordering- Shasta Eiver in Shasta VaUey Sep-
tember 29, and several were observed farther north in the valley Sep-
tember 17-20 by W. H. Osgood and II. T. l-'isher. At Sisson they were
seen July 15 by ^liss Florence A. ^lei liam.

32. Bubo virginianus. Great Horned Owl.

Rare. Feathers were found at two or three places on the mountain,
and at Sisson birds were heard hooting.

33. Speotyto cunicularia hypogaea. liurrowing Owl.

Not observed by us, but rei)orted by C. H. Townsend as common '-on
the sage-covered districts north of Mount Shasta," about 15 miles from
the mountain.

3-1. Glaucidium gnoma californicum. California Pigmy Owl.

C. H. Townsend obtained two specimens of the pigmy owl August 7,
1883, at the big si)ring, a mile or two north of Sisson Meadows.

35. Megascops asio bendirei (f). California Screech Owl.

A screech owl was lieard at Wagon Camp at different times during
the season, particularly the latter part of September, but as no speci-
men was secured there is some doubt as to the subspecies.

3G. Coccyzus americanus occidentalis. California Cuckoo.

One shot and others seen in July, 1899, by Walter K. Fisher, among
the alders and birclies on Shasta Eiver east of Edgewood.

37. Ceryle alcyon. Ivingtisher.

A common resident in the neighborhood of Sisson, where it was seen
repeatedly along Cold Creek, at the tish hatchery, and along the upper
Sacramento; seen also along Shasta liiver north of Sisson.

38. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus. ('abanis Hairy Woodpecker.
Eatlier rare. Two or three were seen nc;ir Wagon Camp in July;

two were collected where the Hudsouian and Canadian zones meet,
near S(juaw Creek Camp, in August (August 9 and 17); one was seen
there Sei)tember 1, and two were shot in the Transition /one in Sep-
tember (one in S(|uaw Cieek Valley September 13, the other at Sisson
Septenil)er 30). At Sisson IJ. T. l-'isher saw three or (bar, during the
tirst half of Se])tember, in the big lirs west of Sisson Ta\-ern.

39. Dryobates pubescens gairdneri. Caiidner NN'oodpecker.
Obtained at Sisson by C. H. Townsend August •">, 1883.

40. Xenopicus albolarvatus. White-headed W()odi»e(;ker.

A common breeder in the upper part of the pine ])elt, and also among
the Shasta and wiiite t:i's near Wagon ('amp. where several specimens
•were colle(;ted, and where a nest-containing noisy young was found the
latter part of -Inly. The nest was in a stub in a l»uni, witli the

OCT., ISOO.

lURDS.

115

entrance about G feet from the oround. At vSisson tlie white-headed
woodpecker was seen, the middle of July, by Miss iMerriam, and early
in September by li. T. Fisher. In the pine woods bordering- the south
end of Shasta Valley I saw half a dozen September 29.

41 . Picoides arcticus. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker.

IJare, but evidently breeding- in the Shasta fir forest of the Canadian
zone, where a nude was shot near Wagon Camp by John H. Sage July

Fig. 38.— Arctic Three-toed Woodjicclier {Picoides arcri'c^s).— Drawn by L. A. Fuertes.

20. Another was shot by Vernon Bailey July 30 in the gap between
Red Cone and the lower end of Gray Butte, where a third individual
was seen.

4L'. Sphyrapicus ruber. Red-breasted Sapsucker.

Fairly common at Wagon Camp, where specimens were collected in
July by John H. Sage and A'ernon Bailey. One was shot in Mud
Creek Canyon about the end of July by R. T. Fisher, and one was seen
at Sissou July 15 by Miss Merriam. September IS, one was seen in
the brush along Little Shasta Creek by W. IT. Osgood. In 1883 C. H.
Townsend found the sjjecies "in midsummer iu limited numbers on the
heavily pine-timbered slopes of Mounts Shasta and Lassen."'

116 NORTH AMKRICAX FAT'NA. [n".16.

43. Sp'nyrapicus thyroideus. W'illiamsou Sapsucker.

A male was killed August 4 by K. T. Fisher at tiniberline on the
east side of Mud Creek Canyon. This was the only specimen collected,
though others were seen near the same place. August 25, 1883, C. U.
Townsend secured one at timbeiline on Shasta.

44. Ceophloeus pileatus ahieticola. I'ileated Woodpecker.

Fairly common about Wagon Camp, where their loud hammering
and unmistakable cries were often heard. Several times in July one
visited a tree on the edge of camp, and one was heard there tlie day
we left, September 25. September 10, W. H. Osgood and K. T. Fisher
saw three between Sisson and Edgewood.

45. Melanerpes formicivorus oairdi. California Woodjtecker.

Seen from time to time amimg the oaks at Sisson, where one was sliot
by R. T. Fisher early in September.

4fi. Melan'^rpes torquatus. Lewis Woodi)ecker.

Common at Sisson and in Sipiaw Creek Valley near McCloud Mill.
July 25 ]\Iiss Merriam saw one at Wagon Camp; August 2 W. II.
Osgood killed one and saw others high up on ^lud Creek Canyon;
August 3 I saw a small flock in the Shasta flr forest betw^een Mud and
S(piaw creeks ; August 10 Walter K. Fisher shot one near Squaw Creek ;
and September 17-20 W. H. Osgood saw several in Shasta Valley.

47. Colaptes cafer. IJed shafted I'licker.

Fairly common on the mountain; seen or heard nearly every da,\,
during tlie latter half of July and early August, near Wagon Camp.
July 2S several were seen on the lower sl()i)e between Wagon Camp and
McCloud Mill; late in July and early in August several were seen high
up on Squaw and Mud creeks; August 10 one was killed by \l. T.
Fisher at S(iuaw Creek Camp: and during migration, the latter half of
Sei»tember, a few were seen nearly every day a little below timberline
near Squaw and Panther creeks. At the time of our visits to the
juniper forest in Shasta A^alley, September 1!) and 2!l, Hickers were
common and were i)robably feeding on thejunii)er berries. At Sisson,
Florence A. Merriam found them common, the middle of July, and
n. T. Fislier, the lirst half of S('pteml)ei.

48. Phalaenoptilus nuttalli. Poor will.

The unmistakable note of the poor- will was heaid in July at Wagon
Camp, where the spe(;ies doubtless breeds. One of the birds was seen
on Lower S(iuaw (Jreek neai- Warmcastle Soda Si)rings August 13 by
W. LI. Osgood. Others were heard lu^ai- JMlgewood l)y NN'altcr K.
Fishei'.

40. Chordeiles virginianus. Might hawk.

Often seen Hying at Wagon Camp, on the lower edge of the Shasta
fir foiest, the latter part of July. Several Mocks were seen at Sisson,
the Urst half of Se[>tember, by 11. T. l-'isher.

OCT., 1899.] BIRDS. 117

50. ChEetura vauxi (?). Vaiix Swift.

A couple of miles below Wagon (Jamp a small black swift was seen
by Vernon Bailey al)ont July L'4. At Sisson numbers of swifts were
seen September 1 and September 10 by K. T. Fisher, and on Septem-
ber 3 by Florence A. Merriam, but they flew too high to be shot.

51. Aeronautes melanoleucus. White-throated Swift.

Several ^7ere seen high up ou Mud Creek Canyon early in August
by W. H. Osgood.

62. Calypte anna. Anna Hummingbird.

Apparently breeding at Wagon Camj), where one was shot 'Ju\y 22
by John H. Sage. Breeds on the lower McCloud Jiiver (Townsend).

53. Selasphorus rufus. Kufous Hummingbird.

The commonest hummingbird of Shasta, breeding, apparently, from
the lower edge of the Shasta firs to timberline, though it is possible
that those seen at high altitudes had moved up to feed from the painted
cups in the heather meadows after the breeding season was over. At
Wagon Camp, where they were abundant in July and early August,
they seemed to feed chieHy from the scarlet painted cup {Cantilleja
mlniata).

54. Stellula calliope. Calliope Hummingbird.

Nearly as abundant as ISelasphoriin riifus, and the commoner of the
two at high altitudes. In early August both species were constantly
hovering over the superb flowers of the scarlet paint brush {Castilleja
miniata) in the heather meadows near timberline. They were seen also
visiting the large yellow blossoms of Mimulus imple.ius, which singular
species forms mucilaginous beds in the little streams at and below tim-
berline. Walter K. and \l. T. Fisher found them abundant in Ash
Creek Canyon about the flrst of August, particularly among the painted
cups and delphiniums.

[TrochUns ale.vaml r i is recorded by C. H. Townsend as breeding along
the lower McCloud, but was not obtained by us. In this connection
it should be remembered that we did not collect hummingbirds in the
low country, either at Sis.son or in Scjuaw Creek Valley. J

55. Tyrannus verticalis. Arkansas Kingbird.

At Gazelle, on the west side of Shasta Valley, Vernon Bailey saw
three on telegraph wires October 31. C. H. Townsend records the
species as breeding on the lower McCloud River. In July, 1899, Wal-
ter K. Fisher found this kingbird common in Shasta and Little Shasta
valleys.

50. Sayornis saya. Say Phcebe.

One was seen about an old windmill in Shasta Valley September 19
by W. II. Osgood.

118 NUK'l'il AMERKWK FAUNA. [no.16.

57. Contopus borealis. Olixe-sidcd I'lycatclier.

Coiimion at Wagon (Jaiiii). wiierc sevei'iil ])airs reared families early
in the seasou, and where, on July I'l', ^liss Merriam saw a parent bird
feediug young: in the nest, which was in a tir tree ."50 to 40 feet from the
ground. In July the spet-ies was also seen at Sisson, and in ]\lud
Creek Canyon near the mouth of Clear Creek, on the north side of the
mountain.

58. Contopus richardsoni. Western Wood Pewee.

A fairly common breeder at Sisson, where Florence A. Merriam saw
old birds feeding young in the nest (in a fir tree) July IT).

59. Empidonax difficilis. Western Yellow-bellied Flycatcher.

On duly -'.> I shot one in a thicdict of (dicrry bushes {GcrtisK.s emnr-
ginnt(i) on the boundary between the Canadian and Transition zones, a
little west of Wagon Camj), where it was doubtless breeding.

60. Empidonax hammondi. iranimond Flycatcdier.

A connnon breeder near Wagon Camj), in the lower edge of the
Shasta firs, where several were collected late in July. Near Sijuaw
Creek Camj), at the upi)er edge of the Shasta firs, one was shot August
21, and in ]\Iu(l Creek Canyon at the mouth of Clear Creek, one was
shot August 7.

(il. Empidonax wrighti. Wright Flycatcher.

( )n(' was shot at ^Vagon Camp July 24 by riohn H. Sage.

»j-!. Otocoris alpestris merrilli. Dusky Horned Lark.

Common in places in Shasta Valley, particularly about Montague,
where a number were secured by Walter K. Fisher. This is doubtless
the form rei>orted by C. li. Townsend, under the name nd/ra, as
found "in linnted numbers on the sage-covered districts north of Mtmnt
Shasta in nndsummer." The locality referred to, he tells me, is in
Shasta Valley, about 15 miles Irom the mountain.

03. Pica pica hudsonica. Magpi<'.

One was seen Hying over the east side of Shasta Valley, near Sheep
Kock. Septend)er 29 by A'ernon l>ailey and W. II. Osgood.

64. Cyanocitta stelleri. StelUn- Jay.

The form of Stelier jay ol'tlH^ Shasta, region is inteiincdialc between
true sfelleri and the Siena. snbs]»('cics, /Vf>>//a//,s'.

It is one of the eomnionest, noisiest, and best-lvnown birds of tiie,
region. Early in the season it was rarely seen above the lower part of
the Canadian zone, and was n'ost numerous in the Transition; but on
August 2 one came all the way uj* to Sipniw Creek ( "amp. in I he ali)ine
hemlocks, and a few days later ;i smnll lloel^ was encountered, S(;reani-
ing, ill Mud Creek Canyon at tlie mouth of ""lear ('reek. The latter
half of Sei>tember they wenM-omnion at hi^li altilndes and paid (hiily
visits to our camp (111 np|»cr Sipia w ( 're<'k. At Sisson. a|iitai('iit ly, I liey
are always common.

OCT., !8nn.i BIRDS. 119

65. Aplielocoma californica. California Jay.

Fairly comniou at Sissoii, aud more abundant iu the lower country
farther north. Seen by Vernon Bailey near frazelle August .'>!, by
W. H. Osgood among the junipers in Shasta Valley September 17 to
20, and by me in the undergrowth along the edge of the open i)ine
and oak forest bordering the south end of Shasta Valley, where it
was fairly common, September -!!l.

60. Perisoreus obscurus. Oregon fJay.

Unaccountably rare on Shasta during our stay. On August 6, when
in a dei;se part of the forest east of the lower end of (iray Butte, I saw
a Hock of Steller jays, and with them several birds 1 took to be Oregon
jays in the dark plumage of the young. August 20 Vernon Bailey shot
one on Horse Camp Trail at an altitude of 6,600 feet, and two days later
saw ten iu the lir forest between Squaw Creek and Mud Creek Canyon.
September 28, on his way around the mountain, he saw three above the
])oint where the wagon road crosses Ash Creek, at an altitude of about
5,000 feet, by far the lowest point at which the species was seen. On
July 29, IS99, Walter K. Fisher saw about 15 Oregon jays on Horse
Camp trail.

In 1883 C. H. Townsend saw four small flocks (July 30 to September 7)
in the heavily timbered forests of Blount Shasta.

67. Corvus americanus. Crow.

A few seen at Sisson. In July, 1889, Walter K. Fisher found them
common in Shasta Valley.

68. Nucifraga columbiana. Clark Crow; Nutcracker.

Clark crows are among the most common, most characteristic, and
most interesting birds of the higher slopes of Shasta. In summer tliey
are closely restricted to the Hudsonian zone and adjacent rocky sloi)es
immediately above timberline, but in fall they wander far and wide in
search of food and are liable to be seen almost anywhere. Two or
three, apparently young of the year, visited Wagon Camp, at the lower
edge of the Shasta firs, as early as August 8; and in September it was
not unusual to see small flocks or single individuals flying over the
chaparral belt between Wagon Camp and Sisson.

The usual food of the Clark crow — the large nut-like seeds of PiiiKS
alhicaulis — having failed in 1898, the birds were feeding mainly on
insects. The stomachs of specimens killed at extreme timberline con-
tained in some cases grasshoppers only, in others chiefly beetles (Oole-
optera); of those killed lower down, iu the alpine hemlocks and Shasta
firs, chiefly small hairless greenish caterpillars. They sometimes tlew
up to masses of yellow lichen, where they seemed to be picking out
something to eat. On upper Squaw Creek, August 30, two were seen
eating blueberries (F. A. M.). During hot afternoons the latter part
of July they were often seen soaring and performing aerial antics above
the forest, and also chasing insects in the air, launching out from the
tree tops after them like flycatchers. As a rule, they are silent Avhen

120

NOHTir AMERICAX FAUNA.

[no. 16.

t"eeclin<4' and noisy when tlyinj;" about the white bark ])ines. ^\'hen on
the ground they are very deliberate, and tlicir broad heads and general
form suggest gulls, particularly when tlie birds are moving away from
the (>l)server,

AN'hen searching for insects in the young licndocks they sonictiincs
began at the bottom and worked up, sometimes at the tnp and \\i»rked
down. One day in early .Vugust a young-or the-year, showing the trne
nutcracker s[)ots on the breast, spent some time in camp, feeding in a
small tree in our midst without showing the least annoyance at our
presence, lie began at the top and worked slowly downward, drop-
ping from branch to branch and ])eering searchingly over the foliage
and into the tutts of hemlock needles, often hanging almost bottom

Fui. 39. — Clark Crow (Siicifrni.a culumhutna). Urawn )iy L. A. I'liciles

side up to i)ick olf the small green caterpillars which infested both the
hemlocks and tlie Shasta lirs. We could plainly see him grasp the lit-
tle caterpillars crosswise and give a big gulp in swallowing them, as if
bolting something several times as large, lie went over a branch at a
time, examining tlie whole of it carefully beloi-e moving to the one
below, and sometimes went out so far towaid the tip that the slender
branch bent down with his weight. Another bird reversed this order
of i)roce(lure, and after finally reaching the top of the tree gave a
Jump, aided by a slight flap of the wings, and i)erched on the very top-
most sprig, when, gaining his balance, he oix'ued his bill and uttered
a little cry of exultation.

(!lark crows were almost daily visitors to our camp among the alpine
hendocks on u])per Scpiaw Creek until near the end of August, when

OCT., 1899.1

BIRDS.

121

1

40. — Clark Crow {Nucifraija Columbiana).
(Photographed by Walter K. Fisher.)

they moved u]) to f imberliiie to feed on the large wingless grasshoppers
then abundant along the upper edge of the tongues of dwarf white-
bark pines and on the lava-strewn pumice slopes at still higher eleva-
tions. Some were seen along the edge of the snow at an altitude of
11,000 feet, wliere dragon-tlies, grasslioppers, and otlier insects were
common.

Clark crow is a little larger than a blue jay, and his colors are put
on in blocks. The body is gray; the wings and tail are black and white,
in conspicuous contrast. Still, singular as it may seem, this colora-
tion is both directive and prc^tective.
When in motion the bird is most con
spiiuious, the black and white i)atclies
Hashing with great effect; but when
quietly feeding on the ground among
the gray lava rocks of the higher
slopes it is not easily seen, the gray
of the body resembling the gray
rocks, the black markings the dark
shadows. The coloration, however,
is doubtless most protective at night
when the bird is at roost in the trees
and exposed to its worst enemies,
presumably owls and martens. Con-
trasts of gray or white with black are among the most effective of
disappearing colors at night — the black resembling patches of night
shadow, the gray the interspaces.

The true home of the Clark crow is among the wiiite-bark i)ines of
the rocky wind-swept ridges not far from the region of perpetual snow.
Here, from the thaws of early spring till the storms of approaching
winter, not a day passes without his presence. He is a bold, powerful
bird, a fit tenant for such a home, where his loud cry wakes the echoes
of glacier clitis a thousand times oftener than it reaches a human ear.

69. Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus. Piiion Jay.

Not an inhabitant of Shasta, but occurs in migration about its base,
and may breed in the junipers in Shasta Valley.

September 28, Vernon liailey saw six in the chaparral and yellow
pines at an altitude of 4,000 feet on the wagon road between Elk Creek
and Ash Creek, and the next day found a few near Sheep Kock. At
Fort Crook, a little southeast of Shasta, a number were collected some
years ago by Captain Feilner.

70. Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus. Yellow-headed Blackbird.

Not observed by us, but in 1883 C. H. Townsend often saw it "among
the flocks of Brewer blackbirds that frequented the tini((thy meadows
of Berryvale, at the western base of Mount Shasta, 3,.j00 feet altitude."
Berry vale is the old name for the meadows near Sisson Tavern.
21753— No. 10 1 0

122

NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

71. Agelaius phceniceus. Ived-wiiiged Blackbird.

Conmiou in Shasta Valley September 1 7 to 20 (Osoood). C. H. Town-
send jiives it as "an abundant summer resident of the cultivated coun-
try north of Mount Shasta."

72. Sturnella magna neglecta. Western Meadowlark.

Common in the meadowland at Sisson and Kdgewood, and in the
narrow meadows bordering Shasta Kiver, in Shasta Valley. At Wagon
Camp I saw one in a grassy opening August 13, and a few days earlier
Walter K. Fisher saw one in a similar place a little higher on the
mountain. In the Sisson Meadows ('Strawberry A^alley'), during the
first half of September, Li. T. Fisher found meadowlarks "gathered in
flocks of as many as a hundred birds."

73. Icterus bullocki. Bullock Oriole.

Common along streams in Shasta and Little Shasta valleys (W. K.
Fisher). A'ernon Bailey tells me that at Ager, in the north end of
Shasta Valley, some silver })oplars in a door yard are literally full of
nests of this oriole, and that when he examined them rlune 2(>, 1899, the
new nests contained young orioles and the old nests young house
finches {Carpo(l((CHs ni. obscurus).

74. Scolecophagus cyanocephalus. Brewer Blackbird.

Fairly conmiou at Sisson and in Shasta Valley, but not observed on
the mountain except in one instance, when several were seen at extreme

timberline on the east side of
Mud Creek Canyon August
24 by Vernon Bailey and
Florence A. Merriam.
7."). Coccothraustes vespertinus
montanus. Western

Evening Grosbeak.
One of the commonest and
most characteristic birds of
the Shasta iir belt (Canadian
zone), and much less common
in the alpine hemlocks (llud-
.s(mian zcme). At Wagon
Cam]), near the lower border
of the Canadian zone, small
flocks were seen or heard
daily whenever the camp was
occupied, from the time oiour
arrival, the middle of .July,
until our departure, Seittem-
ber 25. At S({uaw Creek
Campjinthelludsoniau zone,
they were much less conunon, but still by no means raie, and during
early August their distinct ive call, a short whistle, was heard every day.

Fig. 41. — Western Evoiiinj; (Jrosbcak (Cutxtitliian
vespertinwiinnntanus.) Drawn by L. A. Fuortes.

