iifiiiiiiiiiiiiiijiii fir v/^/^ S i ■ t: fe*- B^^ ^^^^^^F^ '^ ^!rM THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY SERIES a: agricultural VOL. VI. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. SFPl '"■ • ■2 s^-zr s ^S' LONDON: 30I.D BY TH£ IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN'S GATE, LONDON, S.W. 7. 1918. All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Ronorarp Commitree of rnanaflement VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, Bntish Museum (Natural History). Dr A. G. Baqshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Major-GenertPl Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Dr. R. Stewart MacDouqall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University- Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Roval Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sur H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office. Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South-Eastem Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-Governing Dominions is an ex officio member of the Committee. (Bcncral Secretarw Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). S>ircctor anO BDftor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall. B63l6tant Director. Dr. S. A. Neave. Head O/ice.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7. Publication Office.— S9, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7. Ul. ERRATA. ?age 9 line 27 for " a^iastassi " read " anastasii" „ 25 j> 5 >> " cummingi " »> " cumingi.^^ „ 35 >> 49 )j " diclyo]yermi " 99 " dictyospermi." „ 50 >> 31 >j " Bostychid " JJ " Bostr^hid." „ 52 >> 32 >> " Conchylodaenia " JJ " Conchjlodeniay » 64 >> 3 )> " Ancystis " J' " Anystis." „ 85 >) 45 )i " Jalropa " JJ " Jatropha.'" „ 86 )> 16 •5 " tuna " JJ " toona." „ 95 >i 4 >> " T.fuscaria " 99 " J . fuscariay „ 100 )> 45 >; " Ceraputo " 99 " Ceroputo" „ 119 >> 32 j> " sfeWts " 99 " stellior „ 131 >> 47 >> " Monachamxis " 9J " MonocJiamus." „ 143 )> 23 >> " phoeorrhoea " JJ " phaeorrhoeay „ 148 >> 16 >> " Rhy)whaen " 99 ' Rhymliaenusy « 150 >> 50 )> " coeruleocarpa " 99 ' coeruleicarpa" „ 154 >) 36 >> " Glyschrochilus " 99 ' Glischrochilus." „ 159 »> 16 j> " noctilis " JJ ' nodilio." „ 172 >> 7 >> " Rynchites " 99 ' Rhynchitesy „ 175 >> 49 >> " axylidis " 99 ' axyridisy „ 257 >5 46 >> " Syphocoryne " 99 ' Siphocoryney „ 261 >» 51 >» " rosae " JJ ' rosa." „ 261 J> 20 )5 " augur " JJ " auger." „ 264 >J 27 M " £■. " E. moyiticolae " 59 ' S. inonticolae.^^ „ 274 )5 33 JJ " xxxix " 99 • xxix." „ 300 >J 10 & 17 for " Austin " 99 ' College Station." „ 305 J> 12 i [or " oranges " 99 ' lemons." „ 314 }) 45 9> " Xyldxyrus fornicatus (shot-hole borer beetle) " read " Chrysomelid . beetles." „ 341 >> 3 )> " arsenite " read' ' arsenate." „ 346 >> 28 >> " No. 1, January " 99 ' No. 2, February." „ 373 >> 1 J> " Calonyotion " JJ ' Calomjction." „ 394 7> 2 19 " marahitanus " ' murabitanos." „ 428 J> 1 99 " Massini (C. P.) " ',[ " Massini (P. C.)." „ 438 >> 41 J9 ' Saunders " ' Sanders." „ 440 >> 20 99 " Popilia " ' Popillia.'' „ 453 >> 29 JJ " McClintock (J. A.)" 'McClintock (J. A.) & Smith (L. B.)." „ 456 )) 46 >J " glabratum " „ " glabratus.^* „ 485 }> 25 JJ " Cotton (R. J.) ' Cotton (R. T.)." „ 503 >> 43 JJ " Rhaphanus " ' RapJianus." „ 517 »> 8 J9 " Hysipyla " ' Hypsipyla." „ 517 >> 3 99 " Homopholia " ' Homophoeta.** „ 528 J> 42 JJ " Pogonocherus " ' Pogonochaerus." „ 547 )> 46 99 " Artemis " ' Artemisia. ^^ „ 561 J5 25 JJ " Scammel (H, B.) •Scammell(H. B.)." „ 563 9) 7 JJ " Eniglaea " ' Epiglaea." „ 563 >> 48 >J ' bivitta " ' bivittata." onordrp CommUtee or rnanagetnettt* VISCODMT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CJM., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagseawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Mr. E. C. Bleok, C.M.G., Foreign Office. Sir J. Rose Bbapfoed, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Burgeon-General Sir David Beuce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryeb, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Habmeb, FJI.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lefboy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John MoCall, MD., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R, Stewaet MaoDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Bii John McFadyban, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist In each of the Self-governing Dominions is an ea; officio member of the Committee. ©enetal Secretatg. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). HXrector an5 3E&itor, Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall* aeelfitant Director. Mr. S. A. Neavb. Bead O^ce.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Read. London, S.W. 7. Publication 0#ce.~89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. K E V I E W OF A P P L I E 1) E X T O :\r 0 L 0 G Y. Series A. Vol. VI.] [1918. Emergency Entomological Service. — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxviii, no. 8, October 11*17, pp. 375-377. Reports of the Emergency Entomological Service of the United States l)p{>artment of Agriculture record new legislation in Illinois whereby the Department of Agriculture has authority to compel ow^lers or other occupiers of property infested by insect pests or plant diseases to take measures to arrest or prevent such damage under ])enaltv of a fine. An insect pest survey and information service is established under the New York Food Supply Commission, and a similar survey in Ohio. Farm demonstrators are to work in prac- tically every county in New Jersey and in Tennessee. In Mississippi a systematic educational campaign in preparation for winter spraying is to be designed by proclamation of the governor. The Food Production Act appropriates about £88,000 for the prevention, control and eradication of insects and plant diseases injurious to agriculture and the conservation and utilisation of plant products. Of this nearly £30,000 is allotted to the Bureau of Ento- mology. The expenditure is to begin with an extensive autumn campaign against the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destnictor] and attempted control on a large scale of the insects injurious to stored grain and other products. Winter work will include dormant tree spraying and fumigation of citrus trees. Dubois (P.). La Lentille. [The Lentil.]— Za. Vie Agric. et Rur., Paris, vii, no. 42, 20th October 1917, pp. 289-290. The cultivation of lentils is threatened, and in Lorraine has been abandoned, owing to the attacks of a species of Bruchus. The insects can be killed by placing the infested seeds in a barrel, pouring in 20-25 c.c. carbon bisulphide and immediately closing the bung, allowing them to remain in contact with the fumes for 24 hours ; the barrel should be turned several times to render the contact more intimate. The adults may also be induced to leave the seeds by ex- posing them to a gentle heat, and precautions must be taken against sowing infested seed to prevent the further spread of this pest. (C433) Wt.Po/131. 1,500. 1.18; B.&F., Ltd. Gp. 11/3. A Van der Goot (P.). Het Tephrosia-Kevertje. [The small Teplirosia Beetle.] — Meded. v. h. Proefstaiimi Midden-Java, Salatiga, no. 26, 1917, 36 pp., 1 fig, 2 plates. In the plantations at higher elevations in Java there has been of late vears a great advance in the cultivation of green manure plants, of which Tephrosia Candida is one of the most satisfactory. In view of its increasing importance, the considerable injury done to it by the Tephrosia beetle led to an investigation on the latter being under- taken. The identity of this Anthribid is somewhat doubtful. European entomologists have identified the examples submitted to them as Araecerus fascicnlatus, De G., but the literature on this species almost exclusively describes it as living in stored vegetable products. In Java Zehntner observed it in stored coffee beans and dealt with it at length under the name of " coffee weevil." It is therefore remarkable that while the Tephrosia beetle readily breeds in the pods of plants with Papilionaceous flowers, it refuses to do so in such products as cofEee and cacao beans. These pronounced differences in their life-history would appear to warrant two distinct biological races of A. fascicnlatus being recognised. Excepting for a note by F. H. Chittenden (Some little-known insects affecting stored vegetable products — U.S. Dept. Agric, Bull. No. 8, n. series, 1898), recording A. fasciculatus from the pods of Cassia occidentalis and the seeds of Indigofera sp., it has never been mentioned as an important pest of Leguminosae. After a brief description of this beetle, notes on its general biology are given. In the case of Tephrosia Candida the eggs are laid in the semi-ripe or almost ripe pods — when the seeds are already swollen. Oviposition was not observed, but the beetle apparently gnaws a hole into which it thrusts its ovipositor. In the pods of T. Candida, the hole is usually in the lower seam, sometimes in the upper one, but never in the sides. A single egg is deposited in each hole, close to a seed. The number of holes seldom exceeds that of the seeds and is rarely more than fourteen per pod. The egg-stage lasts only about 6-7 days. The young larva immediately begins to bore into the adjacent seed and often attacks a second one without completely eating the first. The skin of the seed is also destroyed, so that the larva is nearly always distinctly visible when an infested pod is opened. The larval period lasts about 23-29 days. After a pupal period of 7 or 8 days the adult remains for about six days within the pod, finally emerging through a round hole, about ^V inch in diameter, gnawed in one of the sides. As the egg is usually laid in semi-ripe pods the beetle emerges before the pods open. A premature opening may be fatal to any larvae or pupae within by causing them to fall to the ground. The beetle at once begins to gnaw the adjoining old or young pods; mating takes place after a few days and oviposition soon follows, about 11-13 days after emergence. Usually one egg is laid per day ; the maximum observed was three. The average number of eggs per female is twenty-nine, with an observed maximum of eighty-four. Oviposition lasts for about twenty-five days. There are 6 or 7 annual generations. The beetles died within fourteen days when deprived of food. The average life of a female beetle is thirty-eight days, with an observed maximum of sixtv-four. The average life of a male was forty- eight days, with a maximum of ninety- one. The food of the adult beetle consists of practically any vegetable matter, with a preference for softer substances such as the pods of Tepkrosia, Crolalaria, Leucaena glaiica, Cassia and other Leguminosae, coffee beans, cacao beans, etc. The beetles seem capable of flying con- siderable distances, flights of about 1,()<)() yards being believed to occur. Light exercises a great attraction. When disturbed the beetles drop and feign death, so that under natural conditions it is difficult to collect them in large numbers. The injury to T. Candida is sometimes very serious ; in one case only 25 per cent, of the seeds escaped damage, and in another, only 5 per cent. Up to the present only plants with Papilionaceous flowers have been attackeil. Cro/'ihirln striata- is believed to be the original host-plant, though T. Candida is the principal one, other food-plants being Glycine soja and Indiffofera sp. Cassia occidentalis cannot be regarded as a true food-plant, as full development appears seldom to take place in it. The seeds of T. vogeli remain immune from attack even if this plant is grown amonij seriously infested T. Candida. The pods, however, are pierced with holes for oviposition, so that develop- ment appears to be hindered within them ; only in a few instances were small larvae found and these had not done more than gnaw the surface of the seeds, probably because the latter ripen and harden rapidly. In the open Leuc^wna tjhiuca does not appear to suffer, and while beetles in captivity oviposit in the almost ripe pods of this plant, the resultant larvae do not develop. Pfiaseolns radiatus, Sesbania aegyptiaca and Vigna caijang do not appear to be attacked. An investigation was made of the vegetable substances (other than the living plants mentioned above) in which development seemed likelv. W'liili' Zohntner has recorded the coffee weevil as com])leting its development in coffee beans, the Tephrosia beetle does not even oviposit in them. In unfermented cacao beans (which are also suited to the development of the coffee weevil) the Tephrosia beetle develops rarely, if ever. The author was unable to ascertain whether the coffee weevil attacks the pods of Tephrosia, but the above facts make the biological identity of these two insects very doubtful. The larvae of the Tephrosia beetle were able partially to develop in damp (stored) seed of T. Candida and completely in very damp, mouldy seed of Glycine soja and Vigna caijang, but no development was noticed in the dry seed of these plants. Larvae were noticed in the unripe seed of Sesbania aegyptiaca, but neither eggs nor larvae in the ripe seed of Leucaena glauca. or Tephrosia vogeli. It thus appears that the Tephrosia beetle oviposits only in the ripe seed of plants with Papilionaceous flowers and then only when it is in a damp condition, and that full development occurs only in the seeds of G. soja and F. catjang, these being of sufficient size to permit it. Four Hymenopterous parasites of the Tephrosia beetle are of common occurrence. They include the Chalcids, Aximopsis javensis, Gir., and Eupelmus javae, Gir., and two Braconids not yet identified. Brief descriptions and biological notes are given of these parasites, which are of only slight importance in checking the pest. There are four ways in which new plantings of T. Candida may become infested : Through the seed, from adjacent vegetable substances, (C433) a2 from neighbouring wild Leguminosae, and from older plants of T. Candida, either grooving among the new plants or growang close by. Infestation through the seed is not a serious source of danger ; very few beetles will be found in the harvested seed and they will have perished long before the new plants become susceptible to attack— at the time that they flower, i.e., when they are about 8-10 months old. There is a possibility that such beetles may fly to wild Leguminosae (Crotalaria) or to T. Candida growing in the vicinity, but before infesta- tion from such sources can reach the new plants the latter will probably have been infested by other means. No precautions need therefore be taken when harvesting the seed of T. Candida. Infestation from adjacent vegetable substances cannot occur in nature ; it has already been stated that the sole substances involved are the damp seeds of a few leguminous plants and such seeds are not found under natural conditions. Attack by beetles flying from wild Leguminosae, chiefly Croiakiria striata, seems to be the principal cause of land planted for the first time with T. Candida becoming infested. The destruction of neighbouring plants of C. striata is therefore advised, though as the beetles may come from some distance, this measure is not entirely efficacious. While the first attack among newly-planted T. Candida is due to these individuals from C. striata, the infestation is maintained either by the new plants themselves or by other T. Candida growing near-by. When about ten months old, T. Candida remains in flower, so that the beetle has ample opportunities for breeding, and if the plants are allowed to bear fruit undisturbed for some months, the seed-crop will be entirely destroyed. As regards remedial measures, a thorough pruning provides a successful means of combating the pest. Collection of the beetles is not a feasible procedure, but if the plants are sprayed witb a poison, the adults will be killed. When pod-bearing twigs were sprayed witb a one per thousand solution of Paris green, 75 per cent, of the beetles on them died within six days. Dolichoderus bitubercidatus (black cacao ant) has proved useless as a check. Another method is the simultaneous removal from the trees of every pod susceptible to attack or already infested. By keeping the plants free from semi-ripe pods for a sufficiently long period the beetle disappears. Experiments show that if vigorous plants, more than a year old, are pruned of all pods, flowers and flower-clusters, a period of seventy days elapses before semi-ripe pods are again present, while an even more thorough pruning naturally results in a still longer interval. WTien oviposition is_ possible, the female beetle has an average life of thirty-eight days, with a maximum of sixty-four ; if there are no opportunities for oviposition the maximum rises to eighty-one days — the average renaaining unaltered. If therefore all pods are removed, the only individuals left will consist of a few newly-emerged adults and of a majority of older ones. As no opportunity for oviposition is afforded these will be nearly all dead within forty days, which is very much less than the time required for semi-ripe pods to reappear. The prunings must either be burnt or buried under an 8-inch layer of earth, and the whole area must be completelv pruned, if re-infestation is to be prevented. As the beetles are good flyers it is necessary to have a distance of from 500 to 1,000 yards between pruned areas and uupruned ones. vox TuBECF (C). Nachtrage zur Kenntnis des Fichtensamenoles und seiner Gewinnung. [Additions to the Knowledge of Fir Seed Oil and its Production.] — Natunvissenschftl Zeitschr. f. Fort- u. Laridmrtschaft, Stuttgart, xv, no. 7-9, July-September 1917, pp. 239-252. By crushing fir seed it is possible to obtain about 20 per cent, of edible oil and 75 per cent, of oil-cake. The seeds in many tir-cones are infested by the larvae of PlemelieUa abielina, Seitn. (fir seed gall midge), of which all the developmental stages were described by Seitner in 1908. Nitsche had previously reported the injury as affecting 15 per cent, of seed samples examined. The infested seeds are slightly sunken and discoloured, and they are flatter and more pointed than normal ones. According to Seitner development \\ithin the seed in the majority of cases takes three years. Pupation lasts eighteen days, and the adult midge escapes through an exit-hole bored before pupation. The eggs are deposited in the flowers, and the larvae bore into the ovulum, which attains the shape and size of a seed without a gall being formed. Seitner states that the larvae attain their full-growth in October when the seeds are ripe, so that five months only are required for this stage. As the seed is hollow and contains nothing but the larva, it is difficult to know what the latter feeds on during the two years between maturity and puliation. ZiMMERMANN (H.). Die Kohlwanze {Eurydema oleraceum, L.). Ein Beitrag zur der Kenntnis der Lebensweise. [The Cabbage Bug, E. oleraceum : A Contribution to tiie Knowledge of its Habits.] — Zeitschr. f. Pjlanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, pp. 193-199. A brief description of Eurydema oleraceum, L., and notes on its distri- bution in Europe are followed by an account of an outbreak in Mecklen- burg in 1915 and 191 G, which was the most severe since 1893. White swedes were heavily infested and sometimes destroyed, himdreds of bugs being seen on each plant. Cabbages also were killed. In one case the destruction of the swedes was followed by migi'ation to an adjacent potato field and the destruction of the plants there. An adjoining field of oats was also attacked, but without apparent damage. Coccinellids were noticed preying on the bugs in 1915. Wet weather checked the outbreak. On cloudy, cool days the insects may be shaken on to sheets of cardboard, and if the infestation is severe, a petroleum-soap spray will act to some extent as a repellent. Lysol, insect-powder, and trap-crops of mustard or radish have been recom- mended. Nicotine-soap proved useless in Mecklenburg, but covering the plants with earth gave good results. MuTH (F.). Die Knospenmilbe {Eriophyes loewi, Nal.) und der Hetero- sporiumpilz (Heterosporium syringae, Oud.), zwei Schadlinge des Flieders. [The Bud Mite, E. loewi, Nal, and the Fimgus, Hetero- sporium syringae, injuring the Elder.] — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrank- heiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, p. 203. (Abstract from Zeitschr. f. Wein-, Obst- u. Gartenbau, 1914, pp. 22-27, 4 figs.) Cutting back and burning the infested branches are the remedies advised for injury to elders by Eriophyes loewi, Nal. RoRiG (G.). Schadlinge an Hiilsenfrtichten. [Pests of Leguminous Vecretables.] — Ze?Vsc/^r. /. PflanzenkranWieiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, nor4, 15th August 1917. p. 205. (Abstract from Fhigblatt No. o7 der Ksl. Biol. Anstdtf. Land- u. Forsttv., July 1915.) Peas and beans mav be freed from Brucliids by heating to 139° F , or the beetles mav be sifted out if the seed, which has been stored in the cold, is first kept for a few days at 68°-71° F. in order to make them emerge. Sitones lineatus may be checked by collecting the weevils or bv spraying Anth hellebore-soap ^vith or without tobacco, or Urania green. Preventive measures against the moths, Cydia [GraphoUtha) nehritana and C. {G.) dorsana, include selection of seed, careful preparation of the soil, sowing in drills and the avoidance of fresh stable-manure. MuTH (F.). Die Milbensucht der Reben, verursacht durch die Milbe Eriophyes vitis, Nal., eine neue und gefahrliche Krankheit unserer Weinberge, nebst einigen Bemerkungen fiber ahnliche Trieb- verunstaltungen. [The ]\Iite Disease of Vines, a new and dangerous Disease of our Vineyards due to Eriophyes vitis, Nal., and some Notes on similar Shoot-Deformations.] — Zeitschr. f. Pfianzen- Jcrankheite7i, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, p. 205. (Abstract from Hess. Landtv. Zeitschr., 1916, pp. 442-443 & 458- 459, 5 figs.) This disease of Amines, which is caused by Eriophyes [PhyUocoptes) fit is, Nal., was first observed in Hessen. For summer treatment cutting-back or spraying is recommended. Lime-sulphur (1 : 40), or nicotine soft soap (1:1; 100), or Muth's solution (1 : 100) should be used. The stocks must be painted in addition with lime-sulphur (1 : 4) at the end of March after pruning. MuTH (F.). Die Johannisbeeren-Knospengallmilbe {Eriophyes ribis, Nalepa) sowie einige andere Johannisbeerschadlinge. [The Currant Bud Gall Mite, E ribis. Nal., and some other Pests of Currants.] — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheitm , Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, p. 206. (Abstract from Hess. Obst- Weiii-, Gemiise- u. Gartenbauzeitung , 1915, pp. 17-23, 9 figs. In Hessen Eriophyes ribis, Nal., causes serious injury to red and white currants and also, but to a less extent, to black currants. The injury is less a deformation than an excessive increase of buds. This paper also contains notes on damage to currants by Aegeria {Sesia) tipuliformis. Aphis ribis, and A. grossulariae. ZwEiGELT (F.). Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Saugphanomens der Blattlause und der Reaktionen der Pflanzenzellen. [Contributions to the Knowledge of Sucking bv Aphids and of the Reactions of the Plant Ce\h.]~Zeitschr. f. Pflanzeiikronkheiten, Stuttgart, xxvu, no. 4, 15th August 1917, p. 207. (Abstract from Centralbl. f. Bakterwl, II, xlii, 1915, pp. 265-335, 7 figs., 2 plates.) ^Details of the sucking process bv Aphids are given. As with other Khynchota the salivary secretions of Aphids must be able to convei-t starch mto sugar XAith the help of a ferment resembling diastase. Knkchtel (W. R.). Phlyctaenodes siicticalis, dem Tabak in Rumanien schadlich. (P. siicticalis injuring Tobacco in Rumania.] — Zeitschr. J. Pfianzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, p. 21(1. (Abstract from Intern. Agrar-Techn. Rundschau, 1916, p. 377.) In 1915 the caterpillars of Phhjcta-enodes sticticaUs seriously damaged tobacco in Eastern Rumania, skeletonising the leaves. Uffelx (K.). Beobachtungen Uter die Eiablage von Cheiinatohia brumata, L., und anderer Herbstapanner. [Observations on the Ovipositioji of C. brnmata and other Autumn Moths.] — Zeitschr. /. Pfianzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, pp. 210-211. (Abstract from Zeitschr. Wiss. Imekt. Biol., xii, 1916, pp. 121-124 & 169-175.) In this reply to a paper by Schneider-Orelli the following statements are made : The female of Chciinatobia bniniala lays 15Ct eggs on an average; in the forests, oviposition takes place preferably on those lower portions of the trunks that are covered with rough bark. [The German abstract suggests that the difference between forest and orchard conditions may account for the contradiction between this observation and Schneider-Orelli's statement respecting oviposition in the crowns of the trees.] In the forests large numbers of both sexes were seen on the ground and pairing took place there. Various .species of H>/bernia, especially H. defoliaria and H. auran- tiaria, also oviposit in the forest, preferably on the lower parts of the trunks. In Westphalia ('. brumafa usually appears late in October or early in November and flies until mid-December. It always pupates in the ground, Sedlaczek (W.). Neuere Forschungen uber Borkenkafer. [Recent Investigations on Bark-beetles. J — Zeitschr. f. Pfianzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, pp. 212-213. (Abstract from Zentralblattf. das Gesamte Forstwesen, xli, 1915, pp. 463-472.) Sufficient labour is not always available to remove without delay trees that are dying as a result of bark-beetle infestation and the young beetles have time to emerge and migrate to other trees. To prevent this, suitable trap-trees should be arranged in an isolating belt around the infested area. Tredl (R.). Aus dem Leben des Birkenspiintkafers, Scolyius ratze- burgi, Jans. {Eccoptogaster destructor, Ratz.) [Notes on the Life- Historv of the Birch Beetle, Scolytus ratzeburgi.] — Zeitschr. f. Pfianzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, p. 213. (Abstract from Entomolog. Blatter, xi, 1915, pp. 97-102 & 146-154.) Throughout Europe Scolytus ratzeburgi, Jans., has one annual generation and always hibernates in the larv^al stage. In X. Italy and other southern regions the flight period begins about 20th May, in Germany between 1st and 15th June. The flight lasts from three to five weeks according to the weather. The young beetles breed immediatelv after flight and the females die m the brood-galleries after three to four months. At the entrance-hole and m the air-holes of the brood-galleries pairing takes place repeatedly during oviposition. Healthv birches also are attacked and killed after several successive attacks. Trap-trees standing alone must have a ring cut into them about twenty inches above the roots. This must be done m autumn or spring ; the ring should be about five inches wide and deep enough to reach'^the sap-wood. Two years later the trap-tree must be felled in ^^^nter and removed. Woodpeckers and Ichneumomds help to check this pest. Tredl (R.). Biologisches von Xyloterus signatus, Fabr. [Biological Notes on X. signatus, F.]—ZeitscJir. f. Pflanzenkrankheite.n, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, p. 214. (Abstract from Entomol. Blatter, xi, 1915, pp. 165-169.) ^ Xyloterus signatus, F., has two generations a year. It is on the wing at an early date and is very particular as to the condition and dampness of the brood material. To ascertain the date at which trap- trees become attractive it is necessary to fell trees from spring to autumn and then see which of them is infested when flight takes place in the following spring. A dry, sunny situation may give different results to a damp, shady one. Very probably this Scolytid infests standing ringed trap-trees in the second or third year after ringing, as X. domesticus prefers to do in the case of ringed birches and alders. ScHEiDTER (F.). Ueber die Bekampfung des grossen braunen Russel- kafers, Hylobius abietis. [Notes on combating Hylobius abietis.] — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, pp. 214-215. (Abstract from Forstwissensch. Central- blatt, xxxvii, 1915, pp. 113-125 & 270-284.) This paper discusses the various measures hitherto adopted against Hylobius abietis and advises attention to the following points : Young plants should be protected for three successive years by suitable washes ; if as a consequence adjacent older growth is not attacked, it is unnecessary to collect the beetles. Strong plants must be used for planting, though growing from seed is preferable. Blocks of wood, used as traps, and trenches must only be resorted to where the beetles abound in spite of the stumps being cleared, and the plaiits are not protected by washes. Where clear-cutting is practised, the next felling should follow the first young crop only after 8-10 years. Trap- trenches, artificial traps, barking, charcoal-burning, tarring and covering the stumps with earth are all measures that have little effect and are usually rather costly. ScHULZE (P.). Ueber Diastrophus rubi, Htg. [Notes on D. rubi, Htg.] —Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 4, 15th August 1917, p. 216. (Abstract from Deutsche Entomoloq. Zeitschr.) 1916, pp. 223-224.) In Brandenburg the Cynipid, Dinstrophus rubi, Htg., has been observed on raspberries, causing not onlv the ordinarv cylindrical galls, but also tested and forked ones. ToRXELLo (F. Cocuzza). Parassiti del Crisonfalo o " Bianca-Rossa" degli Agrumeti siciliani. [The Parasites of the SiciUan Citrus Plantation Pest, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi.] — UAgricoUura Modema, Milan, xxiii, no. 13, Ist^— 15th July 1917, pp. 167-168. In this list of the enemies of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi var. pinmdifera, Mask., brief notes are given in each case. The insects dealt with are Prospaltella {Aspidioliphagus) lounsburyi, from Madeira, which attacks the nymphs as well as the adults ; Prospaphelinus silvesirii, discovered in Sicily, where it parasitises the nymphs ; Aphelinus chrysomphaU, somewhat similar to the pre- ceding one, discovered in Spain and also occurring in Italy and Sicily ; Aphycus hesperidum. in Spain ; Aspidioliphagus citrinus, usually bred from the adults and found only in greenhouses ; ProspaUella fasciata, another greenhouse parasite ; Sig)iiphora merccti from Spain ; the Coccinellids, Chilocorus bipustukitus, Rhizobius lophanlne and R. ven- tralis ; and Lycosa rapida, fomid at Palermo, this spider being apparently more efficient than C. bipustulatus. The fungi infesting this scale are Aschersonia, Cephalosporium, Nectria, Microcera and Fusarium. Gravatt (G. F.) & Marsh.\ll (R. P.). Arthropods and Gasteropods as Carriers of Cranartium ribicola in Greenhouses. — Phytopathology, Baltimore, Md,, vii, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 3G8-373. Studies with insects, wood-lice and snails feeding on various species of the genus Ribes attacked by the fungus, Cronartium ribicola, have shown that they have a decided preference for the infected leaves. The weevil, Pantomorus fulleri, was the principal insect concerned, but the red ant, Pheidole anastassi, and the wood-louse, Armadillidium vulgare, were active on le^ives growing close to the ground. These, as well as the cockroach, Blatta orientalis, were found to be the bearers of numerous urediniospores and sporidia of C. ribicola, which under certain conditions may adhere to their bodies for at least a week. It was also found that after feeding on the different spore-stages of the blister-rust fungus, their excreta contained abundant uredinio- spores and in some cases sporidia and pieces of telial columns, and that although alimentation lessened the viability of both the uredinio- and telio-spores, animals are important agents in the dissemination and spread of this fungus. WoD5JEDALEK (J, E.). Five Yoars of Starvation of Larvae. — Science, Lancaster, Pa, xlvi, no. 1189, 12th October 1917, pp. 366-367. The last of a large number of specimens of Trogoderma tarsale, a beetle well known as a museum pest, survived ^^^thout food of any kind for 1,884 days, and probably, under less disturbed conditions would have lived even longer. The starved larvae gradually decreased in size, as did also the series of cast larval skins, but if given a good supply of food, they again grew until they attained practically the maximum larval size. 10 ScAMMELL (H.B.). Cranberry Girdler.—Z7.;S.De;)« Agric, Washing- ton, D.G., Bull. no. 554, 21st September 1917, 20 pp., 7 pi. Crambus hortuellus, Hiibn. (cranberry girdler) is a P}T:alid tbat has become increasingly injurious in recent years, large areas ot cranberry yines haying been entirely destroyed in New Jersey o\\ing to the laryal habit of feeding concealed in trash under the yines. This moth was originallv described under the name C. topiorius, which was believed to represent the European C. hortuellus in the American fauna. It is widely distributed throughout Europe, the United States and Canada, where its food-plants include grasses, sheep sorrel and the sedge, Scirpus americanus. All the injury to the cranberry vines is done during the larval, stage from early June till mid- October, being worst in late summer when the caterpillars are nearly full-grown. They eat through the bark of the runners into the wood or completely girdle the bark, being themselves concealed in the trash beneath the \nnes. This habit distinguishes them from Rhabdopterus picipes, Oliv. (cranberry root- worm), which feeds below the surface of the ground on the small roots and root-hairs. The eggs, which are laid in large numbers, are not attached to the plants, but are deposited on the trash beneath, where, owing to their minute size there is little possibility of finding them. The larvae, which emerge after nine or ten days, are rarely found in wet situations and are never found feeding in exposed positions owang to their aversion to light. Late in September or early in October they form cocoons within which they lie dormant until the follo\\'ing spring, when they pupate, the pupal stage lasting about twenty-one days. Larvae in cocoons are able to withstand the usual winter- flooding from December until April or May, or even until July, and pupae have been found alive after submergence for five or six days. The most effective control measure is autumn flooding immediately after picking the crop, when this can be done before the end of Septem- ber, at which date the larvae vnW not have spun their cocoons. If the berries cannot be removed in time to permit of this, the next best method is to retain the water over the vines until 20th July, thereby losing one crop of berries, but ensuring a clean bog and the possibility of a much heavier crop the following year. The application of a layer of sand from one to two inches deep, though expensive, is some- times expedient on bogs having peat or mud bottoms, and prevents the emergence of a large proportion of the moths. The usual methods of spraying, burning, and using repellents and trap-lights are of' no avail o^\dng to the habits of the larvae, but pruning, the removal of noxious weeds and grasses, and better cultural methods generally, very materially aid in the control of this pest. Jarvis (E.). .Experiments in Poisoning Cane-Gmhs. ~ Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, viii, Part 2, August 1917, pp. 81-82. [Eeceived 2nd November 1917.] Field experiments with poison-bait for cane-grubs on the lines of pre\nous laboratory experiments [see this Review, ser. A., iv, p. 470] have shown that the application of Paris green in even heavier doses than previously suggested have no injurious effect, but rather the 11 reverse, on the growth of the crop. A test plot, on which cowpeas phinted in trenches among sugar-cane had been dusted with copper arsenate at the rate of 24 lb. per acre and then covered over, gave quite as good results, both as regards the growth of the cane and the absence of grubs, as did neighbouring plots treated with carbon bisulphide. Fumigating a Plant Stove. — Gardeners' Chronicle, London, Ixii, no. 1610, 3rd November IDIT. p. 184. The best results are obtained when the houses are fumigated at dusk and opened on the following morning, being tightly closed mean- while, and several fumigation bowls being used to ensure an even distribution. For green aphis one application of the following is sufficient : sodium cyanide \ oz. ; phosphoric acid | oz. ; water h oz. for each 1,000 c. ft. This will not scorch any plant. For black or white aphis, thrips and scale-insects, one application of the following will suffice : sodium cyanide } oz. ; phosphoric acid \ oz. ; water 1 oz. for each l.OOO c. ft. This will not scorch mature plants. For mealy bug (Pseudococcus) and red spider (Tetranyc/ius) in a house of mixed plants, sodium cyanide 1 oz. ; phosphoric acid 1 oz. ; water 4 oz. for each l.OOd c. ft. should be used. A few of the young shoots may be affected by this, but only to a very slight extent. Damage to Wheat-stacks by Mice. — Jl. R. Soc. Arls, London, Ixv, no. 3389, 2nd November 1917, p. 830. While the whole world is in urgent need of wheat, it is being wasted in Australia owing to the lack of transport necessitating its storage for an indefinite period, during which it is attacked by mice, causing a loss of 10 per cent., and bv weevils, which in some places do even greater damage. Fletcher (T. B.). Icerya pxirchasi in Ceylon: a Warning to India. — Agric. Jl. India, Agric. Research Institute, Pusa, Calcutta, xii, pt. 4, October 1917, pp. 525-531, 1 pi. The fluted scale {Icerya purchasi) has obtained a firm footing in Ceylon, where it first appeared on Acacia spp., spreading later to Citrus. Steps are being taken to introduce its natural enemy, the Coccinellid, Xavius cardinalis, the action of which may be supplemented by spraying with red oil, lime-sulphur and kerosene emulsion sprays. The only countries at present free from this pest are India, South America and the West Indies. OsBORN (H.). studies of Life-Histories of Froghoppers of Maine. — Maine Agric. Expt. Sta., Orono, Bull, no. 254, September 1916, pp. 265-288, 13 figs. [Received 6th November 1917.] A list of the Cercopids occurring in Maine comprises : Aphrophora paraUeh, Say, and A. saratogensis, Fitch, on pine ; A. quadrinotata. Say ; Philaenus spumarius, L. ; P. lineatus, L. ; Lepyronia quadrangu- Iciris, ^a.y, Philaronia hilineata, Sny ; Clastoptera ohtusa, Say, common on alder ; C. proteus, Fitch, on dogwood; and C. xanthocephala. Germ. 12 The species dealt with in this bulletin include the meadow frog- hopper, Philaenus spumarius, which has a wide range of food-plants, comprising buttercup, yarrow, thistle, Helianthus, orange dock, daisy, clover, primrose, choke-cherry and plum, as well as several cultivated crops. The heads of the plants attacked wither and fail to produce seed. P. lineatus is a grass-feeding froghopper, preferring timothy- grass and redtop for its food-plants. The eggs of this species are e\Hdentlv laid in the autumn, probably in the stems of their food- plants ; ' the larvae hatch about mid- June, the frothy masses, which are a characteristic feature of these froghoppers, affording good protection to the nymphs during their development. From mid-July only adults are found, but oviposition is apparently delayed until about the end of August. Frequent rotation from grass to some other crop is advocated as a means of keeping the froghoppers in check, while ploughing should be done in spring or late autumn. As it is almost certain that eggs occur in the grass-stems during autumn, winter and early spring, burning the surface dead grass \\all destroy the eggs of these and many other species. The use of a hopperdozer immediately after the hay is gathered would trap recently-developed adults. Early mowing would probably reduce the numbers consider- ably, and, where the insects are abundant, the gain in later growth would probably compensate for the loss of quantity in the crop. Lepyronia quadrangular is, Say (angulated froghopper), which greatly resembles the meadow species, is neither abundant nor of economic importance in Maine. Bush and tree froghoppers include Aphrophora parallela.. Say, which is found abundantly on Scotch pine twigs ; Chstoptera obtusa, Say, occurring on alder and a variety of plants and shrubs, including white birch and hazel ; C. j^roteus, Fitch, found on a variety of plants, especially dogwood. C. xanthocephala, Germ., has been found in the nymphal stage on chrysanthemums, though the original food-plant may have been ragweed. Philaronia hilineata-, Say, is rarely found in Maine, but occurs abundantly on the vegetation of the plains in Dakota and Montana. Hinds (W. E.). Carbon Dfsulphid as an Insecticide.— C/. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.G., Farmers' Bull. no. 799, June 1917, 21 pp. [Received 7th November 1917.] Chemically pure carbon bisulphide is a clear, volatile liquid with a sweetish odour resembling that of ether or chloroform ; it does not injure or stain fabrics or food materials. The commercial variety, however, which has a yellowish colour and unpleasant odour, due to contained sulphuretted hydrogen, should not be poured directly upon food-stuffs, although its vapour will not injure them. As an insecticide it may be used against three classes of insects : — those that live underground on the roots of plants or that nest in the ground as do some Aphids, white grubs [Lachnosterna], mole-crickets, ants and others ; species that attack stored products, such as grain msects, pea and bean weevils, various domestic pests and mill insects ; and species that can not be controlled by the methods commonly employed for their near relatives, such as' various wood-borers that can not be reached mth poisons, but can be easily killed with vapours. ]3 Owing to the effect of the vapour upon the heart's action, persons with weak hearts should not take an extended share in the application of this substance. The vapours may ignite without the presence of flame at a temperature above 297° F. Carbon bisulphide is applicable only when the vapour can be cpiite closely continetl for at least 30 minutes, and since a warm atmosphere can hold far more of the vapour than a cool one, it is not advisable to work at a lower temperature than 60° F., as the higher the temperature the more active and susceptible to the gas the insects become. Vaporisation may be hastened by applying the liquid to some absorbent material hung near the top of the room or bin so that the vapours may diffuse downwards, while in large warehouses the liquid may be applied by means of a spray pump. The best material with which to render rooms or bins air-tight is heavy wrapping paper of which the edges nmst overlap, care also being taken that the corners are well fitted. The fumigation of buildings is best undertaken on a Saturday so that they may remain closed till Monday, thus allowing of the complete diffusion of the vapours. Sacked cotton seed requires special treatment [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 685]. Ants are most economically and effectively controlled by the use of trap-boxes filled with leaves, cotton seed and straw, to wliich carbon bisulphide is afterwards added ; a single trap of this kind has been found to contain 1,000 fertile queens. Colonies of agricultural ants may be destroyed by pouring the licjuid into the opening of the nest and covering the entrances with an inverted, galvanised iron tub ; from one to three ounces of liquid should be used, and the tub left in position for five or six hours. Ants infesting the surface soil, white grubs and mole- crickets may be destroyed by making holes with a stick over the area to be treated, not more than 18 inches apart and several inches deep, pouring one ounce of bisulphide into each, closing them immediately and covering the ground with waterproof canvas, paper, or wet blankets to confine the gas. The best results against Phylloxera on vines are obtained by a similar treatment applied twice at an interval of from 6-1 (t days, preferably in spring. The holes should be 16 inches from the base of the vine, and 12-16 inches deep, fresh holes being made for the second application midway between the first, and i to f oz. of the liquid being injected into each. Cabbage root-maggots [Chortophila brassicae] and their pupae may be destroyed by distributing a teaspoonful for small plants and a tablespoonful for large plants in one or two holes made not less than 4 inches from the base of the plant. Aphids on low-growing plants have been successfully controlled by evaporating the liquid under a tub which covers the plants, the liquid being used in the proportion of one teaspoonful per plant or per box of one cubic foot. Wood-borers may be killed by inserting one or two drops on a small wad of cotton and pushing it into the cavity as far as possible, afterwards sealing the aperture with wax. Clothes, woollen and felt goods and furs may be treated against clothes moths and other household insects by fumigation in a tight paper-lined trunk, while the use of the liquid in showcases, trays and boxes successfully wards off museum pests. A factor that must be taken into account in fumigation is the varying resistance of different insects, for while the bumble-bee [Bombus] succumbs in a few seconds, Bruchus {Pachymerus) 11 chinen^is, L. (cowpea wee\-il), CaJandm onjzae, L. (rice wee\'il), and Sihamis surinamemis, L. (saw-toothed grain beetle), sumve for 35, 60 and 120 minutes respectively. Experience has shown that there is practically no danger of injuring germination in seeds that have been well matured and dried before being treated with carbon bisulphide. Walton (W. K.). How to detect Outbreaks of Insects and save the Grain Crops. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C.. Farmers' Bull. no. 835. June 1917, 24pp., 14 figs. [Received 7th November 1917.] This bulletin has been written for the information of growers of cereal crops and urges the necessity for vigilance and ^-igorous action at the beginning of insect outbreaks in order to avoid a great j)art of the annual losses due to grain pests. Methods of control are discussed for Mayetioh (Phytophaga) destnictor (Hessian fly) ; Blissus leucop- Ura (chinch bug) ; Cirphis unipuncta (army worm) ; cutworms, such as LycopJiotia {Peridroma) margaritosa (variegated cutworm) ; Mehnoplus spp. (grasshoppers) : Lachwsterna spp. (white grubs) ; Sphenophorus maidis (maize billbug) and S. aequalis : Aphis nmidi- radicis (com root-aphis) ; and wireworms, such as Corymbites noxius. A dailv survev of the fields during the active growing season is recom- mended, and any serious outbreak should at once be reported to one of the federal entomological field stations of which a list is given. RoBiNSox (E.). Coccidae of the Philippine Islands. — Philippine Jl. Science, Manila, xii, Sec. D, no. 1, January 1917, pp. 1-43, 6 plates. [Received 8th November 1917.] This paper attempts to collect all obtainable information concerning the kno^vn species and available specimens of Philippine Coccidae. Though more than 70 species are recorded, it is believed that these represent only a portion of the abundant Coccid fauna of the Philip- pines. Most of the species here dealt with come from the Island of Luzon. A useful index to the food-plants of the species recorded is appended. MuiR (F.). The Derbidae of the Philippine IsXzji^.— Philippine Jl. Science, Manila, xii. Sec. D. no. 2, March 1917, pp. 49-105, 1 plate, 4 figs. [Received 8th November 1917.] The Phihppine Islands are very rich in Derbids ; the present paper records 98 species of 39 genera ;" of these 62 species are described as new and seven new genera are erected. A key to the subfamihes is given. Very httle is known of the hfe-histories of these insects, the nymphs of which are found in rotten wood or under old bark. Prou- tista nwestu, Westw., is frequently found on sugar-cane in Java, the Phihppines and Formosa. The author advocates the estabhshment of an entomological station m some such locahty as Mount Maquihng, near Manila, where 55 species of Derbids were taken. There are manv interesting problems presented by the insect fauna of the Philippines, the solution of which will mean the sa\dng of valuable crops all over the tropics. Hitherto, 15 experimental zoology has been undertaken almost entirely in temperate climates, where biologists often have to wait a whole year for one generation, while in a tropical country it would be possible to study 10 or 12 in the same period. Crawford (D. L.). Philippine and Asiatic Psyllidae. — Philippine Jl. Science, Manila, xii, Sec. D, no. 3, May 1917, pp. 163-175, 1 plate. [Received 8th November 1917.] Of the eighteen species of Psyllids described in this paper, thirteen are new, while two new genera are erected. Euphalerus citri, Kuw., was collected in southern India on Cordin cordata ; Arytuina (PsyUopa) punctipennis, Crawf., is a pest of indigo in the Orient and is probably identical with PsijUa isiiis, Buckt. : Trioza fietcheri, Cra^vf., has been collected in galls of Trewia sp. ; and T. jambolanae, sp. n., was taken on Eugenia jambolana. Ajs^derson (T. J.). Notes on Insects Injurious to Coffee. — Dept. Agric. British East Africa, Nairobi, Agric. Bull. no. 2, 1917, pp. 20-43. Swarms of Schistocerca peregrina, 01. (migratory locust) sometimes settle on coffee bushes and break the branches by their weight, while the larvae of Zonocerus variegatus, L. and Z. elegans, Thb., destroy the leaves and flowers of coffee, being controlled by the use of poisoned bait if present in numbers. The first injurious attack by thrips was recorded in 1915 when a new species, Diarlhrothrips cojjeae, Williams, caused severe damage. A spray made by steeping 6 lb. tobacco leaf in 26 gals, water for 24 hours, straining and mixing with. 2 lb. soft soap, was effective, but too expensive for use on a large scale. However an equally effective and cheaper spray composed of 5 lb. common blue soap to 40 gals, water applied twice within 3 or 4 days checked the attacks and almost wholly saved the crop. Lencoptera (Cemiostoma) coffeella, Staint. (coffee leaf-miner) has a wide distribution in the East African Protectorate, but up to the present has been regarded as a minor pest of coffee. Cutworms can be controlled in the usual ways, \'iz., by collecting, and by the use of collars and poisoned baits ; a Limacodid caterpillar [Parasa sp.) is a minor pest that can be con- trolled by hand picking. The Longicorn, Anthores leuconotus, Pasc. (white coffee borer) is a pest of coffee in Zanzibar and elsewhere in Africa, but has only once, in 1912, been reported in the Protectorate on coffee. O^^dng to its attack, the stem may be partly or entirely ring-barked, cutting off the food-supply, and the stem and roots may be tunnelled and weakened. It is best combated by the injection of a drop or two of carbon bisulphide into the holes, which should then be plugged with clay. The borer, Dirphya usambica, Kolbe, and the leaf-eating beetles, Idacantha magna, Weise, Systates irregularis, Faust, and S. cribripennis, Fairm., have also been reported. The most important of the RhjTichota attacking coffee is Antestia lineaticollis, Stal, generally treated as a variety of A. variegata, Thb. This bug in all stages pierces the leaves, young stems, berries and stalks of the berries, feeding on the juices, and experiments on its control are still being conducted ; spraying in one district with a mixture of 5 lb. arsenate of lead paste and 4 lb. sugar to 50 gals, water gave good 16 results. The eggs are parasitised by a Chalcid, which in one planta- tion completely controlled the pest for more than a year. Two other bugs, AgonosceJis pubenda, Stal, and Bagrada picta, L., have been reported on coffee, but the damage they do is slight. The worst enemies of coffee, after Antestia, are scale-nisects, which are naturally controlled by Chalcids, Coccinellids, and larvae of lace- wing flies. "The best artificial control is spraying with kerosene emul- sion made bv dissolving h lb. Sunlight soap in 1 gal. boiling water, adding the oil to the hot mixture and churning till a perfect emulsion is made. The follo\\ing spray is recommended for Coccus virid is and similar scales : resin 6 Ib.^ washing soda U lb., w^ater 9 gals. The soda is dissolved in 3 gals, water and this is brought to the boil, the powdered resin being gradually added, and when the solution froths up, cold water is added to make 9 gals. This stock solution should be diluted to make 72 gals, spray, which, to be thoroughly effective, should be used on the day it is made. BuEGESS (A. F.) & Collins (C. W.). The Genus Calosoma : including Studies of Seasonal Histories, Habits, and Economic Importance of American Species North of Mexico and of Several Introduced Species. — TJ.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 417, 25th July 1917, 124 pp., 19 plates, 3 figs. [Received 10th November 1917.] This bulletin deals with the recent study and investigation of the genus Calosoma, the authors' work up to 1915 having been a/ready noticed [see this Rei'ieiv, ser. A, iii, pp. 715-717]. The eggs which are laid singly or in groups of two or three, hatch in from 3-1 5 days, depending upon the temperature, the season of the year and the species. C. calidum, ¥., and C. reticidatum, F., have a longer egg-stage than the other species, the eggs of C. sycophanta often hatching in 3 days during very hot weather, ^n New England the various species hatch from 20th May to loth August, feed until mature upon Lepidopterous larvae and pupae, and after two moults pupate for a period of 10-15 days. The adult emerges during the latter half of July or in August, and C. calidum and G. reUculatum among other species reach the surface and feed, while C. sycophanta, C. frigidum, Kirby, and other species remain in the pupal ca\aty until the following spring before emerging and taking food. Under field conditions the adults'live for three or four years, or more, depending on their reproduction in various years.. All the species thus far reared have only one generation annually. The adults and larvae of all the species under laboratory conditions readily feed on Lepidopterous larvae and pupae, and sparingly on the immature stages of Coleoptera and Diptera. The larvae of C. sycophanta, are abundant at the time when the caterpillars of Lymaniria {Porihetria) dispar are entering the pupal stage, and, as much food is required for their development, they exert a particu- J^^^y .^^ective control on this pest. Both the adults and larvae of C. ccdidum, F., which feed on and near the ground, destroy annually large numbers of cutworms during the spring and early summer, the fact of the species being more or less nocturnal in its habits increasnig its efficiency. 17 The increase of any species of Cahsoma is limited by the possible food supply, by the adaptation of its habits to the feeding and pupation habits of its Lepidopterous host, by cannibalism among the larvae of different species in cases where the food supply is greatly restricted, and by the climbing habits of some species, which thereby assume a greater economic importance. The natural enemies of this genus include toads, skunks and various species of insectivorous birds, as well as predaceous and parasitic insects such as a bug, Podisus sp., and a Tachinid fly, Pseudatrac- tocera colosomne, Coq. In the tables which are given for determining the adults and larvae of this genus, the species included are C. si/cophanta, L., C. inquisitor, L., C. reticnlatum, F., and C. auropunctatum, Payk., imported from Europe, and C. chinense, Kirby, and C. moximoiviczi, Mor., from Japan. The bulletin concludes with detailed descriptions of 38 species, a bibliography of each being appended. CoAD (B. R.) & McGehee (T. F.). Collection of Weevils and Infested Squares as a Means of Control of the Cotton Boll Weevil in the Mississippi Delta. — U.S. Dcpt. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull, no. 564, 4th October 1917, 51 pp., 2 plates. The experiments on cotton boll-weevil control made in 1915 and iilroady noticed [see this Rcrieiv, 8er. A, iv, p. 418] were continued the following year, with the special object of ascertaining the value of various methods of collecting boll weevils [Anlhonomus grandis] and infested cotton bolls as a means of control. It was found that picking operations were a complete failure in exerting any appreciable effect on the infestation, the maximum amount of benefit being derived during a year of light infestation, as in average years there is a great excess of weevils for producing the maximum injury to the crop, and a considerable number of these can be removed without appreciably increasing the crop secured. This is especially discouraging in view of the fact that in a year of hea,vy infestation the control measure is most needed. The use of the bag-and-hoop as a means of collecting the weevils, proved to have a most injurious effect on the plants, the loss of the terminal buds due to the shaking, and the constant bending resulting in a dwarfed bushy growth. A mechanical collector driven between the rows while the plants were violently agitated was equally unsatisfactory, badly breaking the stems when driven close enough to catch the wee\"ils. As a mechanical picker seems to be the only solution of the labour problem involved in the collection of weevils and squares, this failure to give satisfactory results is very discouraging. Back (E. A.) & Grossman (S. S.). Miscible Oil versus Fish Oil Soap Sprays for the Control of Florida Aleurodids.— JL Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.. x, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 453-458. Sprajnng experiments that have been carried on more or less continuously during recent years against Aleurodids on citrus in Florida have proved beyond question the superiority of particular miscible oil sprays and standard brands of fish-oil soap. Certain home-made tC433) B 18 miscible oil sprays are recommended as being cheap and effective, and the present paper includes data secured during experiments in 1910 which form a basis for comparison between these sprays and those made of fish-oil soa^J. Table I records the influence of summer showers upon the efEectiyeness of miscible oil and soap sprays. Experiments showed that miscible oil sprays are scarcely affected by showers, except when these fall immediately after apiDlication. Showers falling 30 minutes after the oil spray had been applied had little effect upon the percentage of larvae and pupae killed, while they had a very evident effect upon the numbers killed by the soap spray. Besides being more resistant to showers, the miscible oil sprays are operative for a longer period after application, even when no showers fall. Table II records the re-infestation of foKage two or three weeks after the use of miscible oil and soap sprays. Throughout the summer months adults of both Dialeurodes citri and D. citrifolii are more or less abundant and are depositing eggs. At the time of summer spraying there are but few leaves on infested trees that do not bear a certain number of unhatched eggs of D. citri. It matters little, therefore, how effective an insecticide may be in killing larvae and pupae at the time the spray is applied, if it does not either kill the eggs or operate long enough to kill larvae that subsequently hatch from them. On trees sprayed with fish-oil soap, 9b% of the larvae and pupae were killed, but a sufficiently large number of larvae hatched after the spray was applied to cause blackening of the foliage within a short time. In a similar plantation sprayed with miscible oil, not only were an equally large number of insects killed, but the trees remained free from infestation for a much longer time. Miscible oil used in the strength If per cent, oil was found to have equal killing power with 5 and 8 lb. fish-oil soap to 50 U.S. gals, water, while its effects outlasted a second and third application of the latter spray. When the growers of citrus trees realise that it is more profitable to spray when the numbers of whiteflies on the leaves is still small, the advantage of miscible oil spray over fish-oil soap will be even more apparent in postponing future blackening of the trees and fruit by sooty mould. Safro (V. I.). How to test for the Presence of Nicotine on Sprayed Plants. — Jl. Econ. Entoni., Concord, N.H., x, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 459-461. Experiments conducted in the autumn of 1916 confirmed the conclusion, which had already been conjectured, that nicotine may be present, and continue to have some action, for a considerable time after the spray has dried and apparently disappeared from the plant. The explanation seems to be that in the evaporation of dilute solutions under ordinary temperatures the water evaporates much more rapidly than _ the nicotine, resulting in a continually increasing concentration of the nicotine film on the sprayed parts of the plant, until finally a very highly concentrated though invisible film of nicotine remains. The actual amount left may be so small as to defy any attempt to determine it quantitatively and yet may show quite distinctly in a qualitative test. The action of this film as an insecticide is as yet undetermined ; it is generally thought that it may act as a 19 stomach poison when eaten by chewing insects, or its odour may have some fumigating eii'ect. Possibly the fihn acts as a direct contact insecticide, on larvae as well as on other stages, and being so highly concentrated, may prove fatal by mere contact. Merrill (D. E.). A Clerid Larva Predaceous on Codling Moth Larvae. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 461-464. A previous note has been published on this subject [see this Revieiv, >Ser. A, ii, p. 386]. The unidentified species of Clerid referred to in that paper was subsequently kept under observation for over 22 months, during which time the larva moulted several times and ate 12 codling moth larvae out of a number supplied to it. At the end of this period the larva was very sluggish and was e\'idently preparing for pupation when it was killed and partly devoured by another larva of its o^vn species, though larvae of Cydia pomonella were present. The species was identified as Cipnatodera aethiops, Wolcott, which is said to be usually found on partly dead branches and shrubs, or hiding under loose bark. Xery little is known of the behaviour of the adults in the natural state, and though larvae have been collected from codling moth bands on apple trees, and a pupa has been found under a band in a codling-moth cocoon, there is some doubt as to the economic importance of C. aethiops in relation to the control of this moth. Clerids are mainly carnivorous, but under natural conditions this species probably does not confine its attacks to the larvae of the codling moth. Where bands are kept on apple trees in ^^dnter, the food-supply is constant and the Clerids are protected, but even under these conditions they do not appear ever to be sufficiently numerous to dispose of the codling-moth larvae present on the trunJcs on which they are found. Considering their long developmental period, their small numbers and their variable diet, the efficacy of this species in the control of Cydia pomonella is reduced to a minimum. Patch (E. M.). An Infestation of Potatoes by a Midge (Diptera, Chironomidae).— JL Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 472-473, 1 plate. In October 1913 an investigation was made into potatoes on three iarms in Maine, which were infested with the larvae of a Chirononiid •tunnelling down into the healthy tissue of the tubers. The larvae were abundant in the trails, 15 or 20 in some cases being found together. No pupae were obtained from these larvae and by the middle of November all were dead. A specific determination was not possible under the circumstances, but the larvae were thought to be probably those of Campiodadius sp. No further attack has come to the knowledge of the author and it is hoped that the infestation was encouraged by some local condition which may not recur. Dunn (L. H.). The Cocoanut-tree Caterpillar {Brassolis isthmia) of Panama. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,x, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 473-488, 2 plates. Coconut culture on the Isthmus of Panama is an important and •extensive industry, the value of which is likely to increase in the future. (C433) b2 20 The most destructive insect enemy of Cocos nucifera in Panama is the butterfly, Brassolis isihmia, which is native to the country. Injury is confined to the larval stage, when the caterpillars begin to feed midway down the leaflets, frequently eating through the mid- rib and amputating the distal end, which falls to the ground. The caterpillars fasten the ends of the leaflets together from opposite sides of the main stalk so that they extend downwards, thus forming a nest in the shape of a funnel-like bag which is lined with silk and frequently divided into several compartments. The leaflets are probably brought down into position by the weight of the large numbers present in the nests, ranging from 50 to 2,000. Injury has been known to extend to other trees, caterpillars ha\dng been observed in numbers feeding upon the royal palm, though no nests have been found in these trees. There are two broods of B. isthmia in a year. The first eggs are deposited in May and June, and those of the second generation from late October until early December. The different stages largely overlap and all forms may be found at one time. Eggs are frequently laid on the lower sides of leaves or on the trunlc of the coconut, but many are also found on buildings or in any sheltered place, protection from the weather evidently being the chief purpose in the choice of a site. They are laid in masses ranging from 150 to 300, and are covered with a clear mucilaginous substance and hatch in 25 to 30 days. Nest-building is accomplished before the larvae reach maturity. These nests, when well constructed, are generally waterproof and afford good protection from enemies, and as the larvae are nocturnal in habit and seldom appear by day, they are very difficult to deal with and may destroy all the fofiage on a tree in a few nights. During April, and again in September, the mature larvae of the two generations leave the trees and seek places in which to pupate. The pupal stage lasts from 14 to 17 days. Methods of control such as spraying are unsatisfactory owing to the habits of the caterpillars, while the application of stomach poisons would be expensive and almost useless under such conditions. The only effectual remedy is the removal of nests with the caterpillars inside ; these can then be crushed in heavy mortars or thrown on a hot fire, or may be killed by dipping in a strong contact insecticide. This is a troublesome method, the nests being lugh in the trees and requiring long extension ladders to reach them, but if done at the proper time, once during the season should be sufficient. They should be removed early and before the caterpillars have become fully grown, otherwise these ^vill have left the nest to pu^mte before it is removed. Banding the trees with a thick coat of tar or other sticky substance at some distance from the ground \d\\ prevent young ' caterpillars from reaching the leaves, if carried out at the tinie when the young larvae are hatching. Natural enemies of B. isthmia include birds, toads, lizards and ants. Parasitic msects destroy many pupae, but experiment has proved that It is the pupal stage only that is attacked, after the caterpillars have done the damage. These parasites include Chalcids, Sarcophagids and Tachimds, but unfortunately they are not peculiar to B. isthmia, merely attacking it as an accidental or occasional host. More impor- tant than any parasitic enemy is a fungus that attacks the mature 21 caterpillars and the pupae. This causes a high mortality every season, especially during a period of heavy rainfall ; probably for this reason the autumn brood suffers more heavily than the earlier one. ViNAL (S. C). Notes on the Life- history of Marmara elotella, Busck, a Lepidopterous Sap Feeder in Apple Twigs. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.U., x, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 488-496, 1 fig. Investigation into serpentine mines in the bark of apple twigs in Massachusetts has proved them to be the work of sap-feeding Tineid larvae of the genus Marmara. Adult moths, which have never previously been reared from apple, were bred in the laboratory and identified as Marmara elotella, Busck. Miners almost invariably con- fine their feeding to foUage, but a few larvae of the genus Marmara mine just under the epidermal layer of bark. Marmara salictella has been observed mining the bark of the yellow ^vi]low tree ; M. {Gracilaria) fulgidella mines in twigs of white oak and chestnut. Leaf-mining species include M. {PJiyllocnistis) smilacisella, on smilax ; M. guilmidi- nella, on Guilandia bonducella ; M. arbutiella., on arbutus trees ; and 31. opuntieUa, on Opmitia sp. An unidentified species of Marmara mines in orange peel in Southern California. M. elotella is apparently ^^^dely distributed within the State, apple twigs in many places sho^^^ng the long, narrow and tortuous mines that characterise all species of Marmara. The larvae separate the cuticle of the bark from the green bark by cutting through a row of cells. From the beginning of each mine the tunnel gradually widens as it nears completion, the average length being between 2 and 3 feet. Similar mines due to different species are found on poplar, ash and pine. The eggs of M. elotella are deposited singly on the smooth bark of apple twigs, generally on the two-year-old wood, to which they are attached by a mucilaginous secretion. After about ten days the young larvae hatch, and, AAithout exposing themselves, immediately enter the twig and begin to construct mines which extend partly around the twig before running lengthwise. After moulting twice, they hibernate in the mines, being protected from climatic changes by the dead bark covering the tunnel. In the spring they are again active, moulting again about mid-May and becoming mature during June ; they then become quiescent on one side of the mine. Hitherto all species of this genus have been described as emerging from their mines and spinning cocoons, surrounded with frothy globules, in protected crevices. M. elotella differs from these species in having a pseudo- pupal stage during which it becomes more cylindrical in shape and finally breaks away the epidermal covering of the tunnel. The spinning larva then emerges and spins a few threads, forming with the cuticle a longitudinal fold under which the white silken cocoon is spun. Upon completion of the cocoon the larva transforms to the pupa, in late June or early July. The moths emerge towards the end of July, the species thus requiring a full year for its life-cycle. An unidentified Tlhalcid parasite is an efficient control of these miners, many of its pupae being found within the cocoons of M. elotella. 22 EwiNG (H. E.). New Species of Economic Mites.— JL Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 497-501. The species of mites described in this paper as occurring in the United States, all of which are of economic importance, are as follows : Tetranychus uniunguis, sp. n., on arbor vitae {Thuja occidentalis) ; T. multidigituli, sp. n., on the bark of honey locust [Gleditsia triacanthos) ; ScUzotetmnychus htitarsus, sp. n., on bamboo ; Caligomis mali, sp. n., injuring leaves and branches of apple ; Hypoaspis armatus, sp. n., on lemon leaves ; Tarsonemus paUidvs, Banks, on cyclamen ; Monieziella bipiinctata, sp. n., on the buds of filbert. Felt (E. P.). Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer {Hemerophila pariana, Clerck.)— JZ. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 5, October ] 917, p. 502. Hemerophila pariana is widely distributed in New York State, the caterpillars skeletonising the upper surface of the leaves of apple and ha-ui;horn, drawing in a strip on each side and spinning a light web near the centre of the leaf. The work of this moth differs from that of the fall webworm [Hyphantria cunea] by the absence of the enveloping web enclosing one or more leaves. The larvae are found on apple and hawthorn in May, June and August, while caterpillars of various sizes are found on the leaves at the end of September. The caterpillars are easily destroyed by poison and, since they feed upon the upper surface of the leaf, it should be impossible for the insect to become abundant in well-sprayed orchards. Baker (A. C). The Reddish-brown Plum Aphis in New York State. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 503-504. These notes are supplementary to a recent paper by Davidson [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 408]. It is pointed out that a species of Rhopalosiphum was recorded on a plum tree near Albany, N.Y., as early as 1897. Examination of these specimens, which have been preserved, proves them to be spring migrants of R. nymphaeae. This is probably the earliest record of the plum-feeding habit of this species in America. Specimens have recently been received from Thomasville, Georgia. McGregor (E. A.). Scientific Note on Beetles Causing Damage to Cotton in Yuma Valley, Arizona.— JZ. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., X, no. 5, October 1917, p. 504. Attempts to secure a crop of cotton on 500 acres of ground in Arizona twice ended in complete destruction of the seedlings, owang to the depredations of vast numbers of a beetle, Myochrous longulus, Lee. Search in the soil revealed great numbers of these insects feeding on the under-ground portion of the cotton seedlings and also on the subterranean stems of trailing- mallow {Baccharis sp.) and especially on arrowweed {Pluchea sericea), with which the land had formerly been planted. This plant was infested to such an extent that It seems probable that it is the native host of this pest and that, following Its eradication, the beetles transferred their attentions to the young cotton plants. 23 Howard (L. 0.). A Second Importation of the European Egg-Parasite of the Elm Leaf-Beetle.— J^Z. Econ. Entmn., Concord, N.H., x, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 504-505. In 19t»8 an attempt was made to colonise Tetrasticlms xantlio- melaenae, the European egg-parasite of Galenicelki luteola (elm leaf-beetle) in the United States. The species has not however been recovered in the States since that time. In June of the present year, a number of parasitised eggs of G. luteola were imported from Montpellier, and. although eggs of the elm leaf-beetle were at the time difficult to find, the parasites were finally liberated, some in PhiladeljDhia and some at Ithaca. Another importation is promised in 1918, and the author invites notification of any wish to establish colonies next June in regions where the elm leaf-beetle is abundant. Chagnon (G.). a Preliminary List of the Insects of the Province of Quebec, Part iii — Coleoptera. — SxppJement to Rept. Quebec Sac. for the Protection of Plants, Montreal, 1917, pp. 161-277. [Received 13th November, 1917.] This list records 1810 species of beetles found in the Province of Quebec. Trehkrne (R. C). The Natural Immunity or Resistance of Plants to Insect Attack. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, iv, no, 10, October 1917, pp. 855-859. Generally speaking, native plants are less susceptible than cultivated, introduced ones to the attacks of native insects. Variations occur in all plants that may constitute a certain degree of resistance to insect attack, though it is impossible to deduce any special explanation for these. Thus Kaliosysphinga uhni (European elm saw- fly) attacks English and Scotch elms in preference to the American elms, while Gossyparia spuria (European elm scale) attacks the American elms more seriously than the imported English elms ; Euzophera semifuneralis (American plum borer) prefers the European or imported varieties of plum, though it also occurs in the native kinds ; Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot) infests the sweet and sub-acid summer varieties in preference to the acid autumn and winter sorts ; Bryohia pratensis (brown mite) is seldom found on quince or apricot, though it attacks a great variety of trees including almonds and peaches. Normal, hardy, vigorous growth is a necessary factor in developing natural powers of resistance, highly cultivated and debilitated plants being very susceptible to insect injury. The type of soil bears both directly and indirectly on the subject of insect attack, as in the case of Conotrachelus nenuphar (plum curculio), Macrodactylus suhspinosus (rose chafer), Adoxus obscurus and Fidia viticida (grape root worm) which prefer hght, sandy and gravelly soil in which they thrive, while crops grown on it do not and are therefore less resistant to their attacks. The connection between the stages of maturity of a plant and the life-history of an insect pest determines whether crops of certain varieties are injured more than others. Thus Contarinia (Diplosis) tritici (wheat midge), which has a minute and delicate o\npositor, 24 requires the wheat plant to be in a certain stage of flowering before eggs can be deposited between the glumes. The damage due to Taeniothrips inconsequens (pear thrips) depends on the degree of development of the fruit when the adults appear in the spring, early varieties suffering more severely, the same being true of Contarinia johnsoni (grape blossom midge), which damages the earlier varieties of grape. The attacks of Cijdia pomonella (codling moth) are influenced by climate and locahty, the cold backward spring of the Pacific coast delaying the appearance of the adult and reducing the damage due to it. Bryohia pratensis (apple red-spider) is favoured in its development by drought, and those trees are affected most which suffer from lack of moisture. Crops growing near woods and waste lands often suffer severely from specific troubles due to their environment, insects that may be mentioned in this connection being Syneta albkki, Cercopens artemiseae, Mimettis setulosus, various Elaterid beetles, Otiorrhynclms ovatus (strawberry root weevil) and many others. The dislike for certain plants exhibited by some species is well known, such as that of Malacosoma erosa (western forest tent cater- pillar) for the pear tree, of the cutworm, Lycophotia margaritosa {Peridroma saucia) for black currants, lettuce, etc., and of Phytometra californica (alfalfa looper) for the maize plant ; in the same way some species of apple are immune to the attacks of Eriosoma Imiigerum (woolly aphis), and some pear stocks to those of Aspidiotus perniciosus (San Jose scale). Mackie (D. B.). a Summary of the Work of the Pest Control Section for the Year 19iQ.~Philippine Agric. Review, Manila, 1917, x, no. 2, pp. 128-145. The locust situation in the Philippines is more encouraging than at any time since the establishment of the locust office, owing to the amendment of the Locust Act, which provides that all persons between the ages of 16 and 60 inclusive, shall, in time of locust outbreak, render two days a week gratuitous service to the Government in the extermination of locusts. In cases where personal reasons render this obligation inconvenient, it can be redeemed by a payment which thus aoitomatically provides a fund to defray the expenses of the campaign. The extermination of locusts is considered impossible, but thev can be kept below the point of injurious abundance if municipal officials conduct their campaigns vigorously, and, with inspectors available for use in any province, it is often possible to check outbreaks that would otherwise become widespread and serious. Investigations are in progress to determine whether the presence of certain insect pests of coconuts determines the prevalence of budrot, and it has been found that Rkynchojihorus pascha, Boh., is a persistent feeder on the decayed part of diseased trees. The chief pests of coconut palms are the rhinoceros beetle [Oryctes] and the weevils Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Oliv., and R. pascha, the latter being a particularly active and persistent pest, a single larva having been known to gnaw its w-ay from the base to the crown of a tree 14 feet in height. An outbreak of Alem-odicus destructor, Quaint, (whiteflv) was checked by the smip e bi^ drastic treatment of cutting off and burning the infested fronds. For several seasons a Limacodid, Thosea cinereamarginata. 25 Banks, has defoliated the pahns in Mindanao, while in Luzon it is innocuous, being held in check bv its natural enemies. Other minor or local pests of the coconut are the butterflies Padraona chrysozona, Plotz, and Amathusia phidippus, and a leaf-miner beetle, Promecotheca cumniingi, Baly. The tobacco pest, Lasioderma serricorne, F., has always occasioned great loss to manufacturers owing to their prejudice against treating their products chemical]}'. However an apparatus has now been devised by means of which all beetles in tobacco products can be killed, whether in the egg, larval, pupal or adult stage. The process consists in heating the tobacco to a temperature higher than the vapour tension point of water at a pressure of 28 inches, after which air is pumped out till a 28-inch vacuum is registered by the vacuometer. The result is that the water content of all bodies is thereby changed to the gaseous form, thus causing the death of all insects. A sugar-cane borer, probably Diatraea venosata {striatalis), has been noted in two provinces, but is evidently controlled locally by some native parasites, as it has never reached the point of injurious abundance. Proutisla (Phenice) moesta, Westw., has been very abundant, causing extensive damage by sucking the juice from the leaves, while two species of leaf-hoppers have been held in check by natural enemies. The death of a large number of abaca plants [Musa textile] was found to be due to a wee\dl. Cosmopolites sordid us, Germ., a common local banana pest, the only means of controlling which lies in the destruction of the affected plants. The rice pest, Schoenobius incertellus, Walk, {punctellus, Zell.) has never been present in numbers sufficient to cause damage in districts where the entire plant is destroyed after harvesting. Hand-picking the infested stems as soon as the head turns white destroys the larvae and forms an effective control. The only remedy against the rice-bug, Leptocorisa acuta, Thunb., seems to lie in delaying the planting of quick-maturing varieties so that the entire crop will ripen at the same time; otherwise the earlier crops are attacked and rendered valueless. During the year the follo\\nng insect pests have been intercepted : Hemileia vastatrix and Coccids on plants and cuttings from Java ; Ourculionid larvae in seeds from Costa Rica ; CurcuUonid and Dipterous larvae and mites in seeds from British India ; Coccids on plants from Japan ; Pyralid larvae and moths from Mauritius and {^traits Settlements ; Bruchids and Curculionids in seeds from Hawaii ; Aphids and Coccids from Japan. A phase of pest control work that has yielded good results consists of lectures on Prodenia litura, F. (tobacco worm), Idiocenis dypealis (a leaf-hopper attacking the mango blossom), and a Tortricid web- worm attacking the young leaves ; these are delivered in the native dialect of the town in which the inspectors are operating. Fernald (H. T.). Department of Entomology. — Twenty-ninth Annual Report Massachusetts Agric. Expt. S(a., Boston, January 1917, 78a-79a. [Received Uth November 1917.] During 1915 the ravages of Otiorrhynchus ovatus, L. (strawberry crown girdler) were recorded, but the methods of treatment adopted 26 successfully checked further injury in the following year. In the course of 1916 frequent inquiries were received about bean weevils [Bruchus], white pine weevil [Pissodes strobi], gipsy moth [Lymcmtria dispar], red-humped apple-tree caterpillar [Schizura concintia], carrot- rust fly [Psila rosae, ¥.], grape plume moth [Oxyptilus periscelidactylus], pear midge [Contarinia pi/rivora] and tarnished plant bug [Lygvs pratensis]. Aquatic Dipterous larvae collected in a millc can were also received during the year. BowELL (E. W.). Larva of a Dipterous Fly feeding on Helicella itala. — Proc. Malacological Soc, London, xii, pt. 6, November 1917, p. 308. Some Dipterous larvae recently found destroying a mollusc, Helicella itala, in Surrey have been bred out and found to be those of Sarcophaga 7iigriventris, Meade. HoBLEY (C. W.). Life-History of the Coconut Beetle. — Jl. E. Africa & Uganda Nat. Hist. Soc, Nairobi, vi, no. 11, March 1917, pp. 189-190. [Received 15th November 1917.] Oryctes monoceros is a great pest in the coconut plantations on the coast in East Africa. The adult beetle bores into the trunk to oviposit, and the larvae hatch out and feed on the interior of the stem, retarding its growth and often killing young plants. The duration of the egg- stage is 12 days, that of the larval stage 3 months, of the pupal stage 40 days, while the length of adult life is unknown. Clausen (C. P.). Citrus Culture in Japan, China and Formosa. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vi, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 379-383, 3 figs. In Japan much injury is done to citrus trees by whiteflies and various other insect enemies. The control of scale-insects is usually attempted by fumigation, but this is proving a very expensive method. The process is generally carried on in the daytime, oiled paper tents being used instead of canvas ; these are cheaper, but less durable, and require constant patching. In China the insect pests of citrus are not nearly so numerous or destructive as in Japan and it is very seldom that infestation is serious. A large Cerambycid borer, however, has been known to cause extensive injury, the larvae boring into the trunk and larger branches and frequently girdhng the tree. The only remedy is to cut out the larvae with a knife. ViCKERY (R. K.). The Selection of Petroleum Insecticides.-— JM^?/. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vi, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 384-387. This paper discusses the various forms of petroleum insecticides and the importance of selection with a view to possible injury to plants. The concentration of oil in water must be the minimum "that will kill the insect, so that injury to the plant may be as slight as possible. The question of application of the oil is simply mechanical where 27 plants are not concerned, as in the control of mosquito larvae, house- hold pests, etc., but where plants are involved, dilution with water into the form of an emulsion is necessary. The simplest form of an emulsion is produced by the mechanical agitation of oil and water until a momentary emulsion is formed ; this must be applied to the plant before it breaks up again into its constituents. Most of the eumlsions used for spraying are rendered more or less permanent in character by the addition of a third substance, known as the emulsifier, which must be colloidally soluble in the dispersing liquid. Soap, which is colloidally soluble in water, is the usual emulsifier in petroleum insecticides, though other substances, such as iron hydroxide, soluble silica, zinc sulphide and gelatine all give excellent emulsions. The function of the emulsifier is to form a layer or pellicle around the oil drops to keep them from coalescing, though how this is effected is still a matter of conjecture. The author has found that heat is absorbed in the formation of an emulsion which would indicate a molecular rearrangement, and this is further demonstrated by the fact that in a true emulsion, where there is a maximum of oil emulsified in a minimum of water, the viscosity of the resulting emulsion is always greater than that of its component liquids. In making a spray emulsion, the emulsifier is added to the water and the oil then added gradually. If the emulsion is to be very much diluted, the oil can be put in all at once. It is necessary to follow this general scheme in order that the emulsion shall contain the oil in the form of drops. For spraying purposes, an emulsion approaches perfection as the drops become smaller and more uniform in size, the emulsion being much more stable with, small even drops, while the application is more uniform, thus increasing the insecticidal power of the spray. There is also less fear of scorching the plant when no drops of free oil can gather. Up to a certain point the addition of more emulsifier ^^^ll decrease the size of the drops. The minimum size of the drops seems to be a function of the oil. The method of determining the size of the drops, by means of a compound microscope equipped \nth an oil immersion lens and an eye-piece micrometer, is described. The so-called miscible oils are a commercial preparation in which the emulsifier is held in the oil either by suspension or by colloidal solution. These miscible oils when mixed with water make excellent emulsions, but it is difficult to make a uniform product and the price at which the oil is sold makes it uneconomical for orchard use. Davidson (W. M.). The Pear Woolly Aphis.— ilM?t/. Biill. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vi, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 390- 396, 2 figs. The biology of Eriosoma ]}i/ricola, Baker and Davidson (pear woolly aphis), which until recently has been confused with E. lanigerum, Hausm. (woolly apple aphis), has previously been dealt with [see this Revietv, Ser. A, iv, p. 369]. The root Aphids suffer very little from natural enemies, a single Scymnus larva being the only predator observed by the author, while no parasitic enemies have been encountered. Against this Aphid, fumigation of the trees in air- tight boxes is recommended, 1 oz. sodium or potassium cyanide being used to each 100 cubic ft. of space, the process lasting 45 minutes. For 28 orchard spraying, miscible oil, kerosene oil emulsion and distillate oil emulsion proved successful. Miscible oil was efficacious m the strengths of 1 : 12 and 1 : 20, but 1 : 28 was only partially successful. Kerosene emulsion succeeded in the strengths 10, 15 and 20 per cent. Distillate oil emulsions at 3, 4| and 6 per cent, were efficacious, rather more than one U.S. gal. of wash being required for yearling trees. Carbon bisulphide, 20 cc. per tree, was injected in four places at from 8 to 12 inches from the trunlv with good results, but there is some danger to the trees from the use of this insecticide. Treatnient of infested trees in April or May is recommended, followed by examination during July and August and, if necessary, by a further treatment Manure round the trees helps to retain moisture and assists in combating this Aphid on heavy soils. Hecke (G. H.). Mealybug Control.— Mf%. Bull. Gal. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, vi, no. 10, October 1917, p. 397. In consequence of the representations made by the citrus growers of southern California, a sum of about £1,000 has been allocated by the State Board of Control for the campaign against the citrophilus mealv bug [Pseudococcus citroj)hilus]. This fund ^^ill be expended, firstly, in work with natural enemies and the control of the Argentine ant [Iridomyrmex humilis], and, secondly, in the demonstration ol orchard control methods in co-operation with the Citrus Experiment Station. Hundley (J. B.). Sulphur Injury in Yucaipa, 1917.— Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vi, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 402-407. The week 12th to 19th June, 1917, following the time when the orchards of Yucaipa were extensively sprayed, was remarkable for a heat wave which was unprecedented in recent years, the temperature being 10 degrees higher than ever before known in the district, while the heat was accompanied by a desert wind, both dry and hot. This hot spell followed an exceptionally cold and rainy spring. The weather conditions are emphasised because they seem to have been the main factor in the spray-injury recorded. During the four years of work against the codling moth [Cydia pomonelki], red spider and mildew, the same sprays have been used without any injury to fruit ; in the present case no injury was apparent until the fifth day of the hot spell, which was from 10 to 20 days after the spray was applied. The leaves were then observed to fall in large numbers, while the fruit, where exposed to the sun, was severely scorched. The fruit continued to develop round the scorched area, but was badly misshapen. A great difference in susceptibility was noticed among the varieties of fruit. Tables are given showing the compositions of the sprays used, and it is evident that in practically every case where sulphur was used injury resulted, the brand employed apparently making but little difference. In no case was arsenate of lead, either with or without soap, found to cause any injury. A study of the results of these sprays indicates that there is danger in the use of sulphur in any form during the growing period. Lead arsenate-sulphur-soap sprays seem fairly 29 safe in dry climates when the temperature does not exceed 100°F. ; above that point there seems to be an element of risk. It was noticed also that the most severe scorching occurred where the vitality of the trees was low, either owing to poor soil, lack of moisture or other unfavourable soil conditions. The injury under consideration seems therefore to have been caused by a combination of conditions, namely, sulphur, lack of vigour in the tree, and unusual heat. Brosius (F. C). Wormy Pears are condemned in Sacramento County. — Mthlif. Bxdl. Col. State Co)mmss. Hortic, Sacramento, vi, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 408-410. The pear crop of 1917 in Sacramento was unusually abundant, but was hea\a]y infested with the larvae of codling moth [Ci/dia pomonellu], the exact cause of the severity of the infestation being unknown. Entire consignments were sorted and repacked at the docks before shipment ; a memorandum gives the percentage of infestation in each box coimted and the number of boxes in each consignment that were condemned. It is intended in future not to allow over 3 per cent, infestation in any packed box of pears. Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of July, 1917. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacrainento, vi, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 413-414. The follo\\ang pests were intercepted : — From Central America : Aspidiotus cyanophylli, A. cydoniae, Chrysomphalus scutiformis and Pseudococcus sp., on bananas. From China : Weevil larvae in sweet potatoes ; Lepidopterous larvae in dried herbs ; weevil and Lepi- dopterous larvae in dried potatoes ; weevils in roots. From Hawaii : Diaspis bromeliae and Pseudococcus hromeliae on pineapples ; Coccus longidus on betel leaves ; Trypetid larvae in mangoes and string beans ; weevils in seed pods. From Japan : Coccids on a pot plant. From Mexico : weevil larvae in beans ; Calandra sp. in maize ; unidentified Lepidopterous larvae in dried bananas. From New York : Diaspis boisduvali on orchids ; Saissetia^ oleae on Cycads. From New Jersey : Hemichionaspis aspidistrae on sago palm ; Diaspis boisduvali on orchids ; Gymnaspis aechmeae on Vriesia speciosa ; Aspidiotus cyanophyUi on Ananas sativus (pineapple) ; Pseudococcus sp. on Medinilla magnifica and dracaenas ; Eucalymnatus tesselhtus on palm. From Connecticut : Pseudococcus sp. on ornamental plants. From Pennsylvania : Saissetia hemisphaerica on gardenias. From South Sea Islands : Pseudococcus sp. on palms. From Tahiti : Coccids on oranges. Gernert (W. B.). Aphis Immunity of Teosinte-Corn Hybrids. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., xlvi, no. 1190, 19th October 1917, pp. 390-392. Aphis maidi-radicis (maize root-aphis) and A. maidis (maize plant- aphis) are two very destructive species, there being probably no maize-growing region of importance in N. America that is free from the former, which sometimes causes total failure of the crop in limited areas. From eleven to twenty-two generations have been found in one season, and it is estimated that each individual hatched in the 30 spring mav give rise to 319 billion offspring and 3 trillion eggs in the season. Hence the importance of the fact that Eachnea mexicana (teosinte) pollinated by Zea indentata (yellow dent corn) gives rise to a hybrid which is totally immune to attacks of these Aphids. This is probably due to the fact that the leaves of teosinte are tougher and with more serrate edges, and the sap of the plant is sweeter than that of Zea indentata. UvARov (B. p.). 063op-b fltflTenbHOCTM M-fecTHbiXTi opraHMaauJM no dopbet CTj BpeflMTeJlflMM B"b 1914 rofly. [Review of the Work of local Organisations for the Control of Pests in 1914.] — ^« CejlbCKOe XoSflilCTBO M Jl'feC0B0flCTB0.» {^Agriculture and Forestry], Petro- grad, ccliii, January- February 1917, pp. 131-151. [Received 16th November 1917.] In 1910 there were only four Entomological Organisations in Russia (Simferopol, Kherson, Kharkov and Kiev), while in 1914 their number had increased to 21 permanent stations and bureaus, in addition to which entomological branches existed at five Agricultural Experiment Stations and in some Governments entomological work of a temporary nature was carried on. The total number of persons holding permanent appointments in the 21 establishments was 58, the staff usually including also a few temporary assistants engaged for the summer months. No exact data are available as to the cost of the local organisations, but they may be assumed to average £600-£700. Investigations on the local fauna and flora formed an important part of the work of the local organisations. In the majority of cases these were carried out by members of the staff and in some districts special observation points were established. The author advocates the expansion of the latter type of investiga- tions, as giving full and precise data on the life-history of a given pest. The stations and bureaus also collect information on pests and injuries to plants by means of a more or less developed system of local correspondents, in which respect special mention must be made of the Poltava Bureau, which in 1914 had no less than 597 correspondents. The entomological organisations also conducted investigations on the pests specially injurious and dangerous in their respective districts and made experiments with various remedies and insecticides. Their practical work consisted in popularising knowledge of pests and their control by means of posters, pamphlets, lectures and demonstrations, in organising hiring stations for sprayers, etc., in replying to inquiries and generally advising the population, and, in some cases, in active participation in the campaign against various pests, of which large outbreaks occurred. ycTae-fa H)iKHO-PyccKaro 3HTOMOJiori44ecKaro OdmecTsa. [The Foundation of the South Russian Entomological Society], Odessa, 1917, 7 pp. The South Russian Entomological Society was founded in April 1917, for the purpose of studying theoretical and apphed entomology. The headquarters of the Society is at Odessa, the President being Prof. D. K. Tretiakov and the Secretary Mr. A. V. Anutchin. The Society invites kindred organisations in other countries to conununicate with it with a view to arranging an exchange of publications. 31 The Threatened Plague of Locusts. — Jl. Bd. Agric. British Guiana, . Demerara, x, no. 3-4, April- July 1917, pp. 203-205. [Received L 20th November 1917.] The destructive South American locust, Schistocerca paranensis, has suddenly made its appearance in various parts of British Guiana and a notice has been issued by the Government economic biologist for general information, giving some account of the life-history and habits of this species and requesting that every effort should be made to destroy the swarms immediately on their appearance. Its favourite food-plants are said to be sweet and bitter cassava, maize, tannias, rice and sugar-cane, as well as a number of weeds. The methods of control advocated include the collection, digging up and destruction of eggs and kilUng the hoppers at night, when they are found in dense masses, by surrounding them with dry foliage soaked in kerosene oil and burning them, or by driving them into a trench about 2 ft. \Wde and 3 ft. deep into which kerosene has been poured and which can then be ignited. A solution of 4 lb. arsenate of lead paste in 50 gals, water sprayed over the vegetation in the immediate line of advance of the locusts is very efficacious in killing them, while 1 lb. arsenite of soda dissolved in 4 gals, water with the addition of 2 lb. molasses has been found most successful in other paiis of the world. Paris green in the proportion of 1 lb. to 5 lb. of lime may be dusted on the leaves on which the locusts are feeding. All poisons should be applied in the early morning. The absolute necessity for taking immediate action as soon as the swarms appear is emphasised, otherwise the entire cultivated areas of the colony are threatened. Baker (A. C). Life-History of Macrosiphum illirioisensis, the Grape- vine Aphis. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, B.C., xi, no. 3, 15th October 1917, pp. 83-89, 2 plates. This paper describes the various forms of Macrosiphum ilUnoisensis, Shinier, of which M. viticola, Thos., is a synonym. This Aphid is \\idely distributed in the more southern of the United States. Eggs are deposited generally during October upon the twigs of Viburnum, prunifolium, the favourite position being close to the buds ; these hatch during late March and early April, giving rise to the stem- mothers. The young Aphids at once begin to feed on the buds and later assemble in the flower clusters and devour the blossom stems ; they also feed to some extent on the twigs and leaves. The five instars of this form are described. Spring migrants apj)ear in the second generation and are most abundant in the third in early May, after which they gradually decrease. These migrants fly to wild and cultivated grapes, being sometimes observed a mile distant from Viburnum. Summer wingless forms occur in great abundance throughout the summer, as many as seven generations frequently reaching maturity by 1st July, while the mnged forms mature a day or two later. Both forms do considerable damage to vines, attacking the growing clusters and causing the berries to drop while still small and green. The growing shoots and leaves are similarly attacked and retarded in their growth. Intermediates between the summer winged 32 and wingless forms have been found on grapes. The winged forms produce "an average of 6 young a day; the wingless from 6 to 10. Autumn migrants are produced upon grapes durmg early October, and during the following week are found depositing oviparous females upon Viburmm. The males are produced a little later than the autumn migrants, but are frequentlv found on Viburnum before the oviparous females are mature ; during this period they feed upon the Viburnum leaves. Each oviparous female after pairing lays from 3 to 6 eggs. Maziekes (A. E. de). Culture de la Pomme de Terre sur le Littoral et dans les Regions 61ev6es pendant et apres la Guerre. [Potato Cultivation on the Coast and in the hilly Regions during and after the War.] — Rev. Hortic. de VAlgerie, Algiers, xxi, no. 8-9, August-September 1917, pp. 131-142, 8 figs. [Received 22nd November 1917.] PJitkorimaea operculella does considerable damage in potato tubers set apart for seed, causing rapid decomposition among them. As a preventive, the potatoes should be sprayed ^vith an arsenical mixture. As a check to the increase of the moth, all infested tubers should be destroyed by burning. Any sprouts appearing on the tubers should be cut off, as these are selected by the moths for o\aposition. The crop should not be left long on the ground, while all contaminated leaves and field refuse should be carefulh' burnt. A sj^ecies of Tylench us attacks potatoes, but causes less damage to that crop than to tomatoes, beans or onions. Experiments with a Parasitic Fungus of the Cacao Thrips. — Rep. Agric. DepL Grenada, 1916-1917; Barbados, 1917, pp. 11-12. Experiments with the fungus, Sporolriclium globuliferum, which has been found to infest the cacao thrips {Heliothrips rubrocinctus) [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 250, and v, p. 268] have been continued. Cultures of the fungus were sprayed over infested trees in the cacao plot, and also on cacao plants in boxes. Considerable numbers of adult thrips were killed, while many nymphs and adults were found parasitised by the fimgus. It is considered that the measure of success attending these experiments justifies more extensive trials in the field, for which arrangements are being made. Insect Pests and Diseases.— i?ej3^. Agric. Dept., Grenada, 1916-1917 ; Barbados, 1917, pp. 12-13. The cacao thrips [Heliothrips rubrocinctus] was unusually numerous on cacao between September and December, 1916, after which the infestation gra'dually diminished, disappearing by the end of March. Leaflets were subsequently distributed among planters, reminding them of the importance of control measures before the next outbreak should occur. It is probable that experiments wiih. Blackleaf 40 will be made on some estates. The froghopper, Tomaspis saccharina, Dist. , although not a serious pest of sugar-cane in Grenada, caused consider- able damage in certain localities. Clean cultivation in the sugar-cane 33 fields is recognised as an important factor in preventing froghopper attacks, while the green muscardine fungus [Metarrkizium anisopliae] is very useful in keeping the pest in check. Diatraea saccharalis (sugar-cane moth-borer) seriously damaged maize in certain localities. Suitable control measures, including the protection of an insect parasite of the eggs of D. saccharalis, were carried out. Thermesia gemmatalis (woolly pyrol moth) was found in the larval stage destroying the foliage of horse beans {Canavalia ensiformis), but the attacks were of short duration. A Scol}i:id, probably Xylehorus sp., was observed boring in dead cacao twigs, but had probably begun its attack after the tvdgs, were dead. Diaprepes abbreviatus (root borer) in the adult stage has damaged Hme trees by eating the leaves ; these weevils had probably migrated from sugar-cane among which the limes grew, after completing their development in sugar-cane roots. Collecting the weevils, which fall to the ground when the trees are shaken, is being tried as a means of reducing their numbers. The snow scale [Chionaspis citri] and purple scale [Lepidosaphes beckii] have also injured limes ; at one station insecticides have kept these pests under control ; at another, natural control by the fungus Cephahsporiiim. lecanii has proved sufficient. This fungus is now distributed throughout the island and, where climatic conditions are favourable, is exercising a very noticeable measure of control over the shield scale [Coccus nmngiferae] on mangoes and the green scale [Coccus viridis] on limes. Aspidiotus destructor (Bourbon scale) has been very prevalent on coconut leaves ; cutting and burning badly infested leaves and spraying those left on the trees have given good results. Pseudo- coccus sp. (mealy bug) is not at present a serious pest, but steps should be taken to control it before it becomes more abundant. Plant Legislation in Grenada. — Eept. Agric. Dept. Grenada, 1916-1917 ; Barbados, 1917, pp. 29-30. This paper reviews the legislation passed during the years 1905-15 as precautionary measures against the introduction of plant pests and diseases into the island. MuNRO (R. W.). The Cultivation of Liberian Coffee.— ^^nc. Bull. Fed. Malay States, Kuala Lumpur, v, no. 11-12, August-September 1917, pp. 431-438. In discussing the possibility of reviving the cultivation of Liberian cofiee, the author remarks that this crop has been out of favour for so long that it is not possible to conjecture what enemies are awaiting its reappearance in the event of its again being cultivated. In embarking upon such an enterjDrise growers should work on more scientific lines than the early colfee planters were able to do, and, as a prehminary, clean-clearing of the sub-soil timber should receive the consideration it deserves. Undoubtedly the bee hawk-moth [Cephonodes hylas, L.] would again appear as a pest of the cofiee, and as a precautionary measure against its spread it is suggested that no large areas be planted without dividing belts. (C433) o 34 Forbes (S. A.)- The Relations of Ecology and Economic Entomology. —Jl Ecology, Cambridge, v, no. 2, June 1917, p. 119. The author argues that the methods and principles of ecology are fundamental to the study of economic entomology, which deals with the interactions, actual and possible, between insects and man, and that teachers of the latter should base their special courses on ecological pre-requisites. Hood (J. D.). An Annotated List of the Thysanoptera of Plummer's Island, Maryland. — Insecutor Inscitiae Mensiruus, Washington, D.C., V, no. 4-6, April- June 1917, pp. 53-65. The sixty-nine species of thrips dealt with in this paper include : Limothri'ps cerealium, Hal, feeding exclusively on grasses and cereals ; Franhliniella fusca, Hinds (tobacco thrips), injurious to shade-grown tobacco in the South ; F. tritici, Fitch (wheat thrips), probably the most abundant species in North America ; Anaphothrips ohscurus, Miiller (grass thrips), abundant and destructive in Europe and North America, producing the familiar " silver-top " on many species of grasses ; Scolothrips sex-maadatus, Perg., a species predaceous on mites ; Thrips tabaci, Lind. (onion thrips), a very injurious cosmopolitan species ; Haplothrips statices, Hal., an abundant and destructive species, described by Osborn under the name H. nigra, but identical with the European H. statices ; Zygothrips americanus. Hood, occurring throughout the year under loose bark of every species of tree examined ; Trichothrips anomocerus. Hood, often abundant under sycamore bark, and found under bark of grape ; Rhynchothrips tridentatus, Shull, a conmion species on various oaks ; R. salicarius. Hood, found at the base of young willow shoots, where it deforms the young leaves and retards the gro^vth of the trees ; Leptothrips tnali. Fitch {Cryptothrips aspersus, Hinds), often seen preying on Aphids ; Idolothrips coniferarum, Perg. , abundant on red cedar ; and Neothrips corticis, Hood, occurring abundantly under apple bark. Dyar (H. Q.). Miscellaneous New American Lepidoptera. — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruiis, Washington, D.C., v, no. 4-6, April-June 1917. pp. 65-69. This paper deals with seven new species, including Vehilius sacchariphila, sp. n., bred from larvae on blades of sugar-canes ; Datana diffidens, sp.n., defoliating oaks; and Eucymatoge spermaphaga, sp. n., reared from larvae in cones of Abies concolor. GiRAULT (A. A.). New Australian Chalcid-flies (Hymenoptera, Chalci- didae). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., v, nos. 4-6 -& 7-9, April-June & July-September 1917, pp. 92-96 & 133-155. [Received 10th November 1917.] This systematic paper deals with 10 new genera and 44 species, 3.5 of which, together with one variety, are new. The species dealt with include Coccophagus lejitospermi", sp. n., reared from galls on Leptospermum flavescens ; Bardylis australiensis, How., from Myti- Uspis on Euphorbia ; B. australicus, sp. n., reared from Aspidiotus 35 rossi, A. nerii, and Parlatoria proteus on Ficus ; Apterotrix dubia, sp. n., from Fiorinia on Acacia ; Aph/cus coccidiphagus, sp. n., from Rhizococcus (?) on Leptospermum ; Bavanusia margiscuteUum, sp. n., from Lepidosaphes {MytUaspis) casuarinae, Mask., on Casuarina ; Zaommoencyrtus poeta, sp. n., reared from a supposed Psyllid larva under the bark of Eucalgphis ; Amiscogaster ruskini, sp. n., reared from a species of Icerya ; Dibrachys austrolia, sp. n., reared from the larvae of Gydia pomonella ; Euryloma casuarina,e, sp. n., reared fi'om galls on Casuarina; Acerafoneuromyia australia, sp. n., associated with the fruit fly ; Dinoura eucalypti, sp. n., reared from a Chalcid in galls on Eucalyptus; and Parachry Somalia secunda, sp. n., from turpentine galls. Thompson (AV. R.). Sur un Dlptdre parasite des Isopodes terrestres {Pliyto melayiocephala, Meig.). [On a Dipterous parasite of terrestrial Isopods.] — C. R. Soc. Biologie, Paris, Ixxx, no. 16, 20th October 1917, pp. 785-788, 7 figs. It has long been suspected that some flies pass their larval stages parasitically in certain terrestrial Isoj)ods. In 1840 the larva of Stevenia umbratica, Fall., was recorded as parasitising Oniscus asellus,Jj., another species, S. atranientaria, Meig., being reported from the same host. In 1903, some Dipterous pupae were found in the empty skin of an American Isopod ; and in 1908, from two pupae found in the Isle of Wight in specimens of Oniscus asellus, the adults of Phyto inelanocephala, Meig., were reared. In this note the author deals with four species of woodlice, Porcellio scaber, Latr., Oniscus asellus, L., Armadillidium vulgare, Latr., and Philoscia muscorum. Scop., from the neighbourhood of Portsmouth, in the last two of which no parasites were found, while the others yielded larvae of Phyto melanocephala. The parasite penetrates the body of its host probably towards autumn, and hibernates in the first or second stage according to the size of the host, the third larval stage being entered upon at the beginning of summer, except in the case of those that have hibernated in the first stage, the development of which is slower. After feeding on its host, the parasite pupates in its skin, in which stage it is itself often attacked by an Ichneumonid, and the adult fly emerges a fortnight later. Parasitism by this form results in the atrophy of the genital organs of the host. The author deals at length with the anatomy of the three larval stages and shows that the first of these closely resembles Sarcophaga and Onesia, from which, however, it differs in many important particulars. It also shows a striking resemblance to the larva of Digonichaeta setipennis, but differs from all other Muscid parasites of Arthropods so markedly as to constitute a type at present unique. Malenotti (E.). I Nemici natural! della " Bianca-Rossa " {Chrysom- phalus dictyospermi, Morg.). [The natural Enemies of G. dicty- ospermi.] — Separate, dated 29th October 1917, from Redia, Florence, xiii, no. 1, pp. 17-53, 2 plates. The natural enemies of Chrysomphalus dictyopermi, Morg., hitherto recorded are a fungus, a predaceous Trombidiid mite, six predaceous 36 beetles, and several parasitic Chalcids. Little practical value attaches either to the Cladosporiuin fungus, or to the Trombidiid mite, Alhlhromhium gymnopterorum. Of the Coccinelhds, three are species that have been imported into Italy, namely, Bhizohius hphantae, R ventralis and Orcus chahjhaeus. Up to the present their practical importance has not been proved. The indigenous species are Chihcorus hipustuhtus and Exochomus quadripustuhtus, and the Nitidulid, Cyhocephdus mfifrons, Reitter. C. hipustuhtus is unimportant in Italv because its increase there is checked by two parasites, Tetrastichus epihchiae, Giard, and Honmlotylus jlaminius, Dalm. ; in Spain it appears to be a useful enemy of the scale. A description of the seven Chalcid parasites of C. dictyospermi occupies the greater part of this paper. The four ectophagous species, Aphycus hesperidum, Mercet, Signiphora merceti, Malen., Aphelinus chrysomphali, Mercet, and A. silvestrii, De Greg., are accidental enemies, at least as concerns C. dictyospermi. Of the endophagous species, Aspidiotijjhagus citrimis, How., is usually also an accidental enemy, A. hunsburyi, Berl. and Paol., is still being tested, and the very recent discovery of Prospaltella fasciata, Malen., taken (together with A. citrinus) from C. dictyospermi on Sansevieria arhorescens at Florence, precludes any estimate of its practical value. AMiile awaiting the help of natural enemies recourse must be had to insecticides, of which Del Gj^ejcio's colloidal polysulphide of calcium has proved to be the best. Full directions for preparing this spray have already been given [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 146]. ]yiALEXOTn(E.). Gasca hizonica, Malen., n. sp., Endofago di Schizaspis lobata, Ckll. e Rob. [Casca luzonica, sp. n., an endophagous Parasite of Schizaspis lobata.] — Separate, dated 9th November 1917, from Redia, Florence, xiii, no. 1, pp. 73-76, 6 figs. Casca luzonica, sjp. n., which is described and figured in this paper, is a parasite of Schizaspis lobata, Ckll. & Robinson, infesting the leaves of Ficus nota in the island of Luzon, Phihppines. ScHOEVEES (T. A. C). Biologische Bestrijding van schadelijke Dieren. [Biological Measures against injurious Animals.] — Wa.geningen, 1917, 8 pp. This paper, read on 24th April 1917 before the Society of Natural Science at Wageningen, comprises a brief review of the utiKsation of beneficial insects against injurious species. ScHOEVERs (T. A. C). Wormstekigheid in Appelen en Peren. [^^orminess in Apples and Fears.] — Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, Wageningen, xxiii, no. 4, August 1917 ; Bijblad, pp. 1-14, 2 plates. [Received 15th November 1917.] This paper contains full instructions for combating Cydia {Carpo- capsa) pomonella in HoUand. The use of band-traps is advised, especially those m which depressions have been stamped into both sides of thick paper. Winter spraying with carbolineum is a very simple and cheap means of combating this pest, but until all growers 37 adopt it, spring spraying with lead arsenate must be continued in order to protect the fruit against indi\nduals that have not been killed in winter. Tits render valuable aid in destroying this moth.^ Injury to apple by the saw-fly, Hophcampa testudinea, Klug, and to pear by H. brevis, Htg., closely resembles that caused by C. fomonetla. The destruction of infested fruit is the only known check on these pests. Apples are sometimes, but only rarely, attacked by Argyresthia conjvgeUa, Z. RiTZEMA-Bos (J.). De Koolzaadglanskever {Meligethes aeneus, L.)- [The Seed-Cabbage Beetle.]— Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, Wageni?!- gen, xxiii, no. 4, August 1917 ; Bijblad, pp. 22-24. [Received 15th November 1917.] In'reply to an enquiry the author expresses the opinion that cabbages for seed may safely be re-planted in ground where the previous crop has been destroyed by Meligethes aeneus, L., because this beetle constantly occurs on cabbage and becomes dangerous only when the growth of the plants is retarded by drought or by inclement weather. Furthermore, as soon as the flowering of the cabbage is over, the beetle migrates to other plants. Bernard (C). Over eenige Ziekten en Plagen van de Thee op de Oosfkust van Sumatra. [Some Diseases and Pests of Tea on the East Coast of Sumatra.] -i¥eie(^. Proefstalion voor Thee, Buiten- zorg, no. 54, 1917, pp. 1-21, 7 figs. The first section of this paper deals with the^root diseases of tea and the second is devoted to various pests of this plant. These include a black Aphid, Curcuhonid beetles and the mites, Tarsojiemns trans- Ineens, Eriophyes (Phytoptus) camiatus, Tetranychus biocuhtus, and Brevipalpus obovatus. The larvae of Cania bilinea, which feed on the tender tissues of the leaves and twigs, have caused serious loss in some plantations and another Limacodid, Belippa bohor, also damaged the foliage. The larvae of Att/icus atlas and Chaerocampa. alecto were seldom seen, but Stauropus alternus (lobster caterpillar) was collected in large numbers. The larvae of Ophiusa melicerta and Euproctis latifascia are only of occasional occurrence. It is necessary to watch for and destroy immediately, Clania variegata, C. crameri^ Acantho- psyche snelleni and other Psychids. In a nursery the author has also observed a very small species of Acanthopsyche, probably A. subter- albatu, which has already been noticed on Albizzia. and tea in Java. Parasa lepida, Dasyckira mendosa, Thosea recta and T. cenv'rjo were also seen. Zeuzera coffeae (red borer) sometimes injured the young twigs. Leaf-rollers also occur, but are not to be feared so long as the tea plants are vigorous. The looper caterpillar, Buzura [Biston) suppressaria, is also unimportant. The larva of Lawana, which sometimes infests GreviUea, is only very exceptionally found on tea. In spite of all the measures adopted in Java the tea-seed fly [Adroma determinate., Walk.] is still imported into the East Coast of Sumatra and might become dangerous were it not for the ease ^^ith which it can be controlled [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 434]. The third section deals with Helopeltis and Pachypeliis, both of which may develop into serious pests of tea on the East Coast of 38 Sumatra. Helopeltis sumatranus was noticed on Uncaria (gambir), as was also recorded by Koepke some years previously. This species attacked leaves of tea which were placed in a cage wdth Uncaria leaves, and as no preference was shown for the latter, it is evident that tea is a suitable food-plant. Helopeltis antonii was observed on Eugenia malaccensis. A species of Pachypeltis, beUeved to be P. humeralis, was seen on many plants {Vitis, etc.) growing near tea and in some instances the tea foliage had been attacked, though not seriously. While it is by no means certain that these three species will prove injurious in Sumatra, where the tea plants are very vigorous, co-operative preventive measures should not be neglected. The importation from Java of cacao pods and of tea, cinchona and cacao plants should be prohibited in order to restrict the introduction of Helopeltis antonii and to prevent that Of other species of Helopeltis and of Pachypeltis vittiscutis. The vigorous growth of gambir and tea should be promoted and these plants should be thoroughly pruned in the manner suggested by Leefmans [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, p. 416]. The fourth section of this paper deals with. Brevipalpus ohovatus (orange mite) which in Java causes serious damage on estates at or above an altitude of 3,300 feet. In Sumatra the plantations are below that limit, so that serious injury need not be apprehended. Preventive measures are advised, however, on the first appearance of this pest in the high-lying estates, in some of which infestation of some consequence was observed. Appended to this paper is a circular on Helopeltis sumatranus by Mr. A. A. H. Rutgers, Director of the Experiment Station of the East Coast of Sumatra Rubberplanters' Association. Though H. sumatranus has been found only on gambir up to now, experiments showed tea leaves to be attacked three times as nmch as gambir leaves. The occurrence of this Capsid in plantations may be detected by observing the presence of small (2-3 mm.) black spots on the very young leaves. The insect itself is best sought for early in the morning and is easily recognisable from the presence of a spine projecting from the back between the base of the wings. A second appendix is a systematic paper by S. Leefmans entitled " Some Capsids found in Sumatra," which describes the three species dealt with in the third section of this paper. Riviere (C). Extraits des Proces-verbaux des Stances g6n6rales de la Soci§t6 : Entomologie. [Extracts from the Minutes of the General Meetings of the Society : Entomology.] — Bull. Sac. Nat. Accli- mat. France, Paris, Ixiv, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 401-402. The spread in Northern Africa of some insects that have become endemic is occupying considerable attention. Phylloxera is spreading to such an extent that European vines are rapidly disappearing and the reconstruction of the vineyards with American stocks is an urgent necessity. A polyphagous Coccid, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinnulijera, Walk, {minor, Berl.), is a serious pest on orange- trees and on the small-leaved species of Ficus, and resists every form of treatment, which is in any case difficult on large trees. The author contends that laboratory methods should be abandoned and some practical method sought for the control of this pest and also for the 39 olive fly, Dacus oleae, which so severely infested the trees in 1916 that in some localities the crop had to be gathered unripe. Ceratitis capitata, Wied., which is now endemic, infests many fruits such as oranges, mandarines, persimmon, etc. A useful insect that gives rise to the gall so much sought after in Morocco for the preparation of leather, has now been determined as a species of Erioj)hyes \E. tlaiae] [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, pp. 191, 291]. In any case, the planting of tamarisk is only advantageous if the insect is imported with the plant, which has not always been the case. d'Utra (G.). Enfermedades del Algodonero. [Diseases of Cotton.]— Rev. Agricola, Bogota, iii, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 592-596. This is part of a popular article on the following four insect pests of cotton in Brazil: Alabama argillacea, Heliolhis ohsoleta {armigera), Pectinoph&ra {Gelechia) gossypiella, and Anthonomus grandis, the first two species being dealt with here. FuLLAWAY (D.), Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xiv, no. 9, September 1917, pp. 258-259. [Received 27th November 1917.] During the month of August the beneficial parasites distributed were 750 Opius fletcheri (melon fly parasite) ; 45 Galesus ; 400 Tetrastichus ; and 3,650 Paranagrus (corn leaf -hopper egg-parasites). Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Ins^Qciion.—H atvaiian Forester & Agricullurist, Honolulu, xiv, no. 9, September 1917, pp. 259- 261. [Received 27th November 1917.] During the month of August 40 bags of rice from Japan infested with the rice weevil [Calandra oryzae] and Tenebroides mauritanicus (meal beetle) were fumigated with carbon bisulphide for 48 hours. Other pests intercepted were Prenolepis longicornis, a nest of these ants being found in a crate of vegetables ; the peach moth on peaches and Aphids on ornamental plants from San Francisco ; Psyllids on forest trees from Australia ; and a scale-insect on coconuts from Fanning Island. Four boxes of turnips infested with radish maggot [Chortophila brassicae] were ordered to be dumped at sea. Sanders (J. G.). Crop Pest Controls.—Pennsylvania Dept. Agric, Bur. Econ. Zool., Harrisburg, Circulars nos. 3 & 4, 22nd June 1917 & 15th September 1917. These two circulars contain reprints of a series of notes on crop pests that have appeared in the " Weekly Press Bulletin " of Pennsylvania and have already been dealt with in this Revieiv. 40 LEGISLATION. The Pest Act in Mysoie.—Planters' Chronicle, Bangalore, xii, no. 40, 6th October 1917, pp. 500-501. The passing of the Destructive Insects and Pests Regulation in Mysore has provided that State with the first legislation of this nature that exists in India. The text of the Bill is quoted verbatim ; it applies to the whole of Mysore, the Government having the right to declare any specified area or locality within the State to be infested. The Government may order the seizure, inspection, disinfection or destruction of any crops that are declared infested, and may provide for the treatment or destruction of such crops within a notified area, granting adequate compensation in suitable cases. Orders may be issued prescribing the cleansing and disinfection of infested areas, forbidding the planting or re-planting of any particular crop within a notified area, prohibiting the movement temporarily of crops, soil, manure, etc., in or out of a notified area, and taking general measures for preventing the spread within the State of any plant disease. Penalties are to be inflicted for any infringement of these regulations. Agricultural Legislation in Pennsylvania.— Leaflets nos. 124 & 236. [N.D.]. [Received 10th December 1917.] An Act approved on 17th May 1917, which is given verbatim, forbids the manufacture, sale or transportation within the Common- wealth of adulterated or misbranded Paris greens, lead arsenates, lime-sulphur compounds, and other insecticides and fungicides, and regulates the trade in these commodities, providing for their inspection and imposing fines for any infringement of the law. A further Act, approved on 29th June 1917, which is quoted in full, provides for the protection of agriculture and horticulture by preventing the introduction into and the dissemination within the Commonwealth of insect pests and diseases injurious or harmful to plants or plant products. The inspection of nurseries is provided for, the necessary quarantines are established and penalties are imposed for infringement of the Act. The Sweet Potato Root Weevil. — Agric. News, Barbados, xvi, no. 405, 3rd November 1917, p. 347. It has recently been recorded that Cylas formicarius (sweet potato root weevil) has lately become established in cei-tain districts in the State of Florida. A public notice haa now been issued by the State Plant Board of Florida declaring C. formicarius an insect pest that is likely to attack sweet potato plants, vines, slips, cuttings, draws and tubers and morning glory {Ijmmoea sp.) vines and roots. Certain areas within the State are declared to be infested and the movement or shipment of any of the above parts of these plants from the infested areas is prohibited. Sweet potato tubers may, however, be shipped after fumigation under the inspection of the Plant Board and when securely sacked and shipped in tightly closed cars in carload shipments. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exehange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS, PAGE. The Organisation of Economic Entomology in U.S.A. . . . . 1 Bruchus sp. infesting Lentils in France. . . . . . . . . . 1 The Bionomics of the Teplirosia Beetle in Java . . . . . . 2 Plemeliella ahietina, a Pest of Fir-seed in Germany . . . . . . 5 An Outbreak of Eurydema oleraceuvi in Germany . . . . . . 6 Eriophyes loewi infesting Elders in Germany . . . . . . . . 5 Pests of Leguminous Vegetables in Germany . . . . . . . . 6 Measures against Eriaphyes vitis in Vineyards in Germany . . . . 6 Pests of Currants in Germany . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 The Action of the Salivary Secretion of Aphids on Plant Cells . . 0 Phlydaenodes sticticalis injuring Tobacco in Rumania . . . . . . 7 The Habits of Cheimaiobia brumata in Forests in Germany . . . . 7 Bark-beetles in Forests in Germany . . . . . . . . . . 7 Notes on the Life- History of the Birch Beetle, Scolytus ratseburgi, in Germany . . Biological Notes on Xyloterus signatus . . Notes on combating Hylobhis abietis in Germany DiastropJius rubi on Easpberries in Germany . . A List of Parasites of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi Arthropods and Gasteropoda as Carriers of Gronartium ribicola in Greenhouses . . The Resistance of Trogod&rma tarsale to Starvation The Bionomics and Control of Crambus hortueHus in U.S.A.. . Experiments in Poisoning Grubs infesting Sugar-cane in Queensland Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid in Greenhouses in Britain Pests of Stored Wheat in Australia The Danger of the Introduction of leery a purchasi into India Froghoppers and their Control in Maine Carbon Bisulphide as an Insecticide Precautions against Pests of Cereals in U.S.A. CocciDAE of the Philippine Islands The Derbidae of the Philippine Islands Philippine and Asiatic Psyllidae Insects Injurious to Coffee in British East Africa The Bionomics of the Genus Calosoma in U.S.A. Experiments in combating Anthonomus grcmdis in Mississippi The Advantages of Miscible Oil for spraying Citrus against Whiteflies in Florida 9 9 10 10 11 11 11 11 12 14 14 14 15 15 16 17 17 CONTENTS— com. Testing for the Presence of Nicotine on Sprayed Plants? A Clerid Larva predao^ous on Codling Moth Larvae . . The Infestation of Potatoes by a Midge in U.S.A. BmssoUs istJmiia infesting Coconuts in Panama The Bionomics of Marmivra eloteUa infesting Apple Twigs in Massachusetts New Species of Economic Mites in U.S.A. The Apple and I'horn Skcletoniser, Eemerophila pariana, in U.S. A Bhopal'>f'inh'"o "■"'■^"haeac in Now York .. Mtiociu'dj':^ lacking Cotton Seedlings in Arizona A rJccoLid .L.„^ __ jjT of the European Egg-Parasite of the Elm Leaf-Beotie into U.S.A. A Preliminary List of the Colooptera of Quebec The Natural Immunity of Plants to Insect Attack in British Columbia Insect Pests in the Philippines in 1916. . Insect Pests in Massachusetts in 1916 . . . . SarcopJwga nigriventris infesting Molluscs in England Oryctes monoceros infesting Coconuts in British East Africa . . Citrus Pests in Cliina and Japan The Selection of Petroleum Insecticides Measures against Eriosoma pyricola in California The Campaign against Fseudococcus citropMlus in California The Scorching Effects of Sulphur Sprays in Hot Chmates . . Cydia pomonella infesting Pears in California . . Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California . . The Immunity of Teosinte-Maize Hybrids to Aphids in U.S.A. Tlie Organisation of Economic Entomology in Russia The Foundation of the South Russian Entomological Society Precautions against Schistocera paranensis in British Guiana The Life History of Macrosiphwn illinoisensis, the Grapevine Aphis, inU.S.A PMliorhnaea operculellu infesting Potatoes in Algeria . , Experiments with a Parasitic Fungus of the Cacao Thrips in Grenada Miscellaneous Pests in Grenada . . . . . . Pla,nt Legislation in Grenada The Cultivation of Liberian Coliee in the Malay States The Relations of Ecology and Economic Entomology A List of the Thysanoptera of Plummer's Island, Maryland New American Lepidoptera New Australian Chaloids . . Dipterous Parasites of Terrestrial Isopods The Natural Enemies of Ohrysomphalus dictyospermi in Italy Oasea ktzonica, sp. n., a Parasite of Schisaspih Ichata in the Philippines The Utilisation of Beneficial Insects Measures against Oydia pomonella in Holland . Mdigctlies aeneus infesting Cabbage in Holland Pests of Tea in Sumatra , . Insect Pes is in Northern Africa . . Cotton Pests in Brazil Beneficial Parasites distributed in Hawaii Pests intercepted in Hawaii Circulars on Insect Pests in Pennsylvania Plant Pest Legislation in Mysore Plant Pest Legislation in Pennsylvania Legislation respecting Cylas formicarius in Florida PAGE. 18 VOL. VI. Ser. A. Part 2.-pp. 41-88. FEBRUARY, 1018. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES a: agricultural ISSUED BT THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF XNTOMOLOaT. LONDON : SOU) BT THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 89, QUEEN'S GATE. S.W. 7, Priee 0«l. not. All Rights R68erv«d. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. l>onorarp Cotnttiittee or manadentenn VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chahtnan. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director. Tropical Diseases Bureau. Mr. E. C. Bleck, C.M.G., Foreign Office. Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Burgeon-General Sir David Bruce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D.. Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R Stewart MacDouoall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton. F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J Read. K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Mr. Hugh Scon', Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F,R,S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Sir Stewart Siockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of A^cultuie. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice- Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C Warburton Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominiona Js an ex officio member of the Committee. (Bcncral Secretary. Mr A C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director an& JE&ttor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, BBgistant Dfrector. Mr. S. A. Neavb. Bead 0^c€.- British Museum (Natural History). Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. PubUcaiim Office.- S9, Queen's Gate. London. 8.W. 7. 41 Fryer (J. C. F.). Insect Pests of Basket Willows.— JZ. Bd. Agric., London, xxiv, uo. 8, November 1917, pp. 844-852, 9 figs. Few plants are more subject to the attacks of insects than willows or osiers. The more destructive species occurring in Great Britain include several Aphids, which are perhaps the most serious pests, as by sucking the plant-juices they stunt both leaves and rods, as well as coating the leaves with honey-dew and thus encouraging sooty mould. Some of the common species, such as Siphocorijne capreae and S. pastinaceae, have certain Umbelliferous weeds for alternate host- plants, e.g., hemlock, wild parsnip, etc., these should therefore be carefully eradicated. Aphis scilicet i and Pterocomina pilosa are also abundant on the leaves and shoots, while Melanoxantherium salicis is the most common species on the rods. Willow beetles include PhgUodecta vitellinae and P. vidgatissima, which first appear in spring and early summer, when they attack the developing shoots and leaves, causing great injury by eating into the growing point of the rod. Eggs are laid on the under-surface of the leaves, which the larvae devour until fully developed, when they drop to the ground and pupate. There are two overlapping broods in a year, the adults of the second generation hibernating in rubbish on the ground or in crevices in pollard willows and attacking willows again in the following spring. GaleniceUa lineola is similar in life-history and • habits to Phyllodecta spp. , but hibernates in damper places. Cryptor- rhgnchus lapathi (willow weevil) has been previously described [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 192]. It attacks alder as well as willow, and in addition to the damage to the rods by adult beetles, the larvae injure the stumps. Aromia 'moschata (musk beetle) is not a serious pest, although a conspicuous insect ; it feeds in pollard willow trees and in old willow stumps. Pteronus (Nematus) salicis and other sawflies are very occasionally found damaging willow leaves in Great Britain. Pontania gcdlicola and similar species are the cause of the red and green galls so often found on willow leaves ; the larvae live in the gall and, when fully fed, make their way out and pupate in the soil. The injury is seldom serious. The caterpillars of several moths feed on willow, but few of these are injurious to any extent. In Somerset, Hypermecia cruciana and Depressaria conterminella do some damage, the larvae spinning nests at the tips of the gro'^v^ing rods and feeding on the buds and leaves. Some moths, such as Trochilium bembeciforme (willow hornet clear- wing) and Aegeria (Sesia) formicaeformis (red-tipped clear^dng), in the larval stage live mainly in the stumps, pupate in the burrows and emerge as adults in June and July. Several species of midges produce galls in the terminal buds. There are generally two generations in a year and it is believed that the winter is spent in the larval stage within the galls. Rhabdophaga {Cecidomyia) heterobia and R. (C.) rosaria are both gall-forming midges, while R. (C.) saliciperda (willow wood midge) burrows in the rods, the larvae pupating in the burrows. General control methods may be used against several of these pests. Direct measures against beetles or caterpillars involve the use of some kind of poison spray for the leaves. Lead arsenate has been tried, but (C442) Wt.P5/131. 1,500. 2.18, B.&F,.Ltd. Gll/3. 42 on basket willows in Britain has proved a complete failure. A nicotine-soap solution has been found efl&cient, and this is also the best contact insecticide for Aphids and destroys to some extent the moth caterpillars in the shoots. Sometimes as many as three api^lications are made, but if the willows are well sprayed in late May or early June, it is seldom necessary to spray again in the same year. A form of the Continental apparatus by means of which insects are shaken ofE the trees into trays might be of service in the case of Cryj)torrhynchi(s lapathi, against which sprays are useless. Against the midges causing " button top " no successful treatment has been found, but assuming that the insects pass the winter in the buttons it is undesirable that infested rods should be left in the neighbourhood of the beds until the late spring, when the midges will emerge and attack the new crop. Precautionary measures include the burning of all rubbish, old bark, etc., during the wnter, while old pollarded mllows should not be allowed to remain close to ^villow beds, as they are invariably infested by willow-feeding insects of ail kinds. Neglected and decayed willows, poplars or alders are all undesirable in the neighbourhood of willow beds. Willow stumps that are partly dead or weak should be removed and burnt as soon as the rods are cut. Storey (G.). Machines for the Treatment of Cotton Seed against Pink Boll Worm {Gelechia gossypiella, Saund.) — Minist. Agric, Cairo, Tech. & Scient. Service, Bull. no. 14 (Entom. Sect.), 23rd July 1917, 29 pp. [Eeceived 23rd November 1917.] The question of destroying the larvae of Pectino'phora {Gelechia) gossyjnella (pinli bollworm) in cotton seed has occupied the attention of the entomological section of the Ministry of Agriculture in Egypt since 1912, and since the passing of the law which makes the treatment of cotton seed against this pest compulsory, a great many suggestions for machines for treating cotton seed have been received. These are all briefly described in this paper. Fumigation is frequently objected to on account of the poisonous nature of the gases used and the danger involved in the process. The fumigating machines described include the Ministry of Agriculture's original machine [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 505], and one proposed by M. Gayet, both involving the use of carbon bisulphide ; M. Mosseri's fumigator, and an adaptation of the iVmerican baled cotton fumigator, both employing hydrocyanic acid gas. and a machine proposed by Messrs. Wells and Hayman, in which the fumes from the distillation of cotton sticks are used as the killing agent. With regard to hot-air machines, some general problems in connection with this method of treatment are discussed. The difficulty of answering the question as to what temperature kills the larvae and what length of time is necessary, is illustrated by a table recording experiments which show the mortality of the caterpillars at difierent temperatures with various methods of treatment. Examination of these results leads to the conclusion that if seed be maintained for five minutes or more at the maximum temperature actually reached by the seed containing the larvae, the latter are killed at temperatures from about 124° F., upwards. If, however, the seed be immediately cooled after reaching its maximum, a temperature of at least 140° F. is 43 necessary. With regard to the minimum temperature that is fatal to the larvae and injurious to the seed, Table II gives a similar set of figures for the germination of treated cotton seed to those given in Table I for the mortality of the caterpillars. The results indicate that proxnded neither the whole mass of seed nor individual seeds are heated to a higher temperature during the treatment, wet seed can safely be raised to a temperature of 140° F., and dry seed to a temperature of at least 150° F. without affecting germination. More- over, seed at these temperatures can safely be sacked in spite of the slow cooling of cotton seed in bulk. Questions regarding the controlling of the temperature during treatment are discussed. The machines considered in detail are classed as follows : — (1) Machines in which the seed is heated by a current of hot air. These include the Ministry of Agriculture's hot-air machine [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 472] ; the Hess Drier, which is a modification of an American machine used for conditioning maize, and which, while being the most economical of all to run, promises, with slight modifica- tions, to prove satisfactory. The Neumancantelli hot-air machine is an ingenious device consisting of six cylinders on a revolving base, which at definite intervals is moved round automatically until each cylinder occupies the position held previously by the one next to it, so that the seed is treated in six stages. Unfortunately, it was found impossible in practice to get a sufficiently rapid current of air to raise the temperature of the seed at a reasonable pace. The inventor of this machine has since submitted another design, in which the seed is passed do\vn a series of revolving discs and travels from the centre to the circumference of each, passing altogether over a distance of 40 to 45 metres on the surface of the discs. No machine of this kind has been completed, but it seems probable that, in its present form, the seed may remain too long in direct contact with, the steam-heated surface of the discs and thus become damaged. (2) Machines in which the seed is heated by radiation from steam pipes. These include the Domains' machine [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 505], and Matsouchis' (Planta's) machine, consisting of a series of long axles with radiating blades, arranged one above the other, alternate axles revolving in opposite directions. During its j ourney from blade to blade the seed is heated by radiation from steam tubes. This machine is not yet completed : the heating by radiation should involve less danger of overheating individual seeds, but a disadvantage lies in the necessity for a very much larger heating surface for the same output. (3) Machines in which the seed is heated by direct contact with metallic heating surfaces. These include Simon's machine [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 491] ; Lenzi's machine, which is the simplest form of seed-heating, consisting of a long, narrow cylinder, steam- jacketed all round, in which revolves an axis with propeller blades that force the seed from one end to the other. Seed treated at 132° F. showed complete mortality of the larvae, but about 5 per cent, of the seed was damaged, probably by too long contact with the heating surface. By keeping the seed in more rapid motion this defect should be remedied and the machine found satisfactory. Macri's machine, which is very similar to the above, gave satisfactory results, though some minor improvements are recommended. Baker's machine is also similar, but the cylinders through which the seed passes, instead of (C412) a2 44 being heated individually by steam-jackets, are heated collectively in a gas-oven. No machine of this type has yet been erected, but it should prove satisfactory and particularly easy to control, the maintenance of a steady temperature in a gas-heated machine being a very simple matter. The Egyptian Engineering Co.'s (Murdoch's) machine is a somewhat novel type, which has been erected experimentally. It consists of a central heating cylinder surrounded by an outer cylinder, the space between being divided by longitudinal partitions into three sections, along which the seed is propelled by means of oblique flanges fixed on the inner surface of the outer cylinder. Five divisions are suggested as an improvement on three. The machine is said to be cheap and easy to construct, but would be rather more bulky than most of those described above. Further experiments with Dell's Mechanical Cleaner [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 505] confirm the opinion that this machine is not to be recommended for treatment against the pink bollworm, but might prove very useful for separating good seed from bad. Bats as Guardians of Cotton. — Agric. News, Barbados, xvi, no. 405, 3rd November 1917, p. 344. A correspondent from Bahia, Brazil, has found the best method of dealing with boUworms, cutworms and other larvae of night-flying moths, to be the establishment of colonies of insectivorous bats. A dark hut, with a few cross poles near the roof, will soon attract numbers. Colonies have been established in this way in Texas for the purpose of combating mosquitos and at the same time for producing guano [see this Review, Ser. B, i, p. 176]. In cotton districts it might be worth while to try a similar experiment. It must be remembered, however, that the fruit-eating bats would be useless for this purpose, and experimenters, who would find them more abundant in the West Indies than the smaller insectivorous species, must be careful not to encourage them. HuTSON (J. C). The Pink Boll Worm {Pectinophora [Gelechia] gossy- fiella, Saunders). —^^rnc. News, Barbados, xvi, no. 405,3rd November 1917, pp. 346-347. This paper comprises a resume of the life-history and distribution of the pink bollworm, PectinopJiora gossi/piella, with some account of the losses caused by this important pest of cotton. In 1911, it was estimated that the annual loss in India due to this moth was £2,000,000. In a future paper it is intended to refer to the measures that have recently been taken in the British West Indies to guard against the introduction of the pest into the islands. The Black Weevil Borer of Bananas.— ^^'ric. News, Barbados, xvi,, no. 405, 3rd November 1917, p. 347. With reference to the suggestion that sliced banana bulbs may be used, as a trap for the banana weevil. Cosmopolites sordidus [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 435], it is stated that such traps are now in use m several locahties in Jamaica and in one place as many as 2 quarts of weevils were collected by this means on an area of half an acre.. 45 111 this way the presence of the pest and its distribution throughout the islands may also be ascertained. It is hoped that experiments in this direction will be made by agricultural officers wherever possible. The employment of good cultural methods is resulting in an appreciable reduction in the numbers of the borer in what were previously badly infested districts. Baker (A, C), On the Chinese Gall (Aphididae— Horn.). — Entom. Neivs, Philadelphia, xxviii, no. 9, November 1917, pp. 385-393. 1 plate. The galls produced by an Aphid on Rhus semialata have for many centuries been an important article of commerce in China, where they are employed in dyeing and tanning and in native medicines. They have also been largely exported and at present are one of the principal ingredients of the dyes used for sealskin in London. Although the product is well known, literature relating to the insect causing the galls is scattered and difficult of access. This paper brings together the chief information published about this Aphid, which is compared with the alhed American species. There are many references to this Aphid in Chinese literature, particularly medical, dating back to the 16th century. The hfe-history of this species in Japan was studied in 1910 by Sasaki. A stem-mother was taken forming a gall on the under-surface of a leaf petiole in May. These stem-mothers produce 17 or 18 young. By the end of June the galls are divided into chambers ; projections then begin to appear on the galls, usually with two young in each. Towards the end of August the galls contain numerous females of the second generation and many young of the third ; in October, young of the fourth generation are present and nymphs begin to appear. During October and November the galls open and the alate forms escape. It is thought that this occurs when male winged insects are developed, this generation forming new galls in the following spring. This insect was described by Bell in 1848 as Aphis chinensis. Walsh, in studying a Virginian species allied to A. chinensis, in 1866, erected the genus Melajihis with M. {Pemphigus) rhois. Fitch, as the type, this species forming a bladder-like gall on the under-side of the leaves of Rhus glabra. The life-history, habits and structure of the American and Chinese species referred to are so similar that the latter must also be placed in this genus. A bibHography of 35 works is given. Tucker (E. S.). Outbreaks of the Elegant Looper {Philtraea elegan- taria, Hy. Edw.) on Privet in Louisiana (Lep.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xx\dii, no. 9, November 1917, pp. 394-396. In May 1913 a severe infestation of a Geometrid caterpillar, Philtraea elegantaria, was observed on Amur privet {Ligustrum amurense). The adults appeared in June. Hymenopterous parasites destroyed a large proportion of the pupae, the most important being Chalcis ovata, Say, and Eutelus sp. A Tachinid parasite, of which only one female specimen was observed, proved to be Euphorocera claripennis, Macq. 46 Davidson (W. M.). Early Spring Syrphidae in California and a new Pijiiza (Dip.).— Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxviii, no. 9, November 1917, pp. 414-419, 1 fig. Among the Syrphids dealt with in this paper, Pipiza calif ornica, sp. n., is described. The larvae are aphidophagous, a male fly having been reared from a larva found feeding upon Pemphigus pojndicauUs, Fitch. Ballard (E.). Notes on the Life-History of Megacoelum stramineum, VJa\k.-~ Madras Agric. Dept. Year Booh 1917, Madras, 2nd February 1917, pp. 83-87, 2 figs. The Capsid bug, Megacoelum stramineum, presumably occurs all over India and in the Madras Presidency is commonly found on cholam (Andropogon sorghum), on which it feeds, ovipositing in the ripening grain. The injury it does is not so great as that caused by another bug, Calocoris angustatus, with which it is nearly always found, and which damages the immature and unfertilised florets. Cholam grown under irrigation during the hot weather does not appear to be heavily infested, but the insect has been found hiding in the central leaf- whorl of young cholam and cumbu, and has been observed on various other crops such as ground-nut and gingelly [Sesamum indicum). The eggs, which are provided with a conspicuous white ridge or collar, part of which forms a tag-like prolongation, under natural conditions are laid one in each grain. They hatch in 6 or 7 days and maturity is attained in 10 or 11 days after five moults ; the females are very prolific, the number of eggs deposited by each being from 150 to 200. No effective methods have yet been devised for destroying or checking this pest, and with the exception of an Acarid found infesting an adult female in one case, no natural enemies have been recorded. Eao (Y. E.). Adisura atkinsoni, Moore. — Madras Agric. Dept. Year Book 1917, Madras, 2nd February 1917, pp. 87-91, 1 fig. This Noctuid moth is a pest of Dolichos lablab throughout the Madras Presidency where it also attacks red gram {Cajanus indicus) to a small extent. The eggs are laid singly either on the pods or on the flower- buds and hatch in three days. The caterpillar, which is full-grown in eight days after four moults, is capable of doing much damage, often attacking several pods in succession. It may be easily distinguished from the larva of Heliothis (Chloridea) obsoleta, which also feeds on lablab and red gram, by its comparatively smooth skin and its habit of entering bodily into the pods. In from 4-6 days the larva leaves the pod and pupates in an oval earthen chamber in the soil, the moth emerging 11 days later. It breeds only in the cold weather, following the habits of lablab and red gram w^hich fruit only during the cold months. The caterpillar is parasitised by a yellowish Braconid (? Rhogas sp.), which IS itself attacked by a Chalcid hyperparasite. 47 Ramakrtshna Ayyar (T. V.). A new Pest of the Coconut Palm on the West Coast, ContJieyla rotunda, Hmp. — Madras Agric. Dept. Year Book 1917, Madras, 2nd February 1917, pp. 91-96, 2 figs. The Limacodid moth, Coniheyla rotunda, although known to coconut cultivators for several years as doing insignificant damage to the leaf-tips, had never been recorded as a pest until December 1915, when reports of damage due to it were received simultaneously from some seaside villages in the Cochin State, and from south Malabar, a second outbreak in the latter district occurring in February 1916. The caterpillars are gregarious and in bad cases skeletonise the coconut fronds, the more mature leaves of older trees being chiefly affected. The life-history is as yet imperfectly known. The eggs are laid in groups on the leaf-surface, each adult female being capable of producing from 50 to 170. They hatch in about four days, the full-fed larva constructing a brown shell-like cocoon within w^hich it pupates, a generation from egg to adult taking approximately six weeks, while there are at least two generations in the year. So far no other host-plant has been found, though it is not unlikely that other palms may serve this purpose. A Chalcid and a Braconid parasite have been found attacking the larvae. The easiest and most practicable method of control is that carried out by the natives, which consists in cutting away and burning the affected fronds early in the season. Spraying with arsenate of lead is impracticable in the case of large trees with mature foliage, which are the only ones that the pest attacks. Ramakrishna Ayyar (T. V.). Note on the Egg-laying Habits of the Agathi Weevil, Alcides bubo, Fb. — Madras Agric. Dept. Year Book 1917, Madras, 2nd February 1917, pp. 97-99. Alcides bubo, F., has often been noted as a serious pest in betel vine gardens on Sesbania (agathi), where the latter is grown as a standard for the vines, while it also feeds on Cyamopsis (cluster bean) and indigo in S. India. The eggs are laid in incisions in the tender shoots. The same stem or shoot may be attacked several times, as this weevil is present in the field in all stasfes at all seasons of the vear. Baker (A. C). The Correct Name for our Apple-Grain Aphis. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., xlvi, no. 1191, 26th October 1917, pp. 410-411. The author is of opinion that more than one species occurs upon grains and grasses under the name of Aphis avenae, F. One of these migrates to apple and related trees, on which eggs are laid, this species being A. prunifoliae. Fitch. Another species, the oat aphis, migrates to bird cherries in Europe and must be known as A. padi, L., of which A. avenae, F., is a synonym. The species now known as A. cerasifoliae. Fitch, migrates to grains and grasses as does A. padi, and is possibly the same species. The present treatment of A. prunifoliae as a synonym of A. cardui, L., is incorrect. 48 Benedict (R. C). An Outline of the Life-History of the Clothes Moth, Tineola biselliella.— Science, Lancaster, Pa., xlvi, no. 1193, 9tli November 1917, pp. 464-466. Careful examination extending over a period of four years has led to the conclusion that the extensive damage which is done in connection with the fur and woollen trades in New York is due to Tineola biselliella, while the case-forming clothes moth, Tima, is of comparatively rare occurrence. Adults emerge from cocoons in June and July, breeding taking place immediately after emergence and being followed by oviposition ^^'ithin 24 hours. Single females lay from 30 to 160 eggs, the average number being 40-50. The eggs are attached among the threads of cloth by some adhesive substance. On hatching the larvae immediately begin to spin a case or passage several times the length of the body, in which they live, a new one being made on a change of feeding place. Larval growth is completed in 10 weeks, the pupal stage lasting for 2 weeks, though all stages may be indefinitely prolonged by factors such as the failure of food-supply, and cold. As regards remedies, those against the winged adults are worse than useless, and repellents such as tobacco and cedar oil are ineffective in any stage. The larval stage and the eggs can be killed by camphor and naphthaline in closed places, but kerosene and gasoline fumes are not effective, neither have experiments on poisoning the larvae by treating cloth and fur materials met with any success. Smith (H. E.). Five New Species of North American Tachinidae. — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxiv, no. 5, October 1917, pp. 137-141. The new species described in this paper include Homoeonychia ra'pae, bred from Pieris (Pontia) rapae. King (H. H.). The Pink Bollworra {Gelechia gossypiella, Saunders) in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, and Measures for its Control. — Entom. Bulls, iios. 4 & 5, Wellcome Trap. Research Labs., Khartoum, 11th September 1917, 7 & 6 pp. [Received 1st December 1917.] The presence of Pectinophora (Gelechia) gossypiella, Saunders (pink bollworm) was first detected in the Sudan in April 1916, since when it has been taken in several localities and may be considered to have established itself in the country, some districts being heavily infested. It probably entered the Sudan in seed imported from Egypt prior to 1913, in which year importation of cotton seed from that country was stopped. The known food-plants of this pest in Egypt, besides cotton, are Hibiscus esculentus, H. cannabinus and Althaea rosea (hollyhock). In the Sudan it has been taken on Abutilon spp., which are favourite food-plants o"f several cotton pests, including Farias insulana, Oxycarenus hyalinipennis and Nisotra uniformis (cotton flea-beetle). Legislation to check the spread of the pink bollworm and control it in districts where it is already estabhshed, provides for the following :— Prohibition of the importation into the Sudan of cotton seed and ginned or unginned cotton except under special permit ; 49 prohibition of the transport of cotton seed or unginned cotton from an infested to a non-infested district ; destruction of all living forms of P. gossypiella in seed kept for so^Ying ; prevention of the escape of moths of P. gossypiella emerging from seed in ginning factories and stores ; destruction on the land on which it has been grown, by burning, of all cotton sticks, bolls and refuse generally, immediately after the last picking, as well as of all plants, whether cultivated or wild, that may act as hosts of P. gossypiella ; establishment of a close season for cotton and other host-plants between the time of the burning of the cotton refuse, etc., and the sowing of the new crop. The object of the close season is to give rise to a period when there are no living plants on which P. gossi/piella can feed. For this purpose, owing to the differences of the seasons in the various parts of the Sudan, the country is di^^ded into districts and dates are fixed every year for each district by which all cotton stocks, etc., must be burnt and before which no cotton, etc., may be sown. The simple and effective method of killing pink bollworm in cotton seed by heating it to a temperature of 50° C. for a short time can be effected in the Sudan by exposing it in a thin layer to the sun's rays on a moderately hot day. the vitality of the seed not being affected below a temperature of 70^ C. King (H. H.). The Sudan Cotton Bollworm (Dijxiropsis castanea, Hamp- son). — Enlom. Bull. no. 6, Wellcome Trop. Research Labs.. Khartoum, 10th October 1917, 3 pp. [Received 1st December 1917.] Diparopsis castanea, Hmps. (Sudan or red bollworm) occurs throughout Africa except in the extreme north and south. When present in large numbers, this pest may do much damage, as. owing to its size, a single larva generally destroys several buds and bolls before attaining maturity. It is not usually so plentiful as Earias insulana, Bdv., and hitherto has not been found attacking any plant but cotton. Two control measures are recommended, hand- picking while the first bolls are forming, and the burning of all cotton sticks after the last picking, followed by the ploughing of the land to destroy the pupae ; this operation should not be carried out on farms infested with P. gossypiella till a spell of hot weather has destroyed any pinlc bollworms contained in bolls lying on the ground. Zaki (M.). Note on a Species of Ascalaphus. — Bull. Soc. Entom, d'Egypte, Cairo, x, no. 1, January-March 1917, pp. 21-22. [Received 3rd December 1917.] From egg-masses on cotton leaves examined by the Entomological Section of the Ministry of Agriculture, Ascalaphid larvae were hatched, and these were successfully reared on young larvae of the cotton worm, Prodenia litura, on which they fed voraciously. Attempts to rear them on flies, fruit-flies or pink bollworms [Pectinophora gossypiella] were unsuccessful. From this fact and the situation of the eggs, which were in rows on the under-sm'face of the leaves near the midrib, it would appear that the natural food of these insects consists of cotton worms and other Noctuid larvae. When fully fed, and after moulting 50 three times, the larvae spun cocoons in the corner of the breeding-cage, whence the adults emerged, the total life-cycle averaging 9 to 10 weeks. Clainpanain (J.). Notes sur certains Col6opteres xylophages d'Egypte at leur Abondance a certaines Epoques. [Notes on certain Xylo- phagous Coleoptera of Eg}^t and their Abundance in certain Seasons.]— Bull Soc. Entom. Egypt, Cairo, x, no. 2, April-June 1917, pp. 72-77. [Eeceived 3rd December 1917.] In this paper the author records several species of xylophagous beetles that increase with great rapidity in Egypt and Syria and do a good deal of damage before they can be controlled. An example of this is found in the Buprestid, Ptosima undecimmaculat-a,, which is of recent introduction and hitherto considered rare in Egypt. In a neglected orchard at Matarieh several individuals were found in February on a flowering apricot-tree and two weeks later large numbers were attacking the same orchard, many of the young trees being killed by them. Scolytiis {Eccoptogaster) mulfistriatus hastens the death of trees thus attacked. Another Buprestid, Psiloptera catenulata, attacked pomegranate-trees in the same orchard, these being further injured by the larvae of the Cossid, Zeuzera p)ijri7ia. The Cerambycid, Macrotonia palmata, has recently been increasing raf)idly, the larvae being found in the trunks of dead and dying apricot-trees. Another species, Xystrocera glohosa, which has caused the disappearance of Acacia lebbek from the streets of Cairo, would in all probability adapt itself to fresh host-plants if this tree disappeared completely from Egypt. The control of wood-boring insects is difficult ; in the case of a living tree, it is impossible to kill the larvae wdthout causing the death of the tree, and even when a tree is destroyed, the insects continue to develop, although more slowly. In Syria, in the autumn of 1912, two or three individuals of a Bostychid beetle, Apate monacha, were captured and in the following year a swarm occurred, resulting in a heavy infestation of Zinzelats. These insects when placed iu an empty bottle were found to be cannibalistic. They attack for preference old or sickly trees ; vigorous trees, as well as Bauhima variega.ta and Acacia atrox, are defended from the attacks of these beetles by their gummy exudations. It is suggested that imported trees that are incompletely acclima- tised, or young and weakly trees are less able to offer resistance and are therefore selected by indigenous or imported wood-boring insects, which adapt themselves easily to new conditions of life and are not highly selective in their choice of food-plants. Indigenous trees are better able to resist attack ; it took some 30 years for Xystrocera to threaten the existence of lebbek trees in Egypt ; Acacia nilotica is still thriving in spite of numerous enemies, such as Lasiocampa, which devours the leaves, Buprestids, Macrotoma and Cossus larvae that devour the wood or live under the bark. A single tree that furnished the author 10 years ago with hundreds of larvae of Cossus is still living. As many new varieties of trees are being introduced into Egypt, it will be necessary to guard carefully against the introduction of new insect enemies, more particularly of those that experience has shown to be capable of adapting themselves to new conditions of life. 51 GowDEY (C. C). Report of the Entomologist.— ^wn. Rept. Ugmida Dept. Agric.for the Year ending 31st March 1917, Kampala, 1917, pp. 32-37. [Received 3rd December 1917.] A list of the scale-insects attacking coffee is given ; these include : — Icerya nigroareolata, Newst., which is frequently found on crotons and occasionally attacks coffee ; Asterolecanium cojjeae, Newst. ; Pseudo- coccus citri, Risso, which has previously been recorded [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, V, p. 1 18]. The life-history as occurring in Uganda is given ; the most usual injury is to the foliage and roots. Remedial measures should be directed against the young larvae, as these are unprotected by any waxy covering. P. virgatus, Ckll., attacks the foliage and green t\\^gs. Pidvinaria psidii, Mask., is always accompanied by the sooty fungus, Capnodium brasiUense, which lives on the exudations of the insect. Coccus viridis is so highly parasitised by a small Chalcidid and preyed upon by Coccinellids, especially Chilocorus discoideus, that in several localities remedial measures are unnecessary. The caterpillars of the Limacodid, Parasa sp., were not abundant, the cocoons being parasitised by Chrysis {Tetrachrysis) lyncea, F., and C. posfscxteUaris, Mocs. Agrotis spp. (cutworms) were active on some estates, but no damage was reported. Leucoptera {Cemiostoma) coffeella, Staint., first appeared as a coffee pest in Uganda in July 1916, and is as yet confined to one district. The larvae mine the leaves until they appear scorched and eventually drop. The only control possible is the collection of infested leaves. Stephanoderes cojjeae, Haged. (coffee berry borer), though still ubiquitous, has considerably decreased in numbers. Other stem-borers of coffee were Nitocris princeps, Jord., Apate indistincta, Murr., and A. monacha, F. The Aphid, Toxoptera coffeae, Nietn., frequently occurs on young coffee plants ; the best treatment is 1 lb. whale-oil soap to 7 gallons of water. Antestia lineaticollis, Stal {orbitalis var. faccta, Germ.), as anticipated, has become a serious coffee pest ; it is being investigated and will be more fully dealt with later. Another bug, Lycidocoris mimeticus, R. & P., has been found attacking young leaves, but nothing is yet known of its habits. The pests of cacao were, for the most part, the same as those recorded in the previous report. They include the Aphid, Toxoptera coffeae, Nietn. {theobromae, Schout.), and the scale-insects, Pseudo- coccus sp. and Inglisia castilloae var. theobromae. The former scale attacks the pods and leaves and the latter the pods, flower-clusters and young twigs ; both can be controlled by spraying with kerosene emulsion. Tea is not largely grown m Uganda ; the only insects as yet observed on this crop are Aspidiotus transparens, Green, on the leaves. Coccus discrepans. Green, on the roots, and Helopeltis bergrothi, Rent., var., on the young leaves and tender shoots. On cotton, the stainers, Dysdercus spp. and Oxycarenus spp., were abundant, but Farias insulana (spiny bollworm) was less prevalent than in the previous year. The pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella] has not yet been detected. Rubber pests included the scales, Aspidiotus destructor, Sign., and Icerya sulphurea, Lind., not hitherto recorded from Uganda. Fruit-tree pests included : on orange, Trioza sp. (citrus psylla) ; Aphis citri, Ashm. ; Papilio demodocus, Esp. ; Ceratitis capitata, Wied. ; 52 the scales, Lepidosaphes gloveri, Pack. ; L. beckii, Newm. {citri- cola, Pack.), and Selenaspidus silvaticus, Lind. On pineapple, Pseudo- coccus bromeliae, Bcli. On mango, Ceratitis punctata, Wied. ; Icenja seychelhrum, Westw. ; Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, Green ; and Aspidiotus destructor, Sign. On custard apple, Antestia lineaticollis, Stal ; TacJiardia decorella, Mask., and T. longisetosa, Newst. (lac- producing scales); Stictococcus diversiseta, Silv., Ceroplastes quadri- lineatus, Newst., and C. ceriferus, And. On guava, Icerya sulphurea, Lind., Tachardia decorella, Mask., Inglisia conchiformis, Newst., Cerop)lastes singidaris, Newst., Coccus setigerum, Newst., C. signatum, Newst., Aspidiotus cydoniae, Comst., and A. destructor. Sign. On banana, Aspidiotus cyanophylU, Sign., and A. destructor. The shade tree, Gliricidia maculata, is attacked by the scales, Pseudococciis citri and Coccus longidus, Dougl., and by the Aphid, Toxoptera cojfeae, Nietn. Six swarms of locusts were reported during the year. Parasites and predaceous insects were studied and reared in large numbers ; these include : Coccophagus nigropleurum, Gir., and Aenasiella africa, Gir., reared from Tachardia decorella, Mask., and a moth larva Stathmopoda oesteetis, Meyr., predaceous on this scale; Tetrastichus gowdeyi, Crawi., reared from Pulvinaria jacJcsoni, Newst. ; Neomphadoidella ceroplastae, Gir., Eurytoma galeati, Gir., and Scutellista cyanea, Mots., reared from Ceroplastes galeatus, Newst. Euhlemma scitula, Ramb., was found to be predaceous upon Inglisia conchiformis, Newst. Coccophagus saintbeauvei, Gir., was bred from Saissetia oleae, Bern.; caterpillars of Eublemma costimacula, Saalm., were found preying upon Stictococcus diversiseta, Silv. Coccop)hagus comperei, Gir., and Epitetrastichus ugandensis, Gir., were reared from Stictococcus goivdeyi, Newst. Chilocorus discoideus was predaceous upon Aspidiotus destructor, Sign., and Epilachna punctipennis, Muls., upon Aphis gossypii, Glover. Tetrastichus ovivorum, Crawf., was reared from Conchyloctaenia punctata, F., and T. sculpturatus, Waterst., from Neptis agatha. Cram. Phorinia verritus. Walk., was reared from Dasychira crenidata, B.-B. ; and a new species of Bothria, Cryptus formosus, Brulle, Ap)anteles africcmus, Vier., and Telenomus gowdeyi, Crawf., from Anaphe infracta, Wlsm. De Seabra (A. F.). Etudes sur les Maladies et les Parasites du Cacaoyer et d'autres Plantes cultivees a S. Thome. [Studies on the Diseases and Parasites of the Cacao-tree and other Plants cultivated at S. Thome.] — Memoires Soc. Portugaise des Sciences Naturelles, Lisbon, iii, no, 1, 10th January 1917, 28 pp. 24 figs., 1 plate. The pests dealt with in this paper include the Coccids, Asjndiotus trilobitiformis, Green, on cacao ; Coccus (Lecanium) viridis. Green, on cofTee, on which it is infested by the fungus, Cephalosporium lecanii ; Selenaspidus (Aspidiotus) articidatus and A. palmae, on coffee, Ficus s-p., Castilloa, and Carica papaya; Saissetia (Lecanium) nigra on Ficus sp. ; Orthezia insignis, on coffee and other plants ; and several termites damaging cacao, including Neotermes gestroi, and Microceroterw.es parvus theobromae. 53 Weiss (H. B.). Popular and Practical Entomology. Graphic Presenta- tions of Entomological Facts. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlix, no. 11, November 1917, pp. 365-371. The author points out the desirabihty of presenting entomological facts in a graphic and easily assimilated manner ; in particular he advocates the use of graphs to replace tables of figures, or to illustrate the text. Several examples of suitable charts, graphs and maps are given. Ferris (G. F.). A New Genus and Species of Coccidae. (Hemip.; Homop.) — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlix, no. 11, November 1917, pp. 375-378, 4 figs. The new genus, Stomacocciis, is erected in this paper, the type, S. platam, sp. n., having been taken on the leaves, branches and trunk of Platanus racemosa (sycamore) in California. The insect apparently hibernates on the bark and then crawls to the leaves. The life-cycle is probably quite short, all stages having been found on leaves scarcely a month old. Whetzel (H. H.). Dusting as a Substitute for Spraying : History and Progress. — 48th Ann. Rept. Fruit Growers'' Assoc. Ontario, 1916 ; Toronto, 1917, pp. 37-47. [Received 3rd December 1917.] There have been two periods in the history of dusting as a substitute for sprapng for the control of apple disease in North America. The first extended from about 1900 to 1908 at a time when Bordeaux and Paris green were the standard fungicide and insecticide respectively, the dust mixtures tested being of the same nature. The most extensive tests were made in Ilhnois, with such decisively unsatis- factory results that dusting was entirely abandoned by experiment stations. It should be noted that this failure was due to the use of a fungicide and insecticide unsuitable for application in a dry form, and that the machinery used was primitive and not well adapted for orchard work. Since 1909, lime-sulphur and arsenate of lead have largely replaced Bordeaux and Paris green for the spraying of apples, the change being marked by a distinct advance in disease and insect- pest control. In 1911 another step in the progress of disease control was made by the substitution of dusting for spraying ; the advantages are greater rapidity in making applications, there being seldom more than 1-4 days in which a given application may profitably be made, and the use of an outfit that ehminates heavy machinery and tons of water, at a time when the ground in orchards is soft and heavy. Experiments made in 1916 to test the relative values of spraying and dusting, resulted in favour of the former, owing to inexperience and the use of coarse sulphur and imperfect machinery in a season exceptionally favourable to scab. It is expected that with increasing experience, improved dusters and finer sulphur, better results will be secured with dusting than with spraying. As regards the relative cost of the two methods, hitherto that of dusting has been rather higher, owing to the coarseness of the sulphur used, which has made it difficult to cover the trees thoroughly, but with finely ground sulphur and improved dusting machinery, there should be little, if any, difference in cost. 54 Caesar (L.). Dusting for Tender Fruits and Apples.— 4M Ann. Rept. Fruit Growers' Assoc. Ontario, 1916; Toronto, 1917, pp. 47-51. [Keceived 3rd December 1917,] Experiments witli dusting were carried out in an apple orchard of 162 large trees, 92 being selected for dusting, 51 for spraying with liquid hme-sulphur and lead arsenate, and the remainder for spraying with soluble sulphur and calcium arsenate. The whole orchard was first heavily sprayed with lime-sulphur to control San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus], which was somewhat abundant, and the selected trees were then dusted twice with a mixture of 85 per cent, finely ground sulphur and 15 per cent, arsenate of lead, the first application being given just as the blossoms were ready to burst, and the second very soon after they had fallen ; 3 lb. of the mixture was sufficient for each tree. The trees receiving liquid sprays were treated with equal care and at the same times, to ensure a fair comparison. The results showed that the foUage on the dusted area was decidedly superior to that which had been sprayed, while there was very little difference in the degree of control of the codhng moth [Cydia pomonella] and the lesser apple worm \Ena.rmonia prunivora], the lime-sulphur and lead arsenate perhaps giving the better result, as it also did in the case of arp-ple scab. Plums dusted against brown rot showed a decided benefit as compared with untreated trees. The most important point in the treatment of sweet cherries was that those treated with a liquid spray still showed evident traces of it at picking time, while those dusted, even only two or three days before picking, showed none. In a dust spray apphed so late, the poison would naturally have to be omitted and only the sulphur used. Peaches were found to hold the dust for several weeks after appli- cation, hence in bad years the method should afford ample protection. Although the year was not a good one for testing purposes, it was evident that dusting was of considerable value in the control of powdery mildew on grapes. The comparative cost of dust spraying varies with the size of the tree, being slightly cheaper than liquid sjDraying for large trees, 50 j)er cent, dearer for medium trees, and more expensive still for small trees. In all cases the time required for dusting was much less than that occupied in liquid spraying, varying from -| for large trees to ^ for small ones. On the other hand the liquid spray held on the leaves much better than the dust, and though in the long run the dust method will probably prove satisfactory, caution must be exercised in the purchase of dusting machines at the present time. Caesar (L.). Insects attacking Fruit Trees. — Ontario Dept. Agric, Toronto, Bull. 250, July 1917, 49 pp. 58 figs. [Received 3rd December 1917.] This popular and comprehensive bulletin deals with all the well- known insects attacking fruit trees in Ontario, giving the methods of control for each and directions for spraying by both wet and dry methods. A spray calendar and index are appended. 55 Reports on the State of the Crops in each Province of Spain. — Bol. Agric. Tecnica y Economica. Madrid, ix, 1917, pp. 71-92; 163-185; 251-277; 354-375; 711-733; 809-824; 916-965. [Received 4th December 1917.] Locust control in the Province of Madrid was begun in the month of January, the Mnistry of Agriculture inaugurating a vigorous campaign for the destruction of the eggs in infested areas, and calling upon all local committees and persons interested to carry out the necessary measures of ploughing and cleansing the land in order to avoid the necessity for costly and less efficacious methods of control against the hoppers in the spring. This campaign continued until April, 2,177 acres being found infested, of which 1,315 acres were treated. In Cuenca, an official notice published in August appealed to the local authorities to report upon any localities where locusts had hatched, so that these areas could be treated in the following winter. Phloeothrips oleae caused considerable injury in various olive- gro^^dng provinces, this pest being the principal factor in determining the value of the olive crop. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas has been almost universally practised under the inspection of the Ministry of Agriculture, those trees which it was impossible to treat in this manner being sprayed in April wath arsenate of lead. The crop in some provinces has proved to be the most abundant that has been known. For Aphids on almonds, which began to appear in April, a spray of 1| per cent, each of soap and petroleum is recommended. Vine pests included Clysia ambiguella, Haltica and Sparganothis filleriana, which last was found heavily infesting some districts in May, while the second generation of C. ambiguella was particularly numerous in some localities. Colaspidema sp., which threatened to be a serious pest of lucerne fields in Gerona [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 373], was exterminated before the end of June. Apples in Vizcaya were severely attacked by Eriosoma lanigerum and Hyponorneufa malinellus. Lymantria (Liparis) dispar caused great damage in Caceres, and Pieris brassicae was a serious pest of green vegetables in Huesca. Artigas (C. M.). Sobre los Azufres precipitados (negros). [A Note on Precipitated (Black) Sulphur.] — Bol. Agric. Tecnica y Econo- mica, Madrid, ix, no. 100, April 1917, pp. 326-328. Precipitated sulphur is recommended where arsenates have not been used as an insecticide against the larvae of Haltica. and other insects that live on the surface of the leaves, besides being a control for Oidium. Comes (H.), La Profilaxia en Patologia vegetal. [Prophylaxis in Vegetable Pathology.] — Bol. Agric. Tecnica y Economica, Madrid, ix, no. 102, June 1917, pp. 508-514. As the quantity of sugar, so much sought after by insects, increases in vegetable tissues, there is a corresponding diminution in the organic acids ; it follows therefore that the acidity is the plant's defence against animal enemies. Of these acids, the most toxic is apparently 56 malic acid. Thus the voung branches of white mulberry are defended bv their acidity irom' Aulacaspis {Diaspis) petitago7ia ; young citrus trees from Pseudococcus citri and Chrysomjjhalus dictyospermi ; young fig-trees from Ceroplastes rusci ; young olives from Saissetia oleae and Filippia (Philippia) oleae ; citrus and other fruit-trees from caterpillars; olives from Dacus oleae; grapes from Cryptoblabes gnidiella {Alhinia wokiana) and the vines from Phylloxera. Fauchere ( — ). La Sericiculture d Madagascar, [Silkworm Culture in Madagascar.] — C. R. Hebdoni. Acad. Sciences, Paris, clxv, no. 20, 12th November 1917, pp. 676-677. The varieties of Bombyx {Sericarki) man introduced into Madagascar from south Europe were all monovoltine, producing one generation a vear, but on becoming acclimatised at the*end of about two years they produced six generations. So far from their silk being inferior in quahty and quantity to that of the monovoltine forms, it proved to be of first rate quality. Again, while the eggs of the original species would hatch only after hibernation, those of the polyvoltine forms hatched regularly 12 or 13 days after being laid. As in Europe, silkworms in Madagascar are attacked by several diseases, especially pebrine, rendered more serious in the tropics by the continuous breeding of the insects throughout the year and ihe carelessness of their native cultivators. In order to obtain strains of non-infected eggs an improved form of the cellular egg-tray used in Europe was employed, thus preventing the usual mixing of the eggs, so fatal in ordinary practice, Grassi (B.) & Topi (M.). The Number of Races of Vine Phylloxera.— — Mthly. Bull. Agnc. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, viii, no. 9, September 1917, pp. 1322-1327. [Abstract from Rendiconti Sedute R. Accad. Lincei, Classe di Scienze fisiche, matematiche e naturali, Rome, 5th Ser., 1st half-year 1917, xxvi, no, 5, pp. 265-273.] [Received 10th December 1917.] The authors of this paper, desiring to solve the problem of the different ways in which Phylloxera spreads in Italy, undei*took investigations on a gall-producing form that had developed on leaves of the Clinton variety of vine at Arizzano. The results showed that with galls taken from that variety it was not possible to infect either the leaves or roots of the various American vines, though these can be infected with galls and nodules from material taken from other vines in other districts. Galls are apparently most easily produced on varieties identical with or similar to those already infected. The authors suggest as a likely hypothesis that, in order to continue the cycle to the winter egg, the winged insects oviposit on the leaves or bark of vines near those on the roots of which they have develo]3ed, and that the passage of the gallicolae from one vine to another, and consequently the formation of galls, is regulated by conditions hitherto unknown. This hypothesis was confirmed in another series of tests and observations. The winged form, which contri- butes to the dispersal of the insect, develops comparatively rapidly on the roots of European vines, while the gall-producing form does 57 not generally appear on Italian vines. The question therefore arises as to the fate of the insects which, particularly in the infected vineyards of Upper Italy, are produced in such great abundance. Do the gallicolae, on leaving the winter egg and finding no vine suited to the production of galls, disappear and die, or do they disperse before laying eggs, or lay them promiscuously, so that the sexual insects only meet wnth difi&culty ? As an experiment in this connection two plants in a \'ineyard, one a Clinton and the other an Italian vine, were covered over with a cage and many nymphs from infected vines as well as winged forms were placed in them. In the follc^dng spring, contrary to expectation, no galls had formed on either of the covered trees. It is difficult to account for this absence of gallicola infection. Apparently the Clinton variety, which is of uncertain origin, is incapable of bearing galls and therefore on this plant the gallicolae that hatch from the winter eggs are lost. It might also be assumed that to produce the infection it is necessary not only that the plant should be capable of producing galls, but that infection should first occur in the roots, or that galls either from the same vine or from specified vines should be used. This hypothesis would explain the experiments already described and is supported by the fact that in the same \^ne- yard, which had been almost totally destroyed by Phylloxera, there was no sign of infection in the different varieties of wild American v'ines present in it. If the American vines or the hybrids had had any attraction for the winged insects, infection must have occurred. It is known that gallicola infection always appears in a country or district after, even many years after, radicola infection. This may possibly be explained by admitting the necessity for the passage of infection through the roots of American vines. If these vines attract winged insects of any origin, it would not be difficult to explain the absence of galls in vineyards of stock plants of American vines bordering on phylloxera-infected belts, as occurs in so many nurseries in Apulia. Theobald (F. V.). Poultry in Orchards and Their Effect on Injurious Insects. — Reprint from Fruit, Flower & Vegetable Trades' Journal, London, 13th October 1917, 2 pp. Fowls are of far more practical use than is generally supposed in checking insect pests of fruit, and the trees both in grass-grown and cultivated orchards where they are allowed to run are much healthier for their presence. In spring and summer they destroy the caterpillars of Cheimatohia brumata (winter moth) that come down to pupate in June, as well as those that have been blown or washed off the trees ; they also pick up the wingless females emerging from the ground in autunm and winter and so stop the next year's attack. Larvae of Cydia pomonella (codhng moth) are eagerly devoured, as also are those of Eriocampoides (Eriocumpa) limacina (pear and cherry sawfly), Chloroclystis {Eupithecia) rectangulata and many of the leaf-rolling Tortricids, while Malacosoma (Clisiocampa) neustria (lackey moth) is occasionally taken. Contarinia (Diplosis) pyrivora (pear midge) is said to be controllable only by fowls kept under the trees through June and into July. The cocoons of ants, particularly of Myrmica and Lasius, are a favourite food, and thus Aphis malifoliae, which is (C442) B 58 attended and protected by the ants, is also in a large measure controlled. Many Aphids have been found in dissecting the crops of young fowls, including Aphis tnalifoliae (blue aphis), A. pomi (green apple aphis), A. grossulariae (gooseberry aphis), Myzus ribis and Rhopalosiphum hctucae (currant Aphids), A. pruni (plum aphis), Hyalopterus arundinis {pruni) (mealy plum aphis), AmphoropJiora rubi and Macrosiphum ruhiellum. In cultivated land wireworms, surface larvae and leather jackets are cleared off, and weevils, including Anthonomus pomorum (apple blossom weevil) and Otiorrhynchus picipes (raspberry weevil) are searched for and devoured. Examples are given of analyses of the crop contents of four birds, illustrating the variety and quantity of insect food eaten by old and young birds. Care should be taken in the choice of breed suitable for orchard or plantation ; lighter breeds are more active in hunting out insects, but unfortunately they frequently attack fruit when almost ripe and are able to fly to some height to reach it ; while still young, they may be allowed free access to the orchard, and at any age until the fruit is half-grown, while among standard trees they may be kept permanently. Adkin (E.). Apples attacked by the Larvae of Porthesia similis (aurifua). — The Entomologist, London, 1, no. 655, December 1917. p. 279. At the end of September, in Sussex, apples growing near the tip of a branch were found denuded of a large portion of their skin, about a score of young larvae of Ardornis chrysorrhoea {Porthesia similis), being found feeding on them. As there was plenty of foUage on the tree, this attack on the fruit was made from choice and not of necessity. BovELL (J. R.) & d'Albuqueeque (J. P.). Report on the Sugar- cane Experiments for the Season 1915-1917 .—Dept. Agric. Bar- bados, 1917, 79 pp., 56 tables. The results of experiments wdth difierent varieties of sugar-cane and with manures for them could not be regarded as conclusive owing to the presence of a disturbing factor in the form of the larvae of Dia]}repes abbreviatus, L. (root borer), and Phy talus smithi, Arrow (brown hard-back), which attacked the canes in the experimental plots to such an extent as to render it impossible to draw any definite conclusions from the investigations. The monetary loss sustained from the attacks of these pests is considerable and may involve a loss of 7 tons of cane or about £9 12s. per acre. That these pests are increasing is proved by the fact that although 8,122 of their larvae were destroyed on the experimental plots in 1915, in 1917 the same plots yielded 8,227 larvae. In Porto Rico, where great loss is being sustained from the attacks of the larvae of certain brown hard-back beetles very similar to those in Barbados, the cost of hand-picking in one small district for two vears is estimated at about £1,230, and even then the beetle is not held in check, but continues to increase. 59 Green (E. E.). Observations on British Coccidae ; with Descriptions of New Species, No. Ill & No. IV. — Entomologists' Mthly. Mag., London, liii, nos. 640, 642, 643, September, November, December 1917, pp. 201-210, & pp. 260-269. These notes are in continuation of two previous papers [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 123, and iii, p. 753]. The species recorded are — Eulecanium (Lecanium) hiluherculatum, Targ., occurring abundantly on hawthorn ; L. cajpreae, L., taken upon Myrica gale and upon evergreen laurel, both of these constituting new food-plants for this species; Saissetia (L.) nigra var. depressa, Targ., in the palm-house at Kew, on Musa and Ficus sp. ; Eulecanium {L.) persicae crudum, subsp. n., on the foliage of Aralia; Coccus (L.) hesperidum, L., var., flourishing on an orange plant raised from seed in the botanical laboratory, Manchester ; L. signiferum, Green, on Polypodium aureum at Kew; L. zebrinum, sp. n., on the branches and young stems of Betula alba (birch) and Populus tremula (aspen), the female being extensively parasitised by two species of Chalcids ; L. transvittatum, sp. n., an extremely scarce species found on Betula alba (birch) ; Lecanopsis longicornis. Green, found in comparative abundance on Carex ovalis ; Parafairmairia gracilis. Green, affecting various species of Carex ; Eriopeltis festucae, Fonsc, on the upper surface of the leaves of Festuca ; Luzulaspis luzulae, Duf., on Carex ovalis and Luzida ; Ceroplastes rusci, L., on the fruit of green figs imported from Italy ; Physokennes abietis, Geoffr., on spruces ; Gossyparia ulmi, Geoifr., on Cornish elm ; Eriococcus devoniensis, Green, on Erica tetralix ; Ripersia halophila, Hardy, on roots of grasses ; Pseudococcus nipae, Mask., abundant in the palm-house at Kew upon Cocos, Kentiopsis and Sabal, where it has probably been estabUshed for some years ; P. walkeri, Newst. ; P. longispinus, Targ., on imported bananas ; P. longispinus var. latipes, nov., on Fuchsia in a green- house and in cactus-houses at Manchester; P. neivsfeadi, sp. n., on Fagus sylvatica (beech) at Camberley, the young larvae migrating in December to the ends of the branches where they hibernate beneath the scales of the leaf-buds, the return migration to the larger branches taking place in June ; Aspidiotus lataniae. Sign., taken on Dracaena, under glass ; Lepidosaphes gloveri, Pack., on Nephrodium sp., under glass at Kew and also often found on the rind of imported oranges ; Kuwania gorodetski, Nassonov, reported from Camberley in 1914, and reappearing in abundance in 1917, its apparent disappearance meantime, possibly being due to an unusually prolonged nymphal period. LocHHEAD (W.). Masterpieces of American Economic Entomology. — Ninth Ann. Rept Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects & Fungous Dis., 1916-1917 ; Quebec, 1911, pp. 12-18. [Received 12th December 1917.] This paper, which formed the President's address, reviews a few of the publications of special merit by economic entomologists of America. In commenting upon the absence of any Canadian works among these, the author remarks that Canada has been tardy in her (C442) b2 60 recognition of the importance of economic entomology, but much useful work is now being done and it is hoped that valuable additions will soon be made to the existing literature on this subject. Chapais (J. C). A few Notes on the Pear Tree Slug.— ^'^mf^ Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects <& Fungous Dis., 1916-1917 ; Quebec, 1917, pp. 25-27. [Received 12th December 1917.] The larvae of Eriocampoides lunacina {Selandria cerasi) (pear tree slug) causes much injury to pear, plum, cherry and quince trees in the orchards of Quebec, and to hawthorn, mountain-ash, and sallow in the woods. During 23 years' investigations only one brood has been observed in Quebec, the larvae first appearing at the beginning of August. To destroy them it is advisable "to dust freshly slaked lime on the leaves of infested trees. Arsenical insecticides are recommended on cherry trees after gathering the fruit. In the case of a bad attack, where no insecticide has been used, ground fertilisers such as 125 lb. nitrate of soda, 200 lb. superphosphate and 40 bushels wood ash per acre are necessary to help the trees to recuperate. Fetch (C. E.). Carriers and Diluents for Dusting. — Ninth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects & Fungous Dis. , 1916- 1917 ; Quebec, 1917, pp. 28-29. [Received 12th December 1917.] The value of dust as compared with Hquid insecticides has been much discussed and tested during recent years. The dusting method has been much more extensively used during the season under review and has given good results, though there are still many objections to this method. It is not yet known whether sucking insects such as. Aphids can be destroyed by dusting, though this method is successful for biting insects. One serious objection to dusting is its cost, and this consideration has led the author to make a study of carriers and diluents. Carriers should be nearly of the same specific gravity as the insecticide used, otherwise the heavier material will sink to the bottom of the container. A table is given showing the method of preparation, cost and efficacy of many carriers that growers can make for themselves; the best diluents and carriers as yet tried are talc schist, limestone, gypsum, china clay and silt. Gibson (A.). Cabbage Insects. — Ninth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protec- tion Plants from Insects & Fungous Dis., 1916-1917 ; Quebec, 1917, pp. 30-41, 2 plates, 2 figs. [Received 12th December 1917.] This paper assembles a quantity of information, for the use of growers of cabbages, concerning the insects that attack these crops almost every year in Quebec. The species dealt with include Chorfophila (Phorbia) brassicae, Bch. (cabbage root maggot) ; cutworms such as Euxoa ochrogaster, Gn., (red-backed), E. messoria, Harr. (dark- sided), Agrotis ypsihn, Rott. (greasy), and E. tesselhta, Harr. (striped) ; flea-beetles such as Phyllotreta vittata, F. (turnip flea-beetle), and Epitrix cucumeris, Harris (potato flea-beetle) : Pieris rapae, L. 61 (cabbage butterfly) ; Plutella maculipennis, Curt, (diamond-back moth) ; Ceramica picta, Harr. (zebra caterpillar) ; Aphis brassicae, L. (cabbage aphis) ; Thrips tabaci, Lind. (onion thrips) ; Phytometra {Autographa) brassicae, Riley ; Evergestis straminalis, Hbn. (purple- Isacked cabbage worm) ; and blister beetles, such as Epicauta penn- sylvanica, De G. (black blister beetle), E. cinerea, Forst. (grey blister beetle), and Macrobasis unicolor, Kirby (ash-grey blister beetle). The locusts occurring in the Province include Melanoplus athntis, Riley (lesser migratory), M. femvr-rubrum, De G. (red-legged), Camnida peUucida, Scudd. (pellucid), and Melanoplus bivittatus, Say (two-striped). The usual controls are given for these pests and several formulae for insecticides are included. Leopold (— ). What Insecticides and Fungicides shall we use in 1917, and when shall we spray this Year ? — Ninth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects & Frmgoiis Dis., 1916-1917 ; Quebec, 1917, pp. 42-44. [Received 12th December 1917.] Various spraying mixtures have been adopted in turn, as each was found more efficacious than the last. Arsenate of lead paste, which has long been in favour, is now being replaced in many cases by the powder, and the author questions whether a cheaper and just as effective insecticide as arsenate of lead could not be found. He is convinced also that the dormant spray for apple scab can be omitted without loss to the crop. Arsenate of lime is suggested as a possible substitute for arsenate of lead in all lime and sulphur sprays and with Bordeaux mixture ; the arsenic in the former substance costing less than 55 per cent, of what it does when in the form of arsenate of lead. Arsenate of lime is known to do less damage than arsenate of lead with an equal strength of lime-sulphur. When arsenate of lead is added to hme-sulphur solution, a chemical change takes place, resulting in the formation of lead sulphide and three kinds of arsenate of lime, one of which, the mono-calcic-arsenate, is highly soluble and causes a large part of the scorching that results from the use of lead arsenate and lime-sulphur together, while nearly all the lead goes to the bottom of the tank as lead sulphide. AVhen arsenate of lime is added to lime-sulphur, no chemical change takes place and so no soluble arsenic is formed. Arsenate of lime is therefore safer than arsenate of lead with a lime-sulphur spray, but it should never be used alone. Arsenate of lead on the other hand may safely be used alone. The efficacy of Bordeaux mixture in preventing the falling of apples from the tree is questioned ; and the results of experiments to determine at what period the lime and sulphur cause most scorching and dropping of the apples show that the greatest damage occurs two weeks or more after the blossoms, while Bordeaux mixture, used two weeks after the blossoms, is harmless as regards falling of the fruit. In suggesting a new scheme of spraying, which has been made as economical as possible, the author quotes Sander's work and gives substantially the same recommendations as those already published [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 230]. 