ea ee Esple i 1¥¥ 3. + [ EXTRACTED PROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSIONER “OF FISH. AND FISHERIES FOR: 1883. } ‘ is me ge o's f- Tena f is RESULTS OF THE EXPLORATIONS MADE BY THE STEAMER ALBATROSS ORE JHE NORTHERN COAST. OF THE UNITED STATES Fes 3a: BY =| Vide MB RRL EL, ap JWASHING LON: int GOVERNMENT PRINTING OPRFICE, Rn Sok Te F THE COMMISSIONER t 1883. ] With the compliments of Cl. 6. eel, WVeu Pbaven, Conn. ( A zchanges GF, oleceted. ) EXPLORATIONS MADE BY THE STEAMER ALBATROSS OFF THE NORTHERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES BY —_____ > a o ————— — Cre” SS WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1885. XVI.—RESULTS OF THE EXPLORATIONS MADE BY THE STEAMER “ ALBATROSS,” OFF THE NORTHERN COAST OF THE UNITED STATES, IN 1883. By A. E. VERRILL. During the summer of 1883, the new United States Fish Commission steamer ‘‘Albatross,” Lieut. Z. L. Tanner, commander, continued the work of dredging in the region of the Gulf Stream, along our coast, from off Cape Hatteras to Nova Scotia.* She is, in construction, well adapted to do deep-sea work, and fully equipped with improved apparatus, and therefore was able to carry the dredgings much farther out to sea than the “ Fish Hawk” had been able to in previous years. The stations most distant from the coast were more than a third of the way to the Bermudas. The greatest depth successfully dredged was in 2,949 fath- oms, at station 2099, N. latitude 37° 12’ 20’, W. longitude 69° 39’, Au- gust 2. Besides this, there were four successful hauls in 2,033 to 2,369 fathoms, and twenty-seven between 1,000 aiid 2,000 fathoms. Between 500 and 1,000 fathoms there were nineteen hauls, and in less than 500 fathoms, sixty-three, making a total of one hundred and sixteen stations. At nearly all the localities, except on the rocky bottoms off Nova Scotia, a large beam-trawl was used, and in most cases large quantities of speci- mens were obtained, even at great depths. The bottom temperatures* between 1,000 and 2,000 fathoms were usually between 37° F. and 39° F., and rarely 40°. The minimum ptemiperaiares at the bottom, in this region, are between *It is but er ie say that the aha ierbuenteds and remakable success of these explorations of the Gulf Stream region have been due to the great skill and untiring zeal and energy of Captain Tanner, who has personally superintended all our deep- sea dredging operations during the past five years. It is proper to add that his efforts have been well supported by the other officers associated with him. The naturalists associated with the writer in this work in 1883 were: Prof. 8. I. Smith, Mr. Sanderson Smith, Prof. L. A. Lee, Mr. Richard Rathbun, Mr. J. H. Emerton (also as artist), Mr. B. F. Koons, Prof. Edwin Linton, Mr. H. L. Bruner, Mr. J. KE. Benedict (naturalist attached to the steamer), Mr. R.S. Tarr, W. E. Safford, ensign U. S. N., and others, more or less. Mr. Peter Parker, Mr. John A. Ryder, Dr. Theodore Gill, and R. H. Miner, ensign U. S. N., worked on the fishes. The parties _ who went out dredging on the the steamer varied from time to time. Usually only three or four naturalists, besides Mr. Benedict, could be properly accommodated on board. I took no part in this portion of the work, in 1-83, not going out on the steamer at all. [1] 508 504 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. — [2] 36° and 37° F., even below 2,000 fathoms. But temperatures, practi- cally identical, have often been taken in about 1,000 fathoms, or even less. Therefore the minimum temperatures may be considered as practi cally reached at 1,000 fathoms, off our coast. Below that, there is very little change. Accordingly, many of the special deep-sea species range from 1,000 fathoms or less to below 2,000 fathoms, in this region. Serial temperatures were aiso taken at various localities. CHARACTER OF THE DEEP-SEA DEPOSITS. Some very interesting and important discoveries were made in regard to the nature of the materials composing the sea bottom under the Gulf Stream at great depths. These observations are of great interest from a geological point of view, as they illustrate the kinds of sedimentary rocks that may be formed far from land and in deep water, and some of them are contrary to the experience of other expeditions and not in ac- cordance with the generally accepted theories of the nature of the de- posits so far from land. The bottom between 600 and 2,000 fathoms, in other regions, has generally been found to consist mainly of “ globiger- ina 00ze,” or, as in some parts of the West Indian seas, of a mixture of globigerina and pteropod ooze. Off our northern coasts, however, al- though there is a more or less impure globigerina ooze, in such depths, at most localities beneath the Gulf Stream, this is by no means always the cease. The “ globigerina ooze” usually has the consistency of fine, sticky mud, commonly of a gray, dull olive-green or bluish color. When washed through a very fine sieve a variable, but often large, proportion remains on the sieve, composed chiefly of the shells of Globigerina and other foraminifera, of many kinds, but mostly minute species, which live at or near the surface of the sea and fall to the bottom when dead or disabled. With these are many larger forms, both of calcareous and sand-covered species, which live at the bottom. In many places there are large quantities of the brown, sandy, rod-like and triradiate species (Rhabdamminia), in which the rays become about half an inch long. These are mingled with small shells, annelid tubes, fragments of echi- noderms, otoliths of small fishes, &c., together with a variable propor. tion of true beach sand. The globigerina ooze, as found off our coast, even from below 1,000 fathoms, is always mixed with some fine siliceous and granitic sand, in which grains of quartz, feldspar, and mica can easily be distinguished under the microscope; in shallow water (100 to 400 fathoms) the sand is coarser, with the grains easily visible to the naked eye, but of the same nature, and frequently contains much clay-mud. In several instances the bottom between 500 and 1,200 fathoms has been found to consist of tough and compact clay, so thoroughly hardened that large angular masses, sometimes weighing more than 50 pounds, have been brought up in the trawl, and have not been washed away appreciably, notwithstanding the rapidity with which they have been drawn up through about two miles of water. In fact, these masses of ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 505 [3] hard clay resemble large angular blocks of stone, but when cut with a knife they have a consistency somewhat like hard castile soap, and in sections are mottled with lighter and darker tints of dull green, olive, and bluish gray. When dried they develop cracks and break up into angular fragments. This material is genuine clay, mixed with more or less sand, showing under the microscope grains of quartz and feldspar with some scales of mica. More or less of the shells of Globigerina and other foraminifera are contained in the clay, but they make up a very small percentage of the material.* LIST OF STATIONS OCCUPIED BY THE “ ALBATROSS” IN 1883. The following abbreviations are used to indicate the character of the bottom. They are the same as those used by the United States Coast Survey with a few additions desirable for greater precision: ; Materials. Colors. | Other qualities. | brk. for broken. cal. for calcareous. ers. for coarse. bk. for black. | bn. for brown. bu. for blue. B. for barnaéles. c. for clay. cns. for concretions. cr. for corals. F. for foraminifera, G. for gravel. sh. for shells. db. for drab. dk. for dark. : en. for green. wh. for white. dia. for diatomaceous. fne. for fine. fer. for ferruginous. M. for niud. ey. for gray. | glb. for globigerina. 0. for ooze. Ft for lehd | hrd. for nage p. for pebbles. ol. for olive. Ipy. for lumpy. R. for rocks. | rd. for red. rky. for rocky. | s. for sand. sl. for slate. | sft. for soft. shy. for shelly. sml. for small. sps. for specks. sty. for sticky. Spg. for sponges. | yl. for yellow. | st. for stones. | | In the following list the character of the bottom is not always given as in the original record, for in some cases colors or other qualities have been omitted, when unimportant, for the sake of condensation. In other cases additions or alterations have been made based on the materials actually brought up in the dredge or trawl, often in large quantities : Temp., F. | g Locality. \Fathoms.| Bottom. ||. | Hour. Date. s | Bot- | Sur = N. lat. W. long. tom. | face OFF CHESAPEAKE BAY. On eee Onis Ue | ° ° 2001 37 46 30 74 00 00 499 ONS Ms) Wesabe ee catel| see semanas Mar. 22 2002 37 20 42 «=674. 17 36 641 POM Colance TASH Ue ee Mar. 23 2003 37 16 30 74 20 36 OOM eee cs a mis | wicimains BGO) eee uit ae Mar. 23 2004 37 19 45 742600. | 98 PEM SO hell) a) yes FeO [ice ae acetate Mar, 23 2005 37 18 11 74 27 36 78 Mai Se) 0) at aires FOU |ewaces sree Mar. 23 2006 37 19 11 74 26 06 492 M:ine:'s: | \|St.0< 6 2 50 Mar. 23 OFF CAPE HATTERAS. | | 2007 35 17 00 75 13 00 15 fne. 8. | 268| %56| 8.00a.m. | Apr. 27 2008 35 09 40 = 75 (04 36 88 | M.fne.s. ~| 274] 272 | 10.15a.m. | Apr. 27 | *This kind of material was encountered in much larger quantities during the past season (1884) than in 1883. Sce American Journal of Science for November, 1884. OFF CAPE HATTERAS— continwed. ° ‘ “ ° ‘ a“ 35 2935 74 46 45 35 30 00 74 44 45 86 38 30 74 40 10 36 41 15 74 39 50 36 45 30 74 25 30 36 41 05 74 38 58 OFF CHESAPEAKE BAY. 37 31 00 37 31 00 37 30 48 37 12 22 87 15 52 37 37 50 37 36 00 37 32 00 37 48 00 OFF MAR£HA’S VINEYARD. 40 02 10 40 02 05 40 04 00 39 58 25 39 57 50 89 42 00 39 29 45 39 29 00 39 29 00 89 32 30 39 27 10 39 26 12 38 52 40 38 53 00 38 30 30 38 19 26 38 35 13 39 22 50 39 33 00 39 49 00 40 00 30 40 04 20 40 02 49 40 02 30 40 02 00 39 43 40 39 43 50 39 41 00 39 40 05 74 53 30 74 52 36 74 51 29 74 20 04 74 23 52 74 15 30 74 16 00 74 13 20 74 01 30 70 27 00 70 27 00 70 28 50 70 37 00 70 32 00 70 47 00 71 43 00 72 19 55 72 19 40 72 18 35 69 56 20 70 02 37 69 24 40 69 23 30 69 08 25 68 20 20 68 16 00 68 25 00 68 26 45 68 28 30 68 37 20 68 43 50 68 49 00 68 49 40 68 50 30 69 20 00 69 21 20 69 20 20 69 21 25 OFF GEORGE'S BANK. 42 02 00 42 03 30 42 32 00 42 01 30 42 01 00 41 57 30 42 05 00 42 10 00 42 10 00 42 17 00 42 23 00 42 25 40 68 27 00 68 26 00 68 17 00 68 01 00 68 00 30 67 58 00 66 46 15 66 46 15 66 47 45 66 37 15 66 23 00 66 08 35 OFF CAPE SABLE. 42 27 00 42 19 40 42 15 25 42 03 00 41 54 50 41 55 30 41 56 20 65 00 45 65 49 30 65 48 40 65 48 40 65 48 35 65 47 10 65 48 40 bt et et ND DD ¥Fathoms. Bottom. pthc fne. 8. G. | 'Temp., F. Bot- | Sur- tom. | face. ie} ° “a ae 769 sees oe ? 61 Pk oe 248 moe ced 252 Rado d 248 aia 4 47 45 45 46 45 39 54 39 52 foae be 54 45 54 40 52 Coe 56 40 49 40 49 48 49 43 52 41 52 38 53 use eae 49 49 50 47 50 41 49 38 72 ae 71 38 76 38 76 Beas 76 Ee 81 ust 76 38 72 38 71 38 72 39 72 40 72 40 72 bute: 72 veateee 72 39 71 Simao 72 89 72 | gaihstel 73 let cea i (61 Sonar 64 Bese 60 Be ae 57 ee bY 50 58 ce eee 1), BB seeees ; 55 40 54 42 61 46 57 453) 56 44 55 43 54 46) 56 42 56 42 56 42 57 LPP 57 Hour. _ ~ S93 SOUP bo 8 00 SocwrFouces acoowmronew PPPPUUP PS ~ WINCH SwWHONMSION PEYUPU PUT EU PU UTE Ep i] Socwnooucoeouvcow~ourcor br Pees BEE 2 B 7 p.m. _ SN SNS Oe VERNON AA Nong Stoowinnws to ho te — .00 a.m. IS oe -_ eel ld ade el ol ath ad od ad SSRSSSSSSESS SUPP PEDP DEPP BEBESEEEBSEE PSERBEEEES BEEEEBESEEEEES i] | ll cell ool el el od [5] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 50% Temp., F 8 Locality. Fathoms.| Bottom. | - | Hour. Date. B Bot- | Sur- 2 N. lat. W. long. tom. | face. OFF CAPE SABLE=con- tinued. Ch a (Cj VP TU ° ° | 2072 41 53 00 65 35 00 858 gy. M. 39 56 | 6.15a.m. | Sept. 2 2078 415415 65 39 00 586 gy. 8. 40 | 58 | 10.41a.m. | Sept. 2 2074 414300 65 21 50 1,309 | fne. glb. u. 40 69 | 6.42a.m. | Sept. 3 2075 41 40 30 65 35 00 855 | fne. glib. M. 39 58 | 3.41p.m. | Sept. 3 2076 41 13 00 66 00 50 906 | bu.glb.M. |.--..- 69 | 3.20a.m. | Sept. 4 2077 |. 41 09 40 66 02 00 1, 255 | bu. glb. M. 39 68 | 8.00a.m. | Sept. 4 2078 41 12 50 66 12 20 499 gy. M. 58. 40 66 | 1.40 p.m. | Sept. 4 2079 41 13 00 66 19 50 75 wh. 8. 45 67 | 4.15p.m. | Sept. 4 2080 41 13 00 66 21 50 55 gy. 5. 46 67 | 5.10p.m. | Sept. 4 2081 41 10 20 66 30 20 50 | wh.s.P. B. 46 56 | 6.50p.m. | Sept. 4 2082 41 09 50 66 31 50 49 crs. 8. B. 46 55 | 7.40p.m. | Sept. 4 2083 | 402640 67 05 15 959 gy. M. 40! 72 | 4.30a.m. | Sept. 5 2084 40 16 50 67 05 15 1, 290 bu. M. 8. 40 78 | 9.09am. | Sept. 5 OFF MARTHA’S VINEYARD. | | 2085 400500 70 34 45 70 bu. M. 50| 68] 6.56a.m. | Sept. 20 2086 40 05 05 70 35 00 69 | M. 8. 52 67 | 9.20a.m. | Sept. 20 3087 40 06 50 70 34 15 65 | M. wh. 8. 50 67 | 10.30 a.m. | Sept. 20 2088 39 59 15 70 36 30 143 yl. 8. 48 68 | 12.40 p.m. | Sept. 20 2089 395850 70 39 40 168 gy. 8. 45 | 69| 3.13 p.m. | Sept. 20 2090 39 59 40 70 41 10 140 | s. brk. sh. 48 68 | 4.40 p.m. | Sept. 20 2091 40 01 50 70 59 00 117 | gn. M. 49 69 | 5.30a.m. | Sept. 21 2092 39 58 35 71 00 30 197 gu. M. 45 67 | 7.50 a.m. | Sept. 21 2093 39 42 50 71 01 20 1, 000 ¥. S. M. 39 69 | 1.12 p.m. | Sept. 21 2094 39 44 30 71 04 00 1, 022 F. 8. M. 38 68 |} 5.07 p.m. | Sept. 21 2095 39 2900 =70 58 40 1, 342 FAHEY esboes 69 | 9.02 a.m. | Sept. 30 2096 39 22 20 70 52 20 1, 451 | glb. o. 37 69 | 2.07 p.m. | Sept. 30 OFF CHESAPEAKE BAY. 2097 37 56 20 70 57 30 1, 917 | glb. o. 72 | 5.380a.m. | Oct. 1 2098 37 40 30 70 37 30 2, 221 | glb. oO. T2108 pum |iOctia ie 2099 37 12 20 69 39 00 2,949 | glb. o. 82 | 5.30 a.m. | Oct. 2 2100 39 22 00 68 34 30 1, 628 | glb. o. 37 69 | 11.05a.m. | Oct. 3 2101 39 18 30 68 24 00 1, 686 | glb. o. | 37 67 | 4.31 p.m. | Oct. 3 OFF DELAWARE BAY. | 2102| 384400 72 38 00 1,209' glb.o Saal wwGal ln s2eseog aut Nov. 5 2103 38 47 20 72 37 00 1, 091 | glb. o. 39 Goal eece rare Nov. 5 2104 38 48 00 72 40 30 991 | bu. glb. M. 41 O3)) senna ee ae Nov. 5 OFF CHESAPEAKE BAY. 2105 37 50 00 73 03 50 1, 395 gib. 0. 41 GSi). > aeocis see Nov. 6 2106 37 41 20 73 03 20 1, 497 glb. o. 42 Garba e aaa Nov. 6 OFF CAPE HATTERAS. 2107 35 19 30 75 15 20 16 | fne.s.sh. |....-- (Oot seecbcke Nov. 9 2108 35 16 00 75 02 30 48 M. crs. 8. 66 Vigne pe aaa Eee Nov. 9 2109 35 14 20 74 59 10 142 bu. M. 50 Tho \eocese aecoae Noy. 9 2110 35 12 10 74 57 15 516 | bu. M. 40 ite) Moeancrecee. Nov. 9 2111 35 09 50 74 57 40 938 SNe Ma |e s'= RM Sepaae ceeds e Nov. 9 | 2112 35 20 50 75 18 00 15 5. bk. sp. 73 (eee cS Sa8eee Nov. 10 | 2113 35 20 30 75 19 00 15 8. M. 72 CY |fesoactitbacce Novy. 10 | 2114 35 20 00 75 20 00 14 Ss. M. 72 IMM besostedecc Nov. 10 2115 35 49 30 74 34 45 843 M. fue. 8. 39 Gn Gaecsenec aa Nov. 11 2116 35 45 23 74 31 25 888 M. fne. 5. 39 Ui), \laseeiaee cm Nov. 11 In many instances we have also dredged pebbles and small, rounded bowlders of granite and other crystalline rocks from beneath the Gulf Stream in deep water. These, I suppose, have been carried to that region by shore-ice floating off in great quantities from our northern coasts in winter and spring, and melting where the warm Gulf Stream water is encountered. The coarser sands and gravel are probably car- ried there in the same way, but the fine sand, in part at least, probably 508 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [6] floats out to this region after drying on the beaches during ebb tide, by reason of the adherent air and repellant action toward the water. The clay mud, with much of the fine sand, is probably carried out from the shallower water as suspended sediment. But some of the clay may re- sult from the local decomposition of ea id rocks and sand at the bottom of the sea. FAUNA OF THE DEEP WATER. The deepest localities were all rich in animal life of many kinds.* A considerable number of interesting fishes were obtained, many of them new to our fauna. Some of these are new genera and species of great interest. Very interesting additions to our collections were made in nearly every class of marine invertebrates, including many undescribed species and genera, some of which are of great morphological importance, while many of the described species were previously known only from distant regions on the European side of the Atlantic, in the Arctic or Antarctic regions, off the coast of South America, in the West Indies, or even in the Indian or Pacific Oceans. Thus our knowledge of the distribution of the deep-sea forms, both geographically and in depth, has been greatly increased. Some of these deep-sea species were first described as fossils from the European tertiaries. Moreover, a considerable number of our shallow-water species have been found to have a much greater range in depth than was anticipated, many of them going down below 500 fathoms, while some even go below 1,000 fathoms. Cn the first trip of the “Albatross” from Wood’s Holl, which was made July 16 to 19, four successful hauls were made with a large trawl, in 1,346 to 1,735 fathoms, on the 17th and 18th of July, two each day, be- sides the soundings and temperature determinations, including series of temperatures at various distances from the surface. On this trip about one hundred and five species of Invertebrates were obtained, not in- cluding the Foraminifera and other minute forms. There were among them fourteen species of Anthozoa; two of Hydroids; twenty-two of Echinoderms; thirty-eight of Mollusca; fifteen of Crustacea; one of Pyenogonida; ten of Annelida; one of Bryozoa; two of Sponges. ANTHOZOA. The Anthozoa were abundant, both in individuals and species, in most of the dredgings. From below 1,000 fathoms there were numer- “An abate of tha Cristaces was published in “the July palin of ‘the Ahiotisen Journal of Science by Prof. 8. I. Smith, who has also published a detailed account of that group, with figures, in the Fish Commission Annual Report, part x. The writer has published a detailed paper on the Mollusca, with five plates, in the Trans, Conn. Acad., vol. vi, and also a brief general account of the work of the season in the Ameri- can Journal of Science, vol. 28, p. 213, with descriptions of new species of Echinoderms and Anthozoa. Some of the new fishes have been described by Messrs, Gill and Ryder. [7] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 509 ous species, many of them of great interest. About forty species were taken, altogether, belonging to all the principal groups. Several were undescribed, while others are new additions to our fauna, though previ- ously obtained elsewhere by the “ Blake” or “Challenger.” It was also a source of satisfaction to us that we rediscovered, in larger numbers, the few remaining species that the “ Blake” and “Challenger” had dis- covered off our coast, but which the Fish Commission had not previously dredged. The Pennatulacea were among those of greatest interest, and of these several fine species occurred, among which were two large and hand- some species of the rare and curious genus Umbellula. In this genus there is at the summit of the tall, slender stem a close cluster of large, flower-like, deep red, orange-red, or purplish-red polyps, each with eight long, pinnate tentacles. The flexible stem is often 2 feet or more in - length, and terminates at the base in a long, hollow, muscular bulb, which serves as an anchor when inserted into the mud. The first known species of this genus was brought up on a sounding line from deep water, off the coast of Greenland, early in the last century, and one of the two specimens was described by Ellis, and the other by My- lius with rude but characteristic figures. These specimens seem to have been lost. From that time it remained unknown until within a few years, and was often a source of doubt and perplexity to the sys- tematists. The modern deep-sea explorations, and especially those of the “Challenger,” have brought to light several additional species, and proved that the genus inhabits all the oceans in deep water. But no specimens of the genus had been taken on the North American coast before last year, though a small one had been dredged in the West In- dies by the “ Blake.” One of our species appears to be U. Guntheri K61- liker (fig. 3), first dredged on the other side of the Atlantic by the “Chal- lenger ;” the second and more common was apparently new (U. Bairdii V., fig. 2). It differs from the former in having longer and perfectly smooth polyps, with lanceolate clusters of zodids running up between them. It is 2 feet high, with the polyp-bodies over an inch in length. Both occurred in 1,731 to 2,033 fathoms, and sometimes together. The hand- some, small, dark red Pennatula aculeata (fig. 7) has been taken many times, both by the “Albatross” and “Fish Hawk,” and often in great numbers, as many as 100 to 200, and in one case 494 specimens in a single haul. Like most of the Pennatulacea it is brilliantly phosphorescent. It ranges from 100 to 1,255fathoms, but is most abundant between 150 and 300 fathoms. A much larger and finer species (P. borealis, fig. 8), usu- ally considered rare, but frequently brought in by our halibut fishermen from the northern banks, was dredged several times in 192 to 1,255 fathoms. It grows to the height of 18 inches or more, and is often 4 or 5 inches broad across the pinne. Its color is usually bright orange- red, varying to brownish red and to light orange. A large, handsome and very remarkable new species for which it is necessary to constitute a 510 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [8] new genus, if not also a new family, was taken once, in 1883, in 843 fathoms, but two better specimens were taken, in 1884, in 991 and 1,073 fathoms. This I have named Benthoptilum sertum (fig. 4). It has the general form of a large Pennatula, with short, thick, fleshy, oblique pin- ne, from which spring several rows of numerous large and very long, soft, fleshy polyps, without calicles and without spicula, each group forming a boquet-like cluster of flower-like polyps, which in life are blood-red. The singular club-shaped genus, Kophobelemnon, was represented by two species. One of these, which was undescribed (K. tenue V., fig. 5), is long, slender, and smooth, with a number of large polyps. It was taken in 499 to 2,369 fathoms, and in considerable numbers in some localities. The other and smaller rough species (K. scabrum V.) was previously known from a single specimen taken by the “ Blake” in 1880. It occurred in 788 fathoms, but was taken more abundantly in 1884. A handsome new species, from 6 inches to a foot high, and slender, with many spicu- lose flower-like polyps in a row along each side on the upper half, was dredged in many localities by the “‘Albatross” in 1,467 to 2,369 fathoms. It belongs to the genus Scleroptilum (8. elegans V., fig. 6). This genus was previously known only from a related species taken off Japan by the “Challenger.” Many of our specimens had a new species of Ophiuran (Hemieuryale tenuispina V., fig. 55) clinging closely to them, with its long, slender arms, which are provided with rough-tipped spines, closely coiled around the coral, which, like its commensal, is bright orange in color. This Ophiuran is similar in habits to the Astrophytons, but, unlike most of the latter, the arms do not branch. All of this family habitually live clinging to Alcyonaria of various kinds, and generally agree in a most remarkable manner in color, and frequently, also, in the rough ornamentation of the surface, with the branches of the gorgonians to which they cling. This indicates a protective adaptation, both of color, form, and ornamentation, running through a large group, and in- habiting all the oceans, both in shallow and deep water. Two simple- armed species of this group, with similar habits, were also taken by us, one of which (Astronyx Loveni) lives clinging to several slender Penna- tulacea, including Distichoptilum gracile V., Anthoptilum grandiflorum V.,and A. Murrayi K. Another (Astrochele Iymani V., fig. 53) lives in large numbers on the bushy gorgonian coral, Acanella Normani V., with which it agrees in its orange or salmon-color. The two species of Anthoptilum referred to grow in long, stout, wand-like forms, with nu- merous large, naked, flower-like polyps in oblique rows. A. grandi- florum is much the larger, growing over 2 feet high and an inch in diam- eter, with many hundreds of polyps. It was dredged in 302 to 1,106 fathoms, but was first described by me in 1879 from many large speci- mens brought in by the Gloucester halibut fishermen from off Nova Sco- tia, on the deep-water banks. It was afterward described by Kélliker under a new name (A. Thomsoni) from specimens dredged by the “ Chal- [9] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. All lenger” off Buenos Ayres. A. Murrayi K. was first taken by the “Chal.