OCT., 1899.1 BIRDS. 123

111 Sej^teniber tliey were rarely observed on upper S«iuaw Creek, but
September 18 a tlock was seen near the bead of Panther Creek. They
were coinmon in JMud Creek Canyon about the end of July and begin-
uing- of August. On September 2!) I visited the juniper forest in Shasta
Valley, and was surprised to find there dozens of evening grosbeaks,
and still larger numbers of Townsend solitaires, feeding on the fat berries
of the junipers {Jiinipcriis oeeidentaJis). At Sisson in September R. T.
Fisher found tiocks flying restlessly over the valley.

When in the molt the extraordinary color combinations of the males
surpass even those of the crossbills.

76. Carpodacus cassini. Cassin Purple Finch.

A common summer resident in the Canadian and ITudsonian zones.
Specimens were collected in July and August at various points from
Wagon Camp, in the lower edge of the Shasta firs, to timberline, at
the upper limit of I'iniis albicauU.s; and during our circuit of the moun-
tain near timberline July 22 to 25 the species was heard or seen every
day. At our camp in the alpine hemlocks on upper Sqiiaw Creek, it
was common and tame, and in early August usually began singing
about daylight. On August .") I saw one singing in a small white-bark
pine on a ridge east of Mud Creek Canyon at an altitude of 8,800 feet,
far above continuous timberline. A tlock, probably migrating, was ob-
served at the head of Panther Creek September 18,

77. Carpodacus mexicanns obscurus (McCall). House Finch.
[= Carpodacn.s m. froniaUs Auct].'

Common at Sisson and in Shasta Yalley, but not seen on the moun-
tain, where it is replaced by the preceding sj^ecies. At Ager ^"ernon
Bailey found it breeding abundantly in old nests of liullock orioles.

78. Loxia curvirostra bendirei Eidgway. Sierra lied Crossbill.

Red crossbills are common on Shasta. Small tiocks were heard
nearly every day throughout the season and were fre(inently seen to
liglit in the tops of the high firs, both at Wagon Camp and Squaw
Creek Camp, but they never came into camp to feed, and were rarely
seen near by. One was killed at Sisson vSeptember 12 by P. T. Fisher,
who found the species common there at that time, feeding in the tall
pines and also on the garden sunflowers. Several killed by us near
timberline lodged in the dense ibliage of the alpine hemlocks. C. H.
Townsend obtained three specimens on Shasta. The crossbill of Shasta
is intermediate between the northern subspecies wii»o>- and the southern
subspecies stricl-hoidi. It is the same as the Fort Klamath form named
by Kidgway as subspecies heniUrei; and specimens collected near
Mount Whitney in the southern High Sierra by the Death Valley
expedition, though published as stricklamli,^ are practically indistiii-

' For change of name see Oberholser, Auk, XVI, p. 186, April, iSiiy.
-North Am. Fauna, No, 7, p. 81, 1893,

124 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

guishable. It is customary ainoiii;' oiMiitlioloj^ists to name recognizable
interji'rades wiiich lia\'e delinite aiul clearly delined breeding ranges.
On this basis hcndirvl seems entitled to staaul, since it ()Ccui)ies the
isolated crest of the Sierra jSIevada of California from the southern end
north to Shasta, and pushes on a short distance into southern Oregon
(to Fort Klamath, its type locality). At Diamond Lake, in the south-
ern Cascades, only a few miles north of Fort Klamath, subspecies minor
occurs. The ])iamond Lake specimen ' was shot by my assistant, E.
A. Preble, August 13, 189G, and is an adult male. Owing to the late
date and to the well-known erratic; habits of crossbills, this bird nniy
have been a wanderer from farther north. Hence the actual northern
breeding limit of hendirei and the southern breeding limit of minor
remain to be established.

It is a singular fact that two of the specimens obtained by 0. H.
Townsend on Lassen, between Shasta and the High Sierra, are as large
and have as large bills as striclxJa)tdl. They were killed in summer and
may have been stragglers irom some of the mountains to the southeast.

71). Leucosticte tephrocotis (?). Gray-crowned Leucosticte.

At an altitude of 10,(100 to 11,000 feet, on the south side of Shasta
Peak, Vernon Lailey sav; half a dozen leucostictes August 17, and
again the next day. They were feeding among the rocks and on the
glacier which occupies the deep cross gulch just below Konwokitan
glacier. He tells me they flew down into the crevasses just as we had
seen them do on Mount Kainier the previous year. Since none were
collected there may be some doubt as to the species. The Sierra bird
is tepiirocotis ; the Kainier form liftoralis.

80. Astragalinus tristis salicamans. Willow Goldfinch,

Xo specimens obtained, but I am suie I saw the s])ecies at Sisson in
July and August with .1 . j>.s<iJfria. Walter K. Fisher reports it as com-
mon in Little iShasta Valley.

81. Astragalinus psaltria. Aikansas Goldfinch.

Common at Sisson and in Shasta Valley; breeds at Sisson.

82. Spinus pinus. Pine Siskin.

Fairly common thr(»ugliout the Shasta, fir forest, and rai'ging thence
upward into the alpine hemlocks and white-bark ])ines. Seen or heard
at frecpient intervals from the time of our arrival, the middle ol July,
until late in Sei)t<Mnbei-.

83. Ammodramus sandwichensis alaudinus. Western Savanna Sparrow.
In Shasta Valley W. 11. Osgood Ibund this sjxM'ies eommoii Septem

ber 17 to 20, and just below timberline on i'antlM'r Crecl< 1 saw several
Septend)er 18.

'This H])e(;iiiicii, .•in .-Hlult in.ilc, iiurciH with ^p(<iiii(iis oT ni'inor iVoiu \\ luiiycl,
Alaska, and Ne:ili l!;i.\ and Lapush, WasliiiiLiton.

OCT., 1899.]

BIRDS.

125

84. Chondestes gramraacus strigatus. Western Lark Sparrow.

Not observed ou the inoiiutaiii, but seen at Edge wood August 31,
and in the bushes bordering the narrow meadows on Shasta River, in
the southwe.stern part of Shasta Valley, September 29. Ten days ear-
lier W. 11. Osgood reported them as common a little farther north in
Shasta Valley. At Sisson K. T. Fisher saw two tiocks the first half of
September. In August, 1883, C. H. Townseud found the species abun-
dant "on the high-lying plains northward of Mount Shasta." In July,
1899, Walter K. Fisher reported it as the commonest bird in Shasta
Valley.

85. Zonotrichia leucophrys. Wliite-crowned Sparrow.

Probably breeds near timberline in the Hudsouian zone, where, near
the head of Mud Creek, one
was shot August 4 by W. H.
Osgood. About the middle of
September numbers were seen
just below timberline on Pan-
ther C r e e k — doubtless mi-
grants— and a little later they
were common in the bushes
from Wagon Camp to Sisson
and along Shasta River in
Shasta N'alley.

86. Spizella socialis arizonae.
Western Chii)ping Spar-
row.

As the chipping sparrow is
not an inhabitant of dense Ibr-
ests it was not seen in the
Shasta tir belt; but in the open-
ings along the lower edge of
this belt it breeds, and was
feedingyoungat Wagon Camp
in July. After the breeding season it was seen from time to time near
timberline. It is a common breeder at Sisson and in Shasta Valley,

87. Junco hyemalis thurberi. Sierra Junco.

Common from timberline down to the lower edge of the Shasta firs.
The commonest 'ground bird' of the forest. Several nests with eggs or
young were found near Wagon Camp the latter part of July.

88. Melospiza melodia montana. Mountain Song Sparrow.

Song sparrows supposed to be this subspecies were found breeding
at Wagon Camp and Sisson the middle of July. Others were seen in
the tules at Big Spring, in Shasta Valley, September 17 to 20 by W. H.
Osgood. One was secured at Fdgewood July 19, 1899, by Walter K.
Fisher, who states that it was the only one seen during his stay.

-White-crowned Sparrow {Zonotrichia leuco-
phrys). Drawn by L. A. Fuertes.

126 NORTH AMERICAN lAlXA. [no. 16.

80. Melospiza lincolni. Lincoln Sparrow.

Breeds alonii' the (Ml<>e of the forest at VVau'on Canij). where I shot
one at the spring -July -<>. Anotiier was ol)taJiK'(l l)y \l. T. Fish«r on
S(piaw Creek (alt. about (i,70(> feet) August 17. Others were seen
among the ahlers in Mud and Ash Creek canyons about the end of July
by Walter K. Fisher, At Sisson, the lirst half of September. II. f.
Fisher found the species fairly common, and shot one among the alders
bordering Cold Creek. W. 11. Osgood reported it as common in Shasta
Valley September 17 to I'O.

IM). Passerella iliaca unalaschcensis. Townsend Sparrow.

Common during migration (September) throughout the clm])arral of
the lower slopes from Sisson up to Wagon Camp. At Wagon Cam])
one was shot by W. 11. Osgood September 2-f. Common also late in
September in bushes in the m;)re open parts of the forest along the east
base of Scott Mountains from Sisson lujrth to Edgewood, and in the
bushes bordering Shasta River in the southern ])art of Shasta Valley.

Passerellas supposed to be this species were seen re[)eatedly at
Sisson, the lirst half of September, by R. T. Fisher.

1)1. Passerella iliaca megarhyncha. Thiclv l)illed Sparrow.

Breeds near Wagon Camp, apparently in the chai)arral, where John
H. Sage shot one July 20 and another July 22. At Sisson W. 11.
Osgood and Miss Merriam saw this species July l.> and 15. In the
summer of 1883 C. H. Townsend foun<l it a connnon breeder in the
chai)arral tracts of Shasta.

92. Pipilo maculatus megalonyx. Spurred Towhee.

Common in the undergrowth along the edges of openings in the pon-
derosa pine forest from Sisson to Shasta Valley. One was shot at
l"[)ton September 15 by R. T. Fisher. C. H. Townsend found it breed-
ing commonly on the lower slopes of ShastUi in 1883.

93. Pipilo fuscus crissalis. California Towhee.

Several seen in the chaparral near (xazelh^ August -'»1 by N'ernon
Bailey, and near Edgewood by Walter i\. Fisher.

94. Oreospiza chlorura. (Ireen-tailed Towhee.

Apparently a fairly common breeder on the lower slopes of Shasta,
where in the chaparral near Wagon Cainj) several were seen and one
was killed the latter part of July and early in August, and one was
found feeding lull-grown young Jidy 28. At Sisson lAIiss ]\Ierriam
found them the middle of July. 'Ihe last one noted by me was seen
in the manzanita at an altitude of 1,900 feet, on the road from Wagon
Camp to Sisson, August 20.

95. Zamelodia melanocephala. lUack-headed (Irosbeak.

Seen at Sisson l)y W. II. Osgood July 1">. At the .McClonl K'iver
lish hatchery C. H. Townsend found it a connnon breeder in IS8;>.

OCT., 1899.1 BIRDS. l-_>7

i>»l. Cyanospiza amcena. Lazuli lUinting.

Couimon ;it Sissou (where it was seen feeding young fFuly 15 by
Miss Merriam), and ranging thence up through the chaparral of the
Transition zone all the way to Wagon Camp, where a nest was found
and the parent secured July 17 by W. 11. Osgood, who obtained
another in Mud Creek Canyon August 3.

97. Piranga ludoviciana. Mountain Tanager.

One of the commonest, as well as handsomest, birds of the Shasta
tir forest. At Wagon Camp, at the lower edge of the Canadian zone,
these tanagers were seen every day from the middle of July until
August 10, when that camp was temporarily abandoned. They were
very tame, and spent much time in camp, drinking from our little si)ring
and i^eeriug at us from the lower branches of the firs. On July 21 I
saw several picking caterpillars from the leaves of the buck brush
{CeanothuH vcIkUiius) in an opening in the iirs. Walter K. Fisher
states that one sang continuously at his camp in Mud Creek Canyon
at the mouth of Clear Creek about the end of July. At Sisson this
tanager was seen July l."> by Miss Merriam.

98. Progne subis hesperia. Western Martin.

Not observed by us, but recorded by C. H. Townsend, who, in 1883,
noticed a few " about some buildings at the west base of Mount Shasta
in midsummer." One seen about C miles northwest of Edgewood by
Walter K. Fisher.

99. Petrochelidon lunifrons. Clift' Swallow.

Common at Sisson, where it was noted by Miss Merriam the middle
of July, and by E. T. Fisher the first half of September. Abundant in
Shasta Valley (W. K. Fisher).

100. Hirundo erythrogastra. Barn Swallow.

Common at Sisson, and seen in Shasta Valley September 17 to 20 by
W. H. Osgood. Common in Sliasta Valley in July (W. K. Fisher).

101. Tachycineta thalassina. Violet-green Swallow.

Common at Sisson, and seen once or twice Hying over the chaparral,
nearly up to Wagon Camp.

102. Tachycineta bicolor. Tree Swallow: White-bellied Swallow.
Swallows believed to be this species were seen several times between

Wagon Camp and Sisson, and C. H. Townsend records them as abun-
dant breeders on the lower McCloud.

103. Stelgidopteryx serripennis. liough-winged Swallow.

Walter K. Fisher saw some swallows at Edgewood in July, 1899,
which he believed to be this species.

128 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

104. Lanius ludovicianus excubitorides. White-ruinped Sbrike.

One seen at Gazelle, on the west side of Shasta Valley, August 31,
by Vernon Bailey, and one in Shasta Valley September 18 by W. H.
Osgood. Rather common in Shasta Valley in .1 uly, 18'J1> (W, K. Fisher).

105. Vireo solitarius cassini. Cassiu Vireo.

Fairly common alon<i the lower border of the Shasta tir forest at
Wauon Cam]), where two or three were obtained the latter i)art of -Inly,
and where a nest €ontaining one egg and one yonngwas found by John
H. Sage July .'U. The nest was in a clump of buck-brush {Ceanothiis
rcliifiniis) only 3 feet above the ground, in open ('ha]);irral, near the edge
of the Shasta tir woods.

lOG. Vireo gilvus swainsoni. Western Warbling Vireo.

Recorded by C. H. Townsend as "found at rare intervals in midsum-
mer about the base of Shasta." A vireo heard by us several times at
Sisson was probably this species. W^dter K. Fisher found it at Edge-
wood, among tlie bushes along Shasta River, where he secured a
specimen July 10, 1809.

107. HelminthopMla rubricapilla gutturalis. Calaveras Warbler.

Common in the chaparral at Wagon Camp, where several specimens
were collected the last half of duly. Later the s])ecies was seen with
other warblers in the trees higher up on the mountain.

108. Helminthophila celata lutescens. Lutescent Warbler.

Fairly con)mon and apparently breeding at Wagon Cam}), in the
lower edge of the Shasta lirs, w^here two were collected July 20. One
was shot in the alpine hemlocks on Squaw Creek August (5 by Vernon
Bailey.

109. Dendroica sestiva. Yellow Warbler.

Seen at Sisson, the middle of July, by Miss Merriam. The only one
seen on the mountain was shot in the chaparral near the edge of the tir
forest at Wagcm Camp July 29 by John IT. Sage. Coiiunon in bushes
along Shasta River in Shasta Valley (W. K. Fisher).

110. Dendroica auduboni. Audubon Warbler.

Abundant throughout the forest region of Shasta, from timberline
down to the lower edge of the Canadian zone. At Wagon Camp Miss
IVlerriam saw^ them feeding lullgrown young July 18 and August 1. In
August and September they were seen daily at our camj) in the alpine
hemlocks, often in mixed ilocks of chickadees and other birds. When
we left Wagon Camp, September 2,"'), they were still common tiiere.

P.IRDS.

129

August 0 and 10, spotted youiij; were collected, one with the brown
sides coming in and one with the yellow just beginning to show. At

Fig. 43.— Authibon Warbler {Dendroica anduboni). Drawu bj- L. A. Fucrtes.

Sisson, INIiss Merriam saw them the middle of July, and II. T. Fisher
fonnd them common the tirst half of September.

111. Dendroica occidentalis. Hermit Warbler.

Fa,irly common in the Hudsoniau and upper part of the Canadian
forest during Angust (collected at Scjuaw Creek Camp at intervals from
August o to August 28); not seen in July.

112. Geothlypis tolmiei. Macgillivray Warbler.

Seen at Sisson and Wagon Camp about the middle of July, and again
at the latter locality August 1 and August 3. One was shot in Mud
Creek Canyon at an altitude of G,700 feet by W. II. Osgood August 7.
In July and August, 1883, C. H. Towusend found it not uncommon on
the mountain.

113. Geothlypis trichas occidentalis. Western Yellow-throat.

At Big Spring, in Shasta Valley, W. H. Osgood found this warbler
common in the tules September 17 to 20; and August G, 1883, C. H.
Townsend secured an immature specimen at the base of Mount Shasta.
21753~No. 10 17

130 NORTH AMEKICAN FAUXA. [no. 16.

114. Icteria virens longicauda. Loiiii-tailed Chat.

Fairly coininoii at Sissoii, and coininon in the lower coiintry farther
north — at Gazelle and on toward Vreka. Cynmioii along Shasta Iviver
in Shasta Valley (W. K. Fisher).

11."). Wilsonia pusilla pileolata. Pileolated Warbler.

Common in Mnd Creek Canyon the latter part of July and early
August ; seen at Sisson July I'A by W. H. Osgood, and at Wagon Camp
August 3 by Miss Merriam; several seen at Sfpiaw Creek in ilocks of
chickadees and warblers during Augnst aiul September; seen in wild
cherry bushes at Wagon Camp September L*."). In the summer of 1883
C. H. Townsend found it rather common on Shasta.

lie. Anthus pensilvanicus. I'ipit; Titlark.

in a barren rocky basin above timberline, near the head of I'antlier
Creek, on July 17 I heard titlarks and saw Arctic bluebirds. At the
same place two months later (September IS) titlarks were common.
In Shasta Valley September 17 to LM) W. H. Osgood saw tlocks along
the road.

117. Cinclus mexicamis. r)ii)per; Water Ouzel.

Common on the upper i)art of Squaw Creek as far as the timber
extends, and sometimes seen above timberline. Seen also on Panther
Creek, near its head, and on Mud and Ash creeks. On Squaw Creek
we often watched the ou/els feeding anumg the cascades and clear
cold pools between the upper heather meadow and the nuiin fall. One
afteriu)on just before dark (*> o'clock) I was surprised to see an ouzel
tiy up into the dead top of a tree, light on a branch, and climb uj)
several feet on the trunk with his short tail hanging straight dowu,
after the manner of a woodpecker.

118. Salpinctes ohsoletus. Eock Wren.

Eather raie on Shasta and contined ap])arently to the l>are rocky
slojjcs near and abo\'e timberline. Augnst -, at an altitnde of 8,(i00
feet, oil one of the ridges above the head of Sipiaw Creek, I found a
pair — the first noted on the mountain. August 11, on the west rim of
Mud Creek Canyon, I first heard them at 9,(K)(Heet, and \'ernon r.ailey
followed them up and shot one at !),S0() feet. A week later he saw oue
at an altitnde of 1(),4(K) feet. August 137, Miss Merriam saw one in
'The Gate,' between the heads of i^anther Creek and Scpiaw Creek. In
]883 C. II. Townsend found them common above timberline on Shasta,
and observed them also on Sheep ivock. In Jnly, 1899, Walter K.
Fisher found tlieiii among lava ledges in Shasta N'alley.

119. Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus. Canyon Wren.

Not ol)served by us, but recorded 1>\- 'i'ownseiid, wlio in iss;> saw
one — iloubtless a straggler — aboxc tiniherlinc on Shasta, and others at
Sheej) Kock, at the northeast base of the mountain, wlu-re he heard
tht' bird's wond«!rfni song and was deeply impressed by it.

OCT., 1809.] BIRDS. 131

120. Thryomanes bewicki spilurus. Vigors Wren.

Seen at Sisson, bnt not on the mountain, llecorded by 0. H. To\vn-
seiid from "the base of Sliasta."

llil. Troglodytes aedon parkmani. Parkman Wren.

Kare on the mountain. One collected near Squaw Creek Camp (alt.
C>,1~)0 feet) August 18 by R. T. Fisher, and one in Mini Creek Canyon
(alt. 0,780 feet) August 9 by W. H. Osgood. More common at Sisson,
where it was observed by Miss Merriam the middle of July. C. H.
TowL'send records it as abundant in midsummer "among the ])iled-up
logs of a certain clearing in the forest at the base of Mount Shasta."
The bird seems to be intermediate between parlmani and aztecus.

lUL'. Cistothorus palustris paludicola. Tule Wren.

At Big Spring, in Shasta Valley, W. II. Osgood found these wrens
common September 17 to 20.

[The western winter wren [Anortliura hiemalis paciiica) was not
observed by us, but was fouiul by C. H. Townsend in the mossy canyons
of the lower McClond. It doubtless occurs in the upper canyon of the
Sacramento near Sisson, and quite possibly in other suitable places
about the mountain.]

12.'). Certhia familiaris occidentalis. Western Brown Creeper.

Not common, but seen now and then in the alpine henjlocivS on Squaw
Creek and in the Shasta tirs, lower down. The earliest record is July
24 (J. H. S.); the latest, September 15 (C. H. M.). At Wagon Camp
John H. Sage shot one and saw another July 27; and Miss Merriam
saw one in the same ])lace August 1, one at Squaw Creek August 30,
and two at Sisson September 3.