62 SwAiNE (J. M.). The White Pine Weevil, Pissodes strobi, in Quebec. — Ninth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects & Fungous Dis., 1916-1917; Quebec, 1917, pp. 60-64, 2 plates. [Received 12th December 1917.] Pissodes strobi (white pine weevil) is probably the chief cause of distorted and crooked white pine in Eastern Canada, the larvae killing the terminal shoots of young trees. For the last five or six years this weevil has been particularly abundant in Quebec and Ontario. The adults emerge from their winter quarters about April and oviposit upon the terminal shoots ; the eggs hatch in about a week, and the young larvae work down the bark and, when mature, bore into the wood, penetrating to the pith. Cocoons are con- structed in the ends of the tunnels, whence the weevils emerge during July and August and hibernate until the following spring. The best method of checking the injury is thorough collection of the fading tops in late June and again about the middle of July ; these should be burned or else stored in boxes covered at the ends with fine wire netting in order to retain the beetles while allowing beneficial parasites to escape. When the adults appear in April, they may be collected by shaking into a net or a pan of kerosene. This should be done once a week in nurseries and plantations during the oviposition period, and on very valuable trees in parks and private grounds the collections should be made almost daily. HuTCHiNGS (C. B.). Two Destructive Shade Tree Borers. — Ninth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects & Fungous Dis., 1916-1917; Quebec, 1917, pp. 65-70, 1 plate. [Received 12th December 1917.] Of the two borers discussed in this paper, Cyllene robiniae (the borer of the black locust tree, Robinia pseudacacia), which has been causing serious injury throughout Ontario and Quebec, has been dealt with previously [see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 398 and 551]. The Buprestid, Agrilus anxius, (xory, is the most destructive enemy of bronze birch in Quebec, where varieties of birch are cultivated extensively in parks and gardens. The insects begin to do damage at the top of the tree and work downwards, killing the upper branches first and then attacking the trunk and larger branches, through which the larval tumiels run, intersecting one another within the inner bark and sapwood. The eggs are laid on the bark in June, and the young larvae at once form their tunnels, in which they remain quiescent during the winter, continuing their burrow^s in the following spring. The only method that can be safely recommended is to cut out all infested branches and burn them, preferably at once or at least before May of the following year. Parasites undoubtedly form a very important factor in the natural control of this beetle, and the presence of birds should be encouraged in parks and gardens, as they certainly help in checking its numbers. LocHHEAD (W.). Near Relatives of Insects Injurious to Plants and Animals. — Ninth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects & Fungous Dis., 1916-1917 ; Quebec, 1917, pp. 138-144. This paper gives a brief resume of various pests of plants, including 63 wood-lice and red spiders in greenhouses, the clover mite {Bn/obia pratensis, Gar.), the pear-leaf blister mite {Eriophyes pijri, Pgst.), millipedes, slugs and eelworms. CoKCORAN (J. A.). The Commoner Grass-moths of Quebec. — Ninth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects & Fungous Dis., 1916-1917: Quebec, 1917, pp. 71-77. [Received 12th December 1917.] Crambid moths are abundant in the pastures and meadows of Quebec during June, July and August, particularly in the lower, moist meadows. They generally fly at dusk or when the weather is cloudy, resting during the da}i;ime on the stalks of dried grass which they very closely resemble. Comparatively few Canadian species are of economic importance, though under favourable climatic conditions they may cause an almost total loss of the hay crop, and isolated infestations of Crambus vulvivagellus and C. trisectus in the United States have been as bad as invasions of the army worm [Cirphis imipuncta]. When wdld grasses and sedges are plentiful the cater- pillars do not attack grain, though C. zeellus and C. adiginoseUus have been reported as pests of maize in Illinois and C. hortiieUus as damaging cranberry runners in New England marshes. Eggs are dropped by the females at random among grasses and hatch in from 5 to 30 days. The larva spins a web on a blade of grass or in the axil between the blades and makes this its place of retreat, hiding there in the day and feeding at dusk ; later, this web is exchanged for a more elaborate nest in which the caterpillar is well protected from enemies. As winter approaches, the larva extends the summer nest a short distance beneath the surface and there hibernates, C. leacheUus disappearing early in August, C. trisectus in October and most of the other species in September. With the resumption of plant growi^h in the spring, the larva again becomes active and feeds voraciously until pupation takes place. The Crambids are very prolific, but as the injury is distributed throughout the growing season and the various species are most destructive at different times, the damage is very difficult to estimate. C. agitatellus, C. alboclavellus, C. hortuellus, C. mutabilis and C. r}(ricolellus are apparently the most abundant species in Quebec. Many preventive measures have been suggested. Torches and trap- lanterns have not proved very successful ; deep ploughing and a change to a root-crop should lessen the numbers in fields where the pest is established. Burning the dried grass in late autumn or early spring destroys those larvae that hibernate above ground, but these are few. Natural enemies, including an Ichneumonid, a Tachinid and a Chalc'd, destroy great numbers, and birds and beetles even more, but climatic changes are the best check to the increase of these pests. A key to the Crambids of Quebec is given. Du Porte (E. M.). The Eye-spotted Bud-Moth [Eucosma [Spilonota) ocellana, Schifl.). — Ninth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects d Fungous Dis., 1916-1917 ; Quebec, 1917, pp. 118- 137, 17 figs. This paper is the record of studies of Eucosma ocellana (eye-spotted bud-moth) conducted in Quebec, chiefly on the Island of Montreal, during the seasons 1914-1916. 64 Predators of the larvae of this moth include several species of birds, a wasp. Odynerus catskillensis, an unidentified Carabid beetle, a species of Triphhjjs and a mite, Ancystis agilis, Banks. Hymenopterous parasites mclude :—Pimph. {ttoplectis) conquisitor, Say, Microdus (Bassus) earinoides, Cress., and Trichogramma (Pentarthron) minutum, Riley, the last-named not having been previously recorded as a parasite of the egg of the bud-moth. Where the usual spray calendar is followed, there should be little difficulty in keeping this insect in check, as is shown by the results of experiments given in this paper. The advisability of applying a summer spray depends upon the conditions ; in a severe attack, when the spring sprav has failed to control this pest, the application of this spray at the end of June is strongly advised. When a spray is being used for apple scab at this time, the addition of lead arsenate to the spray is recommended in order to control this moth. Dormant sprays have been tried against the hibernating larvae in February and March, but were not successful, Moore (W.). Studies in Greenhouse Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid. I. Temperature and Moisture as Factors Influencing the Injury of Plants during Fumigation.— 7(5^/i Rept. Minnesota State Entomologist for 1915-1916, St. Anthony Park, 1st December 1916, pp. 93-108, 5 figs, Moore (W.) & Willaman (J, J.). II. Physiological Effects on the Plant. — Jl. Agric. Besearch, Washington, B.C., xi, no, 7, 12th November, 1917, pp, 319-338, 2 plates, 11 figs. During the process of fumigation hydrocyanic acid gas penetrates the tissues of the plant either through the stomata or directly through the cuticle, the amount of gas passing through the cuticle being dependent on its thickness. Moisture on the leaves aids the gas to penetrate, but is not a very important factor when the plants have thick cuticles. High humidity aids penetration and after fumigation tends to prevent evaporation of the acid in the cuticle ; low temperature during and after fumigation has the same effect as high humidity. High temperature quickly causes injury to become e\^dent, but the final damage will be much less than with a low temperature. Investigations to determine the action of the gas on the tissues of the plant show that the immediate effect is a reduction in respiratory activity. Another result is an increase in the permeability of the leaf septa, which causes less rapid intake of water from the stems and more rapid cuticular transpiration. In cases of mild fumigation this results merely in a temporary wilting ; in more severe fumigations the wilting is followed by disintegration and death of the tissues. This increased permeabihty is no doubt due to the reduced respiratory activity. Within a few hours after fumigation the oxidase activity has returned to normal, while the catalase and the respiratory activities have exceeded the normal. The recovery of photosynthetic action, which has been temporarily suspended, then becomes apparent, though complete recovery requires two or three days. Respiration remains above normal for several days. If the increase in permeabihty is not so severe as to cause death of the tissues, recovery is followed in many cases, as in the tomato, by a rate of growth in excess of normal. 65 Injured plants should not therefore be condemned too quickly. The stimulation to growth may be due to two factors, namely, the increased activity of the catalase and the increased permeability of the cell- walls, allowing readier exchange of food materials and of gases. All other physiological effects of the presence of hydrocyanic acid in a plant are secondary to the disturbance of the oxidase and catalase activities. A bibliography of 26 works is given. Shtcheebakov (Th.). flonycTMMo-nM onpbiCKMBaHie MbimbnKo- BMCTWMM npenapaiaMM ciwieHHoro KpacHaro Kneeepa ? [Is the Spraying of Red Seed Clover with Arsenical Preparations permis- sible'?] — Reprint from « Xo3flMCTBO.» [Husbandnj], Kiev, nos. 9-10, 1917, 8 pp. [Received 19th December 1917.J The author in some of his previous works has refused to acquiesce in the generally accepted view that Apion is injurious to clover, and he deals in this article with the recommendation of A. A. Sopotzko as to the sprapng of clover with Paris green. On the strength of his own observations and experiments he insists that such spraying is not only not useful, but is actually harmful, as it gives rise to the poisoning of the fertihsing bumble-bees and thus to a decrease in the crop of clover seed. No spraying operations ought to be undertaken either during the blossoming of clover or even before that, in April and May, when the queen bees are on the ^ving. Shtcheebakov (Th.). KaKT» fltMCTByeTi) noAKamnBaHie Ha KpacHbiti KJieBep"b ? [Tlie Effect of Mowing on Red Clover.]— Reprint from « BtCTHMK-b CeJlbCHaro X03flMCTBa.» [Messenger of Agriculture], Moscoiv, 1917, 50 pp. [Received 19th December 1917.] The cutting of clover in June [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 298] is ■one of the remedies recommended for the control of Apion. The author, who does not believe in the injuriousness of these weevils, is inclined to regard this remedy as injurious rather than beneficial to the growth of clover. As far as another pest of clover, BruchopJiagus gibhus, Boh. [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, iii, p. 8] is concerned, some figures obtained by the author show that it can hardly be regarded as of serious consequence. Shtcheebakov (Th.). Flo noBOAY T. H. rpymeBaro TpMnca btj Kpbiwiy. [Ahont Euthrips pyri,Dame\,iritheCiimea,.] — Reprint from " The Transactions of the Museum of the Zemstvo of Taurida ""for 1914, Sitnferojwl, 1916, 5 pp. [Received 19th December 1917.] Some specimens of thrips from fruit trees in the Crimea in the summer of 1912 were identified as the American species, Taeniotlirips (Euthrips) pyri, Daniel. The author is of opinion that this species should be placed in the genus Physothrips, Karny, and further points out that it is a synonym of T. inconsequens, Uzel [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 68]. Only females were found in the Crimea, and for the present it is still doubtful how far it must be considered a pest of pear trees. 66 UvARov (B. p.). riyib KT. paflMKanbHony pasptiueHiio capaHHeearo BOnpoca Ha C-feBepHOm-b KaBKaat. [The Way to the radical Solu- tion of the Locust Question in North Caucasia.] « HDro-BoCTOM- HbiA X03flMHT».» [The South-Eastern Farmer], Rostov-on-Don, xiii, no. 10, 10th June 1917, pp. 10-13. [Received 19th December 1917.] The author gives an outline of a scheme for the creation of a central anti-locust bureau for North Caucasia, the drawing up of which has been entrusted to him by a conference of the local authorities of the provinces concerned. The effective control of locusts in North Caucasia has always been hampered by the absence of proper co-ordination between the respective organisations of various provinces, which are not all equally interested in the destruction of these pests. For instance, the chief breeding places of Locusta migratoria nn North Caucasia are concentrated on the coast of the Caspian sea, between the mouths of the Terek and Volga, but owing to the scanty population of these localities and their low agricultural development, the economic importance of the pests on the spot is small and the provinces of Terek and Astrachan in which they lie have no reason to indulge in expensive operations for their destruction ; this is not the case with the neighbouring province of Stavropol, and the rest of North Caucasia, which are the chief sufferers from the migrating locusts. The organisation of a central bureau for the whole of Caucasia has thus attained an urgent importance, and the above-mentioned conference decided to create such a bureau and to concentrate in its hands the control of locusts over the whole area affected. According to the author's scheme, the authorities of the separate provinces of this area should participate in the organisation of the bureau, financially and otherwise, and should transfer to it everything relating to the control of locusts. The proposed bureau will conduct investigations as to the breeding places and distribution of locusts and be solely responsible for their actual control ; its funds are to be provided by grants from the Central Government, its work being of national importance, and also from local contributions. As a controlling body, a North Caucasia Anti-Locust Committee is proposed, consisting of representatives of the Department of Agriculture, the local municipal authorities and entomological organisations, the Director of the Central Bureau being also a member of the Committee. The projected work of the Bureau for each year as well as its reports must be submitted to this Committee for approval. Rutgers (A. A. L.). Verslag van den Directeur van het Algemeen Proefstation der A.V.R.O.S., 1 Januari-30 Juni 1917. [Report of the Director of the General Experiment Station of the General Association of the Rubber-planters of the East Coast of Sumatra,, 1st January to 30th June 1917.] — Batavia, 1917, 34 pp. [Received 8th December 1917.] The entomological material received included a small white mite, as yet unidentified, which injured the very young leaves of Hevea, both on nursery and older plants. In the case of the former, spraying with lime-sulphur proved very effective, but even better results were 07 obtained by dusting with flowers of sulphur, an operation easily carried out, a cooHe being able to dust 3,600 plants ^vith 4*4 lb. of sulphur in 1| hours. Hevea was also attacked by root-boring Lamellicorn larvae and by leaf-eating beetles, probably a species of Haltica. This latter infestation may have been accidental. Besides repeatedly occurring on cofiee and tea, Limacodid caterpillars, probably belonging to the genus Miresa, were also found on oil-palms. Tower (W. L.). Inheritable Modincation of the Water Relation in Hibernation of Leptinotarsa decemlineata. — Biol. Bull. Marine Biol. Lab. Woods Hole, Mass., Lancaster, Pa., xxxiii, no. 4. October 1917, pp. 229-257. The results of nine years of experiments on the introduction of Leptinotarsa decemlineata [Colorado potato beetle] into a desert enviromnent prove that an alteration of the water relation occurs in ways that are adaptive in direction and inheritable in character. This is due to development in the organism of the capacity to hold water within the tissues, so that the intense desiccation of the dry seasons does not result in death. The materials used have been pure laboratory strains, the experi- ments being conducted under cage conditions to eliminate complica- tions due to predaceous enemies, parasites and epidemics. The beetle has two yearly generations, the adult hibernating in the soil, emerging as soon as the spring temperature is high enough and giving rise to the first summer generation that matures in July. This summer generation produces a second, maturing in August or early September, which after feeding prepares for hibernation during September or early October. Throughout the experiments, the food was the cultivated potato, all watering being by irrigation about the roots of the plants. In hibernation, temperature and humidity in the soil are the two chief factors concerned. Consequently, surviving desert types must be adapted to meet, not only the average hostile conditions, but irregular and extreme manifestations of the environment, often of prolonged duration. The full capacity for retaining water in the tissues against the influences of a strongly desiccating en\'ironment is developed at about the sixth generation after introduction, but whether this is due to changes in the permeability of the cell-membranes or to changes in the colloidal contents of the cells there is no evidence to show, although the slowness of loss of water in the tissues on a sudden fall in tempera- ture to freezing point, indicates the greater probability of the latter. The question still remains as to whether the alteration is a new or added condition, or the revival of an ancestral one, especially in view of the fact that the reversal of the adapted stock to original conditions has not been found to occur at all readily. DupoNT (P. E,.). Insect Notes. — Colony of Seychelles, Ann. Rept. on Agric. & Crown Lands for 1916, Victoria, March 1917, p. 13, [Received 10th December 1917.] The Coccids reported include : Aspidiotus aldabricus, sp. n., and A. longispinus on bois d'amande, Pidvinaria pseudo-floccifera on 68 Pisonia macrophylla, Chionaspis solani on tomato, Antonina bambusae on bamboo, Pseudococcus virgatus on Ficus sp. and Cassia mimosoides, a,nd Coccus (Lecanuim) hesperidum on Ficus sp., etc. Sooty mould which, has been supposed to be a newly introduced pest from Ceylon has probably existed in Seychelles for many centuries and since it is a commensal of scale- insects, it is unfortunate that Chrysomphalus (Aspidiotus) dictyospenni, A. lataniae and Chionaspis inday have recently been introduced on coconut from Mahe. Owing to the exportation of copra and poonac (oil-cake residue) having been stopped for over six months for lack of transport, stores of these substances and rotten nuts have been found to be infested with the Coleoptera, Dermestes cadaverinus, Necrobia rufipes, Silvanus surinamensis, Carpopliilus dimidiatus var. contingens, as well as by Dipterous and Microlepidopterous larvae. . Necrobia rufipes is recorded everywhere as breeding in salt fish, more or less decomposed, and its presence in stored copra is supposed to be due to the accidental storage of both in the same room. It is believed to be a purely predaceous insect, feeding on Dipterous and Microlepidopterous larvae, but whether it also destroys the larvae of Silvanus surinamensis found everywhere in poonac stored for a short time, is not yet definitely known. The latter beetle can be destroyed by fumigating wdth carbon bisulphide under a tarpaulin. Diseases of coconut palms due to insect pests are everywhere ])reva]ent and virulent, the worst being that caused by the beetle, Melitmnma insulare, which attacks trees that are not well planted. This insect, which is not found attacking other plants, is incapable of prolonged flight. It oviposits near the ground in cracks of the stem that are generally caused by the emergence of aerial roots in neglected plantations. The larvae may be easily removed by excision of the diseased tissues, care being taken to tar or Hme the wounds. A severe attack kills a young tree in two years, the usual effect, however, being to weaken the tree during several years till it becomes the prey of other diseases. The scale-insects infesting coconuts include Chrysomphalus aonidum {Aspidiotus ficus) (black barnacle scale) ; Chionaspis i?iday, which usually attacks only mature leaves, except in the case of flamed trees, when it is found on the newly- expanded ones ; Eucalymnatus (Lecanium) tessellatus (cinnamon scale) ; Aspidiotus lataniae and Chrysomphalus (A.) dictyospermi (white barnacle scales) ; and a new scale, A. ansei, that attacks the vigorous, unexpanded heart leaves and is a virulent pest that is rapidly spreading. The only relief measure r.t present possible is the burning of the infected tree on the spot. Leaflets attacked assume a bright yellow colour along the midrib, which renders them conspicuous objects for a long distance. Fortunately scales of the genus Aspidiotus are heavily infested by the beneficial fungus, Cephalosporium lecanii. Sickly trees, grown under shade and not manured, and flamed trees are predisposed to scale msect attack, and it has been found that Pandanus trees growing in moist soil under natural conditions are free from Hemichionaspis uspidistrae, while neighbouring trees on rocky banks were heavily infested. A newly introduced scale, Iscknaspis longirostris {filiformis), is recorded on coconut and oil palms, as well as on Liberian coffee. 69 GiRAULT (A. A.). The North American Species of Habrocytus (Chalcid- flies. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlix, no. 5, May 1917, pp. 178-182. [Eeceived 12th December 1917.] This purely systematic paper deals with ten species of the genus Habrocytus, of which H. medicaginis, Gah., is described from females reared in connection with BrucJiophagus funebris in red clover seeds ; H. arkansensis, Gir., from specimens reared in connection with Isosoma ; and H. cereaJdlae, Ashm., a parasite of Sitotroga cerealelh. Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Hawaiian Forester d Agriculturist, Honolulu, xiv, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 283-285. During the month of September a package of seeds and spices from Singapore was found to be infested with weevils and was fumigated with carbon bisulphide, as was also a package of plants by mail, owing to the presence of mealy bug [Pseudococcus]. Three boxes of turnips were dumped at sea, being infested with radish maggot [Chortophila brassicae]. FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist^ Honolidu, xiv, no. 10, October 1917, pp. 285-286. During the month of September the insectary handled 20,700 pupae of the melon fly [Dacus cucurbitae], from which 968 individuals of Opius fletcheri were bred and distributed. The following parasites were also distributed : — Tetrastichus, 200 ; Diachasnm tryoni, 295 ; Galesus, 175 ; Diachasnm fulhwayi, 90 ; Paranagrus (corn leaf-hopper parasite), 1,200. Mason (C). Report of the Government Entomologist. — Nyasaland Protectorate, Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric. for Year ended 31st March 1917, Zomba, pp. 9-13. [Received 15th December 1917.] The enormous annual financial loss from cotton bollworm damage shows that uninterrupted scientific work is urgently needed, for although a papng yield is generally obtained, yet bollworms take toll of 75 per cent, of the crop, a fact that gives some idea of the potential cotton-producing capacity of the Protectorate. Thespesia sp., the only known wild food-plant of the cotton flea- beetle {Phyllotreta sp.), was found also to be affected by Farias insidana, E. biplaga, Sylepta derogata, Dysdercus nigrqfasciatus, D. intermedius, Oxycarenus sp., Syagrus tnorio and numerous leaf-eating larvae that occur on cotton. Of other cotton pests the Longicorn, Tragiscoschema wahlbergi, Fhs. (stem and shoot borer) was noticeably abundant on certain experimental plots, though the insect does not appear to be on the increase ; Phyllotreta sp. (black cotton flea-beetle) reduced the area under cotton this season by some 3,000 acres ; the bollworms, Farias and Heliothis, caused a loss of approximately £370,000 ; these species principally attacked squares, flowers and young bolls, their exceptional abundance being due to the destruction of parasites by the severe cold of May and June, 1916, and to the great shortage of 70 labour. The parasitism of Earias is extensive and interesting, heavy hyperparasitism by Cbalcids through Ichneumonids occurring, while five species of Tachmids gave a parasitic infestation of over 10 per cent. Early in the season, before squares form, young larvae of of Diparopsis castanea occur as borers in leaf-stalks and stem ; no parasites of this species have been observed. Heliothis (Chloridea) ohsoleta, F., is parasitised by one Ichneumonid and three Tachinids ; its accessory food-plants are Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, H. esculentus, H. cannabinus, Thespesia sp. (hollyhock), potato, sweet potato, wheat, millet, broom-corn, rice, pigeon-pea, garden-peas, cabbage, cauli- flower, radish, turnip, linseed, zinnias and banana. Prodenia litura, F. (cotton worm), one female of w^hich laid 1,520 eggs in three days, was not so abundant as in the previous season, being parasitised by five Tachinids and two Ichneumonids ; its supplementary food-plants w^ere sweet potato, pigeon-pea, field-peas,' velvet beans, broom-corn, cabbage, cauliflower, etc. Eublemma brachygonia, Hmp., a boll- worm of very minor importance, with similar food-plants, and Anatrachyntis coriacella, Snel., the small pink caterpillars of which feed on the seeds of damaged and almost dry bolls, were also reported. The cotton stainers, Dysdercus nigrofasciatus, Stal, which is by far the most abundant species, and D. intermedius, Dst., which is less important, though abundant in some localities, are preyed upon in the larval and adult stages by Coturnix delegorguei (the harlequin quail). A severe attack by cotton aphis [Aphis gossypii] was practically stopped in August by the predaceous Coccinellids, Chilmnenes lunata, F. , C. quadrilineata, Muls., Alesia geisha, Gorh., and Exochomus nigro- macidatus, Goeze, var. flavipes, Thunb. Several Jassid attacks have been reported, but are of very minor importance. Tea and coffee on one estate were attacked by red spider [Tefranychus], for which dusting with flowers of sulphur proved a fairly efficient control, though the treatment did not destroy the eggs. Normal lime-sulphur completely destroyed all stages, but copper sulphate was useless. The only tobacco pest of importance was Lasioderma serricorne, which however does not readily attack new tobacco, the reported damage being due to lack of shipping facilities necessitating storage for over a year. Richards (R. M.). The Diseases and Pests of the Coconut Palm. — Trop. Agric, Peradeniya, xlix, no. 4, October 1917, pp. 204-213. The subject matter of this paper has already been noticed from another source [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 521]. Dudgeon (G. C.) & Cartwright (W.). Treatment of Cotton in the Field as a Combative Measure against Gelechia attacks. — Agric. Jl. Egypt, Cairo, vii, 1917, pp. 120-133. [Received 18th December 1917.] The severity of an attack of the cotton pest, Pectinophora (Gelechia) gossypiella (pink bollworm), which subsists in the capsule itself, can be mitigated by inducing the plant to mature these at a date earlier 71 than that on which the insect reaches its maximum development. The severe phase of attack by this bollworm begins in August, and in a bad year almost all young green bolls and flowers, which are attacked in preference to mature bolls, are found to be damaged. Experiments therefore have been carried on to induce the ripening of a maximum portion of the crop at the earliest possible time by progressively withholding water from the plant to hasten maturity without sudden change of conditions. At the same time attempts were made to render the plant distasteful to the pest, which selects moist and shady positions for o\T[position, by cutting away the upper shading leaves and branches so as thoroughly to expose the heart of the plant to the sun's rays. The results of these experiments proved that the reduction of water (\\'ithin the limits of experiment) does not result in a diminution of ^aeld, does not damage the fibre, ripens the crop earlier, reduces the boll-worm damage, ripens the crop more thoroughly, and thereby lessens residues for boll picking. Further it was shown that topping and stripping of leaves does not result in a diminution of yield, does not damage the fibre and reduces the bollworm attack. The actual best conditions of watering must obviously depend on climate and soil, but it may be generally stated that water should be reduced after June to the minimum consistent with the health of the plant, and withheld entirely after the first week in August. The question of the best time for topping is also connected with climate, time of sowing and nature of soil, and will require investigation for each district. AsHBY (S. F.). Leaf-bitten Diseases of Coconuts. — Jl. Jamaica Agric. Soc, Kingston, xxi. no. 7, July 1917. pp. 269-273. Leaf- bitten disease of coconuts is being followed in many places by attacks of Mekimasius sericeus (striped weevil), which is attracted to the rotting patches on the heart leaves. The life-cycle in Barbados occupies 4 days for the egg, 7 weeks for the larva, 10 days for the pupa and several weeks for the adult weevil, the larval being the injurious stage. The adult, being an active flier, doubtless plays an important part in spreading the disease by carrying the spores of the fungus on its body. After treatment of the trees for the disease and as a preventive to new infection that might attract the weevil, an ounce of powdered arsenate of lead may be used to one gallon of Bordeaux mixture, or the Bordeaux can be prepared with sea- water, using 20 per cent, more lime than with fresh water. DU BuYSSON (H.). Observations sur des Ny raphes de Coccinella septeni- punctata, L. (Col.) parasit6es par le Phora fasciata, Fallen. (Dipt). [Observations on the Nymphs of Coccinella sepfempunctata, L., parasitised by Phora fasciata, Fallen.] — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, no. 15, 10th October 1917, pp. 249-250. Observations on nymphs of Coccinella septempunctata taken on the upper-surfaces of vine leaves showed them to be deformed owing to parasitisation by a Dipteron, Phora fasciata. 72 PiCARD (F.) & LicHTENSTEiN (J. L.). Un Braconidc nouveau, Sijcosoter lavagnei, n. g., n. sp. (Hym.), Parasite de 1' Hijpoboms jicus Er. (Col.). [A New Braconid, Sycosoter lavagnei, gen. et sp. n., a Parasite of Hypoborus ficus ET.]~Bidl. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, no. 16, 24tli October 1917, pp. 284-287. This paper deals with a new Braconid genus, Sycosoter, closely- allied to Ecphylus, Forst., in structure, but differing from it in having both winged and apterous forms of both sexes. S. lavagnei, sp. n., is an external parasite of the larva of Hypoborus ficus, on which the egg is laid through the bark of the fig-tree, the emerging larva spinning a cocoon in the gallery of the host, there being apparently the same number of generations of host and parasite. The females in spring are almost all winged ; those in the autumn are more often wingless, while winged males occur more rarely than wingless ones, even in spring. At first it was thought that this condition might be due to the shedding of the wings, but the examination of numerous, newly emerged examples has established the fact that this is not the case, Feytaud (J,). Sur la Reproduction Parth§nog6n6tique de I'Otiorhynque sillonn§ {Otiorrhynchus sulcafus, Fabr.). [On the Parthenogenetic Reproduction of Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, F.]. — C. R. Hebdom. Acad. Sciences, Paris, clxv, no. 22, 26th November 1917, pp. 767-769. Normal parthenogenetic reproduction is rare among the Coleoptera, though it has been recorded in three species of Otiorrhynchus, namely, 0. turca, Boh., 0. cribricollis, Gyll., and 0. ligustici, L. Hitherto 0. sulcatus has been regarded as a species exhibiting constant sexual reproduction, but the severe infestations of vineyards during recent years having furnished abundant apportunity for observations both in the field and the laboratory, where more than 3,000 individuals were dissected without the discovery of a single male, the conclusion has been reached that the existence of males, though possible, is extremely rare and sporadic in certain generations. From a practical point of view, this is a fact of the utmost importance, since all the individuals being females, and each one capable of laying 150 eggs, an infestation develops with the greatest rapidity unless energetic steps are immediately taken to control it. Ladmirault (R.). La Destruction des petits Oiseaux. [The Destruc- tion of small Birds.] — Bull. Soc. Nat. Acclimat., Paris, Ixiv, no. 11, pp. 421-^26. This paper urges the protection of all those species of small birds that have proved their usefulness in destroying the larvae of vine- moths in the vine-growing districts of France. Feytaud (J.). Action des Insecticides sur les Oeufs de rEud6mis (PolycJirosis botrana, Schifi.). [The Action of Insecticides on the Eggs of Polychrosis botrana, Schiff.]— 5ti?Z. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xvi, nos. 9-10, 11-12 ; September-October, November-December 1917, pp. 97-105, 117-122. In a previous series of experiments undertaken by the author in 1911-1912 to test the effects of nicotine, pyridine, quinoline, lead arsenate, copper and soap sprays on the eggs of Polychrosis bolrana, it was found that nicotine, pyridine and Bordeaux mixture gave decisive results, the action of nicotine and pyridine consisting in the slow poisoning of the developing larvae, which died at the moment of hatching, while Bordeaux mixture caused the abortion of the eggs [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 410, and iv, p. 299]. Later experiments with lime showed that this substance killed the developing larva in the egg by a slow process of dehydration, only those eggs hatching the development of which was well advanced before treatment. Both lead arsenate and sodium arsenate (anhydrous arsenate of soda 3, neutral lead arsenate 9, water 1,000) [the figures in this and succeeding formulae, in the absence of any definite indication, being taken to represent parts by weight], gave entirely negative results, all the eggs treated hatching normally. Zinc arsenite, however, while not arresting the development of the egg, resulted in the death of the larvae at the time of hatching. Quinoline 10, sulphoricinate of soda 10, water 1,000, had a most decided effect, all the eggs being immediately killed, owing to its caustic action. Pyrethrum 20, black soap 10, water 1,000, destroyed only 18 per cent, of the eggs, these being in the last stage of develop- ment, or partly hatched. Carbolic acid 10, sulphoricinate of soda 10, water 1,000, destroyed all eggs without further development. Potassium permanganate 1 in 1,000 water, or potassium permanganate 10, sulphoricinate of soda 10, water 1,000, proved useless, all the eggs hatching in due course. Potassium sulpho-carbonate destroyed 63 per cent, of the eggs, nearly all of them being in the first stage of development. Tests of the direct effect on the eggs of gelatine and sulphoricinate of soda, which had been used as media for the application of the poisons, showed that they had no effect on hatching. Pyridine 1| per cent., and oleate of pyridine 2 per cent., prevented the hatching of a certain number of eggs, without however stopping embryonic development ; their action resembles that of nicotine and arsenic in poisoning the hatching larvae. Pyridine and pyrethrimi should therefore be useful as external insecticides applied directly to full- grown larvae at a time when unhatched eggs are few or absent. These results explain the special efficacy of nicotine as a preventive, since it is able to destroy 80 per cent, of the eggs treated, and also the superiority of nicotined Bordeaux mixture, which prevents the hatching of 88 per cent, of the eggs. Le Rhynchite conique (Rhynchites conicus, Illig.) ou Coupe-bourgeons. [Rhyncliites conicus, lUig., the Bud-cutter.] BuU. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xvi, no. 11-12, November-December 1917, p. 126. In an article subsequent to that already noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 569], M. Bordas deals with the principal means of controlling Rhynchites conicus in apple and pear orchards. These are, the shaking of the trees every two or three days during May and June in order to collect the adult weevils, the collection and burning of the withered shoots that serve to harbour the larvae, and the use of insecticide sprays. A petroleum emulsion that gave good results was prepared according to the formula : — petroleum 2 parts (by weight), (C442) c 74 black soap 1|, carbonate of soda 2, and water from 80 to 90. This emulsion can be improved by the addition of carbon bisulphide, in the proportion of 1 part in 30 by weight. Coleman (L. C). Coffee Borer. — Planters' Chronicle, Bangalore, xii, no. 45, 10th November 1917, p. 579. The most successful measure against Xylotreckus quadripes (coffee borer) has proved to be the scrubbing of the bark of trees in areas likely to be attacked. This is effected by means of pieces of coconut husk, a husk being spHt longitudinally into about four pieces, of which the cut end forms the scrubbing surface, a sharpened piece of split bamboo also being used for the crevices. This treatment, which destroys the eggs laid in crevices and under loose pieces of bark, necessitates two scrubbings with an interval of about a fortnight between them, beginning about the last week in November, since egg-laying extends over a period of 2-4 weeks. Blanchard (E.). D6gats causes par les Chenilles du Chou dans le D§partement de la Loire et dans les Regions avoisinantes. [Injuries caused by Cabbage Caterpillars in the Department of the Loire and neighbouring Regions.] — Vie Agric. et Rur., Paris, vii, no. 50, 15th December 1917, pp. 419-420, 3 figs. An infestation of Pieris hrassicae in July and August is described, and the various methods of control are reviewed. Of these the author recommends the crushing of the eggs and young larvae and hand collection of the larger caterpillars, as well as dusting with lime and singeing. He also advocates a trial with decoctions of broom and various insecticides. A warning is given against destroying the cocoons of the parasite, Microgaster, which are often mistaken for the eggs of the butterfly. Lawson (D. 0. K.). The Striped Cane Weevil. — Jl. Jamaica Agric. Soc., Kingston, xxi, no. 6, June 1917, pp. 219-220. [Received 19th December 1917.] The larvae of the striped cane weevil [Metamasius sericeus] severely damage young cane tops, riddling them with holes, from which a yellow fungus has been observed to grow. On examination, each fungus growth was found to be attached to the body of a dead grub, the disease proving an effective check to the infestation. Except in isolated cases this fungus has not appeared in recent years, but a culture prepared from it might with advantage be used against this pest and the banana root borer [Cosmopolites sordidus]. The application of a top dressing of nitrate of soda to fields attacked by the larvae proved effective, though liming the land had not in any way checked the pest. The planting between the canes of cowpeas, which are sprayed with Paris green and ploughed in when about 9 inches high to act as a poison-bait, and the hand collection of the adult weevils are both useful measures. Hanson (A. P.). Corn Worm. — Jl. Jamaica Agric. Soc, Kingston, xxi, no. 6, June 1917, pp. 227-228. [Received 19th December 1917.] The corn worm \Laphygma frvxjiperda,'] is a most destructive pest of maize, attacking the plant by eating through the stem or by boring 75 into the pith, while at a later stage the young, folded centre leaves may be eaten back and even the flower-spike may be cut in two. Hitherto no control measures have been systematically employed against this pest, the application of a handful of soil ^vith the idea that soil is an insecticide being worse than useless, while incautious burning of the land should be guarded against, resulting as it does in the destruction of hundreds of lizards, which are valuable natural enemies of this caterpillar. Hand-picking is an inexpensive and effective method of control, doing no appreciable harm to the plant, though it may involve loosening or sphtting the leaves. Daxtix (C. J.). Elm Galerucella {Galeruca luteola) in Spain in 1917. — Mthhj. Bull. Agric. Intell. & Plant Dis., Rome, \aii, no. 10, October 1917, p. 1446. (Abstract from La Liga Agraria, Madrid, xxx, no. 1139, 1917, p. 2.) The Chrysomehd, Galerucella {Galeruca) luteola, has occurred for many years in Spain, but has never done so much injury to the foliage of elms as in 1917. During July, which was a very hot, dry month, the larvae increased in numbers and voracity and succeeded in defoliating the trees during August. Data on the biology and methods of control of this beetle are given. Savastano (L.). Contribute alio Studio sui Rapporti biopatologici della Mosca nera del Fico {Lonchaea aristella, Beck.) ed il suo Ospitante nella Penisola Sorrentina. [A Contribution to the Study of the bio-pathological Relations of the Black Fly of the Fig {Lonchaea aristella, Beck.) and its Host- plant in the Peninsula of Sorrento.]— Separate, dated May 1917, from Ann. R. Staz. Speri- ment. Agrum. Fruttic, Acireale, iv, 1916-1917, pp. 113-146, 2 plates. [Received 27th December 1917.] This paper is supplementary to a previous one [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 745] and describes numerous experiments conducted from 1913 to 1915, after which time they had to be discontinued owing to the War. The chief remedial measure is the rejection of susceptible varieties of fig, which are represented in the Sorrento Peninsula by those known as Troiano and Pasquahno ; the first is a valuable table fruit, while the second is of httle value. A cultural measure reducing infestation is the avoidance of manuring in excess, especially with stable manure. The practice of oihng the figs also diminishes infestation, but to what degree is not known. Two excellent plates illustrate this paper. SiLVESTRi (F.). SuIIa Lonchaea aristella, Beck. (Diptera : Lonchaeidae) dannosa alle Infiorescenze e Fruttescenze del Caprifico e del Fico. [Lonchaea aristella. Beck., injurious to the Flower- and Fruit- clusters of the Fig and Capri Fig.] — Separate, dated 10th December 1917, from Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric,, Portici, xii, pp. 123-146, 19 figs. In 1915 Savastano recorded Lonchaea aristella, Beck., in the Province of Naples and noted its habits [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 745]. The present paper, based on observations made up to December 1917, (C442) 02 7G in the Province of Naples and on material from other parts of Italy^ gives a systematic description of all stages of this fly ; Corfu, Spain and Portugal are additional coimtries where it is known to occur. The larva hves in the inflorescences and fruit of Ficus carica, both in the Capri fig and domestic fig, but preferably in the former. In Algeria it is also found in Ficus pseudocarica. The adult appears in autunm, and it is in this stage that the insect seems to hibernate. The adult feeds on sugary substances and is a strong flier. In the Portici district newly-laid eggs were found in the inflorescences of the Capri fig from April to November and in those of some varieties of the domestic fig from May to October. The eggs are deposited under the scales at the aperture of the inflorescence either singly or more, usually three in number. In and after May a larger number of eggs, sometimes up to one hmidred, may be found, but these have probably been laid by several females. Inflorescences abandoned by the larvae fall, either at once or after a short time ; in the latter case eggs are occasionally deposited through the larval exit-hole inside the larval gallery. In April the egg hatches in eight days, this period being reduced to three days in sunamer. The method of feeding varies according to the variety of fig ; in the case of the Capri fig the larva may enter the exit-hole left by Blastophaga and proceed to the galls formed by it, feeding on their soft interior. The larval stage lasts from seven days in August to 24 days in April. Pupation rarely takes place in the fruit, the usual situation being about 1-^ inches deep in the ground. The pupal stage lasts 10 days in May, 9-10 in August, and 16 at the end of October and early in November. The adults from eggs laid early in April appear towards the end of May and from the eggs of this first generation the second generation is produced at the end of June or early in July. The third, fourth and fifth generations appear in July, August and September ; during the first two months the life-cycle takes only 19-20 days. There is a sixth generation in August and September, As the adults live about a month and continue to deposit eggs the generations become mingled. The injury is caused by the larva feeding on the styles, ovaries, flower-peduncles and parenchyma of the walls of the interior in inflorescences and in the fruit. Inflorescences that have been well infected by BlastojjJiaga are not injured, as the LoncJiaea larvae are crushed in the distal pai^t of the gall-bearing flowers. In the case of a Capri fig plant with fruit, young inflorescences, and inflorescences with gall-bearing flowers, L. aristella oviposits only in the two first-named. The Capri fig is the preferred host-plant and of it the varieties with an elongate, ovoid fruit and well-developed receptacle are best adapted for the development of this insect. The loss as regards the Capri fig is not extensive because of the protection afi'orded by Blastophaga, but the domestic fig suffers severely ; in some instances over 50 per cent, of the inflorescences have fallen from this cause. The pupae of L. aristella are parasitised by Pachyneuron vindemmiae. Pond., which is also an enemy of Drosophila ampelophila. Only pupae on the surface of the ground or at a slight depth are attacked and this parasite is therefore of little use. Poisons are not recommended aga,inst L. aristella, and the collection and destruction of infested fallen fruit will reduce the infestation to a small extent only. The cultivation of susceptible fig varieties, which vary in difierent districts,. 77 should be abandoned or limited. The Capri fig must be grown only where it is absolutely required and then only those varieties with inflorescences bearing short, recurved scales at the aperture. In the Province of Naples the practice of smearing the aperture with oil in August (in order to hasten ripening) is an unintentional indirect check, as L. aristeUa does not attack fruit so treated. This operation however injures the quality of the figs and is, in any case, inapplicable to young summer inflorescences (early in July), as it would quickly cause them to fall. SiLv-ESTRi (F.). Descrizione di una Specie di Oscinosoma (Diptera : Chloropidae) osservato in Fruttescenze di Caprifico. [A Description of a Species of Osci'nosoma observed in the Fruit of the Capri Fig.] Separate, dated 12th December 1917, from Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric, Portici, xii, pp. 147-154, 9 figs. The Chloropid, Oscinosoma discretum, Bezzi, is described in order that it may be distinguished from Lonchaea aristella, Beck., and from other Dipterous larvae that may attack the fruit of the Capri fig. As yet the author has observed only 0. discretum in the Province of Naples. It deposits its eggs beneath the scales at the aperture of the ripe fruit and the larvae penetrate to the interior and there feed on the decomposed remains of gall-bearing flowers and on the parenchyma of the walls. They pupate in the ground. In June and July the life-cycle takes about 20 days, as is the case with L. aristella. The eggs and larvae have been found only in ripe Profichi and Mammoni figs. SiLVESTRi (F.). Contribute alia Conoscenza del Celiode del Nocciuolo {Coeliodes ruber, Marsh. : Coleoptera, Curculionidae). [A Contribu- tion to the Knowledge of the Coeliodes of the Hazel Nut.] — Separate, dated 14th December 1917, from Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric, Portici, xii, pp. 155-174, 14 figs. In May 1914, complaints were received from the Caserta district of the injury to young hazel nuts by the CurcuHonid, Coeliodes ruber, Marsham. The only previous record of such injury appears to be that of Trotter in 1904 from the Province of Avellino {Redia, ii, p. 54). A description is given of all stages of this weevil, which is distributed throughout Europe and has been observed by the author in Italy and Sicily. The hazel is the only food-plant yet known. The weevils emerge from the ground from mid-January to mid- April. In spring they feed on the parenchyma of the leaves, on the juices of the leaf- peduncles ox of the tender shoots and, later on (in May), on the juices of the young nuts ; early individuals may also perforate the buds. WTien disturbed they drop to the ground and feign death, but in the warm hours of the day and when falling from high branches they fly away instead of reaching the ground. In the second half of May and early in June they migrate to the ground and aestivate at a depth ranging from I to 3 inches. They emerge at the end of summer or early in autumn and begin feeding again, the male catkins being now attacked. Mating takes place from the end of September to mid- October. Oviposition begins at the end of September and continues into November. The eggs are laid in the catkins in a hole easily distinguishable from that due to feeding because the female secretes a yellowish, syrup-hke fluid which gradually hardens and assumes the colour of honey. Sometimes the eggs are deposited in the galls of Eriophyes avellanae, Pag. The adults do not seem to survive the year in which they have appeared. The egg hatches in 8-9 days in September and in 10-11 days at the end of October and early in November. The larva develops in from 15 to 20 days at the end of summer and beginning of autumn ; pollen forms the principal part of its food. When mature, the larva bores its way out of the catkin and drops to the ground, into which it burrows to a depth of 4-12 inches, and constructs an oval earthern cell. In autumn it requires about two months to transform into a pupa, so that pupae are to be found in the cells in mid-December, though some larvae are still present imdergrown early in March. At Portici an occasional adult was found in a cell as early as 30th December. In the case of individuals developing in the galls of Eriophyes the larval stage may be shortened in February and March owing to an increase of temperature. The pupal stage lasts only about a fortnight. The chief injury done by C. ruber in 1914-1917 was to the young nuts, as even a single puncture causes them to wither. A Thomisid spider, Xisticus lanio, Koch, has been seen preying on the weevils, but is not of practical importance. The only Hymenopterous parasite observed was a new Ichneumonid, Thersilochus coeliodicola, sp. n., of which a description is given. It oviposits in the larva in the catkin. The parasitic larva then feeds on the host while the latter is in its earthern cell, within which it constructs its own cocoon, the adult apparently emerging the same autumn. The only useful and practical method of combating C. ruber is the collection of the adults by shaking the branches in the morning during the first half of May. The best sheet for the purpose measures about 2 yards by 1 yard, each of the longer sides being fastened to a stick. By means of these sticks the sheet can easily be stretched sufficiently to form a shallow gutter in which the beetles collect and which allows of their being easily poured into a sack. Collection would also reduce infestation by Balaninus nucum, L. (hazelnut borer). If neglected in May, collecting may be done late in September or early in October. Froggatt (W. W.). The Destruction of Bird Life in Australia. — Separate from Australian Zoologist, Sydney, i, part 4, 8th October 1917, pp. 75-79. The author, in discussing the cause of the destruction of Australian native birds, points out that the poison-baits used for rabbit extermination have not been the cause of the decrease in their numbers^ as many writers have suggested, but that natural causes have been now^ as in the past, working to that end. The arrival of settlers, bringing the domestic cat, the progress of civilisation, entaihng the clearing of forest land, etc., and the introduction of foreign birds, have all contributed to the diminution of native bird life. On the other hand the multiplication and extension of bird life in Australia is regulated by the conservation of water, and as the pioneer settlers move towards 79 the interior making great excavations and reservoirs to preserve the water during rainless periods the loss of the many birds that have previously perished during the long droughts will be obviated. Mayne (R.)- Insectes et autres Animaux attaquant le Cacaoyer au Congo Beige. [Insects and other Animals attacking Cacao-trees in the Belgian Congo.] — Etudes Biologie agricole, no. 3 ; Ministere Colonies, Service Agric., Royaume de Belgique, London, May 1917, 80 pp., 5 plates, 15 figs. [Received 29th December 1917.] As cacao cultivation is expected to become one of the most important and valuable industries in the Belgian Congo, the author has considered it advisable to include in this list of pests of that plant, not only those species that require immediate control measures, but also those that have been collected in the course of some years' investigations or that have been reported as feeding on cacao, even though their depredations appear at the present time to be quite insignificant, since these under changing external influences may become serious enemies of the cultivated plant. Insects that attack only the foliage and shoots are : — Coleoptera. RuTELiDAE : Anomala denuda., Arr. ; Melolonthidae : Eidepida reichei, Thoms., PseudotrocJialus concolor, Kolbe, Aserica variegata,, Arr., Triodonta procera, Lansb., Congella congoana, Brnsk. ; Curculionidae : Systates amabilis, Fst., S. maynei, Mshl., S. ramosus, Mshl., Isclino- irachelus anchoraUs, Fst., Blosyrus dorsalis, Jek., Eupiona tripartita, Fst., CJiaunoderus transversalis, Fst., Catascythropus acuticollis, Kolbe ; Chrysomelidae : Menius viridiaeneus, Jac, M. calceatus, Lei., M. parvulus, Jac. Lepidoptera. Hesperiidae : Rhopalocampta chalybe, Westw. ; LiMACODiDAE : Parasa vivida, Wlk., P. microbasis, Hmp., Baria elsa, Druce ; Arctiidae : Diacrisia maculosa. Cram. ; Lasio- CAMPIDAE : Leipaxais crenidata, B. Baker, Gonofneta pallens, B. Baker ; Lymantriidae : Dasychira niobe, Weym., D. endophaea, Hmp. ; Rhynchota. Coreidae : Pendulinus carmelita, Burm. Orthoptera. Phymatidae : Zonocerus variegatus, L, Thysanoptera, including three species of thrips. ' Insects occurring in diseased parts of the plant are : — Coleoptera. Anthribidae : Gynandrocerus sp., Litocerus sp. Pseudoneuroptera. Termitidae : Eutermes maculiventris, Sj., E. elegantulus, Sj., E. parvus, Hav., E. latifrons, Sj., Rhinotermss latnanianus, Sj. The larger borers that attack healthy trees are : — Coleoptera. Cerambycidae : Tragocephala anselli, Bates, T. maynei, Gahan, Moecha adusta, Har. ; Bostrychidae : Apate monacha, L. ; Curcu- lionidae : Alcides erroneus, Thoms., A. theobromae, Mshl., A. aschanti- cus, Fst. Lepidoptera. Megalopygidae : Eulophonotus myrmeleon, Feld. Lesser borers include : — Coleoptera. Scolytidae : Xyleborus perforans, Woll., Eccoptopterus sexspinosus. Mots., Cryphalus sp., Hypothenemus sp., Platypus sp., Crossotarsus spp. ; Cerambycidae : Exocentrus ortmansi, Gah. Insects causing injuries to the pods that do not degenerate into cankers are : — Coleoptera. Anthribidae : Araecerus fasciculatus, De G. ; Chrysomelidae : Menius parvulus, Jac. ; Cucujidae : Laemophloeus janeti, Grouv. Lepidoptera. Lymantriidae : Euproctis mediosquamosa, B. Baker ; Noctuidae : Characoma stictigrapta, Hmp.; Pyralidae : Mussidia nigrivenella, Rag. Hymenoptera. Formicidae : 80 Oecophyllu smaragdina, F. Rhynchota. Pentatomidae : Bathycoelia thalassina, Schout., Piezosternum calidum, F. ;_ Aphidae : Toxoptera cqffeae, Nietn. ; Coccidae : Stictococcus sjostedti, Ckll., Dactylopius sp., C'ero2)lasles sp. Diptera. Trypetidae : Ceratitis punctata, Wied. Insects causing canlcer include : — Rhynchota. Capsidae : Sahl- bergeUa singularis, Hagl. ; Helojjeltis hergrothi, Reut. ; Pentatomidae : Atelocera serrata, Westw., Atelocera sp., Haliomorpha annulicornis, F. ; CoEEiDAE : Pendulinus devastans, Dist. The insects that give rise to cankers are among the most widely distributed and the most injurious to cacao ; of these Sahlbergella singidaris, Hagl., is the commonest in the Belgian Congo and sometimes causes the loss of an entire crop. It occurs also in the French Congo, Kamerun, the Gold Coast and Nigeria. In the Gold Coast it is frequently accompanied by S. iheohromae, the two species together causing enormous damage [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, pp. 141 and 670]. The life-history of S. singidaris has already been dealt with [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, ii, p. 634]. As a check to the increase of this pest, dead twigs punctured by the insects should be cut out and burnt and the sections smeared wdth coal-tar. The best direct method of control in the Congo is found to be regular inspection of all parts of the plants attacked and the destruction of all larvae and adults thus discovered. This is best done in the early morning. Each worker should carry a vessel containing an emulsion made by dissolving 3-1- lb. soft soap in 2 gals, water to which is slowly added 5 gals, petroleum. This is diluted with 5 parts water to 1 part' emulsion immediately before use. The addition of Bordeaux to this emulsion will act as a control of secondary fungous pests, and should be applied with a brush to any individuals of S. singidaris and washed over any cankers suspected of sheltering parasites. All wounds should be smeared with coal-tar and the canlvcrs with vegetable tar. Recommendations are given as to the best method of planting and cultivating the cacao plants in order to avoid either insect or fungous infestations. It has been found inadvisable to plant cacao on the tops of hills as it is much more liable to attack in these situations ; a better plan is to plant the valleys with cacao and the side of the hill vnih. coffee. Eriodendron anfractuosum (silk cotton-tree) should be eliminated as far as possible on the plantations, as it is on this plant that S. singidaris develops. Helopeltis bergrothi, which is a most dangerous enemy of cacao in the East, has not as yet shown great activity in the Belgian Congo, although it occurs in restricted numbers, particularly in the moister parts of the plantations. A considerable increase of this species is considered probable. A key is given to the various African species of Helopeltis. The life-history and nature of the damage of H. bergrothi has already been described [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, ii, p. 671]. Control measures should be undertaken as soon as the insects appear, hand collection being a very successful method as practised by the natives. If the numbers increase, the contact insecticide recommended above for S. singidaris may be used in the proportion, 1 part emulsion to 10 or 12 parts water. The food- plants of H. bergrothi in the Congo m addition to cacao are : — Funtumia elastica, Manihot utilissima (cassava), sweet potato, Bixa orellana, castor-oil plant, Cyrtospenna senegalense and an }■ roid found in marshes. Patterson's lengthy list of food-plants in the Gold Coast is also given. 81 Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control.— Rept. Agric. Dept. St. Kitts-Nevis for 1916-1917, Barbados, p. 12 and p. 36. [Received 29tli December 1917.] During the year ending March 1916, grasshoppers were reported as being very destructive, necessitating the use of poisoned bran mixture. Cockroaches also injured very young cotton in some districts, but were kept in check by a poisoned bait of 1 part Paris green to 40 parts of maize meal. In 1917, Mr. W. I. Howell reported from Nevis the prevalence of Alabama argillacea (cotton worm), little damage, however, being done to the cotton crop, while Eriophyes gossypii (leaf-bhster mite) was less numerous than for some time past. Early in August a species of Lachnopus did a considerable amount of damage to cotton locally, Paris green and lime proving ineffective against this pest ; better results were obtamed by collecting the insects in kerosene and water. The Pink Boll Worm. — Agric. News, Barbados, xvi, no. 406, 17th November 1917, p. 362, The dispersion of Pectinophora gossypiella over 'widely separate areas is not effected by the flight of the adult moth, nor by the transport by the wind of larvae in loose cotton lint, but by the agency of man in importing and distributing cotton seed or baled cotton without previous inspection. In this connection may be cited the case mentioned by Houston in the Scientific American for 4th August, of a cotton-seed oil mill established in a tovTu on the borders of Mexico and the United States, to which large quantities of infested seed are being moved ; the emergence of moths from this, occurring as it does within a few miles of the Texas cotton fields, cannot fail ultimately to establish this pest in a new region. The infested area in the Laguna district of Mexico is much larger than was at first supposed, and the distribution of seed from this is increasing the area of infestation. These two cases serve to emphasise still more strongly the importance of quarantine measures. Boyd (A. J.). Cotton Cultivation in Queensland. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, viii. no. 4, October 1917, pp. 185-191. The worst insect pest of cotton in Queensland is the bollworm {Heliothis obsoleta] which, however, o^ving to its preference for maize as a food-plant can be controlled by the planting of trap-crops. The best plan to adopt is that of leaving 5 rows vacant between every 25 rows of cotton, one of which should be planted as soon as possible with an early-maturing variety of maize. As soon as the ear-silk appears, examination should be made for the eggs of the moth, and when all these have been found and removed, the plants may be cut down and used for stock feeding. Follovvdng this, three more rows of maize should be planted, or maize alternating vnth. cowpeas, in which case the peas must be sown when the maize has appeared above ground. By December these three rows should be silking, and the large number of eggs to be found on them should be allowed to mature to prevent the destruction of parasites on the eggs and larvae. When the whole generation has been parasitised, the ears may be destroyed, and the 82 fiith and last row of maize should be planted to trap the eggs of the few remaining moths that have matured, these being destroyed by burning. The success of this method depends entirely on the maize being in tassel in December, to ensure which, it must be planted considerably later than the normal time of planting in spring. Duncan (R. S.). The Farmer's Apple Orchard. — 38ih Ann. Rept. Ontario Agric. & Experimental Union for 1916, Toronto, 1917, pp. 62-67. [Received 31st December 1917.] In the course of this paper the importance of spraying as an invest- ment, and the necessity for proper equipment are emphasised. A summary of spraying rules against the commoner insect and fungus pests of apple orchards is given. Jones (T. H.). The Sweet-Potato Leaf-Folder.— C7. S. DejJt. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 609, 22nd November 1917, 12 pp., 4 figs. The only recorded damage to sweet potato by the larva of the Pyralid moth, Pilocrocis tripuncfata, F. {cubanaUs, Guen.), is that reported in 1915 from Porto Rico, though this species is known to occur in Texas, Mexico, Costa Rica, Jamaica, Cuba and Grenada. The eggs are laid singly or in small irregular groups on the under- surface of the leaf, frequently alongside the leaf-veins. They hatch in four days, and the larvae undergo six moults in 13 days, after which they construct cocoons within which they pass the prepupal period of 2 days in the case of the summer generations (the last geueration, however, hibernating in the last larval instar) ; a pupal stage of 6 days completes the 25 day life-cycle. This pest, which has five generations in the year, and which damages the plant by practically skeletonising the leaves, can be successfully controlled by spraying with a solution of zinc arsenite powder, 1 lb. in 40 U.S. gals, water in which 12 lb. cactus detritus has been soaked for 20 hours previously to increase the adhesiveness, or with a solution of 1 lb. lead arsenate powder in 50 U.S. gals, water, one early application being sufficient. Two parasites have been reared from the larvae, a Tachinid, Exorista pyste, Wlk., and an Ichneumonid, a new species of Bassus, while the larvae are attacked by the adults of Podisus maculivenlris. Say (spined soldier-bug). The jackdaw or boat-tailed grackle, Megaquiscahs major macronrus, is predaceous on the larva. DE Ong (E. R.). Hydrocyanic-acid Gas as a Soil Fumigant.— JL Agric, Research, Washington, D.C., xi, no. 9, 26th November 1917, pp. 421-436, 1 plate, 10 tables. The study of the use of hydrocyanic acid, the most effective substance known as a soil fumigant in orchards and greenhouses, entails the establishment of a definite ratio between the minimum point of toxicity to insects and the maximum dosage that is safe for germinating seeds and plants, together with a knowledge of the physical and chemical action of the gas in the soil, the rate and extent 83 of diffusion and absorption by soil water, the alteration of concentration of the gas caused by soil particles, and its decomposition by certain soil constituents. Experimental investigations on these points have shown that the toxicity of hydrocyanic gas solutions varies with the insects experimented upon, from the minimum for house-flies {Musca domestica) of "0156 gm. sodium cyanide per htre (equivalent to "0046 per cent, of hydrocyanic acid gas over the solution) to the maximum for beetles {Diabrotica soror) of "125 gm. per litre (equivalent to '0365 per cent, of hydrocyanic acid gas over the solution), the latter being the most resistant of any insect experimented upon. The gas at a concentration fatal to house-flies only slightly retards the germination of lettuce seeds, which were not killed even by a two days' exposure to gas nearly three times as strong as that toxic to beetles. In the case of seedlings it was found that a solution 256 times as strong as that producing gas toxic to flies killed all the seedUngs and half of the cuttings placed in it, while a solution twice as strong as that required against flies had no effect even ujDon seedlings. In short, a dosage toxic to flies and Phylloxera would be safe for all plants experimented upon, while that necessary for beetles, would be extremely dangerous if not fatal. As regards the introduction of the gas into the soil, it was found impossible to effect this by injecting sodium cyanide solutions into the ground, or by forcing in the gas under pressure, owing to soil and water both being strong absorbents of the gas. Eetention of the gas depends upon the character of the soil, a heavy, damp or very wet, sandy soil being almost impervious to the gas, which is taken up by a pure sandy soil only in proportion to the amoimt of water present, and in a clay soil is either decomposed or changed in concentration by the soil particles. Attempts to generate the gas in the earth showed that it diffuses with extreme slowness in clay soils or very wet sandy soils, but much more rapidly in fairly moist sand. The conclusion reached is that sodium cyanide affords a satisfactory means of fumigating masses of loose, porous soil, especially those containing little clay, also seed-beds and potting soil, but that the cost, while comparable ^dth that of carbon bisulphide fumigation in light soils, is not within the range of economy except in small areas, even when the value of the gas as a nitrogenous fertiliser is considered, the fumigation of heavy soils being very much more expensive. Hewitt (C. G.). Report of the Dominion Entomologist for the Year ending 31st March 1917. — Dominion of Canada, Dept. Agric, Ottawa, 1917, 24 pp. [Eeceived 29th December 1917.] The arrangement whereby the Governments of the provinces of Nova Scotia and Biitish Columbia under supervision of the Department of Agriculture carry out fumigation of foreign nursery stock destined for those Provinces is proving very satisfactory. Details are given of inspection work in connection with the control of brown-tail moth [Nygmia pJiaeorrhoea, Don.], in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick. In continuation of the work of colonisation of parasites of this pest and of the gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar], no less than 15,725 puparia of 84 Compsilura concinnata have been reared and were forwarded in July for colonisation at various points in eastern Canada. The total number of parasites imported up to date are : Apanteles lacteicolor, 67,500 ; C. concinnata, 30,725 ; Calosoma sijcopJianta, 4,200. Investigations respecting the natural factors controlling or tending to control the abmidance of certain highly injurious insects revealed the fact that in the control of Hyphantria textor (fall webworm) the red-eyed vireo, Vireosylva olivacea, L., is the most important factor, about 40 per cent, of the larvae being destroyed by this bird at five observation points. The most useful enemy of Lepidosaphes uhni (oyster-shell scale) was foimd to be a j)redaceous mite, Hemisarcoptes mains. Woodpeckers destroyed most of the cocoons of Samia cecropia (emperor moth). The problem of the natural factors controlling the Tortricid, Cacoecia (Archips) cerasivorana, in a region where the insect does not appear to increase in numbers, is being investigated. The introduction into Canada of Mesoleius tenthredinis for the control of Lygaeonematus (Nemaius) erichsoni (larch sawfly) has already been described [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 347]. Insects affecting grain and field crops have been under investigation ; the life-histories of Lachnosterna gibbosa, L.fusca, L. dubia and L. rvgosa (all species occurring in Ontario), and of L. rugosa, L. dubia, L. grandis and L. nitida in Manitoba and Saskatchewan have been studied, and the data collected wall be published. Cutworms were the cause of serious damage, particularly Euxoa ochrogaster in Manitoba and eastern Canada and E. exceUens in British Columbia, some of the latter being destroyed by the fungus, SorosporeUa uvella. Poisoned bran mixture was found very useful for controlHng these. ChoHophila {Phorbia) brassicae is apparently increasing in numbers and destructiveness throughout Canada ; in experiments for the control of Hylemyia antiqua {Phorbia cepanmi) sodium arsenite gave promising results. A severe outbreak of Cephus sp. (western wheat-stem sawfly) occurred in Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In the same provinces Mayetiola destructor (Hessian fly) is being investigated. Ceramica picta (zebra caterpillar) stripped the foliage of turnips, cabbage and kale in Ontario and the Maritime Provinces. Cabbages and turnips were also attacked by a new Tortricid pest, Tortrix wahlbomiana var. vigaureana {oleraceana). Other destructive insects were Bruchus pisorum (pea weevil), Pemphigus betae (beet aphis) and Psila rosae (carrot rust fly). Thrips iabaci (onion thrips) was largely controlled by the predaceous bug," Triphleps tristicolor. Greenhouse pests include Callojnstria floridensis (Florida fern caterpillar), Dasyneura rhodophaga (rose midge), Eumerus strigatus (narcissus bulb fly), Diarthronomyiahypogaea (chrysanthemum midge) and Tarsone?7ius jxillidus (cyclamen mite). In eastern Canada much attention has been given to the control of insects af?ecting apple [see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 343-346 and 549]. In Quebec sprays for Anthonomus quadrigibbus (apple curcuUo) have been tested [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 480]. The mite, Tetranychus pilosus, was abundant on plums and apples and the silver-leaf mite, Phyllocop)tes schlechtendali, on peaches in the Niagara District. In British Columbia the life-history and control of Taeniothrips inconsequens {pyri) (pear thrips) has been studied [see this Review, Ser. A,^v, pp. 70 and 117]. Rhagoletis pomonella (apple 85 maggot) has been recorded from British Columbia [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 581]. Otiorrkj/nchus ovatus (strawberry root weevil) was studied in Vancouver [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 469]. Larvae of Folyphylla decemlineata. Say, and of Aristotelia sp. were also injurious in strawberry plantations. Forest and shade-tree insects have been the subject of special study [see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 550-551, 568]. It is intended to undertake co-operative work with the forest plant pathologists, as it is felt that in this way a more speedy solution may be found to several obscure problems of tree injury. Investigation into the question of insects affecting stored grain and other products disclosed the fact that serious losses do not occur to stored grain owing to the rapid movement of the grain crop and the extremely low temperatures prevailing in districts Avhere grain is stored locally. The possibility of treating rice infested with Calandra oryzae by means of high temperatures was investigated, and the results indicated that rice would not withstand the high temperature necessary. The value of superheating a ship's hold by steam in order to destroy this weevil was successfully demonstrated. It is hoped that the practice of controlling insects infesting mills, warehouses, etc., by high temperatures will be more generally adopted, this method being cheaper, safer and easier of application than fumigation. Keilin (D.). On the Supposed First Stage Larva of LeptoJiylemyia coarctata, Fall. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, viii, no. 2, December 1917, pp. 121-123, 2 figs. The conclusion arrived at by Kurdjumov that the eggs described by him represent the overwintering stage of Leptohylemyia coarctata [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 350] is criticised by the author, who considers that these eggs do not belong to the developmental cycle of this insect, but were probably introduced into the breeding vessel with earth from outside, this conclusion being based on the structure of the mouth-parts, of the posterior end of the abdomen and of the posterior spiracles of the primary larva described by Kurdjumov. Newstead (R.). Observations on Scale-Insects (Coccidae)-V. — BulL Entom. Research, London, viii, no. 2, December 1917, pp. 125-134. This paper deals with a large number of Coccids including :^ Iceryaaegyjjtiacum, Doug., from Zanzibar on date palm; Stictococcus multispinosus, Newst., from the Gold Coast, on kola, a small percentage of the females being attacked by Chalcidid parasites, and from Uganda, on Markhamia platycalyx ; S. sjostedti, CklL, from Gold Coast, on cacao ; Pseudococcus citri, Risso, from British East Africa and Uganda, on coffee ; P. sacchari, Ckll., from Madras, on rice, and from British Guiana, on sugar-cane ; P. virgatus, Ckll. , from Uganda, on coffee, from Zanzibar, on cassava and sugar-cane, from the Gold Coast, on French beans, Jatropa curcas and Colocasia, and from Southern Nigeria, on cacao seedhngs ; Phenacoccus insolitus, Green^ from Madras, on egg-plant ; Tachardia decorella, Mask., from Uganda, 86 on Anona muricata ; Asterolecanium coffeae, Newst., from British East Africa and Uganda, on coffee, a small percentage being infested by Ohalcidid parasites ; Cerococcus hibisci, Green, from South India, on egg-plant ; Ceroplastes cajani, Mask., from South India, on red gram [Cajanus indicus], Zizyphus, Ocimum sanctum and wild indigo ; C. personatus, Newst., from Gold Coast, on Coffea liberica, being the only additional record since its discovery in 1898 ; C. rubens, Mask., from South India, on mango, and from Zanzibar, on young orange trees ; Pulvinaria cupaniae, Ckll., from Jamaica, on mulberry imported from the United States ; P. psidii, Mask., from British East Africa and Uganda, on coffee, and from South India, on mango and guava, the Uganda specimens being parasitised by a fungus ; Saissetia nigra, Nietn., from South India, on cotton, from Uganda, on coffee, and from British East Africa, on ornamental shrubs ; Cocmis viridis, Green, from British Guiana, on Liberian coffee, and from S. Africa ; Hemilecanium itnbrimns, Green, from S. India, on Cedrela tuna ; Chnjsomphalus aurantii, Mask., from British East Africa, on orange tree, from Southern Rhodesia, where it is heavily infested by a fungus, apparently a species of Nectria and also parasitised by a Ohalcidid, from S. Africa, on Acacia, from Jamaica, on citrus imported from India, and from Fiji, on bananas ; Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Sign., from Uganda, on peach, and from Fiji, on bananas ; A. destructor. Mask., from S. India, on coconut, about 70 per cent, being destroyed by a small Coleopterous larva, from Zanzibar, on mango and castor- oil plant, from British East Africa, on coconut, from Uganda, on banana, mango, guava, screw- pine, Ceara rubber and Hevea brasiliensis, and from Gold Coast, on mango ; Chrysomphalus aonidum, L. {ficus, Comst.), from S. India, on mango and Ficus sp. ; Pseudaonidia fossor, Newst., from British Ouiana, on grape-vine ; A. orientalis, Newst., from British East Africa and S. India, on tamarind and egg-fruit ; Selenaspidus silvaticus, Lind., from Uganda, on Citrus aurantium ; S. articulatus, Morg., Fiorinia proboscidaria. Green, Parlatoria pergandei, Comst., and Parlatoria ziziphus, Lucas, all from Jamaica, on citrus imported from India. Brain (C. K.) & Kelly (A. E.). The Status of Introduced Coceids in South Africa in 1917. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, viii, no. 2, December 1917, pp. 181-185. This record of scale-insects introduced into S. Africa contains the names of 55 well-established species constantly met with during nursery inspections, together with their known distribution. Others that have been stopped at the port of entry, such as Eulecanium (Lecanium) bituberculatum, Targ., E. (L.) corni, Bch., Pulvinaria betulae, L., Aulacaspis (Diaspis) rosae, Bch., Aspidiotus pyri, Licht., and A. ostreaeformis. Curt., are not included. The more important established species include : Icerya purchasi. Mask., widely distributed, but satisfactorily controlled by Novius cardiruilis ; Pseudococcus citri, Risso ; P. filamentosus, Ckll. ; P. virgatus, Ckll. ; Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ. ; S. nigra, Nietn. {S. nigrella, King.) ; S. oleae, Bern. ; Aspidiotus destructor, Sign. ; A. perniciosus, Comst. ; Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Morg. ; and Lepidosaphes pinnaeformis, BoL 87 GowDEY (C. C). A List of Uganda Coccidae, their Food-plants and Natural Enemies. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, viii, no. 2, December 1917, pp. 187-189. Among the 72 species recorded in this list are included :—Tachardia decorella, Mask., parasitised by Aenasiella africa, Gir., and CoccopJiagus nigropleurum, Gir., and preyed upon by the caterpillars of Slathmopoda oesteelis, Meyr. ; Pulvinaria jacksoni, Newst., parasitised by Tetra- stichus gmvdeyi, Crawf. ; Ceroplasfes galeatus, Newst., parasitised by K eomphaloidella ceroplastae, Gir., Eurytoma galeati, Gir., and Scutellista cyanea, Mots. ; Inglisia conchiformis, Newst., preyed upon by a Lepidopterous larva, Eublermna scitula, Ramb. ; Saissetia oleae, Bern, parasitised by Coccophagus saintebeuvi, Gir. ; Stictococcus diversiseta, Silv., preyed upon by Euhlemyna costimacula, Saalm. ; S. goivdeyi, Newst., parasitised by Coccophagus comperei, Gir., and Epitetrastichus ugandensis, Gir. ; Aspidiotus destructor. Sign., preyed upon by Epilachna punctipennis, Muls. Zacher (F.). Ein neuer Schadling der Kartoffelpflanze. [A new- Pest of the Potato Plant.] — Deutsche Landwirtschftl. Presse, Berlin, xliv, no. 65, 15th August 1917, p. 481. In June 1917 a potato field in the district of Teltow was reported to be heavily infested with beetles. An immediate investigation showed that these were not the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decem- lineata, but a leaf-beetle, Galeruca tanaceti, L. Observations led to the conclusion that the pest had migrated from adjacent marshy meadows owing to lack of food due to the prolonged drought. Owing to the shortage of chemicals due to the War, collection of the beetles is advised and, as they do not fly readily, steep-sided trenches will prevent many from reaching the potato plots. Rainy weather would cause them to leave the potatoes as their usual food-plants would become available. LEGISLATION. The Indian Destructive Insects and Pests Act 1914. — Planters' Chronicle, Bangalore, xii, no. 43, 27th October 1917, p. 550. [Received 3rd December 1917.] Orders have recently been passed bringing this Act into force and are explained in a recent Government Order, which states that no plant is to be imported into British India by land or sea by means of the letter or sample post. No plants, except fruits and vegetables intended for consumption, potatoes and sugar-cane are to be imported into British India by sea except after fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas and at one of the ports prescribed in the Act. Plants that are infested with Hving parasitised insects and are intended for the introduction of such parasites may be imported without such fumigation if accompanied by a special certificate from the Imperial Entomologist to the Government of India that such plants are imported for the purpose of introducing such parasites. The Insect Pest and Quarantine Ordinance, No. 5 of 1901.— Ceylon Govt. Gazette, Colombo, no. 6,912, 23rd November 1917. Additional regulations to those published in 1916 provide that from 88 1st January, 1918, no tea plants or parts of them other than leaf for manufacture or tea seed shall be removed from any estate or nursery, whether infested with shot-hole borer [Xylebonts fornicatus] or not, without a written permit from the Director of Agriculture. From 1st January 1920, no such permits shall be granted for the removal of any tea stumps or plants from any infested area, and no person shall remove or receive from any infested area tea plants or any part of them. Laws of Maine relating to Agriculture. — Maine Dept. Agric. Qtrly. Bull, Augusta, xvi, no. 4, December 1917. In that part of the agricultural laws of Maine as amended in 1917 relating to the protection of trees and shrubs from dangerous insects, and diseases, revised statutes provide- for the appointment of a State horticulturist to deal with the question. The gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar, L.] and the brown- tail moth [Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Don.] are declared public nuisances and their suppression is authorised and required under the charge of the Commissioner. Nurseries are to be inspected annually and the State horticulturist may inspect any orchard, field or garden and order the destruction of diseased trees or shrubs. Any nursery stock shipped into the State is to bear a certificate of inspection, is to be again inspected at the point of destination, if required by the State horticulturist, and destroyed or returned at the consignor's expense if he shall so elect. Transportation companies are not to transport uninspected stoclc and the Commissioner of Agriculture is to be notified of all consignments received for transport. All agents and dealers in nursery stock are required to have a license. Any person suspecting the presence of the brown- tail moth [Nygmia phaeorrhoea] or of San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] on trees, shrubs or vines within the State are to send a notice accordingly to the Conunissioner of Agriculture, who will then proceed to have these inspected and treated. Owners of real estate that is found to be infested will be notified that these insects must be destroyed within a specified time. The expenditure of money raised in towns for the purpose of controlling these insects is regulated by the Commissioner of Agriculture. Municipal officers are required to destroy all dead or worthless apple and wild cherry trees along the public ways before 1st June of each year. Municipal and police courts and trial justices are empowered to deal with prosecutions in respect of these regulations. The Crop Pest Commission already established may direct the Commissioner of Agriculture to make such regulations as the Commission deem necessary to prevent the introduction into the State or the dissemination therein of any insect pest or plant disease seriously injurious to vegetation. Under these regulations it has been resolved, and approved, on 30th March 1917, to appropriate the sum of approximately £7,000 for the protection of trees and shrubs from insects and diseases during the year 1917, and a similar sum during 1918. Regulations dealing with adulterated or misbranded goods define the standard required for the most commonly used insecticides and regulate the penalties for violation of these laws. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to excliange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Ililedical and Veterinary). 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London, 8.W.7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. A new Tachinid Parasite of Pieris rapae in U.S.A. The Pink Bollworm and its Control in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Measures against Diparopsis castmiea in the Sudan . . An Ascalaphus predaceous on Prodenia Utnra in Egypt Wood-boring Beetles in Egypt . . Insect Pests in Uganda in 1916-17 Insect Pests of Cacao and Coffee in S. Thona6 Grapliic Methods of Presenting Entomological Facts . . Stomacoccus platani, gen. et sp. n., on Sycamore in California Dusting as a Substitute for Spraying in North America Experiments in dusting Fruit Trees in Canada Insects attacking Fruit Trees in Canada Insect Pests in Spain in 1917 A Note on Precipitated Sulphur as an Insecticide in Spain . . The Resistance of Plants to Insect Attack in Spain . . Sericulture in Madagascar The Races of Phylloxera infesting Vines in Italy Poultry in Orchards and their Effect on Injurious Insects in Britain 57 The Gold tail Moth attacking the Fruit of Apple in England . . 58 Pests of Sugar-cane in Barbados . . . . . . . . 68 Notes on British Coccidae . . . . . . . . . . 59 Masterpieces of American Economic Entomology . . . . 59 Notes on Erioeampoides limacina in Quebec . . . . . . . . 60 Carriers and Diluents for Dusting in Canada . . . . . . . . 60 Cabbage Pests in Quebec . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 60 41 42 44 44 44 45 46 46 46 46 47 PAGE Insect Pests of Basket Willows in Britain Machines for the Treatment of Cotton Seed against Pink Bollworm in Egypt The Utilisation of Bats to destroy Lepidopterous Pests of Cotton i the West Indies The Danger of Introdiiction of the Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, into the West Indies . . Traps for Cosmopolite.fi sordidus in Jamaica The Bionomics of the Chinese Gall Aphis Philtraea elegantaria infesting Privet in Louisiana A New Aphid-destroying Syi^phid in California Megacoelum stramineum, a Pest of Sorghum in Madras Adisura atkinsoni, a Pest of Dolichos lablab in Madras Contheyla rotunda, a Pest of Coconuts in Madras Notes on the Oviposition of the Agathi Weevil, Alcides bubo, in Madras 47 The Correct Names of Apple-infesting Aphids in U.S.A. . . . . 47 The Life-history of the Clothes Moth, Tineoln biselliella, in New York 48 48 48 49 49 50 51 52 63 53 53 64 54 55 55 55 56 66 CONTENTS— wml. PAGE. The Comparative Values of the Arsenates of Lead and Calcium in Sprays . . The White Pine Weevil, Pissodes atrohi, in Quebec . . Two Destructive Shade-tree Borers in Quebec Near Relatives of Insects Injurious to Plants in Quebec . . The commoner Crambids of Quebec The Eye-Spotted Bud-Moth, Eucosma ocellana, and its Control Quebec Studies in Greenhouse Fumigation with Hydrocyanic Acid . . Objections to spraying Clover with Paris Green in Russia . . The supposed Utility of Mowing Clover to protect it from Insects Russia . . . . . . ■ • ^ Taeniothrips inconsequens in the Crimea The proposed Anti-Locust Bureau for North Caucasia Insect Pests in Sumatra . . . . . . . . Experiments on the Hibernation of Leptmotarsa decemlineata U.S.A Insect Pests in the Seychelles The North American Species of Habrocytus Insect Pests intercepted in Hawaii The Establishment of beneficial Parasites in Hawaii . . Insect Pests in Nyasaland in 1916-17 . . The Diseases and Fests of the Coconut Palm in Malaya Measures against Attacks of the Pink BoUworm in Egypt . . Metamasius sericeus infesting Coconuts in the West Indies . . Coccinella septempunctata parasitised by Phora fasciata in France A New Braconid Parasite of Hypohorus fieus in France The Parthenogenetio Reproduction of Otiorrhynchus stdcatus France . . The Value of Birds in Vineyards in France Experiments in the Destruction of the Eggs of Vine Moths in France Measures against Bhynchites conicus in Orchards in France . . Measures against Xylotrechus quadripes infesting Coffee in India An Outbreak of Pieris brassicae in France The Striped Cane Weevil in Jamaica . . Measures against Laphygma frugiperda in Jamaica . . An Outbreak of Oalerueella luteola in Spain Lonchaea aristella in the Peninsula of Sorrento The Bionomics of Lonchaea aristella infesting Figs in Naples Oscinosoma secretum infesting Figs in Naples . . The Bionomics and Control of Coeliodes ruber infesting Hazel-nuts in Italy . . The Causes of the Destruction of Bird Life in Australia Insects and other Animals attacking Cacao-trees in the Belgian Congo Pests of Cotton in the West Indies The Dangers of the Spread of Pectinophora gossypiella in Mexico Maize as a Trap-crop for Heliothis obsoleta in Queensland . . The Importance of Spraying in Orchards in Canada . . The Bionomics and Distribution of the Sweet Potato Leaf -Folder Hydrocyanic Acid Gas as a Soil Fumigant Insect Pests in Canada in 1916-17 On the supposed First Stage Larva of LeptohyUmyia eoarctata Observations on Scale-Insects in the Tropics . . The Status of Introduced Coccids in South Africa in 1917 . . A List of Uganda Coccidae CkHeriica tanaceti, a new Pest of Potatoes in Germany Plant Pest Legislation in India . . Plant Pest Legislation in Ceylon Laws of Maine Relating to Agriculture. . VOL. VI. Ser. A. Part 3»— pp. 89-136. MARCH, 1918. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES a: agricultural. ISSUED B7 THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF BNTOMOLOQT. LONDON : BOLD BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN'S GATE. S.W. 7. Price 8d. net. Ail Rijihts Resepyed. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY l>oncrarp Commime of n^anademettK VISCOUHT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R^., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Mr. E. C. Bleck. C.M.G., Foreign Office. Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G.. F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Surgeon-General Sir David Beuce, C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmeb, F.R5., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John McCall, M J).. Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R. Stewart MacDouoall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R3., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., liate Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S , Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuitall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.8., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., CM.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kcw. Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. SmpLEY, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warbdrton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominious Is an ex officio member of the Committee. ©eneral SecretatB. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). 3)ir«ctor an& EMtor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, »s6l0tant Director. Mr. S. A. Neave. Bead Office. —BntiBh. Museum (Natural Historv). Cromwell Roe.d Loudon, S.W.7. PubUcation OJUce.— 89, Queen*s Gate, London, 8.W- 7. 89 TragIrdh (Ivar). Vara vanligaste Barkborrar och deras Gangsystem. [Our most common Bark-beetles and their Galleries.] — Statens Skogsforsoksanstalt, Flygblad no. 8, February 1917, 28 pp., 27 text-figs. [Received 16th February 1918.] This paper is a popular treatise on the characteristic features and systems of the galleries of bark-beetles, their feeding habits, choice of trees, etc. The following species are dealt with : — Myelophilus piniperda, L., M. minor, Htg., Hylastes ater, Payk., Dendroctonus micans, Kug., Hylurgops paUiatus, GylL, Polygraphus poligmphus, L., Ips typo- graphus, L., I. sexdentatus, Boern., Ljproximus, Eichh., I. acuminatus, GylL, Pityogenes bidentatus, Hbst., P. quadridens, Htg., and P. cJialcographus, L. Ips proximus is recorded for the first time from Sweden, where it seems to be common. It has undoubtedly been previously overlooked owing to its great resemblance to /. lands, and its occurrence has been recorded under that species. Tragardh (Ivar). 0m de klimatiska Faktorernas inflytande pa Insek- ternas upptradande. [On the Influence of Climatic Factors on Insects.] — Sdrtryck ur Skogshogskolans Festsskrift 1917, StockJioIm, 1917, pp. 428-447, 7 figs. [Received 16th February 1918.] After an introductory discussion of the different factors influencing the numerical variation of injurious insects, an attempt is made to analyse the meteorological conditions during some outbreaks in Sweden. In the summer of 1911, Aphis (Siphonaphis) padi, L., did great damage to cereals in southern Sweden. Tullgren, who described the outbreak, suggests that the high temperature and the low rainfall were the causes of the great increase in the numbers of this Aphid. An analysis of the temperature during May-August in 1910 and 1911 shows, however, that the difference during these years was too small to render it likely that the temperature played any important part. The difference in the rainfall during May- August, on the other hand, was very marked, the total amount in 1910 being about 11| inches, whereas in 1911 it was only about 6 inches or 53 per cent, of that of the previous year. It is also notable that in 1910 heavy rains occurred at the beginning of July at the very time that the Aphids had just migrated from bird-cherries to the cornfields, where they were more exposed. It therefore seems probable that in the summer of 1911 the absence of the controlling factor exercised by high pre- cipitation brought about the great increase in the numbers of this aphis. As regards Lymantria (Liparis) monacha, L., in Sweden and the serious outbreaks of it in 1898-1902, it is of special interest to note that it occurred not only in the chief centre in Kolmarden, but simultaneously in other parts of Sweden, which at once suggests that cHmatic conditions played an essential part. An analysis of the temperature and rainfall during 1896-1898 elicits the fact that the mean temperature in the neighbourhood of Kolmarden during xVpril- August in 1896 and 1897 was about 3° F. higher, and nearly ^° F. higher in Kristianstad, than in 1898. The rainfall during April-July in 1896 was only 40 per cent, of that of 1897, and nearly the same applies to Kristianstad for the years 1896 and 1897. (C452) Wt.P5/131. 1,500. 3.18. B.F.&Ltd. Gp.11/3. v 90 These analyses do not, however, give any real insight into the significance of the altered cUmatic conditions, and the author, after reviewing the work of other writers on this question, points out that a solution of these problems can be arrived at only by further investigations. Tragardh (Ivar). Undersokningar over gran- och tallkottarnes skadeinsekter. [Investigations on the Insects injurious to Spruce and Pine Cones.] — Meddelande fran Statens Skogsforsoksanstalt, Stockholm, 1917, Hafte 13-14, pp. 1141-1404, cxxxvii-cxlvi, 44 figs. English Summary. [Received 16th February 1917.] In this paper, which forms the introductory portion of the investiga- tions, only the most common of the injurious insects which are found on spruce cones collected during the winter and their parasites are dealt with. The investigations were based on about 14,000 cones collected from different parts of Sweden and kept in breeding cages of the so-called American type. Cydia {Laspeyresia) strobilella, L., occurs all over the country. The parasites of this moth previously known were : — Nemeritis cremastoides, Holm., Ephialtes glabratus, Ratz., and Bracon anthracinus, Nees (?). To this number the author w^as able to add only one species, Epiurus geniculatus, Kby. Of these parasites Nemeritis cremastmdes is distributed all over the country and occurs in 78 per cent, of the locahties, in many of which it attacked more than 20 per cent, of the larvae. Ephialtes glabratus seems to be far less common, occurring in only 25 per cent, of the locahties, in only one of which did parasitism reach more than 20 per cent., while in 73 per cent, of the localities in which it occurred only 5 per cent, of the caterpillars were attacked. Bracon sp., formerly referred to as B. anthracinus, is not yet definitely identified, though it is closely allied to that species. It is common all over the country, having been found in 67 per cent, of the localities. The importance of these species is considerably increased by the fact that they occur together and in many localities more than 39 per cent, of the caterpillars was parasitised by one or the other of them. Epiurus geniculatus is very rare, having been found only in three localities. It seems likely that it is in reality a parasite of Dioryctria [Phycis) abietella and has only occasionally been present in the cones because its host was killed before it had time to leave them. The spruce-seed midge, Perrisia strobi, Winn., was bred from cones as long ago as 1848, but nothing was known regarding the feeding habits of the larva. In 1895 Nitsche found the larvae of a gall midge in spruce seeds, but failed to breed them, and in Germany no further attempts seem to have been made to solve this problem [see however this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 5]. In Finland Sahlberg in 1890 bred a gall midge from spruce seeds which he identified with P. strobi. The fact that investigators on the one hand found larvae in the seed, which they failed to breed, and on the other found cocoons in the scales from which gall midges emerged, gave rise to the view that two different species occm-red. This, however, is not the case ; the larvae feed in the seeds, leaving these before pupation and entering the scales, where they form the characteristic white cocoons. These cocoons are easily found on cutting a cone in two ; they are flask-shaped, rounded at the bottom and tapering towards the mouth, which corresponds to an irregular 91 opening in the upper side of the scale, made by the larva in order to facilitate the extrusion of the pupa half-way through the opening, in which position the midge emerges. The biological significance of this peculiar mode of pupation becomes evident when it is remembered that the seeds fall to the ground, whereas the cones remain on the trees. If they remained in the seeds and fell to the ground with them, the midges would have a considerable distance to travel to find another individual to mate with or suitable places for oviposition, besides being exposed to numerous enemies. Pupating in the cone-scales they emerge in the crown of the trees and close to the spot where their eggs are laid, being, moreover, well protected in the scales during the pupal period. The fact that pupation takes place in the scales is therefore doubtless an adaptation which ensures the protection of the species. Platygaster {Triplatygaster) contorticornis, Ratz., was bred by Ratzeburg from spruce cones and was suspected by him of being the parasite of P. strobi, but until now this had not been definitely proved. The larva of Platygaster is parasitic in that of Perrisia, but does not kill its host until it has left the seeds and formed the cocoons in the base of the scales, the inflated skin of the larva serving as an extra cocoon for the parasite. Platygaster is present with its host all over the country, though it was very remarkable that in 1916 in the northern part of the country it was not bred in those localities where Perrisia was very abundant, whereas in the south of Sweden a high percentage of Perrisia always corresponded to a high percentage of Platygaster. The majority of those localities from which the cones gave a low percentage of Platygaster being situated in the north of Sweden, these data seem to justify the inference that in this part of the country climatic conditions have been favourable to the re- production of Perrisia but not of its parasite. That this species is a very efiective parasite of Perrisia is shown by the fact that in 25 per cent, of the localities the percentage of midges killed by it was 1 1-20 ; in 13 per cent., 21-30; in 10 per cent., 31-40; in 14 per cent., 41-50; and in 5 per cent. , over 50 per cent. Its value is increased by the fact that the females are far more numerous than the males, while in Perrisia the number of both sexes is about equal. At the beginning of the investigation it seemed very likely that some species of the genus Megastigmus would be found in spruce seeds, two species of this genus being recorded in Germany with this habitat. It is, therefore, very remarkable that during the investigation of these 14,000 cones the author entirely failed to breed any species of Megastigmus, the part played by this genus in Central Europe being evidently taken in Sweden by Torymus azureus, Boh. The mode of pupation of Torymus seems to be the same as that of Perrisia, the burrows of the former being, however, easily distinguished from those of Perrisia owing to the absence of white cocoons. When the adult is ready to emerge, the pupa does not become extruded half-way through the opening, but remains in the burrow, the adult biting a circular hole through the wall. The two sexes of Aprostocetus strobilanae, Ratz., were described as two difierent species by Ratzeburg, who called the male Geniocerus erythrophthalmus and the female Eulophus strobilanae. This mistake has not hitherto been corrected, Schmiedeknecht in the " Genera Insectonim " referring the male to Tetrastichus and placing the female (C452) A.2 92 in Entedon. Tliis species has not been definitely proved to be the- parasite of Tonjmus azureus, though very strong circumstantial evidence of this exists. A. strohilanae occurs all over the country and seems to surpass even Platygaster in effectiveness. While the latter in 63 per cent, of the localities only killed up to 20 per cent, of Penisia, the corresponding figure for Aprostocetus occurs in 30 per cent, of the localities. The curves of both species fall at 50-60 per cent, infection, but while the largest number of localities for Platygaster is to be found where there is no parasitism, the corresponding figure for Aprostocetus coincides with a parasitism of 30-40 per cent. The curve of Aprostocetus, however, at the higher percentage of parasitism is very peculiar, rising from 71 to 80 per cent., so that no less than 12 per cent, of the localities show an infestation of 91-100 per cent. The localities where there is such high percentage prove on examination to be precisely those where Perrisia strobi was very numerous, while Platygaster was either very scarce or did not occur at all. This seems to show that some correlation exists between these facts. The larvae of Perrisia and Torymus both live in the seeds of the spruce and consequently compete for the same food-supply. The data of bred individuals show that the former appears earlier than the latter, and there is no reason to suppose that this succession is altered under natural conditions. Hence, if a high percentage of the seeds are attacked by Perrisia the possibility of Torymus finding a sufficient supj)ly of seeds decreases, and its number is reduced. At the same time the increase of Platygaster contorticornis, the normal parasite of Perrisia, has been checked, presumably owing to climatic conditions. When therefore, Aprostocetus appears, it finds a large number of seeds attacked by Perrisia larvae that are not parasitised, and only a few Torymus, and in consequence it is forced to attack the former instead of the latter. Kemner (N. a.). Gulhariga skinnarbaggen {Blitophaga opaca L.) — Centralanstaltenfor Jordbruksforsok, Flygblad no. 62, June 1916; Entomologiska Avdelningen, no. 15, 4 pp., 2 figs. [Received 14th February 1918.] This SUphid beetle has repeatedly injured sugar-beet, potatoes and barley in Sweden. The adults hibernate in the ground under stones and moss and are markedly nocturnal in their habits, being very sluggish during daytime and, when disturbed, dropping to the ground and hiding themselves under stones. The eggs are deposited in the ground with the aid of the ovipositor and covered with earth. The larvae are full-grown in about three weeks and pupate in the soil, the adults emerging after about a fortnight. There is only one generation a year. This beetle occurs all over Sweden, attacking sugar-beet in the south and barley in the north. Suggested remedies are sprajdng with lead arsenate and rolhng the ground. Kemner (N. A.). Artvivein {Sitona lineatus L.) — Centralanstalten for Jordbruksforsok, Flygblad no. 63, June 1917; Entomologiska Avdelningen, Stockholm, 1917, no. 16, 4 pp., 5 figs. [Received 14th February 1918.] This paper contains a short description of the biology of Sitones {Sitona) lineatus and the remedies employed to deal with it. The 93 adult weevils hibernate in moss and under dry leaves and appear in the spring, attacking the leaves of Leguminosae, especially of beans and peas. When quite young the plants generally succumb, though larger plants do not suffer greatly, even if the loss of foliage amounts to 10-20 per cent. Later in the season the larvae attack the roots of the plants, especially the bacterial nodules. The mmiber of eggs laid is probably not high, a female in captivity producing only six larvae. The larvae become full-grown in from four to six weeks, and in the middle of July the pupae are found in cells beneath the plants. Rotation of crops is recommended as a remedy. Kemxer (N. a.). Rapsbaggen {Meligelhes aeneus, F.) — Centralansfalten for Jordbruksforsok, Flygblad no. 64, June 1917, Entomologiska Avdelningen, no. 17, 4 pp., 3 figs. [Received 14th February 1918.] As a rule only one annual generation of Meligethes aeneus occurs in Sweden, though during warm summers two may be present. This Nitidulid beetle is distributed all over the country and is common everywhere. In 1892-1895 it did so much injury to the rape fields of Gotland that the cultivation of this j)lant had to be abandoned. It seems questionable whether spraying with arsenicals is advisable, since it has been ascertained that this may interfere with the bearing of the plants. The author, therefore, suggests the use of nets. During the outbreak in Gotland, Lampa with the help of a net collected no less than 133,000 beetles in 15 minutes, 95 per cent, of which were Meligetlies. Another method which has proved very useful in Germany is the so-called Sperling's apparatus, consisting of boards covered with tar, which are dragged between the rows about a foot above the ground. Kemner (N. a.). Bjorksackmalen {Coleophora fuscedinella, Zell.) och dess upptradande aren 1915-1917. [The Birch Sack-moth, Cole- ophora fuscedinella, Zell., and its Occurrence in Sweden in 1915-1917.] — Meddelande fran Centralanstalten for Fdrsoksvd- sendet pa Jordbruksomradet, no. 162 ; Entomologiska Avdelningen, no. 28, 28 pp., 30 figs. [Received 14th February 1918.] During the years 1915-1917 birches over a large part of Sweden were attacked by Coleophora fuscedinella, Z. The moths appeared in the end of June and the beginning of July ; they are somewhat nocturnal in their habits and are therefore easily overlooked, the •damage done by the caterpillars being sometimes ascribed to frost. The eggs are deposited on the smallest twigs, on the half-opened leaves and on the scales of the buds, two or three together, and are concealed as much as possible. The larva hatches in a fortnight and makes a blotch-mine in a leaf. A new mine is afterwards made which forms the case of the larva and concealed in this it makes other mines in the leaves. As the larva increases in size it adds small rings of leaf to the anterior margin of the case, which becomes horn-shaped. In this case hibernation takes place, the larva deserting the leaves and attaching the case to a twig in the autumn. In May of the following year, the larva leaves its winter quarters and begins to attack the young leaves one after another, doing at this time far more damage than during the previous autumn. In many localities the birches 94 were practically defoliated, and when this was repeated the following year they succumbed. In many localities, especially in Smaland during 1915, 10-20 per cent., and in 1916, 50-90 per cent, of the birches were defoUated. The following parasites were bred from the larvae : — HemiteJes sp., Ifoplectis maculator, F., Glypfa sp., Phobocampa sp., Agathis varipes, Th., Ap)anteles (?) sodalis, Hal, Pezomachus instabilis, Forst., Atigitia sp., Apanteles corvinus, Eeinh., A. xanthostigma, Hal., A. 7nesoxanthvs, Ruschka, sp. n., Microdus mediator, Nees, Habrocytus radialis, Th., Dibrachys boucheanus, Eatz., Elasmus viridiceps, Th., Cirrospilus pictus, Nees, Miotropis sulcicrista, Th., Chrysocharis elongaia, Th., and Geniocerus charoba. Walk. KJEMNER (N. A.). Stjalkbocken (Phytoecia cylindrica L.) ett skadedjur pa flockblomstrigs vaxter bl, a. pa- morotplantor for froskord. [Phytoecia cylindrica L., an Enemy of the Umbellatae, including Seed Carrots.] — Meddelande fran Centralatistalten for Jordbruks- forsok, no. 139 ; Entomologiska Avdelningen, no. 26, 8 pp. 8 fig^. In the botanical department of the Agricultural Experiment Station at Stockholm, the Longicorn beetle. Phytoecia cylindrica, did great injury to seed carrots in the autumn of 1915. The stems of the plants were pierced through by the larvae from one or two feet above the ground down to the roots. On lawns in the neighbourhood where Anthriscus silvestris grew in great numbers, about 90 per cent, of this plant was injured in the same way. There is one annual generation, the eggs being laid during the summer and the larva hibernating and completing its metamorphosis in early summer of the following year. The pupae are found in old, dry stalks. The attack not only greatly diminished the crop, but only 30 per cent, of the seed obtained germinated. TuLLGEEN (A.). Landtbruksvaxternas fiender och vanner bland de lagre djuren. [The Enemies and Friends of Agricultural Plants amongst the lower Animals.] — Stockholm, 1917, 142 pp., 68 figs. 4 coloured plates. This is a popular treatise on the agricultural pests of Svreden and their parasites, especially adapted for the use of the agricultural schools. It contains a short introductory chapter dealing with the systematic position of insects, their classification, morphology and develoj)ment, and the different kinds of injury caused by them. In the subsequent chapters the different pests are treated according to their systematic position. The last chapter deals with methods of control and a key arranged according to the different types of injury is appended. HoTTA (G.). Cha no shakkakuchu ni kwansuru ch6sa. [Geometrids injurious to the Foliage of Tea.] — Special Report of Tea Plantation Experiments, Prefecture of Shidziioka Agric. Expt. Station, October 1917, 21 pp., 3 plates. The report contains descriptions of the early stages, habits and life- histories of six species of Geometridae found in Japan injurious to the foHage of tea, viz. : Jankoivskia fuscaria, Leech, Boarmia theae, Mats., 95 Gonodontis obliquaria, Moore, Lycia robustum, Butl., and Boarmia selenaria, Hb. Other food-plants of these moths previously recorded by other entomologists or from the author's own experiments are : — For T. fuscaria : TJiea japonica, T. sasanqua, Acer palniatum, Pyrus floribunda and Primus tomentosa. For B. theae : Primus communis. For L. robustum : Eurya japonica, and Pyrus mains var. tomentosa. For B. selenaria : Morus alba. Keys to the larvae and imagines are appended. Preventive measures are also discussed. As the eggs are laid under the bark of pine trees near the tea plantation, they should carefully be searched for and collected. Spraying with a mixture of insect- powder, soap and water, while the larvae are still young, is also recommended. IsHiWATA, Shigetane. Note on a Species of Nosema infecting Attacus cynthia, Drury. — Jl. of Parasitology, Urbana, III., iii, no. 3, March 1917, pp. 136-137, 8 figs. This paper describes a species of Nosema, closely allied to N. bombycis. Nag., found in dead larvae of Attacus cynthia,, Drury. Anderson (S. F.). Outdoor Culture of the Grape-vine in New Zealand, —Jl. Agric, Wellington, N.Z., xiv, no. 4, 20th April 1917, pp. 278-292, 4 figs. [Received 2nd Januar}^ 1918.] Grape-vines in New Zealand are not greatly troubled by insect pests. Phylloxera is confined to a few localities in the far north of the Dominion, and need not be present there if the growers would take advantage of the resistant grafted vines available from the horti- cultural stations. Cryptoblabes gnidiella {Albinia wokiana) and Thyridopteryx herrichi spin webs among the fruit and eat the stems of the berries at the time when these are about half grown. The remedy is a spray of 1| lb. arsenate of lead to 50 gals, water. Pseudo- coccus (mealy bug), which is the most serious pest of vines cultivated under glass, is not of much importance in vineyards, except where there is a general neglect of pruning and cleaning ; in such cases the best treatment is the removal of all rough, scaly bark after pruning, and syringing with hot water. Campbell (J. A.). Work for the Coming Month. The Orchard. — Jl. Agric, Wellington, N.Z., xiv, no. 4, 20th April 1917, pp. 308-311. and XV, no. 5, 20th October, 1917, pp. 221-226. [Received 2nd January 1918.] San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] is the most prolific and destructive of all orchard insect pests, and, although easy to destroy, is most difiicult to eradicate, as any small number of individuals that escape spraying are sufficient to start a new infestation, which rapidly attains the same extent as the previous one. If the scraping of trees to remove rough bark was made compulsory, as it is in Tasmania for the control of codling-moth [Cydia pomonella], it is probable that the difficulties of eradication of this scale, which shelters under the bark, would be greatly minimised. The greatest amount of damage to fruit- trees is done from the time the sap ceases to flow until the scale becomes dormant, which in a mild season is well into the winter. In order to 96 check this injury in the early autumn it is advisable to spray before pruning. Oil emulsion is the most reliable spray, but cannot with safety be applied to peach trees so early, and for this reason lime- sulphur 1 : 15 is preferable. General recommendations for summer sprays are as follows : — On pip-fruits, for codling moth [Cydia pomonella], leaf roller [? Tortrix postvittana] and pear slug [Eriocampoides limacina], arsenate of lead powder 1 lb., or paste 1| to 2 lb., to 50 gals, water. For bronze beetle and brown beetle, f gal. resin solution should be added. For woolly aphis [Eriosoma la,nigerum], Black leaf 40, 1 to 800, combined with arsenate of lead. For red mite [Tetranychus] and other sucking insects. Black leaf 40, 1 : 800 ; lime-sulphur, 1 : 100 or 1 : 120, or atomic sulphur, 10 lb. to 100 gals, water, combined with arsenate of lead. On stone-fruits, for red mite, whale-oil soap and atomic sulphur, 8 lb. to 100 gals, water. Lesne (P.). Carabides nuisibles aux Fraisiers. [Carabids injurious to Strawberries.] — Jl. d^Agric. Pratique, Paris, xxx, no. 26, 27th December 1917, pp. 504-505. Among the Carabids there are a number of genera that are normally phytophagous, such as Zabrus, Ditomiis, etc., or omnivorous, such as certain species of Amara, as well as some carnivorous species that devour the sweet pulp of certain fruits ; these include Carabus, Calathus, etc. Beetles of both categories are found attacking the ripe fruit of strawberries, especially PterosticJms melanarius, 111., Steropus madidtts, F., and Calathus fuscipes, Goeze. Oplionus ruficornis attacks only the seeds, but the slight wound left on the fruit in tearing these out is however sufficient to cause a rapid deterioration, and these attacks have been known to ruin as much as one-fifth of the crop. In the forests of Central Europe 0. ruficornis also devours the seeds of conifers and other plants in the seed-plots that are covered with boards to protect them from the attacks of small rodents and birds. Seeds of Madura aurantiaca have been devoured on more than one occasion, proving that this species is definitely phytophagous. 0. ruficornis is nocturnal, flying freely on warm summer nights, and can travel some distance to reach its preferred food-supply. Harpalus distinguendus is another Carabid that has also caused damage to strawberries in the neighbourhood of Poitiers. The question of controlling these Carabids on strawberry beds has not been solved. The straw that is laid on the ground to keep the fruit clean unquestionably encourages the presence of nocturnal insects that find shelter in it during the da}^. It is considered probable that traps might be advantageously used in such cases : handfuls of grass or squares of matting kept in a moist condition and scattered in the beds would doubtless attract many insects and allow of the capture of a number of them each day. Reports of County Horticultural Commissioners.— Mi^Z^. Bidl. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vi, no. 11 & 12, November- December 1917, pp. 415-482. This bulletin contains an article from each of the county horticultural commissioners in the State of California, the subjects being as varied 97 as the interests of the counties represented. Systematic examination and interception of imports arriving by rail and post are carried out and many insect pests and diseases are thus prevented from entering the State, while a continuous patrol for the purpose of discovering insect infestations is maintained. Much help is given to entomologists in the colonisation of parasites, the common Coccinellid, Hippodamia convergens being distributed largely by the commissioners. The insectary at Alhambra is investigating the mealy bug [Pseudococcus citrophihis] which has caused so much damage to the orange-growing industry. Experience has shown that this pest can be controlled in a great measure by natural enemies, provided that the Argentine ant \Iridomyrmex Immilis] be kept from the trees. Tests for ant control are being made with bands, poisons and trap-nests. The distribution •of the Sicilian mealy bug parasite [Leptomastix] is being undertaken, and it is hoped to colonise large numbers during the next season. •Several newly-introduced Coccinellids are being tried, as well as some native predators, such as the brown lacewing [Hemerobius piacijicus] and Leucopis. The enforcement of the Fresh Fruit Standardisation Law, which became effective on 27th July 1917, has resulted in a great diminution in the quantity of infested and diseased fruit coming to the Almeda County markets. In Martinez, pear-trees were heavily infested with Eriosoma pyricola (pear root aphis); and dwarf pears were eventually substituted for the French variety -wdth good results. Cotton-growing has now become established in Imperial County and is free from any serious insect pests. Lygus pratensis (tarnished plant bug), Buccula- Irix sp. (cotton leaf perforator), Heliothis obsoleta (cotton bollworm), crickets, grasshoppers and Aphids are all jDresent, but in small numbers. The cotton boll weevil [AntJionomus grandis] and the pink bollworm [Pectinojihora gossypiella] have so far been rigorously excluded. Grapes in many localities are badly infested with the grape mealy bug, Pseudococcus hakeri. Soon after the last moult the adult females make their way to the maturing grape clusters, settle down and feed on the berries, with the result that large quantities of honey-dew are exuded, which spoils the fruit for the market. Experiments in control are being conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture. It is already evident that control measures cannot be adopted during the growing season, but are best applied during early spring before the leaves appear. The young insects are then feeding on the tender cambium of the spurs, having emerged from their winter quarters underneath the old bark ; a driving spray directed towards the crevices from every angle will then kill large numbers. In Los Angeles County a great variety of plants and trees are grown, nearly all of which are host-plants for some species of insect pest ; it is therefore not surprising that more than £50,000 is spent annually in their control, the enforcement of the laws providing for insect control being in the hands of the county commissioners. In Marin county the most common and persistent pests are Aphids. They are largely controlled by native Coccinellids, but these appear so late in the season that spraying is necessary to prevent injury to young fruit. Scale-insects are also troublesome, having a large range of food-plants and being difficult to control, spra\dng or fumigating often being impracticable. They have not as yet, except in a few localities, 98 caused serious losses to the fruit crop. The black scale [Saissetia oleae] was formerly a serious pest of ornamental and fruit trees, but has now been greatly reduced by its natural enemy, ScutelUsta. The cottony cushion scale [Icerya purchasi], formerly a serious menace to ornamental trees, has been to a large extent controlled, and would be better checked if Novius (Vedalia) cardinalis w^ere more plentiful ; this CoccineUid for some reason is not multiplying rapidly. The codling moth [Cydia pomondla] rarely appears on apples in the coast districts, but in the interior is a serious pest. Hitherto it has been necessary to depend upon voluntary action on the part of growers to keep the pest in check, but it is hoped that the new Standard Apple Act will produce better results. The growing of currants for commercial purposes has practically been abandoned owing to the currant fruit fly [Epochra canadensis]. The growing of beans has been much interfered with by the prevalence of the two-spotted mite [TetranycJius telarius], but dry sulphur has proved a satisfactory treatment for it. Anarsia lineateUa (peach twig borer) was for many years the cause of losses amounting to as much as 50 per cent, of the peach crop ; this pest is now absolutely controlled by the use of lime-sulphur spray in the spring when the blossom buds are swelling. Spraying of citrus trees against scale-insects in San Bernadino has led to the conclusion that it is not as efficient as fumigation, is more expensive and causes greater injury. Sprays containing arsenic are apt to cause severe scorching of the fruit, dropping of leaves and dead wood, while miscible oils cause defoliation and spotting or dropping of fruit. Sulphur sprays frequently scorch the fruit, when applied during high temperatures ; a large cjuantity of soap also seems to bleach or discolour the trees and scorch the fruit. Kerosene and oil distillate, w^hen properly emulsified, did little \'isible damage and when carefully applied controlled the scales as well as any other spray. All sprays, when strong enough to kill scale-insects, do more or less injury to citrus trees, and these are only recommended in the case of very young trees that might be injured by a fumigation tent or for trees that it is impossible to fumigate. The advisability of clearing away all weeds and rubbish in the autumn, and of taking down fences with their accompanying weeds wherever possible, is strongly urged as being of great assistance in the control of brown mites, potato tuber moth [Phthorimaea opercidella], various Aphids, thrips, cutworms, grape root worm [Fidia viticida] and many other pests. During recent years fruit-growers on the Pacific Coast have been waging an uphill fight against increasing losses from the depredations of various Aj)hids ; apples, prunes, walnuts and pears have all suft'ered heavily. In particular, the appearance of the pear root aphis [Ei iosoma pyficola] has necessitated some control being used for this pest and it was found that Black leaf 40, 1 part to 1,000 parts water, poured into the soil around the roots practically freed the trees from the root- infesting forms. The experiment was then tried of planting a plot with tobacco, the refuse from this growth being chopped up and placed in trenches around the fruit-trees, 5 lb. being used for each tree. This was first applied in November and the rest towards the end of February : the second application seemed to be the most successful and an orchard badly attacked by both this species and Eriosoma lanigerum 99 is now entirely free from infestation. The waste from cigar factories can be obtained cheaply for use in this way, and can be made into a spray of the same strength as a 1 to 2,000 dilution of Black leaf 40 to which may be added 6 lb. commercial flour paste jelly to 100 U.S. gals. water and 10 lb. atomic sulphur. Though this treatment for root- infesting forms of Aphids is still in the experimental stage, it is considered worthy of recommendation to growers. Experiments in the control of Coccus citricola (grey scale) on citrus trees in Tulare County again proved the superiority of fumigation over sprapng. In spraying the bad effects are often not evident until the following year, when there is frequently, as in the case of pyrox, more or less severe injury to the smaller twigs, while the useful Coccinellid, Novius cardinolis, is destroyed by it. Brock (A. A.). The Control of Walnut Aphis {Chromaj)his juglandi- cola). — Mihly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vi, no. 11 & 12, November-December 1917, pp. 478-479. Considerable injury occurs to walnut trees in Santa Paula County owing to the depredations of Chromaphis juglandicola, a heavy infestation in one year usually being succeeded by a light one in the following year. In 1917 the infestation promised to be very severe in the early summer and spraying experiments were started as soon as the conditions warranted treatment. Half a pint of nicotine sulphate to 4 lb. whale-oil soap with 200 U.S. gals, water was found quite efficacious in killing the Aphids, though a stronger solution acted more quickly. Predators assist considerably in control of this aphis ; the chief are the Coccinellids, Olla ahdomitialis and Psyllobora taedata, less important ones being Coccimlki californica, Hippodamia convergens and H. ambigua. In a moist season a fungus destroys this Aphid in large numbers. The effect of sprapng showed that trees so treated are much less damaged by hot weather than unsprayed ones, probably because they put out new growth that protects the nuts. They were also free from the sooty mould, which always follows the attacks 'of C. juglandicola. A tobacco dust spray with lime or sulphur as a carrier promises to be an effective and economical method of controlling this pest, though the liquid spray is recommended as a better all-round treatment in the case of severe infestation. VoLCK (W. H.). The Apple Leaf- mining Case-Bearer {ColeopJwra volckei). — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vi, no. 11 & 12, November-December 1917, pp. 463-467, 6 figs. For several years past an unusual type of injury to apples in Pajaro Valley, California, has been observed, one or more small punctures appearing in the skin and extending a short distance into the pulp. This injury was found to be due to a new species of case-bearing larva, the hfe-history and habits of which were studied during 1916. The presence of the insect on the fruit is evidently accidental, the foliage being the principal food. The first eggs were observed in the laboratory in early July ; they are placed on the under-side of the leaves among the plant hairs and are so small as to be difficult to find. The fiat side of the egg is tightly pressed against the leaf -surface, and upon hatching 100 the young larvae bore directly into the leaf through the bottom of the egg. For one or two instars the young caterpillars remain within the leaf as true leaf-miners, the first larvae in cases being observed on 13th August. After loosely attaching the edge of the case to the leaf- surface, the larva eats through the epidermis and begins to feed on the interstitial cells. Feeding continues during summer and autunm, hibernation beginning early in November when the larvae are about one-fourth grown. Hibernation continues within the case until the blossoms begin to open in the following spring. It is these spring larvae that are likely to injure the fruit. There are apparently two spring moults, and the larvae grow rapidly until pupation, which lasts from the middle of May to the middle of June. ^\Tiile C. volckei, Heinrich, increases but slowly, having only one generation in a year, it is so well protected by its case and its leaf- mining habits that control is difficult. The case, and the habit of exclusively internal feeding, completely protects this species from arsenical sprays in the summer and lime-sulphur in the winter. Oil emulsions, unless applied with great thoroughness and at very concentrated strength, fail to kill the hibernating larvae. Natural enemies, one of which reared from this species has been identified as a species of Microbmcon, are very few in number, the parasitism of the pupae never having exceeded 3 per cent. Attempts have been made to destroy the larvae by defoliation of the trees as soon as the fruit is picked ; this however is difficult to effect as the defoliation has to be very rapid, the fruit seldom being entirely picked before mid-October and hibernation beginning in November. Neither crude oil emulsion nor lime-sulphur solutions were successful as defoliators, and the larvae on trees so treated were as abundant as elsewhere. Caustic solutions with sodium nitrate proved too strong and killed the foHage too quickly to allow of shedding. Contact insecticides were then tried early in the spring, when the larvae were leaving hibernation. Trees were sprayed on 5th April with 3 lb. nicotine sulphate to 8 lb. flour (worked into a paste) and 12 lb. milled sulphur, made up with 200 U.S. gals, water. A second apphcation was given on 2nd May. The results showed a great reduction in the numbers of C. volcl-ei on the sprayed trees, but the table given shows that the control of the codhng moth [Cydia pomonella] and the fruit-tree leaf- roller [Cacoecia argyrospila] is not so effective by this means as with arsenicals. Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Months of August and September, 1917.— Mthly. Bull. Col. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, vi. no. 11 & 12, November - December 1917, pp. 483-484. The following pests were intercepted : — From Australia : Eule- canium corni and mites on gooseberry plants. From China : Cylas formicarius in" sweet potatoes. From Guatemala : Cerajmto sp. on orchids. From Hawaii : Coccus longulus on betel leaves ; Diaspis hroQneliae and Pseudococcus bromeliae on pineapples ; Trypetid larvae in decayed peaches and cucumbers ; w^eevils in seed pods. From India : Pseudococcus sp. on pomelos. From Japan : Aulacaspis 2Jentagona on a cherry tree ; Lepidopterous larvae in beans and dried figs ; Pseudaonidia duplex on camellia ; weevils in dry herbs and roots 101 and sweet potatoes. From Java : Calandra oryzae in rice ; Pseudo- coccus sp. on pomelo. From Nicaragua : Sper)noj)hagus pectoralis in beans. From Tahiti : Borer larvae in dry citrus wood. From Arizona : Heliothis (Chloridea) obsoleta on maize. From Central America : Aspidiotus cyanophylli on bananas. From Colombia : Diaspis boisduvali, Ckrysomphalus perseae and Isosoma orchidearum on orchids. From Louisiana : Lepidopterous larvae on vines ; Lepidosaphes ulnii on apples ; and Aspidiotus cyanophylli on bananas. From Mexico : Coleopterous larvae in coquita nuts. From New York : Diaspis boisduvali and Eucalymnatus tessellatus on orchids ; Psevdococcus sp. on crotons and other ornamental plants. From Washington : Vent una inequalis on apples. From Florida : Hemichionaspis aspidistrae on ornamental plants. From Oregon : Codling moth [Cydia pomonella} in pears. HoRTON (J. R.). Three-lined Fig-tree Borer. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, B.C., xi, no. 8, 19th November 1917, pp. 371-382, 3 plates. The three-lined fig-tree borer, Ptychodes trilineatus, L., is a large Cerambycid beetle that does considerable damage to fig-trees (Ficus carica) by boring into the larger branches and trunks. It occurs throughout the southern United States and has been reported from parts of Mexico, all the States of Central America, the West Indies, Venezuela and Colombia, and Tahiti. The greatest amount of damage is done by the larvae, which bore in both dry and green wood, preferring that which is partly dead and has lost some of its sap ; hence they principally attack trees or branches that are diseased or injured. The eggs are inserted into the bark near wounded or decaying spots, and rarely, if ever, in perfectly sound healthy bark ; they usually occur singly, though as many as five may be found together. Those individuals that complete their larval stage in one season have an average larval life of three months, while overwintering ones five in the wood for about 11 months. As they are feeding during most of this time, the possible amount of damage that they may do is great. The larvae, which, though soft-bodied, are extremely resistant to mechanical injury, tunnel to a point near the surface when ready for pupation, and emerge after a pupal period of 24 days by cutting a circular exit-hole through the bark. The adults, which feed on the tender bark of the smaller fig stems and also during the fruiting season upon ripe and nearly ripe figs, have an average life of 3 or 4 months. Emergence of the adults takes place from March to early December, the maximum being reached in September. There is no true hiberna- tion period, but only one of comparative inactivity from December to February inclusive. The chief remedy is the prevention of infestation by keeping the trees in the healthiest condition possible, avoiding injury by breaking limbs, or bruising the bark in cultivating and picking the fruit, and treating wounds with a protective paint composed of five parts of coal tar and one part of creosote. The borers may in some cases be kiUed by injecting carbon bisulphide into the tunnels and plugging the openings with putty, but this method is impracticable where the infestation is severe and well advanced. 102 Wade (0.). The Sycamore Lace-bug {Corythuca ciliata. Say). — Agric. ExpL Sta., Stillwater, Oklahoma, Bull. no. 116, July 1917, 16 pp., 7 figs. [Keceived 3rd January 1918.] The Tingid bug, Corythuca ciliata, is widely distributed througbout tbe United States, being found wherever its host-plant, Platanus occidentalis (western sycamore or buttonwood tree), thrives. It has not, as yet, been found on other host-plants, though it attacks two allied trees, P. wrighti in Arizona and New Mexico and P. racemosa in California, but has never been found on P. orientalis (eastern plane tree). Injury to the foliage is caused by the adults, which live and breed exclusively on the downy under-surface of the leaf. The insect hibernates in the adult stage under the loose, rough bark of the trunk, and occasionally in cracks and crevices of neighbouring fences, being able to withstand a temperature of 10° below zero. As soon as the trees are well in leaf it ascends to the foliage and begins feeding, oviposition taking place in about 10 days. The eggs which are laid along, and firmly attached to, the projecting larger veins on the under- surface of the leaves, hatch in from 14 to 21 days, the insect, after 4 moults, reaching maturity in 33 to 46 days and females of this first generation beginning to oviposit in 8 days. None of the insects that prey on this lace-bug can be regarded as efficient natural controls, hence measures must be taken against the adult by means of a contact spray, the eggs being invulnerable owing to the secretion covering them. The best results have been obtained with a fish-oil soap solution used according to the formula, 1 lb. fish-oil soap to 6 U.S. gals, water (preferably soft). This must be applied under a pressure of at least 150 pounds, by means of a large disc nozzle, owing to the difficulty of reaching the insects on the under- sides of the leaves. A second application should be made a fortnight later against the young that have hatched out in the meantime. Experiments with nicotine sulphate, concentrated lime-sulphur and kerosene emulsion, gave unsatisfactory results, the last of these causing severe injury to the foliage. Knight (H. H.). New Species of Lopidea (Miridae, Hemip.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxviii, no. 10, December 1917, pp. 455-461, 5 figs. The new species of Lopidea here recorded from the eastern United States include: L. heidemanni, found breeding on elm (Ulmus), the nymphs feeding and maturing on the tender terminal growth of young trees, and on yarrow {Achillea millefolimn), indicating that this species has a wide range of food-plants. It was also taken in considerable numbers on Solidago rugosa, in company with L. media. L. salicis was found only on black willow {Salix nigra) ; L. reuteri, found breeding on witch-hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) ; and L. staphyleae, on the American bladder nut, Staphylea trifolia, where the nymphs feed on the tender fohage during July, the first adults maturing on 18th July and many subsequently migrating to hickory trees in the vicinity. 103 Gibson (A.). A Little Known Cutworm, Euxoa excellens, Grt. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlix, no. 12, December 1917, pp. 401-403. Since the first record of this pest in 1885, Euxoa excellens has been abundant in certain years, doing serious damage to various growing vegetables. In 1916 an outbreak was reported and investigated north of Vancouver. The moths are on the wing in British Columbia in late August and September. Nothing definite is known regarding the early life-history of the insect ; from present knowledge it would appear that the winter is passed in the egg-stage ; possibly during certain seasons hibernation may also occur in the young larval stage. From larvae collected in 1916, the Ichneumonids, Amhlyteles subfuscus, Cress., and A. 7iuncius, Cress., were reared, while many of the larvae were destroyed by the fungus, Sorosporella uvella. Poisoned bran was used "^ith much success, 95 to 100 per cent, of the cutworms being destroyed by this means. Malloch (J. K.). Key to the Subfamilies of Anthomyiidae. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlix, no. 12, December 1917, pp. 406-408. The di^nsions of the subfamilies of Anthomyiidae adopted by the author differ considerably from those of European authors, and are based upon larval and pupal as well as imaginal characters. Separate keys are given for the sexes. It is hoped to publish keys to the genera of these subfamiHes shortly. Ross (W. A.). The Secondary Host of Myzus cerasi. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlix, no. 12, December 1917, p. 434. Recent literature dealing with Myzus cerasi (cherry aphis) shows a considerable difference of opinion as to whether this Aphid is migratory, but the observations of the author lead him to beheve that this is the case. Apterous forms reside throughout the season on the primary host (cherry) and in addition winged forms produced during the summer migrate to a secondary host and there establish colonies. In Ontario the favourite plant is apparently the -wild pepper-grass, Lejndinm apetahim, to which M. cerasi is readily transferred from cherry. No doubt other crucifers serve as summer hosts, and in insectary experiments colonies of M. cerasi have been successfully established on Capsella bursa-pastoris, Brassica arvensis and Erysimum cheiranthoides, but these results have not as yet been verified in the field. Van Zwaluwenbueg (R. H.). Insects affecting Coffee in Porto Rico. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 513-517. Although coffee has been cultivated in Porto Rico for about 150 years, and ranks second in importance only to sugar-cane, little attention has been given to the insects affecting it. The present paper is a summary of the studies of the late Dr. C. W. Hooker, which extended over a number of years, and of the observations of the author. 104 Leucoptera coffeella, Staint. (coffee leaf -miner), is tlie most generally distributed pest of coffee, wliich is its only host-plant, and was probably introduced with the first coffee plants into Porto Eico. Eggs are laid on the upper leaf-surface and hatch in about 5 days. The larva mines in the parenchyma. After about 11 days the fully-grown larva emerges through a hole in the upper surface of the mine and spins its cocoon, usually on the under-side of the leaf, the pupal stage lasting 5 or 6 days. The adult moths are swift nocturnal fliers, hiding under leaves during the daytime ; they live from 1 to 4 days. Artificial control of this insect has been as yet unsatisfactory. Nicotine sulphate sprays are partially effective for the larvae, but fail to kill the eggs. Two Chalcid parasites, Zagrammosoma multilineatum, Ash., and Chrysocharis livida, Ash., destroy this miner in its larval stage, the latter at times being responsible for at least 30 per cent, mortality. Lachnopus sp. (coffee leaf weevil) is abundant in many plantations, but is not known to occur at elevations less than about 1,000 feet. The adults are found in April and May feeding on the leaves, blossom-buds and newly set berries. The life-history of this weevil has not been ascertained ; field observations indicate that the life- cycle occupies one year. Eggs are laid in masses between two overlapped leaves ; the larvae upon hatching enter the ground and feed on the roots, but the greatest damage is done by the adults. Vitex divaricata is also attacked. A Chalcid has been bred from what appeared to be an egg-cluster of this insect. Shaking the trees and hand-picking during April and May are recommended, but have not yet been tried on a large scale. Ants are serious pests of coffee in some districts. Myrmelachista ambigua, Forel, subsp. ramulonmi, Wheeler (coffee-shade ant) eats out longitudinal tunnels in which it rears its brood and cultivates colonies of two species of soft scales ; when the host-tree is coffee, the scale concerned is a Pseudococcus ; in most of the trees grown for shading coffee the scale is a fleshy, pink scale representing a new species of Coccus. Various poisoned baits have been tried without success ; the only possible control seems to be the felling and burning of all infested growth and the planting of temporary shade, such as banana, in which this ant will not form colonies, and replanting of permanent shade trees after several months. This method is expensive and of doubtful permanent value. Another ant, Wasmannia auropunctata, Roger, is reported as occasionally killing or displacing colonies of M. ambigua, but this little yellow ant is so vicious that pickers refuse to enter areas where it is established. Minor pests of coffee include the two scales, Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ., and Howardia, biclavis, Coms., which are both checked by parasitic fungi, the former being particularly heavily parasitised by Cephalospornmi lecanii. In some localities a Cossid larva, the adult of which has been tentatively determined as Psychonoctua jamaicensis, Schs., bores in the main trunk and larger branches, causing a knotty formation in the old wood. Pruning and burning the invaded wood is recommended. Apate francisca, F., is another borer with many host- plants that attacks coffee. The larvae can develop only in dead wood. The adults can be killed in the burrows with a piece of stiff wire. Epicranion cJiampioni, Fowl, (spittle insect), is frequently found round the berry clusters ; an external Hymenopterous parasite has been noted, 105 but did not survive to the adult stage. Ormenis pjgmaea, F., and the Jassid, TeUigonia occatoria, are both common but not seriously injurious. A mealy-bug, provisionally identified as Pseudococcus adonidum, L. (longispinus, Targ.) is sometimes abundant in the berry clusters. In the spring the Aphid, Toxoptera aurantii, Boyer, is very abundant on the new shoots, which it may damage severely. The orange, which is frequently allowed to grow half wild among cofiee, is another host- plant of this Aphid. An undetermined Chalcid has been bred from this insect, which is also at times almost completely controlled by the fungus, Acrostalagmus albus. Two species of May beetles that attack coffee are probably new and will be described later. While the larvae attack coffee, they are primarily pests of cane. Two Tachinids have been reared from adults of Lachnosterna (Phyllophaga) ; one, Cnjpto- meigenia aurifacies, Walt., is fairly abundant, the other, Eutrixoides jonesi, Walt., being comparatively rare. Safro (V. I.). When does the Cost of Spraying Truck Crops become Prohibitive ? — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 521-523. The author discusses the cost of insect control work and points out that while many entomologists, as well as growers, have considered that when the cost of spraying reaches ^^^thin a fraction of the profit expected, it becomes prohibitive, they forget that the investment itself often represents a much larger amount of money than the season's return. When, for example, some £30 to £35 per acre has been expended in growing onions and a severe epidemic of onion thrips [Thrips tabaci] is threatened, it is undoubtedly an economic necessity to spend as much as £10 per acre in spraying to save even £20 of the original investment. The cost of spraying fruit trees in any season, or series of seasons, cannot be worked out as easily on the basis of annual returns as in the case of annual truck crops where the entire business transaction is completed within one year. In the control of j)ests with a wide range of food-plants it is frequently asserted that the effect of spraying a field would only be temporary and that in several days the field would again be infested by insects migrating from neighbouring weeds and cultivated plants. The author does not consider this to be necessarily true. It is found, for example, after spraying bean fields in Florida against Jassids that the insects reappear after a time ; growers have nevertheless found it advisable to spray in order to keep down a sufficient proportion of the insects to allow of plants becoming sufficiently hardy to withstand a severe attack such as would entirely destroy young, untreated ones. The author discusses the possibility of formulating a rule that would apply eventually to the spraying of both truck crops and fruit trees, and submits the following suggestion for discussion : " The cost of spraying truck crops for pests that threaten to destroy all or a large part of the crop does not become prohibitive until the immediate apphcation in view, together with such following farm operations as can be definitely foreseen, have a total cost in excess of the reasonable expectations of gross returns from the c op in question." There must of necessity be many applications the reason for which cannot be definitely foreseen, resulting in some cases in the cost of spraying (C452) B 106 during the entire season exceeding the gross receipts from the crop. It is not always certain whether the destruction of all or a large part of the crop is threatened ; in this case the grower should ensure the safety of his crop by considering the destruction as actually threatened. The author places the problem of parasitism in the same category. Unless parasitism can be definitely foreseen to such an extent as to render spraying unnecessary, the attitude of the grower must be that of the business man who, knowing that the chances of his business being destroyed by fire are remote, nevertheless insures himself against such a contingency as a business necessity. The author purposely omits any discussion of market problems, considering that the contin- gencies of market values can very rarely be foreseen at the time the grower must deal with his spraying problems and therefore should not affect his efforts in taking care of his crop. Parks (T. H.). A Device for Sowing Grasshopper Poison.— JL Econ. Entom. Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 524-525, 1 plate. During a grasshopper campaign in Western Kansas in the summer of 1916, an instrument was devised that made it possible to scatter poisoned bran mixture over a much greater acreage than had previously been attempted and is recommended for future grasshopper campaigns. It consists of a canvas bag, waterproof for preference, strapped over the shoulder of the operator and fitted with a feeding device consisting of a canvas sleeve 12 in. long, 13 in. in circumference at the upper end and 8 in. at the lower end, which fits tightly over the end of a swinging tube made of tin or galvanised iron. The tube should be 28 in. long, 2| in. diameter at the upper end, and If in. at the lower end. Over the opening at the lower end, two short wires are bent in the shape of a U, crossing each other at right angles at exactly the centre and about one inch below the opening of the tube, and soldered together where they cross and to the edge of the tube. This causes the mixture to scatter evenly and thinly, and is of the correct dimensions for applying 20 lb. to 4 acres. Oranges and lemons used in the mixture must be ground through a food grinder in order to prevent the tube from becoming stopped by the peelings. It was estimated that 75 to 90 per cent, of the grasshoppers were killed by one application of the poison bran mash scattered by means of this apparatus. Pemberton (C. E.) & WiLLARD (H. F.). New Parasite Cages. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 525- 527, 1 plate. Certain improved cages that were used for confining Braconid parasites of Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean fruit-fly) have given very satisfactory results and are here described. They consist of boxes the bottom and one end of which are of wood, both sides and the other end being of fine copper screening and the top of glass, fitted to slide free from the cage for cleaning. In the wooden end a small opening or door is cut ; this is sawed from the piece of wood composing the end of the cage, the cut sides of the door being padded with thin strips of cardboard tightly glued on. The cages used were 7 inches by 3 by 2. 107 The main point in their construction is that they permit of free air circulation, which is of the utmost importance for general breeding purposes with parasites of the fruit-fly, where moist and often decaying fruit must be placed with them, resulting in the emanation of gases from the fruit and in condensation of moisture on the sides of the cage. Individual lots of parasites have been kept in such cages for nearly two months without need of cleaning or other attention except the renewal of food. A second type of cage that has been found useful is a straight glass tube 6 to 9 in. long and 1 to 1| in. in diameter, open at both ends and fitted with copper screen caps just large enough to fit tightly over the ends. This arrangement also permits free air circulation and abundant lighting. These improved cages are most useful in a study of the active life functions of parasites ; when it is desired simply to preserve or prolong the life of parasites, the closed test-tube or larger closed sterilising tube is possibly better, as the parasites are best preserved and their energies least expended when given but little food and kept constantly in partial darkness. Kelly (E. 0. G.). The Biology of Coelinidea meroimjzae, Forbes. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 527-531. Coelinidea meromyzae was first reared by Forbes in 1883 from Meromyza americami in Illinois. At that time it was concluded that the eggs of the parasite were deposited within the bodies of the host larvae in autumn. In 1908, while observing the habits of M. americana, the author of the present paper discovered a small Hymenopteron o\'ipositing in the eggs of that species and this was later identified as C. tneromyzae. It was a matter of conjecture how such a large parasite could mature in so small an egg, it being fully four times as large. In the following spring, Diplazon laetatorius, F., was observed ovipositing in a similar manner in the eggs of a S}T:phid that had been placed among a number of Aphids on chrysanthemum. These Syrphid eggs soon produced S}T-'phid larvae, which were supplied with Aphids for food ; they matured and pupated, but instead of a Sjrrphid adult there issued an adult of Diplazon laetatorius. The author then felt convinced that a similar process occurred in the case of C. tnero- myzae. This parasite was not observed again until 1914, but in that year many wheat plants infested with M. americana were placed in breeding cages in the laboratory ; from these adults of M. americana issued late in the winter, and shortly afterwards adults of C. mero- myzae began to emerge from the same material. Parasites were introduced among eggs of M. ainerican/x in the laboratory, and the process of oviposition and development was witnessed. It requires only a few days for the parasitised eggs of M. americana to hatch. The larvae mature and reach the pupal stage in about 10 weeks, the adults of both host and parasite maturing in about 12 weeks. Further observation in field and laboratory indicate that adults of host and parasite mature about the same time. The larvae of M. americana were dissected and the larvae of C. -meromyzae were found in them in the fatty tissues, apparently without disturbing the alimentary tract (C452) b2 108 or interfering with development. The parasitic egg is beheved to hatch very shortly after the host's egg and the two larvae develop together, that of C. meromyzae not maturing until after M. americana pupates ; it then feeds voraciously and pupates within the pupal case of the host. The j)upal stage of C. meromyzae is not more than 8 or 10 days in the laboratory, but probably lasts longer in the field. In the spring adults of both parasite and host are found in the field together ; in September C. merotnyzae appeared two or three weeks later than M. americana. The indications are that there are two annual broods of both parasite and host, but it appears probable that under favourable conditions a third generation of M. americana occurs, in which case there is also an extra generation of the parasite. M. americana has been reported from nearly every State in North America, from Canada to Texas, and the parasite evidently occurs wherever the host is found. From observations in 1914 and 1915, the percentage of parasitism was apparently not sufficient to control the host ; it is stated however that this parasite is a sufficient control of the wheat bulb- worm in Illinois and Iowa. This may be universally true, because in localities observed there has not yet been a really serious outbreak of M. americana, though it frequently does more or less damage to wheat. DoziER (H. L.). The Life-history of the Okra or Mallow Caterpillar {Cosmophila erosa. Htlbner). — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 536-542, 2 plates. Anomis (Cosinophila) erosa, Hbn., is principally found in the southern United States, but extends noilihwards to Massachusetts and Montreal, westward to Kansas and southward through Mexico and the Antilles to South America. The following food-plants in the order of damage done at Gainesville, Florida, are recorded : — Flowering maple {Ahutilon striatum), okra {Hibiscus esculentus), cotton rose {U. mutabilis), roselle {H. sahdariffa), which is becoming an important commercial plant used in jelly making, Chinese maUow {H. sinensis), cotton {Gossyjnum spp.), swamp or rose maUow {H. moscheutos) and bell pepper {Pepperomia sp.). Hibiscus plants, which are grown commercially, are frequently ruined, and while the damage done to various species of cotton has as yet been neghgible, this might not be the case under more favourable conditions. The eggs are deposited on either surface of the leaves, the lower for preference, and hatch in about 4 days. The larval stage lasts about 24 days, and when mature the larva folds over the edge of a leaf and pupates in the fold. The pupal stage averages six days in July, the length of this stage increasing as the season advances. Pairing takes place soon after emergence and oviposition follows within a few days, the complete life-cycle thus requiring about 34 days. The most important enemies of A. erosa, are various predaceous wasps, including Polistes americanus. A small Hymenopteron, Chalcis ovata, is an occasional parasite. The larvae of the small ground beetle, Callida decora, attack and devour the larvae. From eggs of A. erosa collected on Ahutilon several Hymenopterous parasites, Trichogramma minutum {pretiosum), emerged. Other important enemies are a Penta- tomid, Euthrynchus floridanus, a Reduviid, Zelus bilobus, and other Ehynchota, as well as insectivorous birds. 109 Marsh (H. 0.). Note on the Life-cycle of the Sugar-beet Webworm. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 543-544. During 1915 and 1916 details of the life-history and oviposition habits of Loxostege sticticalis (sugar-beet webworm), were worked out in detail and the results are given in this paper in the form of tables. The life-cycles of three generations are given ; the third generation seldom appears in sufficient numbers to cause appreciable damage. Egg-laying records give an average of 346 eggs for each female, the oviposition period covering a total of 16 days. Hawley (I. M.). The Hop Redbug {Paracalocoris hawleyi, Knight). — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 545-552, 1 plate 8 figs. In June 1913, hop plants in New York State were found to be injured by perforations in the leaves and deformation of the stems. The damage was caused by the nymphs of a recently described species, Paracalocoris hawleyi. Knight. Each year since 1913 this bug has increased in numbers and caused greater damage, the plants frequently becoming so weakened that their clinging power is lost and they slip down to the base of the pole. The injury is very similar to that caused by a related species, Galocoris fulvornaculatus, De G., to hops in England. The eggs, which do not hatch until the following spring, are inserted singly or in small groups in the bark or wood of hop-poles in August and September, and hatch throughout the following June. The nymphal period lasts about 30 days, during which the damage is done. Adults appear early in August and do not long survive. Descriptions and illustrations of all the stages are given. Natural enemies include the Pentatomid, Apateticus maculiventris, Say, which is predaceous in both nymphal and adult forms on the immature stages of the redbug. Eggs and nymphs are found on hops in July and August, The Nabid, Reduviolus subcoleoptratus, Kirby, and a red mite, Trombidium sp., have been found feeding on the nymphs of P. hawleyi. Adults of P. hawleyi have been found feeding on nymphs of their own species, while the nymphs have been observed devouring the pupa of Ania limhata, the larvae of another Geometrid, Ijysia cognataria, and of the Noctuid, Hypena humuli, and the pupa of the Lasiocampid, Malacosoma americana. As a control measure, in July 1915, 1 pint nicotine sulphate with 4 to 6 lb. soap to 100 U.S. gals, water was applied as a contact spray and apparently killed the insect immediately, though f pint nicotine sulphate with 4 lb. soap to 100 U.S. gals, water proved ineffective. Spraying should be done about the third week in June, before the plants have produced big branches. Most of the nymphs have hatched and can be easily reached at this time. Poles as well as plants should be drenched, as many nymphs take refuge in the cracks and bark on them. Owing to the activity of these bugs it is advisable to spray from opposite sides at the same time. Winged forms fly before they can be reached by a spray. 110 ScAMMELL(H. B.). Amphiscepa hivittata, Say, in its Relation to Cran- berry.— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 552-556, 1 plate. These notes on the Fulgorid, Amphiscepa hivittata, Say, were made in the course of investigations on cranberry insects in New Jersey. Although this species is sometimes present on cranberry bogs in such large numbers as to lead to the conclusion that the bugs are mainly responsible for poor condition of the plants, it is found that as a matter of fact the insect does but little damage, the injuries in most cases being attributable to Rhabdopterns picipes, Oliv. (cranberry root- worm), Cramhus Jiortuellus, Hb. (cranberry girdler), and Rhojjobota vacciniana. Pack, (blackhead fireworm). In all cases where the plants were in a vigorous, productive state, A. hivittata was rare, and therefore cannot be considered of primary importance as a cranberry pest. Besides cranberry, wild balsam, golden rod and other weeds and herbage, as well as the swamp blueberry (Vaccinimn corymhosum), all serve as food-plants. There is only one generation in a year, hibernation occurring in the egg stage. The eggs are laid in living cranberry wood or in pieces of dead wood, in a single row, each egg being inserted separately in the pith of an upright or runner, the opening in the wood being then closed with a tuft of fibre projecting above each slit. On dry bogs hatching begins about mid-May, but the nymphs are few in number until late June or July. There are five nymphal instars, the nymphal period lasting until mid-autumn, during which time the insects suck the juices from the woody parts of the cranberry plants. Adults begin to appear in early August. A small spider was observed to carry off many nymphs from the breeding-cage, and as spiders are numerous on the bogs they are probably of considerable service in reducing the numbers of the bugs. If infested cranberry bogs could be re-flooded during the summer, the insects could easily be exterminated by applying the water for 24 hours, preferably during cloudy weather about 1st August, when all the nymphs will have hatched and oviposition will not have begun. A slight wind will blow the insects to one shore where they can be killed with a kerosene torch. Peterson (A.). Studies on the Morphology and Susceptibility of the Eggs of Aphis avenae, Fab., Aphis pomi, De Geer, and Aphis sorbi, Kalt. — Jl Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 556-560. Observations on the morphological structure of the eggs of Aphis avenue, A. pomi and A. sorhi, and the behaviour of the respective coverings of these eggs during the hatching period shows that they are not hard resistant bodies, but that they go through a critical change previous to hatching, indicating that they are not as resistant during these changes as in the dormant period. The susceptibility of the egg and its lowered resistance near the time of hatching are further shown by various experiments with differences in moisture and in the use of certain contact insecticides and other chemicals. The outer, brittle layer is somewhat impervious to water under ordinary Ill atmospheric conditions and acts as a protective layer to conserve the moisture content of the embryo ; if this outer layer be removed, the eggs shrivel up completely in 24 hours under ordinary atmospheric conditions. The percentage of eggs of A. avenae and A. pomi hatching under a constant temperature of 80° F. varies with the moisture content of the air. In dry air up to 4 per cent, of the eggs hatched ; in 22 per cent, moisture up to 12 per cent, hatched ; in 63 per cent, moisture 20 per cent, hatched ; and in 100 per cent, moisture 36 to 46 percent, hatched. This resjjonse to differences in moisture indicates that drought or climates with low humidity probably have an important influence on the percentage of eggs that hatch, and records from various States bear out this conclusion. If this susceptibility in the egg is particularly marked shortly prior to hatching, it would seem probable that certain contact insecticides and chemicals would affect the egg during this period. This has undoubtedly proved to be the case with certain lime-sulphur solutions at winter strength, and crude oil emulsion and other sprays have been successful in kiUing the Aphids in the egg-stage when applied just before or as the buds were bursting. The exact physical and chemical effect of various sprays on the egg is still not fully understood. The chemical structure of the egg coverings and the nature of the reactions which may occur between the egg and the insecticide used are almost entirely unknown ; some of the physical effects produced by various substances have, however, been observed and these are briefly discussed. In order to kill the insects in the egg-stage, the material used must prevent the nymph from hatching or should kill the nymph as it hatches. Any substance that ^\dll harden the outer shell siiificiently to prevent the emergence of the nymphs would be satisfactory. Lime- sulphur apparently does this. A substance that will soften or dissolve the outer layer and expose the pervious, pigmented layer imderneath to evaporating factors such as wind, heat or dryness would destroy the eggs ; a weak solution of crude carbolic acid apparently has the effect of softening and disintegrating the outer shell. When eggs of A. pomi were sprayed with a 2 per cent, solution of crude carbolic acid with enough soap to break the surface tension of water, and placed in a moist chamber, the brittle outer layer became soft and wrinkled in about an hour and could easily be removed. Lime-sulphur and possibly crude carbolic and various other substances have some desiccating effect and probably extract the water content of the ovum or embryo and thus prevent further development. A still more success- ful ovicide would be a toxic substance that would penetrate the egg coverings and attack the living embryo. The extent of such penetration by various substances is difficult to determine. Another possible means of control would be the discovery of some chemical that would loosen the egg from the twig and cause it to fall to the groimd. There is some indication that sodium hydroxide tends to produce this result. The more successful contact insecticides and various chemicals have been tried on the eggs of all three species. In every case some or all of the eggs proved susceptible to the insecticide used, A. avenae being apparently the most susceptible of the three species. A table gives the percentage of eggs destroyed by various substances. Lime-sulphur, 112 both alone and with nicotine was very successful. Orchard experi- ments with lime-sulphur, 1:9, both alone and combined with Black leaf 40, 1 : 500, gave good results in killing eggs of A. avenae and A. sorbi when the spray was applied as the buds started to swell ; Scalecide, 1 : 15, applied at the same time did not give a satisfactory result against A. sorbi. Carbolic acid and substances containing phenol derivatives give some promise of becoming important agents in the control of Aphid eggs. Crude carbolic acid in strengths up to 5 per cent, acid will not injure young or old apple trees in a dormant condition. Miscible oils containing phenol derivatives show a higher toxic action than those without. Felt (E. P.). Asphondylia websteri, sp. n. — Jl. Econ. Entom.., Concord^ N.H., X, no. 6, December 1917, p. 562. The alfalfa gall midge, Asphondylia websteri, sp. n., which has formerly been treated as identical with the European species, A. tniki, is here described. Herms (W. B.). The Indian Meal Moth, Plodia interpundella, Hubn., in Candy and Notes on Its Life-History. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., x, no. 6, December 1917, p. 563. The larvae of Plodia inter punctella, Hb., were found in San Francisco infesting chocolate-coated marshmallow confectionery stored in pasteboard boxes, the eggs evidently having been laid just before packing or before the boxes were closed. Adults were reared from these larvae and the life-history studied. Eggs were laid at night directly on the sweets, and hatched in about two days. The young larvae ate small pits in the sweets and gradually disappeared within, maturing rapidly during a feeding period of some 4 weeks. Fully grown larvae leave the sweets and crawl into corners or crevices where they pass a prepupal period of 9 to 12 days, during which time they spin a crude web in which pupation takes place. The pupal period requires from 10 to 14 days under temperature conditions of 66° to 72° F., or 24 to 28 days under room temperatures of 60° to 68° F. The life-cycle therefore occupies some 40 days at warm temperatures and the insect may be of considerable importance to makers of confectionery. Benson (A. H.). Citrus QuMme.— Queensland Agric. Jl, Brisbane, viii, no. 5, November 1917, pp. 253-258. The great value of spraying in citrus culture is emphasised, especially when carried out thoroughly, at the right time and with the right materials. The usual lead arsenate spray against biting insects, and contact sprays for scale-insects are recommended, a 1 in 40 red oil spray as the insects are hatching being more efficacious than a 1 in 20 when the scales are fully matured. The young scales may also be destroyed with a weak solution of lime-sulphur (1 part standard solution to 30-35 parts water). This remedy is also very valuable for the destruction of spinning and other mites, such as the red spider \Tetranychus telarius], the Bryobia mite [Bryobia jyretiosa] and the Maori mite, which are killed by the fumes of sulphur given off by the spray. 113 DU BuYSsoN (H.). Observations diverses : Cheiniatobia brumata, L. — Miscellania Entomological Narbonne, xxiv, no. 1, December 1917, pp. 6-7. For several seasons the winter moth, Cheimatobia bnimata, has destroyed the apple crop at Veyre and Chanonat, while the caterpillars of Hypoiomeuta euonymellus, L., also did great damage for a time in the orchards of Montferrand and Gerzat. In the case of C. brumata the use of adhesive bands on the tree-trunks at suitable times gave good results, by preventing oviposition and trapping the females. Mercet (R. G.). Microhimen6pteros de Espana utiles d la Agricultura. [Spanish Microhymenoptera beneficial to Agriculture.] — Separate, dated Madrid 1917, from AsociaciSn Espanola para el Progreso de las Ciencias, Congreso de Valladolid, Seccion 4^, pp. 367-377, 7 figs. [Received 3rd January 1918.] This paper chiefly deals with Chalcids found in the Province of Madrid and was originally read in 1915 before the Spanish Association for the Progress of Science, but as here given it contains additional data collected up to 30th September 1917. The citrus scale, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Morg., is attacked by the Aphelinids, Aphelinns chrysomphali, Mercet, Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, Craw, the Encyrtids, Aphycus flavus, Mercet, SignipJiora werceti, Malen., and the Mymarid, Parvulinus aurantii, Mercet {Paralaptus torquatus, Malen.), as well as by the Coccinellid, Chilocorus bipustulatns. Lepidosapkes citricola, L. ghveri and a species of Parlatoria that also infests citrus plants, are parasitised by Apkelinus mytilaspidis, Baron, and .4. maculicornis, Masi. Lymantria {Portkefria) dispar, L., is controlled by the Encyrtid, Schedius kuvanae. How., the Eupelmid, Ana status bifasciatus, Fonsc, and the Eulophid, Atoposomoidea ogitnae, How. The olive moth, Prays oleellus, and the apple ermine moth, Hyponomeuta malinellus, are parasitised by the Enc\T:tid, Agenaspis fuscicollis, Dalm., and by the Elasmid, Elasmus flabellatus, Fonsc. Ckionaspis pinifoliae has a number of enemies in the Province of Madrid, including the Aphelinids, ProspaUeUa leucaspidis and Azotus pinifoliae, and the Encyrtids, Aphycus pinicola, Signiphora conjugalis and Walerstonia prima. The vine moths, Polychrosis botratia, Schiff., and Clysia (Gonchylis) ambiguella, Hb., are parasitised by Oophthora semblidis, Aur., Elasmus flabellatus, Fonsc, and Chalcis pusilla, Rossi. There are numerous natural enemies of the caterpillars of Cnethocampa processionea, C. pithyocampa and Cydia pomotiella, and of the many scale-insects injurious to fruit and other trees. The pear Cecidomyid [Perrisia pyri] is attacked by a Proctrotrupid, Inostemtna piricola. A list is given of 11 genera of Aphelinids and 30 of Encyrtids at present known in Spain, the former including 26 species and the latter, 77 species. The author intends to publish a monograph on the Encyrtids of Spain, the species recorded being about 200 ; the total number of species of Chalcids 'in the Peninsula is believed to be about 2,000. 114 CooLEY (R. A.). Fourteenth Annual Report of the State Entomo- logist of Montana. — Montana Agric. Expt. Sta., Bozeman, Bull, no. 112, December 1916, 76 pp. [Received 2nd January 1918.] The occurrence of the chief insect pests of 1916 is recorded and the text is given of the Quarantine Proclamation against the alfalfa weevil, Hypera variabilis {Phjtonomus posticus), in the State of Utah and parts of the States of Idaho and Wyoming, which came into force in July 1916. The severe outbreak of the army cutworm [Euxoa agrestis] in 1915 afforded opportunity for the study of the life-history and habits of this pest, the results of which have already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 477]. Cerodonta femoralis, Meig. (wheat-sheath miner), is a pest widely distributed in the State and one which continues in destructive numbers year after year. A recfent paper on its life-history and habits has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 260]. Pemphigus betae, Doane (sugar-beet root-louse), has been successfully controlled by irrigation measures [see this Revietv, Ser. A, iii, p. 578]. Hypera {Phytonomus) nigrirostris (lesser clover-leaf weevil), which feeds in the terminal growi;h and opening blossoms of clover, and the larva of which closely resembles that of the alfalfa weevil, has done damage for two years in a valley in eastern Montana. Blakey (J. G.). The Mealy Plum Aphis. — Gardeners' Chronicle, London, Ixiii, no. 1619, 5th January 1918, pp. 1-2, 5 figs. The life-history of Hycdopterus arundinis (pruni) (mealy plum aphis), w^hich is found chiefly on the plum, and which has been believed to migrate to another food-plant, probably reeds or grasses, shows no such migration in the author's experience. The eggs, which are laid singly or in small numbers — up to six — in the axil of a leaf-bud, hatch out early in May, these stem-mothers beginning to produce young 10 days later. The young of the first generation are all wingless females which produce a mixture of winged and wingless forms until towards the end of the season, a large proportion certainly remaining on the plum all the year. In August winged females appear ; these are local migrants, i.e., on the same tree, and at the end of August or the beginning of September they produce broods of from 12-20 wingless egg-laying females, only some of which, however, appear to be fertile. The eggs remain dormant on the trees for seven months. No males have as yet been discovered by the author. Brown (N. E.). The Defertilisation of Flowers by Insects. — Gardeners' Chronicle, London, Ixiii, no. 1619, 5th January 1918, p. 4. The complete depollination of the flowers of Pelargonium by a Syrphid fly is recorded, even the pollen that had already been deposited on the stigmas being removed. The same agency may probably be the cause of the failure to set seed in the case of artificially pollinated plants, such as the South African Euphorbia gorgonis experimented upon at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, in 1912. 115 MuNRO (J. W.). The Structure and Life-History of Bracon sp. : a Study in Parasitism.— Separate, dated 1st March 1917, from Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh 1915-1916, xxxvi, pt. 3 (no. 20), pp. 313-333, 2 plates. [Received 16th January 1918.] The first appearance of a Braconid parasitising the larva of Hylobius abietis in this country was recorded by the author in 1914 [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 661]. The species was then beheved to be Bracon hylobii, Ratz., but is now thought to be distinct. Hylobius abietis (pine weevil) is the worst insect pest of forestry in Scotland, attacking and killing newly-formed coniferous plantations, especially those of larch and Scots pine, and occasionally even birch, beech and oak. The adult weevil only is harmful, attacking young trees 3-7 years old during its sw^arming periods, and reducing or stopping the flow of sap by gnawing the tender bark of stem and branch. Eggs are laid in or under the bark of the stumps of trees that have been recently felled, and the larva feeds, bores and pupates in the bark, thus doing no harm. The system of forestry now in vogue, by which whole woods are cut down in one felling provides extensive breeding areas for H. abietis, while the immediate replanting of the same areas furnishes the weevils on emergence wath an abundant food supply. The species of Bracon concerned is not easily studied in the field, owng to a large pai-t of its life being passed in the tunnels of the host, but observations in the laboratory have proved that pairing takes place almost immediately after emergence. The eggs are always deposited on the hard chitin of the dorsal prothoracic surface of the half- or full-grown grub, and not, as previously stated [loc. cit.], on those only in the resting stage. The act of oviposition, during which an average of seventeen eggs is laid, causes no inconvenience to the host, which continues feeding for 4-6 days and then passes into a quiescent stage, becoming flaccid, and finally, when the parasite is fully fed, being reduced to an empty sac. The hatching of the eggs takes place within 2-4 days, and the larval period, during which there are five stages, lasts for 6-9 days. The cocoon is spun in the cavity of the bark previously occupied by the host. The period of pupation is 3-6 weeks in summer, and 4-6 months in winter, this long duration being a feature of this Braconid's life-history. This parasite is extremely hardy and can endure any conditions suitable for its host (which, so far as the insects inhabiting Scots pine stumps are concerned, appears to be H. abietis only), its distribution coinciding with that of the weevil. So far it has been reported from the eastern counties of Scotland from Ross to IVIidlothian, as well as from Peebles and Renfrew. MuNRO (J. W.). The Genus Hylastes, Er., and its Importance in Forestry : a Study ia Scolytid Structure and Biology. — Proc. R. Physical Soc. Edinburgh, December 1917, xx, part 3, pp. 123-158, 5 plates, 28 figs. From the point of view of the forester, the five species of Hylastes may be divided into three groups — H. ater, Pk., H. cunicidarius, Er. ; H. paUiatus, Gyll. ; and lastly H. opacus, Er., and H. angustatus, Hbst., both of which are rare. 116 H. ater is essentially a root-dweller and probably breeds only in the Scots pine, though it feeds on spruce, Douglas fir and perhaps larch in newly-formed plantations, attacking these below the soil level. The favourite breeding-ground of this species is Scots pine clearings, though it may occur on the roots of standing dead or sickly pines in high forests. Pairing may take place in the soil or in the crutch of the brood-gallery and may occur before the beetles, or at any rate the females, are fully mature. The female cuts out a brood-gallery or mother-gallery which begins with a short., transverse, crutch-like portion and is followed by the long straight gallery proper, the male, if present, clearing away the detritus. Oviposition takes place in the dust nibbled by the female from the sides of the tunnel, the eggs being protected by shiny threads that consolidate the frass around them. The eggs hatch in a period varying from a fortnight to three weeks and the newly-hatched larvae start boring at right angles to the mother-gallery. The cutting of the gallery and oviposition extends over a period of six or seven weeks (1st May to 27th June), the average number of eggs per gallery being 120. The duration of the larval stage is eight or nine weeks, six or seven being devoted to feeding and the remainder to resting, while that of the pupal stage is only nine to eleven days, the total period from egg to adult being two to three months. Harmful beetles associated with H. ater are Hylohius ahietis, L., Pissodes pini, L., Myelophilns piniperda, L.. and Hylastes palliatus, the last three being found on the upper parts of the stump, and only rarely on the roots. The following useful predaceous beetles are associated with H. ater: Clerus {Thanasimus) formicarius, L., a northern insect found in Aberdeenshire and Perthshire but not further south ; Pityophagus ferrugineus, F., a soil-dweller, also more conmaon in the north ; Rhizophagus dispar, Pk., an extremely voracious species ; R, ferrugineus, Pk., and R. depressus, F. ; Ips 4-pustulatus, L. ; and Tachyporus chrysomelinus, L., found in enormous numbers in a clearing in Aberdeenshire. Hymenopterous parasites include two Braconids and a Chalcid. The life-history of H. paUiatus is very similar to that of H. ater, except as regards its habitat, H. p)alliatus breeding and feeding above the soil level on the stems and crowns of Scots pine and spruce, and less commonly larch ; unlike its congeners, it may begin to feed without leaving its pupal chamber. This species prefers thin bark trees, 30-60 years of age, and being a bast feeder, when it occurs on stumps, it bores from the cut surface directly into the cambium. Injurious beetles associated with H. palliatus are Myelophilus piniperda, L., Pissodes pini, L., Pityogenes bidentatus, Hbst., and P. quadridentatus, Htg., which occur on the stems and crowns of Scots pine ; Dryocoetes autographus, Ratz., and Trypodendron lineatum, 01., on the stems and cro\\Tis of spruce ; and Hylohius ahietis, L. Useful insects which -associate with H. paUiatus are the same as those found with H. ater, with the exception of Pityophagus ferrugineus, F. The life-history and habits of H, cunicularius have already been dealt with [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 5]. As a forest pest, H. palliatus is of less importance than H. ater and H. cunicidarius, since it infests trees at an age when they are better able to overcome attack, and moreover, trees killed bv it are still 117 useful as timber. It prefers trees weakened from various causes, such as the attacks of the pine beetle, Myelophilus piniperda, and the lesser pine weevil, Pissodes pini. It is best controlled by silvicultural measures, such as the regular thinning of growing woods, cutting out sickly and suppressed stems, the barking of all timber immediately on felling, together with the burning of the bark peeled off. These measures deprive it of its breeding-ground and render it innocuous, while involving no extra work for the forester. In the case of H. ater and H. cimiculanus such measures are of less value, as they are enemies of the young plantations during the first few years of their existence, and, being root-feeders, measures against them consist of careful planting, and planning of felling and planting. In present-day forestry this, and also the natural regeneration system, involves a strict following of the working plan and precludes extra- ordinary felhngs, having for their aim the prevention of the occurrence of breeding-grounds and feeding-grounds in close proximity. The wade distribution of H. ater in Scotland and its present increase are probably due to the extension of felled areas caused by the present drain on the country's timber resources. Special measures against these two species are difficult to devise and costly to carry out. The uprooting of stumps, which is the most effective measure, is costly and leaves the groimd littered with stumps, of no market value and difficult to remove, while burning them is equally expensive. Burning brushwood and other litter on the tops of the stumps costs from 305. to £2 per acre, and creosoting them is probably cheaper. HuiE (L. H.). Endemis naevana, Hb., the Holly Tortrix Moth. — Proc. R. Physical Soc. Edinburgh, December 1917, xx, part 3, pp. 164- 178, 1 plate, 6 tables. Rhopobota {Eudemis) naevana, Hb., of which R. {E.) geminana, Stph. — a name given to the form feeding on Vaccinmm — is a synonym, is a common moth infesting holly trees in England, the lowlands of Scotland and parts of Ireland. Apple and hawthorn have also been recorded as host-plants, but in a garden containing many holly trees they were not attacked, though the larvae were successfully reared on the leaves of both. The adults emerge at the end of July and the beginning of August, oviposition taking place in August on the under-sides of holly leaves. The larvae, which hatch out the following year at the end of April or beginning of May, begin feeding at once on the young leaves of the opening apical buds, first attacking the outer leaves and working their way inwards. They undergo four moults, and during the third and fourth instars they protect themselves while feeding by fastening the leaves together by a silken webbing, which prevents the unfolding of the buds. The caterpillar is full fed by the end of June or the beginning of July and pupates between two contiguous leaves of a lower branch about a week later, the adults emerging in another 2 or 3 weeks. Injury to the tree consists in the destruction of the growing point, disfigurement due to accumulations of frass, and the distortion of the leaves by rolling and irregular growth. Experimental control measures were tried against the newly hatched larvae and against those in the first or second instar, by spraying the 118 foliage with Paris green, lead arsenate, lead chromate and nicotine. These insecticides are arranged in the following order of efficiency :— (1) Nicotine, 10 per cent, of buds remaining infested as against 85 per cent, in unsprayed control trees, while the trees were marked by superiority of growth, the absence of ragged and distorted leaves and freedom from Aphids and spiders ; (2) lead arsenate, which ai^ected the appearance of the trees for several months, leaving them with a thin, milky-white coating not easily washed off by rain, w^hile 55 per cent, of the buds became infested ; (3) lead chromate, which made yellow patches on the leaves, while 75 per cent, of the buds became infested ; (4) Paris green, which had no effect either on the foliage or the pest. Fumigation of the eggs on a young plant in a chamber with hydro- cyanic acid gas at the rate of 1 oz. cyanide to 300 cu. ft. of space had no effect whatever, while another attempt with stronger gas in a space of 12| cu. ft. killed only 5 out of 14 eggs experimented upon. Morris (H. M.). On the Larval and Pupal Stages of Bibio johannis L. — Ann. App. Biol., London, iv, no. 3, December 1917, pp. 91-109, 1 plate, 12 figs. Bibio johannis, L., reared from larvae found in the soil of a permanent pasture in Cheshire, is fully dealt with on account of the frequent occurrence of larvae of this family, their possible economic importance, and the absence of any complete account of any Bibionid larva. Under laboratory conditions the egg hatches in 48 days, and the larva enters the second stage 19 days later. In the field the larvae are usually found not more than half an inch below the surface, among the roots of the pasture grasses, while others are actually on the surface of the soil usually in small colonies. They feed on decaying vegetable matter only, in which the soil of the pasture under consideration was particularly rich, particles of soil and humus being worked into the alimentary canal by slow movement of the mandibles. The larvae have also been recorded from cow-dung, horse-dung, and other situations rich in decapng vegetable matter, such as garden soil and the base of decaying tree stumps, while larvae of this genus can apparently feed on the roots of living plants. No parasites have been met with in connection with this larva, there being only one doubtful record of a Hymenopterous parasite. The larvae are practically imaffected by cold, no deep descent into the soil being made, even in the severest winter. Under laboratory conditions the pujDal stage lasted for about 15 days, the second larval stage, in which the insect hibernates, having extended from mid-June till the end of the following March. The adults, on emergence, showed a considerable preponderance of males. As regards the economic importance of the family, Dilophus febrilis and D. vulgaris have been recorded as causing damage to the roots of oats, grass, lettuce, seedhng cabbage, young flower plants and especially hops ; Bibio marci feeding on potatoes and damaging tomatoes, young conifers, seedhng ash and young spruce ; B. johannis damaging larch seedlings and hop roots, probably introduced in 119 manure or leaf-mould ; B. hortulanus damaging sugar-beet, spring barley and wheat, the latter very severely ; B. abbreviatus damaging celery plants by burrowing into the stalks, having probably been brought to them in manure ; while B. albipennis which is very common in the United States is considered to be harmless. The larv^ae may be destroyed by vaporite and injections of carbon bisulphide into the soil, by soil-dressings of soot and lime, or by means of traps consisting of old roots buried in the soil and dug up early in March when the larvae are found feeding on them. Various birds, such as rooks, starlings and chaffinches, as well as domestic poultry, devour the larvae readily. Spra^nng infested land with a solution of Chile saltpetre in early spring, and harrowing in autumn or early spring after spreading quickhme on the field are recommended, while deep j)loughing and rolHng at the time of pupation have been found satisfactory, contact poisons being said to have little effect. A bibliography of 31 works is appended. Stebbing (W. p. D.). The Locust in Cyprus. — Ann. App. Biol., London, iv, no. 3, December 1917, pp. 119-122. The smaU locust, Dociostaurus maroccanus {Stauronotus cruciatus), is indigenous to C^-prus, where it lives on rocky and poor land, being incapable of long flights. During its larval and hopper stage, it invades cultivated areas and until recently has been an annual plague. The means by which it has been checked are :^Egg collection, which is easily carried out as the egg-masses are always laid in light soil bordering the fields ; trapping the crawling larvae by trenches on the further side of which are screens topped with a strip of American cloth ; sprinkling the feeding areas with bacteria, causing an epidemic disease, a large supply of this culture being prepared in the Government laboratories. Approaching swarms of locusts may be prevented from settling in ^^neyards and olive plantations by the beating of tins and the lighting of brushwood fires on the hill tops, while natural enemies such as birds and the Hzard, Agama stellis, prey upon the adults. Arrow (G-. J.). The Life-History of Scymnus capitatus, F. — Entomo- logists' Mthly. Mag., London, liv, no. 644, January 1918, pp. 8-9. The widely distributed genus Scymnus is represented in England by fourteen species, of which one, S. capitatus, has recently been found at Tooting in the larval stage, preying upon Phylloxera on infested oaks, in company with the predaceous Xeuropteron, Comventziu psociformis. The larval and pupal stages of S. capitatus are here described in detail. Butler (E. A.). Note on Coranus subapfenis, De G. — Entomologists' Mthly. Mag., London, liv, no. 644, January 1918, pp. 16-17. A female of the Redu\4id bug, Coranus subapterus, fed in captivity upon Aphids and Lepidopterous larvae, was found to be capable of killing a young caterpillar of Diacrisia- {Spilosoma) lubricipeda, quite as large as itself. 120 Harrison (J. W. H.). Additional Localities for Eriococcus devomensiSf Green. — Entomologists' Mthly. Mag., London, liv, no. 644, January 1918, p. 17. TMs Coccid which has been recorded prcAaously from Devon, Surrey, Cheshire, Durham and Yorkshire is repoi-ted as occurring in extreme abundance on every Cleveland moor visited, as well as on the fells on the Northumberland-Cxmiberland border, and in the far west of Durham on Erica tetralix, far from its lowland habitat. Yorkshire Naturalists' Union : Entomological Section. — Entomologists^ Mthly. Mag., London, Uv, no. 644, January 1918, p. 21. The destruction of acres of white turnip near Wakefield by the larvae of Euxoa {Agrotis) segetum, Schiff., is reported by Mr. Hooper. Mr. Morley commented on the swarms ohCharaeas graminis, L. [see this Revietv, Ser. A, v, pp. 478, 481] in August on both moors and lowland pastures, these larvae having been such a pest in South-west Yorkshire, that at Penistone the town-roller was mobilised to deal with the invasion. Treherne (R. C). Every Farmer his own Entomologist. — Agric. Jl., Victoria, B.C., ii, no. 8, October 1917, pp. 149 & 157. [Received 9th January 1918.] Although much has been done to help farmers in their campaign against insect pests, by the publication of spray calendars and of information regarding the life-histories of the chief economic insects,, yet most valuable help might be obtained by each farmer in studying such common pests as Epochra canadensis (currant fruit fly). By collecting and burying injured fruit in the spring, erecting a closed lantern chinmey over the spot and watching the emergence, it would be possible to ascertain exactly when to apply the poison-bait spray, in each individual case. Similarly the common and widely distributed Lepidosaphes ulmi (oyster scale) could be sprayed for most efficiently if the farmer were able to ascertain the time of hatching by the first appearance of young scales upon the bark. Insects that emerge from the soil in the early spring, such as pear-thrips [TaeniotJirips inconse- quetis], could be controlled if their emergence w^ere observed in small cheese-cloth cages erected on the orchard soil. In the same way in the case of the cabbage-root maggot [CJiortophila brassicae], the best time for applying mixtures to the roots or erecting cheese-cloth screens over the early radish crops could be determined by burying a few maggots from autumn cauliflowers in 2 or 3 inches of soil, and noting the date of emergence of the flies in spring. Insects that winter above ground on twigs or branches may be kept under observation by bagging the twigs with cheese-cloth. Harland (S. C). Special Entomological Investigations. — Rept. Agric. Dept. St. Vincent for 1916-17, Barbados, 1917, pp. 10-11. [Received 9th January 1918.] The larva of a moth, Ballovia cistipennis, a new pest of cowpeas, has appeared in St. Vincent, having been previously recorded from Barbados. The eggs are laid at the top of the flower-stalk or in the 121 calyx of the bud, and hatch out in 2 or 3 days, the larvae immediately boring into the tissues, which they leave after 8 or 9 days to pupate in the soil, whence the moth emerges in about a week. Owing to the part attacked being the flower-buds or young pods, the damage done by this pest is considerable. No larval or pupal parasites have been reared, though Trichogramma minutum is known to parasitise the eggs. Other food-plants are Canavalia spp. and a wild plant, Vigna luteola. The following identifications of insects reared in 1915-16 have been made : — Lepidoptera : Nacoleia indicata, F. (lima-bean worm), on Phaseolus spp. ; Pachyzancla bipunctalis, F., on Amarantous, spp. ; and Tischeria sp., a leaf-miner, in Synedrella nodiflora. Diptera : Agromyza inaequalis. Mall, (lima-bean blotch-miner), on lima bean ; A. parvicornis, Lw. (corn-leaf blotch-miner), on maize ; and a new species of Agromyza mining in Commelma virginica. Parasites reared in 1915-16 have been determined as follows : — The Tachinids, Eucelatoria australis, Towns., and Sarcodexia sternodontis, To-^Tis., larval parasites of Calpodes ethUus ; the Chalcids, Chryso- charodes major iam, Gir., a pupal parasite of a leaf- miner on cassia {CouDnelina virginica) ; Achrysocharella aetii, Gir., a pupal parasite of a leaf- miner on Synedrella nodifiora ; Polycystus clypeatus, Gir., a pupal parasite of Agromyza parvicornis, Lw. ; Pseudomphale eudami, Gir., and Grotiusomyia eudami, Gir., larval parasites of Eiidamus proteus ; Habrolepoidea suhmetallica. How., an egg- parasite of Nezara viridida ; Tetrastichusfasciatus, Ashm., a larval parasite of Cecidomyia manihot. Felt ; and Neocatolaccus syrphidis, Gir., a pupal parasite of a Syrphid fly that attacks the corn aphis \_Aphis niaidis]. Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control. — Rept. Agric. Dept. St. Vincent for 1916-17; Barbados, 1917, pp. 11-15. [Received 9th January 1918.] The subject matter of this report has already been noticed from another source [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 580]. Ross (W. A.). The Black Cherry Aphis. — Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, xl, no. 12, December 1917, pp. 307-309. An outbreak of cherry aphis [Myzus cerasi] was reported from the Niagara district during the smnmer of 1915, the fruit being so badly damaged that most of it was left on the trees. The attack of this pest causes infested leaves to become tightly curled, and to turn brown and die, while the stunted fruit is covered ^vith honey-dew in which a black fungus thrives. The minute, oval, black eggs are deposited round the buds and on the rough bark of t^^^gs and branches in the autunm. They hatch early in spring, and the nymphs first attack the leaf-buds and later on the young leaves and flower-buds. In about a month they begin to produce brood after brood of -wingless and winged females until the autumn, the ringed forms from mid- June bo mid- August migrating to wild pepper-grass, where they establish summer colonies of wingless individuals [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 103]. In early autumn these produce migrant forms that return to the cherry and produce egg-laying females, while at the same time the wingless forms on the cherry produce fC452) o 122 large numbers of winged Aphids which also give rise to egg-laying females. Early in October winged males appear on the wild pepper- grass and migrating to the cherry mate with the females. The best remedy is thorough spraying with Black leaf 40 early in spring as soon as all the eggs have hatched, when it is most economically apphed in combination with the delayed lime-sulphur dormant spray. Gibson (A.). Control of the Onion Maggot. — Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, xl, no. 12. December 1917, p. 312. The control of the imported onion maggot, Hylemyia antiqua, has proved a difficult problem under field conditions, owing to the prohibitive cost of such insecticides as hellebore, insect powder and carboUc wash. During the last two seas'ons satisfactory tests have been made with a poisoned bait spray composed of sodium arsenite I oz., molasses 1 pint, boiling water 1 gal. ; the sodium arsenite is first dissolved in the boiling water and the molasses added, the mixture being ready for use when cool. Five apphcations of this were made between 13th June and 16th July, the plants being about a foot high on the latter date. The mixture was applied with a watering-can with a small rose, the cost working out at a little less than five shillings an acre, for ingredients and labour, and the time occupied being less than ten minutes an acre. SwAiNE (J. M.). The False Tussock Caterpillars on Shade Trees. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, iv, no. 12, December 1917, pp. 1043-1047. During the summer of 1917 a serious outbreak of defoliating cater- pillars occurred on the shade trees of Eastern Canada, the most abundant and widely distributed species being the false tussock caterpillars. These included the hickory tussock moth, Halisidota caryae, Harr., which lays its eggs to the number of about 100 in a patch on the under-side of a leaf during early summer, its chief food-plants being hickory, walnut, elm, butternut, hawthorn, rose, apple, ash, linden, oak and locust The conspicuous black and white caterpillars feed gregariously at first, defoliating whole branches during the latter part of July, August and early September. They then pupate in oval, hairy, greyish cocoons, from which the moth emerges the following June. H. maculata, Harr. (spotted tussock) is a very similar species, the larvae of which feed on alder, apple, willow, and Manitoba maple, although it is usually recorded from the Eastern States as feeding on oak. It rarely occurs in sufficient numbers to cause serious injury or require control. H. tessehris, S. & A., is another similar species, the larvae feeding on many native trees and shrubs. These caterpillars may be easily controlled by spraying the infested foliage with lead arsenate or Paris green, the lead arsenate being used at the rate of 2| lb. paste to 40 gals, water, or \\ lb. powdered lead arsenate to the same quantity of water, while Paris green is employed at the rate of 5 oz., mixed with 1 lb. freshly slaked limcj in 40 gals, of water. They are heavily parasitised, especially by the common 123 Ichneumon, Scamhus pedalis, Cress., as well as by Theronia melano- cephala, Brull., and Amhlyieles malacus, Say, which fact prevents their attaining the rank of important shade tree pests, Fletcher (T. B.). Report of the Imperial 'EnXomoXogXst.