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SERIES A: AGRICULTURAL. es ad - THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES A: AGRICULTURAL. VOL. II. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. * AUG ae ts 1 3 a | Yonal Muse LONDON : SOLD BY DULAU & CO., Ltd., 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. 1914. All Rights Reserved. oy) | Fe bE A Yah ch a ES Berar |: . “ DONT ow Grain mae das a3 ae ; x | a ra eda sth , ay, aa ¢ = j ; ] IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Honorary Committee of Management. RT. HON. LEWIS HARCOURT, M.P., Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Atcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bacsuawe, Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Sir J. Rosz Braprorp, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Surgeon-General Sir Davip Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Dr. 8. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwett Lerroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir Joun McCatt, M.D., Agent General for Tasmania. Dr. R. Stewart MacDoveatt, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir Jonn McFapysnay, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Dantet Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newsreap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nutrauu, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davip Pratn, ©.1.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Mr. H. J. Reap, C.B., C.M.G., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. RotuscHiLp. Mr. Huax Scort, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. _ Dr. A. E. Surptey, F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Sir 2 ea StockMANn, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agri- culture. Mr. F. V. Txropatp, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. J. A. C. Tittey, Foreign Ofice. Mr. C. Warzurton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-Governing Dominions is an ex officio member of the Committee. General Secretary. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director and Editor. Mr. Guy A. K. Marsiatt. Assistant Loditor. Assistant Director, Mr. W. Norra. Mr. S. A. NEAVE. Head Office——British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. Publication Office—27, Elvaston Place, London, 8.W. Page 2 line 7 for pre AO. 2 eee Aa i 1 oe De all 26: 7 LS 30: 5, LS or Gee 4 ADA. ADO 44 ., 47 AG oe A: AO we ete ee, ek pA. 0 9 one Ad (CLS (Spee RS 0) O27 Ag 93... 48 OO iad: 10623, 35 LO... 40 TOO te 27, IDO see oe 135. 5.030 1500S eT 145 Sf LE 2 153 3. Al ih) ee 160-19 165 ,, 41 10 5. a2 [CAs ei Lie ao 1G ees 18213590 £92). em 1, 8)5 hanes (() 195) 38 195 44. ERRATA. “ Aphism alvae”’ ** Areocerus”’ * hyalipennis” Calirrhipis ”’ ** aperite ”’ “* Nephelades ”’ Bekdémfung” * Pysila ” “ eoburine ” ‘“‘ KYJITYPHEIXb ”” * austrica”’ “ Pystla,”’ “* Derostenus varipes”’ Botrytes” “Calcium arsenate ”’ “ Calcic arsenate ”’ “ hyalipennis ”’ ‘“ appoximate ”’ Pollyphylla”’ “ Coccomytibus ”” ** Parsa chloris, Grote Jepson (Ef. J.)” wolyedricum ”’ bP) * alter” “ KRANZLING ” “~Weintzg”’ ce Acha 99 a3 lime 99 “ Ponciana”’ “ Johnstone ”’ * testeceupes ”” ** Marcrosiphum ” “ Prospalta ”’ ““ moroccanus ”” ** Aphimalus ”’ “ Chloropus” * devastator ”’ “ Weinbau der, Rheinp- fale” ““ Ichnaspis”’ ce vine pe) eryptogramic ” “* cheery ” read Aphis malvae. Araecerus. hyalinipennis. Callurrhipis. apterite. Nephelodes. Bekémpfung. Psylla. viburni. KYJIBTY PHEIXD. austrvaca. Psylla. Derostenus variwpes. Botrytis. Calcium arsenite. Calcic arsenite. hyalimpenms. approximate. Polyphylla. (Coccomytilus). Parasa chloris, H.&. Jepson (F. P.). polyhedricum. cacao. ater. KRANZLIN (DR.). Weinztg. Achaea. line. ~ Poinciana. Johnson. testacevpes. Macrosvphum. Prospaltella. MArOCcanus. Aphimallus. Chlorops. devastatrix. Weinbau der Rhevnp- falz. Ischnaspis. vigne. cryptogamic. cherry. ; Page 198 line 26 for “ ” 2? ERRATA—cont. —— viwidus ” ‘* (Pachtylus’) ” Colasyidema atra”’ citricus ” “ Coccinellid ”’ “ Tchneunionids ” ‘* Ambliteles ”’ 74 Phryxe PP) ** cartocatactes ”’ “* Entodon ”’ “one about 2,900 square yards “* grass leaf-hopper ”’ “* nutoris ” é¢ Qu ale” Amphimalus ” “ Krassiltchik ” “ JIEHKH ”” “* Pentathron” éc Qu al ey ) ‘“* PosPIELOV (W.).”’ “ D. usambica”’ “ (Ceiba bombax) ” “ dicincita”’ “* cereatella ”’ * VousEeR (EH. J.) “ Souts (8. Ei “ runnulrfera ” “* Iridoproche”’ “ Cecidomyid ” “ Cryptochoetum ” Cryptochoetum ”’ ** Palaeoceoeus ”’ ““ COCKERELL (T. O. A.) “* Diachasina tyront a __ Subrocinctus ” ** Aelothrips’ 342 fics 8 &16 for “ Olen” mee 19 C,, 203 ”? 4 22 ae. 2! ,, oe 2), a, 27 ,, se oan ,, 41 223 Tae oo 40. fo, 43, 245 last line ,, 246 line 24 ,, 253, “ oa. 16 ,, oo. 32 ,, wae .. 40 ,, tae, 19 ,, aw >, aap, 19'',, a aan ie TS, aoe, 49 ,, foo ATC, et >, © ,, ae 39 , ae 8D .,, 307 +) 7 oe) ae ol, aor... ol .,, met. o4 ,, overs, 10 ,, Mot | 8 ,, ae, LD .,, aa. 22 ,, 338 4 ae 342 line 32 for fee TD aa 3, 10". aan. oO... aan 1S 5; ie. O° >, ets LO 5, 420 +e) 3 oe) mates, 49). 437 6 * Ambliteles ”’ “Coote (A. J.) (74 Ae 99 ** Zitomastix ”’ Euergestis ”’ Aphandrus ” “record formula ”’ ** Paris, nos. 18-19, 23rd Feb. ;” ** oleae” ** augustus ”’ read viridis. 32 2) (Pachytylus). Colasyidema atrum. citricola. Discolomid. Ichneumonids. Amblyteles . Phryze. caryocatactes. Entedon. one of about 2,900 square yards. grape leaf-hopper. nutans. Quayle. Amphimallus. Krassilstchik. OJIEHKH. Pentarthron. Quayle. PospPIELov (V.). Dirphya usambica. (Bombax ceiba). dicincta. cerealella. VostER (EH. J.). Sout (F. W.). pinnulifera. Iridoprocne. Agromyzid. Cryptochaetum. Cryptochaetum. Palaeococcus. CocKERELL (T. D. A.) Diachasina tryon. rubrocinctus. Aeolothrips. Olethreutes. Amblyteles. Cooke (A. J.). A Latomastix. Hvergestis. Aphanurus. record the formula. Paris, i, nos. 18-19, 20th Feb., ' oleellus. angustus. 462 464 488 49] 49] 496 496 501 501 515 516 519 522 527 539 539 502 542 505 559 563 570 572 577 596 607 624 625 626 628 629 630 630 631 652 677 684 691 691 697 716 720 14 32 36 3 23 4] 8 29 36 20 25 21 30 32 33 3 30 13 39 16 44 25 4] Vili ERRATA—cont. Page 439 line 17 for “ eglantereina ”* 3 “ gemminata” ‘* BALABANOVA (A.). 93 “ Hydaphis ” 74 rubra bp) “ OroponzHnyeetso ” “@MunoKcepé mb- CHOCTAM®b ”” “ Gracillaria”? “ BLIDalUIMBaeTca ” Chloridiea ”’ ** Nietsche ” ** Griddle ” “ uraniagrin ” 3 pyrast. i 399 Chauvigne 4 XE Jp) Griddle ” * Acrolima” Trbesia ”’ “ Circular No. 16” *“ tomontosus ”? “* Pseudoccocus ”’ _“ Xylotecus” * Subcoccinnella ” ?@ Enarmonia batra- chopa ”’ ‘“ Tnseets ”’ * thespecioides ”’ “ Laxin (G. L.)” “ Schreiner (Y. Hy * Pseudoccus ” * Polyophineta ”? 7 (Phlegethontiusquin) quemaculatus ”? * chalcytes ”’ “ cordifoila ” HARDENBERG (B. Bo ‘THunpny ” * Cheimatobi ”’ “* Leonana”’ * complena ”? * SURFACE (R. A.)” “ longules, Boh.” “ arsenate ” read eglanterina. geminata. Batapanoy (M.). Hyadaphis. rubus. Oroponuuuectso., @unnoxcepé mb- CTHOCTAMb, Tischeria. BLIPalluBaeTca Chloridea. Nitsche. Criddle. uraniagriin. pyrastri. Chauvigné. XLI. Criddle. Acrolepia. Irbisia. Circular No. 36. tomentosus. Pseudococcus. Xyloterus. Subcoccinella. Argyroploce leuco- treta. Insectes. thes pesioides. Lakin (G. J.). Schreiner (J. F.). Pseudococcus. Polysphincta. (Phlegethontius) quinquemaculatus. chalcites. cordifolia. Harpenpere (C. B.) lHusbiy Cheimatobia. Levuana. complana. SURFACE (H. A.). longulus, Gyl. acetate. ar + <2 * ae SF ; ao ‘ego a , ‘ Gi ey Mok wg Ts. ey a 4 Yoo IL. Ser. A. Part 1.—pp. 1-66. JANUARY, 1914. Bai ae. ‘ THE REVIEW fe oF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. ' SERIES A: AGRICULTURAL. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL | BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. a | LONDON: Bees: SOLD BY . . DULAU & CO., Ltd., 37, SOHO SQUARE, Ww. Price Od. net, ae: say | ~All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Honorary Committee of Management. | THE EARL OF CROMER, G.C.B., 0.M., G.C.M.G., Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Atcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of © Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. EK. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. BaasnaweE, Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Sir J. Rose BRADFORD, K.C.M. G., ¥.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Surgeon-General Sir Davip Bruce, C.B. a R.S., A.M.S. Dr. 8. F. Harmer, F.RS., ‘Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwetit LErroy, pinion College of Science and _ Technology. The Hon. Sir Jonn McCatt, M.D., - Agent-General for Tastoanile Dr. R. STEWART MacDoveatt, Lecturer on pencetural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir Jonn McFapyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town, | Sir Parrick Manson, G.C.M. G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Dante, Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newsteap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, ‘Liverpool University. Professor G. F. H. Nutratt, F.R.S., Coie Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Pouuton, F.R:S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davip PRAIN, C.LE., C.M.G., F.R.8., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Mr. H. J. Reap, C.M.G., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Roruscamp. Mr. Hues Scort, Curator in Zoology, Museum of toolar, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. SuIPLEY, F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. | Sir Sb 2 STOCKMAN, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agri- ' culture Mr. F. V. Tueopatp, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. J. A. C. TittEy, Foreign Office. Mr. C. Warsurton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. | The Chief Entomologist in each of the Bah es Dominions _ is an ex officio member of the Committee. General Secretary. Mr. A. C. C. Parxrnson (Colonial Office). Director and Editor. Mr. Guy A. K. MarsHatt. Fssistant Editor. Mr. W. Norts. He ead Office.—British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, ‘London, §. Publication Office. —2, pve eon Place, Eokidon, S. W. or —— IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. REVIEW OF Pe PLIiED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES A. Vot. IT.] [1914. ZACHER (F.). Die Afrikanischen Baumwollschadlinge. [African cotton pests.|—Arbeit k. biol. Anst. Land- und Forstwirischaft, Berlin, ix, no. 1, 1913, pp. 121-230, 83 figs. Insect pests of the cotton plant in Africa are described at consider- able length. The significance of the pests, methods of combat by means Oi poisons, traps or natural enemies, other plant hosts of the insects, and the immunity of certain species of plants are discussed. Insects which are useful to cotton in preying upon harmful insects are mentioned. The life-history of many of the pests is given. The following is a list of injurious insects, arranged according to the part of the plant they attack. Damaging the roots :—Orrnoprrera: Brachytrypes membranaceus, F. ; Leprpoprera : larvae of Euxoa segetum, Schiff., E. spinifera, Hb., and Agrotis ypsilon, Rott; CoLtroprera: larvae of Tetralobus sp., Heterodes sp., Aeolus inscriptus, E., Diplognatha gagates, ., Camenta westermanni, Har., Schizonycha serrata, Aulm., Enaria melanictera, Klg., Popillia hilaris, Kr., Synistovalgus bifasciatus, Kr. Damaging the stem:—Co.Leorrera: Alcides brevirostris, Boh., Sphenoptera gossypii, Kerr., S. neglecta, Klg., Apate monachus, F., Hypothenemus eruditus, Westw., Apion armipes, Wagn., A. xanthosty- lum, Wagn. Damaging the leaves :—Ruyncnota: Pseudococcus virgatus, Ckll., Chionaspis aspidistrae, Newst., C. aspidistrae var. gossypii, Newst., and Lecanuim nigrum, Nietn.; OrTHoprera: Schistocerca peregrina, Ol., Zonocerus elegans, F., Phymateus viridipes, Stal., Phaneroptera nana, FKieb.; LeprpopteRA: larvae of Sylepta derogata, F., Hymenia (Zinkenia) fascialis, Cram., Basiothia charis, Wlk., Hippotion celerio, L., Celerio lineata, F., var. livornica, Esp., Prodenia litura, F., Euxoa segetum, Schiff., EH. spinifera, Hb., Agrotis pronuba, L., A. ypsilon, Rott., Plusia confusa, P. circumfleca, Cosmophila erosa, Hb., Porthesia vurguncula, Walk., Nudaurelia sp., Tephrina contexta, Saalm., Synga- mia abruptalis, Wik. ; CoLeopteRA : Diplognatha gagates, F., Camenta (Cl.) Wt. P.11/12.26.3.13. 2,000 1/14. B.& F. G. 11/18. A 2 westermanni, Har., Schizonycha serrata, Aulm., Enaria melanictera, Klg., Popillia hilaris, Kr., Synistovalgus hemiplerus, Kr., Epipe- dosoma laticolle, Kolbe, Systates pollinosus, Gerst., Aphthona sp., Nisotra unforma, Jac., Syagrus puncticollis, Lef., Ootheca mutabilis, Sahlb., O. bennigseni, Wse., Tituboea ruficollis, Ol.,; RuyNcnora : Helopeltis bergrothi, Reut., Calidea bohemani, Stal, C. apicalis, Schout., Hotea subfasciata, Westw., H. acuta, Stal, Aphism alvae, Koch, A. gossyput, Glov., A. sorght, Theo. ; Acari: Tetranychus sp., Damaging the flower :—LrEpiporTEeRA: larvae of Earias insulana, Boisd., Chloridea obsoleta, F.; CotroptEra: Mylabris bizonata, Gerst., Coryna hermanmiae, F., C. dorsalis, Gerst. ' Damaging the boll and seeds :—CoLroptTEra: Diplognatha gagates, F., Apion xanthostylum, Wagn., Cathorama sp., Tribolium ferrugineum, - F., T. confusum, Duv., Laemophloeus pusillus, F., Palorus melinus, Hbst., P. ratzeburgu, Wissm., Silvanus surinamensis, F., Tenebroides mauretanicus, L., Bruchus chinensis, L., Areocerus fasciculatus, de G. ; LEPIDOPTERA: larvae of Chloridea obsoleta, F., Duparopsis castanea, Hmp., Harias insulana, Boisd., E. fabia, Cr., E. chromataria, Wlk., E. plaga, Boisd., Gelechia gossymella, Saund., Pyroderces simplex, Wlsm., Stagmatophora gossypiella, Wism., Agrotis ypsilon, Rtt., Huxoa spinifera, Hb., Ephestea cautella, Walk.; Rauyncnota: Dysdercus cardinalis, Gerst., D. fasciatus, Sign., D. mgrofasciatus, Dist., D. superstitiosus, F., Oxycarenus hyalipennis, Costa, O. gossypinus, Dist., O. dudgeoni, Dist., O. exitiosus, Dist., D. albidipennis, Stal, Lepto- glossus membranaceus, F., Anoplocnemis curvipes, F.; DieLopopa : Odontopyge sp. The insects useful to the plant are chiefly Hymenoptera, which destroy many injurious species. Alesza striata (COCCI-NELLIDAE) is is mentioned as destroying scale-insects. ZACHER (F.). Die Sechadlinge der Kokospalmen auf den Siidseeinseln. [Pests of the coconut-palm in the South Sea Islands. |—Arbeut. k. biol. Anst. Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin, 1x, no. 1., 1913, pp. 73-119, 38 text figs. A complete list of the insect pests of the coconut-palm in the South Sea Islands. In most cases a description is given of the insect, together with details as to its distribution, life-history, and mode of attack. The following species are mentioned. :— CoLEOPTERA: Oryctes rhinoceros, L., O. preussi, Kolbe, Tricho- gomphus semilinki, Rits., Xylotrupes nimrod, Voet, X. corquint, Deyr., Scapanes australis, Boisd., S. grossepunctatus, Sternbg., Orycto- deres latitarsis, Burm., Pimelopus tenuistriatus, Aulm., P. preusst, Aulm., P. robustus, Aulm., P. pygmaeus, Aulm., Horonotus quadr- tuber, Zacher, Mycterophallus xanthopus, Boisd., Glyciphana versi- color, F., Eubussea dilatata, Zacher, Eurytrachelus pilosipes, Waterh., E. intermedius, Gestro, Metopodontus cinctus, Montr., Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Ol., Rhabdocnemis obscurus, Boisd., Calandra taatensis, Guér., Atactus deplanatus, Boh., Oxycephala (Xiphispa *) chalyberpenms, Kolbe in litt., Brontispa froggatti, Sharp, Promecotheca antiqua, Weise, P. opacicollis, Gestro, P. reichet, Baly., Xixuthrus costatus, Montr., Olethrius tyrannus, Thoms., Stenodontes imsularis, Fairm., Mono- hammus sp., Sessinia linda, F., A. collaris, Sharp., A. palmarum, 3 Kolbe in litt., Calirrhipis femorata, Waterh; LeEprmpopTERA: Levuana iridescens, Harpagoneura complexa, Butl., Tinea sp. ORTHOPTERA: Graeffea cocophaga, Newp., Anaulacomera insularis, Stal, Theutras pallidus, Walk.; Isoprera: JEutermes_ sp.; Ruyncunora: Basiliocephalus thaumatonotus, Kirk., Aleurodicus sp., A. destructor, Quaint., Aspidiotus destructor, Sign., Furcaspis oceanica, Lind. ; Acari: Tetranychopsis sp., Bdella (?) sp. The author points out that a great many of the species are probably insignificant as regards the damage done, but he considers that it is desirable to have on record a complete list of the actual and potential pests of this important tree. FERNALD (H. T.). Insecticides, Fungicides, and directions for their use.— Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, Boston, Cire. no. 2, 1913, 24 pp. The author gives a comprehensive list of insecticides and fungicides, _ with formulae and general instructions for their use. A large number of common insect pests are mentioned, and brief advice as to treatment given. FERNALD (H. T.). Three common scale-insects.—Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture, Boston, Cire. no. 6, 1913, 10 pp., 6 figs. The author describes the San José, the Oyster-shell and the Scurfy Scales and gives full directions for the preparation and application of : _ the insecticides most efficacious against these pests. _ WoopwortsH (C. W.). Codling moth control in the Sacramento Valley.— Univy. of California, Coll. of Agric., Berkeley, Circ. no. 101, June 1913, 4 pp., 3 figs. The fruits affected are the apple and the pear. By the use of arsenical poisons the loss can be reduced to about one per cent. or less. As the worm first bores deeply into the fruit it is suggested that the j subsequent surface-feeding is the fatal operation, but so far our know- ledge is insufficient to explain the reasons for the efficiency of the poison. All investigators agree that it must be applied before the § larva enters the fruit. In the case of pears and autumn apples, unless this first spraying has been thorough, a second brood will also require __ attention in the latter part of July or early in August. Its appearance _Inay be noted if bands of sacking are placed round a few trees and examined about the Ist and 15th of July and August. One thorough Spraying for summer apples and one or two for autumn apples and pears will completely control the codling moth in the Sacramento Valley. For a single medium-sized tree, } pint of lead arsenate in 5 gallons of water is sufficient. For a quarter of an acre of orchard 3-6 lbs. lead arsenate in 100 gallons of water is enough. Instead of this weight of lead arsenate, one-third of zinc arsenite, or one-quarter of Paris green, may be used. In the latter case lime (three times as much) (Cl1.) A 2 4 should be added. This holds the arsenical to the tree and also marks ‘the tree so that the thoroughness of the application may be visible to the eye. Woopworta (C. W.). The Woolly Aphis—University of California, Coll. of Agric., Berkeley, Circ. no. 102, June 1913, 4 pp., 1 fig. Believed to be of American origin, and called “‘ American blight ” by English entomologists, this insect has now been shown to be another form of the elm aphis (Hriosoma ulmi). “Northern Spy ” roots have been used with great success against it in Australia, where it is a serious pest. They are equally efficient. in California, and should be used wherever the woolly aphis requires combating. If nursery stock is wanted quite free from the insect, the production of winged forms in the neighbourhood of the nursery should be prevented. Elm trees should be carefully inspected in ‘spring, and as soon as the swollen leaves become conspicuous these should be removed. Apple trees in the vicinity should be kept free ‘from twig infestation. Should the nursery become infested, it is best. to dig up and destroy everything that has been attacked, as the wingless forms may spread along the nursery rows. Though this is not the case in California, there are places where treatment is justifiable. ‘The simplest and generally cheapest method is the direct application of kerosene or gasolene with a swab or brush. Too much oil will pro- -duce dead spots on the bark. The work is as quick as spraying, and is immediately and completely effectual. The trees should be gone over about once a week in spring until the danger of rapid increase is past. Ifthe insects cannot be economically treated with oil, spraying will be necessary, and a nicotin spray is the best. Nicotin sulphate 40%, 1 lb., and cresol soap 1 gallon, in 200 gallons of water, form an effective solution ; the soap simply increases the penetration. Spray- ing must be thoroughly done. There appears to be no danger of winged forms issuing from the roots, but sometimes it may be desirable to prevent the lice from migrating. The easiest method is to dig out a few shovelsful of earth round the roots and fill in with sand. ‘PaRKER (J. R.). The imported cabbage worm and the cabbage aphis. —Montana Agric. Coll. Expt. Stn., Bozeman, Montana, Cire. no. 28, Aug. 1913, pp. 9-24, 12 figs. The cabbage heads are rendered unsightly and unfit for a first-class. market by the dark green excrement of the “imported cabbage worm ” (Pieris rapae, L.), and if they are badly riddled, growth is stopped. It is well to plough under or otherwise destroy all cabbage stumps and leaves remaining from the crop, as they afford ideal breeding places. A few heavily-poisoned stumps may be left to act. as traps. A spray, containing either Paris green, arsenate of lead or arsenite of zinc, may be used immediately there is any noticeable injury. The author says that there is no danger in eating cabbage 5 sprayed with arsenicals. Another cabbage worm found in Montana, the larva of the diamond-back moth (Plutella maculipennis), is amenable _ to the same measures. The cabbage aphis (Aphis brassicae, L.), also uses crop remnants for depositing its eggs, and since weeds, such as wild mustard and shep- herd’s purse, serve as breeding places for the early generations of the lice, they should not be tolerated near cabbage fields. A most effective spray is: Black leaf tobacco extract, 8 oz. ; soap, 4o0z.; water, 4 gals. If “ Black Leaf 40” is used, only 3-4 oz. need be taken. The soap makes the spray spread evenly on the waxy surface of the cabbage and makes it penetrate the mealy covering of the lice. Failing tobacco extract, a good alternative is a strong solution of soap; soap or washing powder 1 lb., and water 4 gals. ; and for cauliflowers its non-staining property is a real advantage. Cierc(G.O.). Rapport sur une mission dans le gouvernment d’Oufa pour déterminer les insectes déprédateurs et indiquer les moyens de les combatire. [Report of a commission in the Govt. of Oufa, for the determination of insect pests and the means of combating them. |—Bull. de la Soc. Ouralienne, Amat. Scr. Nat., Ekaterinburg, Xxxu, no. 2, 1913, pp. 140-145. In July 1912, the author made an expedition into the district of Oufa with the purpose of examining crops which were being destroyed by insects. In the neighbourhood of Bélébéi, the crops of wheat and oats had at first been very promising, but, as the summer advanced they were attacked by insects, and it was evident that the harvest would be reduced to anything between 50°% and 0% of the usual. As the weather at the time of examination was unfavourable for finding insects, the author did not succeed in catching any adults, but he obtained a large number of pupae of Mayetiola (Cecidomyia) des- éructor, Say, and of Oscinis frit, L. Plants which were unattacked _ by these insects were often infested with Thrips. In the district of Birsk the condition of the crops was even worse, especially in the case of wheat. APHIDIDAE, Cecidomyia, Oscinis and Thrips were found in abundance. Oats had suffered principally from APHIDIDAE and Oscinis. Fields of millet and buckwheat were unattacked. The author advocates ploughing the fields to a depth of 16-20 ems. (6:4”-8”), and burning the stubble with the roots before Cecidomyia and Oscinis emerge from their cocoons. Czmsar (L.). Our most troublesome orchard insects and diseases.— Forty-fourth Annual Report of the Fruit Growers’ Association of Ontario for 1912, Ontario Dept. Agric., Toronto, 1913, pp. 13-31, 19 figs. The title sufficiently explains the scope of this paper (see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 404), in which the author also gives a list of remedies and notes on the methods of their employment. Fett (HK. P.). The use of oils on dormant trees.—T'wenty-eighth Report of the State Entomologist, 1912, N.Y. State Mus., Albany, New York, Bull. no. 165, 15th July 1913, pp. 83-92. The author says that the spraying of dormant trees with oils, especially mineral oils, is one of the more recent developments of insect control, and it has been said by enthusiasts that the application is harmless. He gives examples showing that there are a number of so- called miscible oil preparations on the market the careless use of which is attended with danger, and he summarises his conclusions as follows :— The use of oils or oil preparations on dormant trees has been fol- lowed in several cases by severe injury. Trees, as living organisms, respond to climatic and cultural conditions, and as a consequence their power of resisting penetration and injury by oils undoubtedly varies with the season, and probably with age, from year to year. Since certain weather conditions promote injury by oils, it appears impossible to be sure that deleterious effects may not follow the spraying of dormant trees with an oil preparation. Autumn treatment with oil appears to be more hazardous than spring appli- cations. Other things being equal, the author believes that there is less danger of penetration by oil, and consequent injury, if the appli- cations are made in the spring, shortly before active growth begins, as there is then likely to be greater resistance to the entrance of oil, or more rapid renewal of necessary vital tissues that may be destroyed by it. SHEVIREV (I.). Oviposition in Ichneumon Flies.—J/. R. Micr. Soc., London, pt. 4, Aug. 1913, p. 385. Iv. Shevirev has experimented with Piompla instigator and other species, to which he gave pupae of different sizes, e.g., of Sphinx and of Pieris. If only large pupae are supplied the progeny will be almost wholly female; by supplying only small pupae, the female offspring can be practically eliminated. It appears as if the females, like queen-bees, adjusted the kind of egg laid to the nutritive condi- tions available. In another paper (C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris, lxxiv, 1913, pp. 698-9) the author refers to parthenogenetic females. While the fecundated females lay eggs which develop into both sexes, those laid by virgin females produce males only. In the case of the fecun- dated females, the eggs which produce males are unfertilised eggs. Herrick (G. W.). Control of two Elm-tree pests.—Cornell University, Agric. Exp. Sta., Coll. Agric., Dept. Entom., Ithaca, N.Y., Bull. 333, May 1913, pp. 491-512, 19 figs. The author reports in detail successful operations against the elm leaf-beetle (Galerucella luteola, Miill.), and the elm leaf-miner (Kalvo- sysphinga ulmi, Sund.) Arsenicals were employed against the former pest and ‘“ Blackleaf 40” tobacco extract against the latter. The author recommends that in planting shade trees adjacent streets should be planted with different species, as thus an outbreak of any single pest can be easily checked and controlled. | | , — Gray (G. P.). Analyses of insecticides for users,—University of California, College of Agriculture, Berkeley, Circ. no. 105, Aug. 1913, 7 pp. The California Insecticide Law provides that “the . . . Direc- tory of the Agricultural Experiment Station of the University of California shall, upon the receipt of a sample of the insecticide, accom- panied by a nominal fee of one dollar, furnish to the user of the said com- mercial insecticide, such examination or analysis of the sample as will substantially establish the conformity or non-conformity of the said insecticide to the guarantee under which it is sold.” It is pointed out that a complete analysis will not usually be made, but only such an examination or analysis as will fulfil its object, and also that analysis will not be made for dealers. The great care which is necessary when drawing a sample is specially insisted on. Woopworts (C. W.). The Amended Insecticide Law.—University of California, College of Agriculture, Berkeley, Circ. no. 104, Aug. 1913, 10 pp. This pamphlet gives the full text of the law of 1911 enacted in - California, as it now stands, with footnotes commenting on each of the changes. GeHRMANN (K.). Krankheiten und Schadlinge der Kulturpflanzen auf Samoa, [Diseases and pests of cultivated plants in Samoa. | —Arbeit. k. biol. Anst. Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin, 1x, no. 1, 1913, pp. 1-120. The rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) is the chief insect pest of coconut palms in Samoa. The palm-borer (Rhynchophorus ferru- gimeus) which is found throughout the Indian Archipelago, and also in New Guinea, the leaf-eating coco moth (Levuana iridescens) and the dreaded coco scale-insect (Aspidiotus destructor) are all, at present, absent from Samoa. After discussing at some length the possibilities of combating the rhinoceros beetle, the author gives the instructions issued by the Government in the Straits Settlements and in Singapore in connection with this pest, which may be briefly summarised as follows :—All infested trees are to be burnt or buried, or sunk in water, so that the eggs, larvae, pupae and beetles will be destroyed. Anyone keeping on his land dead coconut palms, etc., which would harbour the beetle, is to be fined: and Government officials shall be allowed to enter gardens and plantations for the purpose of seeing that the instructions are carried out. There seems to be no direct method of combating the pest. The danger for Samoa lies in the fact that the beetle has only recently been introduced ; it is likely, therefore, to multiply considerably, and Samoa offers every condition favourable to its spread. ln ee een een eee eee eee CaRPENTER (G. H.). Injurious Insects and other Animals observed in Ireland during the year 1912.—/icon. Proc. R. Dublin Soc., i, no. 6, Aug. 1913, pp. 79-104, 9 figs, 2 pls. Grubs of the Garden Chafer (Phyllopertha horticola), were received in September from Co. Galway, where it is said that they do the greatest damage to ‘“ second grass.” Rooks were observed to pull up the dead plants in order to get at the grubs. Specimens of the Frit Fly (Osconis frit) were received from Co. Dublin. Turnips, with the sub-globular galls due to the maggots of the Root-gall Weevil (Ceuthor- rhynchus pleurostigma, Marsh.), were received in March from Co. Galway, and in April, from the neighbourhood of Belfast. Cabbage and cauliflower plants were received from Co. Clare, the stems of which were bored by a somewhat large Curculionid grub, not yet identified. _ The injury ultimately kills the plants. The only measure that can be recommended is the removal and burning of the infested plants. Specimens of the Potato-leaf Beetle (Psylliodes affinis) werereceived from Co. Tipperary and Co. Kerry. In Ulster, the Flax Flea-Beetle was very active in 1912; spraying with lead arsenate is suggested. Specimens of small white Annelid worms, of the family Hnchytraeidae, were received from Co. Monaghan, with the statement that they were injuring celery, carrots, parsnips,and onions. They have been identified as Enchytraeus albidus, Henle, which is very common in farmyard manure. Celery roots were sent in February from Co. Down, tunnelled by the maggots of the Carrot Fly (Psila rosae), proving that they can live through a mild winter. One sample of apple shoots sent from Porta- down, was found on 29th May to be infested with Aphis pom, A. sorbi, Psylla mali, and caterpillars of the Winter Moth (Cheimatobira brumata) and of a species of Tortrix. Later on, more Aphis. sorbi were sent from Counties Antrim, Waterford, and Dublin, and Aphis opmi from Waterford and Tipperary. In July an apple shoot especially badly infested by the Woolly Aphis was received from Co. Limerick. The Apple Sucker (Psylla malz) did a vast amount of damage to apple blossoms in May 1912. Specimens of shrivelled buds containing the insects were received from Counties Dublin, Kerry, Armagh, and Tyrone. In some cases the hairy black fly, Bibio marci, was noticed in numbers around the injured blossoms and was wrongfully accused of causing the damage. Specimens of the ruddy Shield Bug, Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale, were sent, in February, 1912, from Co. Cork, where they were sucking the unopened buds of apple trees. From Rathfarnham — specimens of the Clay Vine Weevil (Otiorrhynchus picipes) were re- ceived, with information that the young black-currant bushes were badly damaged ; entire shoots were sometimes devoured. Phyllobius oblongus and P. viridiaereus are recorded as damaging apple foliage. Caterpillars of the Winter Moth (Chewmatobia brumata) were very abundant in many parts of the country, feeding on apple, plum, currant, and gooseberry. Apple shoots disfigured by the webs of the Small Ermine Moth (Hyponomeuta malinellus) were received in April and May from Co. Dublin. Apples bored by the caterpillars of the Codling Moth (Cydia pomonella) came from Co. Clare in June. Cater- pillars of the Common Bell Moth (Tortrix ribeana) were found in May eating apple shoots in Co. Dublin. For their destruction early spray- 9 ing in April with lead arsenate wash is recommended. Apples con- taining larvae of the Apple Sawfly (Hoplocampa testudinea) were _ received from Counties Tyrone, Tipperary and Kildare. The Pear Gall _ Mite, Zriophyes pyri, and the Black Currant Gall Mite, Z. ribis, were ' reported, the former from Co. Dublin, the latter from Co. Kerry. - The acclimatisation in Ireland of the Australian Fern Weevil (Sya- | grius intrudens) is recorded ; ten years ago it was extremely destruc- ' tive to ferns in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, and now it 1s _ breeding in the open. ' Picarp (F.). Sur un Braconide nouveau parasite de Sinozylon sexdentatum, Ol., dans les sarments de vigne, [Onanew Braconid parasite of Sinozylon sexdentatum, O)., on vine shoots. ]—Bull. Soc. Entom., France, Paris, no. 16, 1913, pp. 399-402, 1 fig. Sinoxylon sexdentatum is the most common Bostrychid in the South ' of France ; it is found in vine branches, which it reduces to a state of ' dust. Many enemies of this insect are known; some predaceous, _ such as Histerids, Malachiids, and Clerids; others parasitic, such as | the Acarid, Pediculoides ventricosus, and the Proctotrypid, Cephalono- _ myia formiciformis. The author is the first to record a Braconid parasite of this beetle. The species which he describes is new, viz., Monolexis lavagnei, and was taken in large numbers from S. sexden- _ éatum infesting vines. The insect is not exclusively parasitic upon __ 8S. sexdentatum, but has been found in connection with Scobicia pustu- data, F., and Xylonites praeustus, Germ. It may also attack Scolytids. _ ScHALVINSKY. HenapHbid wenkonpagb 8b JledepAHcKoMS nbCHH- yecTBb. ([Lymantria dispar in the Lebediansk Forest (Govt. of Tambov)]. « Jibcuan #u3Hb uw Xo3sAiictBo» [<< Forest Life and Economy”’|. Published by the Tambov Administration of Agri- culture and State Domains, Tambov, 1913, no. 5, pp. 9-14. The Matiushin estate of the Lebediansk forest has frequently been visited by Lymantria dispar, especially those plots where oak plan- tations are more or less mixed with birch and aspen, and where the _ “tchornosiom ” soil is covered by a rich growth of grass. The age of _ these attacked plots is 40-80 years, the thickness of the trunks from 06 to 08 metre. The insect practically avoids young plantations 7 up to 20 years old, as well as thin plantations or glades. They also seem to avoid light, usually starting to eat the foliage on the windward side and in places where the trees are dense. The larvae emerge from the eggs in the middle of April, and pupation usually begins from the 13th to 26th June. Should there be rain and a change to cold weather, the larvae perish without pupating. The pupae are found on the branches and trunks, and a month later (13th-26th July) the perfect insects appear. The females oviposit in the lower cracks of the bark, laying their eggs in groups of 20-50, and the moths disappear in the middle of August. The author describes the result of destroying the unhatched eggs by scraping, burning, or scattering them. These remedies invariably 10 gave only partial results, as some of the eggs developed even in unfavourable positions. According to Shevirev, L. dispar is seldom dangerous in natural forests, and he recommends fighting the insect only in natural woods growing under unfavourable conditions, or near plantations, nurseries or orchards; in any case, he recommends smearing the egg-masses with naphtha. The author gives an example of the cost of this remedy, which, including peasant women at 20 copeks (5d.) a day, and naphtha, of which about 32 cwt. were used, amounted to about 5d. per acre. On the plots that were most thoroughly treated there were no unhatched eggs. The results showed that in these spots there were practically no caterpillars in the spring of 1912, and no damage to the leaves. In the neighbouring plots, which were not smeared, the insects appeared in more or less large quantities, and would have done great damage if the weather con- ditions had not arrested their development. The author is quite satisfied as to the efficiency of this remedy. BaGRINOVSKy (—.). OT4eTb 0 OoppOb cb BpepHbimM HacbHKOMbIMY Bb Hynukosckomb Jitcuuyects6 TamOoscKnoi ry0. 3a 1912 rob. [Report on the fighting of injurious insects in the Kulikov Forest of the Govt. of Tambov in 1912].— « Jltenaa MU3Hb WM XosAiicTBo» [<< Forest Life and Economy” |.—Tambov, 1913, no. 5, pp. 31-35. As the result of excavations conducted by Prof. I. K. Tarnant in autumn of 1911, he was satisfied that the year 1912 would be a bad year for Melolontha on the Kulikov estate, while on the Demshin estate this was to be expected only on one plot. These expectations proved correct, and the “‘ May beetles ” on the former estate appeared in enormous numbers. The author further describes the collection of the beetles organised on about 13,500 acres of the Kulikov estate, and on 12,000 acres of the Demshin estate, which resulted in the accumulation of 15 tons of insects, for which a sum of £200 was paid ; 964 people, mostly women and children, were engaged in the work, which lasted from the 2nd June to 6th July. The beginning of field and market-garden work, as well as the decrease in the number of flying beetles, led to a gradual diminution in the quantities collected. after the 29th June; the amounts brought in varied from 34 cwt. to 14 cwt. per diem before the 16th June, after which date the daily collections were never more than 268 lb., being only 9 lb. on the 23rd of that month. For each pound of live beetles from 3d. to 1$d. were paid. The procedure adopted was to shake the trees, when the beetles fell down and were collected in bags, etc. The bags containing the insects were put into boiling water, after which they were emptied into deep pits. In order to check the stench produced by the dead bodies of the beetles, the heaps were sprayed over with lime. It is estimated that at least seven and-a-half millions of females were destroyed. Some experiments were also started to test the effect of various insecticides, Paris green, barium chloride, and white arsenic, on young seedlings. Underneath some small oak bushes sprayed with Paris green or barium chloride no dead beetles were found, and the insects evidently avoided these plants. | , 11 ZuirTKov (Gr.). Padotp 1912 r. MawescKaro onbitHaro nbconnyectBa no w3y4eHitO MawcKaro MyKa [Studies on Melolontha in the Fastchevsk experimental forest, Govt. of Tambov, in 1912.}~— « JibcHan u3Hb MW Xo3AiicTBO » [‘ Forest Life and Economy’’ |. —Tambov, 1913, no. 6, pp. 6-17, no. 7, pp. 4-17, and no. 8, pp. 18-25. The Fastchevsk forest was formed principally in order to study the best means of fighting Melolontha, which is the most serious pest of pine forests. In 1912, owing to the cold weather prevailing, the flying of the beetles was noticed only on the 13th May at an air temperature of 1°4°C. (34:5°F.) and a soil temperature of 02°C. (32°3°F.); on the 14th May the temperature fell again, and not until the 19th May, when the weather became definitely warmer, did the flight in great masses begin. The author describes first the results of the collection of beetles en masse; about 564 poods (181 cwt.) of insects were collected and destroyed. For each pound of insects collected five kopeks (14d.) were paid, and on some days as many as 24 ewt. were brought in. Only specimens of Melolontha hippocastane were obtained, in two varieties, one with dark legs and black scutellum (this being in the majority), and another with pale legs and reddish scutellum. No specimens of Melolontha vulgaris were found. With regard to oviposition, observations have shown that the females avoid bare places, though bare fallow is not an absolute protection against oviposition, and that the females dig holes for their eggs in places not exposed to the rays of the sun, the eggs not being able to develop in dry soil. In such exposed places there are no plants, the appearance or smell of which would prevent the female ovipositing near them ; rye alone seemed not to be favoured by them. Experiments conducted to show whether the insects can fly for long distances did not prove conclusive, for no marked beetles were re- captured. The insects are not attracted by light. The author refers to the statement that white alder grown in nurseries will protect them against the insects, but on one plot on which alders were sown in 1910-11, the insects appeared just as usual. Observations are still required as to how the larvae behave towards the roots of alders, and how it is that this tree withstands their attacks. Experiments as to the effect of various insecticides in protecting the roots of trees from the larvae were made, and Paris green, arsenic, barium chloride, naphthalin and tobacco dust proved harmless to the young seedings, except Paris green, when used in a proportion of more than 34 drams in 2°7 gallons of water, and naphthalin in a proportion of 4 lb. or more in the same quantity of water. The plots in which the surface of the roots had been poisoned with these insecticides were afterwards artificially infected with larvae of Melolontha, in one case also those of Serica, but no damage was noticed in the autumn of 1912 ; these experiments are to be repeated in 1913. As to the supposed preventive influence of straw and dry oak leaves, the experiments did not prove conclusive, although they produced no evidence against these remedies. The author is not satisfied that birches ought to be excluded from pine plantations; although they no doubt serve as food for the insects, the same applies also to every young tree with tender leaves :—oak, ash, lime, hazel, and sorb. The author con- 12 tradicts the statement that the collection of the beetles cannot be considered sufficient and effective; he believes that the remedy, if applied, not as an experiment, but on a large scale and everywhere in the Government will yield good results, and that only after several years of such collection will it be possible to judge conclusively as to its efficiency. He further describes the result of digging the earth, in order to ascertain the numbers of eggs, larvae, pupae, and adults wintering in the soil. A table is given showing the result of the examination of 1,625 holes, each one metre square. In July and August the soil was dug out to the depth of 1 metre; in September and October, to a depth of 14-14 metres. It appears from the table that the collection of beetles was by no means useless, the number of eggs and young larvae in those places where collection was practised being generally less than one-third of that in places where no collections where made; though in both cases an equal number of larvae of older stages (not bred in 1912, but before) were found. Keeping the soil fmable decreases the number of larvae; crop-growing on spots where the trees are cut away also gives positive results; in sandy soil the larvae are fewest, next coming pine woods, and then spaces that have been cleared of trees; the heaviest infestation is in soil around deciduous trees ; old trees are preferred by the females to younger ones, if both grow together on the same spot; floods from the river Dvuretchka had no influence on the larvae. The author recommends the digging of holes yearly, and on a large scale, to obtain more reliable informa- tion as to the present and future occurrence of the beetles. In conclusion, the author gives an account of various experiments, from which it appears that the larvae require moisture for their development, perishing in dry soil; that they perish in close, compact soil; that in the presence of food in the soil the larvae move about three inches in 24 hours, while in the absence of food the speed is about four inches; some experiments in a special glass apparatus showed that the insects could move as much as two feet in 24 hours. Further observations of this kind are in progress. K.T. Bpeputenu v Ooppba cb HMMM Bb A bCHMYeCTBAaXb TaMmooBcKon ryO. Bb 1912 r. [Pests and the fighting of them in the forests of the Government of Tambov in 1912].— «JlécHaA +KM3Hb U Xo3nvictBo » [‘ Forest Life and Economy” |—Tambov, 1913, no.7, pp. 25-28. The fighting of injurious insects was conducted in 1912 in sixteen forests of the Government, being chiefly directed against the “ May beetles ” (Melolontha), which are the most widespread and dangerous pests of forests. In nine forests the whole fight was concentrated on the collection and destruction of these beetles, the total quantity of insects destroyed being 25 tons. The insects were mostly killed in boiling water, but in one forest special ovens were dug in the earth. In another forest the beetles were boiled in water to which lime was added, and afterwards used as manure for nurseries for 1913. It was noticed that in one locality where the plantations were eaten totally bare in 1907, the previous flying year, this year they were only partly 13 damaged. The excavations conducted later proved that in mixed forests, plantations of young oak, birch and aspen, suffered only one- third of the injury done in pure oak plantations, when no collections were made in either. As preventive measures against oviposition by the insects, light harrowing of the soil and spraying of tobacco dust in the nurseries were tried. The latter gave no useful result. Apart from Melolontha, operations were also directed against Huproc- tis chrysorrhoea, Lymantria dispar and Lophyrus pini, the larvae of which were collected and destroyed. The larvae of Notodonta trepida __were swept by brooms from the trees and collected afterwards into _ pits. The larvae of Retinia were destroyed by cutting away the branches from the point at which they had started to penetrate, and burning them. Notice of Public Hearing on the Alligator Pear Weevil (Coleop).— Entom. News, Philadelphia, xvix, no. 9, Nov. 1913, p. 416. In an editorial note attention is drawn to a meeting that was to be held at the Agricultural Department, Washington, during November, to discuss the question of establishing a quarantine against avocado seeds and fruits imported into the continental United States. It appears that a dangerous enemy to avocados (alligator pears) known as the avocado weevil (Heilipus laurz) exists in Hawau, Porto Rico, Mexico, and other foreign countries. The weevil lives in the seed of the avocado, and no method is known by which it may be killed without destroying the seed itself. In view of the increase of avocado culture in the United States, especially in California, it is hoped that the nvestigations now being made will lead to the discovery of a method of treatment. SCHNEIDER-ORELII (O.). Der gegenwartige Stand der Reblaus- forschung. [The present state of research upon Phylloxera.|— Schweiz. Zeits. fiir Obst-und Weinbau, Frauenfeld, xxii, no. 21, 10th Nov. 1913, pp. 321-325. This paper gives shortly the work of Borner, which forms a con- tinuation of the researches made recently in Italy and France upon the life-history of the vine louse (Phylloxera vastatriz.) 'The work upon the subject by Marchal and Feytaud is given fully in the “ Revue de Viticulture ” (vol. xi, p. 5). The present paper shows that the winged louse and the gall-louse, in the majority of cases, play no part in the spread of the pest on European vines; and that the wingless root- louse can multiply indefinitely, giving rise to numerous generations without the intervention of a sexual generation, as occurs in American vines. Marcuat (P.). Contribution a 1’étude de la biologie des Chermes. [Contribution to the study of the biology of Chermes.}—Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., Paris, xviii, nos. 3-6, 1913, pp. 153-385, 6 pl., 74 figs. The author has made numerous observations and experiments to ascertain the life-history of four species of Chermes, viz. C. nusslini, 14 C. piceae, C. pim, and C. strobi, the host tree of the first two being the fir, and of the last two, the pine. As regards C. nusslini, the author finds that it undergoes an alternation of hosts between Picea orrentalis (not P. excelsa, as had been held before) and Abies ; while C. piceae, which until recently was taken to be the same as C. nusslini, passes its whole life-cycle on Abies. Chermes pint was thought to reproduce indefinitely by parthenogenesis on the pine; but sexual reproduction taking place on Picea excelsa, has been discovered by Cholodkovsky. Galls of a species of Chermes, now thought to be C. pini, have been found on Picea orientalis in the south of Europe; recently, in the neighbourhood of Paris where P. orzentalis is abundant, the author was able to trace the sexual generation of C. pinz on this tree. C. strobi, which has been imported from America, multiplies in Europe ex- clusively by parthenogenesis. Bentiey (G. M.). Bee-keeping in Tennessee.—Tennessee State Board Entom., Knoxville, Bull. no. 9, June 1913, 64 pp., 56 figs., 2 sketch maps. This booklet deals very completely with bee-keeping in Tennessee. Bee-moth is stated to be the chief of the troubles of the bee-keeper, which, in diminishing degree of importance, comprise paralysis, foul- brood, ants, cockroaches, toads, mice, and birds. The presence of bee-moth implies carelessness, for it never attacks a strong vigorous colony. GILLETTE (C. P.) and WeLpon (G. P.). The fruit tree leaf-roller in Colorado, Fourth Annual Report of the State Entomologist of Colorado, Fort Collins, Colorado, Cire. no. 7, Sept. 1913, pp. 30-67, 9 figs. The female moth (Archips argyrospila, Walk.) deposits her eggs in compact oval clusters of from twenty-five to more than one hundred. The first larvae emerge with the bursting of the apple leaf buds, and when the blossom buds begin to show their pink colour the eggs are nearly all hatched. The apple is chiefly attacked. Plum, cherry, and pear trees suffer less, and the peach is practically immune; but when food is scarce the larvae will attack any green foliage. The history of the leaf-roller in the Cayion City Section is then given by A. S. Taylor. First noticed in the spring of 1908, its ravages rapidly increased, and according to data available in August 1912, the crop on the south side of the river was damaged fully 85 per cent. The north side promised nearly a full crop, but was found to be badly damaged at picking time. The eggs were not destroyed by very strong solutions of lime and sulphur used in 1910 and 1911; 7 lb. of lead arsenate in 100 gallons of water could not save the fruit, though it saved some of the foliage; miscible oil seems to have solved this serious problem at last. The main report then continues with a comprehensive list of in- secticides, tables of the insectary experiments carried out with them, and detailed notes to supplement the tables. These experiments resulted in the following conclusions :— 15 (1) Leaf-roller eggs possess a remarkable resistance to injury by _ practically all well-known contact sprays; (2) lime and sulphur preparations, either home-prepared or of commercial manufacture, _ give little, if any, benefit, even when used in excessive strengths ; _ (8) kerosene emulsion containing 16% per cent. oil, or more, usually _ kills the eggs, but under certain conditions, which cannot be _ explained, higher strengths may fail to do so; on the other hand, a _ weaker strength will often do the work well; (4) a thick coating with _ a lime whitewash will keep the larvae from emerging from the eggs ; it must be sufficient to cover the surface of the egg-mass entirely ; _ (5) “ Black Leaf 40,” “‘ Nicofume,” and other tobacco preparations, _ used alone or with soap, were of no value ; (6) strong arsenical sprays _ used to coat the egg-masses may be of some benefit, but probably not enough to justify their use; (7) whale-oil soap, lye, corrosive ‘sublimate, Cooper’s ‘“‘V. Tree Spray,” ‘‘ Aphine,” and hydrocyanic acid gas gave little or no protection. Abundant notes of orchard experiments follow. From them the authors conclude that :— (1) The leaf-roller eggs may be killed by a very thorough spraying with a soluble oil while the trees are dormant; this spray should probably be applied prior to, but as near hatching time of the eggs as possible; (2) very careful and heavy spraying with arsenicals _ early in the season will result in almost complete control; the first _ application should be made shortly after the eggs begin to hatch, | which will be when the first green foliage is showing on the trees, and the second as soon as the blossom buds have separated in the clusters ; a blossom spray is, in all probability, not necessary, and is dangerous, in that it poisons the bees; (3) “Black Leaf 40” care- fully and thoroughly applied about the same dates as the first two sprayings with arsenicals, will give good results; (4) a mixed spray _ of ‘“ Black Leaf 40” and lead arsenate is little more satisfactory than | either one of the insecticides used alone; furthermore, the cost of _ such spray would be too great for practical purposes; (5) 3 lb. lead _ arsenate to 50 gals. of water is sufficient for successful control, and _ there is no advantage to be derived from mixing Paris green with it, _ as many have done; (6) not less than ten gallons of spray, on an _ average, should be applied to trees from twelve to twenty years of _ age; very large trees may require even more; (7) failure to control _ this pest with arsenicals has been due in most cases either to a failure _ to spray early enough and at the correct time, or to put enough of _ the liquid on the trees. : f u Moore (H. W. B.). The Planters’ Inseet Friends —Timehri, Jl. R. Agric. Comm, Soc. Brit. Guiana, iii, no. 1, Sept. 1913, pp. 35-42. An account of the insect pests which attack sugar-cane in British Guiana and the various parasites which prey upon them. A paper on the same subject by Mr. G. E. Bodkin has recently been noticed in this Review (vol. i, ser. A, p. 139). 