124. Sitta carolinensis aculeata. Slender-billed Nuthatch.

Not common on the mountain, and only moderately so at Sisson. A
few were vseeu at Squaw Creek Camp from time to time in August, once
or twice in the mixed tlocks of chickadees and warblers.

125. Sitta canadensis. Ued-breasted Nutliatch.

Common from the lower edge of the Shasta fir belt up to timberline;
and from the time of our arrival, the middle of July, until our depart-
ure, the latter part of September. In September it was often seen in
mixed flocks with mountain chickadees and Audubon warblers.

120. Sitta pygmsea. Pigmy Xutiiatch.

In the ponderosa pines near Sisson, W. H. Osgood saw pigmy nut-
hatches July 13, and I saw a small flock September 30. At the sonth-
west end of Shasta Valley, not far from Edgewood, Osgood saw several
in the pines September 20.

132 Js'ORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. (no. 16.

127. Parus gambeli. Mountain Chickadee.

Common and widely distributed. In tlie firs at Wagon Camp they
were among- the commonest birds, and at hi<>:,her altitudes were seen or
heard nearly every day, Karly on the morning- of July 24, after camp-
ing for the night in the shelter of a miri'ow fringe of dwarf white-baric
pines at timberline, on one of the desolate torrent-swept beds of Incon-
stauce Creek, high up on the north side of Shasta^ we were saluted by
a small tiock of these cheerful little birds. In September they lielped
form the mixed tlo(!ks, along with Audubon and other warblers, Canada
nutliatclies, and other siindl fry so often seen among the ISliiista tirs and
alpine hemlocks. At Sisson Miss Merriam saw them about the mid-
dle of July; they were common there iu September, and were noted in
Shasta Valley by W. H. Osgood September 17 to '20.

128. Parus rufescens. Chestnut- backed Chickadee.

Not observed by us, but recorded by C. II. Townsend, wlio " obtained
a single individual at the western base of Mount Shasta on July 14,
1883."

129. Psaltriparus minimus californicus. California P)Ush-Tit.

Common along Little Sliasta Creek September 18 (W. H. Osgood).
Seen in the chaparral west of (ra/.elle, on the west side of Shasta Val-
ley, August 31 (Wn-non I>ailey). Townsend found it a common breeder
near the lish hatchery on the Lower McCloud liiver.

130. Regulus satrapa olivaceus. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet.
I^oth kinglets are common on Shasta and doubtless breed in the

Shasta tirs of the Canadian zone. The golden-crown was often seen
and heard at Wagon Camp, where it was collected July 18. It was
also common just within the lower edge of the fir forest in Mud Creek
Canyon July 23, and a couple of miles liiglier up about the end of tlie
month. C. H. Townsend obtained specinuMisat timberline in July, 1883.

131. Regulus calendula. Kuby-crowned Kinglet.

The ruby-crown was freciuently heard by various members of the
expedition, and at ditterent altitudes, from Wagon Cam]) in the lowia-
edge of the Shasta firs, to timberline, where one was collected l)y W. II.
Osgood August 4. In 1883 C. H. Townsend obtained two specimens,
one at timberline August ir>, the other at an elevation of about (!,()(i()
feet Se])tember 2.

132. Myadestes townsendi. Townsend Solitaire.

Not an uncommon breeder on the higher slo])es of Shasta, where 1
saw SIX during our sta,\'. The lowest of these was at Wagon Camp, in
tlie lower edge of (lie Shasta lirs, where one drank at oui- spring July 3L
'i'he otiiers were ill the lludsonian /one. and most of them in the alpine
hemlocks at oi' near our camp on S(|na\v Creeic, just Ix'low timbei-liiie.

OCT., I8n9.) BIRDS. 133

They were u.siially seen in early eveiiiuji' wiieu they came to drink from
the little stream.s in the forest, and were always silent and ratlier shy.
Late in July and early in August they were seen with arctic l)luebirds
by Walter Iv, Fisher at and below timberline near Mud Creek Canyou.
They probably winter in the Jauipers in Shasta Valley, where W. H.
Osgood saw Hieni September 17 to 20, and where I saw dozens feeding
on the juuiper berries and singing freely September "29, Late in July,
1883, C. H. Townseud found one of these birds "frozen in the snow and
ice which filled the crater of the extinct volcano of Shasta."

133. Hylocichla aonalaschkae auduboni. Dwarf Hermit Thrush.
Evidently breeds in the dark Shasta fir forest of the mountain and

in the damp forest of white and Douglas lirs near Sisson Tavern, where
Miss Merriam heard them in full song the middle of July. At Wagon
Camp W. II. Osgood shot one July 17; and near Si^uaw Creek Camp
I shot another September 1*0. C. H. Townseud records it from the
southern slo[»e of Shasta under date of July 25.

134. Merula migratoria propinqua. Western Kobin.

llobins were fairly common at Wagou Camp, where we heard their
evening song the day of our arrival, July 15, and where they were seen
carrying food to young July -6 (F. A. M.). Higher up they were seen
from time to time, but were not common. Along the upper part of
Mud Creek Canyon Walter K. Fisher found them "fairly common but
erratic" the latter part of July and tirst few days of August. At Squaw
Creek Camp, in the alpine liendocks, we saw a flock on the moruiug
of Augu.st 12, and others Sei)tember 1.5. Just below timberline on
Panther Creek a few were seen migrating September 18. In Shasta
Valley they were common among the ju-.ipers September 29. At Sis-
son they are common breeders, and a i'ew w ere seen whenever any of
our party were there, from July 14 until the end of September. A nest
containing three eggs was found July 13 by W. H. Osgood.

135. Sialia mexicana occidentalis. Western Bluebird.

A common breeder at Sisson, where families, including lately fledged
young, haunted the fences the first half of September (R. T. Fisher).
In Shasta Valley W. H. Osgood found them common September 17 to
20, and a few small flocks were seen by me among the junii)ers Septem-
ber 29. At Sisson the si)ecies was common the latter part of Septem-
ber. In 1883 a nest containing nearly grown young was found by C.
H. Townseud in a post hole in tiie ground at Sisson Tavern late in
July.

13(J. Sialia arctica. Mountain Bluebird; Arctic Bluebird.

A common breeder on the higher slopes of Shasta, where they were
constantly seen in July and early August, but rarely afterwards. On
our tirst visit to timberline, July 17, they were very abundant on the

134 XOR'IH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[NO. 16.

bare rocks above timbeiiiiie near the head of Panther Creek, and a
week hiter ^Yere seen ou the rim of Mud Creek Canyon. On the rocky
slopes at and above timberline on the east side of Mud Creek Canyon
early in August they were the most characteristic birds ( W. K. Fisher) ;
and they were seen near the same place August 18 (V, Bailey). Sep-
tember 20 a small tlock visited our camp on upper Squaw Creek.

In July, 1883, C. H. Townsend found the s{)ecies abundant at timber-
line, where full Hedged young accompanied their parents.

NOTES ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF SHASTA PLANTS.

Tliestudy of tliejj;eogTa[)hic distribution of animals and plants in the
Sierra-Cascades can not be completed until authentic lists of species
are brought together from several important localities from which at
present no data are available. The need of such lists, with detailed
altitudes and zone i)ositions, is particularly urgent in the case of
detached mountains, as Shasta and Lassen, which are separated from
each other and from the continuous ranges on either side by gaps
low enough to be broadly filled by Transition zone species. The Boreal
species of these mountains, being thus comi)letely cut off from the
nearest corresponding colonies, form islands in the long Boreal chain
that stretches southward from British Columbia to southern California.

The present imperfect list of the plants of Mount Shasta is oifered
as an humble contribution toward the needed material. It is based
almost wholly on my own personal observations and is known to be
far from complete. More pressing work along other lines made it
impracticable to give much time ^o plants, and the date of arrival at
the mountain (the middle of July) was so late that many of the early
flowering species had disappeared. The ]ioreal species, owing to their
greater importance, have received most attention; the Transition zone
species least. In the case of Alpine and Hudsouian species it is believed
that few remain to be added.

I am indebted to ]Miss Lewanna Wilkins for collecting and pressing
most of the plants preserved during the first six weeks of our stay on
the mountain; and to John II. Sage for the use of a collection made
by him during the same period. The plants obtained subsequent to
August S were collected by Vernon Bailey and myself

Although two seasons' field work in the Cascade IJange had given
me a certain acquaintance with the more conspicuous plants common
to these mountains and Blount Shasta, I was still much handicapped
in the determination of the species, and not being a botanist myself
was obliged to appeal to professional botanists for assistance. I am
indebted most of all to Miss Alice Eastwood, curator of the herba-
rium of the California Academy of Sciences, whose courtesy and
promi)tuess in identifying plants, sent her from time to time while I
was still in the field, were of the utmost assistance. I am also particu-
larly indebted to Prof. E. L. Greene, of the Catholic University at
Washington, who has taken the trouble to examine a large number of
species, and to describe several which proved to be new. Other bota-

135

136 NOK'TH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

nists who kindly determined special species or s[)ecial geucra aic ]\Irs.
N. L. lirittoii, ^[r. Fredciitk V. Coville, Prof. W. H. Dudley, :\rr. :\I. L.
Fernald, Mr. John I>. Leiberg-, Mr. C. L. Pollard, Dr. B. L. Robinson,
Dr. J. N. Fvose, Prof. P. A. Rydberg, Mr.- J. K. Small, and Prof. Wil-
liam Trelease. In order to properly place the credit for this assistance,
the botanist responsible for the identification is in each instance men-
tioned. Where no one is named I am personally responsible.

A few mosses and ferns were found in the tind)erlinc region of
Shasta. The mosses, kindly determined by ^Irs. Britton, are liar-
pidiion {^. e.rannulatuin Oumb.), Auhtconnrnim niaJroiiiimon Sell., and a
species of Fhllonoila. They are conlined rather closely to the borders
of the al[)ine streams, where the AiildcoiiDiiion forms coiiijjact mats of
a yellowish color.

The ferns have been determined by 3Ir. William R. Maxon througli
the courtesy of Mr. Frederick V. Coville, curator of the National Her-
barium. The species which grow sparingly 'n the heather meadows and
under the edges of rocks near timberline are : Dvyoptcris ((cidcatu scopu-
Ji)i(( (T^aton), Cy.stopferis fragUis (L.) Bernh., ClieihnitJtcs gracillinia
D. C. Eaton, ('ri/pto(ir<(mme acrostiehoides R. Br., and PJief/opteris alpvs-
iris (Iloppe) Mett. Much lower down, along the boundary between
the Canadian and Transition zones, J'tcris (UjuUina lamujinosa (Bory)
Hooker, and Asj)1i'niiiin fili.rfo'minH (L.) Bernh. occur. The brake
{Pteris) is very abundant on the i)umice sand at Wagon Camp and
Sisson and wherever there is suriicient moisture in the soil in spring
and early summer. The black-beard lichen {AIertori<( frcmonti) and the
handsome yellow tree lichen [Erernia vi(lpiii<() abound in the dark forest
of Shasta firs,

Jn the chapter on 'Life Zones' the more distinctive species have
been grouped according to their vertical distribution (see pp. 52-68), but
for c()nvenien(;e in finding the notes relating to particular species,
they are here arranged in systematic order. In the case of certain
plants found by us only on the borderland between adjacent zones, the
zone position is in doubt and must be determined by future study.

The most important kinds of plants from the standpoint of geo-
gra])hic distribution are naturally those that remain longest in :i i)ai-
ti(nilar spot. Hence, as pointed out by Coville,' trees, shrubs, and
perennials are the kinds most useful in determining zone boundaries.
For this reason little attention is here given to aunnnls.

Pinus monticola Douglas. Silver i'ine: Mountiiin White Pine.

('ointiion in ])l;H'es, chielly in the upper h:ilf of the Canadian zone,
bill loc;il and liy no means generally distiibiited. \\liere\cr it occurs
it is mi.xed with Shasta iiis, and in i)]aces itieaches ni)high enough to
overlap the lower edge of the black alpine hemlocks and white-bark
tiinlx'iiine ])ines. (See ]). "S'^.)

' I'.otMiiy ol' l)(i;itli N alley I'.xihmI i I ion, p).. 17-lS, ISila.

OCT., 1809.1 PLANTS. 137

Pinus lambertiana l^ouglas. Sugar IMiie.

Fairly common in most parts of the Transition zone forest of ]»on(lerosa
pines, and occurring liere and tliere in tiie immense areas of chaparral
that cover the lower slo])es on the south and west sides of the mountain.
(See pp. 3L>-3;i.)

Pimis albicaulis I'.ugeliiiann. White-bark I'ine.

The timberline tree of Shasta, which it encircles at altitudes ranging,
according to slope, from about 7,()i)() up to 8,001) feet, and i^ushing up
on the warmest ridges to an extreme elev^atiou of 0,800 feet. In its
distribution therefore it tills the IIu<lsonian zone except in places
uusuited to tree growth. The only tree competing witli it on Shasta
is the black alpine hemlock, which, requiring more moisture, is at a
disadvantage and is coutined to special localities, as explained in full
under that species. (See pp. o9-4li.)

Pinus ponderosa Laws. Ponderosa or Yellow Pine.

The most abundant and characteristic tree of the lower slopes and
basal plane of Shasta, where, tilling the Transition zone, it forms a con-
tinuous open forest of wide extent. (See pp. 30-32.)

Pinus murrayana Balf.>ur. Lodge-pole Pine.

Confined to the northeast quadrant of Shasta, where it occupies the
lower part of the Canadian zone. (See pp. 38-.")9.)

Pinus attenuata Lemmon. Knobcone Pine.

Common in a limited area in the Transition zone on the south side of
Shasta, where it is confined to the lower slopes (from abont 4,000 to
5,000 feet altitude) from Panther Creek easterly to between the
branches of Mud Creek. (See pp. 33-34.)

Tsuga mertensiana (Bong.) Carr.' ]>lack Alpine Hemlock.

A characteristic tree of the Hudsoniau zone, where, however, it is
not generally distributed for the reason that the upper slopes of vShasta
are in most places too dry for it. It occurs in the same belt with rhius
albicauUsj but does not reach so high, and, requiring more moisture, is
confined to disconnected localities, usually in canyons and gulches or
along the shady sides of buttes or ridges. (See pp. 42-40.)

Pseudotsuga mucronata (llaf.). Sudw. Douglas Fir or Spruce.

Common, scattered througli the less arid parts of the forest of pon
derosa pines which clothes the lower Transition zone slopes of Shasta
and extends away in all directions (see p. 32). A subspecies pendula
(Engelm.) Sud worth, with "branches, at least tlie lower ones, very
slender and long pendent," has been described from Sisson (Lot. Calif.,
II, 483, 1880; Sudworth, Check List Forest Trees of U. S., 24, 1898),
and is common thence westerly to tlie coast, (See pp. 34-35).

' For change t)t'iiaiiie from Tsiuja pattmti to 2\ incrtensiana, isee lootnote p. 42.
21753— No. 16 18

138 NORTH AMKKICAX FAUXA. [no.16.

Abies shastensis Leiimioii. Shasta Fir.

The dominant tree of the Canadian zone, coverin<;- the niiddh' si<)])es
and completely encircling the mountain in a solid belt about 2. ()(»() feet
in vertical breadth. Its npper border overlaps the lower edge of the
Hudsonian; its lower border, the up))er edge of the Transition. Along
Panther and Squaw creeks, on the south slope, it ranges from about
5,.")00 u}) to 7.500 feet, and on steep southwesterly slopes considerably
higher. (See pp. .3(»-38.)

Abies concolor lowiana (^lurray) Lemmon. White Fir.

Tlie common and only true tir of the basal slopes of Shasta, where
it occurs in moist places from the altitude of Wagon Camp (r),7(lO feet)
down to the very bottom of Sisson Valley at the base of Mount Eddy
(alt. 3,400 feet). It thus fills the Transition zone, except in places that
are too dry for it. (See p. 34.)

Libocedrus decurrens Torrey. Incense Cedar.

Common throughout the Transition zone forest of ponderosa pines,
except in the dryest places. (See ]). 35.)

Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (Murray) Parlat. Lawson Cypress.

Attributed to "the Shasta Mountains"' (Bot. Calif . II, p. 115, 1880),
but not found by us.'

Juniperus nana Wi 11(1. Dwarf Alpine .Juniper.

Fairly common in i)laces close to timberline, usually associated with
Pinus aJbicauUs in the upper ])art of the Hudsonian zone. On Shasta
it usually grows in snuill patches less than a foot high and, as a rule,
only a few feet in diameter; in the Olympics, on Mount K'ainier. and on
numerous other mountains it forms much larger patches. r.etween
Mud Creek Canyon and the high ridges above Squaw Creek, it uuslies
up to extreme timberline at 1»,800 feet, along with l^iniis nlhicaiili.s.
On the north side of Shasta and Shasfina it was found in crevices
among the sliarj) lava rocks at altitudes varying fiom S,;!(l(i to 0,(100
feet, and was common on the (Virions ^^//>/rrn^//.s ]»lain stretching west-
erly from 'Ncu'th (rate' to liolam Creek.

Juniperus occidentalis Hooker. Westein Juniper.

Abundant in the south end of Shasta \'alley, where it forms a forest
many miles in extent. Scattered trees begin 4 or 1. 1 miles easterly from
I'^dgewood, and become more and more i)lentilul to llie north until, at
a distance of about a miles south from l>ig Spring, they suddenly
become abundant and cover the whole country east of the main mass
of lava buttes, foi-ming a continnoiis junipei' forest wliieli tills t he south-
ern i)ai't of Shasta N'alleyaiid reaches noil liw anl, I am told, into Little

' Aiiotluu' cyi)r«!ss iittril>iitecl to Sliastu Itut not seen by us is ^'(/^»-t'.v«/(.s inaciiahiaiia
Miirr., "orifriiinlly r(q)()rto(l by .I<-ll'i<'y from Mount Slmsta at 5,000 feet ;iltitn(b'''
(Bot. Calif.. II. p. 111. 1880). li; botli iiisf.iinrs, |,robal.l.\. Ilu- ti-nii 'Shasta' was uscl
in !i I'atber l(io.sr xmisc, as coNerinj;' adjacent ninimtains not then iiann'd.

OCT., 1899.J PLANTS. 139

Sliiista A'alley. When visited about the end of September, the trees
were full of tlieir large berries, and many birds, including- evening-
grosbeaks and Towuseud solitaires, \Yere there in numbers feeding
on them. The zone position of this tree, which appears to be the
type form, is high Ujjper Sonoran and low Transition. The boreal
form common in the Sierra, but not found on Shasta, should be
different.

Sitanion cinereum fl. (r. Smith. Alpine Grass.

The (common grass of the glacial meadows, but nowhere sufficiently
abundant to form anything like a sod. It is closely related to >S'. ely-
moidcs Ivaf., from which it has been recently sei^aiated by Mr. Jared G.
Smith.

Carex breweri Boott. Alpine Carex.

Common in the glacial meadows and scattered sparingly over the
moist slopes. (Identified by F. V. Coville.)

Juncus parryi l]ngelm. Parry Juncus.

Common in the heather patches and other moist places from slightly
below timberline up tliiough the Alpine zone. Xoted by Vernon Bailey
as high as 11,300 feet. (Identified by F. V. Coville.)

Allium validum Watson. Large Wild Onion.

Abundant in the Canadian zone along the streams of the Shasta fir
belt, and often growing in the lower heather beds along the lower
border of the Hudsonian zone. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Allium sp. — ?

A very small species is common in the glacial meadows at the head
of Squaw Creek, but matures so early that we were unable to obtain
anything but the bulbs.

Calochortus nudus Watson.

Fairly common along the lower edge of the Canadian zone neaj-
Wagon Camp, flowering late in July. (Identified by Miss Eastwood
and Professor Greene.)

Calochortis maweanus Leichtlin.

i^ot rare at Wagon Camp, but not seen elsewhere. An elegant little
species with white hairy flowers. (Identified by Professor Greene.)
Fritillaria atropurpurea Nutt.

Common in the chaparral of the Transition zone basal slopes from
Sisson up to Wagon Cam]). (Identified by Miss Eastwood.)
Hastingsia alba (Durand) Wats.

Common near Wagon Camp, where its long and slender cylindrical
spikes were in flower the latter i)art of July. (Identified by Miss East-
wood and Professor Greene.)
Lilium parvum Kellogg. Tiger Lily.

Common in marshy places in the lower part of the Shasta fir belt,
l)articularly at Wagon Cam]), where it was flowering abundantly about

14(1

XORTH AMERICAN FAUNA.

[no. 16.

the middle of July, and wiis still in tVuit :is late as tlic end <»f September.
(Identified by Miss Eastwood.)

Lilium washingtonianum Kellogg. Wasliington Lily.

Tills sniK'il) lily, with lai.ge white and \'ei'y frayrant lloweis, is coni-
iiioii in the nianzanita in the ui)j)er part of the Transitiou zone, and
occurs spariui^ly at lower altitudes. At Sisson it was in fruit the end
of September. The tiowers had passed their i)rime by the middle of
July, but occasional i»lants were found in blossom as late as the end
of the month.