- lenger” off Nova Scotia. The ‘ Albatross” dredged it in 640 to 1,362 fathoms. Other tall, wand-like species are Funiculina armata V., which is very slender, and Balticina Finmarchica, fig.11. The latter frequently grows to the length of a yard and is about an inch in diameter. Many of the specimens have the round, stony axis stripped bare at the end, and sometimes in other places, for a longer or shorter distance, by acci- dental injuries. Nearly always these naked places are occupied by a peculiar species of Actinian (Actinauge newilis V., fig. 22), which starts like ordinary young Actinians, with a flat base, but the sides of the base spread out thin and wrap around the axis of the coral till they meet on opposite sides, when they coalesce by a firm suture, inclosing the coral in a sort of tube or sheath, and when several of them start near to- gether their bases mutually coalesce where they come in contact, thus forming a continuous covering over the dead coral. This Actinian grows to a rather large size, and the weight of a cluster, often of five or six, and in one case nine, at the top of the tall, slender axis causes it to bend over, so that they are pendulous on the nodding summit of the coral. By certain writers this denuded condition of the axis of this species has been supposed to be normal, or at least constant, but I have seen numerous specimens that are perfect to the tip. Several other deep-sea Actinians from this region have the same habit of growth, in- closing the denuded axis of various species of Gorgonians. One of the most abundant of these is Sagartia Acanelle V., fig. 25, which thus in- closes denuded portions of the bush-coral, Acanella Normani. It has the same orange or salmon color as the coral on which it lives. The Gorgonacea or “bush corals,” are well represented, at great depths, by several handsome species, some of them 2 or 3 feet high, and nearly all belonging to genera that are peculiar to the deep sea, for which they are specially adapted by a peculiar modification of the base, which divides into a number of divergent, root-like branches, sometimes becoming much divided and slender, but more commonly flat and irreg- ular. These penetrate, like roots, into the soft mud and thus give a secure anchorage on bottoms where no solid foundation could be had for species that adhere only to solid objects by a flat expansion of the base, as in nearly all shallow-water species. The root-like base is char- acteristic of the genera Acanella, Lepidisis, Dasygorgia and Lepidogor- gia found in our region, and of many others found elsewhere in deep- sea dredging. Most of these corals are orange, orange-red, or salmon- color in life, some of them varying to red or to orange-brown. One of the most elegant of these, dredged in 1,346 to 1,362 fathoms, is Dasygor- gia Agassiait V., first discovered by the “ Blake.” It isa plumose, much branched coral, with the terminal twigs very slender, while the main branches are spirally arranged. Its axis is slender, calcareous, and iridescent, and its root-like base is divided into short, flat, irregular branches. Its polyps are prominent, relatively large, rather far apart, ~ 512 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. — [10] and obliquely seated on the branches. It belongs to the family Chryso- gorgide, recently established by the writer for this and several other related deep-sea genera, nearly all having a brilliantly iridescent axis, and most of them with spiral branches. We also dredged, in 858 to 1,735 fathoms, another allied new species, representing a new genus in this family. I have called it Lepidogorgia gracilis. It grows in the form of a very slender, tall, round, unbranched stem, about 3 feet high. The axis is iridescent, and the root is divided into many divergent branches, which are stony, white, round, and much branched, and when detached look like branching corals of a very differ- ent nature. The polyps are large, prominent, obliquely seated, secund and far apart along the stem, which is covered with a thin layer of small oblong scales. Lepidisis caryophyllia V. is also a coral that grows in the shape of a tall simple stem, a yard or more high, but its axis is di- vided into joints, the longer ones white, calcareous, and hollow, alterna- ting with brown, short, horny ones. Its polyp-calicles are spinose and very long and clavate, and when the tentacles are, as usually seen, rolled up in a ball at the end, they resemble cloves in shape, a character to which the name refers. It was often taken in 1,098 to 1,735 fathoms, and its dead, stony joints must be abundant on the bottom, for they afford attachment for many other creatures of various kinds. The smaller and much branched, bush-like, orange-brown coral, Acanella Normani V.,is the most common of all the corals. It has been dredged in a great many localities, both by the ‘Fish Hawk” and ‘‘Albatross,” in 225 to 1,300 fathoms, often in great numbers, several hundreds some- times coming up ina single haul. It grows about a foot high, and is often nearly as broad as high, its branches growing out three or four together, in close whorls, from the horny joints. It is decidedly phos- phorescent. Many other creatures, such as Actinie, hydroids, barna- cles, worms, and Ophiurans of several species are frequently attached to it, so that in this way it is a valuable aid to us in bringing up these abyssal creatures. One peculiar Ophiuran, Astrochele Lymani V., oc- curs in great numbers on this coral, which is its regular home. It twines its long slender arms, which bear numerous clusters of small hooks, closely around the branches of the coral, and it cannot be easily removed without breaking the arms. A dozen or more frequently occur on a single coral, and are often accompanied by Ophiacantha millespina and other species having similar habits. The Acanthogorgia armata Y. is a large and much branched gorgonian with a horny axis, and long, clavate, spinose calicles. Some fine living specimens were taken in 407 and 640 fathoms. When living it was pale orange, or salmon-color, but it quickly turns either dark brown or black jn aleohol or when dried. On the outside of Brown’s Bank, off South- ern Nova Scotia, at several stations, the “ Albatross” dredged, in 101 to 131 fathoms, a number of good specimens of the great bush-coral, Prim- [11] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 513 noa lepadifera, thus accurately fixing one of its localities. It is often brought in by the Gloucester fishermen. Among the Alcyonacea there were a few interesting forms. One of these, Anthomastus grandiflorus V. (fig. 12), grows somewhat in the form of a mushroom, with a broad, rounded top and a stout stem, which may either be attached to stones by a flat base, or penetrating the mud it may branch and divide into many curious little bulb-like expansions to form an anchorage. When full grown, it becomes large and hemi- spherical, often 4 to 5 inches broad, with a short, broad stem, while a number of very large, flower-like polyps are scattered over the top. Smaller specimens have but few of the large polyps, which are often an inch and a half across the tentacles, but there are many minute zodids on the surface between the polyps. Its color is dark red, or purplish red. It has been dredged in considerable numbers by the ‘Fish Hawk” in 410 to 458 fathoms, and by the “Albatross” in 858 to 1,395 fathoms. It was also obtained previously, of large size, by the Gloucester fisher- men, from the outer banks off Nova Scotia. More recently, it has been redescribed from the Norwegian coast under the name of Sareepk yton purpureum Kor. & Dan. There were also two large species allied to Alcyonium. One of the jatter (fig. 13), common in 1,290 to 1,608 fathoms, almost always starts on a joint of Lepidisis caryophyllia, but its thin expanding base, after sur- rounding the coral, descends deeply into the mud, in a hollow, bulb- like form, firmly inclosing a ball of mud for an anchorage, a habit simi- lar to that of severai of the large Actinians. There are several species of cup-corals living in deep water off our northern coast. Several of these are large and handsome species. The largest and most common, which we have also taken in considera- ble numbers every year on the “ Fish Hawk,” in 164 to 787 fathoms, is Flabellum Goodei V (fig.14). It hasa strongly compressed form, often with flat sides, and is very fragile. Large specimens are often 3 or 4 inches across the longest diameter. The animal is orange, with the lips and tentacles purplish red or brown. A second species of Flabellum (F. angulatum Moseley, fig. 15) was taken last season. It is a beautiful spe- cies, with a broad, cup-shaped calicle, somewhat hexagonalin outline. It was dredged several times this year, in 906 to 1,467 fathoms, and was originally discovered by the “Challenger,” off Nova Scotia. The third species is a handsome coral (Caryophyllia communis, fig. 16) of which a number of fine, large, living specimens were dredged in 1,098 to 1,106 fathoms. It is narrow, cup-shaped at summit, but terminates in a rather acute base, which is turned to one side more or less decidedly. - It was originally described as a fossil from the Italian tertiary formation. Another very fragile cup-coral, interesting on account of its remarkable habit of restoring itself, after being broken, by budding out from every fragment, so that most of the specimens have a larger or smaller frag- H. Mis. 67 ——33 514 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [12] ment of the dead parent coral adhering to its base, is Dasmosmilia Iymani (fig. 17). It was taken in 57 to 1,091 fathoms. The Actinians are represented in deep water by several very large species, some of them handsomely colored. Several hundreds often come up in a single haul of the trawl, making a bushel or more in bulk. As most of these secrete from their surfaces a large amount of slimy mucus, their presence in such numbers is often a nuisance, as the slime obscures and injures rarer and more delicate things. An orange or pale red species, Bolocera Tuedie, living mostly in 150 to 640 fathoms, is among the most common and most slimy. It has a smooth body, often 3 or 4 inches in diameter, with numerous very large light orange- red tentacles, 2 or 3 inches long and about as large as a man’s fingers. These tentacles cannot be retracted and are very easily de- tached, and then resemble peculiar worms, for they retain the power — of motion for some hours. They also have powerful stinging organs, or ‘“‘nettling threads,” which are able to poison the human hand severely, especially between the fingers, when the skin is softened by prolonged handling of the wet specimens, so that for those persons who are sensi- tive to such poisons they render the handling of the contents of the dredge rather unpleasant. A very singular, large, soft, pinkish Lernean crustacean (Antheacheres Diibenii Sars, fig. 167-8) lives parasitically in the stomach of this Ac- tinian, with which jt agrees in color. It is not uncommon. A large, bright orange, scaly annelid, over 2 inches long (Polynoé aurantiaca V.), lives as a commensal among the tentacles. Another common red or orange Actinian, taken in 55 to 616 fathoms, but most abundant in 150 to 400 fathoms, is Actinauge nodosa (fig. 20), which grows quite as large as the preceding, but has very numerous and smaller, retractile, red or orange-brown tentacles; vertical rows of tubercles cover the firm body, while just below the tentacles there is a broad zone which, like the tentacles, secretes an abundance of mucus, which is highly phosphorescent, so that when irritated the upper end of the body is illuminated, looking something like a large torch in the dark. In the deep-sea mud it has a bulbous base, but in less depths it attaches itself by a flat base to stones and shells, or clasps its base around worm-tubes and branches of corals. Another very large and much handsomer species of this genus, with the same phosphorescent character and similar habits, is Actinauge longicornis V. (fig. 21), which has been taken many times in 100 to 325 fathoms. It often becomes 3 or 4 inches broad across the body, and 5 or 6 high, while the long, slender, tapered, pale pink tenta- cles, banded with purple, may be 3 or 4 inches long, and when fully expanded they may fill a space 10 or 12 inches in diameter, or the size of an ordinary water bucket. The body is white or pink, and has a somewhat parchment-like appearance. It bears rows of small warts. A still larger and very common species, in 60 to 640 fathoms, [13] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 515 is Actinostola callosa V. (fig. 24), which often becomes 5 or 6 inches across the body, and is usually somewhat higher than broad. It has a large number of short, thick tentacles, usually deep orange in color, while the body is lighter, varying to salmon or pale flesh-color, and has a smooth leathery texture and warty surface. This and the two preceding, when living on the deep-water muddy bottoms, have the habit of firmly inclosing a large ball of mud, often 2 or 3 inches in diameter, in the base. This is done by the basal disk first spreading out and then descending into the mud, when its edges contract so as to produce a hollow bulb, often with only a small central opening below. This bulb serves aS an anchorage in the mud, but it is probable that all these speeies, at first, when very young, adhere to bits of corals, worm-tubes, shells, or some other solid substance, by a flat base, as usual with Actinians in shallow water, and that the base gradually becomes bulbous when it grows beyond its small support, for we often find young speci- mens thus attached, and have observed the bulb in all stages of forma- tion. In some cases one half the base would be flat, and adherent toa shell, while the other half would have the bulbous form, inclosing mud. Moreover, when these same species inhabit hard bottoms, covered with shells and stones, as often happens, large specimens occur broadly attached by their flat bases, so that this must be regarded as a special adaptation suited to the peculiar conditions of muddy bottoms, but not yet become a permanent character of the genera, nor even of the spe- cies, so far as we have been able to discover. Within the hollow bulbs, mixed with the mud, or next to the base itself, we usually find a number of chitinous pelicles, which have been secreted by the basal disk and cast off from time to time. This is not confined to either of the several genera that have bulbous bases, but is common to all. It indicates that the same ball of mud, or portions of it, at least, must be retained for a long period, or perhaps through life, for it is probable that individuals thus anchored in the mud do not move about at all, but ever afterwards remain fixed. Indeed, I have good evidence that some large individuals of A. nodosa attached to stones and shells:remain fixed in the same place for years, without any disposition to creep about, and perhaps they may lose this power, more or less, as they grow old, though they certainly have it while young, as do most shallow-water species. The formation of the basal bulb in these Actinians, and in the Alcyonium above mentioned, throws much light on the probable origin of the specialized muscular basal bulb of the Pemnatulacea. A remarkable new genus (Gondul mirabilis) has been recently de- scribed by Koren and Danielssen,* which is attached by an adherent base, as in Alcyonium, but has the polyps arranged on bilateral ‘ob-- lique ridges, as in many Pennatulacea, and with four axial tubes, * Bergen’s Museum, Nye Alcyonider, Gorgonider og Pennatulider til Norges Fauna, p. 19, pl. 10, 1883. 516 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [14] much as in the latter, while the spicula also resembles those of this group. This may represent a primitive type from which the Pennatu- lacea have been derived. It is only necessary to suppose that the at- tached base of such a form may have become bulbous and more special- ized, on account of the exigencies of muddy bottoms, as in the case of | our Aleyonium and Actinians, when it would become a true member of the Pennatulacea. It might, of course, be urged that it is a degraded form, derived from the Pennatulacea, but this is not probable. At any rate, it is evident that the Pennatulacea, as a group, are adapted speci- ally for life on the soft muddy bottoms of the deep sea, and probably were originally developed there from simpler attached forms of shal- low-water origin. The bulbous bases of the large Actinians are often useful to us in dredging, because they may inclose various small shells, &c., with the mud, and some of our new discoveries have been obtained only from this source. They are also very useful to us as bringing up the most perfect samples of the mud of the bottom, with precisely the same com- position that it had when undisturbed, for the bulb is often so nearly closed that none of the mud can wash out, while the contents of the dredge and trawl and of the sounding cup are more or less washed on the way up, and the finer parts may be largely lost. Another very large and handsome species of Actinian, first discovered in 1880, but one which does not descend to great depths, inhabiting only the warm zone, in 60 to 115 fathoms, is Urticina perdix V. (fig. 19). When in full expansion, it is often over a foot across, with its very nu- merous long, slender, translucent tentacles spread out in every direc- tion. The body is smooth and curiously mottled with shades of lighter and darker brownish, yellow, and pale flesh-color, something like the feathers of a partridge, to which the name alludes. It is one of the few deep-water species that thrives well in confinement. We have kept large individuals in aquaria all summer, without special care. It is very active, constantly changing in form, and very voracious. The temperature of the water in which it naturally lives is similar to that of the harbor at Wood’s Holl in summer, while most of the other species, coming from greater depths, live in and require much colder water than can be provided without special means of cooling. We often keep deep-sea species, of different groups, alive for a few hours or days by keeping them in water cooled down in the ice-box on the steamer, in cases where it is desirable to bring them ashore with their natural colors and appearance for descriptions and figures. But in most cases they never recover from the injury received by being drawn up through the warm upper stratum of Gulf Stream water, which is usually above 70 degrees, and although they sometimes remain alive for a day or two, they seldom show any activity, and usually die within afew hours. The Crustacea are nearly always quite dead when brought on deck, for, excepting the hermit-crabs, they are injured by the rough [15] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 517 treatment and crushing that they receive in the trawl, as well as by the heat of the upper waters. The sameis true of the more delicate species in all of the groups. But the Mollusca having strong shells; some of the Echinoderms; and all the large, tough-skinned Actinians seem to be in- jured or killed by the heat alone. It is probable, therefore, that but few of the more