16 BartTHou (—.). Les Ennemis du Framboisier. [Enemies of the . raspberry cane.|—Momniteur d’ Horticulture, Paris, xxxvii, no. 21, 10th Nov. 1913, pp. 248-249. . | The stem of the raspberry is frequently attacked by the daddy-long- legs (Tipula oleracea). The larva, known as the leather jacket, devours the stem not only of raspberry canes, but of strawberries, vegetables and flowers. Carbon bisulphide may be used as a remedy, also gas- lime. The best method is said to be to collect the larvae in the neigh- bourhood of the plant. This should be done in the early morning when they come out to feed. Spraying with water and gas-oil emulsion = effectual, but it has the disadvantage of destroying the leaves of the plant. Another insect attacking the raspberry is Lasioptera obfuscata, Macq., which produces galls on the stems, full of reddish-coloured larvae. The remedy is to cut off and burn the excrescences. The leaves are often attacked by the caterpillars of Polia oleracea, L. The canes should be sprayed at their base with a concentrated solution of sulpho-carbonate of potassium ; a trial spray must be made first to ensure that the concentration is not such as to harm the plant. Moreau (L.) & Vinet (E.). Au sujet de l’emploi des piéges 4 vin pour eapturer les papillons dela Cochylis. [On the use of wine-traps for capturing Clysia ambiguella.|—C. R. Acad. Sci., Paris, clvu, no. 23, 8th Dec. 1913, 1158-1160. The traps consist of simple glasses, 8 cms. (3:2 inches) deep and 6 cms. (2°4 inches) in diameter at the orifice. They are provided with a plate of glass 9 x 12 cms., which forms a roof, and which is held above by a piece of iron wire, which serves also to suspend the traps between the vine plants. The liquid consists of wine lees, to which is added vinegar, one part to ten of wine. The glasses are three-quarters filled. — The capture of the moths of Clysia by means of these traps is influenced — by atmospheric conditions, and does not give, according to the writers, satisfactory results, in spite of the numbers, which show that 2,289 moths were caught in thirty-one traps. It does not appear to constitute a sufficient means of control, and can only be regarded as complementary to other methods. | aes THompson (W.R.). Sur la spécificité des Parasites Entomophages. [On the specialised habits of parasites of insects. |—C. R. hebd. Soc. Biol., Paris, xxv, no. 35, 12th Dec. 1913, pp. 520-521. The operation of parasites in keeping harmful insects under control has been a considerable asset to agriculturists during the past few years. There is a tendency, however, to attribute to particular parasites too great a power of becoming acclimatised to new surround- ings into which they have been artificially introduced, and the author points out that parasites are often sharply restricted to particular hosts. Also, since many undergo an alternation of hosts, the intro- duction of such parasites into new countries becomes still more complicated. iy The author cites a case of two closely allied weevils, which are parasitised by different insects; these are Hypera postica, Gyl., and H. punctata, ¥. The former is infested by several parasites, among which nine are frequent and easily distinguished ; three attack the eggs and six (including a fungus) the larvae and pupae. Hypera punctata, on the contrary, is only parasitised by three species, even when it is in the same fields as H. postica; these three are a Mymarid egg-parasite, a fungus, and an Ichneumon parasite of the larvae. The first two are also parasitic upon H. postica; the last is a specific parasite of H. punctata. GIRAULT (A. A.). Notes on a Plague of Locusts in North Queensland, and its Relation to Sugar Cane.—Socretas Entomologica, Stuttgart, xxvii, nos. 11 & 12, 3lst May and 14th June, 1913, pp. 45-46, 49-50. Between January and June, 1912, the author made a series of observations upon the locust (Locusta danica) in North Queensland. In January adult specimens were observed in swarms, apparently attracted by the lights in houses. Later in the month, at Innisfail, from the bank of the Johnstone river, quite a large progressive flight was witnessed ; in an adjacent sugar plantation most of the plants withered on the next day, the leaves having been stripped of their mid- ribs. In February, the young were noticed, and at the same time many dead adults, mostly females, were found. These were found while ovipositing, with their abdomens half-buried in the earth. These adults were no doubt the last of the migrating swarms observed in January. In March the adults of the first generation were very abundant, and also all larval stages, but in April all had reached maturity. At this time injury to cane was noticeable and rather extensive. In April, eggs of some locust, probably those of L. danica, were found, and an egg-parasite (Scelzo ovi, Girault M.S.) was reared from them. Later, this parasite, together with another species (Scelio australis, Froggatt), known to be parasitic upon the eggs of L. australis, _ was found in company with the locusts. In May and June, L. danica were rare, although larvae of australis were seen in colonies. Marcuat (P.). Contribution 4 l’etude de la biologie du Puceron noir de la Betterave. [Contribution to the study of the biology of the Black Aphis of Beetroot.|—C. R. hebd. dz l Acad. des Sciences, Paris, clvu, no. 22, Ist Dec. 1913, pp. 1092-1094. The life-history and occurrence of Aphis ewonymi have been given by Mordwilko. He was of the opinion that this insect, which causes extensive damage to beetroot plantations, had two plant hosts during its life-cycle—the beetroot and Viburnum opulus, L. or Euonymus europaeus, L., and that by destroying the latter trees in the neighbour- hood of beet plantations, the pest could be got rid of. The present author has made further observations at Orleans and at St. Germain- des-Prés, and has found that there are yet other alternative hosts besides the two mentioned above, viz., Fusain de Japon, Rumez, Chenopodium and other wild plants, so that destroying the Viburnum or Euonymus is by no means a sufticient remedy. Moreover, the (C1.) B 18 author found that in certain cases the insect may complete its life- cycle on one or other of its hosts alone, so that although the pest may be reduced by destroying one of the host plants, it will not necessarily be exterminated altogether. Jarvis (H.). Notes on the Bean Fly (Agromyza phaseoli).—Queens- land Agric. Jl., Brisbane, Feb. 1913, pp. 124-125, & Mar. 1913, pp. 192-195, 2 pl. French beans in Southern Queensland are subject to the attack of the bean fly, which is widely distributed in the Colony and does con- siderable damage. The female oviposits in the leaf, and the larva, when hatched, tunnels its way towards the leaf-stalk ; pupation takes place in the swollen bases of the leaf-stalks. Two small hymenopterous insects have been bred from the bean fly in sufficient numbers to suggest that they are doing considerable control work. Regarding artificial remedies, it is recommended to grow a small crop of Canadian Wonder beans to meet the first brood of flies ; if found to be harbouring grubs they should be pulled up and burned without delay. All old bean plants that have ceased to be profitable should be rooted up and burned. The stems may be protected by earthing them up. It has been said that good results have been derived from growing beans in a shallow trench and applying to the soil, so as not to touch the plants, whitewash made from acetylene refuse [see this Review, ser. A, i, p. 191,] or lime slaked with water containing carbolic acid. Jarvis (E.). Pumpkin Beetles and how to destroy them.—Queensland Agree. Jl., Brisbane, May 1913, pp. 326-333, 2 pl. Cucurbitaceous plants, which would otherwise do exceedingly well in Southern Queensland, are subject to the attacks of insect enemies, which devour the foliage and flowers and frequently kill both seed- Imgs and young plants. The worst of these insects is the Banded Pumpkin Beetle, erroneously called the “‘ Pumpkin Ladybird ” (Aulacophora oliviert, Guérin). Although especially partial to the leaves and flowers of cucurbits, they are found on other trees and shrubs, and doubtless have a wide range of food-plants. In 1908 they were recorded as having seriously damaged ripe cherries in New South Wales. They have also been known to destroy apples by biting through the stalks of the young fruit and causing them to fall. At times they are present in thousands on a single pumpkin plant, a fact not to be attributed, according to the author, to gregarious habits, but to the conspicuous colouring of the beetle itself, which would attract others of its kind. The pest has been recorded in Queensland from various localities in the districts of East Moreton, Wide Bay, Burnett, Darling Downs, Port Curtis, Cook, Warrego, Leichardt, and Burke. In 1907 it was especially harmful in Southern Queensland during November ; but the most serious outbreak occurred two years later, when the insect did enormous damage over a wide area of the State. The eggs, which are yellow and large enough to be plainly visible, are laid on the surface of damp soil or immediately under it among 19 grass, roots, etc. The egg stage occupies from nine to ten days, the larval stage forty-one days (from 14th March to 24th April). The pupal stage is passed in the soil in an egg-shaped chamber excavated by the larvae at depths varying from one to three inches. Shortly before pupation the larvae are found to be tunnelling the bases of the leaf-stalks and boring the main stem. Various remedial measures are suggested. The protection of the young plant is very important, as at this stage it is liable, in a few hours, to be greatly injured or even killed by a single beetle. They may be protected by covering them with mosquito-netting until they have begun to grow vigorously. Such covers can be supported by pieces of fencing-wire, bent to the shape of half circles, or more simply by a few short sticks stuck into the ground. The edge of the netting should rest on the earth, and be covered with a layer of soil to prevent dis- placement by wind, and to stop the beetles from crawling under it. A piece of crumpled paper hung over a young plant and supported by astick driven into the ground at an angle, is asserted to keep the insects off by its movements in the wind. Plants should be system- atically examined in the spring, and any beetles found should be killed by hand-picking. Among chemical substances which may be applied to deter the insects are mentioned the following :—(a) refuse of acetylene gas manufacture ; (b) ammoniacal gas water ; (c) plaster or lime impregnated with turpentine, kerosene or phenyl; (d) tobacco dust ; and (e) Vaporite Strawson, “‘ aperite,” or other such substance containing naphthalene. These in each case should be sprinkled on the ground around the growing plant, but away from the stem, and only in such amount as to bestow a marked odour upon it. The following poisons have been advocated from time to time, and have proved more or less serviceable :—(a) spraying the leaves with lead arsenate (1 lb.) or Paris green and lime (4 lb. of the arsenical to $ lb. lime) in every 50 gals. water ; (b) dusting the foliage with Paris green (1 lb.) mixed with flour or road dust (20 lb.) or with flowers of sulphur (one part) and lime (three parts). | When the insects occur in large numbers, it is recommended to shake them from the foliage into shallow pans containing a little water and kerosene. This method is best practised in the early morning or during a spell of cold weather, when the beetles are inactive and less inclined to fly. In some cases the covering of young seedlings could be avoided by raising the plants in cold frames, so as to get them transplanted and well established before the first beetles appear. Old plants should be pulled up to avoid any possibility of the roots affording food for the _ larvae. Other species recorded as damaging cucurbitaceous plants are the Plain Pumpkin Beetle (Aulacophora wilsoni, Baly), the Northern Banded Pumpkin Beetle (A. cartereti, Guérin), and the 28-spotted Ladybird Beetle (Epilachna 28-punctata, Fabr.) The remedial measures given for A. olivizri apply equally to these insects. (C1.) B2 20 Insects injurious to Papaw Apples in Queensland.— Agric. JI., Brisbane, July 1913, pp. 33-35. The following observations were made during July 1913, on insect injury to papaws :— | In West Cleveland a number of orchards were visited, all showing signs of injury ; fine trees had their top leaves drooping and dead, or the main stems defoliated, and carrying a few small discoloured fruits clinging to the blackened crowns. An examination revealed the injury to be due to the presence of the larvae of Dichocrocis punctiferalis, which had bored into the main stem, leaf-stalks and fruit. The same species was further discovered to be injuring oranges and bananas. The egg is deposited on the leaf-stalk near its point of junction with the main stem, or more rarely on the small fruits. The larva, when hatched, penetrates the hollow stalk and after feeding for a time on its succulent base, bores into the crown, in which it remains until ready to pupate. Remedial measures must be of a preventive nature, as it is too late to do much good after the larvae have entered the leaves or main stem. The unprofitable food-plants of the species should be destroyed in the vicinity of the orchard, but on the other hand they should be encouraged in other parts. Spraying papaws with arsenate of lead (1 lb. to 50 gals. water) would poison newly-hatched larvae attempting to enter the plant; this should be done just before the eggs are laid, and directed principally against the early broods. All infested fruit such as peaches, etc., should be gathered and destroyed. The food-plants of the insect already recorded are the peach, papaw, orange, loquat, guava, custard apple, granadilla, banana, millet, maize, cassia, senna bean, Canavallia indica, dahlia, and castor-oil plant. Annual Report of the Bee-Keepers’ Association of the Province of Ontario, 1912.—Ontaria Dept. Agric., Toronto, 1913, pp. 72. The various papers read at the annual meeting on November 13th, 14th and 15th, 1912, include such subjects as Federal Legislation regarding bee diseases ; inspection of apiaries in Ontario; manage- ment of outlying apiaries ; moving outfit on motor truck ; preparing bees for outdoor wintering ; cellar wintering and spring management ; bees, poultry, and fruit; bee-breeding. - FuLnaway (D. T.). A New Species of Mealy-bug Parasite (Aphycus terryt)—Proc. Hawanan Entom. Soc. 1911-1912, Honolulu, i, no. 5, July 1913, p. 281. The new parasite described was bred from Pseudococcus saccharifolia at Olowalu and Hana, Maui, by F. W. Terry, June 1909, and at Hilo, Hawaii, August 1912, by O. H. Swezey. Witson (H. F.). Combination sprays and recent insecticide investiga- tions.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N3S., 1913s. 711, Details and results of spraying experiments are given in this paper. ao 2 ear SY Le 21 The author states that the factors which led to the study of the sub- ject are :—(1) It is the most important problem before the farmers and fruit-growers of to-day; (2) for some one or more reasons not clear to us, our knowledge of sprays and their effects is very unsatis- factory ; (3) while our commercial insecticides are more or less stable under certain ideal conditions, the results obtained from their use are too variable for us to make definite regulations ; (4) the economy of spraying and the numerous new sprays on the market at the present time demand an entirely new investigation of the subject. The results are summarised as follows :—Arsenite of zinc acts more quickly, and remains in suspension better than arsenate of lead, acid or non-acid ; acid arsenate of lead was superior in these respects to the non-acid; the non-acid is slow, but finally kills; lime-sulphur did not prove of much value as a stomach poison, and when mixed with arsenicals seems to retard their action; lime-sulphur probably acts as a repellent to biting insects as Bordeaux mixture does against the potato flea-beetle ; very young caterpillars placed on twigs which had been sprayed with lime-sulphur did not feed, and eventually died ; half-grown larvae did feed to some extent, and when transferred to unsprayed twigs developed normally. Winstow (R. M.). The Economie side of Pest-Control.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N.S., 1913, pp. 17-21. For the Province, expenditure on the control of pests for 1913 is estimated at 21,000 dollars for material, 20,000 for application, and 12,500 for 25 per cent. of equipment costs. The paper also embodies a report on the cost of manufacturing hme-sulphur at Okanagan. With material at wholesale prices and freight at car-load rates, the commercial article delivered at Okanagan Points costs about £2 7s. per 40 gallon barrel of 625 Ibs. Provided the same conditions obtain, the cost of manufacturing at Okanagan is about £1 0s. 10d. When buying material in less than car-load lots it would rise to £1 8s. 10d. approximately. There would be, in addition, the cost of a hydrometer (4s. 2d.); and the first cost of the boiling plant, which on a one-barrel scale need not be over £2 9s. 5d., and might be kept as low as 12s. 6d. or 16s. 8d. The product should test about 20° Beaumé, that is, not quite so strong as the commercial one which tests 324° Beaumé. Under proper conditions several dollars per barrel might be saved; but on the small scale, especially with inexperience, the saving would be more apparent than real. TREHERNE (R.C.). Methods of taking insect records in the field. —Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N.S., 1913, pp. 21-24. Without claiming originality, the author puts forward several suggestions he has found useful. To determine percentage of infes- tation : select 5 typical locations in the field to be examined, and from them a typical row, tree, or plant to be inspected. Then count 50 plants, buds, fruit, or leaves, as desired, and examine carefully for 22 injury. Then the total number of injurious marks, divided by the total number of objects examined, multiplied by 100, gives the per- centage of infestation. If it is wished to follow the observations by others during the same season, to observe the progress of infestation, stakes or markers should be used, so that the same area or ground is covered each time. Tables are given for estimating egg, larval, or adult abundance to an acre, and for making estimates on nursery stock rows, gooseberries, currants, raspberries, or such like bush-fruits, and for use with trees set on the square-planting plan, corn-hills and tomato plants. These methods may prove of practical use to the working field inspector. RuuMAN (M. H.). The importance of Economic Entomology as a Subject of Education.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N.S., 1913, pp. 27-28. It is stated that 50 per cent. of the insect pests of the United States are introduced species. The very rigid inspection of nursery stock, plants, and fruit enforced in Canada, makes it almost impossible for insect pests to be introduced through these channels, but the trades- man may leave the packing material of imported products lying about, and farmers and fruit-growers do likewise. Most of the latter have not the elementary knowledge and power of observation to make the best use of the advice now obtainable concerning the control of pests. Day (G. O.). President’s Address.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N.S., 1913, pp. 29-30. Stress is laid on the importance of Systematic Entomology in this address, the speaker pleading for the amalgamation of the economic and systematic sides of the subject. PatMeER (L. L.). Some problems in Aphis-control.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N.S., 1913, pp. 31-34. There is not a single operation in the proper care of orchards that may not influence the fruit produced, and no fruit-grower can afford to allow any insect pest which, directly or indirectly, injures the quality of the product, to go uncontrolled. If the cost of production is too high, the grower must reduce it, not by neglect of any single operation, but by making one operation aid another, by more thorough work in fewer operations. In dealing with orchards infested with woolly and green apple-aphis and scale insects, it is possible to work so thoroughly as to kill the one which is doing the most damage, or the two which are of greatest economic importance, and also very effectu- ally check the third. For instance, a spray of 1 part concentrated lime-sulphur in 9 parts water, with the addition of 1 part Black Leaf 40 to every 800 parts of solution, applied with a power sprayer and a pressure of at least 175 lb., previous to the opening of the leaf-buds im early spring, should kill all over-winter woolly aphis above ground, as well as oyster-shell scale, when thoroughly brought in contact with Sa eae — 7 23 the insects; but it will not destroy all the green apple-aphis eggs. For green apple-aphis 1 part lime-sulphur concentrate in 30 parts water, with | part Black Leaf 40 to every 900 parts solution, should be applied after the leaf-buds have just opened, and will effectually kill the greater part. An application of a 15 per cent. solution of kerosene emulsion, or Black Leaf 40,1 part to 900, about the 10th to 15th of September, in Vernon District, will free the tree-tops of woolly ' apple-aphis previous to the appearance of the winged viviparous females, which probably migrate to other host plants, beyond control. Furthermore, the author recommends ploughing a furrow on each side of the trees in the spring or early autumn. A man follows up, and with a large digger hoe, or shovel, exposes as much of crown and roots as possible within a 4-foot radius of the tree ; then sprays thor- oughly with kerosene emulsion, forcing the spray well into the soil about the crown and base of the tree. As the ploughing is necessary every other year, advantage is thus taken of it to make the spraying more effective. Again, by arranging to prune the trees from 1 to 4 years old in late winter or early spring, the shining black eggs of the green apple-aphis are then easily seen, and can be clipped off in the regular pruning operation. By pruning in late winter the exposure of immature wood to the cold winter weather is also avoided. Lyne (W. H.). Two injurious insects of economic importance attacking peach, apricot, and plum trees.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N.S., 1913, pp. 34-36. ~The method of control adopted for the peach twig-borer (Anarsia lineatella) consists of winter spraying with lime-sulphur 1-10, just as the buds are opening, and arsenate of lead 3 lb. to 50 galls. of water when the new growth starts. To protect the fruit from the second brood of larvae, use the arsenate spray just about the time the moths begin to fly—by the middle of July in British Columbia. In dealing with the peach root-borer (Sanninoidea exitiosa, opalescens) it is best to cut the larvae out about the end of June before they pupate. Be- fore replacing the earth round the tree the following wash should be _ applied :—1 part lime-sulphur to 6 parts water, with enough fresh- slaked lime to thicken 5 gallons of the mixture to a good thick paint ; into this stir thoroughly 4 lb. whale-oil soap and + pint carbolic acid or 1 lb. coal tar. When the paint has had time to dry on the trees, replace the earth, banking up 4 or 5 inches. This wash will also pro- tect from fungous rot, etc., besides making it very difficult for the young larvae to penetrate. To save cutting, fumigation of the roots with carbon bisulphide has been resorted to, but is not popular, as there is danger of killing the tree. The peach root-borer is a most injurious pest, on account of its deadly work being done unseen in the most vital part. Its presence is often not suspected until the tree dies, after the crown of the roots has been successfully girdled. Mipp.eron (M. S.). Cutworms and their control.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N.S., 1913, pp. 36-37, It would seem that epidemics of insect pests are followed by periods of comparative rest, due almost wholly to parasitic control. The 24 latter is considered to have checked the epidemic of cutworms pre- valent in 1912 in the Kootenay, for but little damage resulted in 1913. The pests injured nearly every cultivated plant, including green grain. Vegetable gardens and orchards suffered most, while they were very destructive in cabbage, turnips, and tomato fields, and damaged strawberry beds extensively. The most common varieties are the red-backed (Paragrotis ochrogaster), the greasy (Agrotis ypsilon), the variegated (Peridroma saucia, Lycophotia margaritosa), and the zebra caterpillars (Mamestra canadensis, Polia nevadae). The Canadian hst might be extended to include the following :—yellow-headed (Hadena arctica, Aplectoides speciosa), spotted (Noctua c-nigrum), brown (Nephelades minians), W-marked (Noctua clandestina, unicolor), common striped (Huxoatessellata), whiteclimbing (Carneades[Lycophotia] scandens), spotted legged (Porosagrotis vetusta), and dingy (Feliza subgothica). Poison bait is possibly the best all-round material for control. Use 1 lb. Paris green, 50 lb. bran, about 3 |b. sugar. First moisten the bran a little, then add the Paris green and mix well, then add the sugar as sweetened water. The bait should be considerably sweeter than the plants the larvae are feeding on. About 25-50 Ib. should suffice for an acre of vegetables and fruit. Fruit trees only will require much less. Keep the mixture well away from the trees or plants to prevent them from being injured. Tanglefoot has given good results in the case of fruit trees and larger plants, and banding with cotton batten is also useful. Running chickens are very effec- tive in an orchard. Cultivation methods assist considerably. Cover crops left over winter as a protection harbour the larvae, the eggs of which might be destroyed if the sowing of the crop were delayed a little to allow of this. Taytor (L. E.). Eeonomie Ornithology.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N.S., 1913, pp. 37-41. The author summarises his remarks by stating that there is a chance of imported birds becoming a pest and upsetting the balance of nature, and that scientific societies should protest against permission being granted for the introduction of any exotic birds into the country, either from aesthetic or economic considerations. At the close of the ensuing discussion it was moved and seconded, “ That this Society, in view of recent researches into the economic value of introduced birds in other countries, disapproves of the practice of granting per- mits for the introduction of any exotic birds into this province.” This was carried unanimously. Swaine (J. M.). The economic importanee of Canadian Ipidae [Scolytidae.|—Proc. Entom. Soc. Br. Columbia, Victoria, B.C., no. 3, N.S., 1913, pp. 41-43. The genus Dendroctonus contains a number of species most injurious to conifers; D. piceaperda, Hopk., has killed an immense amount of the finest spruce timber in Maine and New Brunswick. JD. valens, Lec., is commonly found in dying bark of spruce and pine logs, and not rarely is the primary cause of the death of the trees. In British 25 Columbia it is assisting D. brevicomis in killing bull-pine. An un- described species of Dendroctonus breeds in the fire-injured timber of Manitoba, and has killed jack-pine, mostly near the burns. D. simplex breeds in dying larch-bark from Manitoba eastward, and apparently kills many trees weakened by the larch sawfly. Another undescribed Dendroctonus, assisted by species of the genus Ips (Tomicus), is apparently killing much white spruce along the Athabaska river. D. pseudotsugae, Hopk., everywhere kills injured and weakened trees, and frequently much green timber. D. monticolae, Hopk., has killed many western white pines (Pinus monticola) in the Sugar Lake region of British Columbia, and the outbreak is still spreading. It also kills the black pine there. D. engelmanni, D. borealis, D. murrayanae, and D. obesies are variably destructive to spruce and pine in the Province. Many species of genus Ips (Tomicus) are abundant in dying bark of pine, spruce, and larch. They are mostly secondary enemies, seldom attacking green timber. Some species, however, are injurious to pine and spruce in British Columbia and Alberta, and Ips balsameus, Lec., is a serious enemy to balsam fir throughout Ontario, Quebec, and New Brunswick, also injuring larch to a lesser degree. Polygraphus rufipennis, Kirby, and allied undescribed forms are everywhere im- portant secondary enemies to pine, spruce, and larch. Several species of Phloeosinus are locally injurious to cedars. Certain twig-beetles of the genus Pityophthorus at times become sufficiently numerous to check and, rarely, kill the infested trees. Such injury was abundant on jack-pine in northern Ontario, and bull-pine in British Columbia. Belonging to this group are the peach-tree bark-beetle (Phloeotribus liminaris) and the fruit-tree bark-beetle (Hccoptogaster rugulosus) which are important pests in southern Ontario, and the former breeds also in the wild cherry in Quebec Province. The clover bark-beetle (Hylastinus obscurus, Marsh.) is injurious to red mammoth, alsike and crimson clovers in parts of Quebec and Ontario. The deciduous trees of Canadian forests suffer less from this family. Ambrosia- beetles, do not, as a rule, attack sound timber; in British Columbia their injury is only noticed in felled timber left out of water, or in fire- injured trees. P. F. Die Bekampfung des Heu- und Sauerwurms mit Nikotin wahrend des Jahres 1913. [The use of nicotin against the vine moth in 1913.|-—Luxemburger Weinzeitung, Grevenmacher, 1, no. 29, Ist Nov. 1913, pp. 499-506. A Bordeaux mixture was used, and to it were added 14 parts soap jelly and 14 parts of Evert’s tobacco extract (10%) per 100 parts spray. Eight reports were dealt with. Three stated there was no foreign _ taste in the must, two reported a bad taste, and the remaining three avery bad one. Too strong a percentage of nicotin (4%), and in one case the admixture of casein, are supposed to account for this. Several experimenters suggested that the copper was the cause and not the nicotin. Particular stress is laid on the fact that the successful use of poisons can only be expected when the vineyard is at the same time efficiently protected against Oidiwm and Peronospora. Nicotin is most advantageously employed when the flight of the moths is at its height. 26 Spraying must be carefully and thoroughly carried out, otherwise it is | best not to incur a useless outlay. Nicotin will keep for years if packed in air-tight containers. Wituiams (B. 8.). Hadena oleracea destructive to Tomatoes.—Ento- mologist, London, xlvi, Dec. 1913, p. 333. In a short note, attention is drawn to the fact that Polia (Hadena) oleracea, L., has done great injury to tomatoes all over England. The only remedy seems to be to collect the larvae by hand, and to take off the top layer of soil, when the insects are in the pupal stage, and burn it, both of which processes involve considerable labour. Being under glass, the insects are protected from birds, and apparently from parasites also. Fumigation had not been tried. FRIEDRICHS (K.). Ueber den gegenwartigen Stand des Bekamfung des Nashornkafers (Oryctes rhinoceros, L.) in Samoa. [On the present state of the campaign against the Rhinoceros Beetle in Samoa.|—Der Tropenpflanzer, Berlin, xvii, nos. 10, 11, 12, Oct.- Nov.-Dec. 1913, pp. 538-558, 603-619, 660-675, 19 figs., 2 sketch-maps. The prosperity of Samoa is so largely dependent on the coconut palm that the control of the Rhinoceros Beetle constitutes a problem of the very highest importance. Where the Government has taken immediate and energetic measures, the pest has been reduced, but on the whole there has been an increase. The planting district around Apia has suffered most, as the beetle has undisturbed opportunities for breeding in the cacao and Hevea plantations. and the coconut palms being there comparatively few in number, serve as an attraction for countless beetles. The coast belt, being owned mostly by natives, who prosecute weekly searches, does not suffer so much. The direction in which the pest spreads is generally determined by the prevailing wind. It was introduced with Hevea plants brought to Apia from Ceylon, and traces of its ravages were first noticed in 1910. On the east coast the damage is not very apparent, but the trade winds on the west coast have caused a rapid spread. The bush palm (Cyphokentia samoensis, Warb.) also provides the insects with food, but it is not feasible to combat the pest in the bush. Protection of the Palms. Vosseler says that coarse-grained sand keeps off the beetle. This may be useful in the angles of the leaves, but does not protect the yet unopened leaves, which suffer most. Labour charges would also be heavy, as it is necessary to climb the palms in order to apply the sand. The tropical rains will also soon wash it away; experiments are being made with tar, as a protection for the young leaves, but it seems possible that it may prove injurious to the plants. Should a mixture of tar (3) and petroleum (4) reach the growing point through a bore-hole, it will kill the palm. Though this mixture was considered to be excellent by a local planter, the author saw numerous trees destroyed in this way on one plantation. It has not yet been ascertained if tar alone acts in this way. 27 Control by Collection. In the early morning, workers provided with a metal case and heavy knife search all rotten wood, heaps of leaves, etc:, which may harbour the beetles. Every native must bring in a minimum number fixed by the village chief. About 9 o’clock the count is made and destruction effected by fire or boiling water. At the present time this collecting is the most efficacious measure. But _ the natives often render it illusory, either by gathering in special _ likely places instead of on their own plantations, or by robbing the trap _ heaps got together by the Government workers. Also they probably breed beetles for the purpose. But in spite of this, collecting remains a valuable aid. Decoy Methods. Light has been used, but without much success. The author thinks it is only useful as an aid to other decoy methods. He has also experimented with toddy, but cannot report favourably _ on its usefulness as a means of attracting the beetles. Trap heaps were employed as soon as the pest appeared, and much money was expended on them. Groups of 10 to 20 natives, under _ white supervision, erect heaps of old wood (especially pieces of palm trunk), leaves (especially of the banana), and earth. The lower part of the pile is in a trough, the upper part stands above the soil level. The total height is about 20 inches, generally less. Smaller heaps composed of leaves only have been used, but are being abandoned, as the natives turn them over. Cacao pods are buried in some planta- tions and make good traps. The heaps are turned over every six or eight weeks. This frequent search ensures the discovery of nearly every larva. Both females and males are found in these heaps; of 1,000 captured beetles 566 were females and 434 males, but the pro- portion varies considerably. At present there are about 600 heaps, and in 1912, 11,300 beetles, 220 pupae, nearly 776,000 larvae and over 180,000 eggs were collected. In round figures, about a million pests were caught at a cost of 28,000 marks (£1,400), which works out at a little over 1 farthing each. The author is of opinion that at present this method is as useful and as necessary as in the past. It has been shown that the applica- tion of carbon bisulphide to the heaps is effective, and the poison need only be used every 3 months; the cost would be less than that of digging up the heaps. Besides carbon bisulphide a number of other substances were tried. Saltpetre gave really good results. It can be used with buried cacao pods; garden beds can be manured with it; trap heaps—which are no longer required as such—can be treated with it ; it can be used on tree-trunks and roots. Removal of breeding places. This is a most important measure. Dead palm-wood is always dangerous, and by boring a hole in the trunk and filling it with saltpetre, the latter will gradually permeate the wood. How long this action will be useful is still an open ques- tion. It is quite clear that by careful cleaning of the plantations the pest can be reduced. Natural enemies. One of the reasons for the spread of the pest in these islands is the lack of natural enemies. The semi-wild pigs of the natives are not at all to be despised in this respect, and are already used for this purpose. Attempts have been made to introduce the 28 mole (Talpa europaea), but it is difficult to do so. Hedgehogs soon succumbed to the climate. Fowls and other birds are not of much use. The author examines at length the question of parasites, and comes to the conclusion that parasitic wasps appear to be of greater import- ance than all the other enemies of this beetle. He mentions, amongst — others, Scolia carnifex, Coq., and Scolia oryctophaga, Coq., as apparently — specially suitable, if their introduction can be effected on a large scale. — But all animal enemies appear to yield in importance to a parasitic | fungus (Metarrhizium anisopliae), which occurs in the islands, and © evidently has other hosts besides the Rhinoceros Beetle. When the © author first had a large number of larvae delivered to him, he noticed brown spots on some of them. Having isolated these, they died in about a week and became completely covered with this fungus. Healthy larvae were brought in contact with the bodies, and all suc- cumbed. Practically all the larvae in the laboratory became infected, and died. The fungus thrives best in moderately damp cultures. A trap heap of leaves and rubbish infected with the fungus, has con- served its deadly powers for several months, up to the time of writing, and has been fatal to every brood init. The fungus does not prevent the beetles from laying their eggs there, which is a most important point. The fungus also spreads in the neighbourhood of the heap. Experiments have proved that the flying beetles can carry it to other © breeding grounds. As the thoroughly infected heaps would only require a simple examination once every 3 months (later on once every 6 months), the number of heaps could be increased tenfold. The best method is to use cacao pods buried under a layer of earth. Quite a fresh pods should not be used. The fungus is already in satisfactory — use on the plantations, and planters have begun to assist its spread. — A lengthy bibliography of pests of the coconut concludes the paper. Von Graumnitz (C.). Die Blattschneider-Ameisen Stidamerikas. [Leaf-cutting Ants of S. America.|—Internat. Entom. Zeits., Guben, vii, no. 35, 29th Nov. 1913, p. 233, & no. 36, 6th Dec. - 1913, pp. 240-242. The leaf-cutting ants, Atta discigera, A. coronata and A. hystrix, are very prevalent in parts of Brazil. The present paper gives a descrip- tion of their leaf-cutting habits and the structure of their nests. The trees which they most persistently attack are the orange and peach, and in the vegetable garden, the cabbage and allied plants; they attack also ripe bananas, maize, rice, etc. They do not use the leaves directly as food, but allow them to rot and thus produce a favourable medium for the growth of the fungus, Rozites gongylophora, which is their staple article of diet. The nests are underground, and are built on a very complicated and ingenious plan; the eggs are laid in the a A RR I a a — ip na lit AA nn 0 PRI = decaying leaves, which form a large porous mass in the nest, rather — like a sponge. In this mass are found eggs, larvae, and pupae in all stages of development; the fungus growing on the leaves serves as food material for the larvae as well as for the adult ants. The ants cultivate this particular fungus very carefully, destroying any other kinds of fungi which make their appearance. It is quite common to find snakes’ eggs amongst the leaves; the warmth given out by the | | ; : J ) . ; 29 decomposing mass makes it a suitable place for this purpose; among others, the eggs of Elaps corallinus have been identified. Ruectes (A. G.). Notes on a Chestnut-tree Parasite. — Science, Philadelphia, xxxviil, no. 989, 12th Dec. 1913, p. 852. While working in connection with the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree Blight Commission last winter, the author noticed numerous burrows which were almost always present in the bark of the chestnuts, par- ticularly in the smooth-barked trees. He was satisfied that the bur- _ rows were not the work of Agrilus bilineatus, as had been suggested _ by Metcalf and Collins in the U.S. Farmers’ Bulletin, No. 467. They eventually proved to be due to the larvae of a small moth, which hiber- nate in the burrows in either the second or third instar. When finished, the burrow is not very extensive, the longest being not more _ than six inches, and extending longitudinally. While the insect is _ within the trees the burrow cannot be detected externally. After the emergence of the larva, however, the bark swells over the burrow, often cracking and making a conspicuous wound. ‘The larvae leave the trees during the first part of June through minute exit holes, _ dropping to the soil, in which they spin a seed-pod-iike cocoon, char- acteristic of some of the Microlepidoptera. The single perfect insect obtained was in too injured a condition to be identified. The number of exit holes made by these insects is enormous in any given area of _ chestnut forest, and as these holes are made just at the time when the _ blight spores are very abundant, and conditions generally are favour- able for their development, it is believed that this insect has an impor- _ tant bearing upon the spread of the chestnut blight, Hudothia parasitica. Doane (R. W.). The Rhinoceros Beetle—(Oryctes Rhinoceros, L.) in Samoa.—J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, vi, no. 6, Dec. 1913, pp. 437-442, 2 pl. The Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, L., has long been known as a more or less serious pest of coconut trees in many tropical coun- tries. It is gradually extending its range, and wherever it gains a foothold in a new country its ravages usually cause great financial loss. The island of Upolo, German Samoa, is one of the recent places to suffer from the introduction of this pest. In districts where the infestation is worst, hundreds of trees are being killed on many of the plantations, and many others badly injured. As the beetles attack the most vital part, the succulent crown, one or two will quickly kill a young tree. Older trees are better able to withstand attack, but even a few beetles in them will soon make them unproductive. The beetles usually attack the tree between the base of a leaf and the trunk, or between the bases of two leaves. Having reached the tender heart of the tree, the beetles feed on it, probably for some weeks, often destroying much or all of it, thus killing the tree. The life-history of the insect has not been thoroughly worked out, but in Samoa it probably takes a year to complete its development. The eggs, which are laid in batches of 10-30, hatch in a very short time, and the larvae feed for several weeks, possibly for some months. a eee 30 ‘The pupae are rarely seen, and never in considerable numbers ; many of the larvae probably pupate at some distance below the surface of the ground. The pupal stage lasts for about 10 days to a fortnight. In Samoa many control methods have been tried. In the author’s opinion, tar is the most valuable repellent, but its use gives only a small measure of protection. Trees treated with lysol, or lysol mixed with tar, continued to be badly injured. Sand was poured into the crowns of a few trees, and on others a mixture of sand and arsenic, care being taken that plenty lodged at the bases of all the leaves. The arsenic injured the leaves; otherwise the trees were not badly attacked, but there was not sufficient time to test this method thor- oughly. Dusting with white arsenic, Paris green, etc., is not satis- factory, owing to the fact that the beetles do not swallow the leaves or fibre. Pouring carbon bisulphide into the holes made by the beetles, killed the beetles, but also injured the tree. Bait traps, if carefully prepared, are quite effective on well-cleaned plantations, but they — are expensive and require close supervision. For the present, the most effective method is to destroy the breeding places of the beetle by removing all decaying logs, etc., from the plantation. [See above, pp. 26-28. | 7 Wotcott (G. N.). Report on a Trip to Demerara, Trinidad and Barbados during the Winter of 1913.—J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, vi. no. 6, Dec. 1913, pp. 443-457. In Demerara the small moth-borer (Diatraea saccharalis, F.), and the closely allied species, D. lineolata, Walk., and D. canella, Hmp., are the most serious pests of cane. On nearly every estate there are gangs of boys, sometimes as many as 50 in a gang, who do nothing else the year round but cut out the dead hearts killed by the Diatraea | larvae. It shows how serious the pest is that the boys have no diffi- culty in collecting 700 larvae day after day. The problem of control- ling Diatraea is most seriously complicated by the dry and wet seasons. There are always two, and sometimes four, wet seasons and as many dry. Cane is cut towards the end of each dry season, and seed cane is planted at each wet season. A crop takes 18 months to mature, so that cane in all stages of growth is present on a single estate at all times. Moths will fly out a hundred yards or more from the older cane and deposit eggs on the young cane from which all the dead hearts have just been cut out, and in a few weeks the infestation will beas heavy as if no control had been attempted. In Demerara there are four insect parasites of Diatraea, but in spite of these, and of the artificial control, Diatraea still remains a serious pest. The one measure that can be adopted is the simultaneous planting of enormous blocks of cane; it is the indiscriminate scattering of the fields of all ages of cane on an estate that makes possible the rapid and easy infestation of young cane. The only other serious cane pest in Demerara is the giant moth- borer (Castnia locus, F.). The larva enters the cane near the ground and burrows down into the root and up into the stalk. There are fortunately several practical methods of control. They are as follows : (1) Collecting the adult moths in butterfly nets; (2) cutting out the young larvae in the young ratoon cane; (3) cutting out the older dl larvae and pupae from the stools of cane after the crop has been harvested ; (4) in the case of very heavy infestation, the flooding of the entire field after the cane is cut. Much cane is also injured by termites; they never attack sound -eane, but as all the cane in Demerara is infested with Dvuatraea, the termites have no difficulty in finding a place of entrance into the interior of the stalk. The method of control adopted consists of carry- ing the nests away and burning them. The sugar-cane mealy bug (Pseudococcus calceolariae, Mask.), was moderately abundant, but it is not considered a serious pest; it is kept in check by a predaceous beetle, the name of which has not been determined.* [See this Review, per. A, i, p. 521.] In Trinidad the most injurious pest is not Diatraea, as it is in practi- cally all other sugar-producing countries of the West Indies, but a froghopper (Tomaspis varia, F. [saccharina, Dist.]). It passes through its larval stages underground, feeding upon the roots of cane, grass and weeds ; the adult sucks juice from the leaves and stalk of the cane, but produces no serious injury.t Despite the small size of the nymphs, the enormous numbers in which they appear on the roots of the cane, either kill the cane outright, or so stunt the growth that the crop is worthless. The control of this pest is rendered the more difficult because of the lack of vulnerable places in its life-history. As all ordinary methods of control are impracticable a novel plan of cam- paign has been adopted. This depends on the circumstance that the fungus Metarrhizium amsopliae, Sorokin, produces a fatal disease among froghoppers called Green Muscardine. Planters cultivate this fungus, and at certain seasons dust its spores over the entire fields ; although this method is of too recent origin to have borne the test of time, it is already stated that in one examination made by Mr. Urich, where spores had been applied early, at least 95 per cent. of the nymphs in the stool of the cane were found dead and covered with the characteristic spore-masses of Metarrhizium. Castolus plagvati- collis, an efficient predator on the adult froghopper, has been imported from Mexico. Two Chalcidid parasites have been bred by Mr. Guppy, Mr. Urich’s assistant. Castnia licus does great injury to canes in Trinidad. The only practicable method of control is the catching of the adults with butterfly nets ; this has produced good results. Among the more important minor pests are the weevil stalk-borer (Metamasius hemupterus, var. decoloratus, Gyl.), the “ gru-gru” worm (Rhyncophorus palmarum, L.) and the sugar-cane mealy bug (Pseudococcus calceolariae, Mask.) In Barbados the froghopper and the larger moth-borer are absent, but otherwise the insect pests are similar. Dviatraea does an enor- mous amount of injury; both kinds of the sugar-cane mealy bugs (Pseudococcus calceolariae, Mask., and P. sacchari, Ckll.) are abundant. Delphax saccharivora, Westw., the sugar-cane leafhopper, and Metama- sius hemipterus, L., the weevil stalk-borer, also do considerable damage. With the exception of Diatraea, however, all these are minor pests in *[Specimens of this Coccinellid, sent by Mr. G. E. Bodkin, from Demerara, and by Mr. J. R. Bovell, from Barbados, have now been identified as Hyperaspis trilineata, Muls.—Ep. ] 7[This view is disputed by Mr. J. C. Kershaw, who has just devoted a year to the special study of this insect.—Ep.] 32 comparison with the injury produced by the weevil root-borer (Dia- prepes abbreviatus, L.) No effective method of control is known, but — the numbers of the grubs can be considerably reduced by hand- picking of the adults, which collect in large numbers on corn and sorghum. The insect eats most of the small roots and chews the centre out of the main tap-root. As regards Diatraea, Trichogramma minutum is its only parasite in Barbados. Another interesting pest, from the point of view of those interested in parasitism, is Phytalus smithi, which is parasitised by a black Scoliid wasp, Tiphia parallela, Smith. P. smithi occurs also in Mauritius; it was probably intro- duced there in cane sent from Barbados. Until now the controlling parasite, 7’. parallela, was not present in Mauritius, but efforts are being made to import it. Witson (H. F.). Notes on Podabrus pruinosus.—J1. Econ. Entom., Concord, vi, no. 6, Dec. 1913, pp. 443-457, 1 fig. This insect is one of the most important agents in the control of all forms of plant-lice. It has been very abundant in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, during the past two years. The rosy apple aphis (Aphis sorbt, Kalt. ?), the black cherry aphis (Myzus cerasi, F.), and the vetch aphis (Macrosiphum pisi, Kalt. ?) are held in check by this insect. The adults appear early in May, and are abundant by June. By July only a few individuals are found. They are commonly found in vetch fields, and in the rolls of infested apple and cherry leaves. They undoubtedly destroy many aphids in a day, and are of great economic value. The eggs were not observed in the field, but in the insectary they were deposited on the ground in masses. The larvae are found in the ground from 3-6 inches below the surface; they are pink in colour and covered with fine hairs. The pupae are found in earthen cells in the moist earth; at first they are white, then they change to pink, and then to dark blue. The adults are dark blue with light brown markings. Hinps (W. E.). Powdered Arsenate of Lead as an Insecticide.