Tofieldia occidentalis Watson.

Common near the bottom of the Canadian zone at Wa.iion (amp.
(Identitied by Piofessor Greene.)

Tritelia ixioides (Ait.) (ireene ( Brodlxva).

('omnn)n at Wagon Camp on the border between the Canadian and
Transition zones, where its yellow star tiowers Avere in bloom the latter
half of July. (Identified by Professor (Ireene,)

Vagnera stellata (Linn.) Morong.

Common at Wagon Camp, particularly in open grassy places along
the edges of the fir forest, where it was flowering abundantly when
we reached the mountain, tlie middle of July. Plants still holding

their fruit were ob-
served when we left
Wagon Cam]>, Se]»tem-
ber IT).

Veratrum californicum
Dnrand. White
Hellebore,
Abuudant at numer-
ous localities along
the streams and in
marshy si)ots in the
Canadian and ui)per
part of the Transition
zones, i'articnlarly
comnum at W a g o n
Cam]), and a 1 so o n
S (| u a w ( 'icclv just
abo\e t li c middle
meadow.

Fio. 44.— Wliilo Hcllubdre (Veratrum cali/oniicum).
IMiotofjnipbcd by W. K. Fisbcr.

Smilax californica (Jray. (yalifornia Smilax,

Occurs in plaeesin tlie lower i)art (»f the Transition zone along Shasta
River between i'ldgewood and Sisson, bnt nearer Sisson, Not observed
elsewhere.

OCT., 1809.] PLANTS. 141

Sisyrinchium bellum Watson. Blue-eyi'd Grass.

Fairly coiiiiiioii in tlie Transition zone near Wayon ('aini».
Corallorhiza bigelovi Watson.

Xot nnconmion in the woods near Wajion Camp. (Identified by I'ro-
fessor (rreene.)
Habenaria leucostachys (Lindl.) Watson.

Common in the marsb at Wagon Oanip. (Identined by Professor
Greene.)
Habenaria unalaschensis Watson.

A boreal species, fairly common in the marsh near Wagon Camp,
growing with the last. (Identified by Professor Greene.)
Populus trichocarpa T. & G. Western Balsam Poplar.

Common in the upper Sacramento Canyon near Sisson, and less so
along Shasta River at the south end of Shasta Valley.
Salix lasiandra Bentham. Black Willow.

Abundant in cool moist ])laces about Sisson. (Identilled by Miss
Eastwood.)
Salix nuttalli Sargent. Nnttall Willow.

Common in moist places in canyons of the Canadian zone ami near
Wagcni Camp. (Identified by F. V. Coville.)
Salix sitchensis Sanson. Sitka Willow.

Common in canyons in the Canadian zone. Found in Mud Creek
Canyon near the mouth of Clear Creek. (Identified by F. V. Coville.)
Alnus rhombifolia Xutt. White Tree Alder.

Observed only on Shasta River in the southern part of Shasta
Valley, where its zone position appears to be Upper Sonoran. Shasta
Valley is one belt lower than the rest of the region about Shasta and
contains a dilute tongue of Upper Sonoran species that come in from
the north b}' way of Klamath Kiver Valley.
Alnus sinuata (Regel) Rydb. Alder.

Common in moist places in the canyons of the Canadian zone. In
Mud Creek Canyon noted as high as 0,700 feet. Found also near
Wagon Camp. (Identified by F. V. Coville.)
Alnus tenuifolia Xutt. Paperleaf Alder.

[=A. incana var. rirescenH Wats].

A Transition zone species common along streams in the neighbor-
hood of Sisson Tavern and along the east base of Scott Mountains.
(Identified by F. V. Coville.)
Betula occidentalis Hooker. Birch.

Fairly common along Shasta River at the south end of Shasta
Valley. ]S[ot observed elsewhere.
Corylus rostrata californica A. DC.

Fairly common in the Transition zone in Squaw Creek Valley near
McCloud Mill, and probably elsewhere at the base of the mo'2'itain.

142 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. Ki.

Castanopsis sempervirens (Kello^u) Dudley. Sierra ( "liiiKiuapiii.

The distribution of the mountain chiuciuapin on Shasta is discon-
tinuous. It is })ossil)le tliat two forms exist, one apparently restricted
to the manzanita chaparral of the Transition zone from Sisson up to
the lower edge of the Shasta fir Delt; the other to the scattered
stretches of PinuH albicatdis of the Hudsonian zone, where it reaches
timberline on the rocky slopes and ridges.

Prof. ^Villiam It. Dudley, of Stanford University, Oalifornia, has, at
my reipiest, kindly looked up the i)roper uame for the boreal Sierra
chin(iua])in, which he linds to be .seinpervirens of Kellogg.' The type
locality of sonperriri'ns is the west slope of the Sierra near ^NFariposa.
I have found the si)ecies abundant on a ridge near a stage station
called Chinquapin, between Mariposa and the Yosemite, where it
occurs with Pinii.s jejffrei/i, P. himbertiana, Aides )naf)n)fic<(, ]'.seii(lotsu(/a
miicroiiata, and Pruiius eiii((r(/in<(f<( at and above an altitude of 0,2(K)
feet. The locality, therefore, is along the overlapping borderlaiul
between the Transition aiul Canadian zones.

Professor Dudley tells me that the ' var. minor'' Bentha-m is the small
southern coast range form of the true coast chin(|uai>in. C<i-st<in<>psis
chryaophijlla, and that the type locality is the Santa Cruz Mountains.
C. chrysophylla is a handsome tree 75 to 125 feet in lieight, with large
leaves, ending in long, slender attenuate points; C. sempervirens is a
bush with small and relatively bluntly rounded leaves. I found both
species common on the Trinity Mouutains : C. ehrysophyUa on the sunny
lower slopes in the Transition zone; C. sempervirens on the cold summit
in the lower edge of the (Janadian zone, where it is associated with
Arctostaphylos nevadensis, Gerasns ei)i<ir<iinai<{^ Ceanotlnis reliitiiiKs, the
dwarf mountain form of (^hierens c/tri/solepis, and the very distinct (^>.
vaeeinifoliu.'

1 Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., I, p. 75, 1855 (reprint).

- QuercuH vaccUiifoJia Kellojjjjf is auotlic.r I'xcellent species, iisiiar.y (•oiii'oiinded
witli the dwarf inountaiii form of ^,>. chrijHoJepis, with whicli it has nothing to do.
Their zone relations are much the same as those of tlic two species of Cast(ttio])iiix, for
(J. vaccinij'olia occurs along the lower edge of the Uoreal, and ranges up tlirough the
Canadian zone, always in rocl^y phices, while (J. chry-solepis belongs to the Transition
zone. Their ranges join where these zones meet, and I have found both growing
side by side; on the Trinity Mountains, and also on the .Sierra. (Jncrcit.s clinisoJcpis
is a TransUion zone tree wliich at the upper limit of its lange is always dwarfed
and often reduce<l to a shrub; l)ut irrespective of size it always r(!tain8 its charac-
teristic leaves and acorn cups, (^hiercns vacc'nii folia is always a small bush — rarely
much over a metc-r in lieight — and, whether in Iriiit or not, is distinguishable at a
glance by the character of its leaves and (Mips. The leaves are smaller, narrower,
thinner, and lilunter (commonly narrowly oval with an obtuse jioiiit instead of
Hliari)ly laiKUiolate ) and lack the yellow tomeutum undei iieatli ; furthermore, their
margins, although somewiiat tliickencid, are not distinctly revolute. The acorn cuiis
aie smaller and thinner, and lack the beautiCul yellow ' turban ' so characteristic of
diniHoleiih; the acorns average shorter and thicker and the. basal seal' is smaller. The
branrlilctH lie miirli more slender, and glabrous or nearly so, iusliad ol' toiiieiitose.

OCT.. 1899.] PLANTS. 143

It is remarkable that a shrub of such wide distribution, and on«; dif
fering- so conspicuously from the tree chinquapin [GusUoKqj.si.s chryso-
phi/Jla), shoukl so long- escape recognition as a distinct species.

Q,uercus californica (Torr.) Cooper. Black Oak.

[==^^j>. heUixjgi Newb.J

The only oak of Shasta, where it is confined to the basal slopes of
the Transition zone, reaching up on the south and west sides to an
altitude of 4,500 feet. It is fairly comnu)u in McCIoud Valley, more
comnion at Sisson, and increases in abundance to the northward.
Between Black Butte and Edgewood it is mixed with pouderosa pines
and is one of the most conspicuous trees. It does not attain such large
size in this region as nearer the coast and farther south in the Sierra.

\Quercus (jaynjana was not found immediately about Shasta, and
Quercus ivislizeni, which pushes up the canyon of the Sacramento along
distance, does not fairly enter the region.]

Asarum hartwegi Watson. Wild Ginger.

Occurs here and there throughout the Transition zone, but is com-
monest in damp places on the lower slopes. It does not reach (juiteup
to Wagon Camp, but in a warm lava basin on the west side of the
mountain was found at an altitude a little higher than Wagon Camp.

Eriogonum marifolium T. & G. Yellow Eriogonuui.

Common at Wagon Cam]) and other points along the lower edge of
the Canadian zone and in the upper part of the Transition. The species
seems to belong to the Transition rather than the Canadian zone, and
Shasta is its type locality. (Identified by J. K. Small.)

Eriogonum polypodum Small. Small-leaf Ali)ine Eriogonum.

The commonest and most widely distributed Eriogowim of the higher
slopes, where it ranges from the lower edge of the Hudsonian zone up to
and far above timberline. The highest altitude at which it was obtained
is 10,000 feet. Its leaves are small and densely covered with a white
woolly or hairy material, and its tortuous prostrate branches are so
intertwined as to form little mats several inches in diameter on the stony
pumice sloi)es; these whitish mats are vastly more compact and dense
above timberline than l)elow. The roots are strong but rather slender,
and, like those of many other plants that live on the barren, wind-swept
pumice slopes, are of extreme length. The main root usually slopes
obli([uely for 80 or 90 millimeters, and then divides into four or five
slender rootlets 900 to 1,000 millimeters in length. The whitish tomen-
tose leaves rarely rise more than 25 or 30 millimeters above the ground ;
the fruit stems 100 to 150 millimeters.

This i)laut and Polyijonuin slKt.sten.senre i)robably the most abundant,
conspicuous, and widesj)read plants of the Hudsonian and Alpine
zones. They thrive in very dry soils and therefore are not confined

144 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [n'> 16.

to the moist basins and strii)s boidciin^- the streams, as are Phyl-
Jixloce, LiifJ:e(i, and many others. (Identified by J. K. JSinall.)

Eriogonum pyrolsefolium Hooker. Larjie-leaf Alpine Eriojionum.

Abundant on the i)umice slopes of the lludsoniaii and Arctic-Alpine
zones, where it is associated with tlie foie;^()in,i; s])C('ies and \\ ith I'oly
(joiium sliastensc, I', ncicherrifij Pentstemoii daridsoiii, and others. It is
easily recognized ]»y its large roundish deej)green leaves, in striking
contrast to tlie much smaller whitish-tonientose leaves of its congener
and associate, Kr'ujoiniin pobijxKliDii. l>oth species are common all the
way around the mountain. The present species {pyrohrfoUuni) is rarely
found above an altitude of 9,500 feet, but on a warm slo])e east of Mud
Creek ('anyon \'ernon Bailey found it as high as 10,000 feet. It flow-
ered the second time above the head of S(]naw Creek the latter part of
Sei)tendier and was then in flower and fruit simultaneously. Its root
is large, thick, tapering, and moderately strong; it subdivides into
about half a dozen rootlets which ix'iietrate so dce]»ly into the soil
that it is difdcnlt to obtain si)ecimens without breaking them. The
longest root measured was 750 millimeters to the broken end. The
leaves reach about 30 millimeteis above the gioun<l; the fruit stems
70 millimeters. The old ind)ricating leaf stems remain attached for
several years and form a series of scales around the upper i)art of
the perennial rootstalk.

Eriogonum nudum Dougl. Naked-stem Eriogonum.

('ommon in the lower part of the Transition zone, ])articularly about
Sisson, where it was flowering plentifully as late as the end of Sep-
tember. It is easily recognized by ittj tall, green naked stems, which
rise from a buncli of large tomentose leaves.

Oxyria digyna (Linn.) Alpine Sorrel.

One of the characteristic alpine species, growing in cold spots among
the ro(^ks at high altitudes on all sides of the mountain; found by
Vernon Uailey as high as 11,200 feet. On the north side of Shastina
we collected it at 8,000 feet, and on the northeast side of Red ISutte as
low as 7,000 feet. This is the lowest station at which it was found, and
since Pinus albicaulis occurs above lied Butte the locality might be
mistaken to be below timbcrline, but the s<n-i-el grows only anu)ng the
rocks on the cold northeast slo])es, where there are no trees and where
the temperature is truly alpine.

Polygonum shastense l>rewer. Shasta Polygonum.

One of The commonest and most (!haracteristi<' ])lants of the stony
pumice slopes of the iludsonian and Alpine zones. A singular and
attractive i)lant, particularly in Sei)tcnd)er, when it is heavily laden with
white and red flowers and fruit. Asa rule the llowers are whitish, turn-
ing red as the fruit begins to develop. No two plants could well be more
different in general a|»pearance than lliis species and its congener and

OCT., 1899.] PLANTS. 145

associate Polyf/omim neichcrn/i, and few species bear a closer resem-
blance tlian /'. sha.stcnse and its geograi»hically remote relative P. paro-
nychia. The resemblance is not only most striking, but is exceedingly
interesting from the standpoint of geographic distribution. Polygonum
shasten.se lives at high altitudes in the High Sierra and Cascade Range,
while P. paronycJiia inhabits the outer sea beach in northern California
and Oregon, where it is bathed in the chilly fogs of the Pacitic Ocean.
The root of Polygonum slia.stoi.se is of moderate size and slopes very
obliquely into the soil. It divides into half a dozen long slender rootlets,
which penetrate to a depth of 550 millimeters or more. One specimen
examined divided into three main roots of rather large size, which
tapered very gradually and reached a length of 750 millimeters. The
branches are prostrate and usually form loosely intertwined mats 300
to 500 millimeters in diameter, rising in some cases 40 to 50 millimeters
above the surface, but usually flattened on the ground.

Polygonum newberryi Small. Broad-leaf Polygonum.

Abundant from the lower edge of the Hudsonian zone up to a little
above timberline, where its big green leaves are very conspicuous on
the pale pumice soil and among the broken fragments of gray lava rock.
About the middle of September the leaves turn red — often a deep
handsome red — and begin to fall, so that by the end of the month the
plant has practically disap[)eared. Its buckwheat-like fruit is a favorite
footl of the mice inhabiting the higher slopes.

Oreobroma triphylla (Wats.) Howell. Dwarf Alpine Spring Beauty.

This tiny inconspicuous plant was found near timberline north and
northwest of Eed Butte. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Spraguea umbellata Torr. Pussy paws.

Abundant on the pumice slopes of the Hudsonian zone, beyond which
it pushes both upward and downward on suitable soils. The highest
altitude at which it was noted is 9,400 feet on the east side of Mud
Creek Canyon, but it was rarely seen above 9,000 feet. On the other
hand, a form of it descends in suitable spots to the lower edge of the
Canadian zone near Wagon Camp (altitude 5,600 feet), and to the same
altitude in the lower part of Mud Creek Canyon.

Stellaria crispa C. & S.

Collected by Vernon Bailey and Miss Wilkins in Mud Creek Canyon
near the junction of Clear Creek. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Sagina saginoides (L.) Brit.

Occurs above timberline; collected by Miss Wilkins.
Silene grayi Watson. Hudsonian Catchfly.

Common in stony places and along streams below timberline in the
Hudsonian zone. Found both in the stony pumice soil and in the
heather beds. (Identified by Miss Eastwood and Dr. B. L. Bobinson.)
21753— No. 10 19

146 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

Silene suksdorfi Robinson.^ Alpine Catch fly.

An ali)ine species coiiiinon in scattered tufts, wliicli form small corn-
X)act mats nnder the ed<ies of rocks, well above timberline. Often
mixed with IJrigeroii conqMsitus. (Identified by Dr. B. L. Eobinson.)

Aconitum columbianum ISTutt. Monkshood.

Common in a marshy jjlace in the Shastn fir forest at Wa^on Camp,
where its tall wands of handsome blue llowers were conspicuous in July
and its fruit in September.

Aquilegia truncata Fiscli. & Mey. Red Columbine.

Common near Wagon Camp, in the up})er part of the Transition
zone. (Identilied by Professor (Ireene.)

Delphinium sonnei Greene. Larkspur.

Common in moist spots in the Shasta fir forest near AVagon Camp,
and also in the canyon of Ash Creek. (Identified by Professor Creene.)

Paeonia browni IJougl. Wild Pa'ony.

Occurs sparingly in the upper part of the ponderosa ])ine forest
(Transition zone), particularly iu the neighborhood of Wagon Camp.

Pulsatilla occidentalis Watson.

Common in places on the higher slopes (Hudsonian zone), paiticu-
larly where the snow lies late. It blooms as the sno\\' recedes, leaving
a handsome globular head of feathery jjlumes which waves in the
breeze long after the season of flowering.

Bikukulla unifiora ( Kellogg) Howell.

Reported ])y Miss Eastwood from above timberline on Horse ('amp
Trail; not found by us.

Arabis platysperraa (^ray. Flat-pod Arabis.

The commonest and most widely distributed crucifer of the higher
sloi)es of Shasta, where it occurs on stony sloi)es and along the edges of
the heather beds from the lower edge of the Hudsonian zone ui)ward
on warm sloi)es to 10,200 feet. Its extreme vertical range ai)pears to be
about ;j,000 feet. (Identilied by Miss Eastwood.)

Cardamine bellidifolia pachypbylla Coville.

This small alpine crucifer, with white flowers and rather broad dark
green leaves, is nowhere abundant, but was observed here and there
above timberline, both on the main peak of Shasta and on Shastina.
(Identified by F. V. (Coville.)

Cheiranthus perennis (Coville) Creene. [ = Er!/si)in(m asprrxm pcrenne
(^oville.J
Vernon l>ailey and I found this coarse yellow-flowered crucifer at
timberline on the north slope of Shastina July L' 1, but did not observe
it elsewhere. (Identilied by Professor Greene.)

1 Jiotuuical Gazette, vol. 16, p. 44, pi. 6, 1891.

ocrr, 1899.] PLANTS. 147

Draba breweri Wats. Sierra Alpine Draba.

Collected east of Mud Creek Canyon at an altitude of 1.3,000 feet by-
Miss Wilkin s; not observed elsewhere. This J)r(( ha awd Polemonimn
piilchelJum are the only plants found at so great au elevation. (Identi-
fied by F. Y. Coville.)

Strep tanthus orbiculatus Greene.

A Hudsonian species common on pumice soil in stony places at and
below timberline all the way around the mountain. Tlie i)lantis easily
recognized by its long" curved slender pods and its rather large domed
leaves. The length of the large tapering root only slightly exceeds the
height of the plant. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Chrysamphora californica (Torr.) Greene. California l*it(;her Plant.
( = Darliiigtonia Auct. )
This interesting pitcher plant is exceedingly local in distribution.
Mr. Elmer Applegate tells me that it is common in the upper part of
the Sacramento Canyon, a short distance from Sisson Tavern. It has
been reported as occurring in the 'marshes' of Shasta, but we did not
find it on the mountain, nor did we find any marshy areas more than a
few rods in extent.

Drosera rotundifolia Linn. Sundew.

Collected by Miss Wilkins in the springy bog just above Wagon
Camp in the Canadian zone. Not observed elsewhere.

Mitella pentandra Hook.

Common in the heather patches along the overhanging banks of
streams in the Hudsonian zone. Abundant at Squaw Creek Camp.
(Identified by Professor Greene.)

Parnassia californica (Gray) Greene. Grass-of-Parnassus.

This elegant flower is common along the water courses of the Hud-
sonian zone, usually growing along the overhanging banks of the tiny
rivulets. It blossoms late, and a few plants were still in flower when
snow fell, the last week in September.

Saxifraga bryophora Gray.

Re])orted l)y Miss Eastwood from the timberline region on Horse
Camp Trail; not found by us.

Saxifraga tolmiei' T. & G. Alpine Rock Saxifrage.

Common above timberline, where it usually forms small dense mats
in moist places among rocks. On Inconstance Creek, on the north side
of Shasta, it was found as low as 7,G00 feet. On the south slope it
ranges uj) to 11,000 feet, or possibly higher. On the cold northeast
side of Red Butte it occurs among the rocks with Oxyria digyna. (See
P- 50.) ^

' The spelling tolmcei should be regarded as an obvious typographical error.

148 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

Peltiphyllum peltatum (Torr. ) En^ler. Giant Water Saxifrage.

One of the most (•onsi)icuons i»lants in tlie bottom of the Sacramento
Canyon, where its clusters of liiige incised roundish leaves along the
water's edge suggest the devil's club. It ranges along the Sacramento
IJiver from Just below Sisson nearly to tlie Sacramento Valley.

Ribes amictum (ireene.