— Scientific Reports Agric. Research Institute, Pusa, for 1916-17; Calcutta, 1917, pp. 71-90. [Received 14th January 1918.] Experimental work on insect pests was continued, and parasites of the cotton boll worm, Earias spp., were bred and despatched to the Punjab, being identified as belonging to the genus Microbracon. The life-history of Nephotettix bipunctatus (rice leaf-hopper) was worked out. Investigations on the different species of borers attacking sugar-cane, maize, Sorghum vulgare (juar) and rice have resulted in the following determinations : — Chilo simplex, found in maize, sorghum and rice ; Diatraea suppressalis {auricilia), chiefly in sugar-cane, a few examples being found in sorghum, but not in maize ; Diatraea venosata {striatalis), found in sugar-cane and a thick variety of sorghum, and none in maize ; an unidentified species of Diatraea found in sugar-cane only. All the above have hitherto been recorded as Chilo simplex. In addition there are : — Papua depressella, the most injurious of all borers to young sugar-canes, its activities, however, decreasing with the growth of the cane ; Scirpophaga xanthogastrella {auriflua), one of the first borers to attack cane ; Sesamia inferens, known to occur in maize, sorghum, sugar-cane, rice and several other members of the Oraminaceae. Observations made month by month of the damage due to insects and red rot on experimental plots of thick, medium and thin canes respectively has led to the conclusion that red rot causes a high percentage of damage, that a thick variety (Purple Mauritius) is more liable to attack than other varieties, the amount of damage due to insects in June being greater than in any of the other plots, even though all affected plants had been cut out in April and again in May ; and that Scirpophaga will prove to be the only insect amenable to the treatment by cutting out affected shoots. Other insects observed for the first time feeding underground among sugar-cane roots were the larvae of the Dynastids, Alissonotum piceum and A. simile, and of the weevil, MyUocerusblandus. An undetermined Melolonthid grub, probably Anomala sp., has been observed killing young shoots by gnawing into the stems from the side, and larvae of MyUocerus discolor have been found commonly among the roots. Further observations have confirmed the view that termites damage sugar-cane shoots and setts only in certain kinds of soil. These may be protected by dipping in a solution of 1 lb. lead arsenate in 2 gals, water, while a strength of 1 lb. in 1 gal. had no harmful effects on germination, and weaker solutions up to 1 lb. in 4 gals, were also •effective. In the insectary more than 200 different lots of insects were reared, most of them for the first time. Among those that may rank as serious pests are Cerambycid borers of Sann hemp and Phaseolus aconitifoUus, and Anobium sp, in stored cumin seeds and aniseed. Investigations were made into the life-histories and habits of the pea-stem fly, which was found to damage only plants growing alone (C452) c2 124 or thinly ; Eitgnamptus marginatus, the adult weevil being most active- on mango trees in July and August and the grubs resting in the soil from September to March and April ; Attagenus piceiis, the life-cycle of which takes from 1-3 years to complete ; Melittm eurytion, the caterpillar of which bores and causes a swelling in the stem of Tricho- santhes dioica and other Cucurbitaceous plants in the rains, and passes the rest of the year in the larval stage inside a very stiff cocoon ; Cosmopteryx mmiipukms, a Lepidopterous miner in bean leaves, which rests in the larval stage from about November to July ; a Eurytomid grub in apricot seed, which probably rests inside the seed for two years in some cases, though most individuals emerge as adults after one year ; an Elaterid beetle, Agrypnus fuscipes, the life-cycle of which seems to take 3 to 4 years ; Ancylolomia chrysographella, which has several broods, each cycle taking about a month and hibernating in the caterpillar stage from November till Ma'rch or April ; Aspongopus brunnens, a bug which causes severe damage to pumpkin plants ; Massepha absolutalis, a Pyralid rolling bamboo leaves, which rests iiL the larval stage in winter ; Pempheres affinis (cotton- stem weevil),, which has been found to breed in a new food-plant, Triumfetta sp., one of the Tiliaceae ; and Lampides (Polyommatus) baetica, which is a pest of the flowers of Butea froiidosa. Grain storage experiments showed that Rhizopertha dominica cannot breed where the air has free access, but under close storage conditions it can do much more damage to wheat and in a shorter time than Calandra oryzae. Loss due to the latter may be reduced to a minimum by frequently exposing the grain to air and hght when practicable. Based on this, a new method of outdoor storage in granaries made entirely of straw is being tested, as is also the method of storage under sand. Keeping the seeds covered with sand, coarse or fine, has given the best results against Bruchus chinensis, which breeds in the larger varieties of peas, Pisum sativum, Cajanus indicus, lentils, Lathyrus sativus, Phaseolus radiatus and P. miingo, Vigna catjang, and Viciafaba, causing serious damage. The small pea, Pisum arvense, is not injured by this pest when stored, but in the field it is infested by B. qffinis. Tribolium castaneum is commonly associated with Rhizo- pertha dominica in stored wheat and rice, as is also Tenebroides mauritanicus with Calandra oryzae, on which weevils the adult beetles prey. The expectation that this insect might therefore exercise a natural control has not been fulfilled, since the adults appear and oviposit in July- August, passing the rest of the year in the larval stage. During this time they do not attack the weevils, but bore into wheat and rice grains, the chief damage by the weevils occurring simul- taneously, while at other times they do not occur in sufficient numbers to act as a check. Bagrada picta in an experimental plot of mustard was entirely checked by spraying with fish-oil resin soap at a strength of 1 lb. in 4 gals, water, which killed even the adult bugs. Eesearch with the object of finding insects which could be utilised as checks on the growth of Lantana indicated three possible ones, viz. : — Platyptilia pusilli- daciyla, already widely distributed in India and Burma, being one of the insects imported from Mexico into Hawaii ; an apparently new- Eucosmid moth ; and a Cecidomyiid fly. 125 Hutchinson (C. M.). Report of the Imperial Agricultural Bacterio- logist.^— Scientific Reports Agric. Research Institute, Pusa, for 1916- 17; Calcutta, 1917, pp. 103-118. [Received Uth January 1918.] Since a more complete knowledge of the life-history of Nosema hombycis and of the reciprocal relationship between this parasite and its host are necessary for the control of pebrine among silkworms, experimental research on the points of hereditary infection and infec- tion through contagion or ingestion of the parasite have been carried out with the following results : — Infected eggs have been found to produce silkworms that succeed in reaching the cocoon stage, provided that sufficient space and suitable food are available. Such individuals, however, cannot be used for breeding purposes as the resistance acquired through suitable environment is only sufficient to hold in check the multiplication and spread of the parasite. The principal, if not the only means of infection, other than by hereditary trans- mission, has been proved to be by ingestion of the parasite spores with the food, these being present in great numbers in the dust of rearing houses. They also may be excreted by infected but still feeding indi\aduals, which in this way infect the leaves of the food-plant. Infection, once introduced, spreads rapidly through the dissemination of the spores by human beings, insects and dust, not only in the same house but also to neighbouring rearing houses. Cocoons and eggs received from a distance, though hereditarily free from the disease, may be contaminated during examination in an infected house, owing to faulty technique, which results in the accumulation of infective material in the building. Of the action of antiseptic insecticides in rearing houses little at present is known, attention having been directed towards the determination of the viability or persistence of infective power of the pebrine spore under varying natural conditions. It has been found that desiccation for six months did not destroy the infective power of the spores, whereas they were rendered innocuous in a month by moderate moisture at the same temperature. The stimulus determining the generation of the spore is apparently the combination of moisture and suitable temperature found in the gut of the silkworm, and it is probable that the deleterious effects of continued moisture upon the vitality of the non-ingested spore are due to prematurely induced development, not carried so far as germination, but resulting in either partial or total loss of vitality. Further investigation is necessary regarding the effect of climate or manurial treatment upon the nutritional value of the mulberry leaf, together with the resulting reaction upon the resistance of the silkworm to infection. AxsTEAD (R. D.). A Swarm of Insects. — Planters^ Chronicle, Bangalore, xii, no. 47, 21th November 1917, p. 594. [Received 12th January 1918.] A remarkable swarm of insects is reported to have occurred last July on'a coffee plantation situated on the leeward side of a hill, its effect being similar to that of a cyclone, shade trees having their branches bent and broken by the weight of the insects, while the coffee was covered, though to a less degree. The insect has been identified as a Pentatomid bug, Ochrophora montana, which however only did 126 mechanical damage. Since it has been calculated that it takes 1,000 of these insects to weigh an ounce, the number present must have been enormous. South (F. W.). Summary of Locust Work for the 4th Quarter, 1916. — Agric. Bull. Fed. Malay States, Kuahi Lumpur, vi, no. 1, October 1917, pp. 21-37. [Received 12th January 1918.] Measures against locusts for the third quarter were not concluded in the Negri Sembilan, Pahang, Malacca and Johore districts till the end of October, and the reappearance of hoppers early in November necessitated a resumption of the work, which was not entirely finished by the end of the year, though a successful result was anticipated. The year's locust work in the Peninsula may be regarded as quite satisfactory, though there were unexpectedly large generations of hoppers from March to May, probably the offspring of unknown swarms from remote places. An even larger generation or succession of generations followed from July to the end of October, but as only a few of these swarms escaped there was a considerably smaller genera- tion at the end of the year, the destruction of all the known swarms in the Negri Sembilan and Malacca being probable by the end of January. In all 2,911 swarms were destroyed in the Negri Sembilan, 158 in Pahang, 4,952 in Malacca, and 1,877 in Johore during the year, the position for 1917 appearing to be favourable, as most of the remote possible breeding grounds are now known. Henry (G. M.). Insect Pests of Food Crops. — Trop. AgricuUuristy Peradeniya, xlix, no. 5, November 1917, pp. 252-255. This paper contains a hst of the common pests of vegetables in Ceylon and gives general recommendations for the control of each class of insects dealt with. HuTSON (J. C). The Pink Boll WoTm.— Agric. News, Barbados, xvi, no. 407, 1st December 1917, p. 378. In this article the great danger threatening the West Indian cotton industry should Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm) ever be introduced into the islands is emphasised. Realising this, the authorities of the Leeward and Windward Is. and those of Tobago and Trinidad have framed stringent quarantine regulations ; these have not yet been adopted by Barbados, though it is hoped that in the near future similar action will be taken there. MuMFORD (F. B.). How the Station Works. — Missouri Agric. Expt. Sta., Columbia, Bull. no. 151, September 1917, 68 pp. [Received 14th January 1918.] In the entomological section investigations were carried out on the Ufe-history, distribution, injury, and methods of control of insects injurious to nursery stock, especially the apple-leaf skeletoniser [Canarsia hammondi]. Experiments showed that hydrocyanic acid gas destroyed 97-98 per cent, of living scale-insects on nursery stock, while miscible oil destroyed 99-100 per cent. i27 Experimental control measures against insect pests of melon and related crops have shown that the striped cucmnber beetle [Diabrotica vittata] can be successfully controlled by dust and sprays. Nicotine killed the young nymphs of the squash stink bug \_Anasa tristis], but merely stupefied the adults. The only effective remedy for the squash vine borer, Melittia salyriniformis, is the collection of the larvae by hand. A new unidentified bug has been observed late in autumn on squash foliage. Investigations on the annual cycle of Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor] have shown that wheat sown on and after the calculated fly-free date is not attacked. Consequently, in practice, the best method is to plough in the stubble and keep the land in cultivation so as to prevent the gro^\i;h of self-so-v\Ti wheat, until the crop can be sown after the fly-free date. Sedlaczek ( — ). Relation between Climate and Life-Cycle of the Tussock Moth {Lymantria {Liparis) monacha).—Mthly.Bull.Agric. Intel!, and PI. Dis., Rome, viii, no. 8, August 1917, p. 1200. (Abstract from Oesterreichische Forst- und Jagdzeitxng, Vienna, Year xxxiv, no. 44, 1916, pp. 259-260). [Received 17th January 1918.] From observations on Lymantria monacha during the period 1906-1915, the author has drawn the conclusion that this moth requires for its post- embryonic development a sum-temperature of 2,732° F., the moths only appearing in any great numbers in any place when this aggregate daily temperature has been reached. The eariier, therefore, the necessary sum-temperature is obtained, the greater the time the moth has at its disposal for fl}Tng. The nuptial flights take place on fine, windless evenings when the temperature is above 58° F. After years with 12 evenings favourable to flight, the moth has multi- plied to a much greater extent in those with a smaller number ; this explains why it does not breed to any very great extent in the mountains. FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xiv, no. 11, November 1917, pp. 323-324. [Received 19th January 1918.] During the month of October the insectary handled 27,400 pupae of the melon fly \I)acus cucurbitae], from which 1,207 individuals of Opiusfletcheri were bred and distributed. The following parasites were also distributed : — Diachasma fullaivayi, 90 ; D. tryoni 340 ; Tetra- stichus, 200 ; Paranagrus (corn leaf-hopper parasite), 2,650. Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Hawaiian Forester d Agriculturist, Honolulu, xiv, no. 11, November 1917, pp. 324- 326. [Received 19th January 1918.] During October a box of pears from California heavily infested with the codling moth [Cydia pomonella] was destroyed. Coconuts from Fanning Island were fumigated before delivery, being infested with the scale, Aspidiotus destructor. Several packages of beneficial insects were imported from Manila. 128 Aders (W. M.). Entomology in Relation to Agriculture.— Zanzibar Protectorate Med. & Pub. Health Repts. for 1915 ; Zanzibar, 1916, pp 49-51. Insect pests did not cause any serious outbreak in the year under review, but those recorded in pre\'ious years occurred more or less throughout the season [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 124]. The most prevalent pests of citrus trees are various Coccids, of which the following have been identified : — Icerya seychellarum, J. jpurchasi, Pseudococcus citri, Coccus (Lecanium) viridis, Pseudaonidia (Aspidiotus) trilobitiformis, Lepidosaphes beckii (citricola) and Dactylopius obtusus. Spraying with fish-oil has given fairly good results, especially on young trees. Insects injuring economic plants dm-ing the year include : — Diptera : Larvae of Dacus brevistylus, Bezzi, D. vertebratus, Bezzi, and D. punctati- frons, Karsch, in Cucurbitaceae ; Ceratitis rosa, Karsch, bred from soursop. Lepidoptera : Chilo suppressalis,W\k. , the larvae of which feed on maize cobs and tunnel in the main stalk ; Duomitus capensis. Baker, the larvae tunnelling in castor-oil plants ; Miresa melanosticta, Baker, the larvae of which are found abundantly feeding on leaves of Tenninalia catappa (African almond). Coleoptera : Tenebr aides mauritanicus, L., in various stored grains ; Cossonus suturalis. Boh., in stored sweet potato tubers ; Necrobia rufipes, de G., adults and larvae of which feed on stored copra, causing considerable damage. A list of the Coccids infesting various trees is given. Speyer (E. R.). Agricultural Investigations in Ceylon. — Trap. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, xlviii, no. 6, June 1917, pp. 347-348. Egg parasites of the tea tortrix \Homona coffearia] have been studied and bred successfully in the laboratory and this work is being continued under more natural conditions in Maskeliya. Icerya purcJiasi (fluted Lcale) is increasing in spite of predatory Coccinellids and the fungus, Cephalosporium. For the control of Xyleborus fornicatus (shot-hole borer of tea) an experiment has been tried of pruning infested bushes in order to anticipate a severe attack ; this did not prove successful from the economic point of view, but the results prove that the prescribed periods when extra prunings should take place are entirely coirect. It is important that all woody portions of prunings should be burnt immediately after pruning. Experiments with washes have been continued and a partly satisfactory paint composed of fish-oil and resin has been obtained ; these investigations will be completed during the next pruning season. X. fornicatus has been found for the first time in the dead-wood of the Ceylon almond, Terminalia. This discovery is important, as it is the first indication of the possibility of using a successful trap. Several other Scolytids have been found and received from dead rubber trees and from Grevillea, Albizzia and Tephrosia. Speyer (E. R.). The Fluted Scale {Icerya purchasi). — Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, xlviii, no. 6, June 1917, pp. 355-358, Ifig. Icerya pur chasi (fluted scale) was first discovered in Ceylon in 1915 on Acacia decurrens and later on Casuarina trees. By August 1916 129 it had increased enormously on Acacia. The chances of natural extermination of the scale are small, while the spread of infestation to certain agricultural crops in Ceylon would be disastrous. An appeal is made to all agriculturists to co-operate in providing information regarding the spread of this pest and to attempt its control before it attacks economic products. Immediate steps should be taken to have all infested material cut out and burnt. Anstead (R. D.). Coffee Borer in Indo-China. — Planters' Chronicle, Bangalore, xii, no. 48, 1st December 1917. p. 608. The coffee borer [Zeuzera coffeae] is a serious pest in the coffee plantations of Noi-th Annam, where 12 or 13 per cent, of the trees, if not more, are attacked by it every year. As the larva of this moth attacks the root as well as the branches, cutting down the bushes is useless unless the stumps are also removed ; consequently plantations always show gaps that must be replanted \\'ith vigorous nursery stock. The insect begins its attack on the bushes in the third year from planting. ScHWARz (E. A.). Ants protecting Acacia Trees in Central America. — Proc. Entom. Sac. Washington, Baltimore, Md., xviii, no. 4, December 1916, pp. 211-212. Ants of the genus Pseudomyrnia living in the thorns of acacias in Mexico and Central America effectually defend these trees against the attack? of man, cattle, and insects, such as leaf-eating caterpillars and ants. Ajjhids and Coccids, though one Coleopteron, a species of Bruchus, ovi'josits in the acacia pods ^^'ithout being molested. The stingless wasp, Polybia occidentalis, Oliv., also builds its nest in the tops of these -p xit-protected trees and nowhere else. The ants are powerless to protect their host-plant against underground boring larvae ; among those bred from a tree killed in this way were seven species of Cerambycidae and one Buprestid, a species of Agrilus. Fisher (W. S.). A New Species otXylotrechvs (Coleoptera : Ceramby- cidae).— Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, Baltimore, Md., xviii, no. 4, December 1916, pp. 214-216. " Xylotrechus aceris, sp. n., is here described ; this species has been confused with X. quadrimaculatus, to which it is closely allied, but from which it differs in its habit of making galls on maple trees, being recorded from Acer nihrum (red maple) and A. platanoides (Norway maple). The injury caused by X. quadrimaculatus consists in girdling the branches of various trees. Gibson (A.). Tlie Occurrence of Eumerus strigatus, Flu., in Canada. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlix, no. 6, June 1917, pp. 190-191. The European Syrphid, Ewnerus strigatus, has been recorded as a pest of onions, shallot, iris, narcissus, hyacinth and amaryllis. It is now widely distributed in North America, where its presence was first recorded in 1904. As many as 17 larvae, which measure half an inch or more when full grown, have been found in a single bulb, their occurrence being the cause of much loss. 130 Gillette (C. P.). Two New Aphid Genera and some New Species. — Canadian Entomologist, London^ Ont.^ xlix, no. 6, June 1917, pp. 193-199, 1 plate. A new genus, Tliripsaphis, with T. ballii, Gill., as the type, is erected in this paper. Tliis Aphid is generically distinct from Saltusaphisy Thee, in which it was formerly included. The males, so far as known, are apterous and very small, and the females secrete waxy threads with which they cover their eggs. T. verrucosa, sp. n., is a closely allied form, and T. producta, sp. n., is the most abundant species in Colorado, occurring upon Carex. Another new genus, Aspidaphis, is represented by A. polygoni, sp. n., first taken on Polygonum sp. (knot- grass or door- weed) in Colorado. It closely resembles the colour of the under-side of the leaves and of the stems of the different species of Polygonum, which are its sole food-plants. . Gibson (E. H.). Two New Species of Dicyphus from Porto Rico, (Miridae, Heteroptera). — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlix, no. 6, June 1917, pp. 218-219. Two Capsid bugs, Dicyphus prasinus, sp. n., and D. luridus, sp. n., that have proved injurious to tobacco plants in Porto Rico are here described. Fisher (W. S.). A New Species of Agrilus from California.^ — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., xlix, no. 8, August 1917, pp. 287-289. A description is given of Agrilus burJcei, sp. n., which has been confused with A. politus, Say, to which it is closely allied, but from which it differs chiefly in colour and habits. The larvae mine in the inner bark and wood of normal, injured, and dying white alder {Alnus rhombifolia), and paper-leaf alder {A. tenuifolia). DiCKERSON (E. L.). Notes on Leptobyrsa rhododendri, Horv. — Jl. New York Entom. Soc., Lancaster, Pa, xxv, no. 2, June 1917, pp. 105-112. An account is given of the life-history of Leptobyrsa rhododendri, Horv., which has previously been recorded in America under the name L. explanata, Held. This insect has a wide distribution from Massa- chusetts to Florida and westwards to Ohio and has been introduced into Europe on imported nursery stock. It occurs on Rhododendron maximum, Kalmia latifolia, and azaleas, feeding on the under-surface of the leaves. EwiNG (H. E.). Parthenogenesis in the Pear-slug Saw-fly. — Ann. Entom Soc. America, Columbus. Ohio, x, no. 4, December 1917, pp. 330-336. Eriocampoides limacina {Caliroa cerasi) (common pear-slug or cherry- slug) is a sawfly in which the males are so rare as to be practically non-existent, and in which, therefore, parthenogenesis has long been suspected to occur, though in Profenusa collaris, MacG. (cherry and hawthorn sawfly leaf-miner) the proportion of males and the life- history appear to be normal. 131 The earliest experiments with E. limacina showed that virgin females deposit eggs that hatch, but that the larvae never survived more than a few days. The author's recent investigation has, however, established the fact that the eggs deposited by spring-brood virgin females hatch and produce normal vigorous larvae, which feed normally, pupate, and finally produce adults, which are females only. Parthenogenesis, when continued in the offspring of this second or summer brood of adults, gave larvae of which a great number failed to pupate, the remainder pupating and either failing to transform into the adult stage, or failing to emerge from the enclosing earthen cells. An orchard heavily infested with spring-brood females sustained such injury that several cherry trees were killed outright, owing to the enormous number of second-brood females and their second-brood larvae pai-thenogenetically produced. The following spring, however, saw the emergence of only a very few adults, probably ownng to a lack of vigour due to the absence of fertilisation, though possibly due also to unknown causes. LicHTENSTEiN (J. L.). Observations sur les Coccinellides mycophages (Col.). [Notes on Mycophagous Coccinellids.] — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, no. 17, 14th November 1917, pp. 298-299. Many authors have recorded the fact that many Aphid- destroying species of CoccinelUds may become phytophagous even to the extent of being injurious to vegetation. Examination of the intestinal contents has shown that various species of these insects feed indifferently on Ai-thropods, pollen grains and spores of fungi. It has more recently been found that Halyzia {Thea) vigintiduojjunctafa, L., and H. {Vibidia) duodecimguUata, Pod., have similar habits, which the author has also shown to be the case with H. sexdecimguttata, L. At Montpelher, these three species feed on Phyllactinia suffidta, a widely distributed fungus that attacks the lower surface of the leaves of hazel, ash, and Cornus sanguinea. ViLLENEirv^E (J.). Descriptions de deux Muscides nouveaux (Dipt.) [Descriptions of two new Muscids.]— 5mZL Soc. Entom. France, Paris, no. 17, 14th November 1917, pp. 306-309. The Muscids described in this paper are Hyperecteina polyphyllae, sp. n., found feeding in the larval state on the dead bodies of the Lamellicorn beetle, Polyphylla fullo, L., in Russia, and Scatophaga rufiventris, sp. n., parasitising the same beetle by laying its eggs on the abdomen of the living insect. BiELOUSSOV (V.). Co6oni1Hafl Tafira P. Kusiipa. [The Sable Forests on the River Kizir.] — « JltCHOM }HypHaJl"b.» {Forestry Journal], Petrograd, xlvii, no. 7-8, 1917, pp. 418-450. [Received 16th January 1918.] This article deahng with the fauna of the forests in Siberia contains a list of Scolytids occurring in them, which has already been given in a previous paper [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, p. 514 j. The following Cerambycidae were also observed : — Monachamus sutor, I;., M. midsanti var. rosenmuelleri, Cederhj., which prefers 132 freshly cut firs to all other trees, Leptura quadrifasciata, L., L. sequensi, Reitt., L. nigripes, DeG., L. melanura, L., Acmeops pratensis, Laich., and Lamia textor, L., as well as a Clerid, Trichodes ircutensis, Laxm. Beliaiev (K. A.). FecceHCKafl Myxa bt, CiaBponojibCKOM rySepniM, en ecTecTeeHHbie oparM m M'bpbi 6opb6bi cb hbh). [Cecidomyia destructor, Say, in the Govt, of Stavropol, its natural Enemies and Remedies for it.] — Published by the Entomological Bureau of the Zemstvo. Stavropol. Mayetiola (Cecidomyia) destructor (Hessian fly) has three generations injthe Government of Stavropol. The first is on the wing in May and oviposits both on winter and summer-sown crops ; the larvae of this generation pupate in the first half of July, the second generation of adults appearing in August. These oviposit exclusively on plants from self-sown seed. The third generation appears in the second half of October and oviposits on young shoots of winter-sown crops, the larvae pupating in November and hibernating in the pupal stage. Thus the casual plants from self-sown seed are the only means by which the second and consequently the third generation sur^dve, and their destruction is therefore one of the chief control measures. Amongst the natural enemies of the Hessian fly the most important are a Hymenopteron parasitic on the larva and a yellow centipede which feeds on the larvae and pupae. NiKOLAIEV (P.). 03MMafl COBKa (OSNMblH HCpSb). OOpaSli }K113HM Cfl , Bpefl-b, HaHOCHMbii^ eio nonflMii, m Mtpbi 6opb6bi Cb Hem. [The Caterpillars of Euxoa segetimi, their Life-History, the Damage caused by them to Fields, and the Remedies for them.] — « KDWHOe Xo3flMCTBO.» [Southern Husbandry], Ekaterinoslav, 1917, pp. 301- 310, 6 figs. [Received 16th January 1918.] A short account of Etixoa segetum with figures of its various stages is given, followed by a popular account of its life-history, damage and control. It is stated as an historical fact that in 1839 this pest appeared in vast numbers practically all over agricultural Russia, and the damage done was so great that the resulting shortage of food led to riots in many parts of the country. Noel (P.). Una Invasion d'Insectes americains a Rouen. [An Invasion of American Insects at Rouen.] — Bull. Lab. Reg. Entom. Agric., Rouen, 1st quarter 1918, January-March, p. 14. The houses of a certain district in Rouen recently became infested with vast numbers of minute insects that covered the inner and outer walls from roof to cellar, as well as furniture, clothing and everything in them in such numbers as to appear like a fine grey dust. The insects concerned consisted of Tyroglyphus farinae, thrips, many Podurids and a few corn and rice weevils. It was evident that these insects came from some granary, and a large shed was discovered in the midst of the infested houses that had been used to store corn and barley siftings from America bought two years previously, and in this the insects, mostly new to the French fauna, had been multiplying enormously. The removal and destruction of the infested grain refuse 133 was effected, and the shed was then fumigated with sulphur and washed down with a solution of bichloride of mercury in order to destroy any unhatched eggs and to disinfect the building. This treatment has apparently been quite efficacious. Patteeson (W. H.). Report of the Entomologist. — Gold Coast Agric. Dept. Rept. for 1916; Accra, 1917, pp. 19-20. [Received 22nd January 1918.] Cacao has been attacked by Sahlbergella singularis. Hag., S. tlieo- hroma, Dist., and Helopeltis bergrotJii, Rent, (cacao mosquito), the great increase of the Diplodia fungus being due to the destruction of tissue caused by the poisonous injections of these bugs. Coconuts have been badly infested with Archon centauries, Burm. (rhinoceros beetle), 8,165 adults having been captured as against 4,033 for the preceding year. This is unfortunate in view of the fact that efEorts are being made to introduce coconut cultivation in districts unsuited to cacao. The beetle breeds in accumulations of organic matter in and on the ground and has been foimd in the masses of decaying debris collected at the base of the leaves of the oil palm. Some 1,300 adults were caught on a small group of Pandanus at Aburi, in which district there are numerous breeding sites. The heavy fall of citrus fruits has been proved to be due to the attacks of the orange-piercing moths, Ophideres (Othreis) fullonica and Achaea obvia, which \'isit the trees at night and puncture the fruits before they are quite ripe. These pests are very widespread and do a great deal of damage to the main-season crop of fruits ; it is estimated that three-fourths of the orange and grape-fruit crops at Aburi and the whole crop of tangerines at Assuantsi were destroyed by them. Ceratitis however was not found in any citrus fruits nor in sufficient numbers in other fruits to be of any economic importance. The control of these moths is difficult, since the netting of the trees is too costly, as is also the supervision necessary for maintaining smother fires at night. The use of poison-baits is of doubtful value owing to the vast numbers in which the pest appears, and the provision of early, or artificially ripened fruits as bait is not a safeguard, as the moths utiHse as food fruit that is far from mature. The breeding habits of these insects is unknown, though the larval stage is probably passed upon wild food-plants. Homoeocerus sp., the " big bug " of cacao fruits, has been found feeding and breeding to a small extent on the young shoots of Para rubber {Hevea brasiliensis). GuNTHER (R. T.). Report on Agricultural Damage by Vermin and Birds in the Counties of Norfolk and Oxfordshire in 1916. — Oxford Univ. Press, 1917, 92 pp. [Received 29th January 1918.] In the course of this investigation into the agricultural damage by vermin and birds the author found that starlings are beneficial during the earlier half of the year, their diet then consisting chiefly of beetle larvae, Carabid beetles, milKpedes, crane-fly larvae, Lepidopterous 134 larvae, wireworms, click beetles and weevils, but that the preservation of this bird in great numbers would ensure the local extinction of many more useful migrant insectivorous birds. Similarly pheasants, when in abnormal numbers, may be a potential source of harm to the farmer, but ordinarily are beneficial, as their food consists largely of the seeds of weeds, Bibio larvae, wireworms, cUck beetles, plant lice, garden chafers, ants, and crane-flies. There are excellent grounds for the belief that pheasants are a valuable remedial measure on land infested with wireworms, estates on which they are preserved being practically free from this pest, owing to the fact that the yoimg birds are entirely insectivorous. Sanderson (E. D.) & Peairs (L. M.). School Entomology: An Elementary Textbook of Entomology. —Neiv York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. London, Chapman & Hall, Ltd., 356 pp., 233 figs. Price 7s. net. This textbook presents the subject of entomology in a simple manner and is suitable for use in secondary schools or agricultural short courses. The first part deals with general entomology, a chapter being allotted to each of the principal natural orders. The second part comprising six chapters on economic entomology and insect control are planned with the object of giving in a limited space as concise an idea as possible of the commoner injurious forms in America, and the composition of the more usual insecticides employed against them. The text is profusely illustrated and the appendices contain useful lists of pubHcations on injurious insects, while a general index to the volume is included. The value and importance of textbooks such as this must be generally admitted, when it is realised — to quote from the preface — that the total annual loss due to insect injuries in the United States is estimated " at not far from the stupendous sum of one billion dollars," grain and forage crops bearing about one-third of this total. GuENAux (G.). Entomologie et Parasitologie Agricoles. — Encyclopedie Agricole, Paris, J. B. Bailliere & ,Fils, 1917, 592 pp., 427 figs. 3rd Edition, revised and enlarged. Price : paper, 5 francs ; cloth, 6 francs. This new edition is one of two volumes on agricultural zoology, and deals exclusively with Invertebrates injurious to agriculture. The bulk of the volume is given to the insects, and this section begins wi*th a general description of the structure and classification of insects with the essential characteristics and principal subdivisions of the various families. Following this is a review of the insects noxious to cultivation, classified under the various crops which they damage. Finally, the insects attacking domestic animals and man, houses, timber, clothing and food are dealt with, as well as those beneficial to crops. The book is designed primarily for the growers of plant crops, who only too frequently have no means of recognising or dealing with the 135 various species that they encounter, nor of distinguishing beneficial from noxious species. This information is given in a simple and concise form and the author has produced an essentially practical handbook, illustrated with numerous figures. It is hoped that the present volume, which forms one of a series on these lines, will refute the frequently expressed opinion that scientific agronomic knowledge has no place in the domain of practical experience. The volume is supplied with adequate indices, both general and classified, as well as a plant index. ScHOEVERs (T. A. C). Het Stengelaaltje als Tabaksvijand. [The Eelworm as a Pest of Tobacco.] — Tijdschr. over Plantenziekten, Wageningen, xxiii, no. 5, November 1917, pp. 167-180, 2 plates. In 1916 tobacco at Deest was injured by Tylenchus devastatrix, Kiihn, and the attack was repeated in 1917. The bast of the affected plants rotted away completely, just above the ground, while higher up it was dark brown in colour and in a decaying condition. Above this the stem was green and vigorous, but covered with excrescences. The shoots in infested plants were much hypertrophied and deformed, and most of their leaves were small, while even those of normal size were marked with yellow-green spots. The atrophy of the valuable shoots, the breaking of the stem near the ground and the reduced value of the spotted foliage constitute the damage done to tobacco by T. devastatrix. At Deest the cultivation of tobacco has been given up in consequence in many plots, though adjacent ones have been unaffected. Crop rotation provides the best remedy, but it is one that tobacco growers are naturally reluctant to adopt. At present no measures have been found that will check the pest without interfering with the tobacco. After harvesting the stems are usually left in the fields until the spring, thus permitting the Nematodes to migrate to the ground. The stems must be stored under conditions that render them harmless or burnt without delay. Infested leaves and shoots must be immediately burnt. If the conditions permit, the upper layer of soil may be buried at a depth where the presence of sufficient moisture will cause the eelworms to starve by preventing them from passing into a latent condition. The application of large quantities of potash as a manure also appears to be useful. Earthing up the infested plants may enable them to put forth roots above the diseased point and thus obtain the sap necessary for development of the shoots. VAN PoETEREN (N.). Bestrijding van Dopluis op Perzik en Druif. [The Control of Scale-Insects on Peach and Vine.] — ■ Tijdschr. over Plantenziekten, Wageningen, xxiii, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 195-203, 1 plate. This paper strongly recommends water-soluble carbolineum against Eulecanium corni and Pulvinaria betulae infesting peaches and vines grown under glass. The solutions must be of 2-5|- per cent, strength for the peach and 4-S per cent, for the vine. . 136 ScHENK (P. J.). Vijanden van Bladluizen. [Enemies of Aphids.] — Tijdschr. over Plantemiekten, Wageniiigen, xxiii, no. 6, December 1917, Bijblad pp. 37-45. Tliis paper briefly reviews the various insect enemies of Apliids found in Holland, which require to be protected instead of destroyed, as often happens at the present time. They include Cocci- nellids, of which Coccinella sepempunctata is the most important ; Tehfhorus fuscus and allied beetles ; Hemerobiids ; Chrysopids, including Chrysopa perla; Syrphids, including Syrphus nitidicollis and Lasiophtliicus (S.) pyrastri; Ichneumonids ; and fossorial wasps, such as Psen pallipes, Pz. {atratus, F.), Mimesa sp., Pemphredon sp., and Diodontus sp. LEGISLATION. Phylloxera in Italy. — Jl. Bd. Agric., Lorvdon, xxiv, no. 10, Januarv 1918, p. 1159. The importation into Italy of all plants and parts of living plants / and of vegetable or mixed manure, except in certain specified case^^ within the control of the Minister of Agriculture, has been prohibitecJ by a decree dated 2nd September 1917, with a view to controlUng th4 spread of Phylloxera. Prohibited plants may be imported, howe'fef, by special permit for the use of public botanical institutions, provided that they come direct from places in which vines are not cultivated at all. The decree also defines the powers of the Consulting Commission for Defence against Diseases of Plants in regard to Phylloxera, provides for the notification and inspection of infected areas and the formation of anti-phylloxera associations, and lays down penalties for any contravention of these provisions. Amendment to the General Regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act. — Order in Council no. 340, Ottawa, 11th February 1918. The Governor- General of Canada, on the reconmaendation of the Minister of Agriculture, has ordered an amendment to the general regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest Act of 1917 [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 479]. This amendment alters the regulation concerning non-canned fruits, plants or portions of plants or vegetable matter from the Hawaiian Islands, in order to except pineapples {Ananassa saliva) and bananas {Musa spp.), which may be imported provided they have been inspected by the United States Department of Agriculture, certified free from infestation by the Mediterranean fruit-fly [Ceratitis capitata], and that the boxes, crates, bales or other containers shall be marked with the name and address of the consignor and of the consignee and bear the original or a duplicate copy of the certificate of inspection. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journab willing to exchange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review Is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. Ail orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. PAQB. Notes on Scolttidae in Sweden . . . . . . . . . . 89 The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on Insect Pests in Sweden 89 Investigations on the Insects injurious to Spruce and Pino Cones in Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 Blitophngu opaca, a Pest of Sugar-beet and Barley in Sweden . . 92 Sitones lineatus, a Pest of Peas and Beans in Sweden . . . . 92 The Bionomics and Control of Meligcthes aeneus in Sweden . . 93 Coleophora fuseedinella, a Leaf -miner of Birches in Sweden . . 93 Phy.oecia cylindrica, a Pest of Seed-carrots in Sweden . . . . 94 The Enemies and Friends of Agricultural Plants in Sweden (Review) 94 Geometrids attacking Tea Foliage in Japan . . . . . . . . 94 Note on a Species of Nosema infesting Attacus cynthia . . . . 95 Pests of Grape-vines in New Zealand . . . . . . . . . . 96 Orchard Pests in New Zealand. . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Carabid Beetles attacking Strawberries in Prance . . . . . . 96 Insect Pests and their Control in Califoraia . . . . . . . . 90 The Control of the Walnut Aphis [Gkromaphis juglandicola), in California 90 Coleophora volckei, a new Pest of Apples in California . . . . 99 Insect Pests intercepted in California . . . . . . • . . . 100 The Three-lined Fig-tree Borer (Ptychodes trilineaUis) in U.S.A. . . 101 The Sycamore Lace-bug {Corythtiea ciliata) and its Control in U.S.A. 102 New Species of Lopidea in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . . . 102 A Little Known Cutworm, Euxoa excellena in Canada . . . . 103 Key to the Sub-families of the Anthomtiidae 103 The Secondary Host-plant of Myzus cerasi in Canada . . 103, 121 Insect Pests of Coffee in Porto Rico . . When does the Cost of Spraying Truck Crops become Prohibitive t A Device for distributing Poison-Bait for Grasshoppers in Kansas A New Type of Cages for Parasitic Insects . . The Life -history of Goclinidea meromyzae, a Parasite of Meromyza americana in U.S.A. The Life-history of the Okra or Mallow Caterpillar (Anomis erosa) inU.S.A Note on the Life-Cycle of the Sugar-beet W^ebworm in U.S.A. The Bionomics and Control of the Hop Redbug {Paracalocoria hawUyi) in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . . . Amphiscepa bivittata, a minor Pest of Cranberries in U.S.A. Experiments in the Destruction of Aphid Eggs in U.S.A The Alfalfa Gall Midge, Asphondylia websteri; sp. n., in U.S.A, . . Plodia interpunctella infesting Confectionery in U.S.A. Sprays for Citrus Pests in Queensland 103 106 106 106 107 108 109 109 110 110 112 112 112 CONTENTS-con<. PAGE. Orchard Pest« in tke South of France. . .. .. .. .. 113 Parasitic Hymenoptera in Spain .. .. .. .. .. 113 Insect Pests in Montana .. .- .. .. .. .. 114 The Bionomics of the Mealy Plum Aphis in England . . . . 114 The Depollination of Flowers by Syrphid Flies in England . . 114 The Bionomics of a Species of Braeon infesting Hyhbius abietis in Scotland 115 The Genus Hylastes, and its importance in Forestry in Scotland . . 115 Bhopobota naevana, a Pest of Hollies in Britain 117 The Economic Importance of Bibionid Flies in Britain .. .. 118 Locusts and their Control in Cyprus .. .. .. ,. .. 119 The Life-history of /Sci/wwus caj:>ionorarp Comttimee or rRanademctit. VISCOUHT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. BIr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, I ush Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. 6. Bagshawe, C.M.6., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Mr. E. C. Bleck, C.M.G., Foreign Office. Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.CM.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M,S. Mjp. J. C. F. Frter, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmeb, FJl.S^ Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Mazwbil LEfBOY, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John MoCall, MJ[)., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R> Stewart MacDouoail, Lectuiez on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John McFadtean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Of5«e in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstbad, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Read, E.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Bilr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominion* is an ea; officio member of the Committee. General Secretari?. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). S>frectoc anO £:)itor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall Bddi6tant Director. Mr. S. A. Neave. Head Oj^.— British Museum (Natural History). Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. PubUcation Office.— 89, Queen's Gate, London, B.W. 7. 137 Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of May 1917.— Mthhj. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vi, no. 8, August 1917, pp. 347-348. [Received 24th January 1918.} The follo^ng pests were intercepted : — From Australia : Venturm pyrina on pwFrs ; Rhizoctonia and Phthomnaea oj)erculdla on potatoes. From China : Calandra oryzae in rice ; Lepidopterous larvae in dry- herbs ; Coccids on plants ; Hemichionaspis sp. on lichi trees. From Hawaii : Diaspis hromeliae and Psendococcus bronieliae on pineapples ; Chnjsomphalus sp., Parhtoria sp., Pseudococcus sp. and cicada eggs on palm ; larvae of Dacus cucnrbifae in cucumbers. From Japan : Mites in bulbs, weevil larvae in chestnuts and sweet potatoes ; Pulvinana sp., Hemichionaspis aspidistrae and Lepidosaphes sp. on citrus cuttings ; Poliaspis pini on a pine tree. From Mexico : Calandra sp. in seeds ; Lepidopterous larvae in seeds ; Lepidosaphes beckii on limes ; Heliothis {Chloridea) obsolefa in tomatoes ; weevils in tamarinds. From New Jersey : Diaspis boisduvali and Isoso)na catthyae on orchids. From Panama : Lepidopterous pupae on orchids. From Papeete : Morganelki mashelli and Lepidosaphes beckii on oranges. From Pennsylvania : Dialeurodes citri and Coccus hesperidum on citrus trees ; Saissetia hemisphaerica on gardenias. From Illinois : Aspidiotus lataniae and Saissetia oleae on ornamental plants. From New York : A borer (? Lixus concavus) in rhubarb roots. From Ohio : Pseudococcus sp. and Orthezia sp. on ornamental plants. CoLLixs (G. N.). Breeding Sweet Corn Resistant to the Corn Earworm, — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xi, no. 11, 10th December 1917, pp. 549-572. Sweet maize is grown very little in the southern L^nited States or iu the tropics generally, the chief reason probably being the ravages of the corn earworm, Heliothis {Chloridea) obsoleta, F., which generally destroys almost the entire crop, whilst the native field varieties suffer but little injury and are consequently largely used as a substitute. The most obvious difference between the sweet and field varieties that might be expected to afiect the activities of this caterpillar is the extent to which the ears are protected by husks. The husks in sweet varieties are generally poorly developed, perhaps because in the maize- growing belt one of the most desired characteristics is an early season, and early varieties generally produce few leaves and few husks. Crosses were therefore made between commercial varieties of sweet maize and southern field varieties in order to combine the well- protected ears of southern varieties with the eating qualities of sweet varieties, hoping to raise a strain of sweet maize with some degree of immunity. These hybrids were found to possess distinctly greater immunity than the commercial sweet varieties, while the constitution of the plant was also found to be an important factor in immunity. A small percentage of damage was found to be correlated with a number of morphological characters, of which prolongation, or the extent to which the husks exceed the ear, was apparently the most important. The thickness of the covering provided to the ear by the husks was also found to be associated with low damage, but since only 5 per cent, of the larvae that reach the ear (C458) Wt.P2/137. 1,500. 4.18. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3, A 138 do so by penetrating the husks the relation can hardly be a direct one of cause and effect. The presence of husk leaves is also shown to be undesirable. By recording the number of larvae in each ear it is possible to resolve the total damage into the number of larvae and the average amount of injury done by each. In the more immune varieties both the number of larvae and the damage per larva were low. Since the number of larvae must be determined largely by the choice exercised by the moth in depositing eggs, it follows that the plants avoided by the moths are also those that the larvae find most distasteful. This identity of instincts in adult and larva is difficult to exj)lain as the result of morphological characters of the plant and seems to indicate that at least a part of the immunity is the result of chemical differences, perhaps the presence of some volatile substance distasteful alike to both stages. Both in California and Maryland the injury from H. obsoleta decreased slightly as the season advanced. These experiments indicate that by increasing the length and thickness of the husk-covering and reducing the husk-leaves, varieties of sweet maize can be produced in which damage from H. obsoleta is materially lessened. No difficulty was experienced in securing by hybridisation and selection the desired plant characters in combination with the seed characters of sweet maize. Illingworth (J. F.). The Sugar-Cane Grub Pest. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, viii, no. 3, September 1917, pp. 173-175. [Received 24th January 1918.] In these notes the author lays particular emphasis upon the benefit to be derived from cultural operations in sugar-cane growing. The problem of the control of sugar-cane grubs is not an easy one. The introduction of parasites into Queensland would probably be of little avail, since the cane grubs are native insects, and introduced parasites have only been successfully used against introduced pests. There are already a number of parasitic and predaceous insects attacking the grubs, but these are themselves largely attacked by other parasites. About one- third of the grubs appear to succumb to the attacks of bacteria and parasitic fungi, and these undoubtedly lend themselves to artificial propagation and transplanting. The soils of badly-infested fields were all found to be very poor in humus and usually contained no lime and these two factors appear to be of vital importance to the growth of sugar-cane in a grub-infested district. The chief food of the grubs is decomposing organic matter in the soil and, if this is lacking, they are forced to feed upon the Hving roots of plants. Lime improves the character of the soil by hastening the humification of plant tissues and its action is also favourable to the development of fungous parasites. The general custom in all grub-infested districts has apparently been to destroy the principal humus-forming elements by burning all the rubbish and failing to grow sugar-cane in rotation with a green crop. The conservation of soil moisture is an important factor in the growth of cane, making it more resistant to the attacks of grubs, and also materially assisting the development of fungous organisms destructive to the grubs. These cannot thrive in dry soil ; hence the well-known fact that grubs are more destructive in a dry season or upon dry soil. 139 The action of nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia is a great stimulus to plant growth and root development, making the cane more resistant to the attacks of grubs. The use of arsenious poisons recently suggested for the destruction of the grubs is very promising. As it is already known that they feed largely upon humus and decomposing soil substances, it would seem to be a simple matter to apply poisoned organic bodies to the soil preparatory to cane-planting. Humus has a marked affinity for arsenic, which has a deflocculating action upon soil, making it more retentive of moisture. Chemical tests of certain soils of Hawaii, which have been treated with arsenic for the destruction of weeds for the past five years, show that all the poison has remained in the top four inches of soil without injuring in any way the roots of the growing crop. If arsenic proves useful at the same time as a weed-killer and a poison for grubs, it will undoubtedly be a profitable procedure. Experiments are now in course of progress to test the various suggestions outlined. Meanwhile, advice for cane-growers may be summarised into the general recommendation to conserve the humus and apply lime ; later it is hoped to publish the best method of poisoning the grubs. Jarvis (E.). Sugar-Cane Pests. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, viii, no. 3, September 1917, p. 175. [Received 24th January 1918.] Attention has been principally devoted to the study of the external anatomy and metamorphosis of certain of the more injurious cane beetles. A treatise dealing with the life-history and habits of Lejpidiota frenchi, Black., has been prepared. The occurrence is recorded at Gordonvale in May 1917 of a new Lepidopterous pest of sugar-cane of minor importance, viz. : — the Hesperid, Padraona hypometoma, Lower, which was observed eating the leaves of young cane plants growing in pots. Three other species of Hesperids have previously been recorded attacking sugar-cane in this district [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 345]. The butterfly, Mekinitis leda, L., and the moth, Mocisfrugalis, F., have also been recently recorded as destroying the foliage of sugar-cane. Freeman (G. F.). Alfalfa in the Southwest. — Univ. Arizona Agric. ExjoL Sta., Tucson, Bull. no. 73, 1st June 1914, pp. 233-320, 2 plates, 19 figs. [Received 25th January 1918.] The lucerne seed crop is attacked by several insects, of which the most important is the Chalcid, Bruchophagus funebris, which oviposits in the ovules soon after the flower has bloomed, or in the young seeds in pod. By the time the seed is mature the larvae are full grown, having devoured all the interior of the seed, the winter being passed by them in seeds fallen from the previous crop or from casual roadside plants. Adults appear early in June and continue to emerge throughout July and August, and since the time of incubation may vary from a little less than six weeks to nearly a year, there is no discernible interval between the appearance of the first and second and succeeding broods. The amount of damage varies with the season, and increases as the season advances, becoming so severe in October that seed maturing at that time is not worth harvesting. (C458) a2 140 The best means of control is the destruction of over-wintering larvae by ploughing in fallen seeds and cutting and burning roadside plants, while the ravages of the insect can be avoided by producing the seed- crop in early spring before it becomes numerous enough to do damage. The midge, Asjphondylia miki, over limited areas may sometimes destroy 25-30 per cent, of the pods, which have been found to contain its small reddish orange larvae, but injury on a large scale has not hitherto been observed. Thrips may attack the crop in such numbers that the flowers fail to set seed, though their damage usually consists, in discolouring the flowers. The alfalfa caterpillar, Colias (Eurymus) eurythe'rne, Boisd., is the most serious pest affecting the lucerne hay crop [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, iii, p. 153]. Stictocephala festina, Say (green alfalfa-hopper), causes, some damage, too sHght however to require special methods of control. Grasshoppers, Melanoplus spp., occasionally do considerable damage,, and are best controlled in the egg-stage by winter disking and by the keeping of turkeys. The harvester ant, Pogonomynnex sp., is a most destructive pest, clearing away all the vegetation from a sjDace surrounding the nest, 3 to 20 ft. in diameter. The ants are best destroyed by pouring in and around the opening of each large nest a solution of potassium cyanide (1 oz. dry cyanide to 1 U.S. gal. water). This treatment must be repeated at intervals of 8 to 10 days, as the eggs are not destroyed and continue to hatch out. Lycophotia {Peri- droma) margaritosa (variegated cutworm), a severe outbreak of which occurred in 1911, was found to be so heavily parasitised that no subsequent injury has been caused by it. Hypera {Phyto7iomus\ murina, F. (alfalfa weevil), at present unknown in Arizona, occurs in an adjoining State, and quarantine measures have been taken against the importation of household goods, Uve-stock and hay from infested districts. Antoniadis (P.). Recherches sur la Pyrale. [Researches on Sparga- nothis pilleriatia.] — Pr ogres Agric. Vitic., Montpellier, Ixix, no. 1,. 6th January 1918, pp. 9-12, 1 fig. Sparganothis pilleriana, which hibernates in the larval form in the^ fissures in the bark of the vine, does not affect any part of the stem indiscriminately, but is characterised by a definite distribution. Thus- the larvae decrease in number from the tip to the base of a branch, and are absent from the trunk of the main stem. Consequently the hiding places of the pest are known with certainty, rendering the application of control measures simple and more efficacious. Painting or spraying; the vine with insecticides will be useless unless the ends of the branches are treated ; but if this be done, the insecticide, aided by the action, of rain, will readily reach the lower parts. Dopluis op Perzik en Druif. [Scale-Insects on Peach and Vine.] — Meded. Phytopath. Dienst, Wageningen, no. 5, November 1917,. 16 pp., 2 plates. This bulletin briefly describes the habits of Eulecanium {Leamium) corni, Bch., and Pulvinaria betuhe, L. The former infests peach, plum. Acacia, currant, gooseberry, raspberry, ornamental shrubs, Thuja and 141 other conifers, as well as the vine. P. betulae however is the species chiefly found on the last-named plant. E. corni occurs throughout Holland wherever the peach is cultivated, as is especially the case in Westland ; it is spread by means of infested plants. P. betulae is not so common, and a large proportion of the vines in Westland are free from infestation. The mechanical removal of the scales in winter is a useful remedial measure, but it must be repeated annually and is expensive on account of the time required, especially in the case of the peach. Spraying with lime, sulphur or both combined, is also useful, but not completely effective. Petroleum has been employed with good results against E. corni, but with the advent of sprayers yielding a very fine, powerful spray and of water-soluble carbolineum the latter substance has been used exclusively. By spraying the immature scales the loss of sap is prevented, and numerous trials have proved that this treatment is harmless both to peach and vine. It is important to choose a brand which yields a milk-white emulsion when diluted with water. For the peach the correct strength is 1 part carbohneum to 20 parts water, and for the vine, 1 part in 14-16. The solution must be sprayed, not applied as a wash, and the work must be done while the trees are quite dormant, i.e., not later than December or January. This treatment will also serve against the spinning mite [Tetranychus] and Pseudococcus sp. on the vine and against the spinning mite, Phenacoccus aceris, and other scales on the peach. d'EiMmerez de Charmoy (D.). Report of the Work of the Division of Entomology. — Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric. for 1916, Mauritius, 1917, pp. 9-10. [Received 30th January 1918.] Mango trees are reported to have suffered much from the scale, Coccus {Lecanium) mangiferae, and from the attacks of a Cecidomyid fly, which oviposits in the tissue of the young leaves and stems, forming galls which seriously interfere wth the normal growth of the plant. Sugar-cane has been severely attacked by Oryctes tarandus, the destruction of this beetle on one estate costing nearly £1,800. Another sugar-cane pest, a species of Lachnosterna, has been held in check by its natural enemy, the Scoliid w^asp, Elis rufa, as well as by trapping the adult beetles at night, and thoroughly digging out the larvae. Elis rufa has been distributed in large numbers on sugar estates. Work has continued against Phytalus smithi, resulting in the destruction of 2-J- million larvae and 66 million beetles in 1916. Tipkia paralkla imported from Barbados has become firmly estabhshed, being found in great numbers on its food-plant, Cordia interrupta. Froggatt (W. W.). a Lead-boring Beetle {Xylothrips gihhicollis). — Agric. Gaz. N. S. W., Sydney, xxviii, no. 11, 2nd November 1917, p. 814, 1 fig. The Bostrychid beetle, Xylopsocus {Xylothrips) gihhicollis, described originally from Southern Queensland, but now known to have a wide range over Australia, under ordinary conditions bores into dead and dying trees, ovipositing in the timber, upon which both larvae and adults live. Of recent years it has been found boring minute holes in 142 tlie lead sheathing protecting overhead telephone wires, allowing moisture to enter the cable, and disorganising communication by destroying the insulation. At present, no suitable means of preventing this damage is known, as the cost of painting the cables with a repellent mixture would be too great. HiTiER (H.). La Pi6ride du Chou. [Pieris brassicae.] — Jl. d'Agric, Pratique, Paris, xxxi, no. 2, 24th January 1918, p. 37. In 1917 an outbreak of Pieris brassicae occurred in Brittany of such severity that whole fields of forage and kitchen-garden cabbages were destroyed, nothing remaining of the plants but the stems and midribs of the larger leaves. Fortunately the larvae were so heavily parasitised by a Braconid, Microgaster sp., that the pest was held in check, though the numbers of the second generation showed that it is unwise to trust solely to this natural control. Teabut (Dr.). Les Abris a Altises. [Shelter-plants for Haltica.] — Bull. Agric. Alger. Tun. Maroc, Algiers, xxiv, no. 1, Januarv 1918, pp. 9-10. The depredations of Haltica ampelophaga in Algeria, which have been in abeyance for some years, have recently taken place again to an extent necessitating special methods of control on the part of vine- growers. The simplest and cheapest seems to be that of pro\'iding winter-shelters near the vines in the form of hardy perennial plants in which the pest hides and in which it can be easily destroyed before its emergence in the spring. Plants suited to this purpose include : Pennisetum vilhsum and P. rwppelianum,, Chloris gayana, Mischantus sinensis, Andropogon muricatus, Oryzopis miliacea, Festuca, arundinacea and Aniholyssa aetJiiopica. When sheltering in this low herbage, the beetle is in a position that lends itself to attack by the fungus Sporotrichum, which can be easily disseminated, by placing infected individuals in situations as yet free from the fungus. New cultures may be obtained from the Pasteur Institute. The torpid hibernating insects can also be destroyed by fire or -with, insecticides. GiROLA (C. D.). Instrucciones populares sobre el Cultivo del Trigo en Argentina. [Popular Instructions for the Cultivation of Wheat in the Argentine.] — Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buerios Aires, li, no. 2, March- April 1917, pp. 185-212. [Received 31st January 1918.] In the course of these notes on wheat-growing a section is devoted to insect pests and diseases liable to attack growing wheat. Ants should be kept from the young wheat-plants by destruction of the ant- hills whenever possible with carbon bisulphide, cyanide of potassium or ant- exterminating machines. The nests should, if possible, be plastered over. Winged locusts should be frightened away by noise, smoke, or similar methods, while the hoppers should be kept from the wheat by trenches and ditches, or destroyed by naphtha or any of the well-known insecticides. Various pests attack wheat both in the green 143 state and after the ear has formed ; these include Cirphis {Leucania) unipuncta. Haw., which can be controlled by trenches dug round the plots or by the application of insecticides such as Paris green. The larva of a beetle, Diloboderus abderus, Burm., feeds on the roots of wheat and other plants and should be destroyed by deep cultivation of the fields, while sowing should be done at the most favourable time to allow the plants every opportunity for vigorous growth. The stored grain is attacked by the moth, Sitotroga cerealelh, 01., the weevil, Calandra granaria, L., and the beetle, Tenebroides {Trogosita) mauritanicus, L., as well as other insects. Osservatorio Autonomo di FiiopatJiologia, Turin, Mthly. Leaflets, nos, 1-12, January-December 1917, 48 pp. These leaflets for 1917 are similar to those for the preceding year [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 180]. Among the injurious insects recorded are the following : — Lepidoptera : Argyroploce {Grapholitha) variegana on cherry ; Aegeria (Sesia) apiformis and A. {S.) asiliformis on poplar ; Cydia (Carpocopsa) pomonella on apple and pear ; Cydia (Grapholitha) funebrana on prune and plum ; Cossus cossus, L., on poplar and apple ; Clysia {Conchylis) ambiguella on vine ; Cydia [Carpocapsa) spJendana on walnut ; Cnethocampa pityocampa, Schiff., on pine ; Hyponomeuta malineUiis on apple ; Barathra {Mamestra) brassicae on cabbage ; Nygmia pJioeorrhoea {Euproctis chrysorrhoea) on chestnut, pear and peach ; Polychrosis botrana on vine ; Pieris brassicae on cabbage ; and Zeuzera jyyrina [aesculi) on apple. Coleoptera : Agriotes lineatns on lettuce ; Anthonomus pomorum on pear ; Ceuthorrhynchus sidcicollis, Payk., on cabbage ; Crioceris asparagi on asparagus ; Hylesinus fraxini in cherry ; Hylobius abietis in pine ; Hallica oleracea on cabbage ; Galeruca luteola {xanthomelaena) on elm ; Phloeosinus thujae in thuja ; Byctiscus betulae {Rhynchifes betuleti) on vine ; Tychea setariae on endive ; and Xyleborus dispar in apple. Hymenoptera : Eriocampoides (Caliroa) Umacina and Hoplocampa brevis, Klug, on pear. Rhynchota : AleurocJiiton aceris, Geof., on plane; Stephanitis {Tingis) pyri on pear and Japanese medlar. Coccidae : Aulacaspis rosae on rose ; Aonidia lauri on laurel ; Aulacaspis pentagona on jasmine, lilac, mulberry, mimosa, peach, geranium, pelargonium, Kentia, oleander, hazel and catalpa ; Aspidiotus hederae {nerii) on oleander, Aucuba japonica and palm ; Ceroptlastes rusci on fig ; C. sifiensis on orange ; Chrysomphalus dictyospermi var. pinnulifera on camelKa ; Coccus hesperidum on lemon ; Coccus {Lecanium) elongatus on laurel ; Epidiaspis piricola on pear ; Eulecanium {Lecanium) persicae on lemon ; Lepidosaphes idmi {Mytilaspis pomorum) on pear and hawthorn ; Puhinaria vitis on vine ; Pulvinaria camelicola on camellia ; and Saissetia oleae on olive. Aphidae : Aphis persicae on peach ; A. ribis on currant ; A. rosae on rose ; A. brassicae on cabbage ; A. piraria on pear ; A. fabae on beans ; Chermes strobi on Pinus strobus ; Hya- lopterus arundinis (pruni) on prune ; Eriosoma {Schizoneura) lanigerum on apple and elm ; and Toxoptera aurantii on camellia. Diptera : Acidia heraclei on celery ; Conlarinia pyrivora on pear ; Oscinella {Oscinis) frit on corn ; Platyparea poeciloptera on asparagus ; 144 Bhahdo'phaga (Cecidomyia) saliciperda on willow; and Perrisia crataegi on ha\Tthorn. Mites : Eriophyes solids on willow ; E. pyri on pear ; E. tiliae on lime ; E. vitis on vine ; E. (Phytoptus) coryli on hazel ; and Tetranychus telarius on vine and Acacia. Leonardi (G.), La Processionaria del Pino in Liguria. [The Pine Processionaiy Caterpillar in Liguria.] — Minerva Agraria, Milan, ix, no. 19-20, 15th-31st October 1917, pp. 227-228. [Abstract from Boll. Assoc. Orticola Professiotwle Italiana, no. 1, January 1917.] An outbreak of Cnethocampa (Thaumetopoea) pityocampa in Liguria in both gardens and pine woods in the hilly districts is described. Unless remedial measures are applied without delay great loss will result. The adult moths usually appear in the second half of July. They fly at twilight, remaining inactive in sheltered situations on their host-plant by day. The females lay from 100 to 200 eggs in small batches placed on the pine needles. The caterpillars hatch towards the end of August ; they first feed on the tender needles and then attack the older ones. They are gregarious and leave their nest only at night in order to seek food. After the first moult in September they enlarge and strengthen their nest and withdraw to it on the approach of the cold weather, not reappearing until the following spring when the temperature is at least 42°-43° F. The second and third moults then take place. AVhen mature the caterpillars spin a cocoon about 4 inches beneath the surface of the ground, and the adults emerge after a pupal period lasting 6 weeks. When infestation is severe, a tree may be entirely defoliated and its vertical growth arrested if a nest occurs on the leading shoot. Plants weakened by infestation become an easy prey for Scolytid beetles and other insects. The destruction of the nests in autumn and winter is the cheapest and most effective means of dealing with C. pityocampa. The nests may either be removed and burnt or burnt in situ by means of suitable torches. If the leading shoot is infested it is best to drench that portion of the tree with a 1 per cent, solution of lead arsenate. As a protection against the stinging hairs of the caterpillars, workers should wear motor goggles and should oil their hands. J. P. Mealy Bug on Vmes.^-Gardeners^ Chronicle, London, Ixiii, no. 1622, 26th January 1918, p. 40. The author records a case of severe infestation of a vine with mealy bug [Psevdococcus] which was successfully dealt wath by the application of gas-tar. The vines, which were in a weak state and had suffered from mildew, were first scrubbed with a mixture of soft soap (2 oz.) and sulphur (2 oz.) in a gallon of water, all the loose bark being cleaned oft", especially round the spurs. The vinery was also scrubbed with soft soap and water and syringed with parafiin, wherever it could be used with safety, the walls being white-washed with hot hme. The vine stems were then painted with gas-tar mixture, freshly obtained from the gas-works, which was applied as a stiff paste to all parts except the eyes and last season's wood. Though the vine had not recovered in 145 appearance, the yield of grapes the next season was better than for the previous 20 years. The gas-tar method is therefore considered to be both cheaper and safer than fumigation with sodium cyanide. Richards (J. M.). Mealy Bug on Vines. — Gardeners' Chronicle, London, Ixiii, no. 1624, 9th February 1918, p. 60. Another method for the control of mealy bug [Pseudococcus] on vines that has given good results is as follows : — After pruning the vines, the houses should be thoroughly washed with carbolic soap and boiling water, a wineglassful of parafhn being added to each bucketful. The \"ines must then be scrubbed with very hot water, and all loose bark scraped off on to sheets of paper, which must then be burnt. Two more washings with nicotine soap and hot water are then given. After drying, the stems are painted with a mixture of clay, nicotine, soft soap and sulphur, of the consistency of paint, and the walls must be treated with a mixture of hot lime and paraffin. Tl-llgren (Albert). Blyarseniat som Besprutningsvatska mot gnagande Insekter. [Lead Arsenate as a Spraying Fluid against mandi- o bulate Insects.] — Sveriges Pomologiska Forenings Arsskrift, hafte 2, arg. 18, pp. 113-116, 3 figs. This paper gives an account of the properties and use of lead arsenate •against Cydia pomonella, L., and Argijresthia conjugella, Zell. o TuLLGREN (Albert). Skadedjur i Sverige Aran 1912-1916. [Injurious Animals in Sweden during 1912-1916.] — Meddelande fran Central- anstalten for Jorsbruksforsok, no. 152 ; Entomologiska Avdelningen, no. 27, pp. 104. The publication of these annual reports has been delayed for various Teasons, so that the present one covers five years and briefly enumerates about 350 species. It has been drawn up by the Entomological Department of the Agricultural Experiment Station of Sweden in cooperation with about 550 correspondents throughout the country who send in regular reports concerning noxious insects. Forficula auricnlaria, L., damaged ornamental plants, as well as barley, wheat and cabbage in various places. The withered heads of grasses, such as Poa pratensis, Alojxcurus genicuhtus, PJileum pratense and Festuca rubra, caused by thrips were very conspicuous in the north of Sweden in 1916. Kakothrips pisivora {Physopus robustus, Uzel), did great harm in Southern Sweden in 1912, reducing the crop of peas by 60-75 per cent. Lygus spp. attacked Chrysanthemum indicum, the species most commonly found being L. pabulinus, Mey., L. pratensis, L., and L. canipestris, L. In the summer of 1914 severe attacks by Lygus sp. were reported on turnips, potatoes, clover, etc. Typhlocyba rosae, L., was observed in several localities, chiefly on roses, and was successfully combated by spraying with quassia. In the south of Sweden Psylla 7nali, Schmbg., injured apjjle trees, spraying with carbolineum being •effected against it, with complete success. Trioza alacris, Fl. (lauri, Targ.) has been found on imported laurels on several occasions. 146 T. viridula, Zett., did severe damage to carrots ; the eggs are easily destroyed by spraying with 10 per cent, carbohneum. Rhinocda aceris, L., occurred at midsummer in enormous numbers on maples in one locality, causing defoliation. Aphis po7ni, DeG., was very common in 19l4, spraying with quassia being employed with success, when used early enough. Aphis rumicis, L., did some injury to beans and beets in 1914-1915. Aphis gossypii, Glov., is one of the most common pests of cucumbers. Dentatus {Aphis) crataegi, Kalt., has been recorded from apple trees in several localities. Aphis {Siphon- aphis) padi, L., which did such great damage in 1911 to cereals in southern Sweden, was not recorded during 1912-1916. Brevicort/ne {Aphis) brassicae, L., occurs chiefly in the south of Sweden. Anumphis' {Aphis) farfarae, Koch {pyri, Koch), attacked the leaves of pear trees, causing the formation of galls ; in the autumn this species migrates to Tussilago farfara, on the roots of which it oviposits. Hyal- opterus arundinis, L. {pruni, F.) is very common on plums, sloe and reed. Siphocoryne ligustri, Kalt., a species not previously recorded from Sweden, did great injury to privet, causing the leaves to drop at the end of July and the beginning of August. Myzoides {Myzus) cerasi, F., was also very common during 1914. Rhopalosiphum lactucae, Kalt. (often erroneously recorded as R. rihis, L.) has not been recorded previously as a pest of currants, but in 1915 it caused great injury to them. Red and white currants were mainly attacked, black currants usually escaping, or, when attacked, suffering very little. By the end of August the attack was over. The infestation did not recur in the following year, and it is suggested that the Aphids succumbed to starvation in the autumn of 1915, the currants being; so badly damaged that no food was left for the sexual forms, which live on currant before depositing the winter eggs. The great abimdance of Sonchus in the potato fields may have caused this outbreak, this plant being the alternative host of this Aphid. Macrosiphum rosae, L., was especially abundant during 1914. Prociphilus xylostei, DeG., occurred on cultivated species of Lonicera. Other Aphids recorded were : — Myzus ribis, L., Aphis grossulariae, Kalt., Macrosiphum granarium, Kirby {cereale Kalt.), Acyrthosiphon {M.) pisi, Kalt., Chaito- phorus aceris, L., Pterochlorus roboris, L., Phyllaphis fagi L., Eriosoma {Schizoneura) ulmi, L. Chermes sp. injured nurseries, especially in the south of Sw^eden in 1912, about 200,000 2-4 year-old spruce plants being attacked at Fridhem. Gossyparia {Eriococcus) spuria, Mod., {ulmi, Sign.) was recorded from elm trees in two localities. Pseudo- coccus citri, Riss., occurred on vines and peaches in hothouses ; Aspidi- otus hederae, ValL, on ivy ; Lepidosaphes ulmi, L., on apple, pear, limes, etc. and seems to be spreading; Aidacaspis rosae, Bch., on roses. Eulecanium {Lecanium) corni, Bch., {persicae, auct.) is very common in Sweden, attacking peaches, vine, pear, lilac, etc. ; Physo- kermes coryli,-Ij. occurred on plum and hazel. Coleoptera. Trogophloeus pusillus, Grav., injured cucimibers,. melons and Chrysanthemum indiciim. Blitophaga opaca, L., and Phosphuga atrata, L., damaged beet and Cruciferous crops in many localities. Some swarms of Melolontha melolontha {vulgaris, L.) and M. hippocastani, F., were noticed in June 1912, though not so numerous, as in 1908 and 1904. About 6,500 lb. of beetles were collected. In 1916 new swarms occurred, though less numerous than during 1912. 147 Swarms of RJiizotrogus solstitMis, L., occurred in May and the middle of July. Serica hrunnea, L., occurred in very large swarms in June 1915, and defoliated all kinds of trees and bushes. PhyUopertka Jiorticola, L., damaged the leaves and young fruit of fruit trees, es- pecially in the vicinity of Kalmar, where it appeared in enormous numbers in 1914, swarming throughout the month of June. Cetonia aurata, L., and possibly also C. floricola, Hrbst., were recorded as injuring the young ears of rye. Meligethes aeneus, F., damaged seed- ling plants of tm'nips and cabbage all over the country. Agriotes lineatus, L., injured sugar beet, oats and barley, from 40 to 80 per cent. of the plants being killed on himdreds of acres. Anohium strkdum, Oliv., caused injury in buildings. Sitodrepa panicea, L., injured the seeds of tomatoes. Ptinus fur, L., P. raptor, Niptus hololeucus, Fald., Tenehrio molitor, L., and Triholimn imvale, F., have been reported doing damage to grain, etc. Callidium violaceum, L., occurred in newly built houses. PhyUotreta nemorum, L., Haltica oleracea, L., and Psylliodes chrysocephala; L., were all numerous during 1914 and 1915, whereas in 1916, when the rainfall was very great, only isolated attacks were reported. PhyUotreta vittula, Redt., injured wheat in the latter half of June. Batophila rubi, Payk., damaged raspberries ; Psylliodes chrysocephala, L., and PhyUotreta nigripes, F., severely injured cabbages ; Chaetocnema concimm, Marsh., occurred in great nmnbers on rhubarb ; Phytodecta viminalis, L., and PhyUodecta vitellinae, L., occurred in plantations of basket willows ; Phaeion cochlear iae, L., injured horse-radish. Galeruca tanaceti, L., devas- tated turnips in some localities on Gotland in 1915-16, appearing at the beginning of July in miUions and completely defoliating the plants ; in 1916 this beetle also attacked turnips, potatoes, clover and various weeds. Cassida nebulosa, L., injured cabbage and turnips. The following bark-beetles were recorded : Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz., on apple trees, Myelophilus piniperda, L., M. minor, Htg., Doidroctonus niicans, Kug., Hylasfes ojmcus, Er., H. paUiatus, Gyll., H. glabratus, Zett., Pityogenes chalcographus, L., P. bidentatus, Hbst., P. quadridens, Htg., Ips sexdentatus, Boern., /. typographus, L., /. acuminatus, Gyll., IjJS proximus, Eichh., Anisandrus dispar, F., and Xyloterus lineatus, Oliv. Bruchus rufimanus, Boh., occurred in horse-beans ; Byctiscus betulae, L., injured the leaves of pear and plum trees in many places, and Rhynchites betulae, L., attacked young birches {Betula verrucosa and B. odorata) at the beginning of the smnnier of 1916 to such an extent that the trees appeared to have been scorched by fire. Apion apricans, Hrbst., and possibly also A. flavipes, Payk., injured the shoots of young spruces ; Sitones lineatus, L., damaged peas, beans, raspberries, etc. Hylobius abietis, L., injured young plants of spruce and pine from April to beginning of Jime. Larvae of Otiorrhynchus sulcaius, ¥., were reported injuring raspberries, and 0. raucus, F., gnawed the bark of the young shoots of currants, hazel and dwarf fruit trees. 0. singularis, L., {picipes, F.) has not been previously recorded in Sweden, but in 1912 injuries caused by this weevil were reported on currants and other j)lants. Phyllobius pyri, L., and P. maculicornis, Germ., were very common in 1912 in the southern part of the country. Fruit trees were much injured, in May and the first half of June, especially pears, the buds of many 148 being so damaged that the trees succumbed. Sprajdng was quite useless, the only effective method being to collect the beetles. P. oblongus, L., was very common in 1912 injuring the plum trees in nurseries. In 1912 P. viridicoUis, F., was recorded injuring roses. Polydrusus flavipes, DeG., occurred on fruit trees. Hypera {Phyto- nomvs) variabilis, Hbst., not recorded since 1903, attacked lucerne in July in some localities in Scania. Pissodes validirostris, Gyll., attacked pine cones. Anthonomus po7norum, L., was more common during 1913 than in the other years. It was observed that on trees with rough and mossy covered bark 60-70 per cent, of the buds were attacked, whereas on trees with smooth bark only 5-10 per cent, were destroyed, suggesting that the former afford especially good hibernating quarters for the weevils. Anthonomus rubi, Hbst., destroyed a large percentage of the raspberries and strawberries in many localities. Balaninus niicum, L., was very common on cultivated hazel, and another weevil, jorobably B. glandimn, Marsh., destroyed beechnuts. Rhynchaen, {Orchestcs) fagi, L., was very common on beeches ; Cryptor- rhynchiis lapathi, L., injured basket willows ; Ceuthorrhynclius rapae, "Gyll., destroyed 10 per cent, of the cabbage plants in one locality, and C. quadridens, Panz., attacked turnips. Calandra granaria, L., seems to be widely sjaread in the south of Scania, being evidently capable of hibernating indoors. C. oryzae, L., was found in maize imported from Argentina. Lepidoptera : Aporia crataegi, L., injured apples, pears, mountain ash, 'udllow, etc. in several localities, the attack increasing from 1912 to 1915. Pieris brassicae, L., was very numerous in 1911 in Scania, but owing to the unfavourable climatic conditions, it did very little harm in 1912. In the south of Sweden three generations a year probably always occur, though in the north there are only two. P. rapae, L., injured turnips and cabbages. Vanessa io, L., and V. urticae, L. , were foimd on hops ; V. polychloros, L., on apple, pear and cherry ; and V. antiopa, L., on willow. Sphinx ligustri, L. occurred on apple. Phalera bitcephala, L., was present in great numbers in 1913 on cul- tivated oak, beech and lime in several localities. Orgyia antiqua, L., was reported as doing damage to apples and plums. Stilpnotia salicis, L., was common on birch, aspen and willow. In 1915-1916 large plantations of willows and poplars were badly injured by the larvae in June. Lymantria dispar, L., defoliated birches in one locality, and L. monacha, L., was observed swarming at the beginning of July. Malacosoma ■neustria, L., was very common in southern Sweden in 1915 and 1916. M. caslrensis, L., attacked raspberries at the end of May. Trichiura crataegi, L., was found on plum trees in the middle of June. Eriogaster lanestris, L., was especially numerous in 1912, attacking apple, pear, plum and cherry and many forest trees. Dendro- limus jnni, L., was found on pine trees. Agrotis spp. were recorded from rye, wheat, potatoes, carrots, turnips, cabbage, beans, and other plants. Euxoa (Agrotis) vestigialis, Rott., destroyed young spruce. E'uxoa {Agrotis) corticea, Hb., and E. {A.) nigricans, L., were reported injuring cabbage. Charaeas graminis, L., which formerly did great damage in the northern coast districts, has been rather scarce of late years. Barathra {Mamestra) brassicae, L., and Polia (M.) oleracea, L., severely injured cabbages in 1914, destroying 10,000 plants in one locality alone. Luperina (Ajiamea) testacea, Kb., not previously 149 recorded as injurious in Sweden, damaged pastures. Hydroecia micacea, Esp., injured potatoes, sugar-beet and raspberries. Panolis fammea, Schiff. {griseovariegata, Goeze), occurred on pines. Eupsilia {Scopehsoma) sateUitia, L., was reported on fruit trees, birch and turnips. Hgpena rostralis, L., attacked hops at the beginning of August 1916. Chewmtobia brumata, L., was especially numerous in 1912. Larentia nebulata, Thnb., a species that periodically defoliates the birches in the alpine parts of Sweden and Norway was very abun- dant at Tiirna in the middle of July. CJiloroclystis rectmigiilata, L., was recorded from fruit trees in several localities. Abraxas gros- suhriata, L., injured gooseberries and red currants. The larvae of Himera pennaria, L., appeared on ajDple trees at the end of May. Hibernia defoliaria, CI., was most common during the same years, 1912 and 1913, as Cheimatobia brumata. Amphidasys betularia, L., was fomid on apples. Bupahis piniarius, L., damaged pine trees severely in 1912. Nola cucullatelki, L., injured young fruit trees, gnawing off the bark of the young twigs and shoots ; in 1916 a number of yomig Cox's Orange pipj^ins were killed in this manner. Aegeria apiformis, CI., destroyed yomig balsam poplars in 1916. Paranthrene tabaniformis, Rott., injured young poplars in nurseries. The larvae of Pennisetia (Bembecia) hylaeiformis, Lasp., were common on rasp- berries in 1916. Cossus cossus, L., was reported injuring apple, ash, alder, maple, birch, poplar and willows Zeuzera pyrimi, L., injured apple trees and lilac. Achroia griseUa, F., was numerous in bee-hives in 1915, and Galleria melotiella, L., also did a great deal of damage. The larvae of Ephestia kuhniella, Z., destroyed dried vegetables. Zophodia convolutella, Hb., was very numerous in southern Sweden in 1915, often destroying one- third of the crop of gooseberries. Pionea forfi- calis, L., injured turnips and cabbage, especially in 1914. Tortrix bergmanniana, L., injured roses at the begimiing of June. T. viridana, L., nearly defoliated the oaks at Borgholm in 1915-1916. T. paleana, Hb.. injured timothy at the beginning of June in 1916. Cnephasia icahlbomiana, L., occurred on strawberries. Exapate congelateUa, CL, damaged gooseberries, apples, hawthorn, mountain ash and Cytisus laburnum. Rhyacionia {Evetria) buoliafia., Schiff., injm'ed the shoots of young pine trees in many localities. Argyroploce variegana, Hb., and Eiicosmu {Tmefocera) ocellana, F., were most nmnerous during 1915, chiefly attacking apple. Injuries probably caused by Enarmonia prunivora, Wish., were reported from several localities. Eucosma, (Notocelia) roborana, Tr., injured roses, in some places as many as 75 per cent, of the shoots being attacked. Etiar- monia {Epinotia) birwtana, Wck., a species new to Sweden was foimd in the buds of Abies pectinata in 1916. Cydia {Carpocapsa) pomonella, L., was very nmnerous in 1914, destroying in many locahties 50 per cent. or more of the crop. C. {Grapholitha) funebrana, Tr., did great damage to plums in 1912-1914. C. {Grapholitha) nigricana, Stph., was es- pecially abundant in 1912 and 1913 destroying from 15 to 70 per cent, of the crop of peas. Hemerophih {Simaethis) pariana, CI., was reported from many locahties in the south of Sweden, no great harm being, however, done ; the larvae of the first generation occurred from the middle of May to the middle of June, those of the second generation in July and the beginning of August. Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv., occurred in imported maize in 1915. Gracilaria syringella^ P., injured 150 lilac, privet and ash. Lyonetia clerkeUa, L., was very numerous in southern Sweden, attacking the leaves of apple. Scythropia cratae- gella, L. , was reported from hawthorn, apple, and pear. Hyponomeuta euonymellus, L., attacked bird-cherry trees in many parts of Sweden in 1915, and in the same year H. malinellus, Z., was also reported from many places. Argyresthia conjugella, Z., did great damage in 1916. During previous years there had been an abundance of berries on the mountain ash, which favoured the increase of this moth, but in 1916 these trees did not bloom at all, compelling this pest to attack apples. Argyresthia ephippiella, F., was very numerous in the buds of cherry trees. Plutella maculipennis, Curt., attacked cabbage in southern Sweden in 1914. Tinea granella, L., destroyed rye, wheat, peas and clover-seeds. Incurvaria capitella, CI., recorded for the first time from Sweden in 1910, did great damage to red currants. Diptera. Larvae of Tipida sp. attacked young pine trees in 1914, gnawing of? the bark below the surface of the earth. Sitodiplosis {Clinodiplosis) mosellana, Geh., {aurantiaca, Wagn.) was observed on barley. Contarinia pyrivora, Kil., was very numerous in 1912, in many places destroying nearly the whole crop of pears. Contarinia pisi, Winn., was abundant in the vicinity of Upsala in 1915. Con- tarinia tritici, Kirby, has been reported from several localities. Stenodi- 2)losis geniculatus, Rent., occurred in the seeds of foxtail, about 57,000 larvae being present in one pound. Perrisia (Dasyneura) pyri, B., attacked the foliage of pear trees. Perrisia {Dasyneura) flosoulorum, KiefE. , occurred in clover seeds. Phytomyza affifiis, Fall. , and P. genicu- lata, Macq. , attacked the leaves of cultivated chrysanthemum. Hydrellia griseola, Fall., attacked oats and timothy grass. OscineUa frit, L., damaged oats, barley and wheat in many places. Siphonella piimi- lionis, Bjerk., was reported injuring barley and wheat. Meromyza cerealium, Reut., caused withering of oats. Psila. rosae, L., injured parsnips, parsley and dill. Amaurosoma armiUatum, Zett., and A. flavipes. Fall., have been reported injuring the spikes of timothy grass. Chortophila hrassicae, Bch., injured cabbage, turnips and swedes in many parts of the country. Pegomyia hyoscyami, Pz. {conformis. Fall.), injured sugar-beet, common beet and spinach. Hylemyia antiqua, Meig., was especially numerous on onions in 1916. H. coarctata, Fall., injured wheat and rye in some places. Merodon equestris, F., injured the bulbs of daffodils. Aphiochaeta pygmaea, Zett., attacked the seeds of pmnpkins. Hymenoptera. Eriocanipoides {Caliroa) aethiops, F., injured the leaves of roses and E. limacina those of pear and cherry trees in many locahties. Hoplocampa testudinea, Klg., attacked young apples and H. minutu, Christ, did great injury to plums, the loss in some places amounting to 50-75 per cent, of the crop. Ardis bipunctata, Klg., seems to occur wherever climbing roses are cultivated. Blennocampa jMsilla, Klg., injured roses, and B. geniculata, Htg., in 1915 attacked strawberry plants. Croesus septentrionalis, L., occurred in great numbers on birches and poplar. Lygaeonematus (Nematus) erichsoni. Htg. , defoliated larch trees in several localities. Holcocneme (Netnatus) coeruleocarpa, Htg. , attacked poplars and Pteronus (Pteronidea) ribesii, Scop., currants and gooseberries in many places, especially in 1916. P. salicis, L., defoliated Salix fragilis. Spruces from eight to ten years old were injured probably by Lygaeonematus saxeseni, Htg., 151 in 1912. Lygaeonematus laricis, Htg., occurred in great numbers on young larches. Larvae, probably those of L. compressicornis, F., were found on young aspen. Pristiphora pallipes, Lep. {apjjendi- ■culata, Lep.), probably a common species on gooseberry, was only reported from three localities. Arge rosae, L., injured roses though it only attacked Liberty and to a smaller extent Caroline Testout, other varieties escaping injury. Acantholyda kieroglyphica, Christ, injured young pine trees at the end of July and the beginning of August in several localities in the north of Sweden. A. stellata injured 2-year-old pine trees. Myriopoda. Blaniulus guttulatus, Gerv., has been reported injuring the seeds of beans, peas and pumpkins, and Polydesmus complanatus, L., damaged ornamental plants. Acari. Paratetranychus ununguis, Jac, attacked young spruce trees, but the majority of the reports concerning spinning mites record injuries caused in hothouses by P. althaeae, v. Hanst. ; P. pilosus, C. & F., occurs commonly on apple and plum trees ; Tetranychus telarius, L., attacked elms ; Bryobia praetiosa, Koch, injured goose- berries in some localities. The following mites were also recorded : Tarsoiiemus spirifex, March., on oats ; Pediculoides graminum, Reut., on timothy and other grasses; Rhizoglyphus echinopus, F. & R., on oats, barley and wheat ; Eriophyes pyri, Pgst., on pear; E. malinus, Nal., E. similis, Nal., E. ribis, Xal., and E. vitis, Nal. Akerman (A.). Nagra iakttagelser rorande Harjningar av Vetemygg- larver a Hostvetet Sommaren 1916. [vSonie Observations on the Injury caused by the Wheat Midge {Contarinia triiici, Kirby) on Autumn Wheat in the Summer of 1916.] — Svenska Utsades- foreningens Tidshrift, arg. xxvii, h. 1, 1917, pp. 24-33. Contarinia tritici is one of the most injurious pests of wheat in Sweden, often reducing the crojj by 5-10 pei cent, and sometimes, as in Gotland, destroying about 66 per cent, of the grain. At Svalov, where the present observations were made, serious damage was done in the years 1901, 1903, 1905, 1912 and 1916, especially during the last, when not only autumn wheat but also spring wheat and barley were attacked. The investigations were conducted with a view to obtaining reliable records of the extent of the injury caused to the different varieties of wheat. 0\^positing females were observed for the first time on the 24th of June ; o\aposition continued for a comparatively long time, egg- laying females occurring as late as on the 11th of July. The first larvae were found in the middle of July, and at the end of the same month they occurred in such numbers on the varieties most injured that the ears were yellow. The examination of the different varieties showed that the loss of grain varied between 2 '2 and 33 per cent., the earlier varieties being most injured, this being due to the fact that their ears emerged exactly at the time when the greatest number of midges occurred. Varieties in which the ears emerged later were far less damaged. The varieties most injured had pubescent ears, and this seemed to justify the conclusion that these forms were more exposed to attack than those with glabrous ears. This, however, on further investigation was found not to be the case. The protection 152 enjoyed by the latter varieties is, however, only relative, because the climatic conditions may retard the development of the midges so that they appear in the greatest number when the ears of these varieties make their appearance. The loss caused during years of compara- tively severe infestation is estimated to equal about 5 per cent, of the crop of the whole country or about £111,000. Tedin (Hans). Skada av Vetemygglarver pa Tvaradskorn 1916.. [Injury caused by the Wheat Midge on two-rowed Barley.] — SvensJca Vtsadesforeningens Tidskrift, arg. xxvii, h. 1, 1917, pp. 34-42. Injury caused by Contarinia tritici, Kirby, on two-rowed barley was observed for the first time in Scania in 1912, the attack being then probably spread over the greater part of the county. The attack was repeated in 1913, but was then more local. Of the 42 different varieties of barley cultivated 21 had the ears visible on the 18th of July, of the other half the ears emerged during the ] 9th- 27th of the same month. Of the former, 16 varieties had 10 per cent, or more of the grain destroyed, whereas in the latter only 4 exhibited such high percentages, the rest having far less. This is explained by the fact that the midge was most numerous when the ears of the earlier varieties emerged and they preferably oviposit on the newly emerged ears. The average percentage of injured grain was about 8 "8, equaUing a loss of about 240 lb. per acre. EoRER (J. B.), Cacao Spraying Experiment, 1916-1917. — Bull. Dept^ Agric. Trinidad <& Tobago, Port of Spain, xvi, no. 3, 1917, pp. 165-167. [Received 1st February 1918.] A spraying experiment undertaken to test the value of a com- bination of Bordeaux mixture and nicotine sulphate as a control measure for PhytophtJiora or black rot of cacao pods and for thrips [Heliothrips ruhrocinchis] is here described. For this purpose a field previously badly infested was divided into three plots, only one of which was sprayed. The solution was composed of 5 lb. bluestone, 5 lb. lime to every 41 1 gals, of water, to which was added 5| oz. of Black-leaf 40, and this was applied three times : on 23rd August, when the trees were well covered mth young and adult thrips that were ovipositing ; on 14th September, chiefly for the purpose of protecting the yomig fruits from black rot ; and lastly, on 19th October. By the middle of November the difference between the sprayed and unsprayed trees was apparent, the latter being almost defoliated, while the former remained in full foliage and produced a very good crop. It was proved that every spraying more than pays for itself, even if the trees are only sprayed once. Taylor (H. W.). Tobacco Seed-beds. — Union of S. Africa Dept. Agric, Pretoria, Bull. no. 7, 1917, 12 pp., 2 figs. The larva of the tobacco split-worm [Phthorimaea operculella] attacks either the stem or leaf ; in the former case it eats out the interior, causing a gall-like injury that renders the plant useless and necessi- tates its being pulled up and destroyed. If the leaf is attacked, the 153 caterpillar burrows between the two surfaces, though it does not remain in one leaf, but attacks two or more, giving an opportunity for control by spraying A\ath lead arsenate at the rate of 1 lb. to 16 gallons water" The plants should be sprayed thoroughly once a fort- night from the time that the leaves are the size of a shilling until the plants are transplanted in the field. Attacks may be prevented by enclosing the seed-beds wdth boards and covering with cheese-cloth mitil a fortnight before the seedhngs are transplanted, one application of lead arsenate being sufficient to prevent injury during this period. Jack (R. W.). The Maize Stalk Borer {Cakimistes fusca, Hmpsn.' — Rhodesia Agric. J I., Salisbury, xiv, no. 6, December 1917, pp. 707-717, 2 plates. The maize stalk borer is the caterpillar of a Noctuid moth, Busseola {CaJamistes) fusca, that o\nposits during the month of December between the leaf-sheath and the stalk of plants that have attained a certain size, usually about 12 inches in height. There are two broods during the year, the moths of the first emerging in late November and early December, and of the second about the end of February. The larvae of the second brood bore into the stalks of maize, kaffir corn and allied crops, and hibernate there, often as far down as the roots. Planting should not be done too early. This wall avoid the plants being of the requisite height at the time that the moths are on the "wang. The stalks, which must be hoed out or cut below the soil level during the winter, should be burnt. Savage (C. G.). The Cabbage Aphis (Aphis brassicae). — Jl. Dept, Agric. S. Australia, Adelaide, xx, no. 7, February 1917, p. 58L [Received 2nd February 1918.] The growing of cabbages and cauliflowers would be difficult in some districts owing to the attacks of the cabbage aphis {Aphis bras- sicae), were this insect not heavily parasitised by a small Ichneu- monid that keeps it in check. The best preventive against the Aphid is rapid forced growth by manuring the soil before planting, and then freely watering the plants, or watering with small quantities of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate and soot. Should the Aphid have become established, the best treatment is spraying with water at r20°F., while sprays of tobacco wash, resin wash, or kerosene emulsion may be used, if applied before the cabbage-heart forms. If young plants become infested while still in the seed-bed, they should be dipped in one of the above mixtures before transplanting. Ritchie (W.). The Structure, Bionomics and Forest Importance of Myelophilus minor, Hart. — Separate, dated 4th December 1917, from Trans. R. Soc. Edinburgh, Hi, part 1, no. 10, 1917, pp. 213- 234, 2 plates. This paper describes the fife-history, habits, and important anatomi- cal features of Myelophilus minor, Hart., and contrasts them with those of M. jjiniperda, the only other species of this genus that is^a (C458) B 154 native of Britain. The formation of the brood-galleries of M. minor, which is described in detail, has already been dealt with in a previous paper [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 47.]. The length of the life-cycle varies according to the season, the temperature and conditions of nutrition. In Central Europe the duration is given as 75 to 84 days ; in Scotland the author observed a hf e-cycle of 95 days. While 31. minor breeds in weakened stems, the author has not found it breeding in stumps, -^here M. piniperda breeds freely. The host-trees of M. minor in Continental forests include several species of pine ; in Scotland the author has found it only in Scots pine. The question of the number of annual generations or broods of M. minor has given rise to some discussion ; the author's observations have led him to conclude that in Scotland the occurrence of a third ammal generation is imjjossible, but that there may be two broods a year. A proportion of the adult beetles, after laying the eggs from which the first brood will develop, leave the parent-galleries and return to the young pine shoots at the top of the tree, and after a nutritious diet a second o\nposition period may follow in a newly made mother-gallery. It is 230ssible that from this second series of eggs a second issue of adults may take place within a year. The same process was obtained experimentally with adults of M. piniperda. Both M. minor and M. piniperda are dangerous enemies of the pine and sometimes cause the death of the tree. The periods of greatest damage are from mid- August onwards and from late June onwards ; during each of these periods the adults are feeding on the young shoots prior to oviposition. Additional damage is done in boring the mother and larval galleries. The increase of M. minor may be checked by the use of trap-trees. These should be standing trees selected at intervals throughout the wood, and their use should be continuous from March to October. At regular intervals these traps should be felled and the bark removed and destroyed ; this must be done before the larvae become full grown. Natural enemies of these two species include a Clerid beetle, Clerus formicarius, L., which in both the larval and adult stages is predaceous upon larvae, pupae and adults. The Nitidulids, Rhizophagus ferru-gineus, Payk., R. depressus, F.,and Pityophagusferrugineus, F., as well as Glyschrochilus (T^js) quadripustulatus, L., at times completely clear the galleries of eggs. A small Staphylinid beetle effects similar depredations. A Neuropteron, Rhaphidia sp., is another enemy of the eggs, while a Hymenopterous parasite is foimd feeding externally as a larva on the larvae and pupae of both species. M. minor seems to be almost immune to fungus attack, but M. piniperda breeding on the stumps of felled trees is largely destroyed by fungus mycelia. Steven (H. M.). Contributions to the Knowledge of the Family Cher- mesidae, No. i ; the Biology of the Chermes of Spruce and Larch and their Relation to Forestry. — Separate, dated 13th June 1917, from Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh, xxxvii, part iii, no. 21, pp. 356-381. [Received 5th February 1918.] This paper records an introductory research on Aphids of the genus Chermes and their allies, which have already been extensively studied on the Continent in recent years [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 592], 155 though they have received but little attention in Britain. The nomen- clature of the generations is discussed in detail. A history of previous research on the species of Chermes is given and the technique employed by the various workers on this group in conducting their experiments is described. Recent experiments in Britain were carried out in a small wood at Drumshoreland, West Lothian, which contained Picea excelsa, P. alba, P. nigra, Larix euro])aea, L. leptolepis, Pinus sylvestris, Pseu- dotsuga douglasi and hardwoods. The age of the trees varied from 5 to 50 years. Chermes (s. str.) was found on the following hosts in Scotland : — Primary or Picea host : Picea excelsa, P. alba, P. orientalis, P. morinda, P. sitkensis. Intermediate or non-Picea host : Larix europaeay L. leptolepis, L. occidentalis. Two separate cycles have been proved to be present in Britain : (1). A cycle of two generations, fundatrix and gallicola non-migrans ; these both lay yellow eggs on spruce, and the galls open over an extended period from the end of July until mid-September. This is the species Chermes abietis, Kalt., of Cholodkovsky. (2). A cycle of five generations, fundatrix, gallicola migrans, colonici, sexupara, and sexuales. The fundatrix lays green eggs on spruce, and the gallicola migrans lays very dark green eggs on larch. The galls open during a limited period in the first half of August. This is the species Chermes viridis, Ratz., of Cholodkovsky. There is probably a cycle with both galhcola migrans and non-migrans corresponding to Chermes abietis, L., of Borner, or Chermes occidentalis, Choi. Sistens and progrediens larvae hatch from the eggs laid by the colonici. Many of the sistens larvae do not settle down on the bark, but migrate to the needles and die. The genus Cnajjhahdes was found on the following hosts in Scotland : Primary or Picea host : Picea excelsa, P. orientalis, P. alba, P. sitkensis. Intermediate or non-Picea host : Larix europaea, L. leptolepis, L. occidentalis. Two separate cycles have been showTi to be present in Britain : (1) A cycle of two generations, fundatrix and gallicola non-migrans. The latter lays bright orange-coloured eggs under the protection of a copious woolly covering. The galls open over an extended period from the end of July until the end of September. This is the species, Chermes lapponicus, Choi., var. tardus, Dreyfus, of Cholodkovsky. (2). A cycle of five generations, fundatrix, galhcola migrans, colonici, sexupara and sexuales. The gallicola migrans lays dark bronze- coloured eggs without any woolly covering on larch. The galls open during a limited period in the first half of July. This is the species, Chermes strobilobiiis, Kalt., of Cholodkovsky. Sistens and progrediens larvae hatch from the eggs laid by the colonici and progredientes of Cnaphalodes strobilobius, Kalt. The relative proportion of each type is variable. It has thus been shown that the above cycles are not confined to North and East Europe, where larch is either absent or the European species is replaced by Larix sibirica, but are present in Britain, where larch and spruce grow side by side. On his experimental area the author estimates that 90 per cent, of the species of Chermes and Cnaphalodes on spruce were the non- migrating, parthenogenetic species, although the branches of the spruce and the larch were often interlocked. This fact suggests that the (C458) b2 156 non-migrating species have not arisen because the intermediate host larch was absent, but because they are the more successful species even when spruce and larch are both present. The quest'on whether the above cycles should be considered as those of separate species or of biological races of one species can only be determined by further research, both morphological and biological. Statistical research will be important in determining this question. In investigating the relation of these genera to forestry, the methods of infestation were found to be the same in both Chermes and Cnaj)Iia- lodes. Conditions favouring infestation are proximity of the hosts and favourable weather conditions. These explain the rapid spread of the pest in forest nurseries, which are usually sheltered, wath the trees crowded together. Spruce is infested from two som'ces : — (a) by sexuparae. The parthenogenetic adaptations on larch are made at the expense of the sexupara generation. Thus on the area under observation, although colonici were very numerous on larch, the number of sexuparae at- taining maturity, and still more those reaching spruce and laying eggs, was small. Thus infestation from that source is not serious. (6) By gallicolae non-migrantes. The majority of such gallicolae settled on the tree on which they were born. This, together ^\ath the high fertility of the two generations constituting that cycle, caused the rapid increase on the host. Infestation from this source is therefore serious. Larch is infested by gallicolae migrantes. This is the source of the first infestation, but the species are thereafter principally continued on this host by the parthenogenetic adaptations. Damage to spruce by Chermes. The species of this genus attack strong growing spruce, hence the damage is primary. Under normal conditions such damage is unimportant, but when allied with unsuitable soil or atmospheric conditions, the work of this genus may play an important part in killing the host. On the area under observation the generations of the non-migrating species did much greater damage. The species of Cnaphalodes attack only thin shaded branches, hence the damage, as regards spruce, is secondary. Shaded spruce, however, are quickly killed, as the galls terminate the twigs. Thus the damage would be important where, in thinning a wood, the shaded spruce were left for soil protection. As before, the non-migrating species was foimd to be more dangerous. The damage to larch by the species of the two genera Chermes and Cnaphalodes has undoubtedly been greatly increased by the planting of that conifer in localities and under conditions very different from those of its natural habitat, with a consequent weakening of the tree. The species of both genera are usually present on the same tree. Chermes is principally a bark-feeder as regards larch, hence the damage is difficult to estimate. Frequently the bark is whitened by the " wool " and cast skins of the colonici ; later the bark turns black. The feeding of these numerous colonici, at a time when growth should be at a maximum, must have a weakening effect on the host. The punctures are small, but they are made at a time when girth is in- creasing, so that they will be greatly increased in size and become a possible means of infection by parasitic fungi. The damage resulting from the feeding of the sexuparae is unimportant, as its duration 157 is short. Cnaphalodes is a twig- and leaf-feeder on larch. The colonici do damage similar to that by colonici of Chertnes. In the author's opinion the principal damage is done by the progredientes. They are frequently so numerous as to whiten the larch needles. To repair the damage, the dwarf shoots and dormant buds begin to grow. These, together with the elongating terminal shoots, provide new and succulent food for the succeeding generations of progredientes. Thus the struggles of the host to free itself only result in its more complete subjugation. The non-migrating species of Chermes and Cnaphalodes are more serious enemies to spruce than are the migrating species. The Cher- MESiDAE, however, are serious enemies of spruce only when allied with unsuitable soil or atmospheric conditions. The collective damage to larch by the colonici of Chennes and Cnaphalodes and the pro- gredientes of Cnaphalodes is serious in Britain. The marked parthenogenetic developments of the species of Chennes and Cnaphalodes on both spruce and larch make it useless to eliminate either host from any particular plantation. As Chennes quickly increase in the event of any decline in the health of their hosts, great care should be taken that the planting area is clearly suitable to the conifer which it is desired to plant. The author is convinced that there is no practical method of controlhng these pests after a plan- tation has been formed. His observations lead to the conclusions that these Aphids are frequently widely present in forest nurseries, and that they often seriously damage their hosts immediately after a plantation has been formed. Thorough fumigation of the nursery stock immediately before despatch to the planting area is therefore strongly advocated. A table is given showdng the results of fumigation \^'ith hydrocyanic acid gas, nicotine and carbon bisulphide, and their effect is discussed. Hydrocyanic acid gas, generated from potassium cyanide at the rate of 1 oz. to 100 cub. ft. of space, or from sodium cyanide, 1 oz. to 130 cub. ft. of space, is apparently the most useful fumigant, and the process proves to be a safe, efficient and inexpensive method of killing Chermesids on nursery stock. Fumigation should be done not later than 1st April, as the insects begin to oviposit after that date. The temperature at which fumigation was successful proved to be much lower than that considered the optimum ; this is impoii:ant, as the average air temperature at the time when fumigation must be carried out is low. The methods of fumigation described in these experiments will probably require elaboration in practice, but this control should prove of special value in this country at this time, as very extensive planting of conifers wall have to be carried out in the years following the close of the War. Various theories have been suggested as to the origin of migration. Early authors were agreed that spruce is the original host of Chermesids ; Cholodkovsky considers the cycle to be an annual one and on spruce only [loc. cit.], sexuales being produced towards the end of summer and the Tvinged forms transported by wind to trees of other genera, where they adapted themselves to feeding and breeding. The migra- tion back to spruce then took place in a similar way to the first migra- tion. Borner in 1907 introduced the theory that the Picea host was intermediate, pine being the primary host. Tliis theory was later abandoned for that of Mordwilko, who considers that all Aphids were 158 originally polyphagous and that the present migrations are remnants of that ancestral condition. The relative suitability of the hosts as regards food and breeding is the impulse inducing any particular migration. He divides modern Aphids into groups on the following lines : — A. A group in which there are no real migrations ; two different host-plants are not necessary, but the species are widely polyphagous. Here come numerous Aphidinae, some Lachninae and Schizo- NEUKINAE. B. A group in which there is facultative migration; two host- plants may be utilised, while the polyphagism of the species is limited ; e.g., Siphocoryne xylostei, Schr., according to Mordwilko, can complete uninterruptedly its life-cycle on honeysuckle. The portion from the first winged parthenogenetic females to the sexuparae and the winged males can, however, be passed on an umbeliiferous host. C. A group in which migration is obligatory ; two host-plants are necessary, while the species are only slightly polyphagous. Here come a few Aphidinae, some Schizoneurinae and Pemphiginae. Here also come the species of Chermes. Mordwilko's theory is based on wide data, but assumes that the same phenomena within this diverse group (Aj)hids in its widest sense) arose in the same way. All the species of Chermesidae that possess a sexual generation pass that generation on spruce. On the other hand, the parthenogenetic development has arisen on a number of other genera of conifers. In the author's opinion the early theories of spruce as the original host of Chermesids explain this phenomenon more satisfactorily. Macdougall (R. S.). Insect and Arachnid Pests of 1916.— ^Tmws. Highland & Agric. Soc. Scotland, 1917, pp. 1-38, 39 figs. [Received 5th February 1918.] The various insects injurious to agriculture or agricultural products dealt with in this paper include Magdalis jMegmatica, Hbst., of which very little is known. The weevil oviposits on the tops of old pine and spruce trees, and the larvae upon hatching gnaw a gallery below the bark, penetrating sometimes into the pith ; here pupation takes place, the adult eating its way to the outside. Myelophilns {Hylurgiis) 'piniperda (pine beetle) has been observed on pine, spruce and larch. The breeding habits and damage caused by this beetle are very similar to those of the allied species M. minor [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 153]. The Scolytid, Cryphalus abietis, occurs on spruce {Picea excelsa) and on noble silver fir {Abies nobilis). Two species of Megastigmus have been reared from cones of silver fir and larch. Perrisia (Cecidomyia) strobi oviposits in young spruce cones, and the larvae feed on the seed and pupate in the cones under cover of a very delicate cocoon. An unidentified Cecidomyid infests larch cones, while the buds are also frequently injured by a Cecidomyid larva. It is hoped to rear the adults of these. Cydia (Tortrix) strobilelki, L., o^dposits on the scale of spruce cones in May and June, and the larvae on hatching jDass to the centre of the cone and eat into the axis, destroying it before it has hardened. The whole life-cycle is passed within the cone, the larvae feeding during summer and early autumn. 159 hibernating in the cone and pupating late in the next spring. The pupae push themselves out between the scales before the adults emerge. Infested cones appear shrimken and show an exudation of resin. The damage done by this species is contrasted with that of Dioryctria abieteUa. Scolytus muUislriatus (small elm bark-beetle) gnaws a longitudinal gallery in the cambium of sickly elm trees, cutting notches along the sides of the gallery for the eggs. The larvae tunnel at right-angles to the parent-gallery in the bark or outermost wood rings. Pupation takes place in the bark, the adults issuing through shot-like exit holes. In conjunction with S. destructor this beetle may effect considerable damage. The larvae of the Tineid, PhyUorycter {LithocoUetis) tnessa- niella, mine in the leaves of broad-leaved trees such as oak, and holm oak {Quercus ilex), causing pale-coloured blotches on the dark leaves. Sirex gi-gas (giant wood wasp) o\'iposits in spruce and silver fir and sometimes in pine and larch. Sirex nodilis (steel-blue wood wasp) usually oviposits in pine, but sometimes in spruce and silver fir. The galleries made by the larvae spoil the wood for technical purposes. Felled or broken trunks should not be left lying about, as they are used for breeding and act as centres from which these wasps pass to standing trees. Enarmonia woeberiana (cherry- and plum-tree borer) oviposits near the base of the trunk and the larvae feed on the bast of peach, cherry and pear trees and on the decorative plant, Pyra- cantha lelandi, causing the dying-off of the infested branch or stem. Lepidosaphes ulmi (apple mussel scale) infests apples and other rosaceous fruit-trees, and many shrubs and trees. Abraxas grossu- lariata (gooseberry and currant moth) is injurious in April and May, the larvae stripping the bushes of their leaves, and attacking also blackthorn, hazel and Euonymus. The caterpillars hibernate and complete their development in the following spring. It is in their early stage, when they feed for a short time only, or w^hen they are hibernating mider leaves spun together or in the litter below^ their food-plants or in cracks in walls, that this pest can be fought vnth some success. The plants should then be pruned and the cuttings burnt ; the ground below should be dug deeply after a dressing ^vith powdered quicklime ; loose leaves should be collected from the bushes. Lead arsenate spray wall poison the larvae, but should not be used within 4 weeks of the fruit being picked. Ichneumonids and Tachinids are both parasitic on these caterpillars, while cuckoos are apparently the only birds that can devour them with impunity. Pteronus (Nematus) ribesii (gooseberry sawfly) oviposits in April and May on the leaves of gooseberry ; the eggs hatch in a week, and after a month of feeding the caterpillars descend to the ground and pupate beneath the surface, the adults emerging about 3 weeks later. The cocoons of the next generation lie in the soil through the winter, adults emerging from these in April or May. Lead arsenate spray is recommended, or a mixture of hellebore 1 oz. and water 3 gals., the spray requiring constant agitation as the hellebore does not dissolve in water. Two ounces of flour may be added to aid adhesion. Hellebore and fine soot can be scattered along the row^s of bushes by hand. Hellebore should not be used within 4 to 6 weeks of gathering the fruit. In winter, the surface soil should be renewed to a depth of 2 inches in order to remove the cocoons. Hyalopterus anindinis {pruni) (mealy 160 plum aphis) is a widely distributed species injurious to plum and apricot. It migrates from the plum in late summer to reeds and returns to plum in the autumn, when sexual forms are produced. Eggs are laid on the phxm which hatch in the following spring and give rise to wingless females, each of which founds a new colony. Spraying should be done in early spring before the leaves have curled and form a protection from the liquid. Paraffin emulsion or paraffin jelly is recommended, with the addition of hver of sulphur in the proportion of 1 lb. to each 100 gals, of spray. Hylemyia coardata (wheat bulb fly) continues to be responsible for considerable loss of wheat, the complete life-cycle of this pest being still unknown. It is difficult for this reason to advise remedial measures, but it is thought that cultural methods may prove more helpful than destructive measures against the larvae. It is considered inadvisable to follow a potato crop with wheat in districts where the pest is prevalent. Chortophila brassicae (cabbage root fly) is a well-known pest of cabbages, cauliflowers, radish, broccoli and turnip. The use of tarred felt paper discs is still considered the best remedy for this pest. Hydroecia micacea (rosy rustic moth) is a Noctuid attacking many wild plants, while cultivated plants, such as hollyhock, hops, tomato fruits and potatoes are also damaged by it. Furniture beetles include Anobiiim domesticum, which oviposits in chinks in the wood, the larvae tunnelling into the wood and partially emerging again to pupate. Xestohium tessellatum is found out-of-doors as well as in furniture. Furniture infested with these species should be fumigated with sulphur dioxide, or the holes may be treated indi- vidually with parafiin applied with a syrmge having a very fine nozzle. A temperature of 125° F. would kill the insects in all stages. The wood may also be painted with naphthaline 780 grs., corrosive sublimate 80 grs., methylated spirit 1| pints. Sitodrepa panicea is destructive to food-stuffs such as flour, biscuits, coffee, beans, various drugs, and spices; leather, books, manuscripts and pictures are also attacked. Fumigation with carbon bisulphide is recommended. Monotnorium pharaonis (red or yellow house ant) frequently infests houses in Britain, feeding upon foodstuffs, as well as being carnivorous. Its numbers can be checked by traps, but this is a tedious method. Tables on which food is kept should be placed with the legs set in vessels of water. The only satisfactory measure is the destruction of the nests, but these are frequently inaccessible in buildings. RiGGS (W. M,). Report of the South Carolina Boll Weevil Commission. S. Carolina Agric. Exjjt. Sta., Clemson College, Bull. no. 20, 23rd November 1916, 23 pp. This report reviews the conditions as regards Anfhonomus grandis in other States and discusses the inevitable results of the probable introduction of this weevil into South Carolina. Intelligent co- operation amongst the community is urged, in order to make all possible provision for meeting the first year of weevil infestation and to prevent disaster due to the initial panic following the first crop failure. The general aspects of the boll weevil question dealt with include the life-history of the pest, the record of its spread in the United States, climatic and other conditions of South Carolina as 161 compared with other States, and the cultural methods that are the only known means of control in infested fields. The effects of boll- weevil infestation are discussed, with its bearing upon cotton production, oil mills, ginneries, etc., as well as upon labour and land values, together with the changes in agricultural methods which the presence of the weevil entails. The importance of hastening the growth of plants so as to insm'e a large crop of bolls by the middle of July is emphasised, and simple directions are given for following scientific methods of cultivation which will represent a good investment while no weevils are present and will check their numbers when they do become introduced. The report closes with general observations, suggestions and recommendations to be followed in preparation for boll weevil conditions. Weiss (H. B.). Isaac P. Trimble, M.D., Early Economic Entomologist of New Jersey. — Entom. News, Philadelphia, Pa., xxix, no. 1, January 1918, pp. 29-32. In this brief account of the life and works of Dr. I. P. Trimble (born 1804 — died 1890) mention is made of his " Treatise on Insect Enemies of Fruits and Fruit Trees " published in 1865, a work of 139 quarto pages dealing with the plum curculio [Conotrachelus nenuphar] •and codUng moth [Cydia ponwnello]. In 1866 the New Jersey Agri- cultural Society received a grant of £600 for preparing and publishing this work, none of which went to the author, but which was used by the society in publishing and purchasing copies of the book for distribution. The article concludes with a hst of nine entomological papers published by Dr. Trimble between the years 1864 and 1870. FuLLAWAY (D.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xiv, no. 12, December 1917, p. 356. During the month of November the insectary handled 29,400 pupae ■of the melon fly [Dacus cucurbitae] from which 1378 individuals of Opius fietcheri were bred and distributed. The following parasites were also distributed : — Tetrastichus, 700 ; Diachasma fidlawayi, 110 ; D. tryoni, 665 ; Paranagrus (corn leaf-hopper parasite), 13,500. Porter (C. E.). La Ultima Invasi6n de Langosta Argentina. [The Latest Invasion of the Argentine Locust.] — Anales Zool. Aplicada, Santiago de Chile, iv, no. 1, 30th May 1917, pp. 19-24, 1 fig. [Received 2nd February 1918.] This paper contains the official report of a locust invasion that occurred in Chile in January 1917. The species concerned was Schistocerca paratiensis, Burm. (Argentine locust) which has on previous occasions invaded the south of Chile. Apparently no serious •damage was done to agriculture and no complaints of losses have been made. Writing before the end of the invasion the author con- •siders that in view of the season in which the swarm appeared, the unfavourable climatic conditions for acclimatisation of the locust on that side of the Andes, and considering the history of previous invasions, it is unlikely that locusts hatching from the eggs laid will ever develop into hoppers. 162 Noticias. [Notes.] — Bol. Soc. Entom. de Espana, Zaragoza, I, nos. 1-2^ January 1918, pp. 31-32. [Received 8th February 1918.] From Barcelona the Coccid, Ceroplastes nisei, L., is recorded on leaves of fig (Ficus carica), while Saissetia [Lecanium) oleae, Bern.^ infests lemon trees {Citrus limonum). Cocoons of the moth, Euhlemma (Thalpochares) scitula, Ramb., which is predaceous upon these two species, were found accompanying them. Attention is drawn to the damage caused in cofTee and cacao plan- tations in India by Nezara viridula, L., as this bug occurs also in Spain. Afanassiev (A. P.). PyccKoe BnHorpaflopcTBo bt, 1915 rofly (lll-ii Bereiai^iOHHblM nepiOfll)). [Russian Viticulture in 1915 (The third Vegetative Period)]. — « BtCTHMK'b BMHOfl"bJlifl.» [Messenger of Viticidture], Odessa, xxvi, nos. 3-4, 5-6, 9-10; March- April, May-June, September-October 1917; pp. 90-100, 150-159, 302-314. [Received 12th February 1918.] This is the third instalment of reports dealing with the state of viticulture in Russia in 1915, summarised on the lines of the previous ones [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 375 and v, p. 194] ; it covers the months of August-September. No insect pests were rejDorted from the majority of vine-growang districts. In Bessarabia some damage- was done by Clysia ambiguella ; in Taurida by Polyphylla fuUo, Otiorrhynchns and Pseudococcus vitis, against which the stocks were smeared with spirit mixed with hempseed oil. In the province of Don Eriophyes (Phytoptus) was present in several localities in great, numbers, the same pest being also reported from the Black Sea. Polychrosis hotrana, which was controlled with barium chloride, was. reported from Astrakhan and Tiflis. Sanders (G. E.). Apple Spraying. — Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, xli, no. 1, January 1918, pp. 1-3. The greater part of the subject matter of this article has already been noticed from another source [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, pp. 343 and 345]. Subsequent experimental work during 1917 has shown that, the yello\ving of apple foliage resulting from the use of calcium arsenate with sodium sulphide may be avoided by reducing the quantity of arsenate and adding an excessive quantity of either water-slaked lime or hydrated lime. One combination, four applications of which gave no trace of yellowing or scorching, is composed of 2^ to 3| lb. soluble sulphur (a sodium sulphide), 1^- lb. calcium arsenate, 15-20 lb. of either hydrated or water-slaked lime and 100 gals, water. Potassium sulphide or liver of sulphur is one of the old-fashioned fungicides which acts in the same manner as the sodium sulphides ; it is safe alone, but dangerous when used with any of the metallic arsenates. It can be used with perfect safety with calcium arsenate provided that an excess of lime be present. Nicotine sulphate can be used with any of the fungicides or poisons with perfect safety^ but is more efficient with sodium sulphide solutions than with lime- sulphur or Bordeaux mixture. 163 HoLLiNGER (A. H.). Phenacoccus stachyos, Ehr. (= P. pettiti, Hollin- ger.) — Canadian Entomologist, London, Out., \, no. 1, January 1918, pp. 23-24. The author draws attention to the fact that the mealy bug from Missouri, described by him as new under the name Phenacoccus pettiti [see this Review Ser. A, v, p. 470] proves to have been pre\aously described. Hartzell (F. Z.). The Grape Root- worm. — New York Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva, Circ. no. 41, 21st June 1915, 6 pp., 2 plates, 4 figs. [Received 11th February 1918.] The larva of the Chrysomelid beetle, Fidia viticida, Walsh, is one of the most injurious pests in the Chautauqua and Erie Grape Belt,, where in some years it has caused a loss of more than £100, (X»0. During July and August, each female lays about 175 minute yellow eggs under the rough bark of the canes and older wood, after which they die, though individuals have been found as late as the first week in September. The larvae, which hatch in August, drop from the vines and burrow into the soil till they reach the roots, on which they begin to feed, attacking first the rootlets and then the larger roots, into which they eat channels, even girdling them. At the end of October they burrow to a depth of from 10-24 inches into the soil and form cells in which they hibernate imtil May, when they again begin feeding on the roots. Early in June the full-grown larvae form cells 4-10 inches beneath the surface of the soil, the depth being largely influenced by moisture conditions, and enter the pupal stage from 10th to 15th June. The adults, which emerge after 10-14 days, feed by tearing the upper tissues of the leaves. Remedial measures must be directed against the pupae or adults, all attempts to kill the larvae in the soil, or before entering it, having proved impracticable. The pupae may be destroyed by forming a low ridge underneath the vines during the last cultivation of summer and remo\nng it next spring by means of an implement called a horse- shoe, thus crushing the puj^ae or breaking the cells, when the pupae are killed by the air and sunlight. This operation, which entails no additional expense, is an effective measure, though some of the deeper pupae will escape destruction. Sprapng with arsenicals to destroy the adults before oviposition has yielded the best results, but this spray acts only as a repellent unless mixed with molasses to attract the beetles. Therefore in practice, if the beetles are numerous, a spray of lead arsenate 6 lb., molasses 1 U.S. gal., and Avater 100 U.S. gals., should be applied, care being taken not to do this just before rain, a second application of lead arsenate 6 lb. and Bordeaux mixture (88-100) being given a week later. The length of time between sprayings must depend on the temperature, rainfall, the amoimt of new growth and the feeding of the beetles. The cumulative effect of this treatment is very marked after a few years, serious infestations of root worm rarely occurring in vineyards where it has been followed. 164 Webster (R. L.). The Box Elder Aphid {Chaitojihorus negundinis, Thomas.) — Iowa State CoU. Agric. Expt. Sta., Ames, Bull. no. 173, October 1917,pp. 95-l]9, 12 figs. [Received llthFebruary 1918.] Chaitophorus negundiriis (box elder aphis) is abundant on box elder (Negtmdo aceroides), but has not been recorded from any other trees except adjacent catalpas. Oviposition occurs in October, the insect hibernating in the egg-stage. The usual life-cycle is varied by the occurrence of a dimorphic form during the summer, consisting of minute, flat, apterous individuals that remain inactive on the leaves from June till September, when they moult and become active forms. Control measures directed against the egg-stage consist in spraying with tobacco extracts, a solution of Blackleaf 40, 1 part in 500 parts of w^ater, being reliable and effective. The' eggs of C. negvnddnis are said to be more easily killed than those of any other sj)ecies. Spraying is best performed in May or Sei3tember, but is useless against the dimorphic forms, which lie too flat on the upper and under-surfaces of the leaves to be attacked. Kerosene emulsion, consisting of kerosene 2 U.S. gals., hard soap ^ lb. (or soft soap 1 lb.), and water 1 U.S. gal., diluted for use in the proportion of 1 part stock solution to 9 parts water, has given good results, and spraying with whale-oil soap solution, 1 lb. in 10 U.S. gals, water, is also an effective measure. In view of the fact that box elder is not a very desirable tree, the simplest way to destroy this Aphid is to cut down the trees that harbour them, replacing them by permanent shade-trees such as elms or maples. The species is held in check by several natural enemies, the chief being the larvae of the Syrphid flies, Allograpta obliqva, Say, and Syrpkus americanus, Wied. ; an Agromyzid larva, Leucopis sp. near L. griseola, Fall. ; a Cecidompd larva, Aphidoletes sp. ; the Cocci- nelhds, Hippodamia convergens, Guer., Cycloneda sanguinea, L., Adalia biptmctata, L., and the larvae of Scymnus americanus; the bugs, Triphleps insidiosus, Say, and Plagiog?iathus annulatus, Uhler ; the predaceous mite, Rhyncholophus pilosus ; the Hymenopterous para- sites, Praon coloradensis, Ashm., and Aphidius polygonaphis, Fitch; and three Chrysopids reared from larvae, Chrysopa nigricornis, Burm., C. plorabimda, Fitch, and C. ocidata, Say. Parrott (P. J.) & Fulton (B. B.). The Cabbage Aphis.— iV^ew York Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva, Circ. no. 30, 15th June ] 914, 4 pp., 2 plates, 1 fig. [Received 11th February 1918.] The damage caused by Aphis brassicae, L. (cabbage aphis) may be greatly reduced, if not prevented, by timely spraying. The eggs are deposited during October and the beginning of November in depressions of the under-surfaces of the leaves. They hatch in spring, usually dm'ing April, giving rise to females that reproduce pai-thenogenetically. Winged females appear at varying periods, spreading the infestation, and in autumn the sexual forms appear, depositing eggs and completing the life- cycle. The plants should be sprayed before the leaves are appreciably curled, with a solution of soap, 6-8 lb. in 50 U.S. gals, water or with Black leaf 40, | pint, soap 3-5 lb., water 100 U.S. gals. The liquid 165 should be applied under pressure especially into the heart and against the under-sides of the leaves, three treatments at intervals of fourteen days giving the most satisfactory results. Ho WITT (J. E.) & a-^sAR (L.). The More Important Fruit Tree Diseases of Ontario.— 0;i^. Dept. Agric, Toronto, Bull. no. 257, December 1917, 43 pp., 28 figs. To this bulletin is appended a spray calendar, giving the number and times of applications against the common diseases and insect pests of apple, pear, plum, cherry and peach trees. There are also formulae for the common insecticides and fungicides. Sanders (J. G.). Setting Fruit Trees where Locusts are Expected.— Wkly. Press Bull., Pennsylvania Dept. Agric, Harrisburg, iii, no. 6, 7th February 1918. A warning is issued against the planting and priming of young fruit trees in certain districts of the State of Pennsylvania, either in 1918 or 1919, on account of the expected appearance of brood x of the 17-year locust [Tihicen septenidecim], which is due in 1919. Campbell J. A.). Work for the Coming Month. The Orchard.— JL Agric. Wellington, N.Z., xv, no. 6, 20th Decsmber 1917, pp. 346-318. These notes recommend the usual treatments against common orchard pests. Thus red mite [Tetranychus] can be held in check by the continual use of hme-sulphur combined with lead arsenate when spraying for codling moth ; if woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum] is- to be dealt with at the same time. Black-leaf 40 should be added, or Black-leaf 1-800, and lead arsenate alone may be used. The second brood of codUng moth [Cydia potnonella], which, hatches out far more simultaneously than the first, is on the wing during the latter half of January and February ; consequently the fruit and foliage must be kept covered with lead arsenate mixture during this dangerous stage. The pear-slug [Eriocampoides lirnacvna'] is easily controlled by spraying once or twice during the season with lead arsenate. DoDD (A. P.). The Cane Grubs of Australia. Part II. — Queensland Bureau of Sugar Expt. Stations, Brisbane, Div. Entom. 13ull. no. 6, 1917, 30 pp. [Received 22nd February 1918.] Further investigation [see this Review Ser. A, iii, p. 490] has estab- lished the fact that Lepidiota albohirta, L. rothei, Cacochroa decorticata, Anoynala antiqua {australasiae), and probably Dasygnathus australis, Semanopterus depressiusculus and Haplonycha sp., have a one-year life-cycle, while most other species of cane-grubs take two years to complete their development. Lepidiota albohirta was not unusually abundant in 1915, and there was no great damage to cane-fields except in isolated cases where estates on open volcanic soils had hundreds of acres of cane completely killed. Pupae ploughed up during September and October were found not deeper than 8 inches, owing to frequent rains in August and September having kept the soil moist. In 1914 there appears to have 166 been no general emergence, but one took place in 1915 on December 4tli, followed by one from the red volcanic cane-fields on December 12tli. This species had remained an abnormal period in the ground before pupating on this occasion, owing to the absence of rain, as no emergence can take place until rain has moistened the soil. The length of life is generally limited to one month, the female living longer than the male. Cane leaves are occasionally eaten, but not to any great extent, this being the only species of Lejyidiota that remains among the foliage in the day-time. Details of the life-histories of L. frenchi, Blackb., L. rothei, Blackb. L. caudata, Blackb., and of five undetermined species of this genus are given, as well as of Ano'plognathus boisduvali, Boisd., Calloodes punct'ulatus, OIL, Cacochroa decorticata, Macl., Anomala antiqua, Gyll. {australasiae, Blackb.), Repsimns aeneiis, F., Isodon puncticollis, Macl., Xylotrupes austmlicus, Thoms., Horonotus optatus, Sharp, Dasygnathus mistralis dejeani, Macl, Semanopterus dejiressimculus, Macl, Epholcis bilobiceps, Fairm., and of two undetermined species of Haplonycha and one of Heteronyx. Many natural enemies of the various cane grubs are known, but as none of them are plentiful, they do not effect any marked control. The external larval parasites are the three Scoliids, Dielis formosa, Guer., Discolia soror, Smith, and Campsomeris mdtila, F., which in their turn are parasitised by a Mordellid and a BombyHid. The internal larval parasites are eight unidentified species of Dexiid flies, while the adults are parasitised by two Diptera. Predaceous enemies comprise the larvae of four species of Asilid flies, and the larva of one Elaterid beetle. A key to the four sub-families of the Scaeabaeidae, the Cetonides, Melolonthides, Eutelides, and Dynastides, based on the larval characters, is given ; also one to the Melolonthides, Rutelides, and Dynastides based on those of the pupae. Malloch (J. E,.)- A Preliminary Classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon Larval and Pupal Characters, with Keys to Imagines in Certain Families. Part I. — Bidl. Illinois State Lab. Nat. Hist., TJrbana, xii, Article 3, March 1917, pp. 161-407, 30 plates. [Received 4th February 1918.] The character of this work is indicated by its title. In discussing the economic importance of the Diptera, it is pointed out that while many of the families are largely beneficial, the good done by them is counterbalanced by the damage inflicted by other species. Famihes that are essentially phytophagous are the Cecidomyiidae, Trype- TiDAE, Agromyzidae and Chloropidae. A few species in these families are predaceous and others are beneficial in keeping down noxious plants. . True parasites, some of which are highly beneficial, include members of the Tachinidae, Dexiidae, and Pipunculidae. Van Dyke (E. C). New Species of Buprestidae (Col.) from the Pacific States — No. 2. — Entotn. News, Philadelpihia, Pa., xxix, no. 2, February 1918, pp. 53-58. The species dealt with in this paper include Mehnophila californica, sp. n., from yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa), Jeffrey pine (P. jeffreyi). 167 digger pine (P. sabiniana) and big-cone spruce {Pseudotsiiga macro- carpa), the species being apparently confined to California ; Chryso- bothris falli, sp. n., from yellow pine and Jeffrey pine ; C. laricis, Van Dyke, probably breeding in the lodge-pole pine ; and C. exesa, Lee, taken on mesquite {Prosopis juliflora.). GiRAULT (A. A.). The North American Species of Cerchysius, Females (Hym., Chalcid.). — £'w^o>H. News, Philadelphia, Pa., xxix, no. 2, February 1918, pp. 65-66. In this paper a key to the genus Cerchysius is given, and the female of C. whittieri, sp.n., a parasite of Saissetia (Lecaniiim) oleae at San Francisco is described. Pembertox (C. E.) & WiLLARD (H. F.). Fruit-fly Parasitism in Hawaii during 1916.— J/. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xii, no. 2, 14th January 1918, pp. 103-108. 'Much careful data with regard to the parasitism of the fruit-fly [Ceratitis capitata] in Hawaii during 1916 has been accmnulated in continuation of the work of previous years [see this Review, Ser. A,iii, p. 412.]. The exact degree of infestation of large quantities of host fruits by the fruit-fly is tabulated, showing the infestation in various localities and also the amount of parasitism among the larvae from month to month and the seasonal efiicacy of each parasite. Seasonal differences in the value and prolificness of certain species of introduced parasites have been most striking ; particularly is this shown in the inspection of records from fruit collected from the same localities month by month from trees that bear fruit which is normally a host of the fruit-fly continuously throughout the year. The work of 1916 has demonstrated the fluctuations that may occur in the abundance of different species. Diachasma tryoni. Cam., was found to rise in nmnbers in the summer and autumn and to decline during the winter and spring months. Changes in temperature seem to be responsible for this. Opius humilis, Silv., although a more hardy and prolific species than any of the other introduced ones, showed directly the reverse in its seasonal rise and fall, which was apparently entirely dependent upon the rise and fall of D. tryoni. Shght changes in temperature do not seem to have any visible effect upon the activities of 0. humilis, since in the winter and spring, with the decline of D. tryoni, it rapidly ascends and becomes the most effective check upon the fruit-fly. The problem of the control of C. capitata in Hawaii by means of parasites is only partly solved. Although the four species already established are accomplishing a certain measure of control, the continued destructiveness of the pest in Hawaii remains only too obvious. An average parasitism of 40 per cent, of all the larvae developing is, numerically considered, of much importance, but from the standpoint of the practical needs of the horticulturist it brings little rehef. The first table given in this paper shows the extent of infestation of host-fruits by larvae of C. capitata in the course of the year, the exact average condition of fruit-fly abundance, injury and parasitism being recorded. In the mango {Mangifera indica), guava 168 {Psidium guajava), Mitnusops elengi, Noronhia emarginata and Chinese- orange (Citrus japonica), fruit-fly larvae develop abundantly and are but slightly parasitised, as is shown in another table recording the percentage of larval parasitism in various fruits. Certain characters of these fruits prevent the parasites from reaching the larvae within, and this in part explains the constant presence of this pest, in spite of the establishment of parasites well adapted to the conditions of the coimtry and of great prolificness. The guava, which grows wild over most of the uncultivated parts of the island and fruits throughout the year, is a favourite host of the fruit-fly. Infestation of this fruit is not easily detected until it has decayed, while the nature of the fruit protects the larvae from parasitic attack and thus it constantly liberates great numbers of flies throughout the year. A comparison of fruit-fly parasitism data secured during the years 1914-1916 would indicate that the parasites now present in the Territory have reached their maximum degree of development and can hardly be expected to attain a greater control of the fruit-fly than that evidenced in 1916. It is still hoped, however, that Tetrastichtis gijfardianus, Silv., may afford some measure of control. Certain valuable points in favour of this parasite may enable it, after further acclimatisation and adaptation to new environment, to surpass the work of the Braconids and thus increase the total average parasitism. Hecke (G. H.). Response and Report to the Fiftieth State Fruit Growers' Convention. The Insectary Division. — Mthlij. Bull. Cat.. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 1 & 2, January- February 1918, pp. 6-7. The greater part of the work of the laboratory during the year consisted of the rearing and distribution of the natural enemies of the citrophilus mealy bug [Pseudococcus citrophilus], especially of the Sicilian mealy bug parasite [Paraleptomastix ahnormis]. Attempts were made to parasitise the sugar-beet leaf-hopper [Eutettix tenella] by the introduction of an egg-parasite from Austraha, where it attacks 90 per cent, of the eggs of allied leaf-hoppers. The work is to be continued next year. Much attention was given to the control of the Argentine ant [Iridotnyrtnex humilis] in orchards, this insect being indirectly an orchard pest owing to its habit of protecting scale-insects from their natural enemies. About 80 millions of Coccinellids were sent out to farmers during the season for the control of Aphids. Serious attempts are being made to control insect pests by means of natural enemies, rather than by spraying, a method which cost the farmers of California £800,000 during 1917. Gill (J. B.). The Pecan Leaf Case-Bearer.— C/./S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 571, 15th December 1917, 28 pp., 3 plates. [Received 25th February 1918.] Acrohasis nebulella, Riley (pecan leaf case-bearer) is one of the principal insect pests of the pecan nut (Carya olivaeformis). The synonomy of this moth is discussed. It has been erroneously treated by some authors as a variety of Mineola indiginella, Z. It is \videly 169 distributed in tlie United States, but ranks as a serious pest only in the southern part of the pecan-growing area. It is found practically wherever the various hickories that are its preferred food occur. Wild crab {Crataegus sp.) and walnut are also attacked, while the pecan industry is seriously affected by its ravages. The eggs of A. nebulella are deposited singly on the under-side of the leaflet, usually at the junction of the veins with the midrib, during the latter part of July, and after an incubation period of 6 to 8 days the larvae hatch and begin to feed on the under leaf-surface. Feeding continues for about 3 months, during which time the larvae are protected by a case composed of particles of frass or grains of excrement woven together with fine silken threads ; this is attached to the under-surface of the leaflet, with the larger end open. In late September, before the foliage begins to drop, the larvae migrate to the buds, where they construct small brown cases in which they hibernate, remaining quiescent until late March or early April, and just as the buds are bursting they leave their winter cases and feed voraciously upon the unfolding buds and leaves. When present in sufficient numbers, the larvae are able to eat the green foliage as rapidly as it appears, so that the trees may remain defoliated for a considerable time. The pupa is formed within the case during the last days of April, the adults beginning to emerge in the middle of May and continuing to do so until mid-July. Natural enemies that act as a check on this case-bearer, without however constituting an efficient control, include three species of birds, the blue jay {Cyanocitta cristuta), the mocking-bird {Mimus polyglottus) and the orchard oriole {Icterus spurius). II}Tnenopterous parasites reared by the author from larvae and pupae of A. fiebulella include the Ichneumonids, Itoplectis cotiquisitor, Say, Tridistus apicalis, €ress., CalliephiaUes grapholithae, Cress., and Pristcnnerus sp. ; the Braconids, Macrocentrus delicatus, Cress., Meteorus sp. Habrobracon variabilis, Cush., and Orgilus sp. ; and the Chalcidids, Secodella acrobasis, Cwfd., and Cerambycobius sp. Tachinid parasites include Leskiomima tenera, Wied., and Exorista sp. near E. pyste. Walk., thi being probably a new species. Other parasites include Spilochalcis vittata, ¥., and Trichogramma minutum, Riley, reared from the eggs. The most effective parasite is Secodella acrobasis, which was reared abundantly from hibernating larvae. The results of experimental work in the control of A. nebulella extending over a period of more than three years are given in detail, and these show conclusively that even bad infestations can be con- trolled by a single application of a solution of 1 lb. powdered or 2 lb. paste lead arsenate and 3 lb. freshly slaked lime in 50 U.S. gals, water. If the hme be omitted, injury to the tree will result. This spray must be applied after the beginning of August and up to mid-September, while all the larvae are feeding on the foliage. Hibernating larvae that have escaped the spray can be destroyed by fumigation for one horn' with 1| oz. sodium cyanide to each 100 cub.-ft. of space. La Lutte centre la Chenille processionnaire du Pin. [The Campaign against the Pine Processionary Caterpillar.] — Jl. d Agric. Pratique, Paris, xxxi, no. 4, 21st February 1918, pp. 77-78. For the control of the pine processionary caterpillar [Cnethocampa (C458) O 170 processionea], it is necessary to treat the terminal branches and young twigs that frequently harbour the nests of the larvae. A hole is made in the top of the nest into which is poured a few drops of petrol. For nests that are out of reach a special instrument, such as the Pillot apparatus, is required. The best treatment for nests on the lateral branches is to cut oJS the ends of these and burn them immediately. The operator should wear gloves when handhng the nests. McCoLLOCH (J. W.) & YuASA (H.). Notes on the Migration of the Hessian Fly Larvae. — Reprint from Jl. of Animal Behaviour, vii, no. 6, September-October 1917, pp. 307-323. [Received 22nd February 1918.] In the course of investigations into the migration of young larvae of the Hessian fly {Mayetiola destructor, Say) from the spot where the egg is deposited to the base of the leaf-sheath, it was found that the larvae upon hatching always turn from the anterior end towards the posterior end of the eggs. The advantage of this is obvious, for the eggs are normally laid with their anterior end pointing away from the base of the leaf, and since the larvae emerge from that end of the egg, they must turn round before they can reach the leaf-sheath upon which they feed. The larvae are capable of locomotion on either an ascending or descending inchne at any angle up to 90°. "When the eggs are laid with their anterior ends towards the base of the leaf, as is sometimes the case, the larvae upon hatching crawl up the leaf until they reach the tip and then turn and move downwards. Many of them die while ascending the leaf, but apparently never try to change the direction of progress. The mortahty during migration of the larvae hatching from eggs laid normally was 23 per cent., while among those hatching from eggs laid in an inverted position it was 57 per cent. Tables are given comparing the rates of migration of the larvae under various conditions. Theobald (F. V.). Notes on New and Little Known British Aphides. IV. — Entomologist, London, h, no. 657, February 1918, pp. 25-29. The Aphids dealt with in this paper include Truncajpids newsteadi, sp.n., foimd on Hypnum spp., being the only species so far recorded as feeding on moss ; Sipha paradoxa, sp. n., on Poa trivialis, the other European members of the genus being S. maydis, Pass., on Holcus sp. and other Graminaceae ; S. glyceriae, Kalt., on Glyceria fluita^is and other grasses and sedges ; S. schoutedeni, Del Guer., on Holcus and Poa ; S. berlesei, Del Guer., on Aira caryophyllea ; S. elegans, Del Guer. on Hordeum murinum ; S. graminis, Kalt. , on Anthoxanthum odoratum ; and S. hignoniae, Macch., on Bignonia catalpa. Callipterus ononidis, Kalt., of which C. trifoUi, Mon., and Chaitophorus maculatus, Buckt., are synonyms, was found in Britain in 1917 for the first time, feeding upon clover. Cryptosiphum artemisiae, Pass., of which Aphis gallarmn, Kalt., is a synonym, was found on Artemisia vulgare, and Tychea phaseoli, Pass., a subterranean species, on potatoes, turnips and roots of bean plants. This Aphid is accompanied by the ant, Myrtnica ruginodis. In the case of potatoes, if it attacks the tubers soon after they have sprouted, it appears to stunt the growth. 171 Daumezon (G.). Disease of Bacterial Origin observed in SparganotJns pilleriana in France. — MtJily. Bull. Agric. Intell. & Plant Dis., Rome, viii, no. 12, December 1917, p. 1298. [Abstract from Bull. Soc. Path. Vegetate France, Paris, iv, no. 1, pp. 8-10.] Larvae of Sparganothis pilleriana, taken from a vineyard at Aramon (Aude), were found to be infected with numerous bacteria resembling the micro-organisms causing " flacherie " in the silkworm. These infected larvae had reached the last moulting stage and the integument was brownish and soft, while the movements of the larvae were feeble. They died in the laboratory before the pupal stage was reached. Lecaillon ( — ). Observations on Meigenia floralis, a Dipterous Parasite of the Lucerne " Negril '' {Colaspidema at rum) in France. — Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell. & Plant. Dis., Rome, viii, no. 12, December 1917, pp. 1299-1300. [Abstract from Comptes Rend. Acad. Agric. France, Paris, iii, no. 30, pp. 881-885.] Meigenia floralis was found during observations in 1914 to be living as an internal parasite of the larvae of the Chrysomelid beetle, Colaspidema at rum, and to cause its death. In studying the effective- ness of this parasite, M. floralis was found to begin to oviposit in the first days of June, and to be capable of continuing to do so after the time at which the last larvae of C. atrum have left the lucerne, this being usually about 10th to 15th July. A second generation of M. floralis appears before the end of June and can attack the larvae of C. atrum, which are then abundant. At their first appearance (10th to 15th May) the larvae of C. atrum are very little parasitised, but by the time they begin to be rare they are heavily parasitised, usually containing more than one M. floralis egg and sometimes as many as 12, although they do not provide food for more than one parasite. In comparing the parasitism of Colaspidema atrum and of Crioceris asparagi (asparagus beetle) by M. floralis, the author found complete uniformity in both cases. In the case of C. asparagi, however, there is a third generation of M. floralis that attacks the larvae of C. asparagi, these remaining much longer on asparagus than C. atrum does on lucerne. The presence of C. asparagi is in fact essential to the maintenance of the parasite in a given region, since without this host its third generation could not develop and it would become exterminated. C. atrum is not held in sufficient check by this parasite and it might be advisable to increase the destructive capacity of M. floralis. This could be done by conveying parasitised larvae of C. atrum, which are easily distinguishable and carry the parasitic egg on their bodies for some days, from a locality where it occurs abundantly to others where it is uncommon. It would also be advantageous to grow asparagus in those districts where C. atrum is harmful, for this plant, being the host-plant of Crioceris asparagi, would aSord shelter to the last generation of M. floralis and allow the parasite to pass the winter until the next season. 172 Feytaud (J.). Les Curculionides de la Vigna. [The Weevils of the Vine.] — Rev. Viticulture, Paris, xlviii, no. 1227, 3rd January 1918, pp. 5-10, 1 plate. Much of the information contained in this paper has been previously given [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 339.]. The natural enemies of the Curculionid pests of the vine are enumerated. In addition to insecti- vorous birds, the enemies of Byctiscus betulae {Rynchites betuleti) include the predaceous wasp Cerceris ferreri, Lind., and the Hymenop- terous parasites Pimpla flavipes, Ratz., Bra con discoideus, Wsm., Diospilus capito, Nees, Apanteles hoplites, Ratz., and the Chalcids Elachistus idomene. Walk., and Poropoea defilippii, Rond. The last- named develops in the eggs, just as Oophthora semblidis, Auriv., infests those of Polychrosis hotrana and Clysia ambiguella. Insect enemies of OtiorrJiynclnis sidcatus include various Carabids {Carabus, Feronia, etc.) and Cerceris arenaria, L. Minor pests belonging to the genus Otiorrhynchus that attack vines in France include : 0. singularis, L., 0. ligustici, L., 0. tenehricosus, Hbst., 0. raucus, F. In Germany, 0. tristis does similar damage ; in Austria-Hungary, 0. planatus, Hbst., and 0. longipennis, Stierl. ; in Italy, 0. globus, Boh., 0. corruptor. Hbst., and 0. zebra, F. ; in Greece, 0. graecus, Stierl. ; in southern Russia, 0. asphaltinus. Germ., and 0. turca. Boh. These species all cause damage very similar to that of 0. sulcatus and should be controlled by the same methods. Leaf-eating species belonging to the alhed genus Peritelus include Peritelus senex, Boh., P. griseus, Ohv., and P. subdepressus, Muls. Ravaz (L.). Cochenille et Fumagine. [Scale Insects and Sooty Fungus.] — Progres Agric. Vitic, Montpellier, bdx, no. 6, 10th February 1918, pp. 125-127. Scale-insects on vines have recently been developing rapidly in the south-west of France. Both Eulecanium persicae and Pulvinaria vitis are included in records of recent infestation, though neither species constitutes a serious danger to the vine. P. vitis is found chiefly on vines trained over the walls of houses or those grown in unhealthy positions, and sometimes on old vines with very rough bark. Most of the insects are destroyed when the vine is pruned, and there are but a few individuals left on the old wood to continue the next generation. It is easy to crush the few ovipositing females that have remained until the next spring. If necessary the bark should be scraped in winter. Sahra (R.). La Variegana {Olethreutes variegana, Hb., Lepidoptero Tortricide) ed i suoi Parassiti. [0. variegana and its Parasites.] — Separate, dated 12th January 1918, from Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric, Portici, xii, pp. 175-187. A brief description is given of all stages of Argyroploce {Olethreutes) variegana. This Tortricid pest of fruit trees occurs in central and southern Europe, as w^ell as in Livonia, Finland, Sweden and Asia Minor. In Italy adults were observed to emerge in May, and oviposition took place in captivity from about mid-May to mid- June, 170 eggs being laid on an average. It is probable that under natural conditions 173 batches of eggs are laid in cracks in the bark or wood. The caterpillars hatch in the following March, and pupation occurs in April and May. The larval stage lasts about 40 days and the pupal stage from 14 to 25 days. The pupae are usually found protected by leaves, under the bark and in cracks in the trunks. Very occasionally they occur in the young fruit of the almond. There is one generation a year only. In south Italy the caterpillars live on Mespilus gernmnica (medlar), Prunus domestica (plum), P. amygdalus (almond), P. armeniaca (apricot) P. nmhaleb and Pyrus mains (apple). Other authors have also recorded it from Prunus avium (bird cherry), P. cerasus (cherry), P. insititia (damson) and Pyrus communis (pear). Besides feeding on the leaves the caterpillars construct a shelter by binding them so as to form a case. On the almond and plum 3 or 4 leaves are used for this purpose and from 4 to 6 on the medlar, where the case always encloses the flower-bud or the young fruit, which are perforated or entirely destroyed. The leaves only of the plum, apricot, apple and Prunus mahaleb are injured. On the almond the leaves are usually attacked, the young fruit being very rarely injured, A. variegana has five natural enemies : an Encyrtid, Copidosoinu sp., the Braconids, Ascogaster quadridenkitus, Wesm., AjMnteles longi- caudis, Wesm., and Macrocentrus thoracicus, Nees, and the Ichneu- monid, Pristomerus vulnerator, Curtis. By collecting the caterpillars of A. variegana and placing them in boxes covered with a wire netting of 2-millimetre mesh the adult parasites will be able to escape while the moths will be retained. Ascogaster quadridentatus and Pristomerus vulnerator both parasitise Cydia {Carpocapsa) pomonella as well. If artificial control becomes necessary, a spray containing 1 per cent. of lead arsenate in paste form, or | per cent, in powder form, should be employed. Destruicao dos Cupins. [Termite Destruction.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xvi, no. 6, 15th December 1917, pp. 477-479, 2 figs. The termites mentioned in this article as occurring in Brazil include Eutermes ripperti, Ramb., Termes tenuis. Hag., T. strunki, Soren., and T. spinosus, Latr. A simple means of destroying a termite mound consists in hollowing out a chamber in one side of its base, in which straw or other material is placed and set alight, a draught being ensured by a hole driven obliquely through the mound, leading from the top of the combustion chamber to a point high wp on the opposite side. Paravicini (E.). Zur Biologie der Maulwurfsgrille. [The Biology of the Mole-Cricket.] — Schweiz. Zeitschr. Obst- u. Weinbau, Frauen- feld, xxvii, no. 3, 9th February 1918, pp. 40-42. This paper records experiments in feeding Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (vulgaris) with sawdust. The larvae did not feed on this material, but the adults were capable of digesting it, thus proving their ability to attack woody tissue. G. gryllotalpa is therefore able to injure the roots of fruit-trees and cannot be regarded as a market-garden pest only. 174 Maki (M.). Taiwansan soju gaichu ni kan suru chosa hokoku. [Eeport on Injurious Insects of the Mulberry Tree in Formosa.] — Formosan Government Agricullural Experiment Station, Publica- tion no. 90, May 1916, 265 pp., 24 figs., plates i-xiv. [Eeceived 1st April 1918.] This report describes 87 insects and 6 other animals that are known to^be injurious to the mulberry tree in Formosa. Some natural enemies and general remedial measures are also described. A descrip- tion is given of each species, together with its distribution, and when the life-history, habits and preventive measures are known, these are described in detail. The following is a Ust of all the species dealt with. Orthoptera. Brachytrypes achatinus, Stal, usually appears in abundance after the rains, and the natives utilise the early stages for food. Atractomorplia bedeli, Bob, does not cause very serious damage. Isoptera. Odontotermes formosanus, Shiraki. Thysanoptera. Phloeothrips sp. and Rhaphidothrips sp., very injurious to the fohage in October and November, and again in April ; not so injurious in other months. Homoptera. Icerya purcJiasi, Mask. Pseudococcus sp. P. citri, Risso, very injurious and causes the tree to wither. P. filamentosus, Ckll., rarer than the preceding species. P. longicornis, Ket., rare. P. virgatus, Ckll., not very injurious. Ceroplastes ceriferus, And., not very injurious. Saissetia (Lecanium) nigra, Niet. Aidacaspis {Dius- pis) pentagona, Targ., a formidable pest ; found more abundantly in the northern parts of the island than the southern, and more on the plains than in the mountains ; there are five broods ; gas fumigation and kerosene emulsion are the remedies recommended against it. Inglisia bivalvata, Green, very shghtly injurious. Pidvinaria sp.. Aleurodes sp., very injurious ; distributed universally from altitudes of 3,000-4,000 feet to the sea-coast ; a special fungus infests this insect ; soap solution is suggested as an effective spray. Aleurodes sp., not such a serious pest as the other species. Psylla sp., a notoriously injurious insect, occurring throughout the island. Nephotettix apicalis, Mots., rather rare on mulberry trees, although very injurious on Gramineae. Tettigoniella viridis, L. ; T. Jerruginea apicalis, Walk. ; Chlorita flavescens, F. ; Nirvana orientalis. Mats., var. rubrosutiiralis, Mats. ; Aphroph&ra auropilosa, Mats. ; Dictyophora sinica, Walk. ; Ossa dimidiata. Mats. ; Geisha distinctissitna, Walk. ; Tonga formosana, Mats. ; Mogannia hebes, Walk. ; Cicada ochracea, Walk. ; all of minor importance. Heteroptera. Argenis sp. ; Nezara viridvla, L. ; Plautia fimbriata, F. {stali, Scott) ; Menida histrio, F. ; Canthecona furcellata, Wolff, var. farmosana, Shiraki ; Dalpada smaragdina, Walk. ; Poecilocoris druraei, L. ; Erthesina fidlo, Thunb. ; Eusarcocoris guitiger, Thunb. ; Coptosoma formosana, Shiraki ; Cletus bipunctatus, H. S. ; Clavigralla spinofemoralis, Shiraki ; Acanthocoris sordidus, Thunb. ; Leptocorisa varicornis, F. ; Riptortus linearis, F. ; all of minor importance. Lepidoptera. Pachyrhina makiella, Mats., and Archips minor, Shiraki, only shghtly injurious. Glyphodes pyloalis, Walk., very injurious to mulberry leaves, the life-history and habits being described in detail ; the insect is single-brooded, the moth appearing in spring ; 175- imported trees are more seriously damaged than indigenous ones, and it is said that the silkworms fed with injured leaves are hable to disease ; as a control measure, the larvae should be gathered and killed in November and December. Diacrisia obliqim, Walk. ; D. sub- carnea, AValk. ; D. mori, Mats. ; Amsada lactinea, Cram. ; Creatonotus transiens, Walk. ; the larvae of these five species feed on the leaves, but are not very injurious. Clania variegata, Cram., appears twice a year ; very injurious to Acacia, but not so much to mulberry trees. Orthocraspeda trima, Moore, not very injurious. Prodenia litura, F., a very serious pest, which appears suddenly in great numbers ; some- times the mulberry gardens are completely defoliated, though this is exceptional ; it has eight or nine generations a year, and passes the winter in the larval stage ; the barrier method is adopted to prevent its spreading. Boarmia atrilineata, Butl., has four or five broods in a year, being rather abundant in the northern parts and in the mountainous zone, but is not very injurious. Boarmia irrorata, Brem. & Grey, a minor pest. Orgyia postica, Walk., has six broods in a year and passes the winter in the larval state ; very injurious to mulberry leaves. 0. viridescens, Walk., has probably six broods in a year ; not very injurious. Dasychira mendosa, Hb. Porthesia taiwania, Shiraki, distributed over the entire island and rather injurious. Bombyx mandarina, Moore, of minor importance. Coleoptera. Phyllotreta sinuata, Redt. ; Aspidomorpha koshunensis. Mats. ; Coptocycla trivittata, F. ; Aulacophora similis, Oliv. ; Chry- sochus chinensis, Baly ; Melanauster chinensis, F. ; all these are minor pests. Hammoderus suzukii, Mats., very injurious at altitudes above 2,000 feet. Apriona rugicollis, Chev., very injurious to mulberry trees, and therefore the Ufe-history is described in detail ; under control measures apparatuses for killing larvae and crushing eggs are illustrated and described ; the larvae of this and the two preceding Cerambycids may be distinguished from each other by the structure of the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the prothorax. Baris deplanata, Roel. Lixus vetida, F. Hypomeces squamosus, F., usually found on mulberry leaves. Epicauta gorhami, Moore, var. formosanus, Shiraki. Lagria rubiginea, Roel., injurious to the leaves. Cardiophorus devas- tans, Mats. C. formosanus, Mats. Cardiophorus sp. Euchlora ex- pansa, Bates. E. trachypyga. Bates. Cetonia exasperata, F., injurious to the leaves. Adoretus sinicus, Burm. Xyleborus morivorella, Niishima, injurious and often causing withering of the tree. An unidentified Hymenopteron produces galls on the foHage, and a mite, Tetranychus sp. causes shrivelUng of the leaf. The following natural enemies are recorded :■ — Tetrastichus sp. parasitic on Apriona rugicollis. An unidentified Hymenopteron and a Coccinelhd attacking Aulacaspis pentagona. The fungus, Myrian- gium duriaei, infesting Aspidiotus perniciosus, Aulacasjns pentagona, Lepidosaphes beckii, Newm. [citricola, Pack.) and Chionaspis sp. Nectria coccophila, another fungus infesting scale-insects. A Procto- trupid parasitic on Pseudococcus Jilamentosus. Two species of Cocci- nellids and some fungi infesting Aleurodids. Ptychanatis axylidis. Pall., Coccinella septempunctata, F., and Chrysopa sp. predaceous on Psylla. Three species of Braconids and Aspergillus sp. parasitic on Glyphodes pyloalis, Walk. A list of native names of insects is appended. 176 KuwANA (I.). Taisho rokunen no gaichukai. [Observations on Injurious Insects and tlieir Control in 1917.] — Byochugai Zasslii [Journal of Plant Protection, Japan], v, no, 1, January 1916, pp. 1-5. This paper describes the principal injurious insects that made their appearance in 1917. The gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar] appeared in July in the Shimane prefecture and at first attacked black alder, Quercus glanduUfera and Cryjdomeria, and finally orchards and rice- fields. The immense numbers of caterpillars were also very trouble- some in houses, etc. This pest also occurred in the Toyama prefecture at the same time. Outbreaks on this scale have not been previously recorded. The caterpillars of Euproctis flava and other species with urticating hairs occurred in the Niigate prefecture in such numbers as to be troublesome to troops in that locahty. At Mkko an undetermined caterpillar defohated the beech trees. Schoenobius incer- tellus (the three-brooded rice-borer) occurred in considerable numbers. The first brood of Chilo simplex (two-brooded rice-borer) was less numerous than usual, with the result that farmers neglected their •control measures ; the second brood, in consequence, was exceptionally abundant. Rice leaf-hoppers occurred at Kiushire and Shitoku Island and did some damage in the autumn. A bud-fly, a species of Diplosis, infesting mulberries appeared in several places and did considerable injury to sericulture. As regards control and preventive measures in 1917, several pubhcations were issued regarding mosquitos, lice and flies. Electric lights were utihsed to capture injurious insects as the result of an agreement between the electric hght companies and farmers in the Fukuoka and Yamaguchi prefectures. An investigation of insects injurious to stored grain was organised at the Imperial Plant Quarantine Station. The Tokyo Entomological Society was estab- lished in April. LEGISLATION. Hecke (G. H.). Cotton Boll Weevil. Amendment no. 2 to Quarantine Order no. 26. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacra- mento, vii, no. 1 & 2, January-February 1918, p. 110. As the cotton boll weevil {Anthonomus grandis, Boh.) is not known to exist in the State of Arizona and the State has therefore declared and is maintaining a quarantine against the entrance of this pest, it is declared that until further orders cotton seed grown in the county of Yuma, Arizona, may be imported into California, subject to the following regulations : Persons contemplating the importing or bringing into the State of California cotton seed grown in the county of Yuma, Arizona, shall first make application for a permit to do so, stating the name and address of the exporter, the locality where the seed was grown, the amount of the importation and the name and address of the importer in California, and must also obtain a certificate in triplicate signed by the Entomologist of the State of Arizona, stating the locality where the cotton seed was grown. All quarantine orders or regulations promulgated for the protection of the cotton industry in the State of Cahfornia are also directed against A. grandis, var. thurberiae and Pectinophora gossypiella (pink bollworm). NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journais willing to exchange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subserlptlon to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. PAGE. Insect Pests intercepted in California . . . . . . . • . . 137 The Selection of Varieties of Maize resistant to Heliothis obsoleta inU.S.A .. 137 Sugar-Cane Pests and their Control in Queensland . . . , 138, 139 Lucerne Pests in Arizona . . .... . . . . . . 139 Notes on Spargonothis pilleriana on Vines in France . . . . 140 Scale-Insects on Peaches and Vines and their Control in Holland . . 140 Insect Pests in Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 A Lead-boring Beetle {Xylopsocus gihbicollis) in Australia . . . . 141 An Outbreak of Pieris brassicae in Brittany . . . . . . . . 142 Measure against Haltica ampelophaga in Vineyards in France . . 142 Pests of Wheat in Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 Insect Pests in Italy in 1917 143 Onethocampa pityocampa and its Control on Pines in Italy . . 144 Measures against Mealy Bug infesting Vines in Britain . . . . 144 The Use of Lead Arsenate against Orchard Pests in Sweden . . 145 Insect Pests in Sweden during 1912-1916 . . . . . . . . 146 Oontari/nia tritici infesting Wheat and Barley in Sweden . . 161, 152 Experiments in Spraying against Cacao Thrips in the West Indies. 152 Measures against the Tobacco Split Worm in S. Africa . . . . 162 The Maize Stalk Borer {Busseola fusca) and its Control in Rhodesia 163 Measures against the Cabbage Aphis in S. Australia . . . . 163 The Structure, Bionomics and Forest Importance of Myelophilus minor in Scotland . . . . . , . . . . . . . . 163 The Biology of the Ohermes of Spruce and Larch and their Relation to Forestry in Scotland . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 Insect Pests in Scotland in 1916 . . . . . . . . . . 16S The probable Introduction of Anthonomus grandis into S. Carolina 160 An Early Economic Entomologist of New Jersey . . . . . . 161 The Establishment of Beneficial Parasites in Hawaii . . . . 161 An Invasion of Schistocerca paranensis in Chile . . . . . . 161 Notes on Insect Pests in Spain . , . . . . . . . . . . 162 Vine Pests in Russia in 1915 . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 Experiments in Apple Spraying in Canada . . . . . . . . 162 Phenacoccus stachyos in Missouri . . . . . . . . . . 163 The Grape Root- Worm {Fidia viticida) and its Control in U.S.A. . . 163 The Bionomics of Ghaitophorus negundinis in U.S.A. . . . . 164 The Control of Aphis brassicae in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 164 ITie More Important Fruit Tree Diseases of Ontario . . . . 166 An Expected Outbreak of Tibicen septemdecim in Pennsylvania . . 165 Sprays for Orchard Pests in New Zealand . . . . . . . . 166 The Sugar-Cane Grubs of Australia . . .... . . . . 165 A Preliminary Classification of the Diptera based upon Larval and Pupal Characters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 New BuPRESTiDAE from the Pacific States, U.S.A. . . , . . . 166 G&rchysius wkittieri, a New Parasite of Saissetia oleae in U.S.A. . . 167 Cerfttitis capitata and its Parasites in Hawaii in 1916 . . . . 167 The Utilisation of Beneficial Insects in California . . . . . . 168 The Pecan Leaf Case-Bearer and its Control in U.S.A. . . . . 168 Measures against the Pine Processionary Caterpillar in France . . 169 Notes on the Migration of Hessian Fly Larvae in U.S.A. . . . . 170 Notes on New and Little Known British Aphids . . . . . . 170 A Disease of Bacterial Origin observed in Sparganothis pillerUma in France . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . 171 Notes on Meigenia floralis, a Dipterous Parasite of Oola-spidema atrtmi in France " . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 171 Weevils infesting the Vine in Europe .. .. .. .. ., 172 Scale-Insects on Vines in France . . . . , . . . . . 172 Argyroploce variegana and its Parasites in Italy . . . . . . 172 A Method of destroying Termite Mounds in Brazil . . . . . . 173 The Biology of the Mole Cricket in Switzerland 173 Insect Pests of the Mulberry in Formosa .. 174 Injurious Insects in Japan in 1917 176 Legislation against the Introduction of Cotton Pests into CaUfomia 176 VOL. VI. Ser. A. Part 5.— pp. 177-222. MAY, 1918. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES a: agricultural. JfNWfB-' ISBUBD BY THB IMFBRIAL BUKBAU OF EMTOMOLOaT. *^ LONDON : aOLD BT THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7. Price Od. net. All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. l>onorarp Cotnmiuee of n^anagemetit VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R^., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, BritiBh Musettin (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Mr. E. C. Bleck, C.M.G., Foreign Office. Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G,, F.E.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John MoCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R. Stewart MAoDouaALL, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to th« Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Offiot in Tropica! Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge, Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Sir Stewart Stockman. Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture, Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society ol England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominioni i« an ex ojjmo member of the Committee. i3eneral Secretatis. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director an& BMtor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall. aestetant SMrectoc. Mr. S. A. Neave. Bead Office. — British Museum (Natural Historv), Cromwell Road London, S.W. 7. Publication Office.— 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7. 177 /.V^'»«"- Paillot (A.). Deux Microsporidies nouvelles, Parasites des CJbentlles (Ig ^^ Pier is hrassicae. [Two new Microsporidian Parasites of th«7'^' ^J Larvae of Pieris hrassicae.] — C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris,^xxi, no. 2, "^J, 26th January 1918, pp. 66-68, 1 fig. " <^''?/ Um^'^''^.'^-^' During the occurrence of a severe infestation of Pieris brasstcde'm the neighbourhood of Lyons in 1917, the author has had ample oppor- tunity of studying the parasitisation of these larvae, and has discovered two new parasitic microsporidia, one of which, Perezia mesnili, sp. n., forms the subject of the present note. The other will be described in a later paper. LizER (C.). Un Coccido nuevo para la Republica Argentina : Saissetia hemispha erica, Targ. [A Coccid new to the Argentine RepubHc : Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ. J — Physis, Buenos Aires, ii, no. 12, 30th December 1916, pp. 422-423. Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ., has now extended its distribution into the neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, where it has been found on ferns. Barbae! (B.). Estado actual de los Estudios sobre el Coccohacillm acridiorum, d'H6relle. [The Present Situation of Investigations regarding Cocccohacillns acridiorum, d'Herelle.]. — Rev. Instit. Bacteriohgico, Buenos Aires, i, no. 1, November 1917, pp. 107-113. [Received 26th February 1918.] This paper reviews the experimental work that has been undertaken with the object of determining the possible value of d'Herelle's Cocco- baciUus acridiorum in the destruction of locust swarms. From the results arrived at, the conclusions are^awn : ( 1 ) That the Coccohacillus considered by d'Herelle as the cause of the epizootic in Yucatan in 1909 is innocuous to the locust after passing a certain length of time in culture media. (2) The organism can however be rendered more \nrulent by its passage through locusts, until it is capable of kilhng these by injection in 4 or 6 hours. (3) This virulence is rapidly lost when the organism is exposed to an exterior medium. (4) This viru- lence, according to the Argentine Commission, is not sufficient to destroy locusts even when the culture is ingested by them in enormous quan- tities ; even at its best the Coccohacillus destroyed only 40 per cent, in these circumstances. Natural epizootics are known to occur among locusts and to cause a definite degree of mortality, which is very difficult to estimate when the disease has been artificially increased. In locusts that have contracted this natural infection, and even in those that show no sign of disease, organisms identical in morphology and bionomics with C. acridiorum have been observed, and these can be brought to an equal degree of virulence in the same manner. There are still many points remaining to be elucidated. It is still disputed whether the Coccohacilhis isolated from dead locusts is the principal cause of the spontaneous epizootics observed by d'Herelle in Yucatan and by other investigators elsewhere. These epizootics show greater severity of infection and rapidity of dissemination than can be produced artificially. The possibility of killing in the laboratory (C463) Wt.P2/137: 1.500. 5.18. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. a 178 an appreciable percentage of the South American locust, Schistocerca parmiensis, bv means of ingestion of virulent cultures of Coccobacillus acridiarum, still remains doubtful. Judging from the negative results obtained by the Argentine Coimnission in their repeated attempts, it seems probable that in practice, where the chances against success are much greater than in the laboratory, the microbe would prove quite valueless. The question of the economy of this method is also doubtful. The conclusions reached by Yelu in his work in Morocco are also quoted [see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 99, 483]. Philbrook (E. E.). Report of the Special Field Agent in Charge of Gypsy Moth Work. — 13th Ann. Rept. Maine Commissioner Agric., 1914; Watervilk, 1915, pp. 116-124, 5 plates. [Received 5th AprH 1918.] During 1914 the work of the parasite laboratory in the control of the gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar], resulted in the breeding and liberation of large numbers of Compsilura concinnata and Calosoma sycophanta, and of two small colonies of Schedius kuvanae, the egg- parasite of the gipsy moth. Large numbers of Apanteles lacteicohr and Meteorus versicolor, parasites of the brown-tail moth [Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Don.], were also successfully bred [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 135]. Field work in the most hea\'ily infested districts was carried out during the year by every known method, such as destroying the egg- clusters with, creosote, spraying in early spring and again in August with lead arsenate, and taking and destroying the caterpillars by means of burlap in June, July and August. During these months millions of caterpillars were also killed by the bacterial wilt disease known as flacherie. Summers (J. N.). Work with Parasites of the Gypsy and Brown-tail Moths in Maine. — 14th Ann. Rept. Maine Cmnmissioner Agric, 1915; Waterville. 1916, pp. 116-127, 4 plates. [Received 5th April 1918.] Details are given of the rearing in the laboratory and the distribution of the parasites of the gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar] and of the brown- tail moth [Nygmia phaeorrhoea], and some account is given of the history and habits of these parasites. They include Atiastatus bifas- ciatiis, Apanteles lacteicolor, Meteorus versicolor, Compsilura concinnata; the predaceous beetle, Cahsoma sycophanta, and Monodontomerus aereus, which is a widely-known Chalcid parasite of these two moths, though its value is somewhat questionable. Cadey (E. J.). Report of Special Field Agent in Charge of Gypsy Moth Work. — 14th & 15th Reps. Maine Commissioner Agric. 1915 & 1916; Waterville, 1916 & 1917, pp. 109-115 & pp. 80-83, 1 plate. [Received 5th April 1918.] During the years under re\'iew work was energetically pursued in ■control of the gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar] and the brown-tail moth [Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Don.], which are described as the most feared and most formidable pests in the world. Details are given of the 179 numbers of gipsy moths destroyed in their various stages. Thousands of parasites have been liberated and distributed, including Ajmnteles h-cteicolor, Compsilura concinnata and Meteor us versicolor, as well as Anastatus hifasciaius, a minute parasite that feeds on the egg of the gi^Jsy moth, the results being so satisfactory that in some districts the brown-tail moth has entirely disappeared. Bernard (C). HelojpeUis-\iesiY\]Caxig op eene Onderneming in de Djampang. [HelopeUis Control on an Estate in Djampang.] — Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, Ivi, 1917, pp. 4-6. On a tea estate where about 204,000 lb. of tea was plucked in 1914, the yield rose to about 374,000 lb. in 1915 and a crop of 440,000 lb. was expected in 1916. Instead of this, only about 189,000 lb. was obtained owing to an outbreak of HelopeUis, which began after the drought of 1914, became disquieting in June 1915, and reached its maximum in April 1916. In 1917 more methodical remedial measures were carried out. The tea pluckers collected HelopeUis in the morning up to about 8.30 a.m. in the plots where they worked and again in the evening in any place they chose. From June onwards about 100 coolies were employed in collecting the bugs in the plots already dealt with, by the pluckers, after an 8-day interval. These coolies worked from early morning to about 11.30 a.m. An additional measure was spraying with a 2 per cent, soap solution after pruning ; after 7 or 8 days the plots were again treated and this was done over a period of about 5 months. Gardens in which little wood was formed after pruning and which contained hea\aly attacked plots were not pruned at first, but after the bushes had recovered somewhat, they were subjected to a light horizontal pruning and subsequently carefully plucked. After the heavy infestation of 1916, which was followed by a severe attack of red rust, ordinary pruning was discontinued and light under-pruning was efiected to remove badly developed twigs unsuitable for plucking. This facilitated collection and also rendered the conditions less favourable to the larvae. After the application of these measures an improvement was noticed. Though enormous numbers of HelopeUis are still captm-ed, the injury has decreased, and the measures adopted are undoubtedly the chief factor in this improvement. This is confirmed by the fact that whereas at first the larvae formed 50 per cent, of the catches this proportion has now fallen to 10 per cent. Zeehandelaak (A.). Moeten we HelopeUis bestrijden, is dit loonend? [Ought we to combat HelopeUis — Does this pay?] — Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, Ivi, 1917, pp. 7-15. This paper records the author's experience as manager of a tea estate where local conditions do not favour control. The climate is very damp, the rains set in early, the ground is broken with deep depressions, the plants are still young (the oldest being 6 years old) and therefore weak, and furthermore the East Monsoon [dry season] is particularly damp. In 1914-1915 the entire estate was severely attacked. The first remedial measure applied (in 1915) was the rapid pruning of a large area, .but the collection of HelopeUis was the chief measure relied on. (C463) a2 180 The estate was divided into lightly, heavily and very heavily infested areas, those along the border being kept separate. In those border areas that were moderately attacked collection was only carried out for about 1| hours in the early morning and in the evening ; adults composed the bulk of these catches. To check this work a gang of special collectors went over the border areas once every 3 or 4 days. As regards other parts of the estate, moderately infested gardens were visited once daily and more heavily infested ones two or three times a day. Collection was done on all possible occasions, by as many workers as possible, and in nearly all weathers. European supervision was constant. Pruning was done with the wund, as advised by Leefmans [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 416]. A comparison between a portion of this estate and a similar portion of a neighbouring one — where the campaign was not so intensive and cost only three-fifths as much — shows that the value of the increased yield was three times that of the extra cost, and furthermore that the estate was rendered a more valuable property. Canter Visscher (W. A. E. A.). Het Uitzwavelen van zwaar aange- taste Tuinen. [The Sulphur Fumigation of heavily attacked [Tea] Gardens.] — Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, Ivi, 1917„ pp. 16-20. On certain estates sulphur fumigation has proved very useful against Helopeltis. Coolies placed in a circle around an infested plot were provided with sticks to which sulphur cartridges were attached. A cartridge could thus be held beneath each bush or twig. The men gradually advanced towards the centre of the circle until the whole plot had been fumigated. If the right time is chosen (about 6 p.m.) the fumes will hang about the bushes for a considerable period. Each plot was fumigated thrice on three consecutive afternoons using 11 cartridges an acre each afternoon. After a 5-day interval, during ' which collection was effected daily, this triple fumigation w^as repeated and again followed by collection for five- days. As a result the normal collection of Helopeltis was soon found to require only 7 women for 4 acres owing to the limited number of insects present. In the event of a windy afternoon fumigation may be carried out on the following morning from 6 to 7 a.m., but is less satisfactory. On one estate this operation was carried on for a period of six weeks on two occasions only in 8 years, and the 700 acres concerned are still free from Helopeltis. In another case six weeks a year was found necessary. The cost of the sulphur cartridges was about 485. an acre for the six weeks, that of wages being about lid. an acre for each day of fumigation. Collection is a valuable measure during the East Monsoon [dry season] and even if only a few specimens are captured then, the work is valuable, as these are the brood-mothers giving rise to the individuals that occur in the rainy season. The plants were also carefully manured so as to promote vigorous growth. Prunings and other rubbish were burnt without delay. As pointed out by Dr. Bernard in his preface to this and the preceding paper, the success of this fumigation is evidently'dueto the circumstance that the infested plots were of a size permitting them to be surrounded by the operators. 181 Mally (C. W.). Finely-powdered Mercuric Chloride (Hg. CL,) for the Destruction of the Argentine Ant, Iridomynnex humilis, Mayr. — S. Aft: Jl. Sci., Cape Town, xiii, no. 11, July 1917, pp. 565-567. Good results against the Argentine ant, Iridomyrmex humilis, as a household pest, have been obtained with a tape consisting of strips of cotton cloth thoroughly soaked in a saturated solution of corrosive sublimate and then dried. Its rei^ellent action is probably due to minute sublimate crystals on the surface of the cloth coming into contact with, sensitive tissue on the feet or antennae of the ants ; and there is also the possibility that the insects may poison themselves in attempting to clean their feet and antennae by drawing them through the mouth. This having suggested to the author that the use of finely powdered corrosive sublimate would yield even better results, the opening of a nest near the base of a large oak tree was experimentally surrounded with a half-inch barrier of the substance about an hour before sundown. The results of this and many similar experiments show that the ants become excited and confused before touching the powder, probably owing to the presence of very fine particles in the air, with the result that they attack and mutilate one another and refuse to cross the barrier, while many are poisoned, probably in the attempt to clean themselves. The poison is more active in sunlight than in the shade and retains its effectiveness for as long as eight or nine months. Light rains carry it into the soil, but on evaporation it is again deposited on the surface in a finely crystalline condition. This suggests the possibility of treating the foundations of buildings, either during construction or afterwards, with corrosive sublimate in solution as a preventive against the invasions of ants. Mally (C. W.). A Convenient Type of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas Gene- rator for Fumigating Vineyards for the Destruction of the Mealy Bug, Psendo"occus capensis, Brain. — S. Afr. Jl. Sci., Cape Town, xiii, no. 11, July 1917, p. 621, 2 plates. The difficulty experienced in fumigating grape vines with hydro- cyanic acid gas during the wanter season for the destruction of Pseudo- coccus capensis (vine mealy bug), owing to the smallness of the space to be treated within the long, low, narrow, oiled canvas covers used for trellis or stump vine treatment, has necessitated the adoption of a new form of generator. In this a solution of potassium cyanide is used to combine with the acid, thus obviating the loss of time incurred in weighing or measuring off small quantities of chemicals. It consists of a cylindrical leaden chamber, the upper portion of which forms a detachable lid pierced by small holes on opposite sides near the top, into which are fixed a pair of vertical tubes, one for the acid, the other for the cyanide solution. To charge it the lid is held upside down and the tubes are filled with the proper amount of the liquids ; the body of the generator is then inverted over it and pressed into position. When the gas-tight cover is in position over the vine, the generator, still inverted, is placed 182 beneath it and rapidly turned right side up, the hand being quickly withdrawn and the opening in the tent closed. The gas is generated instantaneously and escapes in jets from the lateral openings. The advantages of this form of generator are that it involves no loss of time or of gas, and that it is easily cleaned and is strong enough to withstand rough handling in the vineyards, while the lateral openings utilise the force of chemical reaction to ensure the rapid diffusion of the gas. DuTT (H. L.). The Greasy Surface Caterpillar: its Life-History and Seasonal History. — Agric. Jl. Dept. Agric. Bihar & Orissa, Patna, V, no. 1, April 1917, pp. 1-14. [Received 2nd March 1918.] Agrotis ypsiloti (greasy cutworm) is a pest of major importance damaging tobacco, potato, pea, wheat, gram, lentil, mustard and hnseed crops [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 507]. The length of the incubation period is influenced by temperature and moisture, varying from 2 days in April to 4-6 days in the winter months, when the chances are more in favour of trapping the adult before oviposition. The larvae can be reared experimentally on maize, sugar-cane, cucurbits and cassava in addition to their usual food-plants. The larval stage varies in length from 19 days in summer and the rains, to 47 days in the coldest months. When in large swarms the keen struggle for existence compels them to abandon their habit of feeding only at night. The camiibalistic habit, for which this caterpillar is notorious, increases with its development, being quite absent in newly-hatched larvae. The pupal stage, which varies in length from 9 days in April to more than a month in December, is passed in a smooth hard earthen cell, quite imperceptible in hard clay soil, and only slightly in evidence in loamy soil. The adults, which are nocturnal in habit and have a marked repugnance for sunlight, are more active in moist than in dry weather. Under insectary conditions the length of Hfe of a female moth varies from 10 to 14 days, that of the male being much shorter. The adults emerge during August, reach a maximum in December and finally disappear some time in April, apparently aestivating in the adult stage, probably in thatched huts or in buildings of villages adjacent to the low flood-lands. The pest is best controlled by means of Andres-Maire traps and by hand-picking the first brood larvae [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 321, and iv, p. 418]. Studies are now being made of two Hymenopterous and one Tachinid parasite, an account of which will be published as soon as the work is completed. b Mackie (D. B.). Some Causes of the Failure of the Manila Cigar on the United States Market and a Remedy. — Philippine Agric. Rev., Manila, x, no. 3, 1917, pp. 223-252. [Received 2nd March 1918.] The most important enemy of the cigar manufacturer in Manila is the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, which is more prevalent in some years than others. The microscopic eggs are laid singly in wrinkles or folds of the dried leaf. The larval stage lasts 151 to 170 days. Pupation takes place 183 in a cell composed of frass and minute particles of tobacco, eleven days being passed in the pupal stage. The adult beetles are small and active, especially in the afternoon and at night, and are attracted by lights. The insect does not feed during the adult stage, the perforations in cigars being made by the emerging adults. The fluctuation in the numbers from year to year seems to be influenced by the amount of rain during the growing season. When this has been wet, the leaves are thin and silky and a considerable percentage of their natural resins have been washed away. After a very dry season the crop is rich in natural resins, the stickiness of the leaves being more pronounced, and this acts as a mild repellent. Since the beetle attacks the leaf soon after it has been harvested, it is present in the tobacco before it is baled, and, being baled with it, is widely distributed, each factory receiving a new infestation with every bale received. The damage done depends entirely on the length of time that elapses before the baled tobacco is used. Theoretically it should be possible to control the pest either in the baled tobacco, or in the finished cigar, but in practice the former method is impossible, as the beetles are constantly flying and breeding in the factories, which are so constructed as to render their extermination impracticable. It is known that the beetle cannot enter boxed cigars as prepared for the market, hence it can be controlled with certainty by treating the finished cigars. The method successfully employed consists in fumigating the cigars when packed in boxes, with carbon bisulphide in a vacuum. The container, which can hold 40,000 cigars at once, is partly exhausted, causing the distension of the beetles in whatever stage they may be. On opening the generator the gas rushes in, penetrating to the smallest interstices of the cigars and permeating the organism, whether egg, larva, j)^ipa or adult. Exposure for one horn" to the gas at the rate of one pound carbon bisulphide per 150 cubic feet has been found sufficient for all purposes, the gas being pumped out and the chamber filled with air before removing the cigars. In the case of baled tobacco it is better to allow the gas to remain instead of pumping it out. Damage to baled tobacco might also be greatly reduced by packing up the bales in coarse cotton cloth, on which the beetles find it difficult to walk, instead of in the usual loose banana plait. Wester (P. J ). A Possible Factor in Coconut-beetle Control. — Philippine Agric. Revieiv, Manila, x, no. 3, 1917, pp. 299-300. [Received 2nd March 1918.] A natural enemy of the coconut beetle [Oryctes] in the Philippines has been found by Mr. F. Warner in the island of Bohol. This is a flying lemur, Galeopithecus sp., which has been domesticated by the FiHpinos, and bred, partly for the value of its skin, which is used for the making of hats, and partly for catching coconut beetles. This small animal is insectivorous and harmless, the only vegetation eaten by it being the leaves of the jak, Artocarpus mtegrifolia. Nothing is known of its breeding habits. Its flesh is said to be poisonous, which renders it unlikely to have many natural enemies, so that if it can be multiplied rapidly and if, as reported, it is of a non-roving disposition, it should prove of value in the control of the beetle. 184 OsHiMA (M.). Notes on a Collection of Termites from Luzon, obtained by R. C. McGregor. — Philippine Jl. Sci., Manila, xii, sec. D, no. 4, July 1917, pp. 221-225, 1 fig. [Received 2nd March 1918.] The termites dealt with in this paper are : — Calotermes (Neotermes) malatensis, sp. n. ; CojJtotermes travians, Hav. ; Termes {Macrotermes) philippinensis, Oshima ; Eutermes {HospitaUtermes) luzonensis, sp. n. ; E. halintauacensis, sp. n. ; E. mimitus, Oshima ; and Microcerotermes losbanosensis, Oshima. Back (E. A.) & Pemberton (C. E.). The Mediterranean Fruit Fly in Hawaii. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, DC, Bull. no. 536, 26th January 1918, 119 pp., 21 plates, 24 figs., 32 tables. This lengthy and well-illustrated bulletin deals exhaustively with the subject of the Mediterranean fruit-fly {Ceratitis cajnMa, Wied.) in all its bearings. Much of the subject-matter has already been noticed [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, iii, pp. 332, 374, 412 ; iv, pp. 134, 289 ; vi, p. 167]. Stress is laid on the point that control must be by means of natural enemies, artificial control being practically impossible under the conditions existing in Hawaii. A complete list of the Braconid, Proctotrupid, and Chalcidid parasites of the fruit-fly, as recorded by Silvestri, is given, to which should be added Pachycrepoideus duhiiis, introduced from the Philippines during the early part of 1914. The life-histories of the following parasites are described : — Tetrastichns gijfardianus, Silv., which, previous to his published description in 1915, Silvestri had confused with T. gijfardi, hence references to Tetrastichus as a parasite of Ceratitis cnpitata in Hawaii should be taken to refer only to T. giffardianus ; Opius humilis, Silv. ; Diachasma tryoni, Cam. ; and D. fuUawayi, Silv. At present a struggle for supremacy is taking place between Opius humilis on the one hand, and Diachasma tryoni and D. fullawayi on the other, the latter two having the advantage of possessing much longer ovipositors, by means of which they are able to reach their host larvae through the tissues of infested fruits, while the greater hardiness and more rapid development of 0. humUis are points in its favour. This advantage is however nullified by its cannibalistic habits, which impel it to destroy earlier hatched larvae of its own species within the same host. During the summer, when D. tryoni matures more rapidly, it attains an ascendency over 0. humilis, which is again reversed during the winter months. Should D. fullawayi become thoroughly established, it will probably supplant D. tryoni, as it gives promise of being a most efficient parasite of the fruit-fly, especially in coffee berries. Instead of supplementing the work of the Opiines, Tetrastichus giffardianus will probably prove a competitor, its larvae being able to hold their own against Opiine larvae in the same host, usually causing their death. Neither this species nor Pachycrepoideus dubius is yet present in sufficient numbers to be an effective factor in control. It has been found necessary to omit from this bulletin a bibliography of about 350 references, accompanied by a brief resume. 185 Pembekton (C. E.) & WiLLAED (H. F.)- Interrelations of Fruit-fly Parasites in Hawaii. — JL Agric. Research, Washington, B.C., xii, no. 5, 4tli February 1918, pp. 285-295, 4 plates. The recent introduction into Hawaii of four species of larval parasites of the Mediterranean fruit-fly [Cemtitis capitata, Wied.) has shown that, to quote Dr. Howard, " it is unwise and most unpromising to attempt heterogeneous and miscellaneous importations of parasites without careful study of the host-insect on its home ground and in its natural en\aronment throughout the whole range of its existence, and a similar biological study of its parasites and natural enemies under such conditions." In 1913 two species of Opiine parasites of the fruit-fly were introduced into Hawaii by Prof. F. Silvestri, Opius humilis, Silv., from South Africa, and Diachasma tryoni, Cam., from Australia. In the course of two years it was quite evident that 0. humilis was often parasitising from 60-90 per cent, of all the fruit-fly larvae developing in coffee berries. D. tryoni slowly but steadily increased and ultimately showed a capacity for occasionally parasitising 50 per cent, or more of the host-larvae. Examination of parasitised larvae showed that when, attacked by both species of parasite, in the majority of cases 0. humilis was killed and D. tryoni alone developed to maturity. This was due to the fact that the newly hatched D. tryoni larvae are very active and well protected ventrally by a thick mass of serosal material and provided with very powerful hooked mandibles, while 0. humilis larvae are sluggish, not so well protected ventrally, and have less powerful mandibles. In the second instar both species lose their powerful head armature and become helpless, enlarged and stiffened. Hence, if, as is often the case, several eggs of these two species are deposited in the same host, the last parasite to hatch stands the best chance of destroying the others and maturing. Both these species, as well as D. fullaivayi, readily oviposit in the same larva, showing no selection of parasitised or unparasitised larvae, as many as 8 or 10 Opiine larvae being frequently found in the same host. The mere deposition of 8-10 parasite eggs often causes the death of the fruit-fly larva, and though all these eggs hatch out, the resulting larvae die off in a short time. Cool weather retards the development of the Opiine egg, especially that of D. tryoni, and this fact causes a seasonal rise and fall in the effectiveness of 0. humilis. In the summer and autumn the ascendancy of D. tryoni causes a great reduction in the abundance of 0. humilis, which is reversed during the winter and spring by the reduced activity of D. tryoni permitting a rapid increase in parasitism by O. hionilis [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 167]. The recent introduction of another fruit-fly parasite, Tetrastichus giffardianus, Silv., has shown that this Chalcid is decidedly destructive to any of the Opiines occurring with it in the same fly larva or puparium. In oviposition, about 10 eggs are placed in the host at one insertion of the ovipositor, whereas 0. humilis lays only one. Hence, though soft, sluggish, devoid of cannibaHstic tendencies, and armed with small, inconspicuous, blmit mandibles, it nevertheless survives the Opiine larvae by sheer force of numbers. If the host-larva is already 186 parasitised by 0. limnilis or D. tryoni, the death of these usually results from starvation or suffocation or possibly by the absorption of toxic excretions of the Tetrastichus larvae. Since this parasite does not exert any perceptible control of the fruit-fly, its introduction must be regarded as detrimental owing to its interference with the work of 0. humilis. The superiority of 0. humilis over the other introduced fruit-fly parasites in Hawaii is clearly proved, and the decided restraint placed upon it by the unfailing cannibalistic activities of the larvae of D. tryoni in particular, and of other parasites in part, show that results detrimental to a certain extent have arisen from the liberation of parasites other than 0. humilis, the value of which has been reduced to that of a secondary parasite. McKay (J. W.). Annual Report of the Karimganj Agricultural Experi- ment Station for the Year ending the 30th June 1917. — Ann. Rept. Agric. Expts. & Demonstrations in Assam for the Year ending 30th June 1917, Shillong, 1917, pp. 68-82. [Eeceived 12th March 1918.] The control of hairy caterpillars infesting the jute crop has been successfully effected by hand-picking the leaves on which the newly- hatched larvae were clustered, and placing them in hot water 6r kerosene. The rice bug {Leptocorisa varicornis) is the cause of immense annual loss to the rice crop, but is effectively checked by the following method : Two boys take a light cloth about 15 ft. long and 4 ft. wide, holding the opposite ends with a corner in each hand. By approaching the hands to a distance of 18 inches they form a long narrow bag with which they sweep across the tops of the plants by running quickly up and down the plot. The bag is then closed and twisted at each end to destroy the many bugs that are captured in this manner. The adult moths of the stem-borer are easily destroyed by means of a lamp suspended over a barrel of water covered with a light film of kerosene. Insect Pests of Tea in North-East India during the Season 1916. — Qtrly. Jl. Scient. Dept. Indian Tea Assoc, Calcutta, Pt. 3, 1917, pp. 75-79. [Received 12th March 1918.] The insects attacking tea in North-East India in 1916 were : Helopeltis theivora, Waterh. (tea mosquito) which, though it did no damage of exceptional severity, occurred in districts usually considered free from attack ; Empoasca flavescens, F., of which imusually severe attacks were experienced in some districts, generally following severe hail ; Tetranychus bioculatus, W.-M. (red spider), which was less serious than usual ; Heterusia magnifica, Butl. (red slug), the damage done by which was negligible ; Biston suppressarius, Guen. (looper), which occurred in much smaller numbers than in 1915 ; Clania spp. (faggot and bag worms) and Thosea spp. (nettle-grubs), little damage from which was reported ; Physothrips setiventris, Bagn., and an undescribed species of thrips, the attacks of which were of normal intensity ; Brachytrypes achatinus, StoU (cricket), reported as causing damage in nurseries ; and Termes {Odontotermes) sp. (termites), which 187 were serious pests in one district. Other pests reported were : borers, Atidraca bipunctata, Wlk. (cluster caterpillar), Poecilocoris latus, Dall. (tea-seed bug), and the scale-insect, Tachardia {Carteria) decorella. Mask. Observations on the Lime Industry. — Rept. Agric. Dept. Montserrat, 1916-1917 ; Barbados, 1917, pp. 12-14. [Received 7th March 1918.] The failure of young lime trees in recent years appearing to be generally associated with severe infestations of purple scale \Lepi- dosaphes beckii], trials have been made of growing sugar-cane, pigeon pea and Bengal beans between young trees to afford shelter and shade and assist in the control of the insect. The result of these experiments showed that the trees interplanted with pigeon peas made more growth, and showed greater vigour, and also considerably greater iramunity from the development of purple scale, than did those sheltered by Bengal beans. Of young trees planted in July 1915, those showing signs of infesta- tion were sprayed with the insecticide " Scalo " seven times during the year March 1916-March 1917, with the result that the trees were kept in tolerable health for twenty months after planting, while unsprayed trees planted at the same time suffered from severe attacks of scale-insects and showed the usual decline. Owing to the damage to the roots of lime trees by the grubs of the weevil, Diaprepes {Exophthalmus) esuriens, weekly hand-picking of the adults was carried out during the year May 1916 to May 1917, the total number being 8,655, of which the majority was collected in May and July and the smaller number from January to May. As the eggs of this weevil are laid on the leaves and the young grubs fall to the ground in the vicinity of the roots, the value of this work is at once apparent. ' : ; ■ ' Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control. — Rept. Agric. Dept Montserrat, 1916-17 ; Barbados, 1917, pp. 26-29. [Received 7th March 1918.] During the season cotton-stainers [Dysdercus] caused a loss to the island of approximately £1,800, though, fortunately, the period of greatest abundance occurs after the greater part of the crop has been gathered, thus emphasising the need for early planting. From January to May the insects are always more or less associated with Thespesia populnea, which however occurs only in small numbers on the island. In April and May it is also found on the silk-cotton tree {Eriodendron anfractuosum), which is fairly plentiful, but acts as a host-plant only when bearing pods. Legislative action to enforce the destruction of these two trees is being delayed, pending the result of such action in St. Vincent. The insect has also been found in small numbers on Malvaceous plants during April and May, and on its first appearance daily hand collection should be at once undertaken. In November 1916 a field of maize was foimd to be badly infested with the corn leaf-hopper {Peregrinus maidis), which is normally controlled in Trinidad by Hymenopterous parasites. This is probably the case in Montserrat also, since this is the first recorded instance of damage to crops. 188 HUTSON (J. C). The Sweet Potato Root Weevil. — Agric. Neivs, Barbados, xvii, no. 412, 9th February 1918, pp. 42-43, 1 fig. The sweet potato root weevil {Cylas formicarius) is a pest that cannot be eliminated from a district where it has become well estab- lished, though much may be done to reduce the damage caused by it. According to Mr. Wilmon Newell this pest is disseminated by the movement of infested sweet potatoes, both tubers and plants, from one district to another and not by flight, the adults, although possess- ing well-developed wings, having rarely been observed to fly. The favourite host-plants are the sweet potato {Ipomoea batatas) and the morning glory {Ipomoea sp.), though the adults can feed on a great variety of vegetation. This weevil is remarkably free from natural enemies, no parasites or birds predaceous on it ha\'ing been recorded. Of artificial control methods, quarantine measures are the most important, those adopted by the Plant Board of Florida having already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 40]. Fumigation of the tubers destroys the insect in all its stages, using carbon bisul- phide at the rate of 3 lb. to each 1,000 cubic feet of space. Damage done by the weevil and also by the scarabee or Jacobs [Euscepes batatae] can be greatly reduced by clean cultivation methods, such as using only those plants that are known to have come from a weevil-free locality ; collecting and burning all vines, damaged tubers, pieces of root, etc., after harvesting the crop ; burning damaged sweet potatoes, or boiling them if they are needed for feeding stock ; preventing the spread of the insect by separating the sweet potato patches as widely as possible and not planting the crop on the same land for two successive seasons. Bruch (C). Metam6rfosis de Pachyschelus undularius, Burm. (Cole- 6ptero bupr6stido). [Metamorphosis of the Buprestid, Pac%sc^e?MS undularius, Burm.] — Physis, Buenos Aires, iii, no. 13, 17th March 1917, 2 plates. [Received 7th March 1918.] The small Buprestid, Pachyschelus undularius, lives on Sapium biglanduhsmn, which is common in the forests around Buenos Aires and La Plata. Adults are found during the summer, in Decem- ber and January, upon the leaves of the host-tree, while the white froth on the leaves reveals the presence of the larvae, which devour the parenchyma of the leaves. While mining between the two surfaces of the leaf, the larva throws out an abundant latex on to the surface. This habit has been noticed in the case of larvae of other Coleoptera, and particularly very recently in the case of an allied Buprestid of the same genus from Paraguay. Eggs are laid on the under-surface of the leaf, the female making a number of incisions in the leaf to facilitate the work of the newly-hatched larva. The egg hatches after 5 to 6 days and the larva develops rapidly, reaching maturity in about two months. During this period a great quantity of froth is thrown out on to the surface of the leaf. Upon reaching maturity, the larva constructs a sort of disc at the end of its mine in which it transforms into a nymph. Under this disc it may remain from ten days to two months in a quiescent state before pupating. The 189 pupal stage varies from two to several weeks according to the season. The shortest life-cycle observed occupied one month. Detailed descriptions of the various stages of this beetle are given. VON Ihering (R.). Observacoes sobre a Mariposa Mi/elobia smerintha, Htibner, em Sao Paolo. [Observations on the Moth, Myelohia smerintha, Hiibn., in Sao Paolo.] — Physis, Buenos Aires, iii, no. 13, 17th March 1917, pp. 60-68. [Received 7th March 1918.] The Pyralid, Myelobia smerintha, Hb., is well known in Sao Paolo, Santos and Rio de Janeiro as a nocturnal plague in the to'^Tis, which are invaded by swarms of the moths for about a week at a time. As the adults are strongly attracted to lights, an apparatus for catching them is fixed to the street-lamps and by this means some 855 moths have been caught within the space of four hours. The larvae, which incidentally have been proved to be edible and nutritious and are considered a delicacy by many native tribes, live in the stems of various Brazilian canes. In the course of his observations, the author has found many insects and other Arthropods inhabiting the nodes of these canes ; in particular a cane of the genus Chusquea was found to harbour two species of Pentatomid bugs that apparently pass the whole of their adult life in the canes, the entrance holes frequently being too small for any but quite young larvae to penetrate. The scale, Ripersia taquarae, Hempel, is also found among the frass formed within punctured canes. Myelobia smerintha is found in large numbers in a cane which has been identified as Merostachys clausseni var. mollior. Most varieties of cane are largely adapted to agricultural uses and this one in par- ticular is very valuable for making baskets, hampers, etc. In the years when this cane blooms it dries up and dies, and it is only after a long interval that it springs up again in the same place. The flowering of the cane, which only occurs once in several years, is apparently determined by prolonged droughts, and occasionally by other climatic factors that stimulate the plant to perpetuate itself by seeding at a time when general conditions are unfavourable for its propagation by rhizomes. In all probability a similar reaction occurs when the larvae invade the cane stalks, causing damage which would prove fatal to the plant ; this would explain the fact that the emergence of M. smerintha has as yet only been observed in flowering canes. Eggs are deposited in large quantities on the leaves of garden plants, for preference on the large leaves of Agave americana, and hatch in a Httle over a week. The larvae from these, not finding a suitable environment, descend by silken threads presumably in search of their normal food-plants. From these observations it is concluded that imder normal circmnstances the female oviposits on the upper parts of the canes and the resulting larvae then descend by threads until they reach a suitable intemode, the preference apparently being for those that are three feet or more above the ground level. Probably the larva then bores its entrance-hole, and having entered the cane it seals the opening up with a silken web and feeds upon the internal tissues, a large amount of frass and residue forming at the base of the internode. In spite of this, the internodes inhabited by a larva frequently appear to be intact, and sometimes have to 190 be broken open to detect the presence of the insect. Emergence of the adults occurs in late September or early October, all the moths appearing within a week of one another. In 1914 it was observed that the invasion of a town came from canes at a distance of 11 miles in a straight line, whence the lights of the town were distinctly visible. That M. smerintha can fly great distances is also proved by an individual having been captured at sea out of sight of land near Rio de Janeiro. In spite of their secluded existence, the larvae do not all develop into adults ; some die in the larval stage, others, after pupation, fail to force the way through the exit-hole, while rats destroy a certain number by breaking open the canes. These observations differ in a few minor points from those made in 1903 by Dr. Basilo Furtado : the eggs, for example, are laid on leaves of various plants, and presumably on cane in normal conditions, and not on the ground near to the canes as previously recorded. Several points remain to be elucidated. After blooming, the cane dies and the moths emerging from it are obliged to seek other canes on which to oviposit. It is not known how they find these, which are frequently at some kilometres distance. It is not known when pairing takes place ; in their flights through towns they have never been observed in coitu, the females usually being already fertiUsed. The actual method of oviposition has never been observed, nor the manner in which the newly-hatched larva penetrates the cane. The length of the larval stage and of the pupal stage are also unknown. The reason for the sudden invasions of the towns, at intervals of some years, remains to be discovered. These invasions have been observed simultaneously in Sao Paolo, Santos and Rio de Janeiro, and cannot be attributed to favourable local conditions such as abundance of cane. In Sao Paolo, large swarms occurred in 1910 and 1914 ; in the intermediate years the moths appeared at the same time but in much fewer numbers ; at other times it was very rarely that even a single example was seen. Paillot (A,). Perezia legeri, sp. n., Microsporidie nouvelle, Parasite des Chenilles de Pieris hrassicae. [Perezia legeri. a new Microsporidium parasitic in the Caterpillars of Pieris brasssicae.] — C.R. Soc. Biol, Paris, Ixxxi, no. 4, 23rd February 1918, pp. 187-189. This microsporidium is met with in caterpillars in the adipose tissue and in certain giant cells in the blood. The cause of the hyper- trophy of the blood cells to form the typical giant cells is at present unknown. Probably it is not due to the endocellular parasite itself, since these cells are found in non-parasitised caterpillars. Possibly there may be some connection between them and the larvae of Apanteles, an extremely wide-spread entomophagous parasite of the caterpillars of P. brassicae. Gautier (C). Etudes physiologiques et parasitologiques sur les Lepi- dopt^res nuisibles. Sur quelques Faits relatifs aux Larves de Pi6rides. [Physiological and Parasitological Studies on Injurious Lepidoptera. On some Facts relating to Pierid Larvae.] — C R. Soc. Biol, Paris, l.xxxi, no. 4, 23rd February 1918, pp. 197-199. A large proportion of the larvae of Pieris brassicae are parasitised 191 bv the Braconid, Ajmnteles glomeratus. The number of parasitic larvae present in one caterpillar is often as many as 50 to 60, even 80 having been known to emerge from a single host. Opinion is divided as to the time of attack by the parasite. Some observers think that oviposition takes place on the larvae, others in the egg. A similar divergence of opinion exists as to the time of emergence of the parasite, some authorities stating that they issue from the pupa, the others that they emerge from the larvae, which die when ready to pupate, and others that they leave their host when the latter ceases to feed in preparation for metamorphosis. The author has never seen the larvae emerge from the pupae ; the infested larvae cease to feed and after weaving some threads remain motionless while the parasitic larvae emerge, and using these strands as a support, spin their own cocoons beneath the body of the caterpillar ; the latter remains motionless for a day or two and finally dies ; the strands of tissue formed by the caterpillar are not indispensable to the larvae in spinning their cocoons. The method of controlling Pieris brassicae by crushing the caterpillars on the leaves of the host- plant should be avoided, as it results in the destruction of innumerable useful parasites. Feytaud (J.). Le Ver des Pommes {Carpooapsa pomoneUa, L.). [Apple Worm [Cydia pomotiella, L.) ]. — Bull. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xvii, no. 1-2, January-February 1918, pp. 1-9. This paper gives a resume of the life-history and control of Cydia pomonella in view of the importance of the production of food of all kinds at the present time. The best measure is spraying with lead arsenate according to the formula fib. disodic orthoarsenate and 2 lb. neutral lead acetate, yielding by double decomposition about 1| lb. lead arsenate, to 22 gals, water, the wetting power of the solution being increased by the addition of h lb. of adhesol. This should be applied by means of a portable spraying machine soon after the fall of the petals, the quantity and weight of apples harvested in October being more than doubled by treatment at this stage, while spraying delayed till a fortnight after flowering, increases the yield bv only 10-20 per cent. The best results as to total weight of fruit, and weight of sound fruit, are obtained by spraying at both these times, the yield of sound fruit being increased sis-fold. This pest has several natural enemies, including birds, spiders and numerous parasites, especially the Hymenoptera, Gatnpoplex pomorum, Ratz., Pimpla. roborator, F., Ephialtes carbonarius, Zach., Pristomerus vulnerator, Panz., Stylocryptus brevis, Grav., Phygadeuon varicornis, Thorns., Hemiteles inimicus, Crrav., Microdus conspicuus, Wesm., Ascogaster rufijjes, Nees, Perilampus laevifrons, Dalm., Dibmchys / boucheanus, Ratz., Trichogrmmna {Oophthora) semhlidis, Auriv., and Inostemma bosci, Jur., and the Tachinid fly, Leskia aurea, Fall. Report of the Proceedings of the Second Entomological Meeting held at Pusa on the 5th to 12th February 1917.— Cakntta. 1917. 340 pp., 34 plates. Price 4.5. 6d. [Received 1st March 1918.] This report., prepared and edited by T. Baiubrigge Fletcher, the Imperial Entomologist, is based partly on notes made before the meeting 192 and partly on a running abstract made during the meeting by the secretary. The record is given as fully as possible, so that the report constitutes what is practically a review of current knowledge of Indian crop- pests. The insects are dealt with under the headings of the crops they attack, including hill crops, leguminous field crops, oil-seeds, Malvaceae, fibre-plants, sugar-cane, rice and other cereals, grasses and fodder crops, fruit-trees, palms, garden plants, drugs and dyes, Cruciferous crops, other vegetables and condiments, and stored products. Numerous coloured plates are included in the report and many refer- ences to former publications have been added to make it as complete as possible. An adequate index is appended. SoLER I Coll (J, M.), Es necesario proteger d los Pdjaros. [It is necessary to protect Birds.] — Rev. Inst. Agric. Catalan de S. Isidro, Barcelona, Lxvii, no. 4, 20th February 1918, pp. 56-59. Attention is called to the fact that though Spain is a signatory to the International Convention of 1902 for bird protection and though it has its special legislation in the matter, the rules adopted are largely disregarded. Statistics are quoted showing the great importance of birds in combating injurious insects and a hst of useful Catalonian birds is given. CooLEY (R. A.). Economic Entomology in the Service of the Nation. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 16-28. In this paper, which formed the Presidential Address to the American Association of Economic Entomologists, the present status of economic entomology is reviewed in the light of the national emergency and in view of the outstanding necessity for service to the nation during the war. While enjoying a rapid growth, it is only too obvious that economic entomology is at present incompletely organised, and entomologists are urged, if necessity arise, willingly to throw traditions aside and approach new problems with open-mindedness. The scope and importance of entomological service in the national welfare is twofold, covering as it does the fields of agricultural and medical entomology. With regard to crops, it has frequently been estimated that the annual losses due to the depredations of insects amount in the United States to at least 10 per cent, of the total value of the crops. If this additional 10 per cent, could be saved, it might be enough to turn the balance in the war. The great question to be faced is whether entomologists can materially reduce this waste by special emergency efforts, or whether the American people can become organised to accomplish this end. The most urgent demand, in view of the world shortage of agricultural products, is on that branch of the service known as extension entomology, that is, an organised efiort to impress upon every individual farmer and landowner the practical importance of entomology as an aid to the increase of our food supplies. Great encouragement has been given to this branch of the subject by the passing of the Smith-Lever Act and by a special emergency fund to be used for extension or control work on insects. 193 It is of the greatest importance that, while giving special attention to present needs, the future necessities of the nation should not be overlooked, and the foundations for a permanent extension system in entomology should now be laid. More effective organisation of official work in economic entomology is undoubtedly required ; in the States there is a greater variety of types of organisation than is war- ranted by their needs. This applies particularly to horticultm-al inspection work, where there are frequently several individuals or bodies all doing much the same class of service. The opportunity now occurs to organise extension schemes that shall be as uniform as possible. Data have been collected from several States regarding the status of organised State extension work, and this is included in a table. Research and experimentation have gone far ahead of extension, and entomologists are in possession of a great deal of valuable infor- mation which the farmer is either entirely ignorant of, or does not perfectly understand. This results in the continuation of losses that might be prevented. There is still a great tendency to overlook average losses and pay attention only to conspicuous outbreaks of pests. A large and rapidly increasing number of coimty agents have been recently appointed in various States ; co-operation and organisa- tion are again required, and it is suggested that extension divisions should be established in the entomological departments connected with the land grant colleges. Agreements are jDrojected between the Bureau of Entomology and the extension services of several States. An increase in production in any given State can frequently be planned in advance, but insect outbreaks are often sporadic and always regional, and the Bureau of Entomology reserves the right to detail the specialist to another State if necessary. It is considered of the utmost importance that each State should have its own extension entomologist, and not trust to securing one of the specialists from the Bureau in any emer- gency. Such a specialist when called upon can work much more effectively in co-operation with a local man who is following a compre- hensive plan for meeting the needs of the State. The extension entomologist has many means by which he may work towards his end of saving as much as possible of the 10 per cent. loss. He may work through the farmer himself, or by the method of educating the children in the schools. Other methods inchide lectures, circulars, and the agricultm'al and general press, demonstra- tions, exhibits and charts, and the preparation of text-books for public instruction. The farmer should not only be shown what he must do, but should be persuaded to do it, and convinced of the advantage accruing to himself. While the control of insect pests cannot be reduced to definite rules, some standardisation of methods is distinctly desirable. There should be a general and official adoption of uniform or standard remedial measures for as many as possible of the insect pests, and these methods should form the basis of public instruction. An entomologist's recommendations frequently lack definiteness. Several methods are perhaps recommended by one or more specialists and the farmer is left to choose for himself, with the result that he frequently tries none of them. He is not likely to be able to decide between remedies when the entomologist has failed to do so. Any standard (C463) B 194 control method will necessarily be liable to variation with the climate, number of generations and other kno"«ai factors in different neighbour- hoods. There has been an increasing tendency on the part of the public, largely owing to the increasing shortage of food, to demand a slackening of inspection and quarantine regulations. International commerce has been revolutionised during the War, and what future changes will occur cannot be foreseen, but it is clear that the inspection service will be greatly needed. The great probability is that there will be a serious shortage of suitably trained entomologists and teachers of entomology during the next ten years ; it is suggested that renewed attention should be given to the further development of means and methods of teaching entomology in the college and university. Men who will regard the broader aspects of the science are required at the head ; local interests must be submerged^ in order to promote the general welfare and produce the fullest service that economic ento- mology can render to the nation. During the discussion following this address, it was suggested that other States would do well to follow the lead of Illinois, where a law has been passed empowering the Director of Agriculture to issue a proclamation whenever an insect pest threatens serious injury, setting forth the measures that must be adopted to combat it, non-com- pliance ^\^th the law entailing prosecution. Paddock (F. B.). Texas Aphid Notes. -JL Econ. Entom., Concord^ N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 28-29. Although from time to time the occurrence of various Aphids in Texas has been recorded, no list of the species occrn'ring in the State has been published. This family is however of considerable economic importance, the destructive species including Toxoptera graminum, Kond. (wheat aphis), Aphis gossypii, Glover (melon or cotton aphis), Aphis fseudohrassime, Davis (turnip aphis), Aphis padi, L. (oat aphis), and Ajjhis maidis, Fitch (corn-leaf aphis). Of these, T. grami- num is well-known as a serious pest, A. gossypii has caused the growing of melons and cucumbers to be abandoned in some districts, and A. pseudobrassicae has had a similar effect upon turnips. A. padi annually destroys acres of oats, while A. maidis stunts the growth of maize and of sorghum. The most remarkable fact in the life-histories of these Aphids in Texas, is the absence of the sexual forms, it having been stated that south of the 35th parallel these forms have rarely been observed except at high altitudes. Although sexual forms of A. padi, A. maidis and T. graminum occur throughout the north, they have not yet been found in Texas, but further investigation on this point is necessary. Sexes of A. gossypii have not been fomid even in the north. In the species carefully investigated, including T. graminum, A. pseudobrassicae and A. gossypii, the normal form of reproduction is asexual throughout the entire'year. Even close to the 34th parallel, viviparous reproduction among Aphids persists throughout the winter. Though temperatures of 15° to 20° F. are then not infrequent, A. pseudobrassicae and T. graminum survive, their reproduction being retarded. In the southern section of the State, where frost rarely 195 occurs, asexual reproduction proceeds without interruption. The summer conditions in Texas are more adverse to Aphids than wanter ones. During the long, hot and dry summers, green succulent vegeta- tion is found only in low, damp and sheltered places. Migration of T. graminum from grain occurs during June and July, when the grain is ripening. A. pseudohrassicae was reared with difficulty throughout the summer on turnips, when none were to be found in the field. A. gossypii feeds entirely on cotton and okra during the summer months, these host-plants being the only ones available at that time. In the case of A. pseudohrassicae, during the hot, dry weather there is a decided decrease in reproduction, all stages of the life-history being lengthened in much the same way as under winter conditions. The same observations have been made regarding A. gossypii in cage rearing experiments. In the case of Pemphigus betae, Doan, (beet louse) there is a complete reversal of the life-history. The alate viviparous females of this species may be found on the foliage of turnips during October. The apterous females feed on the roots of this host throughout the winter, sometimes causing an appreciable loss in the crop. Alate forms are found on the foliage again in March and later on Cottonwood. On this host, the summer is passed in galls on the leaves. No eggs of this species have yet been observed. The economic problems resulting from the presence of Aphids in Texas have as yet received but little attention, and a great amount of work remains to be done, especially in connection with the alternative host-plants. Hartzell (F. Z.). a Method of Graphically Illustrating the Distribu- tion of Injury by an Insect Pest.— J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1. February 1918, pp. 32-39, 2 figs. In studying infestations of insect pests, it is frequently necessary for the entomologist to determine and describe the relations of the insect to its environmental complex. As a means of conveying this information clearly and accurately, graphs are found to be a method of representation far superior to tables or written descriptions. Plans for the preparation of graphs and maps and cardboard models are described in this paper, and an example is given to illustrate the prac- tical application of these methods. There are many advantages in the use of orthographic projection. The amount of injury and its location throughout the area studied can be clearly shown. The data can be presented with the finest possible degree of accuracy. The charts assist in making proper deductions regarding the relationships between the distribution of the injury and the environmental factors. Data taken accurately for the chart can be used for detailed biometrical analysis. Correlation coefficients and equations will give relationships in a quantitative form and can often be used as supplementary to an orthographic chart. The chart can be made with comparatively little extra study of prin- ciples and methods, and, if not too intricate, is readily comprehended. Even an intricate chart presents the conditions throughout every portion of the planting better than tables or any other form of graphical or pictorial representation. A solid model of the conditions (C463) b2 196 represented is a useful addition to the chart for the purpose of teaching the principles involved or when the amount of detail tends to become confusing. Webster (R. L.). Notes on the Strawberry Leaf-Roller [Ancylis comptana, Fr6hl.).^JZ. Ecoti. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 42-46. These notes on the life-history of Ancylis comptana, were made in Iowa. Many contradictory statements have been made as to the manner in which this moth hibernates ; in central Iowa it is now established that the winter is passed in the larval stage. These larvae after hibernating feed to some extent in early spring, but soon mature and transform to pupae and reach the adult stage in April. The first spring brood emerges in May, a second generation maturing in June, a third in August and sometimes a fourth in September. Eggs are deposited on the under-sides of the leaves and hatch after an incuba- tion period of 3 to 12 days according to the temperature, the average number of eggs per female being 73. The larval period consists of 4 instars and averages 20 days in July and August. The average length of the pupal stage in April and May is 14 to 18 days, and in the summer months about 6 days. A cool summer retards emergence from the pupa, and a hot one accelerates it. Both sexes of the adult moths live about 10 days in insectary cages. Spraying should be done early in May, before the larvae have folded or rolled the leaves. After the leaves are rolled sprays are largely ineffective. Arsenical spraying should be done before the eggs of A. compkma hatch and previous to blossoming, or the poison will destroy bees. Peterson (A.). Some Experiments on the Adults and Eggs of the Peach Tree Borer, Sanninoidea exiliosa, Say, and other Notes. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 46-55, 1 fig. The majority of the experiments described in this paper were conducted under two large wire-screen cages erected in an orchard in New Jersey that was severely infested with Aegeria (Sanninoidea) exitiosa. Adults emerged most freely about mid-August, always in the early morning, and after pairing, which usually occurred within 1 to 24 hours after emergence, the females began to deposit eggs averaging in number about 314. No adult, either in captivity or in the orchard, was observed to feed at any time, nor could they be induced to do so, although various substances were tried ; hence the improba- bility of devising an attractive poison-bait for the moths themselves. Certain chemical sprays were tried as repellents to prevent oviposition. on peach branches ; these included scalecide, carbolic, lime-sulphur, nicotine resinate, fish-oil soap, and fly-skat (a creosote compound). The results are given in a table, and, while not very definite, they show a partially repellent effect in the case of scalecide, lime-sulphur, fish- oil soap and fly-skat. These, used on a larger scale, served to reduce oviposition in some instances by 50 per cent, and even more, though no material completely repelled the females. It was observed 197 during these experiments that eggs were not deposited exclusively on peach-trees, as the cage and floor were also used to some extent. The eggs hatch after an incubation period of from 9 to 1 1 days. Eggs deposited by unfertilised females never hatched. When deposited on sprayed branches, the spray never affected hatching of the eggs. Eggs were sprayed experimentally within 5 days of deposition with various common contact insecticides, but while these destroyed a certain number of eggs, no material proved to be an infallible agent in killing them. A table shows the substances used and their effect. It was thought that these chemicals might act as a stomach poison to the larva when eating its way out of the egg, but apparently little or none of the shell is consumed in this process. These results are largely negative, and the author is of the opinion that some mechanical or chemical barrier that will kill the larva before it enters the tree, or prevent it from entering, will be the solution of the problem of peach-tree borer infestation. In the discussion following the reading of this paper it was explained that the use of tree protectors is still in the experimental stage. In using tree protectors that have been sealed with asphalt or borene advantageous use has been made of a strong paper clip, which is slipped over the tarred paper where the two margins overlap and helps to hold the protector in position while the openings are sealed. It is hoped to collect further data on these lines during the spring of 1918. Parrott (P. J.). The Apple Ermine Moth. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 55-57. Hyponomeuta padeUus, L., (cherry ermine moth) has previously been recorded on imported cherry seedlings, and an allied species has recently been observed on apples, on which it is the most abundant and persistent of all the insects imported from Europe on apple seedlings. During recent years these moths have greatly increased in numbers, although neither species has been recorded in any other State than New York. Besides occurring in foreign importations, the pest has been discovered in three orchards, obviously originating from eggs on imported apple seedlings, and although other kinds of fruit were present, the infestation was entirely confined to apple trees. The occurrence of the insect on apple, and not on cherry, raises the ques- tion as to whether the species concerned is H. padellus or H. malinelkis. The adults of the former species are exceedingly variable in their markings, and unfoi'tunately the identification of the two species seems to rest largely upon the colour distinction of the adults, which are sufficiently differentiated when characteristic examples are selected, but in others tend to merge into each other by imperceptible grada- tions. Specimens recently bred from apples were sent for identifi- cation to Paris to Dr. Paul Marchal, who reported that they agreed well with examples of H. malinellus, but expressed a doubt as to whether H. padellus and H. malinellus are in reality distinct species, g Breeding experiments are needed to settle definitely the status of these two moths, but until these are undertaken it is considered ad\dsable to designate the insects bred from hawthorn and cherry as H. padellus and those from apple as H. tnalinellus. 198 LovETT (A. L.). The Calcium Arsenates.— J/. Econ Entom Concord N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 57-62. ' Owing to War conditions having seriously affected the supply of lead arsenate, it has become necessary to find an efficient and practical substitute as a stomach poison for insects. Calcium arsenate has long been recognised as a cheaper material than lead arsenate, but has been considered unsatisfactory as it causes scorching of the foliage. It could be obtained at one-half the cost of lead arsenate, even before the War. As the cause of scorching is generally the arsenic contained in the spray, and as considerable difficulty was encountered in the same way with lead arsenate when it was first used, it was assumed that a more complete knowledge of the properties of calcium arsenate, its composition and preparation, might lead to some practical method for its substitution for the more expensive lead arsenates. With the object of studying the properties of the calcium arsenates, two pure calcium salts, acid calcium arsenate, CaHAsO^ and the neutral or basic calcium arsenate, Ca (ASO4)", were prepared and tested. The former was found to be more soluble and less stable when subjected to unfavourable conditions than was the latter. Either of the pure salts or the commercial salts when in solution with an excess of ordinary quicklime (CaO) or with lime-sulphur gave no unfavourable reaction and judging from a chemical laboratory test should prove safe spray materials. Care should be taken that the lime used is fairly pure CaO and not CaCOg. In preliminary field spraying experiments, the commercial materials showed decidedly better adhesive properties than the pure materials. Control trees that were sprayed without the addition of either lime or lime-sulphur exhibited decided scorching, but the addition of an excess of CaO in the lime-sulphur and calcium arsenate spray was apparently a sufficient protection. In preparing the solution for field spraymg, the lime should be slaked and added to the water in proper proportions in the spray tank and the solution agitated for some 15 minutes before the calcium arsenate is added. Hartzell (F. Z.). The Influence of Molasses on the Adhesiveness of Arsenate of Lead. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 62-66. During 1910-1916 the author used molasses to render lead arsenate more attractive to Macrodactyliis subspinosus (rose chafer) and to Fidia viticida (grape root-worm) -with much success, largely, it is believed, owing to the lack of rain in the period immediately following the application. Certain attempts indicated that the shorter the time between the spraying and the first rain, the less perfect was the control of the insect. Tests of adhesiveness were then made in the laboratory, photographic plates being used as a substitute for the leaf surface. These results are shown in a table. The percentage of material remain- ing on the plates after sprinkling was found to differ considerably with the different brands of lead. No dry arsenate of lead proved as • adhesive as the better adhering paste lead arsenates, though several of the brands of paste lead arsenate had poorer adhesive qualities than the dry lead arsenates tested. The addition of molasses to lead arsenate 199 lessened its adhesive properties, this decrease in adhesiveness being greater in some brands than in others. Molasses was found also greatly to decrease the adhesiveness of a commercial preparation of Bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate. As cane sugar, used in prac- tically the same amount as is contained in molasses, caused marked lack of adhesiveness in lead arsenate, it is believed that the sugar in the molasses is largely responsible for the decreased power of adhesion. Working upon these indications it was found possible to secm'e excellent results with molasses and lead arsenate in the control of F. viticida by studying the weather and applying the spray when there was little probability of rain for three or four days, and also by f ollo^^^ng the first spraying in about a week with an application of Bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate to act as a repellent to invading beetles that might enter the vineyard during the dispersion period. LovETT (A. L.). Spreaders for Arsenate Sprays. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 66-69. The problem of economy has made necessary a very intensive study of spray materials at Oregon, where the mild climate, excessive moisture conditions in the spring, and the narrow margin of profit, require a very high percentage of perfect fruit if the crop is to produce any return. The investigations of the past three seasons have led to the conclusion that lead arsenates have hitherto been used in a more concentrated form than is necessary [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 759 and v, p. 477]. Laboratory experiments indicate that approximately as great efficiency is obtained ^^^th acid lead arsenate at a dilution of 1:400 as at 2:50. Growers however prefer the additional expense of using 3^ lb. to 50 gallons as a protection against codling moth {Cijdia pomoneUa) in the July and August applications, but it is believed that if a satisfactory spreader can be developed it will be possible to acquire very effective control of this pest vnth a diluted spray composed of 1 lb. arsenate to 100 gals, solution. By an efficient spreader is meant some material that allows the droplets to spread out and join one . another as they dry so that the arsenate remains as an even, regular, inconspicuous covering affording perfect and equal protection for every surface. The surface tension and specific gravity are probably important factors in determining the value of a spreader, but the correlation of each to the other has not been determined and does not appear to be in a direct proportion. The ability of a liquid to hold arsenate in suspension does, however, appear to be a very fair indication of its utility as a spreader. The materials tested were sage tea, glue, glycerine, gelatine, sugar, honey, gum tragacanth, fish- oil soap, casein-Hme and resin soap. The results of these suspension tests are shown in .a table. Sugar precipitated the arsenate, while gum tragacanth did not go into solution. A test of the solutions w^as then made on bean foliage. The two materials that produced the least scorching weve sage tea (5 : 1000) and the casein-lime mixture (5 : 1000), and these also approximated to the ideal qualifications for a spreader. Tested on strawberry foliage they gave equally satisfac- tory results. 200 Sage tea is obtained by steeping 1 lb. of chopped leaves and stems of the common prairie sage bush of Oregon {Artemisia tridentata) in 1 U.S. gal. water. The sage is added to the boiling water and the vessel covered and allowed to stand for 12 hours or more. The liquid then drawn off is an oily emulsion-like fluid. The casein-lime mixture is obtained by adding to 3| grams of quicklime 1| grams of powdered casein. This is ground in a mortar to a homogeneous mass, of which 4 to 8 oz. is required to give the spreading qualities desired to 100 U.S. gals, of spray. MooEE (W.) & Geaham (S. a.), a Study of the Toxicity of Kerosene. —Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 70-75. While kerosene and its emulsions have been in general use as insecticides for many years, the results obtained in using this material have been so variable that within recent years it has largely been abandoned in the United States. In the investigations recorded in this paper it was found that kerosene varies greatly in its physical characteristics and its chemical composition, even when coming from the same oil-field. For these experiments five different oils were obtained and each was fractionally distilled into four parts. The results of the various tests are tabulated. Low boiling point fractions of kerosene proved in general more toxic to plants than high boiling point fractions when used pure. Injury by fractions with low boiling points can however be largely prevented if they are applied in the form of an emulsion, the emulsion holding the oil away from the plant until it has evaporated. Emulsification of high boiling point fractions does not give this protection since the oil remains on the leaf after the emulsion is destroyed. Low boiling point fractions are more toxic to insects in the form of vapour than high boiling point ones, owing to the slight volatility of the higher fractions. High boiling point compounds are more toxic than low boiling point com- pounds when used as contact insecticides in the form of an emulsion. Certain types of kerosene can be used pure upon certain plants under favourable climatic conditions without injury, and while the use of kerosene is always uncertain, certain forms of considerable value as insecticides and of very slight toxicity to plants can be manufactured. They should be prepared for this particular purpose and to meet an insecticide test rather than a flash test. Howard (N. F.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Insecticide Tests with Diabrotica vittata. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 75-79. Experiments in the control of Diabrotica vittata (striped cucumber beetle) were made on a large scale in 1916 at Wisconsin, with a view to eliminating the mosaic disease, in the dissemination of which this insect is supposed to be an important factor. Bordeaux mixture (2:4: 50) with lead arsenate paste (4 : 50) was applied to all cucurbits in an isolated area where the beetles were extremely abundant, and the treatment continued every 7 to 10 days during the first half of the season. It was soon apparent that the control of the beetle was far 201 from perfect, while the mosaic disease remained unchecked. Prelimi- nary tests of the efficiency of the spray used showed only about 26 per cent, mortality of the beetles. A series of tests with various insecticides was then conducted in large cages, the results being shown in a table. The average of two season's results showed for zinc arsenite an efficiency of 24 per cent. ; lead arsenate, either sweetened or not, 17 per cent. ; Paris green, 16 per cent. ; zinc arsenate, 14 per cent. ; Bordeaux lead arsenate, 14 per cent. ; lead arsenate dust, 9 per cent. ; cobalt arsenate, 4 per cent. ; calcium arsenate, 1 per cent. ; arsenic bisulphide (Realgar), 0 per cent. Zinc arsenate is too unstable, in its present commercial form, to be of importance. Arsenic bisulphide is too heavy to stay in suspension and does not spread well. It is evident from these results that Diahrotica vittata is difficult to poison. In cases where Bordeaux mixture is of value in controlling plant diseases it may be used to advantage wath lead arsenate or zinc arsenate. Under the conditions prevailing in the cucumber-growing sections of the north central States, its value as a control of the insect does not warrant the expense of application. Wilson (H. F.) & Gentner (L. G.). The Imported Cabbage Worm in Wisconsin. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 79-81, 2 plates. The investigations recorded in this paper were made with the object of convincing Wisconsin growers that cabbages sprayed with arsenicals for the control of the imported cabbage worm [Pieris rapae] are not rendered dangerous for use as food. Life-history studies of this butterfly during two seasons have shown that there are three distinct generations in a year and sometimes a partial fourth. There is usually some overlapping of the generations, especially toward the end of the season. Adults emerge chiefly during the first two weeks of May, from the pupae that have hibernated ; those of the first generation appear in the first half of July ; those of the second generation during the first half of August. In the southern half of the State both early and late cabbages are grown, while in the northern sections generally only the late variety is cultivated. The early cabbage generally matures without much injury, but the late variety is often seriously attacked. The tests showed that while Paris green gives efficient control its cost is too high for economical use. Lead arsenate and calcium arsenate at the rate of 1 lb. powder or 2 lb. paste to 50 U.S. gals., with the addition of 1 lb. or more of common laundry soap, give efficient control and are the most economical to use. Zinc arsenite failed to control the caterpillars, contrary to expectations, and further experiments will be made. Tobacco dust and lime apparently had no effect upon the insects. No trace of arsenic was found to be present on heads prepared for cooking, even when these had been sprayed as late as a week before picking. The outer leaves may however carry enough arsenic to poison stock and it is therefore dangerous to use them for feeding. 202 Howard (N. F.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Poisoned Bait for the Onion Maggot. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 82-87, 2 plates. This paper summarises the work carried on in Wisconsin during 1915-16 with poisoned bait for the control of the onion maggot, Hylemyia antiqua, Meig. The bait used consisted of about \ oz. of sodium arsenite dissolved in boihng water, | U.S. pint of molasses and 1 U.S. gal. of water. The addition of sliced lemon to this mixture was found to render it far more attractive. Experiments in the laboratory showed that at this strength sodium arsenite is fatal to H. antiqua, to the cabbage fly [Phorbia brassicae) and to Phorbia (Pegomyia) fusciceps. The result of two seasons' work in the field, however, has shown very little success, the poor results being ascribed to adverse climatic conditions, which are apparently normal in this and other onion- growing districts, where frequent rain is apt to nullify the action of the poison. In the discussion following the reading of this paper it was remarked that trials on the same plan had given very good results in New Jersey, in spite of a rainy season, the rain, however, not being continuous. In that State it was found that where the treatment was applied there was no trouble with the onion maggot, otherwise the pest gave trouble. In Ohio, during two seasons' trials, the cost of the applications far exceeded the value of the crops. Even so, it is intended to continue this method, which affords some promise of ultimate success, and it is not proposed to discontinue the work just at the time when it is much needed, as has been done so frequently in similar cases. King (J. L.). Notes on the Biology of the Angoumois Grain Moth, Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 87-93, 2 figs. Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv. (Angoumois grain moth) is such a scourge in the south-eastern wheat-producing counties of the United States that as much as 75 to 90 per cent, of the crop is lost in some districts, the aggregate annual loss for the whole region being estimated at over £200,000. Most of this loss occurs after the harvest, and is due to the common practice of storing unthreshed grain in the barns until some convenient time for threshing, but the investigations recorded in this paper show that the insect does not confine its depredations to stored grain, as hitherto believed, but may begin its attack on the developing grain in the field. Larvae may be found hibernating in various stages of development in scattered grain in supposed empty barns, and in bags of mill-screening, etc. These in early spring complete their development and pupate towards the end of May within the wheat grains. The average length of the pupal stage is 13 days. Adults emerge chiefly in the mornings, flying, pairing and ovipositing in the dusk of early evening and morning. It is these moths developing from the hibernating larvae and forming the first generation that cause the initial larval damage to the season's wheat crop. This generation seems to reach its maximum between 5th and 15th June. The period of flight of the moths and oviposition is coincident with the heading of the wheat in the fields. Moths in 203 confinement readily deposited their eggs on the heads of green wheat, generally under the protection of the glumes, the average number among four moths observed being 92. In the warm June days the egg stage lasts from 7 to 9 days. Wheat in all stages of development is subject to attacks of the larvae, though under natural conditions few larvae appear early enough to attack the heads before pollination. The larvae upon hatching enter the grain by gnawing through the pericarp and, as they mature, the entire contents of the grain are eaten out. Larvae entering the grain in mid-June require 41 to 49 days before emergence of the adults ; those entering green and milky wheat require 40 to 44 days to complete their development. A diagram shows the generations of this moth and the times of their occurrence. Those appearing at harvest time constitute the second generation, the maximum number being present in early August. AVhen the harvest is gathered late, a small number of moths emerge in the field and give rise to a third generation in September, which is the last to appear in the open. Moths of the second generation that emerge in the barns carry on their depredations through 6 and even 7 generations, so long as the grain is unthreshed and there is no severe weather. The practice of leaving the grain lying in the barn and threshing it only as the straw is needed is conducive to most rapid development of the moths. The first essential in control of this pest is to thresh the wheat as soon after the harvest as possible. Grain stored in tight granaries or in good sacks is less liable to repeated attacks and can easily be treated ^^^th carbon bisulphide. Thorough barn sanitation and the elimination or utilisation of all scattered wheat are of extreme importance in checking the pest. Floors and beams should be swept. Poultry are useful in clearing the grain from crevices in the floor. Infested screenings should be ground or immediately used as food for stock, and all grain should be threshed in future in the open to avoid re- infestation of the barn. The author is of opinion that if co-operative early threshing and thorough barn sanitation are practised the use of carbon bisulphide will be found unnecessary. In the discussion follo-wnng the reading of this paper, S. cerealella was reported for the first time in Nebraska during the summer of 1917 ; while in Kansas the pest is largely controlled in the wheat by early threshing, but is still a serious pest in the chaff, and it is found necessary to fumigate the seed before sowing. Investigations are still being carried on to determine whether the moth can develop in the field throughout the year without passing into the granaries at all, and also whether the insects can be carried into the soil in infested grain. How Can the Entomologist Assist in Increasing Food Production ? — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 106-118. In opening the discussion on this subject, Mr. G. A. Dean stated that in Kansas insects cause an annual loss of not less than £8,000,000, fully £5,000,000 of which could be eliminated if the practical methods of control that have been found effective were put into operation. He described a scheme for effective work in insect control, emphasising the necessity for adequate propaganda, for planning and directing 204 field work, and for organisation and co-operation of all interested persons. Mr. M. J. Swenk described the problem as relating to Nebraska, and suggested that a beginning should be made by each entomologist analysing the situation as it occurs in his own State and determining the pests that cause the most important losses in that State. Mr. H. A. Gossard gave an interesting account of the conditions and work accomplished in the past season in Ohio. Mr. Herbert Osborn remarked that the subject covered both production and preservation of food. He considered that the service of the economic entomologist should be directed on certain distinct lines. Investigations bearing directly and urgently upon measures of protec- tion and preservation of crops should be pushed forward. Extensive surveys should be made in order to determine as accurately as possible the conditions of insect life and the most menacing species for the immediate future, and to secure data upon, which recommendations to cultivators can be based. The distribution of information through various channels, and the instruction and training of entomological workers are other important points. Mr. E. P. Felt called attention to the importance of preventing apparently minor losses throughout the country, such as depredations of garden insects in small holdings, and the necessity for the care of stored grain, prompt clearing away of refuse, rotation of crops and clean cultivation. The entomologist should be in a position to restrict or modify spraying schedules, and should not overstep practical considerations or advise treatments that are not justified financially. Mr. J. J. Davis touched upon the value of the co-operation of local agents, and the importance of their being in communication with the entomological service. The Section of Horticultural Inspection. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 118-120. A report submitted by a special committee on plant impor- tation, composed of Messrs. J. Headlee, G. A. Dean and E. D. Ball, states that the importation of all nursery stock as designated in the Federal Plant Quarantine Act of 20th August 1912, should be pro- hibited except as brought in under carefully guarded quarantine regulations of the U.S. Department of Agriculture ; that an absolute embargo should be placed at once on nursery stock coming in with soil about the roots ; that the prohibition against all other kinds should be issued with due regard to the time necessary to enable the businesses affected to adjust themselves to the change, after which absolute prohibition should obtain. This resolution was imanimously adopted by the Association. Weiss (H. B.). The Control of Imported Pests recently found in New Jersey. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 122-125. During normal years nearly one-fifth of the nursery stock imported into the United States is consigned to New Jersey, which is conse- quently in greater danger from an influx of foreign insects than most other States, in spite of an excellent system of inspection. It is therefore necessary to examine continually the nurseries and places to which the stock is consigned. 205 Among the more important foreign species found during recent years are GryUotalpa gnjllotalpa, L. (European mole cricket) in a rose garden. The infested area has been examined for the past two years and the nests destroyed during June and July, and by this means the pest has been kept down to comparatively harmless numbers. The presence of Monartkropalpus buxi, Lab. (boxwood leaf-miner) has necessitated the destruction of many plants in nurseries. Rhijacionia {Eretria) buoliana, Schifi. (European pine-shoot moth) caused infested shoots to be cut off and destroyed until the infestations were eradicated. Gracilaria zachrysa, Meyr. (azalea leaf-miner) is generally confined to azaleas in greenhouses. Spraying with lead arsenate and fumigation with tobacco extract has afforded fair control. Plagiodera versicolor, Laich., feeds on the foliage of poplar and willow and is readily controlled by arsenicals. Popillia japonica, Newm., which is a pest of grape, beans, peas and peanuts in Japan, has been foimd on roses, ampelopsis, grape, elder, Crataegus and button bush, being probably imported in the soil round iris roots from Japan. The sawfly, Diprion simile. Hart., is controlled by lead arsenate sprays, and appears to have an efficient parasite in Monodontomerus dentipes, Boh. Trioza alacris, Flor (laurel psyllid) has been intro- duced from Belgium. The nymphs curl the leaves and spoil the trees for ornamental purposes. Fumigation Avith tobacco smoke should be carried out during the winter while the trees are in storing sheds and the adults are hibernating. Stephanitis pyrioides, Scott, a lace- bug injurious to evergreen azaleas, became widely distributed in New Jersey before its presence was discovered. It is being sprayed with whale-oil soap after the eggs have hatched. The weevils, Acythopeus orchivora, Blackb., Cholus caUleyae, Champ., Cholus forbesi, Pasc, Diorymellus laevimargo, Champ., and two undescribed species have all become established in orchid houses. These are natives of tropical America and very little is known of their life-histories. Hand-picking or destruction of badly infested parts is practised. Magdalis barbicornis, Latr., is established in New Jersey, New York and Massachusetts. It is known as the apple stem piercer and is likely to attack apple, quince and medlar trees. Sasscee(E. R.).1 Important Foreign Insect Pests collected on Imported Nursery Stock in 1917. — Jl. Econ. Entom. , Concord, N .FI ., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 125-129. The pests intercepted include : Egg-masses of Lymantria {Porthetria) dispar (gipsy moth) from Belgium and France ; a nest of Nygmia phaeorrhoea {Euproctis chrysorrJioea) (browai-tail moth) on apple from France ; larvae of Arctornis chrysorrhoea, L. {Porthesia similis, Fuessl.) (gold-taii moth) on rhododendron, laburnum and roses from Holland. As this latter insect is a general defoliator of forest trees in Europe, it is of the greatest importance to prevent its estabhshment in the States. Nests of the butterfly, Aporia crataegi', L., were found on deciduous fruit-tree seedlings from France. Larvae of Acronycta rumicis, L., have been collected on rose stock and Cornus from France and azaleas from Belgium ; Trioza alacris, Flor (bay psyllid) was reported on Belgian bays, and Psylla buxi, L. (box psyllid) and Monar- thropalpus buxi, Lab. (box leaf-miner) on boxwood from Holland ; 206 egg-masses of Orgyia {Notolophus) antiqua, L. (vapourer moth) and pupae of Apatela auricoma, F. (dagger moth) have been frequently taken on stock from France and Holland. Cocoons, apparently of the sawfiy, Emphytus cinctus, L., have been collected on roses from England. The weevil, Anthonoftius bisignatus, Roel., was found infesting seed of Primus sargenti from Japan, and the whole consign- ment was fumigated with carbon bisulphide (3 lb. per 1,000 cub. ft. for 24 hours). Parlatoria chinensis, Marlatt (chafE scale), was taken on Pyius sinensis and P. ussuriensis from China, where it is apparently a serious pest, injuring crab-apple. Hibiscus, Zizyphus and Thuja orientalis. Larvae of Agrilus sp. were taken in galls on chestnut trees from Japan ; Gracilaria zachrysa, Meyr. (azalea leaf-miner) was found infesting azaleas from Belgium and Holland. On tropical plants the following were intercepted : Sternochetus mangiferae, F. (mango weevil), in mango seed from India, and Coccus mangiferae, Green, on the same plant from Cuba. Stenoma sp. and an apparently vmdescribed species of Conotrachelus were found infest- ing avocado seed from Guatemala. Avocado seeds from the same country were also infested with the Coccids, Aspidiotus subsimilis, Ckll., Aspidiotus sp. near A. cocotiphagus, Chrysomplialus scutiformis, Ckll., C. personatus, Comst., Pseudoparlatoria ostreata, Ckll., Lepido- saphes mimosarum, Ckll, Diaspis sp., Ceroplastes sp., Solenococcus sp., Lecanium sp. and Coccus sp. Lepidosaphesjicus, Sign, (fig scale) was intercepted on fig trees from Spain. Toxotryjxina curvicauda, Gerst. (papaya fruit-fly) was taken in papaya fruit from Cuba. Among the scale-insects intercepted were : — Phenacaspis eugeniae, Mask, on coconuts from Ceylon. Antonina crawi, Ckll., on bamboo from Japan and Pseudococcus sacchari (sugar-cane mealy bug) on sugar-cane from Jamaica, Trinidad and Hawaii. Orchids are responsible for the introduction of many pests, at least 64 species having been collected on plants from South America. Twenty of these species were ants, the majority of them now being established. Pheidole anastasii, Emery, collected on Phormium tenax from the Azores, is troublesome in greenhouses ; Prenolepis longicornis, Latr., known as the crazy ant, is a household pest as far north as Boston. A species of Iridomyrmex was found in a shipment of Theobroma cacao from Java. Parallelodiplosis cattleyae, Felt (cattleya midge) was collected on orchids from Central and South America, as well as 15 species of scale-insects from various countries. All orchids arriving from countries without a recognised inspection service are now being fumigated at the port of entry. A list of countries is given with the number of species of insects imported from each, Primm (J. K.). The European Poplar Canker in the Vicinity of Phila- delphia, Pennsylvania. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 129-133. In the course of investigations regarding the European poplar canker {Dothichiza populnea) in Pennsylvania nurseries, it was observed that in a block of balsam poplars that were seriously infested with Cryptorrhynchus lapathi (poplar weevil) all the trees were also badly 207 cankered, while some Lombardv poplars in an adjacent block not attacked by this weevil were free from the disease. Incipient cankers were found also in the wounds made by the egg-punctures of the buffalo tree-hopper [Ceresa huhalus). Hayes (W. P.). Studies on the Life-history of Two Kansas Scara- baeidae (Coleop.). — Jl- Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.. xi, no. 1, February .1918, p. 136. CyclocepJiala villosa, Burm., has a hfe-cycle occupying one year and is one of the many injurious white- grubs belonging to this genus. Adults are attracted to lights and may be found in June, July and early August. Eggs are laid in the soil and hatch in from 9 to 25 days. The winter is passed in the larval stage, which averages 347 days. The pupal stage varies from 8 to 24 days. Anomala hinotata, Gyll., is injurious in the adult stage to fruit- producing plants, and the grubs are minor pests of maize, wheat, and oats. Winter is passed in the adult stage. Eggs are laid in the spring and soon hatch, the larvae requiring some 83 days for their develop- ment. The pupal stage lasts on an average 16 days. Transformation to the adult stage takes place in the autumn, the adults remaining in the pupal cells until the following spring, thus completing a one-year life-cycle. Lathrop (F. H.). Notes on Three Species of Apple Leaf-hoppers.— JZ. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.. xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 144-148, 1 fig. The apple leaf-hoppers, Empoasca mali, Le B., E. unicolor. Gill., and Empoa rosae, L., are very similar in appearance. Their distin- guishing characteristics are dealt ^yith in this paper. Empoa rosae hibernates in the egg-stage, most of the eggs being deposited in the bark of the rose, or sometimes on apple. The nymphs feed on the under-side of the leaves. Adults begin to appear during the second week of June and migrate to apple, where they are found until late in July. Nymphs of the second generation, hatching from eggs deposited on apple, appear in mid-July and become adults in early August. In early October the adults return to the rose, on which the winter eggs are deposited. Empoasca tnali hibernates in the adult form, the nymphs of the first generation appearing during the last ten days in June. By mid- July these have become adults, and at the end of the month second generation nymphs appear, many of these maturing in September and remaining on the trees in all stages until frost clears off the last nymphs. These late nymphs may be a third generation from the earliest of the second generation adults. This species feeds almost exclusively on the tender terminal growth, causing severe curling of the leaves. Empoasca unicolor hibernates in the egg-stage, nymphs occurring during the last week in May. Adults have not been observed before early July. There is but one generation in a year, the adults oviposi- ting in autumn in the bark of apple, for preference on young trees. Experiments to determine the possibility of the transmission of fire-blight {Bacillus amylovorus] by these species proved negative. 208 HoDGKiss (H. E.). Eriophyes ramosus, sp. n. — Jl. Econ. Entom.y Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, p. 149. An infestation of Juniperus pachyphloea by Eriophyid mites is recorded in Arizona. Attacked twigs bore several large, more or less deformed, infertile fruits, in some of which the mites were so abundant as to fill completely the hollowed-out fruits. A similar injury has been recorded on Juniperus communis, L., in Europe, where it is said to be caused by Eriophyes quadrisetus typiciis, Thorn. The American form differs in several respects from that species, and is described in this paper as Eriophyes ramosus, sp. n. LovETT (A. L.). Nicotine Sulphate an Effective Ovicide for Codling Moth Eggs.— J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 149-150. Experiments to determine the efficacy of various strengths of nicotine sulphate as an ovicide for eggs of the codling moth [Cydia pomonella] have confirmed the utility of this spray. Black leaf 40 (1 : 1,200) with fish-oil soap 4 lb. to 100 U.S. gals, water, proved to be a perfect mixture, 100 per cent, of the eggs being killed. Bezzi (M.). Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Family Trypa- neidae, other than Dacus (s.l.)» with Descriptions of New Genera and Species (Dipt.). — I. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, viii, no. 3-4, February 1918, pp. 215-251, 1 plate, 3 figs. This paper gives a summary of the classification of the Ethiopian species of Trypetidae, with keys to the sub-families. A list of the Ethiopian Trypetids, published by the author in 1908, enumerated about 70 species (excluding Dacus), this number being now increased to about 110 by recent additions. Since in the Oriental and Australian regions about 170 species (without Dacus) are known, and in the Neotropical, including Mexico and Central America (where Dacus does not occur) about 250, it is certain that many undescribed Ethiopian species actually exist. The new genera and species described include Conradtina siispensa, sp. n., from the Congo ; Carpophthoromyia pseudotritea, sp. n., from AVest Africa, previously recorded as C. tritea, Walk., bred from fruits of Pyrenacantha vogeUana in West Africa ; C. superba, sp.n., from Nyasaland; LeiicotaenieUa, gen. nov., including L. trispila, sp. n., from Nyasaland, and L. pentaspila, sp. n., from the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ; Chelyophora magniceps, sp. n., from the Sudan ; Pterandrus volucris, gen. et sp. n., from East Africa ; Pardalaspis quinaria, gen. et sp. n., bred from apricot in Rhodesia ; Trirhithrum, gen. nov., including T. gagatinum, sj). n., from the Gold Coast ; T. occipitule, sp. n., from Nyasaland ; T. nigerrimum, var. leucopsis, var. nov., from Nyasaland ; T. nigerrimum., var. coffeae, var. nov., bred from coffee berries in the Gold Coast ; Baryglossa, gen. nov., including B. histrio, sp. n., from the Belgian Congo ; and Ptiloniola neavei, sp. n., from Nyasaland. 209 Marshall (G. A. K.). A New Weevil Pest of Sweet Potatoes in Jamaica. — Bidl. Entom. Research, London, viii, no. 3-4, February 1918, pp. 269-272, 1 fig. A new weevil, Palaeopas costicollis, sp. n., recently received from Jamaica, is here described. The damage done to the tubers of sweet potato crops by this insect is serious, and quite similar in nature to that caused by the common West Indian pest, Euscepes batatae, Waterh. As the two insects would almost certainly be confused by untrained observers, it is very probable that some of the injury attri- buted to E. batatae has really been due to this new pest. Two other species of this genus found by the author in the British Museum collection, viz. : — P. subgranulatus, sp. n., from St. Vincent, and P. grenadensis, sp. n., from Grenada, are also dealt with. Theobald (F. V.). African Aphididae. -Part III. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, viii, no. 3-4, February 1918, pp. 273-294, 15 figs. Twelve new species of African Aphids and four previously described ones are dealt with in this paper, which is a continuation of one already noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, ui, p. 748]. The new species are : — Macrosiphum dahliafolii, sp. n. , from Uganda, on dahUas, the only other known species feeding on dahlias being Aphis rumicis {A. dahliae, Westw.) ; Aphis durantae, sp. n., a very small species from Egypt, living on the main and secondary veins on the upper surface of the leaves of duranta ; A. zizyphi, sp. n., from Egypt on Zizyphus spina- christi, swarming on the ends of the young shoots ; A. ficus, sp. n., from Egypt and Uganda on sycomore fig {Ficus sycomorus) especially on leaves attacked by Psyllids ; A. tama- ricis, sp. n., from Egypt on Tamarix sp. ; A. bauhiniae, sp. n., from Egypt on Bauhinia ; A. buddleiae, sp. n., from Cairo, where it occurs in great numbers on the leaves of Buddleia madagascariensis ; A. mathiolae, sp. n., and A. mathiolellae, sp. n., from Egypt on orna- mental stocks ; A. pruniella, sp. n., from British East Africa, on plum ; Hyalopterus insignis, sp. n., from Egypt, in colonies on the under-sides of the leaves of reed grass or buffalo grass ; and Myzus pterisoides, sp. n., from Uganda, on ferns. The previously described species are : — Aphis pomonella, Theo.^ from British East Africa, on apple, this species being closely related to A. pomi ; A. pheidole, Theo., found associated with ants {Pheidole sp.) in N.W. Rhodesia ; A. acetosae, Koch, from Egypt, England and Germany on Rutnex spp. and Papaver spp. ; and Siphocoryne (A.) pseudobrassicae, Davis, which occurs in the United States on radish, turnip, rape, kale, mustard, etc., and is now recorded from Cape Colony. New localities and food-plants are recorded for the following : — Rhopalosiphum dianthi, Schrank, from Egypt, in great numbers on. cabbages in company with A. brassicae, L. ; Hyalopterus pruni, F., {arundinis, F., pJiragmificola, Oest.), previously reported from Cairo on Primus spp. and various rushes {Arundo), now taken at Gizeh on apricot in January and on reed grass in February, this grass being the only alternative food-plant to the peach, apricot and plum. The insect appears in large colonies on the under-side of the leaves of the rC463) O 210 apricot, causing little damage, at most a slight turning down of the margin, but the usual severe attacks during the spring months check the growth of young trees. The effect of this Aphid on peach is more marked, the foliage suiTering to a greater degree. Though rare in England, its presence has been recorded from Suffolk on apricot. Sampson (Lt.-Col. W.). A new Scolytid injurious to dried Sweet Potatoes in Jamaica. — Bvll. Entom. Research, London, viii, no. 3-4, February 1918, p. 295. Hypothenemus ritchiei, sp. n., is described in this paper, the beetle causing serious damage to dried sweet potato chips. Gibson (A.). The Alfalfa Looper, Autographa califomica, Speyer. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, v, no. 2, February 1918, pp. 132- 136, 2 figs. The alfalfa looper, Phytometra (Autographa) californica, is a destruc- tive insect pest of farm and market-garden crops. It is liable to appear suddenly in countless numbers and is widely distributed throughout western North America, where the last serious outbreak occurred in 1914. Accounts of this, together with details of its life- history and methods for its control have already appeared [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, pp. 269, 457]. Its natural enemies are evidently widespread, the insect being heavily parasitised by the Tachinids, Plagia americana, Van de Wulp, Exorista futilis, O.S., and Phorocera saundersi, Will. ; and by the Hymenoptera, Microplitis alaskensis, Ashm., Sargaritis websteri, Vier., Rhogas autographae, Vier., Microplitis sp., Ameloctonus sp., and Apanteles hyslopi, Vier. In addition to these, birds have been observed to feed readily on the caterpillars, which are also attacked by a bacterial disease. Work connected with Insect and Fungoid Pests and their Control. — Rept. Agric. Dept. Antigua, 1916-17 ; Barbados, 1918, pp. 16-17. Damage to sugar-cane roots by the grub of the brown hard-back beetle [Lachnosterna sp.) was less than usual during 1916-17, owing to the good rainfall, which enabled the plants rapidly to form adven- titious roots. A flight of several thousands of these beetles was observed, the irregular infestations on certain estates being probably due to this cause. Several severe attacks of the cotton caterpillar, Alabama argillacea, were experienced, and the boUworm, Heliothis obsoleta (armigera), and cotton stainers [Dysdercus sp.) were fairly common during the early and latter parts of the season respectively. Black scale {Sais- setia nigra) and white scale {Hemichionaspis minor) were common on old cotton towards the end of the season, without however damaging the crop. On one estate, 70,000 adults of the weevil, Exophthahnus esuriens, attacking limes were captured and destroyed during the year. The fact that the number was 200,000 for the same estate the previous year seems to prove the efficacy of this method of control. 211 Sweet potatoes reared from cuttings obtained from an area free from the beetle, Euscepes {Cryptorrhynchus) hatatae, showed only slight infestation, which was not the case with those on small holdings where these precautions had not been taken. Efforts are being made by the Agricultural Department to provide non-infested cuttings in the hope of eradicating the pest in the course of a few years. Several minor outbreaks of the caterpillar, Protoparce cingidata, were experienced. Grubs of Lachnosierna sp. attacked the onion and maize crops, the corn ear worm {Heliothis ohsoleta) being also invariably present on the latter. De (M. N.). Second Report on the Experiments carried out at Pusa to improve the Mulberry Silk Industry, compiled under the Direction of the Imperial Entomologist. — Agric. Research Institute, Pusa ; Calcutta, Bull. no. 74, 1917, 27 pp.. 12 tables. [Received 20th March 1918.] Multivoltine hybrid races of silk-worms have been successfully established. The yield of silk from these is better than that of the pure multivoltine races generally reared in Bengal, Assam and Mysore. It has been found that all races yield more silk if fed wath suitable tree mulberry leaves than when fed with bush leaves, hence tree mulberries should be introduced into all localities in addition to bush plants. Of all the indigenous races, the Mysore race is the best as regards the yield of silk. The Nistari race should be reared in April or May, the Mysore and hybrid races from July to October, and imivoltine races from October to March. Of all the univoltine races, the Chinese and Japanese ones thrive best in a climate like that of Pusa, but their yield of silk is inferior to those of France and Italy. Univoltine eggs should be hibernated for about 4 or 5 months at about 35° to 45° F. Though the duration of cold storage can be shortened by the action of intense cold, this and a fluctuation of temperature in the hibernating chamber render the hatching of the eggs unsatisfactory. As regards the silk-worm diseases flacherie and pebrine, experiments have proved that eggs laid by moths attacked by flacherie can be used for industrial purposes, but that a pebrinised laying will yield good crops and healthy layings only if the worms are carefully attended to, and if the temperature and moisture- content in the air are suitable for the healthy growth of the worms. On the other hand, bad crops and pebrinised layings result from a healthy laying if the temperature and moisture-content are high, and if the worms are not properly looked after. Pebrine is more prevalent in May to October than from September to April, univoltine races being more susceptible to it than multivoltine ones in a climate like that of Pusa. An improvement in the cocoons of univoltine races by immersing the eggs in dilute hydrochloric acid having been reported from Japan, the eggs of a multivoltine race were experimentally treated on these lines, but with negative results. (C463) o2 212 The best food-plant for both univoltine and multivoltine races has been proved to be Moms alba var. japonica, and M. alba var. philip- pinensis, there being practically no difierence between the male and female plants. Flemyng (W. W.). Sphinx convolvuU attacked by Larvae of Dipteron. — Irish Naturalist, Dublin, xxvii, no. 1, January 1918, p. 13. An adult example of Herse (Sphinx) convolvuU captured in a garden in Dublin was found, soon after capture, to be surroimded by a number of minute pupae, from which 76 parasitic flies emerged. Mr. J. N. Halbert appends the information that the parasite concerned was Phora rufipes, Meig. Haviland (M. D.). a New Species of Myzus from the Thistle. — Entomo- logist, London, li, no. 658, March 1918, pp. 49-50, 1 fig. Myzus carthusianus, sp. n., here described, was found among a number of examples of Pemphigus lactucarius taken on thistle at Godalming in 1916. This species somewhat resembles M. ribis, but is of much smaller size and possesses longer cornicles. QuAiNTANCE (A. L.) & Baker (A. C). Aphids injurious to Orchard Fruits, Currant, Gooseberry and Grape.^ — U. S. Dept. Agric, Wash- ington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 804, April 1917, 42 pp., 30 figs. [Received 1st March 1918.] This bulletin deals with the Aphids that attack the principal orchard and bush fruits. Those infesting the apple are A. malifohae. Fitch (rosy aphis) ;; A. pomi, De G. (green apple aphis), the result of infestation by which is often confused with that of Empoasca mali, Le B. (apple leaf -hopper), which distorts the leaves in a similar manner ; A. avenae, F. (oat aphis) ; A. bakeri. Cow. (clover aphis) ; Eriosoma lanigerum., Hausm. (woolly apple aphis), the control of which on the limbs and branches is efiected by the usual contact sprays, but on the roots requires different methods not considered in this bulletin. Minor apple pests are Macrosiphum solanifoliae, Ashm. (potato aphis) ; A. rumicis, L. (dock aphis) ; A. medicaginis, Koch (bur-clover aphis) ; Hyadaphis xylostei, Schrank (wild-carrot aphis) ; A. crataegifoliae, Fitch (thorn- leaf aphis), also called the long-beaked clover aphis, which is usually found on hawthorn trees, but is not uncommon upon quince leaves, which however it does not curl to the same extent as it does hawthorn leaves. The most common species on the pear are A. pomi, A..ave7ioe and A. bakeri, though Prociphilus corrugatus, Sirrine (woolly thorn aphis) is common in some localities, occurring also on thorn, quince and Juneberry. Two Aphids attacking the roots of pear-trees are Erio- soma pyricola, B. & D. (woolly pear aphis) and Prociphilus pyri. Fitch. The plum is attacked by three or four species of Aphids, two of which are very injurious in some seasons. These are A. setariae, Thos. (rusty plum aphis), injuring Japanese and native plums, and Hyalop- terus arundinis, F. (mealy plum aphis), on the European type of plums. 213 Other species are A. cardui, L. (long-beaked tkistle aphis) ; Rhopalo- siphum (Siphocort/ne) nymphaeae, L. (water-hly aphis) ; and Phorodon humuli, Schrank (hop aphis). Cherry Aphids are Myzus cerasi, F. (black cherry aphis) and A. cemsifoUae, Fitch (choke-cherry aphis). The chief Aphids attacking the peach are Myzus (Rhopalosiphum) persicae, Sulz. (green peach aphis), and Anuraphis {Aphis) persicae- niger, Smith (black peach aphis), often so numerous as to cause the death of dormant-budded nursery trees. Red and black currants and gooseberry bushes suffer from infesta- tion by Myzus ribis, L. (currant aphis) ; Rhopalosiphum lactucae, Kalt. (sow-thistle aphis) ; Myzus dispar, Patch (green currant aphis) ; Aphis varians, Patch (variable currant aphis) ; A. sanborni, Patch (green gooseberry aphis) ; A. houghtonensis, Troop ; A. neomexir canus, Ckll. ; and A. ribis, Sanborn. The foliage of grape-vines is attacked in some localities by Phyl- loocera vitifoliae (grape phylloxera), but since it chiefly attacks the roots and requires special control measures, it is not dealt with in this bulletin. The young shoots and leaves are often heavily infested with Macrosiphum illinoisensis, Shimer, the alternative host-plant of which is the black haw [Viburnum prunifolium). The natural enemies of Aphids include various species of parasitic and predaceous insects and fungous diseases, which exert a very important influence in their control. The principal ones are the larvae and adults of the Coccinellid, Hippodamia convergens, the larvae of the Syrphid fly, Allograpta obliqua, the larvae of two or three species of lace- wing flies, and a number of parasitic Hymenoptera. Artificial control by means of contact sprays should be employed in early spring when the buds are beginning to expand, the best insecticides to use being nicotine solution, fish-oil or laundry soap washes and kerosene emulsion ; formulae for the preparation of these are given. In addition to these, clean culture, by which the pests are deprived of alternative host-plants, is a remedial work of the first importance. Morgan (A. C.) & McDonough (F. L.), The Tobacco Budworm and its Control in the Southern Tobacco Districts. — U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C.,¥sivmevs' Bull. no. 819, July 1917, 11 pp., 2 figs. [Received 1st March 1918.] Heliothis (Chloridea) virescens, F. (rhexiae, S. & A.) (tobacco budworm), is one of the most important insect pests of tobacco, especially in the southern United States, wherever tobacco is cultivated for cigar purposes. The damage is done by the small larvae, which eat through the tips of leaves in the developing buds, both in open and covered fields, thereby reducing the yield and rendering the product practically worthless, except as a cigar filler and plug filler. The eggs are deposited singly on the leaves, usually on the under-side, throughout the growing season, hatching in from 3 to 5 days. On emergence the minute larvae fed sparingly on minute areas of the leaf surface, migrating to the bud in about 24 hours. The larval stage lasts 18-31 days during May and June, at the end of which 214 pupation in the soil takes place. The moths emerge after a pupal period of 13-21 days, and oviposition begins 4 or 5 days later. Alternative food-plants of this insect are deer grass {Rhexia virginica), geranium and wild Solanaceous plants, especially the ground cherry {Physalis viscosa) and Solanum sieglinge. Natural enemies that control the pest to some extent are certain wasps that destroy the larger larvae, and Toxoneuron sp., a small wasp-like insect which oviposits in the bodies of the larvae. Artificial control takes the form of applications of an insecticide in the bud. Experiment has shown that the most efficient combi- nation consists of 1 lb. lead arsenate to 75 lb. maize meal as a carrier. Two applications a week are necessary to protect the buds completely, as the poison is scattered by the rapidly developing leaves. The first 2 or 3 applications are made by the stick and cup method, the poison being sifted upon each plant from- a perforated quart cup fixed to the end of a stick. As the plants increase in size, the buds are more tightly folded and the poison has then to be applied by opening the leaves with one hand and dropping a small portion of the poison mixture into the bud with the other. Antimony sulphide and Paris green are also efficient poisons, which however are not adopted in general practice, the former on account of its expense, and the latter because of the severe scorching it causes when it is used at a strength necessary for budworm control. Maize meal is used as the carrier in preference to gypsum or fuller's earth, as poisons mixed with it are more readily fed upon by the larvae, and also because it has no tendency to cake after showers and thus interfere with the development of the immature leaves. Clean cultivation is also of the utmost importance, this consisting in the burning of suckers removed from the plants, the cutting down and burning of the plants as soon as the marketable leaves have been harvested, and the destruction of other plants within and around the seed-beds. These latter should always be covered and walled in with cheese-cloth. cGregor (E. a.). The Red Spider on Cotton and how to Control it. — ?7. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 831, August 1917, 15 pp., 12 figs. [Received 1st March 1918.] A notice of the matter in this bulletin, which is a revision of an earher one, has already appeared [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 511]. Chittenden (F. H.). The Asparagus Beetles and their Control. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 837, August 1917, 13 pp., 8 figs. [Received 7th March 1918.] Crioceris aspantgi, L. (common asparagus beetle), a species intro- duced from the Old World, is an important pest of asparagus, the tender shoots of which are destroyed by the larvae, while older plants and seedlings are defoliated by the adults. The beetle hibernates in the adult stage under convenient shelter, oviposition taking place at the end of April or in May. The eggs hatch in 3-8 days and the complete life-cycle occupies from 4 to nearly 7 weeks, according to climate. 215 Natural control is effected by predaceous insects, especially tlie Coccinellids, Megilla maculata, DeG., and Hippodmnia convergens, Guer., Podisus maculiventris, Say (spined soldier-bug), Stiretnis anchorago, F. (bordered soldier-bug), as well as wasps {Polistes pallipes, Lep.) and small dragonflies {Ischnura posita, Hagen). The eggs are parasitised by a Chalcid, Tetrastichus asparagi, Cwfd. The best remedial measure for general practice is spraying with lead arsenate solution, composed of 4 lb. lead arsenate paste to 50 U.S. gals, water or Bordeaux mixture, the number of sprayings depending on local and seasonal conditions. C. duodecimpunctata; L. (twelve-spotted asparagus beetle) is a somewhat less injurious species, living like the preceding exclusively on asparagus, the chief damage being done by the hibernated beetles, which attack the tender shoots in early spring. Later generations attack the foliage, while a considerable part of the larval stage is passed within the ripening berries. A thorough spraying with lead arsenate, as recommended for C. asparagi, should be sufficient for its control. Burgess (A. F.). The Gipsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth and their Control. — U.S. Depl. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull, no. 845, September 1917, 28 pp., 13 figs. [Received 7th March 1918.] The subject matter of this bulletin has already been noticed [see this Bevieiv, Ser. A, ii, p. 294]. Runner (G. A. ). The Tobacco Beetle and how to Prevent Damage by it. U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C.. Farmers' Bull. no. 846, August 1917, 22 pp., 7 figs. [Received 7th March 1918.] This bulletin summarises the nature and extent of the damage done by Lasioderma serricorne, F. (tobacco beetle or cigarette beetle) to manufactured and stored tobacco. The methods of control by the action of cold, heat or steam, by fumigating with hydrocyanic acid gas or carbon bisulphide, and by treatment Avith Rontgen rays are described [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 385, and vi, p. 183]. WoGLUM (R. S.) & Neuls (J. D.). The Common Mealy-bug and its Control in California. — U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 862, September 1917, 16pp.. 4 figs. [Received 7th March 1918.] Pseiidococcus citri, Risso (common mealy-bug) and P. citrophilus, Glaus., are pests which it is impossible to eradicate or satisfactorily control by any single method, such as fumigation, spraying, or the artificial propagation of insect enemies. A recommended form of procedure which combines these is here given, with directions for the preparation of two new sprays. The formula given for the preparation of cresolated distillate emul- sion is : — Distillate (28° Be.), 2f U.S. gals. ; liquor cresolis compositus, U.S.P., If quarts ; liquid fish-oil soap, 1 quart ; soap powder (sodium carbonate 40-60 per cent., caustic soda 40-60 per cent.), 3 lb. ; water 216 to make 100 U.S. gals. This spray has been used with success for more than a year, and can be apphed to a large variety of plants during the winter season without injury. Soapjpowder emulsion is composed of distillate emulsion, 5 U.S. gals. ; soap powder, 10 lb. ; water to make 100 U.S. gals. This spray is however more injurious to the foHage than the preceding one, and may even cause severe dropping of the leaves unless applied under favourable climatic conditions. Water sprayed imder pressure is being increasingly used with some measure of success, this depending on thorough and repeated appli- cations. The reduction of the numbers of this pest by natural enemies has already been dealt with [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 266]. The necessity for measures against Iridomyrmex humilis, Mayr (Argentine ant) in this connection has also been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 422]. The prevention of the spread of these scales by means of infected picking boxes, sacks and gloves, could be effected by fumigating all boxes with hydrocyanic acid gas, and by dipping sacks, gloves, etc. into gasoline for five minutes to destroy adhering insects or their eggs. Morgan (A. C). Tobacco Hornworm Insecticide. Recommendations for Use of Powdered Arsenate of Lead in Dark-Tobacco District. — U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 867, August 1917, 10 pp., 4 tables. [Received 7th March 1918.] This bulletin supersedes a former one, which has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 601]. It contains in addition, in tabular form, a comparison of results obtained in 1916 in Kentucky and Tennessee by the use of Paris green and powdered lead arsenate against the caterpillars of Protoparce (Phlegethontius) sexta, Joh., and P. quinqiiemaculata, Haw., the lead arsenate having been found prefer- able in many respects. Sasscer (E. R.) & Borden (A. D.). Fumigation of Ornamental Green- house Plants with Hydrocyanic-acid Gas. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 880, October 1917, 20 pp. [Received 7th March 1918.] The subject matter of this bulletin has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 244]. Back (E. A.). The Silverflsh, or '* Slicker," an Injurious Household Insect. — U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull, no. 902, October 1917, 4 pp., 1 fig. [Received 7th March 1918.] This matter contained in this bulletin which supersedes a former one has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 587]. YoTHERs (W. W.). Some Reasons for Spraying to Control Insect and Mite Enemies of Citrus Trees in Florida.— C/. S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 645, 26th January 1918, 19 pp. [Received 4th March 1918.] The adoption of a system of spraying for the improvement of orchard conditions is only now beginning to be tested by growers. 217 who have hitherto trusted to the control of citrus pests by natural agencies, such as entomogenous fimgi. Though there may be truth in the contention that it pays better to grow the lower qualities of fruit without treatment, than the better ones with treatment, yet the magnitude of the damage due to the weakening of the trees by scale and whitefly infestation is beginning to be appreciated. Six species of insects and mites are responsible for 95 per cent, of the damage to citrus trees in Florida. These, in order of destruc- tiveness, are Dialeurodes citri, Ashm. (citrus whitefly), Lepidosaphes beckii, Newm. (purple scale), Eriophyes oleivorus, Ashm. (rust mite), Chrysomphalus aonidum, L. (red scale), Dialeurodes citrifolii, Morgan {Aleurodes nubifera, Berger) (cloudy-winged whitefly) and Tetranychus telarius, L. {sexmacidatus, Riley) (red spider). The spraying scheme recommended for the control of these is : — I. Paraffin-oil emulsion ; Government formula 1-66 or 1 per cent, of oil, for use in May. The object of spraying at this time being to kill whiteflies, scale-insects, and to a large extent, rust mites, it should be done after the adults of the first brood of whiteflies have disappeared and before those of the second brood appear, the fruit being then an inch or more in diameter. As this treatment is given before the rainy season begins, it does not interfere with the control work of beneficial fungi. II. Lime-sulphur solution, 32° Be., 1-50 to 1-75, for use in June and July. The main object of this application being to kill rust mites, it should be applied before they get very abundant and before any russeting appears. III. Paraffin-oil emulsion ; Government formula 1-66 or 1 per cent. of oil, for use from 25th August to 31st October. The second spray- ing for whitefly and scale-insects, which will also remove the sooty mould from the trees and enough from the fruits to allow of their being coloured by the sun. Soda-sulphur, 1-50, composed of 30 lb. sulphur, 20 lb. caustic soda and 20 U.S. gals, water, may be added to this spray to increase its effectiveness in killing rust mites. IV. Lime-sulphur solution, 32° Be., 1-50 to 1-75. for use in Novem- ber or December. The object of this spraying being to kill rust mites, it may or may not be necessary, according to the degree of infestation. It is estimated that treatment on these lines of the 1915-16 crop of oranges and grape-fruit in Florida would have increased the net returns by over £250,000. IsELY (D.). Orchard Injury by the Hickory Tiger-moth. — U. S. DepU Agric, Washington, D.C., Bufl. no. 598, 4th February 1918, 14 pp., 3 plates. [Received 4th March 1918.] Halisidota caryae, Harris (hickory tiger-moth), the favourite food- plant of which, in spite of its name, appears to be walnut and not hickory, is also a general feeder on the foliage of deciduous trees and shrubs. These, however, serve as food only for the nearly mature larva, the development from egg to pupa mainly taking place on trees of the walnut and hickory family and on pomaceous fruit-trees. The chief injury by this insect is due to the gregarious habit of the larvae in the early stages, when they may strip branches or even small trees of their foliage, the damage in the latter case being sometimes 218 severe. After the gregarious habit is lost, the larvae scatter so widely that the damage they do becomes inconspicuous. There is one generation annually, the insect pupating in the autumn and hibernating in the pupal stage on the ground. The moths emerge in early summer, generally about the middle of June, and oviposition may begin 3 days later. The eggs are laid in a broad patch of from 50 to 400 on the under-side of the leaf, all those of one mass hatching almost simultaneously. The larvae, which pass through nine stages, feed gregariously during the first four, being surface feeders during the first stage. During the second stage on walnut, and the third stage on pomaceous fruits, they feed at the edge of the leaf, destroying everything except the stouter leaf veins. The insect is remarkably free from parasites, only one, Pimplor pedalis, Cress., having been recorded. The control recommended is that of spraying with arsenicals, which,, however, must be done before the larvae are in e^^dence, as in the later stages they are very difficult to poison. Orchards that have been thoroughly sprayed for codling moth are always free from infestation. In the gregarious stages, the larvae are easily collected and destroyed,, this being the cheapest and most effective way of dealing with a scattered orchard infestation. In young orchards, which would not be sprayed for codling moth, an application about the end of June of 3 lb. lead arsenate paste to 50 U.S. gals, water would prevent injury by this insect. HoRTON (J. R.). The Citrus Thrips. — U. S. Deft. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 616, 14th February 1918, 42 pp., 3 plates, 10 figs. The greater part, of the subject matter of this bulletin dealing with Scirtothrips {Euthrips) citri, Moul., has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 585]. New information included deals with the history and distribution of the insect, the mode of dissemination, and alternative food-plants, the chief ones being pomegranate, grape, California pepper tree, and apricot. Frost exercises a natural check to a certain extent, but natural control by means of insect enemies is a negligible factor. The most important of these is Chrysopa calif ornica, Coq., the larva of which in its early stages feeds upon the larvae of the citrus thrips. Climatic changes and relative in- adequacy of the food supply are the chief factors influencing the numbers of this thrips. DiCKERSON (E. L.) & Weiss (H. B.). Idiocerus scurra, Germar, a a Poplar Leaf-hopper.' — Jl. New York Entoni. Sac, Lancaster, Pa., XXV, no. 4, December 1917, pp. 218-224, 1 plate. [Received 12th March 1918.] Idiocerus scurra, of which I. gemmisimulans, L. & C, is a synonym, is not a native American species, but was probably introduced from Europe in the egg-stage on Lombardy poplar, which was the first ornamental tree introduced into the United States. It first attracted attention in 1916 on poplars in a New Jersey nursery and is widely distributed in New Jersey on Lombardy poplar {Populus nigra italica) and Carolina poplar (P. deltoides). 219 The insect hibernates in the egg-stage, the eggs being laid in groups of 3-6 just beneath the bark of the twigs, above and concealed by the buds. In a severe infestation every part of a young twig is utilised except the tip, as many as 48-50 eggs being found in each linear foot. These over-wintering eggs hatch during the latter part of May, and adults appear at the end of June. Females of this brood oviposit during the first two weeks of July, and the adults of the second brood begin to oviposit by the end of August. The eggs are parasitised by Gonatocerus maga, Gir., and also, according to Leonard and Crosby, by G. ovicenakis [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 72]. A bug, Podisus maculiventris. Say, has been observed on one occasion to attack an adult. The damage caused by this insect consists in the whitening and discolouring of the upper surface of the leaves, and in New Jersey, where it is becoming more abundant and widely distributed, it has been found on the poplars lining the city streets. Detailed descriptions of the egg, five nymphal stages, and adult are given. Baumberger (J. P.) & Glaser (R. W.). The Rearing of Drosophila ampelopJdla, Loew, on Solid Media. — Separate from Science, Lan- caster, Pa., xlv, no. 1149 5th Januarv 1917, pp. 21-22. [Received 13th March 1918.] The mass of fermenting banana generally used in rearing Drosophila is unsuitable for observing the begiiming of oviposition. A trans- parent solid medium of banana agar was therefore used, being made as follows : — Five or six bananas were mashed up in 500 c.c. water, allowed to infuse on ice over-night, and then passed through cheese cloth. Powdered agar-agar was then added at the rate of 1| grams to 100 c.c. of banana infusion, which was heated till the agar had dissolved. The liquid was then filtered through a thin layer of absor- bent cotton into test-tubes. If adult Drosophila are inserted into the tubes and these are incu- bated at 35° C, small white eggs may be seen to be deposited every- where on the surface of the agar in a day or two. The fact that the average number of days required to complete the life-cycle on this medium is three days longer than on the ordinary banana mash and that some of the larvae die without pupating, shows that the medium is deficient in available food. Probably the amount of food might be increased by the addition of banana flour. Drosophila has also been reared on potato agar, but the results were even less satisfactory than with banana agar, showing that the food supply in potato is very small. Bacterial growths, which always develop on the medium, do not seem to affect the larvae, and fungus growths are usually destroyed by the larvae as soon as they hatcL Baumberger (J. P.). The Food of Drosophila melanogaster, Meigen. — Proc. National Acad. Sci, Washington. D.C., iii, no. 2, February 1917, pp. 122-126. [Received 13th March 1918.] During the rearing of Drosophila melanogaster on artificial media of fermented banana agar, it was observed that visible fungus growths 220 did not occur when many larvae were present. These surface growths, which proved to be largely yeast cells, appeared however after pupa- tion, or if only a few larvae are present. It was also found that adult flies, pupae, larvae and eggs invariably carried yeast cells. Experiments showed that a loose symbiosis exists between the two organisms, but that yeast is not present in the eggs or pupae of Droso- phila. From the fact that fungus growths disappear in the presence of larvae it was inferred that they fed upon the micro-organisms present, this being established as a fact by experiment, which also proved that the fungus is merely the food of the insect, since the larvae grew more rapidly on abundant dead yeast than on less abundant living yeast. There is also evidence that other micro-organisms may furnish food for these flies. Similar food relations may be common- to a number of organisms, as for example the house-fly, which oviposits only in the presence of the odour of fermentation and always has a certain form of bacteria on its body in great abundance, the larvae being unable to survive in garbage which gives an acid reaction. Those insects that live in unusual media, such as strong salt water and petroleimi, may be associated with micro-organisms that have unusual powers of oxidation. Since Drosophila can be reared on a synthetic medium consisting of inorganic salts, sugars and ammonium tartrate, it was supposed to possess a synthetic power as great as that of bacteria. It is, however, the yeast cells that are capable of synthesising the proteins from such a culture medium, and the insect depends on these cells for its proteins, having no greater synthetic power than is common to higher animals. Adult flies do not require proteins, but survive for a much longer period on sugar agar than on yeast agar, while proteins are necessary to the development of rapidly growing larvae. The habit of the larva of constantly agitating the surface and carrying yeast cells throughout the medium, greatly increases fermen- tation, and the resulting increase in alcohol may serve as a protection to the larvae against destructive moulds and putrefactive bacteria. The resulting anaerobic conditions may also increase the food value of the yeast cells by increasing the percentage of albumen contained in them. The number of larvae present determines the extent to which the yeast will be spread though a culture medium, the depth to which the larvae can go below the surface being also an important factor. This depth is determined by the consistency of the medium, since the larvae will go to the depth at which a bubble of air will remain attached to the two projecting posterior spiracles. The moment this bubble is lost the larva goes upward until another is found. Thus a medium of a jelly-like homogeneous consistency would appear to be the best for the artificial rearing of these larvae, Brues (C. T.). Adult Hymenopterous Parasites attached to the Body of their Host. — Proc. National Acad. Sci., Washington, D.C., iii, no. 2, February 1917, pp. 136-140, 1 fig. A small parasitic Hymenopteron of the family Scelionidae para- sitises the eggs of the Deccan grasshopper {Colemania sphenarioides, 221 Bol.) a species widely^distributed in India. A description of this parasite, ;which probably belongs to the genus Lepidoscelio, Kieffer, is given under the name L. viatrix, sp. n. The adult females firmly attach themselves to the abdomen of the locust, their mandibles being imbedded in the body between the abdominal plates. By this means, parasitisation of the eggs can take place immediately after oviposition by the host. Carver (G, W.). How to Grow the Cow-Pea, and Forty Ways of Pre- paring it as a Table Delicacy. — Expt. Sia. Tuskegee Institute, Alabama, Bull. no. 35, December 1917, 24 pp, 4 figs. The insect enemies of the cow pea ( Vigna unguiculata) are few, the worst being the cow-pea bruchus, which attacks it in storage, but which can be destroyed by fumigation with carbon bisulphide, and Heliothis obsoleta (armigera) (cotton-ear worm), damage by which can be avoided by rotation of crops, clean and rapid cultivation and proper fertiUsation. Weiss (H. B.). Gracilaria zachrysa, Meyrick, in New Jersey (Lep.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxix, no. 3, March 1918, p. 114. The Microlepidopteron, Gracilaria zachrysa, Meyr. {azaleae, Busck) was originally introduced into Holland from Japan and infests all Japanese varieties of azaleas, as well as Azalea indica, greenhouse azaleas being injured during the winter. In New Jersey it is knowTi to occur in many private greenhouses and is considered a pest of some importance, commercial houses in consequence holding over as little azalea stock as possible from year to year. The larvae mine the leaves and also fold over the tips, and in some cases they have been suspected of eating through the buds. They may be controlled by means of nicotine extract used either as a spray or a fumigant, by handpicking the infested leaves, or by the use of a stomach poison, lead arsenate paste (at the rate of 8 lb. to 100 U.S. gals, water) having yielded good results. Glaser (R. W.) & Wilcox (A. M.). On the Occurrence of a Mermis Epidemic amongst Grasshoppers. — Psyche, Boston, Mass, xxv, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 12-15. Two species of grasshoppers, Melanoplus atlantis and M. hivittatus, are extremely bad pests of maize, wheat, oats and clover in the State of Vermont,' but in the latter part of August and the beginning of September 1917, the rate of mortality among them was found to be unusually high. This proved to be due to the presence of a parasitic Nematode, Mermis sp. probably M. ferrugijiea, which is said to be a common parasite of Locusta Carolina near Philadelphia. This worm, the females of which measure from 2 to 8 inches, was located in the body cavity, generally singly, though in one case as many as 40 were found in one grasshopper. Late in the season, the worms are known to emerge by boring through the body wall, and reaching the earth, slowly bore into the soil and coil up at a depth of 6-12 inches beneath the surface, undoubtedly hibernating in this position. 222 The percentage of parasitism in female grasshoppers was unusually high, varying from 25 to 76 per cent., that in males being 2-21 per cent. No males having been found, the life-history is obscure, and the manner in which grasshoppers become infested is not known. The parasite being so large, it is probable that the grasshopper will prove to be only the secondary host. The whole subject is one for further investigation, since the parasite may prove to be worthy of intro- duction as a natural control in regions where grasshoppers are a pest. Wilcox (A. M.). Ascogaster carpocapsae, a Parasite of the Oriental Moth. — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxv, no. 1, February 1918, p. 17. The oriental moth, Cnidocampa jlavescens, Walk., a native of Japan, was first discovered in America in 1906, where there is the possibility of its becoming a widespread pest, though at present the infestation is confined to a small area. Attempts to rear parasites from the larvae and cocoons of the moth proved unsuccessful till June of 1917, when a single Braconid parasite emerged, which has been determined as Ascogaster carpocapsae, Vier., originally described as a parasite of Cydia pomonella (codling moth). FuNKHousER (W. D.). Biology of the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake Basin. — Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Ithaca, N.Y., Memoir II, June 1917, 445 pp., 22 plates, 9 figs. [Received 26th March 1918.] This comprehensive memoir is a summary of seven years' field and laboratory work in the vicinity of Ithaca, New York. The family Membracidae, which occurs chiefly in South America, Africa and southern Asia, is represented in North America by only 40 genera, many of these having only a single species. In the northern States, New York yields the greatest number of species, which are, however, not characteristic of the family. The memoir concludes with a bibliography of 261 works. Keuchenius (P. E.). Waarnemingen over Ziekten en Plagen bij Tabak (Derde Serie). De Tabaksboeboek (Lasioderma) en de Tabaksmot {Setomorpha). [Observations on Diseases and Pests of Tobacco. Third Series : The Tobacco Beetle and the Tobacco Moth.] — Reprint from Meded. Besoekisch Proef station, no. 26, 1917, 56 pp., 1 plate, [sine loco] [Received 4th March 1918.] The second of this series of papers on tobacco pests has already been abstracted [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 79]. The large stocks of tobacco that have accumulated in the Dutch East Indies owing to the War have increased the importance of Lasioderma serricorne, F., and Setomorpha margalaestriata, sp. n., as pests of this product. A description of L. serricorne is given, with full biological data, mostly from existing literature. In the Besoeki district (Java) this beetle began to be noticed as a pest of tobacco about 1907. This was probably due to the gradual encircling of the isolated drying sheds by native houses — thus forming permanent foci of infestation — and to the 223 increasing practice of cultivating an early crop — ^tobacco being thus placed in the baling sheds twice a year with only a short interval between the two occasions. The attraction exercised by light may be used to ascertain if a warehouse is infested, and it was in one case turned to account by keeping lamps burning throughout the night in a shed where infested tobacco was stored, thus keeping the beetles fi'om escaping through cracks or other openings to adjacent uninfested sheds. Another method of detecting the beetles is by means of a bowl containing a strong sugar solution. Experiment confirmed the view that tobacco leaf is not attacked by the adult beetles. The beetles used in this test lived 23 and 28 days on an average, while those kept with, paper lived 31 days on an average, and those with sugar 74 days. Immature larvae placed in a bottle half-full of white sugar were alive 93 days later, but had not pupated. It is improbable that L. serricorne attacks white sugar under normal circumstances, for all attempts to infest, from the outside, sugar in a gunny bag failed. In the author's experiments a temperature varying from 23° to 32° F., over a period of 48 hours, was not sufficient to kill all stages of L. serricorne. A period of 120 hours proved fatal to all stages, except that 4 eggs survived the treatment together vnth. some larvae ; the latter however died soon afterwards. Both eggs and larvae should be able to resist a winter of not too great severity in HoUand. Tobacco in the interior of the bales is seldom attacked, probably because of the carbon dioxide, ammonia and other gases generated there. The tobacco moth, though present for years as a pest of tobacco in Besoeki, was first recognised to be a new pest in 1914 and was then described [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 81]. R. van Eecke identified it as belonging to the genus Setotnorfha, and as a result of a careful comparison with van Deventer's description of Setomorpha tineoides the author finds it to be a new species, of which he here describes all stages imdei* the name of Setoinorpha rnargalaeslriata. This Tineid occurs in Java and Sumatra, being very common in the tobacco districts of the former island. The adult oviposits a few days after emerging and does not live more than a week. The eggs are laid in crevices by a long ovipositor. From one female 143 eggs were obtained. Incubation lasts 7-8 days. On hatching the small cater- pillars begin feeding and spin loosely woven galleries under which they conceal themselves. The outside of these galleries is covered with black excreta or particles of the leaf-surface. The black excre- ment characterises the injury done by S. margalaestriata, which also usually avoids the larger leaf- nerves. The larval stage lasts about 3-5 weeks and the pupal about 2 weeks, the entire development of one generation requiring about 1^2 months. Larvae fed on wool, leather and old rags developed into normal adults, and in Java S. trmr- galaestriata is a common clothes moth, as well as the allied species, jS. tineoides. A third clothes moth. Tinea pellionella, is often found in the effects of recent arrivals from Europe. S. margalaestriata was also found in tobacco seed, coca, maize, stored sunflower seed and in the seeds of some green manure plants. The preference for dark hiding places shown by the moths is a factor in infestation. Moths that had been disturbed were seen to fly up and then seek to enter crevices along the seams of the matting of other bales. Sometimes 224 the matting itself is attacked, so that a double covering affords no protection. This moth dies in piles of fermenting leaf and attacks the surface-layers only of baled tobacco, probably because of the presence of the gases mentioned above in connection with L. serricorne. The larvae usually pupate in the bale close to the covering. A temperature of 109° F. was found to kill all stages after 5 hours, while a low temperature of 32° F. has the same effect after 120 hours. Thus it may be assumed that S. margalaestriata cannot survive the winter in Holland. The various methods of disinfecting tobacco are very fully reviewed. Experiments were made to see if an economy in carbon bisulphide could be effected by prolonging the fumigation. The following minimum quantities are recommended, either to free tobacco bales from L. serricorne or S. margalaestriata., or as a precautionary measure : (1) 185 c.c. per 35 cubic feet for a period of 24 hours ; (2) 100 c.c. for 48 hours ; (3) 80 c.c. for 72 hours. It should be noted that in Besoeki 6-8 bales of tobacco average about 105 cubic feet. If the tobacco is not baled or pressed, 32 c.c. per 35 cubic feet will effect disinfection in 36 hours. Other substances also were tested in these experiments, which are described in detail. Acetylene appears to provide a substi- tute for carbon bisulphide, proving fatal under experimental condi- tions when 1 oz. of calcium carbide was used per cubic foot. Sul- phuretted hydrogen also appears suitable, but the quantities required were not worked out. Hydrocyanic .ncid gas was found unsuitable. Bales that have been disinfected may become infested again from adjacent infested ones, but if stored in clean warehouses, they may be kept free from attack for years. Other infested produce, such as ground-nuts, cacao, coca, etc., are sources of infestation and this also applies to infested manufactured tobacco imported from Holland. The author suggests that tobacco leaf intended for shipment from Java should be covered by a fmnigation certificate issued by the Experi- ment Stations. Fumigation must take place at least 7. days before shipment in order to ensure that all fumes have dispersed. The wharves must not stack other (non-disinfected) produce near the disinfected tobacco, and the steamship companies must also observe this rule when stowing the cargo. All manufactured tobacco must be disinfected before it is exported from Dutch and other ports. Both in the bales and in the sweepings other insects are found besides L. serricorne and S. margalaestriata. A small Ichneumonid of the genus Norbanus parasitises the pupae of the former. A mite of the genus Rhagidia also occurs, but the author has never observed it destroying the eggs or larvae. A beetle, GonocephaJum hoffmann- seggi, Stev., which closely resembles G. acutangulmn, is not uncommon in packing sheds. Its larva attacks maize and rice and probably tobacco. G. hoffmannseggi has been found only in tobacco infested with S. margalaestriata., and remains of the moth have been found in the stomach of the beetle, which however appears to be only a scavenger, for neither it nor its larva have ever been seen to attack living moths or caterpillars. A Carabid beetle is an active enemy of the larvae of 8. margalaestriata and of the larvae and pupae of L. serricorne, while the larval and adult forms of a Clerid, Thaneroclenis hiqueti, Lef., actively prey upon Lasioderma larvae. None of these natural enemies are of real economic importance. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 6s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. PAGE. New Microsporidian Parasites of the Larva of Pieris brassicae in France 177, 190 Saissetia hemisphaerica in Argentina .. .. .. .. .. 177 A Review of the Effects of Coccobacillus acridiorum on Locusts . . 177 Measures against the Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths in Maine . . 178 Measures against Eelopeltis infesting Tea in Java . . . . 179, 180 Finely powdered Mercuric Chloride against the Argentine Ant in S. Africa ; 181 A convenient Hydrocyanic Acid Gas Generator for fumigating Vineyards in S. Africa . . . . . . . . . • . . 181 The Bionomics of Agrotis ypsilon in India . . . . . . . . 182 Lasioderma serricorne infesting dried Tobacco in the PhUippines . . 182 A New Enemy of the Coconut Beetle in the Philippines . . . . 183 New Termites from the Philippines . . . . . . . . . . 184 The Mediterranean Fruit -fly in Hawaii . . . . . . . . 184 Interrelations of Fruit-fly Parasites in Hawaii .. .. .. 186 Rice and Jute Pests in Assam , . . . . . . . . . . . 186 Insect Pests of Tea in North-East India during 1916 . . . . 186 Pests of Limes in Montserrat . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 Pests of Cotton and Maize in Montserrat in 1916-17 . . . . 187 The Bionomics and Control of Cylas formicariiis in the West Indies 188 The Bionomics of Pachyschelus undularius in Argentina . . . . 188 The Bionomics of a Pyralid Moth, Myelohia smerintha, infesting Canes in Brazil .. .... .. .. .. .. 189 Studies in the Parasitism of Pieris brassicae by Apanteles glomeratus in Prance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 Cydia pomonella and its Parasites in France . . . . . . . . 191 Report of the Second Entomological Meeting held at Pusa, 1917 . . 191 The Importance of the Protection of Birds in Spain . . . . 192 Economic Entomology in the Service of the Nation in U.S.A. .. 192 Notes on Aphids in Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . 194 A Method of Graphically Illustrating the Distribution of Injury by an Insect Pest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Notes on the Strawberry Leaf-Roller (Ancylis comptana) in Iowa. . 196 Notes on the Peach Tree Borer (Aegeria exitiosa) in New Jersey . . 196 Eyponomeuta spp. introduced into New York . . . . . . 1 97 Calcium Arsenate as a Substitute for Lead Arsenate . . . . 198 The Influence of Molasses on the Adhesiveness of Lead Arsenate . , 1 98 Experiments with Spreaders for Arsenate Sprays .. .. .. 199 CONTENTS— coji^ PAGE. A Study of the Toxicity of Kerosene 200 Insecticide Tests witli Biabrotica vittata in U.S.A 200 Experiments in the Control of Pieris ra/pae in Wisconsin . . . . 201 Experiments with Poisoned Bait for the Onion Maggot, Rylemyia aniiqiui, in U.S.A. . . . . . • • • • • • • • ■ 202 Notes on the Biology of the Angoumois Grain Moth, Sitotroga cerealella, in U.S.A. . . . . • . . . . • • • 202 The Value of the Economic Entomologist in Connection with Food Production in U.S.A 203 Proposed Kegulations restricting the Importation of Nursery Stock into U.S.A .. 204 The Control of Imported Pests recently foxind in New Jersey . . 204 Foreign Insect Pests collected on Imported Nursery Stock in 1917 in U.S.A 205 The Kelation of the Spread of Poplar Canker to the Presence of Oryptorrhynchus lapathi in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 206 Studies on the Life-history of two Scababaeidae in Kansas . . 207 Notes on three Species of Apple Leaf-hoppers in U.S.A 207 A new Species of Eriophyes attacking Juniper in Arizona . . . . 208 The Value of Nicotine Sulphate for Codling Moth Eggs in U.S.A. . . 208 Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Family Trypetidae, other than Bacus . . 208 A New Weevil Pest of Sweet Potatoes in Jamaica . . . . . . 209 Notes on African Aphids . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 A New Scolytid injurious to Dried Sweet Potatoes in Jamaica . . 210 The Alfalfa Looper, PJiytometra calif ornica, in Canada . . . . 210 Insect Pests and their Control in Antigua . . . . ... . . 210 Experiments in Sericulture in India .. .. ... .. .. 211 Phora rufipes parasitising the Adult of Herse convolvuU in Ireland. . 212 A New Species of Myzus from the Thistle in Britam ... . . 212 Aphids injurious to Orchard and Bush Fruits in U.S.A. ... . . 212 The Tobacco Budworm(Helioihis virescens) and its Control in U.S.A. 213 The Red Spider on Cottcm,and how to control it in U.S.A. . . . . 214 Asparagus Beetles and their Control in U.S.A. .. ,. .. 214 The Gripsy Moth and.Brown-tail Moth and their Control in U.S.A. . . 215 The Tobacco Beetle and how to prevent Damage by it in U.S.A. . . 215 The Common Mealy Bug and its Control in CaUfomia .. .. 215 The Use of Powdered Arsenate of Lead against PhhgetJiontius in U.S.A 216 Fumigation of Ornamental Greenhouse Plants with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas 216 The SUverfish an Injurious Household Insect . . . . . . 216 The Value of Spraying against Citrus Pests in Florida . . . . 216 The Control of Halisidota caryae in Orchards in U.S.A. . . . . 217 The Bionomics of the Citrus Thrips in U.S.A. . . . . . . 218 Idiocerus scurra, an imported Poplar Leaf -hopper in New Jersey . . 218 The Rearing of Brosophila on artificial Media . . . . . . 219 A New Parasite of Colemania sphenarioides in India . . . . 220 Pests of Cowpeas in U.S.A 221 Oracilaria zachrysa and its Control in Greenhouses in New Jersey. . 221 A Species of Mermis infesting Grasshoppers in Vermont . . . . 221 Ascogaster carpocapsae, a Parasite of Onidocampaflaveseens in U.S.A. 222 Biology of the Membracidae of the Cayuga Lake Basin in U.S.A. . . 222 Pests of Stored Tobacco in Java . . . . 222 VOL. VI. Sep. A. Part 6.- pp. 225-272. JUNE, 1918. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES a: agricultural. ISSUED BT THS IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOaT. LONDON : aOtA ST THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7. Price Od. net. All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY l>onorarp Commltcee of rnanagcment. VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chainnun. Lieatcnant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CJ.E., F.RS., London School oi Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagshawe. C.M.G., Director, TropicAl Diseases Bureau. Mr. E. C. Blecz, CJVI.G., Foreign Office. Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce. K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M-S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmeb, F.R3., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lsfboy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John MoCall, MX)., Agent-General for Tasmania Dr R Stewart MacDodoall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John McFadyban, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.RS., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.CJd.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Caml/ridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S.. Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Roth.schild. Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. V\'aeburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-coveming Dominion* IP an «: offfio member of the Committee. ^cnetat Secretary. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). H>ircctor ati& Bt>ttor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall. Bsetstant Director. Mr. S. A. Neave. Heiui Oj^.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road. London. S.W. 7. Publication Office,— 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7. 225 Gravatt (0. F.) L^ Posey (G. B.). Gipsy-moth Larvae as Agents in the Dissemination of the White-Pine Blister-Rust. — JL Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xii, no. 7, 18th February 1918, pp. 459—462.^ The white-pine blister-rust {Cranartium ribicoh) attacks pines ranging from young seedlings to mature trees 80 ft. high. The e^rly occurrence of telia on the leaves of gooseberry and currant bushes, and the fact that the organism is not definitely known to winter on these plants, point to the spread of the disease by aeciospores from pines. The period of aeciospore production coincides with that of the hatch- ing of the larvae of the gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar], which eat away the spores and hyphae of the pine blisters, carrying away thou- sands of spores both on and within their bodies, the viability of the sjDores remaining unimpaired for a considerable time. Though wind is considered to be the most important factor in the dissemination of the aeciospores of blister-rust from the pine to the alternative host-plants, Ribes spp., yet the fact that gipsy-moth larvae may be blo^Ti by winds for distances of 20 miles suggests that they undoubtedly play an important part in the sj)read of the disease. This view is strengthened by the facts that gipsy-moth larvae have been found feeding on the leaves of Ribes spp., in some cases the only infected leaves on these plants being those showing insect injury ; that their habit of feeding and crawling on the lower surface of the leaves gives the spores carried on their bodies a good chance of causing infection through the stomata ; and that a small percentage of larvae collected from species of Ribes near infected pines actually showed aeciospores on their bodies. FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no. 1, Januarv 1918, p. 7. [Eeceived 23rd March 1918.] During the month of December the insectary handled 35,300 pupae of the melon fly [Daeus cucurbitae], from which were bred 1,697 indi- viduals of Opius fletcheri. The parasites distributed included : — • Opius fletcheri, 2,127 ; Diachasma. tryoni, 685 ; D. fullawayi, 255 ; Tetrastichus, 500 ; and Paranagrus (corn leaf-hopper parasite) 28,000. LiZER (C). Sobre la Presencia del Chrysomphalus pauJistus, Hemp., en el Delta del Parana. [On the Presence of Chrysomphalus paulistus, Hemp., in the Parana Delta..]— Physis. Buenos Aires, ii, no. 12, 30th December 1916, pp. 432-433. The occurrence of Chrysomphalus paulistus, Hemp., is recorded on cultivated plants such as Laurus nobilis, L., and Oka europaea, L. A minute Acarid has been obser\'ed apparently feeding on the eggs of this Coccid. LizER (C). El Ceroplastes grandis, Hemp., nuevo para la Fauna Argentina. [Ceroplastes grandis. Hemp., new to the Argentine Fauna.]. — Ph y sis, Buenos Aires, ii, no. 12, 30th December 1916, p. 438. The Coccid, Ceroplastes grandis, is recorded from Argentina on Ilex paraguariensis. {C472) Wt.P2/137. 1,500. 6.18. B.&F.Ltd. G.11/3. A 22G Gill (J. B.). Important Pecan Insects and their Control.— C/. S. Dt'pt. Agric, Washington, D.C., Fsumers' BxiW. no. 843, September 1917, 48 pp., 54 figs. [Received 7th March 1918.] The pecan tree {Carya olivaeforniis) is subject to the attacks of many insect pests, some of which injure the nuts, some the foliage and shoots, and others the trunlc and branches. The most important insects injuring the nuts are : — Acrobasis hebescella, Hulst. (pecan nut and case-bearer), which in its larval stage attacks the immature nuts, one larva often destroying several nuts before attaining its full groAvth. This moth, as well as an allied species, A. car y Ivor eUa, Rag., has often been reported as destroying one-third to three-fourths of the total wild pecan crop in Texas. It has three generations during the year and hibernates in the larval stage. Moths from these larvae emerg^e in May and oviposition begins soon afterwards. The eggs are always laid on the calyx end of the nut and hatch in from 5-7 days. The larvae immediately bore into the young nuts and begin feeding, weaving a tube-like mass of frass and silken threads. The larval period lasts from 22-29 days, and the pupal period for 9-13 days. Moths of the second generation emerge from the middle of June to the begimiing of July, the larvae of this brood being less destructive than the earlier ones. The third generation appears during the first three weeks in August and the larvae do little or no damage to the nuts, which by this time are beginning to harden. The best method of control against this insect is spraying with lead arsenate at the rate of 1 lb. powder, or 2 lb. paste, to 50 U.S. gals, water, to which should be added the milk of lime from 3 lb. slaked lime. Three applications are required, the first just after the nuts have set, when they are about the size of garden peas, the next a week or ten days later, and the last, four or five weeks after the second application. Another pest damaging the nuts is Cydia {Laspeyresia) caryana, Fitch (pecan shuckworm), the larva damaging the nut by boring in the husk and preventing its natural separation from the nut shell and the proper development of the kernel. They also lessen the market value of the nuts by leaving a sooty trail on the shells. The earlier generations attack the young green nuts, eating out the interior and causing them to fall, this being especially the case with the various species of hickory which are also attacked. This moth, of which there are from 1 to 3 annual broods, oviposits on either the nuts or the foliage, the eggs, which are laid singly, hatching in about 5 days. The larval stage lasts for three or four weeks, pupation taking place mthin the green nuts, or in the shucks of mature fruits and lasting for from 9 to 45 days. The insect hibernates in the larval stage in pecan and hickory shucks either on the ground or on trees, the maxi- mum emergence occurring during the last two weeks of March. The only practicable control measures are the gathering and burning of all shucks immediately after the harvesting of the nut crop, and the cutting down of hickory trees in the immediate vicinity of the orchards. The nuts are also destroyed by Balaninus caryae, Horn (pecan weevil), an insect very widely distributed throughout the country and 227 occurrinf!; on wild and cultivated pecans and hickory nuts, during August and September. The eggs, to the number of 3 to 7, are deposited in the kernel of the nut which the resulting larvae destroy, afterwards boring their way out to enter the soil, where they pupate and hibernate at a depth of about 6 inches. A remedial measure recommended is the extensive cultivation of the soil in pecan orchards to destroy the larvae and pu})ae by exjjosure to the air and to natural enemies, or the pasturing of pigs in the orchards for the same purpose. Fumigation of the nuts with carbon bisulphide should also prove an effective remedy against this weevil. The chief insects injuring the foliage and shoots are : — Acrohasis nehuleUa, Riley (pecan leaf case-bearer), an account of which has already appeared [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 168] ; Coleophom carf/aefoliella, Clem, (pecan cigar case-bearer) occurring also on hickory and black walnut and controlled by the same methods ; Proteopteryx hoUiana, Sling, (pecan bud-moth), which causes stunted growth and excessive branching by feeding on the terminal buds, but is seldom of sufficient importance to warrant special spraying ; Hyphantria oinea, Drury (fall webworm), of which there are two generations in the south, the webs being found as early as May ; Datana integerrima, G. R. (walnut caterpillar), which, however, rarely damages pecan orchards that have been sprayed with arsenicals ; Phylloxera caryae- caulis, Fitch (hickory phylloxera) ; and Monellia caryella, Fitch (little hickory aphis), which also infests hickory and the California black walnut, doing, however, so little damage to pecan foliage that no special remedial measures are required. Insects injuring the trunk and branches are : — Termites, of which the most widespread and abundant species in the eastern United States is Leucotermes flavipes, Kollar. Young budded and grafted pecan trees have sometimes been killed by termite attacks, the tap- root being completely hollowed out. This has generally occurred in plantations on new land containing an abundance of dead wood and humus. The best remedy is the removal of all decaying wood from orchards and nurseries. Nests, when located, may be destroyed by carbon bisulphide. The moth, Cossula magnifica, Strecker, in its larval stage tunnels in the hard wood of the trunk and larger branches, making galleries several inches in length. The only remedy against this pest is the destruction of the larvae in the larger branches and trunk by the injection of carbon bisulphide, the holes being imme- diately stopped up with putty, grafting wax, wooden pegs, or moist clay. The beetle, Chrysohothris femorata, F. (flat-headed apple-tree borer), which also attacks stone-fruit trees [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 317], is especially abundant on pecan trees in May, and from mid- August to mid-September. A practicable control measure might be the use of trap-logs, made from newly-cut branches of oak, hickory or pecan, 4-6 ft. in length and 3 to 4 inches in diameter. These, smeared with a viscous substance and placed in the orchard at intervals of 100 ft. or less during the late winter or very early spring should yield valuable results, especially in neglected orchards and those adjacent to extensive woodlands. The beetle, Xylobiops {Sinoxylon) basilaris, Say (red-shouldered shot-hole borer) only occasionally attacks fairly healthy trees, but Oncideres cingulatus. Say (hickory twig-girdler) ranks as a first-class pest in the pecan-growing sections of the southern (C472) a2 228 States. The Longicorn beetle, Chion cinctus, Drury, cannot be con- sidered a serious pest, provided that all dead and dying wood is promptly removed and destroyed by burning, this being also the best means of controlling Elaphidion villosum, F. (oak pruner), the larvae of which amputate the branches by gnawing a circular groove in the wood, leaving only the bark intact, so that they are brought down by the first strong wind, or even by their own weight. Turner (W. F.). Pecan Insects. — Georgia State Board Entom., Athnta, Bull. no. 49, January 1918, pp. 1-37, 11 plates. [Received 21st March 1918.] The greater part of the subject matter of this bulletin has already been noticed [see above], but the following additional species are dealt with : — Moths of the genus Catocala, the larvae of which are usually present only in April and May, when they may be controlled by handpicking, arsenical sprays, or burlap bands ; Xyleborimis (XyJeborus) pecanis, Hopk. (pecan ambrosia beetle), which attacks trees only when in an unhealthy condition, the removal and burning of wood so attacked being a necessary measure ; Aegeria {Synanthedon) geliformis, Walk, (lesser pecan-tree borer), which does not cause any material injury ; Conotrachelus juglandis, Lee, a weevil, the life-history and control of which have not yet been worked out ; and Diplotaxis excavata, Lee, a leaf-feeding beetle which, if present in sufficient numbers, can be controlled by spraying on its first appearance with lead arsenate at the rate of 3 lb. paste, or 1| lb. powder, to 50 U.S. gals, water. Chase (W. W.). Helpful Hints on Dusting Peaches. — Georgia State Board Entom., Atlanta, Circ. no. 24, January 1918, 7 pp. [Received 21st March 1918.] A dust mixture suitable for spraying peach trees for the prevention of brown rot, peach scab and the attacks of curculio [Conotrachelus, TienupJiar] must contain superfinely ground sulphur and lead arsenate. A third ingredient, hydrated lime, serves several useful purposes, in that it improves the physical properties of the mixture by eliminating the lumps that occur in mixtures of sulphur and lead arsenate, thus allowing the mixture to flow more uniformly from the nozzle. Being cheap, it reduces the cost by displacing the more expensive sulphur, the injurious effect of which it also tends to neutralise. The proportions of these materials must depend entirely on the number of dustings that are to be given, a higher percentage of sulphur and arsenic being required in a mixture that is to be applied once only. For varieties of peach that require only one application a mixture may be used having the composition sulj^hur 80 per cent., lead arsenate 10 per cent., hydrated lime 10 per cent., which is also suitable for those varieties that need a second dusting 3-5 weeks after the first. When three dustings are necessary, the first should consist of sulphur 10 per cent., lead arsenate 5 per cent., hydrated Hme 85 per cent., to be followed 3-5 weeks later, and again 5 or 6 weeks before the ripening period by one having the composition sulphur 80 per cent., lead arsenate 5 per cent., hydrated lime 15 per cent. 229 Overdosing must be carefully avoided, as a sulphur dust mixture tends to defoliate the trees and to crack the skin and flesh of the fruit when applied too heavily. It is essential that the sulphur used should be superfinely ground. OsKAMP (J.) & Woodbury (C. G.). Strawberry Varieties and Cultural Hints. — Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., La Fayette, Ind., Bull, no. 200, 16 pp., 14 figs. [Received 21st March 1918.] Insects damaging the strawberry include white grubs [Lachnostertia spp.], which feed on the roots of a great variety of crops. In the case of a bad infestation, the land should be ploughed and pigs or chickens kept on it. The strawberry leaf-roller [Ancylis comptana], which oviposits in early sj)ring, can be controlled by spraying 2 or 3 times at intervals of a week with a solution of 2 lb. lead arsenate paste or 1 lb. powder to 50 U.S. gals, water. The plants should be cut and the patch burned over as soon as the crop is harvested. The straw- berry crown borer [Tyloderma fragariae] may be held in check by suitable crop rotation, and also by burning over infested areas. Poisons are useless against them. Sawflies, the larvae of which skeletonise the leaves, and strawberry weevils [Anthonomus signatus], which destroy the staminate flowers and feed on the pollen, may both be controlled by thorough spraying with lead arsenate. OsKAMP (J.) & Woodbury (C. G.). Varieties of Blackberries and Raspberries witli Notes on their Care. — Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., La Fayette, Ind., Bull. no. 201, August 1917, 12 pp., 6 figs. [Received 21st March 1918.] Blackberries and raspberries are seldom attacked by leaf-eating insects, but in the event of their appearance, spraying with lead arsenate is an effective control. The crown borers, which attack the roots or canes near the ground, can only be dealt with by examining each plant and destroying them when found. Plants attacked by the cane borer [Oberea bimacvlata], which girdles the young canes near the top, must be dealt with by cutting off the affected canes below the girdle and burning them. OsKAMP (J.) & Woodbury (C. G.). Gooseberries and Currants. — Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., La Fayette, Ind., Bull. no. 207, August 1917, 11 pp., 10 figs. [Received 21st March 1918.] The four types of insects that attack gooseberries and currants may be controlled as follows : — Scale-insects infesting the stems, by a winter spray of concentrated lime-sulphur, 1 U.S. gal. to 8 U.S. gals, water ; leaf-eating caterj^illars by poisoning with lead arsenate, 2 lb. paste, or 1 lb. powder, and 2 lb. lime to 50 U.S. gals, water ; borers, by cutting out and burning all infested canes in the spring, before the borers emerge ; Aphids, by spraying with nicotine sulphate, 1 fluid ounce tc 8 U.S. gals, water, with 4 oz. laundry soap added. 230 Troop (J.) & Mason (P. W.). Some Common Garden Insects.— Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., La Fayette, Ind., Circ. no. 64, July 1917, 15 pp., 9 figs. [Received 21st March 1918.] As its name indicates, this bulletin deals with the common insect pests of cabbage, cucurbits, onions, potatoes, maize and tomato and recommends the usual contact and poison insecticides. Sayre (C. B.) & Woodbury (C. Ct.). Mint Growing in Northern Indiana.^ — Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., La Fayette. Ind., Circ, no. 65, August 1917, 14 pp., 8 figs. [Received 21st March 1918.] Mint is not usually damaged by insects, though in some seasons cutworms and grasshoppers may become serious pests. They may both be controlled by means of a poisoned bait composed of 50 lb. wheat bran, 2 lb. Paris green, 6 finely .chopped oranges or lemons and enough cheap molasses and a little water to bring the mixture to the consistency of a stifi dough. As cutworms feed during the night, and grasshoppers in the morning, the bait should be distributed broadcast in small lumps during the evening. Reed (H. J.) & Woodbury (C. G.). The Planting and Care of the Young Apple Orchard. — Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., La Fayette, Ind., Circ. no. 67, August 1917, 20 pp., 14 figs. Received 21st March 1918.] As a preventive measure against the attacks of insects and diseases, it is advisable to spray a young orchard during the first part of May and again at the begiiming of July with a mixture of 1 U.S. gal. concen- trated lime sulphur solution (32° Be.) to 40 U.S. gals, water, 1 lb. of lead arsenate powder or 2 lb. paste, being added to every 50 U.S. gals, of spray solution. In the event of the appearance of the San Jose scale {Aspidiotus perniciosus), tlie orchard should be given a dormant spray in spring of 1 U.S. gal. concentrated lime-sulphur solution to 7| U.S. gals, water. Reed (H. J.) & Woodbury (C. G.). Melon Growing in Indiana. — Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., La Fayette, Ind., Circ. no. 68, August 1917, 16 pp., 14 figs. [Received 21st March 1918.] The chief insects damaging melons are the striped beetle [Diabrotica vittata], which attacks the young plants as soon as they appear above ground, and the melon aphis [Aphis gossypii], which feeds on the under-surface of the leaves, causing them to curl. The former can be controlled by a mixture of 2 parts air-slaked lime and 1 part tobacco dust. Another mixture that may be sifted over each hill in sanall quantities consists of land plaster (finely ground gypsum) or sifted ashes, to which a small quantity of turpentine (4 oz. to a peck of ashes) has been added. No successful method of dealing with, this pest on a large scale has yet been devised. Aphis gossypii has been successfully dealt with by spraying the under-side of the leaves with a dilute nicotine solution, using 1 part 40 per cent, nicotine sulphate solution to 800 parts water, which is about equivalent to 1 pint to 100 gals, water. 231 OsKAMP (J.) & Woodbury (C. C!.)- Peach Growing in Indiana. — Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., La Fayette, Ind., Circ. no. 69, Ssptember 1917, 24 pp., 15 figs. [Received 21st March 1918.] Insects injurious to the peach are the curculio beetle [Conotrachelus nenuphar], the black peach aphis {A. persicae-nigcr) and the peach tree borer [Aegeria, exUiosa]. The curculio which oviposits in the young fruit, causing it to become knotty and exude gum, may be controlled by spraying with lead arsenate at the rate of 2 lb. paste, or 1 lb. powder, and 2 lb. lime to 50 U.S. gals, water. In cases of black peach aphis infestation the under-sides of the leaves should be thoroughly sprayed with 1 pint of 40 per cent, nicotine sulphate to 100 gals, water. The peach-tree borer can be successfully dealt with only by the method of worming, or cutting out the larvae from the trunk, during August and September. The operation may be sim]:)lified by moimding up the earth at the base of the trees before egg-laying begins in June, thus compelling the larvae to enter the trunks at a higher level, where they can be more easily reached. DEN Doop (J. E. A.). Lasiodermu en Anobium in Koriander- en Kar- wei-Zaden. [Lasioderma and Anobium in Coriander and Carawav Seed.] — Meded. Deli Proefstation, Medan, x, no. 8, December 1917, pp. 190-202. [Received 20th March 1918.] As a result of the circular drawing attention to coriander {Corian- druni sativum) and caraway {Carum carui) as hosts of Lasioderma serricorne [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 417], 88 samples of coriander and 85 of caraway were received from 54 estates. Of these, 19 of coriander (22 per cent.) and 44 of caraway (52 per cent.) were infested with L. serricorne. In the 88 coriander samples, 38 individuals of L. serricorne were found (0'4 per sample) and 468 in the 85 samples of caraway (5 '5 per sample). Of the 54 estates, 33 per cent, suffered from infested coriander and 63 per cent, from infested caraway. The number of estates where L. serricorne occurred — in either or both seeds — was 78 per cent. In 41 per cent, of these caraway alone was infested. The greater attractiveness of caraway seed is therefore apparent. There does not appear to have been any direct relation between the infestation of these seeds in a given estate and the infestation of the same estate's tobacco crop in 1916. This does not imply that these seeds may not be dangerous, as the presence of any Lasioderma beetles near the tobacco miy start an infestation. Two other products, however, are still more important sources of infestation. The first is the tobacco which the work-people bring with them into the ferment- ing and sorting sheds, while the second is the dried root of Curcuma longa, used as a medicine, dye-stuff and spice. This latter is highly attractive to L. serricorne and favourable to its development. As coriander and caraway are usually stored in separate divisions of the same box together with this root, it is probable that they become infested from it and the data collected seem to confirm this. In examining the samples it was found that the injury done by L. serricorne to these products was unimportant compared with that 232 6f other insects, of which the chief was the beetle, Anobiimi paniceum, L. As at first sight this Anobiid might be mistaken for L. serricorne, some of the distinctions between them are mentioned. A. paniceum appears to be a constant pest of both caraway and coriander. It is parasitised by a small black Hymenopteron, as yet unidentified, and experiments show that this parasite is also able to live in L. serricorne and probahly does so imder natural conditions. Anohium larvae in coriander seed were parasitised twice as much as in caraway. Up to the present no injury to fermented tobacco by A. paniceimi has been observed on the East Coast of Sumatra. It has been recorded in North America as a very unimportant pest in this connection. The whole of the investigations recorded point to the necessity for inspecting strictly the estate shops, as they provide conditions favour- able to L. serricorne. Infested Curcuma root may be disinfected with about 10 c.c. of carbon bisulphide used in a kerosene tin. Honing (J. A ). The Destruction of Tobacco Plants after Harvesting, a necessary Measure against Phthorimaea opercuMla. — Med. Deli Proefstation, Mednn, x, no. 8, December 1917, p. 208. [Received 20th March 1918.] A circular is j)ublished advising that all tobacco plants be uprooted and burnt after the harvest, as numerous side-roots are developed and the lowest of these remain alive for months after the main root has perished. In the side-roots of three tobacco plants left standing no less than 20 living larvae of Phthorimaea ojjerculella {Lita solanella) were found, together with 6 empty pupal cases. RoEPKE (W.). Verslag over het Jaar 1916-17. [Report on the Year 1916-17.] — Meded. Proefstation Midden-Java, Salatiga, no. 28, 1917, pp. 10-33. [Received 23rd March 1918.] The important question of the food-plants of Acrocercops cramerella (cacao moth) received attention during the year. In 1913, Cynometra cauliflora was found to be an important food-j)lant of this pest in spite of the fact that it is an introduced plant from India, where the moth is unknown. Neither the indigenous Cynometra ramijlora nor a related plant, Maniltoa gemmipara, appear to be attacked by the cacao moth. Up to the present some small moths, related to A. cramerella and probably new to science, have been found on Saraca declinata, Banhinia variegata and other plants of this genus, Caesal- pinia sappan and Jatropha curcas. All these moths are attacked by parasites and these j)lants may prove useful, if grown near cacao, as the parasites of A. cramerella may thus find hosts among them at the time that the operations known as " rampassen " [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 57] are being carried out. This report also contains abstracts from the departmental report of Mr. P. van der Goot. An investigation, as yet incomplete, was made to determine if Helopeltis actually oviposits and its larvae develop on various plants commonly believed to be food-plants of this pest. In addition to cacao it can be definitely said that H. antonii can develop fully on Anona nmricata (sour sop), Bixa orellana, Ceiba pentandra, Eryngium foetidum, Melastoma malabathricum, Psidium •233 guajam (guava) and Siachytarphela indica. Helo2)eltis injury and Helopeltis eggs were noticed on Capsicum annuum, Chrysanthemum frutescens, Cymmetra cauliflora, Mangifera sp., Nephelium lappaceum and Tamarindus indicus. In spite of repeated tests Helopeltis was not seen to o\aposit on Ageratum conyzoides, Artocarpus integrifolia, Bidens sp., Burranta plumieri, Ficiis sp., Tephrosia Candida and T. vogelii, though in the case of the two last-named a planter has reported the presence of larvae on them [see also this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 415]. Tests seem to show a marked preference of Helopeltis for cacao over E. foetidum, M. malahathricum and Tephrosia, so that these plants cannot be used as traps. A serious infestation of the seeds of various species of cowpeas by the small Bruchid, Bruchus {Pachymerus) chinensis, L., led to obser- vations by Mr. Van der Goot on its habits, as there seemed to be special ground for fearing its capacity for injuring the seed of Tephrosia Candida and other important green manure crops. The eggs are laid in the stored seed of various Leguminosae, and the larvae hatch out in about 4 days and bore into the seed directly beneath the egg. Both larvae and pupae are completely hidden mthin the seed. The adult gnaws a round hole in the skin of the seed. It mates a few hours after emergence and begins to oviposit within 24 hours. It does not live more than a fortnight. The entire development of B: chinensis is short, occupying from 28 to 32 days. From 50 to 70 eggs are laid l)y a female and of these at least 60 per cent, develop into adults. A small unidentified Chalcidid parasitises the larvae ; it appears to ■develop in 21-23 days. B. chinensis does not attack all Leguminosae to the same degree. Arachis hypogaea (ground nut) and Cajanus indicus (pigeon pea) appear to suffer very severely. The beetle also seems to develop perfectly in Vigna cafjang var. Though eggs were laid in captivity in the seeds of Glycine soja no larvae developed. On the seeds of Tephrosia Candida and Leucaena glauca only a few eggs were laid and they did not develop. According to Chittenden, B. chi- nensis o\aposits in the open in the flowers of various Leguminosae, but an investigation of this point with T. Candida proved negative. The larvae of another Bruchid, as yet undetermined, were sometimes found in the pods of T. Candida. Matheson (R.). The Poplar and Willow Borer. — Cornell Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Ithaca, N.Y., Bull. no. 388, April 1917, pp. 457-483, 1 plate, 17 figs. [Received 27th March 1918.] The subject matter of this bulletin has already been noticed from another source [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 69]. Knight (H. H.). A Revision of the Genus Lygus as it occurs in America north of Mexico, with Biological Data on the Species from New York. — Cornell TJyiiv. Agric. Expt. Sta., Ithaca, N.Y., Bull. no. 391, Mav 1917, pp. 555-645, 1 plate, 50 figs. [Received 27th March 1918.] This revision of the genus Lygus has been undertaken owing to the need among economic entomologists of a systematic work to aid in the accurate determination of the species. 234 It includes the well-known tarnished jalant-bug, Lygus praiensis, L., a cosmopolitan pest of long standing on a variety of plants of economic value. Other species such as L. invitus, Say, and L. communis var. novascotiensis, Knight, during the past five years have become serious pests of pears and apples ; hence there is a strong probability that other forms now present on native wild vegetation may change their food-habits and attack cultivated plants. A list is given of 67 species and varieties arranged in 6 sections, 34 species and 10 varieties being described as new. A bibliography .of 78 works is appended. KoNDO (T.). Ni-san-ka Meichu. [The Two- and Three-brooded Rice- Borers.] — Rinji-liokohi [Extra Report], Nagasaki Agricultural Exjjeriment Station, no. 18, 20th May 1917, 8 plates, 103 pp. This report describes in detail the morphology, life-histories, habits and methods of control of two moths, viz : — Chilo simplex, Butl., commonly known as the two-brooded rice-borer, because it has two generations, and Schoenobius incertellus, Wlk. {bipunctifer, W!k.), the three-brooded rice-borer. These two insects are the most important rice pests in Japan. All the stages of Chilo simplex are described in detail. It winters within cut-off stems or stumps as a larva, which pupates at the end of March or April and appears as an adult from the beginning of May to July. The moth oviposits on the rice leaves and the resulting larvae bore in groups into the stalk of the plant, causing wdthering of the heart. These larvae, after having devoured the contents of the stalk, pupate in the middle or end of August. The adults appear at the end of August or the beginning of September. The next generation of larvae again bore into the stalks, injuring the leaf- sheath en route. The first evidence of injury by this pest is therefore a change in the colour of the leaf-sheath, which is followed by a withering of the ear. The fully fed larvae of the second brood hiber- nate mainly in the cut stalks and pupate in the folloAving year. The moth, which hides by day and becomes active at night, is readily attracted by lights. The eggs are laid in masses of 2,500-3,000, or more, though a female may deposit from one to twelve masses containing about 200 eggs on an average. The eggs of the first brood are usually laid on the upper surface of the leaf near the tip, while those of the second are found at the point of juncture of the leaf- sheath and the stalk. When the larva bores into the young rice plant in the field after transplanting, the leaf- sheath is often injured wdth the result that the leaf falls and floats on the water, these floating leaves being considered a sign of injury by the first brood larvae,, whereas a change in the colour of the leaf-sheath is similarly charac- teristic of infestation by the second brood. Well-developed and manured plants suffer more injury than weakly ones. Though this borer winters chiefly in the stubble of rice-plants, it may also hiber- nate in the stems of Amarantus blitum, Cephalotaxus drupacea, Cyperus iria, Andropogon sorghum, Eleusine indica and Scirpiis eriophorum. As regards preventive measures collection of the moths may be effected either wdth nets or trap lanterns. Of the latter the author describes 37 different types and quotes the results of experiments with these at the Kiushiu branch of the Imperial Agricultural Experiment 235 Station. Doubts have been expressed as to the efficacy of these lanterns, because it frequently happens that male moths or females that have already oviposited are the only ones trapped by this means. In another case various injurious insects were only attracted to the field, but not killed by the lantern, while many beneficial ones were destroyed in it. Other measures are collection of the egg-clusters, removal of the outer and more vigorous shoots in which larvae tend to collect, and gathering the floating leaves which often enclose the larvae. Cutting of? the infested stalks early in July is very effective in exterminating the first brood larvae. Submerging the rice stubbles is also effective, if care be taken to prevent the escape of floating larvae. Removal of the stalks on which the leaf-sheath has changed colour is the best measure against the second brood larvae. This should be done from the end of August till the end of September. Special treatment of the rice straw is of importance ; as this is utilised for various purposes, total destruction is impossible. It should either be tightly heaped in order to prevent the emergence of moths from the larvae that are enclosed in it, or it should be closely covered with mats or similar material so as to prevent the escape of the adults. Soaking the straw in hot water or fumigation with carbon bisul23hide may in certain cases be practicable. Raking over the heaps of straw in the spring, when the hibernated larvae are emigrating, is also considered an effective measure. Burying or burning the stubble and removal of weeds around rice fields may also be of some value. The second part of this report deals ^nth Schoenobius incerteUus, Wlk., of which all the stages are described in detail. This moth usually appears three times a year, though in certain places there are only two generations. The larva passes the winter within the rice stubble and pupation takes place in April or j\Iay of the following year, the moths of the first brood appearing shortly afterwards. These oviposit on the rice-leaves near the tip. The larvae hatched from these eggs bore into the stalk and pupate in July, and those of the next generation in the latter part of August. The moths derived from these give rise to the hibernating larvae. In habits S. incerteUus differs from C. simplex mainly in the follo^\^ng points. In S. incerteUus the egg-cluster is covered with hairs from the body of the parent, while in C. simplex it is naked. In the case of S. incerteUus the eggs are always laid at the tips of the leaves, while in C simplex they are laid in the leaf-sheath in the case of the second generation. In the former species the larvae that hatch from the egg-cluster bore one into each rice-stalk, whereas in the latter sjjecies they all collect in a single stalk ; so that in the former case the injury is widespread, while in the latter it is more concentrated. In the case of S. incerteUus each rice-stalk being only moderately injured, it continues to stand in the field mthout losing its original green colour : while injury by C. simplex causes the stalk to become bleached and usually to break do^vn. As the larva of S. incerteUus bores directly into the rice stalk, without affecting the leaf-sheath, the changed colour of the latter, so characteristic of infestation by C. simplex, is never seen. The larvae of the last brood of C. incerteUus pass the winter mainly "^dthin the stump of the plant, while those of C. simplex do so chiefly in the cut-off stems and only occasionally in the stump. 236 Upon the whole S. incertellus is responsible for the more serious damage. Kemedial measures against S. incertellus are similar to those against C. svnvplex. The best of all, since the larvae of this species have to pass the winter within rice stubble, is burning, cutting or burying the stubble and stumps or submerging them in water. The natural enemies of these two borers, besides insectivorous birds and predaceous insects, include two unidentified parasites infesting the eggs and Aniyosoma chilonis, Vier., Ophionellus biguttatus, Mats., Apanteles {Stenopleura) chilocida, Vier., A. siniplicis, Vier., Lissonota japonica, Mats., Chelonismunakatae, Mats., and MicropUtis aomoriensis, Mats., infesting the larvae. A few biological notes on some of these are given. Takahashi (S.). Tokuyosakumotsu no gaichu to shiteno okinkame- mushi ni tsuite. [Chrysocons grandis-, Thunb., an injurious Insect of a special Crop.] — Konchusekai [Insect World], Gifii, xxii, no. 1, 15th January 1918, pp. 6-11, 1 fig. Aleurites corduta is generally planted as a useful tree in Japan, and oil is obtained from the fruit. No insects injurious to this tree seem to have been recorded until recently, when the author has observed the Limacodid, Parasa consocia, WLk., an undetermined Tortricid, and the Pentatomid bug, Chrysocoris grandis, Thunb. , to do no small degree of injury to it. The two former insects damage the leaves, while the latter, though it has hitherto been regarded as a rare insect in Japan, is found in abundance and punctures the fruit of Aleurites cordata with its rostrum, causing it to fall before it is ripe. The adult and nymphal stages and the life-history are described. It has probably two broods a year and passes the winter in the adult stage, ovipositing on the lower surface of the leaf in July. The newly hatched larvae at first attack the leaves and then the buds, inflicting however only minor injuries on the plant at this stage. Adults of this generation appear in August and these, as well as the nymphs arising from them, begin to attack the fruit. The ripe fruit having a hard shell can withstand attack, but unripe fruit sooner or later falls and decays. The adults of the second brood may be seen as late as November, and possibly hibernate under stones. The author believes that Tsuruga and its vicinity is the only infested locality, and that contrary to the opinion of Professor Matsumura, this insect may not be universally distributed throughout Japan. As a remedial measure, the insect may be killed on the trees by means of pine-torches. Kerosene emulsion mixed with insect powder may also be effective against the young nymphs, but has not yet been tested on the spot. Jepson (F. p.). Division of Entomology. — Dept. Agric. Fiji, Ann. Rept.fortJie Year 1916, Suva, 20th November 1917, pp. 16-25. [Received 1st April 1918.] Bananas in Fiji during the year under review were attacked to some extent by Cosmopolites sordidus (banana borer), though the damage done was slight, probably owing to the wet season. The scale, Aspidiotus destructor (transparens) was prevalent throughout the year, spraying having been interfered with by the excessive amount 237 of rain. Fruits left to ripen naturally were pierced by fruit-sucking moths, the fruit-fly {Drosophila ampelophila) ovipositing later in the punctures. The natives protect the young bunches from the larvae of the scab moth [Nacoleia octosema], which attack them as they are forming, by placing in them the leaves of an unidentified bush which destroy or repel the larvae. Observations of Levuana iridescens (coconut leaf moth) have shown that this insect does not migrate or hibernate, but carries on its development through the ordinary stages from May to August in very limited numbers and only on certain individual palms. This apparent disappearance each year seems to be due to the wholesale destruction of the larvae by the bug, Canthecona cyanocantha, Stal, which develops rapidly and preys on them voraciously at the time when the attack of L. iridescens is at its worst. An unidentified Attid spider is also a formidable enemy of the larvae and adults of L. irides- cens. Considerable damage was also done by the larvae of this moth to Oreodoxa regalis (royal palm), Sagiis vitiensis (sago palm) and Areca catechu (betel or areca nut) in the Botanical Gardens, Suva, where they might be checked by sjDraying with 30 oz. lead arsenate to 25 gals, water. Coconuts were also attacked by Aspidiotus destructor, found also on avocado pear, rubber, papaw and ginger. It can be effectively dealt wdth by spraying, though only young palms could be treated in this manner. Considerable damage was done to young coconuts in some localities by swarms of Phasmids. On young trees they are best dealt with by handpicking. In the case of older trees, they may be made to release their hold and fall to the ground by lighting a fire giving off dense smoke at the base of the tree. By this means also, the eggs that are dropped to the ground by the female are destroyed. Minor pests of coconut during the year were Prome- cotheca reichei (coconut leaf-miner) and Trachycentra adamias, Meyr., boring in the base of coconut leaves. Cacao leaves were often badly damaged by Adoretus tenuimaculatus^ Waterh. (Japanese rose beetle), a pest difficult to deal with by artificial means, but successfully controlled in Hawaii by a species of Scolia. Phthorimaea operculella (tobacco leaf-miner) caused damage to young plants in nurseries. Oranges were punctured by a fruit-piercing moth, probably Othreis fuUonica, L., which oviposits on the leaves of Erythrina indica, the larval period occupying 21, and the pupal, 17 days. The eggs are parasitised by Chalcids, while a black ant devours the eggs, larvae and pupae. The so-called hornets {Polistes hebraeus) also attack the full-grown larvae. Attacks of Chionaspis citri (orange snow scale) and Chrysomphalus (Aspidiotus) aurantii (California red-scale) were reported, but these pests are easily controlled by spraying with lime- sulphur solution. A fruit-fly, Dacus passiflorae, was occasionally found attacking mandarins, but the damage being insignificant, no special treatment is necessary. An unidentified fruit-fly attacked kavika fruit {Eugenia sp.). A Sphingid moth was found destroying the leaf surface of Colocasia antiquarum. If attacks, which occur from June to October, become serious, they should be easily controlled by arsenical sprays. Euscepes {Cryptorrhynchus) batatae, Waterh. (sweet potato weevil), caused considerable damage to sweet potatoes {Ipomoea batatas) on 238 one estate, no method of dealing with this pest in the growing crop being known at present. It is recommended that diseased tubers and all trash should be destroyed by burying with lime and that planting should be undertaken on fresh ground. The scale, Chiofiaspis dtibia, Mask., was reported as attacking several species of ferns, and the larvae of Prodenia litura, the flowers of begonia, other flowering plants. The Agromyzid lantana seed-fly, introduced from Hawaii in 1911, appears to be thoroughly established and to be exercising an inii^ortant check on the troublesome lantana weed. Petherbridge (F. E.). The Control of the Apple Capsid Bug by Spraying. — Jl. Bd. Agric, London, xxiv, no. 12, March 1918, pp. 1401-1410, 8 figs. The experiments recorded in this paper are a continuation of those carried out during the season of 1916 [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 290]. Observations on the amount of damage done by Plesiocoris rugicollis (apple capsid bug) throughout the season showed marked reduction due to spraying. Details of the experiments are given. Soft-soap and nicotine, and soft-soap and pyridine, both proved effective washes against Capsids ; for the former, with soft water 10 lb. of soap per 100 gals, or even less is sufficient, but with hard water more may be necessary ; from 7 to 8 oz. of nicotine is required. The best time for spraying varies with the season, but, as a rough guide, about 10 davs after the first markings of the leaves by the Capsids the first spray should be given, as then most or all of the bugs will have hatched. The date is usually about a week before blossoming. When two sprays can be given, these should be once before blossoming and once just after blossoming. As eggs are laid in the twigs, care should be taken not to plant nursery stock from an infested area in a non- infested one. Lees (A. H.). Nicotine-Paraffin Emulsion. — Jl. Bd. Agric, London, xxiv, no. 12, March 1918, pp. 1411-1415. Suggestions for the best contact insecticides for certain sucking insects are given in this paper with a view to reducing the number of spraying operations wherever possible, while labour is so difficult to obtain. In the author's opinion, the most satisfactory spray is a 2 per cent, paraffin emulsion. Used alone this emulsion is capable of killing Aphids and many other sucking insects, but is not powerful enough to kill Capsids, caterpillars or beetles. The addition of ^ per cent, of nicotine renders it much more efficacious. The formula is then : — soft soap, 20 lb. ; paraffin, 2 gals. ; nicotine, | lb. ; water, 100 gals. The soft soap is first dissolved in 5 to 10 gals, of boiling water. The paraffin is then taken up in a garden syringe with a rose attached and squirted violently into the soap solution, thus obtaining an emulsion. The nicotine is then added and the mixture diluted to 100 gals, in all. Capsids are killed when thoroughly wetted by this spray, while larvae of the cabbage white butterfly [Pieris brassicae] remained motionless on the leaves and finally died. Larvae of the gooseberry sawfly [Pteronus ribesii] when hit by the fluid fall to the 239 ground. If thoroughly wetted they die, but if only >« lightly wetted they recover and crawl up the bush again. It is therefore advisable to follow the first spraying with a second treatment of the ground underneath the bushes. This fluid is only intended to replace lead arsenate against this pest when there is danger of poisoning the fruit. The raspberry and loganberry beetle [Bijturus tomentosus] has been found very difficult to control. The usual method has been to shake the canes in the spring, when the beetle appears, over tarred sheets or into pans covered with tree grease. This is useless, as the beetles can only be dislodged by picking them out. A trial with nicotine- paraffin emulsion showed that while the insects that were thoroughly wetted were killed, those slightly wetted simply moved elsewhere. It was therefore found necessary to carry out a preliminary spraying to draw the beetles into the open ; paraffin emulsion alone was suffi- cient to do this. After five minutes this was followed by a second spray with nicotine-paraffin emulsion. This double spraying was done three times, once a week, and was then stopped for fear of scorching the leaves. The results were satisfactory ; no damage was apparent to the flowers or the set of the fruit. Fungicides containing salts of ammonium, potassium or sodium may be added to this spray, but not lime-sulphur, Bordeaux or Burgundy mixtures. It is noted that though nicotine itself is safe to use on fruit that will shortly be eaten, nicotine sulphate is not volatile and remains on the fruit for a considerable time. Mally (C. W.). Natural Enemies of the Argentine Ant, Iridomyrmex humilis, Mayr. >S. African Jl. Sci., Cape Town, xiv, no. 5, December 1917, pp. 245-247. [Received 2nd April 1918.] Iridomyrmex hiouilis (Argentine ant), of which a full account has already appeared [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 325], is a serious insect pest in S. Africa, where it is practically free from natural enemies. The fact that it is not regarded as a serious pest in its native country of S. America, seems to point to the existence there of other species ■of ants, the absence of one or more of which in certain i^arts would account for its greater abundance in those districts [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 252]. Although practically immune from attack, this ant is very aggressive, no other species of ant except an occasional colony of Dorylus helvolus having been found at the Cape in areas infested by it. In view of the difference in behaviour of this ant in •countries where it is native and introduced, efforts should be made to arrive at the facts of the case, so that the introduction of controlling agents may be undertaken, should this be deemed advisable. Jack (R. W.). The Maize Beetle {Heleronychus mashunus, Pering.). — Rhodewi Agric. J l, Salisbury, xv, no. 1, February 1918, pp. 10-15, 2 plates. Heteronychus mashumis (maize beetle) has caused considerable loss to maize growers in various parts of Mashonaland and Matabeleland for some years past. The beetles become active with the first heavy 240 rains, remaining under the surface of the soil during the day and crawling or occasionally flying at night. Moist soil is absolutely essential to them, specimens in confinement having survived for a year or more in wet soil. It is however unlikely that a large proportion survive the winter in the field and they are not observed in any numbers after February. Eggs are laid during the wet season a few inches below the surface of the soil in small pockets in the tunnels made by the beetle, the incubation period being about 15 days. The grub feeds entirely upon decayed vegetable matter in the soil, and there is no evidence that it injures plants in any way during this stage of its development. Winter is passed mainly in the grub stage, though larvae hatching in September and October develop very quickly and may produce adults in December to February. Pupation apparently occurs during late September and early October ; the adults fre- quently leave the pupal skin but remain within the cell until heavy rains produce favourable conditions for their emergence. The pupal cells are constructed about four inches below the surface of the soil,, the pupal stage occupying between 3 and 4 weeks. The most serious injury is that caused to maize, the natural food of the beetles probably consisting entirely of succulent grasses. Maize, kafhr-corn, wheat, oats and barley have all been attacked in experimental cages." The insects attack the seed as it germinates and the plant at almost any stage of its growth. The young shoot from the seed is frequently destroyed, so that the plant does not appear above ground. In larger maize plants the beetle eats into the stalk an inch or two below the soil surface, causing the centre of the plant to wither though the outer leaves may still be green, and plant after plant is thus injured by one insect. The grubs can only exist in rich, low-lying land, though the beetles may range further afield and do damage on lighter soils adjacent to their breeding ground. It is obvious that the presence or otherwise of suitable breeding grounds determines whether the beetles can increase sufficiently to constitute a serious pest. The greatest damage has been recorded on land that has been under cultivation for a number of years, Probably cultivation encourages the pest by making the- soil easier for the grubs to penetrate ; as they are not dependent upon growing plants for nourishment the lack of natural vegetation would not affect them. Numerous attempts to attract the beetles to poisoned bait of arsenic in sugar or treacle solutions have failed. The practice of collecting the beetles by children is a slow method. Unfortunately experiments with remedial measures have as yet been impossible, but the follo^dng methods which apply to the breeding places only, are suggested as worthy of experiment. Improved drainage is likely to check the increase of the pest. Ploughing the area in late summer and leaving the surface in ridges during the dry season should render the land dry to a greater depth than would otherwise be. the case. By ploughing and cross-ploughing from the beginning of October and breaking up the soil as much as possible, numbers of the pupal cells would be crushed and the inmates destroyed. Pigs show a great partiahty for these grubs and, if kept on the breeding ground as much as possible between March and September, would probably - devour or destroy most of them. 241 Yeitch (R.). The Cane Beetle Borer in Australia. — Colonial Sugar R-'fining Co., Ltd., Sydney, Agric. Rept. no. 3, December 1917, 15 pp., 1 plate. [Received 2nd April 1918.] Rhabdocnemis obscunis, Boisd. (cane beetle borer) was introduced into Australia from New Guinea, and now threatens to become a formidable pest in the cane districts of North Queensland. Details of the habits and life-history and measures for the control of this weevil are given [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 52]. The damage done is often very severe and the losses due to it are generally under-estimated. In badly infested districts there is very little sound tissue left in the stalks, and in addition, chemical changes resulting in a reduced sugar yield are set up in the tissues adjacent to the tunnels. Bored cane is also liable to break and fall to the ground, where it becomes further infested and rots rapidly. The extent of this damage depends on the variety of cane, being much greater in the softer kinds. Damage due to R. obscunis must not be confused wntli that done by the cane moth borer [Phragnrntiphila truncata], the larva of which girdles the stalk in the region of the nodes, rendering it liable to snap in the middle. It also attacks the green tops of mature cane and young shoots, causing the green hearts of the latter to wither and die. Brittain (W. H.). Two Important Vegetable Pests. — Nova, Scotia Coll. Agric, Truro, Circ. no. 26, December 1917, 2 plates. [Received 2nd April 1918.) The moths dealt with in this circular are Gortyna micacea, Esp. (potato stem borer), and Ceramica picta, Harr. (zebra caterpillar). The former also attacks rhubarb, maize and sugar beet. Its present prominence as a potato pest is due to the widespread cultivation of potatoes on waste land formerly overgrown vdth. weeds. Ceramica picta (zebra caterpillar) is a periodic pest and only rarely occurs in destructive numbers. Details of its life-history have already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 400]. Where cheap labour is available and when the infestation is on a small scale, control by handpicking and by destroying the leaves bearing eggs or newly hatched caterpillars is the best method. In the case of large areas, dusting with powdered calcium arsenate, lead arsenate, or Paris green, diluted with 8-10 parts of hydrated lime, and applied by means of a powder gun at a time when the larvae are young, gives satisfactory results. Metcalf (C. L.). Syrphidae of Maine. Second Report : Life-History Studies. — Maine Agric. Expt. Sta., Orono, Bull. no. 263, August 1917, pp. 153-176, 5 plates. [Received 3rd April 1918.] This bulletin discusses the life-history of several beneficial Syrphids, all of which in the larval stage feed on Aphids. The species dealt with are Xanthogramma divisa. Will., larvae of which were collected from choke cherry {Prunus virginiana) among Aphis cerasifoliae, Fitch, from Cornus sp., feeding on A. cornifoliae. Fitch, from poplar, among Chaitophorus popidicola, Thom., and from willow infected with Plerocomma smithiae, Mor. ; SyrpJius oronoensis (C472) B 242 sp. n., an important predator on the Aphids affecting stone fruits, the larvae having been taken on a willow infested with Pterocomma smithiae Mor., on cultivated cherry among Myzus cerasi, F., and on cultivated plum among Phorodon huniuli, Schrank, and Rhopalosiphum nym- phaeae, L. ; Platychirus perpallidus, Verr., a British species, not hitherto recorded from America, and much commoner in Maine than P. quadratus, Say, to which it is closely allied ; and Syrphus Jcnabi, Shann., formerly recorded as S. xanthoslomus, Will., reared in Maine from the pseudo-galls formed on ash leaves by Prociphilus fraxinifolii, Pitch. Severin (H. H. p.). Life-History, Habits, Natural Enemies and Methods of Control of the Currant Fruit Fly {Epochra canadensis, Loew). — Maine Agnc.ExjJt.Sta., Orono, Bull. no. 264, September 1917, pp. 177-247, 5 plates. [Received 3rd April 1918.] This bulletin deals at length with the Trypetid, Epochra canadensis, Lw. (currant fruit fly}. A list of 16 popular names applied to this insect is given. No parasitic natural enemies seem to exist, though several species of spiders prey upon the adult flies, which have been also attacked under laboratory conditions by a. fungus. No satisfactory method of control appears to be known, though coal and wood ashes placed upon the soil under currant and goose- berry bushes has prevented the emergence of flies from it, .Fowls allowed to run under the bushes destroy many pupae, but at the same tim'e expose arid damage tne roots. Deferring the gathering of of the crop until August would ensure the fruits being free from maggots, but would risk the loss of some from sun scald. Spraying with lead arsenate or sodium arsenite and diluted molasses increases the yield of fruit on the treated bushes, but the first application should be made after the fruit is set, to avoid the poisoning of bees. A bibhography of 62 works covering the period 1873-1916 i& appended. Woods (W. C). The Biology of the Alder Flea-beetle, AUica himar- ginata, Say. — Maine Agric. Expt. Sta., Orono, Bull. no. 265, October 1917, pp. 249-284, 22 figs. [Received 3rd April 1918.] The ChvysomeMd, Haltica himarginata (alder flea-beetlfe), is of no great economic impoi*tance, though it occurs in enormous numbers more or less periodically. In the State of Maine an outbreak occurred from 1912-1915, the maximum abundance being in 1914. The infestation was so severe that many trees were killed in a single season. . The only other known food- plant of this insect is a willow, Salix rostrata, but a biological race occurs in Maine living on balsam poplar. The chief natural enemies are a Tachinid, Hyalomyodes triangularis, Lw. {iveedi, Town.), the larva of which is an internal parasite of the adult beetle, and the fmigus, Sporotrichum globulifenim, to the attacks of which larvae, pupae and adults are very susceptible. Should artificial control be necessary, a thorough spraying with lead arsenate at the rate of 3 lb. paste to 50 U.S. gals, water as soon 243 as the beetles appear in spring, and repeated, if necessary, in late June and mid-July for the larvae, should prove efficacious. The bulletin concludes with a discussion of the validity of the name Haltica, pointing out that Altica Gedffroy (1762) was emended to HaUica by Illiger (1802), the author being of opinion that this is inadmissable. [In the work by Geofiroy referred to the binomial system was not adopted and therefore the generic names there used are invalid. — Ed.] Patch (E. M.). The Aphid of Choke Cherry and Grain, A'phis pseudo^ avenae, sp. n. — Maine Agric. Expl. Sta., Orono, Bull, no, 267, November 1917, pp. 293-296, 1 fig. [Received 3rd April 1918.]. The new Aphid here described under the name A. jjseudoavenae in mounted material can only with difficulty be separated from the A. avenae of American authors, though in life it is distinguished by the absence of the dark green longitudinal lines characteristic of that species and by the presence of conspicuous areas of wax powder, especially in the spring generations. The spring generations live on choke cherry {Primus virginiana), and examples collected on 25th June showed that both apterous and alate viviparous leniales were present, and migrants were already taking wing. ' These .accepted experiment tally the follo^ving alternative host-plants :— Tihi6t'hy gtass, Kentucky blue grass, sheep fescue, meadow fescue, red top, ba'i'ley and oats^ Chtlds (L.). The Life-History and Control of the Rose Leaf-hopper, an Apple Pest. — Oregon Agric. Coll. Expt. Sta., CorcaUis, Bull, no. 148, February 1918, 32 pp., 10 figs., 1 plate. The greater part of the subject matter of this bulletin dealing with Empoa rosae as a pest of apple foliage has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 270]. The rose leaf-hopper does not suffer to any great extent from the attack of predaceous and parasitic enemies, the chief being the Chalcid, Anagrus armatus, which has been found to parasitise fully one-third of the eggs. Predaceous insects destroy- ing the nymjDhs are Chrijsopa calif ornica (green lacewing), Hemerobius pacificns (brown lace- wing), Triphleps sp., and the larva of a preda^- ceous tlirips, while the adults are sometimes destroyed by the fly, Scatophaga merdaria, and several species of spiders. Control may be effected by the use of the rose as a trap-crop, 92"7 per cent, of over-wintering eggs being deposited in rose stems, when a choice of host-plants has been possible. Infestation of apple orchards may be prevented by the pruning and spraying of rose bushes in their vicinity before the insects become winged. The first generation in apple orchards can be controlled by the use of lime-sulphur in the ten-day and thirty-day scab sprays, and after this period, Black Leaf 40, 1 in 1200, with 5 lb. soap to 100 U.S. gals, water has been found satisfactorv. On roses, insects in the first three stages may be destroyed by Black Leaf 40, 1 in 2000, with 5 lb. soap to 100 U.S. gals, water, the strength being increased to 1 in 1200 against the later stages. All the sprays must be directed upwards, as the insects are confined to the under-surface of the leaves. (C472) b2 244 McCoLLocH (J. W.) & Salmon (S. C). Relation of Kinds and Varieties of Grain to Hessian-fly Injury. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, B.C., xii, no. 8, 25th February 1918, pp. 519-527. In view of the contention that certain varieties of grain {Triticum spp.) are immune to the attacks of Mayetioh destructor (Hessian fly), experiments have been outUned to determine the relative infestation and injury of different varieties of small grain, and also to determine why certain kinds and varieties are resistant or immune ; or, if not, why they escape injury jn some cases where others are badly injured. From the consideration of 87 kinds of varieties of wheat (Triticum spp. ), oats (Arena sativa), hsiT\ey(Hordeum spp. ), and rye (Secale cereale), it was concluded that the Hessian fly is able to distinguish between different kinds and varieties of grain. It was found that eggs were laid on all the kinds and varieties of grain studied, but very sparingly on winter oats, winter barley and on -three varieties of Triticum; that, on the average, fewer eggs were laid on soft winter wheat than on hard red winter wheat, though exceptions occurred in both cases. There appeared to be a high mortality of eggs or larvae on all kinds and varieties studied, being greatest for rye, winter oats and three varieties of Triticum. Fag AN (M. M.). The Uses of Insect Galls. — American Naturalist, Lancaster, Pa., lii, no. 614, February -March 1918, pp. 155-176. This paper deals with the history of the uses of various galls, analyses of some of the more important being given. Those used in medicine include galls of Andricus fecundatrix, Hart., Cynips polycera, Giraud, C. gallae-tinctoriae, 01., C. quercus-folii, L., C. quercus-tozae, Bosc, Pemphigus cornicularis, P. pallidus, Rhodites Tosae, L., Schlechtendalia chinensis, Bell, besides undetermined ones such as : Chinese oak gall, Istrian gall and Marmora gall. In the manufacture of ink the galls used are those of : Cynips gallae-tinctoriae, 01., C. kollari, Hart., Schlechtendalia chinensis, Bell, and many undetermined ones. For tanning the following have been used : Cynips gallae-tinctoriae, 01., C. hungarica, Hart., C. insana, Westw., C. kollari, Hart., C. ligni- cola, Hart. , C. quercus calycis, Burgsdorf , and Schlechtendalia chinensis. Galls used in dyeing include those of : Cynips gallae-tinctoriae, C. insana, C. kollari, C. quercus-calycis, C. quercus-petioli. Pemphigus cornicularis, Schlechtendalia chinensis, possibly Chermes sp., and many undetermined ones. As food, only a few galls have been used, including those of : Aulax glechomae, Cynips spp., Discholcaspis weldi, Callithytis sp., Chermes sp., and Schlechtendalia chinensis. As fuel for lamps the Greeks used galls of Cynips theophrastea. An alphabetically-arranged list of common names of insect galls, and a bibliography of sixty-five works are appended. ToTHiLL (J. D.). The Predaceous Mite, Hemisarcoptes malus, Shimer, and its Relation to the Natural Control of the Oyster-shell Scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, L, — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, v, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 234-239, 3 figs. The mite. Hemisarcoptes nudus, is the most important single factor 245 in the natural control of the oyster-shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, upon the newly deposited eggs of which it preys. This mite is wndely distributed in orchards throughout large districts, probably through the medium of birds and tree-visiting animals. As yet, H. nialus has been recorded as feeding only on L. ulmi and Aspidiotus perniciosus (San Jose scale), and though Europe seems to have been its original home, the extent to which it has followed L. ulmi in its now almost world-wide distribution remains to be determined. In Canada, as in France, the mite is able to hibernate in any or all of its stages, and to maintain its activity at comparatively low temperatures, which accounts to a great extent for its usefulness. In places where the host is only fairly abundant, the mite becomes proportionately less efficient. Though chiefly a predator on the eggs, it has been recorded from both France and New Brunsmck as feeding in summer time upon the growing, and even full-growTi scales. Jarvis (E.). Parasites of the Cane Beetle. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, vii, no. 6, June 1917, pp. 293-294. [Received 8th April 1918.] A new Tachinid was bred in January 1917 from a specimen of Lepidiota olbohirta, which was infested by a single maggot of this fly. It was able however to mature and deposit fourteen eggs before succumbing. The eggs of the parasite are deposited upon the body of the host, being firmly attached so as to render removal difficult. The young larvae on hatching bore into the host, often preventing oviposition by entirely destroying the ovaries. The adult beetle is very liable to attack by Dipterous parasites, owing to its habit of remaining on its food-plant all day in a motionless or semi-torpid state. The eggs of this Tachinid are in their turn probably subject to attack by Proctotrupid parasites that check its increase. Another abundant, but unidentified species of Tachinid has also been bred from the adult of L. albohirta, the number of larvae from a single beetle varying from 3 to 12 . From about eight species of root- eating Scarabeid larvae affecting cane, four Asilid and eight Dexiid parasites have been bred during the last two years, but these are not of great economic value as they are too vigorously controlled by insect and other enemies. In addition to these, cane-infesting Scarabeid larvae are preyed upon by at least one species of Elaterid larva and by three Scoliids, which however are hyperparasitised by Bombyliids and Mordellids. Illingworth (J. F.) & Jarvis (E). Cane Grub Investigation. — Queensland Agric. J I., Brisbane, ix, no. 1, January 1918, pp. 24-26. The grass-feeding species of cane beetle, Lepidiota frenchi, was held in check during 1917 by the use of arsenic and of carbon bisulphide, equally good results being obtained in both cases, while the cost of the arsenic was considerably less. Experiments have shown that this beetle is also parasitised by the green Muscardine fungus [Metarrhizium anisopliae], the develop- ment of which proceeds best at a temperature not above 70° F. 246 A species of MicroQo'aciis that attacks white grubs in America and the development of which is favoured by excessive moisture, might iprove beneficial if introduced into Queensland against L. albohirta. v_ The life-history of Cami^someris radula, F., a Scohid wasp that preys '.on several kinds of cane beetles, is being successfully worked out. Becker (G. G.). Control of Insects affecting Stored Seed and Food Products. — JJniv. Arkansas Agric. Expt. Sta., Fayetteville, Circ. no. 33, 1918, 8 pp., 1 plate, 2 figs. [Received 9th April 1918.] This circular suggests practical and econoixdcal methods of pre- venting to a large extent the losses caused to stored seed and food products by weevils and other insects, including Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois grain moth), Plodia inter punctella (Indian meal moth), Tenebrio obscurus (meal worm), Calandra oryzae (rice weevil), Silranus surinamensis (saw- toothed grain beetle), Bruchus quadrimacuhtvs (bean weevil), etc. The recommendations given are based upon the investigations of Dr. W. E. Hinds, which have been previously noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 382]. Particulars regarding carbon bisulphide fumigation are given and Dr. Hinds' apparatus is described [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 685]. Becker (G. G.). The Dormant Spray for the San Jose Scale. — Univ. Arkansas Agric. Expt. Sta., Fayetteville, Bull. no. 141, January 1918, 11 pp. ' This bulletin reviews the various lime-sulphur, miscible oil and kerosene or crude oil emulsions for the control of San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus], discussing their efficiency, effect on the trees, cost and convenience. Various formulae are given, with tables showing the cost of different materials. The times recommended for using the sprays are in autumn when the leaves have fallen, and during warm days in \\dnter or in spring when the buds begin to swell, the latter appearing to be the most effective. Taylor (T. H.). Observations on the Habits of the Turnip Flea-Beetle. —Entomologist, London, li, no. 659, April 1918, pp. 83-86. Of the two species, usually classed together as the turnij) flea-beetle in the Leeds district, Phyllotreta undulata is always more abundant than P. nemorum and does far more damage. Both species hibernate in the adult stage and begin feeding again in May and June on horse- radish and charlock. Oviposition takes place during June, July and the first part of August, after which the adults die off, none surviving the autumn. The new brood appears in July, August and September and feeds, chiefly on the turnip, till the weather turns cold, when the beetles begin to hibernate, mainly in crevices in the bark of trees. Before doing this, they have the habit of congregating in large numbers upon one or more of the plants where they have been feeding, producing the appearance of an unusual infestation. The eggs of P. nemorum are laid on the moist soil and not on the host plant, and after about 9 days the larvae hatch out and, crawling up the leaves, burrow into them. The larval stage lasts for 25-30 days, the last 6 or 10 being spent by the larva in burying itself in the soil, preparatory to pupation. The pupal stage last 'for 7-17 days. 247 It is probable that the eggs of P. undulata are also laid in the ground near turnips and allied plants. They hatch in 6-11 days and the larvae begin feeding on the roots of various crucifers, spending the whole larval life of 18-30 days underground. Probably the numerical preponderance of this latter root-feeding species is due to its protection from Ichneumonids and other parasites, from the attacks of which P. nemorum suffers severely. Bagxall (R. S.) & Harrison (J. W. H.). New and Rare British Ceci- domyidae. I. — Entomologist's Rec. & Jl. Var., London, xxix, nos. 10-11, 15th October— 15th November 1917, pp. 206-210 & 228-230 ; xxx, no. 4, 15th April 1918, pp. 67-68. This family, which is a large one and of very diverse habits, includes Phmnobremia sp., the larvae of which have been reported from Durham feeding on Ajjhu mail on apple ; Endaphis sp., a parasite of an Aphid on Ononis repens ; DicJiodi ptosis langeni, Riibs., found on dried plums ; Rhabdophaga jyseudococcus, Rubs., plentiful on Salix caprea ; R. pulvini, forming characteristic galls on Salix aurita and S. vitellina ; Perrisia panteli, KiefE., on oak ; and Endaphis, perjidus, KiefE., a parasite of Aphis platanoides on sycamore. Gold (A. A.) & Wheeler (C. E.). Handy Spray Calendar and General Information on Spraying Orchards and Gardens. — West Virginia Dept. Agric, Charleston, Bull. no. 35, December 1917, 15 pp. [Received 11th April 1918.] In this bulletin the methods of dealing with San Jose scale [Aspi-^ diotus perniciosus] and other insect pests that have been increasing in the orchards and gardens of West Virginia are systematically and conveniently arranged ; the treatment of the principal trees and plants are briefly described and reference is made to the proper remedies to be applied. It is hoped that by following the plans outlined the process of spraying may be greatly simplified. Pierce (W. D). How Insects affect the Cotton Plant and Means of Combating them. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 890, December 1917, 27 pp., 36 figs. [Received 15th April 1918.] The principal pests of cotton are dealt with in this bulletin, the particular damage done by each being indicated. These include the cutworms, Lycophotia (Peridroma) margaritosa (variegated cutworm), Laphygma friigiperda, (southern grass worm), and Agrotis ypsilon ; the May beetles, Lachnosterna {Phyllophaga) lanceolata and L. cribrosa. Growth of the plant is checked by Aphis gossypii, Glov. (cotton aphis) ; the growing tip is damaged by Chalcodernms aeneus, Boh. (cowpea pod weevil) ; leaf injuries are caused by Alabama argillacea (cotton leaf worm), the grasshoppers, Melanoplus differentialis, Thos., and Brachystola magna, Gir., Tetranychiis telarius, L. (cotton red spider), Atta texana, Buckley (leaf-cutting ant), Estigmene acraea, Dru. (salt- marsh caterpillar), Apantesis arge, Dru., Caradrina exigua, Hbn. (beet army worm), Hyphantria cunea, Dru. (fall webworm) and Hyperchiria 10, F. The squares, flowers and bulbs are damaged by Anthonomus grandis (Mexican cotton-boll weevil), Heliothis (Chloridea) obsoleta, 248 Hbn. (bollworm), the butterfly, Uranotes melinus, Hbn. (cotton square borer), Prodenia ornithogaUi, Guen. (cotton-boll cutworm), and Dysderctis suturellus (cotton stainer). Bugs that attack the squares and bolls include Adelphocoris rapidus, Say, Leptoglossus phyllopus, L., Largus succinctus, L., Nezara hilaris, Say, and Jadera haeniatoloma^ Schf. Flower beetles, which when numerous damage the blooms, include Epicauta vittata, F., E. lemniscata, F., E, cinerea, Forst., E, ferruginea, Say, etc, and Chaidiognathus spp. (soldier beetles). Injuries to the stalk and roots are caused by wireworms, such as Monocrepidius vespertinus, F., Horistonotus uhleri, Horn, Aphis maidiradicis, Forbes (corn root aphis), Papaipema tiebris, Guen. {nitela, Guen.) (moth stalk-borer), Ataxia crypta (cotton stalk-borer beetle), Oecanthus niveus, De G. (snowy tree cricket) and leafhoppers, including Homalodisca triquetra, F., Oncometopia undata, F., 0. lateralis^ F., and Aulacizes irrorata, F. Ants in the cotton field may be either beneficial or injurious. Such large species as Atta iexana, Buckley, and Pogonomyrmex barbatus malefaciens, Buckley, should be destroyed ; but several of the smaller species of ants, particularly those of the genera Solenopsis, Pheidole, Monofnorium and Iridowyrmex, are very efficient enemies of the boll weevil and are probably on the whole beneficial, although they encourage Aphids, whiteflies and scales. A single system for cotton-insect control is described, the measures for each season being indicated. In early spring weeds should be kept dowm and poison-bait traps laid wherever necessary for cutworms, grasshoppers, May beetles, etc. Planting should be as early as possible, while avoiding frosts ; prolific varieties that fruit rapidly should be chosen to suit the locality. For summer treatment, cultivation should be continued until the crop is gathered or as long as possible. With the first sign of attack by caterpillars plants should be dusted with powdered lead arsenate. In the autumn the cotton crop should be gathered without delay and then the plants destroyed by ploughing imder or grazing as long before frost as possible. It is advisable to follow a three-year rotation wath cotton following some crop other than maize. In winter all fence rows should be cleared, weeds cut and burnt, stubble fields ploughed and old stumps rooted up. GuNN (D.). The Small Cabbage Moth {Plutella niacuUpennis, Curtis). • — Union S. Africa Dept. Agric, Pretoria, Bull. no. 8, 1917, 10 pp., 8 figs. [Received 15th April 1918.] Plutella macidiptennis, Curtis (small cabbage moth) is a widespread pest of cabbage, cauliflower, stocks and other cruciferous plants in South Africa. The insect is entirely dependent vipon meteorological conditions for its existence ; in dry seasons it is abundant, but heavy rains destroy large quantities, and it is, very sensitive to moisture. Eggs are laid on the leaves, usually on the upper surface near the veins, where they occur in clusters. In warm weather they hatch in about five days, the young larvae feeding upon the under-side of the leaf and soon dispersing all over the plant. A gauze-like web is spun over the spot on the leaf on which the larva is feeding, and here after 15 to 18 days the cocoon is made. The pupal stage occupies 5 to 7 days in summer and about 14 days in winter. It was previously thought that hibernation occurred in this stage, but this supposition 249 is certainly erroneous for the Transvaal. The adults are nocturnal and are attracted to lights, but do not fly far. Under natural con- ditions the adult life is short. Ten generations of the insect were reared in a few days over a year in insectary cages at the same temperature as in the open. Infested cabbages are constantly sent by rail, and thus the insect is disseminated. The principal predaceous enemy is a large green Mantid, Spliodro- mantis gastrica, which destrpys many of the larvae. Unfortunately this does not appear until October, when much damage has already been done. An Ichneumonid parasite was reared from the pupae, but occurs in insignificant numbers. Another Hymenopterous para- site was observed to be very abundant in Cape Colony a few years ago. Control in the larval stage is comparatively easy with an arsenical spray, to which 2 lb. resin should be added to every 50 U.S. gals, of spray in order to render the insecticide adhesive. Cabbage and cauliflower plants grown in seed beds that have become infested should be sprayed before they are planted in gardens or fields. For infestation after the heads have formed tobacco extract or tar water should be used. All old plants should be destroyed. HuTSON (J. C). Report of a Visit to St. Vincent during November and December 1917. A Preliminary Report on Certain Plant Bugs connected with Cotton in St. Vincent. — Colonial Office MS. [Received 2nd May 1918.] This report, as indicated by its title, records preliminary observa- tions on certain pests injurious to cotton in St. Vincent and the neigh- bouring islands of Bequia and Batawia. The results of the life- history experiments will be published separately at a later date. Dysdercus delauneyi (cotton stainer) has been until recently by far the most serious insect pest of cotton in the West Indies. It lives during the period between the cotton seasons by breeding on the pods of the silk cotton tree {Eriodendron anfractuosum) and the John Bull tree {Thespesia populnea), and by the eradication of these wild food- plants the insect has been reduced to a negligible quantity as a pest of cotton in St. Vincent. A similar campaign is now being carried on in Bequia, where it is realised that the cotton crop will never be a good one until D. delauneyi is kept under control. In Batawia it has been found necessary to eradicate the wild okra {Malachra capitata) also. Suggestions for the control of D. delauneyi throughout the islands include a close season for cotton during April. By this means the insect would be deprived of cotton plants from March to July, since cotton j^lanted in May does not flower before July. In conjunction with the eradication of wild food-plants the cotton stainer would thus be deprived of its main sources of food supply during a critical portion of the year. Traps of cotton seed, seed cotton or cotton seed meal should be used just before the cotton begins to flower, the insects attracted by these traps being killed with gasolene torches. Individuals of D. delauneyi should be collected in the field, the small numbers now occurring having made this measure practicable. All cotton seed and refuse should be cleared at frequent intervals from the neighbourhood of cotton houses or ginneries. The plants should be picked clean of all open bolls. 250 The reduction of D. delauneyi to a position of minor importance lias revealed the true status of other plant bugs injurious to cotton. Of these, Nezara viridula (green bug) is abundant in St. Vincent and probably throughout the West Indies. It has a \^"ide range of food- plants, of which a list is given, and on many of which it breeds. It seems likely that this species is able to subsist on almost any of the cultivated vegetables in addition to many wild plants, but shows a decided ^preference for Leguminosae. The jDosition of this bug with regard to cotton is discussed [see follownng paper]. It is a dangerous practice to grow a leguminous catch-crop followed by cotton, as this attracts 2V. viridula during the early part of the season and the bug is lilvely to remain in the field throughout the cotton season. Maize might however be used as a catch-crop. I'he seasonal abmidance of N. viridula is apparently controlled by two factors, namely, the supply of food and the efficiency of egg-parasites. It seems probable that these two factors can be so regulated by artificial means as to assist each other much more effectively than at present. But for the various minute Hymenoj)tera that parasitise the egg-masses of N. viridula, and are the only known enemies of this bug, the pest W' ould be abundant in St. Vincent for about nine months in the year. Apparently the bugs almost die out during the normal dry period from March to May, but enough of them survive to start a new period of abimdance about June, when they occur in sporadic outbursts in areas differing from year to year. This would seem to be owing to the uneven distribution of parasites. By September, the parasites have increased sufficiently to be effective, while the food supply has decreased. The pigeon-23ea crop then enables N. viridula to increase again in some districts, only to decrease again as soon as this crop is over. Eggs of N. viridula are usually laid in masses on the mider- side of leaves or on the pods of leguminous plants, and give rise to nymphs that undergo five moults before the adult stage is reached. The various stages are described and are differentiated from those of a similar bug, Edessa meditabmida. Control measures for N. viridula include clean cultivation in cotton fields, and in particular the elimination of the weed, Polanisia viscosa, on which the earlier stages of the bug breed, transferring later to cotton, and returning as adults for oviposition on the weed. This weed is sufficient to maintain N. viridula throughout the year. The borders of cotton fields should be freed from miscellaneous weeds ; a grass crop on the border is advisable. Leguminous crops should not be intercropped with cotton, as the bugs not only attack the cotton, but also infect the intercrops with the fungi of internal boll disease and later carry this infection to the cotton bolls. Egg-parasites of N. viridula should be encouraged ; it frequently occurs that in collec- ting the eggs 100 per cent, of the parasitised ones are destroyed. These can be distinguished by their darker colour. A certain number ot the jDarasites can be liberated in the fields where leguminous crops or cotton are grown, and if abimdant in any district, can be transferred to other districts that need them. Individuals of TV. viridula should be collected when possible and new infestations on pigeon peas from December to February should be checked. Other cotton pests include Leptoglossus balteatus (leaf-footed tomato bug), which is a general feeder found on tomatoes and bonavist beans. 251 -Eggs are laid in a single row along the twigs of plants and hatch in -about two weeks, the nymphs spending most of their lives on the same spot on their food-plants. Very little injury to cotton has been ■observed from this species, though boll disease has been fomid follow- ing the ]3nnctures of the adults. A related species, L. gonogra. was also found on tomato and bonavist bean, but no injury by it to cotton has been observed. Females of L. balteatus lay small batches of eggs «very few days, with the result that broods of all stages of the bugs are to be seen in the field. It seems probable that Leptoglossus spp. are attacked by egg-parasites ; though none have been foimd, it is reasonable to suppose that they are checked by natural enemies as they would undoubtedly prove injurious to cotton, tomato and legu- minous crops if allowed to increase undisturbed. Phtliia picfu (red tomato bug), which greatly resembles species of ■Leptoglossus in appearance, has been found in St. Vincent on tomato, bona\dst bean, and Physalis sp. P. picta is normally not sufficiently ■abmidant to be considered a pest, but breeding experiments indicate that the bugs are capable of puncturing cotton bolls and infecting them A\ith internal boll disease. In the event of a sudden increase in numbers, the young should be collected and destroyed. Edessa meditabimda, like Nezara viriduh, is a common bush bug in St. Vincent, the tw^o species being collectively known as pea chinks in Barbados. E. meditahwida has a wide range of food-plants, inclu- •ding nearly all those of N. viriduh. As a pest of cotton it is almost negligible, since the adults hardly pierce the outer covering of the bolls and do not infect them ^\-ith disease. Eggs are laid on the underside of leaves of such plants as Polanisia viscosa, tomato and various legumes, and on the inner side of the bracts of cotton. There are two egg-parasites of this species, one of them being the same or •closely related to that infesting N. viridula. Control measures include the collection of adults, particularly at the time when they may be fomid swarming and mating on certain plants such as pigeon peas, Tephrosia spp., Indigofera spp., etc., and the encouragement and distribution of parasites. Other plant bugs observed in St. Vincent, many of which have been fomid attacking cotton in the southern United States and other countries and must therefore be regarded with suspicion by cotton growers, include the Coreid, Acanthocerus lohatus, and an unidentified species ; the orange variety of the Lygaeid, Oncopeltus fasciatus ; the Pentatomids, Thyanta perditor, Arvelius albopunctatus, Piezodorus guildingi, and Euschistus crenator ; and the Scutellerid, Sp)liyrocoris obJiquus. KowELL (W.)s Mycologist's Report on a Visit to St. Vincent, October 17— December 9, 1917.— Colonial Office MS. [Received 2nd May 1918.] In this report the diseases of cotton are dealt with, and in particular the action of insects in encouraging the dissemination of infection. The damage done to cotton by the insects known as bush bugs, of which Edessa meditabimda (jjea chink) and Nezara viridula (green bug) are the commonest, are described in detail. It is probable that N. viridida, the favourite food-plants of which are Leguminosae, is or>9 the chief factor in conveying cotton boll disease from these plants to cotton, where it is spread from plant to plant by the cotton stainers {Dysdercus). Experiments show that both N. viridula and the tomato bugs, Leptoglossus and Phtliia. are capable of carrying infection in this way. Washing the bolls with weak corrosive sublimate solution, which, when tried in the previous year, seemed to act as a deterrent, on this occasion had negative results. Where an ample supply of their favourite food-plant is maintained,, bush bugs may be present in considerable numbers close to cotton plants Anthout injuring them, cotton being apparently low in the scale of their preferred foods. The presence of Dysdercus is much more to be feared than that of bush bugs, because of the fluctuating effects of the latter as compared with the steady and rapid increase of injury due to the former up to the end of the season. As the effect of severe direct injury is to destroy or prevent the development of the lint, the amount of direct injury represented in the return of stained lint is small in comparison with that due to the internal and bacterial boll diseases. Injury by these bugs to pea and bean crops was in some cases severe enough to threaten complete failure of the crop. The damage is in many cases increased by infection with the fungi of internal boll disease, which must now" be included among the organisms causing disease in leguminous crops. There is in these plants however no spread of disease from seed to seed by contact as in the cotton boll. DE Ong (E. R.). Control of Red Spider.— 31 thJy. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 112-120, 3 figs. The term red spider is applied to three species of mites in Cali- fornia, namely, Bryobia pratensis, Teiranychus mytUaspidis (citrus red spider) and T. telarius {bimacidatus, sexmacidatus). T. lelarius is the species of the greatest economic importance in the State, the chief cultivated plants that suffer severely from its attacks being stone fruits, particularly almond, prune and peach, English walnut, hops,, beans, pumpkin and squash. The damage is mostly done from July to September, though garden beans are sometimes infested until the November frosts. Through the winter months the mites subsist upon geranium, violet and other hardy winter plants. It is probable that females may oviposit during warm days in winter, but the nympts hatching from these eggs are usually killed by a sudden fall in tempera- ture and it is not until late spring that any numbers appear, eggs then hatching in 3 to 6 days, and the development to the adult form requiring 12 to 18 days in hot weather. The hibernation period has not been closely investigated in California, but in all probability some of the mites remain on winter food-plants such as wild blackberry, geranium, sowthistle {Sonchus), Chenopodium botrys, violets, holly- hocks, mustard and privet, while others hibernate in the groimd at the base of the trees attacked. Mites are largely disseminated by wind, a moderate wind carrying them as far as 400 or 500 feet, and also by travelling from plant to plant when the leaves are touching and by crawling over the ground. Female mites are able to crawl several feet an hour over cultivated 253 ground, travelling more rapidly at high temperatures than low. Such preventive measures as checking the mites on their winter host-plants, reducing wind dispersion, and natural control by chmatic conditions and predatory animals are insufficient. The use of sulphur is therefore recommended, either in powder or dissolved form. The methods of applying these two forms are discussed and compared. A powder sprayer is advised as being more economical and effectual than hand machines. The sulphur treatment should be given during the first week in July, irrespective of weather or presence of the mites. The same treatment should be given for Bryohia prafensis, found in the coast districts of California, but only at temperatures from 70 to 100° F. when sulphur will volatilise readily. The winter is passed by this mite in the egg-stage on the tree that serves as a food-plant. Winter treatment of the eggs has given variable results, a 12| to 15 per cent, oil emulsion being as satisfactory as any. Maskew (F.). Quarantine Div/sjon. Report for the Month of November, 1917. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, vi, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 168-169. The following pests were intercepted : — From Samoa : Eulecanium sp. on Hibiscus. From Central America : Aspidiotus cyanophyUi and Selenaspidus articuhtus on bananas. From China : Weevil larvae in sweet potatoes. From Hawaii : Diaspis bromeliae on pineapples ; Pseudococcus bromeliae on pineapples and bananas ; weevil larvae in sweet potatoes and seed pods ; Chrysomphalus aonidum and Pseudo- coccus sp. on green coconuts ; Coccus longulus on betel leaves. From Holland ; Eumerus strigatus in bulbs. From Isle of Pines : Lepido- saphes beckii, Parlatoria pergandii, and Chrysomphalus aonidum on grapefruit. From Japan : Lepidopterous larvae in dried persimmons ; Poliaspis pini on pot plants. From Idaho : Tetranychids on apples. From Mexico : Lepidopterous larvae in dates. From Nevada : Rhizoctonia and eel worm in potatoes. From Ohio : Weevils in chestnuts and Coccus hesperidum on crotons. From Oregon : Rhizoc- tonia on potatoes ; Venturia inaequalis on apples. From Temiessee : Unidentified larvae in chestnuts. From Louisiana : Saissetia oleae ■on bananas. From Washington : Venturia pyrina on pears ; eggs of Tetranychids, Cydia pomonella and Leptothyrium po7ni on apples ; Rhizoctonia and Heterodera radicicola on potatoes. Moore (W.) & Graham (S. A.). Toxicity of Volatile Organic Compounds to Insect Eggs.— Ji. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xii, no. 9, 4th March 1918, pp. 579-587. The studies recorded in this paper were undertaken in view of the work of the senior author showing that the toxicity of organic com- pounds to insects is related to their volatility, of which the boiling point is a general index [see this Review, Ser. B, v, pp. 131 and 174.]. The eggs chosen for the experiments were those of the jDotato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemliyieata. Say, of which 100 per cent, of untreated •eggs hatched. Various chemicals were used, their effects being studied by dipping the egg-clusters in the chemical to be tested, by spraying the clusters with an atomizer and by exposing the eggs to 254 the action of the vapour of the chemical. In the last case, the eggs were fumigated for 15 hours. The results of these various experi- ments and the different materials used are given in a series of tables. The results of the dipping and spraying experiments showed in general that eggs treated with compounds having the lowest boiling point, that is, the most volatile compounds permitted most, if not all, of the eggs to hatch, except in the case of compounds extremely active chemically, such as allyl alcohol, which contained ammonia, and chlorpicrin. Spraying resulted in a higher percentage of hatching than dipping. Some compounds, the vapour of which had proved non-toxic to house-flies, were fomid to be toxic to the insect eggs ; such were pinene, terpineol, and geranyl acetate. Others, that are so shghtly volatile that they are ineffective against flies, were found to be toxic to the insect eggs ; these included eugenol, alpha naphthol, ethyl ether, and trimethylene cyanide. As fumigants, these are ineffective. Compoimds with low boiling points kill freshly laid eggs more- readily than those in which the embryo is partly or fully developed. Compounds with higher boiling points are more toxic to eggs with fully developed embryos than they are to eggs in which the embryo is only sUghtly formed. Kerosene containing both high and low boiling points is destructive to both young and old, but is only slightly^ toxic to partly developed eggs. Fumigation in a saturated atmosphere with ether, ethyl mercaptan,, carbon bisulphide, benzene, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform will kill all the eggs in one hour. The toxicity of the vapour of organic compounds to insect eggs is, related to the boiling point and the volatility. As the boiling point increases and the volatility decreases, the toxicity increases. Pierce (W. D.). Weevils which affect Irish Potato, Sweet Potato and Yam. — Jl.Agric. Research, Washington, B.C., xii, no. 9, 4th March 1918, pp. 601-611, 7 plates. The potato, which is a native of the west coast of South America, has a series of characteristic weevil enemies, three of which have been described in a previous paper [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 241]. In this paper a key to the various species is given, and Trypopremnon sanfordi, sp. n., is described from a single specimen from Peru, inter- cepted in quarantine on a potato tuber. Weevils that attack sweet potato tubers include Euscepes batatae, Waterh., Cylas formicarius, ¥., C. lurcipennis. Boh., and C. femomlis, Faust. A key to some of the species of the genus Cykis is given. E. batatae is one of the most serious pests of the sweet potato. It has hitherto been recorded from many parts of the West Indian Islands and the known distribution now includes Brazil, Jamaica, Hawaii, Guam, New Zealand and Porto Rico. It probably occurs in many other countries, and strict quarantine should be observed against its introduction. Drawings and descriptions are given differentiating the immature stages from those of Cylas formicarius. Palaeop'us dioscoreae, sj). n., a weevil that attacks the tubers of yams, is described from two individuals reared from tubers of Dioscorea batatas from Jamaica. Gibson (A.). Cutworms, Root Maggots, White Grubs and Locusts, and their Control.—C anada Dept. Agric, Ottawa, Crop Protection Leaflets nos. 3, 4, 5 & 6, February 1918, U pp., 7 figs. [Received 16th April, 1918.] The injury done by cutworms is described and remedial measures are suggested [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, pp. 24, 521, iii, p. 564, 620]. The root maggots dealt with include Phorbia hrassicae (cabbage root maggot), Hylemyia antiqua, Mg. (imported onion maggot), and Phorbia fusciceps, Zett. (seed-corn maggot) ; the information given has already been dealt with and includes a description of tarred felt discs [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 347], and of the sodium arsenite bait Spray [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 122]. White grubs [Lachnosterna] threaten ta be very troublesome in 1918 in Canada, owing to the abundance of adult beetles that oviposited in 1917 [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 447]. As the eggs are laid in, sod land or in land bearing such crops as timothy and small grains,, it will be unsafe in 1918 to plant on any land where the beetles occurred in ttie previous year, except such crops as lucerne, clover or buckwhea;t. Potatoes, maize and strawberries are particularly favoured by the beetles. Ploughing in late summer brings many grubs to the surface, where they are crushed or die from exposure. Infested land might be ploughed in early spring, thoroughly harrowed and planted with a late crop. This will attract grub-feeding birds.;; Domestic fowls will clear infested fields of many grubs if allowed in thena during ploughing. Pigs are also useful in this way [see this Review, Bet. A, Y, -p. '206]. ;• The usual methods of control for locusts are described [see thi^ Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 241 and 382], Ross (W. A.). Aphids or Plant lAQQ.^Canada Dept. Agric, Ottawai Crop Protection Leaflet no. 8, [n. d.], 2 pp., 1 fig. [Received 16th April 1918.J This leaflet gives a few general notes on Aphids, with brief directions for their control in greenhouses, gardens and in the field. a GiBSOjf . (A.). The Parsnip Webworm. — Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, xh, no. 3, March 1918, p. 52. Depressaria heracleana (parsnip webworm), which has been trouble- some in Canada for the past two years, is a difficult pest to control, and experimental work in this connection is still being carried on. Mixtures of powdered sulphur and powdered lead arsenate, dusted over the plants where the caterpillars are present, have given the best results. Spraying with lead arsenate and Paris green has not been: successful. Leopold ( — ). Commercial Dusting in a Quebec Orchard. — Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, xli, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 49-50. Caesar (L.). Economical Sprays and Spraying for 1918, — Ibid., pp. 51-52. Parrott (P. J.). War-Time Spraying Problems. — Ibid., pp. 53-54. 256 Sanders (G. E.). Nova Scotian Results with Arsenate of Lime. — Ibid., p. 54. Carpenter (F.). Spraying the Apple Orchard. — Ibid., p. 55. In these papers general recommendations for spraying are given, the best materials to use are discussed, and some account is given of both dusting and liquid spraying. SiLVESTRi (F.). Gli Insetti africani contro la Mosca olearia. [The Use of African Insects against the Olive Fly.]— Separate from Boll. Soc. Nazionale Olivicoltori, Rome, xii, no. 1-2, January- February 1918, pp. 16-18. [Received 2nd April 1918.] As a result of an agreement between the Italian Ministry of the Colonies and the National Society of Olive Growers a collection of Opius concolor, the parasite of the olive fly [Dactis oleae], has been made in Tripoli. Some of the specimens were reserved for breeding in the laboratory at Portici, whilst 3,260 individuals were released between October 1917 and February 1918. It is hoped to effect a similar collection this year. MoREiRA (C). Insectos nocivos. [Injurious Insects.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xvii, no. 2, 15th February 1918, pp. 93-94. Though not so utilised at present, the Urticaceous plants of the genus Cecropia possess considerable potential value for paper-making. Their chief enemy is a Chrysomelid beetle, Coelomera lanio, Dalm., Cecropia cinerea being the species which is chiefly attacked. The eggs of C. lanio are laid in masses of about 100 attached to the under- side of the leaf. The larvae remain in groups and feed on the under- surface until the leaf is skeletonised. The ornamental tree, Pachira aquatica, is attacked by the Longicorn, Dryoctenes scrupulosus. Germ., the larva of which bores into the trunk in all directions. MoREiRA (C). Uma Praga das Plantacoes. [A Pest of Plantations.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xvii, no. 2, 15th February 1918, p. 123. Great injury to gardens and potato fields by the Meloid beetle, Epicauta atomaria. Germ., is reported. . Spraying with arsenicals provides a remedy, but where only a few plants are attacked, hand collection is preferable. MuRANiA (G.-). Verme delle Mele e delle Fere {Carpocapsa pomonella, L.). [The Apple and Pear Worm, Cydia ]jomonella.] — II Rinnovamento Economico-Agrario, Trapani, xii, no. 2, February 1918, pp. 25-27. This article deals with the usual remedial measures against Cydia j)omonella, which causes the loss of 70 per cent, of the apple and pear crop in the province of Trapani, Sicily. 257 Sammlung und Verwertung der Maikafer. [The Collection and Utilisa- tion of Melolontha melolontha.] —Schweiz. Zeitschr. Obst- u. Weinbau, Frauenfeld, xxvii, no. 7, 6th April 1918, pp. 108-109. An order of the Swiss Department of National Economy, dated 25th March, requires all commmies, where a flight of Melolontha meJolontlia is expected in 1918, to collect, kill and utilise these beetles. Special emphasis is laid on this last point as these insects form a valuable cattle food. Griddle (N.). Popular and Practical Entomology. Light Traps as a Means of Controlling Insect Pests. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Out., 1, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 73-76. Within recent years a good deal of attention has been paid to the question of the use of light-traps as a means of controlling certain insect pests. This practice is, however, not nearly so efficacious in destroying moths and beetles as it would appear to be. Insects are attracted to bright light only in comparatively hmited numbers even mider the most favourable weather conditions, the several essential factors, such as warmth and cloudiness, absence of moonlight and a stormy atmos^^here with preferably a light rain falling, very seldom occurring in combination. A more important consideration is that the proportion of males secured in this manner is always far in excess of the proportion of females. A table of collections made during August and September for the past three years illustrates this. The proportion of Hymenopterous parasites taken at the lights must also be considered. It is certain that at least some of the female moths captured will have already deposited a projoortion of their eggs. It is therefore considered that, at present at least, light-traps are not a practical method of controlling insect pests. Gillette (C. P.) & Bragg (L. C.). Aphis saliceti (Kaltenbach), Sipho- coryne pastinacae (Linn.), and allied Species. — Canadian Entomo- logist, London, Ont., 1, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 89-94, 1 plate. The object of this paper is to clear away some confusion regarding several species of Aphids that are very similar in general apj^earance, and all but one of which have willows for their winter hosts. A key is given differentiating Aphis theobaldi, sp. n., A. saliceti, Siphocoryne capreae, S. essigi, sp. n., S. pastinacae and S. grabhami. Aphis saliceti, Kalt., of which Siphonophora salicicola, Thomas, and A. salicicola, Monell, are synonyms, differs from other species mentioned in this paper in its habit of remaining upon willows throughout the year without apparently having an alternate summer host. It is also remarkable for the early appearance of sexual forms, these having been fomid as early as 20th June. A. theobaldi, sp. n., which has been erroneously recorded by Theobald as A. saliceti, Kalt., apparently alternates between willows and umbelliferous plants. Siphocoryne essigi, sp. n., was erroneously recorded by Essig in 1911 as Hyadaphis pastinacae. S. pastinacae, L., of which Syphocoryne (Aphis) xylostei, Schrank, is a synonym, has the European honeysuckle, Lonicera xylosteum, as its winter host. (C472) O 258 Adkin (B. W.)- The Practical Aspect of Forest Entomology. Part IV. —QrtJij. JI. Forestry, London, xii, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 80-9S. This paper deals with insects that are known to be highly injurious to coniferous woods and plantations in Britain. Hylobvus abietis (large pine weevil) is considered the worst of these, and is very wide- spread, hardy and j)rolific. Hundreds of acres of pine and spruce are at present being felled, which it is desired to re-plant with, young conifers. It is pointed out that if this is done while the old stumps are left in the ground without treatment, the weevils will breed freely in them and will devour the bark of the young trees. Suggestions are made regarding a change of crop until the stumps have decayed, but it is j)ointed out that this will not check the increase of the weevils, which will probably migrate elsewhere. Recommendations for treat- ment of the old stumps are given, the most successful being hot creosote, the cost working out at a little over |d. per tree. Trapping the weevils, and encouraging the destruction of the larvae by means of the parasite Bracon hylobii, Ratz., are supplementary measures. Myelophilus (Hylurgus) piniperda (pine beetle) is a dangerous pest, persistently boring the growing shoots of older jjine trees so that in time they succumb. The chief methods of control are the elimination of breeding-places, or the provision of breeding-places as traps in which the beetles may be destroyed. This can be done by barking the logs, not later than May, and burning the bark. Sawflies of larch and ])me may cause great havoc by stripping the foliage of conifers. Pine-shoot moths include some ten species of the genus Rhyacionia {Retinia), such as R. huoliana, R. pinicolana and R. turionana, the larvae of which bore into the buds at the end of pine shoots, particularly on young trees. Coleophora laricella (larch mining moth) is found in many districts in Britain, the larvae boring into the needles in July and causing them to shrivel and turn white ; here they pupate and the adults oviposit on the young shoots in the spring. Blastotere {Argyresthia) atmoriella, Bnks. (larch twig-boring moth), which, was formerly erroneously recorded in England as A. laevigatella, H.S., attacks larch in many districts. Various Apliids attack roots, foliage, buds, twigs, branches and stems of trees, sucking the juices and w^eakening them. Any nursery stock showing infestation with Aphids should be jDroperly fumigated before planting out. Some conifers, such as Corsican j)ine, Sitka spruce and Japanese larch, are comparatively immune to Aphid attacks. The general lines of procedure that are found most successful in preventing or checking the attacks of injurious insects include the destruction of all rubbish after felling, the elimination of breeding- places for those insects that pass their larval stage beneath the bark of stumps, felled trees, dead wood or- sickly trees. Trees should be maintained in robust health and vigorous growth, so that insect attack may be avoided, or recovery after attack assured. Any assistance given by nature in this respect should be encouraged, such as protecting insectivorous birds in the woods and plantations, and rearing or importing parasitic enemies of the pests. With regard to the first recommendation, this may be difficult to carry out while thousands of acres are being felled during the War, and while labour is scarce, and it is feared that insects that usually 259 do little damage in this coimtry may find the unusual conditions after the War so favourable for their development as to cause losses to an unprecedented extent. The Forestry sub-committee has expressed the opinion that the Forest Authority should give early attention to this question and would do well to enforce orders for dealing effectively with, insect pests. The importance of vigorous growth and the causes for weakly condition are discussed. Methods of improper treatment before planting are pointed out, and attention is called to the folly of using inferior seed, and particularly of clieaj) foreign nursery stock. The management of trees in general is discussed and the need for education and research in this subj ect is insisted upon. The committees that have reported on forestry in recent years have shown that they are aware of this need, and the author expresses the hope that the British Government will prove energetic in the encouragement of good forestry and generous in grants for research, experiment and education. Duchesne (M. C). Preventive Measures against Pine Weevil Attack. — Qrtly. Jl. Forestry, London, xii, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 135-140. It has been suggested that, as a preventive of attacks of the pine weevil [Hylobius abietis], when old trees are felled the area should remain implanted for at least four years until the old pine or spruce stumps should have rotted sufficiently to render the stumps unsuitable places for breeding. The author has been conducting experiments with a view to ascertaining to what extent it would be possible to reduce this long period, in view of the necessity for speedy re-planting and of the increased cost and very unfavourable conditions for re-afforestation at the end of that time. The plan adopted was to test methods of treating the stumps with a view to making unfavour- able conditions for breeding and also destroying larvae in the stumps. Cresylic acid or sulphuric acid 1 : 50 or 1 : 75 is considered eft'ective ; creosote has been found beneficial in certain cases but is expensive ; the difficulty is that all these substances are at present practically unobtainable. It is hoped that a cheap and effective substance may be found that could be placed on the stump and washed in by rain. The destruction of the larvae in the stumps depends mainly on the penetration of such an agent. The author considers it essential that when burning brushwood and the tops of Scots pine and spruce each stump should have a fire burnt on the top of it, and, whenever there are any young forest trees or a nursery within easy reach of the area, the stumps should be barked and the larvae destroyed. Details of this operation are described. It is suggested that, as a means of clearing up and burning brushwood, which is always an expensive item, brushwood might be heaped on the top of the stumps and a large fire started over the area to be cleared about the end of April or early May. It is hoped that these suggestions may lead to further investi- gations and experiment in the control of the pine weevil. Mackie (D. B.). Oryctes rhinoceros in the Philippines. — Philippine Agric. Rev., Manila, x, no. 4, 4th Quarter, 1917, pp. 315-334, 3 plates. [Received 22nd April 1918.] Popular knowledge of the habits and bionomics of Oryctes rhinoceros (rhinoceros beetle) in the Philippines is aj)parently very limited and much erroneous and misleading information has been disseminated (C472) c2 260 on the subject. Inspection of over one million coconut palms showed 1'07 per cent, so badly damaged by the beetles that death was inevi- table. The percentage of infestation was found to be fairly constant and the distribution general, neither altitude nor contiguity to the sea making any appreciable difference. Small holdings, w^here cultiva- tion is not carefully practised, were naturally in the worst condition from beetle attack. Eggs of 0. rhinoceros are deposited for preference in dead coconut logs and stumps, under bagasse heaps, in manure heaps and in old rotten piles of coconut husks, where they hatch in 10 to 12 days. The young grubs at once begin to feed and remain in the larval state .from 130 to 155 days, moulting four times. The pupal stage lasts from 30 to 37 days, when the adults emerge and at once begin their depreda- tions. Up to this point their function has been entirely that of a scavenger. The beetles are very averse to light and hide in dark crevices or in the earth in the daytime, coming out into the open at night, when they are greatly attracted by light. Coconut is not the only plant damaged, Corypha elata, Caryota wens (fish-tail palm), Oreodoxa regia (West Indian royal palm), Elaeis guineensis (African oil-nut palm) and probably Arenga saccharifera (sugar palm) being attacked with equal avidity. The beetle, having reached a coconut palm, invariably selects a point near the base of the petiole of the central unexpanded leaves and works its w^ay into the interior. As it works it feeds on the soft tissues by sucking their juices. As a burrow is cleared out, large quantities of fine fibre are discharged, which remain about the entrance and fall to the ground, indicating the presence of the beetle. The burrow often reaches a depth of about 12 inches. Coconut palms have only one central bud or gro^\^ng point, and as this bud is in direct ahgnment with the beetle's tunnel it frequently happens that it is cut into and so injured that the bud dies. Prom the fact that the beetle requires only a few hours to enter and perhaps fatally injure a palm tree, the total extent of its depredations can be imagined. When coconut trees are severely injured by the beetles, it is advisable to pull off all fruits and allow no flower-spikes to develop beyond the falling of the staminate blooms. The pistillate blossoms that re- semble small nuts and are unfertilised can then be readily seen and removed. This will in many cases save the life of a tree that w^ould otherwise succumb as a result of the added drain upon its vitality by reason of its effort to produce fruit when all its strength was needed to help its recovery from injury. It is probable that about 40 per cent, of the trees that die as a result of beetle attacks might be saved by this treatment. Beetles frequently pass from a wild plant to a cultivated one, and in the absence of cultivated plants they can sustain themselves on wild plants. In studying the life-history of this species it becomes obvious that the favourable environment that allows it to propagate and become such a pest is due almost entirely to the activities of man. Lack of clean cultivation, leaving piles of husks of cocoiiuts in the plantations or heaps of bagasse have frequently been qui-^e clearly shown to be the direct cause of outbreaks of 0. rhinoceros. Natural checks of the beetle have very little influence. Eats eat many of the grubs, domestic fowls and crows devour them when 261 exposed, and lizards may kill a few. Predators of the adults have practically no efiect, as the beetles remain hidden during the day. A small mite occurs as an ecto-parasite on the larval, pupal and adult stages, but does not seem to affect development in any way. Control measures for 0. rhinoceros are difficult to evolve. Remedies against the adults are impracticable, as the injury is not apparent until too late to save the palm. The nocturnal habit of the beetles makes collection difficult. Poison is ineffective, as the beetle does not feed mitil the heart of the tree is reached. Banding or covering the trunks has not yet proved practical. On the other hand about 80 per cent, of the larvae can be found in refuse heaps and dead coconut logs, so that by gathering and burning these logs all immature beetles therein are killed, while adults are deprived of suitable breeding sites. As available breeding places are reduced, larger numbers of the beetle resort to those that are left and, applying this theory, it is found that compost pits constructed in suitable spots attract large numbers of beetles which oviposit therein. If these traps are cleaned out once every six months all immature stages of the beetle can easily be destroyed. Decayed stumps can be easily impregnated wdth a poison solution by boring holes into them with an augur and filling these holes with the solution. The water then evaporates allowing the poison to remain and killing anything that feeds on the poisoned wood. Fallen logs can be treated in the same way ; 1 lb. sodium arsenate to 40 gals, water will kill 0. rhinoceros in any stage, in from 4 to 36 hours. In discussing the possibilities of an organised campaign against the beetle, and the necessity for co-operation, the author is strongly of opinion that to attain success the matter must be taken up under government super\'ision and conducted systematically by forces trained and familiar with the work. The loss sustained to coconut planters by trees killed is estimated at nearly £600,000, about 80 per cent, of which is preventable by simple control measures. Kingman (F. C). Important Root Crops of the Philippines.— PAz7i;jjome Agric. Rev., Manila, x, no. 4, 4th Quarter, 1917, pp. 335-349, 5 plates. The most injurious pest of sweet potatoes in the Philippines is Cylas formicarius, F. (sweet potato weevil), which deposits eggs in recesses at the base of the vine or at the upper end of the root. The maggots bore into the roots and when in sufficient numbers completely riddle the potatoes and destroy them. Pupation occurs in the root, whence the adults emerge to infest another crop. If the crop is dug early in the vicinity of Manila no serious damage is done. Control measures consist of early harvest, rotation of crops and the burning of all root refuse. LouNSBURY (C. P.). Cenititis cosijra and C. capitata, Diptera Injurious to Fruit Trees in South Africa. — Mthhj. Bull. Agric. Intell. d PL Dis., Rome, viii, no. 5, May 1917, pp. 816-817. [Abstract from Agric. Jl. South Africa, Johannesburg, iv, no. 24, December 1916, pp. 180-181, 1 plate.] [Received 24th April 1918.] The fruit-flies, Ceratitis rosae {cosyra) and C capitata, are responsible for nearly all the damage done to cultivated fruit trees in S. Africa, the 262 first being more common in Natal and the latter in the Cape Province. Both species occm- in the Transvaal, where, however, C. capitata is Xisually much the more abmidant. These pests are to a certain extent checked by predaceous insects, which destroy them as they fall to the ground jjreparatory to pupating in the soil. Elective control can be exercised by the use of poison-bait, which consists of a light sprinkling of sugar water poisoned with, lead arsenate. This should be apphed early, and in the Transvaal needs to be repeated at shoi-t intervals, owing to the frequency of summer rains. Previous to the value of this remedy being proved, the only means of com- bating the pest lay in surrounding the fruit, or the whole tree with cotton netting, 20,000 yards, at a cost of about one penny a square yard, having been sold to fruit growers in 1898. Rabaud (Et.). Les Chenilles Parasit6es de Zygaena occifanica, Vill. [Parasitised Larvae of Zygaena occitanica, Vill.]. — Bull. Sci. France et Belgique, Paris, 1, 1916, no. 3, 10th February 1917, pp. 284-286. It has been asserted that parasitised Lepidopterous larvae behave in a different manner from healthy ones, aimlessly leaving their natural habitat, or even pupating in situations peculiarly suited to their parasites. These statements seem to be based on the fact that all larvae before moulting or pupating cease to feed and either wander about on their ow^l food-plant or even abandon it. The latter is the case with the larva of Zygaena occitanica, which, whether healthy or j)arasitised, always leaves its host-plant. Though the fact of its being parasitised may hasten these physiological changes, it certainly does not cause them. From cocoons of Z. occitanica. taken in a normal situation, the author has reared three Diptera : — Tricholyga major, B.B., Compsilura concinnata, Mg., and Blej^haromyia jjagana, Mg., the same cocoon con- taining two or three pupae of the same or even different species ; and three Hymenoptera : — Atrotnetus insignis, Forst., Monodontomerus dentipes, Wallv., and Spilocrypt'us sp. Chamberlin (W. J.). Bark-beetles Infesting the' Douglas Fir. — Oregon Agric. Expt. Sta., Corvallis, Bull. no. 147, January 1918, 40 pp., 15 figs. [Received 5th April 1918.] About 30 per cent., or 650 bilHon feet, of the standing coniferous timber in the XJnited States is Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga t/ixifolia). Wherever commercial timber is grown in North America, it is the dominant tree and is undoubtedly destined to be the leading com- mercial tree of the future. The estimated amiual loss to forests and forest products in the United States due to insects is approximately £20,000,000,- and since Oregon contains one-fifth of the standing timber of the United States, the loss in that State is reckoned at approximately £4,000,000 annually. The present bulletin records the results of over two years' study of the life-histories and economic importance of the pests dealt Math. A key is given to the species of Scolytids concerned. These include Cryphalus amabilis, Chamb., which damages Abies amahilis and 263 Douglas fir. The eggs are deposited during the last week in August and hatch in 5 days, the larvae working in all directions and girdling the small limbs. Both sexes work at excavating the egg-chamber, each pair j^robably making more than one of these. Dryocoetes psexdoisugae, Swaine, is only kno^N^i to attack Douglas fir, its distri- bution being along the Pacific coast from British Columbia to Northern California. The young adults hibernate in the bark. The galleries of this beetle are small and irregular. Adults, larvae and pupae were all found in August. The development of a brood is complete in 6 months. Ips concinnus, Mann., shows a preference for trees with thin bark. It does not often attack Douglas fir, but is very injurious to lodge-pole pine {Pinus contorta latifolia), and frequently attacks injured, dying or recently felled Monterey pine {Pinus radiata) and Sitka spruce {Picea sitchensis). Pityophthorus nitidulns, Mann., does considerable damage in the spruce regions of Colorado. A small central gallery is constructed under the bark, from which radiate three or four galleries. There are 3 or 4 females and one male in each chamber, each female depositing her eggs in a separate niche. The larvae construct radiating galleries in all directions and pupate in a cell almost wholly in the bark. When mature they eat their way directly to the surface. Dendroct^nus pseudotsugae, Hopk. (Douglas fir bark-beetle) attacks Douglas fir, big cone spruce {Pseudotsuga macrocarpa) and western larch (Larix occidentaUs), but is evidently not strongly attracted to the latter species in Oregon. This species is found from British Columbia to Mexico, from the Pacific coast to the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and from sea-level to 8,000 feet. Hibernation occurs chiefly in the young adult stage, though some larvae are to be found practically all the year round. In early March or April the beetles extend their winter burrows or begin new ones, ovipositing as the gallery progresses. Incubation requires 8 to 10 days in the laboratory and probably about 16 days in the field. The young larvae eat their way out through the cambium and pupate after a period varying from 9 to 14 weeks. Broken logs, stumps and refuse are preferred for breeding. The adults enter crevices or holes in the bark and proceed to mine their way to the cambium. Here egg galleries are excavated and breeding continues. The larval mines are frequently longer than the main gallery and may cross and recross many times. When mature, the beetle burrows straight to the surface of the bark and so emerges. When badly attacked the foliage turns colour, or only part of the tree may fail, showing that the cambium has not been entirely girdled. D. pseudotsugae does not directly damage the timber, but causes a loosening of the bark and hastens the death of weakly trees. It is suggested that infested trees attacked during spring or summer should be barked or burned before the middle of August. The burning of any slashing that is infested before the beetles become active (1st April) will helj) to keep the joest in check. Two undetermined Ichneumonids have been reared from cocoons found in the mines of D. pseudotsugae. One of these is undoubtedly useful in keeping dowTi the beetles, 10 or 15 per cent, of the f)upal cells being occupied by its cocoons. Seius safroi, Ewing (mss.), a small mite fomid in numbers in the mines and ]3upal cells, Bdella magna, Ewing (mss.), and the nymphs and adults of a Gamasid mite 264 are probably predaceous on it. Both adults and larvae of the Clerid beetle Clems sphegeus, F., feed upon all stages and are important enemies. Cicindela longilabris, Say (tiger beetle), an Asilid, Dasyllis posticata, Say, and an unidentified species doubtfully referred to the same genus, are all predatory on this beetle. To7nicus (Hylastes) nigrinus, Mann, (red fir root borer) in the larval stage excavates long winding tunnels in the bark of the roots of Douglas fir. This species occurs from Alaska to California, but is not numerous or economically important. Hylastes ruber, Swaine, attacks dying or weakened Douglas fir. Scolytus unispinosus, Lee, attacks Pseudofsuga taxifolia, P. mucronata, Larix occidentalis and Picea engelmanni. The species from the two last-named trees may be a closely related beetle and not the true S. unispinosus. The latter which occurs in the Pacific coast and Rocky Moimtain States and in south-western Canada, excavates two short straight longitudinal galleries from an entrance burrow in living bark of injured, dying or recently felled Douglas fir and western larch. From 40 to 100 eggs are deposited in crevices in the sides of the main gallery, and these hatch in 4 or 5 days. Eggs and young larvae are commonly found in March and adults of this generation appear in late April and May. Eggs and larvae have also been found in late August at 4,000 feet, indicating at least two generations. The winter stage has not been observed. Although this species does kill some small living trees, it is not regarded as a serious pest. An undetermined Hymenop- terous parasite has been bred in numbers from its galleries and a Chalcid, Denotus scolyti, Ashm., has also been recorded as a parasite of this species. E. tsugae, Swaine, attacking Tsnga mertensiana and Pseudotsuga mucronata, and E. monticolae, Swaine, attacking Pitms monticola and Pseudotsuga mucronata, are both found in British Columbia. Pseudohylesinus grandis, Swaine, occurring from British Columbia to California and eastward to Idaho and Colorado, apparently attacks only Douglas fir in any stage of growth, being especially bad in saplings and limbs of old trees. Adults appear early in April and construct the primary gallery, in which about 25 eggs are deposited by each female. These hatch in 10 to 15 days ; the larval galleries are begun at right angles to the main galleries, but finally turn parallel to it. These pierce both bark and wood, the pupal cell invariably being in the bark. About 6 weeks is required for the life-cycle. In some localities only one generation a year is recorded, but in the Willamette Valley adults emerging in June re-attack the same tree or move to a new host and rear a second generation, which is mature by the middle of September. The adults of this second generation hibernate in the mines. This species principally confines itself to the limbs of large trees in a weakened or dying condition. Large numbers of unidentified parasitic Hymenoptera have been bred from the galleries. Many dead larvae were found infested by bacteria. Experiments will be made to determine whether this disease was the cause of death and whether it is fatal to other members of this family, especially to the genus Dendroctonus. Pseudohylesinus granulatus, Lee, attacks Abies grandis in eastern Oregon and sometimes Douglas fir. The adults excavate short transverse galleries in the cambium of the main trunk or the large limbs of healthy, weakened or recently felled trees, often 265 killing young trees or seriously injuring older trees. From 18 to 26 eggs are deposited alternately along the main gallery. In 5 or 6 days these hatch and the larvae excavate rather long irregular mines, pupating chiefly in the bark. This pest is not a very serious one, and if the plantation is well cleared in the spring and dying and dead trees biu-nt, there is little to fear from it. It occurs from British Columbia to California. P. nebulosus, Lee, passes the winter as a young adult and occasionally in the pupal stage. Emergence occurs late in March or early in April, and recently felled or injured Douglas fir is innnediately attacked. Saplings or limbs of large trees are preferred, thick bark being avoided. The entrance gallery penetrates the bark at a right angle and upon reaching the cambium the insects start a gallery parallel to the grain of the wood, the female working up the trunk and the male in the opposite direction. As the gallery progresses the female makes small niches on each side in which she deposits a single egg, closing up the niche with fine borings. From 15 to 30 eggs are deposited, which hatch in about 5 days, the larval galleries recrossing each other many times. Beetles captured in the wood had evidently passed the winter as young adults ; the first eggs were laid in the cages in early April and the life-cycle of these was completed by the end of May. A second generation occurs, the adults of which remain within the bark until spring. The damage done by this species would be very great but for the fact that it prefers hosts that are already dying or injured. It attacks in such numbers and the life-cycle is so short that control is difficult ; the tree is in all probability past recovery before any outward signs appear, except the fine dust-like borings that may easily be overlooked. The use of trap trees should be a successful means of control. Pifyokteines (Dryocoetes) mi nidus, Swaine, is found in Douglas fir from British Columbia to southern Oregon, in scattered localities. The beetles were found to be mature and ready to leave the tree on 3rd June. They occurred in such vast numbers that in spite of their small size the bark of the trees was honeycombed from top to bottom. For this reason it is impossible to trace the pattern of any individual gallery. This species is not widespread enough to be a serious pest ; by felling and burning infested trees in the spring immense numbers of the adults would be destroyed. Hylurgops rugipennis, Mann., has been reported as attacking Pinus, Picea, Abies and Pseudotsuga, but the author has never found it in Douglas fir, though abundant in Pinus monticola and P. ponderosa, as well as a few individuals in Picea engelmanni. In each case the insects had attacked trees that had been down for years and were abundant in the decayed bark. In the author's opinion it is a pest of secondary importance. Platypus wilsoni, Sw^aine, has been recorded as attacking only sickly trees, but the author has taken it from perfectly healthy examples of Abies nobilis and Pseudotsuga taxifoUa in Oregon. All Pacific coast conifers in a weakly condition are attacked, except the cedar group. The mines extend directly through the bark into the wood. The female deposits some hundred eggs loosely scattered about the gallery in clusters of 10 or 12. The larvae require 5 or 6 weeks for development, and feed on ambrosia fungus. The pupal cells are cut parallel with the grain of the wood and generally occur in groups along the deeper passages. This species is found in southern British Columbia, 266 Washington and Oregon. Loss from the attacks of this beetle can be avoided by cutting unhealthy timber as soon as noticed and removing all felled timber as rapidly as possible. There are many undescribed species of the genus Xylehorus, several of which are wingless and remain throughout their lives in the galleries where they develop. The only member of this genus attacking Douglas fir is X. xylographus, Say {saxeseni. Ratz.). The fertilised females pass the winter in the brood chamber, emerging in early spring to attack weak, dying or felled trees. An entrance is made through the bark into the sap wood, which leads to a brood chamber parallel to the grain of the wood ; this may be in the sapwood or deep in the heartwood. Attacks are made for preference at the edge of wounds or other insect burrows, or in deep crevices. Several females frequently work at one gallery, one guarding the entrance while the others excavate and expel the borings. ^Ambrosia fungus is cultivated, and then a few eggs are laid in the gallery, the young larvae feeding upon the fungus. When these have attained a considerable size, more eggs are deposited, and this process continues until there are many larvae present, in all stages of development. These extend the burrows, and during spring and summer, eggs, all stages of larvae, pupae and adults may be found in the galleries. Females may leave the colony from time to time to start new colonies in the same or a different tree, but the original colony will continue to work in the old tree as long as the moisture content of the wood is favourable to the growth of their fungus. The adults apparently live for several years. This species has a wide geographical distribution and a great range of hosts. Pinus, Pseudotsuga, Picea, Abies, and Larix are among the conifers attacked. It is found from the Atlantic to the Pacific from Canada to Mexico and throughout Europe to Japan. The effect of its attack is to weaken the vitality and hasten the death of the tree. It also ruins lumber and affords entrance to detrimental bacteria and fungi. The beetles Colydimn lineola, Say, and Clerus sphegeus, F., are predaceous on it. Control measures must be chiefly preventive. There is little danger of infestation in trees that are kept in good growing condition, and where dying and dead trees are removed and all broken and dead parts disposed of. For ornamental or shade trees that have been recently attacked an application of coal tar creosote will often destroy the brood and prevent further attack. Trypodendron lineatus, 01., penetrates the sapwood and heartwood, the galleries branching considerably and the brood chambers extending above and below the main galleries. Ambrosia fmigus furnishes the food of this species and produces the characteristic stain on the wood for some distance from the mines. Glischrochilus {Ips) fascicdus, 01., is reported as predatory on the beetles, and probably Thaneroclenis sanguineus is another enemy. This species is a rather serious pest in recently felled timber, particularly of Douglas fir. To prevent loss, felled logs* should be removed from the woods as soon as possible or rolled into water. Most of the North American conifers are attacked. T. ponderosae, Swaine, has been observed in Pinus ponderosa and Pseudotsuga taxifolia, doing considerable damage to the sapwood of recently felled Douglas fir. Gnailiotriclius retusus, Lee, mines the sapwood and heartwood of injured, dying and recently dead trees, logs, stumps and large limbs of Douglas fir. It occasionally attacks 267 living and healthy trees. The galleries branch considerably, all parts of the same gallery being on the same horizontal plane. There are two generations a year, though these are irregular, larvae, pupae and adults all being present within the galleries at almost any season of the year. Larvae and adults feed on ambrosia fungus and continue to breed and extend their galleries as long as the wood of the host can grow the fungus. Preventive control methods consist of removing immediately all logs cut in the spring and early summer. Since the beetles will not enter logs that are dry or partly seasoned, if these cannot be removed at once they should he placed where the sapwood will season quickly in plenty of air and smishine. This species is found from British Columbia to Central California and eastward into Arizona and Nevada. G. sidcatus, Lee, occurs in the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia into Mexico, in Pinus, Tsuga^ Pseudotsuga, Abies, Picea, Thuja and Sequoia. The life- history and habits of this species are essentially the same as those of G. retusus. Scroll (E. E.). Division of Entomology. Field 'Work.^Ninth Ann. Rept. Commiss. Agric, Austin, Texas, lOtli September 1916, pp. 11-15. [Received 6th April 1918.] Cijdia (Carpocapsa) ponionella, L. (codling moth) has done such severe damage as to discourage many apple growers in West Texas, but it has been proved that it can be checked sufficiently to make apple gro\nng profitable. When orchards are well cleared in the autumn, pigs allowed in to dig up insects from the soil, a hot lime- sulphur solution sprayed over the trees in winter, and then, after blooming, three sprayings of 1 lb. lead arsenate to 25 U.S. gals, water given, very little trouble is experienced from this pest. Aegeria {Sanni)widea) exitiosa. Say (peach borer) is best controlled by making mounds round the trees wdth earth in the summer-time and removing them in January or February so that the larvae are exposed and destroyed by cold ; this has been found more efficacious than worming or applying repellent washes. Aspidiotus perniciosus (San Jose Scale) and Scohjtus rugulosus (fruit-tree bark-beetle) have done a good deal of damage in north and east Texas. Pruning and spraying demonstrations with commercial lime-sulphur were given and effective work on these lines was done. Small t\\'igs of fruit trees containing :sour sap were used as traps for the bark-beetle, and then burned, with great success. Blissus leucopterus. Say (chinch bug) was troublesome in April and May, though where crop rotation and clean culture were practised infestation was not heavy. As a result of spraying •experiments with several substances it was found that the most successful were a solution of 1 lb. laundry soap to 100 U.S. gals, water \iith. I pint nicotine suliihate, and a 10 i^er cent, kerosene emulsion. Aphis gossypii, Glov. (melon aphis) was sprayed with many solutions, the most efficacious being 1 lb. octagon laundry soap to 100 U.S. gals, water with 1 pint Blackleaf 40, the nicotine being added while the soap solution was very hot. This solution did not injure the blossoms. Several thousands of Hippodamia convergens were imported, which served materially to hold the pest in check. Cglas formicarius (sweet potato borer) has been increasing in the coastal 268 areas. It was found that dipping or spraying plants in arsenicals had practically no effect on the weevil. Growers are urged to let pigs or sheep clear up potato refuse in the fields after harvest, to plant runners of the ^'ine instead of slips and to destroy the latter, these methods being found the most efficacious in producing good sound tubers in the new crop. Strawberry plants were infested wath white grubs (Lachnosterna), Pamera sp. and red spider. The two last- named were successfully sprayed ; white grub control is only just being undertaken. Murgantia histrionica, Hahn (harlequin cabbage bug) did considerable damage to cabbage, turnips, etc., in gardens. Early trap-crops of mustard were destroyed when fully infested by the insects by means of pure kerosene oil. A large grove of privet that was being destroyed by these bugs was sprayed with a caustic potash whale-oil soap and red engine-oil emulsion, which acted as a repellent as well as destroying many of the adult insects. Against Diabrotica vittaia and D. duodecimpunctata on cucumbers, canta- loups and watermelons in early spring, a mixture of equal parts of tobacco dust and lime gave some relief, but thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture .(4:4: 40) showed the best results. Epicauta vittata (striped blister beetle) was destroyed on lucerne and tomatoes by a bait consisting of 25 lb. wheat bran, 1 lb. arsenic, 1 quart molasses and about 1 U.S. gal. water. The best measure against Contarinia {Dip- losis) sorghicola, Coq. (sorghum midge) is to plant sorghum early, so that it has time to produce seed before the w^arm nights when the pest oviposits. Other remedial measures are the burning of Johnson grass, which is the principal host-plant, in the fields, winter destruction of seed heads and fumigation with carbon bisulphide of all seed kept through the A\-inter. The numbers of Oncideres texana (twig girdler) on pecans and other trees were greatly reduced by collecting the beetles and cutting off twigs containing eggs. Lagoa pyxidijera (flannel moth) and Automeris io on hackberry and other shade trees were controlled by spraying with 1 lb. lead arsenate in 25 U.S. gals, water. Thyridopteryx ephemeraeforinis (bag worm) damaged evergreens and pecans. Removing the winter bags and spraying the spring brood with lead arsenate gave satisfactory results. Ohlexdorf (W.). Notes on Rhinoceros Beetle {Orydes rhinoceros, L.), injuring Palms in South Texas. — Ninth Ann. ReptCommiss. Agric, Austin, Texas, 10th September 1916, pp. 20-22. [Received 6th April 1918.] Reports from various districts show that Orydes rhinoceros ovipo^ts in manure heaps, dead palms, or other decaying vegetable matter in moist situations during the summer. The length of the stages in its life-history are unknown, but adults emerge from February to May. The only food-plants known in southern Texas are maguay and palm, of which the former seems to be preferred. Young and tender palms are always preferred to older ones. Various methods of control are suggested, but must be tested before any of them can be recommended as economic methods, such as trapping the beetles with lights or kilHng them in their burrows by fumigation with carbon bisulphide. The latter method has given varying results ; the Hquid poured into the burrow is said to kill the tree in many cases, while rags soaked in carbon 2G9 bisulphide put in the burrows, which are then closed, do not always destroy all the beetles. The larvae should be destroyed in their natural breeding grounds, or can be trapped by preparing suitable breeding places. Bagxall (R. S.). Brief Descriptions of New Thysanoptera. — IX. — Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., London, 9th Series, i, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 201-221. Among the species dealt with are : — Ceratothripoides bnmneus, sp. n., from the Gold Coast, on kola shoots and flowers ; Aptinothrips rufi- cornis var. connaticornis, Uzel, from India, associated in tea flowers with Physothrips lefroyi, Bagn., the former being also common in Europe and North America ; Physothrips pecidiaris, sp. n., from India, on lucerne ; Haplofhrips tenuipennis, sp. n., from India, on tea-bushes ; Podothrips propinquiis, sp. n., and Eurhynchothripis convergens, sp. n., from the Gold Coast, on kola shoots and buds ; and Klinothrips femoralis, sp. n., from the Gold Coast, on foliage of cacao. Davey (H. W.). Diseases of Fruit Trees and their Treatment. — Jl. Dept. Agric. Victoria, Melbourne, xvi, no. 2, 11th Februar\' 1918, pp. 101-107. [Received 23rd April 1918.] In this paper the author deals with the common insect pests of fruit trees in Victoria, including — codling moth [Cydia jwmonella], cherry and pear slug [Eriocampoides liinacina], woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum], peach aphis [Myzus persicae], mussel scale [Lepidosaphes ^dmi\, San Jose scale [Aspidiotiis perniciosus], ohve scale [Saissetia oleae], Rutherglen bug [Nysius vinitor], P}Trhocorid bugs attacking fruit, red spider [Tetranychus telarius] and thrips. The usual insecti- cides are recommended, and formulae and directions for their prepar- ation are given. Wheat Storage Problems. Protection from Weevils. — JL Dept. Agric. Victoria. Melbourne, xvi, no. 2, 11th February 1918, pp. 117-119. [Received 23rd April 1918.] The special committee appointed by the Commonwealth Advisory Council of Science and Industry, record, in Bull. Xo. 5 of the Council, the result of their investigations on the protection of stored wheat from weevils, and on the treatment of damaged grain. Only two grain weevils {Calandra grarmria and C. oryzae) are destructive enough to require special measures, those recommended being the careful avoidance of old, weevil-infected bags and builcUngs, and the dry storage of sun-dried wheat. Experiments have j^roved that the weevils will not breed in sun-dried wheat which contains only 4*7 of moisture, nor in threshed wheat containing 6.7 per cent. With 8 per cent, of moisture they died in six weeks without breeding, with 9 per cent, they remained dormant, but with anything above this amount, provided they had free air, they became active and increased. Therefore, in a fairly dry cHmate it should be possible to store wheat for an indefinite period without any damage from weevils, provided that it is completely protected from the weather. 270 In the treatment of damaged grain, tests were carried out on the efEects of quickhme on (1) good, (2) weevily, (3) tainted, (4) damp and damaged, (5) mouse-tainted wheat. In each case the wheat was first passed through a small wheat cleaning machine, then mixed with 1 per cent, of its weight of quick-lime and stored for 14 days. It was found that the addition of quick-lime to sound grain is in no way harmful, and may even effect some shght improvement. In the case of weevily wheat it caused the removal of the adult weevils and the infested grain upon screening, but the weevils were not killed, this being effected only by adding lime at a high temperature. The tainted wheat lost nearly 20 per cent, and the musty and mousey odours were much reduced,, though their complete removal would require contact for several months with lime applied fresh and hot. Damp wheat proved to be incapable of conversion into a wholesome article, though the odour and bacteria present were materially reduced by the lime. The- treatment of mouse-tainted wheat gaVe very satisfactory results,. which showed, however, that the lime, to be effective, must be applied hot. ScHENK (P. J.). De Erwtenkever. [The Pea Weevil.] — Tijdschr. Plantenzielien, Wageningen, xxiv, no. 1, 15th February 1918,. pp. 15-24, 1 fig. The information given in this article on Bruchus pisorum has been taken from existing literature, and the remedial measures advised are the usual ones, consisting of exposure to a temperature of 122° F., fumigation with carbon bisulphide or hydrocyanic acid gas, and the warming of the peas during the month of February, thus inducing the beetles to emerge. ScHOEVEKS (T. A. C). De Bloedluis {Schizoneura lanigera, Hausmann). [The Woolly Aphis, Eriosoma lanigerum.] — Tijdschr. Planten- ziekten, Wageningen, xxiv, no. 1, 15th February 1918; Bijblad, ]3p. 7-16, 2 figs. This article deals with Eriosoma lanigerum and its control from a popular and practical point of view and contains no new information. DEN Doop (J. E. A.). De Verspreiding van Trichogramma, den Eipara- siet van Heliothis obsdefa, Fabricius, ter Oostkust van Sumatra. [The Spread of Trichogramma, the Egg-Parasite of H. obsoJefa, on the East Coast of Sumatra.]- Meded. Deli Proef slat ion, Medan, x, no. 9, February 1918, pp. 213-220, 1 map. From 1908 to 1910 attempts to find egg-parasites of Heliothis ohsoleta, F., in Java and Sumatra were unsuccessfully made by Dr. L. P. de Bussy, who consequently introduced in 1911 Trichogramma minutum {pretiosnm) from North America into Sumatra, where it has now estabhshed itself [see this Review Ser. A, i, p. 13]. Since 1916 the author has investigated the hosts of this parasite and its spread under field-conditions. Insects parasitised in the labora- tory are not necessarily attacked in the field and vice versa. In the field most of the parasites are small and with weak ovipositors, so that 271 they are unable to penetrate the hairs covering the unattached end of the egg of Ergolis ariadne, L., or pierce eggs in small heaps covered with hairs, as in the case of Hypsa alciphron, Cram., and Prodenia litnm, F. {Uttoralis, Boisd.). If the host-eggs are laid on leaves A\ath a sticky surface, as in the case of those of H. obsoleta on young tobacco, the parasites are unable to reach them. On the other hand, the Lvcaenid, Lampides {Poli/anwwtus) baetica, L., was not parasitised in the laboratory, but wherever its eggs occur on Crotalaria striata on the East Coast of Sumatra, T. minutum is abundant. The follo\\dng is a list of the principal hosts of Trichogramma in the field : Heliothis obsoleta, F., from Physalis angulata, Zea tnays, Macaranga sp., Passiflora foetida, Crotolarm striata, and Momordica charantia; Lampides baetica, L., from Crotalaria striata, C. incana, C. nsaramoensis, Vigna catjang, and P. foetida ; Hippotion celerio, L., from Colocasia antiquorum and C. indica ; Achaea Janata, L. {Ophiusa melicerta, Drury), from Ricinus communis. Physalis angulata, Zea mays (maize) and Passiflora foetida favour the development of H. obsoleta. P. foetida is of such little importance, however, that no measures need be taken against it, while maize is cultivated only to a limited extent by the natives. The Physalis is decidedly harmful, as the young caterpillars bore into the fruit-buds and are there sheltered until they migrate in order to pupate under- groimd, whence the adults emerge at the time that tobacco is planted out in the field. Plants useful against H. obsoleta. are Crotalaria striata, C. incana, C. usaramoensis, Amorphophallus sp., Ricinus communis, and Urena tomentosum, though C. striata is the only one of practical value. It must be remembered that Trichogramma does not develop in large numbers on its host living on this plant until it bears fruit, so that planting must be effected sufficiently early. The spread of the parasite is most probably due to the mid-day winds, so that C. striata should be planted in a position which at mid-day wall be to windward of the plantation requiring protection. When investigating the distribution of T. minutum in Sumatra the discovery of the Lycaenid host, Lampides baetica, L., on Crotalaria proved to be of the greatest importance, because this plant is almost always found in tobacco plantations, where its use as a green manure is constantly increasing and the eggs of L. baetica abound on it. Most of these eggs are parasitised by T. minutum. The conclusions reached are that T. mimitiim can be used against H. obsoleta and perhaps also Phytometra {Plusia), but not against Prodenia, Phthorimaea (Lita) and Botys. The eggs of H. obsoleta are rarely attacked on tobacco because of the stickiness of the young tobacco leaves. The percentage of parasitism of the eggs of this moth on Physalis angulata, L., must be increased, while this plant must be kept down as much as possible. The former may be brought about by increasing the parasitism of other eggs, those of L. baetica on Crotalaria striata being the most suitable. The Crotalaria should be planted round the tobacco field before the tobacco is planted out, in order that the moths may lay their eggs on it instead of on the tobacco. The collection of the caterpillars and spraying with Paris green and lead arsenate are the best remedies in cases of infestation of tobacco. 272 Van der Goot (P.) & Roepke (W.). Beknopt Verslag der HelopeJtis- bijeenkomst (28 Juli 1916). [A brief Report of the Helopeltis- Conference of 28tli July 1916.]— Mecferf. Proefstation Midden- Java, Salaliga, no. 29, n. d., 22 pp. The ground covered by the discussions at this meeting has already been dealt with in several papers on Helopeltis [see this Review, Ser, A, iv, p. 442 ; V, 413, 570]. Carballo (E.). Informe acerca de las Causas de la Infertllidad de los Olivares del Ternimo de Jerez y del Lindante de Arcos de la Frontera. [Report on the Causes of Infertility of Olive Trees in the Districts of Jerez and Arcos de la Frontera.] — Bol. Agric. Tecnica y Economica, Madrid, x, no. Ill, March 1918, pp. 217-230. The chief disease of oUve trees is caused by a fungus that follows upon the attacks of Saissetia {Lecanium) oleae, which clusters under the leaves and on the branches of the trees. For the district under discussion the only control that has been found effective is Bordeaux mixture and turpentine. It is considered of the utmost importance to cultivate the trees and plant, them in suitable positions only, so that the chief causes of disease, namely, excessive moisture and lack of ventilation, air and light, may be eliminated. Dacvs oleae (olive fly) is the cause of very great loss to ohve-growers, severe infestations occurring periodically from unknown causes. A short account of the life-history is given. There is no known method of controlUng this fly that is cheap and efficacious. It has been suggeS"- ted that the oUves should be gathered early, before the larvae of the last generation have left the fruit, and that if all are not killed by this means in one year it should again be practised in the following year. After early gathering of the fruit it should be crushed imme- diately and the refuse left at the oil-mills should at once be burnt. It is essential, for this measure to be successful, that all olive-growers in a given region should make this early harvest, otherwise the opera- tion would be absolutely useless. The only other possibility of exter- minating this pest is to wait until it is destroyed by climatic conditions, as in the year 1897, when unusually warm weather in February and March caused a rapid development of D. oleae, which arrived at maturity, but could find no olives on which to oviposit as these had not yet appeared. In combating these insect pests, insectivorous birds should be carefully protected. LEGISLATION. Amendment no. 1 to Quarantine Order no. 29, Alfalfa Weevil. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic. Sacramento, vii, no. 3, March 1918, p. 170. As Hypera variabilis {Phytonomus posticus) (alfalfa weevil) has now invaded Delta County, Colorado, this amendment dated 31st January 1918 has been issued in Cahfornia to include this County in the list of quarantined areas. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exehange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com* municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen*s Gate, London, S.W.7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. PAGE. Gipsy Moth Larvae as Agents in the Dissemination of White Pine Blister- Rust in U.S.A 225 The Establishment of Beneficial Parasites in Hawaii . . . . 226 The Food-plants of Chrysoviphalus paulistus in Argentina . . . . 225 Ceraplastes gnmdis in Argentina . . . . . . . . . . 225 Important Pecan Pests and their Control in U.S.A. . . 226, 228 Methods of Dusting Peaches in U.S.A. . . . . , . . . . 228 Strawberry Pests and their Control in Indiana . . . . . . 229 Blackberry and Raspberry Pests in Indiana . . . . . . . . 229 Measures against Gooseberries and Currant Pests in Indiana . . 229 Garden Pests in Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Pests of Mint in Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Measures against Pests in Apple Orchards in Indiana . . . . 230 Melon Pests in Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Measures against Pests of Peaches in Indiana . . . . . . 231 Lasioderma and Arwbium in Coriander and Caraway Seed in Sumatra . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . 231 The Destruction of Tobacco Plants after Harvesting against Phthorimaea operculella in Sumatra . . . . . . . . 232 Insect Pests m Java in 1915-17 232 The Poplar and WUIow Borer in U.S.A 233 A Revision of the Genus Lygua as it occurs in America North of Mexico . . 233 The Bionomics of Chilo simplex and Schoenobius ineertelhis infest- ing Rice in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234 Chrysocoris grand/is infesting the Fruit of Aleurites cordata in Japan 236 Insect Pests in Fiji in 1916 236 Sprays for the Apple Capsid Bug in Britain 238 Nicotine -Paraffin Emulsion as a Spray for Insect Pests . . , . 238 The Argentine Ant, Iridoinyrmex hwrnilU, in S. Africa . . . . 239 The Bionomics of the Maize Beetle, Heteronychus masliunus in Rhodesia 239 Sugar-cane Pests in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Vegetable Pests in Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . 241 Beneficial Syrphids in Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Bionomics and Control of the Currant Fruit Fly, Epochra crniadensis, in U.S.A 242 The Biology of the Alder Flea-beetle, Haliica bimargmata, in U.S.A. 242 CONTENTS-conl. A New Aphid on Choke-Cherry and Grain in Maine The Life-History and Control of Empoa rosae in U.S.A. Kelation of Varieties of Grain to Hessian-fly Injury in U.S.A. The Uses of Insect Galls for Commercial Purposes , . Hemisarcoptea maluSf a Natuial Enemy of the Oyster-shell Scale in Canada . . Parasites of Sugar-Cane Beetles in Queensland Control of Insects infesting Stored Seed and Food Products in U.S.A. .... .. .. Sprays for the San Jos^ Scale in U.S. A liJotes on the Habits of Turnip Flea-Beetles in Britain New and Rare British Cecidomtidae. General Information for Spraying Orchards and Gardens in Virginia Cotton Pests and their Control in U.S.A Plutella maciilvpennis and its Control in S. Africa . . Reports on certain Plant Bugs connected with Cotton in St Vincent The Control of Red Spider in California Insect Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California Toxicity of Volatile Organic Compounds to Insect Eggs Weevils infesting Potatoes, Sweet Potatoes and Yams Agricultural Pests in Canada . . . . . . Measures against Aphids in Canada . . Measures against the Parsnip Webworm in Canada Measures against Orchard Pests in Canada . . The Importation of Opius cancolor into Italy against Dacus oleae Forest Pests in Brazil Epicauta atomaria, a Vegetable Pest in Brazil The Loss due to Gydia pomonella in Sicily The Collection and Utilisation of Melolontha mehlontha in Switzer land . . Objections to Light Traps as a Means of Controlling Insect Pests in Canada Aphis saliceti and its Allies in N. America Forest Pests in Britain . . Measures against the Pine Weevil in Britain Oryctes rhinoceros and its Control in the Philippines . . Oylas formicarius infesting Sweet Potatoes in the Philippines Oeratitis spp. injurious to Fruit Trees in South Africa Parasites of the Larvae of Zygaena occitanica in France Bark-beetles Infesting the Douglas Fir in North America . . Insect Pests in Texas in 1916 . . Notes on the Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, in Texas New Species of Thrips from West Africa and India Orchard Pests in Victoria The Protection of Stored Grain in Australia . . The Control of Bruchus pisorum in Holland , . Eriosoma lanigerum in HoUand The Establishment of Trichogramma minutum against Heliothis ohsoleta in Sumatra . . A Report of the Conference on Helopeltis in Java . . Olive Pests in Spain Legislation against Hypera variabiUs in California . < PAGE. 243 243 244 244 244 245 246 246 246 247 247 247 248 249, 251 252 253 253 254 2.55 255 255 2S5 256 256 266 256 267 267 267 258 269 269 261 261 262 262 267 268 269 269 269 270 270 270 272 272 272 VOL. VI. Ser. A. Part 7— pp. 273-320. JULY, 1918. THE REVIE OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES a: agricultural. ISSUED B7 TEE IMPERIAL BITRSAD OP BNTOUOLOaY. ^^,^^' 1^-vN % LONbOfrt--==*^ aOLD BT THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7. Price 9d. net. All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. l>onorarp Committee or rnanaaemetit* VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Aloock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseasejs Bureau. Mr. E. C. Bleck, C.M.G., Foreign Office. Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., P.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmeb, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Iipperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to th« Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Oflioe in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomolojs;y, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Train, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Sir Stewabt Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr, F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominion* is an ea; offixdo member of the Committee. ©eneral Secretins. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). director an& BMtor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, assistant 5)lrector. Dr. S, A. Neavb. Read 0/ic€.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7. Pvblkaiion Office.— 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7. 273 Reports on the State of the Crops in each Province of Spain. — Bol Agric. Tecnica y Economica, Madrid, x, no. Ill, March 1918, pp. 2-17-265. In the Province of Badajoz a spring campaign is being organised against locusts, and, as large areas remained untreated in the winter, it is considered that the measures ordered by the local councils are insufficient and additional help has been sought from the State in order to avoid unnecessary losses to crops. The same conditions prevail in Caceres, while a great abundance of locust eggs, some of which are already hatching, is reported from Cordoba. Mazieres (A. de). Enquete sur L'Eudemis. [Investigation regarding Polychrosis bofrana.] — Rev. Horlic. de VAlgerie, Algiers, xxii, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 35-39. The history is given of the infestations of Polychrosis hotrana that have occurred in Algeria since 1904, when the pest was introduced. The various methods of control that have been tried for this vine- moth and for Clysia anibigueUa are reviewed. The results have shown that, as soon as the presence of the moths or of young larvae is observed, the most efficacious way of protecting the vine is by spraying the fruit with some substance that will repel oviposition and poison the larvae. This includes two treatments, namely, two sprayings in spring with arsenicals and a summer treatment with nicotine. Lead arsenate mixed ^nth Bordeaux solution is given in two applications at 8 to 15 days' interval ; summer treatment begins as soon as the grapes begin to develop ; for this, nicotine should be mixed with a copper solution. For the last few years the majority of vine-growers have gathered infested grapes before maturity in order to destroy the larvae embedded in the pulp ; this naturally reduces the quantity of the crop. It has been noticed that the flights of moths are always more abundant around farm buildings, where they seem to be attracted either by the shelter afforded from strong winds or by lights. For this reason light and bait traps placed in the vicinity of such buildings collect more individuals than those placed elsewhere. Several causes are suggested for the lack of success in spraying recorded by ^^ne-growers. These include faulty preparation of the spraying mixtures, economy in the use of sprays, and their bad distri- bution. Those who are in the habit of treating vines for mildew tend to spray the young leaves only and forget to sprinkle the future grapes. Applications against the first generation are often left too late, thus allo\%"ing future generations to occur. Acetates are mixed with copper solutions of var}'ing powers of spreading. Preliminary defoHation, which allows the operator to reach the fruit more easily, is frecjuently omitted. The insecticides are sometimes washed away by rain just as the larvae are hatching. DiCKERSON (E. L.) & Weiss (H. B.). Corythucha spinulosa, Gibson, a New Lace-bug on Wild Cherry (Hem. Horn.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, Pa., xxix, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 121-125, 1 plate. Up to the present Corythuca spimdosa, the food-plant of which is wild cherry {Prunus serotina), has been found only at one place in (C479) Wt.P2/137. 1,500. 7.18. B. &F.Ltd. Gp.tl/3. a 274: New Jersey, where it appears to be rather well distributed over a small wooded section. The over-wintering adults appear early in June, oviposition occurring till about June 20. The eggs are deposited in the midrib of the leaf on the under-surface, from 4 to 35 being present on one leaf. The egg-stage requires from 2 to 3 weeks and the nymphs on hatching feed in colonies on the under-surface of the leaf along the midrib, disfiguring it by varnish-like spots, and causing a whitish discoloration of the upper surface. Adults of the first brood are present by the end of July, and those of the second brood by the latter part of August. GiRAULT (A. A.). New and old West Indian and North American Chalcid-flies (Hym.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, Pa., xxix, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 125-131. The species dealt with in this paper'include Grotiusomyia nigricans. How., reared from the larva of Eudamus jtroteus in St. Vincent ; G. flavicornis, Gir., reared from a Pyralid leaf -miner on oak at Wash- ington ; Polycystus clypeatus, sp, n., reared from a leaf -miner on maize in St. Vincent ; Sycophila incerta, Ashm., and I dames carme. Walk., reared from Ficiis laurina in Barbados ; Bruchobius laticeps, Crawf., associated with cowpea weevils in Texas ; Pseudomphale eudami, sp. n., reared from the larva of Eudamus proteus in St. Vincent ; Omphalchrysocharis petiolatus, sp. n., reared from an Oscinid on daisy at Washington ; and Arthrolytus aeneoviridis, Gir., from Buccu- latrix thvrberiella, on cotton in Arizona. Barss (H. p.) & LovETT (A. L.). Spraying Stone Fruits. — Oregon Agric. Coll., CorvaUis, Extension Service Bull. no. 291, March 1918, 8 pp. This bulletin gives in a condensed form information as to the best means of combating the common insect and fungus orchard pests. Spray calendars are given for the treatment of prunes and plums, peaches, and cherries respectively. Allen (W. J.). The Peach Tip Moth.—Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxxix, no. 2, February 1918, p. 132. [Received 29th April 1918.] The dying of the tips of the young shoots of peach trees is caused by the newly-hatched larvae of this Tortricid moth eating their way down through the centre of the shoot. Attempts to control the pest with lead arsenate sprays have not given satisfactory results, since they afford protection for a very limited time owing to the rate of growth of the tip. The best method of control is the removal and burning of the tips while still containing the larvae, and the destruc- tion by burning or boiling of the fruits infested by the later broods of the moth. FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Division of Entomology. — Haivaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no. 2, February 1918, p. 36. [Received 25th April 1918.] During the month of January the insectary handled 33,100 pupae L^ ( D of the melon fly [Dacus cncurhitae] from which were bred 1,009 indi- viduals of Opius fletcheri. The parasites distributed inchided :^ Optus fletcheri, 1,391 : Diachasnia tryoni, 58; D. fidlaicayi, 45; and Paranagrus (corn leaf-hopper parasite), 3-1,500. Agee (H. p.). Director's Report. — Rept. Expt. Sta. Committee, Hawaiinn S'igar Planters' Assoc, for Year ending September 30, 1917, Hovohdu, 12th October 1917, pp. 6-25. [Received 30th April 1918.] The beetle, Anomala [orientalis] has been gradually spreading in sugar-cane fields in Hawaii ; although some fields formerly attacked, are now free^rom it, the badly infested area is a little larger than last year. The spread of this pest has recently been chiefly in the direction of irrigation ditches and along railways and other lines of comnumication from infested fields. But for the fact that oviposition has usually occurred prior to flight, the damage done by this beetle would be much more severe than it is. During 1916 a great deal of work was done in connection with the introduction of parasites [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 426]. By the end of the year one wasp, Scolia manilae, had become so well established that introduction was discontinued. Other parasites imported include Tiphia ashmeadi, about 6O0 cocoons of which were received from the Philippiiles. The host of this parasite is a different beetle, but it breeds on Anomala spp. to -some extent. T. segregata breeds upon grubs of Anomala, but the emergence of this species is slow and irregular, A few how- ever were liberated. Another species of Tiphia from Japan was liberated in a field infested with grubs of Anomala sp., as there was no evidence of this species having become established from previous importations. A species of Prosena from the Philippines was liberated in sufficient numbers to become established. Dexia sp. was liberated in small numbers, but its chance of becoming established is considered small. An attempt has been made to establish a Japanese Carabid, Craspedonotus sp., with what result is not yet kno\NTi. Outbreaks of the leaf-hopper [Perkinsiella saccharicida] have been severe in a number of plantations. It is considered probable that this species is able to multiply rapidly only under abnormal conditions and then only until the parasites regain control. Heavy rainstorms, particularly if accompanied by high winds, the harvesting of large areas and migration of the leaf-hoppers to areas that have been free from them and hence clear of parasites, are among the disturbing factors. It is suggested that the parasites should be distributed arti- ficially in large numbers in order to re-establish control of the pest. Thirty colonies of Ootetrastichus sp. (Formosan leaf-hopper egg-para- site) have been distributed and have been found to be established on V two plantations, but on the whole results with this parasite are con- sidered disappointing. The Chinese Dryinid is reported to be now established in most plantations infestecl -^vith the cane leaf-hopper. The cane borer [Rhabdocnemis obscurns] is fairly held in check by its Tachinid parasite [Ceromasia sphenopJiori], except where rats facilitate the work of the borer. Fresh colonies of the parasite continue to be distributed. (C479) a2 276 Aders (VV. M.). Entomology in Relation to Agriculture. — Zanzibar Protectorate Ann. Rep. Pub. Health Dept. for 1916, Zanzibar, 1917, p. 36. No serious outbreak of insect pests has occurred during the year. Ceratitis cajntata (Mediterranean fruit-fly) has been found infesting imported oranges and mandarins, but the distribution is not widespread and apparently native-grown trees are far less susceptible. This fly may become a menace to the citrus industry, and its control is a serious problem. Oryctes mouoceros and 0. boas are prevalent and injurious to coconuts in Pemba. Egberts (A. W. R.)- Report on Aphidae for 1916. — Lancashire & Cheshire Naturalist, Darwen, x, no. iii, June 1917, pp. 78-79. The Aphids recorded include : — Peniphigus bursaritis, L., and P. filaginis, Boy., on poplar ; Lachniella nigrotuberculata, Del G., on Larix lejjtolepis ; and Aphis sambuci, L. , on elder. The following Hymenopterous parasites and hyper-parasites of Aphids were taken : — Ap)kidius ribis, Hal., from Myzus ribis ; Aphidius sp. , from Aphis ? hold, Ferr. ; a species of Praon, either P. flavinode or P. volucre, Hal. , from A. abietina, Wlk. ; Allotria sp. from A. bras- sicae ; Lygocerus sp. from A. avenae ; Lygocerus sp., from Amphorophora ampidlata, Buckt. ; Asaphes vulgaris, Wlk., from Aphis ?holci, Myzus ribis, and Amphorophora ampullata. CoGAN (E. S.). Some Phases of Applied Entomology in South Africa. ■ — S. African Jl. Science, Capetoivn, xiv, no. 6, January 1918, pp. 260-262. [Received 1st May 1918.] The author points out that while South Africa is economically a young country, it is progressing so rapidly that it is taking a foremost place in respect of fruit culture and the production of grain and other crops. Entomological problems are diverse and numerous and require attention from various aspects, as well as initiative, adaptabihty and perseverance on the part of the entomologists dealing with them. Attention is drawn to what the author considers the important factors in this W'Ork. As the field is large, covering a great stretch of country with var}ang geographical conditions, the training of the entomologist should be on broad and fundamental lines, and should include some study of the closely related sciences of botany and bacteriology. The opportunities for developing speciahsed branches of entomology are boundless. The discovery of new, cheap, and if possible more efficient chemical compounds for use in insect control work is an immediate necessity. Many other Unes of research are suggested ; the reactions of plants to various stimuli, choice of resistant varieties, control of insects by natural parasites, and ecology or the inter-relationship of animals and plants, are among the subjects that offer great possi- biUties to the investigator. 277 Sharples (A.). UsUtlina zonata (Lev.) Sacc. on Hevea brasiliensis. — Ann. App. Biol, Cambridge Univ. Press, iv, no. 4, March 1918, pp. 153-178, 6 plates, 1 text-fig. [Received 3rd May 1918.1 Rubber trees on Malayan plantations have hitherto been remark- ably free from insect and fungus troubles, and in consequence no great attention has been paid to combating them. The Scolytid beetle, Xyleborus parvulus, was first observed attacking rubber in Malay in 1909, in one district only where many trees had been pollarded. The method of planting rubber trees neces- sitates the cutting out of large numbers when they reach the age of 6 or 7 years and during the thinning, attacks by boring beetles on the permanent trees become prevalent, and.it was found that fructifications of the fungus occurred on the surface of the attacked parts. Evidence indicates that there is a close connection between attacks by boring beetles and Ustulina zonata. After fires on several estates boring beetles quickly entered the bark of damaged trees, and while these attacks were quickly followed by fungus disease, in no case was the fungus found in trees where the borers were entirely absent. As an experiment, the bark of 24 rubber trees was scraped and five of these were cjuickly attacked, three by borers. Two of these showed traces of Ustulina zonata in the bark five weeks after the insects had entered. It was observed that the borers disappeared after the first fortnight. This experiment showed that the important protective layer in rubber trees is the outer layer of corky cells and, if this layer is injured, attacks by boring beetles quickly follow. The first borers attempting an entrance were trapped in the streaming latex, but later arrivals succeeded in entering through places prepared by their predecessors. During the process of thinning out, falling trees come in contact with and bruise the branches and trunks of neighbouring ones, wounding the outer corky layers, and through these wounds the borers enter, being quickly followed by the fungus. It is possible that borers may directly transfer fungus spores to the trees they enter. Such insects as termites, ants, etc. walking over spore-producing fungi would carry away numerous conidia or ascopores attached to their appendages, and fructifications in the conidial stage have been found showing traces of insect markings on the surface. The function of termites in this connection appears to be of minor importance, as the number of trees attacked by them and by U. zonata is small compared with those attacked by borers and the fimgus or the number of old trees suftering from fungus attack only. U. zonata is largely responsible for the death of trees attacked by the borers, which would not in themselves be a serious trouble. It is therefore obvious that strict attention must be given to all trees, stumps or logs in which borers are working. These should be immedi- ately cut out and destroyed, as they represent one of the worst sources of infection. All trees scorched by fire should be carefully watched, and, if borers attempt to enter, a coating of tar (80 per cent.) and crude oil (20 per cent. ) should be apphed to the scorched surfaces, a second coating being given if possible. Scorching of the high branches is less easily dealt with, but these are not apparently much attacked by insects, and in any case they can be readily cut away from the main stem. Clearing the ground of rotting timber and the treatment of jungle stumps will largely prevent trouble from termites. 278 Efflatoun (H. C.)- Notes on the Strawberry Leaf Beetle {Galerucella tenella, Linn.). — Ann. App. Biol, Cambridge Univ. Press, iv, no. 4, March 1918, pp. 206-210, 3 figs. Larvae of Galerucella tenella (strawberry-leaf beetle) have lately been doing considerable damage to strawberry plants in County Monaghan, Ireland. This paper gives some notes on the life-history, but it is hoped that fuller details of the bionomics will be published later. The stages of the insect from larva to adult are described. Both larvae and adults eat the upper and lower epidermis and the soft underlying tissue, leaving the opposite layer of epidermis intact. If these injured leaves are left exposed to weather conditions, the wounds develop into holes through the leaf and are misleading in identifying the insect causing the damage. The larvae were mature when received, so that nothing is known of their earlier history ; pupa- tion occurred on 21st to 24th June, the adijlt beetles appearing on the 22nd to 26th July. At the least sound the beetles feign death and drop to the ground, where they burrow out of sight. They feed chiefly during the night or early morning. Petherbkidge (F. R.) & Husain (M. A.). A Study of the Capsid Bugs found on Apple Trees. — Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge Univ. Press, iv, no. 4, March 1918, pp. 179-205, 3 plates. This paper gives an account of investigations undertaken to determine the exact damage to apples done by Capsids which have been the subject of earlier studies [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 290], and records fuller details of their life-histories. The information collected is however only the result of preliminary study and further work in this direction is being carried on. The species of Capsids damaging apple trees in England are Plesiocoris rugicollis, Orthotylus marginalis, Psallus ambiguus, Atractotomvs mali and Lygus pratensis. Plesiocoris rugicollis was found to be the only Capsid that caused marking of the leaves, fruit or shoots, the damage done by the other species being unimportant. The eggs of this species are laid in June and July in the soft stem of the current year, in many cases very near the apex and in some cases at the thickened bases of the twigs. They are apparently deposited indiscriminately in lenticels or in slits made for the purpose in other parts of the stem. The eggs remain in the shoots throughout the winter, and after a few months it is impossible to detect their presence in the shoot by external examination. If the bark is peeled off, the eggs are generally found adhering to the inner side of it. The larvae hatch during April and at once begin to feed on the tender or half-opened leaves, usually on the upper sur- face. It is difficult to shake them from the trees at this stage, as they usually obtain a hold on some lower portion of the tree. The five instars of the immature insects are described. Several stages may be present at the same time on the trees. "When the fruit sets, the bugs are in the 3rd, 4th and 5th stages, and shortly after this they begin to injure the fruit and continue to do so until the apples are about an inch in diameter. Adults feed chiefly on the leaves and shoots and do very little damage to the fruit. When the young stem is punctured a brown fluid oozes out and the stem frequently cracks and may be 279 killed. The slow-growing varieties of apples suffer particularly from Capsids ; badly marked apples only grow to about one-fourth of their normal size and often fall off. The stylets of all the species of Capsids dealt with are very similar, and the cause of the damage would seem to be chemical rather than mechanical, the salivary injection from P. rugicollis being injurious to the tissue of apple trees, whilst that of the other species is not. This supposition is borne out by the fact that it is the mesophyll and not the epidermis that shows the first sign of injury, and dead mesophyll may be present under a healthy epidermis and the damaged area may spread for some time after laceration has taken place. In the case of P. rvgicoUis the mechanical injury is probably of Uttle consequence. Psollus ambiguus and Orthotylus marginalis are some- times as numerous as that species, and yet the injury caused by their sucking the juices is of no importance. An insect that causes mechanical injury would probably do so to all plants that it feeds on. but the injection of an insect that causes physiological injury might affect different plants in different ways, and even be harmless to some plants as well as much less harmful to some varieties of plants of the same species than others. While certain pests are specific in their attacks, others infest a large number of plants. Lygus pratensis is known to attack fifty different species of plants. Plesiocoris rugicollis was formerly known to attack Salix and Alnvs, but it now attacks apple, black and red currants, and under experimental conditions has been made to attack plums. This change of diet may be comparable with mutations in the morphological characters and is perhaps due to some physiological change in the organism. P. rugicollis may in the future become a more serious pest by extending its host-plants. The change of diet of this species may simply be due to a fertilised female being blown on to a new host, and being unable to reach the original one, the insect may feed upon and oviposit on the new plant. The larvae that hatch from these eggs will probably be able to live on the tissues of the host on which the mother lived and are in any case incapable of reaching the original host. Further experiments in this direction are required, but it is known that nymphs can be made to change their hosts, for example from apple to plum and black currant to apple, and it would be of interest to know whether P. rugicollis would oviposit on a species distinct from that on which it was reared. It is evident that P. rugicollis normally lays its eggs on the host on which it has fed, and does not readily change any host on which it can live, for apples and ^villows are found interlacing and only the willows attacked, or apples and black currants with only the latter attacked. In Cambridge, where apples are not attacked, but only willows and black or red currants, larvae were transferred from black currants to apple trees and, although they did not at once feed, they became accustomed to their new host and completed their development. Experiments have shown that P. rugicollis can be kept in check by spraying with soft soap and nicotine. About 1 per cent, of soft soap is sufficient with soft water, or more with hard water, and 0-05 per cent, of nicotine (98-99 per cent.). This rapidly kills all stages of the insect except the eggs. The wash should be applied just after 280 all the bugs have hatched and spraying may continue for some time after the fruit has become marked. A high pressure pump and a fairly coarse nozzle should be used. The trees should be thoroughly drenched in a downward direction. As eggs are laid in the_ young shoots, trees from an infested nursery should not be planted in non- infested areas. Orthotylus marginalis, Kent, [nassatus, Fall.) hatches about a fort- night later than P. rugicoUis ;. this species is not of any importance as"a pest. Psallus amhigmis, Fall, {obscurus, D. & S.) hatches about the same time as P. rugicoUis, and apparently does no damage. It was observed that the larvae of this species lived and developed for weeks on dried shoots without any leaves, indicating some other source of food than plant juices. On these twigs were eggs and nymphs of the apple-sucker {Psylla mali) and eggs and young of red spider {Tetranychus sp.), and it seems likely that besides sucking plant juices to a certain extent Psallus ambiguus may be carnivorous and therefore beneficial. Atractotomus yiiali, Mey., has not been observed to do any damage to apples. No insect enemies of Capsids have been observed. AntJiocoris sylvestris was found sucking the dead bodies of Capsids at various stages, and it is possible that this bug as well as some species of Capsids are capable of killing living Capsids, though they have never been observed to do so. Imms (A. D.). Observations on Pimpla pomorum, Ratz., a Parasite of the Apple Blossom Weevil. — Ann. App. Biol, Cambridge Univ. Press, iv, no. 4, March 1918, pp. 211-227, 1 plate, 1 fig. Anilionomus poinorum (apple blossom weevil) is a very difficult pest to control owing to its being concealed within the unopened blossom buds of the apple during the early stages. The larvae are frequently found in one of the deformed buds, accompanied by the smaller larva of Pimpla pomorum, Katz., which is an ecto-parasite of both larvae and pupae of the weevil. When the larva of P. pojnorum is fully fed, it spins a slight silken cocoon within the bud-cavity, the adults beginning to emerge about the 17th June or some 23 days after pupa- tion began. The male parasite was found in considerable numbers for the first time and w^as identified. After emergence in June the life-history of P. pomorum during the rest of the year is unknown. Most probably it passes through a second generation and utilises certain species of Lepidoptera as hosts. In localities where A. 2)omorum does not occur both generations probably parasitise Lepidoptera. Among 1,270 apple buds from Cambridgeshire infested with A. pomorum 27 per cent, were found to be eft'ectively parasitised by P. pomorum. An account is given of Decaux's method of preserving Braconid parasites of A. pomoru7n in France in 1880. About ]3|- bushels of infested buds were collected from 800 apple trees ; these were pre- served in boxes covered with gauze, which was raised from time to time to allow of the escape of the parasites. By this means some 250,000 parasites were Hberated, and repetition of the operation in the following year was sufficient to prevent serious damage from the weevil during the succeeding ten years. It is suggested that 281 methods on these hues should be giveu an adequate trial in the case of P. 'pornorum. A description of the male of Pitnpla pornorum by Mr. Morley is appended. Greex (E. E.). a List of Coccidae affecting various Genera of Plants. ■ — Ann. App. BioL, Cambridge Univ. Press, iv, no. 4, March 1918, pp. 228-239. This paper forms the second part of the author's valuable list of Coccids and their food-plants [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 519]. The Control of Pests of Fruit Trees in Gardens and Small Orchards.— Jl Bd. Agric, London, xxv, no. 1, April 1918, pp. 41-53, 3 figs. This paper, which has also appeared in the form of Food Production Leaflet, No. 39, gives general recommendations for the control of insect pests of fruit crops. A calendar of the necessary routine work is included. A list shows the crops and pests dealt with, references being given to the various leaflets that have been issued on these subjects. Formulae for insecticides are discussed and instructions are given for spraying, with recommendations for suitable spraying machines. PEraERBRiDGE (F. R.) & HusAiN (M. A.). Further Observations on the Capsids which attack Apples.—.//. Bd. Agric., London, xxv, no. 1, April 1918, pp. 54-58, 6 figs. The subject matter of this paper has been more fully dealt with elsewhere [see above, p. 278]. Imms (A.D.). Tarred Felt Discs for Protecting Cabbages from the Cabbage-root Fly.— J/. Bd. Agric., London, xxv, no. 1, April 1918, pp. 59 60. This paper records the successful use of tarred felt discs against Phorhia {Chortophila) hrassicae (cabbage-root fly). These have been described previously [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 171]. It is sug- gested that, in the few cases where successful results were not obtained, the follo^^ing points should be observed. The soil at the time of planting should be in a fine, friable condition ; the earth should be worked up shghtlv round the plants so as to form a flattened ridge ; the discs should be apphed, if possible, on the same day that the planting out is done, Kuwa Hamadarabai Chosa. [Researches on the Banded Mulberry Midge.]— /ia/i^?/o Mohanjo Kenhjii Hokohu, [Bulletin of Industry, Model Sericidtural Station'], Korea, 15th October 1917, 15 pp., 14 figs. The very injurious banded mulberry midge {Diplosis quadrifasciata, Niwa), previously only knowTi to occur in the vicinity of Tokyo, first appeared in 1915 in a mulberry field at Suigen in Korea. Since then the damage done by it has become more and more serious and widely 282 spread. Whether it had been imported from Japan or is an endemic species in Korea has not yet been determined. It has two broods in a year, the adult of the first brood appears in May and that of the second in the middle of July. It passes the A\'inter as a larva and pupates in May of the next year. The eggs are laid on the epidermis of new and soft shoots that are in contact with the ground, the newly hatched maggots showing a marked preference for damp spots. If the tree has split bark, the fly lays eggs in it, even if the fissure is some distance from the ground. Larvae that appear on the epidermis bore under the bark and eventually into the cambium. The bark often splits as a result of infestation, so that the flies of the second brood usually oviposit in the cracks produced, which thus often contain larvae in two different stages. Infestation by the maggot causes the shoots or branches to decay, so that they sooner or later die or break oft. As the midge mainly infests the young shoots that are in contact with the ground, the best remedial measure is a system of pruning that leaves only those shoots that are at least five inches above the surface. An excessive amount of moisture in mulberry plantations must also be avoided. Vedalia Tento-mushi oyobi Icenja Kaigaramushi ni Kansuru Kenkyu. [Researches on the Coccinellid Vedalia and the .Scale-insect Icerya.] — Bijohin-gaichu Iho [Bulletin of Plant Pathology and Injurious Insects], Dept. of Agric. and Commerce, Tokyo, no. 3, 25th November 1917, pp. 107, 11 plates, 3 maps. Icerya pnrchasi, Mask., having been imported into the Prefecture of Shizuoka the principal orange-growing district in 1911, and serious damage having been caused by it, the Imperial Department of Agri- culture and Commerce entrusted the study of this pest, as well as of its natural enemies, especially Novius cardinalis, Muls., to the Prefec- tural Agricultural Experiment Station, and gave financial assistance for the purpose. This report is the result of the investigations. Novius cardinalis, when reared in breeding cages, appears to have eight generations a year and winters in the larval stage. Out of doors the life-cycle seems irregular, and eggs, larvae, pupae and adults are seen at every season. It usually lays from one to three eggs on the o\nsac, or within the body of Icerya purchasi, but occasionally also oviposits under the cast skin of the host or on the leaves or branches near by. The female oviposits over a period varying from six to forty-four days according to the season, laying as many as 54 eggs in a day in the summer ; in the spring and autumn sometimes only a single egg is laid per diem. The number of eggs laid by a single female varied from 54 to 816. Oviposition takes place to a greater extent by day than by night. The first stage of the Coccinellid larva devours only one or two larvae of I. purchasi in a day, while the last may destroy as many as 46. In one case a Novius larva consumed 126 young larvae of Icerya. The voracity of the adult differs in the sexes ; the average consumption of the female was 213 scales of various stages during 15 days, while the male destroyed 136 in 16 days. In the spring the life of the female is 40 days and that of the male 22 days on an average ; in the summer the female lives 23 days and the male 13 days. These Coccinellids prey on one another when food becomes 283 scarce, and besides Icerya purchasi they attack Icenja seychellarum, Mask., and Drosicha {Monophlebm) corpidenta, Kuw. Though the CoccinelUd is rather active during the winter, in the field from 14 per cent, to 22 per cent, of the larvae and from 33 per cent, to 67 per cent, of the pupae, and in the breeding cages from 24 per cent, to 27 per cent, larvae and 47 per cent, pupae, may die off. There are two fungi that infest the larvae and kill them. In one area of 245 acres of infested orchard 670 CoccinelUd larvae were liberated, and after two months the pest was nearly controlled. As this Coccinellid is active from April to August, its introduction to combat Icerya should be accomplished at this season. As it is inactive in the A^anter, no effective result can then be expected from it. It must also be remembered that the liberation of Novius cardutalis even in large numbers cannot seriously check injurv' by Icerya purchasi unless the conditions are suitable for the Coccinellids to breed and increase. Icerya purchasi, Mask., has two or three generations a year, and is mostly reproduced parthenogenetically. Though the newly hatched larvae seem very active, they can travel only about 12 feet in an hour, so that they cannot migrate to any appreciable extent unless aided by birds or other insects. The dispersion of this scale must therefore be chiefly caused by transportation of infested shoots or fruits. It can withstand starvation to a considerable extent, and newly-hatched larvae live 6 or 7 days, and adults 41 days on an average without food. It is not only very injurious to the fruit by sucking the sap, but also gives rise to a sooty mould on the foliage. Other natural enemies that attack it are Noviu^ limbatus, Mots., and Chrysopa matsumurae, Akamato, but they are less prolific and are of less practical value. ScHGYEN (T. H.). Om Skadeinsekter og Snyltesopp paa Skogstraerne i 1915. [Report on the Insect and Fungus Pests of Forest Trees in Norwav in 1915.] — Saertryk av Skogdirektorens Irtberetniiig for Kalenderaarel 1915, Chrisliania, 1917, pp. 154-159, 1 pi. The larva of Dendrolimus pini was sent from Romsdals county, and a full-grown larva of Lymantria monacha from near Christiania, this being the third occasion that this moth has been found in Norway. The author calls attention to the possibility of an outbreak of this pest. Spruce cones attacked by Dioryctria (Phycis) abietella were sent from near Christiania. Enarmonia {Grapholitha) nanaim and Eucosma {G.) tedella, which were recorded as pests for the first time in 1913, were reported from north Trondhjem county. The larvae of Cydia {Tortrix) coniferana and Dioryctria abietella were found in the bark of pine trees on the sites of attack by the fungus, Da,syscypha calycina. Myelophilus jiiniperda attacked pine trees that had pre- viously been damaged bv sulphurous acid smoke from smelting works. Anobium abietis was sent from Gjo\ak, where it was stated that for some years the ground had been covered by cones attacked by this insect. Lygaeonematus {Nemcitus) erichsoni was reported from one !^' locality. Diprion [Lophyrus) pini was very numerous in the southern ]/ part of the country, thousands of larvae being found on a single tree ; young trees were preferably attacked. Chermes pini, which is the most destructive pest of young pine trees in the western part of the country, has been reported from several localities. Chermes abietis 284 injured hedges of cultivated spruce trees. Chermes piceae was reported from silver spruces at Christiania, and Lachmis piceae appeared on a spruce hedge and in a nursery. Cidaria dilutata, Cheimatobia brumata and Cossiis cossiis attacked birch trees. The ravages of Hyjyonomeuta euonymellus in the south- western part of the country has now been going on for four years. Oak leaves were mined by Tischeria coniplandla and PhyUocnistis suffuseUa. The outbreak of Galenicella [Gcderuca) lineola, which began in 1912, appeared to be on the decrease in 1915, but the alders in many districts had been completely destroyed. Melasoma {Lina) aeneuni, which occurred in company wdth G. lineola in 1913 in western Norway, appeared in great numbers at Sogn in 1915. Phyllodeda vitellinae was- reported from some localities and Drepcmosiphwn platanoides was still more abundant on maple in 1915 than in 1914 in the southern and western parts of the country, causing the leaves to drop in July and August. Eriosoma {Schizoneura) tremidae was exceedingly numerous on aspen in many localities. ScHOYEX (T. H.). Beretning over Plantesygdome i Norge 1916. [ReiDort on Plant Diseases in Norway in 1916]. — Saertryk ur Landtbruksdirektdrens Aaisberetning for 1916, Christiania, 1917, pp. 37-85. Severe injury to cereals, caused by wire-worms, was reported from Ostlandet, the cold weather in the early summer retarding the growth of the crops and exposing them to the attacks of the larvae. The larvae of Tijyula oleracea were reported to have attacked the roots of oats and barley. Hydrellia griseola, Fall, also damaged oats, especially in Trondhjem county in July. OscineUa frit has been recorded on oats and barley in several localities. Clinodiplosis mosellarum, Geh., is now recorded for the first time as. injurious in Norway, ears of wheat containing larvae having been found at the beginning of September. Aphis avenue was very numerous in many parts of the eastern districts, but probably owing to unfavourable climatic conditions no serious damage was done. The author suggests destroying the bird-cherry trees as a means of deaUng with, this pest. Macrosiphum granarium was reported from oats and barley. Ears damaged by thrips were also recorded. Grasses were attacked by larvae of Melolontha hippocastani, Clidogastra fiavipes and Pedicidoides* gram inum. Clover was injured by Aptinothrips riifus and peas by Kakothrips pisivora {Thrips robnstus). Cabbage was attacked by Barynotus squamosus {schdnherri). This seems to be the only instance where this beetle has done any harm in Europe, whereas in Canada it is a recognised cabbage pest. The larvae of Ceuthorrhynchiis rapae were found in the stalks of turnips at Stavanger. Other cabbage pests were Pieris brassicae, Barathra brassicae, Euxoa {Agroiis) corticea, Tipida oleracea, and Phorbia {Chor- tophila) brassicae, of which outbreaks occur periodically. The larvae of Scaptomyza sp. were found mining in the leaves of cabbage and turnips. Podurids were found in great numbers on turnips and cabbage, and Psila rosae occurred on carrots. 285 Apple pests included, PhijUopcrtha horikola, Cantharis ohscnra injurino: the flowers, Plujllohius jjijri and Luperus flavipes. Xijlehorus dispar killed yoims; trees in many localities, especially when previously damaged by frost. There seem to be two generations a year, eggs being laid in May and June and in August and September. The foliage was damaged by Ajjoria crataegi, Episema (Diloba) coeruleo- cephala, Calocampa ,vet'usta, and Cheimatohia hrumata. Cossiis cossus, Cydia porno nella, and Argyroploce {Olethreutes) variegana were also recorded from various localities. Hyponomeuta variabilis, which has been very abundant during several years, was reported from the greater part of the southern and eastern part of the country. Argyres- thia conjugella is doubtless the pest which has caused the greatest loss to the fruit-grower in Norway. Blastodacna afra {putripenella) occurred in two localities and Parornix {Ornix) guitea and Lyonelia clerl-ella mined the leaves. The Aphids and Coccids observed on apples included : — Aphis pomi, A. crataegi, A. sorbi and Lepidosaphes idmi. Psylla mali, as in the previous years, caused much damage, and spra}dng against this pest is being carried out more extensively every year. It was observed in three infested orchards that the hawthorn-hedges surround- ing them were heavily infested by this insect. Thrips flavus occurred in great numbers on apple buds, and Tetranychiis telarius and Para- tetranychus pilosus were also recorded. Pests of pears included Byturus tomentosus, Phyllobius pyri, Xyle- borus dispar, Erioca)npoides limacina {Eriocampa adumbrata), which defoliated the trees in two localities, and the larvae of an unidentified species of Nematus. The Cecidom}'ids, Contarinia {Diplosis) pyrivora and Perrisia {Diplosis) pyri, were also recorded. The young fruits were injured by the nymphs of Acanthosoma haemorrhoidale, and this bug was also found on the berries of the mountain ash. Taeniolhrips inconsequens {Euthrips pyri), which was recorded for the first time in Norway in 191J-, appeared in two other localities in 1916, and the author calls attentions to the danger, of neglecting the control of this serious pest and suggests the use of a nicotine spray three times during the growing period. Leaves injured by the mite, Eriophyes pyri, were sent from many locahties. Plums were attacked by Luperus flavipes,^ Cydia (Carpocapsa) funebrana, which partly destroyed these trees in some orchards near Christiania, and Hoplocampa fidvicornis, which was recorded from Lier, where the crop was said to have been greatly reduced by this pest during several years. Aphis ])omi was less abundant than during the two previous years. In July and August plum trees were attacked by Hyalopterus arundinis {pruni). On cherries, Phyllopertha Jiorticola has been very abundant for some years, and it clefohates the young trees. Byturus tomentosus did great injury to the flowers. Xyleborus dispar attacked young trees pre- viously injured by frost and hastened their death. Other cherry pests were Lyonetia clerkella, Argyresthia ephippiella, Tortrix cerasana, Eriocampoides limacina, Aphis cerasi and Taeniothrips inconsequens. There is reason to believe that the last-named has done considerably damage for several years, although the real cause w^as not discovered until 1914. 286 Gooseberries were attacked by Pristiphora pallipes {Nematvs apj)endicidatits), Pteronns {Nematvs) rihesii and Eideranium {Lecanium) ribis. and currants by Rhopalosiphum ribis, which devastated the plantations in the greater part of the eastern districts, Eulecanium ribis, and Eriophyes ribis, which infested black currants. Raspberries were attacked by Phyllopertha horticola, Byturus tomentosus^ Pennisetia {Bembecia) hylaeiforniis, Anthononins rubi, Dolycoris baccarum, and Tarsonenms fragariae, w^hich is probably a recent introduction in Norway and seems to be spreading every year. Vines were attacked by Puhinaria {Lecanium) vitis and Teirayiychus telamts. Sphinx ligustri was recorded as injuring lilac, and Euxoa corticea was reported from several ornamental plants. Cidari/i fidvata and Olefh rentes variegana were found on roses. Leaves of chrysan- themum were mined by the larva of Spilographa artemlsiae, and begonia foliage was damaged by Thripsflarixs in hot-houses. Typhlocyba rosae and Aphis rosae were reported from several localities. Cocous hesperi- dmn was found on myrtle, and Saisselia {Lecanium) haemisphaerica injured Asparagus sprengeri. TuLLGREN (A.). Apelmargmalen {Blastodacna putripenella, ZelL) ett i vart Land foga beaktat, men tvivelsutan viktigt Skadedjur. [The Apple Pith Moth, a hitherto unobserved, but undoubtedly impor- tant Pest in Sweden] — Meddelande no. 164, Centralanstaltens for Fdrsdksvdsendet pa Jordbruksomradef , Stockholm, Entomologiska Avdelningen, no. 29, 1918, 16 pp., 12 text-figs., 1 plate. Blastodacna atra, Haw. {putripenella, Z.), is a moth that during recent years has been found in many localities in the south of Sweden and seems under conditions favourable to it to be of great importance. The question as to whether B. hellerella, Dup., and B. atra are identical is as yet undecided. The biological differences between them are, however, great, the former living in the fruits of hawthorn, whereas' the larva of the latter lives in the buds of the apple, and it is therefore probable that they are distinct species. The adult, larva and pupa and the damage done are briefly described, and as a remedy the author suggests spraying the trees in early spring with 8-10 per cent, carbo- lineum emulsion. TuLLGREN (A.). Lokmalen {Acrolepia asseclella, Zell.) ett i vart Land ej f orut iakttaget Skadedjur pa lok. [The Onion lAIoth, an injurious Insect not hitherto recorded in Sweden.] — Meddelande no. 167, Centralanstaltens for Fdrsdksvdsendet ]Xi' Jordbruksomradet, Stock- holm, Entomologiska Avdelningen, no. 30, 1918, 11 pp., 6 text- figs. Acrolepia assectella, Z., was observed for the first time in Sweden in 1917, having been found injuring chives in Smaland. A description is given of the larva, pupa and adult moth, as well as of the damage done. In the attacked plants the larvae of a fly believed to be Droso- 2)hila p)halerata, Mg., were also found. The author suggests cutting off the parts attacked and destroying them and spraying with nicotine emulsion (one part to 1,000 parts of water) as a remedial measure. 287 Traoardh (I.). Oversikt over Skogsinsekternas skadegorelse under ar 1916. [Review of the Forest Insects of Sweden in 1916.] — Stamens Skogsfdrsdksanstalt, Slockholm, Flvgblad no. 10, 1918, 28 pp., 13 text-figs. A collation of the data regarding the injnry caused by the pine beetles, Mijelophilus pii'uperdn and M. htdnor. shows that their attacks were most in evidence in Giivle-Dala and the Eastern and the Southern districts. The common reports that these pine beetles are spreading must not be taken literally ; they show however that owing to the thinning of the pine forests, which is practised to a greater degree every year, the facilities for the propagation of these pests have greatly increased. In the southern part of Sweden the injury caused bv the beetles, when feeding in the crown of the pine treevs, does not seem to imperil the health of the trees, but in the northern part of the country this kind of injury appears to be more dangerous. Ips typograpluis and Pitijogenes chalcograpJius were most in evidence in Hernosands districts, where 70 per cent, of the reports dealt with these pests. Middle Norrlands, Giivle-Dala and the Eastern district following with about 50 per cent. In many reports the ravages were comiected with previous damage of the forests caused by snow and storms. Old trees and those of medium age were preferred, and the attacks did not spread over larger areas than groups of a few hundred trees, the next generation migrating elsewhere in large clouds. There are no data as to the time of swarming or for the time required for the development of one generation, but Kolmodin's investigations showed that in 1914 in Orsa the first generation of Ips Igpograpluis required about 70 days from the 16th of May to the 24th of July. During the last half of the summer other swarms were observed, and it is therefore reasonable to suppose that in the autumn the larvae of the second generation were full-gi'o\ni or had even pupated. In the spring of 1915 the spruce bark-beetle was therefore far more numer- ous than is usually the case. As a rule in the Eoyal forests attempts have been made to combat the beetle, but many private owners entirely neglect any preventive measures. It therefore seems probable that it may become necessary to adopt legal measures in order to enforce the work necessary to control this pest. Bupalus piniari)is has been reported from several localities. A review of the geographical position of the localities where ravages caused by this moth occurred during the years 1889-1916 elicits the fact that they are nearly all situated in the Eastern part of the country. The annual rainfall decreases gradually from west to east in Sweden and the outbreaks have occurred only in the driest part of the country, which seems to suggest that a low rainfall favours the propagation of this moth. If this assumption were correct, the years prior to an outbreak might be expected to be those of abnormal drought. An analysis of the precipitation over certain periods shows this hypo- thesis to be accurate, the amount of rainfall in all the cases analysed having decreased by from 15 to 27 per cent, of the normal during 2 or 3 years before the outbreak. The' author suggests that the reduced rainfall favours the increase of the moth in that the fungoid diseases that generally attack the hibernating larvae are checked when the soil becomes too dry. 288 The earlier records of Dvprion (Lophyrus) pini and D. {L.) sertifer in Sweden are not reliable and our knoAvledge of these common species is therefore very insufficient. To judge from the observations made by the author, the eggs of D. sertifer hibernate, the larvae appearing early in the summer, whereas tlie larvae of D. pini hibernate in their cocoons and the larvae appear later in the summer. Both species are probably one-brooded in Sweden. The chief outbreaks have occurred in the south of Sweden, south of the line where the mean temperature is 5° C. (41° F.). Glaser (R. W.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A Systematic Study of the Organisms distributed under the Name of CocccbaciUus acridiorum d'Herelle. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xi, no. 1, March 1918, pp. 19-42. As opinions regarding the efficacy 6i Coccobacillus acridiorum in the control of grasshoppers have been very conflicting, the author has undertaken a systematic study of a number of cultures distributed under this name. These proved to represent either different species or varieties of the same species and this fact may explain the contrary views of various investigators, and also demonstrates the need for careful attention to the ordinary principles of bacteriology in entomo- logical work. The various tests that have been made since 1909 with d'Herelle's Coccobacillus and the results arrived at are reviewed. Literature on the subject shows that five out of nine articles report encouraging field results. These successful instances all deal with locusts of the genus ScJdstocerca represented by S. americana, S. para- nensis and S. peregrina. The unsuccessful reports deal with such genera as Dociostaurus (Stauronotus), Zonocerus, Oedaleus, Locusta and Melanoplus. It may therefore be that the bacterium is effective against certain species of Schistocerca, but is unsuccessful among members of certain other genera. All the investigators reported that the bacteria they used were pathogenic in their laboratory experiments. Certain requirements that d'Herelle and other workers consider necessary to the rapid spread of the disease on the field include canni- balistic and migratory habits ; dense infestation ; absence of related bacteria that might have an immunising effect ; no excess of normal food ; high temperature ; and absence of excessive rain. The author adds another essential, namely, the use of the same organism by different investigators. Four different cultures were received from various sources and carefully studied. These, which all purported to be Coccobacillus acridiorum, d'Herelle, are all re-described in this paper and are con- trasted in their actions. The bacterium sent by Dr. Ponce from Honduras seems to be an organism new to bacteriology, and the author has named it Bacillus poncei. It is not a Coccobacillus at all. It is ob\'ious that different organisms are being distributed under the name of Coccobacillus acridiorum, and the author suggests that d'Herelle should re-describe the organism concerned in his grasshopper epidemic more accurately for the benefit of other workers. Experiments with B. poncei proved this organism to be pathogenic to Melanojdus femur-rubrum and Encoptohphus sordidus. In most cases, however, attempts to recover the bacillus from the blood, the 289 alimentary tract, or the faeces failed. The author concludes that insects can develop an immunity that can cope more or less success- fully with certain foreign organisms. Experimeat also inchcates that passage infections performed by using the alimentary tract are hopeless on account of the extensive flora. Blood passages with B. ■poncei were also useless in most cases as the gut ruptured after a short time ; blood passages with other bacteria were however found to be possible. Two cultures received direct from d'Herelle were labelled respec- tively Souche Cham and Souche Sidi. Experiments with these showed that Souche Cham is pathogenic to M. atlantis, and to M. bivittatus and M. femur-rubrum in a lesser degree. Passage infections with this culture were possible but no increase in virulence was observed. The blood and muscle tissue of M. atlantis can be used for passage infections, but extracts from the stomach or intestines cannot. In food infections the time between inoculation and death is somewhat extended. Both these cultures were quite virulent even when old. Souche Sidi, which represented a strain passed through a series of grasshoppers in Tunisia in 1915, proved less pathogenic to M. atlantis and M. bivittatus than Souche Cham ; no passage infections with this culture were attempted. A large series of field experiments ^^^th these two cultures have been instituted in dealing with M. atlantis, which is a serious pest in certain regions of Vermont, and should prove good material for these experiments on account of its canni- balistic habits and dense swarms. At least another season is required before conclusions can be drawn from these experiments. The results of twenty-five experiments in the inoculation of locusts with the various cultures referred to are given. Cameron (A, E.). Life-history of the Leaf-eating Crane-fly, CyUndro- toma spleiidem, Doane. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xi, no. 1, March 1918, pp. 67-89, 18 figs. In April 1917 the author discovered on Vancouver Island a Tipulid larva feeding in large numbers on the leaves of Trautvetteria grandis (false bugbane), which grows in damp and shady places. The insects were reared to the adult stage and identified as Cylindrotoina splendens, Doane. The species of this genus are peculiar among crane-flies in that the larvae feed openly on bryophytic and spermatophytic plants. Descriptions of the life-history and of all stages of the insect are given. Gaexett (R. T.). Notes on the Genus Buprestis, Linn6, in California. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xi, no. 1, March 1918, pp. 90-92. The species dealt ^\dth in this paper include Buprestis aurulenta, L., which infests practically all pines, Douglas fir, western red cedar ancl spruce ; B. laeviventris, Lee, on yellow, lodgepole, digger and sugar pines; B. maculiventris var. subornata, Lee, in Douglas fir and on foliage of western yellow pine ; B. maculiventris var. rusticorum, Kirby, in yellow pine, Douglas, alpine and white fir ; B. adjecta, Lee, in yellow and other alpine pines ; and B. fasciata, Dej., boring in (C479) B 290 Douglas fir. B. gibbsi, Lee, on oak, B. conjiuens, Say, on poplars, and B. connexa, Horn, on alpine trees such as western yellow pine, are rarely found. Fulton (B. B.)- Observations on the Life-history and Habits of Pilo- phorus walsJii, Uhler. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xi, no. 1, March 1918, pp. 93-96. The Capsid bug, PilopJiorus walshi, Uhler, was observed in large numbers in a neglected apple orchard near Geneva, New York. This species bears a close resemblance to a large black ant and also to the nymphs of the Jassid, Idiocerus provancheri, Van Diizee, both of which are commonly found on the same trees. The first individuals were found on 5th July, the oldest being then in the 3rd instar. By mid-July all stages of the insect were present, probably owing to a prolonged hatching period. Early in August the greater proportion were adults, and by mid-September they had disappeared entirely from the trees. It was found that Aphids constitute one of the chief sources of food of this bug, both adults and nymphs being predaceous on them ; they occasionally suck the juice from a leaf or stem, though no injury could be detected either to foliage or fruit. It is probable that scale- insects are attacked as well as Aphids, but this is not proved. Experi- ments with nymphs and adults upon Aphid-infested shoots of Spiraea show that P. ivalshi, if present in sufficient numbers, might be an important factor in holding in check the natural rapid increase of these pests. Packard (C. M.). The Hessian Fly in California.— M«;j?/. Bull. Cal State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 174-177, 1 fig Mayetiola destructor, Say (Hessian fly) causes a loss of many thousand dollars annually to wheat-growers in the San Francisco Bay and coastal counties of California, many crops being reduced by from 5 to 50 per cent. Many farmers do not recognise the presence of this pest, and they are instructed to look for the pupal cases, knowni as " flax- seeds,'' and the maggots, which are found between the leaf -sheaths and the stem, just above the plant-crown in young wheat and in more mature wheat just above the joints as well. Injured plants are easily recognised by their dark green appearance and by the absence of central shoot or bud ; these plants should be pulled up at once. It is during late winter and early spring that the injury is done to young wheat by the growing larvae, which hatch on the leaves and crawl down between the leaf- sheath and stem to the joint where the " flaxseed " is formed. Summer is passed in this form in the stubble. Practices recommended for controlling the pest include rotation of crops, the planting of wheat or barley in two successive years being avoided ; early planting (about 1st December), so that the plants may have a vigorous growth before attacks by the flies begin ; and summer cultivation of the stubble. Disking will loosen the stubble and break it down and the use of a spike-tooth harrow after disking will pull the plant-crowns out upoA the surface, 291 where they are exposed directly to the sun and the hot dry air of summer. This should be done in the early summer so as to expose the pupae for as long a period of hot weather as possible. It has been found that 70 to 100 per cent, of the pupae are killed by this treatment of the stubble. Jones (P. R.). The Selection of Petroleum Insecticides from the Commercial Point of View. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Conmiiss. Horiic, Sacramento, vii, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 189-191. The three chief types of petroleum insecticides are described under the headings of mechanical mixtures, mechanical emulsions and miscible or soluble oils. It is pointed out that owing to the uncer- tainty in appearance of different insect pests from one season to another, it is nearly always necessary for a manufacturer to make plans ahead and manufacture a certain stock that can be despatched quickly to meet whatever emergency in the nature of insect infestation may arise. Frequently these insecticides when manufactured are not required and have to be held over until the following year. It is alwavs necessary also for the manufacturer to put in an excessive emulsifier in order to overcome hardness in water or carelessness in mixing by the consumer. An oil spray that might be satisfactory in an experiment station, therefore, might not have great commercial possibilities. Petroleum insecticides require more expert field service than any other class, and while miscible oils may be high in initial cost, they have greater efficiency and fewer failures in the field. They also have less tendency to break down on the tree than those of the mechanical emulsion t}^e ; they are consequently more efficient and cause less injury to trees if the right oil is used in manufacture and the correct dosage in application. The mechanical type of emulsion can only be used with success locally ; but if growers had sufficient entomological and chemical training, or could secure extensive field service from universities, experiment stations or horticultural officers, and were able to buy raw ingredients at a sufficiently low price, mechanical emulsions" would certainly be the cheapest kind to use. Gray (G. P.). Wettable Sulfurs.— 3///i^y. Bull Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 191-192. While such solutions of sulphur as the lime-sulphur spray have long been in use, they cannot he used on all plants for fear of injuring the foliage. Dry sulphur, which is less active, has recently been used extensively on plants with delicate foliage, but there are certain objections to its application. When dusted upon crops that are soon to be harvested, the pickers complain of its irritating effect upon the eyes. In windy locaUties, a great deal of the sulphur applied is apt to be blown off the fohage. In order to obviate this, the dust application is often carried out in the morning while the dew is on the plants ; this restricts the operation to a limited time. To over- come these objections, sulphur has been mixed with water and applied as a spray. Sulphur, however, is not easily wetted, and in order to counteract the aversion of sulphur for water, without otherwise modify-ing its properties, a number of substances such as soap, flour paste, oleic acid, glue, dextrin, diatomaceous earth and others, have (C479) b2 292 been used in the preparation of commercial sulphur pastes. It is found that a wettable sulphur can easily be made at home with a weak solution of glue. The formula recommended consists of 1| oz. powdered glue dissolved in 3 U.S. gals, of hot water ; to this is added gradually 10 lb. sublimed or powdered sulphur, the whole being rubbed into a smooth paste free from lumps. The paste should be strained into the spray tank through a fine sieve, a stiff brush being found useful for this purpose. Water is then added to make 200 U.S. gals, in all. The most finely divided sulphur obtainable should be used for this work. Tests of this material under field conditions have given very satisfactory results in the control of Tetmnychus telarius (red spider) on prunes and beans. To avoid injury to foliage, it is ad\asable not to apply sulphur or sulphur pastes when the tem- perature exceeds 100° F. So far as is kno-wn, the home-made wettable sulphur described and the commercial sulphur pastes may be mixed with any of the usual sprays without 'alteration of the properties of either. .Smith (H. S.). The Pink Bollworm of Cotton.— Mf/i??/. Bull. Cal. Slate Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 196-198, 4 figs. This article has been compiled for the benefit of those interested in cotton culture, and gives an account of Pectinophora gossypiella, Saund. (pink bollworm of cotton), which, on account of its recent appearance in Mexico, constitutes a menace to Californian cotton- growers, who are warned against the possibility of its introduction in spite of the strict quarantine regulations that are enforced. DE Ong (E. R.). The Potato Tuber Moth.— Mthly. Bull. Cal State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 198-201, 3 figs. Phthorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth) is the cause of serious damage in California to potatoes both in the field and, more frequently, in storage. It feeds also on wild species of Solanum (nightshade), and occasionally on tomatoes and egg-plants. The hfe-history of the insect is given. Preventive measures are recommended and include the selection of uninfested seed potatoes, and the fumigation of any doubtful ones with carbon bisulphide at the rate of 10 lb. per 1,000 cub. ft; for 48 hours, this treatment being given a second time after an interval of about three weeks. Planting should be at least 5 or 6 inches deep, so that the tubers may develop far enough in the soil to be free from attack. Careful hilling m\\ also protect the tubers. The crop should be dug as soon as mature and should be promptly enclosed in sacks, as potatoes exposed for some six hours in the day- time are almost certain to have some eggs laid on them. If the pota- toes are "infested when gathered, they should be fumigated in an air-tight bin as described above, and this process should be repeated one or more times at intervals of two weeks, so that larvae that have escaped the first treatment may be destroyed when they come to the surface of the tubers to pupate. Potatoes should be stored in as cool a place as possible. Soaking the sacked potatoes in water 293 for 24-36 hours has been recommended ; considerable loss from decay has however resulted from this method, although it can sometimes be successfully used in dry localities. Severin (H. H. p.). Fruit Flies of Economic Importance in California. Currant Fruit Fly {Epochra canadensis, Loew). — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 201- 206, 3 figs. Epochra canadensis, Lw. (currant fruit fly) is of very widespread occurrence in Canada and the United States, but apparently has not been recorded in any other countries. The native host-plants are the wild northern gooseberry {Grossularia oxyacanthoides), the flowering or mountain currant {Ribes alpinum), and the wild red currant {Ribes triste). The life-history and habits of the insect are described. Eggs of apparently a Hymenopterous parasite were found in the respiratory hole of E. canadensis in a gooseberry, but no adequate control by natural enemies has been recorded. Measures against this pest under garden conditions include the daily collection and destruction of fallen infested fruit. Submerging fruit for two days in water destroys all larvae, and this can then be buried or ploughed into the soil. As the pupal stage is passed in the ground below the bushes, the surface soil to a depth of three inches should be removed. Various poisons placed on the ground to destroy larvae, pupae or adults when emerging were tried without success. Potassium cyanide added to soil containing puparia destroyed the pupae, but resulted in defoliation. Vegetable and petroleum oil traps gave no success. Fowls destroy many puparia under the bushes, and should be allowed access to them after the crop is harvested and in early spring before the fruit is set. An objection is that hens scratch holes in the earth and expose the roots of the bushes. If the crop is left unpicked until August, practically all fruit on the bushes would be free from maggots, though some of it may have suffered from sun-scald. vSpraying the foliage both with lead arsenate and dilute molasses, and with sodium arsenite and dilute molasses gave a fair amount of success. The first application should be made when all the gooseberries and most of the currants are set. Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of January 1918. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 217-218. The following pests were intercepted during the month of January : — From Florida : Phomopsis citri and Lepidosaphes beckii on grape- fruit. From Hawaii : Diaspis bromeliae and Pseudococcus bromeliae on pineapples ; Coccus longiilus on betel leaves ; Lepidopterous larvae in garlic and Coleopterous larvae in cigars. From Indiana : Aphis sp. on roses. From Japan : Parlatoria pergandei, Pseudococcus sp. on oranges ; Pseudaonidia duplex on azaleas ; Hemichionaspis aspidistrae and Chrysomphalus sp. on aspidistra ; Lepidopterous larvae on pine trees and in dried persimmons ; Ceroplastes nibens, Pseudococcus sp. and borer larvae in persimmon trees and in roiDts of flowering cherry ; 294 Chionaspis sp. on wistaria ; Aspidiotus sp. on flowering cherry ; Pseudaonidin paeoniae on peonies. From Nevada : Heterodera radicicola in potatoes. From Central America : Aspidiotus cyanophylli on bananas. From Mexico : Weevils in larval and pupal stages in acorns ; larvae of Helioihis [Chloridea) obsoleta in tomatoes. From Oregon : Rhizoctonia on potatoes. From Texas : Parlatoria per- gandei on grapefruit. From Washington : Heterodera radicicola and Rhizoctotiia on potatoes. The Orchard. Experiments in Connection with the Destruction of Insect Pests of the Tomato. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, ix, no. 2, February 1918, pp. 64-67. [Received 10th May 1918.] Experiments in controlling the tomato moth [HeUothis obsoleta] proved lead arsenate to be the most satisfactory msecticide for the purpose. An ordinary kerqsene hurricane lamp, set on a tin tray and mounted on an empty fruit-case, as described and illustrated in this paper, was most efficacious as a trap-lantern. Illingworth (J. F.) & Jarvis (E.). Cane Grub Investigation. — Queensland Agric. JL, Brisbane, ix, no. 2, February 1918, pp. 72- 73. [Received 10th May 1918.] It is stated that in the Meringa region Lepidiota frenchi and L. rollii are much more in evidence than the commoner cane beetle, L. albohirta. These two smaller species emerge in early December and are found abundantly on their feeding trees and on low shrubs, fences, grass, etc. They emerge earlier in the evening than the greyback beetles and are easily collected by hand. Although the occurrence of L. frenchi is really biennial, small local emergences are generally noticed each season, when the larvae do great damage to both ratoon and young plant cane. Gn 5th November several individuals of Anomala austra- lasiae were confined in cages and a week later a number of eggs had been deposited that hatched on the 22nd. It is intended to work out the life-history of this Rutelid and of other species affecting cane that have not hitherto been recorded. The indigenous parasites of root-eating cane beetles are being investigated. Male wasps of Campsomeris radula are now emerging from pupae derived from eggs of this species on grubs of Lepidiota frenchi. In experimenting with light-traps, it was desired so to simplify them that they might come into common use in cane-growing regions. A very successful type consists of a large pan, about a yard square, with sides about 4 inches high, the hght being furnished by an ordinary acetylene lamp. A sheet of glass, 9 in. by 2 feet, attached to the stem of the lamp with a string, is found to give excellent results in heading off the beetles that circle about the flame, landing them in a tray of kerosene-coated water. It is found best to place the pan on the ground, so that the beetles cannot fly beneath it instead of into the trap. The best time to catch L. albohirta and L. frenchi is just at dark before the beetles reach the feeding trees, though L. rothi continues to enter the trap throughout the night. 295 Jarvis (E.). Notes on the Habits and Metamorphosis of Lepidiola frenchi, Black. — Queensland Bur. Sugar Expt. Sta., Brisbane, Div. Entom. Bull. no. 5, 28th September 1917, 14 pp., 1 plate. [Received 27th May 1918.] Most of the information contained in this bulletin has been published in a previous paper [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 496]. The various stages of the beetle are described. Adults begin to appear in December and oviposit from 3 to 5 inches below the ground level. The larvae emerge in about a fortnight, and the larval stage occupies in all probability a year and a half, the whole life-cycle occupying two years. In the laboratory the second stage larvae were observed to consume entirely the roots of sugar-cane plants growing in the breeding cages, and in many cases gnawed holes in the sets. Insects attacking Paddy in the Galle District.— Trojo. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, Ceylon, 1, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 153-158. Rice-fields having been reported to be considerably damaged and in some cases totally destroyed by insect infestation, investigation showed that the small Jassid, Nepliotettix bipmictatus , was probably the pest concerned. The plants attacked turned brown and no grain ripened in them. Heavy rains were said to have terminated the infestation. In 1912 a similar outbreak occurred in another district, the damage on that occasion being attributed mainly to another small Jassid, Nilaparvata greeni, although Nephotettix bipuhc- tatus was also present in considerable numbers. Many Coccinellid beetles were observed in infested areas, and these, when brought to Peradeniya, were found to be predaceous on N. hipundatus and probably assisted in reducing the outbreak. As this insect flies readily on dark nights, experiments are to be undertaken with a view to the systematic use of light-traps. Damage by this insect differs from that by Leptocorisa varicornis (rice bug), the plants being injured as a whole, whereas the latter injures only the ripening ears. DE Stefam (T.). Rhynchites bacchus, a Coleopteron injurious to Apples, Apricots and Plums, in Sicily. — Mlhly. Bulh -Agric. InteU. <& PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 3, March 1918, p. 402. (Abstract from Nuovi Annali AgricoUura Siciliana. Palermo, vi, Ser. 6, Part 4, 1917, pp. 178-191.) [Received 10th May 1918.] Orchards in the province of Palermo are seriously damaged by the Curculionid, Rhynchites bacchus, and in a much less degree by other weevils of the same genus, such as R. giganteus, R. auratus and R. ruber. R. bacchus attacks apricots and plums, in some cases destroying the whole crop of these fruits in about a week. On apples and apricots the insect lays many eggs, but only one on plums. Having deposited an egg in the plum, it cuts through the peduncle about the middle, causing the fruit that is to feed the larva to fall to the ground. In apples and apricots the peduncle is only partly cut, so that the fruit dries up on the tree, dropping during wind or autumn rain. Damp causes the fruit to soften and decompose, enabling the larvae within 296 to enter the soil and complete their metamorphosis there. Some of the adults hibernate in sheltered spots, where they remain until the spring and attack the fruit as soon as it has set. From dried-up apples containing larvae of R. bacchus two parasitic Hymenoptera emerged in September ; these were Euqyelmus degeeri and an unidenti- fied, and probably new, species of Sijntomasfis. These were not found abundantly and are believed to be of little importance. The best method for controlling R. bacchus is to collect the fallen fruit each day at the same time in all infested orchards and to pick that which is attacked, but still on the tree. The larvae in this fruit should then be killed. It is suggested that the infested fruit might be boiled and given as food to pigs. Mercet (R. G.). Generos nuevos de Encirtinos de Espana. [New Genera of Spanish Eucyrtids.]—5oL. /?«»/. Soc. Esp. Hist., Nat., Madrid, xviii, nos. 3 & 4, March-April 1918, pp. 234-241, 4 figs. The author describes the following : — Rhinoencyrtus malenotti, gen. et sp. n., taken on Graminaceae and on leaves of Populus alba ; Pholi- doceras brachyptera, gen. et. sp. n., on Gramineae, taken in company with Diversicornia pinicola, Ericydmis longicornis and Dinocarsis hemiptera. HuTSON (J. C). The West Indian Mole Cricket or Changa. — Agric. News. Barbados, xvii, nos. 416-417, 6th-20th April 1918, pp. 106-107 & 122, 1 fig. Sca])teriscus vicinus (West Indian mole-cricket) is considered to be the most serious insect pest of general agriculture in Porto Rico, and this or closely related species are pests of vegetable garden crops and of grass lawns in some of the other West Indian islands. This cricket has usually been known in literature under the name S. didac- iylus, but that species is apparently limited in its- distribution to parts of South and Central America, while S. vicinus has a wider distribution, being found in the south-eastern United States, the West Indies and portions of South America. It is found in light, loamy soils, where it lives in burrows, which it rarely leaves except at night. In a dry season the burrows may be carried to a depth of 12 inches, while in a rainy season they are generally within 4 inches of the surface. A prolonged drought may cause an overland migra- tion of adults and nymphs at night to more favourable ground. S. vicinus is primarily a vegetable feeder, rarely eating animal food. It feeds underground on seedlings and young plants, frequently dragging the whole under the soil and devouring it. Tobacco is an important crop that suffers from the cricket in Porto Rico ; sugar-cane is also attacked when planted on loose, sandy soil, the germinating seeds being destroyed and the bases of young shoots gnawed through. Most garden crops, such as maize, tomato, cabbage, lettuce and pepper, are severely damaged by 8. vicinus. Many grasses, of which the favourite are Paspalum sp. and Eleusine indica, serve as food, as well as any roots encountered during tunnelling. Eggs are laid in the burrows in a loose heap, generally in a pocket concealed by loose earth, and hatch under laboratory conditions in 297 about 19 days. The young larvae begin to feed at once and generally moult eight times before attaining the adult stage. Both larvae and adults are cannibals, the earlier-hatched ones devouring later hatching or weaker larvae and eggs. About a year is required for the full development of a generation. No true parasites have been found, but predaceous enemies include native birds, the most efficient being Butorides virescens cubanus (Cuban green heron) and Falco sparverius loquacula (Porto-Rican sparrow hawk), the little blue heron, the tick bird and the rain bird. These are all useful in St. Lucia, while in St. Vincent Buteo antillarum (chicken hawk) feeds largely on mole-crickets. Fowls are helpful on land that is being cultivated, and pigs also eat the crickets. Preventive measures include ^Tapping the roots of seedlings in leaves of Mammea americana, or, if this is unobtainable, in cylinders of tin, heavy paper or wire. These devices are expensive and are only used for valuable plants. Repellents include flowers of sulphur and flake naphthaline, but these are not effective in heavy infestations. Remedial measures include ploughing, trap-lights, which are lighted mitil 10 p.m. in October, November and December, and flooding of the fields so that nymphs and adults come to the surface of the water, where they are generally devoured by such birds as the heron. The most successful control for small areas is a poison-bait of Paris green and flour [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 585]. Hood (J. D.). A New Physothrips from Western Africa (Thysanoptera). — Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus. Washinglon, D.C., vi, nos. 4-6, April-June 1918, p. 116. Physothrips ventrnlis, sp. n., is described from numerous specimens of both sexes collected from a large variety of flowers in Southern Nigeria. Back (E. A.) & Pemberton (C. E.). The Melon Fly. —U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 613, 8th March 1918, 32 pp. 23 figs. This bulletin, dealing with Dacus [Bactrocera) cucurbitae (melon fly), is a revision of an earlier one [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, p. 448]. Although not yet present in the United States, this fly would do untold damage there if once it became established, and the measures taken to prevent its introduction are described. Back (E. A.) & Pemberton (C. E.). The Mediterranean Fruit Fly.— U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 640, 8th April 1918, 43 pp., 33 figs. This bulletin has been compiled to give a clear conception of the difficult problem that has arisen from the introduction of Ceratitis capitata, Wied. (Mediterranean fruit fly) into the Hawaiian islands. The co-operation of all fruit-growers of the United States is required in order to keep out this pest. The bulletin gives in concentrated form information that has already appeared in a more extensive paper [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 184]. 298 Smulyan (M. T.)- U.S. Bur. Eiitom. Key and Descriptions for the Separation and Determination of the first Instar Stem Mothers of the Three Species of Aphids most commonly attacking the culti- vated Apple. — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxv, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 19-23. A detailed description is given and a key for the identification of the first-instar stem-mothers of the following Aphids : — Aphis mali- foliue, Fitch. {A. sorbi, Kalt., of recent American authors) commonly known as the rosy apple aphis ; A. pomi, Deg., known as the green apple aphis ; and A. prunifoliae, Fitch {A. avenae, ¥., of recent American authors), knowTi as the apple-grain aphis. A. frunifoliae is the first of the three to begin hatching, and in Virginia may begin as early as the middle of March. The other two species begin about 10 days to 2 weeks later. Aldrich (J. M.). Notes on Diptera. — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxv, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 30-35. In the course of this paper, the author remarks that among the many host-plants of Agromyza pusUla (common leaf-miner), he has reared it from mines in leaves of the common milkweed, Asclepias syriaca, and has found what is apparently the same larva in leaves of the horsemint, Monarda pit aetata. In the milkAveed, the miner feeds in the palisade tissue and does not touch the laticiferous system lower down in the leaf. FuNKHOUSER (W. D.). A Ncw Membracid on Cypress. (Homop.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxix, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 185-187, 1 plate. Stictolobus trilineatus, sp. n., a Membracid infesting cypress in Louisiana is here described. Neill (J. W.). Dry Land Farming. — Texas Dept. Agric, Austin, Bull, no. 52, Proc. 6th Meeting Texas State Farmers' Institute, 1916, p. 104. [Received 15th May 1918.] In the course of this paper it is pointed out that about 95 per cent, of insect pests spend their "sv-inter in the ground in one stage or another. Piles of rubbish, clumps of grass and clods of dirt also shelter numerous beetles and other insects. If all farmers would break up their soil to a depth of 6 inches or more in early autumn or winter, they would destroy insect pests more quickly than any spraying machines can. Since the aimual damage to agriculture by insects alone in Texas is estimated to be more than £10,000,000, the advantages of this method of destroying them are obvious. ScHOLL (— ). The Pink Boll Worm of Cotton.— Tea:as Dept. Agric, .4w5^m,- Bull. no. 57, Proc. 7th Meeting Texas State Farmers' Institute, 1917, pp. 69-70 & pp. 100-101. [Received 15th May 1918.] An account is given of the pink bollworm of cotton [Pectinophora gossypiella] and attention is called to the danger of this pest appearing in the cotton belt of the United States. 299 A resolution was passed by the meeting demanding appropriate legislation and urging all those in authority to use every effort to prevent the entrance of this pest into Texas. Merkill (D. E.). The Bean Beetle (Epilachna conupta, Muls.). — New Mexico Agric. Expt. Sta., State College, Las Criices, Bull. no. 106, April 1917, 30 pp., 6 figs. [Received 15th May 1918.] Epilachna conupta, Muls. (bean beetle) is the most serious bean pest in New Mexico, destroying on an average about 10 per cent, of the crop. The adults hibernate and do not appear on the bean plants until after the first week in June. About a week later they begin ovipositing on the under-sides of leaves, and after an incubation period of 4-9 days the larvae appear and immediately begin to feed, eating off the lower epidermis and the green substance of the central layers of the leaf, until only the upper epidermis and veins remain as a whitish skeleton. Much more damage is done in this way than by the adults, which simply eat holes here and there entirely through the leaves. There are two overlapping broods in a year, first-brood larvae appearing from 19th June to 23rd August and second-brood larvae from 20th July to the end of the season. The maximum damage is therefore done between 20th July and 23rd August when the two larval broods occur simultaneously. The pupal period lasts about 4 days. Adults that survive until the food-supply is gone scatter when the cold weather begins and seek shelter under old \nnes, weeds or rubbish that may be in or near to the bean fields, and sometimes partly bury themselves in the soft soil beneath. As beans are the only food-plants, control should be comparatively easy. Clearing the fields of all old plants and rubbish, and ploughing in autumn and winter, will obviously destroy many hibernating adults. Rotation of crops and removing the new fields as far as possible from the old ones will prevent many adults from reaching their food-plants in the spring. Early planting in spring will allow the crop to set and mature before the beetles appear. Very late planting, if prac- tised universally in a community, would cause many beetles to die before finding plants on which to oviposit. A table gives dates for planting in relation to attacks by E. corrupta, and shows that the date of planting may be anticipated by one or two weeks at least. Although trap-crops have not been tested experimentally, it is expected that excellent results would be obtained by using a late trap-crop, consist- ing of a small patch of beans, to attract adult beetles in late summer after the main crop is gathered. Hand-picking is useful on small areas only. Natural enemies of E. corrupta are few, the beetles being protected from attack by a repellent fluid secreted at the leg joints. The Cocci- nellid, Hippodamia convergens, and an ant have been observed eating the eggs, but among all the insects handled during the life-history investigations no parasites were observed. Sprays tested for control of E. corrupta on bean plants included lead arsenate in dust and liquid form, zinc arsenite, sodium arsenite, Blackleaf 40, and combined arsenate of lead and lime-sulphur. These gave varying results ; powdered lead arsenate (2 lb. to 50 U.S. gals, water) killed young larvae feeding on the sprayed leaves, but the adults were repelled and would die of starvation rather than eat the 300 leaves. Lead arsenate dust had much the same effect ; ziuc arsenite (2 lb. to 50 U.S. gals, water with 2 lb. stone lime) was less adhesive ; sodium arsenite killed or damaged the plants. A spray of Blackleaf 40 (1 pint to 100 U.S. gals, water with 4 lb. soap) killed very young larvae when they were hit by it, but had no effect on older stages. Lead arsenate and lime- sulphur combined cleared the plants for two weeks, after which they became re-infested. A fine spray with an angle nozzle is recommended. In Colorado, only one generation in a year is reported. Paddock (F. B.). The Turnip Louse.— Texas Agric. Expt. Sta., Austin, Bull. no. 180, October 1915, 77 pp., 5 plates, 10 figs. [Received 16th May 1918.] Much of the information contained in this bulletin on Aphis j3seudo- hrassicae (turnip aphis) has previously been pubhshed elsewhere [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 187]. Paddock (F. B.). The Harlequin Cabbage-Bug. — Texas Agric. Expt, Sta., Austin, Bull. no. 179, October 1915, 9 pp., 1 fig. [Received 16th May 1918]. Murgantia histrionica, Hahn (harlequin cabbage-bug) is found in almost every field and garden in Texas where cabbages are grown, and it also attacks kale, cauliflower, turnip, radish, mustard, rape, and other plants of the mustard family. Entire fields of cabbage may be destroyed in a few days by a severe infestation. The life- history of M. histrionica is not fully known. Adults hibernate in any sheltered spot in or near the infested fields, though in the warmer sections of the State the insects may be found feeding in the fields during the greater part of the winter. The adults emerge from their winter quarters in old crop or weed rubbish early in the spring, some- times as early as 1st March. The first brood is usually found on wild mustard or closely related plants, and oviposition occurs on these plants about 10 days later. These eggs hatch in 4 to 8 days, the nymphs attacking cabbage as soon as it is available. The nymphs carniot fly and their power of migration is therefore limited. It is probable that in the northern part of the State there are two broods in a year and perhaps a partial third ; in the central sections of the State there are perhaps three full broods and in the northern sections there may be four generations in a year. Adults that do not lay their eggs before 1st September live through the winter and oviposit in the following spring. With the exception of one parasite of the egg, M. histrionica has very few natural enemies. Preventive and remedial measures have been previously dealt with [see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 388, 529]. Mustard is recommended as the best trap-crop for this bug. Merrill (J."H.). Spraying Fruit Trees. — Kansas State Agric. Expt. Sta., Manhattan, Circ. no. 66, April 1918, 8 pp. Instructions are given for making lime-sulphur sprays, self-boiled lime-sulphur, dry lime-sulphur, and Bordeaux mixture, with recom- mendations for applying dormant sprays. Spray schedules are given for apple, pear, peach and plum trees in a series of tables. 301 Meerill (J. H.). & Melchees (L. E.). Insects and Plant Diseases attacking Garden Crops. — Kansas Slate Agric. Expt. Sta., Man- halt an, Circ. no. 65, April 1918, 12 pp. This circular gives in tabular form the various times and materials to be used for the control of insect pests of garden crops and recommends several sprays, solutions for seed treatment and other mixtures. d'Emmerez de Charmoy (D.). Report on the Importation of Scoliid Wasps from Madagascar. — Dept. Agric. ^ Mauritius, December 1917, 5 pp. [Received 17th May 1918.] In certain parts of Mauritius for some time past considerable damage has been done to growing sugar-cane by Orydes tarandus. Owing to the successful parasitisation of the larvae of Orydes spp. in Madagascar by Scoliids, the experimental importation of these was undertaken in the hope that the partial control of 0. tarandus might thereby be effected. Numerous individuals of Scolia orydophaga captured in the province of Tamatave, Madagascar, were liberated in Mauritius where they successfully parasitised 0. tarandus. Both sexes of this wasp live exclusively on nectar and can reproduce themselves only in locahties that afford a supply of blossoms continuously during six to eight months of the year, especially from May to November, this being the period during which the insects occur in the adult form and reproduce. For this reason an adequate supply of suitable nectar- bearing plants should be established on the borders and in the vicinity of cane fields in the districts where it is desired to introduce the parasite. The best plants for this purpose are Cordia interrupta and Urena tomentosa. One female wasp is capable of parasitising about 30 larvae of the beetle, the oviposition period extending over about 2 months. The egg hatches in about 5 days and the small larva attaches itself by the mouth-parts to its host. Pupation takes place in a reddish grey cocoon, the adult emerging 6 to 8 weeks later. The male cocoon is much the smaller. The adult insect is very strong on the wing, being capable of covering long distances without fatigue in search of the particular kind of food that suits it. The Scoliids themselves are attacked by several parasites, the most important of which are Coleoptera belonging to the family Rhipi- phoridae, which attack the Scoliid larvae when spinning their cocoon. Their eggs are also subject to attacks by the Gamasid mites that some- times infest the larvae of 0. tarandus. Orydes in damp locahties in Madagascar is attacked by a fungus, which has been introduced into Mauritius and seems capable of assuming a highly infectious character under widely different conditions. In addition to S. oryctophaga other Scoliid wasps introduced from Madagascar were : — S. cajfra, S. iridicolor and Elis roma^idi, probable parasites of 0. tarandus ; Elis pfeifferi, a probable parasite of LacJino- sterna ; and Elis thoracica, a probable parasite of Adoretus versutus. 302 Parks (T. H.). Planning a State Extension Project in Entomology.— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 157-164 The necessity for reducing waste at a time when crop values are very high and food scarce makes the need of extension work in apphed entomology greater than ever before. Hitherto this has been done in a sporadic manner and without pre-arranged plans, by mem- bers of the Federal Department of Agriculture or State Experiment Station staff, whose advice and help has been sought in times of trouble due to insect outbreaks. The time of these officers being so limited, they have often been unable to formulate and initiate plans to prevent the future occurrence of similar outbreaks. Owing to the small amount of time they could devote to field-work, farming interests have suffered heavily owing to the State agricultural colleges and Federal Department of Agriculture being ignorant of insect injuries then occurring. Extension entomology will now probably take its place along with research and teaching work, the present shortage of food-stuffs having brought about the realisation of its potential usefulness. The main object to be attained is a reduction in the amount of emergency work to be done, which necessitates a thorough knowledge of state-wide crop conditions and the constant work in anticipation of any threatened insect outbreak. For example the extension entomology workers in Kansas were preparing during the autumn of 1917 for the grasshopper campaign of 1918 by locating and circulating knowledge of the egg-laying places in Western Kansas. This latter was effected by means of exhibits of grasshopper eggs accompanied by information as to their location and directions for their destruction by cultivation, the same plan being followed in control work for the chinch bug [BUssus leucopterus]. Extension work must be planned on preventive lines, of which the average general farmer is strangely ignorant in spite of the volumes of literature that have been published. His desire is to interview the active field-worker on his own farm and discuss his own conditions, which makes it necessary that the entomologist should be quahfied to speak intelligently on other branches of agriculture and should have farm experience and an agricultural education. Such a visit places the farmer in personal touch with the institution represented by the entomologist, who in his turn leaves practical methods for use under present conditions. Information is best circulated through the country farm bureau agents who understand local needs and can ensure co-operation in the whole community. As a preliminary to any plan of extension work, information from all sources likely to be of value must be gathered and systematised, and a yearly programme of work must be drawn up that will be continuous and efficient, in addition to being in advance of emergency calls. The "practical knowledge gained by comparing the results of remedial measures under different methods of farm or crop manage- ment, furnishes to the farmers convincing proof of the value of applying the best measures of control. In most localities educational work is needed before demonstrational work can be of any value, and the two should be made continuous 303 throuorhout the year. Educational work by means of farm visits, travelling exhibits, lantern-slide lectures and the press, represents the most that can be done with such insects as the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor] and subterranean species. Farmers' institutes, movable schools, moving pictures and travelling exhibits, are all valuable means of educational work, while newspaper articles, when timely, are also of great value, since they easily reach the greatest number of people. Demonstration work, such as orchard spraying, admits of pre- arranged planning which can be carried out as scheduled, but that against staple crop insects cannot be anticipated in advance and can be applied only when the pests appear, though definite work for each month from March to December can do much to reduce the injury caused by such outbreaks. Hunter (S. J.). Municipal Control of the Spring Canker Worm.— J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 164-167. During the spring of 1916 and 1917 the spring canker worm [Palaea- crita t'ernata] was unusually abundant and destructive in cities of eastern Kansas. In the former year, instructions issued through the press led many property owTiers to place tanglefoot bands on their elm trees and to renew the tanglefoot or other adhesive substance two or more times. A few kept the bands properly renewed with tanglefoot throughout the spring, but the results were unsatisfactory, since enough caterpillars were bred on the unprotected and partly protected trees to defoliate them and also to reach protected trees by way of the interlocking branches. The following spring the city commissioners on 23rd January ordered the elm trees to be banded, the cost of the work, when done by the city, being charged to the properties. The city banded 6,000 trees and the property owners 5,000, not one of which died or was defoliated. The tanglefoot was renewed from 10 to 13 times, the cost being from one to three shillings per tree for the season according to size. These renewals necessitated the burning off of the insects on the bands ^^^th a blow torch. The bands were kept fresh till 1st May, and it was necessary to do the work thoroughly and persistently as the insects were able to cross the bands if this was neglected. The use of arsenical sprays against the canker worm in cities is not safe, practical or economical, as it stains the paint on buildings and is washed from roofs into cisterns, while the expense is many times that of banding. The tar-paper bands used were made by a mattress factory in rolls of twenty-five feet, with a mixture of cotton and jute glued to the under-side. Many adhesive substances were experimentally tried, but none gave such uniformly good results as tanglefoot, by which, the moths, as well as the caterpillars that hatched below the bands, were captured on their way up, and those that had previously ascended were caught on their way down. During the discussion that followed this paper, it was stated the young larvae can be carried by the wind as far as half a mile during the first three days after hatching by means of the delicate threads that they spin. It was also stated that 20 banded trees each showed 304 as many as 30,000 female moths caught on the band. Experiments with substances that would act as repellents to the female moths, or as insecticides to prevent them crossing the bands, were tried without success. McCoNNELL (W. R.). Eupelminus saltator, Lindm., as a Parasite of the Hessian Fly. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,Concord,N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 168-175. Another parasite, hitherto unrecorded in America, has recently been reared from the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor]. It has been identified as Eupelminus saltator, Lindm., and is probably identical with the parasite reared from the galls of various species of Isosoma. The facts concerning the life-history of this parasite are not yet fully known, the biological data collected being based on laboratory experiments during the season of 1916. ^ The species is probably wide- spread in Europe and was undoubtedly introduced into America at an early date in infested straw. It has been reared from Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia, and from Isosoma material in several other States. During these investigations it has not been an abundant parasite of M. destructor, only 6'67 per cent of the pupafia, at the most, being parasitised by it. E. saltator is a primary parasite of M. destructor, which it attacks externally in both the larval and pupal stages. It may however become a secondary parasite, since a puparium from which an indi- vidual had emerged was opened and found to contain cocoons of Polygnot'us, from one of which it had issued. It has also been reared from the galls of several species of Isosoma {Harmolita), including /. tritici, I. vaginicola, I. maculatum and /. alhomaculatum. The males are as yet unknown. The females, after emergence, rest and feed for about 3 days before beginning oviposition, which may extend over a period of about 24 days. One individual may lay as many as 5 eggs a day to the aggregate number of at least 100, oviposition occurring only during daylight and preferably in bright weather. In two cascb, this species has been reared through 5 and 6 parthenogenetic generations. The eggs hatch in about 3 days and the A^oung larvae attach themselves to the host by means of the mandibles. The host dies within 2 or 3 days and the parasites slowly absorbs the body contents, leaving nothing but the empty skin. The larval and pupal stages occupy 8 to 12 days each, and it w^as found possible to rear six generations in about a year, but in a comparatively cool summer probably not more than three generations are produced. It will be necessary to keep this parasite under observation for a series of years before its real value can be correctly estimated. MoERiLL (A. W.). Experiments with Grasshopper Baits with Incidental Observations on the Habits and Destructiveness of the Differential Grasshopper {Melanoplus different ialis). — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 175-186. The poisoned bait experiments described in this paper on Mela- noplus differentialis were carried out in lucerne fields where the grass- hoppers were fairly evenly distributed, and at a time when practically 305 all were in the adult stage. It was found that the activity of the insects made it unusually difficult to conduct field experiments on a small scale, it being necessary to make a Hberal allowance for errors and variations and to draw no conclusions except through the grouping of records or from observations repeated several times. The baits to be tested were prepared in the laboratory and the same tests were conducted simultaneously by tw^o observers working in different fields, observations being made at intervals of fifteen minutes. The standard mixture was prepared according to the formula : bran 25 lb., 5 lemons, 2 qt. molasses, 1 lb. Paris green and water to make a crumbly mixture, and this was varied by the substitution of oranges, tomatoes and canteloups for oranges, the replacement of bran by sawdust and the omission of molasses. The results showed that canteloup was the most attractive fruit and lemons the least ; that the use of molasses did not increase the effectiveness of the baits ; that pine sawdust was much inferior to bran, baits prepared with it being only about half as effective. The bran available in Arizona however contains a large proportion of fine material and the use of J to h sawdust gives a mixture that is much easier to distribute in the field. Observations were also made on the distance that poisoned grass- hoppers travel, a fact that it is sometimes important to know, and it was found that none could move more than 27| yds. from the poisoned plot. 31. differentialis feeds most actively during the warmer parts of the day and less actively towards night, and similarly the best results from feeding the grasshopper, Eucoptolophus subgracilis, Caudell, with poisoned bran mash, were obtained between the hours of 3 p.m. and 3.30 p.m. Calculations based on the weight of freshly-cut lucerne eaten by adults of M. differentialis enclosed in a wire screen cage showed that one individual per square yard may destroy the equivalent of 3 lb. lucerne hay per acre per day. In a 40-acre field a moderate infesta- tion averaging 16| hoppers per yard may destroy the equivalent of 1 ton of lucerne hay per day. It is evidently very profitable therefore to poison these grasshoppers, even when they average as few as 5 per square yard. Plint (W. p.). Suggestions for a New Method of Destroying Chinch- bugs. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 186-188. The fact that the chinch bug [Blissus leucojjterus] collects in large numbers on any moist object, or on the ground where water has been spilled, suggests a possible means of control by bait moistened with poisoned water. Laboratory experiments with bran wetted with sodium arsenite of various strengths gave good results, a high percentage of the insects dying in a few hours. The addition of syrup to the solutions did not have the effect of making them more attractive. During the follow- ing spring similar experiments were made in the field, the substances used being wetted with sodium arsenite, lead acetate and sodium cyanide at strengths of from | ounce to 2 ounces per U.S. gal. water. The sodium arsenite solutions were not very effective at the strengths used, and they also seemed to have a slightly repellent effect on the (C479) O 306 bugs. Solutions of sodium cyanide proved efficacious, but more from the effect of the fumes, than as a stomach poison. Such sohitions are too dangerous to be recommended for general use. The best of the poisons tested was a lead acetate solution, 2 oz. to 1 U.S. gal. water. Fresh maize stalks cut and dried for several days were soaked in this solution and spread on the ground, being covered lightly with straw to prevent rapid drying. At the end of the first day 104 dead bugs were found to the square inch, while at the end of the sixth there were 11, the stalks not having being remoistened in the meantime. WoLcoTT (G. N.). An Emergence Response of TricJwgramma minutum, Riley, to Light. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 205-209. In 1917 the author collected large numbers of egg-clusters of the sugar-cane moth stalk borer, Diatraea §accharalis, F., 62'6 per cent. of which were found to be parasitised by the Chalcid, Trichogramma minutum. The number of eggs in the masses varied from 3 to 71. The eggs are creamy white when laid, but turn yellow in a few hours, and orange colour in a couple of days, and just before hatching the dark brown head of the young caterpillar can be seen through the transparent shell. Clusters parasitised by T. minutum become black soon after parasitisation and remain this colour even after the emergence of the parasite, owing to the contained black debris, making easy the determination of parasitised eggs and clusters. The eggs are impartially deposited on any part of either surface of the leaf, but are generally more numerous from the centre to the tip. In the laboratory, experiments to determine the influence of hght on emergence were made by enclosing bits of leaves bearing egg- masses in small glass tubes, corked at one end, a plug of cotton wool being placed at the other, to absorb the moisture. Both young larvae of D. saccharalis and adults of T. minutum were found to be positively phototrophic to a very marked degree. To determine the emergence response of adults of T. minutum to hght, the tubes with the corks removed were placed with the open ends turned towards the light, and the adults were counted as they left the tubes, the tubes having previously been kept in the dark in a large tube. They were then left in the window for an hour, being examined again at the end of that time and the escaping T. minutum being counted as before, after which they were returned to the dark tube. The ratio of the total number of adults that had emerged before exposure to hght compared with the total number that emerged afterwards, expresses what has been assumed to be the emergence response to hght. It was found that the emergence response was not so strong several days after collection, which may have been due to uimatural con- ditions of iQoisture, or to the lessened power of an organism to respond to hght when it has received only J^ the normal amount. It was also noted that the emergence response is not as strong in the late morning or afternoon as earher in the day. In the field emergence has been noted from 7.15 to 8.45 a.m., the normal time of emergence being approximately two hours after sunrise. 307 BuRXE (H. E.). Notes on Some Southwestern Buprestidae. — Jl. Econ. Entotn., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 20y-211. The eighteen species of flat-head borers dealt with in this paper were collected from Sabino Canyon, Arizona. Several of the species are of economic importance, as they riddle the wood of the mesquite {Prosopis glandulosa) and other south-western shrubs and trees with their larval mines. The majority attack dying or dead trees only, but a few species will kill trees or parts of trees, one, Melmiophila •pini-edulis specially attacking the pinion {Pinus edulis). Those mining in dead and dying wood are : — Psiloptem sp., P. webbi, Lee. ; Ckrysobothris octocola, Lee, which often severely damages posts and piles of mesquite firewood ; C. edwardsi, Horn ; C. debilis, Lee. ; C. axillaris, Horn ; C. ignicollis, Horn ; C. ludificata, Horn, the common species on yellow pine slash in northern Arizona ; C. trinervia, Kirby, which also kills young yellow pine saplings by girdling them close to the ground ; C. breviloba. Fall, which lays its eggs between the scales of the bark of Pinus pomlerosa (western yellow pine) ; C. exesa, Lee. ; C. texana, Lee. ; C. gemmata, Lee. ; C. merkeli, Horn ; Actenodes calcarata, Chev. ; Acmaeodera conoidea, Fall ; A. larreae, Fall ; and Tyndaris olneyae, Skinner. McCoLLOCH (J. W.). Notes on False Wire worms, with especial Reference to Eleodes tricoslala, Say. — J I. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 212-224. The Tenebrionid genus Eleodes (false wireworms) comprises many species that have recently come to be recognised as pests of growing crops. Originally typical of the native prairies, the gradual cultiva- tion of these latter is depriving the insects of their native food and forcing them to feed on the more succulent cultivated crops. The larvae so closely resemble true wareworms that considerable confusion has resulted, much of the injury attributed to the latter, especially in the semi-arid regions, being probably due to false ■udreworms. The larvae are subterranean, nocturnal in their habits and move with great rapidity through the soil, hence it is often impossible to find them at work ^vathout a diligent search. Records of injuries due to E. tricostata are very few, but it has been reported as feeding on the roots of grasses, as doing more damage than cutworms to cabbage and other garden crops, and as being a general feeder on weeds in the field. In Kansas this species is a pest of the native prairie grasses, but in the laboratory both larvae and adults feed readily on germinating wheat and maize. It is widely distributed throughout the western central States from the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains and extends northwards into British America. In studying the hfe-history, eggs were placed in small tubes closed with cotton plugs and kept in the field insectary under outdoor condi- tions. On hatching the larvae were placed in tin boxes containing shghtly moistened soil and a small amount of bran for food, for which germinating wheat was substituted as they became larger. The soil in the boxes was changed about every ten days in summer, but in winter once in three weeks was sufficient. The adult beetles were (C479) 02 308 confined in jars, containing about an inch of dry soil and a little bran. All these stages, except the eggs, were kept in a cement cave, where the temperature more nearly approximated to subterranean conditions, varying from 70° to 80° F. in summer, to 40° F. in March. The results obtained in this way closely coincided with the field observations made throughout the year. The freshly laid eggs are white in colour, but when deposited are coated with a sticky solution which causes a thin layer of soil to adhere to them, making them difficult to find in the field. They are laid preferably in the driest soil, and singly, although several may be placed in the same cavity, which is then filled up with soil. The length of the egg stage varies with the season of the year, but is on an average 14 days, eggs being deposited from the middle of July till the middle of October, 8 being the average number deposited by each emale. The larva on hatching is creamy white in colour, but after the first moult it changes to black, which colour it retains during the rest of the larval stage. During the summer and autumn the larvae are found from 1 to 6 inches or more below the surface of the ground, burrowing from place to place, and feeding on the roots and seeds of plants, and probably, to some extent, on decaying organic matter. In confinement, they often feed on their cast-ofi skins and on larvae that have died or are in a weakened condition. The average length of the larval stage is 9| to 10| months, and before pupation the larvae enter a semi-pupal stage which lasts from 5 to 10 days, during which they do not feed and are very inactive. The average length of the pupal stage is from 17 to 19 days, maxi- mum pupation occurring at the beginning of June. Under both field and experiment conditions adults emerge from the middle of June till the middle of July, the maximum emergence occurring about June 24. E. tricostata may hibernate as an adult as well as in the larval stage, but eggs have never been obtained from these overwintering beetles. Both in the field and in the rearing cages, feeding, mating and oviposition take place generally at night. During the day-time the beetles are found under rocks, boards, logs and manure, where they are rather inactive, but able to run with great rapidity when the cover is removed. In the field, adults have been found feeding on Solidago, Eu])horbia marginata, prairie clover and evening primrose. The length of life of the adults is rather more than a year, females usually living longer than males. The members of this genus are not attacked by many predaceous enemies, probably owing to the fact that the adults of most of the species secrete an oily liquid having a strong offensive odour, when disturbed. Skunks however feed on the beetles, and chickens and crows devour them readily. They ha.ve also been found in the stom- achs of the crow, blackbird and red-headed woodpecker. Very few parasites have been found attacking any species of Eleodes ; but a Braconid parasite, Perilitus sp. , has been recorded from E. sutur- alis, a Nematode worm from an undetermined adult and a Gregarine, Stylocephalus giganteus, from E. hispilabris, Say, and Eleodes sp. The author has recently found this same Gregarine in the alimentary tract of E. tricostata and E. ojpaca. A species of Sarcophaga has also been reported larvipositing on E. tricostata, E. hisjnlabris, and 309 E. obsoleta, Say. A number of Hymenopterous larvae found in one of the cages containing E. tricostata proved to be Perilitns eleodis, Vier., the same parasite having been reared also from E. opaca. This parasite emerges through the anal aperture of the beetle and pupates after spinning a silken cocoon. After an average pupal stage of 9 days the adults emerge and remain close to the ground, trying to get under the beetles in order to oviposit in the abdominal sutures and at the junction of the legs and body. Many parasites may infest a single beetle, as many as 124 larvae having been secured from one individual, though the average number bred from one beetle is 50. Although in some years as much as 50 per cent, of the beetles may be parasitised, the average parasitism seems to be only 5 or 7 per cent. Most of the species of the genus Eleodes reach their greatest abund- ance in areas of little rainfall, but owing to the wide distribution of E. tricostata it is probably not as greatly influenced by moisture conditions as most of the other species. The effect of moisture on the adults of Eleodes in general results in the dominant form of sculp- turing being determined by seasonal conditions, a hot, dry season producing a large number of the smooth forms, and a cold wet season the more striate and punctured forms. E. tricostata has not yet become of sufficient economic importance to warrant any extensive control experiments. In the laboratory, poisoned bran gave good results with the adults, but the larvae lived for weeks on this diet. Fallowing and rotation are courses that might, however, be followed with advantage. Childs (L.). Seasonal Irregularities of the Codling Moth. — Jl. Econ. Eniom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 224-231. The work of which, a resume is given in this paper has been con- ducted for the purpose of supplying fruit-growers with information which would enable them to apply lead arsenate sprays more intelli- gently and satisfactorily. The recommendations issued by some central or distant station in the form of spray bulletins are often useless for the control of Cydia pomonella in certain regions of the Pacific North-west, where most diverse conditions exist in a com- paratively small area. Variations of temperature, due to altitude, coastal and mountain influences, are such as to warrant seasonal studies of the moth in various localities, such studies being of greater importance in the control of the second generation than of the first, which can generally be effectively controlled by following a pre- arranged spraying programme. The necessary data were obtained by the use of breeding cages distributed throughout the valley of the Hood Kiver, Oregon, at different altitudes, commercial apple orchards occurring there at levels of 100 to nearly 2,000 ft. The average seasonal variations in the two extremes given proved to be 15 days to 3 weeks for the first brood, and about 10 days for the second. That the kind of weather experienced in any particular season is able to influence the date of emergence of both the first and second broods of moths, is very evident from a consideration of that obtaining in the years 1915 to 1917 inclusive. The spring of 1915 began with an early, warm spell that induced the partial emergence of the first 310 brood moths by 27th April, which however was completely checked by a succeeding long period of cold. The late, cold spring and early summer of 191(3 deferred the first appearance of moths till 26th May, similar weather conditions in 1917 checking emergence till a still later date, 15th June. The appearance of the second brood did not follow uniformly from these dates, but in its turn depended on the kind of weather experienced during the summer months. Thus in 1914 the second brood appeared on 19th July and the first eggs were deposited 8 days later. In 1915 the date was 26th July, and eggs were first noted 14 days later. The wet cold summer of 1916 resulted in very few second brood moths appearing, and those very late, not until 18th August, a large pro- portion of this generation hibernating as larvae, while the few eggs that were deposited were found about a week after the emergence of the moths. In 1917 a very backward early season accompanied by much rain checked the emergence of the first brood till 15th June, but continued warm settled weather throughout the summer resulted in the appearance of the second brood on 3rd August, followed by oviposition 5 days later. Lead arsenate sprays remain efficacious after application for 20 days at the most. Egg-hatching usually attains its maximum activity 10 to 12 days after the hatching of the first eggs, and this takes place with uniform regularity 2 or 3 days after deposition. For these reasons a spray should be applied shortly after the first eggs of the second brood have begun to hatch out, the dates recommended for spraying in the years under discussion being 27th July, 1914 ; 12th August, 1915 ; 28th August, 1916 ; and 12th August, 1917, together with an extra spray on 5th September, 1917, owing to the fact that a warm autumn induced hatching to continue till the apple crop was harvested. As the general practice in the past has been to spray for control of the second generation between 25th July and 1st August, which would have been efiective in only one of the above years, the necessity for annual, regional observations is obvious. Maxson (A. C.)- Some Factors Influencing the Distribution of Pemphi- gi(s betae, Doane, in Beet Fields.— JZ. Ecoti. Entom., Concord, N. H. xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 231-236. During 1916 a preliminary field survey was made of the factors determining the dispersion and distribution of Petnphigus betae (sugar- beet root-aphis) o-^dng to the annual loss of several hundred thousand pounds sustained by the sugar-beet industry due to its attacks in Colorado. The points chiefly studied were the influence exerted on the degree of infestation by previous crops, by the presence of the winter host {Popvlus angustifoUa), and by the time factor. As regards this last it is certain that the original infestation in all beet fields is due either to the hibernating wingless individuals or to spring niigrants from the winter host. That being so, the number of infested beets should not increase after the migration from the winter host ceases, unless the Aphids migrate from beet to beet in the field. Observations have proved this to be the case, the infesta- tion increasing from 68 per cent, to 100 per cent, within a fortnight, owing largely to irrigation. 311 The results of this survey have proved quite conchisively that rotation of crops is of no vakie as a means of control of this insect. The winter-host factor appears to be the most active in the spread of this Aphid in northern Colorado. A comparison of the degree of infestation in all fields of those parts where the narrow-leafed cotton- wood trees {Populus angustifolia) are most abundant with that in fields where they are relatively few, shows a constant higher degree of infestation in fields within half a mile of these trees. The hea^y infestation of the western, as compared with the eastern portions of the sections surveyed, seems to point to the wind being an active factor in dissemination, since, during early summer, while the heaviest migration of P. betae from the winter host is taking place, the prevailing winds of northern Colorado are westerly, and by this means the insects might easily be carried from the mountains many miles out on to the prairies. Ballou (H. a.). The Pink Bollworm {Gelechia gossypiella) in Egypt. Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 236-245. This paper deals comprehensively with the subject of Pectinophora (Gelechia) gossypiella (pink bollworm) in Eg}^t, as regards its native home and distribution, food-plants, life-history and habits, and the nature of the injury caused by it [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, pp. 232, 277, etc]. Control of the insect in the seed by treatment with hydrocyanic acid gas is not practicable owing to the lack of responsible labour in the cotton ginneries of Eg}'pt, and also to the danger to public health of liberating large quantities of poisonous waste gases in so densely populated a country. Carbon bisulphide also, owing to its highly inflammable and almost explosive character, is not suitable for use in close proximity to cotton ginneries where the atmosphere is laden with fine particles of cotton. The most suitable agent for the destruc- tion of the pink bollworm in cotton seed in Eg^'pt is hot air [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 505, iv, pp. 472, 491, vi, p. 42]. The natural enemies of the pink bollworm do not occur in sufficient numbers or at the right time of year to exercise any great degree of control. The losses due to this pest are enormous, amounting to anything between £(E.)3,600,000 and £(E.)4,800,000 in 1916. Becker (G. G.). Notes on the Woolly Aphis. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, pp. 245-255. This paper records the results of investigations on Eriosoma lani- genim, Hausm., which aimed at working out the life-history of this Aphid in the Ozark Mts. ; studying the relative immunity of various hosts, and of the relationship of these hosts to the species ; studying the immunity of Northern Spy stock to the attacks of this species ; and determining whether E. crataegi, Oestl., is identical with E. lanigerum. In the Ozarks this Aphid winters on elm in the egg-stage and on the roots of apple, and in wounds, knots and rough places on the trunk above the ground of apple and Crataegus as apterous viviparae. 512 The occurrence of overwintering apterous viviparae above ground on apple or Crataegus is uncommon in this latitude, as the Aphids seem unable to withstand the low temperatures. The life-history of E. lanigerum in the Ozarks is the same as that recorded for Maine and for Virginia, except that there are probably more than two generations of apterous viviparae on apple and Craiaegus, since there is a period of 5 months between the appearance of the first spring migrants and the first autumn ones, and of 4 months between the last spring migrants and the first autumn ones. Experi- ments with apple-root forms showed that there may be from 6 to 12 generations a year, since the apterous viviparae become active by 1st March and continue so until some time in November. A marked degree of immunity to E. lanigenim has been acc^uired by the elm, susceptibility to attack seeming to be correlated M-ith backwardness of growth in spring. Crataegus crusgalli also exhibits an inherent immunity, and in addition may have a conditional immunity depending upon the season. Experiments in transferring Crataegus Aphids to apple and vice versa led to the conclusion that apterous viviparae from apple can establish themselves on Crataegus, though not so readily as on apple ; and that apterous viviparae from Crataegus can become established on apple, though not so readily as those from apple. It was proved by experiments on apple seedlings that the Northern Spy apple is immune to E. lanigerum, and that, Avhen it does become established temporarily, this is due to the fact that the Aphids are exceptionally hardy rather than to the fact that the host is congenial. The ^^^de range of variation in the antennae of E. lanigerum as determined by measurements in 29 cases, indicates that E. crataegi, Oestl., is a synonym of E. lanigerum, Hausm. Barber (G. W.). On the Life-History of SarcopJiaga eleodis, Aldrich. —Jl Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, p. 268. The parasitisation of Eleodes ohsoleta by Sarcophaga eleodis in Sep- tember in New Mexico is recorded. The beetle was observed to be persistently followed by the fly as it moved over a distance of about 8 ft. On coming to rest the fly settled on its back and larviposited on the posterior tip of the left "uing cover. Shortly after the beetle moved the tip of the abdomen, thus exposing the anus, and in the fraction of a second the larva had become active and disappeared "within the body of the beetle through the anus. The infested beetle lived for 13 days, and 2 days later the full-grown larva issued, breaking ofi the head of the host in so doing. The larva entered the pupal stage in the middle of March and the adult fly emerged at the beginning of April. Trimble (T. M.). Brown-tail Moths taken on Importations. — Jl Econ. Entom.] Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, April 1918, p. 268. The interception of a complete nest of Nygmia phaeorrhoea {Euproctis cJirysorrJwea) (brown-tail moth) on European mountain ash (Sorbus aucuparia) is recorded. In view of the risk of fresh infestation of this dangerous pest, the author urges that Congress should pass a cjuar- antine law to prevent the importation of all nursery stock carrpng 313 destructive pests, this being specially necessaiy o\\nng to the fact that foreign inspection is hkely to be someAvhat imperfect during the European war. Cory (E. N.). Molasses Sprays for the Control of Monarthropalpus buxi, La,\ion. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,xi, no. 2, April 1918, p. 269. The experimental spraying of a boxwood hedge at Baltimore for the control of Monarthropalpus buxi (boxwood midge) showed that large numbers of adults were trapped by a spray composed of 4 lb. molasses to 50 U.S. gals, water. Webster (R. L.). Notes on a *S/)iVaea Leaf-roller. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 2, Apnl 1918, p. 269. Olethreutes hemidesma, Z., though not usually recognised as being of any particular economic importance, has been generally common throughout Iowa in 1916 and 1917, doing considerable damage to Spiraea in nurseries. There are e\'idently two generations in Iowa and Illinois, the larvae being abundant in July and again in late August and September. From insectar}^ records moths emerged from 22nd July to 9th August, the pupal period having an average length of 5-8 days. HoRTON (J. R.). Control of the Argentine Ant in Orange Groves.— IJ.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 928, March 1918, 20 pp., 6 figs. [Received 22nd May 1918.] The Argentine ant {Iridomijrmex humilis, Mayr), though an important household pest [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 325], does not directly cause injury in orange groves, though its presence results in scale-insects and Aphids becoming much more abundant. In Cali- fornia the control of Pseudococcus citri, Risso, by its natural enemies is largely prevented by the presence of this ant, which however can be controlled by banding the trees, and by the use of poisoned baits. In Louisiana the ant has had no effect in increasing mealy bugs, which are there held in check by natural enemies, this being true of Icerya purcha,si. Mask, (fluted scale), Saissetia oleae, Bern, (black scale). Coccus hesperidum, L. (soft brown scale), Ceroplastes florid ensis, Comst. (Florida wax scale), and C. cirripediformis, Comst. (barnacle scale). The ant does not attend armoured scales, of which the most destruc- tive to orange trees in Louisiana are Lepidosaphes beckii, Newm. (purple scale), Parlatoriu pergandei, Comst. (chaff scale), L. gloveri, Pack, (long scale) and Chionaspis citri, Comst. (white scale), but it disturbs their natural enemies and feeds on the eggs of some of them. Hence an orchard that is never sprayed or fumigated may become, after two or three years, heavily infested owing to the presence of the ants. In Louisiana, owing to the heavy rainfall, permanent control and the ultimate elimination of this ant can be achieved by the destruc- tion of ant colonies in specially constructed traps. These traps 314 consist of wooden boxes of about one foot in each dimension with, a loose gable-shaped roof to exclude the rain. In winter, the traps should be filled with damp, but not wet, stable manure and dry weeds and straw, while in summer, the manure, which is used principally for its heat, may be omitted. These traps, of which there should be at least 25 to the acre of 100 trees, should be set near the trees, one to every other tree in alternate rows, about 4 feet away from the trunk ; they should be placed upon a slight elevation. When full of ants and ready for fumigation, the lids should be removed, 2 fluid ounces of carbon bisulphide poured into each and airtight galvanised iron covers slipped on, being banked with soil to retain the gas. An hour's fumigation is sufiicient to kill all stages of ants within the traps and in the underlying soil, after which the contents should be spread out on the ground and the traps turned up to air for several hours before resetting. From 5 to 8 fumigations at intervals of about one month will be necessary to reduce the ants to a negligible quantity. Reinfestation may be prevented by means of barrier ditches, for which purpose drainage ditches may be adapted by clearing them of weeds and providing them with divided bridges which the ants cannot cross. Although the use of poisoned baits cannot be recommended as a substitute for trapping, they may be employed in special cases, a poisoned syrup being placed in fruit jars, the lids of which have a hole pierced in the centre. The jars should be laid on their sides with a piece of sponge inside to render it easier for the ants to reach the poison. The best mixture consists of 8 lb. granulated sugar dissolved in ^ U.S. gal. cold water, to which is added 4|- oz. chloral hydrate crystals, previously dissolved in a small quantity of water, and about | lb. strained honey. If chloral hydrate cannot be obtained, sodium arsenite may be substituted, the mixture being made by dissolving 62 grains of tar- taric acid crystals in 3| U.S. pints water, to which is then added 8 lb. granulated sugar and the whole boiled until the sugar is dissolved. When cool, 200 grains of sodium arsenite (or 172 grains white arsenic), previously dissolved in J U.S. pint hot water and cooled, is added, together with | to | lb. strained honey. The tartaric acid prevents the souring of the arsenical s}T"up, which the ants take very slowly. Andrews (E. A.). Cultural Control. — Qtrly. Jl. Scient. Dept. Ind. Tea Assoc, Calcutta. 1917, part 4, 1918J pp. 120-124. [Received 24th May 1918.] The author pleads for a fuller utilisation of cultural methods directed against insects in tea gardens. The chief of these is deep hoeing, which is effective, cheap and easy, and which, systematically carried out year by year, destroys the larvae of Xyleho-rus fornicatiis (shot- hole borer beetle) in such numbers that the pest becomes compara- tively negligible. Hoeing also stimulates the bushes and helps them to resist attacks of Helopeltis theivora (tea mosquito), Tetranychus hioculatus (red spider), Aphids and thrips. Forking round the bushes also gives good results, especially when all grubs and pupae found are collected bv hand. 315 Other important measures are proper drainage and judicious man- uring, great harm having frequently resulted from a too prolonged course of nitrogenous manures, or of those which render the soil too acid. Careful pruning is of the utmost importance, especially as regards the removal of prunings, for these, if allowed to remain in the bushes, afford cover for pupating caterpillars and also collect moisture, conducing to the gro^vth of mosses and lichens which encourage scale- insects and mites. Dead twigs and branches should always be removed, as they attract borers and termites. Insect Pests of Tea in Ceylon during 1916.— Q/^/y. Jl. Scient. Deft. hid. Tea Assoc, Calcutta, 1917, part 4, 1918, pp. 137-139. [Received 24th May 1918.] During the year very severe outbreaks of Homona cqffearia (tea tortrix) occurred in several provinces ; Orgi/ia jjostica (tussock moth) was reported in the caterpillar stage in Januar}' and October from two localities in the Central Provinces ; Zeuzera coffeae was present throughout the year, the caterpillars in one district being heavily parasitised by Braconids which emerged in November. Xyleborus fornicatus (shot-hole borer) showed the usual tendency to increase its distribution, but no new districts were invaded. Two other very minute Scohi:ids were reported from tea, and another species, probably X. coffeae, was collected in nurseries. Other insects were : — Psychidae (bagworms), Astycvs sp. (tea weevil), Arhela quadrinofafa (barking-eating borer), the Fulgorid, Ricanoptera opaca, a new pest of tea, Coccus {Lecanium) viridis and Eriophyes (Phyfoptus) carinatus (purple mite). Psocidae were present in packed tea, to which they probably gained access before packing or through perforated tea lead, being originally present on the wood of the tea chests. Massixi (P. C). Metodo biologico contra las Plagas aplicado al Oece- ticus pilotensis, Bicho de Canasto. [The Biological Method against Pests applied to Oeceticus platensis (Bagworm).] — Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, li, no. 5, Julv 1917, pp. 373-378, 7 figs. [Received 24th May 1918.] The Argentine bagworm, Oeceticus platensis, occurs very abundantly in the south of Cordoba and the province of Buenos Aires and in the southern parts of Argentina generally, while in the northern provinces, although it is present throughout, its numbers are so small that its efiects are scarcely noticeable. While certain parasites, such as Tetrastichus platensis, Brethes, do occur in the southern provinces and have some influence in checking the numbers of this bagworm, their effect is altogether inadequate, as may be seen by the number of acacia and willow trees that are completely defoliated by it. The author therefore undertook experiments in the introduction into the southern provinces of some of the parasites present in the north. These had proved so efficacious where they occurred that the bagworms had practically ceased to exist there and could not be collected in any quantity. 316 The plan adopted was to collect numbers of 0. pratensis from the province of Buenos Aires in the month of December, and transfer them to the northern provinces where they were placed upon low- growing trees, for preference acacias. There they were left for a month or six weeks in order to become parasitised, and were then taken back to the original area of infestation. The parasites, having completed their development in the host, emerged to parasitise fresh bagworms in the infested zone. The possibilities of acclimatisation in this region cannot yet be estimated, but it is hoped that a successful means of control of 0. platensis has thus been found. The parasites introduced by this method were Eurytoma caridei, Br. , Perissocentrus argentinae, Crawf., P. argentinae var. caridei, Br., and Lindesonium caridei, Br., detailed descriptions of which are given. Brethes (J.). El Piojo del Pino, Leucaspis pini, Hartig. [The Pine Scale, Leucaspis pini, Hartig.] — Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, li, no. 5, July 1917, p. 384, 1 fig. [Received 24th May 1918.] A branch of pine infested with Leucaspis pini, Hart. , chiefly in the larval stage, is recorded from the south of the province of Buenos Aires. A description is given of the larva, which apparently has not been previously recorded. It is not known whether there is more than one generation a year. While such parasites as Aphelinus spp. probably play some part in the control of this scale, nothing definite is known on this point. The best insecticide has proved to be a petroleum emulsion, 4 parts black soap to 15 parts water, adding gradually 10 parts petroleum until an emulsion is formed. This mixture, diluted with 15 to 20 parts water, is used as a fine spray. Barbara (B.). Valor del Coccobacilhis acridiorum, d'Herelle, para destruir la Langosta. [Value of CoccobaciUus acridiorum, cVHerelle, in the Destruction of Locusts.] — Afiales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, li, no. 5, July 1917, pp. 38-5-387. [Received 24th May 1918.] This paper records the investigations undertaken by the Argentine Commission to determine the value of CoccobaciUus acridiorum,d'}ieie\\e, in the destruction of locust swarms. The conclusions reached are that this organism, even with a highly increased virulence, cannot produce a general epizootic by the pulverisation method. It is found nor- mally in the intestines of healthy locusts, and from healthy insects is virulent in abdominal injections, being effective in 24 hours, but infection does not occur by ingestion. The results arrived at by other workers on this subject are also mentioned. The question has been more fully dealt with in another paper [see this Review, Ser, A, vi, p. 177]. Brethes (J.). El Bicho moro, {Epicauta adspersa, Epicauta atomaria). El Pequeno Escarabajo negro {Dyscinetus gagates, Burm.). [The Meloid beetles, Epicauta adspersa and E. atonuiria. The small, black, injurious Beetle, Dyscinetus gagates, Burm.].- — Anales Soc. Rural Argentina. Buenos Aires, li, no. 8, October 1917, pp. 591- 601, 2 plates, 1 fig. [Received 24th May 1918.] The adults of the Meloid beetle, Epicauta adspersa, oviposit in 317 fields such as potato fields underneath clods of earth, in any small hollow that will serve as a protection to their young. After, depositing the majority of her eggs within such a cavity, the female advances towards the opening of the retreat, leaving the last of them close to the entrance. The primary larvae hatch in about 23 days. While seeking suitable food for those that were kept in the laboratory, they were left for more than 20 days without nourishment, without appar- ently suffering any inconvenience. It is well known that the primary larvae of various Meloids feed on the eggs of locusts. That of Epicauta vittata is found in the nests of Melanoplus (Caloptenus) dijferentialis and M. (C) spretus, and that of Mylabris schreiberi in the nests of Dociosfaurns (Stauronotiis) maroccanus. E. adspersa was found experimentally to attack the oothecae of locusts, such as Schisto- cerca {Dichroplus) vittigera, and in \4ew of the fact that this Meloid is always more abundant in the years following locust invasions, 'it seems possible that it may also be an enemy of Schistocerca paranensis. It is hoped that this point may soon be elucidated. The chief aim of the first stage larva is to reach the eggs of locusts or grasshoppers, and having obtained a sufficient supply of food from this source, metamorphosis to the second stage occurs in 4 or 5 days. When the larva has exhausted the supply of locust eggs, it burrows deeper into the earth to complete its successive transformations. It lives as a pseudopupa throughout the \^dnter and reappears in the following spring as a fairly active larva, transforming after a few days into a true pupa, the adult beetle emerging a week later. The pseudo- pupa may however live for two years or more without undergoing any change ; this phenomenon has not yet been explained. E. adspersa is known to be injurious in the adult stage, but is cer- tainly beneficial during its larval period, especially if it should prove destructive to the eggs of Schistocerca paranensis. Wherever possible, the adults should therefore be driven by means of smudge fires from fields where they may do damage. If it is necessary to destroy them, copper arsenate appears to be the best material for the purpose. The therapeutic properties of this insect have been studied since 1855, and it is believed that it would prove a good substitute for the well-know^n European cantharidin. Adults should be collected in the morning or evening, when they are least active, by shaking the plants over a sack. Dyscinetus gagates, Burm. , has appeared for the first time for several years in wheat fields in numbers that constitute a serious infestation. The beetles bite the young plant exactly at the ground level, quickly causing them to wither and die. The damage done by the larva is greater still, as the insect lives in this stage for three years at least underground, where it feeds on plant roots. It is suggested that the infested ground should be ploughed and that domestic birds should be allowed access to the ploughed land. For the adults, Bordeaux mixture or arsenical sprays are suggested. Beethes (J.). Los Pulgones de las Plantas. [Plant Aphids.] — Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, li, no. 9, November 1917, pp. 666-668, 1 fig. [Received 24th May 1918]. This paper gives a popular and general account of Aphids and their habits. The species occurring in Argentina are not yet definitely 318 identified. A^arin is enemies, such as the larvae of Coccinelhds, Chrysopids, Syrphids and certain species of Aphidius, are known to exercise some control over them and the author is studying this group of Braconids with the object of effecting an interchange of parasites. As an insecticide for use against Aphicls, Bordeaux mixture is suggested. Brethes (J.). Description d'un Mimaridae (Hymenopteres) nouveau du Chili. [Description of new Chilian Mymarid (Hymenoptera).]. — Rev. Chilena Hist. Nat. , Santiago de Chde, xxi, no. 3, 30th June 1917, pp. 82-84, 1 plate. [Received 31st May 1918]. While it might be expected that Chili would contain representatives of all the families of Hymenoptera, no Mymarid has previously been observed west of the Andes. The author describes in this paper Anagnts, porteri, sp. n., from a single exa;mple taken near Santiago in 1916. LiCHTENSTEiN (J. L.) & PiCARD (F.). Biologic dcs Pristaidacus, KieHer [Hym. Evaniidae] et leur Repartition en France. [Biology of Pristaidacus, Kieffer, and its Distribution in France.] — Bull. Soc. Entom. de France, Paris, no. 5, 13th March 1918, pp. 109-111. [Received 27th May 1918.] Very little is kno^\^l of the habits of the E vaniids, Pristaulacus spp. , and of the species found in France. P. patrati, Serv., P. latreillanus, Nees, and P. gloriator, F., have been previously recorded ; to these the authors add P. bimaculatus, Kieff., P. schlettereri, Kieff., and P. cJdapovskii, Kieff. The last-named emerged in July and, less abund- antly, in August and September, from branches of fig, evergreen oak and mllow, all of which were infested with Clytus pilosus, Forst. {glahromacidatus, Goeze). It therefore seems, as far as is known, to be an exclusive parasite of this Longicorn. P. bimacnlatus is recorded as having been reared from Purpuricenus koehleri, and it is considered probable that P. schlettereri is also a parasite of Longicorns. P. jmtrati is known to be a parasite of Xiphydria. It is not known whether one species can attack both Coleoptera and xylophagous Hymenoptera, though indications rather point to the contrary. Keilin (D.). Sur quelques Modes particuliers de Resistance des Larves de Dipteres centre la Desiccation. [Some special Means of Resis- tance to Desiccation shown by Dipterous Larvae.] — Bull. Soc. Entom. de France, Paris, no. 5, 13th March, 1918, pp. 102-104. The method of resistance to desiccation shown by Dipterous larvae varies in the different groups. Larvae of Ceroplatus protect themselves by spinning a coarse web made by a salivary secretion of the moijth ; under this the larval and nymphal stages are passed. Moisture is obtained during these stages by rubbing against the hydroscopic threads of the web, which absorb moisture from the air. If removed from under the web, the larvae either begin at once to spin a fresh one, or die by desiccation. Larvae of MycetophiHds and Sciophilids are protected in a similar manner. The larvae of Phronia sp,, which often accompany Ceroplatus tipidoides, F., secrete a thick 319 salivary liquid that coats over the whole body and to which particles of excrement adhere and provide a protection against desiccation. Larvae of Sciam militaris and other species of this genus are frequently- found clustered so close together as to form a solid mass covered by a salivary secretion. By this means the surface of evaporation is considerably decreased and the larvae escape desiccation in spite of a particularly thin cuticle. Larvae of Forcipomyia corticis, and other Ceratopogonids that generally live under the bark of more or less diseased trees, have special hairs on the body that are particularly sensitive to moisture in the air, which condenses on them in small drops. The larvae of certain Tipulids possess hypodermic glands that secrete an oily substance, which forms a coating over the fine hairs covering the body and produces a characteristic iridescent appearance. This protects them at the same time from sudden submersion in a too liquid environment and from desiccation by too rapid evaporation. This is the case with Epiphragma ocellaris, which constructs galleries in dead and dried wood. The larvae of aphidivorous S}Tphids, which live on the plants and are often exposed to a hot sun, are protected by an abundant salivary secretion that covers the larvae and helps them not only to cling to the plant, but to capture their prey. Feytaud (J.). Le Ver des Pommes {Carpocapsa pomoneUa, Linn6.) [Codling Moth, 6'?/f/«'rt pomoneUa, L.]. — Progres Agric. Vitic, Mont- pellier, xxxv, no. 13, 31st March 1918, pp. 299-304. This paper gives a popular account of the biology of Cydia pomoneUa (codling moth), the nature and extent of the injuries it inflicts and the methods of control that have proved most successful. The cost of treatment with lead arsenate spray is discussed and the relative values of treated and untreated crops are compared. While the profits accruing from unsprayed trees are so small as to be hardly w^orth considering, the net profit per tree sprayed once on the 8th May proved to be 9s. , on those sprayed once on the 26th May it was 2s. 6d per tree, and on those treated on both of these dates it was 13s. per tree. Feytaud (J.). Notes sur la Pieride du Chou. [Notes on the Cabbage Butterflv.] — Bull Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xvii, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 33-38. During a serious infestation of Pieris brassicae, L. (cabbage butter- fly) in the south of France in October 1917, the author made some tests of the control measures generally recommended. Dusting the caterpillars heavily with ordinary flour seemed to have no effect upon them ; wood ash or quick-lime used in the same way were also without effect, but in the open, w^th the dew falling, they gave good results, more than half the caterpillars dying. Hot water tests were also made. Water at 122° to 131° F. is known to kill the larvae, but this is difficult to apply without the necessary apparatus. The addition to the water of a small quantity (1 per cent.) of black soap or white oHve-oil soap greatly increased its efficacy ; almost all the caterpillars were killed with this spray, maintained at a temperature of 122° F. for 5 seconds. The action of these hot soap solutions on the plants remains to be investigated. When the plants are treated a month or so before maturity, or in young plantations, it would be much 320 simpler to apply a cold solution of black soap (5 per cent.) and nicotine (1 to 1| per cent, of titrated extract). This is a very active insecticide applied directly to the larvae, and very effective as a preventive spray during the oviposition period. These treatments are recommended in view of the prohibition against arsenicals such as are used in America. Fowls are frequently suggested as a help in clearing off the caterpillars, but several cases of poisoning have occurred as a result of their eating the insects. For small areas, the surest, safest and most economical way is to inspect the cabbages every 2 or 3 days during the oviposition period and crush the groups of eggs of P. brassicae, or collect and crush the young larvae. Feytaud (J.). Le Proces du Moineau Domestique. [The Case of the Domestic Sparrow.] — Bull. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xvii, nos. 3-4, March- April 1918, pp. 31-32 & no. 5, May 1918, pp. 41-47. The author gathers together in this paper many and varied opinions of naturalists and others regarding the economic status of the domestic sparrow. While some regard this bird solely as a pest and recom- mend its destruction, others aver that it is at least as beneficial as it is harmful, and advise its protection. In the author's opinion, the position of this bird must remain doubtful. He considers that the sparrow is noxious or beneficial according to circumstances, and that while in normal times it may be given the benefit of the doubt, it should nevertheless be watched, and if the cultural circumstances of the region or of the moment, or an excessive increase in the numbers of the birds, should render it noxious, steps should at once be taken to check its depredations. Wh-ile the swallow, tomtit and nightingale can be classed without hesitation as useful birds that should be pro- tected by active propaganda and by the law, and while the sparrow- hawk, the great horned owl and magpie can at once be condemned as harmful, it is not possible to place the sparrow permanently in either of these categories. It merits some protection as being sometimes beneficial, and the question is raised as to the means by which too proUfic an increase of it should be checked. In Alsace-Lorraine it is the custom to keep down sparrows by preparing trap-nests for them on the walls of houses ; the sparrows readily build there and the young are destroyed in the nests. Whatever the means employed, sparrows should be held in check, but care should be taken not to exterminate them. LEGISLATION. Order relative to the Black Weevil Borer of Bananas. — Jamaica Gaz. Extraordinary, 11th May 1918. By this order, the proclamation is revoked which ordered the destruction by fire or otherwise of banana and plantain plants or parts of plants infested with the black weevil borer {Cosmopolites sordidus]. [See this Revieiv, Ser. A, iv, p. 320]. NOTICES Secretaries of. Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. PAGE. Measures against Locusts in Spain . . . . . . . . . . 273 Measures against Polychrosis botrana in Algeria . . . . . . 273 Gorythuca spinulosa, a New Lace-Bug on Wild Cherry in U.S.A. . . 273 New West Indian and North American Chalcids . . . . . . 274 Sprays for Stone Fruits in Oregon .. .. .. .. .. 274 Measures against the Peach Tip Moth in New South Wales . . 274 The Establishment of Beneficial Insects in Hawaii . . . . 274, 275 Entomology in Relation to Agriculture in Zanzibar . . . . 276 Apliids and their Parasites in Britain . . . . . . . . 276 Some Phases of Applied Entomology in South Africa . . . . 276 The Relation of Insects to Ustulina zonata infesting Rubber in Malaya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 Notes on the Strawberry Leaf Beetle, Galerucella tenella, in Ireland 278 A Study of the Capsid Bugs found on Apple Trees in England 278, 281 Observations on Pimpla pcmorum, a Parasite of Antlionomus pomorum in England . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 A List of CocciDAE affecting various Genera of Plants . . . . 281 The Control of Pests of Fruit Trees in Gardens and Small Orchards in England 281 Tarred Felt Discs for Protecting Cabbages from Phorbia brassicae in England . . . . . . . . 281 The Banded Mulberry Midgw and its Control in Korea . . . . 281 The Bionomics of Icerya putchasi and Novvus cardmaUs in Japan 282 Forest Pests ia Norway in 1915 . . . . . . . . . . 283 Insect Pests in Norway in 1916 .. .. .. .. .. 284 Blastodacna atra infesting Apples in Sweden . . . . . . . . 286 Acrolepia assectella, a New Onion Pest in Sweden . . . . . . 286 Forest Pests in Sweden in 1916 287 A Systematic Study of the Organisms distributed under the Name of Coccobacillus acridiorum . . . . . . . . . . 288 Life-history of the Leaf-eating Crane-fly, Oylindrotoma splendens in Vancouver . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 289 Buprestis spp. infesting Conifers in California . . . . . . 28d Pilophorus walshi a Natural Enemy of Aphids in U.S.A. . . . . 290 The Hessian Fly and its Control in California . . . . . . 290 The Selection of Petroleum Insecticides from the Commercial Point of View 291 Experiments with Wettable Sulphurs in California . . . . . . 291 A Warning against the possible Introduction of the Pink Bollworm into CaJifomia 292 CONTENTS— con<. PAGE. The Potato Tnber Moth and its Control in California . . . . 292 Epochra canadensis and its Control in California . . . . . . 293 Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California . . . . . . 293 Experiments in the Destruction of Insect Pests of the Tomato in Queensland 294 Sugar-cane Beetle Investigations in Queensland 294 The Habits and Metamorphoses of Lepidiota frenehi in Queensland 295 Pests of Eice in Ceylon 295 Bhynchites baechus infesting Stone Fruits in Sicily . . . . . . 295 New lEncyrtids from Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 The West Indian Mole Cricket, Scapieriscus vieinus, and its Control 296 A New Physothrips from Nige:ia . . . . . . . . . . 297 ITie Importance of preventing the Introduction of Daous cucurbitae and Geratitis capitata into the U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 297 The Determination of the Principal Aphids infesting Apple in U.S.A. 29S New Food-plants of Agromyza pusilla in U.S.A. . . . . . . 298 A New Membracid infesting Cypress in Lotdsiana . . . . . . 298 The Importance of Deep Ploughing to destroy Insects in U.S.A. . . 298 The Danger of the Spread of Pectinophora gossypiella into Texas . . 298 The Bean Beetle, EpUachna corrupts, and its Control in New Mexico 299 ^Ji'is pseiKlobrassicae in Texas . . . . . . . . . . 300 The Harleqxiin Cabbage-Bug and its Control in Texas . . . . 300 Sprays for Fruit Trees in Kansas . . . . . . . . . . 300 Sprays for Garden Crops in Kansas . . . . . . . . . . 301 The Importation of ScoUid Wasps from Madagascar into Mauritius 301 The Value of Extension Entomology in the U.S.A. . . . . . . 302 Municipal Control of the Spring Canker Worm in Kansas . . . . 303 The Bionomics of Eupekninus saltator, a Parasite of the Hessian Fly inU.S.A 304 Experiments with Grasshopper Baits in U.S.A. . . . . . . 304 Suggestions for a New Method of Destroying Chinch-bugs in U.S.A. 305 The Emergence Response of Trichogramma minutitm to Light . . 306 Notes on Buprestidae in Arizona . . . . . . . . . . 307 Notes on False Wireworms with sjiecial Reference to Eleodes tricostata in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 Seasonal Irregularities of the Codling Moth in U.S.A. . . . . 309 Factors Influencing the Distribution of Pemphigus betae in Beet Fields in Colorado .. .. .. .. ■ .. .. .. 310 The Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella, in Egypt . . . . 311 Notes on the Woolly Aphis in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 311 Sarcophaga eleodis, a Parasite of Eleodes obsolete in New Mexico . . 312 Interception of the Brown-tail Moth in Quarantine in U.S.A. . . 312 Molasses Sprays for the Control of Ilonarthropalpus buxi in U.S.A. 313 Notes on a Spiraea Leaf- Roller in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 313 Measures against the Argentine Ant in Orange Groves in U.S.A. . . 313 The Importance of Cultural Operations against Pests of Tea in Ceylon 314 Insect Pests of Tea in Ceylon in 1916 .. .. .. .. 315 The Establishment of Parasites of OeceiicMs platenHs in Argentina 315 Leucaspis pini infesting Pines in Argentina . . . . . . . . 316 The Value of GoccohacilVm acridiorum in the Destruction of Locusts in Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 JE'picawto spp. parasitic on Locusts in Argentina .. .. .. 316 Aphids and their Enenues in Argentina .. .. .. .. 317 A New Chilian Mymarid . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 PrisfawZflfCTts spp. parasitic on LongTcorns in France . . .. .. 318 Means of Resistance to Desiccation shown by Dipterous Larvae .. 318 The Commercial Value of Sprays for Cydia pomonella in France . . 319 Measures against Pieris brassicae in Franc-e . . . . . . . . 319 The Economic Position of the Domestic Sparrow in France . . 320 Legislation respecting Cosmopolites sordidus in Jamaica . . . . 320 VOL. VI. Sep. A. Part 8.— pp. 321-368. AUGUST, 1918. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES a: agricultural. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOQY. LONDON : SOLD BT THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN'S GATE, .S.W. 7. Price 9cl. net. Ail Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. l>ot]ordrp Cotnttiime of n^anaaemenn VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcook, C.I.E., F.E^., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagshawb, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Mr. E. C. Bleok, O.M.G., Foreign Office. Sir J. Rose Beadfobd, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F, Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. 8. F. Harmeb, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History), Professor H. Maxwell Lefboy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John MoCall, M JD., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R. Stewart MacDouqall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Six Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F,R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoologyj Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davtd Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R,S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge, Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society ol England. The Chief Entomologist In each of the Self-g ^eming Dominions If an coj officio member of the Committee. (Bcneral Scctctarg, Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). 3E>irector ant» BDitor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall* asefatant Director, Dr. S. A. Neave. Bead O/^KJc.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. FttWieotton 0^.-89, Quel's Gate, London, 8.W. 7, 321 Xl^^^a/MLr^ GoDARD (A.). Utility ou Nocuite des Principales Especes d'Oiseaux indigenes. [The Utility or Noxiousness of the Principal Species of Indigenous Birds.] — Bull. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xvii^no. 5, May 1918, pp. 39-41. This paper consists of a resume of the author's booklet, Les Oiseaux necessaires. It is pointed out that the objection to such a resume is that the facts are affirmed without any proofs, but, in reply to numerous requests, the information is given in tabulated form under various headings according to the degree of utility or noxiousness of the many species of birds considered. Advice is given as to the protection or destruction of each species. Coleman (L. C.) & Kannan (K. K.). Some Scale Insect Pests of Coffee in South India. — Mysore Dept. Agric, Bangalore, Entom. Ser. Bull. no. 4, 1918, 66 pp., 4 plates, 17 text-figs. [Keceived 28th May 1918.] The most important of the several species of Coccids attacking coflee in south India are Coccus viridis, Green, Saissetia hemispJiaerica, Targ., and Pulvinaria psidii. Mask. Since the first appearance of Coccus viridis in Ceylon in 1882, coffee- growing has been abandoned in that island, while it has been recorded from almost every other coft'ee-gro^^ing country of the world. From Ceylon the pest soon spread to South India, but was not reported from Mysore until 1913. This scale is Hable to variation and has changed so much since its appearance in Mysore that Green's description no longer applies to it. The Mysore form is therefore regarded as a new species, and is here described as new under the name Coccus colemani. The life-cycle varies from 89 to 214 days and the number of young from 50 to 580, this species having greater reproductive powers than G. viridis. There are three moults in the nymphal period, each instar of which is described. Records of the life-history are given in tables. The relationship of ants to this scale is discussed. C. colemani is visited by a number of different species of ants, but there is apparently no record of the scales being protected by any of these. This question has been studied in Java, where it was found that C. viridis was able to live and multiply for a long period without being visited by ants at all. Oecophylla stnaragdina was found to aid development of the scale and protect it from enemies, while Plagiolepis longipes and Dolichoderus hituherculatus have both been considered to have a marked influence in increasing its numbers on coffee trees [see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 274, 573]. The authors made experiments to determine whether ants play any role in the spread of this pest. It is obvious from %he results of these that those species that feed on the honey dew have a large share in its distribution, and that their nests must be regarded as distributing centres. The nests also appear to be convenient shelters during adverse weather. Nests of Cremasto- gaster in coffee estates were found crowded with the scales in September, while elsewhere they could be detected only after careful search or not at all. In the case of two blocks of about four acres each, equally infested with C. colemani, all ants' nests were removed (C485) Wt. P2/1.37. 1,500. S.18. B.&F.,Ltd. G.ll'S. A 322 from one block, while in the other they were left undisturbed. After seven months they were again inspected and it was found that in the block where there were no ant nests only 8 trees were infested with the scale, while in another block there were 132 trees infested. In tests to determine the possible protection from parasites afforded by the ant, it was found that on infested plants on which an ants' nest had been placed, no parasitised scales were found, while on plants without ants many scales were parasitised. These experi- ments are not considered conclusive, but it is significant that the only estate in which C. colemani seems to have obtained a persistent hold in Mysore is one where Plagiolepis longipes is found abundantly. The most important insect enemies of C. colemani in Mysore are Hymenopterous parasites that oviposit in the body of the host, though the scale continues to Hve and even to reproduce in spite of their presence. Hyper-parasites and ants check the activities of these parasites to a serious extent ; very few of the species concerned have been identified, though text-figures are given of several of them. Certain Coccinellid beetles are more or less predaceous on this scale, the most promising of these being Chilocorus nigritus. These beetles lay eggs on the stem under the scaly bark or on the under-side of the leaf. They hatch in about a week, and the larvae moult three times before pupation, which occurs after about 20 days ; adults emerge a few days later. Both adults and larvae feed on the scale, one larva consuming on an average eight individuals in a day. If, there- fore, this enemy could be introduced in sufficient numbers it should prove an efficient check. Minute mites destroy many of the nymphs while they remain beneath the mother ; their reproductive power is great, but their numbers vary greatly with the locality and the season. The most serious checks to the increase of G. colemani are two fungi. Cephalosjjorium lecanii (white fungus) frequently kills off more than 90 per cent, of the Coccids on coffee estates during normal rainfalls. Empusa lecanii (grey or black fungus) is usually found attacking the scale throughout the early part of the cold weather season, and may continue active until May. While the white fungus is chiefly dependent on mnd and rain for its dispersal, the spores of the black fungus are often projected a distance of one or two inches, thus enabling it to spread even during the drier seasons. The host-plants on which G. colemani have been found in Mysore include Alhizzia spp., Wrightia tinctoria, Aegle marmelos (bael fruit), Artocarpus integrifolia (jak-fruit), Mangifera indica (mango), Psidium giuiyava (guava), Citrus spp., Ficus spp., and Eugenia jamholana. The pest is most abundant in years when the north-east monsoon is scanty and a long period of dry weather succeeds it. Dispersion is largely efiected by wind, the young insects being blown as far as 450 feet. When artificial methods of control are necessary, spraying and brushing are recommended. The best insecticide is the fish-oil resin soap prepared and sold by the Madras Fisheries Department, used at the rate of 1 lb. to 2 gals, water ; this should be apphed with a pressure sprayer. All nests of ants should be destroyed. Disper- sion of the fungi should be encouraged by tying branches containing them to trees that are free from them. Rapid surface evaporation in young cofiee should be prevented by planting a cover crop and by the proper selection of shade trees. 323 Saissetia (Lecanium) hemisphaerica, Targ. , is of universal occurrence in the tropics and has long been known as a pest of cofiee in South India, though it has never been regarded as a serious pest of important crops. The Ufe-history is very similar to that of Coccus viridis, but it lays eggs instead of bringing forth young. There are a number of Hymenopterous parasites attacking this scale, as well as a fly, the maggots of which feed on the eggs. The larva of a moth, Eublemma sp., also destroys the eggs. None of these however is an efficient check. It is very seldom that artificial control is necessary for this scale : in such cases spraying should be as for C. colemani. Pulmnaria jpsidii. Mask., occurs on a variety of hosts besides cofiee. There is considerable variation in the Mysore form from Maskell's description. The life-history is completed in 2 or 3 months ; eggs are usually laid on the leaves and the young take from 50 to 70 days to reach maturity. If necessary, this scale should be sprayed in the same manner as C. colemani. Illingworth (J. F.) & Jarvis (E.). Cane Grub Investigations. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, ix, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 115- 116. [Received 30th May 1918.] Continuing their report on cane grub investigation [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 294] the authors suggest that, as the Moreton Bay ash is e\'idently a preferred food of the grey-back beetle [Lepidiota albo- Jiirta], these trees should all be cut down within a circumference of about a mile of the cane-fields. They appear to be a favourite food also of both Lepidiota frenchi and L. rothei. These beetles are fre- quently found as far as half a mile back into the forest, and would probably travel double that distance to reach their feeding-trees. It is thought that they would probably not return to the cane-fields to lay their eggs, but would deposit them at the roots of native grasses in the forest, as was their habit before sugar-cane was introduced. Trap-trees might be kept near the buildings on each farm and the beetles shaken ofi each morning and given to the fowls ; the weeping fig is recommended for this purpose. Beetles so collected should be quickly dried before being used as food for any animals. Fields infested with grubs of L. frenchi and L. rothei have been swarming •«'ith parasitic wasps for more than a month, and a high mortahty among the grubs has resulted. Experiments with poisons in these fields also gave good results ; sodium arsenate mixed with megass and apphed in a furrow along the sides of infested stools apparently killed all the grubs in the section treated. Repellents gave only negative results, while any roots that came in contact with creosote fumes were killed and the plants showed a decided yellowing. Scoliid parasites are being bred with much success ; the life-histories of Dielis for7nosus and Campsomiris radula are being worked out. The latter parasite deposits a single egg on each grub of L. frenchi, and this hatches in about 3 days, the newly-hatched larva immediately beginning to feed on its host. After 9 days the larva reaches maturity and, withdrawing from the body of the host, spins a cocoon and pupates. The pupal stage lasts 39 days for female wasps and 36 for males. The adults, while usually attacking third-stage grubs of (C485) a2 324 L. frencJii, will also oviposit upon second-stage grubs, but apparently will not attack third-stage grubs of Dasygnathus australis. The males of both C. radula and D. fonnosus are much more in evidence on the wing than the females, and frequently congregate in numbers at sundown on dead twigs, where they can be collected in handfuls ; the females can be unearthed, together with the paralysed grubs, beneath infested stools. LouNSBURY (C. P.) & Faure (J. C). Codling Moth. — Union S. Africa Dept. Agric, Pretoria, Local Series no. 22, 1918, 24 pp., 10 figs. This account of Cydia pomonella (codling moth) is \\Titten for the information of fruit-growers in those portions of the Union of South Africa that have recently become infested with this pest. The fruits attacked in South Africa, besides apple and pear, include quinces, peaches, plums and apricots, and, even more seriously, walnuts. Parasites of C. pomonella in South Africa include three native species of Hymenoptera, reared from the larvae. A fourth larval parasite, known as the Spanish codling-moth parasite [Calliejjhialtes messor], was introduced about 10 years ago, but does not appear to have become established. An egg-parasite, which probably occurs through- out South Africa, seems to be a more effective check than all the larval parasites together, and this is most efficient where codling moth and allied larvae occur regularly and abundantly, that is, chiefly along 'the south and east coasts. The least help is obtained from parasites in the open country, where there is little other food than codling moth and where many predaceous insects and birds occur. This egg-parasite is a powerful check on the second and third generations of C. pomonella, but not on the first one of the season. Predaceous enemies of C. pomonella include the Argentine ant \Iridomyrmex humilis] ; in one locality where this ant is prevalent, the codling moth has occurred for a long time without at any time doing much damage. Care should be taken at the packing houses, where many larvae leave the fruit to pupate, that these insects are not allowed to complete their development and return to the orchards. After the fruit has been disposed of, the packing house should be inspected and any pupae found there destroyed. Preventive measures include the band- ing of trees, various methods being described, and spraying. For early sprays that are applied as soon as most of the petals are off, 2| lb. lead arsenate 50 per cent, paste (or 1^ lb. powder) to 50 gals, water is recommended. The poison must be lodged in the blossom- end of each fruit. For late spraying 2 lb. of the paste or 1 lb. of powder should be used to 50 gals, water. After the early apphcations spraying should be continued every three weeks, or, for the minimum number of sprayings, the development of the insect must be watched and the applications timed accordingly. One application is necessary just before the caterpillars of the second generation begin to do serious damage and another about 7 or 8 weeks later against the third genera- tion. Another spraying is advisable 2 or 3 weeks after the early spraying of the blossom-ends. If the most favourable times are chosen, four sprayings for mid-season fruit and five for late fruit are as many as are required. 325 LouNSBURY (C. P.). The Phoracantha Beetle. A Borer Pest of Euca- lyptus Trees. — Union S. Africa Dept. Agric, Div. Entoni. [sine loco], Local Series no, 24, 10 pp., 2 figs. [Received SOth Mt.7 1918.] Phoracantha semiptmctata is a native of Australia, where it is known as a firewood beetle, and was probably introduced into S. Africa in newly-cut railway sleepers shortly before the South African War. It closely resembles in appearance and habits P. reciirva, Newm., the commoner Australian species, which, so far as is known, has not become estabhshed in South Africa. The damage done by this borer is of a secondary nature, as it attacks newly felled timber from which the bark has not been removed, and sickly or dying trees. Dry wood, even though there is bark adhering, is not attacked. A native South African Cerambycid beetle, Phryneta .spinator, attacks fig and willow trees and has become confused with Phoracantha sonipunctata. The eggs of the latter beetle are laid in crevices of the bark in large groups. The young larvae tunnel through the bark to the cambium and then burrow in all directions between the bark and the wood, a form of injury which, if it surrounds the trunk, results in the death of the tree. The full-grown larvae remain in their burrows throughout the winter and pupate as soon as the weather becomes warm. After a short pupal stage the adults emerge and continue to do so throughout the summer. Most, if not all kinds of eucalyptus trees are liable to attack, though Eucalyptus globulus appears to be damaged more often than others. This may be however because it is the most frequently planted species, attempts often being made to grow it in localities that are unsuitable, the resulting unhealthy trees being readily attacked. E. viminalis has suffered severely in places, and other species that become infested are E. longifolia, E. rohusta, E. saligna, E. acmenoides, and E. diversi- color. Vigorous trees when attacked exude gum, which is usually fatal to the insects, besides betraying the points of entrance. Un- healthy trees are attacked quite irrespective of their age, the beetles however tending to avoid smooth bark. In its native country this beetle has important parasitic enemies, but they do not Qccur in South Africa, and attempts cannot be made to introduce them till shipping facilities again become normal. Remedial measures include proper drainage and cultivation and protection from fire, though little can be done to keep up the vigour of the trees by these means. Keeping down the numbers of the beetles may be effected chiefly by the use of trap-trees, by keeping the wood in water, by stripping off the bark, and by utilising infested wood promptly, of which the last is by far the most important remedy. Trap-trees are simply trees of little value that are felled and left lying so as to attract beetles about to oviposit away from standing trees. At the end of the summer the traps are dealt with so as to destroy the larvae, and if this is neglected, the use of such traps intensifies the trouble instead of reducing it. Submersion of logs until they are required for use may be profitably employed if they are situated near a dam, but experience has show^i that though the larvae between the wood and bark are killed, those more than an inch within the wood were unaffected. 326 The stripping of the bark from newly-felled trees at once kills actively feeding larvae, since they require the protection of the bark, but those that have finished feeding and have penetrated into the solid wood are unaffected by this measure. Infested trees that are not seriously weakened by the presence of the larvae should be at once utilised as mine props, or for the making of charcoal, or as firewood. Moore (J. B.). The Cattleya Fly. — New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, Bull. no. 308, 2nd October 1916, 12 pp., 2 plates. [Received 30th May 1918.] Isosoma orchidearum, Westw, (cattleya fly), which has been imported into New Jersey from South America, is the most serious enemy of certain species of orchids. The growing of seedling orchids has not proved practicable commercially and each plant must therefore be imported, consequently the presence of this Chalcid, which weakens and frequently destroys the plants, is of the greatest importance. Very little has been known of the fife-history of the pest, and while still incomplete, the author's investigations have added considerably to that knowledge. The egg is laid under the epidermis, usually of the pseudo-bulb or young leaf-buds, and occasionally of the leaves and of the rhizomes. It seems likely that only those eggs mature that are deposited in growths less than a year old. The length of the various stages in the life-history are not known, but the time required from oviposition to emergence is at least 3 months in winter, probably from 4 to 6 months would be more correct, but this period varies greatly with the temperature. The larvae injure the plant by burrowing out a cavity in the interior of the young buds or pseudo-bulbs, and feeding on the soft tissue. As soon as the burrow is made the growth of the plant is weakened, so that for 2 or 3 years it produces very poor blooms or none at all. Several larvae may be present in the same pseudo-bulb, in which case the cavities may join up and as many as 10 larvae may be in the same cavity. The plant swells up in the vicinity of the cavity and by this means the injury can be recognised. The larvae pupate in the cavity, the adults emerging by gnawing a small circular hole through the epidermis. The intensity of sunfight«and the tempera- ture of the house greatly influence the time of emergence and ovi- position. Emergence usually occurs on a warm, sunny day and may then be followed by oviposition on the day following, while a few cool, cloudy days would delay the process, or check the rate of oviposition. In less than one day after emergence the insects may have infested a dozen or more healthy plants. The adults live only 4 or 5 days and during this time one female probably lays rather more than 50 eggs. Very vigorous plants are perhaps somewhat immune from attack, as the quick growth of the bud crushes the larvae inside. Some varieties of Cattleya are more susceptible to attacks by 7. orchidearum than others ; Cattleya mossiae and C. gaskelliana suffer very few injuries, while C. labiata, C. percivaliana, C. gigas and C. trianae are badly afiected. The remedial measures that have been recommended for I. orchi- dearum include fumigation, spraying, injection of insecticide into the infested portions and destruction of the infested parts. Fumigation 327 can only be used against tlie adults, since the other stages of the insect are protected by the epidermis of the plant. Control of the adult is useless, unless it can be killed before the eggs are deposited. Since the female frequently lays eggs on the day of emergence, fumi- gation is necessary every night from October to April. Experiments have been conducted to find a material for fumigation that vnW kill or prevent oviposition by the insect and yet can be used every night mthout injury to the plant. Pyrethrum and nicofume were tried, but were not strong enough ; one sheet of nicofume in 600 cub. ft. of space did not prevent oviposition, and it is doubtful whether the plants would stand a stronger dose on 180 consecutive nights. Hydro- cyanic acid gas is considered too dangerous for such frequent exposure in the moist atmosphere of an orchid house. Further investigation with fumigants is necessary. Spraying also would reach only the adult, and as it must be applied with, the same strength and frequency as fumigation it is not thought to be practicable. At present, there- fore, neither of these methods is recommended. Injections of ether, chloroform, carbon bisulphide, nicotine solution and pure air have all been tried in infested growths. The first three named killed both insect and infested part of the plant. Nicotine solution is satisfactory when put into the cavity with the insects, but will not permeate the plant tissues. Simple piercing of the shoot, that is, the injection of pure air into the cavity, kills the insects. Piercing the swollen portion would therefore be satisfactory if it were possible to discover all infestations and pierce them properly. The destruction of infested parts is the oldest and surest method of control known, but has the disadvantage that the infestations are not all discovered. It is best to examine all growths less than 18 months old at least once a week unless the grower has not imported orchids or has had no infestations for a year or longer. All the infested portions should be removed and burned. New importations should be carefully kept in a separate house until they have been known to be free from 7. orchidearum for at least a year. If a very valuable plant becomes infested and it is not desirable to remove the infested growth, the plant should be quarantined. RoBSON (R.). The Shortage of Clover Seed in Essex in 1917.— JL Bd. Agric, London, xxv, no. 2, May 1918, pp. 176-179. The shortage of clover seed in Essex in 1917 was in part due to the absence of bees to pollinate the flowers, the Isle of Wight disease having killed off the majority of these, and in part to the destruction of the seed by insects. In 1917, beans, peas and clover were all muck eaten by beetles of the genus Sitones, which eat the leaves. A more serious pest was the weevil, Ajpion apricans, Hbst. This weevil oviposits in the flowers, and when the clover is cut the young weevils in the larval stage are stacked with it, and these in a few days give rise to adult weex'ils that issue from the stacks and eat up the first clover plants they encounter and then pass on into the field to lay eggs for the next generation. The heads of clover in which these eggs are laid produce few or no seeds. Cloth bands coated with coal-tar and pitch, placed round the stacks, catch a great many weevils, and a trench with water and tar would undoubtedly trap the majority. 328 LiCHTENSTEiN (J. L. ) & PiCARD (F.)- Etude Morphologique et Biolo- gique du Sycosoter lavagnei, Picard et J. L. Licht., Hecabolide parasite de V Hypoborus ficus , Ev. [A Morphological and Biological Study of Sycosoter lavagnei, Picard & J. L. Licht., a Hecabolid Parasite of Hypoborus ficus. ] — Bull. Biol. France et Belgique, Paris. li, no. 4, 15th December 1917, pp. 440-474, 33 figs. [Eeceived 28th May 1918.] The small Scolytid, Hypoborus ficus, Er., which mines irregular galleries in the ianer surface of the bark of fig-trees, is parasitised by a Braconid, Sycosoter laixignei. The damage done by H. ficus, though not in itself of great import- ance, can hardly be regarded as neghgible, owing to the fact of this insect producing three, or perhaps more, annual generations. It is however parasitised by two Chalcidids, though to a less extent than by S. lavagnei, and is also destroyed hf an Acarid, Pediculoides ventri- cosus, Newp., and by the Coleopterous larvae of Laemophloeus hypobori, Perris, L. ater, Oliv., and Nemosoma elongatum, L. S. lavagnei, exhibits a seasonal dimorphism in both sexes, most closely analogous to that met with in Isosoma tritici, Fitch, and I. grande, Riley, the difference between the two generations in this case being attributed to the difference between the succulent nourish- ment of spring and the drier character of that of summer, though the factor of nourishment in this species can be only a secondary one among several others. The adults begin to appear in April and emerge throughout the season till the beginning of November. There are probably three generations, the females of the spring generation being almost always winged, while the autumn ones are wingless. Winged males are always exceptional, even in the spring. After emergence, the adult has never been observed to take food, and pairing in observed cases has always been between apterous individuals, once only between an apterous male and a winged female. The egg is laid externally on any part of the skin of the host-larva, which is attacked at any age. On hatching the larva pierces the skin of the host and gradually sucks it dry, ultimately replacing the host larva in its gallery, where it spins its cocoon, the metamorphosis being completed rapidly. Malloch (J. R.). A Partial Key to Species of the Genus Agromyza (Dlptera). — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., 1, nos. 3-4, March-April 1918, pp. 76-80 & 130-132. The contents of this paper are indicated by its title. The following new North American species are described : Agromyza deceptiva, A. angulicornis, A. assimilis and A. indecora. Fisher (W. S.). A New Hopliairom Florida. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., L., no. 4, April 1918, pp. 140-142. Hoplia floridana, sp. n. , is described from Florida, where this beetle is reported as feeding on citrus fohage. 329 Gibson (A.). The Pea Weevil. — Canada Dept. Agric, Ottawa, Crop Protection Leaflet no. 9, March 1918, 2 pp., 1 fig. [Received 5th June 1918.] Bruchus pisorum, L. (pea bruchus) has increased to an important extent in Ontario during recent years and has also appeared in a few locahties in British Columbia. The eggs are laid on the pods and hatch after a few days, the young larva eating through the pod and attacking the seed, in which the insect remains throughout the larval and pupal stages ; the mature beetle also frequently remains in the seed until the following year. When very numerous, however, the adults may leave the peas in late summer or autumn and hibernate beneath rubbish or in barns and other outbuildings. These return to pea plants while the pods are forming, and those planted with the seed emerge through the soil and also fly to pea-pods to oviposit. All growers are urged to watch for the appearance of any stage of the insect and are warned against sowing infested seed unless it has first been fumigated. For this purpose, carbon bisulphide should be used in the proportion of 1 lb. to every 100 bushels of seed ; the exposure should last 48 hours in an air-tight bin or other receptacle. This should be done directly after the crop is gathered. B. pisorum does not breed in dry seeds ; consequently, if the seed is kept in tight bags for a year, any beetles present will emerge and die. For small growers this is an efi ective protection. Another method of destroying the beetles in the seed is by pouring about half a gallon of coal-oil over a barrel containing about 5 bushels. If every seed can be drenched the oil will penetrate and kill the weevil. If seeds that are used in sowing are found to contain this pest, they should be immersed in scalding water for about a minute and subsequently cooled by pouring cold water over them. Sanders (G. E.). Arsenate of Lime (Calcium Arsenate). — Canada Dept. Agric, Ottawa, Crop Protection Leaflet no. 10, [n. d.], 4 pp. [Eeceived 5th June 1918.J Calcium arsenate, on account of its efiiciency and low cost, is highly recommended as an insecticide, as it replaces lead arsenate or lead or zinc arsenite, which are at present costly and difficult to procure. It is however advisable in the present state of investigations to use it as a spray only for apple, potato and pear ; for tender foliage, such as plum, cherry or peach, it is not regarded as safe. Used alone, it causes scorching and must therefore be combined with certain other sprays. The form in which it is recommended is the commercial dry powder, containing 40 per cent, arsenic oxide in the form of tri-calcium arsenate and less than 1 per cent, soluble arsenic, and so finely ground that 1 lb. of the dry material occupies 80 cubic inches. When 10 parts of either water-slaked or hydrated hme is used to 1 part calcium arsenate, the material can be apphed to apple and potato foliage without injury. Calcium arsenate with lime-sulphur has invariably given shghtly better results in the control of fungous diseases than lead arsenate with lime-sulphur. Trees sprayed vdih. the former combination have in three years' experiments given more apples 330 than those treated with the latter mixture. Calcium arsenate with lime-sulphur has caused noticeable yellowing of the foHage ; this can be ehminated by adding 5 lb. of water-slaked or hydrated Hme to each 40 gals, of thfe mixture when used for the after-blossom sprayings. With such sulphide sprays as Kme-sulphur, barium tetra-sulphide and sodium sulphides, calcium arsenate is the only poison on the market that can be used without such chemical change taking place between the sulphide and the poison as would result in injury to foHage. On account of the apparent increase in the toxic value of arsenicals that results from the presence of sodium salts, it has been found desirable to decrease the amoimt of calcium arsenate used with sulphide sprays to the proportion of | lb. calcium arsenate to 40 gals. Sodium sulphide solutions do not adequately protect calcium arsenate against air, and in order to eliminate scorching where this combination is used for the four sprays; 10 lb. hydrated or water- slaked lime must be added to each 40 gals. With Bordeaux mixture, calcium arsenate has given great satis- faction. While lead arsenate, on account of its adhesive qualities, assists the fungicidal action of Bordeaux mixture more than calcium arsenate, the difference in cost and greater convenience are both in favour of the latter material. It is estimated that at the present time Paris green and lead arsenate cost about two-thirds more than calcium arsenate, while zinc arsenite costs about one-third more. Buyers are warned against certain brands of calcium arsenate that are coarse and gritty and low in arsenic, as these give bad results with sulphide sprays. Ross (W. A.). Some Ladybird Beetles destructive to Plant Lice. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, v, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 344-347, 2 figs. Among the Canadian Coccinellids that are of great importance in the control of Aphids are : — Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella quinque- notata, C. novemnotata, C. frifasciata, Hippodamia tredecimpunctata, H. convergens, Megilla inacidata, and Anatis quinquedecimpunctata. SwAiNE (J. M.) & Sanders (G. E). The White-marked Tussock Moth and its Control on Shade Trees and Orchard Trees. — Canada Dept. Agric, Entom. Branch, Otta^va, Circ. no. 11, 7th March 1918, 12 pp., 9 figs. [Received 6th June 1918.] This comprehensive circular deals with Hemerocampa leucostigma,. S. & A. (white-marked tussock moth), an account of which has already appeared [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 174]. To control this pest in the larval stage on shade-trees lead arsenate spray, at the rate of 5 to 15 lb. lead arsenate paste to 100 gals, water, is recommended. At the time of hatching 5 lb. paste in 100 gals, water will kill the cater- pillars ; if they are more than a few days old, 10 lb. will be required ; while 15 lb. to the same volume of water must be used if they are one-third grown. At intervals of from 7 to 10 years this insect appears in Canada as an orchard pest. From early July till mid- August the larvae 331 teed on apples, damaging sometimes as much as 50 per cent, by biting long, narrow, irregular channels that heal with a brown, corky- scab. Experience has shown that the best results are obtained from the third or after-blossom spray, even the residue of a spray apphed two weeks before the emergence of the larvae being of more value in poisoning the larvae than one apphed at full strength two days after their emergence. In orchards for the spray inunediately after the blossoms the follow- ing are recommended : — (1) Standard lead arsenate paste 12 lb. to 15 lb. to 100 gals, water ; no fungicide is required, the arsenate at this strength being itself efl&cient for this purpose. (2) Sodium sulphide (soluble sulphur 3 to 3| lb., Sulphocide, 2 to 2| quarts, Spra sulphur 31b.), calcium arsenate 1^ lb. (in serious outbreaks 1| to 2 lb.), hydrated or water-slaked hme 20 to 25 lb., water 100 gals. (3) Lime-sulphur 1-006 sp. gr., or 2 gals, commercial concentrate to 100 gals, water, and calcium arsenate 1| to 2 lb. to 100 gals. In applying lime-sulphur for the third spray, the under-side of the leaves should not be wetted. Cameron (A. E.) & Treherne (R. C). The Pear Thrips {Taeniothrips inconsequens, Uzel) and its Control in British Columbia. — Canada Dept. Agric. Entom. Branch, Ottawa, Bull. no. 15, 8th May 1918, 51 pp., 22 figs. A notice of the subject-matter of this bulletin has already appeared [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, p. 70]. Bezzi (M.). Notes on the Ethiopian Fruit-Flies of the Family Trypaneidae, other than Dacus (S.L.) (Dipt.). — II. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix, part 1, May 1918, pp. 13-46, 1 plate, 3 figs. This is the second of the author's papers on this subject [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 208], and synoptic tables are given for all the genera and species. The new species described in this paper include Ocnerioxa woodi, from Nyasaland ; Tephritis ( Urophora) vernoniicola, from Eritrea, bred from galls on twigs of Vernonia abyssinica ; Aciura semiangusta and A. tetrachaeta, from Rhodesia ; Tephrella rufiventris and Eutretosoyna millepimctatum, from Eritrea ; Spathulina acrosticta, Euaresta (Plio- melaena) brevifrons, and E. (P.) strictifrons, from Durban ; Ensina- siphonina, from British East Africa ; Euribia perpallida and E. discipulchra, from Nyasaland ; E. tristrigata, from Eritrea ; Campiglossa perspicillata, from Durban ; Camaromyia acrophthalmay from Nyasaland ; Trypanea hexapoda, from the Gold Coast ; and T. urophora, from Durban. ToTHiLL (J. D.). Some New Species of Tachinidae from India. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix, part 1, May 1918, pp. 47-60, 16 figs. The new species described in this paper include Gymnochaeta immsi, Servillia transversa, S. ursinoidea, Gonia himalensis, Paraphania fusci- pennis, Chaetoplagia asiatica, Frontina kashmiri and Lophosia excisa. 332 Bagnall (R. S.)- On Two Species of Physothrips (Thysanoptera) injurious to Tea in India. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix, part 1, May 1918, pp. 61-64, 2 figs. The author describes Physothrips setiventris, sp. n., and P. lefroyi, Bagn., both of which have been found on tea in India in sufficient numbers to be regarded as pests. Bagnall (R, S.). On the Rubber Thrips {Physothrips funtumiae, Bagn.) and its Allies. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix. part 1, May 1918, pp. 65-70, 3 figs. Three species belonging to the genus Physothrips are described in this paper with a key to the characters of each sex. These are : — P. marshalli, sp. n., from the Gold Coast, found in the flowers of a variety of plants : Physothrips funtumiae, Bagn. (rubber thrips) from Uganda and Southern Nigeria ; and ^ P. kellyanus, Bagn. , from Queensland and Victoria. Distant (W. L.). Descriptions of some Capsidae from the Belgian Congo. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix, part 1, May 1918, pp. 71-73, 3 figs. The following Capsids are described : Lycidocoris mimeticus. Rent. & Popp., found on coffee bushes and also occurring in Uganda ; X. modestus, sp. n., on cinchona ; L. thoracicus, sp. n. ; Chamus bellus, sp. n. ; C. tuberculatus, sp. n., on guava. Tragi ARDH (I.). On a New Method of ascertaining the Parasites of the respective Host-Insects in a Mixed Infestation.~£wZ^. Entom. Research, London, ix, part 1, May 1918, pp. 75-79, 5 figs. This paper elucidates a method of determining the position of the parasites of the various hosts that constitute the often comphcated fauna of such material as the cones of coniferous trees, where each cone usually contains two or three different injurious species. The cones were kept in breeding-cages and the insects emerging from them were collected daily. Diagrams were then made illustra- ting the percentage of each species that emerged during each day. It was assumed that a certain relation existed between the time of emergence of the host and its parasite, the latter being adapted both morphologically and biologically to its host and appearing invariably at the moment most suitable for its successful propagation. Certain data already existed as to the relation of Nemeritis crema- stoides, Hlmg., Ephialtes glabratus, Ratz., and Bracon sp. to Cydia {Laspeyresia) strobilella, L. [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 90]. It was presumed that if other parasitic species grouped themselves round one or other of the phytophagous species in a similar manner to these species about their host, it might safely be concluded that they were parasitic upon them. Fortunately the various phytophagous species did not appear contemporaneously, but in a certain succession, so that it was possible to ascertain the grouping of the parasites around their hosts. Diagrams illustrating the curves of emergence of the various species demonstrate the relations between host and 333 parasite. The close relation of the curves of Platygaster contorticornis, Ratz., and Perrisia strobi, Winn., indicated strongly that the former is parasitic upon the latter, and in fact, investigation of material from which a great number of both these species had emerged revealed a dead indi\'idual of Platygaster contorticornis in an inflated larval skin of Perrisia strobi. It is similarly concluded that A^nostocetus strobi- lanae is a parasite of Torymus azureus, but the evidence of this method alone is not considered conclusive, and it should be followed by close investigation of the material collected. It is suggested that this method might be apphed in similar difficult investigations, such as in large galls, where many different species occur, and in tree-trunks. TuENER (R. E.). On Braconidae parasitic on Diatraea saccharalis in Demerara. — Bull. Entoin. Research, London, ix, part 1, May 1918, pp. 81-82. Three species of Braconids have now been bred in Demerara from the larva of the cane-boring moth, Diatraea saccharalis, viz. : — Ipobracon grenadensis, Ashm., I. saccharalis, sp. n., and Microdus diatraeae, sp. n., the two latter being here described. Williams (C. B.). The Sugar-cane Froghopper in Grenada. — Bidl. Entom. Research, London, ix, part 1, May 1918, pp. 83-87. A severe outbreak of froghoppers, which proved to be Tomaspis saccharina, Dist., a species that has not previously been reported outside Trinidad, is recorded from Grenada. The sugar-cane industry in Grenada is of secondary importance, so that the outbreak is much less serious than in Trinidad. At the beginning of December 1916, the froghoppers were found \ndely distributed over the Island on grass in cane-fields and by the roadside. The species had evidently been long estabhshed. Of three infested fields examined, one had been for ten years previously alternately planted with sugar-canes and used as pasture and before that had been a pasture, the other two had been pastures for 8 years and had only been put under sugar-cane in January 1916. The attack was similar to those in Trinidad ; cane leaves turned brown from the tops downward ; the adult insects were numerous in the axils of the leaves, and nymphs round the main stems. Canes that had been heavily hmed round the stools and then earthed up 4 or 5 inches showed comparatively fewer nymphs. While in Trinidad it is usually the low-lying, heavy clay soils in which damage from froghoppers is most severe, in Grenada such fields remained undamaged, though some froghoppers were found, while the damage was most severe in fields at an altitude of 300-^00 ft. on a steep slope facing east and exposed to trade winds. The reason for this difference is not known ; no constant difference could be found between the froghoppers examined in Grenada and T. saccharina, Dist., from Trinidad. No maggots of the Trinidad Syrphid fly, Salpingogaster nigra, which exercises a considerable check in Trinidad, were seen, nor was the green muscardine iungus, Metarrhizium anisopliae, common enough to be of any practical value. Attid spiders, another Trinidad check, were scarce among the canes. A few individuals of the predaceous grasshopper, Xiphidmm fasciatum, De G., were 334 found in the grass alongside infested fields ; it does not appear to enter the canes, but may keep down the froghoppers in intermediate areas and so limit their spread. The mongoose, which destroys birds and hzards and so encourages insect pests, is common in Grenada. A quantity of artificially prepared spores of the green muscardine fungus was distributed over the damaged fields in Grenada and a number of dead infected hoppers were subsequently found. In 1917, the froghoppers appeared again in both fields, but not to the same extent as in 1916. A map is given, showing the locahties in which infestations of T. sacckarina occurred. Mad AN Mohan Lal (L.). Preliminary Report on Cotton Boll Worm in the Punjab, [Dept. Agric. Punjab,'] Lahore, September 1913, 6 pp. [Received 6th June 1918.] In the Punjab the cotton bollworm^ [Earias ins^dana] breeds actively from May to October, during which time it damages cotton buds, flowers and bolls. The life-cycle is completed within 30 days. In normal years this pest is naturally held in check by parasites and by the summer rains. Two parasites of it occur, though one, a small yellow Ichneumonid, is not of great importance owing to its small numbers. The other, a Braconid, Rhogas lefroyi, Ashm. , is abundant, and multiplies rapidly, but is highly susceptible to cHmatic conditions, being destroyed by the severe cold of winter. Attempts have been made to keep this parasite under control throughout the year by the estabhshment of permanent breeding plots. These consist of about 2 acres of cotton which are infested with parasitised bollworm and allowed to stand from one season to the next, hollyhocks being planted to afford food and shelter to the bollworm during winter. To guard against any considerable diminution in the quantity of the host by the rapid multiplication of its parasites and the consequent destruction of both, the bollworm supply is kept as high as possible by introducing the moths into the plot. In this way host and parasite are kept in equilibrium till about the end of November, both becoming dormant during December and January. The emergence of bollworms bred upon hollyhocks takes place from February to June. Another alternative host-plant, bhindi, has been found to yield parasitised bollworms by the middle of May. Cotton buds attacked by bollworms may be found from April to June, but these *are unparasitised, although R. lefroyi is present in bhindi pods at the time. By the end of June cotton bolls appear, 4 per cent, containing parasitised bollworms. R. lefroyi when extensively established is found only in bolls, not a single case of parasitisation being recorded from bollworms in buds and flowers, and it cannot therefore be estabhshed by means of intro- ducing boxes full of parasitised bolls when bolls are absent in the fields. For the distribution of the parasite special boxes are used, the tops of which are covered with a wire mesh sufficiently small to prevent the escape of the moths, while allowing the parasites to leave them. After the parasites are estabhshed in the fields of a certain locahty, the boxes should be filled with bolls in which the bollworms have already been parasitised and should then be sent out to other locahties. 335 The distribution of parasites early in the season checks bollworm infestation from the very beginning in the bolls. The effect of rainfall in June and July tends to prevent bollworm increase, since affected buds, flowers and early bolls being weak, are easily washed ofE the plants and the bollworms inside them are drowned on the ground, this process being helped by a breeze preceding or following the rain. 'As R. lefroyi can exert no influence on the boll- worm in cotton during June and July, rains are the only potent factors in determining the prevalence of bollworm in cotton during this period. During years of drought, and in districts where the rainfall is extremely scanty the early broods in cotton must be destroyed by mechanical means. This is best effected by passing a long rope to and fro over the upper third part of the plants to jerk off the affected parts, after which the fields should be thoroughly irrigated. R. lefroyi oviposits externally on the body of the host, selecting freshly-bored bolls in which the bollworm hes close to the rind. On an average 5 to 10 eggs are laid, after which the bollworm soon dies. The eggs hatch during the first day and the whole life-cycle occupies only 9 days, the larval period lasting for 3, and the pupal for 5 days, and it is this fact that renders it such an efficient check, since it com- pletes three generations in the time that the bollworm completes one. Madan Mohan Lal (L.). Some Important Insect Pests of Cotton in the Punjab. — Dcpt. Agric. Punjab, Lahore, 1917, 4 pp., 3 plates. [Received 6th June 1918.] Though attacked by a variety of insects, the cotton crop in the Punjab is seriously damaged by only three, viz. : — Cotton bollworm [Earias insulana], red cotton bug [Di/sdercus sp.], and dusky cotton bug [Dysd-ercus sp.]. The life-history of the cotton bollworm and methods of controlling it have already been dealt with [see above]. The red cotton bug, which feeds upon cotton, bhindi, hollyhock and similar plants, may be found in all stages of growth upon green and open cotton bolls. Infested bolls yield light, valueless seed and poor quality lint stained by excreta. Control by mechanical means may be effected by shaking the plants over a vessel containing water and a thin layer of kerosene. The best time for this is May and June when the insects are on bhindi, and in August and September when they are on cotton bolls. Their destruction once a month is sufficient to hold them in check and prevent loss. The dusk}' cotton bug lives on the same host-plants, does the same damage to cotton when present in large numbers during September and October, and may be destroyed in the same way. BoDKix (G. E.). The Destructive South American Locust in British Guiana. An Account of the Recent Locust Infestation. — Jl. Bd. Agric. Brit. Guiana, Demerara, xi, no. 1, January 1918, pp. 3-10. [Received 11th June 1918.] Late in June 1917 a vast swarm of locusts invaded British Guiana from Venezuela via Yarakita, where many descended, in the North West District. The passing of this swarm,, which originated on some 336 of the large islands at the mouth of the Orinoco, is said to have lasted from 7 a.m. to 3 p.m. Offshoots of the main swarm that settled fed voraciously on maize and sweet cassava, which were in every instance speedily singled out and defoliated ; feeding took place largely at night. Oviposition began mthin a fortnight, the favourite locality being the sites of former palms, which consisted of a network of decaying roots mixed with soil, the eggs beginning to hatch from 3 to 4 weeks later. The various measures locally adopted included : — Burning large swarms after surrounding them with plenty of dry, quick-burning bush, a method which gave good results against the younger stages ; the use of traps composed of small canvas sheets or banana leaves well smeared with tar, on to which the young hoppers were brushed, this method proving highly efficacious ; driving the insects into trenches in which the surface of the water, had previously been coated with a film of kerosene ; driving large swarms that had been previously located on to tarpauhns about 12 ft. square smeared with the thickest molasses, a method apphcable only where the vegetation is sparse, but which in such localities 3delded good results. The enforcement of the Insect Pests and Plant Diseases Ordinance early in the campaign was attended with most beneficial results, and the pests were exterminated, except in two districts where the hoppers had attained maturity and consequently powers of flight. GuRNEY (W. B.). Insect Pests of Maize.— N.S.W. Dept. Agric, Sydney, Farmers' Bull., no. 116, March 1918, pp. 37-42, 3 figs. [Received 11th June 1918.] Among the chief insect pests of maize are the grubs of LamelHcorn beetles that feed in the soil on grasses and crop roots for two years or more, hibernating in the pupal state and emerging during the following summer as adults that feed on foliage. Rotation of crops and deep ploughing in autumn are recommended as the best means of controlling them. Similar methods are recommended against wireworms (Elateridae). Laboratory experiments have shown that wirev/orms may be destroyed by feeding on bran poisoned with Paris green, and it is possible that limited areas might be protected by ploughing in a sprinkhng of poisoned bran at the time of sowing. Maize fields adjacent to cutworm-infested grass pastures may be to a certain extent attacked by the larvae of Euxoa infusa (bugong moth). Preventive measures against this Noctuid are of the utmost importance, as it is difficult to control it when once established, though large numbers may be destroyed by hghtly scattering poisoned bran among the patches of seedhng maize. The poison should be made of 1 oz. Paris green mixed dry with 16 oz. bran and made into a dry crumbly mash with water to which has been added half a cupful of salt to a bucket of water, or failing this, a httle treacle. Certain cutworms sometimes appear in spring in vast numbers with astonishing suddenness, due to the fact that they have hibernated as partly grown larvae, the first warm days of spring causing their sudden, appearance. 337 Penfodon auslmlis, a black Lamellicorn beetle, has been recorded as attacking seedling maize, in which case it was present in the soil from a previous crop of infested grass. Another beetle, a species of Clivina, destroys recently planted maize seeds, which should be protected by dipping them in a repellent mixture such as thin tar, and then in Ume-dust with which a little Paris green has been mixed. This method, which is also used against M-ireworms, does not affect the germinating qualities of the seed. Stored maize may be attacked by Calandra oryzae (grain weevil) and by Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois moth). C. oryzae, the commonest Australian species, is a tropical and sub-tropical insect. C. (franaria, which flourishes in cooler regions, has been recorded only t\^ace, in imported grain. Both these weevils are best controlled by the fumes of crude commercial carbon bisulphide, at the rate of 5 lb. or more to everv 1,000 cu. ft., applied at a temperature above 70° F. Jack (R. W.). Notes on the Larvae, etc, of some Rhodesian Tene- brionidae.— *S. African Jl. Nat. Hist., Pretoria, i, no. 1, May 1918, pp. 84-98, 2 plates. Several species of Tenebrionid beetles are of considerable economic importance in southern Rhodesia owing to the attacks on crops made by both the adult beetles and the larvae. Adults of Zophods boiei, Sol., emerge mainly at the commencement of the wet season, but do not lay eggs until March or April. The larvae feed during the winter and pupate in October and November, so that there is one generation in a year. Adults have been known to attack maize seed in dry ground, and sometimes cause serious injury to newly planted tobacco. Species of the genus Psammodes studied include P. scrobicolUs, Fhs., P. similis, Pering., as well as larvae of P. pierreti, Fhs., and P. bqtesi, Haag. The larvae of Psam- modes are active and are very camiibalistic in confinement. They feed largely on the under-ground portions of plants and constitute a serious pest of tobacco, kiUing the plants by eating into the under- ground stems. They show a particular liking for potato tubers. Adults of P. scrobicolUs emerge at the commencement of the rains and oviposit at once. The life-cycle lasts three years, most of which is passed in the larval stage. The life-history of P. similis has not been worked out ; growth in both these species seems to take place mainly during the wet season. These species occur chiefly on sandy soil, either sandstone or granite ; the larvae have not been recorded as injurious in diorite areas. The larvae of Distretus amplipennis, Fhs., have similar feeding habits to those of Psammodes. The beetles emerge and oviposit at the beginning of the rainy season. This genus is commonest on the sand veld, but occurs also on the diorite. TracJiynotus geniculatus, Haag. , in the larval stage has similar feeding habits ; two species of this genus are serious pests of tobacco. Adults of T. genicidatus emerge in April, at the end of the rains, and the life- cycle occupies one year, though occasional specimens may occupy two years in development. Anomalipus plebeius, Pering., attacks potato tubers ; the life-history is not known, but adults emerge and oviposit at the beginning of the rainy season. (C485) B 338 Of the genus Gonocephalum, two species have been studied, viz. : — G. aequale, Er., and G. svnplex, F. With regard to the former, two distinct types of larvae have been bred from adults apparently in- indistinguishable from one another and are described ; whether they represent distinct species is not known. The food of the larvae of G. aequale consists mainly of decaying vegetable matter, but they also eat into certain seeds, notably wheat. The adults do great damage to maize seed in dry land and to newly planted tobacco. They emerge chiefly at the beginning of the rains and lay eggs from March, continuing to do so in increasing numbers throughout the winter. The larvae feed during the winter and pupate just before the next rains. Adults hve a considerable time, individuals having been kept for more than 12 months in confinement. This species abounds chiefly on the diorite, being relatively scarce on the sand veld. Larv^ae of G. simplex are frequently found on the surface of the soil under rubbish, and feed on decaying vegetable matter. The life-history is similar to that of G. aequale. This species occurs on all types of soil. Another species resembhng G. aequale in life-history and habits is Emyon tristis, Fhs., which is commonly associated with it, but is found more abundantly on the sand veld than G. aequale. The purpose of the variations in the life-histories of the species studied is difficult to understand. The emergence of the adult at the beginning of summer and the postponement of egg-laying until the first signs of autumn, as in the case of Gonocephalum, Emyon and Zophosis, is most unusual among insects. All these occur on the dioritic loam which forms a very tenacious mud in the wet season, and it may be that this environment does not suit the young larvae as well as dry conditions. Trachynotus spp. live over the wet season in the larval stage, but the larvae have attained considerable growth before the rains begin. The other species, which oviposit at the beginning of the rains, occur mostly on the sand veld. This paper concludes with a key to the larvae of the species discussed. Robinson (R. H.). The Calcium Arsenates. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xiii, no. 5, 29th April 1918, pp. 281-294. The author gives the following summary of this paper : — Pure calcium hydrogen arsenate (Ca HAs O4) and tricalcium arsenate [Cas (As 04)2] have been prepared and methods for their preparation outhned. The specific gravity of calcium hydrogen arsenate was found to be 3'48 ; that of tricalcium, 3"31. The solubihty of the former in 100 gm. water at 25° C. was 0-310 gm. and that of the latter was 0"013 gm. A chemical study of the relative stabihty showed that (a) there was no apparent reaction between either calcium hydrogen arsenate or tricalcium arsenate and lime-sulphur when combined at a dilution used in field spraying ; (b) the addition of an excess of calcium oxide to either of the calcium arsenates prevented arsenic "from going into solution ; (c) some commercial substitutes for lime-sulphur reacted with both of the calcium arsenates; (d) the arsenates reacted -with, or became soluble in organic acids and various salts, such as sodium chloride. The composition of various commercial arsenates is given and commented upon. 339 Hagan (H. R.). The Codling Moth {Carpocapsa pomonella, L.). — Utah Agric. Coll. Expt. Sta., Logan, Circ. no. 30, March 1918, 4 pp., 1 fig. [Received 6th June 1918.] This brief bulletin gives a concise account of the Ufe-history of the codling moth {Cydia pomonella), together with directions for its control by spraying and banding. Hagan (H. R.). The Alfalfa Weevil {Phijtonomus posticus, F.). — Utah Agric. Coll. Expt. Sta., Logan, Circ. no. 31, April 1918, 8 pp., 4 figs. [Received 6th June 1918.] Hypera variabilis {Phytonomus posticus) (alfalfa weevil) is rapidly increasing its area of distribution, flight being the means by which this occurs. The summer flight takes place late in the season, when the adults seek shelter for hibernation, though a large percentage of them never leave the fields in which they have been feeding. In the spring, the over-wantering adults make their spring flight in search of food, these two migrations causing the weevil to spread at the average rate of 20 miles a year. Along favoured routes, such as roadways, ditchbanks and railways where escaped lucerne is growing, the rate of spread is much more rapid, and may be 50 to 60 miles in a season. Damage is caused by the overwintering females ovipositing in the young lucerne stems, as many as 40 eggs being laid in each puncture, while a single female may lay 600 to 800 eggs during the spring. In warm, dry weather the process is completed in a few days ; in a cold, wet season it extends over several weeks. The larva, on hatching, seeks the developing leaf-buds, feeding upon the growing tip and stopping the growth. As it grows it feeds upon the larger leaves, with the result that a very hght first crop is obtained, and this cannot mature till the larva has become full-grown and dropped to the ground. Here it spins a cocoon in some shelter such as a dry, curled leaf, but does not burrow into the soil to pupate. The adult emerges after a pupal period of about 10 days. Since the greatest loss is due to larv^al attack on the first crop, which also delays the second crop, remedial measures should have for their aim the early maturing of the first crop. To attain this, the soil should be well opened in the spring and the best irrigation methods employed to secure maximum growth. If, as sometimes happens in cases of severe infestations, the first crop has not bloomed by the time that cutting is normally due, it is advisable to let the crop stand till about the middle of June to ensure that practically all the eggs have been laid and then to cut and remove the hay as quickly as possible. The field should then be carefully treated with the spring- tooth harrow, followed by the brush or wire drag, in order to break up the surface of the soil, to stimulate the early growth of the secoiid crop, to tear all green tissue from the lucerne cro^\^as so as to starve the larvae, and to make a fine dust mulch, which, heated by the hot sun, would burn and suffocate the larvae dragged into it from the crowns. For this method to be successful the field must be dry. After allowing it to remain in this condition for 2 or 3 days, it should be thoroughly irrigated, when a rapid growth of lucerne should result. As old fields are unable to resist weevil attack so well as young fields, a crop rotation limited to 4 or 5 years of lucerne is advised. (C485) h2 340 Pasturing sheep on the field for a few days in early spring has been found beneficial, and on gravelly land where the dust mulch is an impossibility, spraying the young crop with lead arsenate at the rate of 5 lb. paste to 100 U.S. gals, water undoubtedly kills many of the larvae. This method cannot however be recommended on account of its cost and the possible danger of poisoning stock. Jones (C. R.). Grasshopper Control. — Colorado Agric. Expt. Sta., Fort Collins, Bull. no. 233, June 1917, 27 pp., 8 figs. [Received 6th June 1918.] This bulletin gives an account of the life-history of the various species of destructive grasshoppers found in Colorado and describes the usual methods of control with particulars of the apparatus used. The more important species are Melanoplus atlantis, Riley, M. hivit- tcUus, Say, M. differentialis, Thom., and M. femur-rubrum, De G. Natural enemies include several parasitic and predaceous insects ; a species of Sarcophaga has been bred abundantly from both nymphs aaid adults. The large Carabid beetle, Calosoma obsoletum, Say, and a robber fly, Promachus sp., have been observed on various occasions feeding upon young grasshoppers. Solitary wasps, such as Priononyx atratus, are also instrumental in destroying young hoppers. A list is given of insectivorous birds that constantly feed upon grasshoppers and other insects, while all domestic birds are known to aid materially in checking them, but are only cf practical value on small areas. Pettit (R. H.), Report of the Entomologist. — 56tJi Ann. Rept. (1st July 1916 to 30th June 1917) Michigan State Bd. Agric., Lansing, 1917, pp. 321-322. [Received 5th July 1918.] During the period under review the pests that were more trouble- some than usual included Aphids, particularly on fruits, onion maggot [Hylemyia antigua], cabbage maggot [Phorbia brassicae] and bean maggot [P. fusciceps]. The clover leaf beetle \Hyj)era punctata'] was present in some districts early in the season and another weevil, Sitones hispididus, became so numerous on lucerne that in some locali- ties entire fields were destroyed. The fruit-tree leaf-roller \Cacoecia argyrospila] continued to thrive in restricted areas and proved very difficult to control. The tomato stalk-borer, Papaipema nebris (nitela), ravaged potato fields, while a similar, if not the same borer destroyed many young maize plants. Experiments in the control of woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigeriim] on young apple trees in nurseries are being carried on. NoTEWARE (J. R.). Report of the South Haven Experiment Station, — 56th Ann. Rept. {1st July 1916 to 30th June 1917) Michigan State Bd. Agric, Lansing, 1917, pp. 673-678. Various "sprat's for scale-insects were used during the period, but owing to lack of uniform conditions of application it was impossible to determine the relative merits of the materials employed. For Aphids on apples, " nicotine sulphate 40 percent., 1 oz. to 8| U.S. gals., combined with lime-sulphur," was used, and also Scalecide, 1 gal. 341 to 30 gals. Nicotine gave the better results and no injury to foliage resulted from its use. For larvae of codling moth [Cydia jjomonella] on apples, dry arsenate of lead and arsenite of calcium were tried to determine their comparative values. Three applications of each substance combined with summer strength of lime-sulphur were given ; lead arsenate proved to be the better poison. Pear psylla [PsyUa pj/ri] caused considerable trouble in some localities, and as spraying was not begun promptly, many orchards were badly infested by mid-summer. Three mixtures were used as sprays : kerosene emulsion, 40 per cent. ; nicotine 1 : 800 and soap ; and a mixture consisting of 40 lb. stone Kme, 1 U.S. pint nicotine and 1 U.S. gal. lime-sulphur to 100 U.S. gallons. These mixtures were applied in early August ; very little difference in effectiveness was observed, control in each case being far from complete. The wash containing lime seemed to be the best deterrent, but should have been applied earher. No WELL (W.). Infection of Orange Fruit through Bug Punctures.— Agric. News, Barbados, xvii, no. 418, 4th May 1918, p. 142. The sweet orange has to be added to the list of fruits serving as hosts for the fungi associated with the internal boll disease of cotton bolls. An orange purchased in Barbados and reputed to have come from Grenada was infested in many spots with a prolific culture of Nemalospora sp. ; there is little doubt that the infection had been introduced by the punctures of some plant-feeding bug. Report on the Prevalence of Some Pests and Diseases in the West Indies during 1916. (Compiled from the Reports of the Principal Agricultural Officers.) — West Indian Bull., Barbados, xvi, no. 4, 1918, pp. 309-331. This is a resume of various local reports, much of the information from which has alreadv been noticed [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, iv, p. 416, V, pp. 330 and 392-394]. Wil:mot (N. E.). English Sparrow {Passer domesticus) feeding on the Larva of the Elm-tree Beetle. — U.S. Dept. Agric. Expt. Sta, Record, Washington, DC,, xxxviii, no. 5, April 1918, p. 457. (Abstract from Auk, xxxiv, no. 4, 1917, pp. 479-480.) The English sparrow is recorded as feeding on the elm-tree beetle [Galerucella lineola'] in large numbers, and also upon small moths on the wing. May beetles [Lachnosterna], etc. The author is of opinion that the sparrow is becoming more insectivorous every year. Bredemann (G.). Die Heuschreckenplage in Kleinasien und ihre Bekampfung im Jahre 1916. [The Locust Plague in Asia Minor and combative j\leasures in 1916,] — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrank- heiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 7-8, 31st January 1918, pp. 364-365. (Abstract from Die Utnschau, 1917, pp. 29-34, 11 figs.) The author was inspector of the measures taken by the Turkish authorities against Dociostaurus [Stauronotus) •maroccanus, which had 342 already spread over the whole of West Anatolia. The eggs are deposited in batches of about 35 during a period of 6 weeks ending in mid-August. About 8 or 9 months later, from mid-March to mid- April, the hoppers hatch out. The measures against the eggs and hoppers were organised on mihtary lines. About 87,000 acres were ploughed up and about 6,420 metric tons of eggs were destroyed. The hoppers were driven together and either trampled or beaten to death. As this involved a disproportionate number of workers — - from 450,000 to 500,000 people being employed in 11 districts — a new method was introduced in which strips of zinc about 1 foot high were placed across the path of the invasion with trap- trenches on the side nearest the locusts. By means of such a strip, about | a mile long, 35-40 men were able to catch about 100 metric tons of hoppers in 2 days ; with the old system at least 1 ,000 workers would have been required. Schumacher (F.). Pseudococcus vovae, Nassonow, eine fiir Deutsch- land neue Schildlaus. [Pseudococcus vovae, Nassonov. a Scale-insect new to Germany.] — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart ^ xxvii, no. 7-8, 31st January 1918, p. 366. (Abstract from Sitzungsber. d. Gesell. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1916, pp. 346-347.] In 1916 the author found Pseudococcus vovae, Nass., in great abundance in Brandenburg on Juniperus communis, the same plant on which it was discovered by Nassonov in Poland in 1906. This constitutes the first record of this scale in Germany. Schumacher (F.). Auftreten einer Tamariskenzikade in Brandenburg. [The Appearance of a Tamarisk Cicada in Brandenburg.] Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 7-8, 31st January 1918, p. 368. (Abstract from Sitzungsber. d. Gesell. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1916, pp. 241-244.) In October 1916 tamarisk plants near Berlin were found to be infested by the cicada. Opsins heydeni, Fischer, which apparently is more widely distributed thi'ough Germany than has hitherto been believed. Schumacher (F.). Ueber die Gattung Stethocomts, Flor (Hem. Het. Caps.). [The Genus Stethoconus, Flor (Hem. Het. Caps.).] — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 7-8, 31st January 1918, p. 368. (Abstract from Sitzungsber. d. Gesell. naturf. Freunde zu Berlin, 1916, pp. 344-346.) In 1910 Nawa recorded in Japan {Insect World, xiv, p. 8) a Capsid enemy of Stephanitis (Tingis) pyrioides, which is allied to the European pear Tingid, S. {T.) pyri. The larvae of the two species are very similar. The author considers this Capsid to be Stethoconus japoniciis. S. mamillosus, Flor {cyrtopeltis, Flor) is an enemy of Stephanitis pyri in Europe, its larvae sucking those of the latter. Besides the apple and pear, S. pyri injures the apricot, peach. Primus lusitanica (Portugal laurel) and Juglans regia (walnut) ; in Livonia it is attacked by Stethoconus oberti, Kol. As an indirect means of checking the pear Tingid is of high practical value, a further study of the habits of these Capsids is advisable. 343 FuLMEK (L.). Die Birngallmucke. [The Pear Gall F]y.]-~Zeitschr, f. Pfianzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xx\'ii, no. 7-8, 31st January 1918, p. 370. (Abstract from Milt, der K.K. Pflanzenschutzstation in Wien, 1916.) Descriptions are given of Contarinia jyyrivora, Ril., and of the injury caused by it to young pears. The collection of damaged fruit and the cultivation in autumn of the groimd beneath the tree or covering it with caustic lime or kainit, or watering it with carbolineum, are the measures advocated. Taschenberg (0.). Einige Bemerkungen iiber die Lebensweise eines Chalcidiers {Syntomaspis pubescens, Mayr). [Some Observations on the Life-history of Syntomaspis pubescens, Mayr.] — Zeitschr. /. Pfianzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 7-8, 31st January 1918, p. 378. (Abstract from Zeitschr. f. wiss. Insektenbiolog., xii, 1916, pp. 319-320.) The apple must be added to the plants attacked by the Chalcid, Syntomaspis pubescens, Mayr, it having been found in apples of the 1915 crop in Swabia. RuscHKA (F.). Zur Lebensweise des Apfelchaleidiers. [The Life-history of the Apple Chalcid.] — Zeitschr. f. Pfianzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 7-8, 31st Januaiy 1918, p. 378. (Abstract from Zeitschr. f. wiss. Insektenbiolog., xiii, 1917, p. 33.) In addition to being present in Himgary and Russia, Syntomaspis druparicm, Boh., is also found in the larval stage in small apples in Styria and northern Austria, where there is one annual generation. The identity of this pest with S. pubescens has not yet been established. WiERENGA (0. M.). Waarschuving tegen de Anggrang (roode Mier). : [A Warning against the Red Ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, F.] — Zeitschr. f. Pfianzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 7-8, 31st January 1918, p. 378. (Abstract from Meded. Proefstation Malang, Soerabaya, no. 13, pp. 15-16.) The red ant, Oecophylla smaragdina, ¥., is of universal occurrence in Java and when present in large numbers in coffee and Hevea plantations its bite is so troublesome to the workers that its extermination becomes necessary. The destruction of the nests by plunging them in hot water is the only reliable remedy. Schwartz (M.). Schutz der Oelfriichte gegen Schadlinge. [The Protection of Oil-yielding Plants against Pests.] — Deutsche Land- wirtschftl. Presse, Berlin, xlv, no. 34, 27th April 1918, pp. 210-211, 12 figs. The increased cultivation of oil-producing plants in Germany favours their insect enemies and the most important of these are therefore briefly described in this article. The larva of the beetle, Psylliodes chrysocephala, L., winters in rape and beet crops, feeding on the pith of the stems. From May onwards the adults feed on the leaves and shoots and in autumn they some- times destroy entire fields of winter rape and beet. Oviposition 344 takes place in the leaf-axis of rape, cabbage and Mathiola incana. The beetles drop when the plants are gently shaken and are easily captured by means of tarred boards. Another larva injurious to the stems is that of the weevil, Baris chlorizans, Germ., the hibernating adults of which deposit their eggs in spring in the stems of young rape and beet, near the leaf-axis. All stumps of rape, beet and cabbages should be pulled up and burnt immediately after harvesting. The flowers of cruciferous plants are attacked in May by Meligethes aeneus, F. This beetle may be captured like P. chrysocephala ; in pre-war times dusting with a mixture of 1 part insect powder and 2 parts flowers of sulphur was resorted to. Ceuthorrhynchus asswiilis, Payk., also gnaws the flowers and buds. Its larva feeds on the pistils di the flowers and on the unripe seed of the yoimg pods, which then open prematurely. The injury resembles that oiPerrisia{Dasyneura) brassicae, Wied. (cabbage gall- midge), but the larvae of P. brassicae are found in numbers (up to 50-60) in a pod, whereas that of C. assimilis occurs singly. No remedies are known against either of these pests, which, however, do less damage than the caterpillars of Evergestis extimalis, Scop., which feed on the seeds and pods of rape, radish, cabbage and mustard. Deep ploughing after the harvest destroys the overwintering caterpillars. The caterpillars of Phalonia (Conchylis) epilinana, Zell. , attack flax-seeds in their capsules. Infested flax must be threshed out soon after the harvest. In some years the foliage of rape, mustard and flax is seriously injured by the larva of the sawfly, Athalia colibri {spinarum), which also lives on all varieties of cabbage and on many weeds. Collection of the larvae or their destruction by cultural methods when hibernating in the soil are the measures advised. Euxoa (Agrotis) segetum proved especially harmful in Germany in 1917. Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis, Gyll., oviposits in May in the roots of rape and the larva is. enveloped in a gall which reaches the size of a hazel-nut. After about a month the larva bores its way out and pupates in the ground ; the beetles emerge about a month later. All stumps should be pulled up and burnt immediately after the harvest and ploughing, rolling and harrowing are also useful measures. Mazieres (A. de). Nouveau Proc6d6 de Destruction de la Mouche de rOlive. [A New Method of Destruction of the Olive-fly.] — Rev. Hortic. de VAlgerie, Algiers, xxii, nos. 4-5, April-May 1918, pp. 62-63. This paper describes the device invented by Lotrionte for trapping the adults of Dacus oleae [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 289], and gives recommendations for preparing and applying the poison [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 452]. Yano (M.). Nekirimushi no tekichu ni tsuite. [On the Insect Enemies of Root-cutting White Grubs.] — Ringyo Shiken Hokoku. [Report of Forest Experiments], Imperial Bureau of Forestry, Toki/o, no. 17, 30th March 1918, pp. 59-66, 1 plate. White grubs, or the larvae of Lamelhcorn beetles, are known to do formidable damage to the roots of young forest trees, sugar-cane and many farm crops. There are no known eft'ective measures against 345 these pests ; the use of carbon bisulphide or naphthaline and the collection of the adult beetles are the only ones yet recommended. Recently the attention of economic entomologists has been directed towards a search for their enemies, both parasitic and predaceous, such as those of Anomala orientalis in Hawaii. The insect enemies of these beetle larvae include a number of Scoliidae. Thus in North America Elis quinquecincta and Tiphia inornata are parasitic on Lachnosterna ; in Europe, TipJiia femorata on Aynphimallus {Rhizotrogus) solstitialis, Scolia hifasciata on Cetonia, and S. inter- rupta on Anoxia villosa ; in Java, Elis fhoracica and E. luctuosa on Anomala ; and finally, the species that is parasitic on the Japanese Anomala orientalis, which was discovered by Muir of the Hawaiian Sugar Experiment Station and is said to belong to the same genus, Elis. Though many beetles are kno-svn to prey upon other insects, none have hitherto been discovered that attack subterranean white grubs. Recently a beetle was sent to the author which was said to be preda- ceous upon them. It proves to be a species of Hister and, as this beetle generally lives under decayed leaves or rotten bark, though it may eat the grub under observation in confinement, whether it really preys on them underground requires further confirmation. As regards Dipterous parasites, according to Davis, in North America Micro jMialma disjimcta, M. pruinosa and Ptilodexia tibialis are said to infest Lachnosterna grubs ; the author has not yet, however, found any such species in Japan. In May 1914 the author received an Asihd larva from the Nagasaki Prefecture, and reared from it an adult that proved to be Promaclius yesonicus, Big. (P. ater, Coq.). In 1916 further Asihd larvae were received from the Prefecture of Nagano that were stated to be numerous among the beetle grubs in seed-beds for forest trees. These, as well as the one found by the author himself in a seed-bed of the Tokyo Forestrv' Experiment Station, produced adults of the same species in July and August^of the following year. Several lots of specimens of this species were subse- quently obtained from forestry seed-beds in the Prefecture of Kagoshima. From the study of these examples, the author is of opinion that this Asihd larva is an important enemy of Lamellicorn grubs in Japan. Recently Da\'is has also recorded the fact that Promachus vertebratus and P.fitchi prey upon the larvae of Lachnosterna in the United States [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, iv, p. 285]. The adult fly of Promachus yesonicus appears in the month of June and is predaceous on a great variety of insects, including the adults of white grubs. It oviposits in August, on grasses, weeds or even on telegraph poles ; the eggs are white and are laid in masses. As soon as the young larvae hatch they immediately bury themselves in the soil and begin to feed on the beetle grubs. It was not possible to ascertain how many grubs the fly larva destroys during its life- time, but just before pupation two medium-sized grubs were required to keep it alive for a week. The author was unable to rear the adult from the egg, so that the exact duration of the hfe-cycle could not be ascertained ; but in all probability pupation occurs in the early summer of the second year, and the adult flies appear from June to the beginning of August. Further investigation is still required as to the practical utilisation of these Asihd larvae. As they are usually found mixed up \vith the injurious grubs, when measures 346 are undertaken to exterminate these pests, the former should be care- fully protected. And as the eggs are so conspicuous and easily found owing to their white colour, they should be collected and introduced into places where grubs are numerous. DvoENiTCHENKo (M.). HtKOTopbifl HaSjiiOAeHifl HHAT. nrouepHOii. [Some Observations on Lucerne]. MsTj pa60T"b AHflMWaHCKOM OnblTHOM CiaHUill. [From the Work of the Andizhan (Fergana) Experimental Station.]— « TypKeCTaHCKOe CenbCKOe X03flMCTB0.» [Agriculture of Turkestan], Tashkent, xii, no. 1, January 1917, pp. 22-35. [Received 12th July 1918.] In 1914 Hypera (Phytonomus) variabilis appeared in large numbers on the lucerne field of the Station and greatly injured the foliage. It was found that although mowing may be regarded as exercising some degree of control, it must be done while the larvae are still young ; otherwise they may complete their development and pupate on the ground. The larvae are very active and prefer warm spots, such as are exposed to the sun ; plants under trees were very little damaged, if at all. The first larvae in 1915 were noticed in the middle of March ; later they appeared to suffer from a fungus disease, from which about 65 per cent, perished ; another 9 per cent, were killed by an Ichneumonid parasite, Canidia curculionis. In this connection attention is called to the fact that the mowing of lucerne may prove harmful to parasites, while insecticides may check the spread of beneficial fungi. Vassiliev (I. I.). FyceHima, npoM3BOAflmafl «HeKaHKy» xjionnaT- HMKa. [Caterpillars producing the Dwarfing of Cotton.] — ^« TypKeciaHCKOe CenbCKOe X03flMCTB0.» [Agriculture of Turkestan], Tashkent, xii, no. 1, Januarv 1917, pp. 94-97, 1 fig. [Received 12th July 1918.] The caterpillars of a number of moths give rise to the dwarfing of cotton by injuring the apical buds, thus preventing further upward growth and causing the plant to spread horizontally. In Transcaucasia and Turkestan this effect is most commonly produced by the caterpillars of Platyedra vilella, which in their early stages remain on the cotton foliage, passing later to the apical buds, of which each destroys several, and then penetrating into the stem where they bore a short mine. The caterpillars travel from one plant to another and when mature pupate in the stem. Their presence is indicated by the brown excreta round the entrance hole. This pest breeds also on the fruits and stems of various malvaceous plants, particularly of Althea nudiflora, which latter, in the opinion of the author, forms its chief breeding place, and from there it invades cotton. Another insect damaging cotton in a similar manner is the caterpillar of Cacoecia strigana, which attacks the apical buds and young leaves, but seldom enters the stem. The presence of this pest can be detected by the withered leaves, entangled with web at the ends of the shoots, which remain for a long time on the plant. This moth also breeds on a number of weeds. In rare cases cotton is also injured by Eucosma hictuosana (Epiblema cirsiana), which however does not injure the 347 apical bud, but mines the stem and frequently also the branches ; its usual host-plants are various species of Cirsium and Carduus. Cotton is occasionally injured by the caterpillars of Pyrausta nuhilalis {Botys silacealis), which bore a long mine in the upper part of the stem, causing it to break and hang down. Gratchev (A.). 0 hobomtj cnocoSt yHMmomeHifl capaH4ii. (Mhkpo- 6ionorM4ecKiM Meiofl-b 6opb6bi ci. capaHMeti). [A new Method of destroying Locusts. (The Bacteriological Method).] — « TypKB- CTaHCKOe CejibCKOe X03flilCTB0.» — [Agriculture of Turkestan], Tashkent, xii, no. 2, February 1917, pp. 110-116. [Received 12th July 1918.] This is a plea for giving Coceobacillus acridiorum, d'Herelle, a fair trial in Russia and for a careful study of its possibilities of checking the ravages of Dociostaurus {Stauronotus) maroccanus and Locusta {Pachytylus) migratoria in Turkestan. UVAROV (B.P.). OTHOlilCHie 3HT0M0n0r0BT> K"b HOBOMy MBTOfly 6opb6bi CTj capaHMeBblMM. [The Attitude of Entomologists to the new Method of controlling Locusts.] — « TypHeCTaHCKOB CenbCKOe X03flMCTB0.)» [Agricidture of Turkestan], Tashkent, xii, no. 6, June 1917, pp. 343-348. [Received 12th July 1918.] In this reply to the above article, the author expresses the opinion that the bacteriological method of controlUng locusts has not yet been fully studied and that further careful scientific investigations are extremely necessary. For the time being the popularisation of this method is therefore inopportune, as tending to discredit the estabhshed remedial methods now in use. ripOTMBOCapaHMeBbm paSoibl BIj 1917 rofly. [Anti-Locust Operations in 1917.]— « TypKecTaHCKoe CenbCKoe Xo3flMCTBO.» [Agricidture of Turkestan], Tashkent, xii, no. 2, February 1917, pp. 139-144. [Received 12th July 1918.] Owing to a large outbreak of locusts in 1916, favoured by the weather conditions and by the absence of a proper campaign against the larvae, due to a variety of causes connected with the War, over 225,000 acres of land in the provinces of Samarkand and Syr-Darya were infested with egg-clusters. Such an extensive oviposition by locusts has not occurred since 1912, and the sum of £150,000 was assigned for the cam- paign in 1917. Of this over £50,000 was estimated to cover the cost of labour and over £25,000 that of insecticides. It was proposed to use Locusticide, Paris green, white arsenic and sodium arsenite for spraying and to spend about £16,000 on poisoned baits. Kii Bonpocy o nocTOflHHbix'b opraHM3auiflX'b no 6opb6t Cb BpeAMie- jiflMn M 6ojit3HfliviMcejibCKo-xo3fliicTBeHHbix'b pacTeHJii Bii Typue- CTaHCKOHls Kpa'b. [On the Question of the permanent Organisa- tions for the Control of Insect Pests and Diseases of cultivated Plants in Turkestan.]— « TypKeCTaHCKOe CenbCKOe X03flilCTB0.» [Agriculture of Turkestan], Tashkent, xii, no. 2, February 1917, pp. 144-148. [Received 12th July 1918.] The full text of the regulations governing the organisation of local 348 bureaus for the control of pests in Turkestan, as agreed at the Provin- cial Interdepartmental Conference at Tashkent [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 304] is given, and also the estimated budgets of the bureaus ^ the maintenance expenses of each of which is placed at about £2,200. Three local bureaus are projected, one for each of the provinces of Syr-Darya, Samarkand and Fergana. The total cost of the whole organisation amounts to from £7,500 to £8,000. T.S. 0 capaHMeBblXlj pafiOTaxijB-b Byxapt. [On Anti-locust Measures in Bokhara.]— «TypKeCTaHCKOe Ce/lbCKOe X03flMCTB0.»— ^^rncwi- ture of Turkestan], Tashkent, xii, no. 4-5, April-May 1917, p. 310. [Received 12th July 1918.] This is a note recording the completion of the anti-locust operations in Bokhara in 1917. Owing to the exceptional drought and the absence of grass, the pests either did not hatch at all, or perished in the early stages ; consequently in many localities no operations against them were necessary. SmRNov (D.). OnbiTij onbuieHin xjionna ctpHbiMi. i^etiOM-b npoTMOt nayiHHHaro Knema, ero peay/ibiaTbi, aHanns-b pocia m nnoflo- HomeHifl xjionna JiiroM-b 1914 r. bi* MypraOcKOMii (6biBiiieMi> FocyflapeBOMTj) MlVltHiM. [An Experiment on dusting Cotton with Flowers of Sulphur against Tetranychus, tetanus, L., its Results, Analysis of the Growth and Harvest of Cotton in the Summer 1914 on the Murgab (late Imperial) Estate.] — «TypKe- CiaHCKOe CejlbCKOe X03flilCTB0.» [Agriculture of Turkestan]^ Tashkent, xii, nos. 4-5, 7-8, April-May, July- August 1917, pp. 214-226, 423-428, 10 figs. [Received i2th July 1918.] These are the first two instalments only of this article on the effect of sulphur on Tetranychus telarius and the conclusions arrived at are incomplete. Former experiments by the author and K. E. Demokidov, under- taken in 1912-13, estabhshed the fact that dusting with sulphur is an effective remedy against Tetranychus telarius, being especially destructive to the eggs, which turn red and shrivel within a few days after the treatment. Laboratory experiments show that eggs of this mite are affected in the same way by the action of sulphur dioxide gas. Although the results of these experiments seemed conclusive, it was found necessary to repeat them under various conditions of cotton cultivation and at different seasons. The chief damage done by the mites consists in the dropping of buds and flowers, while the defoliation of the plants is harmful only in June and July, and this occurs only exceptionally. Further, various enemies greatly reduce the numbers of the mites towards the end of July, and it would therefore appear that the end of June is the most suitable time for applying the sulphur. These natural enemies include larvae and adults of Scymnus and Coccinella, larvae of Chrysopa, a Cecidomyid, the larvae and adults of Anthocorid bugs, and a small spider. In 1912-13 it was found that the mites winter on the under-side of the leaves, and consequently an outbreak in one year is followed by infestation of the plants next year, if sown on the same field. Before the appearance of the cotton seedhngs the increase of the mites depends 349 on the number and kinds of weeds surrounding the plantation ; thus the wet spring of 1913, owing to a large growth of weeds, led to a severe outbreak ; while in 1914, the spring droughts and the scarcity of weeds resulted in a very belated and hmited appearance of the pest. The destruction of weeds by ploughing early in spring is accordingly an effective remedy. The experiments of 1914 were conducted on two plots, one of which was watered thrice, and the other twice. A detailed description of the plots and the weeds overgrowing them is given. Amongst the latter, special mention is made of Saiissurea amara, L., on the leaves of which the mites breed only in spring until May. In so far as the growth of the plants is concerned, both the dusted and undusted plants of the plot subjected to three waterings were practically of the same height, while of the plants with two waterings the undusted ones were higher than the dusted. Evidently the sulphur affects the growth, and the additional watering gives the plants sufficient strength to withstand this effect. The number of leaves is also reduced by dusting, though at the same time it saves some of them from dropping and by destroying the mites allows the plant to produce more foliage. As to the pest itself, the results tend to show that the absence of sufficient moisture favours its development ; and that dusting with sulphur destroys the mites and decreases the injury to cotton. The conclusions as to the effect of the combined dusting and watering on the buds and flowers cannot be summarised, as they are not complete. VAN Hall (C. J. J.). Ziekten en Plagen der Cultuurgewassen in Nederlandsch-Indie in 1917, [Diseases and Pests of cultivated Plants in the Dutch East Indies in 1917.] — Meded. Laboratorimn voor Plantenzielden, Buifenzorg, no. 33, January 1918, 42 pp. Owing to the wet east monsoon [dry season] of 1916 and the pro- longed rains during the west monsoon of 1917 insect injury was less severe than in previous years. Helopeltis, however, was an exception and did much damage to tea. The locust infestation of teak, Hevea and coconut was negligible, whereas it has been noticeable everywhere in 1915. The inadequate shipping facihties and consequent accu- mulation of produce resulted in greatly increased loss through insects, but the experience of 1916 having led to universal fumigation with carbon bisulphide, tobacco of the 1917 crop suffered little from Lasioderma [serricorne] and Sefomorpha [margalaestriata]. Potatoes were seriously attacked in some districts by a Coccinellid, Ejnlachna sp. Arachis hypogaea planted at the beginning of the east monsoon [about mid- April] was injured by a T}'phlocybid leaf -hopper, about 25 per cent, of the crop being lost. Cacao suffered less from Helopeltis, and a reduction of infestation was observed in estates where measures were taken against the gramang ant [Plagiolepis longijjes], and the black cacao ant [Dolichoderus bitnberculatiis] was introduced. Borers were unimportant ; Zeuzera was less abundant and Phassns damor was reported once only. In the dry season a Diaspine scale occurred abundantly in some localities and was followed by a fungus infestation. Teak forests were infested as usual by Galotermes tectonae, Duomitus ceramictis, Wlk., and 350 Hyhlaea puera, Cram. It is certain that the yearly destruction of the young leaves by the latter moth must be detrimental to the production of timber, nor can the injury done by C. tectonae be unimportant. Infestation by the locust, Gyrtacanthacris nigricornis, was not observed, the outbreak having ended with the wet weather in 1915 and 1916. In gambir [Uncaria] plantations on the Sumatran east coast, the Capsid, Helopeltis sumatranus, Roepke, was noticed, and experiments showed that this insect attacks tea in preference to gambir [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 38]. Hevea was practically free from insect attack ; one case of infestation with Coptotermes gestroi was reported, while Oecophylla [smaragdina] was often troublesome to workers in rubber plantations. Kapok [Eriodendron anfractuosumi in nurseries was infested by the scale, Pseudococcus (Dactylopius) adonidum. Glycine soya was injured by Agromyza. Cinchona was attacked by Helopeltis antonii and by the mites, Tetranychus telarius (himaculatus) (cassava mite), Tarsonemus translncens and Brevipalpus obovatus ; T. telarius was tbe most injurious of these. Coconut pests included a Hispid, the Dynastid, Oryctes [rhinoceros], the Curculionid, Rhynchophorus [ferrugineus], the Pyrahd, Melisso- blapies [rufovenalis], and Brachartona catoxaniha. The last-named moth occurred in a great many districts ; a fairly successful remedy was the removal and burning of infested leaves. Cof?ee pests included Plagiolepis longipes ; Coccus (Lecanium) viridis ; Oecophylla [smaragdina] ; the Nematode, Tylenchus cojfeae ; Pseudococcus sp. ; and the coffee beetle, Araecerus sp. Nipa palms on the east coast of Sumatra were attacked by B. catoxantha. Kice was infested by a Cecidonlyid midge ; leaf-eating caterpillars ; the larvae of beetles, apparently Holotrichia helleri and Anomala atro- virens ; the bug, Leptocorisa acuta ; and Hesperid caterpillars. Tobacco was infested by Thrips, Prodenia, Agrotis and Heliothis. Tea pests included Helopeltis, Eriophyes {Phytoptus) carinatus (purple mite), Tarsonemus translucens (yellow mite), Tetranychus telarius and Brevipalpus obovatus. Tephrosia Candida, which is becoming popular as a green manure crop, suffered severely from the Tephrosia beetle {Araecerus fasciculatus). The following are some of the timber pests observed : — Zeuzera cojfeae in Toona sinensis and Sivietenia ynahagoni, the latter tree being attacked also by a borer of the genus Heterobostrichus or closely alhed to it. The seeds of various Leguminosae were infested by seed-borers. Those of Acacia leucophloea, A. tomentosa, Albizzia procera and A. lebbekoides were attacked by a small beetle, thought to be a Bruchid, while a larger species, apparently Pachymerus (Caryoborus) gonagra, F., was fovmd in the seeds of Bauhinia malabarica and Acacia tomentosa. Timber was also attacked by a Hepialid root-borer apparently identical with Phassus dumor, Moore. Illingworth (J. F.). The Leather Beetle {Dermestes vulpinus, F.), a Troublesome Pest of Dried Fish in Hawaii. — Proc. Hawaiian Entmn. Soc for the Year 1917, Honolulu, iii, no. 5, April 1918. pp. 375-378. Dermestes vulpinus, F., which is well-known as a leather pest in the United States, and has caused much damage in warehouses for hides 351 in London, is very destructive to dried fish in Honokilu. Newly emerged beetles were confined in glass jars and their life-history studied. After a pre-oviposition period of some ten days, eggs are laid in any available crevice and hatch in about three days. The larvae moult six times and then leave their food in order to pupate, sometimes boring into cork or wood to find a hiding place. The com- plete Ufe-cycle requires 64 days. Adults were kept for 3 months in the glass jars without water or air, but abundantly supplied with dried fish. Apparently they can subsist and reproduce generation after generation in this way. SwEZEY (0. H.). New Records of Insects on Kauai.— Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc. for the Year 1917, Honolulu, iii, no, 5, April 1918, pp. 379-380. "* The Ichneumonid, Cremastus hymeniae, was found abundantly parasitising Nacoleia (Omiodes) blackburni (coconut leaf-roller). One example was bred from Cryptophlebia illepida in a pod of Acacia farnesiana. Pseudogonatopus hospes, a Chinese Dryinid parasitic on the sugar-cane leaf-hopper [Perkinsiella saccharicida], occurred in cane-fields. A hyper-parasite on Dryinids, Helegonatopus pseudophanes, also occurred. The Tachinid imported from New Guinea, Ceromasia sphenophori, was found parasitising both larvae and pupae of Rhabdoc- tiemis obscurus (sugar-cane borer) in the bases of petioles of coconuts. This is the first record in the Islands of this fly attacking the borer larvae in any other plant than sugar-cane. The Pompilid wasp, Psammochares luctuosus, was observed in cane-fields. Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis was attracted abundantly in some localities to the juice on the cane in cane-cars at the mills. The grasshopper, Atraclo- morpha crenaticeps, is recorded for the first time on any of the Hawaiian Islands except Oahu. The same may be said of Gryllotalpa africana (mole-cricket). TiMBERLAKE (P. H.). Notcs] OH Somc of the Immigrant Parasitic Hymenoptera of the Hawaiian Islands. — Proc. Haioaiian Entom. Soc. for the Year 1917, Honolulu, iii, no. 5, April 1918, pp. 399-401 A comparison of the introduced or immigrant Hawaiian parasitic Hymenoptera with United States types has resulted in a certain revision of the identification of several species. The Ichneumonid, Hemiteles tenellus, Say {variegatus, Ashm., melitaeae, Ashm.) is the name adopted for the Hawaiian parasite belonging to this genus ; it is frequently reared in the Islands from cocoons of Chrysopa microphya. Angitia polynesialis, Cam. {A. pilutellae, Vier., A. hellulae, Vier.) is usually bred from Plutella macidipennis, Curtis, in Hawaii as in the United States. It is not unlikely that this species occurs in Europe and an earlier name may possibly be found for it. The Biaconid, Diaeretus chenopodiaphidis, Ashm., and not D. rapae, Curtis, is reared in Hawaii from Aphis brassicae,li. , and Myzus {Rhopalosiphum) persicae, Sulz. A small species of Opius that has recently been bred from Agromyza on Lantana is considered to be most probably a new species close to 0. nanus, Prov. The Pteromalid, Pachyneuron siphonophorae, Ashm., of which P. micans, How., is considered a 352 synonym, is a hyper-parasite of Aphids and in Hawaii attacks Ephedrus incoyu'pletus and Diaeretus chenopodiaphidis. Encyrtus infelix, Embleton, which was wrongly determined by Ashmead as Encyrtus fuscus, How. , is parasitic on Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ. Dinocampus terminatus, Nees, of which Perilitus americanus, Riley, and Euphorus sculptus, Cress., are synonyms, was probably introduced from North America with Ollu abdominalis, Say, but now usually attacks another Coccinelhd, Coelophora inaeqvalis, F. The^ Aphelinid, Prococcophagus orientcdis, How., which has been variously recorded in local literature as Coccophagus orientalis, Aneristus sp. and A. ceroplastae, is one of the most efficient Coccid parasites in Hawaii, with a wide range of hosts. Crawfoed (D. L.). The Jumping Plant Lice (Family Psyllidae) of the Hawaiian Islands. — Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc. for the Year 1917, Honolulu, iii, no 5, April 1918, pp. 430-457, 1 plate. The probable evolution of the species of Psylhds found in Hawaii is discussed. A synopsis of the genera is given and a key to the species occurring in the Islands. FuLLAWAY (D. T.). A New Genus of Pteroptricine Aphelininae (Hymenoptera). — Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc. for the Year 1917, Honolulu, iii, no 5, April 1918, pp. 463-464. Pseudopteroptrix iniitatrix, gen. et sp. n., is described, having been bred from the scales, HovMrdia biclavis and Aspidioius rapax. It is compared with Pteroptrichoides perhinsi, Fullaway, bred in 1913 from Leucaspis indica (?) on a Bombay mango, and, since then, from Morganella longispina. Bridwell (J. C). Notes on the Bruehidae and Their Parasites in the Hawaiian Islands. — Proc. Hawaiian Enlom.Soc.for the Year 1917, Honolulu, iii, no. 5, April 1918, pp. 465-505. No Bruchid is endemic to the Hawaiian Islands, but various species have become established there and several have been intercepted in quarantine. A key is given to the species found in Hawaii, which include : Bruchus obtectus, Say (common bean bruchus) ; B. chinensi^, L. (cowpea bruchus) ; B. quadrimaculatus, F. (four-spotted bean bruchus) ; B. prosopis, Lee. (mesquite or algaroba bruchus) ; Pachy- merus {Caryoborus) gonagra, F. (tamarind bruchus) ; B. pruininus, Horn ; an undetermined species closely related to B. ornatus, Boh., which is referred to in this paper as the Dolichos weevil ; and a small species perhaps identical with Spermophagus {Zabrotes) pectoralis, Sharp. Besides these, B. pisorum, L., and B. rufimanus. Boh., occur frequently in imported peas [Pisum sativum) and broad or horse beans (Vicia faba). Bruchus 2iruinimis was swept from beneath bushes of Leucaena glauca, and has since been bred in large numbers from its seeds. Eggs of this species have also been found dep^osited upon the seeds of indigo (Indigofera anil) and attacking the seeds of Sesbania sesban in the open. In California it is recorded as breeding in the seeds of the desert iron wood [Olneya tesota), black locust {Robinia pseudacacia) and 353 some introduced species of Acacia. B. pndninus has been induced in captivity to oviposit upon 44 species of seeds, which are given in a table ; of these probably only Desmanthus virgatus and Albizzia saponaria will be found infested naturally. The adults in nature visit the flowers of the host-plants and feed on the pollen ; they probably live for a month or more. None of the plants upon which B. pruininus breeds in Hawaii is of any particular economic value at present ; whether it will continue to breed in stored seeds indefinitely remains to be seen. The Dolichos weevil has been bred from the beans of a white variety of Dolichos lahlab which is used to some extent as food. The eggs are laid in masses on the pods while these are still quite green ; all the larvae from an egg-mass enter a single bean and develop there, practically destroying it during their development. The greatest number of adults emerging from any one bean was 14 ; they make their exit from the pod by cutting circular openings similar to those made in emerging from the bean. Though D. lahlab is the usual host, eggs have also been found on pods of the lima bean {Phaseolus lunatus). In captivity it has been bred from pigeon pea [Cajamis i ndicus], cowTpea,[V igna sinensis'], soy bean [Glycine hispida], chick pea [Cicer arietinum], adsuki bean [Phaseolus angularis], broad bean, mung bean [Phaseolus aureus] and common pea. It could not be induced to breed in common beans. This beetle is short-lived in confinement, and the author doubts whether it will succeed in main- taining itself in storage ; 40 to bo days seems to be the period required for its development from egg to adult during the cooler part of the year in Honolulu. Bruchus obtectus has been frequently bred from stored beans ; eight or ten generations may be produced in a year, breeding being continuous in stored beans infested while in the field. Lima and tepary beans [Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifolius] are readily infested experimentally and the former have been found appreciably injured in the field. Individuals developing from Lima beans are foimd to be smaller than those from common or tepary beans ; this is true also of B. quadrimaculatus and the Dolichos weevil bred from this host. Bruchus chinensis has been recorded previously breeding in various peas and beans ; in Hawaii it frequently attacks pigeon peas in the field, eggs being laid either on the unbroken pod or, if the pod has burst open, upon the peas. Adults developing from these eggs mate and oviposit before cutting their way out of the pod. The author has secured oviposition upon 40 species of leguminous seeds, adults having been bred from Phaseolus artiadatus, P. aureus, Vigna sinensis, Cajanus indicus. Glycine hispida, Cicer arietinum, Vicia faba and Pisum sativum. Attempts to secure breeding in common beans, lima and teparv'' beans, all failed. B. chinensis requires only 29 days to complete its life-cycle during the winter season. In storage, seeds are found much more heavily infested with B. quadrimaculatus than with B. chinensis, though why this should be is not known, since when adsuki beans were placed with large numbers of adults of both species, many examples of B. chinensis emerged from the infested beans. Bruchus quadrimaculatus has been recorded only as a pest of stored beans and peas, and has in no case been found ovipositing upon the (C485) O 354 pods of its host-plants in the field. The same is recorded from India, though in North America it readily attacks its host in the field. It has been recorded as breeding in stored cowpeas and peas and the author has bred it experimentally from the same hosts as those recorded for B. chinensis and also from Phaseolus lunatus, P. acuti- folius, Vigna lutea, Dolichos lablab and D. sudanensis ; from 40 to 50 days is required for the life-cycle during the winter season in Honolulu. Bruchus prosofis has been known for many years in Hawaii as a serious enemy of algaroba {Prosofis juliflora). It has also been recorded as breeding in pigeon peas. Normal oviposition of this species was difiicult to secure experimentally ; apparently the female deposits eggs through accidental openings in the cuticle and fibrous layer of the pod. A species of Spermophagus has been found infesting various beans grown on the Agricultural Experiment Station grounds ; these had been infested during storage and were Very much damaged. If, as the author suspects, the Bruchid concerned is Sfermo'pliagus (Zabrotes) pectoralis, Sharp, it has been previously bred from beans and cowpeas. The author has reared it experimentally from Phaseolus vulgaris, P. lunatus, P. articulatus, P. acutifolius, Vigyia chinensis, Cajanus indicus, Glycine hispida, Cicer arietinum and Pisum sativum. Pachymerus {Caryoborus) gonagra breeds in the seeds of several trees and shrubs, including Tamarindus indicus, Cassia nodosa, C. fistula, C. grandis. Acacia farnesiana, Prosopis juliflora, Bauhinia tomentosa, B. monandra and Caesalpinia pulcherrima. Eggs are laid indiscriminately on the pods of its host-plants, sometimes on the seeds and frequently in other places where the larva has no chance of finding food. The larval stage is passed within the seed ; this, how- ever, is usually too small to contain the pupal cell, which is therefore constructed partly within and partly outside the seed, by scraping away a circular patch on the pod until only a thin membrane remains, through which the adult emerges. Parasites of Bruchids in Hawaii include Uscana semifumipennis, a Trichogrammatid egg-parasite that has been established for some years and is now parasitising about 90 per cent, of Pachymerus gonagra, and also attacks the eggs of Bruchus pruininus, B. chinensis and the Dolichos weevil ; it probably attacks any species that deposit their eggs on the surface of pods and seeds in the field and constitutes a valuable addition to the parasitic fauna of the Island, particularly as it seems to be the only known egg-parasite of Bruchids. A Braconid, Heterospilus prosopidis, was bred from sweepings of Bruchus pruininus, and has since been bred in Honolulu from B. proso'pis in the pods of Prosopis juliflora, from the Dolichos weevil in the beans of Dolichos lablab within the pods, from B. pruininus in the seeds of Leucaena glauca on the -ground, and from B. chinensis in pigeon peas. The method of oviposition is described ; as the host can only be attacked during the short period when the membrane of the pod "is sufficiently thin for the short ovipositor of H. prosopidis to penetrate it and reach the host, the extent of parasitisation only reaches 10 to 15 per cent. It cannot therefore be considered of great importance in the control of Bruchids and it is not considered likely to attack them in stored peas and beans. In captivity, H. prosopidis 355 wnll oviposit in the cocoon of Pachymerus gonagra, thongh it is not known whether it vdW develop at the expense of this host, nor whether it will attack it in nature. Probably it will attack other species of Bruchids whenever conditions are favourable in the field. Three distinct larval stages have been observed in H. jyrosopidis and there are doubtless one or two intermediate stages. The full-grown larva spins its cocoon within the pupal chamber of the host and the adult emerges from the seed or pod of the host plant through a circular emergence hole somewhat smaller than that of the host. H. -prosopidis varies in size in accordance with that of its host, those from B. prosopis (the largest of its local hosts) being much larger than those from B. pruinmus. A species of Scleroderma bred from Pachymerus gonagra was found to differ from the known Hawaiian species that are endemic and parasitic upon Lepidopterous larvae ; this is believed to be an immigrant species, perhaps from the Orient, and is here described as Scleroderma immigrans, sp. n. This species does not parasitise more than about 10 per cent, of the cocoons of P. gonagra in the locahty examined, and it is not recorded elsewhere in Honolulu upon this host. Five adults of a Eupelmine have been bred from Bruchus prosopis, and the same parasite has been bred from B. pruininus under natural conditions, and also from cocoons of Pachymerus gonagra. This species, originally described as Eiqoelminus swezeyi, Crawl, differs so much from the type of the genus that a new one, Charito- podinus, is created for it. The author takes the opportunity! of describing a new species of this genus from China, Charitopodinus terryi, sp. n. It is doubtful whether C. swezeyi is more than an occasional parasite of Bruchids. Pteromalids attacking Bruchids include a species doubtfully referred to Pteromalus calandrae, bred from Bruchus quadrimaculatus infesting pigeon peas in storage ; this species has also been bred experimentally from the Dolichos weevil and from Bruchus chitiensis. The early larval life is spent as an internal parasite of the Bruchid larva ; when nearing maturity the Pteromahd larva emerges from its host and completes its development externally. Another undetermined Ptero- malid has been bred from Bruchus pruininus in seeds of Sesbania sesban hanging in partly opened, pods on the tree. A mite, Pediculoides ventricosus, is found to cause much destruction among all stages of many Bruchids, as well as of their parasites. These mites affect the beetles more generally in some seeds than in others, according to whether the texture of the seed permits ready entrance or not. Any introduction of the larval parasites of Bruchids would have to be carried on with particular care in order to reduce the attacks of this mite upon them. This paper concludes with observations on the o^dposition habits of Bruchids with special reference to the fact that this is often effected in totally unsuitable places, while species such as Bruchus pruininus deposit eggs on Ipomoea seeds, castor beans, and seeds of Cassia glauca, in which the larvae cannot survive, or on indigo seeds which produce only an undersized adult. This characteristic may enable the species to live on unusual food when its own food-plant fails, and may also permit a wdder dispersal of the insect. Certain Bruchids are remarkable for attacking the seeds of palms ; (C485) -2 356 Pachymerus (Caryoborus) curvijoes attacks several species of palm nuts, including the coconut ; P. (C) bactris and P. (C.) luieomarginatus have been bred from the seeds of the palm, Cojjernicia cerifera, and an undetermined species— hke the others, from South America — destroys the vegetable ivory nut {Phytelephas iJiacrocarpa), while the North American P. {C.) arthriticus feeds in the larval stage in the seeds of palmetto [Sabal palmetto]. The Bruchids are without doubt descended from a Chrysomelid group in which the larvae attacked the green pods of legumes, and the oviposition of such species as B. obtectus, the eggs of which are laid in the crevices of pods of the host-plant, may perhaps represent the primitive method of egg-laying, from which later forms developed in which the eggs were cemented to the larval food. It seems evident that the evolution of the Bruchids has proceeded in directions limited by the pecuHarities of the Leguminosae, and there is an interesting field for work in the investigation of the 'factors that hmit the attacks of the different species. Bruchid injury is undoubtedly largely influenced by the structure of the pods and their behaviour upon ripening. Thus, Prosopis j^diflora is not naturally attacked by Bruchus pruininus because of its non-dehiscent pods, but it readily breeds in these seeds when the coverings are artificially removed ; and this is also true of the peanut {Arachis hypogaea] and of Desmodium uncinatum. B. pisorum apparently always oviposits upon the pods, B. pruininus apparently always upon the seed, while the Dolichos species, B. chinensis and Pachymerus gonagra, may oviposit upon either the seeds or pods. Bruchus pisorum oviposits only upon the green pods of its host-plants ; these plants are but rarely cultivated in the Islands and if this species should be imported in peas it would seldom be able to find conditions under which it could breed. This may be the reason for its not yet having became established. A table is given showing the results of experiments \\ith various seeds. Bridwell (J. C). Insects in Relation to Problems of Storage of Food in Hawaii. — Proc. Hawaiiati Entom. Soc. for the Year 1917 ^ Honolulu, iii, no. 5, April 1918, pp. 506-509. A considerable number of species of insect pests of stored-food occur in Hawaii ; in the present paper they are not considered separately, but since they re-act in different ways to the process of sterihsation, the measures resorted to must be adjusted to the most resistant. The most Ukely place for infestation is in the mill ; the store and the home are generally less dangerous. An increasing number of mills and factories sterihse their products before they are placed on the market. Since food may become infested either by the adult insect gaining access to the food and ovipositing thereon, or by the larvae entering through crevices in the containers, it is essential that all stages of the insect must be destroyed in the food, and re-infestation from without must be prevented. The most successful methods of destruction of insects in food are sterihsation by dry heat and fumigation with carbon bisulphide or with hydrocyanic acid gas. If any insect is subjected to a temperature of 110° F. long enough for the heat to penetrate its tissues, it dies ; in practice it is desirable to use somewhat 357 higher temperatures so as to secure quicker penetration of the food material by the heat. Peanuts in loose piles can be successfully steri- lised without injury if they are subjected to a temperature of 125° F. for 6 hours. Small quantities of cereals and flour can be sterilised in an oven, pro\4cled that the heat used is not sufficient to cause scorching. If the dried foods imported into the Islands could be sterihsed in a properly constructed plant before being distributed to the stores, much of the present loss would undoubtedly be obviated. Occasion- ally food can be sterihsed by spreading it out on a dark background exposed to direct rays of the sun. This method has been used with, some success in the case of weevil-infested beans. Moist heat is seldom successful on account of its tendency to produce mould in the food. An objection to fumigation is the uncertainty of its effects, and the fact that it is not an advisable method where long continued storage is required. Carbon bisulphide, in the proportion of 2 lb. per 1,000 cubic feet, kept in tight receptacles for not less than 48 hours, will ordinarily sterihse bags of grain, destropng all insects. Hydrocyanic acid gas fumigation, which is too dangerous to be recommended for home use, has a high penetrating power and is a much more deadly poison than carbon bisulphide. For fumigation in mills, the amount of gas produced by 1 oz. potassium cyanide and 1 oz. sulphuric acid in 3 oz. water for each 1,000 cubic feet, has given satisfactory results. A sterilised food product will, however, become re-infested in Hawaii within a few months, if not protected in some manner, unless sterilised in hermetically-sealed tin containers. The author points out the necessity of the problems discussed in this paper being studied by an entomologist who could devote his entire time to the subject, our present knowledge being confined to the incidental observations of those who are devoting the greater part of their attention elsewhere. FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester dk Agriculturist Honolulu, xv, no. 3, March 1918, p. 64. [Received 18th June 1918.] During the month of February the insectary handled35, 300 pupae of the melon fly [Dacus cucurbitae], from which were bred 1,214 individuals of Ojpius fletcheri. The parasites distributed included : 0. fletcheri, 1,032 ; Diachasma fullawayi, 280 ; D. tryoni, 330 ; Opius himilis, 25 ; Paranagrus (corn leaf-hopper parasite), 17,350. LouNSBURY (C. P.). Division of Entomology. Annual Report, 1916t- 1917. — Union S. Africa Dept. Agric. Rept., Cape Town, 1918, pp. 93-105. [Received 17th June 1918.] Nursery inspection during the year resulted in quarantine being applied to 15 nurseries in which red scale [Chrysoniphalus aurantii] was the chief source of trouble, being the only cause of quarantine in 9 cases, and partly the cause in 4 others, while pustular oak scale [Asterolecanium variolosum] led to quarantine in one other case. Chrysoniphalus dictyospermi (Spanish red scale) has been found on peach, mango, avocado pear, guava, rose and a number of other 358 •ornamental plants, but not on citrus, though originally placed on the 'quarantine list as a potential pest of citrus. Pernicious scale [Aspi- diotus 'perniciosus] having been found in one of the Pretoria nurseries, all susceptible plants from the threatened premises were inspected and fumigated before leaving the area. No change in the rules and regulations governing the introduction of plants and fruits from overseas were made during the year, except in the case of potatoes. The regulation prohibiting the importation of apple stocks took effect from 1st October 1916. Pests intercepted during plant inspection included Aspidiotus pyri ; A. ostreaeformis ; Eulecanium (Lecanium) bihiberculatum ; Pulvinaria ostulae on fruit-tree stocks from France ; Lecanium sp. on currants ; Aulacaspis peritagona on wistaria ; and Selenaspidus articiilatus on an imrecognised plant ; Chrysomphalus aonidum (ficus) on palms ; and several unidentified scales on other plants. The usual pests were intercepted on imported fruit, including coliling moth {Cydia pomonella) in apples, and red scale [Chrysomphalus aurantii], oleander scale [Aspidiotus hederae], mussel scale [Lepidosaphes], Parlatoria pergandei, P. zizyphus, Chrysomphalus aonidum and C. dictyospermi (Spanish red scale) on citrus fruit. The regulations restricting the removal of apples, pears and quinces into certain areas of the Union as a means of retarding the spread of C. pomonella were extensively amended and these areas have since been further contracted, a revised poster acquainting the public with such regulations being pubUshed in May 1916. This moth, having now spread into practically all districts where the growing of apples and pears is an industry of real importance, it is doubtful if any good purpose is served by these regulations. The migratory red locust {Cyriacanthacris {Schistocerca) septem- fasciata) was apparently absent from S. Africa during the season, 1916-17. The closely alhed N. African migratory locust, Schistocerca peregrina, was troublesome in Egypt and British East Africa. It is not kno\vn whether these species overlap in distribution, but it was probably one of them which was reported by troops in German East Africa. Locusta pardalina (brown locust), the common migratory locust of mland parts of the Union, was again widespread, though, taken as a whole, the outbreaks of the pest were not nearly so severe as in the previous season. Provisions of the Agricultural Pests Act, 1911, impose on occupiers of land the destruction of immature locusts that occur thereon, in consultation with, and on the advice of the Depart- ment of Agriculture, the material for such destruction being provided by the Department free of charge, and consisting of a sweetened solution of sodium arsenite and the loan of bucket pumps [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 545]. L. pardalina normally hibernates in the egg-stage, and hatching occurs when warm weather sets in and the soil is well moistened, and is therefore dependent on the rains. The flying stage is reached in about 6 weeks, when mating takes place, oviposition occurring a a few weeks later. There are usually two generations in the year, the number being controlled by moisture and temperature conditions. In the year 1916-17 a third brood is thought to have developed in some locahties. This locust is pre-eminently gregarious and until 359 within the last few years was not suspected of living in a solitary state ; single specimens met with were thought to be stragglers from swarms. Recent observations have shown, however, that the insect not uncommonly lives a sohtary, or practically solitary, existence throughout hfe, individuals in various stages of development having been found singly 50 miles and more from where any swarms had been known for years. These examples are often distinguishable from t}'pical swarm individuals by the possession of protective coloura- tion. The conclusion has been gradually reached that swarms arise by a rapid increase and gathering together of solitary locusts. Small swarms tend to appear in semi-arid parts of the country in the season following the break-up of a very prolonged drought. The first observed swarms are usually loosely formed, and occur at the same time as "numerous clusters and solitary specimens, all apparently of local origin. In the following season an extensive visitation of t}q3ical swarms may be expected, the position being complicated by migrations of swarms from one part of the country to another, many outbreaks being due entirely to migrants from a distance. A repetition of the extensive outbreak of 1915-16, when about 28,000 swarms were destroyed, was expected the following year from eggs deposited by the swarms that escaped in numerous localities over an area of about 100,000 square miles, and preparations were made accordingly. The outbreak that materiahsed was less severe and less widespread than was expected. A table showing its incidence is given, covering the whole locust season from August 1916 to June 1917. Natural enemies exercised but little control during the season. Wohlfahrtia brufinipalpis, Mcq. (locust fly) was observed issuing from egg-deposit sites in one area of severe infestation, but the thorough destructive work necessary involved the sacrifice of this parasite. Large locust birds (storks) were not uncommon in some districts, but only a few were reported from the locust-infested area. Baboons were credited with considerable beneficial work in one area. The poison mixture suppHed by the Department of Agriculture consisted of 5 lb, sodium arsenite, 80 per cent, strength, dissolved in half a gallon of water and mixed with a solution of 10 lb. sugar in one gal. water. In use this syrup was diluted in the proportion of one part to 50 parts water, at which strength it acts as a stomach poison, kiUing a locust in from 1 to 4 days. Farmers, however, often use it at a greater strength, when it acts as a contact insecticide, but this use is to be deprecated owing to the risk of poisoning stock. The cost to the Government of the 1916-17 campaign was fully £8,000, and this should be considered largely as insurance against damage that might have been done by the resulting migrating swarms, and as a measure against an overwhelming visitation of the plague in the foUomng season, the destruction of a single swarm in one season preventing the equivalent of at least fifty such swarms the following year. Actually, ver^^ little damage was done to crops by the insects, and no losses of stock through accidental poisoning were recorded. Field and laboratory studies, the results of which have not yet been published, have been continued on the structure and economy of termites ; the South African Coccids ; the control of the house ant, Pheidole pmictulata, in Pretoria ; and Hfe-cycle studies of Plutella 360 maculipennis (small cabbage moth), Colias electra (lucerne caterpillar) and Argywploce {Enarmonia) batracJiopa (false cudling moth). It is hoped to make similar studies during the following year on Phryneta spinator (fig borer) and Bagrada hilaris (bagrada bug). As the effective disposal of maize stumps before spring is necessary as a remedial measure for the maize stalk borer [Busseola fusca], much time has been spent in devising and developing mechanical appliances for uprooting and raking up maize stumps, and a comprehensive report on this pest will shortly be published. Combined field and systematic study of the Bruchid enemies of peas and beans has been continued, and parasitised material of Saissetia {Lecanium) oleae (black scale) has been collected and despatched to the Horticultural Commissioner of CaUfornia, this work being now suspended owing to the irregular sailings due to the War. In Natal, special studies on insects injurious to the wattle were conducted. The wattle bagworm \Cha\ioides junodi] was not so abundant as in the previous year, and contemplated experiments with poison-dust, applied with a motor-driven blower, could not be completed, though results to date justif)^ the adoption of dusting as a cheap and efi!ective means of controlling this insect in plantations. CoGAN (E. S.). Entomological Education in the United States. — S. African Jl. Sci., Cape Town, xiv, no. 8, March 1918, pp. 345- 349. [Received 17th June 1918.] The amazingly rapid development of the agricultural resources of the United States, and the knowledge of the role which insects play in the transmission of disease, have created a demand for trained entomologists to cope with the many diverse insect problems concerned. To meet this demand the universities and colleges have instituted special courses of instruction, so that America may now justly claim to be the home of applied entomology. This paper aims at giving some idea of the courses arranged and where they may be best obtained, together ^\ath particulars of some of the extensive opportunities offered. ScHLUPP (W. F.). The Potato Tuber Moth.— Union S. Africa Dept. Agric, Pretoria, Bull. no. 4, 1917. 11 pp., 2 figs. [Received 18th June 1918.] Phthorimaea op)ercidella, Zell. (potato tuber moth) is the worst pest of potatoes in South Africa. The present pamphlet is published in answer to numerous inquiries regarding this insect, and is the result of three seasons' observations. Tobacco is also attacked, but the damage is less severe. The hfe-history and descriptions of the various stages are given, and the methods of infestation are discussed. Moths may r^ach the tubers through cracks in the soil, and also attack those that are only partly covered. The greatest infestation probably occurs through the larvae leaving the tops when the latter begin to wilt, or when cold weather occurs, and boring down into the soil and attacking the tubers. In some locahties as many as 50 per cent, of the larvae in the leaves were found to be parasitised by an Ichneumonid^ 361 Omorgus jMhorimaeae. Spraying has not proved successful, owing to the manner of feeding of the larvae. The various preventive measures have already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 35, & vi, p. 292]. Wilson (H.F.). Aphid Notes from British Columbia.— Pwc. B.C. Eniom. Soc, Victoria, B.C., no. 5, January 1915, pp. 82-85, 15 figs. [Eeceived 17th June 1918.] The Aphids dealt with in this paper include : — Macrosiphum stanleyi, sp. n., from the under-side of leaves of Samhucus glauca ; M. frigidae, Oestl. , on Artemisia sp. ; M. rudbeckiae. Fitch, on Solidago sp. ; M. urticae, Schr., on Urtica dioica ; M. ludovicianae, Oestl., on Artemisia ludoviciana ; M. rosae, L., on Rosa sp. ; Nectarosiphum rubicola, Oestl, on Ruhus sp. ; Myzus cerasi, F., on wuld cherry; Aphis cerasifoliae. Fitch, on choke cherry ; A. sorbi, Kalt., on apple ; A. avenae, F., on apple ; A. cardui, L., on Carduus sp. ; Hyalopterus arundinis, F., on Prunus sp. ; Melanoxantherium smithiae, Monell, on Popidus sp. ; Cladobius ? poptdneus, Kalt., and Ardaphis popnlifolii, Essig, on Popidus sp. ; Chaitophorus aceris, L. , on Acer sp. ; C. negun- dinis, Thomas, on Acer negnndo ; Euceraphis hetula. Fitch, on Eastern birch ; and PkyUaphis fagi, L., on Fag us sp. (imported). Myzaphis (Aphis) abietina, Wlk., of w^hich a description is given, was first noticed in 1914 on spruce trees in Vancouver, w^here its presence caused the fall of practically all the previous year's needles. Later in the season it migrated to an alternate host. Wilson (T.). The Oyster-shell Scale.— P/oc. B. C. Eniom. Soc, Victoria, B.C., no. 5, Januarv 1915. pp. 96-97, 1 plate. [Received 17th June 1918.] Of the various scale-insects infesting orchards and forests, none has so varied a list of host-plants, and few have so wide a geographical range, as Lepidosaphes ulrni (oyster-shell scale). This paper gives a list of its host-plants in British Columbia, including apple, pear, crab apple, mountain ash, rose. Spiraea discolor, Prunus emarginata, ha'VNi:horn, Amelanchier alnifolia, Japanese quince, Cornus nuttalliy C. stolonifera, laburnum, willow, poplar, ash, beech, elm, privet, lilac, box and Rhamnus purchiana. It has been found at all altitudes from sea-level up to 3,000 feet, but fortunately it is exceedingly subject to parasitism and reproduces slowly, hence it is naturally held in check. Caesar (L.). Insecticides and Fungicides. — Ontario Vegetable Growrrs^ Assoc. 13th Ann. Rept., 1917; Toronto, 1918, pp. 29-32. This paper discusses the comparative values of various insecticides, including Paris green, lead arsenate and calcium arsenate, sodium arsenate and arsenite and tobacco extracts. Murphy (P. A.). Dusting v. Spraying in Nova Scotia. — Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, xli, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 113-114, 1 fig. Experience has shown that fruit from orchards that have been dusted will be somewhat more free from the attacks of biting insects 362 than sprayed fruit, but on the other hand it will be more spotted with apple scab. The extent to which this will develop in spite of dusting will depend on the season, the fruit being efficiently protected by this method in all but the severest outbreaks. This being so, owners of large orchards may be advised to take the risk of loss during a year of exceptional scab infestation, the risk being more than counter- balanced by the advantage gained by covering the whole orchard often and at the proper time. The small fruit-grower, on the contrary, might be well advised to adhere to the slower, but rather more certain method of hquid applications. Sanders (G.E.). Control of Orchard Insects. — Canadian Horticulturist, Toronto, x\i, no. 5, May 1918, p. 118. Fungicides mixed with poison solutions exert a very appreciable influence on the killing value of sprays! Bordeaux mixture added to the average poison decreases its killing value by about 50 per cent. When rapid killing is desired and a fungicide is necessary, a poisoned Bordeaux spray may be made of : — 1 lb. sodium arsenate dissolved in water, the solution being used to slake 5 lb. fresh stone Ume and then made up to 20 gals. ; 4 lb. copper sulphate is then dissolved in another 20 gals, water and the two are poured together. The sodium in this combination causes the arsenic to act rapidly, offsetting the action of the Bordeaux in this respect. Lime-sulphur and barium tetrasulphide reduce the killing value of poisons by 15 to 20 per cent., an amount which is neghgible in prac- tice. When large quantities of poisons must be used against biting insects, it has been found injurious to the foHage to add large quantities of fungicides to them, as the lead arsenate so used breaks up and forms so much soluble arsenic, while calcium arsenate used in excess is not sufficiently protected from the air by the sulphide solution. Sodium sulphide and potassium sulphide, on the contrary, increase by from 10 to 15 per cent, the killing value of poisons that can safely be used with them. This makes sodium sulphide a most valuable carrier for poisons where outbreaks of canker worms and such insects have to be dealt with, a mixture of 2 lb. soluble sulphur and 2 lb. calcium arsenate to 100 gals, water having been used in such outbreaks with the greatest success, the only ill-effects from one application being 1 to 10 per cent, of yellow leaf. In ordinary practice a decrease of the amount of calcium arsenate with sodium sulphide to Ij lb. per 100 gals, and the addition of 15 to 25 lb. hydrated hme is recommended. In cases of outbreaks of biting insects apphcations of simple lead arsenate are recommended rather than combinations, and this at the rate of 10 to 15 lb. standard paste soon after the larvae emerge. As this strength of lead arsenate is at least equal to lime-sulphur or soluble sulphur as a fungicide, it may safely be used alone at double or triple strength at any of the five spraying periods when an outbreak of biting insects is threatened. The killing value of four standard poisons which, when they are used alone, is 100 per cent., when they are mixed with sodium sulphide is 1131 per cent. ; with lime and sulphur is 80-8 per cent. ; and with Bordeaux is 56 '5 per cent. 363 Ckiddle (N.). The Egg-laying Habits of Some of the Acridiidae (Orthoptera). — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., \, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 145-151. The oviposition habits of several grasshoppers are here described, including : — Arphia pseudonietana, Thorn., Caninula ipelliicida, Scudd., Dissosteira Carolina, L., Spharagemon collare, Scudd., S. bolli, Scudd., Melanoplus atlantis, Riley, M. angustipennis, Dodge, M. packardi, Scudd., and M. bivittatus, Say. Gahan (A. B.). U.S. Bur. Entom. An Interesting New Hymenop- terous Parasite. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont.. 1, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 151-152. A Dryinid, Aphelopus theliae, sp. n., a parasite of the Membracid, Thelia bimaculata, F., is described from New York. Specimens were reared from larvae that bored through the sternites of the parasitised host, dropped into jars of moist earth and there pupated. From a single individual of T. bimaculata, 50 to 70 larvae emerged, this being a polyembryonic form. Oviposition takes place in early June, a single egg being deposited within a nymph of T. bimaculata. Full-grown larvae emerge from the middle to the end of July. Garnett (R. T.). An Annotated List of the Cerambycidae of California (Col.). — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., 1, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 172-177. This paper forms the first part of a list of CaUfornian Cerambycids. Among the species of economic importance are : — Ergates spiculatus, Lee, from yellow pine ; Prionus calif orniciis, on the roots of the coast hve oak (Qyercus agrifolia) ; Tragosoma depsarium, L. {harrisi, Lee.) on tamarack and yellow pine and other coniferous trees ; Asemum atrum, Esch., breeding in Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Douglas fir) ; A. niti- dum, Lee, on Pinus radiata ; Criocephalus jyroductus, Lee, Tetropium velutinum, Lee, and Opsimus quadrilineatus, Mann., breeding in Pseudotsuga taxifolia ; Hylotrupes amethyst inus, Lee, breeding in Pinus ponderosa and Libocedrus decurrens ; H. ligneus, F., breeding in. Pseudotsuga taxifolia, Pinus radiata, and probably in Sequoia sempermrens ; Phymatodes obscurus, Lee, breeding in Quercus agrifolia and Q. lobata ; P. aeneus, Lee , P. dimidiatus, Kirby, and P. varius, F. , from Pseudotsuga taxifolia, and the last-named also from Pinus radiata ; P. decussatus, Lee , reared from white valley oak ; P. nitidus, Lee , from Cupressus macrocarpa, Sequoia sempervirens and Pseudotsuga taxifolia ; and Callidium antennatum, Newm., breeding in most coniferous trees, especially P. taxifolia. Criddle (N.). The Habits and Control of White Grubs in Manitoba. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, v, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 449-454, 4 figs. The white grubs occurring in the province of Manitoba are Lachno- sterna anxia, Lee {dubia, Sm.), L. nitida, Lee, L. drakii, Kirby [grandis, Sm.), and L. rugosa, Melsh. Although these are at no time a very serious pest, they are of considerable economic importance as destroying growing grain, grasses and certain vegetable crops. The 364 adults or June beetles do much damage to the fohage of trees and shrubs. L. anxia appears in the adult form in mid-May, about the time when willows and aspens are bursting into leaf. Eggs are generally laid in June, being deposited singly in small cavities at a depth of 1 to 4 inches. This species prefers rich soils or lowlands, such as river flats. The larvae live chiefly on decayed vegetation for the first season ; during their second summer they are only destruc- tive if very numerous. During the third season the insect feeds on hving roots and may damage many kinds of crops. By June of the third year the larva is generally mature and pupates close to where it has been feeding. The adults generally remain in the pupal chamber until the time of emergence in the following spring. The life-histories of the other species differ from that of L. anxia only in certain particulars. L. nitida appears rather later than L. anxia, and generally prefers a drier soil ; the adults seldom. leave the open groves where they breed. Aspens are apparently the favourite food, though elm& also are attacked. L. drakii is the largest species found in Manitoba ; the beetles appear towards the end of August, their chief food consisting of aspens and oak. L. rugosa is by far the most abundant species on sandy soils. Beetles emerge soon after the trees come into leaf, their food-plants being apple, plum, wild cherry, thorn, rose, elm, maple, oak and aspen, especially the last-named. Eggs are found at depths varying from 1 to 7 inches and hatch in late July and early August. White grubs pass the winter at varying depths beneath the soil surface ; the larva of L. anxia hibernates at a depth of 44 in. in dry woods and from 14 to 25 in. in wet situations. The average depth for L. nitida is 34 inches, for L. rugosa 74 inches and for L. drakii about 40 inches. In some species the adult beetles, as well as the larvae, burrow down into the soil in winter. While the other Manitoba species remain in the pupal chamber or burrow shghtly below it, L. rugosa begins to burrow soon after the beetles mature, that is about 1st September, and by the approach of winter is found at an average of 29^ in. below the soil surface. As a control measure, ploughing should be done between 14th May and 1st July, to an average depth of 5 in., in order to expose the maximum number of grubs, eggs or pupae. The majority will probably be devoured by birds, but for the remainder the ground should be harrowed soon after ploughing so that the egg-cells may be broken. Wheat should not be sown upon such ground, but winter rye may be sown, followed by oats. Natural enemies of Lachnosterna include robins, blackbirds, cow-birds {Molothrus ater), and, above all, crows, which follow the plough eagerly in search of the exposed grubs. Many animals eat white grubs, including the skunk, which more than compensates for its occasional destructiveness to hens' eggs, etc. by digging up the grubs, which it can detect by scent ; other animal enemies are badgers, shrews and field mice. Insect parasites reared in Manitoba include the Tachinids, Cryptomeigenia thelitis, Wlk., which destroyed about 50 per cent, of the beetles in 1914, and Microphthalma disjuncta, Wied. ; the Dexiids, Ptilodexia abdominalis, Desv., and P. tibialis, Desv. ; Myiocera cremiodes, Wlk., (?) has also been found in the grubs. A mite, Tyroglyphus 365 heteromorphiis, Felt, has caused the death of many individuals, and hair-worms (Mermis) have destroyed about 8 per cent, in recent years. Fungus and other diseases also seem to be responsible for a considerable mortalitv. GuiTEL (F.). Entomologie 6conomique. Parasites des veg§taux. [Economic Entomology. Pests of Plants.] — Insecta, Rennes, vii, no. 73-84, 1917, pp. 37-38. [Received 17th June 1918.] Coccus viridis (green scale) is an important pest of coffee in Reunion. Control measures recommended include the attempted introduction of a fungus parasite, as yet non-existent in the island, a method which is worth trying owing to its small cost, and the experimental use of insecticides by the coffee-planters themselves, since the results obtained are so largely influenced by external local factors, such as climate, humidity, etc. MuMFORD (F. B.). Work and Progress of the Agricultural Experiment Station for the Year ended 30th June 1916, — Missouri Agric. Expt. Sta., Columbia, Bull. no. 147, June 1917. [Received 18th June 1918.] The work of the various departments is described. With regard to entomology, investigations are being carried on with different varieties of wheat resistant to the Hessian-fly [3Iayetiola destructor] ; injurious insect pests of melon and related crops are being studied ; the Ufe-history, development and habits of the corn-ear worm [Heliothis ohsoleta] are being investigated, with practical methods for its control. Nurseries are being inspected for the insects that damage the nursery stock, with a view to methods of control being found for them. The scale-insects of Missouri are being systematically studied. ToRREND (C). Insect and Vegetable Parasites of the Cacao-Tree in the State of Bahia, Brazil. — Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 523-524. (Abstract from Broteria, Braga,SeT. Vulg. Scien., Vol. xv, part 6, 1917, pp. 263-279, 4 figs., & Ser. Botanica, Vol. xv, part. 3, pp. 106-127, 1 fig., 4 plates.) Recently discovered diseases of cacao have been investigated by a Commission in Bahia which is the principal centre of production of this crop. The disease known as rust is caused by Heliothrifs {Physopus) rubrocinctus. This Thysanopteron forms colonies on the fruit, in which the larvae puncture innumerable small holes, causing an abundant secretion of the sub-epidermal tissues which eventually covers the whole surface of the fruit. The simplest method of control would be to crush the colonies of the insect. The use of insecticides is difficult owing to the size of the plantations. An ant, which is common in the district and is probably Dolichoderus bituberculatus, seems to be a useful enemy of H. rubrocinctus and should be protected and propagated, contrary to the present custom. A Capsid bug closely resembhng Helopeltis antonii, called provisionally Mosquilla vastatrix, because it is beheved to be identical with the insect known to Ecuador planters as " mosquilla," 366 causes numerous black spots which develop into more or less deep cancerous formations. The insects can be burnt on the fruit mth a torch ; the ant referred to above probably destroys the eggs of this insect. The injury to young leaves and buds known as burning, is probably due in a large measure to the action of the adult thrips, and to the holes made by the Capsid. To control these pests, in addition to the methods described, it is advisable to keep the plantation well shaded ; the trees attacked should be strengthened by careful pruning. SiLVESTRi (F.). Notizie suUa Tignola del Melo e sul Verme delle Mele. [Notes on Hyponomeuta malinellus and Cydia pomonella.] — Boll. Lab. Zool. Agrar. R. Scuqla Sup. Agric, Portici, no. 1, 6th September 1917, 11 pp., 5 figs. [Received 6th June 1918.] In Italy the apple crop sustains an estimated annual loss of about £1,200,000, one-haK of the fruit, on an average, being destroyed by Hyponomeuta malinellus and Cydia pomonella. The latter pest alsO' damages pears and walnuts to the extent of about £240,000. Spraying with lead arsenate (1 per cent, paste or | per cent, powder) provides a simple and certain means of reducing these losses very considerably. It is to be hoped that associations ^vill be formed to combat these insects, failing which the formation of such associations may be made compulsory by the prefects under the provisions of the law of 26th June 1913. Cultivo de la Cebolla. [Onion Cultivation.] — Rev. Agric, Bogota, iii, no. 12, December 1917, pp. 739-742. [Received 7th June 1918.] In this paper, which is the concluding part of a series on onion cultivation, Hylemyia antiqua {Phorbia ceparum) is stated to be the chief pest ; the measures usually adopted against it are given. Exportaci6n de Frisoles. [The Export of Beans.] — Rev. Agric, Bogota, iv, no. 1, January 1918, p. 57. [Received 7th June 1918.] "- As Bruchus obtectus. Say, may prove prejudicial to the exportation of beans from Colombia, fumigation with carbon bisulphide is advised. A short description of the method adopted is given. Muller-Thurgau (H.), Osterwalder (A.) & Schneider-Orelli (0.). Bericht der pflanzenphysiologische und pflanzenpathologische Abteilung der Schweizerischen Versuchsanstalt fur Obst-, Wein- und Gartenbau in Wadenswil fiirdieJahre 1915 und 1916. [Report of the Department of Plant Physiology and Plant Pathology of the Swiss Experiment Institute for Fruit, Vine and Garden Cultivation at Wadenswil for the Years 1915 and 1916.] — Separate from Landwirtschaftl. Jahrhuch der Schweiz, 1917, [sine loco\ pp. 416-426. [Received r2th June 1918.] During the two years covered by this report, the number of communications received in connection with fruit tree and garden pests was small compared with the damage done in Switzerland and indicates indifference to remedial measures and ignorance of existing facihties for obtaining information regarding pests. 367 Among the fruit-tree pests were the following : — Tetranychus sp. and Eriophi/es malinus on apple ; E. tristriatus on walnut ; E. pyri and Epitrimerus pyri on pear ; and Eriophyes padi on plum. The Aphids included Eriosoma (Schizoneura) lanigerum, Aphis mali and A. sorbi on apple ; A. pyri on pear ; and Hyalopterus arunclwis (pruni) on plum. The scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, was found on apple. The bugs, Orthotylus marginalis and Calocoris biclavatus, are important enemies of the pear, their attacks stunting the fruit and causing it to harden and drop. The larvae should be shaken off the young fruit into pans containing water and petroleum or on to sheets. Spraying with a 3 per cent, solution of soft soap is also useful. The yellow puncture-spots characteristic of injury by Typhlocyha rosae were noticed on apple fohage. A number of complaints referred to injury by the caterpillars of Cydia {Carpocapsa) poynonella, Argyroploce (Olethreutes) variegana, Lyonetia clerJcella, Leucoptera {Cemiostowa} scitella and Hemerophila (Simaethis) pariana. Hyponomeuta mali- nellus occurred on apple, H. padellus on plum, and H. variabilis on Euonymus. Nygmia pJiaeorrhoea, Don. {Euproctis chrysorrhoea) was found on pear leaves. Clieimatobia brumata was a common pest ; some of the Swiss brands of banding glue are satisfactory against it, but require renewing more frequently than the imported material. The caterpillars of Cossus cossus and Zeuzera pyrina and the larvae of Contarinia pyrivora (pear gall midge) and Perrisia {Dasyneura) pyri (pear leaf gall midge) were also sent in. Apple blossom was injured by Anthonomus pomorum. Bark-beetles included : — Xyleborus {Anisandrus) dispar in apple, pear and plum ; X. xylographus (saxeseni) and Scolytus (Eccoptogaster) mali in apple ; S. (E.) rugidosus in apple and plum. It was again noted that the plants attacked were those already weakened through other causes. Melolontha melolontha was taken from apple, pear and plum roots. Eriocampoides Umacina injured pear fohage, on which its larvae can be killed by vigorous spraying -wdth a 3 per cent, soap solution. Pupation takes place in the ground beneath the tree and digging up the ground and then treading it down will destroy the majority of the pupae. Neurotomaflaviventris {Lyda pyri) also infested pear foliage. Vine pests included Eriophyes vitis, Phyllocoptes vitis, Eulecanium (Lecaniuni) corni, Typhlocyha vitis, the vine- moths, Clysia anibiguella and Polychrosis botrana, and the beetle, Adoxiis (Bro'tnius) obsciiriis. Among the garden pests were : — Eidecanium corni on gooseberry and currant, Chionaspis salicis on young ash, Lepidosaphes ulmi on box, and Aulacaspis rosae on rose. The bean aphis, Aphis rumicis, the raspberry aphis, A. idaei, the potato aphis, Rhopalosiphum {Siphonophora) solani, and Aphis salviae from Salvia sp. (sage) were received ; Rhopalosiphum rubi also occurred on raspberry and R. ribis on gooseberry. Phyllaphis fagi on the beech caused the formation of much sooty fungus. Pemphigus bursarius was taken from poplar leaves and salad roots. It sometimes occurs abundantly on the roots of endive and cabbage lettuce, stunting their growth. Migration from the poplar leaves, on which galls are formed, to the salad roots takes place in summer. From a practical point of view the infestation from individuals that have hibernated on salad roots is the more important, but in the case of distant plots infestation 368 cannot be immediately communicated to salad because all winged individuals return to the poplar and the apterous individuals cannot migrate to neighbouring plots. The practical value of crop rotation is therefore evident. Chermes (Dreyfusia) piceae and C. (D.) nusslini were taken from Abies nordmannimia, while the galls of C. ahietis were found on Picea excelsa, and those of Prociphilis nidificus on the roots of silver fir. To protect nursery plants against the last-named they should be lifted and their roots dipped for 5 minutes in a 5 per cent, soap solution. P. nidificus is a migratory species, its alternative host being the ash (Fraximis), and if ash trees near the nursery are found to be infested the affected leaves must be cut off and burnt. A closely related Aphid, Procijjliilus bumeliae, was noticed on the roots of silver fir. Infested firs should be uprooted and burnt. Trioza alacris from laurel and TypJdocyba rosae from rose were also recorded. The bug, Stephanitis pyrioides {rhododendri), was recorded for the first time in Switzerland on rhododendrons near Zurich ; this species is a well-known rhododendron pest in England and Holland and is said to be a native of Japan. The under-side of the leaves should be sprayed with a 2 per cent, soap solution or — in the case of very valuable plants — fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas may resorted to. The injuriousness of bugs, such as Lygus, has been under- estimated ; they often occur on geranium, fuchsia and sage. The larvae and pupae of Cydia {Grapholitha) pactolana were taken from Picea ])ungens argentea. Elder and ash were infested by caterpillars of Gracilaria (Xanthospilapteryx) syringella. Brotolomia meticulosa was bred from a caterpillar infesting chrysanthemum. Injurious Diptera included Phorbia {Chortophila) brassicae (cabbage fly) ; AntJiomyia radicum on beans ; A. polygoni on Polygonum ; Hylemyia antiqua in onions ; LasiojMra rubi on raspberry ; Monarthro- palpus buxi on box ; and Dasyneura schneideri on Arabis albida. Among the Coleoptera were the cabbage pests, Ceuthorrkynchus sidcicollis, Phyllotreta nndidata and Psylliodes chrysocephala ; the willow beetle, Phyllodecta vulgatissima ; Agriotes larvae in potatoes ; Melolontha melolontha larvae on rose ; the raspberry beetle, Byturus fumatus ; Rhynchaenus (Orchestes) fagi on beech ; and Epilachna globosa on carnations. Larvae of the saw-fly, Pteronus (Nematus) ribesii, defohated gooseberry. Information was also sought for regarding the clothes moth, Trichophaga tapetzella {tapetiella), Eristalis tenax, and Chlorops Jlavifrons, all of which were troublesome in houses. Schneider- Orelli (0.). Weitere Beitrage zur Kenntnis des Kleinen Frostspanners, Operophthera {Cheimatobia) brumata. [Further Contributions to the Knowledge of Cheimatobia brumata.] — Separate from Landwirtschaftl. Jahrbuch der Schweiz, 1917, [sine loco\ pp. 454-463. [Received 12th June 1918,] The first portion of this paper details experiments with banding against Cheimatobia brumata and contains a number of tables showing the captures obtained and again proving the need for banding all trees in an orchard if fully satisfactory results are wanted. The second part deals with the influence of temperature on C. brumata, giving information that has alreadv been abstracted [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 269]. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; er the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the As&istant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. The Economic Importance of Birds in France Some Scale-Insect Pests of Coffee in South India Sugar-Cane Grub Investigations in Queensland The Codling Moth and its Control in S. Africa Phoroeantha semijiunctaia, a, Borer Pest of Eucalyptus Trees in S. Africa Isosoma orchidearum and its Control in New Jersey Pests of Clover Seed in Essex in 1917 Notes on Sycosoter lavagnei, a Parasite of Uypoborus ficus . . A Partial Key to the Genus Agromyzo, in North America . . A New Eoplia attacking Citrus in Florida Measures against Bruchus pisorum in Canada The Value of Calcium Arsenate for Sprays in Canada CoocinoUid Enemies of Aphids in Canada The WTiite-marked Tussock Moth and its Control in Canada The Pear Thrips and its Control in British Columbia New African Fruit-Flies, other than Daeus . . New Species of Tachinidae from India Two Species of Physothrips injurious to Tea in India Notes on the Rubber Thrips, Physothrips funiumiae, and its Allies Descriptions of some Capsidae from the Belgian Congo A New Method of ascertaining the Parasites of the Kespective Host-Insects in a Mixed Infestation Braconidae parasitic on Diatraea saceharalis in Demerara An Outbreak of Tomaspis saecharma in Grenada The Utilisation of Bhogas lefroyi against Earias insulmia in the Punjab Insect Pests of Cotton in the Punjab . . Measures against Locusts in British Guiana . . Insect Pests of Maize in New South Wales . . Notes on the Larvae of some Rhodesian Tenebrionidae . . The Properties of the Calcium Arsenates The Codling Moth and its Control in Utah . . The Alfalfa Weevil and its Control in Utah The Bionomics and Control of Grasshoppers in Colorado . . Insect Pests in Michigan Spraying Experiments in Michigan Infection of Orange Fruit with Cotton-BoU Disease in the West Indies Insect Pests and Diseases in the West Indies during 1916 . . PAGE 321 321 323 321 325 320 327 328 328 328 3sn 329 330 330 331 331 33 i 332 332 332 332 333 333 S3t S,:5 335 338 S3 7 338 339 339 340 340 340 341 341 CONTENTS— cortt. PAGE The Insectivorous Habits of the Sparrow in U.S.A. . . . . 341 Measures against Locusts in Asia Slinor . . . . . . . . 341 The Occurrence of Pseudococmis vovae on Juniper in Germany . . 342 The Occurrence of a Tamarisk Cicada in Brandenburg . . . . 342 Capsid Bugs predaceous on Tingids in Germany 342 Measures against Oowtorwwa ;p?/riw?-a- in Germany .. .. .. 343 Syntomaspiti spp. infesting Apples in Central Europe . . . . 