—J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, vi, no. 6, Dec. 1913, pp. 477-479. The use of powdered arsenate of lead is said to have given very satisfactory results as an insecticide; the statement is the result of experience, and direct experiment made in the Agricultural Experi- ment Station at Auburn, Alabama. It has the advantage over the paste preparation in that it weighs much less, and, therefore, the cost of transport is less; it is not liable to harden and cake, as the paste is ; and it is not so difficult to work up into a uniform suspension in water for spraying. Over Paris green it possesses the great advantage of not causing skin injury to the men using it. The Department of Entomology of the Alabama Experiment Station is now making an investigation covering the use of various forms of arsenate of lead, with a view to finding exactly what form is most effective, economical and generally satisfactory for use against various insect pests. For the present there is no reason why anyone should hesitate to use powdered arsenate of lead in preference to Paris green or any other arsenical poison. 4 / recorded as preying upon red spiders in California. ’ 4 , ; 33 Fett (E. P.). Arthrocnodazx carolina, n. sp.—J1. Econ. Entom., Concord, vi, no. 6, Dec. 1913, pp. 488-489. Mr. E. A. MacGregor, who reared this species both in 1912 and 1913 from red spiders on cotton, is of opinion that it is the most important natural agent in controlling this pest. The new species is allied to A. apiphila, Felt, and is distinct from A. occidentalis, Felt, which is Amendment to “‘ The Destructive Insect and Pest Act of Canada.” In line 14 of Regulation 3, the words “ Importations by mail shall be subject to the same Regulations,” have been deleted, and a new Regulation, No. 18, has been added, reading :— “18.—The importation of all nursery stock, including trees, shrubs, plants, vines, grafts, scions, cuttings or buds, through the mails, is prohibited, excepting greenhouse-grown florists’ stock, cut flowers, herbaceous perennials and bedding plants, which will be admitted provided that a detailed statement of the contents is attached to such arcels.” 4 This Regulation takes effect on and after the first day of March, 1914. SupEIKIN (G. S.). BpequtTenw cenbCKO-xO3AWCTBEHHbIXb pacTeHii Boponenckow ryOepHin, no HadntopeHiamb 1912. [Pests of agricultural plants in the Government of Voronezh, according to observations made in the year 1912.|—Published by the Zemstvo, Voronezh, 1913, 68 pp. This is a report of the Government Entomological Station of Voronezh, which was only inaugurated in May 1912. Insects vnjurious to crops.—Caloptenus italicus, L., appears periodi- cally, and is very widespread, but last year there were fewer com- plaints of its activity. Anthothrips aculeatus, ¥., and LInmothrips denti- corns, Hal., were found in some districts; the remedy suggested is to keep the fields clean from weeds, and to plough-in the stubble in which the insects winter. For Aelia acuminata, L., the following remedies are recommended: hand-picking, catching the young (wingless) specimens in trenches (containing bait-holes) ; surrounding the fields and spraying with soap water or naphtha emulsion at dusk or during moonlight nights. Aphis gossypii, Glov., is specially injurious to Cucurbitaceous plants. Remedies : (1) repeated spraying with soapy water (1 lb. green soap, 4 lb. ordinary soap, and 2°7 gals. water) every 10 days from the moment of the appearance of the insects till the time of oviposition; (2) destroying by burning all attacked plants; (3) frequent re-ploughing of the infected areas during autumn and spring ; (4) rotation of crops ; (5) the removal and burning of all stalks and leaves after the harvest. The boring of grain by the larvae of Sitotroga cerealella, Ol., and Tinea granella, L., in stores, as well asin the fields, is very frequent. Remedies : (1) the immediate disinfection of the storehouses by carbon bisulphide ; (2) the sorting of the seeds by winnowing in autumn and spring before (C1) C 7 34 sowing, as well as after thrashing, and burning or giving to cattle the winnowed seeds; (3) careful and deep planting of the seeds when sowing maize; (4) the destruction of the lumpy stratum formed by the caterpillars on the top of heaps of grain. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, L., appears yearly, doing more or less damage. Last year the caterpillars in some parts totally devoured the sun- flowers, maize, pumpkins, melons and cucumbers. The caterpillars of Homoeosoma nebulella, Hb., do considerable damage to sunflower seeds. Plusia gamma, L., injures many cultivated plants, principally beets and linseed, but last year there were practically no complaints of its activity. Lema melanopa, L., has done considerable damage to oats, barley, and summer-sown wheat, during the latter half of June and the beginning of July. As remedies are recommended: (1) shaking the insects off the oats with brooms in the mornings, after which the attacked spots must be dusted with ashes or lime through a sieve ; (2) the spraying of three per cent. solution in water of barium chloride or Paris green (1 oz. green and 3 oz. freshly slaked lime in 6 gals. water) ; (3) summer sowing instead of winter sowing, or the earlier sowing of summer crops. Psylliodes attenuatus, Koch, Chaetocnema concinna, Chevr., and P. breviuscula, Fald., have damaged hemp seeds and beets. As a remedy “a tanclefoot cart” is suggested, consisting of a board on wheels, smeared on the lower side with molasses or pitch, to be wheeled over the plants during the hot hours of the day, so as to catch the insects when they jump. Calandra granaria, L. In an appendix to the report the campaign against this pest in the municipal grain stores of Voronezh is described. Carbon bisulphide has been used successfully, and it has been noticed that this remedy gives better results in warm weather than during cold or windy weather. The germinating capacity of the grain is not affected if the proportions do not exceed about 1 lb. of bisulphide for each ton of grain. Lethrus apterus, Laxm., damages various young plants, and particularly sown sunflower seeds. The following remedies — are given: (1) trenches round the plantation ; (2) spraying with Paris — green ; (3) ploughing the infected plots in autumn or early spring, | and keeping them clear from weeds to the end of May; (4) hand- picking. Amsoplia austriaca, Hbst., is very widespread in the Government. The usual remedy consists in hand-picking, the insects being driven by a rope to one end of the field, where they are at once picked up by men with sacks. The Zemstvo pays a premium for the collection of this insect, and the author suggests that this ought to be encouraged and properly organised. The insect usually begins by damaging the ears of winter-grown crops, passing afterwards to barley and summer- | sown wheat. The beetles oviposit in July on the borders of the fields, so that the ploughing of these parts in August would lead to the destruction of the eggs and of the young larvae. Mayetiola (Cecidomyia) destructor, Say, is a serious pest of grain, and is found everywhere in the Government. The remedies usually applied are ploughing, burning of the stubbles and trap-crops. _ The larvae of Bibio hortulanus, L., damaged sugar-beets in one — locality ; as remedies are suggested: the complete removal of the 3D remains of the harvest from the plantations ; harrowing the infested _ plots in autumn or early spring, after spreading quicklime ; and spray- ing in early spring with a 4 per cent. solution of Chile saltpetre. Hylemyia coarctata, Fall., has done considerable damage to winter rye in one locality. Oscinis frit, L., is widespread, and often mistaken for M. destructor; it has damaged barley and black barley in some _ places. To fight the insect the author recommends: (1) to sow ‘summer crops as early as possible, and use seeds which tiller less ; (2) to place the seeds at a uniform depth, so that the sprouts should _ appear simultaneously ; (3) not to allow the summer crops to get over-ripe ; (4) to replough the stubbles immediately the harvest is over ; and (5) not to sow summer crops near the damaged winter ones. _ Orchard Pests——Tingis piri, Geoffr., is found everywhere, and damages apple, pear and cherry trees, from July to September. Repeated sprayings with soap water (1 lb. ordinary soap in 2°7 galls. _ water) kills the insects. The autumn cleaning of the orchards from. _ the fallen leaves and the burning of all waste is also recommended.’! _ Pyslla mali, Forst., has been proved to exist in several districts, and in the opinion of the author, probably occurs in‘all the others, although _ growers do not notice its presence, and attribute the injury done by it _ to frost. Repeated and abundant spraying of the trees in late autumn and early spring with 3—5 per cent. solution of green copperas when _ the larvae appear; spraying with tobacco or quassia extract; and burning the small branches cut away in autumn and spring, are the remedies suggested. ; Psylla pyricola, Forst., Aphis poma, de G., Myzus cerasi, ¥., Hyalop- _terus prum, F., and Rhopalosiphum ribis, Buckton, are found everywhere, _ and were successfully controlled by spraying with soapy water. Lepr- _ dosaphes ulmi, L., Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouché, and another unidenti- fied Coccid were very widespread on apple trees. Amongst the sug- gested remedies are: spraying and smearing of the leafless trees in - autumn and spring with limewash, containing 2-3 wine-glasses of erude carbolic acid or 1 lb. of green copperas to 2°7 galls. of the solution ; the intensive manuring of the attacked trees; the pruning of the crowns ; spraying with carbol or naphtha emulsions in May, June, etc. The author considers that Hyponomeuta malinellus, Z., takes the _ first place amongst the pests of orchards in the Government. Its _ caterpillars are most active throughout June. The best remedy is spraying with tobacco decoction (a handful of tobacco to each 2 gals. _ of water), which must be done when the caterpillars are still young _ and have not yet prepared their webs. It is also useful to spray the leafless trees abundantly and repeatedly in autumn and in spring, before the swelling of the buds, with a 5 per cent. solution of sulphate of iron; to burn the thin branches cut away from the trees; and especially to spray the crown with milk of lime to which sulphate of iron is added (1 lb. of sulphate to each 2°7 galls. of the solution). Hyponomeuta variabilis, Z., flew in great numbers near the town of Voronezh at the beginning of August, the larvae mining the leaves of cherries. | There was only one generation of Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella in ‘Cl) 0.2 36 1912; although in June and July the caterpillars occurred everywhere in fruits, no pupae or moths of the second generation were found. Cydia funebrana, Tr., also damaged plums ; the liming of the stems, the shaking down and collection of the wormy plums, and the digging q up of all brushwood near the trees in autumn and in spring, are the _ remedies recommended. The caterpillars of Bembecia hylaeiformis, Lasp., injured the stems of raspberry bushes; the most effective remedy is to dig out the injured stems with the roots in autumn and to burn them. There were complaints from various districts of damage to fruit trees by Cossus cossus, L., and Zeuzera pyrina, L. The larvae of the following Lepidoptera are recorded as causing serious defoliation of fruit trees :—Aporia crataegi, L., Malacosoma neustria, L., Lymantria dispar, L., and Euproctis chrysorrhoea, L., 408 which the usual remedies are recommended. Among the injurious sawflies noted are :—Pteronus ribesuw, Scop., on gooseberry bushes ; Selandria adumbrata, Klug, on the leaves of cherry, pear and apple trees; and S. fulvicorns, Klug, on plums. Sacuarov (N.). «Ho3aBka» (Galerucella tenella, L.) Kakb Bpe- AMTeNb KNYOHMKM WM Apyrie BAAbI “3b rpynnbi Galerucini, BeTpb- yaroulecaA Bb ActpaxancHoi ry0. ([Galerucella tenella, L., as a pest of garden-strawberries, and other species of Galerucint found | in the Govt. of Astrachan.|—Published by the Entom. Sta. of the — Astrachan Society of Fruit-Growers, Market-Gardeners and Agricul- turists, Astrachan, 1913, 6 pp. There are several species of Galerucella found in the Government of Astrachan, such as Xanthomelaena, Schr., which injures elm trees ; G. viburin, Payk., attacking Viburnum opulus, and G. lineola, F., a pest of willows. Galerucella tenella, L., found by the author on strawberries, has not been previously recorded as injurious to these plants. The beetle winters underneath old leaves on the beds of ~ strawberries ; with the arrival of warm weather the insects appear ~ and feed on the young leaves, and oviposit during April and May; ~ the eggs are deposited by the female in a hole gnawed by it in the leaf, 3-10 eggs being laid in such a hole; the egg stage lasts 12-14 days. The author describes the egg, larva, pupa and imago, as well as the damage done. The remedies suggested are: the destruction of weeds on the beds and keeping the soil friable continuously during the whole summer ; but the most effective remedy is spraying with Paris green (3 lb. of green and | lb. of lime dissolved in about 32-33 gals. of water) ; the spraying must be done first in April, as soon as the young leaves appear, then again in May, when the ovaries are formed, and again, 1f neces- sary, after the removal of the berries. As the insects keep mostly on the lower side of the leaves, special attention must be paid to spraying from below. Russian Crop Pests.—VWUsptéctia [nasHaro Ynpasnenin Semne- yctTpouctsa wu 3emneptnia. [Weekly Gazette of the Central Board of Land Admumstration and Agriculture,| St. Petersburg, no. 47, Tth Dec. 1913, p. 1210. The past autumn was not favourable to the activity of various pests, — ). 37 and they have not, therefore, caused much damage to sprouted winter- sown crops. LHuxoa segetum was chief amongst the pests noticed, and it has been reported from nearly all the Governments outside the “chornoisiom ”’ area, and also from the following “ chornoisiom ” _ Governments :—Orel, Riazan, Tambov, Voronezh, Kiev, Taurida, Ekaterinoslav, and the Province of Don. Winter-sown crops, especi- ally the early ones, were, however, seriously injured by this pest in Kazan, Viatka, Olonetz, and the western parts of Perm, and in some localities it has even been found necessary to re-sow. Elaterid larvae _ have done some small damage in Kiev, Cherson, Charkov, Tchernigov, Poltava and Vitebsk. Mayetiola (Cecidomyia) destructor has been reported from Kursk, Orel, Tambov, Podolia, Kiev, Bessarabia, Cherson, Taurida, Ekaterinoslav and Poltava; while the presence of Oscinis frit has been noticed in Kursk and Charkov. In Tula and in the Vistula Governments the crops were damaged by larvae of Melolontha. As to Asiatic Russia, Huxoa segetum and Elaterid larvae were _ reported from various parts of Tobolsk, Tomsk and Enisseisk, and in the steppe provinces of Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk and Turgai, although the damage done by them was very small and limited to a few localities only. In Tobolsk, Haltica and Phyllotreta were found, while from Enisseisk and the province of Akmolinsk M. destructor was reported. Egg-clusters of locusts were deposited in large numbers in Tobolsk and Akmolinsk. All these pests have done, however, very little damage, and disappeared with the early rains. “Sisazov (M.). HanOonbe pewesnii wv CuNbHOAbCTBYIOWIN MWHCeKT- MCA) ANA YHAYTOMeHIA CapaH4eBbIXb Hac bHOMbIXd. [The cheapest and most effective insecticide for the destruction of locust pests. | — «TypkectancHoe Cenpckoe Xo3aiictBo» [Agriculture of Turkestan,” | Tashkent, no. 1, Jan. 1913, pp. 30-35. The author points out the advantages of sodium arsenite as com- pared with the insecticide usually applied in Turkestan, viz., Paris green with lime. The former dissolves easily in water, giving a solu- tion which does not choke the sprayer ; it withstands the influence of even heavy rains, when mixed simply with milk of lime and not with molasses or treacle, sticking firmly to the plants, and not requiring _ repeated sprayings; and under equal conditions and in equal doses it proves twice as rapid in its effects as Paris green. He also states that whereas Paris green contains only 24:3 per cent. of metallic arsenic (not arsenic acid), sodium arsenite contains 45°2 per cent. The author further deals with the prices of this chemical and the duties on it in Russia, and gives a comparative table showing the amount and cost of both insecticides necessary for one dessiatin (2°7 acres) in Turke- stan. From this it appears that when using sodium arsenite it is possible to obtain a saving of from 30 to 60 kopecks (73d. to 1/3) per dessiatin ; taking into consideration that in Turkestan the campaign against locusts is distributed over large areas—50,000—60,000 dessiatins (162,000 acres)—this would result in a saving of about 10,000 rubles (£2,000). The author points out that sodium arsenite, like Paris green, may 38 burn the plants, and requires careful handling by the workmen engaged in the operations. PontATovsky (S.). Hb Bonpocy 0 Goppbot cb Mapokcnon Hobdpinkoi, ' Bb Byxapb. [On the question of the fight against Stawronotus maroccanus, Thb., in Bokhara.j|— Agriculture of Turkestan, Tashkent, no. 2, Feb. 1913, pp. 109-114, 1 map. The author first reports on the results of fighting locusts in the five districts of south-eastern Bokhara in 1912, where the campaign has covered nearly 200 square miles, and has cost about £22,000. He mentions that the method of applying movable iron screens has proved very cheap, and resulted in considerable saving ; only some 270 acres of crops have been destroyed by the pests (non-flying insects), and enormous masses of the latter have been destroyed. In the eastern part of the Khanate no large swarms of locusts have been noticed — since the campaigns of 1910-1911, but they are beginning to appear again, and it is estimated that next spring it will be necessary to start operations against them over an area of about 10 square miles. The favourable results were considerably diminished by the appearance of migrating locusts from the neighbouring steppes of Afghanistan, and apart from the damage done to crops by these flying swarms, they have deposited eggs over an area of 33 square miles, and about £32,000 are asked for the campaign during the next season. The author further draws serious attention to the fact of the immigration into Bokhara of locusts from Afghanistan, into which country according to statements by natives, they migrate from India, so that international endeavours are necessary to check the injurious activities of these — pests. The author points out how the fight against locusts in the province of Samarkand proved fruitless so long as no remedies were applied against them in Bokhara, and how the fighting of the insects in that country led to a diminution and even total disappearance of them in some localities of Russian Turkestan. This does not apply to two other species of locusts found in Turkestan, namely Caloptenus utalocus, L., which has a local breeding place, and Locusta mogratoria, is ‘which breeds in the delta of the Syr-Daria, as well as at that of the Amu- Daria, but rarely flies far from its breeding places. The author further urges upon the Government of Bokhara the absolute necessity of fighting the insects, the expenses not exceeding 0:1 per cent. of the budget of the Khanate, which itself depends on the harvest and on the land duties collected in kind; he also points out the importance of the cotton cultivation of Bokhara and Turkestan to the Russian textile industry. A map is appended showing the distribution of locusts in Central Asia. SITAZ0V (M.). Hb Bionorid Mapoxckot Ho6pinku. [On the biology | of Stauronotus maroccanus, Thb.|— Agriculture of Turkestan, Tashkent, no. 2, Feb. 1913, pp. 115-126, 9 figs., 2 pl. In the first part of his paper the author deals with the early stages of Stauronotus maroccanus, of which he gives a detailed description. There are five moults, and the period occupied by these stages is 35— > a a. ——. v _ 42 days. The second part is devoted to a consideration of the move- 39 ments of the swarms of larvae. After extensive investigations in the field, the author concludes that these movements are not influenced by such factors as wind, sun, etc.; nor do they take place in any - definite directions, being merely the fortuitous result of the gregarious instinct combined with the search for food. Cultivated crops appear to exercise no special attraction for these insects, and if the wild plants on the steppes afford sufficient food, the locusts will remain there during their whole period of development. On the other hand, the migratory movements of the flying locusts are more definite, the swarms always entering Russian Turkestan from the south, originating in Afghanistan. Smirnov (D.). [lonb3a, npwHocuman TpAcoryckamu Bb TypkectTaHs. [The utility of the Wagtail (Motacilla) in Turkestan. |—Agriculture of Turkestan, Tashkent, no. 3, March 1913, pp. 149-251. The author draws the attention of farmers to the value of these birds in destroying the common pest of lucerne in Turkestan, Hypera variabilis, Hbst. These weevils start ovipositing in the Merv oasis on young leaves of lucerne as early as February; in 1912 the author found larvae on the Ist March. Oviposition proceeds till April, and the larvae do considerable damage, estimated at 50 rubles (about £5 5s.) per dessiatin (2°7 acres); the damage is the more felt as at this time there are no supplies of lucerne from the previous year, and food for cattle is very dear. The larvae appear in greatest numbers in March, there being only one generation in the year. In March the wagtails appeared, and the author observed both Motacilla alba, L., and M. feldegu, Mich. ; the former species is not a resident, and soon disappeared. The author has found in the stomach of 5 birds, which were able to feed only half a day, 152 larvae of Hypera and 2 beetles ; he estimates that the whole flock of birds on the spot under observa- tion numbered a hundred, and that these would have destroyed as many as 6,000 larvae in one day. The importance of these birds is the greater, as the pest has no other natural enemies in Turkestan ; _ the author obtained only two specimens of the parasite Canidia curcu- honis out of a thousand larvae. He considers that all the birds of this genus are useful to farmers, as their life-habits are very similar. Portcouinsky (J. A.). Hacbrombia, spepawia xnbOnomy 3epHy Bb amOapaxb MW CHNagaxb. [Insects injurious to grain in stores and warehouses.|—Tpygb! Bropo no QHToMonorin Yuenaro Homu- Teta [nas. YnpaB. 3.43. [Memoirs of the Bureau of Entomo- ° logy of the Scientific Committee of the Central Board of Land Administration and Agriculture,| St. Petersburg, x, no. 5, 1913, pp. 84, 5 tables, 3 figs. The author prefaces his book by some introductory general remarks as to insects injurious to grain in Russia, where these pests have some- times destroyed more than half of the stored harvest in some localities, which, especially in the eighties of last century, seriously injured the export of Russian grain; he describes, generally, the nature of the 40 damage and its influence on the quality of grain and on human beings consuming bread prepared from such flour. He also deals with some of the generally applied remedies, mentioning first salt, the use of which was recommended even in the eighteenth century. Another old remedy is birch-tar, and the author has satisfied himself by experiments conducted some 8 years ago, that this substance does not in any way interfere with the quality of bread obtained from grain subjected to its influence, no smell or flavour remaining. Some experiments by A. I. Dobrodeev have shown that Calandra granarva although remaining alive for some considerable time when exposed to the emanations from tar, are unable to feed or copulate, and mostly remain lying motionless on their backs ; Anobium paniceum is better able to withstand its influence. A still better remedy than tar is naphthalene, the use of which has also been recommended by the author since 1905, and this is now con- sidered in Australia to be the principal preventive remedy. When used in small doses (small bags containing about 4 lb. of naphthalene each, put on the surface of the flour) and especially when applied to grain, it keeps away the insects and leaves no disagreeable taste in the bread prepared from such grain or flour. The author describes some experiments conducted on Sivtotroga cerealella, Anobium paniceum and Calandra granaria with naphthalene, which show that all these insects ultimately perish after being subjected to its emanations for a more or less considerable period, remaining most of the time m a ~ state of collapse. The methods of applying carbon bisulphide and hydrocyanic acid are also fully described. A description is given of the following beetles and their various stages, together with an account of their habits and the damage done by them :—Calandra granaria, L., C. oryzae, L., Anobium paniceum, L., Ptinus fur, L., Tenebrio molitor, L., Tribolium confusum, Duv,, Gnatho- cerus cornutus, F., and Silvanus surinamensis, L. In addition to the usual remedial measures, mention is made of the use of sheep skins, | which are spread in the evening on the stored grain ; the insects settle | on them and become entangled in the wool, so that they can be destroyed in the morning. Besides the above insects, there were frequently sent to the Bureau samples of damaged flour containing other species which evidently did not cause serious injury to the flour, such as Enicmus minutus, L., Lathridius bergrothi, Reit., etc. There were also found very frequently, and sometimes in large numbers, the imagos and larvae of Laemo- phloeus testaceus, F., which some authors (Curtis) regard as mjurious _ to grain, while others (Perris) consider it to be a rapacious insect. Tenebroides mauritanicus, L.., is both injurious to grain and useful in destroying some other insects there ; it damages much more than is necessary for its food by devouring the embryo of the grain. Amongst the moths, Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv., is specially injurious | in many parts of Caucasia and Transcaucasia ; in the western parts | of the government of Kutais, in some years it has destroyed the whole harvest of maize ; besides which it attacks also wheat, rye, and barley. The author describes the life-habits of this pest as recorded by 4] Haberlandt, Kollar and others. Some experiments conducted in the Bureau of Entomology by G. V. Zelenko have proved that in order to destroy all the stages of this pest completely at the usual room tem- perature, 14-16° R (64°-68° F-.), in an isolated space, it is necessary - to apply not less than 7 lb. of carbon bisulphide for every 1,000 cubic feet during 48 hours ; should it be required to get the same results in 24 hours, 104lb. of liquid are necessary. The samples freed from the pests must be kept in closed spaces and be protected by naphthalene or tar. Tinea granella, L., is commonly found in Russia in grain warehouses, but the damage done by it is not so great as that done by Calandra granaria. As remedies are mentioned the removal of the matted grain by means of rakes, which must be done before the autumn, 7.e., _ before the larvae pass away from the grain to pupate, and the lowering of the temperature of the store by means of ventilation holes, etc. Trachea (Hadena) basilinea, Schiff., is very frequently found in Russia _ inricks of unthrashed grain, and in stores, and often does great damage. These insects have only one generation during the year, the moths _ flying in summer, when the grain is developing in the ears, but the _ caterpillars are found during the whole spring, summer and autumn in different stages. The author describes the habits of the larvae and the damage done by them ; during the harvest time most of the cater- pillars fall from the ears to the earth, but in the evenings they get back to the sheaves remaining in the fields, and in this way they get ‘into the ricks and barns. During the autumn their activity depends on the temperature, and in warm autumns they do considerable damage. Kiln-drying kills only the caterpillars near the floor of the _ kiln; by thrashing with chains only some of the larvae are destroyed, _ while thrashing with machines gives better results ; winnowing does _ not separate them from the grain. Those larvae which remain in the _ fields feed on fallen grain or on grass, and pass the winter inside the stubble left in the fields. The author recommends that the sheaves _ should not be stacked in the same field in which they have been cut ; _ should this be impracticable, the sheaves ought to be piled on a clean spot, surrounded by a trench, the latter being also quite clean from straw. The ricks ought to be loose, so as to allow of the ventilation of the pile and the access of fresh cold air, which will make the cater- pillars harmless in the ricks till the arrival of warm weather. The caterpillars remaining in the fields can be best destroyed by allowing them to creep during the day underneath straw, spread in the field, which is afterwards burned. In the same way the stubble also must be burned, to facilitate which high-mowing is recommended. The third group of pests are mites of the family, TyROGLYPHIDAE, the most common representative of which in stored grain and flour is Tyroglyphus farinae, Koch; T. siro, L. and T. longior, Gervais, bcinz found mostly in cheese and less frequently in grain and flour. The author describes the life-habits of this species. According to the experiments of Zelenko on some representatives of the genus Cheyletus, living in dry hay and in stored clover seeds, 104 Ib. of carbon bisulphide for a space of 1,000 cubic feet are necessary to destroy the mites within 24 hours. 42 Sacuarov (N.). Megpbana wv mbppl Goppobi cb Hew. [Gryllotalpa vulgaris and remedie3 against it.|—Poster issued by the Entom. Sta. of the Astrachan Soc. of Horticulture and Agriculture, Astra- chan, 28th March 1913. This poster gives general information as to Gryllotalpa, accompanied by figures of the imago, larva, eggs and damaged cabbage root and seeds, and suggests as the only effective remedy to use baits of maize poisoned with arsenic. In order to prepare these baits a mixture of about 3 lb. of arsenic, 6 lb. of lime, and about 36 lb. of maize is boiled together till the grains of maize are quite soft, adding water as it evapo- rates. The grains of maize ought not to be broken, as the insects may miss them in the earth. Having prepared the baits, the maize is spread on mats to cool, after which it is sown on the infected spot, + lb. of maize being used for every 10 cubic sajens [490 cubic feet]. The sowing must be finished 5-7 days before cabbage is sown on the spot; early in spring, when there is no other food, the insects will devour the poisoned baits and perish. In autumn another remedy is recommended, the object of which is to catch the wintering insects ; for this purpose holes must be dug about 2-3 feet long, deep and wide, which are filled with well-rotted dung, and covered with earth; the insects enter these holes to hibernate, and at the first frosts they can be turned out and destroyed. Virxovsky (N.). Hpatkii o030pb rnaBHbuwuxd BpequTenen “ Gonbsnei KYATYPHbIXd WM AMKOpPAcTyWMXd pacTeHii Bb TexeHie 1912 r. Bb Beccapaécuon ry6. [Brief review of the chief pests and diseases of cultivated and wild plants noticed during 1912 in the Govt. of Bessarabia.|—Reprint from « Tpygbi Beccap. O6uw. EctecTB. 4 mioOuT. ecTecTBO3H. » [Studies from the Bessarabian Society of Naturalists and Friends of Nature-study,| Kishinev, lyst 913.) pp: Lie In an introduction to this review the author points out that the meteorological conditions in 1912 were specially favourable for various pests and diseases of plants. The following insect pests are mentioned _ in his list. Insect pests of orchards. LepipoprERA: Cydia (Carpo- capsa) pomonella, a real scourge throughout the Government ; Cydia JSunebrana, Tr., and C. putaminana, Stgr., appeared everywhere, attack- ing plums and walnuts late in the season, but were controlled by some unknown factor; Aporia crataegi, L., specially abundant in the ‘¢ Bessarabian Bukovina,” where the butterflies covered trees and earth “like snow”; the peasants there regard it as a sin to collect and destroy the nests of these pests ; Huproctis chrysorrhoea, L., this and the preceding species were destroyed in their nests by Parus major; Lymantria dispar, L., Malacosoma neustria, L., Hyponomeuta malinellus, Z., H. variabilis, Z., Zeuzera aesculi, L., and Cnethocampa processionea, L. CotzorrERa: Sciaphilus squalidus, Gyl., appeared early in spring in enormous quantities; Rhynchites bacchus, L., R. aequatus, L., R. pauaillus, Germ., R. betuletr, F., R. betulae, L. ; Anthonomus pomorum, L., yearly destroys the whole harvest in one apple orchard of about 108 acres; Hpicometis hirtella, L., and Lethrus apterus, Laxm. TENTHREDINIDAE: Hoplocampa brevis, Klug, H. fulvicorns, Klug, H. testudinea, Klug. Ruyncnora: Lecanium sp. 43 (rotundum, Réaum.), found in enormous quantities on plum trees in the “ Bessarabian Bukovina ”’ ; these pests favour the growth of a fungus disease, Capnodium salicinum, Mont., and have led to a marked decrease in fruit-growing in the district ; Lecaniwn mali, Sehr., chiefly on apple trees; Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, Curtis, on _ pears, less frequently on plums, and only occasionally on apples ; “Mytilaspis pomorum, Bouché, on pears and apples; Psylla pyri, L., did serious damage to pears; APHIDIDAE were very abundant during the year, injuring apples, plums and peaches; they were | ‘preyed on by numerous Coccinella septempunctata, L.; Tingus pyri; F., found only once; Phytoptus pyri, Pagenst. Insect pests of vine. Phylloxera vastatriz, Pl., found everywhere on old vine stems; Melolontha melolontha, L., in some vineyards more than 100 larvae were found underneath one vine; larvae of ELATERIDAE _ damaged young branches of vine; Humolpus vitis, F., Phytoptus vitis. 7 most widespread pest in the Government; Mayetiola (Cecidomyia) _ destructor, Say. ; Chlorops taeniopus, Mg. ; Anisoplia austriaca, Hbst. ; _ Melolontha melolontha, L.; Lema melanopus, L.; Jassus sexnotatus, - Fall. ; various aphides and thrips. _ Maize was injured by larvae of M. melolontha, L., Pentodon idiota, _ Hbst., ELATERIDAE, and Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb. ; the spread of the latter _ pest is favoured by the neglect of the peasants to burn or destroy the maize stubbles, which they keep as food for cattle during the winter _and spring, thus enabling the wintering pests to complete their develop- ment; the damage done by them is very serious. Winter rape was damaged by Entomoscelis adonidis, Pall., Athalia spinarum, F., and also occasionally by Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, L.; the latter also injured or destroyed melons, maize, vine and other plants. Cleonus _ punctwentris, Germ., was noticed in small numbers on beet; Ofzo- 2 enius ligustict, L., on lucerne; and Apion apricans, Hbst., on _ clover. ___ Insect pests of market garden crops. Haltica oleracea, H. nemorum, _ Pieris brassicae, P. rapae, Mamestra brassicae and Aphis brassicae are _ the usual pests, for which no remedies are applied in Bessarabia. _ Paczosxt (J. K.). 0630pb BparoBb cenbcKaro xo3AvcTBa XepcoucHon TyGepoin wu OT4eTb no EctectsenHo-Victopuyechomy Myser 3a 1912-1913 roqb. [A Review of Pests of Agriculture in the Government of Cherson and the Report of the Natural History Museum for 1912-1913.]—EctectBenHo-Vctopuyeckii My3ei Xep- councKaro [y6. 3emctpa.—[Pubd. by the Nat. Hist. Museum of the Zemstvo of the Govt. of Cherson,| Cherson, 1913, 34 pp. Anisoplia austrica, Hbst., while totally absent in the northern parts of the Government, appeared in the south in numbers, suggesting that a serious outbreak of this insect may occur soon; this has not been the case for the last ten years. The larvae of Athous niger, L., damage wheat crops in some localities ; while Hpicometis hirtella, L., injured ears of oats. Two hemipterous insects were noticed on lucerne, which had not previously been observed on this plant, Adelphocoris Insect pests of field crops. Oscins frit, L., v. pusilla, Mg., is the | 44 lineolatus, Goeze, and Acocephalus rusticus, F. The former species was noticed on two estates in the northern districts. According to I. V. Vassiliev the insect has two generations in South Russia. It winters in the egg stage, the eggs being laid in the lower part of the stem of the lucerne stubble ; the young bugs issue at the end of the sprin and start sucking the tender parts of the plants; in the first half of July they reach their mature stage, ovipositing again in the autumn. Insecticides are of no avail, and the only remedy recommended by Vassiliev consists in destroying the wintering eggs by slightly burning the lucerne stubble. To effect this, the field of lucerne is covered with a loose and even stratum of straw of a thickness of about 34 inches, which is burned in suitable weather, viz., dry, with a slight wind ; the flame should pass rapidly and evenly over the field. Vassiliev reports favourable results obtained by this method in the Government of Ekaterinoslav, and points out that the slightly burned plants of lucerne gave good new shoots. As to Acocephalus rusticus, F., its life-habits are little known; it appeared usually in company with Adelphocoris lineolatus, so that the particular damage done by it could not be ascertained. Macrosiphum pisi, Kalt., was also found on lucerne, where, however, these lice do not multiply to a dangerous degree, they being chiefly pests of peas. Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, L., appeared this year in many parts of the Government, injuring lucerne, maize, sunflower and potatoes; they did not touch Sisymbrium losselu, L., but were found frequently on S. sophia, L., also on Artemisia. Lethrus cephalotes, Laxm., did some damage to linseed crops in the district of Cherson. Epicometis hirtella, L., was found this season in lesser numbers than in previous years and has done damage only in some localities. In the environs of Cherson it attained its greatest numbers at the time of blossoming of the cherry trees, which suffered most from its attacks. The author experimentally tested the remedy recommended by J. F. Schreiner, namely, trapping the beetles on sheets of blue paper covered with an adhesive. He concludes that the method is of no practical — value, as the insects did not show any preference for the blue sheets. It was noticed that the insects did not pay any attention to the blue flowers of Chorispora tenella, D.C., which grew underneath the cherry trees, or to other blue flowers, concentrating only on the blossoms of cherries. The same negative results from adhesive blue sheets were also reported from Turkestan with Ozythyrea cinctella, and from Kishinev. Pie following insects injurious to orchards have been noticed. Hyponomeuta malinellus, Z., Euproctis chrysorrhoea, L., Malacosoma neustria, L., Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella, L., Acronycta tridens, Schiff., Coleophora hemerobiella, Sc., Phalera bucephala, L., Hylotoma rosarum, F., Tingis pyri, F., and Aphis ribis, L. For the first time during his sixteen years’ experience the author met with Pyslla pyricola, Forst., and it raises the question whether the pest has only this year invaded the Government, or whether it has existed there previously without being able to develop to a notice- able degree, owing to some unfavourable conditions; as a remedy, dusting with tobacco is suggested. Humolpus vitis, F., was also 45 noticed on vine for the first time in the Government, though known previously in Bessarabia. Phytoptus pyri, Sor., has done substantial damage in some localities, and occurred in considerable numbers. The following forest pests are reported. On oaks, two species of the _ genus Haltica appeared in some localities, the most serious damage being done to single trees and small scattered groups of trees on pasture Jand ; oaks in enclosures, where no grazing took place, suffered less, or not at all. Leaves of elm trees were injured by Galeruca xantho- - melaena, Schr. Claudius viminalis, Fall., were found on poplars in Cherson, there being evidently two generations of the pest in the Government. _ Larvae of Cimbex amerinae, L., or a similar species, were noticed on Salix acutifolia, W., on the sands in the valley of the river Dnieper ; the leaves were sometimes totally devoured, only the veins remaining. Lecanium robinarium, Dougl., is increasing in the Government; in the year under report they were found on Corylus avellana, and on maples in some localities. _ Wesster (F. M.) & Parks (T. H.). The Serpentine Leaf-Miner.— Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, 1, no. 1, Oct. 1913, pp. 59-87, 17 figs., 1 pl. The serpentine leaf-miner is the larva of Agromyza pusilla, Mg., a minute yellow and black fly, which is common in alfalfa fields during the summer ; it has a wide range of food-plants, and is generally dis- tributed over the United States. Outside the United States the species has been found in central and northern EKurope, Italy, Sicily, and Egypt. The larvae injure the foliage of the plant by devouring the paren- chyma of the leaf; leaves of white clover and of young alfalfa often having the entire cellular tissue devoured, leaving only the two mem- branes. Usually only one larva is present in each leaf. The injury is greatest in the south-western States, where the discoloured leaves _ are sometimes present in sufficient numbers to lower materially the quality of the hay. The injured leaves can be found in the fields from May until November, the larvae continuing to feed until the frosts ; in Florida the larvae feed throughout the winter, but usually the insect hibernates in the puparia beneath the surface of the soil at the base of the plants. There are five or six generations in lat. 41°, the number varying with the length of the growing season. The genera- tions overlap to such an extent that all stages can be found in the fields during most of the season. During the period of highest tem- perature in summer, the larvae are usually found infesting plants protected from the direct rays of the sun; in the south-west the insect almost completely disappears from the fields at this time, reappearing in September. The eggs are deposited in the leaf tissue, and are inserted in punc- tures identical with those made by the adult in feeding; the eggs take 4 days to hatch in June, the larval period being then 4 days. In the eastern States pupation occurs entirely in the soil; in the more 46 arid western States it takes place usually in the larval chambers in the leaf; the pupal period in June is 10 days. The average period of the complete life-cycle is 23 days. Besides alfalfa, clover, cowpeas, rape and cotton are subject to attack. A few nearly-related and very similar leaf-miners are known to attack timothy, wheat, oats and grasses; when these crops are affected, the mine usually extends the entire width of the leaf, and may kill the plant if it is very young. Numerous parasitic insects attack and consume the larvae and pupae within their mines; these are highly efficient and keep the © insect under control. The following is a list of these parasites :— Diaulinus begin, Ashm., D. webstert, Cwfd., Chrysocharis aimsher, Cwfd., C. parksi, Cwid., Derostenus arizonensis, Cwid., D. drastatae, How., D. punctiventris, Cwid., D. pictipes, Cwid., D. varipes, Cwid,. Diaulinopsis callichroma, Cwid., Cirrospilus flavoviridis, Cwid., Zagram- — mosoma multilineata, Ashm., Closterocerus utahensis, Cwid., Pleurotropis — rugosithorax, Cwid., Hucotlahunteri, Cwid., Sympiesis sp., Pteromalussp., Cirrospilus sp., Diaulinopsis sp., and a species of ENTEDONINAE. Braconid parasites include Opius agromyzae, Vier., O. aridus, Gahan, O. brunnevpes, Gahan, and O. suturalis, Gahan. The following are predaceous upon the serpentine leaf-miner: Triphleps sp., and Ery- thraeus sp. Most of these parasites are functional in the control of — more than one species of leaf-miner, and are very widely distributed. Frequent cutting of alfalfa kills the larvae in the leaves, and does much to protect this crop ; this method should be followed where the ~ injury becomes serious. Deep autumn or winter ploughing is advo- cated for annual forage crops and cereals, in order to bury deeply the — hibernating puparia located near the surface of the ground. —— ee Dr Cuarmoy (D. d’E.). Summary of investigations on Insect Pests — during the three months, May-July, 1913.—Mauritius Dept. of Agric., Dw. Entom., 27th July 1913, 2 pp. The sugar-cane leaf aphis (Aphis sacchari). By the middle of June — fields severely infested by these plant-lice were noticed on two plantations. As predaceous insects, such as SYRPHIDAE and CoccInN- - ELLIDAE were found at work, no remedy was suggested. A fortnight — later the pest was found to have been completely checked by a fungus ~ disease, and the plants were rapidly recovering. | In June the manager of the Bassin Estate found White Tannas © diseased. These were uprooted, and the damage was found to be due ~ to “ moutoucs ” (Oryctes and Lachnosterna larvae). The larvae were — dug out, and with them a certain number of Scolia rufa, which were — proved to be parasites of the Oryctes larvae. . Chionaspis tegalensis. Samples of sugar-cane received from Indus- — try Estate, Long Mountain, were found heavily infected with this scale-insect, and about five acres of another plantation were entirely — covered with this pest. Karly cropping and burning of the canes before cutting have been suggested as a means of getting rid of the insect. — The sugar-cane white louse (Pseudococcus calceolariae var. sacchari). — Young virgin canes were found suffering from this scale-insect, which — was attacking the roots, this being due to infested cuttings not having — 47 been disinfected. A fungus disease was keeping down the Coccid, the aggregated insects being reduced toa sort of pulp. For disinfecting the cuttings kerosine mixture has been suggested. For this mixture, to 25 grams of soap disolved in 500 c.c. boiling water, add 2 litres petroleum, gradually stirring the while; add to 600 c.c. of this emul- sion, 400 c.c. of Phenyl, or 300 c.c. of Creolin. This mixture at a strength of 1 per cent. in water damages green leaves, and should only be employed for disinfecting the soil or against scale insects _ attacking the bark. HaArRDENBERG (C. B.). Peach-tree Aphides.—Agric. Jl. Union S. Africa, Pretoria, vi, no. 2, Aug. 1913, pp.. 224-235. During the winter and early spring of 1912, the author made some observations and experiments regarding the life-history and control of the black and green peach aphids [ Aphis persicae, Boyer, and Rhopa- | losiphum dianthi, Schr.] in the Pretoria and Johannesburg districts, where the two insects are generally very prevalent, and may cause a complete failure of the peach crop in some localities. The observa- tions can be divided into such as relate to (a) life-history, including hibernation and dispersal ; (b) parasitism ; and (c) the use of tobacco extract as a means of control. The following summary is given of the results of the experiments :— (1) In sheltered situations the black peach aphis probably hiber- nates on the trees, and may breed through the winter; (2) though primarily infesting the young shoots and iruit-buds, the black aphis will also attack the leaves; (3) dispersal takes place most probably through the agency of winged individuals, which are produced as soon as a favourable mean temperature is reached ; the distribution is too scattered to admit of its being effected by ants carrying the young aphides to other situations on the tree; (4) the presence of aphis at the base of the flower-bud causes it to swell and open prematurely, or at least in advance of others which are not attacked by aphides ; (5) the green peach aphis breeds in the winter on cabbage, parsnips, and probably other cruciferous plants ; (6) in the absence of definite data regarding the season history of the black aphis parasite, we may presume that the hibernating colonies keep this parasite breeding through the winter season; (7) the black peach aphis is attacked by one hymenopterous internal parasite and preyed upon by two species of Syrphid flies and three species of lady-birds; (8) the total length of the life-cycle of the Syrphid, Xanthogramma scutellaris, is about three weeks ; egg stage, three to four days, larval stage about twelve days, and pupal stage five days ; (9) the Syrphid pairs in late afternoon ; eggs are deposited at intervals of about one minute; (10) tobacco extract in a solution containing about 0°082 per cent nicotin is the most effective strength ; no advantage is gained by using a stronger solution ; this kills the aphis within 24 hours, being equivalent to a dilution of “Eagle Brand”? extract of 1:100, and of “ Lion Brand” extract 1:80; (11) the tobacco wash is more effective in sunshine than in dull cloudy weather ; (12) green peach aphis can be effectively kept under control by three thorough sprayings about five days apart, the first being applied as soon as the first leaves open out; the first appearance of the aphis should be watched for closely ; (13) for effec- tive spraying an underspray attachment is essential ; the spray should 48 be applied along the branch from below (towards the tip of the branch | or twig), as the force of the spray will momentarily open the curled-up leaves ; (14) the use of soap at the rate of 1 lb. in 25 gallons of spray © is advisable ; (15) the cost of the application should not exceed 1s. 6d. — per tree for the three sprayings together ; (16) by means of these three _ sprayings a good crop of peaches can be secured, even in heavily ~ infested orchards ; (17) clean cultivation between the trees is advised ; _~ cabbages, parsnips or cruciferous vegetables should not be grown | during the winter in or near the part of the garden where peach trees — are standing, as they furnish breeding places for the green peach aphis. In a note by Mr. Lounsbury it is stated that the above report on spraying tests concerns the green peach aphis. The black species is — commonly found during winter ; and when it has to be combated, it is is advisable to take advantage of the nakedness of the twigs, by making © a thorough application of the spraying preparation shortly before — the buds open. Should three sprayings, as recommended, not suffice for the control of the green species, as may be the case in seasons — which particularly favour the pest, applications at intervals of about five days should be continued. Van Dine (D. L.). Report of the Entomologist.