Occurs at Wagon ('amp, along Squaw Creek, and in the bottom of Mud
Creek Canyon at an altitude of (),7()(> feet. (Identitied l)y Professor
dreene.)

Ribes cereum J)ougi.

Found near timberline near the head of Panther Creek, and also
much lower down.

Ribes viscosissimum Pursh.

Common near Wagon Camp and observed at other ])oints within the
Transition zone, i)articularly along Squaw Creek.

Ribes klamathense Coville.

Occurs in cool moist places in the Transition zone at Sisson. (Iden-
titied by F. y. Coville.)

Cercocarpus ledifolius Nutt. Mountain Mahogany.

Common on Sheep Ivock and thence to the southeastern corner of
Shasta Valley (V. Bailey), and on warm, dry slopes of the Scott
Mountains, where C parrifoHus also occurs.

Fragaria bracteata Heller. Small Strawberry.

Common on the lower sloi)es. Just below Wagon Camp strawberries
and i)ainted cups are so abundant as to form an almost continuous car-
pet under the uppermost grove of ponderosa pines. (Identified pro-
visionally by P. A. llydberg.)

Fragaria chiloensis Duchesne. Large Strawberry.

Occurs with the last a little below W^agon Camp, but is much com-
moner lower down, particularly near Sisson. Sisson Tavern was
formerly called 'IJerryvale' and is located in 'Strawberiy' N'alley.
Jioth names were derived from the abundance of this wild fruit there
in early days. (Identified ]>rovisionally by P. A. liydberg.)

Holodiscus discolor (Pursh) Maxim. Alpine Spira-a.

(Jommon on rocks at and a little below timberline. usually associated
with l'i)ius ((Ibicdidis. It is a small, fragrant bush, usually less than a
foot in height, and always grows among rocks at high altitudes. In
the Iludsonian zone it was found all the way around the mountain, and
was in blossom from about July L'O until September. A larger form,
which tlie botanists do not appear to have named, occurs lower down,
in the Canadian zone. It has larger, broader, and thinner leaves and
should be separated.

OCT., 1899.] PLANTS. 1 49

Spiraea douglasi Hook. Red Spiru'a.

Common in moist places in the Caniidian and Transition zones, but
most abundant in the latter. It is common at Sisson, at the west base
of the mountain, and in Scjnaw Creek Valley on the south side, and
thence upward, in suitable moist spots, to Waj'on Camp at 5,700 feet,
along Squaw Creek at 6,000 feet, ami in Mud Creek Canyon as high
as 0,700 feet.

Horkelia pseudocapitata Uydberg.

Abundant in the Transition zone near Wagon Camp, particularly
about the upper limit of Plniis ponderosa. (Identitied by P. A. Rydberg.)

Kunzia tridentata (Pursh.) Spreng.

Irregularly distributed in the Transition zone; commonest in the
manzanita chaparral of the lower slopes. On the north side of the
mountain it is exceedingly abundant, and in the open pine forest bor-
dering the south end of Shasta Valley attains unusually large size.
On the west side, north of Sisson, it occurs sparingly on most of the
warmer and drier knolls, and more i)lentifully between Black Butte
and Shasta Valley. It is almost always associated with Arcfostcqjliylos
patuhi, with which it ascends some of the warmer slopes to i)oints far
above the npper limit of its usual distribution. Thus it was found on
a southwest slojie in Mud Creek Canyon between the altitudes of 0,700
and 7,400 feet; on similar slopes near Horse Trail and in Diller Canyon
as high as 7,800 to 7,900 feet, and on a warm pumice ridge north of
Shastina at 7,500 feet.' In Squaw Creek Valley, near McCloud Mill, a
form occurs which has exceedingly narrow leaves.

Lutkea pectinata (Hook.) Kuntze.

Abundant in the Hudsonian zone, chiefly in the neighborhood of
timberline, where it is common along the little streams in the ui)per
edge of the forest, and in the glacial basins which are wet from melting-
snows in the early part of the season, l)ut may be dry at the tune the
plant blossoms. In damp si)ots, particularly along the borders of cool
S]>rings, the individual plants often stand so near together as to form
extensive beds.

Potentilla flabellifolia Hook.

Occurs here and there, a little below timberline, in the Hudsonian
zone. (Identitied by Miss Eastwood and P. A. Rydberg.)

Potentilla pseudorupestris Rydberg. Dwarf Alpine Potentilla.

A dwarf Alpine or high Hudsonian Potentilla of the (/hoidnlosa type,
collected on the north side of Shastina at an altitude of about 8,800
feet, is i)ro vision ally referred to this species by Mr. Rydberg.

' For ail explanation of this .seemingly abnormal range, see p. 49.

150 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

Potentilla glandulosa Liiidl. Large Yellow I'oteiitilla.

A large PotentiUa from the Transition zone, near Wagon Camp, is
identified by Mr. Ivydberg as P. glandido.sd.

Rosa californica 0. & S. California Hose.

Abundant in moist places in the Transition zone near Sisson Tavern
and along the east base of Mount Kddy.

Rosa gymnocarpa Nntt. Wihl Hose.

Ooninion in places in the Transition zone, particularly a little below
Wagon Camp.

Rubus parviflorus Xutt. [ = R. nufl-aniis Auct. 1 Western Thimbleb<'rry.
Common in cool moist places in McCloud Valley and at Sisson, and
thence up througli the Transition zone to an altitude of 5,200 feet on
the road to Wagon Camp, and G,000 feet along Squaw Creek an«l in
Mud Creelv Canyon. Most of the Transition slopes of Sliasta are too
dry for the thimbleberry.

Rubus vitifolius C. & S. Blackberry.

Common in cool moist i)laces in the Transition zone near Sisson and
along the east base of tlie Scott ]\rountains.

Sibbaldia procumbens Linn. Alpine Sibbaldia.

Common in the Hudsonian zone near timberline, i)articularly in
springy places and in the heather beds. Usually occurs in small
patches below extreme timberline.
Amelanchier alnifolia >utt. Serviceberry.

Abundant in moderately moist parts of the Transition zone. On the
west and southwest sides of the mountain it reaches from Sisson to
Wagon Camp. On a warm southwest slope on the steep ridge between
Mud Creek Canyon and Clear Creek it occurs, with several other
Transition zone species, at the unusual altitude of about 7,00(» feet.
(Seep. 49.)

Crataegus rivularis Nntt. Black Uaw.

Common in the Transition zone about tlie west base of Shasta, par-
ticulaily ahmg streams at the east base of Mount l^^ddy, from tlic liead
of the Sacramento northward, usually in cool moist soil. Common near
Sisson Tavern.

Sorbus sambucifolia (C. & S.). jMountain Ash.

Rather scarce and conlined cliietly to the relatively moist Transition
zone slopes of the canyons. In Mud Creek Canyon it was f(Mind along
the bottom from ."),(;0() feet to (»,7()0 feet, .\long Sijuaw Creek it was
found at about 5,500 feet.

Cerasus demissa (Nutt.). Western Chokecherry.

Common in places in the lower part oltlie 'I'ransition zone. Observed
on tlie sontli slope above ^McCIond ^lill, mainly in the gulches; also i:i
the neighitorhood of Sisson, and near the sonth end of Shasta \'alley.

OCT., 1899] PLANTS. 151

Cerasus emarginata Dougl. Bush Cherry ; l>itter Ked Cherry.

Abmuhiiit in phices in the chaparral of the Transition zone. In
Sacramento Canyon, south of Shasta, it begins at 'Tlie Loop," and
ranges up to the lower edge of the Canadian zone. It is profusely
abundant at Wagon Cauip, where it is a straggling bush a little higher
than a man's head, and usually grows in thickets. It ascends Mud
Creek Canyon to an altitude of 5,()()0 or 5,700 feet.

Cerasus glandulosa Kellogg.

A sapling or small tree having large broad leaves; collected by me
a short distance south of Sisson Tavern. (Identified by Professor
Greene.)

Prunus subcordata Benth. Wild Plum.

Common in places along the southern and western borders of Shasta
Valley, usnally in the edge of the open Finns ponderosa forest and
often growing with Bhiis and Kunzia. We found it also near Etna,
on the west side of Scott Valley.

Cercis occidentalis Torr. Red-bnd.

lleported from Mount Shasta in the Botany of California, but not
found by us except in the Sacramento Canyon, where it is common.

Lotus americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. [= HosacMa americana.]

Common in the Transition zone at Wagon Camp, and thence along
the road to Sisson, growing chiefly in open places in the chaparral,

Lupinus elmeri (Treene [= L. alhicaulh sylvestris Auct.]

Common in ])lacfS througliout the upper part of the Transition zone,
and ranging into the Caiuidian. Common at Wagon Camp and a little
above. Found also in Mud Creek Canyon at mouth of Clear Creek.
(Identified by J. B. Leiberg.)

Lupinus 'ornatus' Auct. [not of Douglas.] Silvery Lupine.

This beautiful species is common in spots near and a little below
tiniberliue, sometimes covering extensive areas, but not uniformly dis-
tributed. Where it occurs it is usually sufficiently abundant to give
the mountain side the effect of a distinct silvery covering. It always
grows on stony or pumice slopes and usually among or near white bark
pines, although in a few instances it was found outside of the pine
areas. It is common near the head of Sipiaw Creek and on both sides
of Mud Creek Canyon. On the east side of this canyon it is particu-
larly abundant just above the trees, and stops abruptly at an altitude
of 8,200 to 8,400 feet, to be rei)laced by the dwarf Alpine L. lyalll. On
the north side of Shasta it is common in an open forest of white-bark

'In this and subsequent references to 'The Loop' the statement means that in
going north along the lailroail ti"ack we first saw the jilant at 'The I-oop.' The
spt'cies may occur farther south in the canyon on suitable slopes above the level of
the railroad.

152 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

pines in a shallow gulch at the east base of the lava buttes just below
'North (late.' The upper limit of the silvery lui)iue usually coincides
with the lower limit of the dwarf lupine {L. lijdlli), which species gen-
erally pushes from this ])oiut ui)war(l through the Ali)ine zone.

The root of the silvery lupine is slender and tough, and soon divides
into two or three very long wire-like rootlets which run a rather shallow
course in the sand. Some of them measure 750 millimeters. The ])lant
at timberliue averages about (iO millimeters in height.

Mr. Leiberg tells me that this species, although commonly referred
to 'oniati(s\ is not ornatus of Douglas. It has also been called L.
arficntens deciimbots Watson.

Lupinus albifrons lienth.

Collected near Horse Oamp August 20 by Vernon Bailey and Miss
Wilkins. (Identified by J. 1>. Leiberg. i

Lupinus lyalli Gray. Dwarf Alpine Lui)ine.

Abundant and widely distributed over the higher rocky pumice
slopes from timberliue or a little above u}) to an altitude of slightly
more than 10,000 feet. (Identified by J. B. Leiberg.)

Lupinus minimus Dougi. Dwarf Lowland Lupine.

Common in the Transition zone at Sisson. (Identified by .1. B. Lei-
berg.)

Vicia americana ]\IuhI.

Kather common at and below Wagon Camp. ;nid still in liowei' when
we left, September 25.

Linum lewisi Pursh. Wild Hemp.

Abundant at Wagon Camp, where its debcate blue fiowers were con-
spicuous in July, and its large subglobular seed ca])sules in September.

Polygala cornuta Kellogg.

Occurs plentifully in the dry pine woods of tiie Transition zone near
Sisson Tavern, but was not observed on the mountain proper. (Iden-
tified by Miss Eastwood.)

Rhus trilobata Nutt.

In going north from Sisson we first observed this species a mile or
two south of Edgewood, to the north and east of which it became more
and more (common. Its zone position here is along the borderland
between the Transition and U[)per Sonoran zones.

Pachystima myrsinites Kaf. Oregon lioxwood.

('ommon in the Transition zone at t!ie west base of Shasta, from Sis-
son up to an altitU(U' of about 4,700 ieet, usually in manzanita chajtar-
ral. Its absence from the higher slojx's within tlie ])roper zone limits
of the species is ]>rol)al)ly due to heat and <lryness. as exi)lained else-
where (p. 5()), but it is possible that the Sisson jilant is a Transition
zone subsi)ecies of Ihe trne iioreal /'. iiii/r.sinilrs.

OCT., 1809] PLANTS. 153

Acer macrophyllum Pnrsli. Oregon Maple; Biy" leaf Maple.

The tree maple is rare iu the region about Shasta, where it was
observed only in moist places in the lower part of the Transition zone
near Sisson and in the upper part of the Sacramento Canyon.

Acer glabrum Tori-. Bush Maple.

Fairly common in McCloud Valley and in moist places along streams
and canyons in the Transition zone. In Mud Creek Canyon it was
found i\\) to an altitude a little above 5,600 feet, and along Squaw Creek
to nearly 0,000 feet.

Acer circinatum Pursh. Vine Maple.

This characteristic west-coast species, with nearly circular 7 -point
leaves, occurs sparingly in moist places near Sisson Tavern, but is not
common. It is one of the most distinctive plants of the humid Pacific
coast division of the Transition zone.

Ceanothus cordulatus Kellogg. Snow Bush.

Common in the lower part of the Transition zone on the southern
and western baiSal slopes of Shasta. In the upper part of Sacramento
Canyon it first occurs at 'The Loop,' whence it is abundant northerly
to within a mile or two of P^dgewood. At Sisson and in Squaw Creek
and McCloud valleys it is very abundant, but for some reason not
apparent it does not reach on Shasta its usual upper limit, and was
not observed anywhere above 4,900 feet. Possibly it is choked out by
the other chaparral, which is made up mainly of inanzanita {Arcto-
staphylos patula) and buck-brush [Ceanothus velutinus).

Ceanothus cuneatus Nutt. Wedge-leaf Ceanothus.

This is one of the most characteristic shrubs of the Upper Sonoran
zone in California, where it is generally associated with the curious
digger pines. The region about Shasta is too high for it. It occurs,
however, in the lower valleys, both north and south of Sisson. On the
north it reaches from Yreka to a little beyond Edgewood, appearing a
mile or two south of the latter point on the road to Sisson, and about
4 miles southwest of it on a road farther west. Skipping the broad
Transition belt between Edgewood and the Sacramento, it occurs next
at Delta, in the Sacramento Canyon, and ranges thence southerly. Its
upper border meets the lower border of another species, C. cordulatus,
which is common at Sisson, as well as on the southern and western
basal slopes of Shasta.

Ceanothus velutinus Dougl. Buck-brush.

Profusely abundant on all the manzanita-covered slopes of Shasta,

from the lower part of the Canadian zone down nearly to the lower

edge of the Transition. ^Nlixed with Arctostaphylos patula in nearly

equal proportion it forms the dominant chaparral of the mountain.

21753— No. 16 20

154 NORTH A.MKRICAX FAUNA. [no.16.

Toii<iues of it push up ou warm southerly slopes to about (IJiOO teet'
altitude, and it descends on the west sloi)e to about 4,200 feet (half a
mile east of Sissou), and on the south slope to 3,G00 feet (near McCloud
Mill). Along^ the east base of AEount Kddy, where it is sheltered from
the afternoon sun, it a])pears about 2 miles north of Sisson (altitude
3,700 feet), and continues northerly for many miles.

Ceanothus integerrimus H. c^- A. California Lilnc.

Common in jtarts of the Transition zone, notably in Squaw Creek
Valley near McCloud Mill, and in the upi)er Sacramento \'alley a little
below Sisson, but very scarce or absent on the slopes of Shasta proper.
Ldce C. cordulaiiis it seems to be kept out by some unknown cause,
l)Ossibly choked out by other si)ecies. Perhaps the soil is too dry for it.

Ceanothus (Cerastes) prostratus Benth. S(piaw Cari)ct.

In following- the Sacramento Canyon northward. Squaw Carpet was
first seen at the 'The liOO}),' a few miles south of Sisson, whence it
occurs in greater or less abundance throughout the i^onderosa ])ine
forest and manzanita chaparral to the lower slopes of Shasta, where ou
the southwest side it reaches up to 5,200 feet.

Rhamnus californica Esch. (This form may be R. rubra Greene.)

Scarce and confined to low altitudes in the Transition zone. Found
by Vernon Bailey in S(iuaw Creek Valley below 4,000 feet. Specimen
lost.

Hypericum anagalloides C. & S. Dwarf Hypericum.

Common in spots in wet places in the Hudsonian and Canadian zones.
It was most common in the second meadow on Squaw Creek, and by
no means rare near Wagon Canq). and was in flower in late July and
throughout August.

Viola blanda Willd, White Violet.

Collected by ]\Iiss Wilkins in the middle meadow on Scpiaw Creek,
at an altitude of 7,."")00 feet. Not observed elsewhere.

Viola purpurea Kellogg. Al])ine Yellow Violet.

Common on dry rocky slopes on i)uniice soil from some distance
below timberlint^ upward, on warm southerly exposures, to '.>,300 feet.
When we reached tlie mountain, the middle of July, its yellow Mowers
were conspicuous, although even at that time the species had nearly
]»assed llowcring. Its fruit and dark green leaves lemaincd as late as
the latter part of Sej)tcmber, shari>]y ontlincd against the whitish
stones and pumice of the bleak and barren upper sloi)es, where a violet
seemed singularly out of place. (Identified by Miss Eastwood and
I'rofessor (Ireene.)

' For its extreme iijipci limit, on hot canyon slopes, see remarks wnAeT Arctosta-

phijIdH iKihila. p. 1.">S.

OCT , 1899.] PLANTS. 155

Mentzelia laevicaulis (Dougl.) T. vv: G.

liatlier common in Shasta Valley, but not found elsewhere about the
mountain. This species seems to belong to the Upper Sonoran zone,
and therefore has no place in the flora of Mount Shasta.

Epilobium spicatum Lamarck. Willow Herb; Fire- weed.

Abundant in places, chiefly on old burns in the Canadian and Tran-
sition zones. At Wagon Camp it did not begin to flower until near the
middle of August; at Sisson it was still in flower in places as late as
the middle of September.

Epilobium brevistylum Bar bey.

Collected at Wagon Camp, where it is tolerably common in moist
places; the largest species next to spicatum. (Identifled by Professor
Trelease.)

Epilobium oregonense Hausskn.

Common at Wagon Camp. A large form occurring also at Wagon
Camp Professor Trelease considers as probably E. (jlaherrtvium Barbey.

? Epilobium hornemanni Eeichenb.

Some poor specimens, with exceedingly long seed capsules, collected
by me a little below timberline about the end of the season, are doubt-
fully referred to this species by Professor Trelease.

Epilobium clavatum Trelease.

Abundant in the heather meadows and along the edges of the cool
streams of the Hudsonian zone at and a little below timberline.
(Identifled by Professor Trelease.)

Epilobium pringleanum Hausskn.

A tiny alpine species, rarely as tall as one's thumb, occurring here
and there on the borders of the highest streamlets above timberline.
(Identified by Professor Trelease.)

Epilobium obcordatum Cray. Rose Epilobium.

Local — common near timberline on the steep west side (east slo])e) of
Mud Creek Canyon. A remarkable plant, strikingly unlike the others
of its genus. It has a woody base and is really a dwarf bush. Its
large red flowers are showy and very handsome. (Identified by Miss
Eastwood and Professor Trelease.)

Gayophytum ramosissimum T. & G.

Abundant throughout the Transition zone, where it was equally com-
mon at Sisson and at Wagon Cam]) and was in flower as late as the end
of Sei)tember. (Identifled by Miss Eastwood.)

Carum gairdneri (Hook. & Arn.) Gray.

liather common in damp soil at Wagon Camp where the Canadian
and Transition zones meet. (Identifled by Dr. J. N. Rose.)

156 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

Cymopterus terebinthinus T. & G.

Common in the neighborhood of timheiiine, usually in stony places
on dry pumice slopes; found also on toj) of lied Cone, a little east of
Wagon Camp. This species has a large and woody root and a remark-
ably rank and lasting odor. Its zone position is Iludsonian: a larger
unrecognized form occurs in the Canadian zone, (Identitied by Miss
Eastwood and Dr. Kose.)

Ligusticum grayi Coulter «S; Rose.

Common throughout the Hudsonian zone, iiarticularly a little below
timberline, Mhere it occurs most abundantly in the beds of heather
along the little streams. In places it pushes down into the Canadian
zone. (Identified by Miss Eastwood and Dr. Rose.)

Heracleum lanatum Michx. Cow Parsnip.

Occurs in damp places in the Canadian zone. In Mud Creek Canyon
near the mouth of Clear Creek it was found as high as 0,700 feet.
(Identitied by Dr. Rose.)

Osmorrhiza nuda Torr.

Found s]>aringly at Wagon Camp and at Sisson.
Cornus nattalli Audubon. Oregon Dogwood.

Rather common in moist places in the lower half of the Transition
zone. It occurs in Scjuaw Creek A'alley near McCloud Mill, and is
comnion along the streams near Sisson Tavern; on the road from
Wagon Camp to Sisson it was seen u}) to an altitude of 4,500 feet,

Cornus pubescens Xutt.

Common in cool damj) soil near Sisson and along the upper Sacra-
mento.

Chimaphila umbellata (L.) Nutt.

Occurs here and there throughout the drier parts of the forest, but
is less common than Chimaphila menziesi.