delicate deep-sea animals will ever be seen alive by man, and still fewer in a healthy living condition. HYDROIDA. The Hydroids are few in species, and not numerous individually, in the deeper dredgings. But at moderate depths, especially near George’s and Brown’s Banks, a considerable number of northern and mostly well known European species were obtained. Several interesting species also occurred, some of them frequently, in 100 to 300 fathoms, off the south- ern coast of New England. Some of these are undescribed. The most abundant is a species of Tubularia with coarse, yellow stems (ZT. in- divisa?). A new species of Cladocarpus (C. flexilis V., fig. 29), with tall, slender, pinnate, yellowish stalks is also very common. A large and rather coarse hydroid, Calicella plicatilis, fig. 30, is also rather common. ECHINODERMATA. The Echinoderms were among the most abundant and interesting of the deep-sea animals. About one hundred species were dredged by the ‘‘ Albatross,” many of which are new to our coast, though previously, dredged on the European side, or in the Caribbean Sea and still more dis- tantregions. Others are undescribed forms. Among the Holothurians, besides several species of T'rochostoma and allied forms, there were two gigantic species, belonging to a peculiar deep-sea family of which many species were brought to light by the “Challenger” expedition. These occurred in large numbers at several stations, mostly between 1,000 and 1,500 fathoms, in some cases more than a barrelful of one of them coming upinasinglehaul. The largest and most singular one was a new species of Benthodytes (B. gigantea V., figs. 31, a, b), a very large, massive species, flat below and convex above, sometimes 18 inches long and 5 or 6 broad, having a gelatinous, translucent appearance, but with a firm cartilagin- ous texture when fresh. The cartilage-like walls of the body are very thick, often an inch or more, and the visceral cavity is very small in proportion. Owing to the dense and impervious, cartilage-like tissues, this species is very difficult to preserve in alcohol,* the interior decay- ing before the fluid can penetrate the tissues, even when the visceral cavity is cut open. This has been dredged in 924 to 2,033 fathoms, *During the season of 1884 this and other large gelatinous species (Cephalapods, &c.) were preserved in much better condition by the use of ice-cold alcohol, kept in tanks in the ice-room ready for immediate use. 518 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [16] From its peculiar appearance the sailors on the “Albatross” called this species ‘boxing gloves.” The second was alsoanew form, Luphronides cornuta V. (figs. 32-334), re- lated to HL. depressa of the ‘‘Challenger” expedition. It hasalarge, conical, median posterior elevation, double at the summit, and two pairs of large, elevated, teat-like anterior tubercles. ‘Fo the latter character the name refers. In form it is not unlike B. gigantea, but it is smaller, narrower, less massive, and has a much thinner, reddish brown, or purplish brown, spiculose integument, without the cartilaginous character of the latter. To this the sailors gave the name of “overshoes,” which it somewhat resembles in form and color. It has been taken in 855 to 1,735 fathoms. A large, brown, undescribed species of Synapta (S. brychia V.), with large anchors, was discovered in 958 fathoms. This genus has gener- ally been considered as entirely confined to shallow water. Of Echini, we obtained two of the curious species having flexible shells (Phormosoma placenta and P. wranus). The former was taken in many localities and in considerable numbers. P.wranus has often oc- curred in 568 to 1,080 fathoms. Some of the specimens are 8 to 9 inches in diameter, and of a rich purplish color, an unusual color for deep-sea animals. P. placenta ranged from 458 to 1,230 fathoms. Other inter- esting species, not previously dredged by us, and characteristic of the greater depths, were Pourtalesia Jeffreysii, in 843 to 1,555 fathoms; Aérope rostrata, in 1,395 to 1,608 fathoms; Aceste bellidifera, in 1,395 to 1,467 fathoms; Urechinus Naresianus, in 1,309 fathoms; Salenia varis- pina, in 547 fathoms. The Lchinus Norvegicus was taken in large numbers in 1,043 to 1,255 fathoms, while Brissopsis lyrifera and Schizaster fragilis were very fre- quently dredged this season, the former in 935 to 1,555 fathoms, the latter in 100 to 239 fathoms. The star-fishes were very numerous in the deep dredgings and are represented by many interesting species. One of the most abundant star-fishes was a fine, new, orange-red species of Zoroaster, of large size, with slender spinose arms (Z. Diomedew V.). About two hundred spec- imens of this occurred at station 2035. It was taken at many stations, in 1,000 to 1,600 fathoms. The most common genus, as usual in very deep water, was Archaster, of which numerous species occurred. Many of these are very large and handsome forms, and are generally buff, salmon, orange, or orange-red in color. Several are unlike those species from less than 500 fathoms, taken by the “ Fish Hawk.” A large, new, orange-colored Archaster, with a very large madreporic plate (A. grandis V.) occurred in great numbers at several stations, in very deep water, often associated with Zoroaster Diomedew and Benthopecten spinosus. It has a small or moderate-sized, flat disk, closely covered with fine paxil- le, with long, rather flat, tapering arms, having two rows of small mar- ginal spines on each side. In several instances I have taken from the [17] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 519 stomach of this star-fish specimens of sea-urchins (Brissopsis lyrifera and Aceste bellidifera) 1 to 2inches in diameter, but partially crushed.* A smaller and very distinct new species of this genus (Archaster sept- tus V.), from 368 to 858 fathoms, has two regular, divergent rows of mar- ginal spines all around, while the rather swollen marginal plates are covered with small, sharp spinules, and similar spinules cover the lower side. The isatteral plates project strongly into the grooves and bear very convex groups of slender, tapering spines. The disk is rather small and the tapering arms moderately elongated. A large and handsome new Archaster (A. robustus V.), remarkable for its long, high, squarish arms and smoothish appearance, was taken at several localities, in 938 to 1,467 fathoms. Its marginal plates are closely covered with small scale-like spinules, but bear no marginal spines. The disk is small and the arms long. It is sometimes over a foot in diameter. Another new and very elegant species of this genus (A. formosus V.) was taken sparingly at several stations, in 1,467 to 1,608 fathoms. This species has a rather broad, flat, pentagonal disk, with large, distinct, hexagonal paxille, while the arms rapidly narrow and have only one or two rows of paxillz distally. Their tips are slen- der and terminate in a thickened apical plate. There are no marginal spines. A very interesting new form, taken in many localities, is related to Archaster and Astropecten, closely resembling some of the spinose species of these genera in general appearance. It represented a new genus (Benthopecten spinosus V.). The flat dorsal surface is closely cov- ered with tesselated, angular plates, having single, definite, small pores for solitary branchial papule between them, while there are no true paxille, the small spinules arising singly, or two or three together, directly from the plates. The marginal plates, above and below, bear single large, sharp spines, the five largest ones occupying the central interbrachial plates, on the upper margin. The disk is of moderate or rather small size, but the arms are long and tapered. It occurred in $55 to 1,917 fathoms, in 1883, but is most abundant in 1,200 to 1,500 fathoms. Among the most interesting of all the star-fishes were two species of the remarkable genus Brisinga. One of these (Bb. elegans V.), taken in many localities in 1883 and 1884, in 906 to 2,021 fathoms, sometimes in large numbers, has often been obtained and preserved nearly entire. It is a handsome species with very long, slender, finely-tapered arms, usually eleven or twelve in number, but varying from nine to thirteen. *TIn one case I also found in its stomach a fresh specimen of the common surface barnacle (Lepas anatifer), which is often found in large numbers attached to floating timber, &c., in the Gulf Stream. This Zepas unquestionably sank to the bottom and was swallowed by the star-fish (living at the depth of 1,395 fathoms) before decompo- sition had begun. This illustrates well the dependence of the deep-sea life on the surfaee fauna. 520 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [18] The small disk and the basal, slightly swollen portion of the arms are covered with small sharp spinules, arranged in small clusters or stand- ing singly, but not forming definite transverse groups on the basal part ofthe arms. The marginal spines are long and very slender, and mostly stand ina single row. The other (B. costata V.) is a coarser species, which usually comes up broken into numerous fragments, by sponta- neous division. In this species the spinules and pedicellarie form large and prominent transverse ridges or ribs on the swollen basal part of the arms, as well as on the distal portion. It resembles the B. coronata Sars, in general appearance. It was taken during the last two seasons in 991 to 2,021 fathoms. The curious little pentagonal star-fish, described by Wyville Thomson (Voyage of the “ Challenger,” p. 378, Figs. 97, 98), as Porcellanaster ceru- leus (figs. 40, 41), was taken in considerable numbers at many localities, in 1883 and 1884, in 816 to 1,917 fathoms. Its ccrulean color is due only to the bluish mud, with which its large stomach is usually filled, showing through the translucent integument. The real color is buff or pale salmon. Among the large and showy forms of star-fishes is a new species of Solaster (S. abyssicola V.), which is bright red or orange in color, and often becomes over a foot in diameter. It has a broad disk and usually eight or nine arms. It has rather small rounded clusters of spinules on moderately elevated paxillz, both above and beneath. The spinulation is coarser and the paxille larger, more elevated, and less crowded than in S. endeca, of the shallow waters. The Ophiurans were abundantly represented by many species, some of which were previously undescribed and others unknown from this region. Several of them are of large size and conspicuous. Among these one of the largest and most abundant was Ophiomusium Lymani, of which many hundreds or even thousands were often taken in a single haul in 900 to 1,100 fathoms. It has occurred at many localities in 238 to 2,033 fathoms. Another almost equally large species of the same genus (0. armigerum Lym.) also occurred abundantly at several stations in 1,731 to 2,369 fathoms. A handsome species, remarkable for its large and distinct, symmetrically arranged dorsal scales (Ophioglypha bullata), has been taken in considerable numbers in 1,608 to 2,574 fathoms. A smaller flattened species (0. lepida Lym.) occurred in vast numbers at several stations, both in 1883 and 1884. It seems to be very abundant at about 1,500 fathoms, and is widely diffused in 428 to 2,574 fathoms. Our perfect specimens generally, if not: always, have small, slender spinules scattered over the disk, which was not the case with the orig- inal types described by Lyman. The spinules are easily rubbed off. A large species of Ophiochiton (O. grandis V.) was taken in 888 fathoms. This genus had not been taken before in this part of the Atlantic. Numerous species of Ophiacantha, which is a very common and charac- teristic deep-water genus, were taken, among which were several that [19] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 521 were undescribed and others not before known from this region. The species of simple-armed Astrophytonide, taken by the “Albatross,” have been referred to on previous pages [pp. 8, 10]. They are often found clinging to the Pennatulacea and Gorgonians, in large numbers, in com- pany with the various species of Ophiacantha. The very common species, Antedon dentata, was the only crinoid ob- tained, with the exception of fragments and young of Khizocrinus (fig. 57). Of the former we also took afew young specimens, in the attached or stemmed condition (fig. 58). A fine species of stalked crinoid belonging to the genus, Benthocrinus, was dredged in 1884, in 2,021 fathoms, off Chesapeake Bay. CRUSTACEA. e The Crustacea were very numerous and included many new forms of great interest. According to the report of Prof. S. I. Smith* there were fifty-seven species of deep-water Decapod Crustacea, besides fifteen shal- low-water ones. Of these he has described nineteen as new. At the single haul in 2,949 fathoms six species were taken, while thirteen oc- curred below 2,000 fathoms, and twenty-nine below 1,000 fathoms. The twenty-nine species taken below 1,000 fathoms include twenty- one Caridea, or true shrimp, two Eryontide, three Galatheidz, one Pa- guroid, one Lithodes, and one Brachyuran belonging to the Dorippide. “Tt is interesting to compare these results with the lists of the fauna of the North Atlantic below 1,000 fathoms, given by the Rev. Dr. Nor- man in the presidential address to the Tyneside Naturalists’ Field Club, published last year. In Dr. Norman’s lists only twelve species of Deca- poda are recorded, none of them from as great a depth as 2,000 fathoms, and of these twelve species seven were known only from the ‘Blake’ dredgings of 1880.” In the course of subsequent studies Professor Smith has added a few more species to the list. The deep-sea crustacea are neither degraded in structure nor small in size. Among them are representatives of all the higher groups, while many of the species are remarkable for their great size. A true crab (Geryon quinquedens Smith, fig. 156), common in 105 to 816 fathoms, is one of the largest crabs known, for the massive body is often 5 inches long and 6 broad. It is dark red in color. The great spiny spider-crab (Lithodes Agassizii Smith, fig. 151), first described from'the “ Blake” collection, but also taken in 1882 and 1883 by the Fish Commission, measures over 3 feet across the outspread legs, while the body is 7 inches long and 6 broad, and covered with long, sharp spines. It ranges from 410 to 1,255 fathoms. Several of the shrimp are nearly a foot long, not including the anten- ne, which, like the legs, are often remarkable for their great length and slenderness. * Report of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Part X, for 1882 (published 1884), p. 345, and American Journal of Science, vol. 28, p. 53, July, 1884. 522 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [20] The following, according to Professor Smith, are some of the more - interesting forms: ‘A new genus of Brachyura, allied to Hthusa, 1,496 to 1,735 fathoms; an Anomuran belonging to A Milne-Edwards’ new ; genus Galacantha [= Munidopsis Whiteaves], 1,479 fathoms ; two species - of Pentacheles (fig. 152, a genus of Eryontide allied to Willemesia), be- tween 843 and 1,917 fathoms; a stout Palemonid (Notostomus, fig. 160), 6 inches long and intense dark crimson in color, 1,309 to 1,555 fathoms; a gigantic Pasiphaé (fig. 158), 85 inches long, 1,342 fathoms; three species of a remarkable new genus allied to Pasiphaé, and also to Hymenodora, and some other genera of Palemonide, which shows that Pasiphaé is closely allied to the Palemonide; a large Peneid, a foot in length, re- ferred to the little-known genus Aristeus (fig. 159) ; and a large Sergestes, 3 inches in length.” ‘‘A striking characteristic of the deep-sea crustacea is their red or reddish color. A few species are apparently nearly colorless, but the great majority are some shade of red or orange, and I have seen no evidence of any other bright color. A few species from between 100 and 300 fathoms are conspicuously marked with scarlet or vermilion, but such bright markings were not noticed in any species from below 1,000 fathoms. Below this depth orange-red of varying intensity is apparently the most common color, although in several species, very notably in the Notostomus already referred to, the color was an exceed- ingly intense dark crimson.” I have in former articles repeatedly called attention to the prevalence of salmon, orange, and scarlet colors among the deep-sea animals of vari- ous groups, and have insisted that these are protective colors in conse- quence of the peculiar nature of the light transmitted to them through a vast thickness of sea-water. This view necessarily implies that a certain amount of sunlight is thus transmitted. The existence of well developed eyes in the deep-sea fishes, cephalapods, crustacea, &c., may well be re- garded as positive evidence of the existence of a certain amount of light even at the greatest depths explored. According to Prof. 8. lL. Smith there were sixteen species of decapod and schizopod crustacea taken by the “Albatross” at depths below 2,000 fathoms, eight of them ranging downward to 2,949 fathoms, and all these species had normal faceted eyes. Nineof then had dark-colored eyes, similar to allied shallow-water species, and not much smaller; four had small black or dark eyes; one had light-colored eyes largér that usual in the shallow-water species of the same genus; and nine had small light-colored eyes. Professor Smith has also called attention to the remarkably large size and small number of the eggs of many of these deep-sea crustacea, their eggs being often ten, fifteen, and sometimes even more than three hundred times larger than those of allied shallow-water species. “The large size of the eggs is a marked feature in many of the deep- water Decapoda. The eggs of Lupagurus politus from 50 to 500 fathoms, are more than eight times the volume of those of the closely allied and [21] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 523 larger HL. bernhardus from shallow water, and in Sabinea princeps, from 400 to 900 fathoms, they are more than fifteen times as large as in S. septem- carinata, from 25 to 150 fathoms. The most remarkable cases are among the deep-water genera. Galacantha rostrata and G. Bairdii, from be- tween 1,000 and 1,500 fathoms, have eggs 3™™ in diameter in alcholic specimens, while in the vastly larger lobster they are less than 2™™, The largest crustacean eggs known to me are those of Parapasiphaé sul- catifrons (fig. 162), a slender shrimp less than 3 inches long, taken be- tween 1,000 and 3,000 fathoms. Alcholic specimens of these eggs are fully 4 by 5™™ in shorter and longer diameter, fully ten times the volume of the eggs of Pasiphaé tarda from 100 to 200 fathoms, more than three hundred and fifty times the volume of those of a much larger shallow-water Pale- mon, and each one more than a hundredth of the volume of the largest in- dividual of the species. From the peculiar environment of deep-water species it seems probable that many of them pass through an abbreviated metamorphosis within the egg, like many fresh-water and terrestrial species, and these large eggs are apparently adapted to producing young of large size, in an advanced stage of development, and specially fitted to live under conditions similar to those environing the adults.” ‘“‘Among the Schizopoda there are two large species of Gnethophausia, one over 4 inches in length, and a Lophogaster, all from below 2,000 ~ fathoms. One of the most interesting Schizopods is a small Thysanoessa (a genus of Euphausidz) from 398 to 1,067 fathoms, of which one female was found carrying eggs. The eggs are carried in an elongated and flattened mass beneath the cephalothorax, are apparently held together by some glutinous secretion, and are attached principally to the third pair of perzeopods (antepenultimate cephalothoracic appendages).” One of the Schizopoda of frequent occurrence is Thysanopoda Norve- gica, taken at the surface, and also apparently from 150 to 239 fathoms, in the trawl-wings. ‘‘The Amphipoda from deep water are comparatively few in number, and have not yet been carefully examined, but among them is one spec- imen of the gigantic Hurythenes gryllus Boeck (Lysianassa Magellanica Milne-Edwards), probably the largest of all known Amphipoda. This specimen, which is over 44 inches long, and very stout in proportion, was taken in 1,917 fathoms, north latitude 37° 56’ 20’, west longitude 70° 57’ 30”. The few previously known specimens came from Cape Horn, Greenland, and Finmark, and have apparently all been taken from the stomachs of fishes. This species and its occurrence in the ex- treme Arcticand Antarctic seas, has been much discussed, and is the sub- ject of a long memoir by Lilljeborg, but the apparently anomalous dis- tribution is explained by its discovery in deep water off our middle Atlantic coast.” _ Other Amphipods are Themisto bispinosa, apparently from 373 to 1,348 fathoms, in trawl-wings; and Hpimeria loricata, in 168 to 239 fathoms. The Cumacea and Isopoda are each represented by several species, 524 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [22] but these groups have not yet been fully examined. Among the Isopods, one of the largest and most common is Syscenus infelix Harger (fig. 164), which is orange in color. Anothersingular species is Astacilla granulata Harger (fig. 165). The Copepoda and Ostracoda are very abundant, both in the lots ob- tained in the trawl-wings and inthe surface collections. Very many fine species were noticed, but they have not yet been reported upon by Mr. Rathbun, who has charge of these groups. He has studied a number of interesting and novel forms of Lerneans found parasitic on several of the deep-sea fishes. A representative of this group (Antheacheres Dubenii Sars, figs. 166, 167), which lives in the stomach of the large sea- anemone (Bolocera Tuedie) has been referred to on a previous page [p. 12}. The Cirripeds were represented in deep water by several species of Scalpellum and allied genera, most of them of small size; one of these (S. Strémii) occurs frequently on the deep-sea gorgonian corals. Two or three species of this group live upon the large crab, Geryon quin- quedens, some of them on the exterior and some in the gill-cavity. A large species of Scalpellum, allied to S. regius W. Thomson, was taken several times in deep water on Brown’s Bank, off Nova Scotia; and large clusters of Balanus Hameri were dredged on the shallower parts of that bank. PYCNOGONIDA. The Pycnogonida were well represented by two or three very large species of Colossendeis and other genera, in 900 to 1,500 fathoms. Some of the largest of these (C. colossea Wilson, fig. 169) measured nearly 2 feet across the outstretched legs. Nine of them were taken at one haul in 1,106 fathoms. It is orange-colored in life. ANNELIDA. The Annelida are well represented at all depths, but yet they appear to be relatively much less numerous below 500 fathoms than in shallower water. In 100 to 300 fathoms they are usually abundant. The most conspicuous species, as well as one of the most abundant, is Hyalinecia artifexe V. (figs. 177-179a), which inhabits and drags about a large, quill- like, free tube, often 8 to 10 inches long, open at both ends, and so translu- cent as to show the large iridescent annelid within it. This is frequently taken in very large numbers, several thousands coming up in a single haul, in 150 to 640 fathoms. ‘Two species of Actinians (Sagartia abyssi- cola and the young of Actinauge nodosa) are very often attached to these tubes, and also various hydroids and sponges. There are also two or three large species of Leodice (L. polybranchia V., fig. 180, L. vivida, &c.), which inhabit irregular, rough, parchment- like tubes, very common in 100 to 300 fathoms. Nothria conchyphila [23] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 525 V., which constructs flat, free tubes, about 2 inches long, out of broken bivalves, often occurs in vast numbers in the warm zone. A large and conspicuous, smooth, orange-red scaly annelid (Polynoé aurantiaca V., fig. 173), lives as a commensal among the tentacles of Bolo- cera Tuedie ; and another species of this group (P. Acanelle V., fig. 172, a—c), is very abundant among the branches of Acanella Normani. It has a dark purple proboscis and finely spinulose scales. Numerous small species of many genera have been taken at great depths. Several other interesting deep-sea annelids are illustrated on the plates (figs. 172-190). GEPHYREA. Several large and remarkable species of Gephyrea have been taken in deep water, but they are not yet determined. Among them there is a large strongly sulcated species (fig. 192), taken in 707 to 1,060 fathoms, which is often 3 to 5 inches long and nearly an inch in diameter, in alcohol. Another equally large species, from 858 to 1,168 fathoms, is covered with large warts or verruce. Both of these appear to be species of Phascolosoma. There is alarge Priapulus (fig. 191, a) from 1,000 fathoms, and a small one from 1,060 fathoms. Mangilia melanitica Dall, var. oxia Bush. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.* Shell small, slender, fusiform, lustrous, transparent, glassy, with a tall, regularly tapered, acute spire; whorls eight, slightly convex, an- gulated, carinated, with the suture defined by a distinct, smooth, rounded thread ; nucleus large, acute, consisting of three and a half rapidly ta- pering coils, with a small, very prominent, decidedly upturned apical ei ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. A8l whorl, smooth, with the exception of a distinct median keel on the two lower whorls. Sculpture consists of about seventeen very thin, slightly raised, strongly recurved riblets extending from suture to suture, ren- dered nodulous by the intersection of a rather broad, smooth, rounded median carina. The greatest curvature of the transverse riblets is above the carina on the wide, slightly concave subsutural band, which is crossed also by the lines of growth, and in some specimers by nu- merous microscopic revolving strie. On the body-whorl, from the pos- terior end of the aperture to the end of the canal, there are about twelve rather fine, smooth, rounded cinguli; the first, situated just above the suture and a little wider and more prominent than the others, is ren- dered nodulous by the crossing of the transverse riblets, at which they abruptly end, and is separated from the second by a rather wide, smooth: space, crossed only by the microscopic lines of growth; the space be- tween the others decreases so that, on the canal, they are rather close together. On some of the specimens, there is an additional cingulus midway between the carina and the first cingulus; and three or four of the transverse riblets, and sometimes all of them, on the dorsal sur- face, extend as nearly straight lines to the base of the canal. The ap- erture, in immature specimens, is rather broad-ovate, with a thin, slightly curved outer lip, having a very shallow, wide posterior sinus, and the columella has a slight sigmoid curvature, most decided at its posterior third, while in more mature specimens the aperture is very narrow-oblong, with a very much thickened outer lip, forming a con- spicuous white varix with a thin brown edge bending in and partly closing the aperture, and with a deep, narrow, oblique sinus considera- bly below the suture. Somespecimens have about four smooth, raised, rounded, revolving threads on the interior of the aperture, which form, by their abrupt terminations, conspicuous nodules within the margin of the outer lip. The outer lip also increases posteriorly and joins the inner lip alittle below the suture, thus considerably shortening the aperture. Columella nearly straight, with a row of from four to six very minute white crenulations just within the thin free edge of the in- ner lip; canal very short, narrow at its base, but suddenly widened by the abrupt outward turning of the lip. Color of fresh specimens, when dry, amber, with lighter tinted carina, and red-brown edged aperture; some specimens are also irregularly spotted with red-brown. Length of a medium-sized mature specimen, 5™"; its breadth, 2™™;. length of aperture, 1.75"; its breadth, .5™™. A specimen without the thickened lip has an aperture 2™™ long and nearly 1™™ broad. Found in large numbers, both living and dead. Mr. W. H. Dall considers this shell identical with a species from Florida to which he has given the name, melanitica (MSS.), but admits a varietal difference. 582 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [80] - Mangilia oxytata Bush, sp. nov. B. range, 48 fathoms.t At station 2,108, a single dead specimen (No. 35,395), somewhat re- sembling the preceding, was taken. It consists of about eight whorls; those of the spire strongly angu- lated just below the middle, and ornamented with about nine rather prominent, straight, transverse ribs, commencing at the periphery and extending to the suture; these, with their wide, concave interspaces, are crossed by three rather strong, nearly smooth, rounded, equally distant carine, the third defining the suture. Smooth, oblong nodules are formed by the intersection of these with the ribs, those on the pe- riphery being the most conspicuous, as the first carina is slightly wider than the other two. The subsutural band is wide, slightly concave, crossed by delicate, excurved, raised lines or riblets extending from the suture to the median carina, and by three or four fine, slightly raised, equally distant, revolving threads. The nucleus is large, semi-trans- parent, shining, composed of four and a half turns, with a small, exceed- ingly prominent, decidedly upturned, apical whorl, which, with the two following, is smooth and glassy; the next two have a fine, smooth median carina. On the body-whorl the ribs continue to the base of the siphon, and are crossed by small, nearly smooth, rounded, equally distant cin- guli, which commence a little below the third principal carina and con- tinue to the end of the canal. The entire surface is covered with very minute microscopic granules. Aperture narrow-ovate, pinched up an- teriorly into a short, rather narrow, straight canal. Outer lip very much thickened, with a conspicuous varix and a thick, smooth, rounded, very irregularly curved, light brown edge, and a deep, narrow sinus considerably below the suture, at the angle of the shoulder; inner lip inconspicuous; columella slightly curved. Color yellowish white, tinged with brown just below the suture, and on the anterior part of the body-whorl. Length, 5™™; breadth, 2.5™™; length of aperture; 2™™; its breadth, Pr This species, although closely resembling the preceding, is sufficiently characterized in having a much stouter form, more acute apex, more angularly shouldered whorls, fewer and more prominent ribs, more numerous cinguli, and especially in having its entire surface micro- scopically granulated. Mangilia ? glypta Bush, sp. nov. B. range, 48 fathoms.t Shell small, semi-transparent, fusiform, with about five slightly convex whorls below the nucleus, which consists of three and a half smooth, transparent, white, glassy, regularly increasing turns. The apical whorl] is small, not very prominent, somewhat oblique. The sculpture con- sists of about ten rather indistinct, narrow, longitudinal ribs, and broad, [81] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 583 rounded, very conspicuous cinguli, which, in crossing the ribs, form prominent, smooth, white, oblong beads or nodules; there are three rows of these on the whorls of the spire, and five or six on the body- whorl, the second and third below the suture being more prominent and farther apart than the others. Cinguli without nodules continue to the end of the canal, the transverse ribs disappearing atits base. Aperture a little more than one-third the length of the shell, narrow-ovate, pinched up anteriorly into a very narrow, short canal; outer lip thickened, form- ing a slight varix, with a thin, white edge and a shallow sinus, close to the suture, with one or two minute white crenulations just within its posterior edge; there are also about five similar but much larger crenu- lations on the inner margin of the lip, extending from the sinus to the base of the canal. Inner lip continuous with the outer, with a free, thin, white edge, having four or five minute white crenulations just within its inner margin. Canal short, narrow, bent slightly backward at its anterior end, with a decided, but shallow, notch. Color of dead specimens, in alcohol, light brown; when dry, dirty white. One fresh specimen has a light brown, lamellose epidermis. It may belong to Pisania. Length of a specimen with imperfect nucleus, 5™™; its breadth, 2.5™™; length of aperture, 2.5™™; its breadth, 1™™. Three imperfect specimens, (No. 35,363) were taken at station 2,108. Acus dislocatus (Say). B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Acus concavus (Say). B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Acus protextus (Conrad) Dall. B. range, 48 fathoms.t Cancellaria reticulata (Linné), B. range, 14 fathoms.t RACHIGLOSSA. Oliva literata Lamarck. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.* Olivella mutica (Say). B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms ;* 48 fathoms.t Fulgur carica Conrad. Nassa consensa Ravenel. B. range, 14 to 48 fathoms.t Tritia trivittata (Say) H. & A. Adams. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Eupleura caudata (Say) H. & A. Adams. B. range, 15 fathoms.t Anachis avara (Say) Perkins. B. range, 14 fathoms ;t 48 fathoms.* 584 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [82] Columbella ornata Ravenel. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Astyris pura Verrill. B. range, 14 fathoms ;* 15 fathoms.t Astyris lunata (Say) Dall. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms;t 48 fathoms.* T ANIOGLOSSA. Semicassis granulosa (Bruguiere). B. range, 15 fathoms, fragment. Neverita duplicata (Say) Stimpson. B. range, 0 to 14 fathoms +t; 15 fathoms.* Natica pusilla Say. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.* Sigaretus perspectivus Say. B. range, 15 fathoms.t Crepidula fornicata Lamarck. B. range, 15 fathoms ;+ 48 fathoms.* Crepidula plana Say. B. range, 15 to 48 fathoms.t Crepidula convexra Say. B. range, 15 fathoms.t+ Cerithiopsis Emersonii (Adams). B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Cerithiopsis terebralis (Adams). B. range, 14 fathoms.t Triforis turris-thome (D’Orbigny) Dall. B. range, 14 fathoms.t Vermetus radicula Stimpson. ’ B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Caecum pulchellum Stimpson. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Caecum Cooperi Smith. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t+ Skenea trilix Bush, sp. nov. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.* This species closely resembles Adeorbis supranitida Wood, in form and sculpture, but it has a thin, horny operculum and an animal like Skenea. PTENOGLOSSA. Scalaria lineata Say. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t [83] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 585 Scalaria multistriata Say. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Scalaria angulata Say. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Solarium granulatum Lamarck. B. range, 48 fathoms.* RHIPHIDOGLOSSA. Fissurella alternata Say. B. range, 14 fathoms.t GYMNOGLOSSA. Obeliscus crenulatus Holmes. B. range, 15 fathoms ;+ 48 fathoms.* Eulima oleacea Kurtz and Stimpson. B. range, 15 fathoms.t Niso cegleés Bush, sp. nov. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.* Shell of moderate size, regularly tapered, conical, thin, semi-trans- parent, smooth, shining, consisting of about twelve closely coiled, flat- tened whorls, with the suture indistinct, defined by a thread of dark, chestnut-brown, above and below which there is an indefinite band of yellowish-white, gradually shading, towards the center of the whorls into light yellow or brown, sometimes mingled with purple. The nu- cleus is small, consisting of about three regularly coiled whorls ofa light purple or amethystine color. Base prominent, angulated, with a moderately large and deep umbilicus, margined by a dark chestnut- brown thread. Aperture nearly quadrangular, the angles being formed at the termination of the dark threads, defining the base and the um- hilical region, somewhat produced at the anterior angle, forming an indistinct notch. Outer lip thin, with a dark chestnut-brown edge; inner lip regularly curved, slightly reflected over the umbilicus, with a somewhat thickened, dark chestnut-brown edge; just back of this there runs across the base, from within the umbilicus to the sutural thread, a thread or streak of the same dark chestnut-brown color, and through- out the entire length of the shell, with the exception of the nucleus, similarly colored streaks occur, crossing the whorls at irregular intervals. In specimens somewhat eroded, fine but distinct lines of growth cross the whorls at pretty regular intervals, and even in fresh specimens indica- tions of them are occasionally seen. Operculum horny, very thin, light yellow. : Length of the largest specimen, 7.5"™; its breadth, 3.57"; length of aperture, 2.5™™; its breadth, 2™™. A few living and several dead specimens were taken. Odostomia cancellata (D’Orbigny). B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t 586 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [84] TECTIBRANCHIATA. Philine Sagra (D’Orbigny). B. range, 15 fathoms.t Oylichna biplicata (Lea). B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.* Volvula, sp. nov. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.* Bulla Candei D’Orbigny. B. range, 15 fathoms.t Utriculus canaliculatus (Say) Stimpson. Pleurophyllidia Cuviert Meckel. — B. range, 15 fathoms.* HETEROPODA. Atlanta Peronii Lesueur. B. range, 15 to 843 fathonis.t Atlanta inclinata Souleyet. B. range, 15 to 843 fathoms.t PTEROPODA. Cavolina uncinata (D’Orbigny) Gray. B. range, 48 to 843 fathoms.t Cavolina longirostris Lesueur. B. range, 14 to 938 fathoms.t Cavolina quadridentata (Lesueur). B. range, 15 to 192 fathoms.t Diacria trispinosa Gray. B. range, 15 to 843 fathoms.t Clio pyramidata Linné. B. range, 48 to 938 fathoms.t Styliola virgula (Rang). B. range, 15 fathoms.t Styliola subulata (Quoy and Gaimard). B. range, 15 to 843 fathoms.t Styliola recta Blainville. B. range, 15 fathoms.t SOLENOCONCHA. Dentalium leptum Bush, sp. nov. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Shell of moderate size, very slender, slightly curved posteriorly, rather thin, delicate, with a very smooth and glossy surface, destitute of sculp- ture, except at the posterior end, which is covered with numerous, , [85] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 587 crowded, very fine, raised, longitudinal lines visible only under the lens. Anterior aperture round with a sharp, thin edge; posterior aper- ture somewhat thickened, very small, round, slightly oblique, with a deep, narrow, dorsal notch. Color delicate salmon, or yellow, gradually shading into white toward the anterior end. Several dead specimens. Length, 31.5™™; diameter of anterior aperture, 2™™; posterior aper- ture, about .5™™. Cadulus Carolinensis Bush, sp. nov. B. range, 14 fathoms ;t 15 to 48 fathoms.* Shell of medium size, semi-transparent, very glossy, white, circular throughout its entire length. Greatest diameter at about the anterior third, diminishing slightly to the round, very oblique, anterior aper- ture, and backward to the posterior end, at first very gradually and farther back very rapidly. Curvature well marked in some specimens, very slight in others, nearly uniform dorsally; but ventrally, most de- cided in the posterior third. Posterior aperture very small, round, a little oblique, with four small, distinct notches, two on each side. A few living, and many dead specimens. Length, 9.5™™; greatest diameter, about 2™; diameter of anterior aperture, 1™™; posterior aperture, .4™™. LAMELLIBRANCHIATA. Ensatella Americana (Gould) Verrill. B. range, 15 fathoms.t , Corbula disparilis D’Orbigny. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Corbula Swiftiana C. B. Adams. b. range, 14 to 15 fathoms; + 48 fathoms.* Necra costata Bush, sp. nov. B. range, 48 fathoms.* Shell moderately thick, compressed, triangular-ovate, with acontracted and somewhat elongated rostrum, and with three or four very prominent, curved, distant, radiating ribs on the convex part of the valves, and with a few smaller and closer ones anteriorly. Umbos high, smooth ; beaks somewhat curved backward. The dorsal margin, from the beaks to the end of the rostrum, is strongly and regularly concave, the ros- trum being a little upturned or straight at the tip; anteriorly, the dorsal margin is convex, and falls off abruptly to the obtusely rounded anterior end. The ventral margin is broadly rounded and projects out- ward in an acute angle at the projection of each of the principal ribs; the intervals between these angles are usually concave, and beyond the hindermost rib the outline recedes in a concave curve to the origin of the rostrum, which is rapidly narrowed to near the tip. Of the three principal radiating ribs, the middle one runs from the beak nearly to 588 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [86] the middle of the ventral margin, curving a little backward ; the hinder- most terminates about midway between the former and the end of the - rostrum, curving strongly backward ; the most anterior one ends about ‘midway between the middle one and the anterior end of the shell; mid- way between this and the middle one, there is a smaller secondary rib. These three primary ribs are strongly elevated, not very broad, with the summit rather thin, finely notched by the concentric linés of growth; the most posterior rib is the largest and highest, and projects most at the margin. Between these ribs the spaces are wide and strongly concave, marked by numerous and regular lines of growth. On the anterior end of the shell there are two or three smaller radiating ribs, which are separated by intervals about equal to their own breadth, and give the margin a slightly crenulated appearance. The rostrum is nar- row, strongly compressed, with both the dorsal and ventral outline concave. Twosmall ridges run from the beak to the tip of the rostrum, separated by a very narrow, flattened area. The right valve has two well-marked lateral teeth, the posterior one considerably longer and larger than the anterior; between these there is a small, ovate cartilage- pit. The inner surface of the valves shows deeply indented grooves cor- responding to the primary external ribs. Color, opaque white. Epider- mis indistinct. Length of the largest specimen, 6™; height, 4™™; thickness, 4™™. Four living and one dead specimens (No. 35,362) were found at station 2,108. This species bears considerable resemblance to N. ornatissima D’Orb., but the ribs are less numerous, more curved, and the primary ones are much larger and more widely separated, and the shell is less convex. There is no other similar species known from the Atlantic coast. Clidiophora trilineata (Say) Carpenter. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Pandora, sp. B. range, 14 to 48 fathoms.t Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn) Gray. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Macha strigillata (Linné), var. (?) B. range, 15 fathoms.t Tellina alternata Say. B. range, 15 fathoms.t Tellina lintea Conrad. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Tellina iris Say. B. range, 15 fathoms.* Anyulus tener (Say) Adams. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms ;* 48 fathoms.t [87] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 589 Strigilla flexuosa (Say). B. range, 15 fathoms.t Abra cequalis Say. B. range, 14 fathoms ;* 15 to 48 fathoms.t Mulinia lateralis (Say) Gray. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Venus mercenaria Linné. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Dosinia discus Reeve. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.* Dosinia obovata (Conrad). B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Chione trapezoidalis ? (Kurtz). B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms. Chione alveata (Conrad). B. range, 15 to 48 fathoms.t Callista convexa (Say) H. & A. Adams. B. range, 15 to 48 fathoms.t Callista gigantea Chemnitz. B. range, 15 fathoms.t Callista maculata (Linné). B. range, 15 fathoms.t (Young.) Venericardia tridentata Say. B. range, 15 fathoms.t Cardium magnum Born. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Cardium pinnulatum Conrad. B. range, 15 to 48 fathoms.t Chama congregata Conrad. B. range, 14 fathoms.t Lwueina filosa Stimpson. B. range, 48 fathoms.t Luecina crenulata Conrad. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms ;+ 48 fathoms.* Tucina nassula Conrad. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Cyclas dentata (Wood). B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Cryptodon obesus Verrill. B. range, 15 to 48 fathoms.t Diplodonta punctata Say. B. range, 14 fathoms.t 590 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [88] Montacuta bidentata (Montagu). B. range, 48 fathoms.* Leda unca Gould. B. range, 14 to 48 fathoms.t Nucula proxima Say. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms;t 48 fathoms.* Scapharca transversa (Say) H. & A. Adams. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Argina pexata (Say) Gray. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms.t Pinna seminuda Lamarck. B. range, 14 to 48 fathoms.t Pecten dislocatus Say. B. range, 14 to 15 fathoms ;t 48 fathoms.* Anomia glabra Verrill. B. range, 15 fathoms.t Ostrea equestris Say. B. range, 14 fathoms.t FAUNA OF THE SURFACE WATER OF THE GULF STREAM. Collections of the invertebrate surface fauna were made at many localities during this and previous seasons in the waters of the Gulf Stream, both by means of hand-nets and towing nets, while porpoises (Delphinus delphis), sharks, and fishes of various kinds have been taken by the use of harpoons and hooks. By the use of muslin nets, known as “trawl-wings,” attached to the ends of the trawl frame, so as to be somewhat above the bottom, many pelagic species have been obtained which have not occurred in the surface nets. It is impossible, however, in many cases to know whether such species actually live at or near the bottom, at the surface, or in intermediate depths, for they are liable to enter these nets at any time during the descent or ascent of the trawl, as well as during the time that it is on the bottom. The trawl- wings have, however, furnished a large number of species, of various groups, which we have never taken im any other way, and it is probable that many of these live swimming free, either near the bottom or at various depths intermediate between the surface and bottom, where the temperature may best suit them. In the surface nets a great many eggs and young of fishes of various kinds are usually taken, the young fishes varying in size from those just hatched up to 2 or 3 inches in length. Copepod crustacea are usually the most abundant forms of small surface animals, occurring in great quantities and of many genera and species. Various species of the genus Calanus are the most common. Ke, aa ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 591 Several species of ths genus Saphirina were taken, some of them very brilliant in colors; also many small shrimp belonging vo the Macrura and Schizopoda, and various species of Amphipoda and Isopoda. The Isopods are usually found clinging to floating sea-weeds (Sargas- swum and Fucus) or other floating objects, but are capable of swimming about free. The most common species is Idotea robusta, which is a particularly oceanic species, remarkable for its metallic luster and bluish color. The commonest Amphipods are Themisto bispinosa, which often occur in vast numbers, both at the surface and in the trawl-wings, and Calliopius leviusculus, which is very common and often abundant at the surface. There are also several species of Hyperia and allied genera that live parasitic on jelly-fishes. The most interesting and beautiful Amphipod is a species of Phro- nima (fig. 163). Itis almost transparent and colorless, with the exception of the black eyes. It is about an inch long and lives in a transparent, gelatinous, tubular case or dwelling, which is open at both ends, and usually about an inch in length and nearly as much in diameter. By forcing a current of water through this tube it swims about with con- siderable rapidity. Clusters of pinkish young ones are often seen attached to the inside of the case. The curious structures or cases in- habited by this species are not all alike, some being smooth and others longitudinally ribbed or keeled, the ribs having serrated edges. The ribbed cases are evidently made from the posterior half of the test of a large Salpa, common in the same waters, and having the same serrated ribs. Perhaps the smooth ones are made from other.species ot Salpa and Doliolum. Among the surface crustacea are delicate species of the curious genus Lucifer (I. typus?). Among the common small shrimp are Latreutes ensiferus, which is very abundant, and Leander tenuicornis, of somewhat larger size. The Schizopod shrimp, Nyctiphanes Norvegica,* is often taken in the trawl-wings with several other related species. Sometimes it is very abundant at the surface, especially northward. Two species of free-swimming oceanic crabs (Nautilograpsus minutus and Neptunus Sayi) are of common occurrence, usually clinging to the clusters of floating sea-weeds, which they imitate in colors, but swim- ming rapidly away when disturbed. The young of various crabs in the zoéa and megalops stages are taken in the surface nets, as well as. the curious larval forms of Palinurus, Squilla, and allied genera. Several oceanic barnacles, especially Lepas pectinata and L. fascicularis, occur attached to floating drift-wood and other objects, and in one case a small barnacle of this group occurred attached to a living siphono- phorous jelly-fish (Porpita). Several oceanic annelida were taken, while larval forms of annelids are not uncommon. Among the latter was a very large larva, probably of Chetopterus, but much larger than that of the shore species. The larval forms of Echinoderms are not uncommon. * Prof. G. O. Sars refers this species to a new genus (Nyctiphanes) recently estab- lished by him. It is the Thysanopoda Norvegice Sréyer 592 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [90] The oceanic mollusca are numerous in the Gulf Stream, even as far north as our explorations extended, though doubtless far less abun- dant than farther south. More than twenty-five species of Pteropods occur living in the region explored, and many of them were taken in the surface nets, though other species were caught only in the trawl- wings, which they probably entered, in most cases, when the trawl was at or near the surface. Most of these Pteropods are very delicate and beautiful forms, with glassy or amber-like transparent shells of various shapes. Those taken in 1883 are all enumerated in the general list of mollusca (p. 70). At least a dozen species of the curious Heteropods have also been taken by usin the same region. The most abundant of these are the flat, spiral, glassy, and broadly-keeled shells of several species of Atlanta (figs. 110,111). Two transparent naked species, belonging to Firola (fig. 112) and Firoloides are not uncommon, and Carinaria, with its glassy, slipper-like shell, is sometimes taken. Several species of naked mollusks (Nudibranchiata) also occur in the same Tegion. One of the largest and most frequent of these is the Scyllea Edwardsii V. (fig. 109), which clings to the floating fucus and sargassum, and imitates in a mar- velous manner the colors, forms, and ornamentation of these sea-weeds. Another large and interesting species (Fiona nobilis) has been found several times among the brown and yellow stems of barnacles (Lepas) attached to floating timber. It deposits its eggs in inverted cup-shaped, or funnel-shaped, clusters, attached by a little pedicel at the small end. A very curious and beautiful free-swimming species (Glaucus marga- ritaceus, figs. 113, a, b) was taken in 1884. It is bright blue and silvery in life. Some of the species of Cephalopods are taken alive at the surface, but most of them are difficult to capture. One living specimen of the paper-nautilus (Argonauta argo, figs. 63, a, b) was caught in 1882 in a hand-net by Dr. Kite, on the ‘Fish Hawk.” The most abundant Gulf Stream species is Sthenoteuthis Bartramii, known as the “ flying squid,” because it sometimes shoots out of the water with such force as to fall upon the decks of vessels. Very large specimens of this were caught off Cape Hatteras at the surface, and during the last season (1884) they were taken in large numbers and of large size off Martha’s Vineyard by jigging them with hooks after attracting them to the side of the steamer by an electric light lowered to the surface of the water. It was not pre- viously known north of Cape Hatteras. A small squid, furnished with sharp claws on its long arms (Onychia agilis V.), was also taken at the surface last summer. Many dead and more or less mutilated examples of the great, gelatinous, Octopus-like Alloposus mollis V. were several times observed floating at the surface, and sometimes also large speci- mens of a curious squid (Calliteuthis reversa V.). Both of these are probably true deep-sea species, which only rise to the surface when dead or disabled. [91] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 5938 The various pieces of drift timber found floating in the Gulf Stream have always been found filled with the burrows of a large species of Teredo (T. megotara, fig. 127), which seems to be the only common species in that region. Among the most abundant forms of pelagic life are several species of Salpa. One of these is the common species of the New England coast (Salpa Caboti, figs. 147, a), which grows to be only about an inch long, in the solitary form, but it often occurs in vast quantities, completely filling the sea, so that surface nets are quickly filled and clogged up with it. In this there are delicate reticulations of clear blue lines on the edges of the mantle, gills, and other internal organs, and the nucleus is usually deeply tinged with blue, A much larger species, which is also very abundant on most trips, often grows in the solitary form to the length of 3 to 4 inches or more, with a diameter of 1 to 1.25 inches, while the chained individuals are sometimes even longer, with each end running out into along, tapering, acute tip, while both ends are abruptly terminated in the solitary in- dividuals. The body has eight longitudinal angles or keels, serrated along their edges. The chains often become several feet long, but easily break up when disturbed. This species (figs. 148-150) is related to S. maxima Forskal, but is apparent]y distinct. It is, however, probably identical with S. clostra, M. Edwards, of the Mediterranean, well figured in the illustrated edition of Cuvier (Plate 121, figs. 2-2d). In this the whole body is nearly colorless, except the nucleus, _ which is dull orange or orange-brown, but whitish on the sides. On many occasions a bushel or more of this species has been caught in the trawl, evidently from near the surface. In the summer of 1884, this species was taken in Vineyard Sound and Buzzard’s Bay, August 25 to September 5, in considerable numbers, but not so large as those found in the Gulf Stream. This must be an unusual occurrence, however. A special collection of this species was made in 1882, by hardening in chromic acid, to be used by Professor Brooks for making sections in studying its anatomy and embryology, and were found by him very sat- _isfactory. | Another very interesting species (S. pinnata), previously known from the Mediterranean, was taken in 1883, off Cape Hatteras. In this species the chained individuals are united together in such a way as to form circular or wreath-like groups. Species of Doliolum (fig. 146) and of Appendicularia were also taken, but have not been studied with care. Large specimens of Pyrosoma have also been taken on several occa- sions. Some of these were 15 to 18 inches long, and nearly 2 inches in diameter at the larger end, tapering gradually to the small end. The floating masses of sea-weeds (Sargassum and Fucus) are nearly always covered with various species of Hydroids and Bryozoa. Among the latter is an encrusting species which covers the fronds and bladders with a delicate calcareous network, and when the Sargassum is dried H. Mis. 67 38 594 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [92] the bladders often shrink away and leave the encrusting Bryozoa in the form of very elegant hollow balls. Among the Hydroids the most abun- dant are Obelia geniculata and several small species of Aglaophenia. The jelly fishes are very abundant and very interesting in the Gulf Stream water. Among the most common and conspicuous is the ‘ Por- tuguese man-of-war” (Physalia arethusa), remarkable for its curious form and habits, as well as for its brilliant blue and crimson colors and its virulent stinging powers. Related to this,and not less beautiful, is the Porpita Linneana, which has a very beautiful, circular, radiated, pinkish floating disk, bordered with bright blue, while the delicate zooids hang- ing from its lower surface form an elegant blue and green fringe around it. This has been taken several times, but the best lot was obtained at station 2039. Specimens of the allied form (Velella mutica), which is beautifully varied with blue, green, and pink, and has a thin oblong disk, with an oblique, diagonal crest or sail, were taken, but they were not full grown. Several other species of Siphonophores were obtained, » among which were Glcba hippopus and a species of Cuboides. Of the meduse, Pelagia cyanella, Stomolophus meleagris, Periphylla hyacinthina, Trachynema digitale, Calycopsis typa Fewkes, and a large species of Zygodactyla were among the most prominent. A large and conspicuous medusa, with distant, stout, and rather stiff- looking tentacles, and broad, deep marginal lobes, was taken in several localities. (Stations 2034, 2037, 2039, 2040, 2045, 2079, 2104.) It grows to be over 6 inches in diameter, and the stomach and genital organs have a deep purplish brown color when recently placed in al- cohol, but its color in life was not noted. Mr. Fewkes considers this a new species of the rare genus, Atolla (A. Verrillii). The specimens otf Stomolophus meleagris were large and handsome. According to the observations of Mr. William Nye, jr., on the ‘ Albatross,” the diskin this species contracted, when first taken, 102 times per minute. It was taken near stations 2085 and 2088. Among the most abundant and characteristic of the forms of pelagic life are the curious, transparent-finned worms belonging to the genus Sagitta (figs. 196, a). These have a well-marked head with two eyes, and with broad groups of sharp, curved spines on each side of the head, while there is a well-developed caudal fin, like that of a fish in form, and other fins on the sides of the body. They swim through the water with great rapidity and are so transparent that they are not easily seen. They are usually taken in large numbers in our surface nets, of all sizes, from a small fraction of an inch up to 2 or3 inches in length. Probably there are several species among them. They are equally abundant in the trawl- wings from all depths, and among those that have been taken only in the trawl-wings there is one large species, nearly 3 inches long, which is deep salmon or orange in color, while the surface species are colorless. A very different but equally transparent worm (Tomopteris) is also frequently taken. In this genus there are bilobed swimming-feet along [93] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 595 each side, with a pair of long curved appendages on the sides of the head. Some singular forms of Turbellarian worms have also been taken, one of which is about 2 inches long, and flat, with a pair of long lateral appendages extending back from the head. Its color in life was orange. The Protozoa are also well represented by various species of Radio- laria and Foraminifera. Among the latter are several small species of Globigerina and allied genera that are nearly always taken in the sur- face nets, and the shells of these are also among the most abundant of those that constitute the “‘ Globigerina ooze” of the bottom. It is certain that all this vast assemblage of surface-life must be con- stantly dying and sinking to the bottom, thus furnishing food for the numerous inhabitants of the deep sea, directly or indirectly. Although these soft-bodied creatures would quickly decay in water so warm as the surface of the Gulf Stream, it is necessary to remember that at the depth of less than 150 fathoms the temperature falls to about 40° F., so that decomposition would go on very slowly after they had fallen to that depth. However, itis probable that such creatures begin to sink into the cold depths as soon as they are injured or weakened in any way, and thus they would reach the cold zone before life is extinct. In fact it may be that the cold itself in most cases is the actual or immediate cause of the death of those weakened or partially disabled creatures that are unable to keep their places at the surface. Asa matter of fact, Ihave taken from the stomachs of bottom-dwelling creatures, like Acti- niz and star-fishes, various surface animals, including Saipa and Lepas, which showed no signs of decomposition. Yet it is estimated that it would take several days for such things to sink to the bottom in 2,000 fathoms. - Hitherto we have not met with small forms of plant life in the Gulf Stream inany abundance. The microscopic plant life seems to be much less abundant there than near the coast. In fact, the small amount of such organisms hitherto observed seems to indicate that the vast numbers of the small forms of animal life cannot depend mainly upon plants for their primary food-supply, and renders it more than probable that many of the Protozoa, at least, are capable of deriving their food directly from inorganic matter to a large extent, if not entirely. It is not necessary to believe that this power is restricted to the vegetable kingdom, but this question needs farther investigation. PRELIMINARY LIST OF ACALEPHA COLLECTED BY THE “ALBATROSS” IN 1883 IN THE REGION OF THE GULF STREAM. By J. W. FEWKES. The following list inclndes nearly all the species obtained in 1883, with the exception of various minute hydroid gonophores, which have not yet been studied, and a few species too imperfectly preserved for 596 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [94] identification, A few species obtained in 1884 are also included in the list. * Atolla Verrillii Fewkes, sp. nov. The genus Atolla was described by Heckel in his report on the a sea medusz of the “‘ Challenger,” from the Antarctic Ocean, between the Kerguelen Islands and Melbourne, and from St. Mathias Bay, Pata- gonia. Our species was collected in the following localities : 8 Locality— Be} Depth $ N. lat. W. long. nN | | OFAN TE o / “ | Fathoms. | 2034 | 39 27 10 69 56 20 1, 346 2037 | 38 53 90 69 23 30 1, 731 2039 | 3819 26 68 20 20 2, 369 | 2040 | 38 35 13 68 16 00 2, 226 | 2042 | 39 33 00 68 26 45 | 1, 555 | 2044 | 40 00 50 68 37 20 1, 067 | 2045 | 40 04 20 68 43 50 373 | 2094 | 39 44 30 71 04 00 1, 022 | The genus is represented by eight specimens, three of which are over 45™™ in diameter. The “Challenger” collected five specimens. Our species is very closely related to the Antarctic one, A. Wyvillit Heeck. The depth recorded for A. Wyvillit is 1,950 and 2,040 fathoms. Our species ranges from 373 to 2,369 fathoms. My largest specimen, a little over 45™™ in diameter, although smaller than Heckel’s largest (66™™) has twenty eight tentacles, marginal sense-bodies, and marginal lobes before bifurcation, while his has but twenty-two. Nauphantopsis Diomedee, gen. et sp. nov. A new genus, Nauphantopsis, one of the most important collected by the “Albatross,” resembles Nauphanta in the sculpturing of the exum- brella, but while the latter has sixteen marginal lappets, Nauphantopsis has thirty-two; Nauphantopsis has thirty-two deep furrows across the corona; Nauphanta has sixteen deep and sixteen shallow coronal incis- ions; Nauphantopsis has twenty-four tentacles and eight sense-bodies, which are very imperfect. Nauphanta has eight tentacles and eight sense-bodies. Three tentacles are therefore side by side on the rim of the former, alternating with the sense-bodies. The single specimen was found at station 2038, in latitude 38° 30/30’ N. and longitude 69° 08/ 25” W., in a depth of 2,033 fathoms. This genus is morphologically one of the most valuable of the collec- tion, and, like Nauphanta, probably belongs to the deep-sea fauna. It connects the taney of Collaspidx, of which Atolla is one of two mem- “In most cases it is impossible to say whether the novel Sorin of medusz taken in the trawl and trawl-wings are inhabitants of the bottom waters or the surface, or of intermediate depths. Eventually those that belong to the surface-fauna will doubt- less be taken in the surface-nets, but this will require much more extensive collecting of the surface animals than has yet been attempted. Aw Ei: [95 | ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 597 bers, with the Periphyllide. Its coronal furrow and seulpturing of the exumbrella recalls the former family, and the arrangement of the ten- tacles in threes and other features, the latter. Heckel rightly says of Nauphanta that, like Atolla, ‘itis a true deep-sea form of high phylo- genetic antiquity.” The allied Nauphantopsis supports Heckel’s inter- pretation of the relationship of the Peromedusz and the Collaspide. Ephyroides rotaformis Fewkes, gen. et sp. Dov. A new genus, Ephyroides, has rounded elevations, from sixteen to thirty- two in number, on the exumbral side of the corona of the bell. Itis a member of the Ephyridz of Heckel, and occurs at the following stations: a Locality— 3 Depth. s N. lat. W. long. mn OMe jehaaeale! Fathoms. 