—Hapt. Sta. of the i Sugar Producers’ Assn. of Porto Rico, Rio Piedras, P.R., Bull. — no. 5, Aug. 1913, pp. 25-46. In this report the author states that the May-beetles and their white stubs form the first line of his work, since the control of these insects is the most acute problem before the planter. The following is a list of the insects affecting sugar-cane in Porto Rico, together with their ~ natural enemies, and an indication of the injury they cause :— (1) The moth stalk-borer (Diatraea saccharalis, ¥'.) tunnels into the cane stalk; kills young cane; affects the germination of seed cane. Its enemies are an egg-parasite, T'richogramma minutum, Riley; a Tachinid fly, Tachinophyto (Hypostena) sp.; and a fungus, Cordiceps barberi, Giard; (2) May-beetles and white grubs (Lachnosterna spp.) © The adults feed upon the leaves, and the larvae upon the roots and the | root-stalks externally; their enemies are: a wasp, Elis sexcinta, F. ; the Tachinid flies, Cryptomergema aurifacies and Hutrixoides jones; | an Elaterid beetle, Pyrophorus luminosus, Ill. ; a fungus, Metarrhizvum | anisopliae, Metsch. ; “ blackbirds ” (Crotophaga ani and Holoquiscalus | brachypterus); (3) the weevil root-borer (Diaprepes spengleri, L.), whose | larvae feed within the root-stalk and prune the roots to some extent ; the blackbirds, noted under Lachnosterna, feed upon its larvae at — ploughing time; (4) Rhinoceros beetles (undetermined Dynastids). — Their larvae feed upon the roots, and within the root-stalk; the fungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae, and the blackbirds, both noted under Lachnosterna, are natural enemies ; (5) The Mealy-bug (Pseudococcus | sacchari, Ckll.), feeds on the underground portions of young cane, at the base of the leaves, and beneath leaf-sheaths of older cane; the introduced ladybird beetle, Cryptolaemus montrouziert, Muls., and the | parasitic fungi, Aspergillus sp. and Isarva sp., are natural enemies; | (6) the mole-cricket (Scapteriscus didactylus, Latr.), eats into seed cane — and the young shoots beneath the surface of the ground; natural | enemies are the blackbirds and lizards; (7) the southern grass-worm | 49 (Laphygma frugiperda, 8. and A.), the larvae of which eat leaves of young cane. A Braconid, Chelonus insularis, Cress. (?); the Tachi- nid flies, Frontina archippivora, Will., Gonia crassicornis, F., and Archy- tas piliventris, Wulp ; a Carabid beetle, Calosoma alternans, F.; the fungi, Botrytes sp. and Empusa sp., and the blackbirds are natural ‘enemies; (8) the grass-looper (Remigia repanda, F.), the larva of which eats leaves of young cane, the natural enemies being Tachinid flies and a Carabid beetle, Calosoma alternans, F.; (9) the West Indian | sugar-cane leaf-hopper (Delphax saccharivora) feeds on leaves and | stalks of young cane; its natural enemies are: a Mymarid, a Dryinid and a Stylops ; (10) the sugar-cane Aphid (Sipha graminis, Kt.) feeds on the leaves; its enemies are: a Syrphid fly, Ocyptamus sp. ; lady- bird beetles, Cycloneda sanguinea, L., Megilla innotata, Muls., Scymnus loewri, Muls., S. rosercollis, Muls. ; a lace-wing fly ; a fungus, Acrostal- agmus sp.; (11) the hard-back or black night-beetle (Ligyrus tumu- losus, Burm.), the larva of which is found at the roots, and is attacked by a wasp, Campsomeris dorsata, F.; (12) the weevil stalk-borer (Metamasius hemipterus, L.), follows disease or other injury, infesting both stalks of growing cane and seed cane; no enemies have been observed ; (13) the shot-hole stalk-borer (Xyleborus sp.) follows dis- ease, usually the rind disease (Melanconium sacchart), in the stalks and seed cane; no enemies have been observed; (14) the grass-worm (Cirphis latiuscula, H. 8.), eats young leaves; a Braconid (undeter- _ mined) and the blackbirds are natural enemies ; (15) a Skipper (Prenes nero, F'.), whose larva eats young leaves ; it is parasitised by a Braconid ; (16) the scale-insect, Targionia sacchari, Ckll., parasitised by a Chal- cidid; (17) the green Diabrotica (Dviabrotica graminea, Baly), the adults of which feed on the leaves to a slight extent; the habits of the larva are not known; no enemies have been observed; (18) a termite (Hutermes morio, Lath.), attacks the seed and does not appear to have any enemy; (19) an undetermined Tineid, attacks the base of young shoots and eyes; no enemy has been observed ; (20) mites have been observed to feed upon the stalks beneath the leaf-sheath _ and upon the leaves; no natural enemies observed. An extensive bibliography of 41 works, containing papers on Porto Rico sugar-cane insects follows. From this list the author gives a general summary, referring to the injurious species according to the part of the plant they affect. It was in 1910 that the larvae of the so-called Rhinoceros beetles were discovered, and in 1911 about 15 acres of cane were found in- fested to a serious extent by them. Thus far the insect has been observed breeding at the roots of cane only on the south coast of the island ; it is also found in old wood in the forest. The grubs are eaten by the blackbirds at ploughing time, and the local form of the para- sitic fungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae, also attacks them. The plan- tation practice of planting cane by opening up new furrows between the old rows without first ploughing out the old stubble, greatly favours the development of the grub of the Rhinoceros beetle, and of the white grub of the May-beetle. The old stubble should be thrown out, as then the blackbirds are able to feed upon the grubs, and the latter may also be picked up and destroyed. It seems probable that this Rhinoceros beetle is a species recorded under the name of Strategus titanus from the islands of St. Croix and Jamaica, as a pest of the (Cl.) D 50 sugar-cane, and which is also recorded from Porto Rico by Stahl. The weevil root-borer (Diaprepes spengleri, L.), which in the larval stage attacks the roots of sugar-cane, must now be added to the list of borers affecting the plant in Porto Rico. The adult weevil has already been recorded as an enemy of citrus trees, and as common in © coffee plantations, and was stated to have other hosts, as the guava, © avocado, mango and rose. The author has observed the adult weevil | feeding on the leaves of the sugar cane and on those of the “ jobo,” — Spondias lutea. The blackbirds feed upon the weevil root-borer at — ploughing time. Generally, the measures of control would be collect- ing the grubs and adults. . ScHwartz. Nikotin als Insektengift. [Nicotin as an Insect Poison. }— Mitt. k. biol. Anst. fiir Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Berlin, viii, 14th Sept. 1913, pp. 36-37. Laboratory experiments were made to find the effect of nicotin and its salts upon insects. Besides pure nicotin the following salts of it were used :—lactate, acetate, trichloracetate and nitrate. All these substances, in 0:015% solution, acted as a skin poison upon Aphids © (Rhopalosiphum ribis). Solutions containing 0:025% of the substance killed 93-989 of the Aphids. As an internal poison, 0:05°{ solutions were effective for caterpillars of Vanessa polychloros, V.10, and Orgyia antiqua ; 0:2°% solutions for caterpillars of Lymantria dispar and Stilpnotia salicis; and 1% solutions for Malacosoma neustria. Poi- soned food affected only the caterpillars of Vanessa io and polychloros. In the cases where the caterpillars of these species ate leaves sprayed with nicotin compounds, they pupated imperfectly, and in no cases were butterflies produced from them. The spray solution used was 005% in strength. The difference in action of the several compounds of nicotin used was not worked out. : The following Series of Abstracts is taken from «Cagb, Oropopb u Baxua*» [Orchard, Market Garden & Bachza.|—The Journal of the Astrachan Society of Frut-Growers, Market-Gardeners & Agriculturists, Astrachan. Sacnarov (N.). Opatrum sabulosum, L., KaKb BpequTenb Gax4eBbixt pacTeHi Bb AcTpaxaHckonw Ff. M MOACONHyXOBb Bb CapaToscKoni. [Opatrum sabulosum, L., as a pest of cucurbitaceous plants in the Govt. of Astrachan and of sunflower seeds in the Govt. of Saratov.|—Orchard, Market-Garden & Bachza, 1913, Reprint, 2 pp. - The larvae of this Tenebrionid beetle in their life-history, and in the character of the damage done by them, resemble the larvae of Agriotes lineatus, L. The author points out, therefore, that not all the injury *(The Tartar word Bbax4a (Bachza) is used in South and South Eastern Russia of fields set apart for the cultivation of various species of melon, chiefly water melons, the yield varying from 110 to 300 melons per acre. These fields are only used for this purpose for one year, after which they are given up to ordinary crops. In some parts of the chornoiziom area cucumbers and other vegetables are grown on these fields.—Ed.] _ attributed to the latter pests is really done by them. He obtained this year, some larvae from the Zemstvo of Saratov, which have damaged sunflowers, and from them he reared some O. sabulosum, the remaining larvae producing A. lineatus, and another unidentified beetle. In the same way he obtained an imago of O. sabulosuwm from some larvae which were damaging lemons in the Government of Astrachan. These insects live during the whole summer, often hiding under- neath stones or dry cattle-dung; they are found in large numbers in ' both the above Governments, and in the opinion of the author, about 51 90 per cent. of the damage to ‘“‘bachza”’ plants in Astrachan, usually attributed to the larvae of A. lineatus, is really done by the former _ pest when the larvae of Zuoa segetum are absent. _ The author describes the larva, pupa and imago of the Opatrum. _ As to remedies, further investigations will, he says, be necessary. } \ | Vostrikov (P.). Hopotgpi [Bark Beetles. |—Orchard, Market-Garden and Bachza, Feb. 1913, pp. 40-41. The habits of Eccoptogaster rugulosus, Ratz., and E. mali, Bechst., _ are very similar, and both injure mostly cherry trees and plum trees, _ but also apple, pear, apricot, etc. There are two generations; the _ first occurring from the first half of May till the end of July, the second | from July till the end of summer. The control of the insects is not an easy matter, the part played by parasites being minimal, and insecticides being of little avail. As preventive remedies, the author _ recommends smearing over the trunks of trees early in spring, before _ the opening of the buds, with 3 per cent. solution of iron-sulphate, or _ with a mixture of milk of lime with iron sulphate (1 lb. of the latter in _ about 2°7 gallons of water). As to destructive remedies, the cutting in spring of those branches which have no leaves, the cutting out of _ the larvae from the trunks in May and June, smearing over the wounds with lime and clay, or with garden tar, are recommended. It is also _ useful to plug the openings on the bark and any wounds with a mix- _ ture of one part of carbolineum with two parts of lime. Sorbus and Crataegus ought to be excluded from gardens or used as bait trees, } and burned afterwards. In the same way damaged trees ought also to be burned, as well as injured branches, etc. _Rasrecasey (P.). Hawunyywi cnocoOb yHuytowenia mMe_BbaKM Bb cajaxb M oropogaxb. [The best method of destroying Gryllo- talpa in orchards and in market-gardens.|—Orchard, Market- Garden and Bachza, Feb. 1913, pp. 41-42. The author describes, generally, the damage done by these pests to orchards and market gardens, which in south-eastern Russia is enor- mous. He recommends a new remedy, which he considers superior to all those usually recommended, such as (1) bait-holes ; (2) poison- ing by maize ; (3) destruction of the nests with eggs; (4) spraying of the soil with carbon bisulphide; (5) moistening of the beds with a mixture of water and carbon bisulphide; (6) addition of turpentine to the water used for watering the beds, etc. His remedy consists in pouring naphtha into the burrows of the insects. For this purpose (C1.) D 52 a jug containing water and naphtha, the latter keeping on the surface of the water, is used; having found a burrow, the naphtha is first poured in, either through a special tube attached to the lip of the jug, or by simply pouring it over the edge ; then water is poured in so as to drive the naphtha into the hole; one half to 1 pint of water over some naphtha proves sufficient to drive out the insect, and it perishes soon afterwards. He reports that in this way a boy (whose daily wages were 25 copecks—about 6d.), has destroyed 300 insects in a day. The author has also invented a special jug, with two tubes, and two separate compartments for water and for naphtha. SacHarov (N.). Fycennya Gabounn Lvergestis extimalis, Sc., KaKb BPeAUTeib HEKOTOPbIXS OFOPOAHbIXd HyNbTypb. [The caterpillar of Evergestis extimalis, Sc., as a pest of some market-garden crops. |—Orchard, Market-Garden and Bachza, March 1913, pp. 160-161, 3 figs. ‘It has not been previously reported that the caterpillars of Hvergestis extumalis, Sc., injure cruciferous plants, but during last summer they have been noticed damaging sprouts of radish and turnip in one experi- mental nursery in the Government. The author describes and figures the imago and the caterpillar, and figures also a damaged pericarp. The eggs are deposited on the pericarps and the caterpillars feed on the seeds. Pupation takes place on the same plants on which the caterpillars have fed, between the leaves or the branches of the stalks. It is assumed that there are two generations, the second one breeding on wild Cruciferae. Paris green may serve as an insecticide, as the insects feed also on the outer parts of the fruits. SacHarov (N.). Oecanthus pellucens Scop., KaKkb BPeMCHHbIN COHM- Telb BHHOrpagHou no3sbl. [Oecanthus pellucens, Scop., as a tempo- rary parasite of vine-branches.} Orchard, Market-Garden and Bachza, April 1913, pp. 193-196. -The tree cricket, Oecanthus pellucens, oviposits inside the summer — branches of the vine, laying two, and sometimes three eggs in one hole ; the larvae emerge from the egg in the following spring, the imago appearing in July. The author is of opinion that this insect is rather useful than injurious, as from the moment of its hatching out till late in the autumn, it destroys plant-lice wherever it can find them. As to the oviposition on vine, the insect only casually visits this plant, and the damaged branches do not suffer from the piercing, as the open- ings grow over again later. As it oviposits also on those parts of the summer branches which are cut off and burned before the winter, numbers are destroyed. In Astrachan the insect survives by depo- — siting its eggs over the winter on Rubus caesius, L. SacHarov (N.). OTb SHToMoNorM4ecKow cTaHyin AcTpaxaHckaro Odwectsa CajoBogctea, OropopHuyectBa u MnogoBogctBa. [Notes from the Entomological Station of the Astrachan Society of — Horticulture and Agriculture.|—Orchard, Market-Garden and — Bachza, April 1913, pp. 196-200. The author calls attention to the appearance of a Chrysomelid — -" ! 53 beetle, the larvae of which mine the leaves of garden strawberries. _ On some leaves as many as 270 eggs were found, and the larvae threat- ened to destroy the whole crop of strawberries. He suggests spraying the plants with Paris green, repeating the spraying later when the ovaries are well formed. The insecticide must be used in a propor- tion of 1 oz. of green and 2 oz. of lime dissolved in 7 gallons of water. In some parts of the Government larvae of a Galerucid beetle, Leptosonyx silphoides, appeared, moving in large numbers over the _ steppes, after the manner of Phlyctaenodes sticticalis ; the author is, _ however, of opinion that this insect feeds only on wormwood, not _ touching cultivated plants. ' Recipes are given for one insecticide and two fungicides. The insecticide is recommended against pests of the vine, and consists of _ a solution of 24 lb. sulphate of iron in 233 ga!s. water, with which the _ young buds are to be sprayed in early spring. Sacuarov (N.). Asiatckan capaHya Bb HM30BbAXb Boru un Oopboa Cb Hew. [Asiatic locusts in the lower parts of the Volga, and the fight against them.]|—Orchard, Market-Garden and Bachza, July and Sept. 1913, pp. 436-440 & 559-563, 11 figs. _ The southern parts of the Government of Astrachan, along the banks of the Volga and of the Caspian Sea are most suitable places for the breeding of Asiatic locusts (Locusta migratoria and L. danica) ; the coasts are covered with reeds, there being also various meadow plants, and the soil is suitable for the oviposition of these insects. The people in these parts are mostly fishermen, and, therefore, the _ damage done by the pests is usually disregarded, the locusts appear- ing every year without exception. Oviposition takes place at the end of August and during September on friable, sandy or loamy soil, and the hatching begins in May. The spring floods of the Volga destroy large numbers of eggs, and the author is of opinion that if this were not the case, the locusts would become so numerous .as to threaten even many central Governments of Russia. The following parasites of locusts are mentioned :—Sarcophaga lineata, Fall., which mostly parasitises the larvae, and another fly of the genus Anthomyia, which attacks the winged insects. Besides these _ flies, the following insects prey on the eggs of the locusts :—Epicauta _ erythrocephala v. latelineolata, Mylabris calida, and the larvae of flies of the genus Systoechus; the latter being found by the author in 20-25 per cent. of the egg-clusters. The difficulties in combating the insects are considerable, owing to the situation of the breeding places among flooded reeds, and the lack of workmen on the spot, etc. The method adopted was spraying with Paris green (1 lb. of green, 4 Ib. of milk of lime, and 2 lb. of a special glue, in about 14 gallons of water); for the later larval stages the insecticide was made even stronger. RastecaJev (P.). Mow enyyaitbia Hadniopenia 3a Bpequon pbatenb- HOCTbIO apOy3Haro 4YepBA. [My casual observations on the inju- rious activities of the Melon-Worm.]|—Orchard, Market Garden and Bachza, Sept. 1913, pp. 565-568. The name of “ melon-worm” is applied to the larvae of Euzxoa segetum, and the damage to melons was observed only in the first half 54 of June, when many of the young sprouts were destroyed. Hand- picking at night was adopted, and the remaining plants were saved, 500 caterpillars having been collected on a space of 2 acres. The author also suggests spraying with Paris green (about 14 oz. of green in about 2°7 gallons of water). Rysuxov (N.). MbilbakoBucTan M3BecTb M NapwextcKan 3eneHb, Kak MHceKTHCHpAbI. [Calcium arsenate and Paris green as insecticides. | —Orchard, Market-Garden and Bachza, Oct. 1913, pp. 643-644. The author reports the results of spraying with the above-mentioned insecticides in various orchards. In one case calcic arsenate was used, prepared as follows :—1 lb. of arsenic with 14-2 lb. of soda, being boiled in about 2°7 gallons of water till the arsenic was quite dissolved, which took about an hour; after this some 5 lb. of lime was added and boiled for another half an hour; this solution was made up to 270 gallons with water. Although there were rains during the spraying, and this was not repeated, the results obtained were excel- lent ; and, whereas, during the previous year, C. pomonella destroyed. more than three-quarters of the harvest in this particular orchard, no specimens of the pest were noticed this year. In another orchard the spraying was done with Paris green dissolved in sal-ammoniac, the amount of the latter being just sufficient to dissolve the green, and 1 oz. of this mixture was dissolved in 19 gallons of water; while in a third orchard the insecticide used was Paris green with lime (about 4 oz. in 2°7 gallons of water). The results obtained were favourable with regard to Hyponomeuta malinellus, the larvae of which perished after 3-4 days, keeping all the time on the ends of the bran- ches ; while the activity of C. pomonella was practically unaffected. Lone (H. C.). The Large Larch Sawfly.—Gardeners’ Chronicle, London, liv, no. 1394, 13th Sept. 1913, pp. 184-185, 1 pl. The Large Larch Sawfly, Nematus erichsoni, has caused much damage in Britain since 1904 ; up to that time it had not proved harm- ful, but in 1904 it was observed in injurious numbers in Cumberland, and in 1905 it was reported as having wrought great havoc, and again in 1906. Since that time larch woods have suffered much from this insect, which has now been scheduled as notifiable to the proper authorities. In 1908, in Keswick, 200 acres were attacked, and hundreds of the trees had died ; on Skiddaw alone 30,000 trees had to be felled in 1912 on account of the pest. This sawfly has been recorded. in Germany, Switzerland, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Finland, the United States, and Canada. The damage is done by the larvae, which feed voraciously on the foliage of the larch; trees of any age may be attacked. Repeated defoliation may kill the tree. When full-fed the larvae enter the moss or soil beneath the trees and spin strong brownish cocoons, in which they pass the winter, pupating in the spring. The flies emerge from May to July, during which time eggs are laid. Hewitt found that development was parthenogenetic. The sawfly is subject to attack by a number of parasites, chiefly the Ichneumon, Mesoleius aulicus, which is responsible for the death of 55 _ large numbers of the insect, to the extent sometimes of 70 per cent. A fungus (Cordiceps) also infests the cocoons. Since tall trees are attacked, remedial measures against the infesta- tion are rendered more difficult. Means of combat include crushing the larvae when near enough to the ground; poisoning by spraying _ with lead arsenate or Paris green ; and destroying the cocoons in the ... under the trees, during the winter. Lone (H. C.). The Cherry Fruit Fly. Gardeners’ Chronicle, London, ‘ liv, 18th Oct. 1913, p. 271, 1 pl. The Cherry Fruit Fly (Rhagoletis cerasi, L.) has been known on the - Continent for a long time ; but English cherries do not appear to have ever been attacked. Affected cherries are, however, constantly _ imported into England, and in consequence it is not impossible that the pest may at any time establish itself in this country. Theobald says that should it become noticeable in any plantation or garden, it would be wise to forego the crop by having the fruit destroyed to prevent damage another year, and the possible spread to other plan- tations. The Cherry Fly may be combated by the collection and destruction of affected cherries; giving poultry the opportunity of picking up fallen cherries and maggots, as well as pupae in the soil; combined with surface cultivation in autumn and winter, to expose the pupae to birds and the rigours of the weather. Plant Bugs on Hevea brasiliensis.—Jl. Board Agric. of Br. Guiana, | Demerara, vii, no. 2, Oct. 1913, p. 74. An increase of the Pentatomid Bug, Empicoris variolosus, is reported. These are difficult to detect, as during the day they hide in depressions of the bark, old tapping wounds, etc. It is supposed that they cause _ exudation of the latex from young green shoots by sucking them. The matter is under investigation. ‘THEOBALD (Ff. V.). The British Species of the Genus Macrosiphum, Passerini. Pt. H.—J/. Econ. Biol., London, viii, no. 3, 29th Sept. 1913, pp. 113-154, 29 figs. In the first part of this paper (Jl. Econ. Biol., viii, No. 2) [see this Review, Ser. A., i, p. 332], a list of fifty-five British species of the genus Macrosiphum was given, and of these twenty-five were described. The present part deals with the remaining species, and five more are added to the list, bringing the number up to sixty. Of these, twelve species are new. Fett (K. P.). Twenty-eighth Report of the State Entomologist, 1912.— Bull. N.Y. State Mus., Albany, N.Y., no. 165, 15th July, 1913, 264 pp., 79 figs., 14 pls. The authorship of the above paper, of which an abstract was given on p. 527, Vol. i., Series A., was attributed in error to the Director of the Museum instead of to Dr. E. P. Felt. The reference should read as above. NOTICES OF ENTOMOLOGICAL APPOINTMENTS, &c. Mr. Nowett, the Assistant Superintendent of the Local Depart- ment of Agriculture, Barbados, who was principally engaged upon Mycological and Entomological work, has resigned, and has now been appointed as Mycologist to the Imperial Department of Agriculture, Barbados. Mr. J. Sypney Dasu, B.Sc., has been appointed in his place, and is expected to take up his duties in February. Mr. C. F. C. Berson, Indian Forest Service, has been appointed Forest Zoologist to the Government of India on the resignation of Dr. A., D. Tmme. f B- , _ NOTICES. | The Editor will be glad to receive prompt information of the | appearance of new pests, or of known pests in districts which have _ hitherto been free from them, and will welcome any suggestion, the | adoption of which would increase the usefulness of the Review. _ Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange | their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- "municate with the Assistant Editor, 27, Elvaston Place, Queen’s | Gate, London, S.W. _ _ The subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) _ being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. "All orders and subscriptions should be sent to Messrs. DULAU CONTENTS. =? PAGE. - African Cotton Pests... sss nee nee wes ee + Pests of the Coconut Palm in the South Sea Islands ... 2 - Insecticides for common Insect Pests in U.S.A. iM “n ee ' Remedies for San José, Oyster-Shell and Scurfy Scales in U.S.A. ... 3 _ Codling Moth in the Sacramento Valley in California... ... 3 » The Woolly Aphis in California... © 64. 0 se oes 4 ~ Cabbage Pests in Montana mee Sie EN Sop 4 4 Insect Pests of Cereals in N.E. Russia... «4. ons 5 | Orchard Pests in Ontario wee vee os 5 ~ The use of Oils on Dormant Trees... —... she 6 _ Factors influencing Sex in Ichneumons... Pres a oeMen Wry 6 ~ Control of two Elm-tree Pests in New York State ... «. 6 Analyses of Insecticides for users in California ay 7 _ The amended Insecticide Law im California .., 7 Diseases and Pests of Cultivated Plants in Samoa... 7 ' Tnjurious Insects in Ireland in 1912... a ats 8 A Braconid Parasite of Sinorylon sexdentatum in France ; - Gipsy Moth in the Lebediansk Forest, Russia... “3 ai pe A Pins of Melolontha in the Kulikov Forest, Russia ert. cee Melolontha hippocastant, a Forest Pestin Russia... 2... 0 I Forest Pests in Tambov, Russia a oe ‘ae is Pea | Proposed Quarantine against the Avocado Weevil in U.S.A. Notes on the Biology of Phyllozera in Europe... ne - Ni Notes on the Habits of Chermes in France... as vee Bee-keeping in Tennessee Pee fs aas ct sic .» 14 The Fruit-Tree Leaf-Roller in Colorado +n oN a .. 14 Parasites of Sugar-Cane Pests in British Guiana oie “a Bala Enemies of the Raspberry in France ... — ... s/ ae ‘iene The use of Wine Traps for the Vine Moth in France... Pe ret) The specialised Habits of Parasitic Insects... Sap ‘ie .. 16 Notes on a Plague of Locusts in N. Queensland tea ot eae se bee Food-Plants of the Black Beetroot Aphis in France ... im cath ee The Bean Fly (Agromyza phaseoli) in Queensland ... «.. « 18 Pumpkin Beetles (Aulacophora) in Queensland Sea iastdeg tt eee ae Dichocrocis punctiferalis injuring Papaws in Queensland __.... «. 20 Annual Report of the Beekeepers’ Association of Ontario ... a. 20 A new Parasite of Pseudococcus saccharifolia in Hawaii OER A: (C1.) < , : a’ OOS ESSE LO LEAT SE AE EE CT CONTENTS—continued. = as. | Recent Insecticide investigation in British Columbia... The Cost of Pest Control in British Columbia .:. a rey Methods of taking Insect Records in the field ... ‘as The importance of Economie Entomology as a subject of education ; Importance of Systematic Entomology ... ait ots Saat Some. Problems m Aphis Control in British Columbia... <.. The Control*of Peach Borers in British Columbia... ... ae Cutworms and their Control in British Columbia ... Keonomic Ornithology in British Columbia ... os 6 ce _ Economic Importance of Bark Beetles in Canada .., — ... vs " . The use of Nicotin against the Vine Moth in Lyixemburg.., ~~... Hadena oleracea destructive to Tomatoes in England aie) eae The Control of the Rhinoceros Beetle in Samoa a tte eS Leaf-cutting Antsin Brazil =... 1... iS. ep weeni 58 A Lepidopterous Chestnut Borer in Pennsylvania... oe aor The Rhinoceros Beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) in Samoa Re pres Sugar-Cane Pests in Demerara, Trinidad and Barbados... — ss us pruinosus controlling Aphids in Oregon... sts Powdered Arsenate of Lead as an Insecticide ... wee ae A new Parasite of the Red Spider of Cotton in U.S.A. “a Insect Pests in the Government of Voronezh in 1912... sila + * Amendment to “‘ The Destructive Insect and Pest Act of Canada sil Galerucella tenella, a Pest of Strawberries in Astrachan eee ite es _ Crop Pests in Russia — .., ae ee PS The Campaign against Locusts in Bokhara ... “ogg Bae On the Biology of Stauronotus maroccanus in Turkestan The cheapest and most effective Insecticide to destroy Locusts ins Russia... cn ae Maat tmeee See ahs vk: ete Wagtails as Destroyers of Lucerne Pests in Turkestan- = =... Insects injurious to Grain in Russia... 4. ss , Seg Gryllotalpa vulgaris in Astrachan sa Mea eee eh tS Ripe * Insect Pests in Bessarabia during 1912... ... ... eS Save ee, Insect Pests in Cherson ... ‘ Pa Gate Spa eee oe The Serpentine Leaf Miner in US.A. ... Insect Pests from May to July, 1913, in Mauritius ts Hike Lae Peach Tree Aphides in South Africa... ; Report of the Entomologist, Porto Rico Sugar-Producers’ Association ; Nicotin as an Insect Poison — Opatrum sabulosum as a Pest in Astrachan om Gu ae ened Fruit Bark Beetles in Astrachan . ... ,... ee Sapeh eeaes A method for destroying Gryllotalpa cde soe wie wea, 2 lites ms : “et _ Kvergestis extimalis attacking Turnips in Russia Mey Cie ee Occanthus pellucens as a temporary Parasite of Vine branches eB te Russia Su

P in -.* ~ “ x Z Se a ¢~) im f bh : - : 7 Bae ) eal : SSS wep pwrrpp pp itera 2a tats Soke << ae es og ang ah ag : at rn as oe ee Cte < ge cal sabe ‘ Py PO pa Seas eee ee i ees el | ee —_—- st 'y need 4 “> J BY ye eee ee We th - ‘S Pra & ee eS, ia “ip 13% 4 =): Ae . ie ate SA oh Sh es ieee : oes i a Z oo — 7 a5 AS 2 ie oe " * c a — ¢ . 7 A 4 7. * = ; wl ow St ae " ‘ s Ps “TAM -_ ‘ et a. de Make et, Ri eee» i oe PY iy VS wee a. ier ie aes. « ; & ¥ , +e SEB EEE BES8a8 FEBRUARY, 1914. : | A: AGRICULTURAL. BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Aa ae } LONDON: ., Ltd. 37, SOHO SQUARE, W. a A Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Honorary Committee of Management. THE EARL OF CROMER, G.C.B., 0.M., G.C.M.G., Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Atcocx, C.1.E., F.R.8., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. KE. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum | (Natural History). Dr. A. G. BaasHaweE, Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Sir J. Ross BRADFORD, K.C.M. G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Surgeon-General Sir Davip BRuoE, C.B. F. R.S., A.M.S, ? Dr. 8. F. Harmer, F.R.8., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwett Lerroy, Imperial College of Science and E i Technology. The Hon, Sir Jonn McCatt, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmanian Dr. R. Stewart MacDovaatt, Lecturer on Agricultural Envomnlygy Edinburgh University. oe Sir Jonn MoFapyean, Principal, Riyal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Parrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Danzer Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newsteap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of % 4 Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. F. H. Nurraty, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protosolaage ae Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. el Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davin PRAIN, C.LE,, C.M.G., F.R.8., Director, = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. . ae Mr. H. J. Reap, C.M.G., Colonial Office. The Honourable.N. C. Rorascuip, Mr. Hues Scort, Curator in Zoology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Surpiey, F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Sir Stewart Srockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board “of Agri- | E culture, Mr. F. V. Taropatp, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Apnea ox ; College, Wye. - Mr. J. A. TrLey, Foreign Office. Mr. C. WARBURTON, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Sicictie of ; a England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-gov erning Dominions a is an ex officio member of the Committee. — General Secretary. Mr. A C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director and Bditor. Mr. Guy A. K. MarsHat. Assistant Editor. Mr. W. None. Head Office—British Museum Aiiéoral History), Cromvell Rood, : London, S.W. | - Publication Office —27, Elvaston Place, London, 8.W. 57 Bopxkin (G. E.). A New Insect Pest of Coconut Palms in British Guiana, Castnia daedalus, Cramer.—J1. Board Agric. of Br. Guiana, _ Demerara, vii, no. 2, Oct. 1913, pp. 87-90. The author states that in a coconut palm, well advanced in growth, the presence of the larva of this moth is easily detected, the signs of attack consisting of deep, irregular, longitudinal scars or furrows, running up the trunk of the palm in continuous lines, often 3 to 4 feet in length. The larvae themselves live in the burrows, which they make between the trunk of the tree and the broad and thickened bases of the leaves. In cases of severe attack, the trunk of the palm immediately beneath the crown may become so weakened that a strong gust of wind will cause the head to snap off. Frequent cases of this are to be observed on the Demerara River. The financial loss occasioned by this pest is an exceedingly serious matter, especially as the adult insect is winged, and capable of sustained and powerful flight. Descriptions of the various stages of the insect follow, but as regards the life-history little is known at present, any close investi- gation being an exceedingly difficult matter. The moths themselves are entirely nocturnal, and may at times be seen on the wing at dusk. Drastic measures are necessary to prevent further damage in the case of a heavily infested palm. All the lower leaves: have to be carefully removed by cutting them away at the base and securing the larva. In this way as many as 19 larvae and pupae of Castnia daedalus have been taken from a single palm. Palms in an infected district should be examined at regular intervals for the presence of this pest, and to this end, the lower and older branches should be regularly removed, and the tree kept generally clean. No natural enemies have been discovered so far, but C. daedalus does not appear to infest palms inhabited by the so-called ‘‘ Kop-Kop ” ants. Sugar-cane Pests in British Guiana.—Agric. News, Barbados, 16th & _ 30th Aug. 1913, pp. 226 & 282. The large moth borer (Castnia licus) was present on most estates in 1912, the grand total of insects captured in all three stages on seventeen estates being 1,018,901, as against 2,384,430 for 1911. This decrease is stated to be due to nine months’ extreme drought, and to the excellent work of collecting in 1911. The conclusions regarding methods of control are :— (1) Long-continued drought affects the insect adversely ; (2) the peristent and vigorous collecting of caterpillars and pupae in.the stools of canes is the most efficient method of fighting this pest ; (3) the collection of the moths is a very useful practice ; (4) birds may be encouraged by means of perches in the cane-fields, and these are useful aids in the control of Castnia; (5) continued warfare must be kept up against this pest until it-is reduced to very small numbers over a series of years; a decrease for one year should not be taken as a reason for ceasing control operations ; (6) continued efforts on one estate, or on a group of estates may result in practically freeing them ‘from Castnia licus, although in localities near by the pest may be abundant; in such cases, however, the numbers can be kept down otily:by persistent effort year after year. The most im- portant sugar-cane pests in British Guiana are the small moth borers (C11) Wt.P.11/12—26.3.13. 1,500. 2.14 B &F.Ltd. G.11/3. A 58 (Diatraea saccharalis and D. canella), now more abundant than 25 years ago. ‘The number of caterpillars and pupae collected by cutting out “dead hearts” was 15,285,960 in 1913, as compared with 13,632,655 in 1912. It is advised that collecting should be commenced at the earliest possible moment, in order to prevent, as far as possible, the complete development of the larvae of the first generation, thus largely eliminating the second and third. On five estates 281,181 eggs were collected. Attention is given to indirect aids to control, prominent among which are :—( 1) The production of healthy vigorous growing canes, and (2) the use of resistant varieties, To ensure healthy plants, selection of the very best tops only is admissible, and all operations of drainage, tillage, weeding, and manuring must be given careful attention also. The Bourbon cane best fulfils the second con- dition in British Guiana. Further suggestions are (1). that the trash should not be burnt, and (2) that there should be less ratooning. Termites come next to the small moth borer in point of severity of attack. The weevil borer (Metamasius hemipterus) was present on all estates, but abundant on only a few. Other insects, the occurrence of which is mentioned, are: The coconut palm weevil (Rhynchophorus palmarum ; the hard-back beetles, Dyscinetus bidentatus and Cyclo- cephala signata; the shot-borer (Xyleborus sp.); the sugar-cane Aspidiotus( Aspidiotus sacchari) ; the pink mealy-bug (Pseudococcus calceolariae). A leaf-hopper and a frog-hopper (Tomaspis sp.) were observed in very small numbers. The cane-stool moth, the dead cane moth (Monodes agrotina) and several leaf-eating caterpillars, such as Remagia repanda, Laphygma frugiperda and Lycophotia unfecta are also recorded. SoLanet (L. E.). Déstruction simultanée du Négril et de la Cuseute des Luzernes. [The simultaneous Destruction of Colaspidema atra and Lucerne dodder.]—Montpellier, n.d., 30 pp. Experiments made during four consecutive years have shown that calcium cyanamide, reduced to the finest and lightest powder possible and applied annually at the rate of 90 Ibs. per acre, is an efficacious remedy against both the beetle and the parasitic plant. It does not interfere in any way with the growth of the lucerne. In order to spread such a small quantity of cyanamide uniformly the author advises its admixture with other substances, and gives the following formula: Cyanamide, 1 part; gypsum, 2 parts; wood ashes, 1 part. GowpeEy (C.C.). Report by the Entomologist of the Uganda Protec- torate.—Annual Report of the Dept. of Agric. for the year ended 31st March, Kampala, 1913, pp. 29-39. Insects attacking Coffee.—Lecanium africanum, Newst., was the most prevalent scale-insect during the year, attacking both vigorous and weak trees, the latter usually fatally. It is treated successfully with a ‘solution of whale-oil soap at a strength of 1 Ib. of soap to 5 gallons of water. Both L. viride, Green, and L. africanum are associated with a black fungus. L. viride restricts its attacks to the under surface of the eaves and to young shoots. This species has also proved susceptible to treatment with whale-oil soap. It is preyed on by the Coccinellid j beetle Chilocorus discoideus, Crotch, and parasitised by a Chalcid. Stictococcus gowdeyi, Newst., attacks the young shoots, and is rather difficult to kill without using insecticides at such strengths as to affect the foliage. A large percentage of Pulvinaria psidii, Mask., was para- sitised. Ceroplastes ceriferus, And., in addition to coffee, attacks tea, Anona murwata, Citrus spp., Ficus spp., and Antigonion. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Ceratitis capitata, Wied.) in Uganda breeds throughout the year, some kind of food being always available. It has been bred from Anona muricata, banana, coffee berries, guava, lemon, orange, pine-apple and papaya. Of the crickets, ryllus Aa bimaculatus, de G., and Gryllotalpa africana, P. de B., the latter is the more destructive, particularly so in nurseries with heavy shading. The Coffee Beetle (Stephanoderes Coffeae, Haged) is reported to be causing less loss to coffee-growers. 59 Insects attacking Cacao.—The scale-insects (Stictococcus dimorphus, Newst.) were parasitised to a greater extent this year by the Noctuid moth, Hublemma costimacula, Saalm. Experiments showed that a spray of 20 per cent. solution of borax was most effective. Plant lice (Aphis sp.) have only been observed to attack cacao from about one to two-and-a-half years old, grown under heavy shade of bananas. They attack the undersides of the young terminal leaves and form a cabbage-like mass. They are always associated with an ant. This : aphis is preyed on by the Mantids, Sphodromantis lineola, Burm., and Pseudocreobotra wahlbergi, Stal. The crickets (Gryllotalpa africana, \/ P. de B., and Gryllus bimaculatus, de G.) are eaten by the natives, and hand-collecting has proved successful. The operation can be carried out most satisfactorily by providing hiding places in the nurseries, such as grass or pieces of banana leaves, under which the crickets will hide during the day, and can then be easily collected. The habits of the Cacao Fruit Fly (Ceratitis punctata, Wied.) are similar to those of the Mediterranean Fruit Fly. Ripe fruit is necessary for the eggs to hatch ; if, therefore, the cacao pods are picked as soon as ripe the maggots will not be fully grown, thus reducing the number of the adults to infect the next crop. The Cacao Beetle (Adoretus hirtellus, Castn.) seriously injures young trees under about three years old. Sprays of arsenate of lead at the rate of 3 lb. to 50 gallons of water, and of chromate of lead at the rate of 2 oz. to 4 gallons of water are valuable insecticides, and withstand heavy rains. Insects attacking Cotton.—The Cotton Stainers recorded are Dysdercus nigrofasciatus, Stal, D. pretiosus, Dist., Oxycarenus gossypinus, Dist., O. hyalipennis, Costa. No report was received of damage caused by Bollworm (Harias insulana, Boisd). Only isolated plants were attacked by scale-insects (Pulvinaria jackson, Newst.) Several specimens of the parasite, Tetrastichus gowdeyi, Crawf., were bred from this scale. Insects attacking Tea.—A_ scale-insect (Aspidiotus transparens, Green) attacks the under surface of the older leaves and covers them. Ceroplastes ceriferus, And., has not been found to be a serious pest. The report concludes with two tables showing a list of 25 species of ticks found in Uganda, together with their hosts and the diseases that they transmit. (C11) Fe 60 ANDREWS (EH. A.). On Insects. Part If.—Ind. Tea Assoc., Scientific Dept., Quarterly Jl., Calcutta, 1913, pt. 2, pp. 33-42. In the course of this article the following formula is given for use in the nursery against grasshoppers suspected of injuring the young tea plants: Lead arsenate, 1lb.; jaggery, 5lb.;.2water, 100 gallons. Flooding the nursery for a short time, say half a day, appears to be a practical measure against crickets. Another method of dealing with them is by means of poisoned bait, Lefroy’s formula being: Husks of rice, 80 lb.; white arsenic, 2 lb.; gur,4lb. When the young crickets first hatch, they stay in the burrow, but after a few days emerge and begin to feed, digging fresh burrows for themselves every night; as they grow older they dig deeper, and eventually. adopt a permanent burrow. Crickets do great damage to the tea plants, cutting off the tops of the seedlings and dragging them to their burrows. They also do injury to jute, indigo, rice, and many other plants. Owls and bats consume large numbers of these pests, and heavy rains drive them out of their burrows; when this happens birds destroy great quantities ofthem. Digger wasps and ants are also to be reckoned amongst their enemies. Uricu (F. W.). The Froghopper Egg-Parasite (Oligosita giraulte, Crawford) and its colonisation in the Cane Fields.—Bd. of Agric., Trindad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain, Cire. no. 11, 18th Aug. 1915, 9 pp: The vermilion froghopper egg-parasite (Oligosita g vaults, Cw.) has been bred from grass from various localities in Trinidad. From ex- periments it is found that the most suitable stage of the development of the froghopper egg for the parasite is that in which the embryo is well advanced, and that the larval and pupal stages of the parasite take from 22 to 41 days. The adult parasite is very active, and ever search- ing for froghopper eggs, passing from one piece of grass to another by little leaps. The multiplication of the parasite is by no means so great ‘as that of the froghopper. However, the eggs of the latter require more moisture to hatch than the parasite requires for its development, so that this is a factor greatly to the advantage of the parasite. Another important factor is that the parasite reproduces parthenogenetically and a female is ready to lay one hour after issuing from a froghopper egg. Parasitism of froghopper eggs under normal conditions is probably about 25 per cent. Colonisation of the para- sites in the cane-fields is thought to be best carried out by transferring grass yielding parasites by cartloads to fields harbouring no parasites. ‘Kersuaw (J. C.).. Froghoppers.—Bull. Dept. Agric., Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain, xii, nos. 72 & 73, Aug. & Sept. 1913, pp. 3-12, 95-101, 3 pls. The growth of the young sugar-cane could be hastened by a fertiliser and the plants would probably hold their own against the nymphs of the froghopper until grown too large to suffer much damage. Nitrolim, a valuable and fairly cheap fertiliser, which is also of some use in killing the nymphs, is therefore worth an extended trial. The planting of trees and shrubs on waste land adjoining cane fields would en- courage the spread of the tick bird (Crotophaga ani) and other useful 61 birds. In Trinidad the cane fields seem deficient in the various native insects and spiders which prey on the adult froghopper, and the author suggests that in the middle of large fields a small plot of cane be left to provide a refuge and breeding place for them. Carbon bisulphide is unsatisfactory as an insecticide for froghopper nymphs under field conditions, as they are, as a rule, hermetically sealed on the rootlet with spittle, which the fumes can only penetrate with difficulty. To be effective, a very large quantity of the chemical would be necessary and the expense would be prohibitive. If trash is left as long as possible on the fields the parasites have a chance of hatching and escaping, and the author believes that if the trash is left lying about and not piled up, it is unfavourable rather than otherwise to the frog- hopper eggs. There are three artificial methods of control, apart from the Green Muscardine fungus, which promise some measure of success, and which are being tried on a large scale at Chagunas :—(1) Using Nitrolim as a manure primarily, and secondarily against the froghopper nymphs; it is applied to the roots of the canes by the usual dusters. (2) Kerosene-Lysol emulsion against the adult froghopper. This is very effective if properly applied, as the insect is killed in a few minutes if touched at all by the liquid. Lysol (3 oz.) and kerosene (9 oz.) are mixed in the measure, and then stirred up in 4 gallons of soft water. This 2 per cent. emulsion remains emulsified indefinitely. Kerosene. and water is even more effective, but unless continually shaken up will separate almost immediately, and is therefore unsafe for coolie use. When making the experiments an ordinary whisky bottle (27 oz.) was fitted with a cork through which passes a short piece of glass of + inch bore, so that it emits a jet, not a spray. A little of the emulsion is shaken into the leaf sheaths where the insects are hiding. This is best done when the canes are small; when they are more than breast-high it will be far more difficult to apply the liquid. (3) After each brood of adult froghoppers, the old leaves on the growing canes should be examined for eggs, and if any numbers are found, the canes should be trashed and the trash taken at once to the cattle sheds for use as litter, when the eggs will soon be destroyed. If the sheds are unable to deal with all the trash at once, it should be stacked on bare ground away from vegetation until it can be used. On some estates it might be possible to spread it on a piece of waste ground and fold cattle tem- porarily upon it. The author insists upon the importance of directing remedial measures especially against the first broods of the insect in the spring, but meanwhile (Aug. 1913) he advises the continued and extended use of trap lights for catching the adults, for the damage done to the cane by the sucking of large numbers of adults on the leaves is very great. It is supposed that a loss of 111 gallons of sap per acre is a very conservative estimate, as many of the factors used in the calculation were kept very low. Observations relating to the feeding of the adult froghopper show that in one hour’s continuous sucking it voids about 0°75 c.c. of liquid excrement. There is now little doubt that the Syrphid larva, noted by Gough in 1910, is largely responsible for the diminished numbers of the third froghopper brood. During the larval stage each of them kills several froghopper nymphs, probably a dozen at least. This Syrphid will be found in all localities, wet or dry, where the froghopper exists. 62 Uricu (Ff. W.). The Sugar-cane Froghopper and Biological Notes on some Cercopids of Trinidad.—Bull. Dept. Agric., Trinidad and Tobago, Port-of-Spain, xii, no. 72, Jan.-Aug., 1913, pp. 12-34, 7 figs., 6 pls., 3 diagms. This paper is a complete treatise on the Trinidad froghopper. Records of allied species in adjoining countries are given, and may be summarised as follows: In Mexico, Tomaspis postica has been a plague to the grass-lands of the State of Vera Cruz at least since 1880, and is now common in the sugar-cane plantations there. Froghoppers have been found on cane in British Guiana, but so far no damage is reported. In 1883 they appear to have caused some trouble in British Honduras. In Panama specimens of Tomaspis lepidior were collected on cane, and an undetermined species of Tomaspis was taken in Cuba, but the food- plant is not recorded. In Grenada and St. Vincent froghoppers have been recorded under the name of 7’. pictupennis. In Suriname T. rubra has been taken on Hupatorvwm odoratum, and T. pubescens is found on grass. An undescribed species of Tomaspis was found on grass on the Windward (north) side of Tobago.* The subjects next dealt with are the origin and distribution of the insect, food-plants, and damage done. These are followed by a complete life-history. The uncontrolled progeny of a single female during four wet months is estimated at 20,000 adults. Hence the necessity for doing control work early in the season. The conditions favourable to froghoppers are next men- tioned, and it is stated that weeding, burial, or removal of trash, and planting of cover crops are valuable remedial measures. Burning the trash is a procedure which proves unsatisfactory. Seventeen enemies are given: Two birds, the Scissors-tail Flycatcher (Mulvulus tyrannus) and the Merle Corbeau (Crotophaga ant); a ground lizard (Amewa surinamensis) ; a toad (Bufo marimus) ; several species of Attidae or jumping spiders; a Mite (Rhyncholophus sp.); Phlugis mantispa; a Mexican Reduviid bug (Castolus plagiaticollis) and the Toad Bug (Galgulidae) ; several ants, Anochetus inermis, Solenopsis geminata, Monomorium sp.; two species of CHALCIDIDAE ; a Syrphid fly (Salpingogaster mgra); a Nematode (Mermis sp.); and two fungi (Metarrhizium amsopliae and Empusa sp.). In connection with natural control, the author advises an active campaign against the mongoose, as it is the greatest enlemy of the ground lizard, which he thinks is worth far more than birds, so far as the froghopper is con- cerned. Insecticides form the last subject mentioned, and it is said that several experiments against adults and nymphs were undertaken, but none proved effective. Mention is made of the fact that besides Tomaspis varia the sugar- cane froghopper, there are three other species of the same genus occurring in Trinidad. Luckily none of them attack sugar-cane, but as they may be mistaken for 7. varia, brief descriptions with figures are given of T. rubra, L., var. sororia, Germ., T. pubescens, F., and T. guppyt, sp., Nn. * [Since described as T. carmodyi, Kershaw.—ED.]. 63 VASSILLIEV (Hug. M.). Plonsnenie Oontbe 2HayvTenbHbIXb KONM4ECTBS NYFOBOrO MOTbINbKa VW MMYMHOKD CBEKNOBMYHON LMTOHOCKH. [The appearance of Phlyctaenodes sticticalis, L., in increasing numbers, and also of the larvae of Cassida nebulosa, L.}—Tpygbi OnbiTHon JHTomMONorM4ecKow Cranuin Bcepocciickaro OOwectsa Caxapo- 3aBOAYMHOBD 3a 1912 r. [Studies from the Expt. Entom. Sta. of the All-Russian Soc. of Sugar-Refiners for 1912.] Kiev, 1913, pp. 31-45, 5 figs. . , The author deals with his observations on the habits of Phlyctaenodes stectacalis. In order to prevent the females from ovipositing on the plantations, fumigation by means of smouldering dung, mixed with sulphur, was applied with a certain degree of success. The insects were also caught in fermenting molasses, but it was found out that they are not attracted by molasses in the same way as Agrotis and Mamestra. Oviposition started in the Governments of Charkov and Kiev in the middle of June, and took place chiefly on weeds, and less frequently on the leaves of sugar-beet, both on fresh and dry leaves. The author pays special attention to the plants which serve as food for these polyphagous insects, and he gives a long list of them arranged according to the system of Professor Vettstein, of Vienna. From this he deduces that these pests, belonging to one of the oldest families (Pyralidae) select their food mostly from the oldest orders of plants—Fagales and Urticales—and those orders which originated from them; most of the plants attacked belonging to the families Chenopodiaceae and Papilionaceae. A Sphegid wasp, Ceratocolus alatus, Pz., has been observed to destroy the moths of P. sticticalis by paralysing them and storing them as food for their larvae; the cocoons of these wasps are more or less composed of the wings of Phlyctaenodes. Other species of this genus also prey upon Pyralid and Tortricid moths. The author points out that it is not sufficient to mow down weeds round the plantations or on fallow land, but that in order to destroy the eggs effectively it is necessary either to spray the weeds before mowing with a 5-6 per cent. solution of barium chloride or with a 5-10 per cent. solution of iron sulphate, or to burn the mowed grass, having poured some kerosene over it. The females do not oviposit on the plants on which they feed, but always fly for this purpose to fallow fields, where they lay their eggs mostly on Atriplex, an average of 26 eggs being found on one plant, this number rising to 60 in some cases. VASsILIEV (Hug. M.). Hopmubif pacteHia HbKOTOpbIXb pacTMTenbHOo- AMHbIXd HACbHOMbIXb MW MPH4HHbI, OOYCHOBNMBaWWIA UXb Bbidopb. [Plants serving as food for some herbivorous insects and the causes of their selection.|—Tpypb! OnbITHO SHTOMONOrH- yecKouw Cranuyin Bcepoccivckaro Odwectsa CaxaposaBop4nkoBb 3a 1912 r. [Studies from the Expt. Entom. Sta. of the All-Russian Soc. of Sugar-Refiners for 1912.] Kvev, 1913, pp. 63-66. The author refers briefly and in a general way to the relation between insects and their special food-plants, a matter which, notwithstanding its great importance, has been very little studied. A typical instance 64 of a monophagous insect is provided by the Phylloxera of the vine, while there is not a single monophagous insect amongst the pests of sugar-beet. The author deals specially with Bothynoderes punctwen- tris, Germ., which, although polyphagous, discriminates in selecting its food. It feeds on plants of the order Chenopodiacae and on one plant of the order Polygonaceae. Of plants of the former order, it feeds on Chenopodium album, L., Atriplex lacumatum, L., Salcola, Beta _ vulgaris, L., and, according to some statements, on Bliiione of the second order, it feeds on Polygonum aviculare, L.. The statements of some authors that they have observed this insect feeding on Nicotrana (Solanaceae) and Cucumis melo, L. (Cucurbitaceae) cannot be accepted as definitely correct without further observations; the author’s experiments have satisfied him that it does not feed on plants of the orders Compositae and Papilionaceae. The two orders which serve as food for this weevil are considered to be genetically related, the Polygonaceae being the older and the Chenopodiaceae having probably been derived from them. The author assumes that Bothynoderes punctiwentris originated at a time when the connection between these groups was closer, 7.e., when there were more intermediate forms between them than at present, and that it fed previously on some species of Polygonaceae, but later adapted itself definitely to the’ Chenopodiaceae. As to the causes determining the selection of plants, they evidently depend on the physical and chemical qualities of the latter. The author refers to the paper by Verschaffelt, ““ The causes determining the selection of food in some herbivorous insects.” (Kon. Akad. Wetensk. Amsterdam, 1910, pp. 546-542), and suggests that perhaps the results obtained by this author may be utilised in applied entomology for the compounding of sprays for the protection of plants. [Compare also the paper by Dr. I. Tragardh noticed in this Review Ser. B, 1, p. 223.] LEevanpovsky (Revd. J.). Tlayxu—sparn nyenb. [Spider enemies of bees.