Chimaphila menziesi Spreng.

Fairly common throughout the Shasta fir forest, and also in the
mixed forest of ])ines and firs irom the upper Sacramento Canyon
northward (('anadian and Transition).

Pyrola picta Smitii.

Occurs here and there throughout tlie forest of Shasta firs, where
its ornamental light-marbled leaves are pleasingly conspicuous against
the dark soil.

Pyrola pallida (liceiie. '

I'ound sparingly on the dry summit of Red Cone, about a mile east
of Wagon Camp. (Identified by Professor (Jreene.)

' Pittonia, IV, p. 39, March 17, 1899.

OCT., 1890.

PLANTS.

157

Pyrola secunda Tjiiin.

Decidedly less coinmou than F. picta, but like it found in the Shasta
fir forest.

Pterospora andromedae Xutt. Pinedrops

Fouud in the dry woods along the border between the Canadian and
Transition zones. (Identified by l*rotessor Greene.)

Pleuricospora fimbriolata Gray.

Collected at Wagon Camp by Miss Wilkins. (Identified by F. V.
Coville.)

Sarcodes sanguinea Torr. Snow Plant.

This handsome plant is reported as common on the forested slopes of
Shasta at the time of melting' snow in spriny. It probably occurs in
both the Canadian and Transition zones.

Arctostaphylos nevadensis Gray. Dwarf Mountain Manzanita.

Common in the Canadian and Hudsonian zones, growing in extensive
beds a foot or less in height. On the high ridges, among the timber-
line Pinus albicatilis, these beds of green cover the pale gray lava
rocks, and in the dark forests of Shasta fir they form the only con-
spicuous surface vegetation.

Arctostaphylos patula Greene. Green Manzanita.

The most abundant and troublesome cbajiarral of Shasta. It is a
characteristic Transition zone species and covers the lower slopes all
the way around the mountain except a belt about 10 miles wide on tlie

Fk;. 45. — Manzanita chajjarral.

northeast base, reaching from Ash Creek to about 3 miles northwest of
Inconstance Creek, which is too cold for it and is occupied by Canadian
zone species. On the north, west, and south it covers practically the
whole of a broad belt several miles in width, reaching from base level

158 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

to the lower edge of the Canadian zone and formerly occupied in the
main by a forest of ])onderosa pines, some of which still remain scattered
over it. Except at its extreme lower limit, it is usually mixed with
buck-brusli (Ceanothns relnfinus).

Seen from a distance, the extensive areas of manzanita on thi* lower
slopes of Shasta are very deceptive. They look like meadows of green
grass, but to cross them is in most cases impossible, owing to the den-
sity of the growth and rigidity of the branches. For this reason they
form secure retreats for black bears, deer, wild-cats and other animals.

At two i)laces on the Avest side of the mountain Arctostaphi/Jos jxitida
reaches the extraordinary altitude of T.SOO to 7,000 feet. One of these
is on the north side of Diller Canyon, the otlier on the north side of
Horse Camp Trail. Both stations are on long and steep southwest
pumice slopes which receive the hot rays of the afternoon sun almost
at a right angle, carrying up numerous Transition zone species nearly
2,000 feet above their normal limit. (See p. 51.) From the sonthwest
base of Shasta the green manzanita reaches down the canyon of the
Sacramento Eiver to 'The Loop.'

Phyllodoce empetriformis (Gray), lied Heather.

\=i Bryan th hh empetriformi.s Auct. j

Abundant along the cold streams of the lludsonian zone and in the
bottoms of the glacial basins that are kept nu)ist l»y melting snows;
commonest between the altitudes of 7,500 and 8,500 feet, and not seen
above 9,100 feet. This is the only 'heather' found on Shasta. It
usually forms extensive beds or carpets in which numerous other
plants hnd a congenial home. These beds are practically the only
flower gardens on the mountain, and the only areas where small plants
are plentiful enough to give the effect of continuous green; hence they
are commonly sjjoken of as 'heather meadows."

Kalmia glauca microphylla Hook. Ali)ine Laurel.

Abundant in most of the heather meadows just below timberline,
]»articularly along Scpiaw Creek. In geneial size aiul aspect the iilpine
hiurel resembles the red heather so closely that at a little distance it is
difficult to tell them ai)art.

Vaccinium caespitosum Mich. Dwnrf Alpine lUuebeiry.

Abundant on the higher slopes within the Ilndsonijin zone, i-eMching
a little above timberline. Common here and there in the stony
pumice flats and basins, but commonest near the streams, where it is
s<-attered tlirough the heather an<l forms beds of its own along the
outer edges of the lu-athei- beds. Its leaves tnrn dark red or gaiiiet dur-
ing the latter hall" of September, (contrasting hamlsomely with the dark
green of the hejither. In the neighborhood of timberline the dwarf
blueberry is rarely more tlnin thi-ee or four inches in height. It w;is in
full bloom the miildlc of -hilv.

OCT.. 1899.] PLANTS. 159

The form here referred to is the dwarf High Sierra one, given under
caspitosnm by Coville, in liis 'Botany of the Death Valley Expedition'
(p. 145, 1893).

Vaccinium arbuscula ((xray) | = Vaccmium c(vspitosum var. arhiiscKla
(irayj.
Ooinniou in moist i)laces in tlie Transition zone from Wagon Camp
down to AVarmcastle Soda Springs at the south base of the mountain.
This species seems to be distinct from the dwarf boreal V. <(vspitosum.
It averages about 2 feet ((JO centimeters) in height and has red branches
and decidedly larger and thicker leaves than the alpine ca-spitosum.
Whether or not the latter is the typical form is another question. The
zone position of V. arhuscnla is probably Canadian and Transition.

Vaccinium occidentale (iray. Blueberry.

Common in the Canadian zone in some of the canyons, and in the
marsh at Wagon Camp, where it fruited early.

Fraxinus oregana Nutt. Oregon Ash.

Occurs sparingly in the upper Sacramento Canyon, but was not
observed about the actual base of the mountain.

Gentiana simplex (rray. Blue Gentian.

Common in the Canadian zone swamp at Wagon Camp the first half
of August. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Apocynum pumilum (Gray) Greene.

Common in suitable places throughout the Transition zone, from
which it pushes up a short distance into the lower edge of the Cana-
dian. With other Transition zone species it was found on a warm
slope in Mud Creek Canyon at 6,700 feet. (Identified by Professor
Greene.)

Cycladenia humilis Benth.

Common in places it the Hudsonian zone, but very local. It occurs
plentifully on the top of Bed Cone, a short distance northeast of Wagon
Camp, at an elevation of about G,600 feet; on a red lapilli hill which
forms a part of Bed Butte, just east of ' The [South] Gate,' and on both
sides of ]\rud Creek Canyon a little below true timberline. The highest
altitude at which it was observed was 8,700 feet on a southwesterly slope
on the west side of Mud Creek Canyon. Cydudenia humilis is a curious
and rather striking plant. It usually has four large entire leaves, sug-
gesting those of Poh/ffonnm ueicberryi, and bears a pair of conspicuous
red tubular flowers followed by two curious seed pods, which are very
loug and lie side by side, one above the other, like the barrels of a Win-
chester rifle. (Identified by Miss Eastwood.)

Gilia aggregata (Pursh) Spreng.

Common throughout the ponderosa pine forests of the Transition zone
and sometimes seen in the lower part of the Shasta fir forest, where its

160 NORTH AMERICAN FAL'XA. [no. 16.

handsome scarlet flowers are very attractive. On warm southwest
slopes near Panther Creek it was found as high as 0,G00 feet, and
between Mud and Clear creeks as high as (5, 700 feet, but these are
abnormal altitudes due to unusually warm exposures and soil.

Collomia grandiflora Dougl.

Common in the upper part of the Transition zone a little below Wagou
Camp, where it was tiowerinu' al)undantly tlie last half of July.

Phlox douglasi diffusa (P>enth.) (iray. Alpine Pldox.

A common, widely distributed, and conspicuous ])lant of the higher
slopes within the ITudsonian zone, sometimes straggling down into the
Canadian zone. It occurs in scattered tufts on the dry rocky slopes
and ridges, usually on pumice soil, and is commonest in the neighbor-
hood of timberline. It blossoms early, and flowers were rarely seeu
as late as the latter part of July. After flowering the whole plant
withers and is disintegrated by the wind, so that little more than the
woody base remains.

Polemonium pulchellum liunge.

A characteristic but not abundant Alpine species, occurring here
and there among rocks far above timberline. On the north side of
Shastina it was in full bloom July 24 at an altitude of 8,900 feet. On
the south side of Shasta, above Squaw Creek, and on both sides of
Mud Creek Canyon, it was not found below 9,500 feet, whence it ranges
up to 13,000 feet. This species and Draha hrefccri were both observed
at 13,000 feet, and are the highest plants found on Shasta. (Identified
by Professor Greene.)

Phacelia frigida Greene.' Dwarf Alpine Phacelia.

This new si)ecies, which Professor Greene has kindly described at
my recpiest from specimens collected by us above the head of S(|uaw
Creek, is common and widely distributed on the higher and more bar-
ren rocky slopes, beginning above timberline and reaching, on south-
erly sloi)es, as high at least as 10,200 feet. The lowest altitude at
which it was found is 8,700 feet, on a cold slope.

Phacelia magellanica (Lam.) Coville.

A i)lant whicli, in the present unsatisfactory state of the group, it
seems necessary to refer here, is abundant on the lower slojx's, j)ar-
ti<;ularly in the Transition zone, where it was in Mower tliroughout the
summer and jis late as the end of September.

Cryptanthe geminata (ireene.

Kather common in the Transition /one below Wagon Camp, (identi-
fied by Professor Greene.)

1 I'ittonia. I\', ])p. :«t-10, MmkIi 17, \>

OCT., 1899.]

PLANTS. 161

Lappula nervosa (Kellogg) Greene.

Abundant in the opening.s near and a little below Wagon damp,
where it is the most troublesome 'stick-tight' of the region, filling the
forelocks and manes of the horses and binding tliem together in a
dense mat.

Monardella odoratissima Benth.

Abundant in the Canadian zone and much less common in the
Hudsonian. Abundant in the chaparral at Wagon Camp and found
in several places on warm sunny slopes as high as 7,800 or 7,900 feet,
and in one place near the head of Squaw Creek at 8,300 feet. In the
latter locality only a few bunches occur among the ro(;ks and no others
were observed for a long distance below.

Scutellaria nana Gray. Dwarf Skullcap.

This interesting little yellow -flowered skullcap was found at one
place only — the north slope of Shastina, at an altitude of 8,800 feet,
where it was flowering July 24. If this alpine plant is the same as the
type of 8. nana, which came from the hot desert region near Pyramid
Lake, Nevada, its occurrence at tiinberline on Shasta must be acci-
dental. (Identified by F. A'. Coville.)

Stachys ingrata Greene.

Abundant in moist soil at Wagon Camp, on the border between the
Canadian and Transition zones. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Chamaesaracha nana Gray.

This solanaceous plant, which has la ge white flowers and looks like
a dwarf potato, is common in an old burn near Wagon Camp, where
the Canadian and Transition zones overlap. (Identified by Miss East-
wood.)

Castilleja miniata Dougl. S(;arlet Painted Cup.

Common and conspicuous. A large form, probably the type form —
since the type came from the Blue Mountains of Oregon — is common in
moist places in the lower part of the Canadian zone and upper part of
the Transition. It was flowering abundantly in the uppermost grove of
ponderosa pines at Wagon Cam[) the latter half of July. A smaller
form, apparently unnamed, abounds in the heather beds of the Hud-
sonian zone near and a little below timberline, where it was flowering
profusely the first half of August.

Tlie scarlet i^ainted cup is one of the handsomest flowers of the moun-
tain. Where the plants are abundant on the dark heather the effect
of the bright green corolla tubes protruding in slender spindles from
the vivid scarlet mass of bracts and calyx is superb. Early in August
the calliope hummingbirds were constantly hovering over these flowers.
(Identified by M.L. Fernald.)
21753— No. 16 21

162 NORTH AMERICAN FAUNA. [no. 16.

Castilleja affinis Hook. \' Arn,

A plant collected in the Hudsouiaii zone near timbeiline just north
of lied Butte by Yeruon Bailey has been identified as this species by
M. L. Fernald, Since the typ*' locality, of (i(fi)iis is the low coast sti'ij)
near iSau Francisco or Monterey, the typical tbrin won Id hardly be
expected to occur in the hi<jh tiniberline region of Shasta.

Orthocarpus pilosus Watson.

Common in ])laces near tiniberline, particularly near 'The [South]
Gate,' between the heads of Panther Creek and Stpiaw Creek. (Iden-
tified by M. L. Fernald.)

Mimulus implexus Greene.

Abundant in wet places throughout the Hudsonian zone, reaching
its greatest perfection in the neighborhood of timberline. In the shal-
low rapids of some of the mountain rivulets it grows in such profusion
that its leaves form extensive mu(;ilaginous i)atches, whi(;h completely
fill the beds of the streams. Its large and showy yellow flowers were
in blossom from the latter part of rluly until the end of September.
(Identified by Professor (irreene.)

Mimulus moniliformis Greene.

Two forms of large yellow }[imiiliis grow in the marsh at Wagon
Camp, in the lower edge of the Canadian zone. (Identified by Professor
Greene.)

Mimulus tiling! (Kegel.) Greene.

Common in the marsh at Wagon Camp. (Identified by Professor
Greene.)

Mimulus primuloides Benth.

Common in iiatches in marshy ])laces and along streams in the Cana-
dian and Hudsonian zones, but much more common in the Caiuidian
than in the Hudsonian. It was abundant at Wagon Camp and also in
some of the heather meadows along Squaw ('reek and other streams.
(Identified by Miss Eastwood and Professor Greene.)

Pentstemon menziesi Hook.

One of the most characteristic and widely distributed jjlants of the
higher slopes, where it is common among the bare rocks all the way
around the mountain. It is common in the Hudsonian zone in the
neighborhood of tiniberline, but much more abundant in the Alpine,
and was found by Vernon Bailey as high as 10,200 feet. This species
is easily distinguished from the other Alpine species of the region by
its smooth entire leaves and relatively small bluish or violet blue flow-
ers, which become pink or reddish with age. (l<lentilied by Piofcssor
Greene.) The plant is by no means typical, but seems to be interme-
diate between menzirsi and ihiridsotii. It may be a distinct sjx-cies.

ofT., 1899.] PLANTS. 163

Pentstemon newberryi Gray.

Common in plares in the Iludsoniau zoue and possibly iu the upper
part of the Oanadiau; much less generally distributed thau P. menziesi
and usually occurring- at lower altitudes. On the uorth side of Shastina
it was flowering, the latter part of July, at an elevation of 7,000 feet,
and at the same time on the cold east slope of Mud Creek Canyon as
low down as 5,600 feet, Its flowers are mucli larger than those of
P. menzieHi and red instead of bluish; its leaves are longer, and are
serrate instead of entire.

Pentstemon glaber utahensis Watson.

Abundant just below timberline on the curious Pinus albicaulis plain
between N"orth (rate and Bolam Creek, on the north side of Shasta,
where it was flowering plentifully July -54. It was not seen elsewhere
on the mountain. Its blue-purple flowers are even larger than those
of P. neicherryi and are very showy and handsome. (Identified by
Professor Greene.)

Pentstemon deustus (Dough). Yellow Pentstemon.

Common in the rough black lava beds in the Shasta tir forest north
of Cascade Gulch, on the west side of the mountain, at an altitude of
about 7,500 feet, but not seeji elsewhere. This species is a dwarf bush
5 or 0 inches high, with yellow flowers and strongly serrate leaves.
(Identified by Professor Greene.)

Pentstemon gracilentus Gray.

Abundant in places in the Shasta fir forest, particularly between the
canyons of Mud and Ash creeks, in the Canadian zone. (Identified by
Miss Eastwood and Professor Greene.)

Pentstemon confertus Dougl. (Not tyj)ical.)

Common near Wagon Camp. (Identified by Miss Eastwood and
Professor (rreene.)

Veronica cusicki Gray.

Common just below timberline, particularly along the little streams
where it grows iu the grass and heather on the overhanging banks. It
was flowering abundantly from the time of our arrival, the middle of
July, until about the middle of August. (Identified by Miss Eastwood
and Professor Greene.)

Boschniakia strobilacea Gray.

Collected at Wagon Camp by Miss Wilkins. (Identified by Profes-
sor Greene.)

Linnaea borealis Linn. Twin Bell-flower.

Fairly common along one of the streams half a mile north of Sisson
Tavern, but not noticed elsewhere. This form was described by Torrey
as variety longiflora.

164 NORTH AMERICAN FAl'NA. [no. 16.

Sam"bucus melanocarpa (Iray. Blackberry l^ldcr.

Common in moist parts of the Transition zone, particularly in the
canyons. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Symphoricarpos racemosus Mich. SnowlJciry.

Common about Sisson Tavern and in cool moist places along the
base of Mount Eddy.

Symphoricarpos pilosus Greene. Mountain !Sno\vi>erry.

Abundant in the upper part of the Transition zone, particularly
at Wagon Camp and along S(pKiw Creek. (Identified by Professor
Greene.)

Campanula wilkinsiana Greene.' Sliasta Bluebell.

This new bluebell, recently described by Professor Greene from speci-
mens collected by us on the upper part of Squaw Creek, is common in
the lower heather meadows, and less so in the marshy place at AVagon
Camp. It is singular that the only Campanula found on Shasta should
be new, the usual Sierra and Cascade species being absent. The pres-
ent species, which is named after ]\[iss Bewanna Wilkins, averages 4 to
5 inches in height and has a rather small llower. Its zone position is
Hudsonian and Canadian.

Achillea lanulosa Nutt.

Common in the Transition zone at and below Wagon Cam[). (Identi-
fied by C. L. Pollard.j

Achillea borealis Bong, Dwarf Alpine Yarrow.

Occurs in places on tlie stony pumice sloi)es above timberline. P>e-
tweeu the heads of Mud and Squaw creeks A'ernon Bailey found it at
an altitude of 9,()00 feet. (Identified by C. L. Pollard.)

Anaphalis margaritacea (L.) B. «fc H.

Common in dry oi)en places in the chaparral from Sisson to Wagon
Camp. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Antennaria geyeri Gray. Geyer Everlasting.

A large specimen of this handsome everlasting was collected by Ver-
non Bailey in the Transition zone Just below Wagon Camp September
25. The species was not noted elsewhere. (Identilied by Miss East-
wood and Professor (rreene.)
Antennaria media Greenes \=A. alpina Auct.]. Alpine Everlasting.

Common in o])en i»arfs of the Hudsonian /.one in the neighborhood
of timberline on most parts of Shasta and on Sliastina. On ordinary
slopes it ranges from an altitude below .S/>>00 feet up to about <),0()0.
(Identified by Professor Greene.)

ipittoniu, IV, ])p.n8-no, Mtirch 17, IRDO.

OCT., 1899.] PLANTS. 1 65

Arnica merriami Greene.'

Coninvoii in the lieatlier meadows and along the edges of streams in
most parts of the Hndsonian zone. This new species has just been
described by Professor Greene from specimens collected by us on the
moist banks of the small west arm of Upper Hquaw Creek, under the
alpine hendocks, where it is very common.

Arnica longifolia D. C Eaton.

Common in moist places in the Canadian zone, chiefly on the banks
of streams. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Arnica viscosa (xray.

This singular species, which differs strikingly in appearance and
habit from most members of its genus, grows in dense patches, usually
2 or 3 feet in diameter, among the bare lava rocks on steep sloi)es near
timberline. On the south side of Shasta it was fairly common and
flowering abundantly in August. (Identified by Miss Eastwood.)

Artemisia tridentata Nutt. True Sagebrush.

Sagebrush is unknown in the region about Shasta except in Shasta
Valley, which it invades and overspreads from the Klamath country
on the north. It reaches the extreme south end of Shasta Valley and
penetrates a short distance into the bordering forest of ponderosa pines,
where it mixes with Kunzia tridentata. Pushing southeasterly over
Shasta Valley it reaches the gap at Sheep Rock. Its zone position is
Upper Sonoran and Transition.

Artemisia ludoviciana Nutt.

A foTmoi Artemisia ludoviciana is common in places just below Wagon
Camp, along the upper edge of the Transition zone. When the species
aiul subspecies now lumped under the above name are properly defined,
several useful zone plants may be added to their appropriate lists.

Machaeranthera shastensis Gray. Shasta Alpine Aster.

[^ Aster sltastensis Auct.].

A dwarf alpine species abounding on the bare rocky pumice slopes
in the neighborhood of timberline, and common also on the borders of
the heather beds iu the glacial meadows. This is the type form. A
related but unnamed form, usually a foot and a half or more in height,
is common and widely distributed on the lower slopes, chiefly in the
upper part of the Transition and lower part of the Canadian zones.

Oreastrum alpiginum (Gray) Greene.

Common in the neighborhood of timberline, particularly in moist
places. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

' Pittonia, IV, p. 36, March 17, 1899.

166 NORTH AMERICAN FAI'NA. [no. 16.

Chsenactis nevadensis (Kello<i-^) (Iray. Alpine Cha'iiactis.