2042 | 39 33 00 68 26 45 1, 555 2044 | 40 00 30 68 37 20 1, 067 2051 | 39 41 00 69 20 20 1, 106 2047 | 40 02 30 68 49 40 389 Periphylla hyacinthina Steenstrup. The Periphyllide are represented by a fine suite of specimens of the medusa, Periphylla hyacinthina Steenstrup, and another species which may turn out to be anew genus closely allied to the latter. From these meduse, of which there are fifteen specimens, I shall be able to study at length the development of the genus Periphylla, of which at present nothing is known. Halicreas minimum Fewkes. In 1880-81 the “Albatross” collected a strange medusa, to which was given (Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., vol. ix, No. 8) the name Halicreas min- imum Fewkes. In the present collection this genus is represented by several specimens. The genus is a marked one, by the possession of eight prominences on the margin of the umbrella, from which radial ribs extend toward the center of the disk. These radial prominences bear two or more rows of small rounded tubercles. The velum is similar to that of Solmaris, Cunina and certain Narcomeduse. It has eight rounded knobs on the subumbral surface of the disk, as in the young Zygodactyla Grenlandica. The specimens of this genus in the collection willenable meto make out a good anatomy of this extraordinary medusa. They come from the following stations : a Locality— z x Depth 8 N. lat. W. long. mM io) yee GE 1G Fathoms. 2034 | 39 27 10 69 56 20 1, 346 2036 | 38 52 40 69 24 40 1, 735 2039 | 38 19 26 68 20 20 2, 369 2041 | 39 22 50 68 25 00 | 1, 608 | 2042 | 39 33 00 68 26 45 | 1, 555 | | 2216 39 47 00 70 30 30 963 598 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [96] Halicreas is the type of a new family of medusa, the Halicreaside, which stands intermediate between the Narcomeduse and the Acras- peda. Among the smaller meduse there are many Campanellide. Solmaris incisa, sp. nov. A giant Solmaris (50-60™™ in diameter) of a new species (8S. incisa) is represented by three specimens from the following stations: a Locality— z Depth. Ss N. lat. W. long. n Oe eiidt Greet Fathoms. 2094 | 39 44 30 71 04 00 1, 022 2104 | 38 48 00 72 40 30 991 i This species has thirty-two radial pits or furrows on the subumbral side of the disk. These indentations are confined to the corona. HYDROIDA. The hydroid gonophores are very numerous, and there are species of Zygodactyla, sp. nov., and Mesonema, Staurophora laciniata Ag., Turris episcopalis Fewkes, several Oceanide, and one or two minute genera which have not been satisfactorily examined. The collection also contains specimens of Porpita Linnewana Less., Velella mutica Bose, and Rataria (young Velella?). There is a single Agalma nectocalyx, a large Gleba, and fragments of Agalmide. Cuboides and Sphenoides were found for the first time in the Gulf Stream. The indications are that there are several genera and species of Rhi- zophyside in the Gulf Stream. The collection contains fragments of three or four undetermined species, besides two species which could be identified. There is also a new genus of Rhizophyside in the collection. A new species of Rhizophysa is allied to &. inermis of Studer. In this species there are no tentacles, and the polypites and sexual organs arise in clusters at intervals on the axis,asin Apolemia. The float of an- other unknown Riizophysa is 15™ in shorter, 30™™ in longer diameter, in alcohol. This is the largest Rhizophysa float ever recorded. A short section of the stem of this giant still remains with the float, but the re- mainder, with its appendages, is broken and lost, so that identification is impossible. Pterophysa grandis, gen. et sp. nov. A magnificent new genus of Rhizophysida, which will be described under the name Pterophysa, is one of the most important additions made by the “Albatross” to our Medusan fauna. This genus has two lateral muscular wing's on the polypites and no tentacles. The sides of the polypites are specialized into grasping organs, which, in conjune- tion with the lateral folds, convert these organs into suckers, by which [97] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. } 599 the animal clings to a foreign body. This specialization may also serve for the capture of prey, since Pterophysa has no tentacles for that pur- pose. The genus was found clinging to the ‘‘dredge rope” at station 2227. Collected in 1884. Angelopsis globosa, gen. et sp. nov. Lesson, in his ‘Histoire des Zoophytes Acalephes,” figures and de- scribes an interesting medusa, discovered by Rang, to which he gave the name Angela. This genus lies between Physalia and other Physo- phores, and, filling that gap, is of greatest interest. Unfortunately, since the original description by Lesson, Angela has never been rediscovered. The collection of the “Albatross” contains a Physophore closely allied to Angela, to which the name Angelopsis seems appropriate. There are two specimens of Angelopsis from station 2105, in latitude 37° 50/ 00”, N., longitude 73° 03/50” W., in a depth of 1,395 fathoms. Angelopsis is intermediate in structure between Rhizophysa and Physalia, and in my judgment shows that Dr. Chun is right in separating these genera from the other Physophores with which they have so little in common. Pelagia cyaneila Per. et Less., Stomolophus meleagris Ag., Aurelia flavi- dula Per. et Les., and an unknown Aurelian are found in the collection. There are two specimens of the latter, which is probably a new genus. In this brief enumeration I have simply made mention or touched upon the salient features of my new genera, without entering upon the many morphological considerations which such unusual forms suggest. Ihave not enumerated the new species of hydroid gonophores, since at this stage of my research it would be impossible for me to rightly estimate, in the case of most of them, whether their characters are generic or svecific. From the nature of the case these small, almost microscopic, meduse require a longer time for identification. The whole collection confirms a fact which every student of marine zoology who has collected in the Gulf Stream has long known, that these waters teem with a medusan life, of which only a small fraction has yet been described. The following list contains the majority of the Meduse sent to me. Several doubtful species are omitted. The majority of the latter are hydroid gonophores of small size and doubtful affinities. ACRASPEDA. . Atolla Verrillii, sp. nov. Aurelia flavidula Per. et Less. Ephyroides rotaformis, gen. et sp. nov. Nauphantopsis Diomedece, gen. et sp. nov. Periphylla hyacinthina Steenstrup. Periphylla, sp. nov., forsitan gen. nov. Stomolophus meleagris Ag. Aurelia, incerte sedis, 600 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [98] TRAOHYMEDUSZ. Campanella, sp. nov. Halicreas minimum Fewkes. Solmaris incisa, sp. DOV. SIPHONOPHORA. Physalia Arethusa Til. Common. Rhizophysa uvaria, sp. nov. Rhizophysa, sp.? Pterophysa grandis, gen. et sp. nov. Angelopsis globosa, gen. et sp. nov. Agalma, sp.? Cuboides, sp.? Sphenoides, sp. Gleba hippopus Forsk. DISCOIDEA. - Porpita Linneana Less. Rataria ( Velella young 4). Velella mutica Bose. / HYDROIDA. Mesonema, sp. nov. Zygodactyla, sp.nov. Common. Zygodactyla, sp. Dov. Turris episcopalis Fewkes. Staurophora laciniata Ag. Oceanide, incerte sedis. LIST OF ADDITIONAL GULF STREAM ACALEPHS COLLECTED IN 1880 AND 1881. The following species were recorded by Mr. Fewkes in his former paper :* CTENOPHORA. Beroé, sp. Station 920, 1881. DISCOPHORA. Periphylla hyacinthina Steenstrup. Stations 936, 952, 954, 995, 1881. SIPHONOPHORA. Apolemia, sp. Off Block Island, 1880. *On the Acalephe of the east coast of New England; II Acalephs colleeted by the United States Fish Commission during the summer of 1880 and 1881. (Bulletin Ma- seum Comp. Zool., vol. ix, p. 300, 1880.) . roo] ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. Agalma elegans Fewkes. Gulf Stream, 1880. Haliphyta magnifica Fewkes. Station 953, 1881. Diphyes, sp. Gulf Stream, 1880. HYDROIDA. Trachynema digitale A. Ag. Stations 985, 1026, 1881. Calycopsis typa Fewkes. Station 870, 1880; and stations 924, 945, 952, 1881. Chromatonema rubrum Fewkes. Stations 936, 954, 1881. Halicreas minimum Fewkes. Stations 954, 1029, 1881. 601 Nand A a "20h iar | fe ea agia + e Rae ae at eh Fettgueeete Meee ae i ae wh ’ 4. MPH wee ‘NAL ny P > AFRT ALO) O60 egg i hy eh cone uh Hy ste) dak net a ant tal ie | bP eidriusie’ t VU aa ¥ voile , Cae” had (st? esse eR M, ; wert EUR Eee ta reer iret Wao! edad acai nse o , 604 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [102] EXPLANATION OF PLATES. Unless otherwise stated, the figures on all the plates were made by Mr. J. H. Emerton. PuaTE I, Yic. 1. Umbellula Bairdii V. Side view of the polyps and upper part of the stem, natural size; la, lower end of the stem and bulb of the same. T1G.2. Thesome. Ventral view, showing the tentacles in partial retraction. WG. 3. Umbellula Guntheri K. Ventral view of the polyps and upper part of the stem, natural size. Fia. 3a. The same. Dorsal view. lig. 3b, The same. Lower end of the stem and bulb, Report U.S. F. C. 1883,—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE L i678 ‘ snd wonksigh i Onn a. f wed Hels, St Teen bn «fo st ie. Lie Medi wed aaa ey ee st wae Acc ia mahi ipati nae Ae ative mia ick eats rene Ep aware tidy an rk dy: eins at . oh ‘Bey 606 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [104] Fie. LiG lia. Fig. PLaTE II. 4. Benthoptilum sertum V. Ventral view of a part of the rachis, showing one of the middle clusters of polyps entire and the base of the opposite cluster, natural size. 10. Lepidogargia gracilis V. Side view of a portion of the stem, showing two cf the polyps, enlarged four diameters. . 10a. The same. Showing the base of the denuded stem and a part of the branched roots, natural size. The terminal branchlets of the roots have been broken off from this specimen. 12. Anthomastus grandiflorus V. Side view of a small specimen, showing the ex- panded polyps and the branched or lobulated roots, characteristic of specimens taken on muddy bottoms, natural size. 13. Gersemia longiflora V. Side view of a rather small specimen, with the base attached to a joint of Lepidisis caryophyllia, and forming a bulbous expan- sion filled with mud below it, enlarged one and one-half diameters. II. EB AT PL Ss. tion lora’ exp Albatross ill. Yi Ver 3.— }. 188 To O ¥F. Ss. t U. or Rep CZ ee a 2 J 7 a a ars =k 7 ey Peet A. ’ Pi " ‘i i bay | aihhie ot i walt Te query & iri r pedals stain foraritss 608 PG. 5: Fig. 5a. Fie. 6. Fia. ~) Fia. 11. Fig. lla. Fia. 11). Fig. 201. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [106] Prats III. Kophobelemnon tenue V, Ventral view, natural size. The same. Dorsal view. Scleroptilum gracile V. Dorsal view of a small specimen, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Pennatula aculeata. Ventral view of a medium sized specimen, natural size ; a, dorsal view of a young specimen, drawn from life, showing the ex- panded polyps, one-half natural size; b, front view of one of the polyps of the same, much enlarged. Balticina Finmarchica, Side view ofa small specimen, imperfect at the sum_ mit, one-half natural size. ° The same. Side view of a portion from the middle part of the rachis, some- what enlarged. The same. One of the calicles and expanded polyps (a), enlarged nine diameters. Lepidisis caryophyllia V. Portion of the middle part of the stem bearing three polyps, enlarged four diameters ; c, a group of the external scale- like spicula of the cenenchyma, enlarged sixty diameters. Report U. 5. F. C. 1883.—Yerrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE III. at aot Se geT ey AE. Fk a 5 dy } del = 7 I " ree ? : , ¥ 7 * ai Thee 4 Tey ect} if ; pe Oakes Sy seh ie i : - My 610 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [108| Puate IV. Fia. 8. Pennatula (Ptilella) borealis. Side view of a rather small specimen, one-half natural size. Fia. 8a, The same. Side view of a part of the rachis and pinne, enlarged two diam- eters; a, the pinnz with full-sized sexual polyps; a’, rudimentary pinnz at the base of the rachis; b, the lateral groups of the rudimentary or asexual zodids; b’, clusters of similar zodids on the basal part of the pinne; 6”, the larger asexual zodids along the ventral surface of the ra- chis; e, the naked area at the base of the pinne; e’, ee’’, the naked sur- faces on the upper and lower surfaces of the pinnzw near the base; v, the naked longitudinal area on the ventral side of the rachis; P, the basal bulb; P’, the enlarged swelling at the upper end of the bulb. Re Pp 0) Tt U .S sale ~C eal 8 8 3 —V e r ril 1 A lb atr 0 S s e 2X p lo ra t 10. Di 8 iP L A dk E IV. 74 hae Pe eh u v4 = 7.4: = 9 a ea ee ent al Sareproniantts |) > van A Tal ats } oy we Ai Magik 5 | i i >, Be bs | Ls s if 612 Fig. 14. Fia. 20. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [110] PLATE V. Flabellum Goodei V. Top view of a medium-sized specimen, showing the ani- mal in partial contraction, enlarged one and one-half diameters. From a specimen recently preserved in alcohol. Flabellum angulatum. Side view, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Caryophyllia communis. Side view, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Dasmosmilia Lymani, one and one-half natural size. Side view of a specimen from which about one-fourth had been broken away by a longitudinal fracture, after which the calicle had been perfectly restored. Actinauge nodosa, Side view of a specimen in partial expansion, with a bulb- ous base inclosing mud, one-half natural size. Fig. 20a. Actinauge nodosa, variety tuberculosa. Side view of a contracted specimen, natural size. Figs. 15, 16,17, were drawn by Mr. J. H. Blake, and the others by Mr. J. H. Em- erton., PLATE V. Albatross explorations. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Lape = Se= Zone ZA DN as Sr zn BUM, as AMON | a f io Be) 1698 = Dy \ ey EE (Ul Y i fee, in id my 614 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [112] PLATE VI. e Fig. 19. Urticina perdix VY. Side view of a living specimen in partial expansion, one- half natural size; a, the same, top view of the mouth and a segment of the disk, showing the arrangement of the tentacles, natural size. Fic. 196. The same. Side view of a large, living specimen in full expansion, with the border of the disk broadly extended and thrown into undulations or frills and with the mouth protruded at the summit of a cone, less than one-half natural size. Fic. 27. Epizoanthus abyssorum V. Dorsal view of a group forming the carcinecium of Parapagurus pilosimanus, natural size. Fic. 27 a. The same. Side view of a small cluster arising from a grain of sand, nat- ural size. PLATE VI. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. 616 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [114] Fia. FIG. Fia. Fia. FIG. Fie. PLATE VII. 21. Actinauge longicornis V. Side view of a medium-sized living specimen in par- tial expansion, about one-half natural size. The dotted line shows the form and extent of the cavity containing mud in the bulbous base. 22. Actinauge nexilis V. Top view of a partially expanded specimen attached to the summit of the denuded axis of Balticina Finmarchica, somewhat en- larged. 22a. The same. A group of four individuals attached in the same way and completely covering the axis by the clasping bases, natural size; a, side view of the terminal individual closely contracted; 6 and c, two smaller individuals less contracted; d, basal view of a similar individual show- ing the suture of the clasping base. 23. Actinernus nobilis V. View of the expanded disk and tentacles, two-thirds natural size. 23a. Side view of a smaller and more contracted specimen, two-thirds natural size. 200. Sagartia spongicola V. Top view of a small specimen clasping a stem of Tubularia, natural size, : rae PLATE VII. Albatross explorations. Report U. S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. at ee re Guy op 1612 Lae i Sab wom mi ian nitt ty rey 4 | palurstt ‘ata levrstinn aldhibsbasite Sons Ra citys, _Dhiinpen dieing sn og os imino dite al eae 618 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. (116] PLaTE VIII. Fic. 26. Adamsia sociabilis V., forming the carcinwcium of Catapagurus Sharreri, side view of the male, enlarged two diameters. Fig. 28. Epizoanthus paguriphilus V., forming the carcinecium of Parapagurus pilosi- manus Smith, about three-fifths natural size. From an alcoholic speci- men in which some of the polyps were partially expanded. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE VIII. irit wy oa Ws ‘3 pw oul al # i at 1 620 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [118] PLATE IX. <=) Fie. Anthoptilum grandiflorum V. Dorsal view of four clusters of polyps from the middle portion of the rachis and of the groups of rudimentary zoéids between their bases, natural size. On the lower part of the figure some of the polyps have been cut off to show their arrangement. Drawn from an alcoholic specimen. Fic. 9a. The same. Side view, natural size. Fig. 29. Cladocar,us flexilis V. Side view of a portion of a branch showing the form of the calicles and nematophores, enlarged twenty diameters. Fig. 30. Calicella plicatihs. View of « branch, enlarged twenty diameters. Fic. 199. Dasygorgia Agassizii V. Part of the stem and one branch of the type speci- men from the ‘‘ Blake” Expedition. PLATE IX. Albatross explorations. Report U. S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. 30 1680 4 : i 5 . arb) U 4 Cn ' he) \ 1 q Ay bey? hoeee Ayia a uf i ar a bh n I BRP RT UPA aa) Te 622 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [120] PLaTE X. Fig. 31. Benthodytes gigantea V. Dorsal view of a rather small specimen, one-half natural size. From a specimen kept a short time in alcohol. Fic. 32. Euphronides cornuta V. Side view of a small-sized specimen, two-thirds nat- ural size. Copied from a sketch made from a living specimen by Mr. A. Baldwin. Fia. 34. Lophothuria Fabriciti V. Upper and under surfaces, natural size. Report U.S. F, C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE X, cd iit ies. “i TRON ie an aia , 4 re z : 7 at 7 mul el H ht, Pee 4 $ z a * » eh ae he ih oe 2 Taos : ce f ' i F : A r ia i i fee ey) = dete a Re OS at ae aner nS a Ii j " . . e¢ ij ; . 624 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES [122] Pirate XI. Fig. 31a. Benthodytes gigantea V. View of the under surface of a small specimen, one- half natural size. From a specimen kept a short time in alcohol. Fig. 316. The same. Ventral surface of the anterior part of a similar specimen hav- ing the tentacles more expanded, natural size. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XI. . vee mg Tisai at ave 2, ey “SS 2 . a => 7 =< <—s a 626 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [124] PLATE XII. Fic. 33. Huphronides cornuta V. Upper surface of a specimen preserved a short time in alcohol, two-thirds natural size. Fig. 33a. The same. Lower surface of the same specimen, two-thirds natural size. PLATE XII. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. _ f=? ee 227902 0 : i hous Omen On yb Smrege: = =! Q VN Soa aoe ESS ALP 3 Wil i \ l yl ernest aN counarsyg EP Ae y 628 Fia. Fig. Fig. Fia. Fia. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [126] PuaTE XIII. Pteraster militaris. Lower surface, somewhat reduced. After M. Sars. Archaster Flore V. One-half natural size. Copied from a photograph. Archaster Parelii. Lower surface, nearly natural size. Copied from a pho- tograph. Archaster tenuispinus. Upper surface of the middle portion of an arm, en- larged two diameters. Luidia elegans. Upper surface of the middle portion of an arm, enlarged one and one-half diameters; a, the same, transverse section from an al- coholic specimen. Fia. 42, Asterias Tanneri V. Dorsal view of one of the arms of a living specimen, three-fourths natural size. Kia. 42a. The same. Middle portion of an arm, enlarged two diameters. Fig. 50 6. Solaster Earlii. Lower sarface of the middle portion of an arm, somewhat enlarged. (See Plate XIX.) Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XIII. eet a aise Bet Pa Ce 630 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [128] PLATE XIV. - Fic. 40. Porcellanaster ceruleus. Upper surface, enlarged two diameters. Tic. 41. The same. Actinal surface. L1G. 43. Diplopteraster multipes. Actinal surface, two-thirds natural size. (igs. 40 and 41 were drawn by J. H. Blake; Fig. 43, by J. H. Emerton.) 7"? —s Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. ss Borer aE EE ICS “abee PLATE XIV. 632 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [130] PLATE XV. Fig. 44. Porania grandis VY. Actinal surface, two-thirds natural size. Fig. 45. Thesame. Actinal surface of a young specimen, natural size. Fic, 45a. The same specimen. Abactinal surface, PLATE XV, Report U. S. F. C. 1883. —Verrill. Albatross explorations. \\ aZ,, = V7 7 (GSN, SS BL, AS Sens UNKRY. Lees S Ve #L6SSS MAMMA San I; (=, Seay aa i “\ 2) TFS gp ha WOR 1726 as rae +4 8 AO RES z aes te ae wy ae “ ny 636 REPORT OF COMMISSIUNER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [134] Prare XVIT, Fig. 47. Hippasteria phrygiana. Actinal surface of a specimen having an unusual number and variety of pedicellariz, one-half natural size. Copied from a photograph of a dry specimen. Fig. 52. Brisinga Americana VY. Side view of the basal portion of one of the arms, natural size; a, dorsal surface of the middle portion of an arm, natural size; b, the same, ventral surface. From one of the arms of the type specimen, preserved in alcohol, from the fishing banks off Nova Scotia, PLATE XVII. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. ) ins Specs Hall, BU Rens es ys LYAB Phu CR Os I Ree QS birt, a NICS Re RIA / A iN ee ini} i Way wy 638 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [136] | PLATE XVIII. Fic. 46. Asterina borealis. Actinal surface of the type specimen, enlarged two diame- ters. Fic. 46a. The same specimen. Abactinal surface. Fig. 48. Astrogonium granulare. Abactinal surface of a small specimen, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Fic. 48a. The same. Actinal surface, two-thirds natural size. Copied from photo- graphs of dry specimens. Fig. 51. Tremaster mirabilis. Profile view of one of the type specimens from the fishing banksoff Nova Scotia, three-fourths natural size. PLATE XVIII. Report U. S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. cree peren a Seay, Ey , ne: Sch ie iM 640 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [138] Piate XIX. Fie. 50. Solaster Earlii V. Abactinal surface of one of the type specimens from the fishing banks off Nova Scotia, one-half natural size. Fic. 50a. The same specimen. Actinal surface. Both figures were copied from photographs of a dried specimen. PLATE XIX. ie ¥ vy Nxt, WY ae HES Report U.S. F.C, 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. G4 Fra. 5 Fig. d Fig. Fia. : Fie. ! Fie. 4) ad 545, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES, [140] PLATE XX. Astromele Lymani V. Abactinal surface of the type specimen, which is not full-grown, attached to a branch of Acanella, enlarged three diameters. Astronyx Loveni. Part of the actinal surface of a small specimen, enlarged four diameters ; a, portion from the distal part of one of the arms, ven- tral side. One of the lateral rows of hooks and tentacles from the basal part of an arm, enlarged twenty-four diameters ; c, two of the hooks from the distal portion of an arm. Amphiura tenuispina, Abactinval surface of a small specimen, enlarged about four diameters. From a camera lucida drawing by the author. Ophioscoler quadrispinus V. Actinal surface of a portion of the disk and arms, enlarged four diameters. 56a. The same. Portion of an arm from near the base. Ventral surface, en- larged- eight diaineters; b, the same, side view, showing the basal joints, which sometimes have five spines. =_— Report U.S. F.C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XX. Went me ee UE RPT a) at ts athe a ie crv " ey ri ) oy Wt 7 ary ata i! Sh at aN MET aT Be ah ot ica Puy std pal a ” mC MY ms Ai aN ats Cg “4 vale ies then ” Re cin What baile i me. 4. Nel oc a ay ) I es, ey 1a ’ ‘| in hae an i a ae = { i : A fi \ { 1 \ ; ; ‘ a tu , i ba , I 1 j ‘ ‘ss 7 ‘ear ] iM 1 i | i 3 -s i i i f 1 Y i i 4" rl if i i i os tute giant ke sebrnatty:t nivel Ae in ryt renee Haunt: fuarrabinny , ee gn: ye : Lien, wets ehetig canta bal vite ash mt nt hoe yi i irony Hiab atl veal tear ti ee x i tie un “ti Datta | ee 644 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [142] | PLATE XXI. Fa. 57. Rhizocrinus Lofotensis. A young and somewhat imperfect specimen from 640 fathoms, enlarged eight diameters. The base of the stem and the tips of the arms are broken off. Fig. 58, Antedon dentata, young. In the attached or pentacrinus stage, enlarged | about eight diameters. Report U.§. F.C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross expiorations. PLATE XXI. oT mits canis els ( 646 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [144] | PiaTeE XXII. Fig. 60. Abralia megalops V. Ventral surface, enlarged one and one-half diameters. From a specimen which differed from the type in having raised verruce scattered on the lower surface. Fie. 61. The same. One of the lateral arms, more enlarged. Fig. 62. Leptoteuthis diaphana VY. Dorsal view of the type specimen, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Fia. 64. Eledonella pygmea V. One of the lateral arms of the type specimen, enlarged. Fia. 65. Octopus pictus V. Dorsal view of the type specimen, enlarged four diameters. PLATE XXIT. Report U.S. F. C.1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. Son eon at St Geo my m4 UU Y FIIIIIR DO nes Oe, Qrv_Os_@r oO Ar oO 21196 ae : 645 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [146] © Prats XXIII. Fig. 63. ) = oD i oS foe) co hen! i2) oo 72) Bp . ° i=") ] oa ger LT, Wl Va ( I) J) \\ alle Maly Nt SSS R SSN Were SS / / me iy | ly Ai), u Q ”) > ee al Ri atta hth aie thi 650 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [148] PLATE XXIV. Fic. 66. Pleurotoma Dalli, enlarged two diameters. ° Fic. 66a. The same. Side view of the anterior whorls, enlarged two diameters. Fic. 67. Pleurotomella Agassizii V., enlarged two diameters. Fig. 68. Pleurotomella Bairdii V. Female, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Fic. 69. Pleurotomella Pandionis V., enlarged one and one-half diameters. Fig. 70. Pleurotomella Benedicti V. & S., enlarged three diameters. Fig. 70a. The same. To show nuclear whorls, enlarged twenty-two diameters. Fic. 71. Plewrotomella Sandersoni V., enlarged six diameters. Fig. 71a. The same. ‘To show nuclear whorls, enlarged twenty-two diameters. Fig. 72. Pleurotomella Saffordi V. & S., enlarged four diameters. Fig. 73. Plewrotomella bandella, enlarged four diameters. Fig. 74. Pleurotomella Emertoni V. & S., enlarged three diameters. Fig. 68 was drawn by Ensign W. E. Safford, U.8.N. The others, by J. H. Emerton. : Report U.S. F.C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XXIV. MM) > WU. / > 652 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [150] PLATE XXV. Fic. 75, Pleurotomella Bruneri V. & S., enlarged six diameters. Fic. 76. Pleurotomella Catherine V. & S., enlarged four diameters. Fic. 76a. The same. To show nuclear whorls, enlarged twenty-two diameters. Vic. 77. Taranis pulchella, enlarged eight diameters. Fic. 78. Typhlomangilia Tanneri V. & S., enlarged three diameters. Fig. 79. , Marginella borealis V., enlarged two diameters. Fig. 80. Buccinum abyssorum V., enlarged one and one-half diameters; a, the oper- eulum. Fie. 81. Sipho profundicola V. & S., enlarged one and one-half diameters. Tia. 82. Sipho gluptus V., enlarged two diameters. FG. 86. Cingula Jan Mayeni, enlarged eight diameters. Fig. 90. Scalaria Grenlandica. Dorsal view of the animal with the proboscis ex- tended, and the two anterior whorls, enlarged about four diameters. Fig. 91. Scealaria Dalliana V. & S., enlarged six diameters. Fic. 92. Scalaria Pourtalesii V. & S. Female, enlarged three diameters. Fic. 93. Scalaria Leeana V. Front view of an imperfect specimen, enlarged six diameters. Fic. 94, Scalaria Andrewsii V., enlarged eight diameters. . Report U.S. F. C.1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XXV. iA fe / ‘i i) Aa wr ¢ ine ; in neh Se Oe i A a i " 654 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [152] PLATE XXVI. Fic, 83. Dolium Bairdii V. & S. Male, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Fig. 83a. The same. Avimal of the male, two-thirds natural size. Fie. 84. Benthodolium abyssorum V. & §., enlarged one and one-half diameters; a, operculum of the same specimen. Fic. 84). The saine. Part of the odontophore, enlarged one hundred diameters. Vic. 85. Torellia fimbriata V. & 8. Male, enlarged two diameters. Fic. 87. Fossarus elegans V. & 8., enlarged eight diameters. lia, 88. Segquenzia formosa, enlarged ten diameters. Fig. 58a. Operculum of the same. Vic. 89. Seguenzia eritima Y., enlarged ten diameters, R Pp . . . —— . ¢ . P I 1 A Cy r iH V por t U Ss FE Cc 1883 V errill Albatross explorations 18314 label d he i “! ae): ia peal cued \ } = Tay i eo) eh wien " h Uh 656 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [154] EVADE Xen Ville Fic. 95. Solarium boreale, enlarged three diameters. Fic. 95a. The same. Upper surface of a young specimen, enlarged six diameters. Fra. 96. Calliostoma Bairdii V. & S. Dorsal view of the living animal and shell, en- larged one and one-half diameters. FG. 97. Margarita regalis V. & S., enlarged three diameters. Fra. 98. Margarita lamellosa V. & S., enlarged eight diameters. Fic. 99. Cyclostrema Dalli V., enlarged ten diameters. FiG. 100. Addisonia paradoxra. Female. Ventral view of the animal and shell in alcohol, enlarged three diameters. Fic. 100a. The same. Side view of the shell, enlarged about two diameters. Fic. 101. Cocculina leptalea V. Side view, much enlarged. Fic. 102. Placophora Atlantica. Dorsal view, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Fic. 102 a. The same specimen. Ventral view. Fic. 108. Amicula Emersonii. Ventral view, two-thirds natural size; a, the posterior end, more enlarged. Fig. 104. Turbonilla Rathbuni V. & S., enlarged four diameters, Report U. 8. F.C .S. F.C. 1883.— i 3.—Verrill. Albatross explorations . PLATE XX VII. {{ \\ A ww a \\\ \\ NN 5 we \ MAO Wu he hiate if he wey) 658 Fia. 105. Fia. 106. Fia, 107. Fig. 108. Fig. 108 a. Fra. 109. Fie. 113. Fie. 113 a. Fig. 123. Fia. 124. Fig. 125. Fia. 126. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [156] PLATE XXVIII. Pleurobranchea tarda VY. Dorsal view of a specimen in aleohol, two-thirds natural size. Scaphander nobilis V., natural size. Koonsia obesa V. Dorsal view of a specimen preserved a short time in aleohol, in which the dorsal part of the body is much contracted, two- thirds natural size. Issa ramosa VY. & Em. Dorsal view of a living specimen, enlarged three diameters. The same. Part of the odontophore, much enlarged. Scyllea Edwardsii V. Side view of a living specimen, two-thirds natural size. Glaucus margaritaceus. Ventral view of a nearly mature specimen, consid- erably enlarged. The same. Dorsal view of a younger specimen, much enlarged; b, view of a still smaller specimen. Pentalium occidentale, enlarged four diameters. The same. A small specimen of a more curved variety, enlarged two di- ameters. The same. View of a young specimen with more numerous suleatiors, enlarged four diameters; a, transverse section of the same. Cadulus Pandionis V. & 8., enlarged about three diameters; a, front view of the anterior end to show the aperture. Fig. 109 was drawn from life by Ensign W. E. Safford, U. 8. N. Figs. 113 and 113 @ were copied from sketches made at sea by My. A. . Baldwin. ae Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XXVIII. Yi ) «tll ios a 108 a mI HEE = : ; 660 Fia. FIG. FIG. FIG. FIG. Fia. Fig. Fig. Fie. FIG. Fie. |: 110. 110 a. LL 112. Fig. 12 Fia, REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [158] PLATE XXIX. Atlanta Peronii, Side view of asomewhat broken specimen, enlarged eight diameters. The same specimen. Front view. Atlanta Gaudichaudii. Side view, much enlarged, Tirola Keraudrenii. Side view of a specimen preserved a short time in al- cohol, enlarged four diameters. Pleuropus Hargeri V. Side view of one of the type specimens, preserved in alcohol. Diacria trispinosa. Expanded animal and shell, enlarged about two diam- eters. Cavolina uncinata, Expanded animal and shell, enlarged about two diam- eters. Triptera columnella, Expanded animal and shell, much enlarged. Styliola recta. Shell, much enlarged. Styliola striata. Expanded animal and shell, much enlarged. Cymbulia calceolus. Front view of a specimen i short time in alcohol, two- thirds natural size. Spongiobranchia australis. Ventral view of the living animal, much en- larged. Clione papilionacea. Dorsal view of the living animal, enlarged two diam- eters. Figs. 114, 118, and 122 were drawn by the author; 110, 112, and 120 by J. H. Emerton; 115, 116, 117, 119, and 121 were copied from Eydoux and Souleyet by Ensign W. E. Safford; Fig. M1 is a camera lucida drawing by Mr. Safford. en a Ss . . —_ . p. ti ns. PLA TE xXx xXIX Report U. * F Cc 1883 Verrill Albatross ex lora 0. Se gS ee Wi. TET, TUTOR y 4 or TEL Sai tt ite f hited My bau Ta eis aa bi if, Ve jag dtd if 7 ee A. ' j + a} j eh te oats ; a) PAS NAT ie fan, Au \ hu nv mei. Crd Rey Spe ty o H Bou \ oa i ‘a oe PTAs wil Wei y Cae daar et oR aoe i ren 4 Ny ct it eR an hy le tes ae Te 66 Fia. Fa 2 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [160] Prave XOX, Teredo megotara, Side view of the animal in expansion, one-half natural size. . Poromya sublevis V. Inner surface of right valve, enlarged three diameters. . Neara multicostata V. & §., enlarged three diameters. . Thracia nitida VY. Type specimen, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Verticordia cwlata V. Type specimen, enlarged ten diameters; a, interior of the right valve; 6, exterior of the same valve. . Mytilimeria fleruosa V, & S. ype specimen, enlarged one and one- t Vytil tl Viera) Ly i larged nd one-half diameters. 33. Pholadomya arata V. & 8. Portion of right valve of two specimens to show variations in the hinge, enlarged two diameters; a, form with more thickened hinge margin; b, shorter and more triangular form with thinner hinge margin. . The same. Type specimen. Exterior of the right valve, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Diplodonta turgida V. & S. Interior view of right valve, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XXX. Ze ts" jl im Pi Y WWW H) } WAVY s\et \\ Hf} | DW MN iN VN Wty, Johny \\\ : \ A i) nag gi 4) ae \ \\ : FAAS a 4 Say Way Eas SUIRMNS Oi es ny An w Fee ON wei ete ‘i ; My vi} 1 “ et i Dat cae * Vib Fi re) A Wy tae le Oe an wit ‘ 3 664 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [162] Fie. Via. Fic. Fia. FIG. Fic. Fig. Fia. Fig. 136. 137. 138. 139, 140. 141. 142. 144. 145. / PrATE) XA, Diplodonta turgida V. & S. Interior view of left valve of another specimen, enlarged one and one-half diameters. Yoldia thraciformis. Side view of the shell and living animal-in expansion, two-thirds natural size. The same. Ventral view of the shell and living animal, two-thirds natural size. Yoldia sapotilla. Side view of the shell and living animal in full expansion, ove and one-half times natural size. Leda acuta. Interior of left valve, enlarged four diameters. Pecten vitreus, natual size. Pecten pustulosus V. One of the type specimens, enlarged two diameters ; a, lower valve; b, upper valve of the same specimen. Culeolus Tanneri VY. Side view of oue of the type specimens, natural size ; a, front view of the same specimen. The same. Side view of another type specimen, natural size ; b, posterior view of the same specimen. Figs. 144 and 145 were drawn from specimens preserved a short time in alcohol. ; ‘ ae - Report U. S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATH XXXI. SATE, 666 Fig. 146. Fic. 147. Fig. 148. Fia. 149. Fig. 150. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. {164] PTA TH EXex Kul: Doliolum, sp. View of a small living specimen taken in the Gulf Stream, much enlarged. Salpa Caboti. Front view of a living specimen of the solitary form in which a chain is seen in process of development, enlarged three diameters; a, side view of the same specimen, which was taken in Vineyard Sound, August, 1884. Salpa clotho M.-Edw. Dorsal view of a small individual of the solitary form in which a young chain is seen developing, enlarged three diameters. The same, Side view of a somewhat smaller specimen, enlarged three diameters; a, dorsal view of another specimen, natural size. The same species. One of the individuals from a chain not full grown, side view, natural size; a, the same specimen, front view. Figs. 147-150 were made by J. H. Blake from living specimens taken in Vine- yard Sound, August, 1884. Fig. 146 was drawn by J. H. Emerton. PLATE XXXII. Report U.S. F. C, 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. (ess Wraeanat { —— Pe Book ——<———— se LUO, PEC nT OT TTT) eR we ET J ———— Sih i (reer UWA CCS penTTENTTT Dy ppirnveaenit! Va ee ‘ait - 668 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [166] PLATE XXXIII. Fig. 151. Lithodes Agassizii Smith. A small female, one-half natural size ; a, dorsal view of a young specimen with long spines, enlarged two diameters; b, the same specimen, side view of the carapax. PLATE XXXII. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. abate 4 ial Y iN! a, if ie i} ' aa wredane a hi ht i iy ie ih hy es ie ‘i i Hie Bite igh PuaTE XXXIV. Fic, 152. Pentacheles sculptus Smith. Female. Dorsal view, natural size. PLATE XXXIV. Albatross explorations. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. i 4 _ WW 9” Eo sR Shee Sey, Steen = oa iit y My WY, & “oa” eer amy f F za 3 =a e is A Z =} i - A A d ID Ze Sh aa —. Zo fr —— Toe ee - 1‘ a —- Vv - 672 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [170] PLATE XXXY. Fic. 153. Munida Caribewa? Male, natural size. Fic. 154. Glyptocrangon sculptus Smith. Female, natural size. PLATE XXXV. Report U.S. ®. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. 153 154, NN hh i stay Pai! * ce l i sina Mal fhe’ Mit } rn ( A Alia ia i ils Ua he j Malt SMULa aut) a Wane erin ot it Shi Me mee lula i nn ayy y Ape diy Ta ) if Me hon Sn cae wie lt i cen bier 674 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [172] PLATE XXXVI. Fie. 155. Ceraphilus Agassizii Smith. Female, vatural size. Fig. 157. Sabinea princeps Smith. Female with eggs, natural size. Fic. 163. Phronima, sp. In a transparent case formed from the test of a large Salpa. Female, with young attached to the inner surface of the case, some- what enlarged. Fic. 164. Sycenus infelix Harger, enlarged one and one half diameters. Fig. 165. Cirolana impressa Harger, enlarged three diameters. Fic. 167 Antheacheres Dubenii. Male, natural size; a, dorsal; b, ventral view. Fig. 168 The same. Female, natural size; a, ventral; b, lateral; c, dorsal view, with a detached egg case. PLATE XXXVI. Report U. S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. ie 4 4 a ty rh Au Yan py Ng Line) Ce Pee ibeab alt Waal Adel ae PL, ; Rarer ie of ary 676 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FIs 2 . -PiaTe XXXVII. Fig. 156. Geryon quinquedens Smith. A small male, two-thirds natural size. . ‘ a e a \ Ad a a mas é , os aw in ra ’ \ “Pin aby i 4 str ae » = oan ey * S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XXXVII. (au ae ai . f ; \ j ae oo ike igen Has ARE ‘ae ere . ah hae ; rin dt t iF yee NO . Ne i Senay , j the an’ Ah i hme bas Nie 678 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [176] PuatTeE XXXVIII. Fic. 169. Colossendeis collosea, two-thirds natural size. lic. 170. Colossendeis macerrima, two-thirds natural size. Fig. 171. Scworhynchus armatus. Dorsal view, two-thirds natural size; a, side view of body, natural size. Report U.S. F. ©. 1£83.-- Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XXXVIII. baafe t iL 1 Wig y will y ' y hen TL el ft aay t : Hit) Hcy eh in I gan ae ae AN Le) A} a 680 FIG. Fia. Fia. Fic F1G ~LTZie: . 176. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [178] PLATE XXXIX. Polynoé Acanelle VY. Dorsal view of the head and anterior segments, en- larged about four diameters. The same. Part of a scale, enlarged eighty diameters. . The same. One of the parapodia, enlarged twenty diameters ; d, the argel dorsal sete ; id, the slender dorsal set ; sv, large upper seta of the ven- tral fascicle; iv, smaller and more slender lower set of the ventral fasci- cle; a, tips of the dorsal sets, enlarged eighty diameters; b, tip of one of the ventral sete, enlarged eighty diameters. The same. Portion of the spinulated part of one of the dorsal sets to show the character of the spinules and longitudinal furrow, enlarged two hun- dred and fifty diameters. Letmatonice armata V. Head and anterior segments. Dorsal view, enlarged six diameters. Three anterior scales have been removed to show the head ; a, median antenna, ¢, ¢’, dorsal cirri of the first pair of parapodia; p, ten- tacular or ventral cirrus of the same parapodia; ve, ventral cirrus of the second parapodia; de, dorsal cirrus of the third, and de’, of the sixth parapodia; ds, slender dorsal set; ds, stout dorsal sets; vs, ventral sete; h, head or cephalic lobe; e, papilla from which the anterior scale has been removed; e” and e”, second and third pairs of scales. Fie 1764. The same. Set enlarged fifteen diameters; dand d’, the tips of the stout spine-like dorsal seta ; ds, a group of ventral set ; vc, ventral cirrus. Report U. S. F. ©. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XXXIX. WZ 1915 vp vat eu ’ ue EDT bs 1 a Kt Tay nf AU Tess ae a : mh ors rian a ie } fj ‘ iy mba ate A Cer ery ene . ‘ i i bi 0 LL OU Nile, sail 3 Sods BB ee) aie, 94.4 1 Wd SRA To "dred os ‘a ip “a T Magy aie AWAY EDD ighecregy | ; * Pad Cet mbit ij fn #4' ti ul thi Min Bel tate: ny Lay ‘A ne ue nae. ite. uy 682 . 173. .173. 4. on ee: . 1744. . 1745. Suey . 184. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [180] PLATE XL. Polynoé aurantiaca V. One of the parapodia, enlarged fifteen diameters; de, dorsal cirrus; d, small dorsal lobe, which is destitute of setz; », ventral lobe ; sv, superior ventral set ; iv, large inferior ventral setx ; a, one of the superior ventral setx, enlarged eighty diameters. The same. One of the scales, enlarged four diameters. Polynoé (Harmothoé) imbricata. Dorsal view, enlarged two diameters. The same. Part of a scale, enlarged thirty diameters. The same. Setx, enlarged forty diameters; d, one of the stout dorsal sete; v, v’, ventral sete, Leanira robusta V. One of the parapodia, enlarged twenty diameters; br, branchial lobe of the dorsal side; e’, e’’, e’’, line of cilia occupying the space between the branchial and setigerous lobes; p’, slender papilla of the dorsal branch; p”, p’’, similar appendages of the ventral branch; ve, ventral cirrus; da, aciculum of the dorsal branch; va, aciculum of the ventral branch; ds, dorsal setie; 3’, 8’’, 3’’’, s’’, various forms of set of the ventral branch; a, tip of one of the slender simple sets; b, tip of one of the compound ventral setix, much more enlarged. Notophyllum Americanum VY. Head and anterior segments, enlarged eight diameters; a, posterior end of the same specimen. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XL. 175 = br x20 OPTS MOWAT ARATE TTA @! < = \ a t pate ) ath ii it itt, ‘ - ay Ras, ) yee ith By i Te) ee te a honiite [ . oO Pee 684 FIG. Fic FIG. Fig. Fig. 178. 