}—« Pycckin Myenosoqubin JlucTokb.» [Russian Bee- Keepers’ Gazette.| Moscow, Nov. 1913, pp. 378-387. The author has paid special attention to this subject, and gives a list of the spiders which kill bees, together with an account of his own observations. The spiders mentioned belong to three families. THOMISIDAE: Thomisus onustus, Walck., (T. albus, Gmel.), Misumena vatia, Cl. (Thonusus citraeus, Walck.) and Misumena tricuspidata, F. Another genus of this family of spiders, Xystecus, is beneficial, as it © destroys the spiders of the two former genera. The author describes his observations on one specimen of Thomisus citraeus, which settled down on a Chrysanthemum corymbosum, L., growing near to a bush of Hesperis matronalis, L., from which the bees kept gathering, and sometimes sat down on the former plant to clean themselves; the spider destroyed five bees in six days, perishing itself afterwards from attack by Pelopaeus pensilis; the sucking of the victim continued for about 24 hours. The author calculates that on this basis, 100 spiders are able to destroy 10,000 bees during four months of the honey season. The second family is Eprrripa®, the following species being known to be injurious :—Epewra diadema, Clerck, EL. angulata, Cl., EZ. cormuta, 65 Cl., E. patagiata, Cl., E. selopetaria, Cl., Tetragnatha extensa, L., and Miranda acalypha, Walck., the last species having been observed to attack bees only this year. Of the third family, AGELENIDAE, only Tegenaria atrica, C.K., is known to the author to prey on bees. Uvarov (B.). OtTpaBneHHbin npuMaHKM Bb OopbOt cb capanyeBbimn. [Poisoned baits in fighting locusts.|}—Reprint from « HOxKHO- Pycckan C.-X. Faseta». [‘‘ South Russian Agric. Gazette,” | Stavropol Entomological Bureau, Charkov, 1913, 11 pp. The author refers first to some objections raised against the use of “chemical remedies’ (spraying) against locusts on the ground that Stauronotus maroccanus often lays its eggs in deserts, bare of any plants, thus making it impossible to poison them by spraying, as there are no plants. He is of opinion that locusts very seldom oviposit in deserts, but usually keep near pastures or cultivated land, flying away only short distances to deposit their eggs in steppes; even these steppes provide some food for the hatched larvae in the form of scattered bush plants, which can be sprayed and poisoned, although he admits that in these cases there will be some waste of insecticides. As to places quite destitute of any plants, evidently the larvae must feed there on something, as otherwise they would starve wholesale, and such cases have not been reported up till now. The larvae in such places feed on various foods, horse-dung for instance, which they would not touch under ordinary conditions. Therefore, he suggests the application of chemical methods in those places by providing food and poisoning it, and quotes a-work of D. Morosov, published in 1903, who reports the successful use of various poisoned foods, consisting either of lucerne or other leaves, horse-dung, or bran, imported into such places for that purpose. He refers to the present use of poisoned bait in America, South Africa, and Australia, and reports briefly on the results obtained by this means in the Government of Stavropol during the campaign against locusts in 1913. To make the food more attractive, the lowest and cheapest grades of molasses were added to the bait. A full report on these experiments will be given later. Kurpsumov (N. V.). Fitepomanugbi, napasuTupyrousie Ha recceHckKou MYWKb Cb OnmucaHiemb PBYXb HOBbIXb BMpOBb. | Pteromalid parasites of Hessian fly (Mayetiola destructor, Say) with a descrip- tion of two new species.|—Reprint from « 3HTomMonorMyeckii BécetTHukd » [‘‘ Entomological Herald”’|, Kiev, i, no. 1, 1913, 4 pp. Pteromalids are chief amongst the parasites of the pupae of the Hessian fly, but most of the species have not been sufficiently studied. The following have been recorded in Europe :—Merisus intermedius, Lind., M. destructor, Say, Micromelus subapterus, Riley, M.rufomaculatus, Walk., and Holcaeus cecidomyiae, Ashm. In Russia the following species have been reared :—Merisus intermedius, Lind., Micromelus rufomaculatus, Walk., M. subapterus, Riley, Eupteromalus arvensis, sp. nov., and Meraporus crassicornis, sp. nov. The author is of opinion that M. wtermedius is a synonym of M. destructor, and that M. subapterus is a synonym of M. pyrrhogaster, Walk., the latter in its turn being only a wingless or semi-winged variety of 66 M. rufomaculatus, Walk. The last-named species has always been found by the author as a hyperparasite, and he is satisfied that PrEROMALIDAE usually attack the host when it has already passed into the pupal stage. They frequently appear to be hyperparasites breeding on Polygnotus minutus, Lind. A descriptive table of the various species of PTEROMALIDAE is given, and the two new species are described in English. Hwpteromalus arvensis is a common parasite of Hessian fly in Poltava, Moscow and Kiev, while two females of Meraporus crassicornis have been reared from cocoons of the host in Poltava in 1910, and nine in Kiev. Tasmanian Insects Pests.—Report of the Tasmania Agricultural and Stock Department for 1912-13, Hobart, 15th July 1913, p. 9. The Director of Agriculture of Tasmania reports that there have been no serious outbreaks of codling moth amongst fruit trees, and the slight outbreak of San José scale in the city of Launceston has been so successfully dealt with that not an insect, dead or alive, was found. The trees received two good winter sprayings with lime and sulphur wash, and every tree on which the live scale was found in summer was also treated then with the sulphide of soda spray. The work was carried out thoroughly, and many gardens in which the scale was found iast year and which were treated are now perfectly clean. Mercatr (C. L.). The Syrphidae of Ohio.—Ohio Biological Survey, Bull. 1, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, xvii, no. 31, June 1913, 122 pp., 3 figs., 11 pls. This is the initial bulletin of the Biological Survey of Ohio, the object of which is to secure accurate and detailed information as to the occurrence, distribution, and ecology of the animals and plants of Ohio. The bulletins will be published at irregular intervals, as the investigations are completed. This volume is divided into three parts. The first covers the following headings: General discussion of the family ; general characters; an evolutionary table of larval habits ; biological and ecological relations and economic importance of the larvae ; ecological relations and economic importance of the adults ; enemies and practical measures. The common milkweed (Asclepras sp.) is a rather formidable enemy of the adult SyRPHIDAE, as their legs are caught by the pollinia of this plant; thus large numbers of the weaker-bodied flies are entrapped. The parasitic insects of the family IcHNEUMONIDAE are also serious enemies of SYRPHIDAE, at least of the Aphidophagous species. At times fully 75 per cent. of the individuals collected were destroyed by these parasites. Minute Chalcid para- sites also prey upon the larvae of Baccha babista. Something might be done towards increasing the number of these valuable insects if people could be brought to see that SyRPHIDAE, both as larvae and adults, are among our most valuable friends. Part 2 contains a key to known larvae and pupae of SyRPHIDAE, synopses of life-history studies, and a review of the literature on the biology of the family. Finally, Part 3 gives a key to the genera, a list of Ohio species and a brief bibliography. 67 FLETCHER (T. B.). Note on Insects Attacking the Paddy Plant in Southern India.—Madras Dept. Agric. Bull., Madras, iii, no. 67, 8th Apr. 1913, 10 pp., 10 figs., 2 pls. OrtTHOPTERA :—Hieroglyphus banian, F., occurs in all rice-growing tracts throughout the plains of Southern India. The eggs are laid in masses in the ground, usually between October and December, the young emerge about June, and become mature in about 70 days in the case of males, or 80 days in the case of females. This insect feeds on paddy, sugar-cane and maize, but chiefly on paddy, of which it is a major pest, doing serious damage, both in the adult and hopper stages. The best remedial measure seems to be the catching in small bag- nets of the young hoppers soon after they have hatched out. Oxya velox, F., is a smaller grasshopper than H. banian, and its life-history is not known in detail. It feeds on paddy, cholam, sugar-cane, etc., and is usually a minor pest of paddy. It is often found in company with H. baman, and may be controlled in the same manner by sweeping in bag-nets. The adult grasshopper is sometimes attracted to lights at night, and trial of light-traps is indicated in cases where damage is being done. CoLEOPTERA :—Hpicauta sp. This is a small Cantharid beetle, found as a local pest of paddy in South Kanara in October, eating the flowers and also attacking ripe ear-heads. The life-history is not known. Collection of the beetles by hand or in small hand-nets is indicated as a means of control. The Galerucid beetle, Ordes affinis, Jac., has been found at Shoranur (Malabar), in July and August. Its status as a pest is doubtful, at most it seems sporadic and_ local. Leptispa pygmaea, Baly, a minute Hispid beetle is found chiefly in South Kanara, Malabar, Mysore and Cochin, usually in July and August. The eggs are laid on paddy leaves, and the grubs feed on their upper surface, the attacked leaves usually folding over and hiding the enclosed grub, which, when full-fed, pupates on the leaf, the beetle emerging after about four days. The beetles also eat the leaves, although to a less extent than the grubs. This insect may be a serious pest, and is said to be worst in wet weather. No successful remedy has been devised so far, but bagging by hand-nets may be tried. Hispa armigera, Oliv. (aenescens, Baly), occurs in all the rice- growing tracts of Southern India, and becomes sporadically a serious pest of paddy. The eggs are laid on the leaves, in which the grubs tunnel, producing discoloured patches, and ultimately pupate in the leaf. No satisfactory remedy has been found so far, but catching the beetles in nets is suggested. Calandra oryzae, L., the rice-weevil, can scarcely be considered a pest of paddy, although occasionally found in the field on ripe ear-heads, but it is a serious pest of stored rice. LEprporTera :—Melanitis ismene, Cram., is found throughout Southern India, occurring from sea-level to elevations above 7,000 feet. The pale green caterpillar feeds chiefly at night and sometimes attacks paddy, but as a rule does very little damage. Parnara mathias, ¥., the rice-skipper, occurs throughout the plains of Southern India, but is a minor pest of paddy, as a rule, its numbers being kept in check by various parasites and predators. The caterpillar lives in leaves rolled longitudinally. P. colaca, Moore, has been found on paddy at Saidapet and Madras, but is not a regular pest. Another 68 skipper, Telicota augias, L., is a minor pest of sugar-cane, but is stated to feed on bamboo and paddy. It has not been noted as doing any real damage. Cirphis unipuncta, Haw., the army-worm, occurs throughout Southern India, chiefly in October and November. The caterpillar is a minor pest of cholam, occasionally attacking paddy, maize, etc. Protection of cultivated tracts by digging narrow steep- sided trenches around them is usually the only practical measure to prevent attack when the caterpillars are swarming. Spodoptera mauritia, Boisd., occurs throughout Southern India, and the caterpillar sometimes does considerable damage to seedling rice-plants. The eggs are laid usually on the under-surface of blades of grass or paddy, in batches covered by buff-coloured hairs from the female moth. The caterpillar feeds at night, and when full-fed pupates in the soil, the moth emerging after about ten days. In the case of small areas, such as seed- beds, the following control measures may be adopted :—(1) Protection of seed-beds by surrounding them with narrow steep-sided trenches ; (2) collection of egg-masses; (3) spraying; and (4) flooding of area and turning in ducks. This last method is used successfully in some districts. Sesamia inferens, Wlk., occurs throughout Southern India, the caterpillar being a bad pest of ragi, and often found as a minor pest of maize, cholam, paddy, wheat and sugar-cane. The caterpillar bores inside the stem, pupating in the larval burrow. The attacked plants show dry ears, and destruction of these is indicated to prevent extension of the attack. Remgia frugalis, F., is occasionally a very minor pest of paddy throughout Southern India. The caterpillar feeds exposed on leaf-blades. Psalis (Dasychira) securis, Hb., 1s a minor pest of paddy throughout the plains of Southern India. Pupation usually occurs on a leaf-blade in a cocoon formed of silk, interwoven with larval hairs; the pupal period is about ten days. The caterpillars are conspicuous and feed exposed, and are therefore easily collected by hand. Ancylolomia chrysographella, Kollar, is found throughout Southern India, the caterpillar feeding on paddy, Paspalum dilatatum, and probably on all grasses. It has only been found on one occasion as a serious pest of paddy seedlings, but is liable to occur at any time in dry sandy localities. The pale green caterpillar feeds at night, remaining during the day in long tubular galleries lined with silk at the roots of its food-plant. Pupation occurs in the larval gallery; the pupal period is about ten days. Control measures include (1) flooding of affected areas to bring up the caterpillars, which are greedily devoured by crows, etc.; (2) spraying of plants (in small experimental areas, seed-beds, etc.); and (3) attraction of moths by means of light-traps at night. Schoenobius bipunctifer, Wlk., the paddy stem-borer, occurs throughout the plains of Southern India as a very serious pest. The eggs are laid on leaves in clusters, covered with yellowish hair. The caterpillar bores into the stems of the paddy and pupation occurs in the larval burrow, which is lined with silk. The moth emerges through a hole previously cut by the cater- pillar through the side of the stem. No really successful control- measure can be given as yet, but to reduce the damage the following means are suggested :—(1) Ploughing and, if possible, burning of paddy-stubble after the harvest is gathered; (2) collection of egg- masses, which are conspicuous; and (3) attraction of moths to light- traps at night. Nymphula depunctalis, Gn., is a serious pest of paddy 69 throughout Southern India. The caterpillar is semi-aquatic, living in cases made of rolled pieces of leaf, and is furnished with bunches of slender filamentous gills along the sides. It crawls up the plant above water-level and feeds on the green tissues of the leaf. Pupation occurs in the larval case. Draining the water off the affected fields is indicated as a remedy, but this is rarely possible in practice, as this pest is chiefly found in low-lying, water-logged areas. In some districts, a thorny bush is dragged over the field to dislodge the larval cases, and the water is then drained off; it is, however, difficult to see what is the value of the thorny bush, and the draining of the water is evidently the important factor where success is claimed for this method. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, Gn., occurs throughout Southern India, and is a minor pest of paddy as a rule, occasionally doing considerable damage in the Northern Circars. It is not known as a pest in the southern parts of Madras. ‘The caterpillar lives inside folded leaves, of which the tip is fastened over the broader basal part ; it eats the leaf tissue so that the leaves become whitened and sickly. No remedial measures, applicable on field scale, can be suggested at present. THYSANOPTERA :—Various species of Thrips occur on paddy, but they have not been worked out. Ruynenota :—Menda histrio, F., is found throughout Southern India as a minor pest of paddy; also on wheat, cholam and pulses. Collection by hand-nets is indicated in the case of small areas. Tetroda histeroides, F., has been found at Salem and Coimbatore as an occasional minor pest of paddy. Collection by hand and by hand-nets is sug- gested on small areas. Leptocorisa varicornis, F., the rice-bug, occurs throughout Southern India as a serious pest of paddy, especially on the West Coast. The eggs are laid in rows on leaves of paddy and grasses. The bugs especially attack the mpening grain, sucking the milky juice, so that the ears turn wholly or partly white, no grain being matured. Collection in hand-nets has been found the most efficient method of control. Tettigoniella spectra, Dist., a small white Jassid, occurs throughout Southern India in paddy fields. It has not actually been noted to be a pest, but may at times do some damage. The adults are strongly attracted to light at night, and this fact may be utilised as one means of control. Nephotettix bipunctatus, F., occurs on paddy on the plains of Southern India; it is probably a minor pest. The adults also fly freely to light. Thrips and Cacao Beetles.—Bull. Dept. Agric., Trinidad and Tobago, xu, no. 72, Aug. 1913, pp. 66-70, No. 74, Oct. 1913, p. 136. Mr. Rorer furnishes the following report on the cost of spraying ‘cacao. Against Thrips it is necessary to spray both leaves and pods, and the figures given are for this method. A barrel outfit, costing about £10, or a set of compressed air knapsack-sprayers, costing about £20, will, under favourable conditions, spray about 500 trees a day ; so if it is necessary to spray 1,000 a day, from £20 to £40 must be invested in apparatus. One man should spray at least 75 trees a day, or 100 if they are small, and iffacilities for spraying are good, so that 15 men should be well able to cover 1,000 trees a day. The cost of the spray mixture itself depends on the materials and quantity used. Bordeaux 70 mixture costs about £1 13s. per 1,000 gallons, or £3 6s. if 80 lb. of arsenate of lead are added. One per cent. lysol costs about £2 per 1,000 gallons, and nicotin sulphate solution about the same. Kerosene emulsion is still more expensive. On the average, three-quarters of a gallon of spray mixture is required per tree, so that 1,000 gallons will cover 1,300 trees. These figures work out approximately at a maximum of £3 per 1,000 trees per application. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture alone is much cheaper than this. All things con- sidered, the cost per 1,000 trees would be about £2. This can be reduced by one-half or two-thirds if the fruit alone is sprayed. The cacao spraying experiments were showing up well this year; not only were the sprayed trees yielding better, but there was very little black cacao, while in unsprayed places the percentage of black cacao was very high. Mr. Urich has noticed that when a certain insecticide turned out to be good, and a demand was made on it, it generally gave out, and much time elapsed before more could be had, even if telegraphed for. That especially applied to lysol. A search is being made for natural enemies of the cacao Thrips, and one may be found in Trinidad or some other island. Later on, Mr. Urich reports a decrease of the insects, but recommends a careful watch for their appearance on the pods. As soon as this takes place the pods should be sprayed. Thrips yield to good cultural methods very easily. The ravages of the cacao beetle (Stirastoma depressum) are quite as bad, if not worse, than those of Thrips. Energetic application of trapping, and spraying with arsenate of lead is recommended. Arsenate of lead can also be very well applied to small trees with a good-sized paint-brush. At the September meeting of the Board of Agriculture, Mr. Urich stated that he observed but few Thrips on his recent visits to the dis- tricts of Sangre, Grande, and Caparo, nor had he any reports of their prevalence in numbers in other places. The rains appeared to be keeping them in abeyance. Adult cacao beetles were just appearing, and it would be well to collect and trap them before they had time to lay eggs. In places where Thrips or cacao beetles are known to be troublesome, spraying should be carried out during October. For Thrips it is recommended to use Bordeaux mixture and lysol in the proportion of one to two gallons of lysol to every 100 gallons of mixture. For cacao beetles Bordeaux mixture with 4 to 8lb. of arsenate of lead to every 100 gallons of mixture should be used. Rorer (J. B.). The Green Muscardine Fungus.—Bull. Dept. Agric., Trimdad and Tobago, Port of Spain, Sept. 1913, xu, no. 73, p. 105. A point of great economic importance is that infections with the disease can be brought about as early in the season as the froghopper appears. The author saw dead froghoppers of the first brood covered with the fungus two weeks after the spores were applied, and this was much earlier than he ever observed natural infection taking place. He mentions that a few fungus cultivating cabinets have been con- structed in Porto Rico, where certain beetles which attack sugar-cane 71 are found to be killed by this fungus. This is also the case in Illinois, where it is used to combat an insect pest of Indian corn. In Illinois a trial is being made of burying the fungus in the soil. Two Useful Spray Fluids.—Jnd. Tea Assoc. Scientific Dept. Quarterly Jl., Calcutta, 1913, pt. 3, pp. 79-84. Bordeaux mixture attains its maximum efficiency when the copper sulphate and lime (calcium hydrate) are mixed in the exact proportions necessary to form copper hydrate. Any excess of either constituent impairs the activity of the mixture, and loss of efficiency means loss of money. A properly made mixture may be much more efficient than a carelessly made one containing double the percentage of materials. Besides being the best general fungicide, it improves the health of the plant, and it has been proved that its use on leaves and fruit intended for human consumption is in no way detrimental to the consumer. The following quotation from the eighth report of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm (1908) explains very clearly the best method of making this mixture at present invented :— “One hundred gallons of such mixture is prepared as follows :— Dissolve 6 lb. 64 oz. of crystallised copper sulphate by suspending it in a piece of sacking in two or three gals. of water in a wooden or earthen- ware vessel. Take about 3 lb. of good quicklime and slake it in a little water, then put it into a tub with 120 gals. of soft water. Stir the lime and water, then leave it to settle until the liquid is quite clear. Run off 86 gals. of the clear lime-water and mix it with the copper sulphate. Make up to 100 gallons with soft water. However the Bordeaux mixture is made, it is important to make sure that all the copper is thrown down. The most certain test that fruit-growers can use is to put a few drops of a solution of potassium ferrocyanide into a white saucer with some water, and to drop into this some of the clear liquid after the Bordeaux mixture has settled. A red or brown colour shows that there is copper in solution, and more lime water must be added until the test shows no coloration.” Originally used as a sheep-dip, lime-sulphur has been proved to be one of the best fluids for winter application to dormant trees, both as a fungicide and as an insecticide, and it has the additional advantage of stimulating the growth of the plant. The lime used should be the best commercial quicklime (stone or lump stone); air-slacked lime is useless. It is most undesirable that more than five per cent. of magnesium oxide be present. To test the amount of impurity in quicklime, the following simple method is useful. The apparatus required consists of (1) a glass cylinder about 24 inches in diameter and 15 inches high, which should be graduated in cubic centimetres, and (2) a boiling vessel to hold about three pints. A quart of water should be poured into the vessel, and the level at which it stands should be marked on a piece of stick held vertically; then pour out the water. Weigh out carefully 2 oz. of the lime to be tested, place in the vessel and slake with water, adding the water gradually, not covering up the lime with it until the slaking is complete. Then stir the slaked lime into a paste with more water, continuing to add water until the level marked on the stick is reached, and then boil. Weigh 4 oz. of flowers of sulphur and stir vigorously into the boiling lime-water. 72 Boil gently for one hour, filling up to the mark with more water every ten minutes, stir quickly and pour into the glass cylinder. Allow it to stand overnight, and then measure the amount of the sediment in cubic centimetres. In the following figures, given by the author, the first represents the number of cubic centimetres of sediment, the second the appoximate percentage of impurity, the third the weight of the lime used, necessary to replace effectively 36 lb. of pure lime: 30—5 per cent.—38; 50—10 per cent.—40; 70—15 per cent.—42 ; 90—20 per cent.—45 ; 105—25 per cent.—48 ; 120—30 per cent.—5l. The standard formula given is: best commercial quicklime, 36 lbs. finely divided sulphur, 80 lbs.; water, 80 gallons. It is unwise to use lime containing more than 10 per cent. impurities, as the sediment clogs the spraying machines. Another Cockroach Poison.—Agric. News, Barbados, 27th Sept. 1913, p. 314. Under the heading Insect Notes, there is given a formula recently tried in Barbados with apparently very good results. It contains naphthalene and boric acid in equal parts, the naphthalene being finely powdered before being mixed with the boric acid. This mixture has been sprinkled plentifully in the haunts and hiding places of cock- roaches at intervals of about two weeks, and after two or three applications the insects almost entirely disappeared. The following abstracts are taken from the monthly journal « TypkectaHckoe Cenbckoe XosnincTBo » —| Agriculture of Turkestan], published at Tashkent. Notes on insect pests.—Agriculture of Turkestan, no. 6, June 1913, pp, 585-590. An editorial note deals with the multiplication of Stauronotus maroccanus in the province. This pest has all but disappeared since the campaign of 1911, and no damage by it was reported during the last three summers. Gradually, however, the broods of the remaining locusts—it is impossible to destroy all the insects without a single one being left—have increased, and in 1912 although no swarms were noticed, their egg-clusters were found in various localities. In the province of Samarkand it was necessary again to organise a campaign against them in some places, and their egg-clusters were also discovered in the district of Tashkent, which will necessitate renewed efforts in fighting them next year. 3 In South Eastern Bokhara the record in 1912 proved the existence of egg-clusters over an area of 274 square miles, and £32,500 was assigned to fight them. The use of the new insecticide, sodium arsenate, gave excellent results; portable iron sheets were also very useful. A field telephone was also brought into use for the first time, -and greatly facilitated the communications between theseparate parties. The insects are reported to have been destroyed by Pastor roseus (Rose Starlings). No migrations of the pests from Afghanistan were noticed this year, owing firstly to the gradual decrease in their numbers in that country, and to the fact that this year they flew to the south, in 73 the direction of Kabul; thus the campaign ended with great success. No damage to crops was done, and only small numbers of locusts Temained, as in Turkestan in 1911. Caloptenus italicus appeared in many parts of Turkestan, and also in great numbers in the streets of Tashkent. Some damage to wheat crops was done by this pest near the river Kashka-Darya, and observations have shown that about 80 egg-clusters were laid on one square foot. Serious damage to crops was also done by this locust in company with Arcyptera truchmana in the settlement Novo- Michailovsk, situated on the left bank of the river Tchirick. Another note relates to migatory locusts (Locusta migratoria), which hatched in 1912 in great numbers in their usual breeding places, the districts of Perovsk and Kazalinsk and the delta of the Amu-Darya. Notwithstanding the great numbers of egg- clusters there was no outbreak of these locusts in the district of Perovsk, owing to the overflow of the Syr-Darya during this spring when the’ clusters evidently were destroyed. According to statements from competent sources, it is hardly possible to fight this insect in these parts of the country, owing to local conditions, and usually no remedies are applied. According to a statement by M. M. Siazov, Epicauta erythrocephala, which is very useful, as its larvae destroy egg-clusters of locusts, has done some damage to crops in the current year (1913), as well as last year. Potatoes and clover seem to have suffered most. | It appears that very few pests of field crops have been noticed this year, and neither the larvae of Caradrina nor those of Hylietus, which injure cotton seeds and tomatoes, occurred in quantities worth mention- ing, except on one estate where the last-named pest appeared, but was successfully destroyed. Pests of orchards were very active, and Cydia pomonella, C. funebrana, Rhynchites auratus, Pollyphylla adspersa, various plant lice, etc., did much damage as usual. Smirnov (D.). Bopb6a cb nepcnkoBov Thew, TepMUTAMM MW MypaBbAMU np nomown KapOonuneyma. [The fight against Lachnus persicae, Chol., termites and ants by means of carbolineum. |—Agriculture of Turkestan, no. 8, August 1913, pp. 783-786. The author records his attempt to control Lachnus persicae, an aphis which does great injury to peaches in the Murgab estates, by smearing ‘carbolineum over the trunks and over the larger injured branches of the trees. This was done in December, and in the case of ten trees the smearing was applied too thickly, so that the author was obliged to wash a part of it away with kerosene; the further development of the trees was not satisfactory, and out of 16 smeared trees only 11 recovered, four recovered only partly, and one died. The author explains these unfavourable results as being due to the carbolineum having passed through the bark into the cambium, plugging the vessels. He is of opinion that the smearing ought to be done during the vegetative period in March and April and during wet weather. He further reports excellent results obtained by him in his house by using carbolineum against termites and ants (Hodotermes turkes- tanicus, Jacobs, and Camponotus maculatus turkestanicus, Em.). (C11) B 74 These insects evidently cannot stand the smell of carbolineum, and by smearing it over the wooden parts of the buildings, especially in places. where the exits of the insects are situated, he was able practically to free his house from them. An editorial note to this article calls attention to the fact that in the author’s experiment with carbolineum on peach trees he brought in accidentally another material—kerosene—and it is not proved which of the two was injurious to the trees. [See this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 6]. Parasites of Chloridea and the Codling Moth.—Agriculture of Turkestan, no. 8, August 1913, pp. 810-813. An editorial note deals with a parasite of tomato-worms, under which name the caterpillars of Chloridea are popularly known in Turkestan. Near Tashkent tomatoes were seriously damaged during last year (1913) by two species of Chloridea, C. obsoleta and C. dipsacea; there was also a caterpillar of a third species which remained unidentified. These caterpillars are very injurious, feeding day and night on the fruit. §. N. Bogoljubov, from the Entomological Station, has been studying these insects, and found a parasite of them. The name of the latter is not given, but a description of it is supplied; the females kill the caterpillars with their ovipositor, feeding on their blood and depositing eggs on the killed insect. The parasites prefer the blood of fresh victims and pass from one caterpillar to another. In the laboratory some females have killed as many as eight caterpillars. during their life and deposited on them about 100 eggs. The develop- ment of the parasite from egg to imago lasts eight to fifteen days, thus a large number of generations is bred during one summer. Males of this parasite were also noticed. It is suggested to assist the breeding of these parasites by keeping the dead caterpillars, found near tomato bushes in a box with a wire-netting lid, so as to enable the hatched parasites to escape; such a box should be put in a tomato field on a sheet of glass or other support, protected by varnish from ants. A more detailed report is expected from Bogoljubov after the conclusion of his observations. Another note relates to the parasite of the egg of C. pomonella, imported in 1911 by Radetzky from Astrachan [TZrichogramma semblidis.| Last year (1913) they were found by Troitzky in many orchards of Tashkent, besides those in which they were released in the preceding years. In 1912, Plotnikov found these parasites in Ferghana, where no imported specimens were released. In 1913, they were found in the districts of Samarkand and Ferghana. Whereas the parasites in Tashkent are exclusively parthenogenetic females, in Ferghana both sexes are found, and the parasites hatch from fecundated eggs; the parasites in Samarkand, where also both males and females are found, differ in colour. It is reported that in the garden of the governor of Ferghana, where enormous quantities of these parasites were found, and where in the first half of July all the eggs of C. pomonella were infested by them, there were also found large quantities of caterpillars of the codling moth. The information obtained will decide the question as to whether the imported parasites have been able to acclimatise them- selves in Turkestan or whether there are local representatives of them. 75 MrRosHNITCHENKO (A.). WUctpednenie wepwHei W 0Cb Ha nacbeKaxb MW BHHOrpapHuKaxb. [Destruction of hornets and wasps in bee- hives and vineyards. |—Agriculture of Turkestan, no. 9, Septembor 1913, pp. 931-934. The author suggests a new method of destroying wasp-nests, which he has applied with success. He used a soldering lamp, which gave a flame of about 54 inches long. By directing the flame into the nest, it was possible to remove the latter, and also to destroy it, by burning it with the same lamp, without being subjected to stings from the insects ; the strong glare keeping the wasps back and not allowing them either to protect themselves or to escape. The author has destroyed in this way 111 nests of wasps without being stung. It appears from the author’s remarks that wasps are a most serious pest in that country and, according to statements of persons knowing South European Russia and the Crimea, there is no place where wasps are so abundant as in Turkestan. PiotniKov (V.). Pachydissus attacking Poplars.—Agriculture of Turkestan, no. 10, October 1913, pp. 1038-1040. In reply to a correspondent who sent in an insect pest which has done great damage to poplars and other trees in Kokanda, the author identified the species as Pachydissus sartus, Sols., and gives information as to its habits. As a remedy he suggests cutting out and burning the damaged trees; the remaining trees must be kept in a healthy state, and any parts of them damaged from other causes must be smeared over with carbolineum, tar or pitch, adding creosote or carbolic acid. DERIABIN (P.). JIM4MHKA WenKyHa, KaKb Bpegutennw xnonyaTHuka. [Larvae of a species of Hlateridae as pests of cotton. }—Agriculture of Turkestan, no. 10, October 1913, pp. 1040-1041. The author reports damage done to cotton by larvae of a species of ELATERIDAE. He first noticed this on the 2lst April in a cotton plantation in the district of Samarkand; the larvae gnawed through the collar of the root in plants which had already sprouted, also injur- ing the cotyledons of seedlings. The plants suffered most in their first two stages, while later they were better able to withstand the attacks of the pests. On the date given, the larvae were found at a depth of 24-3 inches below the surface of the soil; on the 11th May they stopped injuring the plants and were found at a depth of 4-44 inches ; searches made in the first half of June resulted in no larvae being found, they having evidently passed to a considerable depth into the earth. SEVASTJANOV (J.). HKpoBanaA THA M Mbpbl Gopbobl cb Hew. [L77- osoma (Schizoneura) lanigerum Hausm., and remedies against it. ] —Agriculture of Turkestan, no. 11, November 1913, pp. 1103-1128, 10 figs. The author starts with a general historical review of the spread of this pest, and particularly in Russia, where it appeared first in the (C11) B 2 76 Crimea in 1862, spreading in the seventies of the last century to Sotchi and thence to Transcaucasia. As to European Russia, the special investigations conducted by the Ministry of Agriculture in 1896 in the Governments of Bessarabia, Cherson, Podolia, Ekaterinoslay, Taurida, Charkov, Poltava, Kiev, Volhynia, Tchernigov, Kursk, Orel, Smolensk, Mohylev, Poland, and the Don district, showed a total absence of the insects in those areas, its habitat being thus limited to the Crimea and the Caucasus; indeed, fruit-growers in South-Western Russia have often received young apple trees infested with these plant-lice, but the latter have disappeared. The author quotes Mokrzecki, according to whom these lice are less injurious in the Crimea than in Western Europe, which he explains by the fact that in the former country the development of the pests is checked by the unfavourable weather conditions, which the insects meet with in a greater degree the further they move towards the east. Other authors, however, consider these lice to be very injurious, and Rollov, who studied the insects of the Caucasus, gives instances of young trees attacked by £. lanigerum, perishing in two to three years, while the yield of fruit on older trees attacked was gradually reduced to nothing. In 1896 special regulations were issued in the Crimea as to the fighting of E. langerum; these regulations empowered the District Zemstvo of Simferopol to deal with this question through a special committee appointed by the Zemstvo and special superintendents in various districts; they made the notification of the appearance of these pests compulsory upon the owner of an orchard, and while leaving to him the selection of proper remedies, empowered the district superintendent to act on account of the owner in case the latter failed to take the necessary measures, or if the remedies applied by him proved of no effect. They further prohibited the sale and export of trees from nurseries attacked by the pests, and authorised the Zemstvo to destroy trees which, in the opinion of the district superintendent, could not be saved. As to Turkestan, the appearance of EH. lanigerum was mentioned in the report of Plotnikov for 1911, and although the injuries done by them are less than those done by other sucking insect pests, there are signs that they are increasing, and they may prove very injurious in the near future. The author thinks that it would be premature to compel the native population to take drastic measures against these lice, as this may have an opposite effect, by creating mistrust of the entomological organisations of the country, which, up till now, have been able to interest the native population in their activity. He addresses himself to the Russian population, urging the necessity of applying energetic remedies during the coming winter. The author goes on to describe the insect in its various forms, and its bionomics, and points out that there are no parasites known to destroy them. Their known enemies are the larvae of some rapacious beetles, especially lady-birds, and he quotes a statement by Shevirev, who observed the destruction of whole colonies by the larvae of Euproctis chrysorrhea. As preventive measures he suggests the disinfection of nursery stock with carbon bisulphide, describing the method of application, and also the keeping of the trees in a clean healthy state by scraping off the dead bark, smearing with milk of lime, manuring of slow-growing at trees and taking care to smear any wounds on the trees with tar or some greasy material. He recommends the destruction by burning of infested branches or trees, whenever possible, if the trees attacked are not too valuable to be destroyed, and the destruction of the lice by crushing them, even by hand ; insecticides may be usefully applied late in autumn and in winter when the lice lose their “down.” In crushing the lice with brushes, the use of a poison—Nessler liquid—is recommended, as described by Mokrzecki (about 53 oz. of green soap, a quarter of a pint of amyl alcohol, one-eighth oz. of carbolic acid, and eight pints of soft water). When the lice are discovered on the roots, the latter may be safely sprayed with this mixture, or, as recommended by Rollov, the earth round the trees must be dug to a depth of about 3-35 feet, a solution of milk of lime in water poured over the roots, the latter being afterwards covered with slaked lime and earth. Smearing with carbolineum, and spraying with kerosene emulsion and with quassia is also recommended; for kerosene emulsion the following recipe is given by Plotnikov: 1? oz. of caustic lime, 3 lb. of kerosene, and 2°7 gals. of water. Radetzky has recom- mended smearing the trees with a solution of 3-3? lb. of naphtha soap in 2°7 gals. of water. A list of eleven Russian works on the subject concludes the article. CRAWFORD (D. L.) Control of the Orange Maggot (Trypeta ludens).— Mexico Gulf Coast Citrus Association, Tampico, Circular no. 1, 17th Sept. 1913, 5 pp. The pest known as Trypeta ludens, or the orange maggot or fruit fly, is a very serious one. Its attacks are not limited to citrus fruits, of which the following have been found to be infested : Grape-fruit, navels, Boone’s Early, Hart’s Late, tangerines, citrons, sweet limes and sour- oranges. The eggs are laid within the skin of the fruit in a small puncture made by the ovipositor of the female. They hatch in about ten days, and the tiny maggots eat into the pulp, decay sets in and the fruit drops. After three weeks inside the fruit the maggots work their way into the ground and pupate, and the fly emerges nearly a month later. From egg-laying to the emergence of the adult occupies about three months. The control method already practised, frequent collection and destruction of the fallen fruit, is effective to a certain extent, but poisoned baits should also be used. All fallen fruit should be buried in a deep pit and covered with at least two feet of soil. Burning the fruit is more satisfactory, provided it be done thoroughly, for the maggots are very resistant to heat. Incinerating furnaces are the best for this purpose. The formula for preparing the bait spray is as follows: 61b. of dulce syrup (thick), 1 lb. of arsenate of lead (paste), 20 gals. of water. If this cannot be obtained, the following substitute may be used: 1 lb. of white arsenic, 4]lb. of sal soda (washing soda), and 1 gal. of water. Boil these ingredients in an iron vessel for about twenty minutes, or until dissolved. The liquid thus made is arsenite of lime, and must be diluted. Itis less satisfactory than arsenate of lead, because it is washed off the trees more easily. This stock solution of arsenite of lime is to be used as follows: 6 lb. of dulce syrup (thick), one pint of arsenite of lime, 4 lb. of freshly slaked lime, and 20 gals. of water. The lime absorbs any free arsenic which would 78 injure the foliage. One pint of the liquid is sufficient for one tree, and it may be sprayed on the lower and middle branches and fruit. If there is no rain, the bait will last effectively on the trees for about ten days. Success largely depends on applying the spray for the first flies, as well as for the last ones. Assy (8. F.). Annual Report on the Department of Agriculture for the year ended 31st March 1913.—Jamaica, Kuvngston, 1913, p. 30. S. F. Ashby reports that scales have been severe during the drought, on orange and grape-fruit. The two most destructive scales were the purple mussel scale (Lepidosaphes becki) and the citrus snow scale (Chionaspis citri) on trunks, branches and twigs mainly. Of less importance on leaf and fruit, were the red scale (Aspidiotus articulatus) and the red spot scale (Chrysomphalus aonidum). The purple scale is widely parasitised by a Chalcid (Aspodiotiphagus citrinus, Crwf)., and in wetter districts by the “ red-headed fungus” (Sphaerostilbe cocco- phila). Prerce (W. D.) The Occurrence of a Cotton Boll Weevil in Arizona — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, i, no. 2, 10th Nov. 1913, pp. 89-96, 9 figs. 1 pl. In February 1913, an insect resembling the cotton boll weevil was found breeding in the bolls of a wild shrub known as Thurberia thespesiordes in Ventana Canyon, Arizona. In May, the author obtained a large quantity of heavily infested bolls of Thurberra from the lower part of Stone Cabin Canyon, Arizona. A close examination of the material disclosed many minor points of difference from the usual form of the cotton boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis, Boh. In addition to these differences of structure, certain differences of habit were noted; it was found, however, that A. grandis would feed upon Thurberia, while the Arizona species would equally feed on cotton ; and it was possible to obtain crosses of the two forms. It is, therefore, decided to regard the two as being merely different varieties of the same species. For the Arizona variety the name, Anthonomus grandis thurberiae, var. n., 1s proposed. A systematic description and an account of the life-history are given. The Arizona weevil may be able to cover considerable distances by flight, especially if compelled to seek sustenance elsewhere. It will, however, probably cleave to its native food-plant so long as this gives sufficiently abundant food, but should the supply for any reason become scarce, it is to be feared that the weevil will take to cotton, to which it would do considerable damage. It is thought that a whole- sale destruction of the native food-plant might merely cause the insect to turn its attention to cotton. The matter is now under investiga- tion, but at present it is the author’s opinion that the safest plan is to preserve the status quo of the weevil in the mountains. An intro- duction of parasites from the cotton boll weevil would be of consider- able assistance in reducing the Arizona weevil, and would not cause its dispersal. The cotton boll weevil has never been able to invade successfully beset ae the drier cotton sections of western and north-western Texas, although it is probable that it will gradually adapt itself to the more rigid con- ditions obtaining there. It is of extreme importance that the Arizona weevil be kept out of western Texas and any part of the south-east. If accidentally introduced into other sections, there is reason to believe that it might be able to stand much greater variations of climate than Anthonomus grandis, and become a much more serious pest. 79 Dosrovuiansky (V. V.). Kb Oionoriv Thew nnofoBbIXh pepeBbeBb MW AFOMHbIXb KyCTOBb. [On the Biology of Aphis pests of tree and bush Fruit.| Hiesckan Q3HTomonorwy4eckan CTraHyia npn HOmno-Pycckomb Odwectst Moowpenia 3emnegtnia wn Cenpcxoi MpompiuinenHoctu.