This curious cttniposite, witli whitish tubular flowers, much divided
sticky leaves, and a smell like that of alcoholic s])ecimens, occurs here
and there in the pumice sand and amonj;" the broken lava sliale above
tiinberline. It was tirst seen in Jlower on tlie north side of IShastina
July 2i (alt. 1),()()0 feet), and early in August was flowering plentifully
on the soutli sl()i)e of Shasta above the head <»f S(pmw Creek (alt.
0,;>()() feet). (Identified by I*rolessor (rreene.)

Chrysothamnus bloomeri (Gray) Greene.

One of the commonest and most widely distributed i)lauts of the
higher slopes, where it occupies pumice soils from the bottom of the
Hudsonian zone up to several hundred feet above timberline. It was
rarely found above an altitude of 9,000 feet.

This i)lant is very long lived, and although tlie ])art above ground
is relatively small it springs from a large woody base resembling that of
the true sagebrush. The root is enormous. The main taproot (some-
times double) usually sinks so deeply into the soil that T was unable
to dig one up without breaking off the terminal point. In mature
plants the main root measures about 200 millimeters in circumference
where it enters the ground, an<l is 500 to 000 millimeters in length. It
gives ott" numeious sn)all and slender rootlets some of which exceed
GOO millimeters in length. The height of the i)lant above ground
rarely exceeds 150 millimeters.

Chrysothamnus bloomeri angustatus (Gray) (ireene.

Common at AVagon Camp and in various parts of the Transition zone,
usually scattered through the manzanita chaparral. Vernon P>ailey
collected it at Sheep Kock. (Identified by Professor (xreene.)

Chrysothamnus occidentalis Greene. Rabbit l>rush.

Fairly common in oi)en spots on the lower sloi)es throughout the
Transition zone, where it is mixed with Kunzia tridentata, Aretostaphy-
los iJatnJ<(, and Ceanofhus velutinns. This large white-stemmed spe-
cies occurs sparingly in dry soil at Sisson, and thence to I^'dgewood
and Sliasta Valley, in the upper edge of the Upper Sonoran zone, where
it is common among the sagebrush. It was obtained at Sheep l\ock
by Vernon Bailey. (Identifu'd by I'rofessor Greene.)

Chrysothamnus viscidiflorus ISfutt.

Common in the upper part of the Ui)i)er Sonoran zone in Shasta
Valley. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Erigeron armeriaefolium Turcz.

leather common near timberline. Specimens were collected above
Squaw Creek, m^ar the head of Alud Creek Canyon, and on tlie north
slope ol Shastina. (ldenti(ic<l by Professor < Irecno.)

OCT., 1899.] PLANTS. 167

Erig-eron compositus trifldus Hook.

C'ommou on tlie sl()i)os of broken sluile and puiiiic<' al)ovc tiiiibeiiine,
where it often grows iu mats of Silene si(l:.s(l<>rfi close under the edges
of roeks. On the south side of Shasta it was not observed lower than
9,200 feet, but on the cold nortli slope of Shastina it was found as low
as 8,000 feet. Its yellow flowers are rather conspicuous, and were
noted from the latter part of July until late in August. (Identified by
Professor (xreene.)

Erigeron inornatus Gray.

This tall and much-branclied Erigeron was found in ^lud Creek
Canyon and along- Squaw Creek, a little below the fall, at an altitude of
6,800 feet. (Identihed by Professor (xreene.)

Eupatorium occidentale Hook.

Collected by Vernon Bailey and Miss Wilkins on Horse Camp Trail
on the boundary between the Transition and Canadian zones. (Identi-
fied by Professor (ireene.)

Heleniastrum rivulare Greene.

Common on damj) ground at Wagon Camp, on the boundary between
the Canadian and Transition zones. (Identified by Miss Eastwood.)

Hulsea nana Gray.

A common and characteristic plant of the barren alpine slopes above
tiiiiberline, where its showy yellow heads are conspicuous among the
bare rocks. Its leaves are sticky, crinkled, and relatively smooth. It
was found on most of the high ridges above timberline all the way
around the mountain, and was obtained on the north side of Shastina
at an altitude of 9,000 feet. Its highest limit on the southwest side, as
observed by Vernon Bailey, is 11,300 feet. (Identified by Miss East-
wood and Professor Greene.)

Hulsea larseni Gray.

Common on the pumice slopes above timberline, growing with H.
nana,, from which it may be easily distinguished by the leaves, which
are covered with a dense whitish ])ubescence. (Identified by Professor
Greene.)

Madia bolanderi Gray.

Very common in the marsh at Wagon Camj), where it was in blossom
all summer. Common also along some of the streams in the upper
part of the Transition zone, where the low temperature resulting from
the water carries narrow tongues of Canadian zone species down to alti-
tudes below their normal limits. (Identified by Miss Eastwood.)

Senecio trigonophyllus (ireene.

Common along Panther Creek in the Shasta fir belt. (Identified by
Miss Eastwood and Professor Greene.)

168 NORTH AMERICAN FAT^NA. [no.16.

Senecio canus Hook.

Coininoii oil the rock-strewn pumice slopes above timberline. (Identi-
fied by ]\Iiss Eastwood and Professor Greene.)

Solidago elongata Nntt.

Abundant in open grassy places at Wagon Camp, where it was in
tlower in August and Se])tember. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

Agoseris monticola Greene.' Alpine Dandelion.

Abundant in the neighborhood of timberline on the stony slopes and
basins, where its yellow dandelion-like Howers were consi)i('uous from
the end of July until the middle of September. On warm southerly
slopes it was observed as high as 9,750 feet. Its wavy leaves are some-
times entire, sometimes indented or cut. This species has Just been
described by Professor Greene from specimens collected by us at tim-
berline on Shasta.

Crepis intermedia Gray.

Collected by Miss Wilkins in Mud Creek Canyon near the mouth of
Clear Creek, where its zone position is either Iludsoniau or Canadian.
(Identified by F. \. Coville.)

Hieracium albiflorum Hook.

Common in places along the upper i)art of the Transition zone. Col-
lected at Wagon Cam[), on Squaw Creek, and on a warm slope in Mud
Creek Canyon near the mouth of Clear Creek. (Identitied by Miss
Eastwood and Professor Greene.) A dwarf ali)iue form, api)arently not
yet named, occurs above timberline and is fairly common above the
head of Scpiaw Creek, growing with 7/. horrhhitii.

Hieracium cynoglossoides nudicaule Gray.

Very common in the Transition zone just below Wagon Camp.
(Identified by Professor Greene.)

Hieracium horridum Fries.

Common in places on the liigher sloi)es at and above timberline,
forming small and densely hairy tufts among the rocks. The plant,
l»articularly when y<mng, is comj)letcly covered by a very dense growth
of stilf silky white hairs whi<'h give it a woolly appearance.

Hieracium gracile Hook.

Common in the heather beds just below timberline, where its conspicu-
ous yellow llowers were in blossom the eai ly part of August. (Identilied
by Miss l^jastwood and Professor Greene.)

Hieracium greenei Gray.

I^'airly connnon jusi below Wagon Camj) in the Transition zone. The
typ«; locality of this species is in the Scott Mountains a little west of
Shasta. (Identified by Professor Greene.)

'Pittonia, IV, p. 37, Mnicli 17, 1899.

OCT., 1899.]

PLANTS.

169

Ptiloria lactucina (Gray) Greene. {=Stephanomeria lactucina Auct.)

This curious composite, witli milky Juice and conspicuous ])inkish
flowers, suddenly appea.ed on burns near Wagon Camp the latter part
of August. It was not observed elsewhere. (Identified by Miss East-
wood and Professor Greene.)

<

1

1

''

_^^_^^^^^^_^^^,>*i

-v-',;-:-*^^>'^M^r

B^^^^l

^gigiaw

Fig. 40.— Mouument ou summit of Shasta. (Photograijlied by W. H. Osgood.)

21753— No. 1(> 22

INDHX

[Naiiie.s of new species in black-faoi' type. For zone jwsition of spe<'ie8, see alphabetical lists,

pages 54—79.]

Abies amabilis, 82.

concolor lowiana, 34, 37, 138.

lasiocarpa, 82.

niagniflca, 37, 81.

nobilis, 82.

shastensis, 36-38, 138.
AccipiteratricapiUus striatulus. 111.

cooperi. 111.

velox. 111.
Acer ciixinatura, l.i3.

glabruni, 153.

macrophvlluni, 153.
Achillea borealis, 164.

lanulosa, 164.
Acouitnm columbianuiii, 146.
Actitis macularia, 11(1.
.SIgialitis vocifera, 110.
Aeronautes nielanoleucu.s, 117.
Agelaius pha'niceus, 122.
Agoseris nionticola, 16, 168.
Abler, 141.

paperleaf, 141.

white tree, 141.
Alectoria fremonti, 136.
Allium sp.?, 139.
Alliiim validum, 139.
Alima iiicana var. virescens, 141.

rhoiiiliifolia, 141.

sinuata, 141.

tenuifolia, 141.
Amelanchier alnifolia, 150.
Aniiuodranius sandwichensis alaiidinns
Anaphalis margaritacea, 164.
Anas bosclias, 109.
Anortlnira hieinalis i)aciticu8, 80, 131.
Antelope, iiroiig-liorn, 102.
Antennaria alpina, 164.

geyeri, 104.

media, 164.
Authua pensilvanicus, 130.
Antilocapra americana, 102.
Aphelocoma californica, 119.
Aplodontia, 92-93.
Aplodontia major, 92-93.

major rainieri, 74, 81.
Apocynuin pumilum, 159.
Aquila chrysaetoa, 112.
Aquilegia truncata, 146.
Arabia, flat-pod, 146.
Arabia platysperma, 146.

Arctomya caligatus, 69.

flaviventer. 79, 80, 89.
Arctoataphyloa nevadensis, 157.

patula, 30, 157-158.

viscida, 53.
Ardea lierodias, 109.
Arenaria, 80.
Arenaria compacta, 81.

congesta, 81.
Arnica chaniissonis, 80.

longifolia, 165.

merriami. 16, 165.

viscosa, 165.
Artemisia Indoviciana, 165.

rothrocki, 81.

trideutata, 165.
Asariim hartwegi, 14!!.
Ash, mounlain, 150.

Oregon, 159.
Aapleniuni filixfttmina, 136.
Aster, Shasta alpine, 165.
Aster shastensis, 165.
Astragalinus psaltria. 124.

tristis salicamans, 124.
Anlacomninm audrogynum, 136.
Avalanches, 26-27.

Badger, 105.

Basin slopes, 52.

Bassariscus a.stutn.s rajitor, 106-107.

Bat, big-eared, 88.

California, 89.

large brown, 89.
Bear, black, 107.

grizzly, 107.
Beaver, 92.

Bell-flower, twin, 163.
Betnla occideutaiis, 141.
Bigliorn, 103.
Bikukulla uniflora 146.
Birch, 141.
Blackberry, 150.
Blackbird, Brewer, 122.

red-winged, 122.

yidlow-headed, 121.
Bluebell, Shasta, 164.
Blueberry, 159.

dwarf alpine, 158-159.
Bluebird, arctic, 133-134.

mountain, 133-134.

171

172

INDEX,

Bluebird, wi-steiii, 133.

Boreal fauna of Sliasia aud Sierra-Cascades,

sources of, 85-86.
Boreal species :

common to Shasta and Sicrra-('ascades, 73-74.
common to Shasta and Siena, not known I'roni

Cascades, 74-75.
common to Shasta and ("ascades, not known

from Sierra, 75.
of Shasta, not known from Sierra or Cas-
cades, 75.
exclusively, of Shasta, 711-77.
Hudsonian-Aliiine, of Shasta, 77-78.
Hudsonian-Alpino connuon to Shasta and

Sierra-Cascades, 78.
Hud.sonian- Alpine common to Shasta and

Sierra, not known from Cascades, 78-79.
Hudsouian-Ali)ine common to Shasta and

Cascades, not known from Sierra, 7i>.
common to Sierra and Cascades, not known

from Shasta, 79-82.
of .Sierra, not known from Shasta or Cascades,

80-81.
of Cascades, not known from Shasta or Sierra,
81-82.
Boselmiakia strobilacea, 163.
Boxwooil, Oregon, l.">2.
liranta canadensis, 109.
Brodia'a, 140.

15r.vanthus empetriformis, 158.
Bubo virginianus, 114.
Buck-brush, 153-154.
Bunting, lazuli, 127.
Burns, efi'ects of, 47.
Bu.sh-tit, California, 132.
Buteo borealis calurus, 112.
swainsoni, 112.

Caeomistle, 106-107.
Calh.spei-niophilus clirx soili'irus, 90.

saturatus. 09.
Calochortus maweanus, I3'.i.

tiudus, 139.
Calypteanna, 117.
Campanula scouleri, 80.

wilkiusiana, 16, 164.
Canis leates, 103.

ochropus, 103.
Canyons, 21-23.

Ash creek, 22, 2'i.

B(dain, 22.

Brewer, 22.

Uiller, 22.

Mud creek, 22, 23.

Whitney, 22.

Gardamine bellidifolia pacli\ phylla, 146.
Carex, alpine, i:i9.
Carex breweri, 139.
Car]Hida(iis cassini, 123.

mexicanus frontalis, 123.

mexicanus obscurus, 123.
Carum gairdneri, 155.
Cassiope, 80.
Castanojisis chrysoi)li\ 11a, 142.

chrysophylla far. minor, 112.

seinpervirens, 142-143.

Castilleja altinis, 162.

miniata, Itil.
Castor canadensis, 92.
Cat, California wild, 104.

ring-tail. 106-1117.

wild, 104.
Catchliy, Ali)ine, 146.

Iludsouian, 145.
Cathartes avira. 111.

Catherpes mexicanus punctulatus. 130.
Ceaiiothus, wedge-leaf, 1.53.
Ceanotlms cordiilatus, 153.

cuneatus, 153.

integerriraus, 154.

(Cerastes) prostratus, 1.54.

velutinus, 30, 153-154.
Cedar, incense, 35, 138.
Ceojjhheiis pileatus abieticola. lU!.
Cerasus demissa, 150.

emarginata, 151.

glandulosa, 151.
Cercis ocridcntalis, 151.
Cercocarpus ledifolius, 148.

parvifolius, 53.
Certhia farailiaris occideiitalis, 131 .
Cervus occidentalis, 102.
Ceryle alcyor, 114.
Chasnactis, alpine, 166.
Chwnactis nevadensis, 166.
Chaetura vauxi, 117.
Chammcyparis lawsoniana, 138.
Channesaraeha nana, 101.
Chat, long-taih-d, 130.
Cheilanthes gracillima, 136.
Cheiranthus pereunis, 146.
Cherry, bitter red, 151.

bu.sh, 151.
Chickadee, chestiiutbaeked, 132.

mountain, 132.
Chimaphila iiienziesi, 156.

umbellata, 156.
Chimiuapin, Sierra, 142-143.
Chipmunk, Allen, 90-91.

Ivlamath, 90.
Chokccherry, western, 150.
Chondestes granunacus strigatns, 125.
Chordeiles virgiiiianus, 116.
Chrysamphora californica, 147.
Chryso])sis breweri, 81.
Chrysothainnus bloomeri, 166.

bloomeri angustatus, 166.

occidentalis, 53, 166.

viscidiflorus, 53, 166.
Oinclus mexicanus, 130.
Circus liudsonius. 111.
Cistothorus i)alustris jialudieida. 131.
Claytonia, 80.
Clintonia, 80.

Coccotlii'.iustes vos])ertinns moiitanus, 122-123.
Co<eyzus am<M-icanus oiiideiilMlis, 114.
Uolajites cafer, 116.
Colloinia grandillora, 16ii.
Cohnnha fa.sc^iata. 111.
Columbia Gap, 69.
Columbine, rod, 146.
Contopus boi'e ilis, 118.

richardsoni, 118.

INDEX.

173

Cony, 99-100.

Codt, lU'J.

Corallorhiza bigelovi, 141.

Coriius nattalli, 150.

pubesccns, l')6.
Corviis aiiiericanus, 1 19.
Corylus rostrata californioa, 141.
Cow parsnip, 156.
Coyote, mountain, 10:{.

valley, 103.
Craticgus rivularis, 150.
Creeper, western brown, 131.
Crepis intermedia, 168.

nana, 80.
Crossbill, Sierra red, 12;!-li!4.
Crow, 119.

Clark, 119-121.
Cryptanthe geminata, 160.
Cryptogramme acrosticboidea, 136.
Cuckoo, California, 114.
Cupressu.s macnabiana, 138.
Cyanocepbahis cyanocejilialus, 121.
Cyanocitta stelleri, 118.

stelleri frontalis, 74.
Cyanospiza ama'ua, 127.
Cycladenia humilis, 159.
Cymopteris terebintbinus, 156.
Cypress, Lawsou, 138.
Cystoijteris fragilis, 136.

Datila acuta, 109.

Dandelion, alpine, 168.

Darlingtonia, 147.

Datura meteloides, 53.

Deer, Columbia black-tail, 101-102.

mule, 102.
Delpbinium sonnei, 146.

Deudragapus obscurus fuligino.sus, 110-111.
Dendroica a'stiva, 128.

auduboiii, 128-129.

occidentalis, 129.

townsendi, 80.
Diller Canyon, 12.
Diijodomys californicus, 97.
Dipper, 130.
Dogwood, Oregon, 156.
Dove, mourning. 111.
Draba, Sierra alpine, 147.
Draba breweri, 147.

lemmoni, 81.
Drosera rotundifolia, 147.
Dryoloates pubescens gairdneri, 114.

villosus byloscopus, 114.
Dryopteris aculeata scopulina, 136.
Duck, cinnamon teal, 109.

mallard, 1U9.

pintail, 109.

sboveller, 109.
Eagle, bald, 112-113.

golden, 112.
Elder, blackberry, 164.
Elk, 102.
Empidonax ditiicilis, 118.

liammondi, 118.

wrighti, 118.
Epilobium, rose, 155.
Epilobium brevistylum, 155.

Epilobium clavatiim, 1

glaberrimum, 155.

liornemanni, 155.

obcordatum, 155.

oregonense, 155.

pringleanuni, 155.

.spicatum, 155.
Eretliizon epixanthus, 98.
Ereunetes occidentalis. 110.
Erigeron arnieria>foliuni, 166.

lompositus tritidus, 167.

inornatus, 167.

salsuginosus, 80.
Eriodictyon glutinosuni, 53.
Eriogonam large-leaf alpine, 144

naked stem, 144.

small-leaf alpine, 143-144.

yellow, 143.
Eriogonum marifolium, 143.

nudum, 144.

polypoduni, 143-141.

]iyrol;elolium, 144.
Erysimum aspenim ])erenne, 146.
Erytbrouium, 80.
Eulophus parisbi, 81.
Eupatorium occidentale, 167.
Eutamias alpinus, 81.

amoenus, 90.

senex, 90-91 .

speciosus, 81.

speciosus callipeplns, 81

speciosus frater, 81.

townsendi, 81.
Everlasting, alpine, 164.

Geyer, 164.
Evernia vulpina, 130.
Evotomys, mountain, 95.
Evotomys gapperi saturatus. 69.

mazama, 95.

Falco columbarius suckleyi, 113.

mexicanus, 113.

sparverius, 113-114.
Falcon, prairie, 113.
Eeatlier Kiver or Quincy Gap, 70
Eelis oregoneusi.s, 104.
Eincb, Cassin purple, 123.

bouse, 123.
Fir, Douglas, 34-35, 137.

Sbasta, 36-39, 138.

white, 34, 37, 138.
Fire-weed, 155.
Fi.sber, 106.

Flicker, red-sbafted, 116.
Flycatcber, Hanmiond, 118.

olive-sided, 118.

western yellow-bellied, 118.

Wright, 118.
Forest fires, 46-47.
Forests, 30-46.

Shasta fir belt, 36-39.

wliite-bark pine belt, 39-40.

yellow-pine belt, 30-35.
Fox, mountain red, 103.

Townsend gray, 10.3-104.
Fragaria bracteata, 148.

cbiloeusis, 148.

174

INDEX.

Fraxiims oregaiia, lo9.
Fritillaria atropui'iiui i-a. VM).
Fiilica ameri( ana, lil9.

(iallinagoaelicata, lU'.l.
(■iari\ a iremonti, 53.
Gaiiltheria iiiyrsinites, 82.
Gayopbytiiiu raiuosissiiiiiiin, I.").").
Gt'utian, lilue, 159.
Gentiaiia uewborryi, 8U.

.simplex, 159.
Geotlilypi.s tolniiei, 129.

tricba.s oceideiitalis. rJ9.
Gfum, 80.

Gilia aggreyala, 159-l<)(i.
Ginger, wild, 143.
Glacial basins, 2U-21.
Glaucidiiini gnoiua (•aliri>iiii<nini, 114.
Goldfiucb, Arkansa.-*, 124.

willow, 124.
Goo.sc, Canada, 109.
Goplicr, pine- woods, 97.

Sierra pocket, 95-97.
Giisbawk, we.stiin. 111.
Grass, alpine, 139.

blue-eyed, 141.
Gras.s-of-Parnassua, 147.
Grebe, pied-billetl, U)9.
Grosbeak, blacklieaded, 126.

western evening, 122-123.
Grou.se, sooty, 110-111.
Gulo luscus, 79, 80, lo5.