180. 181. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [182] PLATE XLI. Hyalinecia artifec V. Head and anterior segments, enlarged about one and one-half diameters; b, the same, ventral view of the head and anterior segments of another specimen, enlarged about one and one- half diameters; ¢, the same, posterior segments and caudal cirri, en- larged five diameters. The same. Ventral view of the head and anterior segments, enlarged three diameters. The same, One of the anterior parapodia, enlarged thirty diameters; }, branchia; c, dorsal cirrus; a, one of the parapodia from a segment far- ther back, destitute of the branchia, enlarged thirty diameters; c, dor- sal cirrus; b, one of the funnel-shaped setz, enlarged seventy-five diam- eters; e, the same, enlarged three hundred and seventy-five diameters ; c, a seta with bilobed tip, enlarged seventy-five diameters; d, spiniform seta, enlarged seventy-five diameters. Leodice poljbranchia V. One of the parapodia, enlarged twenty diameters; a, tip of one of the compound set, enlarged one hundred diameters; b, tip of one of the funnel-shaped set, enlarged two hundred diameters. Nothria conchyphila V. Dorsal view of head and anterior segments, en- larged eight diameters. Report U.S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XLI. Wale val ha et an 1 f bid Helly yr hor ie A me ean ly ned WL Oh asl 686 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [184] FIG. iG. FIG. lia. Fig. Fig. FIG. Prater XLII. 182. Amphinome LepadisV. Head and anterior segments, enlarged six diameters; a, posterior extremity of the same specimen ; ), one of the branchiz. This specimen was found among stems of Lepas, on floating timber, in the Gulf Stream. 183. Syllis spongiphila V. Dorsal view of the head and anterior segments, en- larged twenty-four diameters; a, one of the compound setx, enlarged seven hundred and fifty diameters. 185. Ophioglycera grandis V. Head, enlarged four diameters. 185a, The same. One of the parapodia from the anterior region; b, one of the parapodia from the middle region of the body. From a specimen taken at the surface in Newport Harbor. 188. Sabella pictaV. Anterior segments and base of branchiz, ventral view, en- larged four diameters; c, the same, posterior segments; d, one of the branchie. / 188a. Thesame. One of the hook-shaped set, enlarged one hundred diameters} b, one of the spatulate sete, enlarged one hundred diameters. 189. Vermilia serrula. Dorsal view of the tube and expanded branchie; 0, side view of operculum; 0, operculum of another specimen, with adherent dirt. Fia. 190. Maldane biceps. a, anterior portion, side view, enlarged four diameters; }, posterior portion, side view, enlarged two diameters, Report U. S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. Albatross explorations. PLATE XLII. \ \ NN er LAMY \\\ AQ A z Ze A Bs FZ a B 2 a SN ay ris) ist He laf ‘i ‘; coe eee 7 Cy Hh ae gn ay iat ny uae Wi, ak MS neh mnntal , 4 inary , awit eT am A A, i Mi (sada Vocal aaaaeleeg tee f bi ae New) beep a an 688 Fia. Fie. Fig. FIG. Fig. FIG. Fia. Fia. Fig. FIG. Fie. REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [186] PuatTeE XLIII. Dipolydora concharum V. Dorsal view of the head and anterior segments, enlarged sixteen diameters; a, caudal segments. Leprea abyssicola V. Side view, natural size. The same. Side view of the head and anterior segments, enlarged three diameters; b, one of the uncini, enlarged three hundred diameters. Priapulus, sp., natural size. The same. Front view of the anterior end, enlarged two diameters. Phascolosoma, sp., natural size; a, the same, ventral view of the anterior end; d, one of the openings of the segmental organs. Tristoma cornutum VY. Ventral view, enlarged four diameters. From a bill- fish. Type specimen, drawn from life. Tristoma leveV. Ventral view, enlarged four diameters. From a bill-fish. Type specimen, drawn from life. Cerebratulus luridus V. One-half natural size. Drawn from life. Sagitta gracilis V. Dorsal view, enlarged four diameters. The same. Dorsal view of the head, enlarged ten diameters. From a specimen taken at Wood’s Holl, at the surface, R Pp rt We . . C. 1883. —V err ill. Albatr hs Xx 1 ‘at ie I OSS & plorations A BE x I I epo 5. K ig) Als II al STAM ey FIT wna luTs CA SLO ert ql t TTT ua Os) ey, ie A be ine awit Ads cs Fait a" ae pes eek =# anh y . 590 | REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [188] PuaTE XLIV. Fic. 25. Sagartia Acanelle V. Side view of a partially expanded specimen surround- ing a branch of Acanella Normani by its clasping base; a, the prolonga- tion of the base toward the tip of the branch; 6, a smaller extension of the base in the opposite direction, enlarged two diameters. Fig. 177. Sagartia abyssicola V., on a tube of IHyalinacia artifer V., somewhat less than natural size; a, an individual in full expansion; 6, one partially contracted; c, one in expansion, showing the protruded acontia; d, the head and anterior part of the Hyalinecia protruded from its tube, side view; k, ventral view of the same, with the antennx cut off near their bases. Drawn from life. Fic. 197. Cladorhiza grandis V., two-thirds natural size. Fig. 198. Acanella Normani. Part of a branch with the axis denuded to show the ar- rangement of the branchlets in whorls, natural size; a, the same, a group of calicles from the tip of a branch with the tentacles partly expanded, Drawn from a living specimen; v, several forms of spicul#, enlarged twenty diameters. PLATE XLIV. Albatross explorations. Report U. 8S. F. C. 1883.—Verrill. ———— iN wx. ([Note.—The references are to the page figures in brackets. } Page. RAUNT A BOUALIB) Jc 0ni5,0.< erento 2a - cence wsass sancess Liye Amphisphyra globosa.....-...--.----.--- 69 Amphiura elegans (-=tenuis)..-........-- T7 fragilisesasmeecc-tcokeee ease 47 GoOGalied. sock Seteemer orca aee. 47 miacilenta/ jose cele e asco eee 47 Otterbpee Semateese cose asec 46, 47 tenuispina enejaickctelcia cere ee ee 47 SAUMTISSLOIN fe emit eiefoeeynia.- as sta deters 25 ANACHIS AVATA ceca sc seem os sac ewes emee 81 Halivetiy. 222: <..,= +> eee mance eeaene 17 artioulatus-<..% #226555 soeess 40, 77 Astrophytonides :--..cter~cessw sees s. oo Ee 19 Astrophyton Lamarckii.............-..-- 48 Astrophiytons:2:st~--52—> naka Ceres eee 69, 84 pulohella.-<..:2052522:5588 00 ees 69 POSER Ce era's ee Uses Cane mae eine aes 69 FASS oes wn alata Uelee'es eee e eee eens 92, 94, 95 W yvillittcee 3% one eee eee 94 Vierriliinn con-clee neoeeee eeraes 92, 94, 97 ATTPELIA QNOMON'. 6. ses e ce nets cwn=tene= 25 SAT CLIG, S23 ie sinlalpiviclaiwic'a’a! «a's eterna eines 97 Aavidtla 2 = /c42s f.cnae assess eee er 97 AVvicula iraendG se. vkccesisccwsecwarewes 26 hirundo, var. nitida.......-...--. 75 Bouamnloas #’s5A5scce-soenereeee 76 (ASONOPHIS) .auacceus~ speveanbakas cas tanned 73 ASEINUG oo ool Poses cusednccccnues cercences 25 ASICS AVMNAUOS oe ase ene ee se ee fo See 56 Balantium recurvum.....----- eerie oen 70 alanis ANCL ~cae leew cew essences ssecr 22, 29 POLOSUNA\=4-cess0e— see c eee eee 29 Balticina Finmarchices...............----. 9, 30 Bathyactis symmetrioa......-..........-- 84 IBATOYORINUN Ss 23 0scsc cs vnsesesuteenweeeane 50 pO eat) ate 2 ye ae 50 Bathynectes longispina .-...........--... 55 Bela cancellate .22....50iscneeetens cere 63 ovalis=Bela pygmma .....-....--..-- 63 REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [190] Page. Bela PYQUMOs vc. i scaee oe wees eee eos 63 peti DUM - ances eee eka cielo iene 63 subtorpida..---. cn. ssnacsaeenenee 63 Gubvitres --2.226.ce-c eae aoe 63 tennicosuabas: <4. «cen = .aadenereeee 63 Benthesioymuas? 2. 2c p.csew so 2s ee eeeeeee Bartlettl ..2<...5.0 2028 VOariNatOS: <2 cmos dgeniae Benthooninus \o230sn= sees ee eee 16 Benthodolium abyssorum.......-.-.-..-- 24, 65 Benthody tes: + =<. sok. asses sete eee oe 15 Pigantes c. Se 2. so. cose eens 15, 16, 36 Benthecetes Bartletti .-...........--...- 54 Bentkopecten spimosus .................. 16, 17, 41 Benthoptilum sertum ..............-..--. 8, 30 Beroe .. 2. eccces eeeseeas ee eee ee 98 Bolocera multicornis..........-..-<.s-«0. 34 "Tuedigs: 22s seaee se6t soneee 12, 22, 23, 32 Boltenisi.. << sccser essa nes eee see eee 27 Boltenis.cncs-cec eaves eee see ae 27 Boreomysis tridons. .5- .~< +<0--2eeeeaee 55 Brachiopodaw.—ssccccnine. eee ib veeeor 76 Braehioteuthis Beanfi...........--.--.--- 61 BraeDy Gre. ses ce, asec neces eeeeeme ane 50, 55 BYISINGS, 2... 2 = Sees semen ne Oe 17 COLOnata:.... =. ..cd-h eee eeemeeee 18 WOBURUD ociense snows see nee eee 18, 39 elegans: <-~-..ctc2s toe eee 17, 38, 45 Brigsopsis lyrifera ......-- 0-5 2cheoe ete 16, 17, 37 BYYO208iss = on. cece sete eae eee eee 28 BUCOMUM-c-. <6 cae col h Stake Deen ee 24 ADYSSOLON .oa.00.i55 2 eee neee ee 24, 63 CYANEUM 5 oo... wsnsae eee 63 und attm 252-5 -eeae cio 63 BUPULODSIS: = saenscehe= shee. 2 eee eee 28 Bulla: Candis. ccexccex wtzco ass eee 84 Bythocaris gracillis.......-o.1.---.s.s6. 53 HANG 2. vPeudes ce -n ee 56 Cadulus- cs. .wucsen'entehewccocmwet eee 25 Carolinensis: ~-/;-<-.s5~weeav enn 85 oylindratas...25.<.2ss-ssdeus eee 71 PQTANGIS 52-65 s2sc02 eres seee eee 25, 71 JOOS. 3 <2 3 <= ~- see een tees 71 Pandionis:): --c<,:=ciemee aa see eee 71 DIINO DSi shone ea see eee 25 spectabilis.......-.. . nina aes oe 87 MACUIAtA . ~-- <8 wowns com eeaeee 87 Calliteuthis reversa ..........cecescencene 61, 90 Calycopsis types... sscestuesunteuneoee 92, 99 Campanella... --..---s050n.4-55etneeeeee = 98 Campanularia . ~2......-s5. 5: eeueeeeee=« 35 Cancellaria. cos. 2. cnce censors seoeeed 76 reticulata ....... segeieevesmn 81 Cancer borealis’. :... ./s.ccnshleee eee eee 51° vac th pe aed many a ~- [191] Page. Cancer irroratus -......----...--- eNeees 51 Caprella. 2.322 See rete ecaewaits svar cuceet. 57 Capulus Hungaricus .......-------------- 65 Cardium)mapnum)2-..---=--<<<0s-6-=--'-= 87 pinnulatum..........-..--.----- 87 Carmion Gordonioe+- ase aeaee- cere ees <. 56 Waringriatocs.. escee cee eaciseer seca ce tena 90 Caryophyllia communis ..-...--.-..------- 11, 33 Catapagurus gracilis................-.--. 55 Sharron senies sce see. cows 52 Cavolina angulata---.-s.ce.c. --.-+------ 70 PibWOSdsesdesicacuwsscteccwcese 70 CT Se oe eae eee 70 PGR CINGN UMA oer nje'siciain ceeinio «eters ats 70, 84 quadridentata <-.-.. 2.202. .2-. 70, 84 UG GTC) RE eae ee eas 70 MIMOMIALA ES eos Valcatcccocwe lnc 70, 84 WCOUMEATIATSCADTA acoso a oeeece cee we at 28 Wepenlopods 2-55-2225 ceeccc. cess sscese-- 61, 77 Ceraphilus A gassizii ......-......:-...-.- 52 Cerebratulus luridus..........--...--...- 23 Wermanthus borealis ..62225.-.-..-5.-c.ce- 32 Cerithiella Whiteavesii........-..-.------ 66 Cerithiopsis Emersonii--......--..-...---- 82 | LGR en Choesnecusoncosbeddss 2 ELOni el Cali ci Ssaotsncceclscsa'scaice 73 WH EIONUCENS see cen acca cccelssse ctawsas oes 89 Wriahinisi e282 Sao see ecesacs Sccccnmc cee vac. 29 OCUIAT Aes an neem aa/= ~areasieniataist = = 29 Chama congregata ..........-..----- SSAce 87 Cheiroteuthis lactertosa.........---..---- 61 Mone alvestarsss-- 22-62 -- oso sns oe es 87 ELAPOZOIGALIS =. - 22356 cocce sce se - 87 Chromatonema rubrum........-----.-.--- 99 ChYrysororgids sees aceses a= sa ccesm scene 10 OSG TIEN ao Joes S sea Gsue DU GS SeE ena saeene = 26 OWE Ce sacs SE SGonigps aso ascns 65 | OE AGU Ee OAS Soe ie cieeltios 65 eyelet IVE AY OU apetnete santa slate 65 LRT Sap mponpoosore HoncicG ase 65 SIG ERE Os Bem Sasceepapoonoccodcc 65 SVPIPENES ew cic almcim «lel aie mnie e= aim )m im 65 GITOLANA WMNPTLOSSA....-o-2505ceccs ca cnenne 57 IOI eee ee at aco cise siniche’sie= 57 JOLIE ot Sen eae ee eres 26 ONDA ETE OAL Aare cae erpeoctdlemeeose 66 MHOUVICCRa a acces sees ee scope bce 66 tenella, var. costulata ........----- 66 MMO EHL PNAS teen acid == esaa'enmen = 15, 27 Herilineese tse se. hoc cceee tte 15, 35 Cladorhiza .....------ Meas ices abeeees 29 RUDI ASIC bt cietemials ais awn a. a= sininta= 29 PUAUCIS\ wees Cece -s / <--> ~- - == 29 RAGA ONUSCONL ejoenaiss ceseeescccee- =~ 35 Clidiophora trilineata ............-------- 86 hone jonricandata .....---.........0.--. 71 APUIOMACEM ence ciccinercaccnn'ss=s 71 Glionpyramndatae-.s-------------<-ae- 22 ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS. 693 Page. Colossendeis angusta.........-.---------- 58 COlLOSNGHs so. weet aes eee 22, 58 OTACIUN eeerian Ss eaeeee eee 58 MAGELPING cscs ieelas cee ce 58 Columbella omata 2.2.2. 5.5002.00secenne 82 Connsessa sis ces ae Slate olsen es owcewacs 76 SIOSEBIUU teiactieeace aemeieee cineca 76, 77 Corbulaydispartlisassscotessen ses se aneee 85 SA ABATE: els See aheeigengcogues 85 Cornulariella modesta.....-....--.---.--- 31 Corymorpha pendula..-..--.......-.-.... 34 Cranconev ll paMiny esac eee ee ese eee 52 Crepidula; CONVExat 22 eo. sso == eee ee 82 TORMMCHOAL aes ames ae eons 82 (Platine. 2 sosececee ese secant 65, 82 Cribrella sanguinolenta...........-..---- 39 CEmMOIdea sone eens Mone none e eee 48 Crossaster papposus........-..------.---- 29, 39 Crucibulum striatum .-...-¢.--2.-5..---- 65 Crusteceaiss: passes ster eeee satan eae aeteta 19 Cry ptodonysescee snes shee = seeemeee eee eae 25 fervu PIMNOSUSH ese aan ose seeee 73 Gonldiissoss-t cen sece eee nee 73 pramdise.o-- 2. - cs seeds sate atie 73 : QDOSUSMs sek cess cenceeee rarer 73, 87 SUDOVALUS) 2a -sece ceaem eet vt LOLTUOBUS .a-.5 o-1-- = stae= a so vb 73 Ctenodiscus crispatus.............--.---- 49 @tenophora sss6-scese eee se oe eeeee eee 98 (Ol Ot hems o a5 nnen ar CeSpRAESbonGsacsodd 92, 96, 98 Culeolus)ssesee case ces ccceeee heer aces 5 27 TANNOETee sens =. ee = acsearle 7 Cumaceate ss seast ste cece ne ae ee eeeeee 56 Cunning: 22 esses aso deems 95 Cuspidellaisrandisl se ceese ones ee eee 35 @yelas:dentataees.-- core ses ss s--- ener 7 Cyclostremaleetieees etm aeeer ea esses 25, 67 SHUN Garseineioeetalsetaeeste a eet 67 CMP MAHAN oe occas een 7 RL Se oe ees states 7 Dalli, var. ornatum.......... 67 COU OPC ee Re eerie eoce 67 Cylichnavalbarcceeseteseser sectors 69 WipliGatiahesacss somes ecm ceases 84 (CHEW ale ean seater ones 69 OGGn CaS or see morse ain eeaerne 69 Cymbuliaicalceolus: 2) ics. sane - ee eciase <= 70 Cymopolisoraciligne toc... esac ae 55 Cynthisipartitee ss coe cane neh sae ememe ee 27 PYLUOMMISes esas eee aeeeomee 27 Cy prina Telandicdtencsas..nanemsn ei oe ==')< 95, 97 Epimeria loricata......-..--------++-+-+-- 21, 57 Epizoanthus abyssorum........-...------ 33 SAMOENICAIUS nc cewase' nese a2. oo paguriphilus ..............- 33 Erichthonius difformis ....-.....----.---. 57 Ethalia multistriata................-..--- 66 GI TLAG) «6 wien tisle oe + maiciv dks ombameian eee 20 microphthalme ~ .-)2<-00s<¢Sascenepeieas- 83 BLONOBIGIID, cacscecne ne ensneaas 68 Mulimella chariessa <2... < ses wenseccaus 68 (or Menestho)lissa. ..........-. 68 1) 1 a Se a eon 68 WO Ree seinen econ anette 68 Mrmiereig ‘ONATCI... oa nan a cedermicad sone 53 PUTIN. SCOR aan oc awash oman eae 56 Eunephthya Liitkeni............-.....0.- 31 Eupagurus bernhardus ........-..----... 21, 51 WTO VER as nxn uceanaabousean tale y 51 JONPICAUDUR: «sanncnueeankes As 51 DOUMUUG op asin nwa aarp Sales 20, 51 DOMMONTIG.. «sas nactene seas 51 PUUSSGCOMIR ince ecinecn qahiehuntne 51 Euphronides cornuta.........--..------)- REPORT OF COMMISSIONER OF FISH AND FISHERIES. [192] Page. Euphronides depressa.--.-.---.---------- 16 Euplacophora Atlantica.......-..--.-.--- 24 Euplenra caudata.....-.-.-.--sase---o---- 81 Euprognatha rastellifera.........-..----- 51 Eurythenes gryllus ........---0---------- 21 WiOTIAY NODS: «6 enacee ssa aa=s eee eee ae 90 iro oss own tee ve ieee oases Cee eee 25, 90 Kerandrenilas. cq tse5cens eee -eeeeen 69 Firoloidea Lesueurii..............----.--- 69 ITOlolgdeS:.t.nkaucwstkare heed seeker ee eee 25, 90 INISSRTOUS coccinea ene ce eee eae eee 25 SlteInatel.c2 2 cousin cee neee eee 83 Tanner; 32 cs ta0/0n eons 67 Plabellam i ssctctcsses os deaneeeh anaceeete 11 anpulatom cpap ness tones 11, 33 * GOUOGla saa. cecs ea eee nena 11, 33 HM OMBDTUG jon oes es sande lc< aeen eee 24 GlGZONS as nan ones ees eee 66 FUeuS) s. 262. ekwceccesccesae se pean hee 26, 89, 91 Wal gorcaritg: .25 2. scenes =<-- senna ‘wets 81 Funiculina armata..--...-<<0s.-0s-.=--veeener asec 29 Halicr6as v evanae las s'= cine oh eee 96 MINN «cso - . oh cd<5 Soseissee see one. 73, 87 NAGS OAs ies eee eee ee eee eee 87 Luidia clathratacser---s-+ > ae oer 4,77 Ole gaNnsie sores tenet acon meen mae 41 Lunatia Grénlandica...........-..-.----- 65 NEOs steee ecen = aes eee eae 63 yreidus Bairdivicss-a-se seers teeee eee eee 55 Lysianassa Magellanica......-..-...----- 21 Lysiosquilla armata.......-....--..-.---- 56 Macheroplax obscura. .-.-.-- sgdoodsaecocr 67 Machistrigilatasc-: sc. .25cmce ree ooo 56 Macomaisabulosa.ce-c-co-sseseeneee=ee = 73 Macronemertes gigantea....------------- 23 Madneporatidie esse. se seseseee eae naae 33 iMalletiag ssasee eee: 78 lh DE ee meee oa Seem auc sodace 80 melanitica, var. oxia...-....-..- 78, 79 OX Viatareeecccss cee t= eeere ae 80 TUIDEUAE Is sasee cee eects 78 Margarita lamellosa.........-...-.-..--.- 25 POSH IN yecsaessnasccceee see e ere 25, 67 Marpineuaees see cesses cee amsaceeeeteem ee 76 HGEGMMIBsH ean cena coe ea ete 26, 63 Mastigoteuthis Agassizii ........-..--.-- 61 Membranipora Flemingii ......-...-...-. 28 Meningodora mollis.........--..-...----- 53 IMesOneMial sc. c22cccactoee Soko ceSoeace ae 96, 98 IMGSTSIATASASHIZIL 22sec see eee ee 53 IModiolamodiolvisicsccccecuees oe tees ee 75 Modiolaria discors........-----.-- ae 5 MOL orbs Nas hah 22 easy ase eee ee cee ze 27 Mollusca yates tesla sees este calse cee ens 23 Monocaulus glacialis ................---. 34 Montacuta bidentata.-...-.--.-...:....-- 88 tamidulais:sce.24s- coe roHas 73 Mulinia lateralis cei sec oscc-nec- veces =e 87 Munida Caribea...............----- Sean 52 Walidarecseut Scocaewes sense sees 56 Mimidupsisie 2 eee 86 TORULAUG |<. - Se adene d= cnietaea neers 7 MMA eon dw wvicc wog'smale > aes 72 Nematocarcinus ensiferus ..........--.-- 53 INAIIGPLEANS ¢ a2. sce wean= nthe peee eee 23 Nemertesia antennina..-...............--- 35 Neohela phasma-..-- =... --cs- seh eceie en 57 Nephropsis aculeatus ..........-...------ 56 Neptunea decemcostata .....--..-....---- 64 despecta, var. tornata.......... 64 Neptunus Sayl. a. oa as sate eet 53 INTO Hcenseweeoe 2st an ae bates seta ah 25 GANCALU BU sce ees coon. cea ehares 74 delphinodonta...-.......-.-...-.-- 7 STAMIILOBR 2-22 a 2 cena Sept cine aan 74 PLONIMG <2 sono ae ta etetat- 0! 74, 88 MNIYOR ee ete aeacesme nt ae ataceiuays av 74 NGI DYANCHIAtG on oul eae -Asloseanen as << 69 Nyctiphanes Norvegica........-..-..---. 89 Nymphon grossipes.........--.-----..--- 59 pallengides).-45%-tessensht soem 59 Strom aes oe 5c eee eee = Obelin dichotomn.<-.. > «32 22.22se5.0-ibees 35 Penionlsta ds: 520 shh. 25 = wage se aoa 92 longicysthe -..:cencnestc bseeeeeee 35 Obeliscus crenulatus...........--....-.-. 83 Dceanids \.25. 35540. - 4a esee eocemae edeees 98 ROA SROWUR soon coe btasd sine a aieeta Rah ia Se 24 IPO os akc as sole haa ee 61 Carobneneiee - = 5.2252 3t6texksnete 61 Ul OUT: eae oe re go 61 piscatorum ......- fe oe Hain wre we tea 61 Menlivignimplicaia: 5 5005. sna nchennmns 33, 77 Odontaster hispidus.....................- 40 Odbdstomia cancellata .........-..-.-..00. 83 Giepariis. <-> cowie es 4 = 68 POTMAA Ss. sone bc cass Mapas 68 OMY tab evn dei drcaweceben chee utapeaderne 76 MteYAtarcadecac tcc nna s sunt eevee « 81 Olivela. Asks sence nese neaeeees ke eee 76 MOU OS sacs adnqg ee snn detach ease 8L Ommastrephes illecebrosus .....-.--..--- 61 On yohis Spi eee one - eee eee aes 90 Opalorhiza parvula .-..... 22-2 ssee0jnen- 35 Ophisoantha: 5 5.° sss sccuncowch tamer ase 18, 19, 29 ADVaRICOlAs Wi. sexi mids sete 45 OVOIEGAE 6 ch bso deh s pair ie 45 PUOMAIG 26 5.4 « «oe akin ma atenteea bidentata ...............42, 43, 44, crassidens ....... a8 delean ese 45 Ophiacantha enopla fratems j2-c6c7) eae een pracilis.22-.5-..-evshudkenees granulifera......e-titiec. ==. millespina.....4 Jo-eeemeeees spectabilis <-5sias-rencoaes spinulosa VALISPINA: 5.20 nee eeeee prandigys..<.-.ceese=neee eee Ophiocnida olivacea............+-.--. sate ee eee ee 40 Poraniomorpha borealis.....-...--.------ 49 Spinnlosa ceo. ee- eae 40 Porcellana Sayana..........-.-- Se ee ee 51 Sigsbeiana .---... <7. -5- eae 55 Porcellanaster coeruleus...--..----------- 18, 41 Poromya sublevis..--.-------------------- 25, 72 Porpita - 22. .<---'- --2--- seer coe e ee ween 89 Linneana ..-.---...---. .------<5- 92, 96, 98 Pourtalesia Jeffreysii -----------..------- 16, 37 Priapulus - ....---------------+---+++-0+-- 23 FEriMmTO 6. =. 2 Saosin awe ces ose <= 9 ee 29 ALBATROSS EXPLORATIONS 697 Page. Primnoa lepadifera....-........-....----- 10, 11, 29 TOBCOA Aca e sass. te eR oases sess 31 VesiCy ave bite erie a, OE Ee a ea 25 OIE PANS ew nic eltemep oe ene 67 ADGLTANS) soe ese sess sees 31 PSOUCOMIMA TOSCUIM a) cme tet o soe emcee 56 Psolusphantapuss = 2-1-0 eee cise 36 LOHOP] GSRACa amt) talutaeiciemeeeee ec eca= 66, 82 Prleraster Militari sei -\-/sefe eae ecient 39 PULVANUS) cas eee sca ciemete ee ee 49 Pterophysapenaos- wees seca cheeses 97 PTANGIS Mx cutscene eeetaa 96, 98 Pteropodaee sn. sess cuss ccaceeeseewetem= 70,84 iPillocheirus pinguis)e-2-- 6 eee a = 57 Puncturella eritmeta.:...-.........02065- 7 MOACHING es 2253 Hitsoucwee oes 67 IPycnogonid ais As anes oe as 22, 58 Pycnogonum littorale®.......--...-....-. 58 (PYTOSOM A. 22. e eee Ree See ante 91 machi clossay-. secre eae en eee 63, 81 Rataria (young Velella)?........-....---. 96, 98 ‘Renilla reniformissds 92...se eee eee AWS ET Rhabdamminiaiee. wy. .--acee eee 2 Rhachocaris sculpta..--.--...2---..---c-~ 53 hip hidoglOssedee- emer s!-\clece alee ees 66, 83 ARMIZOCTINUB eeaiacicn- nce te okies tee cette 19 Lofotensis' 2-2 eo svase/s.voseeee 49 HIZO P Hy Sake aie aslo eee aie ete late 96, 97, 98 INOLMIG) =. east eee eee ee 96 UV ALIA accaic wieroceeeein eee 98 Ringiculamitidas saeco. =a eneeee eee 68 TRISSOA Soe ewes tess ob Scie Line nomena 26 Moin elas <0. ee 2a ee 58 AMePriCana).|22 sis wee Hoeee nes 58 Rossia subleviss<<-