—| Pubd. by the Kiev Entomological Station of the South-Russvan Agricultural Syndicate], Kiev, 1913, 48 pp. This memoir is the result of observations on aphids collected by the author during the summer of 1912 around Kiev ; his primary object being the study of the life-history of Aphis pomi, de G. He first gives the following list of aphids found on certain fruit trees, but does not ‘claim that it is exhaustive. On fruit trees of the genus Pirus :— Myzus mali, Ferr., M. pyrinus, Ferr., M. pyrarius, Pass., Aphis poma, de G., A. fitchi, Sand., A. sorbi, Klt., A. crataegi, Klt., A. pyri, Koch, Schizoneura langera, Hausm., S. pyri, Goethe, Rhizoctonus ampelinus, Hory., Phylloxera piri, Mokr. On fruit trees of the genus Prunus :— Phorodon humuli, Schr., Rhopalosiphum persicae, Sulz., Myzus cerasi, F., Hyalopterus prum, F., Aphis prunorum, sp. n., A. prunina, Walk., A. cerasina, Walk., A. persicae, Klt., A. prum, Koch, A. prunicola, Klt., Lachnus persicae, Chol. On bush fruit of the genus Ribes :— Rhopalosiphum ribis, L., Myzus ribicolus, Kit., M. ribis, L., Aphis grossulariae, Klt., Schizoneura ulmi, L., (fodiens, Buckt.), S. grossu- lariae, Schule. On bush fruit of the genus Rubus :—Macrosiphum rubi, Kit., Aphis idaer, Goot., A. urticaria, Kit., A. mordwilkiana, sp. n. Aphis pom. The author found these aphids mostly on apple and pear trees; also on white thorn, Cydonia vulgaris, Pers., (quince), Mespilus germanica, L. (common medlar), and on Cotoneaster vulgaris Lindl. (medlar var.) On apple and pear trees they first suck the buds, then the lower sides of young leaves and shoots; from June onwards they are found mostly on the lower sides of leaves of apple, while on pear trees they are found less frequently ; in the autumn they were found only on the leaves of apple. The development of the larvae, from birth till after the last moult, occupied 2 weeks in April, while in May and in June it was only 10 days. The number of larvae pro- duced by each parthenogenetic female was 25-30, in the case of wing- less specimens, and 20-25 in the case of winged ones. Amongst their natural enemies the author records, Hzochomus quadripustulatus in April, while in June larvae of another ladybird were found, as well as those of Syrphid flies ; in July and August the larvae were destroyed by the larvae of Bremia, as well as by Coccinella 14-punctata, L., in August. Some specimens were infected by a parasite, and the author reared some secondary parasites: Pachyneuron aphidis, Bouché, Encyrtus aphidiworus, Mayr, and Lygocerus sp. The author is satisfied (1) that there is no total disappearance of these aphids from apple trees ‘during the summer, but that they pass their whole life-cycle on them ; 80 (2) that it is most unlikely that any migrations take place; (3) that the decrease in their numbers depends upon the decrease in the fertility of the viviparous females; dissections of females taken at different periods of the season have shown that their fertility remains constant from May to July, while it decreases by one-half in August. Aphis sorbiwas rare. The author did not find them on cultivated fruit trees, although other observers report that they attack apple. Aphis crataegi. According to Mordvilko this species migrates during the summer from the white thorn to certain grasses which serve as intermediate hosts ; the second generation consists almost exclusively of winged migrating females, which start a new generation on Ranunculus. These were previously considered to be a distinct species, Aphis ranunculi, Klt. The author’s observations have confirmed the statements of Mordvilko. Besides white thorn, he found the stem-mothers also on apple trees. On the same trees he found also, inside some curled leaves, aphids which strongly resembled specimens of A. crataegi, and which were described by Kaltenbach as a genera- tion living specially on apple trees. According to Mordvilko A. crataegi migrates also to Aethusa (fool’s parsley). The damage done by the form found on apple trees is very great. The author reared from the stem-mothers of A. crataegi, a parasite, identified by Kurd- jumov (by whom all the other parasites mentioned were also identified) as E'phedrus lacertosus, Hal. Phorodon humuli lives on thorn bushes, on Prunus insiticia, L. (bullace), and on plum trees, migrating to Humulus lupulus, L. (hops). At the same time the author found that some individuals pass the whole summer on plum trees. Those found during the summer on hops are exclusively wingless females, only the last generation, con- sisting of winged specimens, migrating back to the plum trees. These aphids do not visibly injure plum trees, but cause great damage to hops, being the most dangerous pest of these plants. Myzus cerasi was found by the author during the whole summer, after 9th June, on cherries, there being practically no winged females. His observations did not confirm the statement by Kessler that these aphides migrate in the summer, although he is unable definitely to dispute this statement. The damage done by them to cherry trees is very great, when they appear in large numbers. The author found the following insect enemies : Larvae of a Chrysopid, of Bremza and of Syrphid flies; imagos of Coccinella bipunctata, L.; he found also empty skins of aphids, from which some parasite had emerged. Hyalopterus prunt. The author confirms the discovery by Mordvilko that this is synonymous with H. arundims, F., which is found in summer on reeds, to which they migrate from plum trees, returning to the latter in autumn. Some, however, do not migrate at all, so that from June to August they can be found on both the primary and intermediate host plants. Besides plum trees they are also found on apricots, peach trees, thorn-bushes (Prunus spinosa, L.) and on Prunus insiticia, L. The sucking of these aphids affects the leaves but little, but they assist the development of a fungus (Capnodiwm salicinum, Mont.), and cause considerable damage by attacking unripe fruits at the beginning of summer. These aphids were found to be destroyed by Syrphid larvae and by those of Bremia ; many specimens 81 were infected by Praon flavinode, Hal., out of some of which the author reared a hyperparasite, Lygocerus sp. Aphis prunorum, sp. nov. These were identified by Mordvilko as a new and undescribed species, and the author gives descriptions of the winged and wingless parthenogenetic female, larvae, nymph, and sexual female. He found large colonies of these insects on a young, green shoot of an apricot tree on the 6th June, consisting of wingless females, nymphae and young larvae; on the 9th July they were found, mostly as winged females, nymphae and larvae of all stages, on leaves of apricot trees; on the 22nd July only winged females and nymphae were found, and from the 29th July till the 9th September no specimens could be found on any plants; on the last date they were again observed on leaves of plum trees, where they were found until the 30th October. Evidently they migrate in the summer to some intermediate host plants. Aphis prunt. The author found larvae and wingless females on young leaves of plum trees on 29th May, but by the end of July the insects had entirely disappeared from these trees, being found instead on Cynoglossum officinale, L. (dog’s tongue) during July-August. But the author is satisfied that these two, A. cardwi, L., and A. pruni, Koch, are synonymous, and that the latter form migrates in the summer to some intermediate host plants, returning in the autumn to plum. He further thinks that it is probable that the species described by Koch as A. jacobaeae, Schr., A. symphyti, Schr., A. chrysanthemi, Koch, and A. carsellae, Koch, are all synonymous with Aphis cardwi, L. s. prum, Koch. A. pruni also occurred on young shoots of apricot trees, as well as on Prunus spinosa, L.; a large proportion of those found on the latter plant were infected by the parasite, Lysiphlebus (A phidius) cardui, Marsh. Rhopalosiphum ribis. The author’s observations again confirm those of Mordvilko, to the effect that this species migrates in the summer from its chief host plant, black currant, to various species of Sonchus (sow thistle). He found many enemies and parasites of these flies ; they were devoured by larvae of ladybirds and of Syrphid flies and by bugs of the genus Anthocoris ;_ he also reared the parasites Praon volucre Hal., and Ephedrus lacertosus, Hal. ; from these parasitised specimens the hyperparasites, Pachyneuron sp. and Lygocerus sp., were also reared. Myzus ribicolus. The author’s attention was called to this species only in the autumn, when he found them on the 6th September on black currant; he failed to distinguish them in the spring, owing to their similarity to Rhopalosiphum ribis ; they were not to be found on currants during the summer. Myzus ribis. These were found during the whole summer and autumn on black and red currants. They do not harm black currants, but produce bright red protuberances on leaves of red currants. The author found that they were destroyed by larvae of one species of Syrphid, and by those of the Bremia; a considerable number were infected by Lysiphlebus (Aphidius) ribis, Hal. Aphis grossulariae. According to the author these are the most injurious of all the currant aphides; he found them from the 23rd April to the end of October. The following enemies of these lice are reported : Syrphid larvae, larvae of Bremia, the beetles Exochomus quadri- 82 pustulatus, L., some predaceous bugs, and the parasite Lysiphlebus cardui, Marshall, var.; the latter playing an important part in the destruction of the insects. Schizoneura ulmi. These lice were found in May on Ulmus effusa, Willd., and on Ulmus montana, With., in galls on the leaves; the second generation consisted of winged females, which migrated during June to the roots of red and black currants (Sch. fodiens, Buckt.). In September and October the winged sexes flew back to the chief host plants. The author states that they are distinctly injurious to currants when present in any numbers. The only remedy is to remove all elm trees from the orchards attacked, as they winter on elms, and cannot exist without them. Macrosiphum rubt. This species was found in July, and afterwards during the whole summer and autumn on leaves of raspberry bushes, but always in small numbers. No damage by them was noticed. Aphis vdaev. Found on raspberry bushes in May and during June ; they disappeared afterwards. The damage done by them to rasp- berries is great. Aphis mordvilkiana, sp. nov. This new species was found by the author in September underneath leaves of raspberry bushes. He thinks it probable that the lice were there before, but were not dis- tinguished by him from larvae of Macrosiphum rubi, K\t., which they resemble at first sight. They rested on the leaves singly, chiefly along the veins; underneath one leaf some dozens of specimens were found. All the specimens noticed were wingless females and their larvae; no winged females, nymphae, or males were found. On October 15th, the author found groups of eggs of this species on branches of raspberry bushes, near the buds. The majority of the eggs had already turned black, but freshly laid eggs, as well as ovipositing females were also found. ParKER (W. B.). Flour paste as a control for red spiders and as a spreader for contact insecticides—U.S. Dept. Agric. Bureau Entom., Washington, Cire. no. 166, 30th Jan. 1913, 5 pp., 2 figs. Flour paste is not only a suitable “spreader” for lime-sulphur solutions, but it apparently serves, to some extent, as an active insecticide. Hach gallon of paste contains | lb. of flour, and the addition of four gallons of paste to 100 gallons of liime-sulphur causes the spray to adhere to the leaves as a thin film, increasing its efficiency almost threefold, mainly owing to the spreading effect of the paste. A series of trials was made with nicotin sulphate against the hop aphis (Phorodon hunvwulz) in which flour paste at the rate of four gallons to 100 gallons of the nicotin sulphate solution. at strengths of one in 2,000, and one in 3,000 wasemployed. In these trials from 99 to 100 per cent. of the aphides were destroyed. It was observed that many of the smaller aphides were pasted on to the leaves. Accordingly, flour paste without any other insecticide was tried, and when used at the rate of eight gallons (= 8 lb. flour) in 100 gallons of water or even stronger (say 10-100 or even 12-100) most of the young and tender aphides (97 per cent.) and of the red spiders (Tetranychus bimaculatus) were killed. No damage was done to the hop plants, even when in full € 83 ‘bloom. The older and stronger aphides, and the eggs of the red spider, were not killed by the flour paste. To deal with the latter, it was found necessary to make a second application, seven or ten days later, in -order to reach the mites that emerge from the eggs. In a series of five experiments against red spiders on hops with flour paste at the rate of 8-100, it was found that from 99°8 to 100 per cent. were killed. This paste solution is exceedingly cheap. It has been used successfully against red spiders on beans, chrysanthemums, hops, cucumbers (in greenhouse and field), pumpkins, pears, prunes, roses (in field), and violets (in greenhouse and field). The chrysanthemum leaves may become spotted if spraying is done too near the time of blooming. Flour paste was not satisfactory when used upon greenhouse roses and carnations or field sweet peas. To prepare the flour paste, mix a cheap grade of wheat flour with cold water, making a thin batter, without lumps, or wash the flour through a wire sieve with cold running water and make up to one gallon of water to each | lb. of flour. With ‘constant stirring to prevent burning and caking, cook until the paste is formed. It will be necessary to add sufficient water to balance loss by evaporation. Ineffective spray is due to insufficient cooking. When overcooked, the paste hardens when quite cold and cannot be easily mixed with water. Usually, overcooking is not disadvantageous. In the spray tank the paste tends to settle, and the solution must be agitated to ensure good results, but it shares this slight disadvantage with most materials. It is a most effective spreader for lime-sulphur and nicotin sulphate sprays, is easily obtainable, and has no odour like fish-oil soap. Used alone at a strength of 8-100, it is effective against several leaf-feeding mites and some very delicate aphides. From observations made during four months, it seems possible that flour paste may be useful as a spreader for lime-sulphur for scale-insects -and fungi, and as a “ sticker ” for arsenicals. Prohibition of Removal of Certain Diseased Plants.—Proclamation of the Governor of South Australia, Adelaide, 15th May 1913. The Governor, with the Executive Council of South Australia, by virtue of the provisions of “ The Vine, Fruit and Vegetable Protection Acts, 1885 and 1910,” prohibit the removal of citrus trees or the fruit of citrus trees from any part of the State into a stated portion of the Murray Valley (25 miles on either side the river), and also declare that no citrus trees or fruit shall be removed between the areas described unless examined by an inspector and declared free from red scale (Aspidiotus coccimeus), and all such trees or fruit must be despatched in new cases or packages. Such consignments on arrival at their destination are to be re-examined by an inspector before delivery to the consignee. Important Amendments to Codling-moth Regulations. Fruit Removal Regulations (Proclamation No. 20 of 1913).—Agric. Dept. of Union of S. Africa, Pretoria, no. 16, 6th May 1913, 10 pp. By Proclamation 20 of 1913, Proclamation No. 38, dated the 22nd February 1912, is superseded and repealed. The regulations applying to vines, grapes and mango trees are unaltered, while the change with 84 respect to apples, pears and quinces, is that of omitting a number of districts from the area of the Cape Province, into which the removal of these fruits has been prohibited for the past seven years. Care is necessary to avoid the removal of prohibited fruit into “ protected ” portions of the Union, and every wrongful removal is to be reported to the Magistrate of the district in which the offence occurred, and the consigner and consignee may both be punished. The protected areas are enumerated, and removals are not allowed from one protected area into another. The removal of boxes, etc., that have been used for the storage or conveyance of apples, pears,and quinces into areas into which the removal of these fruits is prohibited is illegal. The return into a protected area of boxes, etc., that have been used for the conveyance of any of the fruits named, to any place outside of that area is not allowed. It is also illegal to use second-hand apple-barrels, pear-boxes, etc., for the sending of any produce into a protected area. Travellers by train and cart would be violating the restrictions if they took any prohibited fruit into a protected area. The removal of the restricted articles through a protected area in direct transit by rail or post from a place outside of it to a place outside of it, is allowed. The object of the regulations is to check the spread of codling-moth into parts of the Union which are still supposed to be free from this pest, and which are considered generally suitable for the culture of apples or pears. The contraction of the protected Cape area was prompted by the presence of the pest in many places within the parts now omitted from the protected area. The presence of the pest, to a very small extent, is suspected in many places within the still protected areas, and as a check on its spread from sources within, the Government issued Notice 366 of 1912. The effectiveness of these various measures. in retarding the spread of the codling moth will depend to a great extent on the alertness of parties within the protected regions in detecting and reporting any infringements. Besides repealing Proclamation No. 38 of 1912, Proclamation 20 of 1913 also announces certain restrictions as to the removal of grape vine, virginia creeper, ampelopsis or other plant of the natural order, Vitaceae, or any living portion (except seed), or fresh food of any such plant, and of any mango trees or any portion thereof (except the fruit), and of apple, pear or quince fruit in its fresh state. The areas protected and not protected in respect of these different fruits are set out, as also the various lines. of railway along which the transit of the plants and fruit mentioned in the amendment, may or may not be carried. FuLLER (C.). The Wattle Bagworm.—Agric. JI. of Umon of S. Africa, Pretoria, vi, no. 2, Aug. 1913, pp. 198-217, 9 pl. The present paper is a continuation of that which appeared in Vol. 5, No. 6 of the Agricultural Journal of the Union of S. Africa [see this. Review, Ser. A, 1, p. 303.] The life-history of the wattle bagworm (Chalioides junodi, Heylaerts) is given. The male moths begin to emerge, and the females become adult during July. In August egg- laying begins, and towards the middle of the month the young larvae appear. By September egg-laying is finished, the adult moths die off, and the main brood of young emerge from the maternal bags. In the | 85 months from October to February the larvae feed and grow, the greatest damage being done from November to January. In March the larvae discontinue feeding and prepare to pupate, the males first, and later the females; pupation occurs during April, May and June. Although in the caterpillar stage no difference between male and female is evident, the pupae differ markedly. The adult female is a segmented spindle-shaped organism, bearing no resemblance to a moth, having neither wings nor legs. She never leaves her bag, and in this some 600 eggs are laid, in a mass of wax-like secretion mixed with scales. Shortly after the eggs hatch, the young larva, instead of beginning at once to feed, drops from the base of the bag, supported by a gossa- mer strand, and sways about in the air, until it comes in contact with some object on a lower plane; it then ascends its strand again and remains upon it for a day or two, making no attempt to feed, however near food may be. The author suggests that this is a device to aid in the dispersal of the species; birds flying through plantations would be apt to pick up on their beaks, feet or feathers, the glutinous gossa- mer threads to which the insects are attached, and the insects would thus be deposited in another locality. This habit of the larvae may account for their spread by the wind, which would transport the leaves to which the threads are attached. Warren (H.). On the Economic Value of Wild Birds.— Agric. Jl. of S. Africa, Pretoria, vi, no. 3, Sept. 1913, pp. 461-465. The author points out the immense value of birds as destroyers of injurious insects, ticks, etc., and contends that the benefits they con- _ fer upon the stock-farmer and agriculturist, far outweigh the relatively small amount of damage they may do, except in the case of a few species. He then mentions a number of useful South African birds, giving a general indication of the nature of their food. It is pointed out that m many parts of South Africa the lack of cover and widespread grass fires are very prejudicial to bird-life; and farmers are urged to pay some attention to the needs of birds. Strips of bush should be reserved as cover, and in open country trees should be planted in the vicinity of cultivated lands, so as to furnish suitable breeding places ; for it is when birds are feeding their young that they are specially active in destroying insects. Lounspury (C. P.). Pernicious Scale—Agric. Jl. of S. Africa, Pretoria, no. 4, Oct. 1913, vi, pp. 662-670. It is now a little more than two years ago that Pernicious (San José) ‘Scale, which has the reputation of being the most serious of all the numerous scale pests of deciduous fruit trees anywhere in the world, was discovered to be present in South Africa. The Government at first decided to attempt the eradication of the new pest by burning infested trees and plants. Owing to the immensity and cost of the undertaking, the Government, in April 1912, decided to leave the eradication or suppression of the pest on any particular property to the enterprise of the occupier or owner. The dissemination of the pest was due wholly, or in large part, to purchases of trees from one 86 nursery at Pretoria and one at Pietermaritzburg, and had been going” on at least since 1906. The response of the occupiers to the appeal for suppressive action was, on the whole, gratifying, but many took no action at all, and others sprayed to little effect, probably owing to slovenly application. lLime-sulphur wash and “ Scalecide” have both proved highly efficient as spraying fluids. One thorough spray- ing every winter is evidently all that is required to prevent damage to a tree; but two or three thorough sprayings in one winter may be necessary to get the pest well under control in the case of trees which have been allowed to become badly infested by neglect in one or more years. The measures that the Government is applying to prevent the rapid dissemination of the insect are chiefly those relative to nurseries and plant traffic, intended to check the spread of plant pests in general. Special instructions were given to railway and postal officials, who send non-certificated plants to an Agricultural Depart- ment plant-inspector for examination before they are forwarded for delivery. Special legislation applies to Pretoria, it being illegal to remove any plants from the town without the written permission of the Department of Agriculture. It is also illegal to remove any woody plants from a property known to be infested with the insect anywhere in the country. A general inspection was made between August 1911 and April 1912, and the towns and places where the pest was found are given, and in a general way, the position in July 1913. The towns and places inspected are in the Transvaal, Orange Free State and Natal. MartTEtui (G.). La lotta naturale contro il Crisomfalo (Bianea-rossa), gli Afidi (Formichedda), la Mosca (Verme) delle arance, delle pesche ecc. e la Mosca (Verme) delle olive. [Use of natural enemies against Chrysomphalus, Aphididae, the Mediterranean ~ Fruit Fly and the Olive Fly.|—Guorn. Agric. Meridionale, Messina, vi, nos. 8-9, Aug.—Sept. 1913, pp. 137-142. The successful introduction of Novis cardinalis against Icerya purchasi, Mask., in the province of Messina and elsewhere, and the possibility of obtaining good results with parasites of other injurious insects led the Cattedra ambulante d’Agricoltura in Messina to intro- duce as many of such enemies as possible. It is due to F. Silvestri that the Coccinellids, Rhizobius lophantae, R. ventralis and Orcus chalybaeus, which prey upon Chrysomphalus and other injurious Coccids, and Hippodamia convergens, an enemy of aphids, have been imported. He also brought two other parasites: Galesus silvestru, Kief. and Dirhinus giffardi, Silv., into Italy to combat the Mediterranean fruit fly, and then found that they would breed in the olive fly. It is therefore hoped that these parasites will be efficient against both these pests in peach, orange, and olive-growing districts where the soil is loose and sandy. As yet it is not known whether the parasites will become acclimatised, but from the Naples district, where some of them were introduced some time ago, the reports are most satisfactory. Battovu (H. A.). Report on the prevalence of some Pests and Diseases in the West Indies during 1912.— West. Ind. Bull., Barbados, xiii, no. 4, 22nd Sept. 1913, pp. 333-357. The information presented in this report covers most of the 87 agricultural pests and diseases in the West Indies. An easy form of reference is provided by tables showing the observations of their occurrence and non-occurrence. The insect pests referred to are as follows :— Cacao pests :—Thrips (Heliothrips rubrocinctus, Giard), noticed in Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Dominica, St. Kitts; cacao beetle (Stirastoma depressum, L.), in Grenada; _ scale-insects and mealy bugs in Grenada, Dominica, St. Kitts, Virgin Islands; the greengrass bug (Nezara viridula, L.), in Grenada; Aphis in Nevis. Coconut pests :—Weevil (Rhynchophorus palmarum, L.) and white fly (Aleyrodicus cocois, Curtis), in St. Vincent; coconut snow scale (Diaspis boisduvali, Sign.), glassy star scale (Vinsonia stellifera, Westw.), Bourbon aspidiotus (Aspidiotus destructor), coconut mealy bug (Pseudococcus nipae, Mask.), and green scale (Coccus viridis, Green) in Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, Virgin Islands ;_ termites in Nevis. Indian corn pests :—Corn ear worms (Chloridea obsoleta, F., and Laphygma frugiperda, 8. and A.), in St. Vincent, Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, Virgin Islands; hard-back grubs (Lachnosterna), in Antigua. The ripening heads of guinea-corn were attacked by caterpillars (not described) in Montserrat. Cotton pests :—The cotton worm (Alabama argillacea, Hb.), noticed in St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, Virgin Islands; the boll worm (Chloridea obsoleta, F.) and Laphygma frugiperda, S. and A., in Antigua; the cotton stainers (Dysdercus andreae, L., and D. delauneyi, Leth.), in Grenada, St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, Virgin Islands. Scale- insects (Saissetia nigra, Nietn., and Henuchionaspis minor, Mask.), in Grenada, St. Vincent, Antigua, Nevis, Virgin Islands; the flower-bud maggot (Contaruma gossypi, Felt), in Montserrat and Antigua; the leaf-blister mite (Hriophyes gossypu, Banks), in St. Vincent, St. Lucia, Montserrat, Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis, Virgin Islands; a hard-back beetle (Cyclocephala dimidiata) in Grenada ;_ a small bronze beetle and a bug (Edessa meditabunda), in St. Vincent; cotton aphis (Aphis gossypii, Glover), in Montserrat, Antigua and Nevis. Pests of green dressings :—Pigeon peas were attacked by the beetles Bruchus chinensis and B. quadrimaculatus, in Dominica ; a caterpillar (known locally as the Bengal bean worm) attacked horse beans in Montserrat and cowpeas in Antigua; a weevil (Hxophthalmus esurvens, Boh.) was found on pigeon peas in Antigua, where Barbuda beans were infested by an aphis. Pests of limes and other citrus trees :—Scale-insects, especially Coccus viridis, Green, are still doing much damage in St. Vincent ; all the commoner kinds occurred in St. Lucia, the green scale (C. viridis) and the snow scale (Chionaspis citri, Comst.) being the most trouble- some. One or two outbreaks of scale-insects were reported from Dominica; the purple scale (Lepidosaphes beckui, Newm.) and the green scale were noticed in Montserrat, where for the first time limes were seriously attacked by the West Indian red scale (Chrysomphalus aurantu, Mask.). The lantana bug (Ortheza insignis, Douglas) is very scarce in Montserrat; scales were common in Antigua; they are abundant wherever there are lime trees in St. Kitts; green, .purple and snow scales occurred in Nevis; white scale and purple scale in 88 the Virgin Islands. The bark-borer (Leptostylus praemorsus, F.) was noticed in St. Lucia; the twig-borer (Hlaphidion mite, Newm.), in Antigua; the fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata, Wied.), in Dominica. Sugar-cane pests :—The moth borer (Diatraea saccharalis, ¥.) noticed in Grenada, St. Lucia, Antigua, St. Kitts, Nevis; the weevil-borer (Metamasius sericeus, Oliv.), in St. Lucia, Antigua, St. Kitts; the root-borer (? Hxophthalmus esuriens), in St. Lucia, St. Kitts ; termites in’ St. Kitts; hard-back grubs (Lachnosterna spp.), in Antigua, St. Kitts, Virgin Islands. Sweet potato pests :—Horn-worms (Protoparce cingulata, F.), in Antigua and Virgin Islands; the scarabee (Cryptorhynchus batatae, Waterh.), in Grenada and St. Kitts; the red spider (Tetranychus telarvus, L.), in St. Lucia, Antigua, and Nevis; a white fly (species unknown), in Grenada. Yam pests :—The yam scale (Asprdiotus hartw), in Grenada; the scale that occurs on the stored tubers was observed in St. Kitts. It is stated that the canes on one estate—the locality of which is not given—were infested with shot-borer, wherever the attacks of rind fungus, and other fungus diseases occurred severely. Grasshoppers are a great pest in many districts, especially in dry localities, and flocks of guinea-fowl are successfully kept for the purpose of controlling them. Regarding parasites of injurious insects, it is stated that Cephalo- sportum fungus has done good work on the mango shield-scale in Grenada, and Sphaerostilbe has increased rapidly in the St. David’s district, Grenada. In St. Vincent and St. Kitts, Chalcis sp. and the Jack Spaniard wasp (Polistes annularis) control the cotton worm to a noticeable extent, and planters are encouraging the wasps by erecting rough shelters for them in or near the cotton fields. The white-headed, black-headed, and red-headed fungi parasitised the scales on lime trees in St. Lucia, and, although not so general, the buff shield-scale fungus was well established in some districts. In Antigua, parasitic fungi on scale-insects are much more common than was realised some time ago, Lady-birds are increasing on some lime plantations. MacDovucatt (R. §.). The Large Narcissus Bulb Fly (Merodon equestris, Fab.)—Jl. Board Agric., London, xx, no. 7, Oct. 1913, pp. 594-599, 2 figs. The narcissus fly, first recorded in England in 1869, is responsible for a great destruction of narcissus bulbs in different parts of the country. In addition to bulbs of the genus Narcissus, the larva has been found in bulbs of Amaryllis (Adams), Habranthus (Chittenden), Vallota (Chittenden and Theobald), Eurycles (McLachlan), Liles (Wilks), and Galtonia (Theobald). Theobald found the larvae at work (at Wye and in Devon) in the bulbs of the Wild Hyacinth (Scilla nutans), and, partly on this, bases his opinion that Merodon equestris is native to England. The larvae tunnels and feeds in the bulb, which may be so spoiled that it rots away completely. In other cases flowers and weakened plants may be produced, but no new bulbs. It is often difficult to say without opening the bulb that a Merodon grub is present within, but in typical cases the infestation can be recognised by the bulb “ giving ”’ on being squeezed between the finger and thumb. 89 Treatment :—(1) Failing bulbs and plants should be removed from the beds and destroyed; (2) destruction of all decayed and infested bulbs at the time of lifting and also, especially in case of importation, before planting; in daffodil-growing grounds, where some years ago Merodon was proving a great pest, the persistent examination for, and destruction of, sickly bulbs has resulted in its being the rarest occurrence now to find a Merodon; (3) sifting the surface layers of the soil, where this is practicable, for pupae; in Holland the surface layers are searched about the time that the plants are coming into flower; (4) steeping the bulbs in water for from two to eight days, in order to drive out and drown the larvae ; a number of experiments show that while good results may follow, there are failures also; (5) catching the flies with hand-nets ;_ this is a valuable measure. Theobald, in his second British Museum Report (1904), recorded the finding in bulbs of narcissus of another Syrphid larva, which proved to be Eumerus strigatus, Fall. Itinfests onions, shalots and the bulbs of the hyacinth, either alone or along with Merodon. A number of Eumerus larvae may be present in asingle bulb. Infested bulbs become discoloured, and rot away. The author has found numbers of Sciara larvae in bulbs of Glory of Leiden and Duchess of Westminster, and has at different times bred species of several genera of MyCETOPHILIDAE from decaying bulbs. PicarD (F.). Le Cleonus mendicus et le Inxus scabricollis, Charancons nuisibles 4 la Betterave dans le midi de la France. [Cleonus (Temnorrhinus) mendicus and LInxus scabricollis, Weevil Pests of Beetroot in the South of France.|—Bull. Soc. d Etude et de Vulgarisation Zool. Agric., Bordeaux, xu, no. 5, Oct. 1913, pp. 129- 137, 1 pl. Though not so largely grown as in the North of France, beetroot is also cultivated in the Mediterranean region, where its pests are generally of species different from those found in the northern pro- vinces. Though the black aphis (Aphis euonymi, F.), and the beet fly (Pegomia hyoscyami, Meig.) occur nearly everywhere, the flea-beetle (Chaetocnema tibialis, lig.) and the beet moth (Phthorimaea ocellatella, Boyd) become commoner as one advances southwards. The weevils, Temnorrhinus mendicus, Gyl., Bothynoderes punctiventris, Germ., and fixus scabricollis, Boh., are exclusively southern species. Valéry Mayet has studied 7. mendicus thoroughly, but Lixus scabricollis and its habits are nearly unknown. After emerging in autumn the adult Temnorrhinus passes the winter underground and appears in April or May. The date of its appearance depends solely on climatic conditions, and thus all the beet fields are invaded simultaneously. If alternate crops are grown the weevils travel immediately to the new ground, guided apparently by their sense of smell. The eggs are laid in the ground near the collar of the plants, and by the end of May almost every adult is dead. Because of its earthy colour and its habit of remaining under clods or close to the plant the insect is not always noticed by cultivators, and even a severe infestation can only be detected by a careful examination. On hatching, the larva tunnels the surface of the young root. Later on the hole is increased in size, but is not made deeper. The work tends downwards, and only the (C11) C 90 underground portion of the root is attacked. At the end of September many larvae are still present in the roots, but pupae and some adults also are to be found. The latter either remain in the pupal chamber or emerge into the open. On warm sunny days they may be seen feeding on the leaves. Collectors consider 7’. mendicus to be rare, but it fairly overruns the beet-fields of the Agricultural School at Montpellier in Hérault. In 1913 all the roots there had been attacked. The necessity for a mild climate and compact clay soil limits its spread, for beetroot can only be successfully grown in a loose deep soil. Wherever Temnorrhinus finds its favourite plant under the above conditions, it speedily develops into a terrible pest. In Russia and Hungary B. punctiventris and B. betavorus, Chev., are only too well known. The former is also a southern species, but is rare in Hérault, as it requires a sandy soil. Many Cleonids living on Salsolaceae will attack beetroot. Thus Temnorrhinus brevirostris, Gyl., is a species found on the Mediterranean coast on Kelp (Salsola) and on Atriplex. So far it has not been found on beetroot, but Chromoderus fasciatus, Miill., (albidus, F.), which is common on Atriplex, Chenopodium, Salsola, etc., has been reported as a beet pest in Central Europe. Though very abundant in Hérault, the author has not observed it in the beet-fields there. As regards Cleonus prger, Scop. (sulcvrostris, L.) most writers. notice it as a beet pest, but one of little importance. Indeed the author believes it not to besuch. Temnorrhinus has few enemies; no Hymenopterous parasite is known, but Sphegids of the genus Cerceris prey on it, though not to any great extent. In pursuing his. investigations on Cocobacillz as insect parasites the author found one of these bacteria in the larvae of 7. mendicus, which he provisionally named Bacillus cleont. It remains to be seen whether it differs specifically from Bacillus cajae discovered in Arctia caja by G. R. Blane and the author. When the larvae have penetrated into the root the damage is past remedy. The adults must be destroyed when feeding, prior to. oviposition. Valéry Mayet recommended arsenicals, and especially a solution of 5 oz. sodium arsenite in 20 gals. of water, to which 2 lb. of flour had been added to make it adhere. The ordinary arsenate of lead sprays may be used also. Spraying must be done before. oviposition takes place, and beetroot sprayed in April can be fed to. cattle in October without any danger whatever. Inzus scabricollis, Boh., is practically of no economic importance. It is parasitised by a Braconid of a species as yet unknown, but which the author will describe shortly. LZ. ascanw, L., and L. gunci, Dahl., have long been known as beet-feeders, but they also seem of little importance. They are sometimes found on spinach. Feytaup (J.). Les Hémérobes ou Chrysopes [Chrysopa.|—Bull. Soc.. d Etude et de Vulgarisation Zool. Agric., Bordeaux, xii, no. 5, Oct. 1913, pp. 1388-148, 3 figs. The Chrysopa most common in France are C. vulgaris, Schn., C. perla,. L., C. septempunctata, Wesm., and C. aspersa, Wesm. C. vulgaris, which may be taken as a type, 1s pre-eminently carnivorous. Already known as a destroyer of Aphids, the perfect insect has been also observed killing the caterpillars of Polychrosis botrana. The egg is. 91 attached to a stem about 6 or 7 mm. long, which the female produces prior to laying. The larva is very agile and even more voracious than the adult. Chrysopa are mostly known as enemies of aphids, but according to Schneider they also prey on the larvae of Muscidae and Coleoptera. In the vineyards, Chrysopa also attacks Phylloxera in its stages above ground, and here again the larva is the chief destroyer. Fuschini has calculated that one larva can devour about 6,000 eggs, besides causing the indirect destruction of those contained in the ovaries of the female. The larvae of Nephopteryx divisella, Dp., and Hylotoma rosae, F., also fall a prey to Chrysopa. C. vulgaris has been described as an enemy of the Vine Tortrix (‘“‘ Pyrale”’ de la vigne) (Oenophthira pillervana, Schiff.) In 1911, the author reported an abundance of Chrysopa in the south-eastern vineyards, which had been invaded by the Microlepidoptera of the vine, and showed clearly that Clysia ambiguella, Hb., and Polychrosis botrana, Schiff., were destroyed by Chrysopa larvae, and even by the adults. Experiments conducted in 1913 showed that a single larva could eat about 60 P. lychrosis caterpillars, at the rate of 3 or 4a day. The agriculturist should therefore learn to know and protect so helpful an auxiliary. The author very strongly recommends that all traps baited for the moths of Polychrosis be emptied and cleaned immediately they cease to be useful, as Chrysopa are also taken in them. Indeed it has been found that they capture Chrysopa more often and in larger numbers than Polychrosis, thus doing a great deal of harm. Birds, especially night-birds, and bats are great enemies of the perfect insect, and Syrphid larvae have been seen to destroy Chrysopa larvae. Hemiteles aestwalis, Gr., Helorus anomalipes Pz., and Microgaster perlae, are all parasites of Chrysopa larvae, and Telenomus acrobates, Giard, para- sitises their eggs. A bibliography of 18 works completes the paper. Cacoecia costana.— Bull. Soc. d Etude et de Vulgarisation Zool. Agric., Bordeaux, xii, no. 5, Oct. 1913, pp. 156-157. In an editorial note mention is made of the occasional ravages of Tortrix (Cacoecia) costana in vineyards. Henri Kehrig (Feuille vinicole de la Gironde, 22nd May 1890, and Bull. Soc. de Zoologie Agric., Dec. 1911), Dr. Schwangart (Mitt. d. deutschen Weinbau-Vereim, June 1911), and F. Picard (Progres Agricole, 5th May 1912), have reported this pest in the Gironde, the Palatinate, and in Camargue. Quarantine Regulations on Shipment into Georgia of Articles from Territory Infested with Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil.—Georgia State Bd. Entom., Atlanta, Cire. no. 13, Oct. 1913. At a recent meeting of the State Board of Entomology, the follow- ing regulations were adopted concerning shipments from sections of the country infested with Mexican cotton boll weevil. Restrictions were placed on the following articles when originating in infested areas :—(1) Seed cotton; (2) cotton seed; (3) seed cotton sacks, cotton seed sacks, cotton pickers’ sacks which have been used within eight months ; (4) cotton seed hulls, between Ist Aug. and 30th Dec. ; (C11) c2 92 (5) Spanish moss and corn in shuck, or shucks removed from corn, between Ist Oct. and 30th June; (6) household goods containing any of the foregoing articles, during the period of quarantine applying to each ; (7) living weevils in the possession of any person outside of the infested territory, except a qualified entomologist. Under certain conditions restricted articles can be shipped from uninfested sections of States in which boll weevil occurs. No restrictions were placed on the following articles :—(1) Bales of cotton, flat or compressed, with no restrictions as to season; (2) lin- ters and loose cotton lint ; (3) cotton seed meal, cake and oil ; (4) corn, shelled or shucked, or with shucks removed, oats or any other seed except cotton seed ; (5) cotton seed shown by affidavit to have been sacked continuously for nine months or more; (6) cotton seed for planting purposes only, after fumigating with carbon bisulphide by competent entomologist ; (7) hay ; (8) empty freight cars. VaysstzrE (P.). Cochenilles nouvelles de l’Afrique francaise [New Coccids from French Africa.}—-Rev. Phytopath. appliquée, Paris, 1, no. 9, 5th Oct. 1913, p. 124. A short description is given of Mytilaspis coccomytibus dispar, ssp. nov. and Diaspis taxicola, sp. nov. The former was found in large numbers on a branch of manioc in Madagascar, while the latter was collected on Taxus baccata in the Atlas of Blidah (Algeria). CHITTENDEN (F. H.). The Florida Fern Caterpillar.—U.S. Dept. Agrvc., Bur. Entom. Washington, Bull. 125, 29th Oct. 1918, 11 pp., 1 fig. The fern caterpillar, Hriopus floridensis, is a native of Florida and tropical America, but is extending north, causing damage in green- houses in Columbia, Illinois, and Ohio. It has also been reported in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Bahamas, Jamaica, Cuba, Haiti, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Venezuela, British Guiana, Brazil, and Trinidad. It is restricted to ferns, and appears to destroy more than it requires for food, cutting plants entirely bare and attacking each new leaf as it appears. Though not strictly a nocturnal feeder, it shuns bright light, and is most often found feeding exposed in early morning. Treatment of this pest is not easy. In one case a spray of a strong decoction of hellebore was used; this scalded the foliage, — causing many plants to die. A bait of poisoned bran and molasses was tried, but the caterpillars preferred the ferns. Fumigation with carbon bisulphide was of no avail. Lead arsenate when used in a solution strong enough to kill the caterpillars is said to leave a white deposit, which destroys the commercial value of the fern. A spray of Paris green, strong enough to kill the caterpillars, burns the foliage. Paris green properly mixed with Bordeaux mixture should not produce this effect. Hydrocyanic-acid gas fumigation is also suggested for use when the eggs are hatching and during moults. It seems that hand- picking, though laborious, is most successful, one of the best methods consisting in shaking the plants over the ground and trampling on the caterpillars as they fall. Ichneumon extrematis, Cress., Sagarits sp., and a Tachinid fly have been observed attacking this caterpillar. . 93 ParKER (W.). A sealed Paper Carton to protect Cereals from insect __attack.—U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, Bull. 15, 16th Oct. 1913, 8 pp. 8 figs. The injury done by insects to packed cereals causes a financial loss much greater than most millers suppose. Examination of infested packages showed that infestation usually commenced where there was a hole in the package; carefully sealed packages appeared intact. The more important insects attacking stored cereal products are the Indian-meal moth (Plodia interpunctella, Hiibn), the Mediterranean flour moth (Hphestia kuehniella, Zell.), the meal snout-moth (Pyralis farimalis, L.), the saw-toothed grain beetle (Silvanus surinamensis, L.), the confused flour beetle (Lribolium confuswm, Duv.), the granary weevil (Calandra granaria, L.), and the rice weevil (C. oryzae, L.). The cereal is sterilised prior to being packed, and when insects are found in packages, the eggs, larvae, or adults have gained access to the cereal after, or shortly before, the cereal was packed. In an experiment to test the efficiency of a cheap sealed carton, a cereal was sterilised and placed in sterilised packages. Had any insects or eggs been in the packet, the temperature of 180° F. used for sterilisation of the cereal would, undoubtedly, have killed them. The packages were closed by glueing the ends, but some were covered with label paper, so that there were no openings. Some labelled and some unlabelled packages were placed in boxes with flour badly infested by the confused flour beetle. Tables of the results of the experiment show the label to be efficient in preventing insects entering the cartons. Infestation may take place in the cereal elevator leading from the steriliser to the packing room or in the grocer’s storeroom. In drying non-flaky cereals a sterile chute with baffles, through which hot dry air is blown, would be effective. In the case of flaky cereals, a belt-elevator is necessary, but this can be inclosed and the hot air used as before. Both elevators should be so constructed, that they can be readily sterilised with air at a temperature above 180° F. The sealed carton may be made of a stiff cardboard. The printed label should be of three pieces, two ends which lap over the edges and extend down the side, and a side piece. Care must be taken to seal the ends of the carton properly before applying the label. Another package has been suggested, namely, the placing of a sealed paper bag inside an ordinary carton. This has proved to be no better than the old-style packages. In a large flour mill in California, 160 lb. steam is used as a source of heat, and a carrier eight feet long, with its load of cereal, can be heated to 180° F. in two minutes, by this means, without difficulty. CHITTENDEN (F. H.). The Rose Slug-Caterpillar.—U.S. Dept. Agric., Bur. Entom., Washington, Bull. 124, 31st Oct. 1913, 9 pp. 1 fig. It is only within comparatively recent years that the slug-like eaterpillar, Huclea indetermina, Boisd., has been known to injure the rose, though the larvae appear to have been known since 1797. Synonyms of EF. indetermina are Callochroa viridis, Reak., C. vernata, Pack., and Parsa chloris, Grote. It is not a common species, and as it is of interest to rose-growers and to nurserymen, the author gives illustrations and a brief description of it. The larva has been observed 94 on Rosa spp., Prunus spp., Quercus spp., Castanea dentata, Carya spp., Asimina triloba, Myrica cerifera, Cornus florida, plum, apple and pear. It feeds on the edges of the leaves. The eggs, which are deposited on the underside of the leaf, hatch after about nine days. The larvae mature about the middle of September, passing through eight or nine stages, and have stinging spines. If only a few rose-bushes or young trees are attacked, handpicking will control this insect, precaution being taken to use a glove. A spray of Paris green or arsenate of lead may be applied. Huarp (V. A.). Rapport de ’entomologiste du Ministére de l Agricul- ture de la Province de Quebec pour l’année 1912-13. [Report of the Entomologist of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Province of Quebec for the year 1912-1913.]—Quebec, 24th Oct. 1913, 15 pp., 5 figs. The tent-caterpillars were the most important pests of the year. Malacosoma americana, F., chiefly attacks orchards and M. disstria, Hb., . forests. The larvae of both soon strip a tree of its leaves. While it is evidently impracticable to prevent this destruction in the case of forest trees, damage in orchards can be almost entirely prevented. The eggs are easily seen on the bare branches in winter, and nearly all may be collected and burnt. Speaking generally, all insectivorous birds should be protected. The services of a sparrow are valued at 12 shillings a year in France, and must be worth more in the Province of Quebec. Banding is useful. Where the caterpillars emerge in the tent they may be taken and burnt, or a petrol torch may be used. Spraying the infested parts will destroy those caterpillars which have just hatched out. The spray is made up of | lb. Paris green in 160 gals. water, or 2 lb. arsenate of lead in 40 gals. of water. In 1913 the San José Scale was observed for the first time in the Province on a young service tree, which was destroyed without delay. The woolly aphis Eriosoma (Schizoneura) lanigerum was observed in three places, but only a few trees were infested and instructions were given for the affected branches to be burnt. In a garden at Montcalmville, near Quebec, the Oyster-Shell Bark-Louse (Mytilaspis pomorum) was observed. The New York Plum Scale (Lecaniwm prunastri) was reported to be present in orchards of the county of Islet. In con- clusion, the author suggests provincial legislation on three points : (1) To require an annual inspection by the Entomological Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture of all those nurseries in the Province which deal in plants and fruits; (2) to give the inspector power to destroy plants infested by dangerous diseases or to order suitable treatment ; (3) to forbid nursérymen to distribute their products unless they hold the current year’s certificate from the Entomologist certifying that their nurseries are free from parasitic disease or insect pests. Kine (H. H.). On the use of Poison in the Control of Locusts in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Cavro Scientific J1., Alexandria, vu, no. 86, Nov. 1913, pp. 251-254. The species of migratory locust most common in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan is Acridiwm (Schistocerca) peregrinum, Oliv. The young locusts 95 appear after rain, and feed during the morning and evening. The methods of controlling locusts which have been adopted in the Sudan include the following: (1) Collection and destruction of eggs and hoppers; these methods need a large amount of labour and the collecting of eggs may be exceedingly arduous; (2) scaring away of adults by noises; (3) the use of bacteria, as Coccobacillus acridiorum, d Herelle, and the locust fungus, Empusa grylli; these have proved of little help in the control of locusts. During 1907, the author tested various other methods, among them poisoned bait. This bait consisted of fresh, green grass, finely chopped and soaked in a solution of 1 lb. arsenite of soda and 4-11 lb. treacle in 12 gallons water. This bait was scattered thinly either in front of the swarm while it was moving and feeding or under the shrubs in which the hoppers were roosting. The bait was readily devoured when the treacle was present in the proportion of 4 |b. to 12 gallons of water, but the hoppers were attracted still more when the proportion of the treacle was increased. A swarm fed with poisoned bait at about 7 a.m. would all be dead the following morning. Animals were not allowed to graze over the area treated for six days. The use of arsenite of soda in the control of locusts saves an enormous amount of labour, and the entire swarm is destroyed. The risk to cattle and other grazing animals, with ordinary precautions, is infinitesimal. Kersuaw (J. C.). Recommendations for dealing with the Froghopper. —Dept. Agric. Trinidad and Tabago, Special Cire. no. 9, 1st Dec. 1913, 10 pp. Under artificial conditions the vermilion egg-parasite, Oligosita graulti, Cwf., parasitised 5 to 6 per cent. of froghopper eggs. After careful examination the author concludes that in nature the percentage is between 5 and 10 per cent. in the most favourable localities, with an average below 5 per cent. This parasite is, therefore, not worth con- sideration, and former recommendations for dealing with trash with regard to it are cancelled. The Syrphid fly [Salpingogaster nigra, Schiner] is the chief check on the multiplication of the froghopper in Trinidad. Unfortunately, it usually appears in numbers only on the later broods. Its larvae are very voracious, and in most localities nymphs are scarce after the wet season, and the Syrphid larvae will probably either starve or destroy one another. Many female froghopper adults escape all enemies, and produce the early broods in the ensuing season, when there are but few Syrphids about. The author thinks it would be well worth trying to breed the Syrphid on through the dry season, in order to have a supply ready to distribute on any well-marked early broods of frog- hoppers. About 300 nymphs per day are required to feed 100 Syrphid larvae, but nymphs of Tomaspis pubescens can be procured in the dry season, and a supply of the Syrphid could be kept up in a large cage or enclosure, preferably erected over a channel or drain with suitable grass already growing there. A light rough construction would serve the purpose. The Syrphid will copulate and breed in a large and suitable cage. Then a few adult Syrphids and a few maggots could be liberated on early froghopper broods, wherever they occurred in numbers. 96 The author is not in favour of destroying the nymphs by ramming, but highly approves of early broods being collected by hand. The crushing of adults of early broods in young cane by squeezing the leaf sheaths where they congregate is also recommended. Possibly this plan would be even more effective than using the kerosene-lysol emulsion, but every efficient method should be used against the early broods, because it is impossible to do much against the enormous later ones. All abandoned land and grass fields near cane should be grazed or put under cover crops. The cattle disturb the froghopper so much, that it avoids these fields. Cutting the grass is useless. Regarding cane-trash, the author now thinks it probable that (where trash cannot be removed to the cattle pens) the best plan would be to keep it in a few large piles (boucans), rather than long beds between the rows of cane, provided that these boucans could be turned right over, and the nymphs below destroyed. As regards the destruction of adult frog- hoppers, trap lights are about the only method at present of any value at all, when the insects appear in great swarms. The following catches were made on badly “blighted” fields during September 1913: Night of 5th September, 24 lamps, 56,900 froghoppers ; 10th Septem- ber, 12 lamps, 23,420; 21st September, 72 lamps, 58,363. These were only the largest of many catches at lights. The hurricane lamps were placed about 20 to 25 feet apart, 2.e., one opposite the end of each cane bed along the trace, and stood in trays about 2 feet square, with a ledge to retain the water and film of kerosene, or a mess of molasses. They should also be placed where there is any open space among the canes. Summarised briefly, the author’s recommendations are :—(1) That a search be made for an efficient egg- or adult-parasite of the frog- hopper, though it is very unlikely that any will be procured in islands near Trinidad, or any adjacent part of the mainland; (2) that mean- while every effort should be made to get the Syrphid on the early broods of froghopper; (3) abandoned lands adjacent to cane-fields to be either put under a cover crop or grazed ;_ grass “ traces” to be hoed and the rubbish taken to the cattle pens, especially just before the wet season; (4) all trash should be removed to the pens, and not returned to the fields till well broken up and sodden, and especially the trash of the two or three rows of cane nearest to traces or grass land just before the wet season; (5) after the appearance of early broods of froghopper nymphs they should be destroyed by kerosene-lysol emulsion or by squeezing the leaf-sheaths, whichever proves the quicker and more effective; (6) the later large swarms of adults should be destroyed as far as possible by trap-lights. A grasshopper (Xtphidium sp.) is very common in grass lands, and destroys froghoppers along with other insects. It is considered to be X. varvpenne. Next to the Syrphid, however, the author holds spiders to be the most effective natural enemies of the froghopper. Guppy (P. L.). Life-history of the Syrphid fly predaceous on Frog- hopper Nymphs.