Habenaria leueostacbys, 141.

unalaseliensis, 141.
Haliieetu.s leucocepbaliis, 112-113.
Harpidium exannulatiun, 13G.
Hastingsia allia, 139.
Haw,bla(-k, 150.
Hawk, Coojjer, 111.

niarsli, 111.

sbarp-shiimid. 111.

sparrow, 1 13-114.

Swainson, 112.

westeiu red-tail, 112.
Heather, red, l.')«.
Heleniastnmi livulare, 107.
llcliotropium iiuras.savieuni. .')3.
Hell-diver, 109.
H(ai(l)ore, wliite, 140.
Heliiiintliopliila eelata liitescens. 128.

rubrica](illa ;;iitturalis, 12K.
Hclodromas sidilariua ciniiaiiioineii.s,
Hemlock, Idack alj.ine, 42-40, 137.
Heni]), wild, l.VJ.
Heracleum lanatuni, l.")0.
Heron, great blue, 109.
Heucbera, 80.
Hieraciuni albilloruni, 108.

cynoglossoidert nudieaule, 168.

graciic, 168.

giecnci, 168.

liorriduni, 108.
Hirundo erytbrogastra, 127.
Holodiacus discolor, 148.
Horkelia i)8eud<)cai)itata, 149.
Jlosaekia aiuericana, 151.

Hulsea algida, 81.

larseni, 167.

nana, 167.
Huuimingbinl, Anna, 117.

callio])e, 117.

rdl'oius, 117.
Hylociebla aonalaschka- aiidnboni, 133.

ustulata, 81.
Hypericum, dwarf, 164.
Hypericum anagalloides. l')4.

Icteria virenslongicauda, 130.
Icterus bullocki, 122.
Iris, SO.

Itinerary, 10-14.
Ivesia, 80.

Jay, California. 119.

Oregon, 119.

piiion, 121.

Steller, 118.
Jerboa, Sierra, 98.

valley, 99.
Junco, Sierra, 125.
Junco byemalis coniuctcns. 74.

bj-emalis thurberi 125.
J uncus. Parry, 139.
Junctis ortbopliyllus, 8U.

parryi, 139.
Juniper, dwarf alpine, 138.

western, .53, 138-139.
Juniperus nana, 138.

occiden talis, 138-139.

Kalmiii lilauia uiicroplis 11a, l.'>8.

Killdeer, 1 10.

Kingbird, 117.

Kingtislier, 114.

Kinglet, ruby-crowned, 132.

western golden-crowned, 132.
Klamath Gap, 69.

ellicien<y of, as barrier to bmeal .spec
Kunzia tridentata, 149.

Lanius ludovicianus c.vcubitorides. 128.

Lappula nervosa, 101.

Lark, du.sky horned, 118.

Larkspur, 146.

Lasionycteris noctivagans, 79, 80.

Laurel, aljiine, 158,

Ledum ;;lan(lulosuiii, 81.

Lepus californi<-us, lul,

khiinalhensis, 16, IdO-Kil,

nultalli, 100.
Leucostiete, gray-crowned, 124.
Leucostict(5 tei)hroeoti8, 124.

tephroeotis littoralis, 74, 81.
Leucotbo'J davisia', 81.
Libocedrus decurrens, 35, 138.
Life y.ones, 52-08.

.\lpine, 67-68,

Canadian, 01-04.

Iludsonian, 64-67.

Transition, 54-61.

ITp])er Sonoran, 53-64.
Ligusticuni grayi, 150.
Lilac, California, 154.

INDEX.

175

Liliuni i)arvum, 139-140.

wasliingtoiiiamini, 140.
Lily, tiger, 13',i- 140.

Washington, 140.
LiuniEa boreali.s, 163.

borealis var. longiHora, 60, Ifili.
Linum lewisi, 152.
Lion, mountain, 104.
Listera, 80.
Lonicera coujugalis, 80.

invohicrata, 80.
Lophortyx californicus vallicola, 110.
Lotu.s aiuericauus, 151.
Loxia ciirvirostra bemlirei, 123-124.

ciirvircstra minor, 74.
Lupine, dwarf alpine, 152.

dwarf lowland, 152.

silvery, 151-152.
Lupinus alblcaulis sylvestris, 151.

albifrons, 152.

argenteu.s decunibens, 152.

elnieri, 151.

lyalli,152.

minimus, 152.

ornatus, 151-152.
Lutlcea pectinata, 149.
Lutra hudsonica, 106.
LutreolaTisou euergumenos, 105.
Lyclmis californica. 81.
Lynx californicus, 104.

canadensis, 81.

fiLSciatus pallescens, 16, 104.

Macbieranthera sbastensis, 165.

Madia bolanderi, 167.

Magpie, 118.

Maliogany, mountain, 148.

Mallard, 109.

Manzanita, dwarf mountain, 157.

green, 157-158.
Maple, big-leaf, 153.

busb, 153.

Oregon, 153.

vine, 153.
Marmot, mountain, 89.
Marten, Pacific, 106.
Martin, western, 127.
Meadowlark, western, 122.
Mega.scops asio bendirei, 114.
Melanerpes formicivorus bairdi, 116.

torquatus, 116.
Melospiza lincolni, 126.

melodia montana, 125.
Mentzelia hevicaulis, 53, 155.
Menziesia ferruginea, 82.
Mephitis occidentalis, 105.
Merlin, black, 113.
Mertensia, 80.

Merula migratoria ]>ropinqiia, 133.
Microtus (Arvicola) ars-icoloidea, 81.

(Chilotus) bairdi, 81.

californicus, 94.

dutcheri, 81.

montanus, 95.

mordax, 95
Mimulu.s iniplexus, 162.

moniliformis, 162.

Mirauliis priniuloidcH, 162.

tilingi, 162.
Mink, Pacific, 105.
Mitella pentandra, 147.
Moisture, ctiects of siauty, 19-20.
Mole, California, 88.
Monardella odoratissima, 161.
Monksliood. 146.
Montia fontana, 81.
Mouse, bigeared, 94.

common wliitefooted, 94.

bouse, 93.

lemming, 95.

mountain pocket, 98.
Mud lien, 109.
Mus musculus, 93.
Mustela caurlua, 106.

penuauti, 106.
Myadestes townsendi. 132-133.
Myotis californicus, 89.

evotis, 88.

lucifugus longicrus, 89.

yumanensis satnratiis, 89.

Xeotoma cinerea, 94.

fuscipes, 94.
Xeurotriehiis gibbsi ninjor, 16,88
New species, 16.
Nicotiana sp. ?, 53.
Nightbawk, 116.
Nucifraga Columbiana, 119-12!.
Nutcracker 119-121.
Nuthatch, pigmj-, 131.

red-breasted, 131.

slender-billed, 131.

Oak, black, 143.

Ochotona schistlceps, 99-100

Odocoileus coliimbianus, 101-102.

hemioniis, 102.
Onion, large wild, 139.
Oreamnos montanus, 69.
Oreastrum alpiginuin, 165.
Oreobronia nevadensis, 81.

pygmaia, 81.

tripbylla, 145.
Oreorlyx pictus plumiferus, 110.
Oreospiza clilorura. 126.
Oriole, Bullock. 122.
Ortbocarpus pilosus, 162.
Osmorrbiza nuda, 156.
Otocoris alpestris uierrilli, 118.
Otter, 106.
Ouzel, water, 130.
Ovis canadensis, 103.
Owl, burrowing, 114.

California pigmy, 114.

California screech. 114.

great horned, 114.
Oxyria digyna, 144.

Pachystima myrsinites, 152.
Pieonia browni, 140.
PiT'OUy, wild, 146.
Painted cup, scarlet, 161.
Pamassia californica. 147.
Pariis gambeli, 132.

17(1

INl^KX.

Paius infesccns, 132.

Passerella iliaca niegarliyncli;!. 12C

iliaca iiiialascliensis, 126.
Pedicularis. SO.
Peltiplivlliiiu pfltatimi. 148.
PeutstfiiKiii, yellow, 10:i.

coiil'ertiis, 103.

davidsoui, 162.

deiistus, 163.

glabcr iitahcnsi.s, 163

gracileiitus, 163.

iiK'iiziesi, 162.

ncwberryi, 163.
Pcrisoreiis oltsciirus, 119.
Pcrogiiatlnis iiiollipilosus, 98.

parvus, DS.
Peroinyscus boyli, 94.

oreas, 69.

gainbeli, 94.

truei, 94.
Personnel, 1.").

Petrocheliilon lunil'rons, 127.
Pewec, western wood, 118.
Phacelia, dwarf alpine, 160.
Pliacelia frigida, 10, 160

inagellanica, 160.
Plialipnoptilus nultalli, 116.
Pliegopteris alpestris, 136.
Plienaconiys oropbihus, 9.5.
riiilonotis, 136.
Pbb>x, alpine, 16U.
Plilox doiiglasi difl'usa. 160.
Pbo-be, Say, 117.
Pbyllodoco breweri, Ml.

eriipetril'onnis, l."i8
Pica jiica biidsonica, 118.
Picoides arcticns, 1 1.5.
Pika, 99-100.
Pigeon, band-tail. 111.
Pine, Jeflrey, 31-32.

knob-cone, 33-34, 137.

lodge-pole, 38-39, 137.

nioiintain, white, 38, 136.

pondcrosa, 30-32, i:i7.

silver, 38, 136.

.sugar, 32-33, 137.

wbite-bark, 39-42, 137.

yellow, 30-32, 137.
Pinedroi>8, 157.

I'inicola cniicleator calironiica, 81.
Pintail, 109.
Pinus alliicaiilis, 39-42, 137.

atteniiata, 33-34,137.

bali'ounana, 81.

tlexilis, 81.

jellreyi, 31-32.

lainbertiana, 32-33, 137.

nionticola, 38, 136.

niiirrayana, 38-39,137.

pondcrosa, 30-32, 137.
Pipilo f'liscuscrissaiis, 120.

jnaculatns niegalonyx, rjti.
Pipit, 130.

I'iiaiiga ludovieiana, 127.
Pitcher plant, Calil'ornia, 147.
PittKiverGap, 69.
Pleuricospora fimbriolala, 157.

Plum, white, 151.
Podilynibus podicei)s, lii9.
PoJeinoniuin pulcLelluni, 160.
Polygala coinnta. 1,'2
Polvgoniiin. broad leaf, 145.
' .-^liasta, 144-14.5.
1'ol.vgonuui bistortoidcs, 80.

ncwberryi, 145.

])aronycbia, 145

shastense. 143 144-14.5.
Poor will, 116.

Poplar, western balsam, 141.
Poi)ulus tremuloides, 80,

trichocarj'a, 141.
Porcupine. 98,
Porzana Carolina, 109.
Polentilla, dwarf aljiine, 149.

large yellow, 150.
Potentilla flabcllifolia, 149.

glandulosa, 149, 150

])seildonipestris, 149.
Primula, 80.

Pi'imula sullViitesceii.s, 81.
Proc.voii |)>*ora pa<-lli<'a, 16, 107.
I'rognc sulii.s hesperia, 127,
I'rongborn anteloi)c, 102,
PrunuH subcordata, 151,
Psaltriparns minimus californicus, 132.
Pseudot.suga mucronata, 34-35, 137.
Pteris acjuilina lanuginosa, 136.
Pterospora andromeda-, 157.
Ptiloria lactucina, 109.
Pulsatilla occidentalis, 146.
I'unia, Oregon, 104.
Pussy-paws, 145.
Putorius arizonensis, 100.
, cicognani streatori, 81.

washingtoni, 69.
I'yrola pallida, 16. 1.56.

picta, 156.

seeunda, 15(;.

(^uail, California valley, 110.

jilnmed mountain, 110.
Quercus ealifornica, 143.

clirysolcpis. 142.

garryana, 143.

kelloggi, 143.

vacciniiblia, 81, 142.

wislizeni, 143.
Querrjucdula cyanoi)lera, 109.
(Juiney (laj), 70.

Kabbit.California.iack, 101,

Klamath, 100 im.

.sagebrush cottontail. 100.
Kabbit brush, 53, 106.
Kaccoon, Pacilic, 107,
Kail, sora, 109.
llaillardella, 80,
Itaillardella scaposa, 81.
liauunculus, 80,

oxvMotus, 81,
Kat, liusliylai) wood. 94,

kangaroo, 97,

round-tail wood, 94.

INDEX.

177

Red-bud, 151.
Kegulus calendula, 132.

satrapa olivaceius, 132.
Ui'itlirodoiitonijs kliiiiiatlieiisis. Hi, 93
J;liaiuiuis calit'ornica, 154.

rubra, 1.54.
Ehododendrou albitloruiu, 82.
Rhus trilobata, 152.
Ribes aiuictum, 148.

cereum, 148.

erj-throcarpuni, 82.

klaniathense, 148.

lacustre, 82.

viscosis-siruum, 148.
Robin, western, 133.
Rock slopes, 25-26.
Rose, California, 150.

wild, 150.
Rosa californica, 150

gymnocarpa, 150.
Rubus lasiococcus, 82.

nutkanus, 150.

parviflorus, 150.

vitifoliua, 150.

Sageltru.sli, true, 53, lt)5.
Sagina saginoides, 145.
Salix barclayi, 80.

lasiandra, 141.

nuttalli, 141.

sitchensis, 141.
Salpinctes obsoletus, 130.
Sambucus luelanocarpa, 164.
Sandpiper, spotted, lin.

western, 110.

western solitary, 110.
Sapsucker, redbreasted, 115.

Williamson, 116.
Sarcodes sanguined, 157.
Saxifrage, alpine rock, 147.

giant water, 148.
Saxifraga brj-ophora, 147.

nivalis, 80.

punctata, 80.

tolniiei. 147.
Sayoruis saya, 117.
Scapanus alpinus, 81.

californicus, 88.
Sciuroitterus alpinus klamathensis, 92
Sciurus alboliiubatus, 91-92.

californicus, 91.

douglasi cascadenai.s, 81 .

fo8.sor, 92.
Seolecophagus cyanocephalus. 122.
Scutellaria nana, 161.
Selasphorus rufus, 117.
Senecio canus, 168.

trigonophyllua, 167.
Serviceberry, 150.
Sewellel, 92-93.
Shasta, avalanches, 26, 27.

basin slopes, 52.

birds, 109-134.

canyons, 21-22.

effects of burns, 47.

effects of scanty moistiiri^, 19-20.

forest lires. -16-47.

I'lT.-i.-j—Xo. k; 23

Shasta, forests, 30-46.

general features, 17-18.

glacial basins, 20-21.

life zones, 52-68.

mammals, 87-108.

plants, 135-169.

rock slopes, 25-20.

streams. 23-24.
Sheep, mountain, 103.
Shoveller, 109.
Shrew, Monterey, 88.

Shasta. 87.

Sierra, 87.

white-bellied water-, 88.
Shrewnude, large, 88.
Shrike, white-rumped, 128.
Sialia arctica, 133-134.

mexicana occidentalis, 133.
Sibbaldia, alpine, 150.
Sibbaldia procumbens, 150.
Silene acaulis, 82.

bernardina, 81.

californica, 81

grayi, 145.

buksdorfi, 146.
Siskin, pine, 124.
Sisyrinchium bellum, 141.
Sitanion ciuereum, 139.
Sitta canadensis, 131.

carolinensis aculeata, 131.

pygmtea, 131.
Skullcap, dwarf, 161.
Skunk, large, 105.

little spotted, 1U5.
Slope exposure, 47-51.
Slopes, basin, 52.

effect of steep, 51.
Smelowskia, 80.
Smilax, California, 140.
Smilax californica, 140.
Snipe, "Wilson, 109.
Snow berry, 164.

mountain, 16;.
Snow biish, 153.
Snow plant, 157.
Solidago elongata, 108.
Solitaire. Townseud, 132-133.
Sorbus occideutalis, 82.

sambucifolia, 150.
Sorex (Atophyrax) bendirei.SI.

montereyensis, 88.

(Xeosorex) navigator, 88.

obscurus, 81.

sliasteiisis, 16, 87.

vagrans anuenus, 87.
SoiTel, alpine, 144.
Sparrow. Lincoln, 126.

mountain song, 125.

thick-billed, 126.

Townsend, 126.

western chipping, 125.

western lark, 125.

western savanna, 124.

white-crowned, 125.
Spatula clypeata, 109.
iSpeotyto cunicularia hypogica, 114.
Spermophilus beldingi, 81.

178

INDEX.

Spennopljilus douglasi, 89-90.
Spliyrapicus rulier, 115.

tliyroidcus, 116.
Spilojialo latifrons, 105.
Spiniis ]>iiius, 124.
Si>ir;ia, alpine, 148.

if.l, 149.
Spira-a arbuacula, 82.

douglasi, 149.
Spizella socialis jirizoua', 125.
Spraguea unibcllata, 145.
Spring beauty, dwarf alpine, 145.
Spruce, Dougla.**, 137.
S(iua\v carpet. 154.
SquiiTel, goldeninantled gniuiid, 90,

Klamath flying, 92.

large tree, 92.

Oregon gray, 92.

Oregon ground, 89-90.

Sierra pine, 91-92.
Stai'liya ingrata, 161.
Stelgidopteryx .serripennis, 127.
Stellaria crispa, 145.
Stellula calliope, 117.
Steiiliauonieria laetucina, lf)9.
Straw berry, large, 148.

.small, 148.
Streams, 23-24.

Strei)tantbiis orbiculatus, 147.
Strejitopus, 80.

Sturuella magna neglecta, 122.
Sundew, 147.
Swallow, barn, 127.

iliir, 127.

rougbwinged, 127.

tree, 127.

violet-green, 127.

White-bellied, 127.
Swift, Vaux, 117.

white-throated, 117.
Symphoricarpos pilosus, 164.

raceinosuH, 164.

Tachyciiieta bieolor, 127.

tliabi.s.siiia, 127.
Tauager, mountaiu, 127.
Taxideataxus, 105.
Teal, cinnamon, 109.
Tbalictrum, 80.
Tliinibleberry, western, 1.50.
Thoniomys alpinus, 81.

nia/.auia, 74, Si.

inonticola, 95-97.

iiioiilii'ola pinetonim, 10,97.
Tliru>li, duaif h.-nnit, i:i:!.
Tliryomanis bewicki spilurus, 131.
Timberline,27-:J0.
Titlark, 130.

Totieldia occidontali.s, 140.
Totanus liavipes, 110.
Towhee, California, 120.

green-tailed, 126.

spurned, 126.
Troc^hilu.s alexandri, 1 17.
Troglodytes ai-don i)aikmani, 131.
Tritelia ixioides, 140.
Tsuga inorteusiana, 42-4(i, 137.

Tsuga pattoni, 42.
pattoniaiia, 42.
Tyrannus verticalls, 117.

llroryon californicus lowiiscndi, 16. U)3-I(l4.

TTrsus americanii.i, 107.
honibilis. 107.

Vacciuium arbuscula, 159.

Ciespitosuni, 158-159.

micropbylluui, 82.

occidentale, 159.
Vagnera stellata, 140.
Valeriana .sitchensis, 82.
Veratruui calitbrnicum, 140.
Verbena bracteo.sa, 53.
Veronica cusicki, 163.
Vespertilio fuscus, 89.
Vicia americana, 152.

Viola blanda, 154.

l)urpurea, 154.
Violet, alpine yellow, 154.

white, 154.
Vireo, Ca.ssin, 128.

western warbling, 128.
Vireo gilvus swainsoui. 128.

solitarius cassini, 128.
Vole, Calil'oruia, 94.

mountain, 95.
Vulpes UKKTourus, 103.
Vulture, turkey, 111.

Warbler, Audubon, 128-129.

Calaveras, 128.

liermit, 129.

lute.scent, 128.

Macgillivray, 129.

plleolated, 130.

western yellow-throat, 129.

yellow, 128.
Weasel, mountain, 100.

Willow, black, 141.

Nuttall, 141.

Sitka, 141.
Willow herb, 155.
Wilaonia pnsilla pileolaf a, 130.
Wolverine, 105.
Woodpecker, arctic three-toed, 115.

Cahanis hairy, 114.

California, 116.

Gairdner, 114.

Lewis, 110.

pileated, 110.

white-headed, 114-115.
Wren, canyon, 130.

Parkman, 131.

rock, 130.

tule, 131.

Vigor.s. 131.

Western wintei-, 131.

Xanthium struniarium, 53.
Xanthoce])halu8 xanthoce]ilialiis, IJl.
Xenopieus albolarvatua, 114-115.
Xeroi)hylluni,80.

INDEX

179

Yarrow, dwarf alpiue, 164.
Yellowlegs, 110.

Zamelodia melanocepliala. 1'.
Zapns montanus, 74, 81.

paciflcus, 99.

trinotatus, 69.

trinotatus alleui, 98.

Zenaidura macroura, 111.
Zones, Life, 52-68.

Alpiue, 67-68.

Canadian, 61-64.

Hudsouian, 64-67.

Transition. 54-61.

Upper Senoran, 53-54.
Zonotricbia leucophrys, 125.

r

AMNH LIBRARY

100127205