—Bull. Dept. Agric., Trinidad and Tobago, xii, no. 75, Nov. 1913, pp. 159-161. From 30 to 40 nymphs are killed and sucked during the life of a larva of this fly [Salpingogaster nigra, Schiner], which is from nine to 97 ten days’ duration, and no doubt it destroys numbers of very small nymphs wherever these are abundant. In two instances adult frog- hoppers were found killed by the maggot, which had attacked them when they had just issued from the last nymphal instar and were too soft to escape from surrounding froth. Besides the nymphs of Tomaspis saccharina (the sugar-cane froghopper) it kills those of T. pubescens (the black froghopper). It travels from froth to froth fairly rapidly, and is able to follow the nymphs under the soil. The fly itself resembles very closely a small black wasp with some yellow markings on the thorax and abdomen. Even when the fly is settled, it continues to move its abdomen in and out, just as a wasp does. This fly is one of the most important enemies of the froghopper. It is hoped to breed it successfully on a large scale so as to get it started earlier in the season. Crmatti (V.). Per la difesa dei nostri agrumi. [The protection of our citrus fruits. |—Rivista di Agricoltura, Parma, xix, no. 49, 5th Dec. 1913, pp. 782-784. In 1910, Italy sustained a loss of about £40,000,000 through insect pests. A most dangerous one, which threatens to spread among the citrus plants, is Chrysomphalus dictyospermi var. pinnulifera (bianca- rossa). Lime-sulphur is useful for its control, and some of the con- clusions arrived at by Martelli after long and repeated experiments with this insecticide are: The purity of the lime is of prime importance. The lime must contain 90 per cent. of calcium oxide, and in the 10 per cent. of impurity the magnesium oxide must not exceed 5 per cent. The sulphur must be of a very high degree of purity (98 per cent.), and in almost impalpable powder. _ The larvae of Prays citri, Mil. (tignuola, zagara) ruins the orange blossoms. The following spray formula is given: 20 gals. water, 22 lb. molasses, 22 Ib. dregs of lime juice essence, and 2 gals. water in which 43 lb. of sodium arsenite have been dissolved. Spray in May, repeat 10 days later; then apply again in June and repeat as before. Another pest of citrus plants, Pseudococcus citri, Risso, causes the white mould (muffa bianca or cutuneddu), which is nearly always accompanied by fumaggine. The following emulsion is suggested: 6b. soap (soft or hard), 14 pts. petroleum, 20 gals. water. It should be applied, as usual, in June. CHITTENDEN (F. J.). On Beans damaged by Beetles.—J/. R. Hort. Soc., London, xxxix, pt. 2, Dec. 1913, pp. 379-380. In some seasons a considerable proportion of the seed of broad-beans. offered for sale is found to be damaged by a boring beetle, Bruchus rufimanus, Boh., often wrongly called the bean weevil. The question arises whether the damaged seeds may be sown with a prospect of reaping a crop. As it would be manifestly unwise to sow the beetles as well as the seeds, it is recommended first of all to destroy the beetles. in the seed by fumigating with carbon bisulphide (3 lb. to 1,000 cubic feet of space) for 48 hours. Experiments have shown that seeds thus. treated have produced plants as strong and as healthy as those from 98 undamaged seeds. The beetle instinctively avoids the radicle and plumule when boring, confining its attention to the food-stuff stored in the cotyledon, and of this there is a store great enough to satisfy the plant after the ravages made by the beetle. The only danger is that if the weather be cold and the seed long in germinating, there is a possibility of decay setting in, for bacteria or fungi would have easy access through the wounded testa. Wtwnw (H.). Im Unterelsass und in der angrenzenden Rheinpfalz fest- gestellte Cocciden. [Coccids recorded from Lower Alsace and the adjoming Rhine Palatinate. |—Zezt. wissen. Insektenbiol., Berlin, ix, nos. 8-9, Ist Sept. 1913, pp. 255-258. This is a list of all the species of Cocctpar, known from the area indicated, and with each species is given a very full record of the localities in which it has been found, and all the plants on which it has occurred. The list is being published in instalments. \) The Fertilisation of Cacao.—Gardens Bulletin, Straits Settlement, Singapore, i, no. 6, 15th Dec. 1913, p. 195. The number of c1cao pods formed on a tree is very much out of proportion to the number of flowers produced. Mr. G. A. Jones, who has experimented to find the reason of this, has noticed that if the common red ants which tend green fly about the flowers are kept away, no pollination results. There is, however, no positive evidence to show that red ants have anything to do with the fertility of the flowers. Burk (I. H.). Clerome gracilis, a Butterfly destructive to Palms.— Gardens Bulletin, Strarts Settlements, Singapore, i, no. 6, 15th Dec. 1913, pp. 188-186. i The caterpillar of Clerome gracilis, Butl. (AMATHUSIINAE) is social in its habits, and has been found to damage Rhopaloblaste palms. The caterpillars, when both feeding and resting, are found on the under surface of the leaf, feeding only at night. Burkitt (I. H.). The Coconut Beetles, Oryctes rhinoceros and Rhyn- chophorus ferrugineus.—Gardens Bulletin, Straits Settlements, Singapore, 1, no. 6, 15th Dec. 1913, pp. 176-188. The two beetles legislated against in the Straits Settlements are Oryctes rhinoceros and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. The first is the commoner, but individually less destructive; it feeds as an adult in the stems of living palms, generally coconut palms, tunnelling into the softer parts of the stem; it may lay its eggs in these tunnels, but usually it does so in decaying vegetable matter, sawdust, etc., and especially in the central parts of dead palm trunks. The Palm Weevil (Rh. ferrugineus) lays its eggs on the coconut trees, making a small hole for each egg with its long snout. The burrows of the Rhinoceros Beetle (O. rhinoceros) give the Palm Weevil access to the inside of the palm, of which full advantage is usually taken. The eggs give rise to 99 white grubs, which eat out galleries through the softest tissue, thereby destroying the heart of the palm cabbage. The Rhinoceros Beetle is common from India to the Philippine Islands, wherever large palms abound. In Africa its place is taken by O. monoceros and O. boas, which attack palms in the same way. In Madagascar are six other species of palm-attacking Oryctes. In the Island of Reunion there are two species. Tropical America has a closely allied genus, Strategus, which furnishes at least one species of similar habits. Allied genera, Pimelopus and Scapanes in New Guinea, and Camelonotus in America, attack young palms, burrowing into their stems from the ground. The Palm Weevil of Asia, occurs in India, Ceylon, and eastward to the Philippine Islands. It is replaced by R. phoenicis in tropical Africa, and by the allied R. palmarum and R. cruentatus in tropical America. As to the extent of the damage done by the Rhinoceros Beetle in Samoa, about the beginning of 1912, an official statement was made that 150 trees had been destroyed and 6,000 to 8,000, or one-fifth of the others in affected areas, had received damage enough to postpone their yielding for one or two years. Measures taken to cope with the beetle con- sisted of collecting the grubs, and trapping the beetle in holes dug in the ground and filled with material such as rotting stumps, which afford suitable breeding places for the insect; the traps were visited periodically and the beetles killed by suffocation with carbon bisul- phide. These methods were, however, expensive. The method adopted now against both the Rhinoceros Beetle and the Palm Weevil consists in removing every kind of material from the plantation which would offer a suitable breeding place for the beetles—not only palm stumps, but also all sorts of decaying vegetation, etc. For the removal of dead trees and stumps the author advocates the use of explosives. Experiments made to find the quantity of explosive necessary to destroy trees and stumps showed that to blow a stump completely to pieces, four cartridges of blasting gelatine, placed in a hole drilled in the base of the stump, were sufficient ; four cartridges of blasting gelatine similarly placed in the base of a standing dead tree and exploded, brought it down, leaving in the ground insufficient material to serve as a breeding place for the beetle; four cartridges of gelignite did not suffice to do the work thoroughly, nor were three cartridges of blasting gelatine quite sufficient. The following palms are recorded as attacked by the Rhinoceros Beetle :—Cocos nucifera (Coconut), C. plumosa, Martinezia caryotaefolia, Phoenix dactylifera (date palm), P. sylvestris, Livistona chinensis, Verschaffeltia splendida, Dictyosperma album, Hyophorbe amaricaulus, Elaeis guineensis (African oil palm), Corypha umbraculifera (Talipot palm), C. gebanga, and Borassus flabelliformis. The following are recorded as attacked by the Palm Weevil :—Oreodoza regia (Royal palm) Borassus flabelliformis, Phoenix sylvestris, and the author has found it on Avenga saccharifera and Elaeis quineensis. The following papers containing detailed accounts of the life-history, habits and methods of combating these beetles are referred to :— Gehrmann, in Der Tropenpflanzer, xv (1911) pp. 92; Friederichs, K., in the same, xvii (1913) pp. 538 [see this Review, Ser. A., 1, p. 26]; Jepson, F. J., Bull. No. 3, Dept. Agric., Fiji, (1912); Preuss, Der Tropenpflanzer, xv (1911), p. 73; McKenna, J., and Shroff, K. D., 100 Bull. No. 4, Dept. Agric., Burma (1910), p. 3; Ridley, Rept. on the Destruction of Cocoanut Palms by Beetles, Journ. Asiatic Soc., Straits Branch, No. 20 (1889); Beven, Trop. Agric., N.S., xxiv, May 1905, p. 111; Koningsberger, J. C., Mededeelinger van Slands Plantentuin, xxii (1898), p. 42; Summers, Canadian Entomologist, v, p. 123; Blanford, Kew Bull., 1893, p. 37; Ghosh, C. C., Mem. Dept. Agric. India, Calcutta, 11, No. 10, Dec. 1911. KEMNER (A.). Vara Clerider, deras levnadssatt och larver. [Our Cleridae, their habits and larvae. |—Ent. Tidskrift, Uppsala, xxxiv, 4th Dec. 1913, pp. 191-210, 12 figs. The author gives an account of the following Clerid beetles from Sweden: Thanasimus formicarius, L., Corynetes coeruleus, De Geer, Opilo mollis, L., O. domesticus, Sturm, Tillus elongatus, L., and Necrobia violacea, L. The larvae of these species are described and a key to them is given with figures of the posterior extremities. The following additions are made to our knowledge of their biology. The larva of Thanasimus formicarius is abundant in the galleries of Myelophilus piniperda, L., and Ips typographus, L. Young larvae occur in June and pupation takes place in August-September, but. many hibernate. The Clerid larvae prey on those of the Scolytid beetles. The larva of Opilo domesticus was found in wood in the Royal castle of Kalmar in the galleries of Anobiwm striatum on the larvae of which it preys. The small heaps of frass observed on the . surface of timber and furniture attacked by Anobium are, as a matter of fact, not made by Anobium, but by the larvae of Opilo ; as this larva itself is able to make galleries in the timber it cannot be regarded as wholly beneficial ; it 1s, however, very predaceous, as the great number of empty skins of Anobiwm larvae to be found in the galleries bear witness. The larva of Corynetes coeruleus, a species which Thomson believed to have been imported at Gottenborg, but which now is not uncommon in the southern and central parts of Sweden, was also found on the same occasion preying on the larvae of Anobium. As this larva is of smaller size than that of Opilo domesticus, it can hunt the larvae of Anobium without making any galleries itself, and is therefore presum- ably more beneficial than the former, but on account of its comparative scarcity its controlling influence is not important in Sweden. Necrobia violacea hibernates as an imago, and its larva is found on carcases, feeding on other larvae. SAHLBERG (J.). Till kannedomen om Haltica engstrémi och dess. biologi. [A contribution to our knowledge of Haltica engstroemi and. its biology.] —Ent. Tidskrift, Uppsala, xxxiv, 4th Dec. 1913, pp. 261-270, 1 pl. This beetle was described by Sahlberg as far back as 1893, but only provisionally, as only females were found. Subsequently, it was discovered in two different localities in N. Russia, and during recent years again in Finland, the last time near Gammelstad on Spiraea ulmaria, leaves of which were riddled with holes, sometimes only the 101 principal veins being left. From the last-named locality it has spread further each year. Sahlberg concludes that the species is an immigrant from the east, and that it will continue to spread westwards, and eventually reach Sweden. He succeeded in finding the larva, which, in July, lives in the same manner as the adult does in spring and autumn. A detailed diagnosis and figures of the larva, male, female, and an attacked leaf are given. Gas Tar and Mealy Bug. Gardener’s Chronicle, London, liv, nos. 1399, 1401, 1407, 1409, 18th Oct., 1st Nov., 6th Dec., 13th Dec. 1913, pp. 279, 309, 407, 427. Readers of the “‘ Gardener’s Chronicle”? have communicated the results of their experiences with gas tar as a means of combating the mealy bug (Pseudococcus citri) on vines. Mr. A. Shakelton, Chard, says that he found a mixture of 6 to 9 parts of clay and one part of gas tar to do as much injury to the vines as to the pest; he obtained good results by the use of Gishurst compound. Mr. J. Whytock upholds the use of a mixture of clay and tar, finding that it destroys the pest without injuring the vines; the varieties of vine grown by him were Mrs. Pince, Lady Hutt, Gus. Colman, and Appley Towers. Mr. Singleton Oxfordshire, says that the use of a mixture of gas tar and clay in the above proportions caused complete failure of the crop of Black Ham- burgh grapes, but he used it successfully in the case of varieties such as Lady Downes and Black Alicante. “J. H. Y.” gave up the use of all such methods as painting with tar in favour of fumigation with hydrocyanic acid, which, according to him, is entirely satisfactory, completely killing the pest without injury to the vine or any other plant in the house (except Tvradescantia). He also found the gas equally successful in killing brown scale (Lecanium persicae, Geoff.) on peach trees. GLAsER (R. W.) and CHapman (J. W.). The Wilt Disease of Gipsy Moth Caterpillars.—J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, vi, no. 6, Dec. 1913, pp. 479-488. In August 1912, the authors published a paper in Science entitled : ** Studies on the Wilt Disease or Flacherie of the Gipsy Moth.” [See also this Review, Ser. A. i, pp. 33-36.] More extensive observations and experiments conducted during the past year have led them to _ modify some of their original views concerning this disease. The conclusions drawn from the first series of observations concerning the mode of infection and general pathology were, on the whole, correct, but the etiological connection of a micrococcus with the disease was not so well grounded. The micrococcus described in 1912, and believed to be connected with the wilt disease, has proved to be a casual intestinal parasite. The reason for eliminating this organism (Gyrococcus flaccidifex) from the possible excitors of the disease are the following: If smears were made from caterpillars dead but a short time, no bacteria could be found. Cultures made from such cater- 102 pillars on caterpillar and other nutrient media remained sterile. If serial sections are made of diseased caterpillars obtained in the field, polyhedral bodies will be found in abundance, but no bacteria in the tissues, and usually the intestinal lumen will be free from micro- organisms in general. Great care was taken to procure healthy uninfected caterpillars for the experiments, by collecting from localities where no epidemic was evident. The caterpillars were divided into groups, and each group was subjected to slightly different conditions of temperature, light, moisture, etc. This gave the disease, if latent, every chance of becom- ing manifest, since conditions unfavourable to the caterpillars are believed to assist its development. Ifthe disease under one or other of the conditions broke out, the whole of the caterpillars collected from the same locality were discarded. Such a method of obtaining healthy individuals is much more satisfactory than the blood test, as the controls showed. Many views have been held regarding the agents responsible for the disease. HEscherich and Miyajima in 1911 were of the opinion that the polyhedral bodies were the carriers of the virus; Bolle believed that a Microsporidian (Microsporidium bombycis) was responsible. According to Knoch, little refractive granules appear in the blood corpuscules ; these multiply and infect the nuclei of tissue cells, where their amoeboid membrane hardens and they change into polyhedral bodies; he further states that the minute granules, which resemble the Chlamydozoa of Prowazek, are the vegetative, the polyhedral bodies the resting stages of the causative organism. Prowazek was able to infect caterpillars with the disease by means of a filtrate of emulsified diseased material, which contained neither bacteria nor polyhedral bodies; his experiments, in the author’s opinion, are suggestive, but not conclusive, as no controls were made, and the blood test was the only one used in diagnosing the health of the caterpillars. Thirty filterable viruses are known to be responsible for diseases in man and the lower mammals, but only one has been described in insects, viz., that of sacbrood, a bee disease discovered by White in 1913. [See this Review, Ser. A, 1, p. 186. ] Coming to the experiments made by the authors, it is first stated that the reason why filtrates of diseased material gave negative results in 1912, was that the emulsion was too concentrated. This year, caterpillars which died of the disease were crushed with just enough sterile water to facilitate the crushing. This material was then strained through cheese-cloth and filtered by means of suction through filter paper; the filtrate was diluted in one case with fifty, in another with twenty-five times its volume of water. This was then passed through a Berkefeld “Grade N”’ filter and used for the infection experiments. The filtrate was free from bacteria and polyhedral bodies. Nothing could be observed except some very minute dancing granules, also noticed by Prowazek in his experiments with silkworms. A large number of caterpillars were fed with the Berkefeld filtrate, smeared on red oak leaves. In one series of experiments 50 cater- pillars were fed with the filtrate, in another 40, in a third 20. The same number was fed with material before it was passed through the Berkefeld filter, and a large set of controls, fed with Berkefeld filtrate which had been sterilised by autoclaving, accompanied each series. 103 Out of the entire lot of caterpillars (110) fed with unsterilised Berkefeld filtrate,28 died with typical wilt symptoms. Polyhedral bodies. were abundant, but there were no bacteria. Other caterpillars died from other causes; the caterpillars dying thus differed from those dying of wilt disease in being tough instead of flaccid, and in the absence in them of polyhedral bodies. Some of the caterpillars were killed by the Tachinid parasite, Compsilura concinnata. A greater number of caterpillars (48 out of 85) died in the experiments with the unfiltered virus. Thisseems to show that the virusis filterable, but with difficulty. Among the entire number of controls, 162 caterpillars, only three died of wilt, equivalent to about 1°8 per cent., a very small percentage, which can be overlooked as an experimental error. The polyhedral bodies have as yet revealed nothing of a parasitic nature; they may be a resting stage of a filterable vegetative form, but the authors are rather inclined to regard them as reaction bodies. They are possibly products of nuclear digestion, produced by the virus invading the nuclei and digesting the chromatin. One more matter is considered, viz., the question as to whether the disease is carried by the air, as is held to be the case by W. Reiff. Details are given of the experiments carried out to test this view, and the conclusion is that the wind is not an important factor in transport- ing the disease, and that infection in nature occurs when caterpillars. feed on leaves soiled by the juices of dead individuals. A striking phenomenon observed in all the experiments was the large number of moths obtained from caterpillars which had been repeatedly infected. This seems to suggest a degree of immunity possessed by some of the caterpillars, and agrees with the observations. in the field, where, in a given locality, the disease raged for several weeks, and yet moths were seen later in abundance. Gove (L. H.). The Fumigation Campaign of 1912-1913.—Agric. Jl. of Egypt, Cairo, ii, part 1, 1913, pp. 38-41. The fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas in Egypt of citrus trees affected with scale-insects was commenced by the Department of Agriculture in January 1912. Two gardens containing about 3,000 small trees were fumigated with satisfactory results. For the fumigation campaign of 1913-1914, the equipment consisted of seventy- two fumigation sheets, of which thirty were 20 feet in diameter, thirty 34 feet in diameter, and twelve 45 feet in diameter. These, except five of the largest, had been made at Cawnpore to the pattern given in Mr. Woglum’s paper (Fumigation of Citrus trees, U.S.- Bureau of Entomology, Bull. 90). The cloth used was 74 oz. drill; the dosage was calculated from the tables given in that paper, one ounce charges being given in every case to allow for the loose texture of the cloth. A start was made in October 1912, in the garden of H.H. the Khedive, at Kubba, the fumigation campaign being carried out by the staff, consisting of a Kuropean Inspector, and at first seven, but generally two, students. The tallest trees fumigated were 23 feet high, those taller being usually too old to be profitable. The balance sheet showed a small loss. 104 The scale-insect (Aspidiotus aonidum, L.), which does the damage in Egypt, is a recent introduction, and the depreciation it causes may be 50 or 60 per cent. The improvement due to fumigation pays for itself in the first season and leaves an additional profit over and above last year’s takings. Wituiams (C. B.). On two new species of Thysanoptera from the West Indies.—J/. Econ. Biol., London, viii, no. 4, 16th Dec. 1913, pp. 209-215, 2 figs. Two collections of Thrips were received by the author from Mr. F. Birkinshaw, of the Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingstown, St. Vincent. The insects had been taken in the grounds of that station on cacao and bitter cassava (Manvhot utilissema). It was stated that the manihot leaves were injured somewhat and consequently did not develop properly; the insects however, did not appear to bea source of great injury so far as the yield is concerned, unless it was present in large numbers. The collection of insects taken on cacao consisted entirely of larvae and adults of Heliothrips rubrocincta, Giard; that from cassava contained two species, both of which appear to be new. One belongs to the genus Frankliniella, and has been called F’. melanommatus ; for the other it has been found necessary to erect a new genus of the family Turipipaz, and the name Cory- nothrips stenopterus is proposed for it. THompson (W. R.). La Spéeificité des Parasites entomophages. [Specialisation of habit in Parasites of Insects.|—C. R. de la Soc. Bool., lxxv, no. 36, 19th Dec. 1913, pp. 559-560. In a second communication upon this subject [see this Rewew, Ser. A, 1, p. 16], the author describes experiments he made with the Tachinid parasite Sturmia scutellata, R.D., supplied with eggs of Lymantria dispar, Clistocampa disstria, C. americana, Vanessa antiopa, Hemerocampa leucostigma, and Orgyia antiqua. In the first three the parasites developed normally; they did not develop at all in Vanessa. In the last two, although the eggs were given in large numbers, not a single perfect larva was obtained ; upon dissection, 44 larvae of the parasite were found, but of these only one had grown, and instead of being as usual in the muscles of the host larva, they were free in the general body cavity, and were much smaller than is usual with larvae at that age. Besides these, 42 larvae were found dead and decomposing and surrounded by phagocytes. It is evident that Sturmia scutellata cannot live and develop in surroundings other than those furnished by such hosts as L. dispar or C. disstria and americana. L. dispar belongs to the LyMANTRIIDAE, whereas C. disstria and C. americana belong to the LastocaMPIDAE ; there is not, therefore, necessarily any relation between the taxonomic position of Lepidoptera and their special parasites. On the other hand, different parasites can often live in a limited number of hosts under the action of certain ethological factors that are at present difficult to determine. 105 GowpEy (C.C.). A List of Uganda Coccidae and their Food-plants.— Bull. Entom. Research, London, iv, pt. 3, Nov. 1913, pp. 247-249. _ The list which the author gives of the CoccipaE of Uganda is the result of an extended search among the flora of that country. Owing to the favourable climatic conditions and the luxuriance of vegetation, Coccids continue to grow and multiply throughout the year. The family is abundantly represented, no less than 49 species being enumerated. DupGEon (G. C.). A Proposed Method of Controlling the Ravages of Leaf-eating Caterpillars— Bull. Entom. Research, London, iv, pt. 3, Nov. 1913, pp. 243-245. In Egypt, where temperature and humidity exhibit practically no variation which can seriously affect agriculture, and where the land is irrigated by a well organised system of canals, which serve also to fer- tilise the soil, almost the only uncertain factor which may affect results is the presence or absence of insect pests. The isolated position of Egypt with respect to other countries makes it less liable to the intro- duction of pests, but on theother hand, when a pest has gained a foothold, it remains unattacked by natural enemies, which in less isolated countries would tend to exterminate it. The present paper deals with the so-called “cotton worm,” the caterpillar of Prodenia litura, F., a Noctuid moth of the sub-family Acronyctinar. Previous to 1910, the Government had legislated against this pest, but the methods employed were purely mechanical, consisting of destroying the egg-masses as soon as they appeared; other methods employed were equally costly and less efficacious. In 1910, upon the formation of the Agricultural Department of Egypt, attention was turned to the possibility of introducing disease among the larvae. Experiments were made in which bodies carrying diseases known to attack lepidopterous insects were introduced and the larvae of P. litura were infected with them. Muscardine and other fungoid diseases were found unsuitable, owing to the dryness of the climate. Pebrine and flacherie were tried, but it was impossible to say what the results were, as a superinfection occurred due to a protozoan disease known as “ grasserie”’ (Microsporidium polyedricum, Bolle). This disease was so efficacious that all the larvae of Prodenia in the experimental area were killed. A month later it was found difficult to procure Prodenia uninfected by the disease from any part of the country. The author believes that the outbreak was spontaneous, and that it had nothing to do with the laboratory experiments. Steps were taken to secure the continuity of the disease. In experiments to find out how this might best be accomplished, 30,000 silkworms were fed with food sprayed with water in which were the macerated remains of an infected silkworm. They all died before - reaching maturity, mostly on or shortly after the fourth day. A similar experiment was made, using an infected cotton worm instead of a silkworm; the worms did not die so quickly, but no larva reached the spinning stage. Later, in May 1913, cotton worms were infected by food sprayed with water containing a single macerated diseased silkworm; in three days 50 per cent. had succumbed, only six survived to pupate, and it was not expected that these would emerge. (C11) D 106 As the cotton worms in the field were rare, it was not possible to test these experiments on a large scale in the open. The method that would be adopted in the open would be to disseminate the disease by artificial spraying of the plants with water containing infected larvae. Investigations were, at the time of writing, not sufficiently complete to make it possible to say what the effect of climate would be on the infective power of the disease, but there is no doubt that the rainless climate of Egypt would facilitate its dissemination by spraying. Peacock (A. D.). Entomological Pests and Problems of Southern Nigeria.— Bull. Entom. Research, London, iv, pt. 3, Nov. 1913, pp. 191-220, 2 figs., 6 pl. This report deals with the investigations made by the author in Southern Nigeria in 1911-1912. Insects attacking cotton are the cotton stainers (Dysdercus superstitiosus, F., and Oxycarenus dudgeoni, Dist.) ; boll-worms (Diparopsis castanea, Hmp., Earias biplaga, Wlk., and Chloridea obsoleta, F.); leaf-rolling caterpillars (Sylepta derogata, F., and Zebromia phenice, Cram.) ; cotton aphis (Aphis gossypi, Glov.) ; leaf-eating beetles (CoccINELLIDAE: Epilachna chrysomelina, ¥., E. semilis, Muls.; Lacrupar: Lagria villosa, F., and L. viridipennis, F.; CurcunionipaE: Siderodactylus sp.; CHRYSOMELIDAE: Sya- grus calcaratus, F., Plagiodera circumeincta, Sahlb., Ootheca mutabilis, Sahlb., and Nisotra uniforma, Jac.) ; leaf-eating caterpillars (Euproctis sp., &. lyonia, Swinh.); scale-insects (Pulvinarva jackson, Newst., and Ripersia sp.). The study of the Red Cotton Stainer (Dysdercus superstitiosus) occupied considerable attention; it is the worst pest of Southern Nigerian cotton, and does an immense amount of harm both to the seed and to the lint. It is widely distributed in the Colony, being mostly in evidence during March, the time of the ripening and shedding of the seed of the silk-cotton tree, and from September to the end of Novem- ber, during the ripening of the cotton bolls. The bugs suck the juices of the rich oily seeds of the cotton, Hibiscus and silk-cotton tree, and stain the white lint of their food-plants with yellow excretory juices. The eggs are laid in clusters, the average number in each being about 63. The breeding period lasts for about 9 to 10 weeks; the newly hatched young soon become active, and crawling up the cotton stalk, swarm upon the opened bolls and suck the cotton seed ;_ there are five moults. Natural enemies have not been discovered. It is of great importance to keep the plantations free from all weeds, etc.; the presence of the silk-cotton tree has also been shown to be prejudicial. Collecting the stainers is best undertaken early in the cotton season. A collecting net suitable for the purpose is described and figured. The planting of trap-crops to entice the stainers away from the cotton plants is sug- gested, but was not tried. General measures are recommended, such as gathering the cotton as soon as it is ripe, sunning it well, and constantly turning it over, which causes the stainers to crawl away, and the burning of old cotton-stalks, which harbour the pest. Some foreign cottons are not so liable to attack as the native varieties, but their lint-bearing qualities are not so good. The Black Cotton Stainer (Oxycarenus dudgeont) is also widely distributed ; it appears in November. The insect feeds and breeds _— in the opened cotton bolls, sucking the juices from the seeds. The eggs are laid in clusters of apparently about 20; the wingless young swarm in December. Their favourite food-plants are species of Hibiscus. The extent of the damage they do has not been estimated exactly, but their abundance suggests that it is considerable. The remedies advocated for the Red Cotton Stainer apply equally to this species. The boll-worms mentioned above are widely distributed; the caterpillars bore into the unopened ripening cotton bolls and devour the seeds inside, while Diparopsis castanea and Chloridea obsoleta eat the flower-buds also. The damage is serious, and so far no natural enemies have been discovered. Spraying with lead chromate is the most efiective remedy. A careful look-out should be kept for leaf- rollers and boll-worms during August and September, and immediately their presence is detected the leaves, bracts, bolls, and buds should be thoroughly sprayed; the number of sprayings must depend upon the condition of the crop as the season advances ;_ at the end of the season all the old stalks with diseased bolls should be burnt. The same spray will effectively control the various leaf-eating caterpillars. The cotton aphis (Aphis gossypw) is kept well in check by natural enemies, including lady-bird beetles (Chilomenes lunata, F., and C. vicina, Muls.), hover flies (Paragus borbonicus, Mcq., Syrphus aegyptius, Wied., and S. nasutus, Mcq.), and lacewing flies (Hemerobius sp. and Chrysopa sp.). The insects affecting cacao are leaf-eating caterpillars (Diacrisia maculosa, Stoll, Diacrisia sp., Prodenia litura, F., and Rhopalocampta forestan, Cram.); leaf-eating beetles (Adoretus hirtellus, Castn.); a pod borer (? Myelows)*; scale-insects (Pseudococcus virgatus var. madagascariensis, Newst. and P. citrz, Risso). The measures for combating leaf-eating caterpillars and beetles resolve themselves into :—(1) clean farming; (2) the segregation of cacao-beds from maize, since many pests of the latter migrate to the cacao; (3) a combination of hand-collecting and spraying with Paris green or lead arsenate.. Red tree ants (Oecophylla) are not harmful to cacao trees, but their presence adds a difficulty to the collecting of the ripe pods, owing to their vicious bites. The best method of combating them is to cut down their leaf-nests and destroy them. An Ichneumonid, Metopzius discolor, Tosq., was bred from Prodenia litura, and a Tachinid fly of the genus Sisyropa from Diacrisia maculosa. The author says that the general condition of the native cacoa farms is at present bad, the chief defects being that the land is not thoroughly cleared and stumped; that the trees are not planted so that they may be readily worked; and that decaying branches and pods are left on the trees and on the ground. The insects recorded as affecting maize are Cirphis * phaea, Hmp., Calamistes praepallens, Hmp., C. fusca, Hmp.; leaf-eating beetles (Lagria villosa, ¥., and L. viridipennis, F.), and the locust, Zonocerus varregatus, L. C. phaea should be combated by burning the grass or 107 *(From specimens received from Mr. W. H. Patterson, Government Entomologist in the Gold Coast, this insect proves to be Characoma stictigrapta, Hmp., a Noctuid moth of the sub-family SARROTHRIPINAE. The species was also bred from the fruit of kola by the late Mr. L. Armstrong in the Gold Coast.—Ep.] (C11) D2 108 bush round the fields; when once the caterpillars have gained the maize plants damage can only be prevented by spraying. Not enough work has been done upon the other pests of maize to warrant giving specific remedies. The insects recorded as damaging yams are the beetles, Prionoryctes caniculus, Arrow, Crioceris huvida, Dalm., Apomecyna parumpunctata, Chev., Lagria villosa, ¥.,and L.viredipenms, F.,and Zonocerus variegatus. To combat P. caniculus spraying with a stomach poison is suggested, a method which applies also to C. livida. The larvae of the following moths are recorded as affecting Funtumia rubber :—Glyphodes ocellata, Hmp., Nephele aequivalens, Walk., which is of rare occurrence, and Thermopteryx elasticella, Hmp.; also a — Thrips, Physothrups funtumiae, Bagn. Mahogany trees (Khaya senegalensis) suffered from the attacks of lepidopterous larvae, which bore into the stem. Arabian coffee is affected by a beetle, Ootheca mutabilis, Sahlb., and the bugs, Antestia variegata, Thunb., Riptortus tenwicorns, Dall., and Ductyopharina serene, Stal. Other plants attacked by insects are recorded, namely, the oil palm, attacked by a weevil, Rhynchophorus phoenicis, ¥. ; the coconut palm, by another weevil, Temnoschoita quadrimaculata, Gyl.; kola, by a Rutelid beetle, Adoretus hirtellus, Castn.; and okra by various cotton pests. The author concludes by pointing out the need of pioneer entomo- logical research, which is essential before the necessary instruction with regard to insect pests can be given to the native farmers. GrossHEIm (N. A.). Hb 6Oionoriv niouepHoBaro ponroHocuKa WM ero napasuToBb. [On the biology of Phytonomus murmus F. and its parasites.|— « 9HTomMonormyueckin BbcTHuKb» [Messenger of Entomology.| Kiev, i, no. 1, 1913, 21 pp. This investigation was undertaken upon a request from the Depart- ment of Agriculture of the United States, transmitted through N. V. Kurdjumov, for information concerning the parasites of Phytonomus murinus, the lucerne weevil. The author conducted his enquiry in the province of Kuban, where, according to him, these insects threaten to develop in the near future to a dangerous degree. The hibernating beetles emerged during April, but disappeared again under the earth or inside the plants on cold days. Just after emergence the insect does not touch the leaves, but feeds on the summit of the stem, in which it gnaws holes. The eggs are usually deposited in the tender ends of the stem, but also on branches, and frequently near the roots. As a rule, the females prepare a hole in the stem for the reception of the eggs, but occasionally they make use of the stipules, piercing through them and depositing the eggs in the space between them and the stem. The eggs are most frequently arranged in small heaps, which are often roughly conical and sometimes egg-shaped ; or more rarely, they are laid in a chain-like row of not more than nine egos; or again, when deposited on the stipules, they are arranged in a flat-topped pile perpendicular to the stem. The eggs are usually covered by a layer formed of the excrement of the female, but some- times this is absent, the last egg serving as a cover for the heap. The author figures the various types of egg-heaps, and gives a table _— summarising his observations on the mode of oviposition by one female, which deposited in one and a half months 690 eggs in 47 heaps; in favourable weather there were up to five ovipositions daily, while in bad weather none took place. Oviposition proceeds from the end of March to the end of June, but the number of the beetles decreases noticeably from the middle of June. The development of the larvae inside the eggs occupies from four to 21 days, depending chiefly on the weather conditions; apparently the larvae which issue first remain inside the egg-cluster till the other larvae appear, as their exit from the heap always takes place at the same time. The author describes and figures the various stages of the larvae, the progressive changes in their habits, and the injuries done to the leaves. The cocoon is constructed among the leaves, three, or sometimes only two, leaves being drawn together into the form ofatube. The pupal stage lasts from six to eleven days. Parasites were found of all the stages of Phytonomus murinus. The eggs are attacked by a small Pteromalid, which has not been identified. This insect proved to be an external parasite, laying only one egg in an egg-heap of the Phytonomus ; the larva, after feeding on the eggs of the host, pupates without a cocoon inside the heap, the pupal stage lasting 13-15 days. The whole development of the parasite lasts from three to four weeks, so that only two broods of it appear during the summer; in the year of the author’s investigations, the percentage of eggs infested by this parasite was 13°33. Canidiella curculionis, Thoms., infested 3:16 per cent. of the larvae of P. murinus. This external parasite attacks the larvae of the host in their latest stages, and the infested larvae prepare a cocoon, but do not pupate. The parasitic larva pupates inside the cocoon of the beetle remaining there during its whole pupal stage, which for the second generation of the parasite lasts through the winter. The cocoon of the parasite possesses a remarkable power of jumping, which the author explains, accompanying his explanations by drawings, He suggests that the purpose of this jumping is either to protect the pupa from hyperparasites, or gradually to destroy the cocoon of the host. Some undetermined PrEROMALIDAE were found to be hyper- parasites of C. curculionis; cocoons of the parasites so infected lose their jumping power, besides turning transparent and bright yellow. The larvae of P. murinus are also infested by two Chalcids, Tetras- tichus sp., which is a primary internal parasite, and Dzbrachoides (Pteromalus) dynaster, Forst., an external parasite; the percentage of infection by these two species is low. _ As to the parasites of the pupae of P. murinus, there were noticed Eulophus sp., an external parasite, and Pimpla maculator, F., an internal one; one specimen of the latter was also bred from a larva of the host. This Ichneumonid is much the most important parasite, as 45 per cent. of the pupae were attacked by it. Catolaccus alter, Ratzb., was obtained as a hyperparasite of Pompla maculator. Besides parasites, there were noticed also as enemies of P. murius, the larvae of Chrysopa sp., which destroy the cocoon of the weevil and feed on the pupa, and a small red acarid. All these enemies and parasites together destroyed in the season under consideration, 71 per cent. of P. murinus. 109 110 The author deals further with remedies, which can be best applied against the larvae, as all other stages are more or less effectively protected. He mentions the following measures :—(1) Flooding of the lucerne crops, which remedy cannot however be of importance under the conditions prevailing in the Russian steppes; (2) drawing @ wire broom over the field; (3) harrowing with a disc harrow, which is the best remedy ; and (4) burning with naphtha. GoLovianko (Z.). Ta6nuubl 4A onpepbnenia HanOonte oObiIKHOBeHH- bIXb JIMYMHOKb MAACTMHYATOYCLIXb MYHOBb. [Identification tables for the more common Lamellicorn larvae.|—Pubd. by A. F. Devrien, St. Petersburg, 1913, 26 pp., 108 figs., 3 tables. The tables contain descriptions of the larvae of the following beetles, many of which are important pests :—MELOLONTHIDAE: Melolontha melolontha, L., M. hippocastan, F., Polyphylla fullo, L., Anoxia pilosa, F., Rhizotrogus solstitialis, L., Serica brunnea, L.; RuTELIDAE: Phyllopertha horticola, L., Anisoplia deserticola, Fisch., A. segetum, Hbst., Anomala praticola, F., A. aenea, de G.; CeTontipAE: Cetonia aurata, L., Epicometis hirtella, L., Oxythyrea stictica, L., Osmoderma eremita, Laxm., Gnorimus nobilis, L., Trichius orientalis, Reitt. ; DyNASTIDAE: Pentodon monodon, F., Oryctes nasicorms, L.; | GEOTRUPIDAE: Geotrupes stercorarius, L., Lethrus apterus, Laxm. APHODIIDAE: Aphodius subterraneus, L.; LucantpaE: Lucanus cervus, L., Dorcus parallelopipedus, L. Carson (G. M.). List of insecticides and fungicides.—Hntom. Notes, Territory of Papua, Dept. Agric., Port Moresby. Series A, no. 5 15th Sept. 1913, 3 pp. The following spray mixtures are tabulated :—Lead arsenate: Lead arsenate 1lb., water 100 gals.; kerosene emulsion (a): soft soap 1 quart, hot water 2 quarts, kerosene 1 pint; kerosene emulsion (6): hard soap 1 lb., boiling water 1 gal., kerosene 2 gals.; red oil mixture: red oil 1 gal., soft soap 1 lb., water 14 gals. ; resin wash: resin 20 lb., caustic soda 34 lb., fish oil 3 pints ; resin compound : powdered resin 3lb., washing soda 3lb., water 1 gal.; Bordeaux mixture: bluestone 6lb., lime (unslaked) 41b., water 40 gals. Concise instructions for preparing these and remarks as to their use are given. The list of chemicals, sprayers, etc., and the section headed “General Notes,” are of practical value. Pratt (H. C.) and SoutH (F. W.). Progress Report on Locust Work since June 1913.—Agric. Bull. F.M.S. Kuala Lumpur, ui, no. 3, Oct. 1913, pp. 53-59. The authors report that in Negri Sembilan and Selangor there was a marked increase of locusts during the first part of the year 1913. Destruction of large numbers of hoppers has been carried out, though the work was only in the experimental stage. By far the most important of the food-plants of these insects are grasses, especially “lalang” and ‘“love-grass,” commonly found along the roads in those districts. These form their staple food supply, but should the insects: 111 continue to increase as they are doing, other food will be required. It has been reported that young coconuts have been destroyed by continued attacks of flying locusts and hoppers have eaten down the paddy to below water-line. Of the garden plants, the bamboo is very liable to attack. Tennis-lawns, golf-greens, padangs and race-courses have been rendered brown and unsightly by these insects in a few hours. In the Malay kampongs, sugar-canes, bananas, pine-apples, paddy and coconuts have been eaten. Slight damage has also been done to rubber trees by the weight of the insects settling on the branches or main stems of young plants causing them to snap. The rubber leaves are only occasionally nibbled. The driving and pit system of dealing with these insects used in other parts of the world entails an immense labour force, and much expense in digging ditches, and on this account can only be used for small swarms in the Malay States, where a large amount of labour is not generally available. Moreover, the hoppers are able to get out of the pits of almost any depth, unless killed upon entering them or prevented from escaping by a gang of coolies or other means. Another method, not used in Malaya, is that of driving the hoppers into drainage ditches, where kerosene has been added to the water. This surface film of kerosene on the water soon causes their death. Arsenical poisons are probably effective, but considered too dangerous for use, since the poisoned grass is liable to be eaten by animals. Spraying with kerosene, where used in strong emulsion, has deadly effects, but the damage it causes to the rubber fittings of the sprayers has prevented its use on a large scale. The only practical method in such a country consists in driving the young hoppers into V or W-shaped enclosures, which end in special traps constructed for the purpose, and which can be erected in three minutes by three coolies. The traps consist of strong canvas bags, the entrance to which is two feet high, and is approached by an inclined plane 4 feet each way, which is also the width of the bag. The remaining two sides and back of the bag are 4 ft. 6 in. high, and the two sides are prolonged into two wings 4 ft. in length, and attached at the bottom to the sides of the inclined plane. The whole is supported by iron stakes, furnished at the top with hooks from which the bag is suspended by steel rings, sewn on to the material at the corners. The same means is also used to support and stretch the wings. The shape of the bag is preserved by four bamboo poles run through folds two feet from the ground. These bamboos are held in place by iron stakes with rings at the top. Against the front bamboo the inclined plane is stretched, being held in position by a bamboo, run through a fold at the bottom and fixed to the ground by short iron or other stakes. To prevent the escape of hoppers below the wings and inclined plane, a little earth is thrown on the wings and in front of the inclined plane. The escape of the hoppers from the bag is prevented by strips of American cloth from 6 ins. to 12 ins. wide, which are sewn on the inside from the height of the opening downwards. The sides of the enclosure consist of strips of strong calico 4 feet 6 inches wide and 15 yards in length. This material is very portable. On the inside two parallel strips of American cloth 6 inches wide are sewn at the height of 3 feet and 4 feet from the bottom. At the top is attached a rope strongly sewn on with twine, leaving apertures every inch. The sheeting is 112 suspended from iron stakes 4 feet 6 inches in length, furnished with a hook and over which the rope is hung. The sheeting is held down by a continuous line of soil heaped on its free edge. A quarter of a mile of this apparatus can be placed in position before an advancing swarm by ten proficient coolies in half an hour. More- over, it is easy when the swarm is inside the enclosure to cut off their retreat by closing the open end of the V or W. It has been found that when a large swarm of hoppers has eaten out the available food supply behind it that they will pour into trap bags for eleven hours without stopping, necessitating the erection of further traps, or changing those that are full, and this with practically no driving. It is a remarkable sight to see these insects hopping towards the trap, pouring up the inclined plane and dropping into the trap in a stream that is almost as regular as a stream of water, killing each other by their weight and struggling inside the trap. Circling out of the V may occur, but can be stopped either by placing subsidiary traps on the arms of the wings ~ and facing the original trap, or, which is easier, by modifications in the erection of the sheeting. In most cases it is desirable to drive the swarms by means of coolies placed behind them. In one instance, near Setapak village, with three traps, 300 yards of sheeting and 15 coolies, about two million insects, a portion of a swarm, were destroyed during the day. Rewards offered to natives for information as to the locality of breeding grounds or hoppers have been the means of locating hundreds of swarms. Pratt (H. C.). The Locust Pest in Malaya; a Short Survey and a Brief Description of its Life-History.—Agric. Bull. F.M.S., Kuala Lumpur, ii, no. 4, Nov. 1918, pp. 76-80. Before organising the campaign against the locust pest several methods of control were tried, and the most successful was found to be the driving and trap system. No reliable information as to the origin of these insects is available. They first appeared in the Malay States about 20 months ago in the neighbourhood of Port Dickson, and since then have spread, mostly in a northerly direction, over 100 miles of country. The life-history of the locust has now been completely worked out, and the details are given. The species does not appear to have been identified. South (F. W.). Work on Locust Destruction in September.—Agric. Bull. F.M.S., Kuala Lumpur, ui, no. 4, Nov. 1913, pp. 85-88. In Selangor there were three main centres of distribution of hopping locusts, the district of Ulu Selangor, the neighbourhood of Kuala Lumpur and the district between Kuala Lumpur and Kajang. In each district was a Special Assistant who employed at first only one or two gangs, though these were increased later as fresh supplies of apparatus were obtained. The results of the month’s work were 5,322 kerosene tins full of hoppers in all stages, representing 104 swarms. In addition, 2,083 kerosene tins of hoppers were reported to have been captured by the Malays in Kuala Kubu districts, working independently with their own apparatus, copied from that used by the Department. In Negri Sembilan, at the end of the month, two breeding grounds and one 113 swarm of hoppers had been reported in the Tampin districts. In the Coast district numerous small swarms occurred, and the Special Assistant with one gang destroyed 42 swarms. ‘The deficiency in the amount of apparatus has constituted a severe handicap on the work. The damage caused by the locusts has not been very serious. Maskew (F.). The Gunworm of the Grape.—Mthly. Bull. State Com- miss. Hortic., Sacramento, ii, no. 10, Oct. 1913, pp. 677-679, 2 figs. The material used for this description of the gunworm (Sciopteron regale, Butl.), a Sesiid moth, was taken from some confiscated vine- cuttings brought from Yokahama to San Francisco by a passenger. Swellings on the twigs indicated some abnormality, and were found to contain the larvae of a Sesud borer. These larvae bore into the canes of the grape-vines and are very destructive in Japan. The paper concludes with a description of the life-history of the insects by E. O. Kssig. Essic (E. O.). The Western Twig Borer.—Mthly. Bull. State Com- miss. Hortic., Sacramento, ii, no. 10, Oct. 1913, pp. 681-684, 3 figs. The author received twigs of apricot trees severely injured by a Bostrychid beetle, Amphicerus punctipennis, Lec. The burrows, which may occur anywhere on the twigs, vary from one to three inches in length and are about one-eighth of an inch in diameter. The beetles bore into the twigs for food and protection, not to deposit eggs, and the burrows cause the smaller twigs to break. This species seems to prefer dead or dying wood. A desert plant (Prosopis juliflora, D.C.), is reported by Dr. Van Dyke as the normal food-plant, and other known hosts are pear, dead fig-tree branches, dry canes of the grape-vine, apricot and dry orange wood. It has a wide distribution in South West California, Dr. Van Dyke specially mentioning Los Angeles and Imperial Counties. Control measures suggested are, the destruction of breeding places if possible, the elimination of unhealthy trees and all dead wood, and the maintenance of trees in good growing vigour. VaILeE (R.8.). Effects of Hot Weather on Lemon Trees Sprayed with Lime-Sulphur. Mthly. Bull. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, li, no. 10, Oct. 1913, p. 692. Lemon trees sprayed with both Rex and Ortho lime-sulphur solutions ten days before the excessive heat were found to be very seriously burned, and a large proportion of the fruit was completely ruined. The author states that he has never seen spray injury due to heat arise after so long an interval. VosLeR (HE. J.). Calendar of Insects Pests and Plant Diseases.— Mthly. Bull. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, ii, no. 10, Oct. 1913, pp. 695-699, 1 fig. Among the deciduous and citrus fruit insects the fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria, Harr.) is known as a pest of apple, prune, cherry, and apricot. The eggs are attached to the bark in masses of from 114 60 to 200, placed in exposed situations by the wingless females which emerge from the middle of October to the middle of December. The use of bands around the tree-trunk, placed in September and October, has been recommended to trap the females as they ascend the trunks to deposit their eggs. The use of distillate emulsion for spraying for the black scale on olive is recommended by E. O. Essig, his formula being 20 gals. of distillate (28 degrees Baumé), 30 pounds of whale-oil soap and 12 gallons of water; dissolve the whale-oil soap in the water, heating it to the boiling point, add the distillate and agitate thoroughly while the solution is hot ; for use, add 20 gals. of water to each gallon of the above mixture. The crude oil emulsion (formula given below) is also recommended. For the brown apricot scale, Essig recommends spray- ing with caustic soda and distillate, or distillate emulsion and crude oil emulsion, when the trees are dormant. The formula for the distillate emulsion is the same as that for the black scale. The formula for the caustic soda mixture is: Water, 200 gals.; caustic soda (95 per cent.), 7lb.; and 10 gals. of distillate (28 degrees Baumé). Fill the spray tank with the required amount of water, add the caustic soda which has been dissolved in a small amount of water, and then add the distillate ; keep the agitator going rapidly while applying the spray. For the crude oil emulsion the formula is: Water, 175 gals.; liquid soap, 3 gals.; and crude oil (direct from wells) 25 gals. Fill the spray tank with water, add the liquid soap, agitate for one minute, then add the crude oil, continuing the agitation while the spray is being applied. Fumigation is also recommended as soon as possible after the young scales are hatched. Three-fourths or even half of the regular schedule No. 1 may be used, a two-thirds dosage appearing to do as well as a full dosage. Among the cereal and forage crop insects, the clover seed Chalcid (Bruchophagus funebris, How.) is reported as a serious pest. This Chalcid will infest the seed of red and crimson clover, besides alfalfa, a favourite host; they feed on the substance of the seed and often totally destroy the contents. The eggs are deposited in the seeds. The adults do not emerge from the seeds till the following spring or early summer. Remedies for this pest are in an experimental stage. Professor F. M. Webster suggests as a preventive measure the destruction of all outstanding alfalfa plants in the autumn, the chaff and stems to be burned. Delaying the seed crop by early pasturing or clipping of the first growth in the spring until the seed Chalcid has done most of its destructive work, promises to be useful as a control measure. For the destruction of locusts or grasshoppers a mixture used by the Government of South Africa is recommended. This consists of one gallon of treacle mixed with one half gallon watery solution of arsenite of soda (69 per cent. white arsenic). This mixture is diluted for newly- hatched locusts to one part to 66 of water; when used against locusts two weeks old, it is diluted one part to 50 of water. Where the application is made in fields not accessible to domestic animals, farmers have used it as strong as one to 30 or 40. Since the egg-masses of grasshoppers are deposited in the hard, uncultivated lands during the late summer and early autumn, ploughing, harrowing, and disking such waste lands to a depth of several inches in the late autumn will lessen future attacks. 115 For the destruction of the alfalfa caterpillar (Autographa gamma californica, Speyer), renovation of alfalfa fields during the winter months is recommended. This will destroy large numbers of the hibernating pupae. Pasturing the fields will also aid in the destruction of the resting stage of this insect. Among the truck crop insects the corn ear worm (Chloridea obsoleta) has been reported as causing much damage to tomatoes. The use of an early trap crop, as well as early maturing varieties, the hand-picking of infested tomatoes to prevent the larvae spreading, autumn ploughing of infested ground, and the proper disposal of unsaleable infected tomatoes, will help in the protection of the next year’s crop. Essie (E. O.). Inseet Notes.—Mthly Bull. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, ti, no. 10, Oct. 1913, p. 705. Asterolecanium variolosum has been reported as working on oak trees at Stackton by F. Maskew. Young pine trees (Pinus radiata, Don.) have been seriously damaged by Ips (Tomicus) confusus. A new Kermes has been found working on Quercus agrifolia, Neé. Strone (L. A.). A Fortunate Find.—Mthly. Bull. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, ii, no. 10, Oct. 1913, pp. 709-711, 1 fig. Examination of “Kamani nuts” (Terminalia catappa) brought ° from Honolulu and destined for planting in Southern California, showed them to be badly infested with living larvae of the Mediter- ranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata, Wied.), and they were consequently confiscated. Had this been overlooked the worst known insect pest of fruit and vegetables would probably have been established in California. VosLeR (EK. J.). Zebra Caterpillar (Mamestra picta, Harris).—Mthly. Bull. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, ii, no. 11, Nov. 1913, pp. 713-715. The eggs of this caterpillar are deposited on the alfalfa leaves, and hatch ina few days. The young larvae eat the epidermis of the leaves, which soon appear whitish from their attacks, and they web the tops of the alfalfa stalks together. In the young stages the larvae work in colonies and only on the upper more tender portions of the plant. In an alfalfa field at Salt Lake, Utah, it was noted that in the latter part of September and in the early days of October when the leaves of alfalfa were becoming too tough, the larvae migrated to the edges of the field to feed on the tender growth of dock. From September to October the caterpillars enter the soil to pupate. At present the best method of control for this pest is picking and destroying infested tops. If the fields are pastured at this time of the year little damage will result from this insect’s attack. This moth occurs in the Atlantic States, Colorado, Utah, and California. It also attacks cabbage, celery, beets, and other garden vegetables. A species of Tachinid fly and an Ichneumonid (Campoplex) have been reared from M. picta The Campoplex emerges from the larva at about the third stage. 116 Essic (E. O.). A Serious Philippine Orange Moth.—Mthly. Bull. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, ii, no. 11, Nov. 1913, pp. 722- 723, 1 fig. The author states that Professor C. F. Baker has called particular attention to a small moth which works in a variety of native orange in the Philippines, called the “cajel.” It has been determined as Prays citri, Mill., of which Prays nephelomima, Meyrick, is a synonym. The larvae of this moth live just beneath the rind next to, but not in, the pulp. They produce gall-like tumours, which are often exceedingly numerous, and which remain open at the tips, affording excellent germinating places for destructive fungi. The opening is usually about one-eighth of an inch in diameter. The danger of the intro- duction of this moth into California is greatly reduced by the quarantine laws, which are being maintained against all countries where the fruit flies (TRYPETIDAE) are known to exist. The recognition of the pest by quarantine offices may prevent its introduction from some other section of the world where these laws do not apply. General Notes.—Mthly. Bull. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, i, - no. 11, Nov. 1913, pp. 724-728, 731. K. O. Essig notes some of the discoveries of Professor C. F. Baker in the Philippine Islands with regard to fruit flies. The melon maggot, ‘ Dacus cucurbitae, Coq., is abundant there; and another fly, the maggots of which he found swarming in wild oranges, proved to be a new genus and a new species named by Bezzi, Monacrostichus citricola. Professor R. W. Doane has recently collected the Queensland fruit fly, D. zonatus, Coq., on the Island of Tahiti. All these fruit flies are serious pests, so these records are of value to the horticultural quarantine departments. E. O. Essig also quotes the formula of a spray for the control of tomato Thrips, devised by R. T. Watson, of the Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, which, on a trial piece, killed 78 per cent. of the Thrips. The mixture consists of commercial lme- sulphur (33° Baumé), 54 gals.; ‘‘ Black-leaf 40,” 14 fluid ounces ; water, 200 gals. A. J. Cook records the occurrence in California of an as yet undescribed weevil, which was found in large numbers doing no little damage to the tender foliage of apricot trees. The occurrence of a new species in large numbers all at once is difficult to explain. Possibly it is an importation or it may have come from some indigenous wild plant. This new beetle is an Otiorrhynchid allied to Fuller’s rose beetle, Aramgus fuller, the larvae of which feed upon the roots of roses, raspberries, blackberries, and other rosaceous plants. It is not known upon what this new pest feeds in the larval stage; the beetle does not appear till midsummer. C. W. Beers reports a millipede doing considerable damage to the tender roots of vines in Santa Barbara county. B. R. Jones also reports it as doing serious harm to lettuces; it feeds largely on decay- ing vegetable matter. The dark blue blister beetle, Cantharis stygica, Lec., is reported to have done considerable damage to buds and blossoms of asters in Philo, Mendocino County, Cal. The red-humped caterpillar, Schizura concinna, 8. and A., has been attacking the foliage | j 117 of apples, prunes, cherries, pears, and walnuts at Modesto. R.S. Vaile has reared from Aspidiotus hederae, Vall., Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, Crwf., and Aphelinus fuscipennis, Howard. Chelonus shoshoneanorum, Vier., has been reared from the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella by H. A. Weinland of San Diego County. Voster (E. J.). Calendar of Insect Pests and Plant Diseases.— Wthly. Bull. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, i, no. 11, Nov. 1913, pp. 729-730. The squash bug winters in the adult stage under rubbish and among old vines. Clean culture is therefore an important remedial measure. Insects in stored products, such as the grain weevil, pea weevils, flour moths, etc., are best checked by fumigation with carbon bisulphide. An air-tight fumigating room is an essential. Pour the carbon bisulphide into shallow dishes and place in the bins, using 5 lb. to 1,000 cubic feet of space. The temperature should be 70° Fahr. or above for the best results. Insects in greenhouses, such as red spiders and mealy bugs, are best checked by syringing the plants forcibly with water two or three times a day. The caterpillars of the California tussock moth feed upon young fruit and foliage. This pest spends the winter in the ege stage, the eggs being in masses attached to the trunks of trees and adjacent objects; the hand-picking of egg-masses will greatly reduce their numbers. BatuarD (H.). Pests of Stored Grain.—Supplement No. 4 to the Nyasaland Government Gazette, Zomba, xx, no. 12, 29th Nov. 1913, p. 298. A short account is given of pests of stored grain in Nyasaland, the two chief of which are the Grain Moth (Sitotroga cerealella, Ol.), and the Rice Weevil (Calandra oryzae, L.). With these is often found another beetle, Triboliwm confusum, Duv., which, however, does no serious damage. Fumigating with carbon bisulphide is recommended. Frencw (C. Jr.). Inseet Pests of the Potato—QJl. Dept. Agric. of Victoria, Melbourne, xi, pt. 12, Dec. 1913, pp. 729-748, 13 pl. The dreaded Colorado beetle and a few other pests prevalent in America and elsewhere are absent from Australia, and with the careful Inspection and quarantine in Melbourne of all potatoes arriving from abroad, growers have little fear of new pests being introduced. The Potato Thrips, Thrips tabaci, Lind., has caused considerable losses, and appears to be on the increase. They attack plants of all kinds. If débris is examined during the winter, they are found in great numbers ; the first warm days of October brings them out in thousands, and on the underside of the potato leaves they will be found in varying stages of development. Total development occupies 10-15 days in Victoria. The thrips pest is a serious one, and unless definite measures are taken against it, it will be impossible to grow good crops; the lower leaves of the plant are attacked first and as these are destroyed the top ones are affected in turn. All débris on potato fields should be destroyed; by this means hibernating insects and their eggs will be 118 eradicated. Various spraying methods have given good results. Mr. G. Seymour and the author used tobacco wash with a Strawsonizer spraying outfit; the formula for the tobacco wash is as follows: Steep 1 lb. of tobacco in | gal. hot water, and soak for 24 hours; _ boil 1lb. soap in 1 gal. water; strain the tobacco water into the soap water; stir, and make up to 5 or 6 gals. Benzol emulsion, costing about 4d. per Ib., has proved effective; 11lb. makes 5 or 6 gals. of spray. Hellebore or a weak kerosene emulsion has also given good results. In America the use of lime in the following proportions has been recommended: 35 1b. lime to 100 gals. water. Mr. Moulton, who has experimented with thrips in America, advocates the use of oil and water in making up the tobacco spraying fluid, and gives the following formula :—Distillate oil emulsion, 14 to 2 per cent. solution ; black leaf tobacco extract, 1 part to 60 parts of water. The distillate oil emulsion is prepared as follows :—Hot water, 12 gals. ; white oil or fish oil soap, 301b.; distillate oil (23 degrees, Baumé), 20 gals. The soap is dissolved in a kettleful of boiling water and poured into the spray tank; the oil is added and the mixture agitated violently, and sprayed under a pressure of 125-150 lb. into other barrels. This stock solution is diluted before use with 24 gals. of water to each gallon of solution. As a deterrent against thrips coal-tar water has been recommended. Boil 1 lb. coal-tar in 2 gals. water, and while hot, add from 50 to 100 gals. more water. Cutworms and looper caterpillars, army worms, etc., have been destructive to potato crops. Especially mentioned are the Silvery Moth (Plusia argentifera), the Potato Looper Moth (P. verticillata), Chloridea obsoleta and Leucania sp. By the eradication of weeds and the burning of haulms and stems of harvested crops, many eggs are destroyed. Placing bundles of succulent plants, which have previously been dipped into a mixture of Paris green (1 oz. to 39 gals. of water) between the rows of potato plants will kill a large number of the cater- pillars, and is harmless to the potatoes. Poisoned bran has been successfully tried, especially against the Silvery Moth. The author recommends the poisoning of lucerne or other green stuff, to be distributed as a bait. One lb. of arsenate of soda is dissolved in 10 gals. of water, to which 8 lb. of treacle or brown sugar is added ;_ the green stuff is moistened with the hquid and scattered broadcast, preferably a few days after the ground has been ploughed. Where a spray is used instead of bait, arsenate of lead has proved one of the best. The trench system is a simple and effective method of eradication; a trench is dug around the crop, it must have clean cut sides, and the sides nearest the crop should be undercut to prevent the worms from crawling out of the trench. Deep holes should be made in the trench at intervals of about five yards. When travelling towards the crop the cutworms fall into the trench, and crawling along it fall into the holes, where earth should be thrown over them and pressed down. The Potato Moth (Phthorwmaea solanella, Boisd.) is the worst potato pest in Australia. The young larvae usually feed upon the eyes of the potato; they then tunnel towards the centre of the tubers, causing them to turn brownish-black, and inducing decay. The pupae are attacked by various parasites and bacterial diseases, which destroy sreat numbers. All débrisin the fields should be burnt. Seed infected with the grubs should never be planted, nor should ground where a affected potatoes have been grown be used again for the same crop. Potatoes should never be left exposed in the field or store-room, but placed at once in bins, pits or any other receptacle where the moths cannot reach them. Trapping by means of lamps is of use in destroy- ing the moths, which fly at night. Spraying the crops, when the moths begin to appear is advisable, as this will destroy the young grubs as soon as they begin to feed. A good arsenical spray is prepared as follows :—Boil 1 lb. white arsenic and 2 lb. carbonate of soda (crystals) in 4 gal. of water for 20 minutes; separately dissolve 7 lb. arsenate of lead in 1 gal. warm water; when both mixtures are cold, mix them together. Bottle into twelve 1-pint bottles, and use one bottle to 30 gals. of water. Mix the chemicals in wooden buckets. The Potato and Tomato Weevil (Desiantha nociva, Lea) is a com- paratively new pest of the potato. It does considerable damage, and both larvae and adults are equally destructive ; it is a prolific breeder, and every possible means should be taken to prevent its spread. All weeds, especially marshmallows, on land adjoining potato crops should be destroyed. Arsenate of lead spray has been experimentally proved to keep the pest in check. Jassids, Leafhoppers or Froghoppers are found in large numbers, occasionally doing damage to young leaves and shoots. If the damage bids fair to be serious it would be necessary to spray the crop with benzol emulsion, 1 lb. to 5 gals. of water. The Rutherglen Bug (Nyszus vinitor) is one of the most destructive of plant bugs in Victoria. The prevention and remedies are those which are recommended for thrips. A large number of species of wire worms (ELATERIDAE) are found in Victoria, where however, they do not make much headway, owing no doubt to natural enemies. One of the best methods of keeping wire worms under control is to turn the ground over frequently, exposing the insects to birds. Poisoned baits, made by cutting up a few turnips, carrots, etc., and soaking them in arsenate of lead, have given good results. Manurial insecticides worked into the soil have also been tried with success. The Victorian White Ant (Termes lactis, Froggatt) is a destroyer of timber and furniture, as well as apricot, plum and other fruit trees, vines, potatoes, etc. Although it has so far caused no serious damage to potatoes, it should be watched, and, if the circumstances warrant, all old stumps, etc., which harbour the insect should be removed. Another plan is to dig Vaporite into the soil, which is then pressed firmly down ; the quantity of Vaporite used is generally at the rate of 225 lb. per acre for light soils, and about 350 lb. for heavy soils. Manurial insecticide worked into the soil has given good results. Symons (T. B.) and Cory (E.N.). Miscellaneous Insect Pests.— Maryland Agric. Exper. Sta., College Park, Bull. 175, March 1913, pp. 171-179. [Received 3lst Jan. 1914.] A formula is given for a lime-sulphur spray against San José scale (Aspidiotus perniciosus), and for terrapin scale, (Lecaniwm nigrofas- cuatum), a standard miscible oil at a strength of 1:15, applied to the tree as late in the spring as possible, is recommended. The woolly apple aphis (EZriosoma lanigerum) is stated to be very common in apple 120 orchards, and of numerous remedies tried, 10 per cent. kerosene emulsion seems to be the most effective against this and other aphids. The loss caused by Hessian Fly (Mayetiola destructor) is periodic, but has increased during the last two years in Maryland. When wheat is infested in winter or early spring it is best to pasture sheep in the field, that they may eat the wheat down to the roots. As the insect passes the summer in the wheat stubble, this should be burned over or ploughed under as soon as possible after harvest. Rotation of crops is very beneficial. A list of cities and towns is given and dates before which wheat should not be sown in these places. In 1912, alfalfa, corn, millet, lawns and other crops or plants in their vicinity were seriously damaged by the fall army worm (Laphygma frugiperda). The larvae can be controlled by the use of poisoned bait spread over the infested area. The pickle worm (Diaphania nitidalis) also caused considerable damage to cucumbers, melons, and early and late squashes and pumpkins in 1912. The moth deposits her eggs in the blossoms and the larvae enter the young fruits, where they live until mature. A trap crop, coming into blossom before the main crop, is a valuable method of collecting the eggs and larvae. All rubbish after the crop is taken should be burned. Widespread injury has been done to black locust trees, especially along the Potomac River, by the locust Hispid (Chalepus dorsalis). The larvae of this insect feed between the two surfaces of the leaf, where they also pupate. A poison spray of 4 lb. arsenate of lead to 50 gals. water was very effective, and the use of soap in the spray was found to make the solution adhere to the foliage better. Burning over the wood lots in late autumn may prove bene- ficial. The orange-striped oak worm (Anisota senatoria) has caused considerable defoliation of the pin-oaks, and severe injury in some nurseries. Two pounds of arsenate of lead to fifty gallons of water used as a spray will control the pest. Cory (EH. N.). The Peach-Tree Borer.—Maryland Agric. Expt. Sta., College Park, Bull. 176, April 1913, pp. 181-218, 14 figs. [Received dist Jan. 1914.] The peach-tree borer (Sanninoidea exitiosa, Say) has been known to horticulturists for over 150 years. It has been found breeding in plum, both wild and cultivated, cherry, June berry, flowering almond, nectarine, apricot, azalea, peach trees and shrubs. Wild cherry is probably the native food-plant. The author gives details of several breeding experiments, and notes that the greatest number of eggs deposited by one moth was 161, the greatest number in one place 47 and of all eggs deposited, 390 were on the leaves and 67 on the trunk. The larvae bore into the trunk, feed all the summer, usually in the cambium, and in the autumn work down below ground level. Those entering the trunk higher up rarely reach maturity, possibly owing ~ to extremes of temperature. The pupal stage lasts about 22-23 days. From the eggs the parasite, Telenomus quaintancei, Gir., was reared, while a species of Bracon and of Macrodyctvum have been bred from the pupae. A table and explanatory notes are given showing numerous control measures tried and their results. The author states that, owing to the habits of oviposition of the moths, mechanical barriers cannot be 121 recommended ; repellent washes that depend upon their odour for their effect are useless ; coatings intended to present physical difficulties to the entrance of the larvae are ineffective ; poison coatings are too readily washed off; and materials used at the base as repellents are ineffective and in some cases dangerous. Banking earth against the trunks to the height of six inches or more has proved the best practice that can be recommended, as the larvae are thus driven to enter at a higher point than normally would be the case. This facilitates the removal of the larva and reduces the cost. Extracting the larvae is certainly effective and when done carefully need not injure the trees. This should be done with a sharp knife and a light wire ending in a small hook; with this the larvae can often be drawn from the burrow. The trees should be “ wormed ” as late in the autumn as practicable and again in May. To facilitate the work the earth should be drawn away from the trunks to a depth of six inches and the root crowns scraped at least one day before the “ worming” is begun. The paper concludes with a lengthy bibliography. Davis (J. J.). Common white-grubs.—U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, Farmers’ Bull. 543, 18th July 1913, 20 pp. 12 figs. [Received 5th Feb. 1914.] The most serious outbreak of white grubs (Lachnosterna) recorded in the States occurred in 1912, when over 12 million dollars worth of damage was done, mostly in Iowa, Wisconsin, Ilhnois, Pennsylvania, New York, Connecticut and New Jersey. Available records show that May beetles were unusually abundant in 1908, the grubs causing considerable damage in Wisconsin, Illinois, etc. in 1909, and yet more in 1912. The beetles were very numerous in the spring of 1911, thus giving rather conclusive evidence that the life-cycle of the more abundant and numerous species in those localities is uniformly three years. It is, therefore, reasonably certain that in 1914 the beetles will again be unusually plentiful, and the year following (1915) the grubs will be exceedingly abundant and destructive if uncontrolled, either naturally or artificially. The grubs do the greatest amount of damage in their second year and to the early plantings in their third year. From all observations small grains are less attacked than are corn, timothy, strawberries and potatoes. It is important that the grubs of May beetles should not be confused with similar but non- injurious grubs, or with others which may be injurious but require different methods of control. The grubs of May beetles are not known to breed in manure or refuse of any kind ; those generally found in such places being the immature forms of certain brown beetles (Ligyrus gibbosus, de G., and L. relictus, Say) which frequent light in the same manner as the May beetle. The white grubs and May beetles are preyed upon by numerous enemies, the most important being birds, in the stomachs of 60 species of which the Biological Survey has found these insects. Crows and crow blackbirds are particularly useful, and an instance is given when one of the latter destroyed in all 20 grubs in about one or two minutes. The skunk is probably the most valuable of undomesticated mammals, so that farmers have begun to protect it. Of predaceous and parasitic insects the black digger wasp (Tiphia wmornata, Say), another wasp (Elis sexcincta), and a fly (Pyrgota undata) (C11) E ' . 122 appear the most beneficial. The knowledge of the several fungous and bacterial diseases reported as attacking the grubs and beetles is as yet superficial and their value for this purpose is still an open question. The author states that all general measures of control recommended are preventive rather than remedial, for once white grubs are present the crop cannot be protected from their ravages. But certain cultural and other practices will greatly minimise the damage in succeeding years. Domestic fowls should be given the run — of infested fields, especially when the land is being ploughed. Hogs will thoroughly clear an infested field if pastured on it any time between April and October. They are very fond of grubs and root to a depth of a foot or more in search of them; but in winter the grubs go much deeper and thus escape destruction. It should be noted that the giant thorn-headed worm, Echinorynchus gigas, an intestinal worm attacking swine, passes one of the early stages of its life within the white grub, which has been infested through the excrement of infested swine. In this connection Dr. 8. A. Forbes says: “ Pigs which have never been pastured are certain to be free from these parasites, and grubs growing in fields which have not been pastured by pigs are likewise certain to be free from them. The use of such pigs on such fields would consequently be without danger from this source, and a little attention to these facts will avoid any injurious consequences. That is, if pigs not previously allowed to run out are turned into fields on which pigs have not been pastured within three years, there will _ be no danger that they will become infested by these thorn-headed worms.” During the years of great abundance of the beetles, hogs should be turned into orchards and timber lots during the period of flight and will eagerly seek them out, just beneath the surface of the soil or near trees where they pass the day. Autumn ploughing is very useful. Ordinarily the best time is between Ist and 15th October, as later on the grubs go too far down. The rotation of crops is also very useful, and since the eggs are usually deposited in fields of grass, timothy, and small grains it is evident that such crops as buckwheat, clover, alfalfa, and peas should be planted in the year following a season of beetle abundance. Collection of the beetles is effective where whole communities or neighbourhoods co-operate in the work. It is in the early morning, before 4.30 a.m., that the beetles are most easily shaken off the trees, and each female destroyed early in the season means the destruction of from 50 to 100 potential grubs. Where it. is possible to secure cheap labour, collecting the grubs in the wake of the plough is practicable, especially where they are numerous. Light. traps are not satisfactory as they attract hardly any female beetles. Spraying with Paris green or lead arsenate is effective, but usually impracticable owing to the large size of the trees upon which the beetles feed. With a more definite knowledge of the food-plants preferred, low-growing trees and shrubs might be planted as traps where the beetles could be sprayed. No reliable remedy can be offered for the destruction of grubs in lawns ; but poultry, especially turkeys, might be allowed to run on them. Hogs would tear up the roots. Perhaps removal of the sods, collection of the grubs, and, later, autumn ploughing, will prove satis- factory. In cases of mild infestation a commercial fertiliser will probably assist the grass in overcoming the grub injury. Dealing er ee ee eee Se Se! — 125 with Melolontha in Europe, Decoppet injected carbon bisulphide into the soil at a depth not exceeding six inches, at the rate of 1 to 14 ounces in 6 or 8 holes per square yard, and this has been found to diminish the number of grubs considerably. Excellent results are obtained by this means against those of the southern green June beetle in the lawns of the Southern States, and it is probable that this method will prove successful with the white grub in lawns. The holes should be plugged with soil or sod to prevent the fumes escaping, and it must be remembered that carbon bisulphide is highly inflammable and forms an explosive compound when mixed with air. GASTINE (G.). Daaspis pentagona (Cochenille du Murier). [The mul- berry scale.|—Librairie agricole de la Maison Rustique, Paris, N.D., 45 pp., 9 figs; price 30 centimes. This is one of a series of popular booklets, each treating of a single subject and written by a specialist. The author points out that the scale-insects and aphids may be considered the most dangerous agri- cultural pests known, and as through the agency of its agile larvae Diaspis pentagona spreads quickly afar, the greatest energy must be employed against it. In its country of origin, the Japanese regard this scale as the worst enemy of the mulberry and other fruit trees, and its rapid dispersal throughout the world is due to shipments of infested plants on which the insect defies the most unfavourable con- ditions; for it can survive extreme cold and even dessicated fragments of a twig suffice for its subsistence. The author suggests that the destruction by fire of any infested plants imported into a clean country is the only safe measure. Should this be impracticable, scrubbing with wire brushes followed by the burning of all the débris and the thorough application of an insecticide is the best method, the solution being sprayed on the branches and brushed into the bark of the trunk and larger branches. The latest formulae officially advised in Italy are: (1) A. heavy coal-tar oil 22 oz., crude oil of turpentine 24 oz., B. common sea-salt 22 oz., wheat flour + 0z., water 2 gallons ; (2) A. crude petroleum 22 oz., ordinary fish oil 24 oz., crude oil of turpentine 14 oz., B. common salt 22 oz., wheat flour 4 oz., water 2 gallons; (3) A. mixture of mineral oils (density 1:05), called Eusol in Italy, 22 oz., B. common salt 3 oz., wheat flour + oz., water 2 gallons. To prepare any of these the salt is dissolved in the water and the flour mixed in. The oily mixture A, already prepared, is gradually added with very energetic stirring in order to obtain a homogeneous solution. As the component parts tend to separate very readily the author sug- gests the use of Saponin, which produces permanent emulsions easily. Saponin is not obtainable commercially, but many vegetable products contain this substance, the fruit of Sapindus utilis being richest in it. Saponin represents about 50 per cent. of the pericarp, which itself is about 684 per cent. of the total fruit, and as it dissolves out in water the pericarp may be conveniently employed for the purpose. The author gives four formulae: (1) A., heavy coal-tar oil 2 lb., B. saponin solution obtained by extracting 1 oz. of Sapindus pericarp in 2 gals. of water; (2) petroleum oil or crude petroleum 2 lb., B. saponin solu- tion as above; (3) homogeneous emulsion—A., clear heavy coal-tar oil (density 1045) 20 oz., medium coal-tar oil (density 950) 124 oz., (C11) E 2 124 B. saponin solution as above; (4) homogeneous emulsion—A. clear heavy coal-tar oil (density 1045) 284 oz., petroleum (density 800) . 41 oz; B. saponin solution as above. To prepare solution B., Sapindus pericarp (1 oz.) is boiled for a few minutes in water (1 pint taken from the 2 gallons) and when sufficiently soft 1t is mashed to facilitate solution of the saponin. This prepara- tion is passed through a No. 65 (French) sieve, as the insoluble particles would clog the sprayer. To extract all the saponin this insoluble residue is placed in the remaining 15 pints of water and again strained out. Into the saponin solution (B) the oily mixture (A) is gradually poured with energetic mixing, when the fine oil globules will remain in suspension. [Cf. this Review, A, 1, p. 238.] If the oily mixture is heavier than the water it will sink, if hghter, it will float, but the slightest shake will cause uniform admixture; with equal densities the emulsion is permanently homogeneous. The author pomts out that though his formulae are stronger than the Italian ones, yet owing to the perfect emulsification the shoots are in less danger of being harmed. All the foregoing sprays are for winter use. Should it be desirable to follow up the treatment by spring and summer applications, the percentage of the coal-tar and petroleum oils must be reduced to 1:5 per cent. or 2 per cent. at the most, as otherwise damage will be done. Hither the saponin solution may be used, or 1d oz. of white soap dissolved in the 2 gals. of water when the latter is at boiling point ; soft soap contains too many im- purities. The insecticide is used as a spray and the first application made when the young larvae appear, is followed by a second at 10 days’ interval. The men must be protected by gloves and masks with glazed eye-holes. The author mentions Prospaltella berlesei, a small Chaleid fly now being tested in many parts of Italy and which Berlese hopes will check D. pentagona. Other parasites are being studied in Italy, especially by Silvestri. But at the present time direct methods of control are the only ones in real use. The author concludes by giving a list of some 50 different trees and plants affected by the pest and remarks that this list can be added to daily. Henrico (C.). Die Blattlause Aphiden der Umgebung von Hermann- stadt. [Aphid plant lice in the neighbourhood of Hermannstadt. || —Verh. und Mitt. Srebenbiirgischen Ver. Naturwiss. zu Hermann- stadt, lxii, no. 6, 1913, pp. 195-201. The present paper forms a supplement to one published by the author on Aphids in 1909. Since then some additional species have been discovered by him in the environs of Hermannstadt, among which are: Mindarus abtetinus, Koch, on Abies pectinata ; Pemphigus piriformis, Licht., P. bursarvus, L., P. borealis, Tullgren, and P. Lich- tenstent, Tullgren, all on Populus pyramidalis and P. mgra; and Phylloxera acanthochermes, Lichtst., on oak. Suc (K.). Zur Kenntnis einiger Psylla-Arten aus dem Ungarischen National Museum in Budapest. [On some species of Psylla from the Hungarian National Museum. |—Ann. Mus. Nat. Hungariei, Budapest, xi, pt. 2, 1913, pp. 409-435. | Seven species of the genus Psylla are described from specimens in a 125 collection from the Hungarian National Museum. Two species are new, namely P. groenlandica and P. horvathi the former from Green- land and the latter from Hungary ; their life-history and habits are as yet unknown. The species P. hexastigma, Horvath, is of economic interest, as it attacks the leaves and fruit of the pear; its larva is unknown. It occurs in Eastern Siberia and Japan. Sur l’emploi des arsenicaux en agriculture. {The use of arsenicals in agriculture |.—Bull. Agric. de |’ Algérie et de la Tunisie, Algiers, xix, no. 19, lst Oct. 1913, pp. 378-380. The Commission des Substances vénéneuses has handed to the Acadé- mie de Médecine, Paris, their new report on a long-delayed regulation to modify that of 1846 regarding the use of poisons. Part of the report deals with arsenicals used in agriculture. Subject to safe- guards the Académie authorised, in 1910, the use of the potent but dangerous arsenical insecticides, with the exception of lead arsenate, which had just begun to be employed. Its use is now general, as a consequence of its very valuable properties, and it was necessary to decide whether to prohibit it, or to permit it under specified rules. The report recommends the latter course, pointing out that the U.S. Minister of Agriculture specially advises lead arsenate in preference to other insecticides, so that the French markets will be flooded with foreign produce if the French agriculturist is not provided with weapons equal to those of his rivals. Regarding the sale and use of arsenicals, especially lead arsenate, the Report expresses the following desiderata— . (1) That the regulations be strictly observed; (2) that the Minis- terial decrees determining the precautions to be taken by users of the products and the conditions under which they may be used, be clearly and minutely detailed, billed everywhere, and brought to public notice, and any infringement severely punished; all this to be especially applicable to lead arsenate; (3) that the Government initiate and encourage research, with the object of replacing such dangerous insecti- cides by methods harmless to man and domestic animals. In order to prevent food-plants being wetted by drippings from trees and vines above them, the Commission propose to introduce a clause formally prohibiting the use of arsenicals (or other insecticides of Table A of the regulations) for market-gardens and fodder plants. "Cros (A.). La Mouche de VOlivier. [The Olive Fly.]—Bull. Agric. de |’ Algérie et de la Tunisie, Algiers, xix, no. 22, 15th Nov. 1913, pp. 467-468. Karly in 1913 the author drew attention to the enormous proportion of olives in the neighbourhood of Mascara (Oran, Algeria) attacked by Dacus oleae and the presence at the same time of a small Ichneumonid. He made a special study of both insects on a completely isolated olive tree which was not treated in any way against the pest in 1912. In that year not a single sound olive was obtained, but in September 1913, though the tree bore well, there was no sign whatever of attack by the fly. He attributes this to the activity of the parasite, and remarks that had the tree been sprayed, the good results would have been attributed to the spray and not to the parasite. The author is not altogether satisfied that spraying per se is entitled to the great credit it has obtained. 126 * MACGILLIVRAY (A. D.). The Immature Stages of the Tenthredinoidea. —Canadian Entomologist, xlv, no. 11, Nov. 1913, pp. 367-371. A general account of the larval habits of the various families of sawflies. Mackie (D. B.). The Philippine Locust (Pachytylus | Locusta] migra- toroides, R. & F.); Natural Influences affecting its Propagation and Distribution.— Philippine Agric. Review, Manila, vi, no. 11, 1913, pp. 538-547, 2 pis. The chief forces which operate for or against any species may be stated as climate, food supply and enemies. Climatic influences exert the greatest check on locusts. Cold weather causes them to hibernate for extended periods, though this is seldom the case in the Philippines. Winds are important in locust distribution and control. Moderate winds often enable swarms to make long, sustained flights, even crossing from island to island, as irom Cebu to Negros. High winds tend to keep locusts near the ground and to prevent extended flights, and severe winds often work great havoc with locust swarms, at times completely annihilating them. Locusts seldom fly during rains. The results of a typhoon are often disastrous to the swarm, the locusts being killed in large numbers by the vegetation being whipped about by the high winds, while the wings of the adults are often torn to such an extent that further flight is impossible, so that the females are forced to lay their eggs on unsuitable ground, which results in a low percentage of them hatching. Floods are important as locust destroyers, especially when large areas on which locusts have oviposited become flooded and quantities of silt deposited over the eggs which effectually prevents the hoppers from emerging. Drought seems to exert a powerful influence in the increase of the pest, since dry weather is inimical to locust parasites. Drought may also induce migrations. Lack of food might also cause the migratory instinct to assert itself. Locust enemies may be classed as predators, parasites and diseases. The :mportance of birds as locust exterminators cannot be too strongly emphasised; and numerous mammals, reptiles, frogs, etc. and predatory insects attack almost entirely the immature insects and eggs. Of the flies present in the Philippines, the Dexinar have never been bred out, but have been noted in the vicinity of swarms. The SaRrco- PHAGINAE are known to parasitise both the mature and young locusts. Two species of Nematodes, or hair-worms, representing the two genera Gordius and Mermis have been found in the Philippine locusts, the former breeding in water, while the latter is terrestrial. The eggs are deposited in water or on the ground and the young crawl up the vege- tation, reaching the host through the mouth with food, and undergoing transformation in the body cavity of the locust. These parasites are probably of little economic importance as locust destroyers. The red locust mites, so far as is known, are no great inconvenience to their hosts. The possibility of controlling locusts through the agency of parasites is very remote since the percentage of parasitised individuals is small. The fungous disease due to Empusa grylli has been known to infect locusts, but it is impossible to cultivate this fungus with much success artificially and communicate it to locust swarms. Experiments to test the effect of Coccobacillus acridiorum, D’Herelle, Se —_— 127 ‘ were made, and cultures brought to their maximum virulence in the laboratory were introduced on a swarm of half-grown locusts. The results were practically nil and the contagion did not spread. Stand der Reblausbekampfung im Jahre 1912 in den Kantonen Ziirich und Thurgau. [Phylloxera control in the cantons of Ziirich and Thurgau in 1912. |—Schweiz. Zeus. Obst- und Weinbau, Frauenfeld, no. 22, 24th Nov. 1913, pp. 349-350. In 26 communes 4,781 infected stocks were noticed in 247 new points. Five permits were granted to replant previously infected areas with 745 native stocks and two permits for 443 were refused. Twenty-five proprietors renounced re-planting on payment of a lump sum. Replanting with grafts on American stocks is allowed after an interval of at least four years, or eight years in the case of native stocks. As a trial, nurseries for grafted vines were established at Steinmaur and Dielsdorf. In the latter place two new experimental plots were planted with grafted vines. This brings the number of Ziirich plots up to 26, all in an average good condition, and the material for these was supplied by the Swiss Experiment Station at Wadenswil. In spite of the vine tax, the vine fund has fallen from £5,218 to £5,055. From 1886 to 1912, 731,895 stocks on an area of about 125,000 acres were destroyed in the Canton of Ziirich, and the costs were as follows :—Wages, £31,189 ; Chemicals, £6,563 ; compensation, £33,971 ; other expenses, £10,522. The total cost was £82,246. A portion of the cleared land has again been planted with vines, partly as experimental plots with grafted stocks, and partly with native stocks. The Canton of Thurgau report mentions 333 infected stocks at 59 oints. Proprietors were paid £71 compensation for the destruction of 2,591 stocks on an area of half an acre. In 1912, no infection was noticed in the communes of Landschlacht, Gachnang, Aadorf and Altnau. The campaign was begun in 1897 and up to 1912 a total of 440,844 stocks had been destroyed and the proprietors paid £1,574 for the grapes and £5,274 for the stocks. The report does not give any other figures. Five experimental plots of grafted vines have been planted in the former Phylloxera centres. J. D. Zum diesjahrigen Mottenflug. [The vine-moth flight in 1913.]— LIuaemburger Weinztng., Grevenmacher, i, no. 30,15 Nov. 1913, pp. 517-518. Experiments lasting from 10th July to 30th August were conducted by Herr Fixmer of Grevenmacher, who found that the flight took place from 18th July to 29th August, thus occupying no less than 43 days. Four beer-traps were used. A total of 1,393 moths were captured, or 348 per trap. According to these figures the system of trapping is a profitable one. The largest number taken was 112, on the 28th July. The great variation in the numbers caught daily does not allow of a useful average being struck and cannot be accounted for. It is hoped that next time the figures will be completed by notes on the weather conditions prevailing. Such experiments are a valuable aid in deter- mining the proper time for beginning control measures. 128 KRANZLING. Acheta morio, ein Sisalschadling. [Acheta morio as a Sisal pest.|—Der Pflanzer, Dar-es-Salaam, ix, no. 11, Nov. 1913, pp. 568-570. In inspecting a new Sisal plantation it was seen that a number of healthy one-year-old plants were injured in a peculiar manner not previously observed. At their junction with the stem—and some- times on their spread—the lowest leaves were eaten into holes about as large as the thumb-nail. Some leaves had been entirely detached while others hung suspended by a few strips. The injury was done by night, and only occurred on those plants growing on ground with a cracked and broken surface. A night-visit to the fields showed the pest to be a cricket, Acheta morio. Only young specimens, measuring from 1 cm. to 15cm. in length, were noticed at work, as the older ones escaped on the least alarm. The largest caught measured about 3 cm. Cotton, which was planted in between the sisal, had not been touched. This is only the second insect which has been observed to attack sisal. The author remarks that this occurrence of the insect was quite local and simply due to the favourable conditions provided by the broken soil. In case the pest spreads and causes further damage control will be necessary, but it should be neither difficult nor costly. Bouvier (E. L.). Coceinelles contre Cochenilles. [Coccinellids to combat Coccids.|—Revue Scientifique, Paris, 29th Nov. 1913, pp. 673-677. The author gives in outline an account of the work done by Riley in combating the Coccid, [cerya purchast, in California by means of the ladybird, Novus cardinalis, and of the more recent work carried out on the same lines in Italy by Silvestri and Berlese, who have reared parasites of the Coccid, Diaspis pentagona. Of several parasites reared, the two most efiective seem to be Prospaltella berleser, bred by Berlese, and Rhizobius lophantae, reared by Silvestri. The two entomologists are not agreed as to which of these will prove of most use in combating Diaspis. Without entering into the discussion of this question, the author records that twigs of mulberry infested with Diaspis, which was itself attacked by Prospaltella, were submitted to him, and that he found the degree of parasitism to be very high, a fact which speaks in favour of the efficacy of Prospaltella. In Nice and eastward to Vintimiglia mulberry trees are attacked by Dvuasprs. Artificial methods of control are held by the author to be only of | temporary use, and he thinks that to keep the pest really under control, there is no better way than to introduce its natural enemies. Gurney (W. B.). Ironbark Foliage destroyed by Insects.—Agrvc. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxiv, pt. 12, Dec. 1913, p 1076. Ironbark leaves in Stroud were found to be afiected by “ Lerp ” Insects (PSYLLIDAE), which attack also Hucalyptus trees, sucking the sap. They construct shell-like coverings called “ Lerps,” under which they grow; after several moults they appear as minute four-winged insects, which lay their eggs on the leaves, on which fresh broods soon hatch. When plentiful they destroy the bulk of the foliage, but usually they are prevalent in numbers which only cause temporary damage. They are kept in check by their natural pare minute Chalcid wasps. NOTICES. a _ The Editor will be glad to receive prompt information of the ‘appearance of new pests, or of known pests in districts which have hitherto been free from them, and will welcome any suggestion, the option of which would increase the usefulness of the Review. - Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange 6 Publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- funicate with the Assistant Editor, 27, Elvaston Place, Queen’s 3, London, S.W. me subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or | two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) g 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. “a orders and subscriptions should be sent to Messrs. DULAU & Co., Ltd., 37, Soho Square, London, W. CONTENTS. SEE Aaa PAGE. mia daedalus, a Pest of Coconut Palms in British Guiana eR aT r-cane Pests in§British Guiana 57 Deiialtssicous Pee of Colaspidema al atra deg LucerneDodder 58 Tnseot Pests in Uzan ae 58 4 ee os Petts ot Text Indie BO ne is eat ae T "he Froghopper Egg-Parasite in Trinidad Se Te oie OO Fro ghoppers in Trinidad at .. 60, 62, 95 LS he ervations on Phlyctaenodes sticticalis in Kiev al ¥ we 68 2 Relation Berttecn Insects and their Food- FOS: fe ape ye ‘Sp adler Enemies of Bees in Russia SA sid .. 64 -Pois wa Baits for Locusts in Russia .. ys a Pe: se Pteromalidae parasitic on Hessian iba in Russia és or ig te Tnsec ene in Tasmania : ; we SS .. 66 BS he Sysphidae of Ot 4 th yn Oe “Insects attacking the Paddy Plant j in Southern India _ re Beene! oy ips and Cacao Beetles in Trinidad and Tobago .. ‘a oa. 09 » Green Muscardine Fungus as an Insecticide es prem {1) . The Preparation of Bordeaux Mixture and Lime e Sulphur ie Teecaty f nother Cockroach poison sa Se SRR Aap - ‘Locusts in Turkestan Ba FP Tiaepee b =U holineum a are Aphids, Termites and Ants ey Nae eae Pai sites of C oridea and the Codling-Moth in Turkestan .. a tay f Destruction of Wasps’ Nests with a Flare Lamp > a ne “Fla ydissus sartus aging Poplars in Turkestan .. ie rape. terid Larvae ease Cotton in Turkestan ‘e oy iam ( > Woolly Aphis in Turkestan ae ee ae Control of the Orange Maggot (Trypeta ludens) in Mexico .. Santee t'Pests'in Jamaica : 33 sae: ae “a, “Ani in ous Cotton Boil Weevil in Arizona a5 bee oe ae » Biology of Fruit Aphids in Russia ‘7 iy ne ego nm le our Paste as a Control for Red Spiders ; ra ich aa estrictions on the Removal of Citrus Trees in 'S. Australia 5a OSs. - Amendments to Codling Moth Regulations in South Africa Siegscae The Wattle B orm in South Africa .. ie oe a et Om » Economic Value of Wild Birds in South Atrioa os oe eset ee | Pernicious | Seale i in 4 Bails Africa cS ee Re Loe tee CONTENTS—continued. The Introduction of Parasites into Sicily ae eh ace ea tat Insect Pests in the Lesser Antillesin 1912 .. ah ve ee The Large Narcissus Fly (Merodon) in Britain re Cleonid Weevils injurious to Beetroot in the South of France o. 8 Chrysopa and Vine Pests. . ‘ we ‘s oe ude an Cacoecia costana attacking Vines in France 8 o. en Regulations against Cotton Boll bibiss ine Georgia, U.S.A. 4. ie New African Coccidae .. is + we ae The Fern Caterpillar in U.S.A. .. i a 7A $0 is Bade The Protection of Cereals in Cartons .. ex oe ea oe The Rose Slug-Caterpillar in U.S.A... aR Ae «s ee Insect Pests in the Province of Quebec aie Control of Locusts by Poison in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. . Syrphid Larvae preying on Froghopper in Trinidad .. Parente for Pests of Citrus Fruits in Italy .. a Germination of Beans attacked by Beetles .. o4 Coccids of Alsace and the Palatinate .. e is Influence of Ants on Fertilisation of Cacao ., a Olerome gracilis damaging Palms at Singapore Coconut Beetles (Oryctes. and Rhynchop 8) in Singapore . The Habits of Clerid Beetles in Sweden : Notes on Haltica engstroemi (Coleoptera) in Russia .. Gas Tar as a Remedy for Mealy Bug on Hot House Vines Sore com Sac Tic eee Os ° e *. The Wilt Disease of Gipsy Moth Caterpillars . 7 Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid in Egypt _ Ss cy Two new Thrips on Cassava in St. Vincent .. ws os The Specialised Habits of Parasites of Insects Uganda Coccidae and their Food-plants “ Grasserie”’ as a remedy against leaf-eating Caterpillars 6.05 Oye Le 8 . Rb nica ight igre reetAd apn 6s il \ * . . ° | mel x. F . : *5 ul 1, : Ee av, __ , F , See Lo Sere ete Sse eS eb ; y et be . i ae eet Regs ee Ripe se ? a oe 2 . i s ae ae Ben eS —_— z ? i” = » . rah pe . -4 ae er ¥ oa : 77 . - = ee : 3 = p =~ 4 a Y =e 5,OM@e@ ¢ = : i ’ . » | wy : = ae? ~ y 2 ~ . ‘ ee ae fy arg . - » yYS~ySy > - 4 June , " < nm ¢ y f< b tA x it V ectet} " ; Insect Pests of South Nigeria .. : a The Biology of Phytonomus murinus in “Russia ef oe re Keys to Russian Lamellicorn Larvae .. a