343 Oeeophyllonorarp Comtntme of manadetnetit VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Aioook, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Mr. E. C. Bleck, C.M.G., Foreign Office. Sir J. Rose Bbadfobd, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John MoCall, M J)., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R, Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropica] Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Mr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominion* is an ex officio member of the Committee. (Bcneral Secretary. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office)* H)tccctor anD B<or. Dr. Guy A. E. Marshall* assistant Director. Dr. S. A. Neave. Bead Office.— BntiBh. Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W.7. PubUcalion Office.— 89, Queen's Gate, London, 8.W. 7. 369 Garman (P.). The Oriental Peach Fest— Mar ijland Agric. Expt. Sta., College Park, Bull. no. 209, December 1917, 16 pp., 25 figs. [Received 17th June 1918.] Cgdia {Laspegresia) molesta, Busck (Oriental peach motli) has appeared in the District of Columbia and the adjacent counties of Maryland, injuring peach trees by feeding on the terminal buds of the twigs, of which as many as 90-100 per cent, may be killed, though the normal number is from 50 to 70 per cent. When the fruit begins to ripen, the larva frequently leaves the twig and enters the peach near the stem, infesting 5 to 15 per cent, of the fruits. The insect also infests the fruits of aj)ple and quince and the twigs of plum and apricot. The egg is always laid on the under-side of a leaf, usually at a considerable distance from the initial feeding point of the larva, which often has to travel 6 inches or more to reach suitable food. The incubation period varies from 4 or 5 days at midsummer to 7 days in cool weather. The young larva bores down the core of the twig for an inch or more from the tip, the attack resulting in gummosis, the destruction of the leaves, and the splitting of the twig. The average length of the larval stage is 11 days. When full growTi, the larva leaves the twig or fruit and constructs an inconspicuous cocoon, which in summer is found well out on the t^vigs ; the pupal period has an average length of 10 days. The larvae of eggs laid later than 25th August make cocoons hidden in c^e^^ces of the bark or in similar places, in which they hibernate, pupating in the spring. The adult is crepuscular, the eggs being usually laid singly during the evening or night, usually only one on a leaf, but often on several different leaves of the same t^\^g. Since the life-cycle thus occupies about 26 days, it follows that a monthly recurrence of the larval infestation of twigs may occur, and since the earliest noted date of infestation is 22nd May, there is a possibility of 4 broods during the season, provided that a warm September is experienced. It is supposed that this Tortricid was introduced into the United States through the port of New York about three years previously on flowering cherry, and its dispersal has been caused by the shipment of infested peaches and nursery stock. Two Hymenopterous parasites attack this pest, the most important of which is the egg-parasite, Trichogramma minutum, Riley ; the value of tliis Chalcid lies in the variety of its hosts, which include several common Lepidoptera. In 1917 a count of the eggs of C. moksta in the field showed 80 per cent, to be parasitised by T. mimitum. A second parasite, Macrocentrus sp., has been reared from the larva, but only in small numbers. As regards remedial measures, the most vulnerable stages are those of the egg and early larva, and though it is impossible to keep the young twigs coated with arsenical poison, the young larvae can be prevented from entering the fruit by a thorough application. The pupa cannot be effectively destroyed owing to the character of the cocoon, and the adult apparently cannot be reached by any measure known at the present time. General recommendations for control include the winter application of concentrated lime-sulphur, and (C496) Wt.P2/137. 1,500 9(18. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp. 11/3. a 370 the summer use of calcium arsenate, | lb. to 50 U.S. gals., if combined with self-boiled lime-sulphur and nicotine. If self-boiled lime-sulphur is not used, freshly slaked lime, 4 lb. to 50 U.S. gals, of mixture, should be added. Three applications should be made at monthly intervals, the first being at the time the bloom falls. The complete course of treatment therefore is : — Concentrated lime-sulphur (1:9) when the buds swell ; self-boiled lime-sulphur (8:8: 50) with calcium arsenate and nicotine after the petals fall, the same mixture being applied 2, 8 and 12 weeks later. Applications of tobacco (nicotine sulphate or Blackleaf 40) and soap cannot be recommended for combating this pest. RuGGLES (A. G.). Spraying. — Minnesota Univ. Farm, St. Paul, Circ. no. 48, 1st April 1918, 16 pp., 19 figs. This circular discusses stomach poisons such as lead arsenate, Paris green and hellebore, and gives various formulae for poison- baits. Contact insecticides dealt with include soap solution, tobacco extracts and lime-sulphur. A new contact insecticide, which shows greater promise than any of the commercial tobacco compounds on the market, is described. This is nicotine oleate and is a combination of a free nicotine extract, such as Nicofume, with commercial oleic acid, often called red oil. Two and a half parts of 40 per cent, free nicotine solution thoroughly mixed mth If parts of red oil wall unite to form this material. A 50 gal. spray can be made by diluting ^ pint of nicotine oleate, and is less than half the price of free nicotine spray used at the same strength. It is important that soft water, either rain or distilled, should be used for this spray. While nicotine oleate alone is more effective than the nicotine extracts now on the market, it can be made still more so by emulsifying an oil with it. These emulsions are not recommended when the trees are in leaf. They can be made by mixing 10 parts of an oil, such as cotton seed or kerosene, with If parts of red oil, to which is then added 2| parts of 40 per cent, free nicotine solution. This should be shaken thoroughly, and 10 parts more of water should then be added and the mixture again shaken. For mealy bug [Psevdococcus], white fly [Aleiirodes], etc., the solution should be diluted with soft water to make 500 parts. General instructions for spraying with both dust and liquid sprays are given, with descriptions and illustrations of the requisite machinery and accessories. A spraying calendar for various fruit and vegetable crops is appended. Graham (S. A.). Some Insects Injurious to the Potato. Insects of the Home and Vegetable Garden. Insects Injurious to Small Fruits.— Minnesota Univ. Farm, St. Paul, Circs. 47, 49, 50 ; 25th March, 15th April, 20th April 1918, 28 pp., 33 figs. Potato pests of Minnesota include Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say (Colorado potato beetle), of which there are two broods a year in this State. Natural enemies include Coccinellid beetles and the larvae of lace- wing flies, wild birds and domestic fowls ; none of these however are a sufficient check, and an arsenical spray should be used as soon 371 as the eggs of the first generation begin to hatch, the treatment being repeated as often as necessary. Epitrix mmmeris, Harr. (potato flea beetle) has only recently appeared in Minnesota, but is found to do considerable damage in limited areas and will probably become an established pest. The larvae attack the roots and then burrow into the tuber ; the adults feed on the imder-side of the leaves. There is only one generation in a year. Bordeaux mixture has a repellent effect upon the beetle, but must be applied to the under-side of the leaves. Empoasca rnali, Le B. (apple leaf-hopper) attacks many field crops, besides being an apple pest, and is particularly injurious to potatoes, upon which it appears in late June, ovipositing on the stems. It remains on the plants as long as they are green ; there are two generations and perhaps a partial third. A contact spray, such as Nicofume, used in the strength of | U.S. pint 40 per cent, extract to 50 U.S. gals, water, with the addition of 2 lb. soft soap, shovdd be used at the time when most of the hoppers are wingless, that is generally before the middle of July. Macrosiphum solanifolii, Ashm. (potato aphis) migrates to potato in late June or July, where it reproduces rapidly until the autumn migration. Natural enemies include Coccinellid beetles, Syrphid and lace-wing flies and various parasites. A contact spray should be used as for the leaf-hoppers, when the natural enemies are an insufficient check. Other potato insects include Epicauta pennsylvanica, De G. (blister beetle), various plant bugs, Phytometra (Autographa) brassicae, Riley (cabbage looper), stalk borers, cutworms, white grubs and wireworms. General rules for spraying potatoes are given. Pests of vegetables include cutworms, white grubs, Aphids, Lejytino- tarsa decemlineata and Diabrolica vittafa, F. (striped cucumber beetle), against which cucumber plants should be protected with cheesecloth covers until well developed, and the larvae killed at the roots with nicotine extract. Pieris {Pontia) rapae, Schr. (cabbage worm) should be checked with lead arsenate powder dusted on the plants. Phorhia {Pcrjomyia) brassicae, Bch., is a well-known pest of cabbage, cauliflower, radishes, turnips, etc. ; tarred felt discs are required to protect the stems of the plants from it. A poison- bait made of f oz. lead arsenate, | U.S. pint molasses and 1 U.S. gal. water, is used to kill the adults before they lay eggs. Peas and beans attacked by Bruchids should'' be heated in an oven to 180° F. before being stored in a dry place or in dry bins. General instructions for cultural methods and the use of insecticides are given. Insects injurious to small fruits include Pteronus ribesii, Say (imported currant worm), of which there are two generations, one in early summer and the other about six weeks later. Poisons should be applied either in dust or liquid form. When the fruit is ripening, hellebore should be used ; for liquid sprays 10 teaspoonsful of lead arsenate or 2 of Paris green should be used in 1 gal. of water. Aegeria (Sesia) tipH.liJormis, Clerck (currant borer) in the larval stage burrows in the stems of currant bushes, eventually killing them. All injured stems should be pruned and burnt before 1st June. Myzus rihis, L. (currant aphis), can be controlled by a contact spray of 1 or 2 tablespoonsful of Nicofume in a U.S. gal. of water, with a little soap. Agrilus rufcollis, F. (red-necked cane-borer) burrows spirally round raspberry canes, causing gall-like swellings and finally killing (C496) a2 372 the shoot. Infested canes should be cut out and burnt before 1st May. Byturus unicolor, Say, feeds on raspberry leaves, ovipositing on the flower-buds, and the larvae live on the developing fruit. As the larvae pupate in the ground, thorough cultivation will generally keep the insect in check. Paris green and lead arsenate have given fair success as stomach poisons, though neither is entirely satisfactory. In small areas, hand-collection of the adults is recommended. Oecanthus nigricornis, Wlk. (snowy tree cricket) injures raspberry canes and shoots of shrubs and trees by the punctures made in ovipositing. Injured canes or twigs should be pruned and burnt in winter or early spring. Anthonomiis signatus. Say (strawberry weevil) greatly damages the June crop by cutting off the flower-buds after ovipositing in them. The most satisfactory control is rotation of crops. Only one or two crops should be taken from a bed and the new bed should be at some distance from the old one. Ploughing under the old beds is said to destroy mo^t of the hibernating weevils. Burning over the beds after the crop is gathered also has some effect. Zophodia grossulariae, Pack, (gooseberry fruit-worm) has but one generation in a year ; the larvae when full-grown drop to the ground to pupate. Thorough cultivation and the burning of rubbish will usually keep this pest in check. Weiss (H. B.) & Dickerson (E. L.). The Early Stages of Corythucha pergandei, Heid. (Hem., Horn.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxix. Jio. 6, June 1918, pp. 205-209, 2 figs. Corythuca pergandei is widely distributed in New Jersey, where it is found on alder {Ah^vs ghitinosa) and birches {Betula nigra, B. lutea and B. populijolia). The adults hibernate under fallen leaves and in crevices of bark and appear in late May or early June, depositing eggs on the under-sides of leaves in the pubescent tissue in the axils formed by the main rib and its side branches. From 1 to 5 eggs were found in each axil, all being completely hidden. The nymphs after hatching feed in colonies on the under-sides of the leaves, causing discoloration. Adults of the first brood have developed by mid-July. From 5 to 6 weeks are required for a complete life-cycle and during the last days of August or early September adults of the second generation have developed and these hibernate. On account of the e:^tended oviposi- tion period, all nymphal stages are found feeding together. The egg and the various nymphal stages are described. Wilson (H. F.). A New Species of Macrosiphum (Aphididae, Horn.). — Entom. Neivs. Philadelphia, xxix, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 230- 231, 1 fig. Macrosiphum rhododendri, sp. n., is described, apterous, alate and pupal forms being taken in great numbers on leaves of Rhododendron californic'um in the coast region of Oregon. Emergency Entomological Serviee.-^i^wiom. News, Philadelphia, xxix, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 234-236. Various reports received by the United States Department of Agriculture are included in this heading. Cyla« formicaritis (sweet 373 potato weevil) has been found on an additional food-plant {Calonyotion bona-nox) in Florida. Certain varieties of morning glory, especially Iponioea pes-caprae, are considered to be preferred host-plants of this weevil and might serve as successful trap-crops. Losses in Texas from this insect have been particularly heavy. Eleodes opaca (false wireworm) has caused severe injury to wheat in Kansas. Pymusta nuhilalis Hb. (European corn-stalk borer) is very abundant on maize in Eastern Massachusetts, and is causing so much anxiety that it may be made a subject of quarantine. Cory (E. N.). Insects of 1916.— Maryland Expi. Sta., College Park, n. d., 12 pp., 2 figs. [Received 25th June 1918.] A brief and popular account is given of the following pests, taken from the year's records of over 60 injurious species in Maryland, and the usual methods of control for each are outlined : Aphis pomi, De G., A. avenae, F., A. sorbi, Kalt., Cydia {Laspeyresia) molesta, Busck, Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella, L., Phyllotreta vittata, F., Pierisrapae, L., Phytometra (Plusia.) brassicae, Riley, Haltica citri, Ashm., Typophorus canellus, Lee. (strawberry leaf beetle), Neocerata (Dasynenra) rhodophaga, Coq. (rose midge), Lopidea media, Say (phlox plant bug), and Cecidomyia catalpae, Comst. (catalpa midge). Wood (W. B.) & Selkregg (E. R.). Further Notes on Laspeyreda molesta. — Separate from Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, B.C., xiii, no. 1, 1st April 1918, pp. 59-72, 10 plates. [Received 21st June 1918.] Further investigations on the life-histor}% habits and control of Cydia {Laspeyresia) molesta, Busck (Oriental peach moth) have been made since the publication of a preliminary paper [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 75, also above, p. 369]. The food-plants of this pest, other than the peach, are cherry, plum, apricot, several varieties of flowering cherries, quince, pear, apple and flowering quince ; of pomaceous fruits the quince is decidedly the favourite. It is possible that the insect travels from orchard to orchard by flight, since the moth is a strong flier at dusk and during cloudy days. The character of injury and the amount of damage vary at different seasons of the year and on different food-plants, and though the damage caused by each of the early generations is separated from that due to the next by a distinct interval, later in the season the injury from each succeeding generation increases in severity without any such intervals. The injury to twigs, which occurs mostly before midsummer, may not be noticed for several days after the newly hatched larvae have begun work, if the weather is cool and damj:*, but it becomes evident much sooner if the weather is hot. On peach it show^s most plainly at midday or in the afternoon. T\^ng injury is most severe on the peach, quince, plum, ajople, pear, nectarine and apricot, following in order. The fruit of the peach is attacked by larvae of the second generation when it is about the size of a chestnut. The injury caused by their boring through it does not result in its rotting or fall. Mid-season 374 varieties of peaches and those ripening after 1st August are subject to severe injury, the larvae entering close to the stem and going direct to the seed. Injury to pomaceous fruits, though it may not be severe in a commercial sense, is yet of economic importance, as the problem of control is complicated by the fact of a favoured food supply existing for the pest in the autumn after its normal host-fruits have disappeared. Insects likely to be confused with C. molesta, either because of a close resemblance in the larval stage, or of a similarity in the injuries that they cause are : — Cydia {Laspeyresia) jpomonella,, L. (codling moth), Enarmonia (L.) prunivora, Walsh (lesser apple worm), Anarsia Uneatella, Z. (peach. tmg borer) and Enarmonia {L.) pyricolana, Murtfeldt. Eight species of Hymenopterous parasites of C. molesta have been reared, six being primary, and two secondary parasites. One Dipterous parasite, Hypostena variabilis, Coq., was also reared from larvae collected in the orchard. Macrocentrus sp. was the most abundant of the six primary Hymenopterous parasites, attacking the larvae -* of C. molesta and spinning its cocoon within that of the host. It is also a parasite of C pomonella. Second in abundance was PJiaeogenes sp., which probably attacks C. molesta in the prepupal or pu'pal stage. Ascogaster carpocapsae, Vier., oviposits in the egg of the host and kills the insect in the larval stage after it has spun its cocoon. Of the remaining parasites, Spilocryptus sp. attacks the larva after it has spun its cocoon, while Mesostenus sp. and Glypta vulgaris, Cress., attack the. feeding larva and kill it before pupnVion. The two secondar;;^' parasites, Dibrachys boucheanus, Ratz., and Cerambycobins sp., were both found in cocoons of Macrocentrus sp. Since the larva feeds within the twigs and fruit, it cannot be controlled on peaches by the use of poison-sprays. Lead arsenate, though applied just before the eggs were due to hatch, did not prevent the larvae from entering the twigs afid fruit, and was quite ineffective. Negative results were also obtained with the same spray applied at other times, also with 40 per cent, nicotine sulphate solution diluted to 1 part in 400 part^ water, and with a combination spray of lead arsenate and nicotine sulphate. Other attempted remedial measures were : — banding the trees with burlap ; clipping and destroying infested twigs and fruit ; immersing the cocoons containing hibernating larvae in miscible oils and nicotine sulphate ; and fumigating hibernating larvae with hydrocyanic-acid gas. But from the results obtained it appears imj)r)ssible to free infested nursery stock from this insect by the last two methods, while the first two gave only negative results in the orchard.. Parasitism of the insect in the autumn undoubtedly is a factor in lessening the number of moths emerging' in the spring, but the percentage of parasitism cannot yet be definitely stated. War Vegetable Gardening and the Home Storage of Vegetables. — National War Garden Commission, Maryland Building, Washington, B.C., 1918, 31 pp., 29 figs. [Received 21st Jitne 1918.] A section of this circular deals with disease and insect prevention, the usual fungicides and insecticides being recommended, and directions for their preparation being given. j 3;5 Speyer (E. R.). Borers on Tapped Surfaces of Rubber — Trop. Agricul- turist, Peradeniija, 1, no. 4, April 1918, p. 205. [Received ' 21st June 1918.] At a meeting of the Committee of Agricultural Experiments held at Peradeniya in March, the author repoi-ted that in 55 per cent. of the recorded cases of Scolytid borers attacking rubber trees, the latter, or parts of them, had already been killed by fungi. There were no recorded cases of successful attack in healthy trees or healthy portions of trees. In recent reports of borers in tapped and untapped surfaces treated with tar and liquid fuel, it is probable that they had been attracted to small diseased patches and that in no case had the beetles been able to pass the latex layers. The remedy is to be found not in stopping the application of preservatives, but in removing at an early date the dead wood in which the beetles originate, and immediately destroying it by fire. Beenard (L.). Cochylis et Eud^mis. Capture des Papillons par les Pieges a Liquides. [Clysia ambiguella and Polychrpsis hotrana. Capture of the Moths by Liquid Bait Traps.] — La vie Agric. et Rur., Paris, viii, no. 24,'l5th June 1918, pp. 407-409. This paper is a resume of previously pubhshed results 6i the experimental use of alcoholic liquid bait traps for vine moths. Against Sparganothis pilleriana and the summer generations of Clysia ambiguella and Polyclirosis hnUrnia these traps afford a simple, cheap and eftie«t;iou^ means of control, most useful in hot, dry seasons. They can never constitute a means of extinction, since their action is so limited against the spring generation, which it is most important to destroy ; they form however a valuable secondary means of checking t\Nalight-flying moths that are not affected by light traps. I^upoNT (P. R.). Insect Notes. Curator's Report on Botanic Station, Seychelles, for 1917.— MS. from Colonial Office, received 24th June 1918. 'The following list is giveii. of the insects attacking coconut in Seychelles : Oryctes rhinoceros (rhinoceros beetle) ; Melitomma insulare ; Diocalandra frumenti ; Eugnoristus braueri ; Ischtmspis longiroslris {filijormis) ; Chrysomphalus aonidum {Aspidiotus ficus), Chrysomphahis {Aspidiotus) dictyospermi ; Aspidiotus lataniae ; Aspi- diotus ansei ; Chionaspis inday ; C. dilatata ; Icerya seychellarum ; Vinsonia stellifera ; Eucalymmttus (Lecanium) tessellatus. Oryctes rhinoceros is doing damage owing to the refuse from the essential-oil distilleries forming new breeding places. The discovery in Madagascar by Mr. d'Emmerez de Charmoy of natural parasites of this beetle gives an opportunity for combating it by their introduction into Seychelles. These parasites are Scoliid wasps of which three species {Triscolia hyalinata, Dielis collaris var. coelebs and Scolia pilosella) already occur in Aldabra, a Seychelles 'dependency, N.W. of Madagascar. TJiis means that the rhinoceros beetle parasite {Scolia oryctophaga) and other Scoliidae would in all probability be easily acclimatised in Seychelles. Melitomma insulare is even worse than 376 the rhinoceros beetle in its ravages in coconut plantations. It is indigenous to the Seychelles and to Madagascar, and efforts should be made in Madagascar, where the insect fauna has not been disturbed on the same scale by bush fires as in Seychelles, to find its natural parasites. At present the larvae, which attack coconut stems only, are dug out and burnt. Diocahndra jrumenti and Eugnoristus braueri damage the leaves of coconut. They have not spread to all plantations as yet, but the attacked leaves should be removed from the tree, on which they remain for a long time, and burnt. These weevils, the latter of which is endemic, are not considered to be dangerous pests. Scale-insects infest coconuts in Seychelles to a considerable extent. Fortunately most of them are likely to become parasitised by fungi when the weather conditions are suitable, but periods of drought such as that which occurred from 1904 to 1911 check the spread of these fungi. Eucalymnatus tessellah^s is killed out by Cephalosporkmi lecanii, even in the low country. Chionaspis inday, which also attacks areca nut palms, was being destroyed in 1917 by some parasite, not yet identified. This scale is one of the oldest known enemies of coconut in the Colony. It attacks both the leaves and the husks. Necrobia rvfipes is still doing damage to copra that has been stored for a long time, and Silvanus siirinamensis to coconut cake. Vanilla is rather free from insect attack, except by an aphis, CeratapJiis lataniae, which is fostered by ants at the base of the flower- stalks. It is however never found in any numbers. The leaves of Para rubber {Hevea hrasiliensis) are attacked on a small scale by Saissetia {Lecanium) nigra and Hemichionaspis aspidistrae, but the former is kept in check by a fungus. Limes, oranges, and other citrus trees are attacked by a number of scales, including •.—Coccus {Lecanium) viridis ; Lepidosaphes beckii (Mytilaspis citricola), which has been found to be kept under control by the red fungus, Sphaerostilbe coccophila ; and Chrysomphalus aonidum, which is certainly parasitised, as it disappears from plantations as suddenly as it makes its appearance. Spraying with cheap fish- oil soap, made locally, is necessary to combat scale-insects. Rose bushes are attacked at night by Adoretus versutus and in the day time by Oxycetonia versicolor. Both these beetles are very common, but could be destroyed by Scoliid parasites, if it is decided to introduce the latter from Madagascar. Papaws {Carica papaya) are badly attacked by Aulacaspis (Diaspis) pentagona, a very common scale-insect in the Colony. Whitewashing the stem of the trees every ,"« months gave excellent results as a measure against this pest at the Botanic Station. Breadfruit {Artocarpus incisa) and jak fruit {Artocarpns integrijolia) are attacked by Chrysomphalus aonidum and Icerya seychellarum.. Custard apples {Anona squamosa and A. reticulata) and soursop {Anona muricata) are attacked by Icerya seychellarum, Asterolecanium pustulans var. seychellarum, and Saissetia hemisphaerica. Coffee {Coffea liberica) is attacked by Coccus viridis, Saissetia hemisphaerica and Ischnaspis longirostris. The oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) is also badly infested with the latter scale. Scorching the palms with, kerosene blast torches combined with judicious pruning is being tried. It has been found impossible 377 to purchase blast torches, but coconut husks dipped in kerosene at the end of long poles are used instead. Lantana {Lantana camara), a noxious weed which is spreading, is fortunately destroyed by Pulvinaria antigoni and Aster olecanium jpnstuluns. Mangos {Mangifera indica) are attacked by Vinsonia stdlifera, Coccus {Lecanium) mangiferae and Icerya seychellarum. Sugar-cane {Saccharmn officinarum) is attacked by Trochorrhopalus stranguhius. a weevil that bores into the underground portion of the stem. The ravages of this insect are not considered important. Bananas {Miisa paradisiaca) are badly infested with Cosmopolites sordidus, which bores into the bulbous extremity of the pseudo-stem. Many species of plantain are immune. Stored maize is attacked by Calandra oryzae, and owing to the ravages of this weevil there is no grain left in the colony three months after the crop has been harvested. Reports on the Agricultural Department, Tortola, 1915-16, and 1916-17, Barbados, 1918, 33 pp. The yield of cotton was markedly diminished by the attacks of caterpillars and by a flower-bud maggot, Contarinia gossypii, which has not previously been recorded in the Virgin Islands. Diaprepes abbreviatus (root borer of sugar-cane) or a closely allied species, caused considerable damage to the leaves of the bay tree, Pimenta acris. D. abbreviatus doublieri attacked the young parts of limes, bay, avocado pear and many ornamental plants. A Longicorn beetle, Batoccra r-ubus, has attacked papaws in Tortola. After destroying all the trees at the Experiment Station, the pest has spread considerably and is recorded from other localities throughout the island. Other trees attacked are Ficiis sp., which is killed by it, the adults feeding on the leaves and young growing parts and the larva eating its way between the bark and wood. It is believed to spend nearly a year in the larval stage. Spotidias liitea (hog plum) is also attacked, and probably avocado pear. This pest should be watched for in other islands, as its introduction would be serious in papaw- growdng regions, and it would probably attack rubber-bearing trees, having already attacked a specimen of Ficvs elastica growing in the Experiment Station. Alabama argillacea (cotton worm) was not plentiful, probably ownng to lack of its food-plant, and Dysdercus andreae (cotton stainer) was less troublesome than in previous years. Cotton (R. T.). Experimental Work on the Control of the White Grubs of Porto Rico. — Jl. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, Rio Piedras, ii, no. 1, January 1918, pp. 1-18. [Received 24th June 1918.] This paper is a brief report of the results of the vast amount of experimental work conducted in Porto Rico since 1908 ■with a view to discovering methods of controlling the white grubs [La chno sterna] so destructive to sugar-cane in the island. The entirely negative results show that hand-collection of the grubs and beetles is at present the only practical means of holding them in check, and it is far from being entirely satisfactory. The most promising method hes in the introduction of predaceous and parasitic enemies [see this Revietv, Ser. A, v, p. 410, 559]. 378 Stevenson (J. A.). The Green Muscardine Fungus in Porto Rico. {Metarhizium anisopliae [Metseh.] Sorokin.) — Jl. Dept. Agric. Porto Rico, Rio Piedras, ii, no. 1, January 1918, pp. 19-32, 3 figs. [Received 24th June 1918.] Metarrhizium anisopliae (green muscardine fungus) was first noted and described in Russia, but attempts at its artificial dissemination have chiefly been made in the tropics and subtropics in connection with sugar-cane insects. It has been found occurring naturally in France, United States, Mexico, Trinidad, Samoa, Philippine Islands, Queensland, Java, Hawaii and Porto Rico, and has been introduced for trial under artificial conditions into Mauritius, Cuba and Argentina. In 1911 it was introduced into Porto Rico from Hawaii on the supposition that it was not indigenous, but its subsequent discovery in localities far removed from the area of introduction points to its previous existence in the island. The number of insects attacked is very large and includes many of considerable economic importance. The chief of these are : — Adoretus compressiis in Java ; A. tenuimaculatus and A. umbrosus in Hawaii ; Agriotes mancus in New York ; Anisoplia austriaca and Bothi/noderes {Cleonus) punctiventris in Russia ; Cyrtacanthacris nigricornis and Holotrichia helleri in Java ; Lachnosterna sp. in Illinois ; Lepidiota albohirta in Queensland ; Leucopholis rorida in Java ; Oryctes rhinoceros in Samoa ; Phy talus smitlii in Mauritius ; Rhabdo- cnemis obscurus in Hawaii ; Tomaspis postica in Mexico ; and T. saccharina (varia) in Trinidad. The insects found diseased by Metarrhizium in confinement in the breeding cages of Porto Rico are : — Aphodius sp., Canthon sj).,Dyscinetus barbatus, Ligyrus tumulosus, Metamasius hemipterus, Lachnosterna (Phyllophaga) citri, L. (P.) guanicensis, L. (P.) portoricensis, L. (P.) vandinei, Phylnlus insidaris, Strategus titanus, and Tiphia inornate, received from Illinois. The fungus has also been found on a number of undetermined Scarabaeids, an earwig, and a cockroach. As a result of field observation and experiments the conclusion has been reached that M. anisopliae will not serve as a practical means of controlling the white grubs or May-beetles in the island. Although various stages of Lachnosterna spp. are subject to attack in confinement, no positive results have been obtained in the field tests, and it appears that the indigenous fungus is so dependent on humidity and other natural conditions that it is, and will remain, a negligible factor in controlling insect pests. Stevenson (J. A.) & Cotton (R. T.). The Preparation and Use of Lime-Sulphur. — Porto Rico Lnsular Expt. Sta., Rio Piedras, Circ. no. 13, 1918, 9 pp., 1 fig. [Received 27th June 1918.] This circular gives full instructions for the making of hme-sulphur concentrate according to the formula : — Unslaked lime, 50 lb. ; pure (99 per cent.) sulphur 100 lb. ; water 50-60 U.S. gals. All the varieties of lime found in Porto Rico are suitable for the purpose, being free from magnesia, a high pei'centage of which is objectionable. 379 Sanders (J. G.). A Handbook of Common Garden Pests. — Bull. Pennsylvania Dept. Agric, Harrisburg, i, no. 2, May 1918, 24 pp., 20 figs. This small handbook gives a very brief account of a few of the more important insect pests and diseases injurious in gardens, with recoumiendations for their control. Emphasis is laid on the importance of garden sanitation and autumn cidtivation. Cardix (P.). La Mosca prieta y Medios para combatirla. [Aleuro- canthus woglumi and Means for combating it.] — Repuhlica de Cuba, Segretaria de AgricuUura, Comercio y Trabajo, Comision de Sanidad Vegetal, Havana, Circ. no. 1, January 1917, 10 pp., 3 plates. [Received 12th June 1918.] This circular contains a historical note on Aleurocanthus woglumi. Quaint., with a brief description of the adult and larva, also the text of a decree, dated 20th July 1916, requiring the instant notification of infestation and prohibiting the removal of various specified plants from infested areas or their importation from the East Indies, Jamaica and the Bahamas. The most suitable oil emulsion for this pest ■consists of kerosene 2 gals., hot water 1 gal., common yellow soap 9|-19 oz. This is a stock solution which must be diluted with 10 parts water. Edrozo (L. B.). a Study of Tobacco Worms and Methods of Control. — Philippine Agricidturist & Forester, Los Bonos, vi, no. 7, March 1918, pp. 195-209. [Received 22nd June 1918.] Four species of Lepidopterous pests of tobacco in the field are dealt with in this paper, viz. : — Prodenia litura, F., Heliothis {Chloridea) -assulta, Gn., Phytomctra (Plusia) eriosoma, Gn., and Phthorimaea (GnorimoscJienia) heliopa, Lower. Of these, the Noctuid, Prodenia litura (tobacco cutworm), for many years recorded as P. littoralis and incorrectly identified in America as P. ornithogalli, Gn., occurs throughout the oriental and southern palaearctic regions and in the Philippines. Eggs are laid on both surfaces of the leaf, and the larvae begin eating along the midribs and proceed gradually to the margins, till none of the leaf blade remains. They have also been recorded as feeding on castor-oil plants, peanuts, lettuce and celery. Since the larvae pupate in the ground, tobacco should not be planted the year following an infested crop. The food-plants of this pest in the Philippines are : — tomato, tobacco, calaboa {Monochoria hastatu), maize, cabbage, rice, sweet potato, castor {Ricinus communis) and jimson-weed {Datura sp.). In India its recorded food-plants are : — lucerne {Medicago sativa), jute {Corcfiorus s-pp.), indigo, potato, mulberry {Morusa.lba), Ficusinjectoria, Elensine coracana, ground nut {Arachis hypogaea), Phaseolus radiatus, Cajanus indicus and sugar-cane {Saccharum ojficinaruni). Heliothis assulta (tobacco false bud-worm) occurs during the entire gro^vth period of the crop in the Philippines. The eggs are 380 laid singly on either surface of the leaf and the young larvae feed on the leaves, while the older larvae bore into the seed-pods. The life- cycle occupies on an average 36 days, there being thus a possibility of 10 broods in a year. H. assulta has a wide distribution and also occurs in West Africa, Asia, Japan, Queensland and Samoa. PhtJiorimaea heliopa oviposits on tobacco on the surface of the stem, into which the newly-hatched larva penetrates and travels either upwards or downwards. When it has been inside for several days a swelling of the stem begins, followed by the wilting of the young buds. The best and most practical method of control is to pull up and destroy infested plants, if young ; though vigorous plants can be dealt with by making a longitudinal cut on the swollen part of the stem with a clean, sharp, thin-bladed knife to expose and kill the larva. No further treatment of the plant is necessary. Seedlings, especially those that have been kept for a long time in seed-beds, are severely attacked, hence it is important to transplant them when about 6 inches high and to remove all shoots growing at the base of the plant and on the axils of the leaves. Spraying with Paris green does not prevent the moth from ovipositing on the stem. Phytometra eriosoma, Gn., was first observed feeding on tobacco in 1914. While the plants were still in the seed-flats they were severely injured by larvae, very few of which, however, touched the plants after they had been transplanted and had reached the flowering stage. At this time the larvae occurred in large numbers on carrots, cress and celery. The larva of Acherontia lachesis, F. (tobacco horn-worm), though not at present causing any serious injury to tobacco, is a potential pest that it is safer to destroy. Prodenia litura and Heliothis assulta may be controlled by spraying with Paris green in either the wet or dry form, care being taken to cover both surfaces of the leaves. The Reduviid, Etiagoras plagiatus, Burm., is predaceous on these two larvae, while Phytometra eriosoma is parasitised by a Braconid, Urogaster sp., and attacked by a fungus^ Cordyceps sp. The caterpillars of all these species may be reduced by fowls, if a limited number are allowed the free run of the plantation, and also by handpicking. La Cochenille australienne (Iccrya purchasi) et son Parasite naturel {Novius cardinalis). [The Australian Scale Insect (Icerya purchasi) and its Natural Enemy {Novius cardinalis).] — Bull. Sac. Etude Yulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xvii, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 56-61. A note under the above title was issued in March of this year by the Minister of Agriculture, drawing attention to the occurrence and life-history of Icerya purchasi (cottony cushion scale) and to the means of controlling it by its natural enemy, Novius cardinalis. Lest new centres of infection in southern France should become established and extended before the introduction of this Coccinellid, an insectarium has recently been established at Mentone, one department of which is specially devoted to the rearing of Novius cardinalis for rapid distribution [see this Review, Ser. A^ v, p. 536]. 381 Muller-Thurgau (H). Zur Bekampfung des Heu- und Sauerwurms im Sommer. [Notes on combating the first and second Genera- tions of the Vine Moth, Clysia amhiguella, in Summer.] — Schiveiz. Zeitschr. Obst- u. Weinbau, Frauenfeld, xxvii, no. 11, 3rd June 1918, pp. 165-170. Recent remedial measures against Clysia amhiguella, Hbn.. are discussed. The use of arsenicals is deprecated in favour of nicotine spravs, which must be applied at high pressure, economy in fluid being effected by cutting off the jet when it is not actually aimed at the grape clusters. For the first generation spraying must be done about 10 days after the first large flight, and if the latter be prolonged owing to unfavourable weather, a second application must be made 8-10 days later. Spraying against the second generation should take place about 8 days after the chief flight. The solution should contain a minimum of 1*3 per thousand of nicotine, and though the addition of 1 per cent, soap may permit a less amount to be used, such a reduction is not advised. Bordeaux mixture may be used as a carrier instead of plain water. Jegen (G.). Die rote Spinne. [Red Spider.]— iSc/^wetz, Zeitschr. Obst- u. Weinbau, Frauenfeld, xxvii, no. 12. 15th. June 1918, pp. 177-182, 1 fig. Investigations at the Experiment Institute at Wadenswil have shown that soft-soap solution, soft-soap and nicotine, and a mixture of soft- soap and quassia solutions, are the best sprays against Tetranychus. The plain soft-soap solution at 4 per cent, strength is preferred and camiot damage the trees if aj^plied before the buds open ; a 3 per cent, solution is almost as efficacious, A spray containing equal parts of 1 per cent, soft-soap and 3 per cent, nicotine solutions kills all the eggs, while nearly all are destroyed by a mixture of equal parts of 1 per cent, soft soap and 2 per cent, quassia solutions. Bedingungen fur die staatliche Unterstutzung der Versuche zur Belcampfung des Heu- u. Sauerwurms. [Conditions of the State Grant in Aid of Experiments in checking the first and second Generations of Clysia anibiguella.] — Schweiz. Zeitschr. Obst- u. Weinbau, Frauenfeld, xxvii, no. 12, 15th June 1918, p. 184. A State subvention of from 20 to 50 per cent, of the cost Is granted by the Zurich Council for experiments with nicotine sprays and trap-lamps against the vine moth, Clysia amhiguella,, Hbn. Whichever method is used, the area must be a large one, extending over the vineyards of several neighbouring growers and the number of lamps, etc., must be in accordance with the requirements of the local authority concerned. In the case of lamps the catches must he carefully counted and reported to the Experiment Institute at Wadenswil. Lyle (G. T.). Contributions to our Knowledge of the British Braconidae, no. 3, Microgasteridae. — Entomologist, London, U, nos. 660-661, May-June 1918, pp. 104-111 & 129-137. The species dealt with include : — Diolcogaster margvnatus, Nees, the only bred specimen of which was obtained from a caterpillar of 382 Larentia mridaria ; D. calceatus, Hal., common in tlie New Forest, where it lias frequently been bred as a solitary parasite from caterpillars of Thera variata and T. ohliscata in company with Apanteles pinicola ; D. circumvectKS, sp. n., a solitary parasite bred from larvae of Lobophora carpinata and hyj^erparasitised by Astiphrommus plagiahis and Mesochorus confusus ; MicrogaMer alcearius, F., infesting Geometrid larvae, a brood of 79 having been obtained from a larva of Hemerophila abruptaria, as well as from Boarmia gemtnaria, B. repandata and Bumia enteolata ; M. minutus, a gregarious species, bred from Cleora glabraria ; M. connexus, Nees, the commonest species in the genus, large broods being frequently obtained from larvae of Arctornis chrysorrhoea {Porthesia similis) and Bombyx neustria, hyperparasitised by Pteromalus sp. and Pezomachus agilis ; M. globatus, a gregarious species, bred from Vanessa atalanta ; M. crassicornis, Ruth., a common solitary parasite of the larvae of Eupithecia denotata {campanulata) ; Microplitis ocelhiae, Bch., a common gsegarious parasite of Sphinx (Smerinthus) ocellatus and S. populi : M. vidua; Ruth., the most important parasite of Euclidia mi, which hibernates in the larval state within its cocoon and is always a solitary parasite, the hyper- parasite, Mesochorus jjectoralis, having been reared from its cocoons ; M. rnricola, sp. n., bred as a sohtary parasite from half-grown larvae of Anarfa myrtilli ; M. tristis, Nees, a very common gregarious parasite of the larvae of Dianthoecia capsincola and D. cucubali, appearing in broods of from 12 to 2(\ and constructing cocoons beneath the surface of the ground ; M. sordipes, Nees, a solitary parasite from half-grown larvae of Acronycta alni and A. 'psi ; M. spectabilis, Hal. , a brood of 22 being reared from a larva of Dyschorista fissipuncta ; M. mediator, Hal, gregarious in broods of from 10 to 22, reared from Noctuid larvae that were probably attacked before hibernation and did not die until about a fortnight after the parasitic larvae had emerged ; and M. tuber culif era, Wesm., one of the commonest English species, reared as a solitary parasite from young Noctuid larvae. Walsh (G. B.). Turnip-flea Beetles. — Entomologist, London, W, no. 661, June 1918, pp. 141-142. The larvae of Phyllotreta undulata are reported from Jarrow-on- Tyne as having occurred in the summer of 1917 in the leaf-stalks of turnips ; these were hollowed for about half an inch, the roots remaining untouched. P. nemorum has a more restricted range in the north of Britain, being recorded as rare in the Hartlepool district and having been found by the author only once in six years in N. Yorkshire^ where P. undulata is very common, the same being true of the Clyde district. Pantanelli (E.). Experiments in the Disinfection of Dwarf Beans infested with Acanthoscelides obtectus and Spermophagus subfas- ciatus.-^Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 639-640. (Abstract from Staz. sper. agrarie italiane, Modena, 1, no. 11-12, pp. 591-609.). [Received 9th July 1918.] Dwarf beans arriving in Italy from Brazil were found to be infested with Bruchus {Acanthoscelides) obtectus and, much more seriously. 383 by Spermophagus subfasciahis {rm(sculus), ^A^hich is peculiar to South America and has only once been met with in Europe (Paris), where it did not increase. Experiments in the disinfection of seed and storehouses showed that fumigation of the seed with 50 gm. of carbon-bisulphide or about 50 cc. of carbon tetrachloride ( = 81-54 gm.) or 0*5 gm. of potassium cyanide, for 48 hours on each cwt. of dried beans, caused certain death to adult insects in the seeds. Germination of the seeds is more affected by the bisulphide than by the tetrachloride and is not affected at all by potassium cyanide. Storehouses can be satisfactorily disinfected by spraying with a tar-oil emulsion. Tests showed that at a temperature of 54° to 59° F. the adults of both species are destroyed by the use of certain proprietory brands of any of the following substances : — creoline, 7 parts ; creselion, 6 parts ; cresosol, 5 parts ; or lysol, 4 parts,, to 100 parts water. The Campaign against the Codling Moth {Carpocapsa pomoneUa) in Cyprus, in 1917. — Mihhj. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PL Dis., Rome, ix, no. 5, May 1918, p. 640. (Abstract from Cyprus Agric. Jl., Nicosia, xiii, no. 1, 1918, p. 13.) [Received 9th July 1918.] By a Government Order of 25th April 1917, a campaign has been instituted in Cyprus against Cydia {Carpocajjsa) poynonella (codling moth) infesting apple, pear, quince and walnut trees. The measures adopted are lime-dressing, daily collection and destruction of fallen fruit, and bandaging the trunks with grass or cloth bands. The grass bands, however, have not proved successful. Some 80,000 trees were lime-dressed. D'Abreu (E. a.). The Food of Birds in the Central Provinces. — Records Nagpur Museum, Nagpur, no. 2, 1918. [Received 9th July 1918.] This paper contains a record of the stomach contents of GOO birds shot in the Central Provinces, India, many of the insects found being of economic importance. Dubois (P.). La Protection des Cultures centre les Parasites d'Importa- tion. [The Protection of Crops against Imported Pests.] - Vie Agricole et Rur., Paris, viii, no, 27, 6th July 1918, pp. 17 & 18. This paper reviews the subject of the importation of insect pests as it affects various countries, and urges the necessity for thorough fumigation of all horticultura' consignments at the time of their exportation or importation. DE Seabra (A. F.) & Vayssiere (P.). Les Coccides de I'lle de San Thome (Hem.). [The Coccids of the Island of San Thome.] — Btdl. Svc. Entom. de France, Paris, 1918, no. 10, 22nd May 1918, pp. 162-164. Particulars are given of the Coccids found in the Island of San Thome, which is one of the richest agricultural colonies of Portugal, with a view to precautions being taken against the introduction of any of these pests into French possess'ons in Afr ca. ' 384 The list includes Icerya purchasi, Mask.,, taken on a cultivated species of Rosa, not yet known in western or equatorial Africa ; Or'hezia insignis, Dougl., on Coffea arabica, being abundant on the leaves, attacking for preference the terminal shoot and probably encouraging the development of Capnodium caffeae ; it has not yet been observed in French territory in Africa ; Pseudococcus citri, Risso, taken on roots and fruits of Theobroma cacao ; Ceroplastes sp., abundant on the branches of Coffea arabica ; Vinsonia stelUfera, Green, on leaves of Citrus sp., but not yet known to occur in Africa ; Saissetia (Lecaninm) nigra. Nietn. , abundant on leaves of Hevea guyanensis, but apparently not very harmful ; Coccus (L.) viridis, Green, on leaves of Coffea liberica, is a dangerous pest and should be watched, though fortunately, its most important natural enemy, the fungus Cephalosporimn lecanii, also occurs in San Thome ; Aukicaspis penfagona, Targ. , abundant on Carica papaya and on Hevea guyanensis, but not yejs known to occur on the coast of the mainland ; Pseudaonidia trilobitiformis, Green, taken on Theobroma cacao ; Aspidiotiis palmae, Morg. & Ckll., abundant on leaves of Carica papaya and Artocarpus incisa and less common on those of Theobroma cacao, Persea gratissima and Citrus sp. ; Selenaspidus articulatus, Morg., on Theobroma cacao and other plants ; Morganella 7naskelli, Ckll., on Persea gratissima, in company with Aulacaspis pentagona ; Lepidosaphes heckii, Newm. {cifricola, Pack.) on Citrus spp. ; and Ischnaspis filiformis. Dougl., found rarely on leaves of Coffea liberica. Weldon (G. p.). Pear Growing in California.— M^^Zy. Bull. Gal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 371-407, figs. 165-186. Among the numerous insect pests of pear trees dealt with in this bulletin are Polycaon confertus (branch and twng borer), which oviposits on the twigs of pear and other trees. The larvae bore into the twigs, frequently causing them to break. This pest is usually troublesome in the neighbourhood of brush piles, in which it hibernates and breeds ; consequently brush piles and orchard prunings should be cleared up. Aphis medicaginis usually feeds on leguminous plants, such as sweet and bur clover, etc., but attacks pears when there is a scarcity of its usual food-plants, feeding upon the tender tips of the twigs. Gymnonychus californicus (California pear sawfly) in the larval stage eats circular- shaped holes in the leaves. Eulecanium (Lecanium) cerasorum (cherry or calico scale) is abundant in some localities, but does not generally require artificial control measures. E. (L.) corni is commonly found on pear trees, but its parasite, Comys fusca, generally serves to keep it in check. Borers include Chrysobothris femorata (flat-headed apple-tree borer), which frequently causes the death of injured or weakened trees ; preventive measures include the protection of the trunlcs of young trees by whitewashing, or by tree protectors made of yucca or of heavy paper. Xyleborus xylographus (lesser shot-hole borer) bores small holes at the base of buds or into the heart of branches. All dead wood and prunings should be removed to prevent hibernation of this species and of Scolytus {Eccoptogaster) rugulosus (shot-hole borer or fruit-tree bark-beetle), which has similar 385 habits. Epitrimerus pijri (pear-leaf rust-mite) hibernates under the bud-scales and causes a dry, rusty appearance of the foliage. Sulphur sj)rays are recommended against it. Schizura concinna (red-humped caterpillar) causes defoliation of portions of the pear-tree. The larvae can often be found in the evening or early morning clustered on a twig, and the removal of this will perhaps destroy the whole colony. A lead arsenate spray should be used if necessary. PaJaeacrita vernata (spring cankerworm) feeds on pear foliage ; nicotine or lead arsenate sprays are recommended. Eriocampoides limacina {CaUroa cemsi) (pear slug) devours the upper surface of the leaves and may completely defoliate the tree. Eggs are laid just beneath the epidermis and the larvae begin their attacks in May. When full-gro\\m they pupate in the soil and emerge for a second generation after mid- sunmier. Trees sprayed early ^^^th lead arsenate are seldom attacked, but if the second generation appears, a nicotine or other contact spray should be used, making two applications at an interval of about a week. Dusting is also effective owing to the sliminess of the larvae, which causes the dust to adhere and finally results in death. Under the heading of insecticides and fungicides, a list of contact and poison sprays, fumigants and repellents, is given, and many formulae for the control of the above-named and other pests of pear-trees are detailed. An ingenious chart is appended, showing at a glance those insecticides and fungicides that may be mixed with safety, as well as those that form dangerous or doubtful combinations. BoDKix (G.E.). Report of the Economic Biologist. — Brit. Guiana Dept, Sci. d' Agric, Rept. for the Year 1910, Georgetoicn, 10th May 1917, U pp. [Received 11th July 1918.] On sugar-cane, the troublesome pest known as the giant moth borer [Castnia licus] is now well under control, occasional sporadic outbreaks being due to neglect in destruction of the insect. With regard to the two smaller moth borers [Diatraea canelhi and D. sacclia- ralis], control measures are not undertaken with sufficient thorough- ness and consequently the position is far from satisfactory. The main points in control are the careful selection of iminfested tops for planting, regular and thorough cutting out of infested parts from yoimg canes, breeding and distribution of parasites in conjimction with a proper method of egg-collection, the super\asion by a trained individual employed solely on this work, and the regular prosecution of all such work throughout the year Rubber has chiefly suft'ered from the effects of the South American leaf disease ; trees so attacked are frequently destroyed by termites, notably Eutermes costwicensis. An amended list of rubber pests includes the hawk moth, Erinnyis eUo, L. ; the Orthoptera, Tropidacris coUaris, StoU, and Osmilia jiavolimata, DeG. ; the ants, Atta cephalotes, L., and A. {Acromyrmex) octospina, Reich. ; the bug, Empicoris variolosus, L. ; the Coccids, Asterolecanium sp., Vinsonia stellifera, Westw., Saissetia nigra, Nietn., Aspidiotus destructor. Sign., and A. persomitus, Comst. Coconuts were severely damaged, as in former years, by the butter- fly, Brassolis £opliorae, L. It was observed that the caterpillars, instead (C496) X 386 of pupating either in the disused nest or elsewhere in the crown of the tree, frequently descend the trunk of the palm and pupate in the empty husks and other debris lying about the base. The clearing up of all rubbish and empty husks on infested areas has consequently been made compulsory. This pest is apt to lie dormant for a time and then make a severe attack, palms being rapidly stripped of their fohage,.and eventually the caterpillars, being unable to obtain food, scatter and pupate in the most convenient spots, thus rendering their destruction a difficult matter. These sudden infestations are undoubtedly regulated by the abundance of natural enemies, princi- pally Hymenopterous parasites. The larvae of the Limacodid, Sihine fusca, Stoll, are increasing in numbers and on several occasions have been found to cause an infestation ascribed to B. sopJwrae. The large locust, Tropidacris latreillei, Perty, formerly a serious pest, has now almost completely disappeared. The larvae of the moth, Castnia daedalus, have continued their depredations in certain areas. In several cases the beetle, Strategus aloeiis, L., was found to have descended to a considerable depth and destroyed the entire heart of a young palm. Neither citrus plants nor rice are seriously infested by any insect ; on the former scale-insects are the worst pest ; on the latter Lajjhygma frugiperda, S. & A., still occurs, though not abundantly. Cacao trees have been found infested wdth the following species of ants, their presence being frequently indicative of scale-insect infestation : Daceton armigerum, Ltr., Cryptocerus atratus, L., Tetra- morium guineense, F., Neoponera villosa inversa, Sm., Azteca instabilis^ Sm., and A. velox, Forel. Investigations were carried out on the sugar-cane froghopper pest, Tomaspisflavilatera. Both this species and its parasites were studied, with the object of the possible introduction of the latter into the cane- fields of Trinidad. Froghoppers are not likely to become a serious pest in British Guiana. The follo^\dng species have been identified : Tomaspis flavilatera, Urich, the nymphs of which feed on sugar-cane ; T. pubescens, F., the nymphs feeding on grasses in the vicinity of cane-fields ; T. rubra, Germ., abundant in the interior ; and Ischnorhma sanguinea, F., a rare species from the interior. Among destructive ants are Atta (Acromyrmex) octospino, Reich., w^hich destroys the cambium layer of recently tapped rubber trees {Hevea brasiliensis) ; Monotnoriimi jioricola, Jerd., found infesting coconut palms and also in houses i*n all kinds of food, ^particularly oils, and devouring dead insects. Tapirwrna melanocephalum, F., is perhaps the commonest species of ant in the Colony ; it is found in every dwelling-house and building, attacking all kinds of food and also dead insects. Camponotus [Myrmothrix) abdotninalis stercorarius. For., is common in cane-fields. Azteca trigona subdentata, For,, is- usually found accompanying Coccids. Solenopsis pylades, For., is the common red stinging ant of the coast-lands. It fosters Pseudo- coccus saccJiari, Ckll. (sugar-cane mealy bug), P. citri, Risso, and Saissetia nigra, Nietn. It is occasionally destructive to rice by burrowing in the stem. Attention has been given to the dragonflies of the coast-lands, some of which are of considerable economic importance, as they are predaceous on certain agricultural pests. A list of 22 species occurring. 387 in the Colony is given. Among thrips, of which 12 species have been identified, FranklinieUa insularis, Frank!., is found on blossoms of various plants, roses, etc. ; Heliothrips haemorrhoidaUs, Bch., is abundant on leaves of orange, avocado and other plants, frequently proving very destructive ; Hoplandoikrips affinis, Hood, has been taken from leaf-sheaths of sugar-cane ; and FranMniothnps vespiforrnis, Cwfd., is a predaceous species. A new Alem'odid, Eudialeurodicus hodkini, Q. & B., w^as found on leaves of Erythrina glauca. DoDD (A. p.). Records and Descriptions of Australian Chalcidoidea. — Trans. Proc. R. Soc. S. Australia, Adelaide, xli, 24:th December 1917, pp. 344-368. [Received 13th July 1918.] Among the species recorded in this j)aper are : — Stomatoceroides nthripes, Gir., reared from Tineid larvae in eucalyptus galls ; Stomatoceras gracilicorpiis, Gir., a parasite of the sugar-cane bud-moth,. Opogona glycyphaga, Meyrick ; Euryischia shakes pear ei, Gir., reared from puparia of a small Dipteron attacking Aphis sacchari (sugar-cane aphis) ; E. aleiirodis, sp. n., from Aleurodes on sugar-cane ; Polycystomyia benefica, sp. n., Trigonogastra agromyzae, sp. n., and Pterosema subaenea, sp. n., all from Agromyza phaseoli (bean- fly) in stems of cow-pea ; Eurydinota braconis, sp. n., bred from cocoons of Apanteles on larvae of Cirphis {Lencania) nnipiincta ; Pterosemoidea drosophilae, sp. n., bred from puparia of a Drosophilid fly, the larvae of which destroy Pseudococcus calceolariae (sugar-cane mealy bug) ; Tetracnemella megymeni, sp. n., bred from eggs of the bug, Megymenum insulare; Cristatithorax viridiscutum, Gir., bred from the ootheca of a common Blattid, Ellipsidion pellucidimi, on leaves of sugar-cane ; Anastahis aristotelea, Gir., from eggs of the Neuropteron, Torbia viridissima ; Agamerion metallica, Gir., a very common parasite in the oothecae of Ellipsidion pellucidum ; Neodimtnockia agromyzae, sp. n., from Agromyza phaseoli in stems of cow-pea ; Mestocharomyia oophaga, sp. n., from oothecae of Ellipsidion pellucidum ; Pleurotro- pomyia aeneoscutellmn, Gir., bred from sugar-cane leaves infested Avith a leaf-mining Tineid, Cosmopteryx sp. ; and Rhicnopeltomyia aeneicoQca, sp. n., reared from a pupa embedded in the midrib of a. sugar-cane leaf. Halligan (C. P.). Strawberry Culture. — Michigan Agric. Expt. Sta., East Lansing, Spec. Bull. no. 84, February 1918, 19 pp., 18 figs. [Received 13th July 1918.] The pests of strawberries dealt with include white grubs [Lach- nosterna spp.], which feed on the large roots or in the crowns, causing the wilting and dying of the plants. As the beetles producing these grubs oviposit in sod lands, such lands should be devoted to some other cultivated crop for at least one season before planting strawberries. Deep ploughing in the autumn will kill many of the grubs. The strawberry leaf-roller [Aticylis comptana] oviposits on the under.'Surface of the leaves in early spring, and the larvae fold over the leaflets and feed within them, causing them to die. Before (C496) b2 388 thejleaves become rolled, two or three sprayings, at one week's interval, should be given to the plants, using 2 lb. lead arsenate to 50 U.S. gals, water. After the crop is gathered, the plants should be entirely cut down and burned. Waid (C. W.). Tomato Growing in Michigan. — Michigan Agric. Expf. Sta., East Lansing, Spec. Bull. no. 89, March 1918, 18 pp. 9 figs. [Received 13th July 1918.] The insects mentioned in this bulletin as pests of tomatoes are cutworms, for which poisoned bran mash is advocated, the potato beetle [Leptinofarsa deceniUneata], blister beetles and flea-beetles, which can usually be killed by dusting with 1 part dry powdered lead arsenate diluted with 5 or 6 parts of flour, hydrated lime, air slaked lime or any other inert powder to serve as a carrier. This must be applied as soon as the larvae. begin to appear. In planting out tomatoes in the field, care should be taken that there are no nymphs or immature forms of white-flies [Ahurodes] present on the plants. Parrott (P. J.) & Glasgow (H.). The Radish Maggot. — New York Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva, N.Y., Bull. no. 442, November 1917, pp. 693-715, 8 plates, 2 figs. [Received 13th July 1918.] In this bulletin, Phorbia brassicae, Bch. (radish or cabbage maggot) is dealt with in its relation to radish culture. The adult flies appear during early May ; eggs are laid on the ground within 3 to 5 days ; these hatch and the larvae begin their attacks on the roots of radish plants, the damage generally being most evident during June. In favourable conditions there are three broods and perhaps a partial fourth. Early sowing of the crop, so that it may be harvested before the period of danger from the maggots, is recommended, provided that favourable weather and soil conditions exist. For the protection of these early-sown radishes, frames covered with cheesecloth of 20 to 30 mesh have given excellent results, both protecting the plants from Phorbia brassicae and from flea-beetles [PhyJlotreta vittata, F.), and producing finer plants than those grown in open beds. Robinson (R H.). The Calcium Arsenates. — Oregon Agric. Coll. Ex-pt. Sta., Corvallis, Bull. 131, June 1918, 15 pp. The information contained in this bulletin has previously been abstracted from another source [see this Review^ Ser. A, vi, p. 338]. Newcomer (E. J.). Some Stoneflies Injurious to Vegetation. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xiii, no. 1, 1st April 1918, pp. 37-41, 3 plates. [Received 15th July 1918.] Among the western species of stone-flies of the genus Taeniopteryx, including T. pacifica. Banks, T. pallida, Banks, and T. nigripennis, Banks, the first-named has proved to be of considerable economic importance. The first adults appear during March, when the fruit buds are beginning to swell, and as these begin to open, the flies eat large holes in them, frequently destroying them entirely. In other cases, 389 the ovary of the blossom is injured, resulting in deformed fruit. Later in the season, the insects feed on the calyx and corolla of the blossoms and on the young fruit and tender foliage. The favourite food-plants are apricot, peach and plum trees ; trees with harder buds are much less liable to attack. The habit of feeding upon fruit trees is evidently an acquired one, as the early stages of the insect are passed in natural streams, and the species was undoubtedly abundant before fruit trees were ever planted in the valley. Upon examining the native vegetation, especially along the streams, the stone-fly was observed feeding to some extent on the leaves of wild rose, willows {Salix spp), wild cherry {Primus emarginata and P. demissa), alder {Alnns tenuifolia) and elm {Ulnms americana). The shores of the Colimibia River were examined and the flies were found emerging in large numbers, thousands of cast nymphal skins being strewn along the water's edge to 10 or 15 ft. above it. Evidently the adults fly to the trees as soon as their wings are dry, mate in the orchards and return to the river after feeding for oviposition in the water, where the eggs hatch. Whether the nymphs complete their development in a single year, or require two years or more, is not known. While it has not as yet been possible to carry out extensive experiments in the control of Taeniopteryx, it was noticed in 1915 that plum-trees that had been sprayed with crude-oil emulsion and nicotine sulphate for Aphids were not so badly injured as untreated trees. Nicotine sulphate and soap also gave some measure of relief. It seems probable that complete protection against stone-flies could be effected by two ajDplications of a spray composed of 2 lb. lead arsenate to 50 U.S. gals, water, the first as soon as the flies appear, the second either just before blossoming or just as the petals are falling. Taenio*[)teryx ■nigripenius and T. paUida have been observed in pine woods at an elevation of 3,000 ft., feeding on native vegetation along the banks of a stream. The plants attacked were the thimbleberry {Rubus ]Mrviflon(s), alder {Alnus tenuifolia), willow {Salix spp.), wild rose {Rosa sp.), service-berry {Amelanchier sp.) and maple {Acer douglasi). It is probable that a study of the habits of stone-flies in other parts of the country, particularly of the genus Taeniopteryx, will reveal other plant-feeding and therefore potentially injurious species. HoRTON (J. R.). The Argentine Ant in Relation to Citrus Groves. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 647, 3rd May 1918, 73 pp., 6 plates. [Received 15th July 1918.] The subject matter of this bulletin has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 313]. CooLEY (R. A.), Parker (J. R.) & Seamans (H. L.). Grasshopper / y Control in Montana. — Univ. Montana Agric. Expt. Sta., Bozeman, \X Giro. no. 76. February 1918, pp. 119-147, 16 figs. [Received 15th July 1918.] This circular deals at length with the control of grasshopper out- breaks by means of poisoned baits and catching machines. The latter can be used in low-growing crops, such as grain (before ripening), flax, potatoes, lucerne and grasses, and though the efficiency of the 390 two methods is probably about the same, the use of a catching machine results in the acquisition of a poultry food, the value of which more than covers the cost and operations of the machine. Feench Junr. (C). Furniture and Timber Boring Insects.— J?. Dejpt. Agric. Victoria, Melbourne, xvi, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 214-221, 6 figs. [Received 15th July 1918.] The chief timber-boring insect of Victoria is Lyctus brunneus (furni- ture and powder-post beetle), which oviposits on timber. The eggs hatch rapidly and the larvae at once bore into the. wood, especially attacking the sap-wood. Originally introduced into Australia in infected timber, tool- handles and wicker-work, it has made great headway during recent years, attacking furniture, especially the backs of book-cases, cup- boards, the inside woodwork of pianos, table-legs and wicker-work. From this source it rapidly spreads to the roof and floor-timbers of houses, reducing them to sawdust and necessitating their renewal. Recent infestations in houses can be successfully dealt with by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas or carbon bisuljDhide. All timber should be dried as soon as possible and should not remain closely packed in timber yards for any length of time ; keeping it in the open air for about 18 months allows it to become thoroughly dried. The House process of artificially seasoning timber by means of moist and dry heat, which occuj)ies about a fortnight, does not damage it in any way, the colour being good and the fibres normal. Some timber merchants remove all the sajJ-wood ; while timber intended for telegraph poles, flooring boards, mine props, etc., should be treated with one of the following : — corrosive sublimate, linseed or other preservative oils, kerosene, benzine, creosote, carbolic acid, benzine mixed with carbolic acid, carbolineum, white ant preservative or white ant exterminator. Floor joists, after they are laid, should be thoroughly dressed with oil to which has been added arsenic at the rate of 1 lb. to 1 gal. ; this method has been used for years without harmful effects. The bark should be removed from trees as soon as they are felled and only the heart- wood should be utilised for timbering the concealed parts of buildings. The pin-hole borer [Anobium sp.) oviposits on the wood into which the larvae bore ; they do not remain in the sapwood as L. bncmieus does, but j)enetrate into the very heart of the tree, the burrows often being several feet in length. This species has been found to attack red gum, mahogany, beech, oak, deal and red pine, the preventive and remedial measures recommended for the furniture borer being also applicable to it. Van Zwaluwenbueg (R. H.). Report of the Entomologist. — Rept. Porto Rico Agric. Expt. Sta. for 1916, Mayaguez, 5th February 1918, pp. 25-28. [Received 15th July 1918.] Scapteriscus vicinus (Changa or mole-cricket) requires a year for the complete development of a generation, of which three weeks are passed in the egg-stage, nine months from hatching to the final moult, and two or three months in the stage preceding oviposition, which 391 occurs most commonly during the spring months. The night flights of adults are most marked during November and December, and it has been found that those captured at lights during October and November are more often females than males, and since at this time oviposition has not taken place, the use of trap-lights should constitute a valuable means of control. Further observations on this point of sex proportion are being made. The most satisfactory control measure in small areas is the persistent use of poisoned bait, but repellents have been found of little value. Flooding land for 24 hours or more may be practicable in some localities ; by this means nymphs and adults are forced to the surface, where they fall a prey to insectivorous birds, while the eggs fail to hatch after submersion for a day or longer. White-grub injury to sugar-cane was very frequent during the year, and especially severe on ratooned canes. The discontinuance of ratooning, though often desirable, is not practicable, as the smaller mills supphed by a small acreage of cane land caim.ot afford to lose the extra time required for a planted crop to mature. The large common species of Lachnosterna was captured in large numbers by means of a 400-candle power gasoline lamp, placed near the ground and operated as soon as the spring flight of the beetles began. Both sexes were taken in about equal numbers, and it was found that only 17 per cent, of the females had completed egg-laying. Both the young and adult of Amphiaciista caraibea, a dark-brown cricket frequenting cool, moist locations, have been recorded as severely damaging various seedlings in the station plant-houses. This species, which has also been recorded as a household pest of foodstuffs, damages plants by burrowing beneath them and feeding from below, much in the same manner as the mole-cricket, injury by it being often attributed to the latter. The eggs, which are usually laid singly in the upper inch of soil, but which may be dropped promiscuously on the surface, hatch in about a month. A serious outbreak of the yellow Aphid, Sipha flava, on young cane, severely retarding its growth, and in some cases causing its death, was eventually brought under control by natural enemies. Sterictiphora zaddachi, the larvae of which feed on the leaves of Coccoloba uvifera (sea-grape) and Chrysobakmus icaco, is the only sawfly recorded from the W. Indies. The eggs are laid in clusters on the under-side of the leaf and the larvae are gregarious. By far the most satisfactory spray yet found for the majority of Porto E-ican insects is the parafiin-oil emulsion used by the U.S. Department of Agriculture in its work in Florida, since it is cheaper and less troublesome to prepare than home-made lime-sulphur. The termite recorded in the previous report [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 227] under the name Leucotermes sp. as tunnelling in furniture and woodwork, has proved to be a species of Cryptotermes. Van Zwaluwenbueg (R. H.). The Changa or West Indian Mole Cricket. — Porto Rico Agric. Expt. Sta., Mayaguez, Bull. no. 23, 12th February 1918, 28 pp., 3 plates. [Received 15th July 1918.] Much of the information contained in this bulletin has been previously noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 296]. Scapteriscus 392 vicinus is probably the most destructive agricultural pest in Porto Rico. Its natural enemies include a centipede {Scolopendra alternans), a tiger beetle, Tefracha sohrina infuscata, a Carabid, Calosoma alternans, and the larvae of an Elaterid beetle, Pyrophorus luminosus. KiNMAN (C. F.). The Mango in Porto Rico. — Porto Rico Agric. Expt. Sta., Mayaguez, Bull. no. 24, 4th February 1918, 30 pp.. 11 plates. [Received 15th July 1918.] The only insect pests of the mango which thus far have been of importance in Porto Rico are thrips and the fruit-fly, Anastreplia fraterculus. The latter is very injurious to the fruits of some varieties of both wild and imported mangos, and as it breeds in other wild fruits, some of which bear throughout the year, it would be very difficult to eradicate or control it. The cheapest and easiest way of preventing injury is by enclosing the fruit in cheap paper bags when it has attained its full size, but before it begins to ripen. It is advisable to make a small hole in the bottom of the bag to allow water to drain out that may enter by way of the fruit stem. Several hundreds of these bags can be attached by one person in a day, and though the] covering to some extent hinders the development of the red blush on certain varieties, it protects the bloom and prevents sunburn, thus adding to the attractiveness of the fruit. HuTSON (J. C). Some Insect Pests in Cuba. — Agric. News, Barbados, xvii, no. 421, 15th June 1918, pp. 186-187. A previous paper, dealing with the appearance, spread and control of Aleurocanthus woglumi (spiny citrus white-fly) in Cuba to the end of October 1916 has already been noticed [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, V, p. 171]. Subsequent work on this pest has shown that, after hatch- ing, the insect passes through three stages before becoming adult, during which time the damage due to it is done. A bad infestation causes the leaves to curl up, turn yellow, and eventually fall. The complete life-cycle occupies about sixty-five days, so that there may be five generations a year. Since the adult female lays on an average about 40 eggs, the pest is capable of a rapid increase in a comparatively short time. The froghopper, Monecphora bicincta, became a pest of importance in Cuba in 1916, when it destroyed large areas of grass pasture consisting of Parana or Panama grass {Panicmn numidiantim) and Guinea grass (P. maximum), and also attacked Sorghum halepense and Andropogon muricatus. The damage is done mainly by the nymphs, which attack the base of the plant and the top of the roots, gradually sucking the plant dry. The eggs are laid on the soil close to the plant and hatch in from 12 to 20 days in the wet season, though under dry conditions they may remain unhatched for as long as 4 months. There are four moults., and under favourable conditions the comj)lete develop- ment occupies from 32 to 40 days. Various control methods suggested, include : — the burning over of dried -up pasture areas, by which means the eggs and nymphs are destroyed, though a certain proportion of the adults will escape ; the collection of adults by means of trap- lights ; the use of a machine resembling a hopper-dozer, which, 393 however, is unsuitable for uneven ground ; and lastly the use of green muscardine fungus [Metarrhizium anisopliae]. Pseudococcus sacchari (sugar-cane mealy-bug) attacks both the roots and stalk of the sugar-cane, sometimes kilhng the canes outright. This pest is considered to be the most serious insect problem in relation to sugar-cane in Cuba, the discovery of suitable remedial methods being a matter of urgent importance. BovELL (J. E.). Report of the Department of Agriculture, Barbados, for 1916-1917.— 62 pp. [Received 15th July 1918.] Experiments on the growing of sugar-cane with chemical fertilisers, and conducted on the same manurial plots for 24 consecutive years, were begimiing to yield valuable results until four years ago, when the canes were so severely attacked by the larvae of Diaprepes abbreviatus, L. (root-borer) and Phytalus smithi, Arr. (brown hard- back) as to render the comparison of results impossible. These two pests are increasing in Barbados in sjjite of the fact that in 1915 the 1,560 clumps in the plots were dug out, cut into pieces and the old cane-holes dug out 2 ft. square, 8,122 larvae being thus destroyed. The increase is due to the indifference of the vast majority of planters who still make no effort to combat the infestation. The loss due to these larvae in 1916-17 was at the rate of about £9 per acre, since 33 infested clumps had to be dug up before they were mature, and when the remaining clumps were reaped 8,227 larvae were dug out and destroyed, being an increase on the previous year. The need for a imited effort in collecting the larvae and mature insects, as well as in destroying the eggs, is emphasised by the fact that in Mauritius the pest is capable of destroying w^hole fields of cane, while in Porto Rico the larvae of certain allied hardbacks are on the increase and causing great loss to the sugar-cane growers. Some proprietors are dealing with the pest by collecting the adult beetles, the hand picking of 589,680 of these having been paid for in one year on an estate of 500 acres. Others, again are substituting crops other than sugar-cane in the infested fields. A preliminary list is given of the ticks, mites and insect pests of Barbados, exclusive of the Coccidae, which were recorded in the previous Report [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 256], with remarks concerning their habits where known. Dash (J. S.). Report of the Assistant Superintendent of Agriculture on the Entomological and Mycological Work carried out during the Season under Review. — Rept. Dept. Agric. for 1916-17, Barbados, 1917, pp. 56-60. [Received 15th July 1918.] The attacks of Diaprepes abbreviatus (root-borer) and Phytalus smithi (brown hard-back) on sugar-cane seem to be increasing, and the losses due to them would have been far greater had it not been for the favourable growing weather that prevailed in 1916. Diatraea saccharalis (moth-borer) has continued to cause great annual loss owing to the lack of concerted action on the part of growers. Other minor pests of sugar-cane noted were : — the scale-insects, 394 Pseudococcus calceolariae, P. sacchari, and Aspidiotus sacchari, and the termites, Coptotermes marabitanus, Hag., and Eutermes hatiensis, Holmg., the latter being a local species. Stenocranus (Delphax) saccharivorus (cane fly), a very serious pest in Jamaica, has not been observed in Barbados since 1914, when its eggs on cane leaves were heavily parasitised by the Mymarid, Anagrus Jlavescens. Cotton was subject to small local attacks by Eriophyes gossypii (blister mite) and by Alabama argillacea and Aletia luridula (cotton caterpillars), which, however, were held in check with Paris green. Injury to the stem by Porricondyla gossypii (red maggot) was recorded from one locality during the year. In several districts complaints were received of injury to sweet potatoes by Euscepes batatas (scarabee), the remedy for which lies in much improved methods of clean cultivation, such as planting from sound tubers only, and the removal and destruction of all infested material from the fields after harvesting. Tetranychus telarius w^as present to some extent during the dry months. In cases where treatment was necessary dusting with flowers of sulphur and lime in about equal parts helped to control it. Diaprepes abbreviatus was found severely attacking young potato plants grown as a rotation crop after infested cane. The stems below ground were bored so as to result in the death of the plants. Less susceptible plants, such as cotton or cassava, should be used in such cases as a rotation crop. Peregrinus maidis, Ashm., was collected from sorghum leaves during the year. Garden plants and citrus were found to be attacked by : — Lepido- saphes beckii, Newm., Chionaspis citri, Comst., Pseudococcus citri, Risso, and Coccus viridis, Green, the control of this last being attempted in one place by spraying with the fungus, Cephalosporium, lecanii. A parasite of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Morg., was bred out and sent for identification. A species of Diaspis, probably D. echinocacti, was collected on cactus. A species of Aspidiotus, probably A. rapax, was collected on oleander. Two Cerambycids, Achryson surinamum and Chloridaf estiva, were bred in large numbers from the trunk of an ebony tree. A thrips, probably Thrips tabaci, seriously infested eschalot leaves in one locality. The Ptinid, Cathorama herbarium, Gorh., was found eating into books and upholstered furniture. The Curculionids, Promecops lunatus and Artipus corycaeus, attacked bean leaves and the seed pods of Abrus precatorius respectively. The Scolytids, Xyleborus confusus and Pycnarihrum pallidum, were obtained, the latter from the bark of Ficus nitida. Nezara viridula (green bug) has been reported as causing damage to tomato plants, laying eggs in clusters on the foliage and sucking the juices of the leaves and fruit. This pest can be controlled by hand-picking the eggs and adults. The larvae of Prodenia dolichos and Pacliyzqncla bipunctalis caused great injury to the foliage of certain ornamental plants. A species of termite infesting wooden buildings has been identified as Phinotermes nasutus, Perty. Species added to the collection of Barbados insects include the Tenebrionid, Opatrinus gemellatus, recorded as attacking young cotton plants in some of the other West Indian Islands. 395 Macoun (W. T.). The Potato in Canada, its Cultivation and Varieties. — Canada Dept. Agric. Div. Hortic, Ottaiva, Bull. no. 90 (Popular Ed.), 1918, 16 pp., 3 figs. [Eeceived IGth July 1918.] Damage to the leaves of potato plants by Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado potato beetle) may be avoided by spraying immediately the larvae appear, which is in about a week after the eggs are laid. "WTiere labour is cheap it is also advisable to handpick the adult beetles before oviposition. The best poisons to use are Paris green and lead arsenate ; either of these may be applied in both the wet and dry forms. Paris green should be used in the proportion of 8 oz. to 40 gals, water, at any time that the weather is fine. If it is to be used as a powder, the dusting should be done while the dew is on the foliage, the mixture consisting of 1 lb. Paris green to 50 lb. slaked lime, land plaster (gypsum) or any perfectly dry powder. Lead arsenate paste at the rate of 2 to 3 lb. to 40 gals, water, or powdered lead arsenate at the rate of 1 lb. to 1| lb. adheres to the foliage better than Paris green, though it does not kill quite so rapidly. Hence a mixture is recommended consisting of 8 oz. Paris green and IJ lb. lead arsenate paste to 40 gals, water. The cucumber flea-beetle [Epitrix cucumeris] frequently causes great damage by making small holes in the leaves, thus inducing the attacks of potato fungus, but it may be controlled by spraying with Bordeaux mixture and lead arsenate. Davis (J. J.) & Turner (C. F.). Popular and Practical Entomology, Experiments with Cutworm Baits. — Canadian Entomologist^ London, Ont., \, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 187-192. Owing to the ever-increasing price of bran, experiments have been midertaken in Indiana to test the suitability of sawdust as a substitute for it in poison-baits. The regulation bran mash composed of 1 lb. poison to 25 lb. filler (bran or sawdust), with 2 quarts molasses, 6 lemons and water as needed, was made up according to 3 formulae, containing respectively Paris green and bran, Paris green and sawdust, and white arsenic and bran, and these mixtures were used in a field badly infested with Agrotis ypsilon (greasy cutworm). The ground was treated on 9th July, maize was replanted on 14th July, and counts made on 23rd July showed that sawdust gave distinctly good results, though not so good as those with bran. When used at the rate of 5 lb. to the acre, the figures were : — Paris green and bran, 2 per cent, plants attacked ; white arsenic and bran, 3 per cent, plants attacked ; Paris green and sawdust, 5 per cent, plants attacked ; control plot, 50 per cent, plants attacked. Similar experiments were conducted for the control of Cirphis nnipuncta (army worm). The poisons were used in the proportion of 1 lb. to 25 lb. filler and 1 lb. to 50 lb. filler, the bait being scattered at the rate of 10 lb. per acre. Examinations made two days later showed about 75 per cent, dead in the sawdust-bait area and practically all dead in the area treated with bran. Similar laboratory experiments confirmed the view that sawdust has some value, and can be recommended when it is impossible or very difficult to obtain bran ; but when it is used, a second application will probably be necessary. 396 and the admixture of some bran to prevent the bait from drying and scattering too quickly is desirable. As regards the kind of sawdust used, it was found that pine sawdust has a decidedly repellent efiect, while that of old hardwood (oak and hickory) was not so attractive as that of new hickory, which was used in these experiments. Fm'ther experiments were made to test the effectiveness of Paris green, calcium arsenate, sodium arsenite, lead arsenate, arsenious acid (white arsenic) and crude arsenious acid (a by-product of copper refineries containing 88 per cent, of arsenious acid). When this last was used at a strength of 1 to 40, it had a killing power nearly equal to that of Paris green at the same strength, and even as weak as 1-60 the results were very satisfactory, while at the rate of 1-25 it was remarkably effective. In short, Paris green, crude arsenious oxide and sodium arsenite are the most desirable for poison-baits, calcium arsenate being next in value. Lead arsenate should be used only when the above-mentioned are not available, since its action is much slower, even at twice the strength, though at the end of five or six days it is more effective than any of the other poisons. The results with white arsenic were wholly negative. Baits prepared with lemon extract in place of lemon fruit and with or without molasses, showed that the presence or absence of the latter made little difference, while lemon extract gave a higher percentage of effectiveness than the fruit, an important result in view of the greater convenience often attending its use. The results of experiments with banana in place of citrus fruits were very satisfactory, and warrant further trials in the field. Weiss (H. B.) & Dickerson (E. L.). The Early Stages of Empoasca trifasciata, Gill. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont.. 1, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 201-205. The small leaf-hopper, Empoasca trifasciata, is fairly well distributed in New Jersey, being found on Popidus deltoides (Carolina poplar) and P. nigra italica (Lombardy poplar), especially the former. Hibernation takes place in the egg-stage, the eggs being deposited in the young tw^igs and hatching in the latter part of May or early in June. The nymphal stages occupy three to four weeks, adults of the first brood being present by the end of June or beginning of July. The summer eggs then deposited hatch during the last week of July, adults of the second brood being present by the end of August. The winter eggs are deposited during September, the adults surviving till the cool weather of early October. The extremely active adults scatter soon after emergence, but on rainy days have a tendency to collect on the foliage, especially on the under- surface, where their feeding produces a whitish discoloration of the upper surface. Garnett (R. T.). An Annotated List of the Cerambycidae of California. ■ — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., 1, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 205-213. This further instalment of a list of Californian Cerambycids [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 363] includes among other species of economic importance : — Hybodera tuherculata, Lee, breeding in maple ; 397 Megohrkim edivardsi, Lee, found on oak and live oak ; Holopleiira helena, Lee. {marginata, Lee.) bred from laurel ; Rosalia funebris, Mots., breeding in laurel and ash ; Tragidion annulatum, Lee, found on mesquite ; Cyllene antennatus, White, breeding in mesquite ; Clytus phnifrons, Lee, bred from dead branches of wallow ; Xylotreclms undidatns, Say, breeding in Pseudotsuga taxifolia and probably other coniferous trees including Pmus fotiderosa ; X. insignis Lee. {obliieratus, Lee), breeding in various species of willow ; X. annosus, Say, breeding in poplar ; Neoclytus conjunctus, Lee, breeding in Quercus douglasi and Fraxinus oregona ; Atimia dorsalis, Lee, breeding in post cedar ; Desmocerus auripennis, Chevr., D. cribripennis, Horn, and D. californicus, Horn, breeding in elder- berry ; Necydalis laevicollis, Lee, bred from tan-bark oak ; Pyrotrichus ■vitticollis, Lee, breeding in the heart- wood of alders ; Leptalia nmcilenla, Mann., breeding in willow ; Rhagium lineatum, Oliv., breeding in various pines ; Centrodera tievadica, Lee, breeding in Pinus ponderosa ; Pachyta liUirata, Kirby, breeding in fir ; and P. spurca, Lee, breeding in Pseudotsiiga taxifolia. Ohapais (J. C). Notes concernant L' "Hemerocampa marquee de Blanc." [Notes on the White-marked Tussock Moth.] — Nat. Ganad., Quebec, xliv, no. 11, May 1918, pp. 163-166, 4 figs. [Received 18th July 1918.] In 1917, the orchards of eastern parts of the province of Quebec were severely damaged with the white-marked tussock moth [Hemero- campa leucostigma]. The remedial measures recommended are the collection of the cocoons and the spraying of larvae hatching in May and June. All the cocoons collected should be kept till the following spring in boxes covered with metallic gauze, to preserve any parasites with which thev mav have been infested. Moore (W.) & Graham (S. A.). Physical Properties governing the EfTicacy of Contact Insecticides.— J?. Agric. Research, Washington, B.C., xiii, no. 11, 10th June 1918, pp. 523-538. Formerly it was considered that contact insecticides killed the insects to which they were applied by means of their vapour and that their volatility was the index of their toxicity when used as spravs. In working with insect eggs, however, it was found that materials not volatile enough to kill insects or their eggs by their vapour within a reasonable length of time were among the most effective materials when applied to eggs as liquids. This action is due to the physical properties of wetting and spreading, terms that are not strictly synonymous, wetting being the adhesion between the liquid and the solid, while spreading is the excess of the adhesion between the liquid and solid over the cohesion of the liquid. If the cohesion of a liquid is less than the adhesion between the chitin forming the outer covering of the insect and the spray, then the liquid will spread, the rate at which this takes place being governed by the viscosity of the liquid. If the cohesion of the liquid is greater 398 than this adhesion, the spray will form into droplets, which tend to roll off, the same result being obtained when the spray does not wet the insect. The same properties determine the degree of penetration of a hquid into the tracheae by capillarity. Hence contact insecticides may be divided into two groups : — (1) those that wet, but which do not spread, owing to their adhesion being less than their cohesion ; and (2) those that wet and spread over the surface and are able to gain entrance to the tracheae by capillarity, since their cohesion is less than their adhesion. Experiments seem to indicate that the composition of chitin is such that it is easily wetted by oil and oil solvents, or its surface may be coated with an oily or fatty substance, and therefore contact insecticides which are either soluble in ether or chloroform, or are fat solvents, are able to spread over the insect and enter the tracheae. It has also been shown that compounds with a viscosity as high as, or higher than castor oil, spread so sloMy that they may be classed as poor insecticides ; while compounds more volatile than xylene evaporate too quickly for effective work. In the case of emulsions, the power to penetrate the tracheae depends on the character of the emulsifier and not on the emulsified oil. Those made with gelatin or saponin tend to form droplets and roll off ; those made with Castile or soft soap adhere, spread and penetrate the tracheae, carrying the emulsified oil with them ; but those made with ivory soap, though they adhere, are too viscous to spread rapidly and ultimately break down, though the oil remaining may spread over the insect and enter the spiracles. The watery part of such emulsions evaporates in from 5 to 30 minutes, the length of time depending on the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere, the time however being sufficient for a volatile oil to evaporate before reaching the tracheae. Experimental evidence shows that solutions of soaps containing a large proportion of alkali are more toxic than those which are practically neutral. It also proves that the vapour of volatile oils and acids can penetrate the walls of the tracheae more rapidly than the liquid. On the other hand, aqueous solutions such as nicotine do not penetrate the tracheae at all except in the form of vapour. When nicotine sulphate comes in contact with the body of an insect, it is slowly decomposed, with the formation of nicotine which enters as a vapour. Such a decomposition doubtless explains the fact that leaves sprayed with nicotine sulphate, even when dry, are repellent and poisonous to insect larvae, even though not taken internally. In the case of very volatile compounds, there is a tendency to re- evaporation from the tracheal walls, hence the atmosphere must be saturated, and consequently a much larger amount of such a compormd is required to kill an insect than of a slightly volatile compoimd, and thus volatility comes to be an index of the ability of a compound to gain entrance into the insect, and is therefore closely correlated with toxicity. A notable exception to this is the compound chloropicrin, which penetrates the walls of the tracheae and kills very quickly, its action being due, either to its extreme toxicity, or to an abnormal power of penetration. 399 MiLLiKEN (F. B.). Nysius ericae, the False Chinch Bug.— J?. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xiii, no. 11, lOtli June 1918, pp. 571- 578, 2 plates. Nysius ericae, Schilling {angustatus, Uhler) (false chinch bug) has been for many years a serious pest in the semi-arid regions of the United States, causing great damage to sugar-beet and cruciferous garden crops, by settling upon them suddenly in enormous numbers and sucking so much sap from them that the plants wilt beyond recovery in a day or two. The eggs are deposited in loose soil, among clods or rubbish ; in composite flowers, such as those of Gaillardia pulchellu ; between the glumes in grasses, such as Eragrostis major ; among the clustered parts of plants, such as thyme-leaved spurge {Chamaesyce serpyllifolia) and carpet- weed {Mollugo verticillata) ; among the down of cottonwood trees {Populus spp.) and in similar places. With an average temperature of about 80° F., the eggs hatch in about 4 days. The nymphal period, during which there are normally 5 moults, has an average length of about 20 days, a greater or less number of moults, however, being not only possible, but probable. Newly matured females have never been observ^ed to mate in less than three days, oviposition occurring one day later. The seasonal reproductive activity of this species is greatest during May and June, and again during September and October. The minimum number of generations in an average season beginning about 1st June is five, and since the species hibernates in the egg- stage, or as a young nymph which completes its development very early the next spring, to these must be added the overwintering generation and a possible generation in the spring, making seven in all. BuRRiLL (A. C). Losses caused by the Clover Aphis. — Univ. Idaho Agric. Expt. Sta., Moscow, Id., Bull. no. 104, January 1918, pp. 26-29. [Received 22nd July 1918.] This paper, which is included in the annual report for the year 1917, contains an account of Aphis bakeri, Cowen (clover aphis). This pest causes a loss of as much as 75 per cent, of a normal crop bv sucking the sap and thus reducing the yield of seed. Later in the season the great accumulations of honey dew produced by it clogs the threshing machines and causes the seed to solidify like cement in the sacks, resulting in great trouble and expense in harvesting and marketmg. The winged form of this Aphid is supposed to migrate from fruit trees to clover in the spring, and back again to fruit trees in the autumn. The fact that it is fomid on clover so early in spring as to preclude the possibility of its having migrated thither from fruit trees led to the belief that it also oviposited on clover. This early appearance is however explained by the fact that winged forms are produced con- tinuously through the summer and autumn and even into midwinter, having occurred in January 1918 when snow was on the ground. This fact negatives any plan of control by crop rotation, cultivation or irrigation, or by the use of a dormant spray on fruit trees to prevent 400 the spring migration to clover. Eggs are laid abundantly on Anjou pear, Hungarian prune and quince, but the insect apparently shows no preference for apple leaves. The method of control by means of the Coccinellid, Hippodmnia convergens, Guer., has been tried experimentally, and if it should prove successful, would be far cheaper than the use of sprays. The pasturing of a few head of stock continuously in clover stubble during the summer does not completely destroy the Aphid, but a flock of 1,000 sheep pastured for a full week in December on a 60-acre field, partly in grain and partly in clover, resulted in its complete extermination in that field. The problem of seed production cannot, however, be settled by this means, since a new infestation may arise in the summer within 6 or 8 weeks, the time usually required for the production of a crop of red clover seed. Edmundson (W. C). Sprays for the Control of San Jcs6 Scale, — Univ. Idaho Agric. Expt. Sta. Dept. Hortic, Moscoiv, Id., Bull. no. 108, February 1918, 16 pp., 7 figs. [Received 22nd July 1918.] This bulletin gives a detailed account of experiments in combating Aspidiotus pernicios'us by spraying with the sulphur sprays : — Lime-sulphur, soluble sulphur, Spra sulphur, and dry lime-sulphur ; and the oil sprays : Scalecide, crude oil emulsion from virgin crude oil, crude oil emulsion from oil testing 26° Baume, and dormant soluble oil. The results obtained by the use of lime-sulphur were very satis- factory, and its use is to be recommended in preference to that of soluble sulphur. Dormant soluble oil also gave very good results, but the best of all were obtained by the use of scalecide, which could be relied on to clear a badly infested orchard, since it destroyed 99 per cent, of the scales, althovigh its cost is almost prohibitive. FuLLAWAY (D.), Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no, 4, April 1918, pp. 90-91. [Received 25th July 1918.] During the month of March the insectary handled 25,500 pupae of the melon fly {Daciis cuctirhitae], from which were bred 1,467 individuals of Opius jletclieri. The distribution of parasites was as follows: O.fletcheri, 1,502 ; Diachasma fullaivayi, 123; D. tryoni, 190; Opi'us humilis, 75 ; Tetrastichus giffardianus, 80 ; Galesus silvestrii, 700 ; Dirhinus gijfardi, 200 ; and Paranagrus oshorni, 30,200, Tkabut (Dr.). L' Arboriculture fruitiere dans le Nord de I'Afrique : Maladies et Ennemis du Prunier. [Fruit Trej Cultivation in Northern Africa : Diseases and Enemies of Plum Trees.] — Bull. Agric. Alger. Tun. Maroc, Algiers, xxiv, no. 5, May 1918, p. 89. A Buprestid, Capnodis sp., in some localities of northern Africa, particularly on the coast, is a serious obstacle to the cultivation of plum trees. As soon as the beetles appear on the trees, they should be picked off. In order to prevent oviposition, which occurs in May and June in crevices of the bark at the base of the tree and on the 401 larger roots, a wash should be applied. This is prepared by dissolving 10 lb. copper sulphate in 6 gals, water. Another 6 gals, water is poured on to 20 lb. lime, and when this has cooled, the two are combined, and to the mixture is added | lb. sodium arsenate or li lb. lead arsenate. Kankitsu gaichu Rubii-Romushi. [The Ruby Wax-scale, an Insect injurious to Citrus.] — Shizuoka Agric. Expt. Sta., 28th February 1918, 17 pp., 2 plates. [Received 7th August 1918.] Ceroplastes rubens, Mask., is a formidable pest of citrus plants in Japan, as also are Chionaspis citri, Comst., and Icerya purchasi, Mask. It was first recorded in 1885 in the Prefecture of Nagasaki and was afterwards imported into the Prefecture of Shizuoka in 1907 on citrus seedlings, and is now infesting several districts. This scale has only one brood. The over-wintered female begins to oviposit at the end of Jxme and continues to do so until the end of July. The male appears at the beginning or the middle of September, when pairing takes place, only the female surviving the winter. The average number of eggs laid is 978. In starvation experiments, 74 per cent, of the insects survived for over two months. This scale is not only harmful in itself, but often gives rise to a sooty fungus on the trees. As regards preventive measures, fumigation in winter with hydro- cyanic gas, using 200 grammes of potassium cyanide for over 45 minutes, is most effective ; kerosene or resin emulsions are not satis- factory at this time. In summer, however, resin emulsion, if applied at least tmce, first in the middle of July and secondly at the beginning or the middle of August, may be very effective. When new infestations are discovered, the scales should be crushed and the infested portions of the plants removed at the first opportunity. When citrus seedlings are purchased, they should carefully be examined and fumigated. Ojima (G). Meichu Rankiseiho Hogoyo no Ekichu Hogoki. [An Apparatus for the Preservation of Hymenopterous Egg-Parasites of the Rice-plant Borer.] — Bi/ochugai Zashi [Journal of Plant Protection], Tokyo, v, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 10-11, 2 figs. The apparatus here described consists of an inverted cone, about 1 foot high and 3 inches in diameter at the top. When in use, the pointed end is buried in the soil. The cone is made of zinc and is closed at the top with a hinged lid, which is provided with a handle. Between the lid and the edge of the cone is a narrow slit on one side to permit the exit of the parasites. Inside the cone and 1^ inches from the top is a small trough containing petroleum, which prevents the exit of the caterpillars of the host that may have escaped parasitism. About 1| inches from the bottom of the cone is a wire septum on which the egg-clusters lie. These cones are distributed throughout the rice fields and parasitised egg-clusters are put into them, each containing about 400 individuals. Any borers that hatch from them are caught in the petroleum, while the parasites escape through the slit already mentioned, and infest other egg- clusters in the field. (C496) c 402 Maki (S.) & Bin (G.). Takenoko no gaichu ni tsuite. [On the injurious Insects of Bamboo Shoots.] — Ringyo Shikenyo Hokoku [Report from the Forest Experiment Station], Formosan Government Industry bureau, Taipe, Publication 104, no. 5, 28th March 1918, pp. 85-100, 3 plates. Bamboo shoots are widely used for food in Japan. In Formosa, out of 21 species of bamboo belonging to 4 genera, Bamhnsa oJdhami, Dendrocalamus latiflorus, PhyUostachys mokinoi, and P. mitis are known to be edible. In that island bamboo shoots are grown very largely ; for example, a bamboo guild of the Nanto Prefecture [in one year ?] dealt in about 840 tons of bamboo-shoots of a value of about £15,000. The authors have studied the insect pests of these edible bamboos and have discovered three species. The weevil, Cyrtotrachelus longipes, F., infests bamboos from April to September or October. It makes a longitudinal slit on the shoots with its rostrum from one to four inches below the apex, in which it deposits one or rarely two eggs. The eggs hatch out in 4 or 5 days, and the larvae devour the stem. Pupation takes place in the soil, fhe natives use the adult weevil for food, and it is often used in medipinp. As no satisfactory preventive measure is as yet known, this utilisation of the weevil for food should be encouraged for the presejit. The Trypetid fly, Acroceratitis plumosa, Hendel, is an endemic species in Forniosa and is a very formidable pest. The adult fly ocpiirs throughout the island during the whole year. It deposits a jiiimber of eggs in the young shoots under the sheath. The eggs hatch out shortly afterwards and the maggots penetrate into the stem, boring in several directions and causing the shoot to decay. The mature larvae enter the soil and pupate. As regards preventive measures, bamboo-shoots should be covered with fallen leaves, etc., so as to prevent the oviposition of the adult flies. The infested shoots should be fumigated with carbon bisulphide, which may kill both larvae and pupae, if fumigation is carried out for over 12 hours, but no really effective measures are known. The Coreid bug, Notobitus m-eleagris, F., about which little is known, lays 10 to 20 or more eggs in rows on the sheath of the bamboo-shoot. The newly hatched yomig suck the stem of the shoots. The only remedial measure suggested is the removal of the eggs. Yano (M.) & KoYAMA (M.). Shinyo ju Shushi Kiseiho ni tsuite. [On Wasps parasitising the Seeds of Coniferous Trees.] — Ringyo Shiken Hokoku \Rep)ort of Forest Experiments'], Forestry Bureau, Tokyo, no. 17, 30th March 1918, pp. 38-58, 1 plate. The fact that certain Hymenoptera belonging to the Chalcididae infest the. seeds of coniferous trees, such as Cryjjtomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Thujopsis dolabrata, Larix leptolepis, Tsvga sieboldi, etc., was recorded in Japan as long ago as 19(35, though they were not then specifically determined. The Chalcididae, other than the Agaoninae and Isosominae, were formerly thought to be solely parasitic in other insects, but the 403 fact that they directly infest seeds has been confirmed by many investigators, including the Japanese observer, Inanmra, in 1904. More than 20 species of the genera Syntomaspis, Megasiigmus, Evoxysoma, Prodecatoma, Decatoniidea, Euryloma and Bruchophagus, have been recorded to have this habit. All these species have only one annual generation, and this may be due to the fact that they infest the seeds of annual plants. The adults always appear at the time when the seeds are still young and can therefore easily oviposit in them. The only species from Japan, hitherto recorded, are Megasiigmus sp. by Biley, and M. aculeakis, Swed., by Weiss, The occurrence in Japan of Prodecatoma phytophaga, Crosby, which w^as obtained from Japanese ivy in America, has not yet been confirmed. The following new species are described by the senior author (Yano) : — Callimome tsugae, infesting Tsnga sieholdi ; MegasHgmus cryptomeriac, in Cryptomeria japonica and Chamaecyparis obtusa ; M. thuyopsis, in Thuyopsis doluhrata ; and M. inamurae and Eurytoma laricis, in Larix Icptolepis and L. dahurica. When infested, fruits such as apple or plum shrivel up, w^hile in the case of conifers, the injury may be restricted to the seed only. The average degree of damage in Japan, according to statistics collected in 1913-1916, amounted to 94 per cent, in Chamaecyparis obtusa ; in Cryptomeria japonica the maximum injury was 13 per cent, and the minimum 3 "6 per cent. ; in Larix leptohpis and in Thujopsis dohbrata the injury was 2 ^er cent. Statistics are wanting regarding other sj^ecies of trees. Though these Chalcids are injurious to the seeds, they make it possible to distinguish new and old seeds, as the presence of exit-holes in them indicates material that has been stored at least one year. Fumigation with carbon bisulphide destroys this pest, but it also affects the vitality of the seed. Generally speaking, each larva only damages the seed in which it lives and does not infest others of the same cone. The sound and injured seeds may be separated by sub- merging in water or wannowing, and the latter should be burnt. ]\Iatsumoto (S.). Nashi no Shinkuimushi ni kwansuru kenkyn. [Studies on the Pear Borer.] — Rinji-Hokoku [Extra Report]^ no. 19, Okayama Agric. Expt. Sta., 5th June 1918, 22 pp., 3 plates. Though the pear borer {Nephopteryx rubrizonella, Rag.) has been studied by various entomologists in Japan, the results arrived at do not agree with one another. The author has therefore made further investigations on this Pyralid moth with the following result. It appears twice a year and hibernates in the larval state in the buds, mainly in the flower-buds of the pear ; this is contrary to the statements of Matsumura and Takahashi, who say that it winters in the egg-state, or the results published by the Agricultural Experiment Station of the Gmiba Prefecture in which it is stated to pass the winter as a pupa. In the sj)ring it bores into the newly developing buds, injuring two or three in the same manner. Towards the end of April it bores into the yomig fruit, ejecting its excrement from the burrow. The larva may injui'e three or four fruits in this way ; it matures in the middle or 'C496) c2 404 end of May and pupates within the fruit, which has been previously- attached to the branch by silken threads. The pupal j)eriod lasts about two weeks, and the adult emerges in the beginning or middle of June. The newly emerged moth lays a single egg on a fruit, which hatches after eight or nine days, and the larva again bores into the fruit. As by this time the fruit is larger, the larva can attain maturity in a single fruit, pupating within it in the middle of July ; eight or nine days after pupation, at the end of July or beginning of August, the adult of the second brood appears. The newly emerged moth does not lay eggs on the fruit, but deposits a single egg (rarely two or three) on the buds or on the bark near the buds. The resulting larva penetrates immediately into the bud and causes it to wither. In this maimer until the end of August or the beginning of September, it attacks one or two buds and attains a length of about 3 mm. Winter is passed in the bud within a white cocoon. In the Okayama Prefecture infestation by this moth is confused with that by Eucosma (Tmetocera) ocellana, Sch., in the spring. The remedial measures hitherto recommended include the removal of the eggs, the use of kerosene emulsion or arsenic, the collection of infested fruits both on the tree and when fallen, and covering up the fruit. The author suggests the removal and burning of infested buds during autumn and winter, and the collection and destruction of larvae that are concealed in the flower-buds ; these may be recognised by the falling of the scales surrounding them. • MoREiRA (C). A Sarasara de Pernas ruivas. [The red-legged Ant, Camponotus {Myrmothrix) rufipes.] — A Lavoura, Rio de Janeiro, xxii, no. 1-2, 1918, pp. 45-51, 17 figs. A recent report from the State of Espirito Santo states that Camponotus rufipes, Forel, is causing some damage in plantations. The nests usually occur on the boimdary line between clearings and fields. In the clearings a species of Chusquea predominates and the nests are largely composed of the dried leaves of this plant, more or less loosely compacted on the exterior and worked to a felt-like material within. The nests may be burnt by driving a slanting hole through the centre into the underground jjortion and pouring in some petroleum which is then set alight. Fumigation with carbon bisulphide may be effected by means of a similar hole into which is thrust a closely- fitting tube of glass, metal or bamboo with an internal diameter of from I to t of an inch. After pouring in about 3| oz, of carbon bisul- phide the tube is corked. Should one application prove insufficient a second will complete the work. iScHAFFNiT & LusTNER. Bericht uber das Auftreten von Feinden und Krankheiten der Kulturpflanzen in der Rheinprovinz im Jahre 1915. [Report on the Occurrence of Enemies and Diseases of cultivated Plants in the Khine Province in 1915.] — Bonn, 1916, 67 pp. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. PflanzenkranJcheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, pp. 28-30.) During 1915 potato and beet fields were severely infested by Euxoa y{Agrotis) segetum, though this cutworm was rare in the following 405 year. There were two very prolific generations of Eriocampoides limacina, pear and cherry trees being chiefly attacked. Nicotine- soap, especially in combination with hme-sulphur, proved the best spray against the vine moths, Clysia ambiguella and PolycJirosis hotrana. Calcium cyanamide was successfully used against the larvae of the weevil, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus. The vine scale, Pulvinaria vitis, was best dealt with by scrubbing and by spraying with a 10-15 per cent, solution of carbolineum. Both the vine midge, Conkirinia viticola, and the oyster-shell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi, were present ; the former disappeared when the vines were treated with sulphur. The mite, Eriophyes loewi, occurred in gardens. Seitner (M.). Ziele der angewandten forstlichen Entomologie. [The Aims of Applied Forest Entomology.] — Bericht Amtsantritts d. Rektors fiir 1916-17 der k.k. Hochschide fiir Bodenkuliur, Vienna^ 1916, pp. 22-42. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. PJlanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, pp. 74-75.) This paper is a report of the author's inaugural speech as rector for the year 1916-17 of the Vienna High School for Soil Cultivation. In Prussia banding is adopted against Lymantria monacha, whereas this is not the case in Saxony and Austria ; this is due to adaptation to different food-plants, i.e., the pine in Prussia and the spruce in Saxony and Austria. It was found that in the outbreak of Dendrolimus pini in 1913-14 near Vienna the Tachinid parasite, Blepharipoda scutellata, Desv., played an important role, though it does not do so in north Germany. So far no means are available for combating the scale Eulecaniutn (Lecaniimi) rohiniarum. Dough, which severely injures Robinia planted to prevent the shifting of sandy soil. It is very necessary that entomology in Austria should be organised on the lines adopted in the United States, and in recent years in Germany. There should be regular notification of insect injury and remedial measures must be initiated by the State. Wahl (B.). Die biologische Methode der Bekampfung von Pflanzen- schadlingen. [The Biological Method of combating Plant Pests.] — Verhandl., 4 Tag. Oesferr. Obstbau- u.Pomol.-Ges., Vienna, 1914, 19 pp. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, p. 75.) This paper is a review of the important instances of the use of bacteria, fungi, insects and predaceous enemies in combating insect pests, and records all such cases as have occurred in Austria. Reh (L.). Die wichtigsten Echadlinge des Gemusebaues und Ihre Bekampfung. [The more important Pests of Vegetables and Measures for combating them.] — Hamburg, 1917, 49 pp., 2 plates, 16 figs. (Notice in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, pp. 75-76.) Though primarily intended for popular consumption this booklet is stated to contain information of interest to entomologists. 496 Nalepa (A.). Die Systematik der Eriophyiden, ihre Aufgabe und Arbeitsmethode. Nebst Bemerkungen uber die Umbildung der Arten. [The Taxonomy of Eriophyids, their Definition and Technique. With Observations on the Re- arrangement of the Species.] — Verhandl. k.k. zool.-bot. Ges., Vienna, Ixvii, 1917, pp. 12-38. (Abstract in Zeitschr.f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, pp. 76-78.) The view that similar galls on difierent species of plants are due to different gall mites may prove to be incorrect. A comparison of the mites producing similar galls on allied host-plants will show the need of withdrawing many species now thought to be distinct. For instance, Erineuin oxycantliae and E. malinum are due to the same mite — Epitrimerus goniothorax, Nal., and E. malinus, Nal., cannot be considered a separate species. On the other hand no species of mite has been observed to produce similar galls on non-allied plants. If different galls are present on one' and the same leaf they must be considered to be caused by different mites. Dissimilar galls on the same host-plant are generally produced by specifically different mites, though this is not a universal rule, A great increase of individuals may lead some of them to modify their habits and to migrate to plant-organs not previously infested, giving rise in them to dissimilar galls ; this dissimilarity is j)robably due to a difference in the irritation set up; Widely dissimilar galls on plants belonging to the same plant-group are due to mites which are sometimes so similar morpho- logically that their genealogical relations are easily seen. For instance, nearly all the plant-galls of conifierous trees belong to the form-group of Eriophyes pini. In order to clear up confusion two facts rhust be considered :— (1) Forms of the same type-species produce similar galls on various species of the same natural plant-family. The differences seen in the blister-mites of Pyrus, Sorbus, Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Cydonia, etc., cannot be recognised as specific characters. In the case of Sorbus aria and S. aucuparia these mites may show greater differences, for there is a physiological difference in that each variety can exist only on the species of host-plant peculiar to it. This view is supported by the fact that leaf-blisters are not found on Crataegus oxyacantha in the Vienna forests where this plant grows together with Pyrus communis, Sorbus aria, Cotoneaster vulgaris, etc., which are infested with these galls. (2) Forms of the same type-species produce morpho- logically different galls on the same or closely allied host-species. They are sharply differentiated biologically, while their morphological differences are imimportant. The author treats these as sub-species on a trinomial system e.g., Eriophyes tiliae tiliae and E. tiliae typicus. Nalepa (A.). Neue Gallmilben (32. Fortsetzung). [New Gall Mites. 32nd Continuation.] — Anzeiger Kaiserl. Akad. Wissensch., Vienna, liii, 1916, pp. 283-284. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrank- heiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, p. 78.) Diptilomiopus javanicus, gen. et sp. n. (Phyllocoptinae), is recorded in the galls of Eriophyes hemigraphidis, sp. n., on the leaves of Hemigrap)his confinis in Java. 407 ZlscHKA (K.). Bltitlausbekampfung. [Remedies against Eriosoma lanig^ntm.] — Wiener landiv. Zeitrj., Vienna, Ixvi, 1916, p. 531. (Abstract in Zeitsckr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xiviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, p. 82.) The following formulae are said to be suitable for dealing with Eriosoma lanigefum : — Fuhrmami's solution, containing 1 part lubri- cating fish-oil, 1 part horse fat, 3 parts spirits and some rock salt ; tobacco-lye solution, prepared by boiling 5 lb. tobacco in 3 gals, water and adding 3 gals, of water in which 5 lb. of soft soap has been dissolved ; and Krosig solution, prepared by boiling 7| lb. tobacco in 3-4 gals, water, letting this cool and after removing the tobacco leaves, adding 22 spoonsful of 5 per cent, carbolic acid, The infested areas must be scraped and then painted with one of these solutions. The scrapings must be burnt. FuNDA (F.). Zur Blutlausbekampfung. [On combating Eriosoma lanigerimi.] — Wiener landw. Zeitg., Vienna, Ixvi, 1916, p. 559. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pjlanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, p. 82.) The remedy recommended is a varnish prepared by dissolving resin in ordinary spirits. This is painted on, and after the solvent has evaporated, the fine coating that remains prevents the Aphids from moving. Seitner (M.). Ueber Nadelholzsanien zerstdrende Chalcididen. [Chalcidid Destroyers of Pine >Seed.] — Centralblatt. f. d. gesamte Forstwesen, Vienna, xlii, pp. 307-324, with figs. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pjlanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, pp. 86-87.) Insect infestation in pine cones may be expected to be most severe when the seed crop has been decreased by external conditions. In the dry year of 1911 late frosts occurred in May and June and up to 50 per cent, of the scanty crop of spruce seed from Styria and Salzburg was infested by the larvae of Megastigmus abietis, Seitn., a new species distinct from 31. strobilobius, Ratz. From fir seed M. piceae, sp. n., was taken ; all stages of this species are described. Cypress seed from Dalmatia yielded 31. ivachtli, sp. n., already recorded by Wachtl in the seeds of Cwpressus semper virens. The paper concludes with a key, mainly based on colour characters, to the 16 species of 3Iegastigmus in the author's collection, most of which were bred by him. Bak6, Gabor. Ujabb megfigyel6sek a kukoriczamoly {Pyrausta nubi- lalis, Hbli.)-r61. [New Research and Observations on the Maize Moth, Pyrausta nubilalis.] — Rovartani Lapok, Budapest, xxiv, 1917, pp. 13-14. (Abstract in Zeitschr./. Pflanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, p. 87.) In Hungary the flight period of Pyrausta nubilalis begins in May and is over by July. The caterpillars are abundant early in July, the author having found the first batches of eggs on a maize leaf on 5th July from which the caterpillars hatched on 10th July. 408 Kadocsa (G.). Aus meinen vorjahrigen (1916) Zuchten. [Breeding Eesults in 1916.] — Rovartani Lafok, Budapest, xxiv, 1917, pp. 15-16. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. PJlanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, p. 87.) The larvae of Scythropia crataegella, L., Gelechia vejoreteUa, Z., and Olethreutes achatana, F., are recorded from Cotoneaster horizontalis in Budapest. FuLMEK (L.). Erdraupen im Weingarten. [Cutworms in Vineyards.] — Mitt. k. k. landw.-bakter. u. Pfianzenschutzstation, Vienna, 4 pp. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. PJlanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, Ist February 1918, p. 88.) Cutworm injury to grape-vines is unusual, but has been recorded in France, Austria and Germany since 1735. In 1914 the first shoots on vine stocks in many parts of Lower Austria were destroyed right down to the old wood. Up to 50 larvae were fou .id on a single stock. Euxoa (Agrotis) tritici predominated, E. segetum being rare. These moths and their life-history are described, with particulars of the injuries produced. As regards remedies, the destruction of weeds in August and deep soil cultivation in the autumn are particularly important. Wahl(B.). Bekampfungder Erdraupen. [Measures against Cutworms.] — Mitt. k.k. landw.-bakter. u. Pflanzenschutzstation, Vienna, 1916, 7 pp. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. PJlanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, Ist February 1918, p. 88.) Vineyards in Austria have suffered from the attack of Euxoa tritici, the dwarf stocks with short shoots being those most injured. The attack may last till July. A copper sulphate and lime spray gives good results, and in one instance lime-sulphur proved successful. Where the infestation is limited to isolated areas, these may be surrounded Mnth trenches 6 inches deep, filled with barley chaff, or smooth-sided trenches, from 10 to 12 inches deep, may be used to trap the cutworms. Magerstein (V.). Ueber das Auftreten der C-Eule. [The Occurrence of Agrotis c-nigrum.] — Wiener landwirt. Zeifg., Vienna, Ixvii, 1917, pp. 116-117. (Abstract in Zeitschr. J. PJlanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, p. 89.) In January 1917 the larvae of Agrotis c-nigrum were found in large numbers on snow in Silesia. They were killed by the subsequent frosts and were readily devoured by birds. The large numbers appear to indicate that this cutworm must be of importance in injuring winter-sown fields. Lahn (A. G.). Dendrolimus pini. — Entomolog. Zeitschr. xxxi, 1917, pp. 18-19 & 21-22. (Abstract in Zeitschr. J. PJllanzenkrankheiten, Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 1-2, 1st February 1918, p. 89.) In 1916 Dendrolimus pini appeared in large numbers in the province of Posen (Prussia). The first caterpillars were observed on 22nd 409 March and three days later the main migration up the trees began, but the forest administration had previously tarred the pine trunks at a height of just under 5 feet. In one locahty where this precaution was neglected the trees were very severely damaged. The first adults appeared on 16th July and the chief emergence began on 22nd July and continued till mid- August, when it rapidly decreased. The first caterpillars appeared on 10th August, occm-ring also in areas previously uninfested. Early in September the descent of the trees in search of winter- quarters began. About 20-25 per cent. of these caterpillars were full-grown individuals, and were stragglers from the previous generation which were preparing to hibernate for the second time. This explains the presence of full-grown caterpillars in March. Of known enemies Anomalon circumflexum was rare, and this was also the case \\dth Tachinid parasites. From mid-July onwards Microgaster nemorum was abundant in larvae and pupae. Carabus auratus was the most important of the predaceous Carabid beetles. Ants attack isolated caterpillars and adults. Rooks destroyed the larvae in some numbers, but only after defoliation was completed. Pfafp ( — ). Aforia cratonordrp CottimiUee of n^anadesnenr. VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. AusTBN, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryeb, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. 8. F. Harmeb, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History) . Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John McCall, M,D., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Vetejinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., CM.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Read, K.CM.Cf., CB., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C Rothschild. Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office. Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing DominioM is an ex officio member of the Committee. General Secretacs. Mr. A. C. C Parkinson (Colonial Office), Director anD EDitor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall. assistant Director. Dr. S. A. Neave. Htad Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7. Publication Office.— 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7, 473 Bashambar Das (— ). The Aphididae of Lahore. Edited, with Notes and an Introduction by P. van der Goot. — Memoirs Indian Museum, Calcutta, vi, no. 4, March 1918, pp. 135-274, 18 plates. [Received 24th August 1918.] This monograph on the hitherto Uttle-known Aphids of Lahore deals with 38 species, many of which are new. These include : — Pemphigus (?) cynodonti, sp. n., on Cynodon dactylon (dub grass) ; Macrosiphum rosaeiformis, sp. n. (Punjab rose aphis) on several species of cultivated roses in gardens ; Sfephensonia lahorensis, gen. et sp. n. , on cultivated chrysanthemums ; Brevicoryne coriandri, gen. et sp. n., on coriander ; Siphocoryne indobrassicae, sp. n. (Indian mustard apliis) a serious pest of all the Brassica crops, especially mustard and rape ; Toxoptera punjabipyri, sp. n., on pear {Pyrus communis) and a wild variety of pear ; Aphis malvoides, sp. n. , occurring on numerous hosts including Malva spp., Malvestrum spp., chrysanthemum, pear, pansy and Solanum spp. ; A. duranti, sp. n., on Duranta sp., Colocasia, etc. ; Brachy unguis harmalae, gen. et sp. n., on Peganum harmala; B. letsoniae, sp. n.,on Letsonia scandens ; B. carthami, sp. n., on Carthamus oxycarpi (wild safflower) ; Eichochai- tophorus himalayensis, sp. n., on several species of Salix ; and Shivaphis celti, gen. et sp. n., on Celtis australis. The work concludes with a list of plants attacked, with particulars of the Aphids infesting them, and the time of year when they have been observed. The plates have not been issued with the text, but are to appear later. Watson (J. R.). Insects of a Citrus Grove. — Univ. Florida Agric. Expt. Sta., Gainesville, Bull. no. 148, June 1918, pp. 165-267, 67 figs. This comprehensive bulletin enumerates the insect pests of citrus in Florida. Among the more important of these are the whiteflies, of which the following species occur : — Dialeurodes citri (common citrus whitefly), D. citrifolii (cloudy- winged whitefly), Aleurothrixus hoivardi (woolly whitefly), A. floccosa (flocc.ulent whitefly), Paraleurodes perseae (bay whitefly), Bemesia inconspicua (sweet-potato whitefly), Tetra- leurodes mori (mulberry whitefly), and Trialeurodes floridensis (guava whitefly) ; the life-history, parasites, predators and control of the most important of these are given. Next in importance are scale-insects, 20 species being fully dealt with. Other pests include the mites, Tetranychus teiarius, L. {sexmaadatus, Riley) and T. citri, McGregor ; thiips, especially Frankliniella bisjyinosus projectus, Watson; large plant-bugs such as Nezara viridula,Jj. , N. hilaris, Say, Euschistus variolarius. Pal., Leptoglossus phyllopus, L., and Acanthocephalafemorata,¥.; the cotton- stainer, Dysdercus suturellus, H.-S. ; Ceratitis capitata, Wied. (Mediterranean fruit-fly) ; Pachnaeus opalus, Oliv. (citrus root-weevil) ; Elaphidion inerme, Newm. (orange sawyer) ; the butterfly, Papilio cresphontes. Cram. , of which the larvae of the fourth (and last) generation may entirely defoliate a young tree in a few days, and therefore should be controlled by spraying with lead arsenate, 1 lb. in 50 U.S. gals, water, to which, if there is,, ^^"^ much new growth, milk of lime obtained by slaking 2 or 3 lb. quickhrne (C514) Wt. P2/137. 1,500. 11.18. B.& F.Ltd. Gp.tl/3. ▲ i.^^ nsrr o 1 474 in a little warm water should be added ; Megalopyge opercularis, S. & A. ; Phobetron pitkecium, S. & A. (hag moth) ; the grasshoppers and locusts, Schistocerca alutacea, Thunb., S. serialis, Thunb., and Dictyophorus reticulatus, Thunb . ; the katydids, Cryptophyllus concavus and Microcentrum retinerve ; Oncometopia undata, F. (orange Jassid) ! Trirhabda brevicoUis, Lee. (prickly-ash beetle), the adults of which sometimes defoliate citrus trees ; Aphis yossypii, Glov. (melon aphis) ; and Diabrotica vittata (striped cucumber-beetle). Trees which serve as alternative host-plants of citrus insect pests, and which, for this reason, should not be allowed to grow near citrus groves are : — China-berry, prickly ash, privet, and wild olive {Osman- thus americanus) (which particularly harbours whiteflies), camphor, croton, oleander and rose. Sherriffs (W. R.). Spiders on Tea Bushes. — Planters' Chronicle, Bangalore, xiii, no. 28, 13th July 1918, pp. 465-466. Damage to tea bushes is reported from Madras due to the presence of a spider, Stegodyphus sarasinorum, Karsch, that builds its large colonial webs round the ends of the branches of various bushes, such as Opuntia on the plains, and barberry and tea on the hills. Loss to tea-growers results from the webs surrounding the growing points so closely that the development of the buds is arrested. Since the colonies are conspicuous and their growth slow, any serious loss would be the result of sheer neglect. Andrews (E. A.). Insect Pests of Tea in North-east India during the Season 1917. — Qtrly. Jl. Scient. Dept. Ind. Tea Assoc, Calcutta, 1918, part 1, 1918, pp. 1-8. [Received 28th August 1918.] During 1917 the most injurious pests of tea were : — Helopeltis theivora, Waterh. (tea mosquito), universally distributed and occurring from May to November ; Empoasca flavescens,¥ . (green fly), prevalent in most districts in May and June ; Tetranychus bioculatus, W.-M. (red spider) . in evidence in many districts and reaching a maximum in April and May, being effectively controlled in some districts by coating the leaves with a mixture of lime or sulphur with cowdung and mud, or with a mixture of the last two only ; Heterusia magnijica, Butl. (red slug), occurring only in small numbers throughout the season ; Biston suppressarius, Gn., much less troublesome than formerly, the three broods of caterpillars occurring in May, July and September-October ; Clania spp. (bag-worms), causing only shght damage ; Physothrips setiventris, Bagn. (common thrips), Haplothrips tenuipennis, Bagn. (black thrips), and a new unidentified species from Upper Assam that confines its attacks to the unopened and opening buds ; Thosea spp. (nettle grubs), in evidence during two periods. January to February and June to July, chiefly on unpruned or hghtly pruned bushes. Other minor pests were : — Andraca bipunctata, Wlk. (bunch cater- pillar) ; Agriophora rhombota, Meyr. (sandwich caterpillar) ; Acantho- psyche reidi, Watt (limpet caterpillar) ; Belippa spp. (gelatine grub) ; Arbela dea, Swinh., and A. qiiadrinotata, Wlk. (bark-eating borers) ; Diapromorpha melanopus, Lacord. (orange beetle) ; Toxoptera coffeae. 475 Nietn. (Ceylonia theaecola, Buckt.) (tea aphis) ; Eriophyes {Phytoptus) theae, Watt (pink mite) ; and termites. Other pests noticed during the year, but not mentioned in local reports, are : -Comocritis pieria, Meyr. (bark-eating borer) ; Zeuzera cqffeae, Nietn. (red borer) ; the scales, Fiorinia theae, Green, and Chionaspis manni, Greon : and the leaf-roller, Gracilarki theivora, AVlsm. Froggatt (W. W.). Notes on " Snow Flies " with the Description of a New Species {Aleurodes albofloccosa). — Agric. Gaz. N .S.W ., Sydney, xxix, no. 6, 3rd June 1918, pp. 434-436, 4 figs. The whiteflies (Aleurodidae) all feed on the sap of plants and there are several cosmopolitan species with a very wide range. A. vapor- ariorum, a European species, is common in Australia, and has been introduced into many parts of the world with hot-house plants. A. atriplex is another well-defined species infesting the western bush. A. albofloccosa, sp. n.. is described from the foliage of Banksia and several undetermined scrub trees. Knowles (C. H.). The Maize Leaf Miner {Phytomyza sp.). — Fiji Dept. Agric, Suva, Pamphlet no. 27. 28th December 1917, 2 pp. [Received 29th August 1918.] The species of Phytomyza here dealt with was not recorded as a pest of maize prior to 1917, and then the attack was only severe in one district, but it is evident that under certain conditions this miner is capable of aftecting maize plants to such an extent as to prevent a crop being raised. Eggs are laid in the upper surface of the maize leaf, generally near the tip and m the young leaves, each egg being deposited singly in a small hole that is first made in the leaf. The larvae upon hatching burrow into and consume the green cellular matter of the leaf, keeping just under the upper epidermis, which dies and shows a white streak indicating the tracks of the larvae. The mines generally run towards the tip of the leaf. When mature, the larvae eat through the thin upper epidermis and escape for pupation. A few pupal cases were found within the larval mines, but this is exceptional. Many pupae were found in the angle between the blade of the leaf and the stem of the plant. As the upper end of the maize leaf hangs downwards it is likely that the larvae upon leaving the food-track fall to the groimd, and the soil is probably the normal place for pupation. Two species of Hymenopterous parasites have been reared from the larvae, which are killed before they reach maturity. The larvae of the parasites pupate within the food-track of the host and reach the air by eating through the leaf epidermis. These parasites are so efficient that in ordinary circumstances this maize-miner should be kept under control by them. No treatment can be suggested for destroying the pest. Working the soil at the base of the plants would destroy many pupae, but if the plants are attacked so severely as to warrant such treatment, better results would be obtained by ploughing under the crop and re-planting. (C514) a2 476 FuLLAWAY (D. T.)- Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 157-159. During the annual period July 1917-1918, no new work was under- taken owing to the War, but the beneficial insects previously introduced were propagated and distributed without interruption, although there is abundant proof of their establishment. The reason for this is that there is a tendency, especially in the case of insects of weak flight, to disappear in isolated districts in the absence of their hosts. Hence it has been the practice to stock new fields of maize with Paranagrus oshorni (corn leaf-hopper parasite) when the plants were about a foot high, or to use a catch crop to multiply the parasite. The number of beneficial insects liberated during 1917 was : — Fruit-fly parasites, 16,798 ; Spalangia catneroni (horn-fly parasite), 60 ; Ojnus fletcheri (melon-fly parasite), 16,815 ; Paranagrus osborni (corn leaf-hopper parasite), 109,611. The total parasitism of the fruit-fly. during the year showed an increase of about 10 per cent., a fact correlated with the greater abundance of some fruits, such as Kona oranges, on the markets. During the month of April 1918, the insectary handled 20,300 pupae of the melon fly [Dacus cucurbitae'], from which 1,497 individuals of Opius fletcheri were bred and distributed. Ehkhoen (E. M.). Division of Plant InsT^Qciion.— Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 160-165. During 1917 a new building was erected for the Division of Plant Inspection with fumigation vaults separate from the main building, and equipped with an incinerator. The usual number of dangerous insects was mtercepted during the year, including : — Coleoptera, 17 genera, 20 species ; Lepidoptera, 7 genera, 7 species ; ants, 7 genera, 10 species ; scale-insects, 10 genera, 15 species ; Aphids, 4 genera, 4 species. Among the more important pests met with were : — The Argentine ant \Iridomyrmex humilis], discovered on two occasions, while other species that have not as yet gained entrance, together with others already estabhshed, were frequently found ; a weevil, the larvae of which are very destructive to roots of plants found in the soil of a potted plant from Japan ; and bagworms, hitherto unknown in Hawaii, were also found on plants from the Orient. During April 1918, a package of palm seeds from Egypt was fumi- gated for an infestation of scale-insects ; a case of fruit and ornamental trees from Japan was fumigated owing to the presence of ants in the packing ; and a package of orchids from Manila was fumigated for an infestation of ants and scale-insects. LiCHTENSTEiN (J. L.) & PiCARD (F.). Notes Biologiques sur les Braconides. (Hym.). [Biological Notes on Braconids.] Bull. Sac. Entom. France, Paris, 1918, no. 11, 12th June 1918, pp. 172-174. [Received 29th August 1918.] Glyptomorpha desertor, F., is a parasite of the larvae of Sphenoptera laticollis, 01. [gemellata, Mannh.) in the roots of sainfoin {Onohrychis sativa. Lam.), and emerges in November. The Braconid larva weaves 477 a cocoon among the excrement of the host in its gallery^ the adult issuing by a circular opening. Atanycolus sculpturatus, Thorn., a species new to France, emerged in June from larch coming from Herault, which also harboured numerous individuals of Chrysobothris solieri, Lap., which were presumably the host of the Braconid. Iphiaidax extricator, Nees, is also obtained from larch from the same district, emerging in May. It is a parasite of Longicorns and probably of Pogonochaerusfasciculatus, De G., and P. perroudi, Muls. /. flavator, F., is a common parasite of Hesperophanes griseus, F., in Herault, the adults emerging in the spring. Spathius pedestris, Wesm., has been reared in June from Anohium striatum, Oliv., which destroys the old branches of ivy at Montpellier. S. rubidus, Rossi, is apparantly also a parasite of Anobiids and almost certainly of Bostrychids, having been reared from vine shoots infested only with Sinoxylon sexdentatum, Oliv. It is obtained from other trees that harbour various species of these families, e.g., from olive-trees, harbouring S. sexdentatum ; fig-trees, harbouring Sinoxylon and Scobicia ; evergreen oak, harbouring Xylonites praeustus, Germ. ; and from larch, harbouring Ernobius. Caenopachis hartigi, Ratz., already known as a parasite of Pityogenes bidentatus, Hbst., has been reared from branches of larch infested with P. quadridens, Htg. Dendrosoter ferrugineus. Marsh., is fre- quently found at Montpelher on shoots of vine and fig infested with Sinoxylon sexdentatum, Oliv. Doryctes leucogaster, Nees, a parasite of Longicorns, has been reared from larch and from Quercus ilex at Montpellier. On the fig, from which it has also been reared, larvae of Hesperophanes griseus, F., are undoubtedly its hosts. D. undulatus, Ratz., is a parasite of Magdalis armigera, Geoff r., occurring on the elm at Montpellier. Meteorus obfuscator, Nees, has been reared from Orchesia mimns, Panz. It was obtained some years ago from a Polyporus from Brout-Vernet, emerging some time before numerous individuals of 0. micans, which were still in the larval state. This confirms the opinion that this Braconid attacks the larvae and not the adults. LoBO (B.). A Lagarta rosea da Gelechia gossypiella. Os Meios empregados no Egypto para combatel-a. [The Pink Bollworm, Pectinoj)hora gossypidla, and the combative Measures employed in Egypt.] — A Lavoura, Rio de Janeiro, xxii, no. 3-4, 1918, pp. 110-131, 1 fig. [Received 27th August 1918.] This is the text of a lecture on Pectinopliora gossypiella, against which it is intended to take vigorous measures in Brazil. Combate a Lagarta rosea. [Measures against the Pink Bollworm.] — A Lavoura, Rio de Janeiro, xxii, no. 3-4, 1918, pp. 173-175. [Received 27th August 1918.] The Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture has founded an organisation for dealing with the pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella]. Though the existence of this serious pest was first recorded in Brazil at the end of 1916, energetic measures were imfortunately not taken immediately, and the infestation has spread rapidly. 478 Grassi (B.). La Lotta contro la Fillossera nel Teramano dal 1901 al 1916. |The Campaign against Phylloxera in the Province of Teramo from 1901 to 1916.] — Boll. Minister i Agric, Industria, Comm., Lavoro, Rome, Year XV, ii, Ser. B, no. 9-12, September- December 1916, pp. 69-135, 11 figs., 3 maps. [Received 30th August 1918.] Except where the altitude is over about 2,000 feet the vine is grown everywhere in the province of Teramo (Abruzzi), the value of the grapes obtained being over £1,000,000. Phylloxera was probably introduced about 1890 and a Government campaign was conducted against it from 1901 to 1916. From 1901 to 1903 no less than 90,000 infested stocks were destroyed, as well as 250,000 healthy ones growing near them. The so-called classic or complete method of destruction was adopted without modification mitil 1906, when changes were introduced with a view to saving expense. In the classic method the stock is cut off about 4 inches above ground and burnt ; the stump is split down to the ground and drenched with tar or other insecticides ; each square metre of ground is treated with 4 injections of 75-80 grms. each of carbon bisulphide apphed at intervals of 3 days, and if thought necessary, the ground is stamped down to ensure the destruction of the stocks ; finally the ground is dug up and the stock is removed with all its roots and burnt on the spot. Of 80 large foci of infestation found in the first three years 78 are now clean or nearly so. As these areas are surrounded by a large expanse of vineyards that have remained quite immune, it may be assumed that the method described above has been successful. Work on a modified and less efficient plan was continued up to 1916. If it is to be further continued, radical changes will be necessary to ensure^ real efficiency. CoLLTNGE (W. E.). The Value of Insectivorous Birds. -Nature, London. ci, no. 2543, 25th July 1918, pp. 407-409. In the British Isles there are only a few species of wild birds that are truly insectivorous in their habits. A great redaction in their numbers has recently been brought about, partly by the severe winters of 1916-17 and 1917-18, and partly by the uniform protection of every species of wdld bird, with the result that the loss occasioned by some of these has led to a ruthless war on all species. This state of affairs can only result in the loss of crops and a diminution in the supply of home-grown food. Of the 280 species of British birds, other than those that are aquatic or littoral in their habits and game birds, rather less than 100 species are insectivorous, and many of these are quite rare. Beneficial birds include the fieldfare, water ouzel, wheatear, whinchat, stonechat, redstart, robin, warblers and A\Tens (other than the white- throat and blackcap), hedge accentor, dipper, tits, wagtails, pipits, flycatchers, swallow, martins, tree-creeper, and finches, other than the greenfinch, chaffinch, house-sparrow and bullfinch, the last two being wholly injurious. None of the buntings are injurious, and all the larks do far more good than harm, while the swift, nightjar, wood- peckers, WT}iieck. kingfisher, cuckoo, and owls are all most beneficial. 479 ScHUTZE (K. T.). Argijieslhia iUunmmtella, Z. — Deutsche EntomologiscJie Zeitschrift '-Iris;' Dresden, xxxi, no. 1-2, 1st July 1917, pp. 4-23. The caterpillar of Argyresthia illuminateUa infests the ends of the twigs of Abies alba, and lives exclusively on this tree, a fact not previously recorded. The attacked branches may be recognised in the autumn by the slightly yellowish-green colour of the needles. The eggs are laid on the buds at the tip of the twigs ; the buds are eaten, and from this point the whole twig is completely hollowed out. Pupation takes place in these hollow twigs. Natural enemies of the caterpillar include Tchneumonid parasites and birds. Argyresthia glabratelki lives only in the buds and ends of of the twigs of Picea excelsa, A. certella exclusively in the end buds of the same tree, and A. laenigatelh in the ends of the twigs of Larix dccidua. All these, as well as A. illuminatella, are found in the spring, while Argyresthia praeeocella, which lives only in the berries of Jnniqierm communis, occurs in September. Lange (E.). Agrofis collina, Bdv., und ihr Vorkommen im sachsischen Erzgebirge. [Agrotis collina. Bdv., and its Occurrence in the Saxon Erzgebirge (Ore-Mountains).] — Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrifl "Iris,'' Dresden, xxxi, no. 3-4. 1st February 1918, pp. 122-129. Agrotis collina has a wide distribution and was first noted in Saxony in 1908-10. It is hmited to mountainous districts, but is seldom found in the Alps. The caterpillar has been found on raspberry bushes and also in beech- woods of which the undergrowth is composed of wild raspberries. Sainbucas racemosa, Solidago fuchsii and wild lettuce. The caterpillars hide in the dried, roUed-up leaves of these plants and are to lie found in them even in very cold weather. They appear at the beginning of IMay on the young foliage of raspberry bushes and elder trees. Troop (J.). Report of the Entomological Department. - T/i^Vf^efA Ann. Rept. Purdue Univ. Expt. Sta. for Year ending 30th June 1917, Lafayette, /nd, pp. 39-40. [Received 9fch August 1918.] The Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor], which was very destructive to wheat in 1916. was in 1917 held in check by the numerous parasites that had been observed in the previous season, though the jointworm [Isosoma tritici] seriously injured the wheat crop in some locahties. Aphids were unusually abundant, especially on potatoes. Papaipema viehris {nitela) (stalk borer) seriously injured potatoes, tomatoes and maize. Colaspis brunnea (root-borer) was very active in maize fields, those that had been under timothy grass in the previous year being the worst infested. Potatoes imported into Indianapolis from Australia were found to be badly infested with the potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella, which has not previously occurred in Indiana. Growers were at once warned against this pest. 480 Lees (A. H.). " Reversion " and Resistance to " Big Bud " in Black Currants. — Ann. App. Biol., London, v, no, 1, July 1918, pp. 11-27, 6 plates. [Received 5th September 1918.] " Reversion " in black currants is caused by a check to the normal terminal bud, resulting in its being replaced by a big bud, a killed bud, a blind bud, or a flower bud, this being accompanied by an abnormal amount of growth from lateral buds. " Big bud " is a disease of black currants due to the attack of mites, which does not kill the growing-point, but stimulates it to make irregular development. The symptoms characteristic of " reversion " are : — (1) " running oS " of the fruit ; (2) an unusual amount of lateral wood growth ; (3) sharp pointed leaves ; and (4) long thin mternodes. When caused by the presence of mites, it can obviously be cured only by the elimination of this pest, for which no satisfactory method has yet been devised. Reversion due to Aphids should be curable by pruning away super- abundant terminals, at the same time" taking care that the bush is making strong growth ; while that due to terminal fruit-bud formation is evidence either of faulty pruning, or of the poor condition of the bush as a whole. The existence of an apparently mite-resistant strain of black currants is explained by the fact that such plants are not really resistant, but in fact so susceptible that the mite kills the growing-point in an attacked bud, thereby cutting off its own supplies and perishing. A few buds however become " big " and serve as a source of infection the following year. A form of reversion occurring in young bushes before mites or Aphids are present is as yet unexplained. Taylor (T. H.). Oviposition in the Celery Fly. — Ann. App. Biol, Cambridge, v, no. 1, July 1918, pp. 60-61, 1 fig. [Received 5th September 1918.] The celery fly [Acidia heraclei] usually oviposits beneath the epidermis of the under-surface of the leaf. A puncture is made by the ovipositor, which then breaks down the adjacent cell walls, forming a space in which the egg is laid, the process taking about 40 seconds on the lower surface and 50 seconds when the egg is laid from above. Hatching takes place in about 6 days, the larva emerging through the opposite end of the egg from the puncture. It then burrows forwards, eating out a narrow gallery ; after a few da3's it mines in all directions, producing a cavity that coalesces with other similar ones, thus forming a compoimd blister containing several larvae. This has given rise to the idea that A. heraclei oviposits on the surface, like Pegotnyiu and other bhster-making flies, whereas it more closely resembles the Phytomyzidae in its method of oviposition. Ball (E. D.). The Beet Leafhopper and the Curly-leaf Disease that it transmits. — Utah Agric. Coll. Expt. Sta., Logan, Bull. no. 155, June l9l7, 56 pp., 5 plates, 6 figs. [Received 2nd September 1918.] The various investigations that have been carried out with regard to the curly-leaf disease of beets caused by Eutettix tenella, Bak. (beet 481 leaf hopper) are reviewed. There is one generation a year and the adult, which hibernates, flies to beet fields in late spring and lays eggs in beet stems until mid-summer. The larvae mature in summer and the adults disappear in early autumn. E. tenella is a native insect inhabiting the south-western United States and northern Mexico and extending into the Columbia River region, whence it spreads for hundreds of miles in years of bad infestation. It is found on shadscale {Atriplex confertifolia), grease wood {Sarcobatus), Russian thistle [Salsola], and fine-leaved annual salt-bushes [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 418]. Its original food-plant is unknown. Apparently swarms of the insects from wild plants fly from their breeding grounds for long distances and over mountain barriers. Investigations into the method of transmission of the disease have aheady been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 492]. Factors favourable to curly-leaf development are the presence of large numbers of E. tenella, early attack, hot weather and clean cultivation, which results in the elimination of shade for the beets ; the converse of these factors, together with frequent cultivation, early irrigation and shade or weeds are unfavourable to the disease. (Growing for seed is very uncertain in curly-leaf areas. Destruction of the hoppers should be eifected by pulling a drag over the leaves of the beets and directing a spray at the plants at the moment the hoppers jump to avoid it. The spray should be a 15 per cent, kerosene emulsion. Early planting, which in California is carried out in November and December, eliminates injury to a large extent. Thinning should not be done just when the hoppers are appearing ; a knowledge of conditions of the breeding-grounds is useful in predicting possible outbreaks. Parasites of E. tenella, to be effective, should be introduced into the permanent breeding grounds. The outlook in certain regions is serious, and it is estimated that during the years 1899-1915 there was a direct loss of £2,000,000 in the United States due to this insect. Sanders (J. G.). Corn Root Aphids Active. — Wkly. Press Bull. Pennsylvania Dept. Agric, Hartisburg, iii, no. 33, 15th August 1918. During July and August many complamts were received from various parts of Pennsylvania of the damage to maize by the corn root aphis [Aphis maidiradicis], which is carefully fostered during the winter in the nests of the brown ant. The only satisfactory method of clearing land of this pest is rotation of crops. Maize planted in iufested land will have very little chance, but if planted in clean land it will have had such a good start by the time the ants have deposited the Aphids on it that very little harm should be done. If it is absohitely necessary to follow with a second maize crop, the infested land should be deeply ploughed and thoroughly harrowed in the autumn ; this wall destroy many winter nests of the ants. Besides maize, A. maidiradicis attacks broomcorn and sorghum and many uncultivated plants. 482 - HousER (J. S.) The Coccidae of Cuba. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xi, no. 2, June 1918, pp. 157-172, 1 plate. This paper deals mainl}^ with the sub-families Conchaspinae and DiASPiNAE, and includes a description of Aspidiotus fahernii, sp. n., taken on Fahnna in Havana, and of A. suhsimilis var. anonae, var. nov.. taken on Milliflores verbenacm, Magnolia grandiflora, rose and other plants in the Botanical gardens at Havana. Keys are given to the species of Conchas'pis and Psevdischnasfns. Graham (S. A.). An Interesting Habit of a Wax Moth Parasite. — Ann. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus. Ohio, xi, no. 2, June 1918, pp. 175-180, 1 plate. [Received 6th September 1918 ] Dibrachys clisiocampae. Fitch, was observed in large numbers issuing from cocoons of the bee moth, Galleria mellonelh, while the latter were bemg reared in 1916. Previous records of this parasite give the host as the forest teut caterpiilat, Mahcosoma disstria. In view of its possible value in checking the ravages of the bee moth in stored combs, the hfe-history has been studied. G. mellonella is attacked after spinning the cocoon, usually while still in the larval stage, but occasionally the pupa, while still soft and white, may be attacked. The parasite stabs its victim several or many times with its ovipositor, until the larva wdthin the cocoon is quiescent ; several larvae are usually so attacked until they become sluggish and finally die. Eggs are then deposited on the body of the larva, usually in wrinkles in the skin. In 3 to 7 days these hatch and the young parasites immediately fasten themselves to the body of the host and begin to feed. The larval stage usually lasts 2 to 4 weeks or longer. The bodies of larvae of G. mellonella were almost invariably attacked by bacteria before the parasitic larvae completed their growth. The parasite reqidred 14 to 25 days for the pupal stage, making a total life-cycle of 31 to 59 days. The females were observed to puncture dead larvae with the ovipositor and carefully draw up parts of the body tissue to the surface of the cocoon and then feed upon it. Since the dead larvae on which D clisiocanijjae feed are in a state of decomposition and continually changing chemically and physically during the feeding period, it is possible that under proper conditions such parasites could be fed and reared on some animal matter other than insect larvae. This would simplif}" the problem of finding sufficient suitable food for this, and perhaps certain other parasites. The habit of killing the host before oviposition is probably common to many of the ecto-parasites among the Chalcidoidea. The larvae of Pissodes strobi. Peck (white pine weevil) were always found by the author to be dead when larvae of the Chalcidid parasite, Eurytoma fissodis, Gir., occurred on them. The oviposition of this species has not yet been observed. During investigations on Anthonomus signatus, Say (strawberry weevil), the eggs of certain Chalcidoid parasites were found only on dead larvae, but at the same time many of the weevil lar-vae were also dead or dying without apparent cause. This indicates a condition similar to that produced by D. clisiocmnpae. The killing of the host before ovipositing is a decided advantage to such an ecto-parasite, as it ensures the safety of the eggs and larvae from injur}^ that might arise fxom movements of the host within the cocoon. 483 Hunter (W. D.). The Boll-weevil Problem, with Special Reference to Means of Reducing Damage. — U. S. Dept. Agric. Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 848, August 1917, 40 pp., 6 figs. [Received 9tli September 1918.] This bulletin deals at length with the history and extent of the invasion of the United States by the cotton boll-weevil [Anthonomns gmndis], and gives a description and life-history of the pest. Special emphasis is laid on the foUowiiig pomts that have a direct bearing upon control : (1) The weevil has no food-plant bvit cotton ; (2) the mortality of the weevil during the winter is very high ; (3) the emergence from hibernating quarters during the spring is slow and prolonged imtil well into the summer ; (4) early in the season, owing to comparatively low temperatures, its development is much slower than during the summer months ; (5) the drying of infested squares soon destroys the immature stages contained therein ; (6) the weevil is attacked by many different species of insect enemies : and (7) it has little power of emergence when buried under wet soil. Following from these facts, the all-irapoitant step in boll-weevil control is ploughing under, oi' uprooting and burning the plants in autumn. Clean cultivation, the early preparation of the land, the early planting of early- maturing varieties with fertilisers where necessary, and the proper spacing of the plants, are also important acces.sory precautions. Attempts to poison the larva are not advised, unless its attack begins at an abnormally early date in the summer. Special measures for destroying the adult are also useless. Orton (W. a.) & Chittenden (F. H.). Control of Diseases and Insect Enemies of the Home Vegetable Garden. -U.S. Dept. Agric. Washington, D.C.. Farmers' Bull. no. 856, November 1917, 72 pp., 81 figs. [Received 9th September 1918.] This bulletin is a popular resume of the usual control measures employed agamst the common insect enemies and diseases of home- grown vegetables, which, for ease in reference, are arranged in alphabetical order, each with its peculiar pests and diseases. Chittenden (F. H.) & Orton (W. A.). How to increase the Potato Crop by Spraying. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C.,Fsivmevs' Bull. no. 868. September 1917, 22 pp., 22 figs. [Received 9th September 1918.] The insects damaging potatoes dealt with in this bulletin are all leaf-feeders and may be controlled by means of the usual arsenical sprays. In order of importance they comprise : — Leptinotarsa decetnlineata, Say (Colorado potato beetle), of which both the larvae and adults are destructive ; Epicauta p)^^^^''^^y^'^'^'^>'^^^^ 1^6 G., E. nmrginata, F., and E. vittata, F. (blister beetles), prompt application of remedies at the very outset of attack being necessary to protect the crop ; Epitrix ciicumeris, Harv., E.fuscula, Cr., and E. parimla, F. (flea-beetles) ; Feltia annexa, Treit. (cut-worm), the best remedy for which is poisoned bait ; and Empoasca mali, Le B. (bean leaf-hopper), Macrosiphum solanifolii, Ashm. (potato aphis) and Myzus persicae, Sulz. (spinach aphis), all of which are readily controlled by spraying with nicotine sulphate. 484 BiSHOPP (F. C). The Bollworm or Corn Earworm.^ — U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 872, October 1917, 16 pp., 7 figs. [Received 9th September 1918.] Helioihis ohsoleta, F. , is one of the most important insect pests of the United States, occurring practically everywhere. The amiual loss to the farmer caused by it has been estimated at nearly £6,000,000, owing to the fact that it is a general feeder attacking cotton, maize, tomato, tobacco, garden vegetables, lucerne and cowpeas, as well as many wild plants. This bulletin deals with the hfe-history of the pest and the nature of the damage caused by it to cotton, maize, tomato and tobacco crops. Cultural methods are advocated as the best means of combating it. Phillips (W. J.) & Fox (H.). The Rough-headed Corn-stalk Beetle in the Southern States and its Control. — U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Favmers' Bull, no.^ 875, July 1918, 12 pp., 8 figs. The Dynastid, Ligyrus rugiceps, Lee. (rough-headed corn-stalk beetle) is an insect confined entirely to the southern United States, where it is becoming an increasingly injurious pest, a serious outbreak having occurred in the tidewater section of Virginia in the early summer of 1914. It appears to be limited to poorly-drained lands. Maize is attacked by the adult only, which bores into the very young stalk just below the surface of the ground, eating away the growing- point or bud. Plants about 3 feet in height are not so severely damaged, as the growing-point is then out of reach of the beetles, and full-grov^Ti plants are practically immune. Oviposition occurs in early summer, the eggs being deposited smgly, or in groups of 3 or 4 in the ground. They hatch in about two weeks, the rapidly grooving larvae reaching their full growth in about two months. The adults emerge in September after a pupal period of about a fortnight, and soon go into hibernation, there being only one generation a year. The most important remedial measure is the elimination of all old waste and pasture lands, since the favourite, and indeed the only possible breeding place is low, poorly-drained land. This should be thoroughly drained and cultivated with a regular rotation of crops. Maize should not be planted on such land the first year, but since no other crop is injured by this insect, anything else may be substituted. Other accessory measures are early planting, the use of fertihsers, the pasturing of pigs, hand-picking, and autumn ploughing to destroy the pupae. Van Zwaluwenburg (R. H.) & Thomas (H. E.). Some Means of controlling Insects, Fungi, and other Pests in Porto Rico. — Porto Rico Agric. Expt. Sta., Mayaguez. Circ no. 17, 27th June 1918, 30 pp. [Received 4th September 1918.] This paper gives an account of the most generally used insecticides, with formulae for their preparation, describes methods of fumigation and the emplojTnent of heat as a means of killing insects, and discusses the compatibility of various insecticides and fimgicides. 485 Smyth (E. G.). Report of the Entomological Department. — Ann. Rept. Porto Rico Insular Expt. Sta., Rio Piedras, from, 1st July 1916 to 30th June 1917 ; 1917, pp. 99-106. [Received 10th Sept. 1918.] The plant quarantine laws of Porto Rico forbid the importation of fresh fruit from any other tropical country or island, with the exception of plantains, which are not considered hable to carry fruit-fly larvae. Plant inspection resulted in the interception of the following pests, mainly from the United States : — Aphids, found in 82 cases on rose, chrysanthemum, carnation and other plants ; Pseudococcus and other scale-insects, found in 14 parcels on palms, ferns, etc. ; red-spider [Tetranychus], in 7 cases on rose and carnation ; Phlyctaenui sp., in 7 cases on chrysanthemum, phlox and salvia ; Tortrix (Archips) in 2 cases on rose ; Geometrids twice on rose ; white-fly [Aleurodes] on palms ; mites on narcissus ; ants on orchids ; beetles on roses and banana plants ; Phycitids twice on mango seeds and apples ; Bruch'us {Laria) in horse-beans ; and Sylvanus in garlic seed. Sugar-cane imported from Santo Domingo for grinding has been fumigated owing to the presence there of the Satyrine butterfly, Calisto archebates, the caterpillars of which feed upon cane foUage. Other sugar-cane pests that are intercepted annually in large numbers are Diaprepes quadrivittatus, Oliv. (Santo Domingo cane weevil root- borer), Metamasms sericeus, Oliv., and Hololepta quadridenlata, F., a large Histerid beetle that appears to infest sugar-cane. Cotton (R. J.). Report of the Assistant Entomologist, —^nw. Rept. Porto Rico Insular Expt. Sta., Rio Piedras, from 1st July 1916 to 30th June 1917: 1917, pp. 106-122, 1 plate, 1 fig. [Received 10th September 1918.] Particular attention was given during the year under review to the insects affecting tobacco, citrus and vegetables. Flea-beetles, which are the worst insect pests of tobacco, are being controlled by the use of lead arsenate, applied in powder form with small dust guns in equal proportions of lead arsenate and dry, leached wood ashes, or undiluted lead arsenate in the case of exceptional outbreaks. As this method is expensive, it is hoped to find a cheaper poison of sufficient strength to kill the insects without scorching the foliage. The systematic use of poisons, the cutting down of weeds, and the planting of another crop such as velvet beans between the tobacco plants, are gradually becoming vmiversal practices and resulting in great benefit. Pachyzancla periusalis, Wlk. (tobacco leaf-folder) occurs abundantly throughout Porto Rico, especially during the period from October to May, feeding exclusively on Solanaceous plants. Cultivated food- plants include tobacco, egg plant, tomato and several weeds including Solanum torvum and S. nigrum. Eggs are laid singly on the under-sides of tobacco leaves when the plants are young, and hatch in 5 to 8 days, the larvae immediately beginning to feed on the parenchyma of the leaves. During the next 18 or 20 days the larva moults four times, finally rolhng itself into a portion of the leaf which it cuts out and wraps around itself with silk. About three days are thus passed in a pre-pupal state, the true pupal stage lasting a further 12 days, at the end of which the adult moth emerges. Tables are given showing 486 life-cycles varying from 35 to 44 days. The various generations overlap and all stages of the insect are found abundantly at the same time. Parasites of P. periusalis include two unidentified Hymenoptera infesting the eggs. Numerous individuals of the Tachinid, Argi/rophylax alhincisa, Wied., were reared from larA^ae collected in the field. The Ichneumonid, Chleomis sp., was also frequently found parasitising the larvae, and numbers of a small Braconid were reared from the pupae. As the damage is done chiefly w^hen tobacco is young, it comes at a time when most growers are dusting the plants with arsenicals against flea-beetles, and this is a sufficient remedial measure. All wild host-plants growing near tobacco fields should be destroyed, especially the wild egg-plant, Solanum torvum. Dicyphus luridus, Gibson, has only recently been described [see this Reirieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 130]. This is a Capsid bug closely related to D. minimus, Uhler, which does great damage to tobacco in Florida. It is as yet known only in Porto Rico, where it feeds chiefly on tobacco ; it is not uncommon on tomatoes in g^-rdens and lives on related wild Solanaceous plants, occurring abundantly on the weed, Jafropha gossypifolia. The eggs are inserted singly in the midrib of the tobacco leaf, and hatch in 6 to 10 days, the young nymphs beginning at once to suck the sap from the leaves. Like other Capsids, these insects occasionally feed upon others, sucking the body juices of any that get caught on the sticky foliage of the tobacco leaves. There are 5 nymphal stages of 3-G days each, the total life-cycle averaging about 30 days. The damage done by this insect in Porto Roco has not as yet been serious, and if the ground is kept free from the weeds that harbour it, no further control measure should be necessary. Dicyphus prasinus, Gibson, also a recently described species [loc. cit.~\ is very similar to D. luridus, but is rather less abundant on tobacco and and rather more frequently found on tomato. The life-histories of the two species and the damage done to tobacco are practically identical. Vegetable pests have given considerable trouble during the year and a bulletin describing these is in course of preparation. Plutella maculipennis (diamond-back moth) has been very abundant, the larvae damaging cabbage leaves. A spray of 3 lb. lead arsenate to 50 U.S. gals, water is an efficient control if used regularly ; if the caterpillars become very numerous, they should be destroyed by spraying with kerosene emulsion. The usual citrus pests occurred dm'ing the year. Damage to the fruit by red spiders and rust mites can be avoided by spraying the trees, as soon as the mites appear, with lime-sulphur 1 : 50 or 1 : 75, with the addition of flour paste, using 4 lb. flour to each 100 U.S. gals, of spray. Diaprepes spengleri, which destroys the foliage of citrus trees, frequently congregates in large numbers in restricted sections of a citrus grove and can then be collected by shaking the weevils from the trees into strips of canvas. When they occur uniformly throughout a grove, a spray of 5 lb. lead arsenate to 50 U.S. gals, water should be used. Solenopsis geminata (brown ant) forms nests at the base of young citrus trees and chews the tender young branches, frequently causing them to die. The nests should be thoroughly sprayed on two consecutive days with | lb. caustic potash or fish-oil soap dissolved in water, with the addition of 1 pint crude carbolic 487 acid and then sufficient water to make 2 quarts. This should be used in the strength 1 pint of stock to 6 U.S. gals, water. Poison-baits for the ants have not proved satisfactory. Caterpillars of Papilio androgens, Cram., and of Eanlis thraso, Hbn., have been fairly numerous, but neither species caused appreciable damage. It is pointed out that the failure in many cases to obtain a good oil-emulsion has been entirely due to the kind of soap used. Owing to scarcity of potash the composition of the common commercial soaps has been changed and these are apt to solidify in an emulsion within a few hours, rendering the spray worthless. As a result of experiments it has been found that an excellent emulsion can be made with ordinary hard, fish-oil soap, that will remain a good liquid for several days, by the following method :— Eight pounds of octagon or fish-oil soap are dissolved in 2 U.S. gals, water by heating ; while still hot, 2 U.S. gals. Corvus oil should be slowly stirred in so that a good emulsion is obtained ; I lb. ordinary cooking flour is then stirred in, 4 U.S. gals, water are added and the whole mixture heated again until it boils. After removing from the lire, one quart of crude carbolic acid is added and the solution is then ready for use. For spraying, this stock should be diluted at the rate of 1 part to 25 of water. TuRNEE (W. B.). Female Lepidoptera at Light Traps. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xiv, no. 3, 15th July 1918, pp. 135-149. [Received 10th September 1918.] As a test of the generally accepted theory that in the case of Lepidoptera taken at light-traps practically all individuals captured are males and that the few females taken have all previously oviposited, the author conducted a series of observations at Maryland during 1916. A brief account is given of the methods employed to obtain material and a summary of the facts deduced from examination of the results. A table shows the percentages of the males captured including the following species : Apantesis vitlatu, F., 98 ; A. arge, Drury, 82 ; Esiigmene acraea, Drury, 85 ; Diacrisia virginica, F., 88 ; Isia Isabella, A. & S., 86; Halisidofa (essellaris, A. & S., 70; Datana ministra, Drury, 71 ; Phytometra {Aiitojrapha) bihba, Stephens, 95 ; P. (A.) simplex, Gn., 76 ; Meliana diffusa, Wlk., 89 ; Polia renigera, Stephens, 71 ; Caenurgia erechtea, Cr., 64 ; C. crassiuscala, Haw., 64^; Cirphis unipuncta, Haw., 56| ; Agrotis (Noctua) c-nignim, L., 47 ; and Feltia spp., probably including F. siibgothica. Haw., F. annexa, F. gladiaria, Morr., and F. jactdifera, Gn., 72. Of 11,222 moths examined, llh per cent, were males ; only in one species, Agrotis c-nigrnm, did the females equal or exceed the males. Of a total of 3,197 females captured, 58 per cent, were gravid, or 16'6 per cent, of the total number of moths examined. A great deal of information has also been gathered from various records of other observers upon this question ; this is summarised in a table showing that out of 28,094 individuals, males constituted 55 per cent, and females 45 per cent. If it be assumed that the sexes exist in nature in approximately equal numbers, the investigations on which this paper is based are 488 said to show that the females taken at the hght trap constitute 57 per cent, of the assumed total of females, while the gravid females so taken amount to 33 per cent.* It is believed by the author that further investigations will adduce additional evidence to disprove the generally accepted theories on this question. CoTTE (J.). The Value of the Coleopteron, Chilocorus bipustulatus, as a Destroyer of Scale-Insects. — Bull. Soc. Path. Vegetale France, Paris, iv, no. 2, 1917, pp. 86-88. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 7, July 1918, pp. 901-902.) [Received 10th September 1918.] Observations on the Coccinellid, Chilocorus bijmstulatus, as an enemy of Chrysom'jjhalus didyospermi, Morg., which is becoming a serious pest in eastern Provence, show that while the scale is undoubtedly attacked by this beetle, it is not the preferred food. It was found that C. dictyosjpermi continued to maintain itself on a mandarin tree in company with Chilocorus bipustulatus, while the Aphid, Toxoptera aurantii, Boyer, which tried to establish itself on the tree, was repeatedly exterminated by the Coccinellid. Saissetia oleae, Bern. , and Pseudococcus adonidum, L., were similarly little affected by Chilocorus bip^istulatus, and it is evident that in the Nice district this beetle cannot be relied upon for efficient control of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, when the latter is present in large numbers. Del Guercio (G.). Dysdercus scassellati, sp. n., a Bug observed on Cotton in Southern Italian Somaliland. — V Agricoltura Coloniale, Florence, xii, no. 1, 1918, pp. 5-20, 6 figs. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 7,. July 1918, pp. 902-903.) [Received 10th September 1918.] This paper describes a new cotton-stainer, Dysdercus scassellati, from southern Italian Somaliland. De Stefani (T.). Megastigmus ballestrerii, a Hymenopteron living on the Pistachio Tree and Turpentine Tree in Sicily. — Boll. Stndi luformazioni R. Giardino Coloniale di Palermo, iv, no. 1-2, 1917, pp. 101-131, 24 figs. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 7, July 1918, p. 903.) [Received 10th September 1918.] This paper reviews the various insect and Arachnid pests attacking the pistachio tree {Pistacia vera.) and the turpentine tree {P. terebinthus) in Sicily, and gives a detailed account of the Chalcid, Megastigmus ballestrerii, Rond. The larva destroys the pistachio seed and in 1916 caused a loss of more than 70 per cent, in some plantations. The * [This deduction from the figures given appears to be incorrect, since the assumed total of females cannot properly be taken as half the total of the individuals (11,222) captured in the author's experiments. He actually caught 8,025 males, and oii his own reasoning lie must assume the tbeo eticaliy available females to be 8,025 and not 5,611 ; this would reduce his percentages of 57 and 33 to 40 and 23 respectively. — Ed.] 489 morphology of the insect is described, with information as to its biology and habits." The author believes that its natural host is the turpentine tree and that it has gradually adapted itself to the pistachio. The method recommended for control of M. ballestrerii is the collection and burning of all infested pistachio fruit either on the plant or on the ground. All turpentine trees in or near pistachio plantations should be dealt with in the same manner, the quickest and most certain method in this case being the destruction of the female inflorescences in April and May. Ballou (H. a.). Feeding Habits of the Parasites of Hardback Grubs. — Agric. Neivs, Barbados, xvii, no. 425, 10th August 1918, pp. 250-251. This article reviews the hterature on the subject of parasites of hardback grubs. With regard to the parasitism of Oryctes tarandus by Scoliid wasps introduced into Mauritius from Madagascar, it is pointed out that the difference between the method of feeding of the larvae and adults of these parasitic insects is of interest. While the actual feeding of the larva causing the death of some agricultural pest is rightly considered of great importance in estimating the work of the parasite, the very different habits of feeding on the part of the adults must be taken into account in any attempt to introduce these insects from one country into another, or to distribute them from one locality to another in the same country. The varied feeding habits of the adults of nearly related species make it necessary to study each species separately in this respect. The question of parasite introduction is now recognised as involving much more than the mere transportation of the adults from one place to another and liberating them in good condition. The Japanese Beetle in New Jersey. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., xlvii, no. 1234, 23rd August 1918, pp. 185-186. As the result of infestations by the Japanese beetle [Adoretus umbrosus tenuimacuhUus] in parts of New Jersey, a quarantine is proposed in order to prohibit the shipment from this territory of green sugar- corn, ripe tomatoes and ripe peaches. This beetle, introduced during the last 5 or 6 years in soil round the roots of iris, presumably from Japan, has thoroughly estabhshed itself, the area of infestation invohang approximately 25,000 acres. It is a general feeder, attacking the grape, peach, plum, apple and cherry, as well as many ornamental plants, and feeding freely on a variety of weeds. It also injures the sweet potato and other vegetable crops, especially sweet corn, the beetles penetrating into the tips of the ears, in a similar manner to the common corn ear- worm [Heliothis obsoleta], thus rendering possible its easy and wide distribution. Ball (E. D.). Leaf Burn of the Potato and its Relation to the Potato Leaf -Hopper. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., xlviii, no. 1234. 23rd August 1918, p. 194. A careful study of the potato-growing areas in the northern part of the United States, where there has recently been a remarkable (C514) B 490 outbreak of leaf -burn, has shown that in every case the injury was in direct proportion to the number of leaf-hoppers {Empoasca mali, Le B.) present. The nymphs, feeding on the imder-sides of the leaves, first produce a AAa'inkling of the whole surface, with a slight upward rolling of the margin, and then the marginal burning appears. In cage experiments, typical leaf-burn was produced in 4 days, the marginal burn being often so definite as to suggest the injection of some substance, rather than the mere mechanical extraction of the sap. Carr (E. G.). An Unusual Disease of Honey Bees. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 4, August 1918, pp. 347-351. A disease, first brought to the notice of the Department of Apiary Inspection in June 1915, appeared in 1917 in an alarming manner in well kept apiaries in New Jersey and many other States, as well as in Canada. The disease, which resulted in the death of thousands of bees of a good stock, was at first thought to be due to poisoning from a contaminated w^atering place, but no definite conclusions were reached. The abdominal contents of affected bees were found to be watery and to give off an unpleasant, somewhat pungent odour, workers, drones, and even queens being similarly affected. The conditions characteristic of the bee disorder known as paralysis were absent, and the brood ^dthin the hives appeared to be healthy. An abnormal condition in the hives was the great abundance of stored pollen and the imusually small amount of unsealed honey in the combs. From this fact, and from the fact that the appearance of the disease coincided with a period of dull weather, while ensuing fine weather caused its disappearance, it was believed that the bees were suffering from a digestive disturbance caused by a diet containing an excess of nitro- genous matter. The striking similarity between the symptoms of this disease and those of Isle of Wight disease, thought to be caused by Nosema apis, which also affects the digestive system, further supports the theory that this disease is due to improper feeding and is thus preventable. Paddock (F. B.). Foul Brood Eradication Work in Texas. JZ. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 4, August 1918, pp. 351-353. The foul-btood inspection service estabhshed in Texas under the law passed in 1913 has resulted in a state- wide co-operation among beekeepers and a general improvement of 50 to 75 per cent, in the efficiency of the industry. In some few counties foul-brood has been eliminated, and in many more the disease will be stamped out in a very short time. Holland (E. B.) & Buckley (J. P.). Calcium Arsenite and Arsenate as Insecticides. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H, xi, no. 4, August 1918, pp. 354-357. The present intensive production of orchard and garden crops tends towards a maximum consumption of arsenicals in combating leaf- eating insects, with a corresponding scarcity of lead arsenate. The 491 result of this will be the appearance on the market of cheaper and less reliable arsenicals, such as calcium arsenite and calcium arsenate. The requisites for an insecticide that is to be applied as a spray are : - toxicity to the insect and non-toxicity to the plant ; adhesiveness under all weather conditions ; fineness of particles and low specific gravity to ensure a higii power of suspension and uniform distribution ; abihty to indicate the leaf-surface covered ; and reasonable cost. All arsenical compounds are poisonous, though, as a rule, the lower, or arsenite salts are more active than the higher, or arsenate ones. Arsenic that is soluble in water, or that has been rendered soluble by atmospheric agents, has a corrosive action on foliage to the extent of entire defoliation in severe cases. Therefore an arsenical must be insoluble and stable in water or in whatever liquid vehicle is used for its application. These conditions are fulfilled by calcium arsenite, which, with excess of lime, has a good power of suspension, and by the deposition of a white film readily indicates the leaf-surface covered. The use of sodium arsenite, on the other hand, by inexperienced persons camiot be recommended, owing to its solubility. Acid calcium arsenate is soluble in water but practically insoluble in lime water, which indicates that its safe application necessitates an admixture with Bordeaux or strong milk of lime. It contains a high percentage of arsenic, and may serve in many instances as a substitute for acid lead arsenate during the present emergency. Experiments to test its efficiency are in progress. Moore (W.). Fumigation with Chlorpicrin. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.. xi, no. 4. August 1918, pp. 357-362. The fact that chlorpicrin, though rather a volatile compound, is extremely toxic to insects [see this Review, Ser. B, v, p. 174] has raised the question of its possible use in the fumigation of grain and clothing. Its value as a fumigant for destroying the body louse {Pediculus humanus) and its eggs has also been recorded [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 189]. The advantages in the use of chlorpicrin, as compared with carbon bisulphide, are : — that its toxicity, molecule for molecule, is about 283 times as great as that of carbon bisulphide ; its use, unlike that of the highly inflammable carbon bisulphide, is not dangerous under normal conditions, though it, too, may be exploded when heated : owing to the severe irritation caused to the eyes, nose, and throat by minute quantities, there is very little risk of an injurious amount being inhaled, while carbon bisulphide, though unpleasant, may be inhaled in sufficient quantities to cause death ; its vapour, being about twice as heavy as that of carbon bisulphide, which, in its tarn is about 2 '5 times heavier than air, is particularly suitable for the fumigation of grain owing to its being able to sink down througb large masses. Experiments on the last point have proved that one half pound oi chlorpicrin per 1,000 cubic feet will prove destructive to Bruchus obtectus. Say (bean Bruchid), Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv. (Angoumois grain moth), Plodia interpanctelki, Hb. (Indian meal moth), and Ephestia kuhniella, Zell. (Mediterranean flour moth), but is not sufficient (C514) b2 492 to kill Tfibolium confusum, Duv. (confused flour beetle) at greater depths in the flour than one meh. For this beetle it is necessary to use as much as 1 to 2 lb. per 1,000 cubic feet. To obtain similar results \vith carbon bisulphide in fumigation boxes from 3 to 8 lb. at a temperature above 65° F. must be used, while chlorpicrin gives good results at a temperature below 60° F. The experiments also proved that chlorpicrin is more likely to cause injury to germination than is carbon bisulphide, but that no injury results from normal doses if the grain is dry and is thoroughly aired after fumigation. It is able to penetrate through fifty-pound sacks of flour in twenty-four hours at a temperature of 70°, kilHng all the insects, but exerting a shghtly injurious influence on the baking qualities of the flour. When free from impurities of chlorine and nitrogen peroxide, chlorpicrin will not injure dress fabrics or affect their colour. Although at present imobtainable, it is expected that after the War chlorpicrin will be retailed at a lower ^price than carbon bisulphide, and though it can never be used on a large scale owing to its irritating properties, it may prove of value for the fumigation of small quantities of grain or seeds and of grain samples, for the destruction of ant nests, etc., and in small doses against mosquitos in yellow fever regions. Paeker (J. R.). The Life-History and Habits of Chloropisca glabra , Meig., a Predaceous Oscinid (Cliloropid). — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 4, August 1918, pp. 368-380, 1 fig. The fact that the larva of Chloropisca glabra, Meig., is predaceous upon the Aphid, Pemphigus betae, Doane, is of interest, not only on account of its economic importance, but because it constitutes a habit new to the vegetable-feeding family Oscinidae. Forms showing the transition from vegetable to animal feeding are Gaurax anchora, the larvae of which feed upon moulted insect skins, and Botanobia darlingtoniae, the larvae of which feed upon the dead bodies of insect victims of the pitcher-plant. Chloropiscu glabra, of which Chlorops assimilis, Macq., is now considered a synonym, is a very abundant species throughout North America ; it also occurs in Europe, Africa, and South America. The adults emerge from over-wintering puparia during May and early in June, and seek grassy or weedy places, being specially attracted to those that are slightly shaded, though many can be seen crawling over the foliage of shrubs and trees. Pairing does not take place till the first week in July, and oviposition occurs towards the end of the same month. The eggs are laid singly, being deposited in cracks in the soil around the base of sugar-beet plants and Chenopodium album, only occasionally being found attached to the stem of the plant. The females, in selecting plants around which to oviposit, show remarkable abiUty in picking out the plants infested with root- aphids. The incubation period is from 3 to 5 days, and possibly longer durmg cold, wet weather. The larvae are extremely sensitive to light and external disturbance, and hence have never been observed feeding on root-aphids in the field. In the laboratory it was found that only full-gro^^^l or nearly mature Aphids were attacked, the soft body contents being sucked out till only the empty skin remained. Pupation is preceded by inactivity and a shortening of the body, 493 the larval skin not being shed, !nit becoming the outer covering of the puparium, the process being completed in about 36 hours. The pupal period generally lasts for about nine months, beginning some time in August, it being in this stage that the insect hibernates. There is only one amiual brood, though in warmer parts of the country and at lower altitudes it is ciuite probable that C. glabra is double-brooded. It is certain that C. glabra is by far the most effective insect enemy of Pemphigus betae, the worst pest of sugar-})eet in Montana, its larvae acting as a very important check and in many instances destroying entire colonies. Felt (E. P.). New Gall Midges (Dipt.).— JZ. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 4, August 1918, pp. 380-384. The species dealt with in this paper include : — Thecodiplosis cockereUi, sp. n., widely distributed in Colorado and forming irregular enlarge- ments of the needles of Pinus ed/alis ; Mycodiplosis packardi, sp. n., and Retinodijdosis albitarsis, sp. n., reared from Pinus strobus infested with Parharmonia pini. Drake (C. J.). A New Corn Insect from California (Heteroptera).— Jl. Econ. Entom., Conrord. N.H.. xi, no. 4, August 1918, p. 385. Corythuca essigi, sp. n., a Tingid or lace-bug infesting maize {Zea mays), the leaves of which are injured by both nymphs and adults, is here described. An allied species, C. dislincla, 0. & D., has been recorded in Montana upon maize, lettuce, parsnip, beans, lupins, turnip, squash and Bulsamorrhiza, and in Utah upon Carduus lanceolatcs. y^ Felt (E. P.). Apple Tent Caterpillar Parasites.—.//. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi. no. 4, August 1918, p. 386. Cocoons taken from a nest of the apple tent caterpillar [Mahcosoma americana] proved to be those of Amorphola orgyiae. How., and the parasite reared from them Ofacustes perilifi, Ashm. Both these species have previously been recorded as parasitising Hemerocainpa lencostigma, S. & A. Parks (H. B.). Notes on Eleodes Iricostata, Say. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 4, August 1918, p. 388. An infestation in the spring of 1918, which reached a maximum at the end of April, proved to be due to Eleodes Iricostata [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 307]. The injury caused by the larva, while generally resembling that of cutworms, also consists in the cutting off of the buds and leaf-stalks of large plants. The crops most severely attacked are :- Radishes, cabbages, onions, tomatoes, potatoes, maize, and sugar-cane. Most gardeners have been satisfied wth the results obtained from the use of poisoned bran mash, Paris green giving better results than lead arsenate. The adults may be found in old or heavily pastured j&elds, from two to a dozen or more under each pile of dry manure, giving rise to the idea that this pest may be introduced with barnyard 494 manure. The adults have a peculiar habit of sunning themselves on ant-hills during the warm days of winter, pointing to the existence of some comrection between this beetle and ants, the adults being always more abundant near ant-hills than elsewhere. The larva works at night and on cloudy days and owing to its voracious appetite and omnivorous habits it has been called the Kaiser worm in central Texas. A Manual of Dangerous Insects likely to be introduced in the United States through Importations. - U.S. Dep. Agric, Washington, D.C.. 15th August 1917, 256 pp., 50 plates, 107 figs. [Received 16th September 1918.] This valuable manual, which is edited by W. D wight Pierce, has been prepared by the U.S. Bureau of Entomology at the request of and in co-operation mth the Federal Horticultural Board, to supply such information as is required by its officers and others in the enforce- ment of quarantines and the safeguarding of the country against foreign insect pests. The plants yielding vegetable products are arranged alphabetically under the American common name, with the scientific name attached, and a brief sketch is given of each of the more important insects attacking these. It is pointed out that inspectors should not attempt to make final determuiations by the use of this work ; the book merely indicates the insects likely to be found with importations. References are given under each species to such foreign literature as affords the best or most easily available source of additional information. Inspectors finding important insects not already familar to them are requested to transmit specimens immediately to the Bureau of Entomology at Washington. The scientific names used throughout the manual are those current in European literature, though many of these will undoubtedly be changed as the result of future studies. * A list is given of over 100 important insect pests that have been introduced in the past ; many hundreds more are mentioned that are liable to be introduced at any time. The lists of insects included in the manual are necessarily incomplete ; many important introduced species are omitted because they are now so generally distributed that the importation of a few additional individuals will have no effect upon existing economic conditions. Frequently the literature on dangerous species is so meagre as to make it impossible to determine the importance of the pest. The handbook is well illustrated. Jones (T. H.). The Southern Green Plant-Bug. Z7. nor«>w, L., on turnips, successfully controlled by spraying wdth a cpiassia and soap mixture ; Melolontha melolontha, L. , the larva being reported as attacking mangels ; BrucJius 'pisonim, L. {'pisi, L.), responsible for considerable damage to peas in Shropshire ; B. rufimanus, Boh., severely attacking beans ; Sitones lineatus, L., causing the worst attack within recent times on peas and beans, in many places completely destroying the crop, the best control having been obtained by an early application of soot, or, failing this, fine road dust, a later spraying with lead arsenate also proving beneficial ; Apion trifolii, F., in one district damaging tlie foliage of dwarf and runner beans, to which it had migrated from a neighbouring stack of lucerne and clover, also attacldng parsnips, and in another locality the green fruit of peaches ; PhylloperlJia horticola, L., attacking the flower-heads and yomig shoots of peas and beans, and damaging sandy pastures in North Wales ; Ampkimallus {Rhizotrogits) solstitialis, L. , the larvae attacking cabbages in Cambridge- shire ; Byturus tomentosus, F., causing much damage to raspberries and logan})erries in Shropshire and the eastern counties ; Galerucella te/tella, L. , severely attacldng strawberries at Buckingham ; Otiorrhynchus picipes, F., causing very serious damage to raspberries ; Anihonoinus nibi, Hbst., causing much loss to strawberry growers; Xyleborus dispar, F. (shot-borer beetle), a few serious cases of damage to plum trees being recorded from the southern counties, X. xylographus {saxeseni, Ratz.), being also implicated ; and Scolytus rugulosus, Ratz., causing severe damage to plums in Worcestershire. Lepidoptera. Hydroecia micacea, Esp., widely distributed in allotments, etc., in June and July and doing extensive damage; Pier is brassicae, L., the larvae being reported as damaging the pods of turnips and swedes grown for seed, and together with P. napi being universally abundant and causing widespread damage, in one case attacking onions, a very liigh percentage of the larvae, however, being parasitised and in some places kept in check by hand-picking, dusting with fresh slaked lime and spraying with a sohition of common salt ; Pluiella maculipennis, Curt, (diamond-back moth), which was not plentiful, one small attack being reported from Yorkshire ; Caradrhm davi'palpis, Scop, {quadripunctata, F.), the young larvae doing great damage to stacked peas in Essex ; Hepialvs sp., the larvae being found boring into the stems of broad beans ; Charaeas graminis, L. (antler moth), a general outbreak occurring from the Peak to the Lake District on poor upland pastures ; Barathra [Mamestra) brassicae L., causing considerable losses of cabbages etc. generally, and also reported as attacking onions and green tomatoes ; Clieimatobia bntmata, li. (winter moth), exceedingly abundant in practically 510 every fruit-giowing district ; Ardor nis chrysorrhoea, L. {Porlhesia similis) (gold-tail moth), common on apples in Cheshire ; Scotosia dubitata, L., recorded as attacking apples ; Sphinx {Smermtlms) ocellatus, L. (eyed hawk rnoth), the larvae doing considerable damage to apple trees ; Gastropacha {Lasiocmnpa) quercifoUa, L. (lappet moth), very prevalent on plum trees in Kent and Worcester ; Cydia {Opadia) funebrana, Tr., causing much damage to plum fruit in Kent ; Cydia pomonella (codhng moth), causing much loss in apples in the south- east and eastern counties ; and Oxygrapha (Acalla) comariana, Z. (strawberry tortrix), responsible for much damage to the strawberry crop in the Wisbech area. Hymenoptera. Emphytus sp., found attacking apples in Kent ; Fenusa jncmilis, Htg., damaging logan-berries and laxton-berrie« in Kent ; Eriocampoides {Eriocampa) Iwiacina, L., abimdant on pear in the eastern counties ; Pteromts (Nematus) ribesii, Scop, (gooseberry saw-fly), causing considerable damage- by its general attacks ; and Hoplocampn testndinea, Htg., recorded as spoiling much of the apple crop near Pershore. CoLLiNGE (W. E.). Some Recent Investigations on the Food of Certain Wild Birds. — Jl. Bd. Agric. London, xxv, no. 6, September 1918, pp. 668-691, 17 figs. The relationship between the feeding habits of wild birds and agri- culture is as yet only very imperfectly realised, the value of many of the earlier contributions to the subject being seriously minimised owing to the methods employed in estimating the food-contents of the crop and stomach. Economically considered, birds are simply natural forces, the best economic conditions probably being fulfilled when they are numerous as species and moderately abundant as individuals. As the result of an examination of the stomach (and crop, where present) contents of 3,670 adult birds and 595 nesthngs, embracing 9 species of wild birds, it may be stated : (1) that the volumetric method (or percentage by bulk) is the only reliable one for estimating the nature of the food and the true economic position of a given bird ; (2) that the numerical method is highly misleading and unsatisfactory; (3) that of the 9 species of wild birds treated, two are distinctly injurious viz., the house sparrow and the wood pigeon ; two are too numerous, and consequently injurious, viz., the rook and the sparrow hawk ; one is locally too numerous, viz., the missel thrush ; four are highly beneficial, viz., the skj--lark, the green woodpecker, the kestrel and the lapwing ; (4) that in the interests of agriculture it is very desirable that strong repressive measures be taken against the house- sparrow and the wood-pigeon, and for the time being, all protection withheld from the rook, sparrow-hawk and missel thrush, while every protection should be given to the four highly beneficial species above mentioned ; (5) that all the commoner species of wild birds require re-investigating so far as their food and feeding habits are concerned, and that their various food items require working out and estimating by the volumetric method. / 511 MosLEY (F. 0). Fungoid and Insect Pests and their Control. Part I, Vegetable and Pulse Crops. 26 pp. Price Is. net. Illustrated. Part II. Fruit Trees. 31 pp. Price 2s. 6c?. net. Illustrated. — Published by the Author. Whernside, Basingstoke Road, Reading. The first of these useful pamphlets is intended to provide a means of easily recognising the more commonly occurring fungoid and insect pests of vegetable crops, and to indicate concisely in each case the most effective means of control and the stage in the life-history of the insect at which control measures are most efficacious. The importance of a suitable sprayer, promptitude in dealing with pests at the first moment of their appearance and preventive measures before the insects appear are indicated as essentials in success. A very brief and concise description is given of each insect, its life-history, the damage it does and the necessary measures for control. Illustrations in colour are given of the various stages of each insect. The second pamphlet dealing with fruit-tree pests and diseases is compiled on the same lines. The importance of avoiding overcrowding in orchards is insisted upon. General measures that should be practised in every orchard include a winter wash of caustic soda appUed to the tree every three or four years and an application of lime wash in the intervening years just before the buds expand. Trees should be grease-banded from October to April, and immediately the flowers have fallen sprays should be applied of combined lead arsenate and Bordeaux mixture or sulphur, according to the varieties to be sprayed. All new stock should be carefully examined before being planted. Each pamphlet concludes with instructions for the preparation of suitable sprays and washes. MuESEBECK (C. F. W.). Two Important Introduced Parasites of the Brown-tail Moth. — •//. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xiv, no. 5, 29th July 1918, pp. 191-206, 4 plates. A brief account is given of the fife-history of Nygmia ])haeorrhoea, Don. {Ewproctis chrysorrhoea, L.), of which two important parasites, Apanteles lacteicolor, Vier., and Meteor us versicolor. Wesm., are dealt A\ith in this paper. Both of these are widely distributed in Europe, and, upon their introduction into New England, spread so rapidly that after the distribution of 150 colonies of the former and 20 of the latter, no further colonisation has been necessary, both parasites having been found practically throughout the entire brown-tail moth area. Apanteles lacteicolor oviposits in first and second stage larvae of N. phaeorrhoea in August, newly-hatched larvae being preferred. Usually only one egg is placed in each larva, a single female parasitising up to 300 larvae. The egg of A. lacteicolor hatches in about 3 days, the larvae at first feeding very slowly. It has been observed that when either of the parasites, Zijgohothria nidicola. Towns., or Meteorus versicolor, were present with A. lacteicolor within the host larva, the two former invariably died before mid -winter, evidently as the result of some toxic action induced by the larvae of A. lacteicolor. In May, when the larvae of N. phaeorrhoea resume feeding, the larvae of 512 A. lacteicolor within them also become active and develop very rapidly at the expense of the host, which generally dies wdthin 7-12 days after the commencement of feeding, and shortly after this the full-grown parasitic larva issues. The cocoon of A. lacteicolor is immediately begun, and is completed in about 3 hours. The cocoons of the wintering generation usually occur in the webs of brown-tail moth caterpillars, while those of the summer generation occur on the underside of leaves, in crevices of the bark, etc. The adult emerges from the pupa after 5 to 8 days, mating and oviposition probably occurrmg Avithin 48 hours. Fertihsation is not necessary for repro- duction, but unfertilised females produce only males. With regard to the summer host of A. lacteicolor, tne gipsy moth [Lymantria dispar] is the only host at present known which is acceptable to the parasite and is available at the time of appearance of the adult parasites of the first generation. The life-cycle of the summer generation of A. lacteicolor occupies 19-20 days and adults issue from gipsy moth larvae during late June and early July. Between this date and the time of oviposition in the hibernating caterpillars of N. phaeorrhoea there is a period of more than a month, leaving ample time for another generation. Observations in both field and laboratory indicate Apatela hasta as the most probable host for A. lacteicolor during this period. The importance of A. lacteicolor is due to several factors. It parasitises as many as 20 to 25 per cent, of the larvae of N. phaeorrhoea, and has several generations annually, also parasitising to a certain extent the gipsy moth and certain native injurious species, including Datana ministra and Hyphantria cunea. As its hosts are destroyed in their early stages, they are not able to do a large amount of damage before their destruction. On the other hand, the dependence of the parasite for over- wintering upon the brown-tail moth, which is now in a state of decadence, will largely reduce its usefulness as a parasite of the gipsy moth and other species. The cocoons of the first generation of A. lacteicolor are well protected from secondary parasites within the webs of the brown-tail moth, but among the later generations the hyperparasites found include Monodontomerus aereus, Wlk., Pteromalus egregius, Foist., Dihrachys houcheanus, Ratz., Dimmockia sp. , Habrocytus sp. , Pezomachus sp. , and two species of Hemiteles. Meteorus versicolor, which is re-described in this paper, oviposits in young larvae of the brown-tail moth during August and early September, and 5 or 6 days later the larva issues from the egg and moves freely in the body cavity of its host. The larva feeds and develops very little during the autumn and passes the winter in the body cavity of its host, Nygmia phaeorrhoea being the only species as yet knowTi to serve as a winter host. In the spring when the brown- tail moth larvae resume feeding, the larvae of M. versicolor again become active and after 10 to 14 days the cocoons of the parasite appear. The host larva generally reaches the second instar and is not killed before the emergence of the parasite, but dies about 24 hours later. The cocoons of M. versicolor are generally spun at a little distance from" the host and are suspended from a twig or branch. The pupal period lasts 4 to 6 days, the adult emerging during the first 2 or 3 weeks of June and leaving the pupal case suspended. The adult life of M. versicolor is very similar to that of A. lacteicolor. 513 M. versicolor has been reared in Europe from a variety of moths. In New England the adult parasites of the first generation evidently prefer the last two stages of the brown-tail moth larvae for parasit- isation. Other species occasionally attacked are Lymantria dispar, Hemerocampa leucosfigma and Orgyia {Notolophus) anliqua ; Hyphantria cunea has also been recorded as a host. Species that were apparently chosen for oviposition, but from which no adult parasites emerged, were Alsophila pomelaria, HsirT. , Phigalia titea, Cram., Xylina antennata, Wlk., several species of Tortricids and a Tenthredinid. There is undoubtedly at least a partial third generation on various native hosts, particularly upon species of Hemerocampa, Hyphantria and other closely allied forms, early stages of which are in the field during July. Adults of this generation, together with those of other genera- tions still living (for they may live even 2 or 3 months), oviposit in the small larvae of Nygmia phaeorrhoea during the early autumn. The importance of M. versicolor as a parasite is much less than that of A. lacteicolor ; it destroys only a small percentage of the hibernating brown-tail moth caterpillars. Parasitism of the nearly mature larvae of N. phaeorrhoea is slight, while that upon native caterpillars appears to be almost insignificant. The reasons for this lesser importance are probably dependence upon the brown-tail moth for hibernation and the fact of the cocoons bemg parasitised to the extent of 50 to 75 per cent, by various Chalcidoids and Ichneumonids. Many larvae of M. versicolor fail to pupate after having spun their cocoons, and some that occur in the same host larvae as individuals of A. lacteicolor are killed by the latter. MisRA (C. S.). The Present Conditions of Lac Cultivation in the Plains of India. — Agric. Jl. hidia, Calcutta, xiii, no. 3, July 1918, pp. 405-415, 1 plate, 1 map. The cultivation of lac has from time immemorial formed the means of livelihood of millions of the poorer classes of India. Lac is a resinous secretion produced by the scale-insect, Tachardia lacca, which sucks the juice of plants and transforms it into re.sin with which it completely surrounds itself. This is secreted by the epidermis, and on exposure hardens into a deep red or orange-coloured substance, semi-transparent, hard, and breaking with a crystalUne fi'acture. The yoimg insect on finding a suitable spot attaches itself ; the males emerge from the incrustation twice a year, either as a winged or wingless form, and die after pairing. The young fertihsed female, on attachment, rapidly develops, being permanently fixed by its secretion, and the lac-bearing branches are then cut oft" and placed on trees having a sufficient number of succulent branches. When the yomig insects have emerged from the incrustation on to the new host-plant, the old lac-bearing branches are removed, and the resin is scraped oft, ground in a mill, soaked in water and washed. The pure animal resin thus obtained is mixed with colophony and orpiment, heated over a slow fire and drawn out into thin sheets, commercially known as shellac. The host-plants of the lac-insect are the babul {Acacia arahica), the palas {Butea frondosa), ber {7jizyp)hus jujvba), kusumb {SchUichera trijuga) and mirimah, a variety of tur (Cajan'is indinis). 514 The decline in the lac industry, which reached its lowest level in 1915, was followed by a rapid recovery due to fresh uses having been found for shellac, hence the present is a very opportune time to bring about necessary changes in the methods of cultivation. The antiquated system of removing lac before swarming has taken place has resulted in a shortage of the crude material, the lac insect, in spite of its prolificness not having been able to hold its own against the increase of parasites and predators. This can be avoided by removing all the lac from trees a fortnight before swarming takes place and putting it on trees already pruned for the purpose, experience having shown that produce from pruned trees is richer in resinous contents than that from impruned trees, and that the successive broods thus reared are less liable to disease than others. Care should also be taken that only healthy brood- lac is used, and that introduced material should be only from localities comparatively free from parasites and predators, and from those having similar chmatic conditions. It has also been found best to- transfer brood-lac always to its own specific host-plant. The establishment of nurseries in areas at present over-run with Butea frondosa would render them productive and thus benefit their rural population. Patti (M.). Per combattere gll Afldi. [To combat Aphids.] -JZ. Rinnova7nento Economico-Agrario, Trapani, xii, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 89-90. [Received 27th September 1918.] This is a popular article on measures for combating Aphids injuring cultivated plants in Sicily. BekSmpfung der Obstbaumschadlinge. [The Combating of Fruit Tree Pests.] — Schweiz. Zeilschr. Obst- u. Weinbau, Frauenfeld, xxvii, no. 18, 7th September 1918, p. 287. The brown-tail moth, Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Euproctis chrysorrhoea)^ has appeared in some abundance on black-thorn and hawthorn hedges in various districts of Switzerland. Such hedges should be destroyed and replaced by the mulberry, where a living hedge is required. Reports on the State of Crops in each Province of Spain. — Bol. Agric. Tecnica y Economicu, Madrid, x, no. 115, July 1918, pp. 609-630. [Received 1st October 1918.] In Cordoba the acorn crop is considered to be totally lost owing to attack by Tortrix viridana. In Jaen ohves have suffered from infestation by Phloeothrips oleae. Apple trees in the province of Madrid have been injured by Hyponometita malinellus and Cydia pomonella, and a leaflet is being distributed regarding these insects. In Toledo locusts have caused damage. Clysia ambiguella has done a certain amount of injury m Viscaya. Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control. — Rept. Agric. Dept. St. Lucia 1917-1918, Barbados, 1918, pp. 5-15. [Received 30th September 1918.] A special visit was made to St. Lucia by Dr. J. C. Hutson in July,, for the purpose of investigating the habits of Cosmopolites sordidus 515 (black weevil borer of banana) with a view to its control in tliat and other countries. Bananas and plantains in St. Lucia are grown chief!}' in scattered clumps among the vegetable plots of peasant proprietors, in small clumps on some estates, or as the remains of primary shade or wind-belts on cacao estates. C. sordidus was found wherever the different varieties of bananas were examined. Young plants in their first season show no weevil infestation ; the older stools, especially those in an abandoned or neglected condition, show the highest degree of infestation. All varieties were attacked, but plantains seemed to be preferred. This variety is gradually being replaced by the makabou, which it is hoped may be less susceptible to weevil attack. When plantains have ceased to produce good bunches of fruit, the clump is frequently left standing, chiefly to supply young suckers for planting ; it also serves as an ideal breeding place for the weevil. A description is given of the condition of a typical neglected and overgrown stool of plantains infested by the weevil ; the oldest bulb was found to be the worst infested, stumps left from cut stems had theif bulbs riddled with tunnels ; bulbs of stems in the early fruiting stage were usually attacked by borers in all stages of development. Yomig suckers of different sizes were growing all over the clump : the larger ones were sometimes slightly attacked on the side nearest the infested parent bulb, but as a rule the weevils are apparently not attracted to young suckers. Several recently planted suckers were examined for weevil grubs, but none were found. Adult weevils could usually be foimd in the older clumps of all varieties of bananas, generally hiding in the rubbish at the base of the stems or between the leaf-sheaths near the ground. In no instance were adult weevils found attacking young plants. In view of these facts, it would appear that there is a period in the life of the banana plant when it is most attractive to the egg-laying weevil, this period being more or less contemporaneous with the reproductive period of the plant, during which time the bulb is being drawn upon in order to produce the future bunch and to supply the suckers with nourishment. That is, the weevil begins to oviposit on the plant about the time that the flowering shoot is in process of developing, with the bulb as a reservoir of food for the future bunch, and continues to breed in the bulb until the tissue has begun to deteriorate. This process of deterioration may be hastened by disease and by the attacks of the grubs themselves. During this period of infestation the weevil probably passes through several generations, the bulb being more and more riddled with each successive one. Unless, therefore, the banana plant gets a good start at first and is able to develop its flowering shoot at the normal time, a weevil attack, perhaps assisted by disease, will have time to injure the bulb seriously enough to prevent the development of a good bunch. If, however, the plant is kept healthy and vigorous until the bunch is well formed, it should be able to withstand an attack by the weevil, and still produce a normal bunch of fruit. No new remedial measures against C. sordidus have been discovered as a result of these investigations in St. Lucia. The importance of good cultivation can only be further emphasised. It is pointed out that small growers frequently expect their plants to produce the maximum amount of fruit with the least possible attention, but this lack of attention merelv results in undersized bunches that are valueless 516 or export purposes. The question of the best method of deahng with the infested bulb and the stem belonging to it is a difficult one. A suggestion in Jamaica was that infested bulbs should be dug up, cut into thin slices and spread over the ground [see this Review. Ser. A, V, p. 435]. Experfinents made in St. Lucia indicated that bulbs so treated would soon shrivel, but not readily decay, and thus it is thought that they would have but little attraction for the weevil grubs. It is suggested that infested bulbs so cut up need only be left exposed to sun and rain for a few days to ensure the death of any weevil larvae ;. they could then be ploughed under in the ordinary course of cultivation. It is not feasible to suggest any direct methods of control until more is known about the relation of the weevil to its food-plants under Jamaica conditions. The introduction of Histerid beetles [Pluesins javanus] from Java suggests itself as one method of direct control that may meet Avith some success. No natural enemies of C. sordidus have been observed in St. Lucia. The Dynastid beetle, Tomarus hituhefOidatus, was found to be fairly common in St. Lucia on the plantain and occasionally on the makabou. It was not found attacking ordinary bananas and it seems likely that the banana is less susceptible than the related species of Musa. It attacks young plantains soon after these are planted. The adult beetle bores into the bulb, making large tunnels in the tissue and eventually causes the death of the plant ; it may also be found in the soil below the bulb. Three Scarabaeid larvae were found in the soil near the roots of a makabou banana ; these may possibly be young larvae of Tomarus sp. This beetle also attacks tannias and dasheens before they are very far advanced, burrowing into the bulb and sometimes leaving only the part above ground. The only remedy at present seems to be to dig out and destroy the beetle and replant. One individual of Metamasius sericeus (striped weevil borer of bananas) was found at the base of a banana plant which was also attacked by the black weevil. Insects attacking limes included a few adult weevils of Diaprepes ahbreviatus var. punctatus found on the leaves of lime-trees on one estate. Adults, eggs and a few newly-hatched larvae were collected before the}- could attack the young roots on which they feed. Collection seems to be the most practicable method of control and should be practised particularly in May and June when the adults are emerging from the ground. Scales, including Chionaspis citri (snow scale), Lepidosaphes beckii (purple scale) and Coccus viridis (green scale) were numerous on trees that were neglected or insufficiently drained. L. becl-ii was largely attacked by the white-headed fungus {Ophionectria coccicola) and the red-headed fungus [Sphnerostilhe coccophila), while Chionaspis citri was occasionally found attacked by the Ijlack fungus {Myrangium duriaei). The Coccinellid, Exochomus niiidulus, was observed in the adult and larval stages feeding on these scale-insects. A small weevil found feeding upon and notching the leaves of limes has been identified as Cyphus {Neocyphus) pudens, Boh. It apparently emerges to feed on the leaves in the evening. The larvae probably live at *t]i,e roots of some plant. Adults emerge from the ground with the first heavy rains in April or Ma}^ and continue to do so for several weeks. They should be collected before oviposition can take place and should be watched for wherever citrus is grown 517 on the Island. Spraying with a stomach poison would only be practicable on a small scale. Tavo individuals of the Chrysomelid, HomopJtolia aequinoctialis, were found on limes. Mole-criclcets have damaged lime seedhugs on one estate as tveW as ruining the grass walks. It is found that where the destroyed grass is replaced by turf sods these are not attached by the insect. Poison-bait has been suggested as a check. The larvae of the P}T:alid, Hysvpijla grandella, Zell., were found damaging the young shoots and twigs of young native mahogany trees by boring into them and stopping further growi^h at the point of injury. The Honduras species of mahogany is said to be preferred to West Indian mahogany, while cedar (Cedrela odomta) is preferred to either of these, and is frequently ruined by this moth, of which there are several generations in a year. No preventive measure is as yet known. Watch is being kept for any appearance of Tomasjyis saccfuirina (sugar-cane froghopper), which has not yet been found in the Island. A number of species of hard-back beetles have been collected and sent for identification. Young orange plants were in many cases defohated by a species of Locustid probably of, or allied to, the genus Microcentrum. Nothing seems to be known of its life-history in the Islands. In Cahfornia an efiective control for a closely related species is to spray the trees with a stomach poison while the insects are still in the young stages, 2 lb. lead arsenate being used to 50 U.S. gals, water, but experiments would have to be made to find out the correct strength for St. Lucia conditions. If the younger stages are observed, spraying might be tried, but no further control measures can be recommended until more is knoA\Ti about the life-history of the insect. It has been observed that the common blackbird {Quiscahcs sp.) hunts for, and feeds upon, the insects. Massini (P. C.) & Brethes (J.). Metodo bioI6gico contra las Plagas aplicado al Oeceticus plaiensis, Bicho de Canasto. Las primeras Acclones de la Campaiia en su Faz prdctica. La Parexorista caridei, Brethes. [The Biological Method against Pests applied to Oeceticus platensis (Bagworm). The first practical Measures. Parexorista caridei, Brethes.] — Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, lii, no. 4 April 1918, pp. 207-215, 10 figs., 1 coloured plate. [Received 23rd September 1918.] This paper describes the first campaign begun in September 1917 by the Biological Institute of the Sociedad Rural Argentina against Oeceticus platensis (bagworm). The senior author has previously drawn attention to the scarcity of this pest in Argentina north of the 31st degree of south latitude, and the suspected presence of efiicient parasites res\ilted in experiments that led to the introduction into the southern regions of four species [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 315]. Of the parasites occurring in the southern regions only one, Tetrastichus platensis, Brethes, was found in the north. The work recorded in the present paper followed the same lines as before [he. cit.]. In the north another new parasite was discovered, which is here described by Brethes under the name of Parexorista caridei. It has been introduced into the southern zone, and the future will show whether 518 this and the other parasites will render 0. platens is there as rare as it is in the north. A Ust of parasites known prior to these investigations is given [see this Revieur Ser. A, v, p. 506]. Massini (P. C.) & Bkethes (J.). La Mosca de las Frutas, Anastrepha fmterculus, Wied. [The Fruit Fly, A. fraterculus, Wied.] — Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, lii, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 273-276, 1 plate. [Received 23rd September 1918.] Information is given on the history of the nomenclature of Anastrepha fraterculus, Wied., and on its distribution. The genus is essentially an American one, more particularly tropical and sub-tropical, and about twenty species are already known. A. fraterculus is foimd in Mexico, the Antilles, Cuba, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Bolivia, and in Argentina as far south as Buenos Aires. It is the species recorded in 1874 in Argentina by Weyenburgh under the name of Anthomyia persicorum. A description of the adult is followed by biological notes. The eggs are laid on frnits, which are mined by the larvae and fall. The larvae reach maturity in 12-15 days, drop to the ground and pupate at a depth of f-5 of an inch beneath the surface. An infested fruit may harbour half a dozen or more larvae. All cultivated and wild fruits appear to be attacked, a circumstance which hampers remedial measures. The district of Tucuman, Argentina, has just suffered from an outbreak of this pest, one of the best measures against which is a poison-spray prepared by diluting in 10 volumes of water 1 volume of the following mixture : — Honey 40 parts, molasses 40 parts, sodium arsenite 2 parts, and sterilised water 18 parts. As this spray may destroy many beneficial insects it should not be used indiscriminately. The destruction of infested fruit is very necessary. An appeal is made to all who have the requisite facilities to investigate the parasites of this fruit-fiy. FuLLAWAY (D.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester d Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no. 7, July 1918, pp. 206-207. During the month of May the insectary handled 30,300 pupae of the melon fly [Dacus cucurbitae], from which were bred 1,669 individuals of Opius fletcheri. The parasites distributed were : — Opius humilis, 214 ; 0. fletcheri, 1,182 ; Diachasma tryoni, 531 ; D. fullawayi, 215 ; Spalangia cameroni, 1,050 ; Galesus silvestrii, 150 ; and Paranagrus oshorni, 14,800. Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no. 7, July 1918, pp. 207-209. During the month of May 15 bags of Chinese rice were fumigated for an infestation of Paralipsa modesta, a package of rice from Manila was fumigated for an infestation of weevils, and boxwood trees from California were fumigated for an infestation of the boxwood Psyllid [Psylla buxi]. 519 Beeson (C. F. C). Forest Entomology. — Reprint from Ann. Rep. Scientific Advice for India, 1916-17, Calcutta, [n. d.], Economic Zoology, pp. 1-3. [Received 30th September 1918.] The sal Longicorn, Hoplocemmbyx spinicornis, Newm., was studied under insectary conditions, and an outbreak of this borer, which resulted m the death of 7,000 sal trees, was investigated in January and February 1917, remedial measures being planned for 1918. Systematic work on the early stages of Acolesthes holosericea, Fairm., and of associated Longicorns of the genera Xijlotrechus and Chlorophorus attacking sal has been carried out and the life-cycles have been deter- mined in the insectary. The identification of large numbers of shot-hole boreis, Longicorns and Lepidoptera infesting sal-logs is in progress. Breeding work in the insectary yielded a series of Microlepidopterous parasites of the chir-pine scale. Ripersia resinophila, Cxreen, among which are the new species : — Batrachcdra silvatica, Meyr., Blastobasis transcripta, Me}T. , and Staikmopoda adalatrix, Me}T*. , and consignments received yielded Promolactis cornigera, Meyr. Observations in chir plantations indicate that the trees are killed off by the successive attacks of the blister fungus, Aecidium complanatum var. corticola, and the weevil, Cri/ptorrhynchus brandisi. Two new Arctiid defoliators of toon {Cedrela toona), Diacrisia ohliqua, Wlk., and Creatonotns transiens, Wlk., were recorded ; an investigation into the life-history of Hypsipyla robusta was completed, and measures for its control in avenues and plantations successfully demonstrated. The following new pests and new hosts of known pests were recorded or identified during the year : — Coleoptera :-Tiberioides huwerti, Arr., a borer of Juglans regia ; Holotrichia hngipennis, Bl., defoliating Qitercus incana in the Punjab ; Hetewbostrychus aequalis, Waterh., boring into newly felled timber of Odina modier in Burma ; Stromatium barbatum, attacking plants of Stercidia alata and Pongamia glabra in the Research Institute Museum, Dehra Dun ; Hoplocerambyx spinicornis, Newm., boring into newly felled timber of Shorea obtusa in Burma ; Sipalus kypocrita, Boh., boring into newly felled timber of Pinus khasya ; and Pacliymerus (Caryoborus) gonagra, 01., attacking the seeds of Prosopis jvliflora. Lepidoptera : — -Trabala vishnu, Lef . , a defoliator of Quercus incana ; Acrocercops loxias, Meyr., bred from leaves of Eugenia jambolana ; and Sitotroga cerealella, 01., injurious to bamboo seeds. BuRKiT.L (L H.). A Beetle which attacks Yams.^ — Gardens' Bull. Straits Settlements, Singapore^ ii, no. 1, 4th July 1918, p. 6. This note describes the damage to the aerial bulbils of Dioscorea bulbifera in Singapore by a beetle of the genus Lema or Crioceris, which lives and tunnels in the mature bulbils. Eggs are laid in the tunnels and the mature larvae apparently leave the bulbils and burrow into the earth. So far no economic importance attaches to this insect because the bulbils of D. bulbifera, though eaten in India, Java and elsewhere, are not used in the Malay Peninsula. 520 BuEKiLL (I. H.). Catochrysops pandava, a Butterfly destructive to Cycads. — Gardens' Bull. Straits Settlements. Singapore, ii, no. 1, 4th July 1918, pp. 1-2. Catochrysops -pandava, Horsf., is very destructive to Cycads, Cycas rumphii and C. siamensis, in the Botanic Gardens at Singapore. Eggs are laid on the backs of still curled Cycad leaves and hatch in 3 or 4 davs, the young larvae at once beginning to feed and generally moving to the upper side of the uncnrling leaf for the purpose. They mature in 21 days and pupate on the back of a leaf or other sheltered place. By that time the pinnae of the leaves of the food-plants have usually been entirely destroyed and some attack has frequently been made on the fleshy axis of the leaf. Neither larvae nor adults travel far from their breeding place, Cycads not more than a quarter of a mile from uifested plants having repeatedly escaped attack. No other food-plants of C. pandava have been found, though it seems doubtful whether the length of life of the butterfly on the wing is sufficient to fill the interval between its emergence at five weeks from oviposition and the time when the food-plant can produce new foliage. An arsenical spray is recommended as a remedy. LEGISLATION. Taiwan yori Kiuri oyobi Suika Inyu Kinshi no Shush!. [The Prohibition against the Export of Cucumbers and Water-melons from Formosa.] — Imperial Plant Quarantine Station, Tokyo, November 1917, 1 p., 1 plate. Since the larva of the melon- fly {Dacus cucurbitae, Coq. ) was discovered in cucumbers imported from Formosa by the Kobe Imperial Plant Quarantine Branch Station in February 1917, and as this pest might readily become estabUshed in Japan, where it does not as yet occur, the importation of cucumbers and water-melons from that island is prohibited in accordance ^^^th Section VII of the Imperial Plant Quarantine Law. By Ordinance No. 29 of the Department of Agriculture and Com- merce, published on the 23rd October 1917, the importation or receipt of cucumbers or water-melons from Formosa was forbidden on and after the 15th November 1917. This pamphlet also contains brief accounts of the distribution, habits and destructiveness of this pest, demonstrating the necessity for this prohibition. - ENTOMOLOQICAL NOTICES. Mr. F. H. Taylor of the Australian Institute of Tropical Medicine has been appointed Entomologist to the Special Blow-Fly Committee (Queensland) of the Federal Bureau of Science and Industry. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exehangs their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. AH orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. The Apitidtdae of Lahore Insect Peats of Citrus in Florida A Colonial Spider damaging Tea in Madras . . Insect Pests of Tea in Northeast India during 1917 Notes on Aleurodids in Australia . . Phyiomyza sp. infesting Maize in Fiji . . The Liberation of Beneficial Insects in Hawaii Pests intercepted in Qiiarantine in Hawaii Biological Notes on Braconids in France Measures against Pectinophora gossypiella in Brazil. . Measures against Phylloxern in Italy . . The Value of Insectivorous Birds in Britain . . Argyresthia spp. infesting Conifers in CTcrmany Aqrolia coUina attacking Raspberries in Saxony Forest Pests in Indiana Diseases of Black Currants due to Mites and Aphids in Britain Notes on the Oviposition of Acidia heraelei in Britain EtdeUix tenella and Curly-leaf Disease of Beet in U.S.A. Damage to Maize by Aphis maidiradicis in Pennsylvania . . Notes on the Coccidar of Cuba . . . . ; . The Bionomics of Dibrachys clisiocampae, a Parasite of Galleria meZZo/ieMrt in U.S.A. The Control of Anthonormcs grandis in U.S.A. Pests of Vegetables and their Control in U.S.A. Potato Pests and their Control in U.S.A. Heliothis obsoleta and its Control in U.S.A. ■ . . Ligyrus rugiceps, a Pest pf Maize in the Southern United States Measures against Insect Pests in Porto Rico Insect Pests intercepted in Quarantine in Porto Rico Insect Pests in Porto Rico in 1916-17 The Proportion of the Sexes of Lepidoptera taken at Light Traps in U.S.A. Ohilocorus bip^istulatus, ineffective against Scale-Insects in France A New Cotton-Stainer from Italian Somaliland 3£egafftigmus.ballestrerii infesting the Pistachio in Sicily The Habits of the Parasites of Hardback Grubs The presence of the Japanese Bretle in New Jersey. . Leaf Burn of the Potato and its Relation to the Potato Leaf- Hopper in U.S.A. An Unusual Disease of Honey Bees in U.S.A. The Eradication of Foul Brood in Bees in Texas PAGE 473 473 474 474 475 475 476 476 476 477 478 478 479 479 479 480 480 480 481 482 482 483 483 483 484 484 484 485 485 487 488 488 488 489 489 489 490 490 CONTENTS— co«r. PACK Calcium Arsenite and Ai-senate as Insecticides . . . . . . 490 The Value of Chlorpicrin as a Fumigant against Grain Pestg . . 491 The Life-History of Ghloropisca glabra, a predaceous enemy of Pemphigus betaemJJ.S. A. .. .. .. .. .. .. 492 New Gall Midges infesting Conifers in U.S.A. . . . . . . 493 A New Tingid infesting Maize in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 49.3 Apple Tent Caterpillar Parasites in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 493 Notes on Elcodes trieostata in Texas . . . . . . . . . . 493 A Maniial of Dangerous Insects likely to be introduced into the United States (Eeview) 4 94 The Bionomics of Nezara viridula in Lousiana . . . . . . 4 94 Kemedies for PiwfeHa wacttZipenrj-ts in Queensland .. .. .. 4 95 Sugar-cane Pests and their Parasites in Queensland . . . . 49S The Bionomics and Control of Heliothrips rubrocinctus and other Cacao Pests in Grenada . . . . . . . . . . . . 496 The Economic Importance of Ichneumonid Parasites in Holland . . 497 The Danger to Bees of using Arsenicals in Holland . . . . . . 498 Measures against Plea-Beetles in Holland . , . . . . . . 498 Notes on Melolonthid Beetles in Holland . . . . . . . . 498 Lepidium sativum as a Trap Crop for Flea Beetles in Holland . . 499 Destruction of Anthonomus pomorum by Sparrows in Holland . . 499 Measures against Locusts in Italy . . . . . . . . . . 500 Notes on Insects of Economic Importance in Chile . . . . . . 500 Papilio idaeus, a Pest of Citrus in Brazil . . . . . . . . 501 The Preparation of Calcium Polysxilphide Sprays . . . . . . 501 New Aphids from Formosa . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Injury to Silkworms due to the Urticating Hairs of Arctornis chrysorrhoea in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 Utilisation of the Cocoon of a Saturniid Moth in Japan . . . . 502 A Method of Destroying Chilo simplex in Rice-straw in Japan . . 503 Notes on fl'aZtic'Ms min-ufits in the Pescadores Islands .. .. 503 Lymantria mathura and its Control in Apple Orchards in Japan . . 504 Notes on the Genus Centrobin in Italy . . . . . . . . 504 Measures against the Introduction of Insect Pests into the Dutch East Indies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 The Thysanoptera of Florida, with Keys to the North American Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 505 Insect Pests in Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .306 Thrips tabaci and its Control in Indiana . . - . . . . . . .^>0(j Insect Pests of Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50(j Tortrix cerasivorana and its Parasites in Canada . . . . . . fiO? Insect Pests in England and Wales in 1917 . . . . . . . . 508 Recent Investigations on the Food of Certain Wild Birds in Britain 510 Fungoid and Insect Pests and their Control (Review) . . . . 511 Two important Introduced Parasites of the Brown-tail Moth in U.S.A 511 The Present Conditions of Jiac Cultivation in the Plains of India . . 513 Measures against Aphids in Sicily . . , . . . . . . . 514 An Outbreak of the Brown-tail Moth in Switzerland . . . . 514 Insect Pests in Spain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514 Pests of Bananas and other Crops in St. Lucia . . . . . . 614 The Establishment of the Parasites of Oeceticus platensis in Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 The Bionomics of Anastrepha fratercuhis in S. America . . . . 518 The Establishment of Beneficial Parasites in Hawaii . . . . 618 Insect Pests intercepted in Quarantine in Hawaii . . . . . . 518 Insect Pests of Forests in India . . . . . . . . . . 5 IS A Beetle attacking Yams in Singapore . . . . . . . . 519 A Butterfly destructive to Cycad.s in Singapore . . . . . . 620 Legislation against the Importation of Cucumbers and Water Melons from Formosa into Japan . . , . . . . . 620 Euttmologioal Notice* . . , . . , . . . . . . . . 628 VOL. VI. Sep. A. Part 12.-pp. 521-568. DECEMBER, 1918. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY SERIES a: agricultural. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMTOLOaT. LONDON : SOLD BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. 89, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7. Price 9d. net. All Rights Reserved, IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOIVTOLOGY. l>onorarp Cottimlttee of fnanagcment* VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Musemn (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R. Stewart MacDouoall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Oflaee in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., CM.G., F.R.S., Directoi. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Read, K.CM.G., CB., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C Rothschild. Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office. Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions ia&nex officio member of the Committee. General Secretary. Mr. A. C C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director auD BDftor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall^ assistant Director. Dr. S. A. Neavk. Head Oj^c«.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Bead, London, S.W.7. Piiblication Office.— 89, Queen's Gate, London, 8.W. 7. 521 Beeson (C. F. C). Forest Insect Conditions in India. — Agri. Jl. India, Calcutta. Special Indian Science Congress Number, 1918, pp. 114-124. [Received 30th September 1918.] This paper compares the primary pests of Indian forests with those of other countries, particularly those of the temperate regions of Europe and North America. In Central Europe the principal primary pests are mainly those of coniferous trees, the most important defoliators being : — Lymantria monacha, L. (nun moth), the outbreaks of which generally last for from 5 to 7 years, being accompanied by the total destruction of spruce and pine forests over wide areas ; Demlrolimus pini, L., the most important enemy of Pinus sylvestris ; Bupalus piniarius, L. (pine looper) and Panolis (iammea {griseovariegata, Goetze), both dangerous defoliators of pine woods, the last outbreak of the former in 1892-96 resulting in the clear felling of over 150 square miles of pine forest in Bavaria. In the United States coniferous defoliators are not numerous, the most injurious being Lygaeonematus (Nematus) erichsoni, Hart, (large larch sawfly), which, since 1880, has killed off 50-100 per cent, of the mature larch over vast areas in the north- eastern United States. In Canada this sa^vfly has also proved to be a serious pest of Larix americana and other larches during the last 20 or 30 years, killing off practically all the mature trees in Eastern Canada; Tortrix fumifemna, Clem, (spruce budworm) has done great damage to balsams and spruces, especially in eastern Canada, and to Pseudotsuga taxifolia {dotiglasi) (Douglas fir) in Vancouver Island ; Neophasia inenapia, Felder (pine butterfly) has also been injurious. In British India the conifers and evergreen oaks of the moimtain forests appear to be entirely free from fatal primary defoliation. Hardwood trees in Europe are fatally defoliated, especially beech and oak, by Lymantria (Porthetria) dispar, L. (gypsy moth), Arctornis chrysorrhoea, L. (gold-tail moth) and Nygniia phaeorrhoea, Don. (bro^vn-tail moth). In the United States the greatest local defoliator is Lymantria dispar, introduced from Europe in 1868, and now thoroughly established in forest areas. In Canada forests of both coniferous and broad-leafed trees are also threatened by Nygmia phaeorrhoea, introduced 12 or 15 years ago and now endemic in Nova Scotia, and epidemic in the boreal parts of New Brunswick. In British India many Lepidopterous defoHators of hardwoods are known and widespread. Hyhlaea puera, Wlk., Pyrausta machaeralis. Cram., and several species of Arctiids periodically, and in some cases annually, defoliate forests of teak throughout the whole of its distri- bution. As complete defoliation of teak is however followed by a rapid renewal of the crown foliage or by temporary production of epicormic shoots, the injury is restricted to loss of increment and occasional stagnation. The most important bark-borer beetle of coniferous forests in Europe is Ips typographus, L., other pests including the weevil, Hylobius abietis, L., and the cockchafers, Melolontha tnelolontha, L., and M. hippocastani, F. North American coniferous forests suffer from extensive invasions of the Scolytids, Dendroctonus frontalis, Zimm. (southern pine beetle) and D. piceaperda, Hopk. (eastern spme^ beetle), which have killed off spruce over thousands of square j?^['d^^*'^''^'^ ^'^'tifj^ (C523) Wt.P2/137. 1,500. 12.18. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3 /^ A ''^ ^ r JAN 2 1,9,9 522 2). ponderosae, Hopk. (Black Hills beetle), D. mowf icoZa, Hopk. (mountain pine beetle) and D. brevicomis, Lee. (western pine beetle), which have killed hundreds of millions of cubic feet of timber ; and D. ■pseudotsugae, Hopk. (Douglas fir beetle) severely injuring Douglas fir. In Canada these same borers are equally destructive, the trees suffering most severely being Pinus ponderosa, P. monticola, P. murrayana, Pseudotsuga taxifolia (mncronata), and Picea sitchensis. In British India, the Himalayan conifers are attacked by species of bark-beetles allied to those of the European and American conifers, namely, Ips longifolia, Steb., the most destructive beetle throughout this zone of Pinus longifolia and P. excelsa, its attacks having followed on serious fires in the United Provinces. The genus Scolytus, confined to broad-leaved trees in Europe and America, in India attacks the deodar {Cedrus deodara), an outbreak of S. major, Steb., having occurred in 1908-10. A similar outbreak of Polygraphus trenchi, Steb. , occurred on Pinus gerardiana in Baluchistan in 1903-06. In the United States the hardwood' trees such as oaks, chestnut, beech, elm, etc., are subject to the attacks of secondary heart- wood borers, such as the timber worms, Eupsalis minuta-, Dru., and Lymexylon sericeiim, Harr., the carpenter worms of the genus Prionoxystus, ambrosia beetles, shot-hole borers, and turpentine borers. In India, damage due to bark-beetles of deciduous and evergreen forest trees is undoubtedly of secondary origin and these pests do not successfully attack living healthy trees. Scolytid shot- hole and pin-hole borers are characteristic of Indian forests, as also of most tropical and semi-tropical forests, and are comparatively rare in European and North American forests. The sal {Shorea Tobusta) serves as a host for at least 27 species of Xyleborus, Progenius, Diapus, Platypus, Crossotarsus, etc., the technical damage being very considerable, but confined to dying and unhealthy trees. Thus an outbreak of Z)/ajOi^s/wriWM5, Samps., in the sal forests of Bengal was foimd to be secondary to that of a root parasite, Polyporus shoreae. Similarly an epidemic outbreak of Crossotarsus squamulatus, Chap., was limited to trees with diseased roots. Sal trees over two feet in girth suffer serious teclmical damage from the larvae of a Longicorn beetle, Hoplocerambyx spmicornis, Newm., which normally breeds in dying or diseased trees. Teak, during the first few years of its life, is attacked by Haplohammus cervinus, Hope, and Phassus jnalabaricus, Hmps., and from the young pole stage to the end of its life by a serious pest, Duomitus cer amicus (beehole borer), which last, however, does not affect its vitality. Ramakrishna Ayyar (T. V.). The Mango Hopper Pest and its Control in South India. — Trop. Agricidturist, Peradeniya, li_, no. 1, July 1918, pp. 46-50. Three species of hoppers belonging to the genus Idiocerus, viz. : — • I. niveosparsus, I. clypealis, and I. atkinsoni have been recorded on mango in different parts of India. In some places one or other of the three species is found commonly, while in other areas all three are found in varyiug numbers. The life-history of, and remedial measures for this pest have already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iv. p. 12 and v, p. 378]. 523 Henry (G. M.). The Tobacco Aphis.— Tro^j. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, li, no. 1, July 1918, pp. 51-52, 3 figs. A wide-spread outbreak of an Aphid on tobacco was reported from the Jaffna district in February and March 1918, similar outbreaks haying been frequent in recent years. This insect, the life-history of which has not yet been worked out, appears in numbers on the underside of yomig leaves or on tender shoots, causing the young leaves to become stunted and distorted. The larvae of Syrphid flies prey upon the Aphids and thus help to reduce an outbreak, though they cannot save a crop when it is severely attaclved. A treatment that proved efficacious was 1 lb. tobacco refuse boiled in 6 gals, water, 1 lb. soap being dissolved in the solution after it had stood for a night. Two applications of this by means of an ordinary syringe were made, once early in the morning and again late in the evening. Baker (C. F.). Identity of a Coconut Hispid. — Gardens' Bull Straits Settlements, Singapore, ii, no. 1, 4th July 1918, p. 3. This note corrects an erroneous identification of a small destructive Hispid beetle occurring on coconuts, that has hitherto been regarded in the Malay Peninsula as Brontispa froggatti, a species which was oiiginally described from the Solomon Islands. The Malayan species has now been identified by Dr. Gestro as Plesispa reichei, Chap., originally described from Malacca. BuRKiLL (I. H.). Promecotheca cumingii, Baly, another Coconut Hispid and a Pest in Malacca. — Gardens' Bull. Straits Settlements, Singapore, ii, no. 1, 4th July 1918, pp. 3-5, 1 fig. Coconut palms in Malacca were found in July 1917 to be attacked by an insect that caused a scorched appearance in the leaves. Mature beetles were collected in December on the wing and proved to be Promecotheca cumingi. This Hispid beetle feeds in both the larval and adult stages on leaves of the coconut ; the grubs have been found also in leaves of the nipa palm {Nipa fruticans) and of the sago palm {Canjota urens), but do not occur abundantly as yet in Malacca. The adult does not apparently fly far and spreads very little to isolated groves of coconut palms behind the coast, but seems to have the power of extending its range so long as the belt of coconuts is more or less continuous. This insect has previously been described as a pest in the Philippine Islands [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 311] and much of the information in this paper is c[uoted from the earher article. It is pointed out that control by hand-picking, which was then suggested^ is impracticable on account of the height of the trees, while the same difficulty applies to the use of hydrocyanic gas. The only remedy that appears promising is to protect or increase the insect's natural enemies, for which purpose it would probably be necessary to collect a supply in the Philippine Islands. (C523) a2 524 AucHiNLECK (G. G.). Trials with Reunion Tobacco in 1916-17. — Mauritius Dept. Agric, Port Louis, Gen. Ser. Bull, no, 9, May 1917. 6 pp., 3 plates. Experiments in growing a variety of tobacco from Reunion known as " tabac bleu," which is imported into Mauritius in large quantities,, have been tried with good results ; but when grown on poorer soil on a larger scale it is probable that considerable trouble will be experienced as the plants are liable to attack by various diseases and pests. Larvae of Heliothis obsoJeta {armigera) considerably damaged the young plants and had to be controlled by hand-collection. Ants frequently attack the seeds, and it is suggested that the beds should be surrounded by a line of earth soaked in paraffin. A species of Heterodera also attacked the plants^ arresting their growth and so greatly weakening them that it is doubtful whether tobacco could be successfully grown in those parts of the Island that are seriously infested by this Nematode. Weldon (G. p.). The Alfalfa Weevil and State Quarantine. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacratnento, vii, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 484-487, 2 figs. The importation of salt grass from Utah into California for use in packing machinery and bananas having been forbidden under Quaran- tine Order No. 29, on the ground that it was likely to effect the introduction of the alfalfa weevil [Hgpera variabilis], a conference of quarantine representatives has investigated the problem and offers the following solution. The material known in Utah as " salt grass packing " may be admitted into States now maintaining a quarantine against lucerne, straw and other hay from Utah owing to the presence of the alfalfa weevil, provided that such material be cut only between the 1st October and 1st April, and that the raking, stacking, baling or shipping of this material as a commercial product be allowed only after the maximum daily temperature of the season has fallen below 60° F. The facts underlying this resolution are : — (1) the grass is unlikely to be attacked by weevils during its period of growth, which takes place on very wet land, or even under water ; (2) the weevil is inactive between the dates mentioned and is therefore not likely to infest the gathered crop by flight ; (3) the weevil does not fly when the temperature is below 60° F. Mackie (D. B.). Some Pests we do not want, why we do not want them, and how they may arrive, ii. The Banana Root Borer. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no 8, August 1918, pp. 498-502, 3 figs. Early in 1918, the introduction into the United States of all parts of banana plants used for propagation was prohibited under a quarantine order, which was promulgated owing to the appearance in Florida of Cosmopolites sordidus, Germ, (banana root-borer). In June shipments of banana plants were received from infested nurseries in Florida. Although banana-growing is not a staple industry in the United States, the introduction of infested plants might contribute 525 to the spread of C. sordidus in the banana- growing districts of the AVest Indies and Central America, and thus seriously affect the price of one of the greatest fruit commodities of the United States. Owing to the feeding habits of this pest, there is only one successful method of control, which is by grubbing out and burning the infested stools or suckers entire. Burning, which in the ordinary sense is inpossible with plants of this type, may be effected by spHtting the plants and subjecting them to the heat of a powerful foundry- type blast torch that quickly chars the outside and heats the fleshy interior to a temperature sufficient to kill any larvae that may be present. The wide distribution of C. sordidus in all parts of the world where the banana is grown is due to the fact that the weevil spends the greater part of its existence in the fleshy root-crown and that with the exception of a few seeded varieties, the banana is propagated by means of suckers, which are themselves the seat of infestation. Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of June, 1918. — Mthhf. Bull. Cal. Stale Commiss. Hortic, Sacramenlo, vii, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 508-509. The following pests were intercepted during the month of Jime : — • From Central America : Pseudococcus sp., Aspidiotus sp., and A. cijano- phylli on bananas ; Chri/sompJialns sp. on coconut. From England : Coccus hesjjeridum and Cerataphis lalaniae on orchids. From Florida : Lepidopterous larvae in peppers. From Hawaii : Diaspis bromeliae on pineapples and Pseudococcus hromeliae on pineapples and bananas ; Trypetid larvae in cucumbers ; Coccus longulus on betel leaves. From Japan : Pseudaonidia duplex on camellia ; Ceroplastes sp. on a pot plant. From Mexico : a Coccid on mango (tree) ; Saissetia oleae, S. hemisphaerica, an unidentified Coccid and a Scolytid on ornamental plants. From Oregon : Lepidopterous larvae on gooseberries ; Heterodera radicicola in potatoes. From the Philip- pines : Aphis sp. on a rose tree. From Tahiti : Lepidosaphes beckii on limes. From Arizona : Heliofhis {Chloridea) obsolefa in tomatoes. From Ceylon : unidentified weevils in tree seeds. From Idaho : Rhizoctonia on potatoes. From Massachusetts : Tetranychid mites on Dipladenia. From New York : Diaspis boisduvaU on orchids and Pseudococcus si^. on Cape jasmine. From Louisiana : Aspidiotus cyanophylli and Icert/a purchasi on bananas. From Ohio : Pseudo- coccus sp. on ornamental plants. Call (L. E.) & Salmon (S. C). Growing Wheat in Kansas. —/lowsas State Agric. Coll. Expt. Sta., Mcmhattan, Bull. no. 219, July 1918, 51 pp., 11 figs. The best time to sow wheat in central and eastern Kansas is often determined by the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor], the presence of which can be easily detected by examining the wheat stubble. If present in abundance, there are two effective and practical ways of preventing its causing injury to the following crop. One is to kill the pupae in the stubble and in self-sown wheat before the flies can 526 emerge and oviposit on the grain. The other is to destroy the self- sown wheat and delay sowing so that the period of oviposition will be over by the time that the wheat is up. The best way to kill the fly in infested stubble, in which it occurs in the " flax-seed " or pupal stage, is to plough early and at least 4 or 5 inches deep. If the ground is then worked with a disc, the pupae will be buried so deep, and the ground above packed so firmly, that very few individuals will be able to reach the surface. Burning the stubble also kills the few pupae above the ground, but does not reach the majority that are below the surface, and this cannot be recommended as a general practice both on this account and because it destroys the organic matter in the stubble, which is badly needed in most Kansas soils. Early deep ploughing, to be fully effective, must be practised by the entire neighbourhood, and must include all infested fields, since the flies frequently migrate considerable distances. As this is often impracticable, the only way to ensure safety is by the avoidance of early sowing. The destruction of self-sown wheat is also necessary, since if this becomes infested, it affords a place of hibernation from which the pest may spread to the fields in spring. The dates when wheat may be sown with small chance of injury vary between the end of September and middle of October in different parts of the State. Wheat sown on or about these dates on early- ploughed and well prepared ground will usually escape attack by the Hessian fly. Scott (R. J.). A Farmer's Remedy for the French Bean Fly. — Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, x, no. 1, July 1918, p. 9. [Received 4th October 1918.] The following simple remedy has been found successfid by the author in controlling the bean fly [Agromyza phaseoli] and is recom- mended as being well worth a trial. The rows should be covered about four days after planting the seed with a light layer of sawdust, which should then be wetted with kerosene emulsion applied with a watering-can. When the plants are in the second leaf, a second dressing with this emulsion should be given. It should be made with 1 lb. ordinary soap dissolved in about 2 gals, of boiling water. When dissolved, sufficient cold water should be added to make 4 gallons and I pint of kerosene should be well stirred in. The emulsion must be warm when used and must be kept well stirred. Illingworth (J. F.) & Jaevis (E.). Cane Grub Investigations.— Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, x, no. 1, July 1918, pp. 45-47. [Received 4th October 1918.] This report again calls attention to the value of cultural methods as a factor in the control of sugar-cane grubs, and at the same time corrects some of the statements made in the previous month's report [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 495]. Late planting in October appears to be of considerable importance for infested areas. If cane is regularly cultivated, the soil is actively worked during the flight and 527 oviposition of the beetles, and this seems to deter them from depositing their oggs or, if they are deposited, breaks up the egg-chambers which are only a few inches below the surface, and prevents the hatching of the young grubs. By cutting these fields late, in November or December, it is possible to ratoon them again, wliile httle injury is apparent from grubs. Any grubs that survive the December culti- vation would be destroyed by a subsequent ploughing preparatory to early planting. The importance of ploughing up all cane stubble is particularly emphasised, as it constitutes a breeding ground for all sorts of cane pests. Mauritius beans were tried as a cover crop, but did not afford complete protection. Lepidiofa frenchi has been observed to oviposit in almost any uncultivated areas where blady- grass is growing, and it is unsafe to use grass-land immediately for sugar-cane if the small grubs are very abundant during ploughing. L. rothei has previously been reported as occurring in considerable numbers in December and January [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 294]. Females lay from 4 to 12 eggs about 7 t^ 12 days after mating ; these hatch after a period of 9 to 11 days, the first larval stage occupying about 10 weeks, and the second stage about 6 weeks. Third stage larvae were obtained in breeding cages by 28th April. Among L. albokirta, observed on volcanic land at Meringa, 10 per cent, of the grubs, having eaten every root of cane, were devouring the last few inches of stalk still attached to the old setS; indicating that these grubs continue to feed upon such vegetable tissue as may be readily available rather than travel in search of more palatable food. The remaining 90 per cent, of larvae unearthed on this occasion had formed cells in the hard soil preparatorv^ to pupating, 70 per cent, of these being found at depths varying from 11 to 18 inches. Davis (J. J.). The Relation of Agronomy to Entomology : a Practical Illustration. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., 1, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 253-255. [Received 12th October 1918.] These notes are Avritten with a view to emphasising the importance of more intimate correlation between agronomy and entomology. Illustrations of remedial measures directed against insect pests, but which are also of benefit to agriculture, are observed in the case of rotation of crops for Diabrotica longicornis (northern corn root worm) and for Aphis maidiradicis (corn root aphis). The time of sowing wheat to avoid the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destrvctor] coincides with the proper date for so^^^ng, apart from insect prevalence, while ploughing under the stubble to destroy the summer brood of the fiv is also a good agricultural practice. With regard to the control of Lachnosterna, spp. (white grubs), many facts are adduced in evidence that May beetles will not deposit their eggs in numbers in ground that is covered with well-grown clover. The natural conclusion is. to substitute clover for timothy grass in the rotation and to follow clover with maize, especially in the year following an abundance of May beetles. A rotation that is considered advisable in land infested by white grubs in northern Illinois and southern Wisconsin, and that is approved by agronomists, is oats or barley followed by clover and 528 maize. If oats or barlev are on the ground in the year of the May beetle flight, the soil will contain many grubs, but as the following crop of clover is but little injured by them no harmful results will follow. If the ground is covered with clover during May and June of a \ear when May beetles are abundant, few eggs will be laid and maize can be safely grown ; while if maize is grown in the year that beetles are abundant, the ground must be carefully cultivated during their flight, and in the following year barley or oats would follow, which are but little injured by the grubs. Young (B. P.). Ecological Notes on the Spring Canker Worm {Palaeacrita vernnta, Peck.) — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., 1, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 267-277. [Received 12th October 1918.] A series of experiments is described with Palaeacrita vernata, Peck, (spring cankerworm), collected from l)r beneath tanglefoot bands on elm trees in Kansas, where this moth had been so abundant in the preceding season as to cause complete defoliation of many trees. Tables are given recording the results. The evidence indicates that the minimum temperature at which adults can emerge from the ground is between 20° and 25° F. , while an average daily temperature of about 45° F. is apparently fatal to the hatching of eggs. The average incubation period of the eggs was found to be 26 days. The number of eggs laid by each female under the conditions of the experiment was surprisingly low, being 83 on an average, though dissections have revealed as many as 400 per female. Some 20 per cent, of the eggs deposited proved sterile. It is suggested that the results of similar experiments in other localities would be interesting for comparison. Garnett (R. T.). An Annotated List of the Cerambycidae of California. — Canadian Eyitomologist, London, Ont., 1, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 281-284. [Received r2th October 1918.] This list of Californian Cerambycids, which is continued from a previous paper [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 441] includes Ipochus fasciatus, Lee, taken under the bark of dead willow and oak ; Monocho,mus {Monohammus) maculosus, Hald., taken from the bark of Pinus fonderosa ; SynapJioeta guexi, Lee. , bred from limbs of buckeye, chestnut and poplar ; Coenojjoeus palmer i, Lee, breeding in the cactus, Opuntia ; Dectes spinosus, Say, breeding in stems of Ambrosia, especially A. artetnisiae folia, in which the larvae hibernate ; Hyper- jylatys californicus, Casey, bred from dry twigs of Populus monilifera and P. tremuloides ; H. aspersus, S,ay, bred from apple twigs ; AcantJiocinus ohliquvs, Lee, breeding in yellow pine ; A. spectabilis, Lee. , breeding in yellow and other pine stumps and logs ; Pogonocherus crinit'us, Lee, bred from oak; P. oregonus, Lee, believed to breed in fir and Douglas spruce ; Saperda horni, Joutel, taken from willow ; S. populnea, Ij., feeding on poplar ; Mecas inornata, Say, breeding in stems of false sunflower and in Helianihus tuberosus ; and Oberea scJiaumi, Lee, breeding in willow and cotton wood. 529 Eeutenmuller (W.). New Species of Rhodiles from Oregon. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., 1, no. 9, September 1918, pp. 305-309, 1 plate. The new gall-making species here described include Rhodites •oregonensis, which forms galls on the twigs or entirely filling the seed-pods of Rosa nutkana ; flies emerged from galls indoors throughout March, and galls were also found in July. R. ashmeadi forms galls on the stems of Rosa mUkana ; from galls received early in February flies emerged during that month until 7th April. R. ostensackeni -attacks the roots of Rosa nutkana, forming galls from which flies emerged in early April. R. hassetti attacks the tips of twigs of Rosa nutkana, forming galls which were collected in December, the flies emerging during late February until mid-March. Malloch (J. R.). Partial Key to the Genus Agromyza (Diptera) — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., 1, no. 9, September 1918, pp. 315-318. This is a continuation of a paper previously noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 328]. Baker (A. C). Our Birch Symydohius distinct from the European. (Aphididae, Hom.). — Canadian Eiitomologist, London, Ont., 1, no. 9, September 1918, pp. 318-320. A study of various specimens of a species of Symydohius collected from birch in Ontario has led the author to the conclusion that the American form is quite a distinct species from the European, S. ohlongus, with which it has previously been identified. It is here described as a new species, S. americanus. Woodpeckers and Cacao. — Jl. Jamaica Agric. Sac, Kingston, xsii, nos. 2 & 3, February & March 1918, pp. 65-69 & 102-107. [Received 11th November 1918.] A great deal of discussion having arisen as to the economic value of the woodpecker and many reports having been received of its damage to cacao pods, an investigation was made in order to compare its usefulness as an insect eater and its harmfulness to agriculture. Various local reports and letters bearing on this question are given. The second paper consists of a report from the Government entomolo- gist, Mr. A. H. Ritchie, on the economic status of Centurus radiolatns, the only species of woodpecker occurring in Jamaica. The normal food of this bird consists of fruit pulp, seeds and insects. The damage "to cacao is discussed, and it is suggested that it rests with the cacao grower to supply the woodpecker with fruit and seed in May, June and July, that is, during the breeding season of the bird and the months of maximum damage to cacao. The report concludes with a summary of the insects found in the stomachs of woodpeckers. Most of these are dwellers in decaying or standing timber such as the Coleoptera : Helops mutabilis, generally found behind the bark of trees ; Phileunis sp., in decaying coconut stems ; Ehphidion irroratum, a commonly occurring Cerambycid ; Lachnojn/s aurifer, a weevil abundant on foliage ; Pra&podes sp. , attacking breadfruit and cacao 530 foliage ; Scalmus inlet stitialis, abundant behind decaying bark of cotton wood ; and Macraspis tetradactyla , taken in the crowns of coconuts ; as well as large numbers of cockroaches. Black Fly on Citrus Trees. — Jl. Jamaica Agric. Soc, Kingston, xxii, no. 8, August 1918, p. 333. The spread of the black fly [Aleurocanthus ivoglumi] on citrus trees has become so extensive in certain localities in Jamaica that a resolu- tion was sent to the Government requesting the wholesale supply of a prepared kerosene or petroleum emulsion for spraying citrus trees. Investigations have led to the conclusion, however, that it is not economical, even if possible, to control this pest by spraying. It is considered that natural enemies might prove an effective control. A black ant [Cretnastogaster] when introduced on to citrus trees some- times clears them of the pest within a short time. There are alsO' three species of fungi that infest this Aleurodid. Further experiments will be followed by the publication of niore definite information on the subject. Marchal (P.). Stephanitis rhodode/ndri, injurious to Rhododendrons in France.—Bull. Soc. Path. Veg. France, Paris, iv, no. 2, 1917, pp. 93-95. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Bis.^ Rome, ix, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 1011-1012.) The occurrence is recorded in France of the Tingid, Stephanitis rhododendri, Horv., a pest of rhododendrons, probably imported from Holland three or four years ago. The damage, which is done chiefly in June and July, is similar to that caused by S. pyri, F. The eggs, which are laid in late July or early August on the thick part of the under-surface of the leaf, hibernate in that state and hatch in the following spring, the adult being mature and able to migrate, to other plants three months from the time of hatching. In Holland there is only one generation in a year. Successful treatments have been given of nicotine sprays mixed with 2 per cent, soap and 1 per cent, spirit. Soap or pyrethrum are also used as sprays, and should be applied frequently to the under-surface of the leaf early in spring before the insects have become winged. The soil should be turned with a spade after treatment. Fumigation is also recommended [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 443]. Only healthy stock should be used and young plants when transplanted should be carefully examined and all leaves attacked by the insect should be picked off and burnt. Del Guercio (G.). Ceeidomyid Flies living on Olea chrysophylla and 0. europaea, in Eritrea and Italy respectively. — AgricoUura Coloniole, Flwence, xii, no. 2, 1918, pp. 65-102, 35 figs. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull. Agric. Jntell. & PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 1012-1013.) The following new species of Cecidomyids are described from larvae or pupae in the absence of adults : — Rhabdophaga oleiperda attacks young branches of Olea chrysojihylla in Eritrea, the larvae causing galls which eventually kill the branches attacked or render them sterile. The larvae are attacked by an ectoparasitic Chalcid. 531 which seems to be largely instrumental in controlline; the insect. Hormomyia oleiphilu in the larval stage forms galls on the leaves of 0. chrysophjlla or on the extremity of the petioles. An ectoparasitic Chalcid has been observed and may be an effective control. Radulella aureocephala, Perrisia chrysopliyllae, P. proxmia and P. verrucosa all form leaf galls on 0. chrysophyUa. The larva of Lasioptera carpophila is described from an individual found in the fruit of 0. europaea in the Province of Teramo, and a larva which is probably identical has been observed in olives from Promontorio Garganico. The author takes Dasyneura lathierei and Lasioptera kiefferiana, which in Italy attack 0. europaea, as types of two new genera Gioliella and Gastinella respectively. It is most important that these insects should not be allowed to pass from one continent or district to another. Although it has not yet been proved that U. oleiperda, which is considered peculiar to 0. chrysophyUa and is economically the most important of these species, can also attack the common olive, the mere possibility of its introduction from Eritrea is sufficient to justify precautions until the contrary has been proved. The same applies to Gioliella lathierei and Gastinella kiefferiana. When any of these species occurs in large numbers, the plants attacked should be pruned and the diseased branches topped and immediately burnt. As topping prevents harvesting in the year in which it is carried out, it is best to prune and to spray abundantly with lime water, calcium polysulphide or lime-sulphur mixture, preferably with the addition of a little flour to render the spray more adhesive. Scott (E. W.). Abbott (W. S.) & Dudley, Junr. (J E.). Results of Experiments with Miscellaneous Substances against Bedbugs, Cockroaches, Clothes Moths, and Carpet Beetles. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 707, 26th August 1918, 36 pp. Experiments to test the value of various materials as insecticides against Phyllodromia (Blattella) germanica, L. (common cockroach) were arranged in two series : cage tests and room tests. Any ])owdered substance applied to a cockroach, or through which it may crawl, is taken into the mouth, owing to the insect's habit of frequently cleansing its legs and antennae by drawing them through its mouth-parts. In this way any poison, whether distasteful or not, finds its way into the stomach, and therefore there is no necessity for an attractive bait. Of all the substances tested, sodium fluoride was found to be the most effective, acting both as a stomach and contact poison, and killing 100 per cent, in cage tests in 24 hours, even when the material was diluted down to 18 per cent. Practically 100 per cent, were killed in kitchens by the use of a mixture con- taining 50 per cent, of sodium fluoride. P}Tethrum powder, made from open, half-open or closed flowers, either wild or cultivated, and kept from 1 to 4 years, killed practically all the insects in cage tests within 48 hours. Its effectiveness was greatly reduced by being slightly diluted, even with ground pyrethrum stems, which have no insecticidal value. Borax, as an insecticide, acts very slowly, and satisfactory results can be obtained only by the repeated and persistent use of the material. 532 Its action is primarily that of a stomach poison. Not less than 12 per cent, borax, in combination with inert matter, required from 3 to 7 clays to kill 100 per cent, of the insects in cage tests. Phosphorus pastes were partly effective in cage tests, and only slightly so in room tests. The various hydrocarbon-oil sprays, undiluted, killed from 80 to 100 per cent, in treated cages, and similarly coal-tar creosote emulsions, undiluted, killed 100 per cent, in cage tests, but their effectiveness fell very rapidly when even shghtly diluted with water. Substances tried but found ineffective were : — Tobacco powders containing as much as 5 '26 per cent, nicotine ; plaster of Paris and flour mixture ; and 38 miscellaneous materials, including camphor, eucalyptus leaves, g}^sum, lime, quassia, sodium carbonate, Cayenne pepper and sidphur. Fumigation with sulphur, at the rate of 9 oz. sulphur to 1,000 cubic feet, was effective ; but nicotine, at the rate of 8 oz. tobacco extract (40 per cent, nicotine in the fornt of sulphate) to 1,000 cubic feet, was not so. The two important species of clothes-moths occurring in the United States are Tineola bisellieUa, Hum., and Tinea pellioneUa, L. In experimental work the former species was used exclusively on account of its abundance in Washington, its larger size, and the fact that it readily leaves its case when disturbed. In addition to a number of cage tests, which are described in detail, several room and trunk experiments under more nearly practical conditions were made against the adults. The results showed that naphthaline was uniformly effective in protecting woollens from infestation and in killing all stages of the insect, the same being true of camphor to a less extent. A red-cedar chest killed all adult moths, -and showed considerable killing effect upon young larvae. It did not prevent the hatching of eggs, but Idlled the resulting larvae immediately. Red-cedar chips and shavings protected flannel from injury when used liberally, but had no effect upon eggs, or upon larvae when more than one-fourth grown. Pyrethrum powder readily killed the larvae, and various mixtures of oils were effective in protecting clothing from infestation, when used undiluted or slightly diluted, and when used undiluted they killed 100 per cent. Laundry soap in strong solutions killed both larvae and eggs, and powdered cloves, sodium fluoride, and 95 per cent, alcohol, undiluted, killed the larvae. Paradichlorobenzene was not effective against adults and larvae in a room fumigation test lasting 21 hours, but effectively killed larvae in battery-jar tests. Various tobacco extracts used at reason- able strengths were valueless. Lavender flowers, Cayenne pepper and all-spice were ineffective, but clover and oil of lavender were effective in protecting flannel from infestation by the adults. All- spice, angelica root, black pepper, borax, Cayenne pepper, colocynth pulp, eucalyptus leaves, formaldehyde, hellebore, lead carbonate, lead oxide, quassia chips, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate were valueless against the larvae. Borax, salt and sulphur did not kill the eggs, which were, however, destroyed by ethyl alcohol in 50 per cent, and 70 per cent, solutions, and also by a 16 per cent, solution of formaldehyde. 533 Fumigation with sulphur effectively destroyed both adults and larvae, and heat killed both larvae and eggs placed in an oven for 31 minutes at a temperature of 110° F. Larvae and eggs in infested flannel were destroyed bv dipping the flannel for 10 seconds in water at 140° F. Two species of carpet beetles^ Attagenus piceus, Ohv., and Anthrenus scrophulariae, L., attack heavier fabrics, such as carpets and blankets in the United States. The former, on account of its greater abundance, was used in the experimental work. NaphthaUne and camphor effectively prevented infestation of clothing and killed all stages of the beetle, though the action of camphor was much slower. A red- cedar chest killed adults and newly-hatched larvae, but had no effect on larvae half-grown or larger, while red-cedar chips were only moder- ately effective against the adults. P}Tethrum powder was much less effective against carpet-beetle larvae than against those of the clothes-moth. The larvae were killed by various mixtures of mineral oils, cither undiluted, or only slightly diluted, and both larvae and eggs were Idlled by laundry soap in strong solutions. Ethyl alcohol (50-95 per cent.), powdered cloves, gasoline, mercuric chloride, and fumigation with sulphur (81 oz. to 360 cu. ft.) killed the larvae effec- tively. Nicotine solutions and tobacco powders were of no practical value, and ethyl alcohol (20 to 40 per cent.), allspice, arsenious acid, borax, formaldehyde fumigation, hellebore, lavender flowers, Ume, black pepper, sodium fluoride and sulphur were all ineffective against the larvae. Oil of cedar leaves was effective, and lavender flowers ineffective, in protecting flannel from infestation. The eggs were killed by ethyl alcohol (30, 50, 70 and 100 per cent.), but not by borax, gasoline, mercuric chloride and sulphur. Heat killed the larvae when exposed in an incubator to a temperature of 120° F. for 30 minutes. A higher temperature was needed to kill the eggs. Larvae and eggs on infested flannel were killed by dipping it for 5 seconds into hot water at a temperature of 140° F. The part of this bulletin dealing with bedbugs is noticed elsewhere [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 240]. De Weever (P. M.). Bee-keeping in British Guiana. — Jl. Brit. Guiana Bd. Agric, Georgetown, xi, no. 3, July 1918, pp. 86-96. Eciton, burchelli, Westw. (Yakman ant) is the most important enemy of the honey-bee in British Guiana. For days preceding an attack the ants gather in swarms near the hive, ancl when the time comes, swarm up the legs of the stand, and by sheer force of numbers overpower and kill the bees. Bee-keepers may prevent an attack by lighting a fire to windward of a hive and feeding it with green grass and leaves. The dense smoke causes the ants to drop to the ground where they may be killed by surrounding them with a ring of fire. The sur/iving bees that have remained clustered round their queen should then be placed in a fresh box and fed with s^Tup. Weakening of a colony due to the attacks of robber-bees induces attack by Galleria melonella, L. (bee-moth), in which case the entrance to the hive must be contracted and the bees fed. Badly infested combs should be melted down and fresh ones put in their places, the bees being fed on a sugar syrup, not on honey. 534 Bodkin (G. E.). A Note on the Recent Froghopper Outbreak.— J/. Bnt. Guiana Bd. Agric, Georgetown, xi, no. 3, July 1918, pp. 96-97. Tomaspis jlavilatera, Urich (Demerara sugar-cane froghopper) has increased enormously in numbers during recent months in three widely separated districts, owing to the abnormal climatic conditions obtaining. Continued heavy downpours of rain caused the soil to become waterlogsfed, and the canes were backward and even stunted. The pest under these favourable conditions did such damage, that the only treatment possible was thorough flooding after total destruction, by fire or otherwise, of the trash. Good results were obtained by children collecting the adults with hand-nets in the cane-fields during the daytime. The use of trap- lights and the introduction of the green muscardine fungus '\_MetarrJiizium anisopliae] should also prove beneficial. The Food of Australian Birds. — New South Wales Dept. Agric, Sydney, Sci. Bull. no. 15, July 1918, 112 pp. [Received 7th October 1918.] In this Bulletin, which has been compiled from the investigations •of J. B. Cleland, J. H. Maiden, W. W. Froggatt, E. W. Ferguson and C. T. Musson, is incorporated a great deal of information from various sources regarding the food of wild birds in Australia. In an intro- duction by Dr. Cleland it is explained that the data collected, which include much information obtained in the course of blow-fly investi- gations, should prove of value to breeders of sheep, as well as to orchard- ists, wheat growers, gardeners and those in charge of forestry work. The facts have been arranged in various ways for the convenience of those consulting the bulletin. There is a short summary of the food of, and a verdict on, various birds or groups of birds, in the order of their importance. This is followed by lists of birds that feed on particular kinds of food of more or less economic importance, and these include both injurious and beneficial species. An appendix gives a tabulated examination of the contents of the stomachs and crops of each species of bird examined, while more detailed information in further appendices shows the actual food found in the case of each individual. MiLLEE (D.). Limitation of Injurious Insects by Beneficial Species. — New Zealand Jl. Agric, Wellington, xvii, no. 1, 20th July 1918, pp. 12-18. [Received 8th October 1918.] It is a well-known fact that when new territory is opened up for agricultural purposes it frequently happens that new conditions are estabhshed favourable to the development of some indigenous insects, the ravages -of which rapidly increase until their control becomes a serious problem. The reason is that in older countries, where regular cultivation has been carried on for a long period of years, an equilibrium has been estabhshed between the injurious insects on the one hand and their natural enemies and other controlHns; factors on the other. 535 An illustration of this is Xanthorhoe praefedata (New Zealand flax moth), the larvae of which confine their attention normally to flax [Phonnimn tenax] growing in comparatively dry conditions. As the flax industry in New Zealand extended, swamp areas were drained comparatively dry and covered with a growth of flax, with the result that the moth, being provided with abundance of food under suitable conditions, increased with alarming rapidity. The larvae of X. prae- Jectata are heavily parasitised by an Ichneumonid, which is itself limited by a hyperparasite, and it is probably the factors controlling the hyperparasite which influence the abundance of the larvae of X. praefedata. A chart shows the relation of X. praefedata to primary and secondary parasites. Similar instances of indigenous phytophagous insects developing injurious tastes are those of Melanchra composita (New Zealand army worm) and Odontria spp. (New Zealand grass-grub beetles). The natural food of M. composita consists of native grasses, though it occasionally attacks oat crops in large numbers. Very little is known of the Odontria, but their life-histories are being studied. While a certain amount of damage is caused to cultivated areas through the depredations of native insects, far greater loss is caused by injurious species accidentally imported from other countries. These insects rapidly increase under new conditions in the absence of their natural enemies. A notable example of this is Eriococcus coriaceus (gum-tree scale), a native of Australia, where it does little damage owing to the presence of natural enemies. The first outbreak of this scale in New Zealand was noticed in 1900. when great destruction was caused, and by 1905 the insect had spread north and south for a distance of 180 miles, killing many trees and causing great damage. Coccinellids that were known to control the scale in other territories were then introduced from North Auckland and from Australia, Rhizobi'us ventralis being the most effective in Canterbury, where it became so well established that within three years E. coriaceus had been reduced to a negligible quantity. It is found that when a predaceous insect begins to reduce an outbreak of its host, although the latter is superior in numbers and fertility, it will in a few generations be in excess of its host. In the case of a parasite confined to one host, however, the excess of the latter will of necessity disappear owing to lack of sufficient food, until only enough remain to retain the normal equilibrium. Oligotropus alopecuri (meadow foxtail midge) by its depredatious upon the developing seed of the meadow foxtail grass has produced a serious situation [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, p. 165]. Before the midge was considered an important pest, there was every likelihood that sufficient quantities of the seed would be produced in New Zealand for local and export purposes. Owing to this pest, which was probably imported in seed from Europe, there is now no seed grown in one district where formerly the output was 18 tons annually. Infestation was first noticed in 1910 ; by 1915, 70 per cent, of the seed was rendered useless, and in the following year this percentage was even higher. It is known that early settlers in the Dominion were able to grow various exotic fruits without loss from insect pests. In later years, however, these became so well established that fruit- growing threatened to come to an end. Organisation and the 53G application of remedial measures have now succeeded in checking the pests to such an extent that the fruit industry is again rapidly developing. It is obvious that the introduction of the natural enemies of imported pests from their original habitat would be an invaluable factor in the control of injurious species, perhaps more so than in their native country where they themselves are subject to controlling influences. When a phytophagous insect attacks one species of plant more than another, efficient results may be obtained by a thorough system of crop rotation, while attention should be paid at the same time to places suitable for hibernation, such as the rank grass usually fringing cultivated fields. In this way, by breaking the continuity of the food-supply, the life-cycle of the insect is interrupted, and the removal of hibernation quarters will destroy a large proportion of the over- wintering stages, with a consec^uent reduction of the spring brood. Jack (R. W.). Cutworms. — Rhodesia Ag-ric. Jl., Salisbury, xv, nos. 3-4. June-August 1918, pp. 225-237 ; 344-348, 2 plates, 1 fig. Cutworms constitute one of the most destructive plant pests in Southern Rhodesia on account of the variety of crops they damage. They are frequently confused with Elaterids (wireworms), of which the most familiar in Southern Rhodesia are Psaniniodes spp., which live in the ground and feed upon the underground portions of plants, being particularly injurious to tobacco, and with white grubs [Lamellicorn larvae] which feed upon the roots of maize, small cereals and grasses. Four species of cutworms have been recorded in southern Rhodesia. Euxoa segehmi is the commonest and is well-known in Europe ; E. longidentifera, Hmps., is a purely African species, only found in company with E. segelum, and has not as yet proved very dangerous ; E. spinifera, Hb., extends from southern Europe to the Cape and India. It is scarcely considered a pest in Rhodesia and is usually found in company with E. segelum. Agrotis ypsilon, Rott. , sometimes occurrs in overwhelming numbers, but is sporadic in its outbreaks. The adults of all these species are nocturnal and lie hidden in sheltered places during the day. Oviposition begins about four days after emergence, the eggs being laid among low-growing vegetation, attached to the stems of plants, to stones, lumps of earth, etc. As many as 1,766 eggs were laid by a single female of E. segelum in confinement. There are six larval instars ; the young cutworms feed chiefly upon leaves and other soft tissue within their reach, keeping mainly under shelter during the dayhght ; later they develop the habit of burying themselves in the soil during the day, and feeding at night. The chief damage is done by eating tlirough the stems of plants at the ground level. The larval period, under summer conditions with unlimited food, lasts about 29 days, the average time being a few days longer ; in cold weather the growth may occupy several months. In temperate climates attacks on young crops in the spring are due to cutworms that have hibernated in a partly developed condition, the low temperatures having suspended the vital processes in the caterpillars so as to prevent starvation. In Rhodesia starvation supervenes very quickly during winter if no food is available and the 537 higher the temperature the sooner the insect succumbs. Experiments showed that cutworms died within about ten days if kept ^^^thout food during the summer months. The existence of the larvae is considerably prolonged if dry maize stalks are left on the land. It is obvious that the cutworms hatching from eggs laid about May cannot be destructive to the next season's crop ; they must either pupate during the dry season or die of starvation. Pupation takes place an inch or two below ground level, emergence of the moth occurring in two or three weeks in the summer. The generations of cutworms are quite irregular throughout the year. Adults have been reared during every month, but they are most numerous in January and early February. In summer the life-cycle may occupy a minimum of 50 days ; in the field in Rhodesia there are probably four complete generations of E. segetuni during the year, as compared with one only in the British Isles and similar climates. Cutworms will eat almost any growing plant that is not too hard or woody, but their preference is for potato, tobacco, maize, lettuce and grasses of a particularly succulent nature. There are various factors in Rhodesia that tend to check the increase of cutworms, though they are not sufficient to keep the pest in constant subjection. The climate undoubtedly encourages a number of generations durmg the year, but the prolonged dry season has an adverse effect. The warmth of Rhodesian winters favours' the development of the insect, at a time when food-plants are exceed- ingly scarce. Epizootics of disease are common among cutworms, particularly during the latter half of the wet season (February and March), and it may be found possible to cause the spread of these artificially. Insectivorous birds and mammals undoubtedly exercise a considerable measure of control over cutworms, although the habit of burrowing into the soil during daylight affords the larvae a certain measure of protection. Predaceous insects include the ant, Dorylus helvolus, and its allies. An Asilid fly has also been observed to attack the adult moth. Parasites bred from E. segefum include at least five species of Tachinids, four Ichneumonids and one Braconid. The most persistent cutworm parasite appears to be the Tachinid, Gonia bimaculata, Wied., which has been reared from cutworms in several localities, but has not been bred by the author from any other host. Another common species is Wagneria nigricans, Meig. There are unfortunately many practical difficulties in the way of utilising natural parasites for control of cutworms. Their action is too slow to control the sudden outbreaks that occur, though they may reduce subsequent generations. The Tachinids that are the most efficient parasites have not as yet been successfully reared in confine- ment, and even if this method proved possible, it would require a large amount of labour to attain very uncertain results. The influence of various classes of cultivation and of different kinds of soil in relation to outbreaks of cutworms is discussed. Green vegetation is very scarce in Rhodesia during the dry season ; wherever this is found, therefore, cutworms are likely to concentrate. Rich, low-lying land that quickly develops a crop of weeds after a few early showers is very liable to attack. The use of kraal manm^e, by increasing the humus content of the soil, encourages cutworms. In small areas, such as kitchen gardens, cutworms may continue to be (C523) B 538 abundant throughout the year, owing to the attractive nature of the plants that are cultivated in such situations. The second part of th^s paper discusses preventive measures and remedies for cutworms. Attacks on irrigated crops, such as potatoes, during the dry season, cannot well be guarded against, as eggs are laid on the crop itself ; but clean cultivation and the keeping down of weeds are obviously helpful in checking the numbers of the pest ; heavy loss is especially likely to be experienced if w^eeds are allowed to grow for a time and are then destroyed by cultivation, leaving only the cultivated crops for the cutworms to feed upon. Tobacco seedlings should be carefully protected by covers, leaving no aperture through which a moth could enter. A fairly wide space of bare ground around the seed beds would help to check invasion. Preventive measures in regard to wet season crops consist mainly of keeping the land as free from weeds as possible before the crop is planted. This will prevent oviposition. Planting with the first rains tends to avoid serious loss from cutworms, but is not recommended for maize, which when planted early is Hkely to suffer from borers. Remedies for cutworms are numerous, the one almost universally recommended being poisoned bait. Many experiments to determine the efficacy of various baits have been carried out, E. segetum being the species mainly tested. The results were somewhat contradictory, but certain conclusions were arrived at. Sodium arsenite is not a suitable poison for larvae of E. fiegstmn, as owing to its distastefulness, sufficient to cause death is seldom eaten. The larvae are not sufficiently attracted by baits made with bran or maize meal. A. ypsHon and E. long identif era are more readily poisoned by standard baits than E. segetum. All species are readily poisoned by succulent green stuff dipped in Paris green and water (1 lb. to 10 gals.) with or without sugar. Small individuals of all species are more easily poisoned than larger ones, but no bait is known that will attract cutworms away from favourite food-plants. To obtain the maximum effect, the ground should be free from growing plants when the bait is used. Land planted with maize should be baited twice, just before the crop is due to appear above ground. When tobacco plants are attacked in the seedling-leaf stage by very small cutworms, the whole might be sprayed with 1 lb. lead arsenate in 16 gals, water, adding 1 lb. sugar or 1 pint molasses to each gallon of the liquid. Paris green may be used in the same way, 1 lb. to 160 gals, water with the addition of 1 lb. lime. When the young plants have begun to grow freely, this method is useless, as they are usually cut through at the ground level while the poison remains on the leaves. Under these conditions hand-picking is the only remedy. A table records the results of many experiments with various poisoned baits and the conclusions are discussed in an appendix. Speyer (E. E,.). Report on the Work of the Entomological Division, including Special Investigations into Shot-hole Borer of Tea. — Ceylon Administration Reports for 1917, Dept. Agric, 11th February 1918, pp. C 10-13. [Received 17th October 1918.] Icerya purchasi (fluted scale) was found to be increasing upon Acacia decurrens and other hosts and necessitated some attention, 539 particularly as tea was attacked in a few instances. It was decided to import Novius {Vedalia) cardinalis from South Africa. The cut- worm. Agrotis yjjsilon, was troublesome on vegetables ; expeiiments wdth traps and poison-bait are being carried out. Two beetles, Necrobia rnfipes and Silvanus surinamensis, were reported as doing serious damage to stored copra. Scolytid beetles were studied in various trees and plants, especially with regard to their attacks on tapped surfaces of rubber treated with tar and liquid fuel. Coccotrypes dacfyliperda, F., enters the nuts of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) and Xylehonis compacfus, Eich., affects the growth of coffee. Miscellaneous pests recorded include : — -On tea : Zeuzera coffeae (coffee borer) ; Euschema palmyra ; Calotennes militaris ; Oscinis theae ; Coccus (Lecanium) viridis (green bug) ; Saissetia (L.) hemis- phaerica ; Toxoptcra coffeae {Ceylonia theaecola) ; Acheta bimaculata ; ^ Tarsonemus translucens ; Brevipalpus ohovatiis. On rubber : Como- critis pieria ; Coccus viridis ; Saissetia {Lecanium) nigra ; Batocera Tubus ; Ceratina viridis. On cocormts : Nephantis serinopa ; Aularches v~ militaris (spotted locust). Dn cacao : Comocritis pieria ; Arbela ■qnadrinotata. On rice : Marasmia bilinealis. On sugar-cane : Argyro- ploce {Grapholitha) schisfaceana ; Proutista {Phenice) moesta ; Pyrilla aberrans. On cotton : Sylepta derogata ; Dysdercus cingulatus. On- vegetables : Agrotis ypsilon ; Plutella maculipennis ; Crocidolomia binotalis ; Dorylus orienlalis. On mustard : Crocidolomia binotalis. On beans : Riptortus pedestris ; Agromyza phaseoli. On litchi : Tachardia albizziae. On plantain : Odoiporus longicollis. On dadap : Suana concolor ; Terastia meticulosalis ; Acherontia lachesis ; Spalgis £pius ; Pseudococcus {Dactylopius) citri ; P. (D.) crotonis ; AnojAoc- nemis phasiana. On Albizzia : Terias silhetana. On Cassia grandis : Duomitus leuconotus. On Cedrela tooaa : Hypsipyla robusta. On giant bamboo : Oregma bambusae. On rose : Icerya aegyptiaca. On Cycas : Ceroplastes Jloridensis. Special investigations have been carried on WT.th regard to Xyleborus fornicatus, Eich. (shot-hole borer of tea). Specimens have been received from Bangalore in castor-oil plants, thus supporting the view that it is the true host of this beetle. X. fornicatus has now been recorded in twenty-three different plants belonging to the same number of genera, only three of which are native to Ceylon. Experiments to determine the depth to which prunings must be buried in order to prevent escape of the beetles have shown that a larger number escape from prunings at a depth of 2 ft. 6 ins. than at 2 ft., 9 ins., or 6 ins. It is found that the methods of cutting across or slashing when bringing tea into bearing are most conducive to severe attack and render any control in such tea very difficult. Attempts are being made to find a suitable paint for apphcation to bushes after pruning so that adult beetles may be killed without injury to the plant. Coconut oil and resin have been used in combination with other substances and gave good results, but are too expensive for use on a large scale. Other oils are being experimented \nth. Branches of Terminalia catappa were tried as traps, and while only a few borers were present in the adjacent tea, a few beetles v.'ere attracted to the branches. This is the only decaying tree that X. fornicatus is knowTi to breed in, besides cacao. It is proposed to carry out further experiments with this tree and with castor-oil plants as traps. (C523) b2 540 Jardine (N. K.). Special Investigation into Tea Tortrix. — Ceylon Administration Reports for 1917, Dept. Agric, 24tli January 1918. [Keceived 17th October 1918.] A complete bibliography of Homona cojfearia has been compiled. Food-plants, other than tea, include Eucharis grandiflora, Cinna- momum catnphora (camphor), Persca graiissima (avocado pear), Acacia decurrens, Erythrina lithosperma (dadap), Pithecolobium saman, Eucalyptus robusta, Psidium cattleyanun (red giiava), Grevillea robusta,. rose, cacao, Artocarpus integrifolia (jak) and Duranta plmneri. It has also been recorded by planters on Citrus, Pelargonium, AcahqjJui^ Stephanotis, chrysanthemum, Michaelmas daisy, sword bean and cow bean. The life-history of this moth has been worked out in the laboratory and a detailed account will be published. The effect of climate has been very noticeable. Heavy and continuous rain appears detrimental to the propagation of the insect. Larvae that have completed the final moult apparently pupate prematurely in an endeavour to escape the harmful conditions. Of these premature pupations, 75 to 85 per cent, give rise to males. This is probably one of the reasons why in excessively wet weather H. coffearia practi- cally disappears, there being too small a proportion of females to continue the race. Many of the larvae die off during wet weather of a disease brought on by excessive moisture ; wliilst others are attacked by several species of fungi, including a yeast which was apparently the cause of an epidemic among them. Infestation is most marked during the driest period, February-June. As the south-west monsoon is responsible for a general distribution of the pest, it has been suggested that dadap trees should be planted along the south-west ridges to break the advance of the adult moths, and act as a trap from which eggs and larvae may be collected. Man}^ experiments have been instituted to ascertain the variation of metamorphosis according to altitude and locality. With regard to parasites, those of the egg include Trichogramma australicum, and T. minutum or Trichogrammatoidea ? nana. Two species of Proctotrupes are also parasitic on it, while Ophion bicarinatus, Phytodiaetus cajniae and a Syrphid have been hatched from larvae of H. coffearia, and a Chalcid of the genus Leucospis from the pupae. The value of predaceous insects, birds and bats is being investigated. Mason wasps have been observed to carry off a number of larvae from the curled leaves. Birds do not apparently reduce the numbers of H. coffearia to any appreciable extent ; on the contrary, by devouring its parasites they tend to benefit the pest. Speyer (E. R.). Shot-hole Borer of Tea. Extract from Qtrly. Rapt, of the Entomologist, April-June 1918. — Trop. Agriculturist,. Peradeniya, li, no. 2, August 1918, p. 102. Experiments have shov\rn that adults of the shot-hole borer of tea [Xyleborus fornicatus] emerge from buried prunings in dry weather in considerable numbers. No manure in ordinary use prevents the escape of beetles from prunings, and in dry weather it is considered better to leave prunings on the ground than to bury them. In wet weather, when the earth above the prunings received the normal rainfall, adults emerged in small quantities as before, even when they 541 were buried with a considerable quantity of nitrolim. It is obvious from these experiments that the burial of prunings at a depth practi- cable on estates is rather an encouragement than a check to the increase of the insect. Experiments with paints and sprays indicate that coconut oil cannot be used in any form of emulsion against X. fornicatus owing to its effect upon the tea bushes. Dihitions of the emulsion with 90 per cent, of water had similar bad effects. A mixture of Ceylon soap and resin in equal proportions with the addition of fish-oil gave a successful emulsion. A similar mixture prepared by the Government Fisheries Department at Tanur was effective when additional resin was used. It is hoped that this mixture may be obtained in large quantities from India and may prove successful when applied to pruned bushes as a paint in concentrated form and to the lower parts of unpruned. bushes as a spray. Fluted Scale [Icerya purchasi). — Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, li, no. 2, August 1918, p. 102. In the quarterly report of the acting entomologist for April- June 1918, a serious outbreak of Icerya purchasi on Acacia was recorded in the Dimbula district, Ceylon, and was summarily dealt with. Novius (Vedalia) cardinalis was received from South Africa, but the importation was unsuccessful owing to the length of time occupied on the journey. SwAiNE (J. M). Studies on the Relation of Forest Insects and other Factors to Forest Regeneration. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, v, no, 9, September 1918, pp. 860-861. The influence of forest insects upon the mortality of developing timber is being studied. This is recognised as a serious question in view of the small proportion of balsam and spruce trees in Eastern Canada that attain a second growth yielding timber of any size or value. The important insects affecting spruce are Polygraphns rvfipennis, Ky., as well as several other species of bark-beetles, and Tortrix {Harmologa) fumifcrana, Clem, (spruce budworm). Those affecting balsam [Abies balsamea] are Pityoldeines sparsus, Lee. [Tomicus balsameus) (Eastern fir bark-beetle), a species of Pissodes and T. fmni- ferana. If it should prove that bark-beetles cause a large percentage of the excessive mortality, as they are believed to do, it ought to be possible to avoid much of the loss by slash burning and utilising the slash as a trap for destroying the swarms of beetles attracted to it during the first summer following the cutting. A series of exjieriments has been initiated by which it is hoped to obtain the percentage of dying trees killed by insects as the trees develop, and the percentage of these killed by individual species of insects, with details of their habits. It . would also be discovered exactly how effective slash burning is in checking the insects infesting young growth. Jack Spaniards.— .4^ric. Neivs, Barbados, xvii, no. 427, 7th September 1918, p. 279. It is reported that Polistes annularis (Jack Spaniard), introduced into Montserrat from St. Vincent in 1910, has been plentiful for 542 several years in the district where it was first estabUshed, and is also spreading. The estabhshment of this wasp is of considerable interest as it has proved valuable in keeping the cotton worm [Alabama argilliicea] in check. Sherman (R) & Leiby (K. W.). The Fall Army-Worm. — iV^or^^ Carolina Agric. Exten. Service, W. Raleigh, Circ. no. 79, September 1918, 7 pp., 1 fig. In consequence of a destructive outbreak of Lapliygma frugiperda (fall army- worm) in various parts of North Carolina in early September 1918, this circular was issued for distribution in time for the severe infestation expected in late September and early October. A brief popular account is given of the life-histor\^ and habits of the moth and various recommendations for control of the larvae are included [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, pp. 17-i & 386]. Ballou fH. A.). Cotton Stainer Control in St. Vincent. — Agric. News, Barbados, xvii, no. 426, 24th August 1918, pp. 266-267. An account of the extensive measures against the cotton stainer [Dgsdercvs delauneyi] in St. Vincent in 1918, shows the great need for co-operation between planters and the Government in the destruc- tion of the food-plants of the insect, and the establishment of a close season, during which no cotton shall be grown. In order that a close season may be a success, the law must be most strictly enforced, and at the appointed time all cotton must be removed from the fields and disposed of in the manner considered to be the most suitable. No compromise is possible, if the cotton industry is to be safeguarded, and this is also true of the destruction of the food- plants of the insect. It may be found necessary to attempt the eradication of Ochroma lagopifs (cork wood), but at present Sterculia carihaea (mountain John Bull) is not equally important. The value of the destruction of alternative host-plants having been demonstrated, the exercise of constant care is necessary to prevent new growths of these plants, and to apply the provisions of the law to other plants as soon as they become important hosts. Cotton-stainers are particularly free from natural enemies, and in the West Indies it is certain that there are none that can be expected to exercise any satisfactory degree of control over this pest. FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 235-236. During the month of June the insectary handled 26,500 pupae of the melon fly {Daciis cucurbitae], from which were bred 2,346 indi- viduals of Opius jlelcheri. The parasites distributed were :■ — Opius humilis, 285 ; 0. Jlelcheri, 2,391 ; Diachasma tryoni, 735 ; Tetrastiches giffardianus, 1,200 ; Spalangia cameroni, 4,200 ; and Paranagrus osborni, 20,800. 543 Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection.— ^awawan Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 237-238. During the month of June a case of plants from the mainland was fumigated for scale-insects and some maize from Mexico for an infesta- tion of weevils and the Angoumois grain moth [Sitotroga cerealella]. Hunter (W. D.). The Pink Bollworm with Special Reference to Steps taken by the Department of Agriculture to prevent its Establish- ment in the United States. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.G., Bull. no. 723, 30th August 1918, 26 pp., 10 figs. This bulletin deals with the pink bollworm {Pectinophora gossypiella), its history, present range, description and life-cycle, together with a full account of the precautions taken to prevent its introduction into the United States. In 1913 a quarantine was promulgated forbidding the importation of all species or varieties of cotton seed into the United States from any foreign locality except the Imperial Valley in the State of Lower California in Mexico, the importation from this region being covered by regulations. Later, the introduction of cotton seed from some of the northern states of Mexico was permitted. These quarantines against cotton seed, as such, were soon found to be insufficient, as considerable quantities of seed were being admitted in bales of lint. The destruction of infestation in bales of lint by means of cold was found to be impracticable, the use of heat being also impossible on account of the time necessary to penetrate the highly compressed bales, and the increased danger from fire on opening bales so heated. However by fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas in vacuo it was found possible to kill any insects that might be within densely compressed bales of cotton without any deterioration of the latter. It having been discovered in 191-5 that large amounts of cotton-waste were being imported, some of which contained more than twenty times as much seed as baled cotton, the definition of the term " cotton " was made to include all grades of cotton- waste except those resulting from processes which rendered the retention of seeds impossible. Early in 1916 the fumigation of all bales of foreign cotton and cotton- waste was required as a condition of entr); , and establishments capable of handling all imported cotton without special delay were erected at the ports of entry. The cargo of a steamer having been found to be heavily infested, the entire lot, consisting of 4,000 bags of seed, was converted into fertihser by immersion in vats of sulphuric acid. In addition the holds of the vessel were thoroughly fumigated with hydrocyanic acid gas, all trucks, platforms, and floors thoroughly cleaned of scattered seeds, and cotton fields within a radius of 10 miles systematically inspected. Towards the end of 1916 an amendment was added providing for the inspection and, if necessary, disinfection of all burlaps or other fabrics used for covering cotton and to which cotton was adhering. Finally in 1917 an order restricting the admission of all cotton seed products, except oil, from all foreign countries was promulgated owing to the discovery that vmcrushed, infected seeds often adhered to such products. 544 Owing to the disturbed conditions in Mexico, the presence of P. gossijfiella there was not detected till the end of 1916, by which time a large amount of Mexican cotton seed had been shipped to mills in Texas. The State authorities in Texas were notified and the Federal Horticultural Board began a campaign to expedite the crushing of the seed and the. destruction of any scattered about the premises. This work was done with the utmost possible dispatch and great thoroughness. The pest however had gained a footing in Texas, and active measures to eradicate it were imdertaken by the Federal Horticultural Board in co-operation with the Department of Agriculture of the State of Texas. The work consisted in determining the limits of infestation, the destruction of any plants yet remaining in the fields, and the safeguarding of the cotton produced m these fields during the season of 1917. Plants in the fields were uprooted or chopped down, all locks or portions of locks on the ground were collected by hand, and all accumulated trash was burnt with the help of kerosene, an operation that employed 500 men fipm the beginning of November till the middle of March. Early in 1918 a proclamation was issued prohibiting the planting of cotton in certain quarantined areas of Texas. Active steps towards the control of P. gossyjnella have also been undertaken in Mexico, one of these being a quarantine against the main infested territory, with a provision for a safety zone of considerable depth. The other provides for the fumigation of all cotton seed pro- duced, whether intended for crushing or planting. Feacker (S. B.). White Grubs. Their Life-History and Control. — Wisconsin State Dept. Agric, Madison, Circ. no. 11, April 1918, 4 pp., 4 figs. [Received 17th October 1918.] The species of Lachnosterna breed and oviposit in grassland, lawns, meadows, and weedy fields, but not in cultivated fields or clover. Since the life-cycle occupies 3 years, in the one following oviposition the soil is heavily infested with the larvae. Such grassland should therefore not be ploughed and sown with maize or cultivated crops, but where convenient, pigs should be turned on to it to root out the grubs. Maize and cultivated crops should be planted only on land that was under clover or a cultivated crop the previous summer. Fracker (S. B.). San Jos6 Scale, what it is and how to control it. — Wisconsin State Dept. Agric, Madison, Circ. no. 10, March 1918, 4 pp., 2 figs. The San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] is not an important pest in the State of Wisconsin, but since it is easily introduced by means of infested nursery stock, and then spreads with the utmost rapidity, it should be controlled on its first appearance, either by the destruction of every tree and shrub infested, or by means of a dormant spray. The best solutions for this purpose are : — Lime-sulphur 1 gal, water 8 gals ; Scalecide 1 gal., water 12 gals. ; kerosene emulsion 1 gal., water 3| gals. ; any one of wh ch should be applied after severe pruning, which is always desirable, and in the case of severely infested twigs, absolutely essential. 545 'Chapmax (G. H.). Mosaic Disease of Tobacco. — Mass. Agric. Expt. Sla., Amherst, Bull. no. 175, Mavl917, pp. 73-117, 6 plates. [Received 17th October 1918.] The fact that many fungous and bacterial diseases are often trans- mitted by insects, as well as other agents, has been long known and thoroughly established, the mosaic disease of tobacco being carried by Aphids, especially Macrosiphum tahaci, Perg. [see this Preview, Ser. A, i, p. 19, and v, p. 577]. Observations in the field have not shown that this disease is communicated by biting insects such as the tobacco horn-worm [Protoparce quimpiemacuhta], grasshoppers, and a flea- beetle, nor has it Deen possible to demonstrate positively that white- flies [Aleurodes] are active agents in the spread of the disease. Regan (W. S.). Potato Plant Lice and their Control. — Mass. Agric. Expt. Sta., Amherst, Bull. no. 177, October 1917, pp. 135-1 46. [Received 17th October 1918.] Macrosiphiwi sokinifolii, Ashm., is a pest of potatoes, the life-history t)f which has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 133, and vi, p. 455]. The measures recommended against it are thorough spraying with an angle-disc or under- spray nozzle, using one of the following solutions : (1) Blackleaf 40 | U.S. pint, hard soap dissolved in boihng water 2 lb. (Hquid soap, 1 U.S. quart) and water 50 U.S. gals. (2) Blackleaf 10, or any similar nicotine preparation, combined with lead arsenate or Bordeaux mixture, but \\dthout the addition of soap. (3) Kerosene emulsion made of hard soap | lb. (liquid soap, ^ U.S. pint), water 1 U.S. gal. and kerosene 2 U.S. gals. ; this kills about 90 per cent. of the Aphids, but is liable to damage the fohage. €laassen (P. W.). Grasshoppers of Kansas. — Systematic Treatise of the Melanopli with Reference to Variations from Scudder's Descriptions. — U7iiv. Kansas, Lawrence, Biol. Ser. Bull., xviii, no. 1 (Dept. Entom. Bull. no. 11), October 1917, pp. 7-50, 2 plates. [Received 18th October 1918.] The contents of this systematic paper are indicated by its title. The biology and economic status of the species of Melanoplus are briefly discussed. The most injurious species occurring in Kansas are M. dijjerentialis, M. bivittatus, 31. atlaniis, M. femur-nibrum and Aeolopus regalis. The parasitic fly, Sarcophaga kelli/i, is largely instrumental in reducing the numbers of these grasshoppers. The usual methods of control are advocated. Beamer (R.). The CEdipodinae of Kansas. — Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, Biol. Ser. Bull., xviii, no. 1 (Dept. Entom. Bull. no. 11), October 1917, pp. 53-126, 103 figs. [Received 18th October 1918.] This paper forms the second part of a series dealing with the ■Orthoptera of Kansas, of which the preceding paper is the first. Descriptions are given which it is hoped may enable the casual observer to recognise the various species and the relation they bear to each other. The original descriptions are given wherever possible, with notes on the variation of Kansas forms and habitat records. 546 Lawson (P. B.). The Coccidae of Kansas. — Univ. Kansas, Lawrence,. Biol. Ser. Bull., xviii, no. 1 (Dept. Entom. Bull. no. 11), October 1917, pp. 161-275, 103 figs. [Received ISth October 1918.] Of the 75 species of Coccids here dealt with, 12 are reported from Kansas for the first time. Two new species are described, namely, Orthezia ambrosiae and Ceroplasfodes deani. The former was taken_ from the imder-side of leaves of Ambrosia trifida, where they were fiist observed in June, adults being fairly abundant and immature forms much more so. By August the adults had become scarce and by September had disappeared. Hibernation evidently occurs in the nymphal stage ; an undetermined Coccinellid has been observed feeding upon these hibernating forms early in the winter. C. deani was taken on Petalostemon violaceus, being abundant within a restricted area. Wellhouse (W. H.). The Cankerworm, an Orchard and Shade Tree Pest. — Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, Biol. Ser. Bull., xviii, no. 1 (Dept Entom. Bull. no. 11), October 1917, pp. 282-315, 3 plates. [Received 18th October 1918.] This paper deals with both the spring cankerworm, Palaeacrita vernata, Peck, and the autumn one, Alsophila. pometa.ria, Harr. The life-history of both species is described. P. rernata emerges from the ground during the first warm days, sometimes as early as 5th. January, and continues to do so until April. Eggs are laid in crevices in the bark and hatch in about four weeks. The larvae feed upon leaves, blossoms and fruit of their host-plant for about 3 to 5 weeks,. during which period they moult three times. By about the end of May they have all left the trees and burrowed into the soil from 1| to 6 inches ix) pupate, remaining there until the next winter. The life-history of A. pometaria is similar, but the adults emerge in November and December and the eggs remain over the winter, hatching in late April or early May. Both species have a variety of food-plants, including apple, elm, plum, cherry, and othor fruit trees. Wet weather during the adult and larval stages is the greatest natural check on cankerworms. A wilt disease often attacks the larvae following a period of wet weather. Birds are important enemies of all stages and destroy large numbers of them. Predaceous enemies include the Carabid beetles, Calosoma scrutator and C. calidum, and a. wasp, Enmenes fraterna, Say, which carries the larvae away to its ^^iiaest. A Ay ,M icroffosier jjalaeacritac, is a common parasite of the- larvae, about 10 per cent, of larvae examined by one worker being- parasitised by it. A Tachinid has also been recorded as a parasite. The eggs are parasitised by a Chalcid, Platygaster sp. The remedial: measures recommended are the banding of trees to prevent the wingless female moths from climbing them to oviposit, and spraying with 1:} lb. powdered lead arsenate (or 2 J lb. paste) to 50 U.S. gals, water,, applied as soon as the leaves have opened in spring:, to kill the larvae, Blackleaf 40, 1 : 1,000 A\nth 2 lb. soap to each 50 U.S. gals, of spray,. is also recommended. Cultivation of the soil between July and November destroys the pupae of the spring species and is an excellent, control measure in orchards. 547 ViNAL (S. C.). The Greenhouse Red Spider attacking Cucumbers and Methods for its Control.— Moss. Agric. Expt. Sta., Amherst, Bull, no. 179, November 1917, pp. 153-182. [Received 17th October 1918.] Tetranychus telarius {bimaculatus) is the most widely distributed and destructive pest of greenhouse cucumbers, assuming its greatest economic importance in the market-garden district of Boston. Tbe greenhouse vegetables most subject to attack are cucumbers, egg- plants and tomatoes, many individual growers of the first of these estimating their annual losses at between £400 and £1,000. Control of the pest on the plants by fumigation is impossible, but fumigation with sulphur dioxide is an inexpensive and efficient method of ridding an infested house of mites in the intervals between crops. Spraying with a strong stream of water, which efficiently controls the pest on certain plants such as carnation, violet and rose, is limited in its usefulness by the tenderness of the forcing-house cucumber foliage. An efficient adhesive spray may be made by boiUng 8 lb. flour in 8 U.S. gals, water to form a paste, and diluting to form 100 U.S. gals. A solution of ordinary laundry starch is also recommended. An equally effective spray can be made by dissolving 1|- lb. ivory soap in 25 U.S. gals, water. The most satisfactorv commercial insecticide is a completely saponified oil soap called lemon oil, contammg : — ■ soap 6 per cent., vegetable oil 3| per cent., potassium carbonate 05 per cent., turpentine (terebenthine) 5 per cent., and water, not over 85 per cent. Used at the strength of 1 part in 20 parts of water, or 1 pint in 2-| U.S. gals, water, it killed all actively feeding and quiescent mites without injuring the fohage, but the eggs were not materially affected. A less expensive emulsion may be made by shaving 6 oz. ivory soap into 1 U.S. gal. hot water, adding 2 U.S. qts. cold water and 1 U.S. qt. linseed oil and emulsifying with a bucket pump ; this, when used at the rate of 1 part in 9 parts water, is very efficient, killing quiescent and feeding mites without injuring the leaf -tissue. The effectiveness of raw linseed oil is partly due to its being a contact poison, but chiefly to its adhesiveness. Beins composed of two types of oil, drying oil and resinous oil, it rapidly volatilises when applied as a film, leaving the resinous or waxy residue enveloping any mites present on the leaf. To effect a thorough control, at least three applications should be given to the young plants at weekly intervals,, as soon after they have been set out in the greenhouses as possible, cool, cloudy days being chosen for the operation. EssiG (E. 0.) & KuwANA (S. I.). Some Japanese Aphididae.— Proc. California Acad. Sci., San Francisco, viii, no, 3, 9th July 1918, pp. 35-112, 40 figs. [Received 2nd November 1918.] This paper, which has been prepared as an introduction to the study of Japanese Aphids, includes the following species : — ■ Macrosifk^im absinthi, L., on Artemis vulgaris indica ; M. granariumy Kirby, on rice ; M. hagi, sp. n. , on Lespedeza bicolor (hagi) ; M. ibotum^ sp. n., on the under-sides of the leaves of Ligustnmi ibota ; M. nip- ponicum, sp. n. ; M. yiishigaharae, sp. n., on Chrysanthemum ; M. rosae, L., on Rosa multiHora ; M. rudbeckiae, Fitch, on Boltonia indica, 548 Cniciis japonicus and Platycodon grandiflorum ; RhopalosipJmm indicum, Van der Goot, on Euscajihis japonica and Staphylea bumalda ; R. lactucae, Kalt., on Lactuca denticulata and Sonchus oleraceus, L. ; R. lespedezae, sp. n., on Lespedeza bicolor ; R. magnoliae, sp. n., on Poncirus trifoliata, Magnolia conspicua and I])omoea hederacea ; R. nymphaeae, L., on Prunus mume (Japanese apricot), plum, Japanese pear, peach, Sagittaria sagittaefolia and East Indian lotus ; R. persicae, Sulzer, on Brassica campestris (mustard) ; Siphocoryne bicaudata, sp. n., on Salix sp. ; S. japonica, sp. n., on Angelica polytnorpha ; Aphis avenae, F., on Hordeum vulgar e and wheat ; A. brassicae, L., on Brassica chinensis ; A. citricola, Van der Goot, on citrus ; A. gossypvi, Glover, on orange, cucumber, potato and other plants ; A. japonica, sp. n., on apple ; A. medicaginis, Koch, on Vicia faba. Hibiscus syriacus, etc. ; A. pomi, De G., on Chaenomeles japonica (Japan quince), apple, and Japanese pear; A. rumicis, L., on Rurnex crispus ; A. siphonella, sp. n., on Japanese pear ; A. somei, sp. n., on Rhus javanica. Viburnum tomentosuni, apple, orange, and Japanese pear; A. spimdosa, sp. n., on cherry ; A. thalictrii, sp. n., on Thalictrum minus ; Toxoptera aurantii, Boyer, on Illicium anisatum ; T. piricola, Mats., from pseudogalls on edges of Japanese pear leaves ; Chaitophorus japonica, sp. n. , on Acer pictum ; C. scdijaponica, sp. n. , on Salix multinervis ; Calaphis magnoliae, sp. n. , on Magnolia kobus ; Euceraphis japonica, sp. n., on Alnus indica glauca ; Myzocallis capitata, sp. n., on Quercus serrata ; M. macrotubercidata, sp. n., on Quercus dentata ; M. {Nippo- callis) kuricola. Mats., on Castanea sativa ; Chromaphis celticolens, sp. n., on Celtis sinensis ; Trichosiphuni kuivanai, Perg. , on Quercus serrata ; Eutrichosiphum pasaniae, Okajima, on Castanopsis cusjndata ; Lachnus pinidensiflorae, sp. n., on Pinus densijiora (Japanese red pine) ; Pterochlorus tropicalis. Van der Goot {japonicus, Mats.), on Quercus serrata, Q. dentata, and Castanop)sis cuspidata ; Prociphilus crataegi, Tullg., on Crataegus cuneatus ; P. osmanthae, sp. n., on Osmanthus aquifoliuni ; P. ptyri, Fitch, from pseudogalls on Japanese pear leaves ; Anoecia (Nippolachnus) piri. Mats., on pear leaves ; Nipponaphis distylii, Perg., from leaf-galls on Distyliuni racemosum ; and N. cuspi- datae, sp. n., on Castanopsis cuspidata. Brethes (J.). La Polilla de los Graneros. [Granary Pests.] — Anales Sac. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, hi, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 339-342, 2 figs. [Received 21st October 1918.] The most destructive granary pest in South America is Calandra oryzae, which has four generations in a year, or five if the winter is warm. A less important pest is Tinea granella, which attacks exclu- sively wheat, barley and rye. The appearance and habits of these pests are described. Fumigation is recommended with carbon bisul- phide, carbon tetrachloride or sulphurous anhydride. In the case of the last-named, 5 j oz. of sulphur are mixed with 3^ oz. of saltpetre ; the mixture is ignited and allowed to burn for 24 hours, the granary being hermetically sealed during the operation. It is then thoroughly ventilated, and the walls, roof, etc. disinfected with a 2 per thousand solution of corrosive sublimate. The quantities given are sufficient to fumigate 50 cubic metres (1,766 cubic feet). 549 Barber (H. S.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes and Descriptions of some Orchid Weevils. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, B.C., xix, no. 1-4 ; March, June. September, December, 1917 ; pp. 12-22, 1 plate. [Received 22nd October 1918.] Several weevils injuring orchids are dealt with in this paper and descriptions are given of the following new species : Acythopeus gilvonotatus, found among Phillipine orchids in Washington greenhouses and on Phalmnopsis in New Jersey ; Eucactophagus iveissi, taken ia orchid houses in New Jersey ; and E. biocellalus from a single specimen, received from the Canal Zone, Panama. Walton (W. R.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Three New Tachinid Parasites of Ehodes. — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washington, B.C., xix, no. 1-4 ; March, June, September, December 1917 ; pp. 22-26, 1 plate. [Received 22nd October 1918.] The new species of Tachinids here described, which are parasitic upon adult Coleoptera, include Eleodiphaga cajfreyi, gen. et sp. no v., from adult? of Eleodes extricata, Say, in New Mexico, and E. obsoleta. Say in Arizona ; Eleodiphaga poUinosa, reared from an adult of Eleodes hispilabrus, Say, in New Mexico ; and Biomyia eleodivora, described from one individual reared from an adult of Eleodes tricostata, Say, in Nebraska. Hall (W. B.). Notes on the Immature Stages of Hemitaxonus multicinctus, Rohwer. — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washington, B.C., xix, no. 1-4 ; March, June, September, December, 1917 ; p. 28. [Received 22nd October 1918.] The sawfiy, Hemitaxonus midticinctus, Rohwer, is recorded from cultivated ferns, Athyrium thelypteroides, in Ohio. The eggs are laid late in May on the upper side of the leaf, incubation varying from 50 to 60 hours. In rearing cages the feeding stage of the larvae occupied 11 to 12 days. There is only one annual generation. It seems probable that this species is only partly controlled by hellebore. The house WTen, Troglodytes domesticus, is an active enemy of the larvae. CusHMAN (R. A.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Two new Chalcids from the Seeds of Amelanchier. — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washington, B.C., xix, no. 1-4 ; March, June, September, December, 1917 ; pp. 79-86, 1 plate. [Received 22nd October 1918.] The discovery of two species of Chalcid developing in the seeds of the shad bush {Amelanchier canadensis) was recorded by the author in 1914 ; since then, a number of infested berries have been collected and examined. Descriptions are given of the two species reared from the berries, both of which are new to science. Megastigmus amelanchieris, sp. n., described from seeds collected in West Virginia and in Pennsylvania, oviposits in late May and early June, the egg probably being deposited -v^dthin the tissue of the seed. The larva 550 entirely consumes the contents of the seed and matures in early July, by which time the fruit is ripening and falling to the ground. The larva hibernates within the seed, pupates in the following spring, and the adult emerges a few days later. The life-cycle therefore occupies nearly a year. Syntomaspis amelanchieris, sp. n., appears as an adult from two to three weeks later than M. amelanchieris, when the berries are nearly full-grown, oviposition occurring in the latter part of June. The results of rearing experiments lead to the suspicion that Syniomas'pis amelanchieris is parasitic on Megastigmus amelanchieris, and this is borne out by the fact that examination of a seed showed traces of both species, an adult of S. amelanchieris emerging, while a dead and shrivelled larva of M. amelanchieris remained within the seed. Whether S. amelanchieris is normally parasitic is not definitely known, but the later emergence of this species, together with its comparative rarity and the condition of the seeds at the time the adults are active, all indicate that such is the case. Burke (H. E.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Oryssus is Parasitic. — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washington, D.C., xix, no. 1-4; March, June, September, December, 1917 ; pp. 87-89. [Received 22nd October 1918.] Observations made during the past two years have definitely confirmed the supposition that the members of the genus Oryssus are parasitic, several species of Buprestids having proved to be its hosts. Many instances of parasitism are recorded, including a larva found near a larva of Biiprestis aundenta, L., in the outer wood of Douglas spruce ; a larva that developed into an adult of Oryssus occidentalis, parasitising a larva of Biiprestis confluens. Say, in an old log of aspen {Populus tremidoides) ; 0. occidentalis parasitising Biiprestis laeviventris in old logs of yellow pine [Pinus ponderosa). A pupa of the genus Oryssus was also found in the same logs in what appeared to be the pupal cell of the Buprestid, Chrysophana placida. The act of oviposition into a Buprestid larval mine in yellow pine was witnessed. The length of the life-cycle of the parasite is not yet determined. The larvae have as yet been found only with large Buprestid larvae and it is not known whether they are internal feeders in the small Buprestid larvae or whether they only attack the host larvae when well developed. The larvae of the genus Buprestis which serve as hosts live for several years in the wood of the host plant. EoHWER (S. A.) & CusHMAN (R. A.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Idiogastra, a new Sub-order of Hyraenoptera, with Notes on the Immature Stages of Oryssus. — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washington, D.C., xix, no. 1-4 ; March, June, September, December, 1917 ; pp. 89-98, 2 plates. [Received 22nd October 1918.] In view of the discovery of the habits of larvae of Oryssus occidentalis [see preceding paper], the authors suggest that the Oryssoids should be raised to the rank of a sub-order, Idiogastra. The larva and pupa of 0. occidentalis are described. 551 'CusHMAN (R. A.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes on the Biology of Schizonotus sieboldi, Ratz. — Proc. Entoyn. Soc, Washington, D.C., xix, no. 1-4 ; March, June, September, December, 1917 ; pp. 128-129, 1 plate. [Received 22nd October 1918.] The case of Chalcids feeding as external parasites of their host, unprotected by their food-substance or pupal covering, has been very rarely observed, though the Eulophid, Euj^lectrus comstocU, How., is well-known as having this habit in relation to the cotton worm '[Alabama argillacea]. Another Chalcid with similar habits is Schizonotus sieboldi, Ratz., which was originally described from individuals reared from Melasoma {Chrysomela) populi. The author records the attack of this parasite upon pupae of M. interruphmi, Hald., on alder in Pemisylvania. Both larvae and pupae of the parasites were found on the ventral side of the ho.st ; there were generally 3 to 7 parasites on each, the beetle pupa being sucked until completely dry. On pupae of M. interrupum that had been parasitised by successive attacks of S. sieboldi, the minute larvae of the second ■attack were found feeding on the older parasites. Heinrich (C). U.S. Bur. Entom. A New Cokophora injurious to Apple in California. — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washington, D.C., xix, no. 1—4 ; March, June, September, December, 1917 ; pp. 135-136. [Received 22nd October 1918.J Coleophora volckei, sp. n., is described from moths reared from larvae •collected in California upon apple, the larvae mining the leaves and ■occasionally feeding upon the fruit itself [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 99]. RoHWER (S. A.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The American Species of the Genus Cephus, Latreille. — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washington, B.C., xix, no. 1-4 ; March, June. September. December, 1917 ; pp. 139-141. [Received 22nd October 1918.] This paper is the result of a study of many individuals of the genus 'Cephus reared from the stems of various grass-like plants, and is an attempt to separate the species that are injurious to American cereal and forage crops. The author has come to the conclusion that there is only one species involved, the forms previously distinguished being merely extreme varieties of the same species. A key is given to the North American species of Cephus, in which the European species, 'C ])ygniaeus, L., is differentiated from the native American one, C. cinctus, Norton. The latter has the more extended range and is of far more economic importance in North America. The species previously known as Cephus rufiventris, Cress. , is referred to the genus -Janus. Fisher (W. S.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A New Species of Longhorn Beetle infesting Cowpeas from Mexico. — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washington, B.C., xix, no. 1-4 ; March, June, September, December, 1917 : pp. 173-174. [Received 22ad October 1918.] Lepturges spermophagus, sp. n., is described from four individuals reared from unripened seeds in the green pods of cowpeas ; it closely 'o-.yj: resembles the common American Leptostylus macula, Say. The only other Longicorn beetle recorded as infesting leguminous plants is Baryssinus leguminicola, Linell, a single individual of which was taken from a jar containing pods of Enferolobium, from Paraguay. MiDDLETON (W.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes on the Larvae of some Cephidae. — Proc. Entom. Sac, Washington, B.C., xix, no. 1-4 ; March, June, September, December, 1917; pp. 174-179, 1 plate. [Received 22nd October 1918.] This paper is the first of a series on North American sawfly larvae. Five species representing four genera of Gephids are here dealt with, with a key differentiating the larvae. Aclirus trimaculatus. Say, is recorded as boring in blackberries and roses. Janus abbreviatus, Say,, infests willow and poplar ; from the material collected, Tetrastichus sp., Euryfoma sp. and Microbracon sp. emerged. J. integer, Norton,, agreeing with the larval description of J. abbreviatus, was found boring in Ribes sp. (currant) in Massachusetts ; during the rearing experiments, three undetermined Chalcids emerged. Cephus cinctus, Norton, was obtained from Elymus canadensis ; and Hartigia cressoni,. Kirby, from Rubus in California. Westgate (J. M.). Report of the Hawaii Agricultural Experiment Station, 1917. — States Relations Service, U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., 5th March 1918, 56 pp., 8 plates. [Received 22nd October 1918.] Adoretus umbrosus (Japanese beetle) is one of the most important insect pests of grapes, particularly in restricted areas. As the beetles hide under the soil during the day, hand-picking of the adults at night when the insects can be seen on the foliage by means of a lantern has proved the most effective measure, though it is tedious and expensive. Experiments with arsenical sprays on grape-vines gave good results ; 1 lb. paste lead arsenate in a very adhesive form to 10 U.S. gals, water proved the best of several formulae tried. During wet weather a fungus disease was a factor of some importance in controlling this beetle. Dacus cucurbitae (melon fly) is a great menace to tomato growing in Hawaii ; it is hoped by hybridisation to secure a strain resistant to the pest. A mite is found associated with a very prevalent and destructive disease of potatoes, the new terminal growth and the petioles becoming withered and dried, and the plants dying in 10 to 20 days if seriously attacked. Whether the mites are actually the cause of the disease is not known. Peregrinus maidis (corn leaf-hopper) caused great destruction in a field of maize grown for variety and fertihser tests. A large number of parasites {Ootetrastichus sp.) were released among the maize and succeeded in controlling the leaf-hoppers sufiiciently for a crop to be obtained. Davidson (J. H.). Kumara Culture. — Neiv Zealand Jl. Agric, Wellington, N.Z., xvii, no. 2, 20th August 1918, pp. 84-86. The sweet potato {Ipomoea batatas) is becoming every year a more important article of food in New Zealand, partly no doubt on account of the failure of much of the potato crop during the past three seasons. nn'5 The plant is particularly free from diseases or pests ; the only pest observed is the caterpillar of Herse {Sphinx) convolmli. This moth is not yet sufficiently abundant to require controlhng other than by hand-picking the conspicuous larvae. EsAM (G.). Orchard Sprays and Spraying. — Neiv Zealand Jl. Agric., Wellington, xvii, no. 2, 20th August 1918, pp. 103-109. This paper discusses the merits of various types of spraying apparatus and gives general directions for spraying during the various seasons for the commoner pests of apples, pears and stone fruits. In the author's opinion unnecessary risk is taken in fruit-growing, particularly in regard to sprays and spraying ; he contends that fruit-growers should be prepared for the worst possible weather conditions, should select the best spray for their purpose and should not stint its use. Franklin (H. J.). Report of the Cranberry Substation for 1916.— Mass. Agric. Expt. S(a., Amherst, Bull. no. 180, November 1917, pp. 183-234. [Received 17th October 1918.] Rhabdopterus picipes, Oliv. (cranberry rootworm) was definitely identified by breeding during the year. The larvae, which are nearly full-growTi at the beginning of winter, hibernate in this stage and pupate in June, the chief period of emergence of the adult being from the 3rd to the 11th July. To protect the foliage from the beetles, it was experimentally sprayed on the 3rd, Uth and 18th July with an arsenical spray composed of Corona lead arsenate 2| lb., white arsenic 1 heaped teaspoonful, and water 40 U.S. gals. In the last application the arsenic was increased to 1| teaspoonfuls. Observations continued till the end of the season showed that the pest had been practically exterminated by this treatment. Experiments and observations of bog-flooding operations against the larvae of Lymantna {Porthetria) dispar, L., show that these will be most satisfactory if done while the caterpillars are small, and the sooner after the eggs are hatched the better. Very young larvae have the habit of chnging to their support when submerged and are less liable to float ashore aUve. To be entirely effective, even when the larvae are small, a flood must be maintained for nearly 40 hours. An account of the dispersion of the larvae by wind has already been noticed [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, p. 215]. The larvae of the last brood of Perrisia {Dasijneura) vaccinii, Smith (cranberry tip worm) were found to be parasitised by one Chalcidid {Tetrakichus sp.) and two Proctotrupids {Aphanogmus sp. and Ceraphora sp.), the first two being present only in small numbers, but the last forming a heavy infestation, the chief emergence of the adults taking place between the 12th and 22nd August. Rhopohofa vacciniana, Pack, (black-head fireworm) was successfully- controlled in the larval stage with Black-leaf 40, 1 part to 400 parts. water, resin-fish-oil soap being added at the rate of 21b. to 50 U. S. gals. Further experiments with this insecticide are needed to deter- mine at what strength, and how many times, it should be appUed to (C523) o 554 either brood. Two or perhaps three apphcations for the first brood are necessary, but for the second brood lead arsenate may probably prove more suitable, as it is less injurious to tender fohage. Mineolu vaccinii, Riley (cranberry fruit worm) was less prevalent in 1916 than in any season since 1903. This moth is not usually very troublesome except in regions with comparatively cold and dry climates. The eggs are parasitised by the Chalcidid, Trichogramma minutum, and the larvae by the Braconid, Phanerotoyyia JranMini, and by Pristomeridia agilis, parasitised cocoons being usually much smaller and more dehcate than the normal ones. The results of submergence tests conducted with fruit worms in their cocoons showed that the effects depend largely upon the temperature of the water, and it is suggested that a flooding after picking, if begun before 1st October and continued for 12 or possibly even 10 days, might control this pest as well as late holding of the winter flood usually does. Such flooding practised annually after picking would probably also have a much less harmful effect on the bog. A destructive outbreak of Laphygma frugiperda, S. & A. (fall army worm), on widely separated cranberry bogs in New Jersey occurred in 1916, following closely, and evidently caused by, the removal of winter-flowage in mid- July. This moth, which feeds on a variety of plants, has not hitherto been known as a cranberry pest, and as its frequent outbreaks, which start in the southern States, sometimes reach as far north as Canada, there is reason to fear that the mid- summer removal of winter-flowage may more or less regularly invite serious trouble from this pest on Cape Cod, as well as in New Jersey. ViNAL (S. C). The European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nuhilalis, Hubner, a Recently Established Pest in Massachusetts. — Mass. Agric. Expt. Sta., Atnherst, Bull. no. 178, December 1917, pp. 147-152. [Received 17th October 1918.] Pyrausta nubilalis (European corn borer) although introduced into Massachusetts only about 8 years ago, now infests a district about 100 square miles in extent. At present sweet maize is the only valuable commercial crop seriously attacked, the other food-plants, i.e., hops, hemp and millet, not being grown in the infested region. The most commonly infested weeds and grasses are barnyard grass {Echinochloa crusgalli), pig weed {Amarantus retrojiexus) and foxtail grass {Setaria glauca) ; dahha stems are also injured. Since all the transformations take place within the plant, there is no hope of destroying the pest by the use of insecticides during summer, and measures must be directed against the hibernating insects. This may be effected by burning the stalks, which, however, is a wasteful method as they are valuable both as fodder and as green manure. Burying them, provided that they are cut into small pieces with a disc harrow and then deeply ploughed in, is effective if done thoroughly. The best means from an economic point of view is that of using the stalks for fodder, but they must be shredded when used either green or dry. Ensilage by ordinary methods must be a highly effective method of destroying the insects, since it seems very improbable that they could survive the conditions existing in a silo. 555 Sanders (J. Gr.) & Fracker (S. B). Division of Entomology. — Biennial Repl. Wisconsin Dept. Agric. for the Years 1915-1916, Madison, Bull. no. 10, 31st Deceml3er 1916, pp. 30-56. [Received ITth October 1918.] Of the 162 nurseries inspected during 1915, 74 were reported entirely clean, and the remainder showed only common and unimportant diseases and insect pests, the most serious being the San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosHs] present in 9 nurseries. All the infested trees were destroyed, as well as those discovered during a second inspection after the leaves had fallen. In 1916 this scale was found in only 4 nurseries and in Umited numbers, these infested trees being also destroyed. Since the San Jose scale was first discovered in Wisconsin about 1896 and again in 1902, it has been imported into the ♦State a great many times, 35 separate introductions into 15 different localities having been discovered and the host-plants destroyed. In the case of the 6 towns where it is now strongly established, it is probable that there have been repeated introductions. In all cases where the pest is present in, or adjacent to, commercial orchards it will be drastically eliminated, since its presence in an orchard increases the cost of production by at least 8 to 15 per cent. Crijptorrhynchus lapathi (imported poplar weevil) was a serious pest, over 5,000 poplar and willow trees being condemned or destroyed by inspectors during the summer of 1916. Although known in Wisconsin for less than a decade, it has spread throughout the State, and special interest attaches to the possibiUty of finding varieties of poplar that are relatively immune. The life-cycle of C. lapathi occupies an entire year, eggs being laid after 15th July, on which date the adult beetles begin to appear. The larvae hatch out in a few days and may be found in the bark and sapwood during the late summer, autumn and \^^nter. The principal injury is caused to the woody fibres of the tree, the latter being also greatly weakened by the autumn feeding in the sapwood, so that it may be broken off easily by accident or a strong wind. Lachnosterna spp. (white grubs) are relatively more injurious in Wisconsin than in the neighbouring States, though they are serious pests throughout the entire Mississippi valley. An account of their occurrence in Wisconsin has already been noticed [see this Review, Sei. A, iv, p. 283]. Grasshoppers, including Melanoplus atlantis and other species, probably cause as much damage annually as all other insects combined. An alarming outbreak in 1914 was dealt with by the use of a poisoned bran mash and a poison spray with beneficial results. The formula for the preparation of the former was : — Bran 20 lb. , Paris green 1 lb. , syrup 2 U.S. qts., 3 lemons, water 3| U.S. gals., this quantity being sufficient for 5 acres ; and the formula for the latter was : — Sodium -arsenite 1 lb., s\T:up 2 U.S. cjts., water 60 U.S. gals. Hylemyia antiqua, L., (onion maggot), which has caused immense damage throughout the country for many years has been successfully controlled by the use of a poison-bait spray consisting of ^ oz. sodium arsenite or white arsenic dissolved in 1 U.S. gal. boiUng water to which ^ pint to 1 pint black New Orleans molasses has been added, the bait being made much more attractive by soaking chopped onions (C523) c2 556 in it for a time. This should be applied by sprinkling with a whisk broom or coarse hand sprayer twice a week from the time the onions first appear, until the middle of June. Pulvinaria vitis, L. (cottony maple scale) has been increasing in numbers for 3 or 4 years, and does not seem to be so rapidly controlled by insect enemies as formerly. Communal action in the purchase of high pressure spraying outfits, ladders and trucks is the most practicable method of control. SchrecJcensteima jestaliella, Hb., a European species that has been recorded from blackberries in Virginia, caused a great amount of damage to raspberries in 1915 and 1916, though a rational spraying system would probably result in its elimination. An orchid weevil, Cholus cattleyae, Champ, {cattleyarum, Barber) probably has a life-cycle occupAang from 6 months to a year. Adults have been taken in January, March, June, August and September, larvae haAnng also been found in all stages during this time. The pupal period occupies from two to four Veeks. Phytomyza (Na^omyza) chrysanthemi, Kowartz (chrysanthemum leaf-miner) is often a source of considerable loss to florists. Black- leaf 40, with or without whale-oil soap, using 1 part of 40 per cent, nicotine to 400 of water, is a satisfactory control for it. Memoria de los Trabajos realizados contra la Langosta : Invasi6n del 1915-1916. [Memorandum of Work carried out agamst Locusts: Invasion of 1915-1916.] — Defensa Agricola, Repvb. Oriental del Uruguay, Ministerio Industrias, Montevideo, 1916, 444 pp., with maps and illustrations. [Received 17th October 1918.] This review of the locust invasion of 1915-1916, one of the most serious ever experienced in Uruguay, describes the methods adopted to control it. The locusts of this outbreak appeared to be particularly free from diseases. In many localities the swarms were attacked by a parasite, Mermis acridiorum, but apparently with but Httle effect on their intensity or voracity. Although the invasion was not completely controlled throughout the locaUties attacked, it was considerably checked by means of vigorous and co-operative action in the face of many difficulties, such as lack of labour and materials. The character of much of the country invaded, which was uninhabited and full of shelter for the locusts, rendered control more difficult, while in the more populated regions the measures carried out met with much more success. As a preliminary measure, all available machinery and materials were collected, including large quantities of' galvanised iron, many cases of naphtha, torches, insecticides, potash soap etc. All available labour was utihsed, including mihtary help, and the materials were distributed throughout the invaded territory, ^^^lerever possible the eggs were destroyed by digging up the fields where they were deposited, but in the case of roads or other places where removal was not practicable the campaign was directed against the adults. Drags were found to be the most useful apparatus for the destruction of the adults, while fencing was indispensable in controlHng the hoppers. The most widely adopted measure was that of fencing and ditching, this plan 557 proving the most efficacious and economical. In other cases the locusts were driven into corrals constructed of low iron fencing and were then burnt or treated with some insecticide. The reports of the inspectors in the various districts are appended, ^\'ith details of the measures adopted, which varied according to the conditions in the different localities. Adair (E. W.). Additional Notes on some Egyptian Cerambycidae mentioned in Mr. Alfieri's List. (Bull. 1916, 3. 1917.)— Bull. Soc. Entom. d'Egypte, Cairo, x, no. 3, July-September, 1917, pp. 96-97. [Received 22nd October 1918.] As regards the Cerambycids mentioned by Alfieri [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, V, p. 293], Macrotoma palmata, F., should be noted as feeding upon Eucahjptus and not camphor, which is very rare in the neighbour- hood of Cairo. Dichostates subocellatus, Fairm., is found in the trunks and branches of Poinciana regia. The larvae of Pseudoalbana lameerei, Pic, have been observed attacking the stems of Citrullus vulgaris var. colocynthoides in Nubia at the end of March. Adults emerged in the middle of April. In the fruit of the same plant were found large numbers of Baris gramdipenni.'i, which has hitherto been recorded in EgN'pt only in the fruit of Citrullus colonjnthis. Mo^^SERT (V. M.). Les Cotons Egyptiens, 'eur Deterioration et les Moyens d'y remedier. [Egyptian Cotton, its Deterioration and Remedial Measures.] — Bull. Union AgricuUeurs d'Egypte, Cairo, xvi, no. 124, August-September 1918, pp. 53-79. The increase of Pectinophora (Gelechia) gossypiella (pink bollworm) on Egyptian cotton has been ascribed to a growing degeneracy in the cotton plants that has rendered them more hable to insect attack, Investigations carried on for several years have however led to the conclusion that no type of cotton at present grown in Egypt, whether old or new, pure or impure, offers any specific resistance to the attacks of the pink bollworm. It is known that in India P. gossypiella is an enemy of secondary importance to cotton. But whenever an attempt has been made to introduce the Egyptian varieties these have been heavily attacked, while the Indian varieties cultivated in the vicinity have scarcely suffered at all. It is obvious then that a selection based on the question of immunity to pink bollworm attack would be a distinct advantage in the planting of cotton. This is a recognised method of control in dealing with certain vegetable pests and it is hoped that by patient and intelligent experiment on the part of experts the problem of the control of P. gossypiella may some day be solved by this method. Carpenter (C. W.). Methods of Combating Garden Pests. — Hawaii Agric. Expt. Sta., Honolulu, Exten. Bull. no. 4, Emer. Ser. ii, 13th August 1917, 16 pp. [Received 22nd October 1918.] This bulletin gives information of practical value in checking the ravages of insect and fungus pests in gardens in the Hawaiian Islands. A table is given of the crops, pests, signs of disease, and methods of control advocated. Formulae and instructions are given 558 for the preparation of the most commonly used insecticides and spray mixtures, and dips for disinfecting seeds ; methods of fumigating infested cereals, etc., are discussed in connection with the various groups of insects to which they apply. Problems of Wheat Storage. — Commonwealth Australia Advisory Council Sci. Indust., Melbourne, Bull. no. 5, 1917, pp. 19-23. [Received 22nd October 1918.] A preliminary notice of this report has already appeared [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 269]. The Progress Report of the Special Committee that has been considering the damage done to stored grain by insects discusses the development of weevils in wheat and the increase in the number of weevils ; the destruction of weevils by means of poisonous gases and by drying ; and favourable and unfavourable conditions for the multiplication of grain weevils. Points that still require elucidation are. the percentage of moisture in samples of harvested grain from all the chief grain-producing districts of the Commonwealth, and the degree and rate of absorption of moisture from the air of moist climates by dry grain completely protected from rain, but freely exposed to air. It is suggested that the experiments made by F. J. C'ole on the effects of moisture and carbon dioxide on the rate of multiplication of grain weevils should be repeated and amplified under Australian conditions. Brittain (W. H.). Sucking Insects of the Apple. — Fifty-second Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc, for 1916, Port Williams, 1916, pp. 85-111. [Received 22nd October 1918.] This paper reviews the life-histories, habits and methods of control of the most injurious sucking insects that attack apples in Nova Scotia. The species dealt with include Lygus com.munis novascotiensis (green apple bug) [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, pp. 96 & 520 and V, p. 194]. Other species of which some account is given include Aphis sorbi, Kalt. (rosy apple aphis). Aphis pomi, DeG. (green apple aphis), Eriosofna lanigenmi, Hausm. (woolly apple aphis), various scale-insects, and Eriophyes pyri (pear-leaf blister mite), all of which have been dealt with in this Review. Sanders ((x. E). Results obtained at the Dominion Entomological Laboratory during 1915.— Fifty-second Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc, for 1916. Port Williams, 1916, pp. 112-129. [Received 22nd October 1918.] Recurvaria nanella, Hb. (lesser bud-moth) which was first recorded from Nova Scotia in 1915, is similar in life-history and habits to other species of bud-moths common in Nova Scotia, but differs in the eft'ect that the odour of sulphur sprays has upon it. Almost complete control can be obtained by a late dormant or semi-dormant hme- sulphur or soluble sulphur spray. Such a spray does not seem to kill any larvae in their hibernating quarters, but when they emerge in the spring the odour of these sprays causes them to drop to the ground instead of attacking the opening buds. This species is a serious pest in Europe on apple, pear, plum and peach, and as it has been 559 imported into Canada without its native parasites it may prove a very injurious pest in the future. Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Don. (brown- tail moth), the cankerworm and the tussock moth are also dealt with in respect to their prevalence during the year under review. Blair (W. S.). Experimental Orchard Work-1915. — Fifty-second Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Groivers' Assoc, for 1916, Port Williams, 1916, pp. 184-197. This paper records the results of many experiments with various sprays and indicates the value of spraying on certain dates. Murphy (P.) Apple Dusting in Nova Scotia. — Fifty-third Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers^ Assoc, for 1917, Port Williams, 1917, pp. 44-50. [Received 22nd October 1918.] This paper records the first experiments in dusting apples in Nova Scotia. The results indicate that dusting is undoubtedly a superior method to lime-sulphur spraying, and it is thought that the former method will be largely employed as soon as it has been proved successful in controlUng apple scab under Nova Scotia conditions at all seasons. DuNSTAN (A. G.). Some Injurious Biting Insects in Nova Scotia.— Fifty-third Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc, for 1917, Port Williams, pp. 61-67. [Received 22nd October 1918.] Some figures are given illustrating the steady decrease in the numbers of Nygmia phaeorrhoea (bro\Mi-tail moth). Other species dealt w4th are Ametastegia glahrala (dock saw-fly) [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 241], Ancylis nubecidana (leaf-sewer) [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 106], the tussock moth and cankerworm. Brittain (W. H.). Experimental Results in 1916.- Fifty-third Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Grotvers' Assoc, for 1917, Port Williams, pp. 68-80. [Received 22nd October 1918.] Tables are given showing the results of experiments against the green apple bug [Lygus cominunis 7iovascotiensis] and detailed recom- mendations for control measures are included. Miscellaneous spraying tests are also recorded with tables showing the results. Sanders (G. E.). Some Results from Spraying Worli of 1916.— Fifty- third Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc, for 1917, Port Williatns, pp. 160-177. A number of spraying experiments are recorded. The spraying recommendations given have previously been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 176]. Brittain (W. H.). Some Miscellaneous Results in 1917 .—Fifty-fourth Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc, for 1918, Port Williams, 1918, pp. 27-39. [Received 22nd October 1918.] The question of dusting versus spraying is discussed, chiefly with regard to apple scab infestation. The work in connection with green 560 apple bug [Lygiis communis novascotiensis] has been continued and former observations confirmed ; in particular the importance of the spray before blossoming is emphasised, the material used being soluble sulphur, soap and Blackleaf 40. Cankerworms were also well controlled by this mixture. Experiments with poison sprays against potato beetles showed that calcium arsenate is the cheapest effective poison ; it is, however, less adhesive than lead arsenate or zinc arsenate. MuEPHY (P.). Comparison of Dusting and Spraying Apples in Nova Scotia in 1917, — Fifty-.fourth Ann. Reft. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc, for 1918, Port Williains, 1918, pp. 58-71. [Received 22nd October 1918.] Results in dusting apples have been rather conflicting in the year under review, and some years' trial wilhbe necessary before its general utihty is definitely assured, A mixture of 90 per cent, sulphur and 10 per cent, lead arsenate was found superior to weaker mixtures, the results being shown in a table, particularly as regards insect control, but the protection afforded by the dust against apple scab is not as good as the spray provides. A table compares the results in 1916 and 1917. Another table emphasises the harmless nature of dusting as regards injury to foliage and the dropping of fruit, while the apphcations can be made with far greater rapidity than is the case with a hquid spray. On the other hand, the excessive cost of dusting materials at present Umits the use of this method. Sanders (G. E.). Apple S^r3Lying.~Fifty-fourth Ann. Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers'' Assoc, for 1918, Port Williams, 1918, pp. 72-92. The value of lime-sulphur as a spray for apples is discussed, with the injury it causes to the fruit, the best methods of applying the spray, the periods at which the spray is dangerous to the fruit and the effect of sunhght on hme-sulphur injury. It is found that soluble sulphur and calcium arsenate cannot be used for four sprays as the hme causes yellowing. A mixture of 1 lb. soluble sulphur, 10 lb. hydrated lime and ^ lb. calcium arsenate to 40 gals., added in the order named, may be used four times on the most tender foliage without injury. Some suggestions are given for experimenting with this spray alternating with various Bordeaux mixtures. With soluble sulphur, calcium arsenate is the only poison that can be used, while with Bordeaux mixture calcium arsenate is satisfactory and cheap. For the outbreak of cankerworm existing in many orchards, especially where tanglefoot has not been applied, the only way to prevent defoliation is to spray thoroughly just before the blossoms open w^ith 15 lb. paste lead arsenate to 100 gals, water. For the tussock moth [Hemerocampa leucostigma], which was abundant in 1917 and is expected to do still greater damage in 1918, the third or after-blossom spray was found to be more eff'ective than the fourth, particularly with the addition of a poison. The author strongly advocates the use of the spray gun as a labour-saving device. 561 Pike (M. P.). Dominion Experimental Orchard Work in 1917. —Fifty - fourth Ann. Rept. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc, for 1918, Port Williams, 1918, pp. 145-166. The value of various sprays is discussed, chiefly with regard to the control of apple scab. From results obtained during the past four years it is evident that hme-sulphur arsenate is a more satisfactory spray than Bordeaux arsenate. Lead arsenate has been found the most efficient insecticide to use with lime-sulphur. Heavy applications of lime-sulphur arsenate are hkely to cause scorching ; the lighter the appKcation the less scalding will result. Scorching of the foliage may be due to lime-sulphur only, but the addition of an arsenate increases the damage; yellow^ing of the foliage is apparently due entirely to the arsenate and not to the lime-sulphur. Foliage injury has appeared principally after the fourth spray, and Bordeaux arsenate in this connection seems to cause as much injury as lime-sulphur arsenate. It is thought that more attention should be given to sprays applied before blooming and that the strength of 1 to 40 lime- sulphur in these sprays can be made without danger of foliage injury if reasonable applications are given. If only one spray is applied before blossoming, it should be given just when the pink of the blossoms becomes apparent. The spray after the petals have fallen should be weaker, about 1 to 50 strength of lime-sulphur. The fourth spray should not be a drench spray, but should be as hghtly applied and misty as possible, using 1 : 50 or 1 : 60 strength. ScAMMEL (H. B.). Cranberry Insect Problems and Suggestions for solving them. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 860, December 1917, 45 pp., 38 figs. [Received 29th October 1918.] Cranberry insects can be disposed of with little difficulty where there is an abundant water supply, permitting flooding and re-flooding at the proper times, and when the sites of new bogs are to be chosen this should be borne in mind. Where the supply of water is insufficient other measures for insect control must be resorted to. Foliage- attacking insects include Rhopobota vacciniana, Pack, (blackhead fireworm). The eggs of this species are deposited in July and August on the under-side of cranberrv' leaves, and may hatch as early as 20th April on dry bogs. Deep flowage and heavy vine growth delay the time of hatching. Eggs of the second generation appear in late Jime or early July. Reflowing when properly timed has proved the be.st control measure. Flowage should be apphed when the larvae are about full-grown ; in the pupal stage 4 days' reflowage is required to exterminate them. The water must be kept just over the tips and any exposed tips must be mown or burnt. Recommendations for spraying as given in this bulletin are quoted elsewhere [see this Revievj, Ser. A, vi, p. 553]. Peronea minuta, Rob. (yellow- head fireworm) is frequently troublesome in New Jersey, but is of minor importance at present in other cranberry regions. The larvae of both the above species make webs joining the termuial leaves and buds together, beneath which they feed. The second generation of larvae, as well as attacking the leaves, eat the blossoms and bore into the newly developed berries. P. minuta may have at least 562 four generations in New Jersey, though three is the normal number. The last generation infests the fruit to a considerable extent in Sep- tember and October. This species can be controlled by holding the winter flowage in one season until 10th May. The wintering moths are then compelled to oviposit on the uplands and the larvae seldom return to the bogs. Lead arsenate, at the strength of 3 to 5 lb. paste to 50 U.S. gals, water, is recom_mended as a spray for newly-hatched larvae. It is suggested also that on dry bogs two sprays should be given at intervals of a week just before new leaves appear at the tips, using 40 per cent, nicotine sulphate (1 : 800) at the rate of 200 U.S. gals, per acre. Gelechia trialbaniaculella, Cham, (red-striped fireworm) is found almost invariably with infestations of P. minvta and is a. dry-bog species. The winter is passed in the larval stage, in a narrow tubular case among badly distorted leaves. Adults emerge from these cases in May, a second generation of adults appearing in July and early August. Bogs that can be covered by winter flowage are not troubled by this moth. Lead arsenate (3^1b. paste to 50 U.S. gals, water)- should control the pest when present on the vines in mid-August. Perrisia (Dasyneura) vaccinii, Smith (cranberry tipworm) has caused_ serious losses in Massachusetts and is becoming very injurious in New Jersey ; in Wisconsin it has been long established and has recently been recorded on the Pacific coast. Winter is passed in the larval stage on the ground and thus winter flowage has little effect on this species. Damage by the larvae is first noticed in May and June, the later generation, occurring in July, being much more injurious. In both instances the topmost leaves are attacked, become cupped and break off. New growth is speedily attacked by the second generation, and few buds are formed, so that no fruit develops on the uprights in the succeeding year. In Massachusetts infestation can be reduced to a minimum by sanding the bog lightly every other year. In New Jersey a much heavier sanding would be required, covering all the litter beneath the vines at least half an inch. Span- worms are sometimes injurious on the vines and can be controlled by lead arsenate or Paris green. Cirphis unijnmcta, Haw. (army worm) and Laphygma frugiperda, S. & A. (fall army- worm) attack cranberry plants in years of unusual abundance ; a prompt reflowage, preferably during cloudy weather, will kill or drive the insects to the shore where they can be destroyed by burning kerosene. Poison-bait or arsenical sprays might be used where reflowage is impossible. Systena frontalis, F. (cranberry flea-beetle) generally attacks new plants, skeletonising the leaves. The beetles first appear in early July and remain throughout the summer. Oviposition occurs in iate July, just below the surface of the ground. These eggs hatch in the following May. Young: plantings sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, with the addition of 3 lb. lead arsenate paste or ]| lb. powder to 50 U.S. gals., are seldom attacked by the beetles. Fruit- attacking insects include Mineola vaccinii, Eiley (cranberry fruitworm), which is probably the most troublesome cranberry pest in Massachusetts and Wisconsin, while in New Jersey it is of minor importance. The larva upon hatching burrows into the fruit near the stem, closing the hole with a thin silken web. The seeds are- eaten and some of the pulp, after which the berry is left for another. Upon completing its feeding the larva descends to the sand under 5G3 the vines and pupates, hibernation beginning in August, surviving the winter flowage and continuing until the following June or July,^ when the adult emerges. The eggs are usually laid in the calyx cup under the lobes, or on any part of the berry. Spraying with arsenicals has given little success in the control of this species. Studies in flowage treatment have previously been recorded [see this Review, Ser. A, iv,, p. 486, and vi, p. 554]. Eniglaea apkita, Grote (cranberry blossom worm) is a recently discovered cranberry pest in New Jersey, and has not been recorded as a pest from other cranberry sections. Eggs are laid in autumn on litter beneath the vines, the larvae appearing in late May and early June. Feeding is at first confined to the leaves and later the buds are bored into, thus spoiUng them for fruit produc- tion. After feeding throughout the summer, pupation occurs in early September in litter or in an earthen cell just below the surface of the ground. Adults appear in late September and October. As a control for the larvae, a heavy application of calcium arsenite on 30th June was very effective, but proved somewhat dangerous to the vines ; a safer treatment is with 3 lb. lead arsenate paste or 1^ lb. powder to 50 U.S. gals, water, with the addition of 2 lb. resin-fish-oil soap. When feasible, much good may result from flooding the bog for one week immediately after picking the crop. If the water is applied in October, when the adults have emerged from the ground and are resting on the vines, the flood will destroy large numbers of them. Autumn flooding probably destroys the pupae also. If reflowage can be applied in June for 48 hours many of the worms will be destroyed. Scudderia texensis, S. & P. (cranberry katydid) ruins a large amount of fruit on the New Jersey bogs in its efforts to obtain the seeds of growing berries. Young katydids first appear on the bogs about mid- June and attain their full size in August, eggs being laid on blades of grasses in September or October, which survive the winter. Flooding the bogs in winter does not kill the eggs, but as these are laid on grasses,, preferably double-seeded millet {Panicum viscidum) or deer grass {Panicmn dichotomum), neither of these grasses should be allowed to grow on the bogs or along the dams. For clearing dams of grasses a form of torch delivering a spray of burning kerosene is found effective. Grasshoppers, particularly Schistocerca aluiacea, Harr., and Melanoplus bivittatus, Say, and crickets destroy many berries. The former oviposit in the stems of sedges, rushes and large grasses, the latter in sandy dams or sandy patches in the bogs. Cleaner culture is desirable on bogs so infested, in some cases complete flooding out lasting two years is necessary, in others holding of the winter flowage until mid- July will destroy many objectionable weeds. The usual grasshopper poison-bait is also useful in the control of these species. Vine-attacking insects include Crambus hortuellus, Hb. (cranberry girdler), which has recently been dealt with [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 10] ; Phylloscelis atra. Germ, (toad bug) [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 455] ; Amphiscejya bivitta, Say (vine-hopper) [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 110], and minor stem feeders, including Clastoptera proteus, Fitch (cranberry froghopper), Pseidococcus adonidum, L. (mealy bug) and various scale-insects, such as Aspidiotus ancylus, Putnam, and Lepidosaphes idmi, L. 561: Eoot-attacking insects include Rhabdopterus picipes, Oliv. (cranberry root-worm) [see this Bevieiv, Ser. A, iii, p. 672 and vi, p. 553] and white grubs, including Phytalus georgianus, Horn, Dyscinetus trachy- pygus, Burm., and Lachnosterna grandis, Sm., which are found occasionally in cranberry bogs, but are not of much importance. For infestations of small areas it is advisable to take up vines and turf on the infested areas and plant new vines. For larger areas, holding the winter flowage until 15th July would probably rid the bog of grubs. Feytaud(J.). Les Tenthredes du Poirier, [Pear-tree Sawflies.] -Bull. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xvii, nos. 9-10, September-October 1918, pp. 102-103, The life-histories of, and injuries due to, the larvae of Neurotoma (Lyda) fiaviventris, Retz., and Eriocampoides limacina, Retz., have already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 478]. They are both parasitised by various Ichneumonids, the former chiefly by Ophion mercator, F. , and the latter by Mesoleius excavatus, Prov. , and Tryphon trwnslucens, Ratz. Stahl (C. F.) &; Carsner (E). Obtaining Beet Leaf-hoppers non- virulent as to Curly-top. (Preliminary Paper.)— JL Agric. Research, Washington, B.C., xiv, no. 9, 26th August 1918, pp. 393-394. A method of obtaining non-virulent leaf-hoppers with certainty and relative ease has been evolved from tests conducted to verify earlier conclusions as to the infectivity of leaf-hoppers [see this Review, Ser. A, V, p. 492]. This consists in removing the young nymph from a diseased to a healthy plant before it has had an opportunity to feed, a proceeding rendered possible by the manner in which the egg of the leaf-hopper hatches. The eggs are laid mainly in the petioles of the leaves, and in hatching the nymph forces its way, anterior end first, from the egg-case and through the slit made by the ovipositor. When the body of the insect reaches a position more or less perpendicular to the plant surface the appendages begin to unfold, and during the latter part of this operation the nymph may be lifted off and transferred to a healthy plant by means of a small camel's-hair brush. In the first experiment, begun on 19th April 1915, three lots of nymphs, numbering 7, 9, and 15 individuals, respectively, were transferred as they hatched to three healthy beet plants in separate cages, the insects being left on the plants until after they had become adults. All three plants remained healthy. On 3rd July the insects of two of the lots were caged on two separate plants afi'ected with curly-top. After 17 days they were again caged on two healthy plants, both of which developed the disease. These and similar results show conclusively that uninfected insects 23laced on healthy beet plants will not produce curly-top. Their special interest lies in the possibility of obtaining a supply of leaf- hoppers known positively to be non-virulent, which may be used to determine whether or not plants other than beets harbour the virus •of curly-top. 565 Urich (F. W.). Some of the Principal Insects affecting Vegetables in Trinidad and Tobago. — Bull. Depi. Agric. Trinidad & Tobago, Porl-of- Spain, xvii. no. 2, 1918, pp. 77-87. [Received 26th October 1918.] These notes, prepared for the guidance of vegetable growers, deal with : — (1) Agricultural operations which tend to keep down insect pests ; (2) natural enemies ; (3) insecticides for biting and for sucking insects ; (4) some of the principal insects of vegetables, grouped under the crops affected, and mentioning the part of the plant attacked and the nature of the damage, together with the necessary treatment and the best time for applying it. Report of the Director.^ — Twenty -eighth Ann. Rept. Agric. Expt. Sta. New Mexico Coll. Agric. & Mechanic Arts, State College, Las Graces. 1916-1917, 92 pp, 12 figs. [Received 29th October 1918.] Experimental applications of lime-sulphur sprays on apples and pears against the San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] seemed to indicate that an effective dormant spray might be applied later in the season than was formerly supposed. Local infestations of Murgantia hislrionica (harlequin cabbage bug) were not severe enough to warrant any extensive remedial measures. There were two genera- tions in the year, approximately 150 eggs being laid per female in a period of 4 to 6 weeks. Decisive results were obtained by the use of Blackleaf 40 against melon aphis [A. gossypii]. Grasshoppers did an unusual amount of damage in certain sections, and Toxoptera graminum (wheat aphis) occasioned great damage in the wheat sections on account of the backward spring. A local, but acute, infestation of Eriophyes pyri (leaf blister mite) was reported from New Mexico. A leaf-mining fly, Agromyza f^cutelhia, Fall., did considerable damage in the spring of 1917 to early potatoes and beans, the infestation being noticeably reduced by spraying with Blackleaf 40, 1 : 400, powdered lead arsenate being added at the rate of 2 lb. to 50 U.S. gals. Agromyza pusilla (alfalfa leaf-miner) was very abundant at the same time. Monoxia jyuncticollis, var. erosa was generally distributed on sugar- beet fields in one district, but the damage was not serious. Eutettix tenella (sugar-beet leaf-hopper) was noted in connection with the bacterial disease, curly leaf, in a good many fields. Investigations on the life-history of the codhng moth [Cydia pojnonella] weie continued and a spraying schedule was worked out for 1917, based on data previously collected. However, because af the very late spring, which retarded the blooming of fruit trees about a week and the emergence of moths about two weeks, it became necessarv to make a corresponding change in the schedule. Gillette (C. P.). Some Grass-Root Aphids (Hem., Horn.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxix, no. 8, October 1918, pp. 281-284, 1 plate. At Fort Colhns, in Colorado, the alate forms of Forda formicaria, Heyden, (Rhizoterus vacca, Hart., Tychea graminis, Koch, Forda occidentalis, Hart.) begin to appear about 10th June and to migrate from the grass roots. At the end of about 4-6 weeks, the entire colony becomes winged and leaves the host-plant, apparently to seek others of the same sort ; at least, the insects are found later in the 566 season upon grass roots again, where they remain all the winter, and they have not been taken upon other plants. The alate form has been taken from 2nd June to 12th July on the roots of Melica hidhosa, Poa prafensis, Phleum nlpinum, and Elymus sp., in Colorado. Forda olivacea, Roh., is by far the more abundant of the two species in Colorado, and does considerable damage to grasses and grain every year. It is a very general feeder among the grasses, being most common on isolated clumps along the roadside, the borders of fields and upon ditch banks. The species attacked are cliiefly Hordeiim (sc[uirrel-tail grass), the Agrojnjron spp. (wheat gi'asses) and Kentucky blue grass. It has also been taken on wheat, oats, barley, timothy grass, Bromus inermis, B. tectorum and Ehjmus spp. Ballou (H. a.). Spread of the Mexican Cotton Boll Weevil in the United States. — Agric. News, Barbados, xvii, no. 428, 21st September 1918, p. 298. Discussing an account published by the United States Department of Agriculture on the present situation with regard to the cotton boll weevil [Anthoiiomus grandis] and its spread during recent years, the author remarks that it is of great interest to cotton growers in the West Indies to note that for a period of twenty-five years the Mexican boll weevil has spread steadily through the cotton belt of the southern States at an average rate of more than 15,000 square miles each year, that the Sea Island cotton districts of Georgia and Florida are invaded, and that the pest has reached South Carolina and at the end of 1917 threatened the Sea Island cotton district of that State. The output of Sea Island cotton from those States is bound to suffer a reduction and it is pointed out that, in view of the high cost of production, growers of this class of cotton are likely to turn their attention to the substitution of a more profitable crop. In that case the West Indian cotton growers will be in an increasingly strong position, and it becomes more than ever a matter of national importance to protect the cotton industry throughout the Islands. It is pointed out that A. grandis has within a period of 25 years spread over an area of nearly 500,000 square miles and in a few years more will infest the whole of the cotton belt (some 600,000 square miles). This steady spread has been in the face of strenuous exertions to check its increase. The pink boll- worm [Pectinophora gossypiella] has also made extraordinary progress in the past few years and is a pest difficult to control and probably impossible to eradicate. The importation of cotton seed into the Islands from North, South or Central America or any other part of the West Indies is considered dangerous on account of these two pests and is prohibited in most of the West Indian cotton-growing islands. Every help should be given in enforcing the regulations for combating the known cotton pests and for preventing the importation of others. Glaser (R. W.). The Polyhedral Virus of Insects, with a Theoretical Consideration of Filterable Viruses generally. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., xlviii, no. 1238, 20th September 1918, pp. 301-302. The wilt or polyhedral disease affecting so many different species of insects is not produced by bacteria, but is caused by minute 567 organisms capable of passing through diatomaceous filters. In a large series of passage infections 25 caterpillars of the gipsy moth \Lymantria dispar] were infected at a dilution of 1 : 1 ,000 with material ■obtained from a caterpillar previously dead of wilt. All these cater- pillars died of typical wilt within 2 or 3 weeks, while 25 other caterpillars fed with the sterilised filtrate hved, pupated, and trans- formed into moths. Second, third and fourth passage infections were performed and the results were similar, except that the period from infection to death was considerably shorter at the fourth passage than at the first three, this shortening of time seeming to point to an increase in virulence with successive passages. Comparison of these results with those of other workers on the 32 or 33 disease-causing filterable viruses known, leads to the conclusion that the organism of wilt disease is a parasitic ultra- microscopic form, the nature of which, whether animal or vegetable, is not at present known. Marlatt (C. L.). The Origin of the Pink Bollworm. — Science, Lancaster, Pa., xlviii, no. 1239, 27th September 1918, pp. 309-312. The determination of the original habitat of Pectinophora gossypiella, Saunders (pink bollworm) is of great interest in relation to the present distribution of this insect, and may be of importance later, as indicating where parasitic or other natural checks may be found. Examination of the records strongly supports the theory that the insect originated in Southern Asia, probably India. The material from which the original descriptions were made by Saunders in 1842, was sent by the superintendent of the Government Cotton Plantations at Broach (Baruch) in Western India, accompanied by the information that it was very destructive to American cotton growTi on light alluvial soil, but that the cotton on the black soil was not touched by it. He added that native cotton was sometimes affected by it, thus implying that it was a known but comparatively unimportant enemy of such cotton in India prior to 1842. The hardy and rather unproductive cottons of India and other southern Asiatic countries, probably long associated with this insect, evidently were then, and are still, fairly resistant to its attacks ; while the introduced American and Egyptian varieties, being less so, furnish exceptional breeding condi- tions and are much more seriously attacked, thus bringing into prominence an insect which had previously been for the most part overlooked. Saunders at the time made no suggestion that the insect was other than a native Indian species, or that it was imported with the American cotton. Support for a theory of possible American or at least African origin is based on the fact that the only near relative of the pink bollworm, P. malvella, Z. , is known from Africa as well as southern Europe ; but this is an unimportant point, since more accurate knowledge ■of the distribution of this species may show it to have a more extended range throughout southern Asia. Again, it may be urged against the view that this insect is of African origin that records, most of them antedating from 8 to 70 years the first report of its occurrence in Egypt, indicate its wide distribution throughout southern Asia, including Ceylon, India, Burma, Straits Settlements, Philippines, •Japan (?) and Hawaii. The record of the cotton crop in Egypt up to 568 and subsequent to .the first recognition of the pink bollworm in 1911 certainly gives no support to the theory of Egyptian origin. On the other hand, the evidence of its recent entry into Egypt is circumstantial and practically determined, both as to time and place of introduction, namely, in large importations of imperfectly ginned cotton or seed cotton from India in 1906 and 1907, this being distributed to towns near Alexandria for ginning, in which district the pink bollworm first appeared. If the natural range of this insect extended to Africa it must have been limited to equatorial Africa, and certainly prior to 1906 or 1907 it had not reached the cultivated district of the Nile Valley, where cotton has been an important crop commercially for at least a hundred years. Glaser (R. W.). a New Bacterial Disease of Gipsy Moth Caterpillars. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xiii, no. 10, 3rd June 1918, pp. 515-522, 1 plate. [Received 31st October 1918.] A new infectious disease has been recorded as occurring in certain cultures of the Japanese race of the gipsy moth, Lymaniria {Porthefria} dispar, L., and has also spread to cultures of the American race. The disease proves to be entirely distinct from wilt disease, the causat've- agent being a streptococcus which is new to science and is described in this paper under the name Streptococcus disparis. This bacteri\im: enters the alimentary ■ tract of the caterpillars with ingested food ; during the later stages of the disease and after death it invades practi- cally all the tissues. S. disparis is not pathogenic to silkworms (Bombyx mori, L.) nor to army worms [Cirphis unipuncta, Haw.), nor to human beings, guinea pigs, or rabbits. The disease was success- fully reproduced in the field on several occasions ; in two places quite a severe epidemic was created. WoGLUM (R. S.). Fumigation of Citrus Trees. — U.S. Dept. Agric.,, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 923, March 1918, 30 pp.,, 17 figs. [Received 29th October 1918.] This bulletin contains a general account of the approved methods, of fumigating citrus trees with hydrocyanic-acid gas to control scale- insects and whiteflies. It deals with methods of procedure, necessary equipment, chemicals and the effect of the gas on insects and plants, and includes dosage schedules to be employed for the control of the various common citrus pests. Davis (J. J.). Common White Grubs, — JJ.S. Dept. Agric, y, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 940, May 1918, 28 pp., 21 figs. [Received 29th October 1918.] This is a revised edition of a previous bulletin [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, ii, p. 121]. In addition to the information contained in the earlier issue, further parasites of white grubs are enumerated, including the larvae of MicrophtJialma disjuncta, Wied., and Ptilodexia tibialis, Desv., and the flies, Cryptomeigenia theutis, Wlk., Eutrixa exile, Coq., and Biomyia lachnosternae. Towns., which oviposit on the adult l^eetles wiaen they are feeding at night. The larvae of the robber fly, Proinachus vertebratus, are predaceous upon the white grubs. The value of white grubs and May beetles as animal food and as manure is discussed. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. PAGE. A Comparison of the Forest Pests of India, Europe and North America . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Idioeerus spp. attacking Mangos in India . . . . . . . . 522 An Aphid infesting Tobacco in Ceylon . . . . . . . . 523 Identity of a Coconut Hispid in Malaya .. .. .. .. 523 Promecotheca cumingi infesting Coconuts in Malacca . . . . 523 Pests of Tobacco in Mauritius . . . . . . . • . . . . 524 Measures against the Importation of Hypera variabilis into California . . . . . . . . . . . . •• . . . . 524 Precautions against the Spread of Cosmopolites sordidus in U.S.A. 524 Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California . . . . . . 525 Precautions against Mayetiola destructor in Kansas . . . . . . 525 Measures against Agromyza pTiaseoU in Queensland . . . . . . 526 Beetles infesting Sugar-cane in Queensland . . . . . . . . 526 Illustrations of the Relation of Agronomy to Entomology in Canada 527 Notes on the Spring Cankerworm, Palaeacrita vernata, in Kansas 528 List of the Cerambycidae of California .... New Species of Bhodites infesting Roses in Oregon . . A Partial Key to the Genus Agromyza in North America A New Species of SymydoHus on Birch in Canada . . The Economic Status of Woodpeckers in Jamaica . . The Spread of Aleurocanthus woglumi on Citrus in Jamaica . . 530 Stephaniths rhododendri injurious to Rhododendrons in France . , 530 New Ceoidomyids infesting Olives in Eritrea and Italy . . . . 630 Experiments against Cockroaches, Clothes Moths, and Carpet Beetles in U.S.A. .. 531 Enemies of Bees in British Guiana . . . • . . . . . . 533 A Recent Froghopper Outbreak in British Guiana . . . . . . 634 The Food of Austrahan Birds . . . . - . . . • • • . 534 Limitation of Injurious Insects by Beneficial Species in New Zealand . . . . . . . . • • • • • . • • 534 Cutworms and their Control in Southern Rhodesia . . . . . . 536 Insect Pests in Ceylon in 1917 . . '.. .. .. .. .. 538 The Bionomics of .ffomonrt coffearia in Ceylon •.. .. ,. 540 Experiments in the Control of Xyleborus fornicalus in Ceylon . . 540 An Outbreak of Fluted Scale, Icerya purchasi, in Ceylon . . . . 541 528 529 529 629 529 CONTENTS•-co?)^ PAGE Forest Pests in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641 The Establishment of Foliates annularis in Montser''at . . . . 541 An Outbreak of Iyoj)7i2/g/Jia/«i5ri'pe>'rfa in North Care, Hna .. .. 542 Cotton Stainer Control in St. Vincent . . . . . . . 642 The Establishment of Beneficial Parasites in Hawaii . . . . 642 Pests intercepted in Quarantine in Hawaii . . . . . . . . 543 Precautions against the Pink Bollworm in U.S.A. . . . . . . 543 Measures at^ainst Laohnosterna in ^^^sconsin . . . . . . . . 544 Measures against San Jose Scale in Wisconsin . . . . . . 544 The Transmission of Mosaic Disease of Tobacco by Aphids in U.S.A. 545 Macrosiplmm solamfoUi and its Control in U.S.A. . . . . . . 645 Notes on the Grasshoppers of Kansas . . . . . . . . 645 The CocciDAB of Kansas . . . . . . • . . . . . . 54G The Bionomics of the Spring and Autumn Cankerworm in Kansas 546 Measures against Teiranychus telarius in Greenhouses in U.S.A. . . 547 Notes on Japanese Aphids . . . . . . . . . . . . 647 Pests of Stored Products in Argentina . . . . . . . . 548 New Weevils infesting Orchids in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 649 New Tachinid Parasites of Eleodes in U.S.A. . . . , . . 549 Uemiiaxonus multieinckis infesting Ferns inOhio . . . . . . 549 New Chaleids from the Seeds of AmelancJiier in U.S.A. . . . . 649 The Systematic Position and Parasitic Habits of the Genus Oryssvs in U.S.A 660 Notes on the Biology of ScMzonoius sieboldi in U.S.A. . . . . 551 A New Goleoplwra injurious to Apple in California . . . . . . 551 The American Species of the Genus Of^p/iws .. .. .. .. 651 A New Longicorn Beetle infesting Cowpeas from Mexico . . . . 551 Notes on the Larvae of some Cephidae in U.S.A. . . . . . . 552 Insect Pests in Hawaii in 1917 . . . . . . . . . . 552 Herse convolvuli, a Pest of Sweet Potatoes in New Zealand . . 562 Sprays and Spraying in Orchards in New Zealand . . . . . . 653 Cranberry Pests in Massachusetts in 1916 . . . . . . . . 553 Pyraxista nubilalis and its Control in Massachusetts . . . . 664 Insects Pests in Wisconsin in 1915 and 1910.. .. .. .. 555 Measures against an Invasion of Locusts in Uruguay . . . . 55G Notes on Egyptian Cerambtcidae . . . . . . . . . . 557 The Susceptibility of the Egyptian Varieties of Cotton to Attack by Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 Methods of combating Garden Pests in Hawaii . . . . . . 557 Problems of Wheat Storage in Australia . . . . . . . . 558 Sucking Insects of the Apjjle in Nova Scotia. . . . . . . . 558 Some Injurious Moths in Nova Scotia in 1915 . . . . . . 558 Orchard Spraying in Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . 659 Apple Dusting in Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . , 559 Notes on various Plant Pests in Nova Scotia . . . . . . 659 Control Measures against Lygus communis in Nova Scotia . . . . 559 Spraying Experiments in Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . 559 Comparison of Dusting and Spraying Ajiples in Nova Scotia . . 5G0 Apple Spraying in Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . 660 Cranberry Insect Problems and Suffgestions for solving them in U.S.A .. '' .. .. 561 Pear-tree Sawflies in France . . . . . . . . . . . . 504 A Method of obtaining Beet Leaf -hoppers non -virulent as U Curley-top .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ' 504 Some of the Principal Insects affecting Vegetables in Trinidad and Tobago ' 565 Notes on Plant Pests in New Mexico . . . . . . . . . . 565 Two Grass-Root Aphids in Colorado . . . , . . . . . . 665 Spread of ths Mexican Cotton BoD Weevil in the United States . . 566 The Polyhedral Virus of Insects . . . . . . . . . . 566 The Original Home of the Pink Bollworm . . . . . . . . 667 A New Bacterial Disease of Gipsy-Moth Caterpillars . . . . 668 Fumigation of Citrus Trees in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 668 White Grubs [LachnosUrna) in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 508 VOL. VI. Ser. A. Title-paj?e and Index. [Issued August, 1919.^ THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES a: agricultural. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OP ENTOMOLOGY LONDON : aOU> BT THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN'S GATE, S W. 7. Price 2/6 net. All Rigrhts Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. l^otiorarp Comiiiime or inanadenietit« VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman, Uentenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School ol Tropical Medicine. Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Baqshawe, C.M.6., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B,, F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.8., Director, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwell Lbfroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Dr. R. Stewart MaoDouoall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge. Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office. Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions is an ea; officio member of the Committee. ©eneral SeccctarB. Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director anD BMtor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall. Bs3i3taut SXrector. Dr. S. A. Neavb. Head O^ce. —British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7. Publication Office. — 89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7. 569 INDEX OF AUTHORS. A reference in heavy type indicates that a paper by the author has been abstracted. Abbott, W. S., 531. Abe, Y., 501. Adair, E. W., 557. Aders, W. M., 128, 276. Adkin, B. W., 258. Adkin, R., 58. Afanassiev, A. P., 162. Agee, H. P., 275. Akerman, A., 151. Aldrich, J. M., 298. Alfieri, 557. Allen, W. J., 274. Anderson, S. F., 95. Anderson, T. J., 15. Andrews, E. A., 314, 474. Anstead, R. D., 125, 129. Antoniadis, P., 140. Anutchin, A. V., aO. Apfelbeck, v., 410. Arndt, A., 411. Aris, C. B. de, 414. Arriljalzaga, E. L., 461. Arrow, G. J., 119. Artigas, C. M., 55. Ashby, S. F., 71. Ashmead, 352. Auchinleck, G. G., 524. Back, E. A., 17, 184, 216, 297. Bagnall, R. S., 247, 269, 332. Baird, A. B., 507. Baker, A. C, 22, 31, 45, 47, 212, 529. Baker, C. F., 523. Bako, Gabor, 407. BaU, E. D., 204, 480, 489. Ballard, E., 46. Ballon, H. A., 311, 489, 542, 566. Barbara, B., 177, 316. Barber, G. W., 312. Barber, H. S., 549. Barss, H. P., 274. Bashambar Das, 473. Baumberger, J. P., 219. Beal, F. E. L., 453. Beamer, R., 545. Becker, G. G., 246, 311, 447, 448. Beeson, C. F. C, 519, 521. Beliaiev, K. A., 132. Bell, 45. Benedict, R. C., 48, 433. Benson, A. H., 112. Berlese, A., 443. Bernard, C., 37, 179, 180. Bernard, L., 375. Beutenmuller, W., 529. Bezzi, M., 208, 331. Bieloussov, V., 131. Bishopp, F. C, 484. Blair, W. S., 559. Blakey, J. G., 114. Blanchard, E., 74. Bodkin, G. E., 335, 385, 534. Bordas, 73. Borden, A. D., 216. Borner, 155, 157. Bos, J. Ritzema, 37, 498, 499. Bos worth, 501. Bovell, J. R., 58, 393. Bowell, E. W., 26. Boyd, A. J., 81. Bragg, L. C, 257, 420. Brain, C. K., 86. Braun, A. F,, 440. Bredemann, G., 341. Brethes, J., 316, 317, 318, 428, 462, 517, 518, 548. BridweU, J. C., 352. Brindley, H. H., 426. Brittain, W. H., 241, 558, 559. Britton, W. E., 456, 459, 460, 464. Brock, A. A., 99. Brosius, F. C, 29. Brown, N. E., 114. Bruch, C., 188. 570 INDEX OF AUTHOKS. Bnies, C. T., 220. Buckley, J. P., 490. Burger, 0. ¥., 415. Burgess, A. F., 16, 215. Burke, H. E., 307, 421, 550. Burkill, I. H., 519, 520, 523. BurrHl, A. C, 399. Bussy, L. P. de, 270. Butler, E. A., 119. Buysson, H. du, 71, 113. Cadey, E. J., 178. Caesar, L., 54, 165, 255, 361. Call, L. E., 525. Cameron, A. E., 289, 331. Campbell, J. A., 95, 165. Canter Vissclier, W. A. E. A., 180. Carballo, E., 272. Cardin, P., 379. Carpenter, C, W., 557. Carpenter, F., 256. Carr, E. G., 490. Carsner, E., 564. Cartwright, W., 70. Carver, G. W., 221. Chagnon, G., 23. Chamberlin, W. J., 262. Chapais, J. C, 60, 397. Chapman, G. H., 545. Chapman, E. N., 434. Charmoy, D. d'E. de, 141, 301, 375. Chase, W. W., 228. Childs, L., 243, 309. Chittenden, F. H., 2, 214, 233. 483. Cholodkovsky, N. A., 155, 157. Claassen, P. W., 545. Clainpanain, J., 50. Clausen, C. P., 26. Cleland, J. B., 534. Coad, B. R., 17. Cogan, E. S., 276, 360. Cole, F. J., 558. Coleman, L. C, 74, 321. Coley, H. W., 465. Collinge, W. E., 478, 510. Collins, C. W., 16. Collins, G. N., 137. Comes, H., 55. Cooley, R. A., 114, 192, 389. Copley, G. 'H., 431. Corcoran, J. A., 63. Cory, E. N., 313, 373. Cotte, J., 488. Cotton, R. T., 377, 378, 485. Crawford, D. L., 15, 352. Criddle, N., 257, 363. Crosby, 219. Grossman, S. S., 17. Cushman, R. A., 549, 550, 551. d'Abreu, E. A., 383. d' Albuquerque, J, P., 58. da Matta, A. A., 501. Dallimore, W., 430. Dantin, C. J., 75. Das, Bashambar, 473. Dash, J. S., 393. Daumezon, G., 171. Davey, H. W., 269. Davidson, J. H., 552. Davidson, W. M., 22, 27, 46, 416. Davis, I. W., 458. Davis, J. J., 204, 345, 395, 527, 568. De, M. N., 211. de Aris, C. B., 414. de Bussy, L. P., 270. de Ong, E. R., 82, 252, 292, 425, de Seabra, A. F., 52, 383. de Stefani, T., 295, 488. de Vilmorin, P. L,, 442. de Weever, P. M., 533. Dean, G. A., 203, 204. Decaux, 280. Degrully, L., 471. del Guercio, G., 36, 488, 530. d'Emmerez de Charmoy, D., 141, 301, 375. Demokidov, K. E., 348. den Doop, J. E. A., 231, 270. d'Herelle, 177, 288, 289, 462. Dickerson, E. L., 130, 218, 273, 372, 396, 437, 440. Distant, W. L., 332. Doane, R. W., 418. Dodd, A. P., 165, 387. d'Oliveira, D., 472. Dozier, H. L., 108. Drake, C. J., 493. Dubois, P., 1, 383, 469. du Buysson, H., 71, 113. INDEX OF AUTHORS. 571 dii Porte, E. M., 63. Duchesne, M. C, 259. Dudgeon, G. C, 70. Dudley, F. H., 468. Dudley, Junr. J. E., 531. Duncan, R. S., 82. Dunn, L. H., 19. Dunstan, A. G., 559. Dupont. P. R., 67, 375. d'Utra, G., 39. Dutt, H. L., 182. Dvornitchenko, M., 346. Dyar, H. G., 34. Dyke, E. C. van, 166. Eaton, S. H., 468. Edmundson, W. C., 400. Edrozo, L. B., 379. Edwards, J., 430. Efflatoun, H. C, 278. Ehrhorn, E. M., 39, 69, 127, 476, 518, 543. Esam, G., 553. Eschericli, K., 411. Essig, E. 0., 257, 422, 547. Ewing, H. E., 22, 130. Eagan, M. M., 244. Fauchere, 56. Faure, J. C, 324. Felt, E. P., 22, 112, 204, 451, 493. Ferguson, E. W., 534. Fernald, H. T., 25. Ferris, G. F., 53, 440. Feytaud, J., 72, 172, 191, 319, 320, 471, 564. Fickendv, 430. Fisher, W. S., 129, 130, 328, 551. Flemyng, W. W., 212. Fletcher, T. B., 11, 123, 191. Flint, W. P., 305. Forbes, S. A., 34, 107. Fox, H., 484. Fracker, S. B., 544, 555. Franklin, H. J., 553. Freeman, G. F., 139. French, Junr., C, 390. Froggatt, W. W., 78, 141, 475, 534. Fron, M. G., 443. Fryer, J. C. F., 41. Fujima, D., 438. FuUaway, D. T., 39, 69, 127, 161^ 225, 274, 352, 357, 400, 476^ 518, 542. Fuhnek, L., 343, 408. Fulton, B. B., 164, 290. Funda, F., 407. Funkhouser, W. D., 222, 298. Furtado, B., 190. Gabor Bako, 497. Gahan, A. B., 363. Garman, H., 465, 466. Garman, P.. 369. Garnett, R. T.. 289, 363, 396, 441, 528. Gautier, C, 190, 461. Gentner, L. G., 201. Gestro, 523. Gernert, W. B., 29. Gibson, A., 60, 103, 122, 129, 210^ 255, 329. Gibson, E. H., 130. Gill, J. B., 168, 226. Gillette, C. P., 130, 257, 420, 441, 565. Girault, A. A., 34, 69, 167, 274, 432. Girola, C. D., 142. Glaser, R. W., 219, 221, 288, 437, 566, 568. Glasgow, H., 388. 5 Godard, A., 321. Gold, A. A., 247. Goot, P. van der, 2, 232. 233, 272. Gossard, H. A., 204. Gough, L. H., 462. Gowdey, C. C, 51, 87. Graham, S. A., 200, 253, 370, 397, 482. Grassi, B., 56, 478. •' Gratchev, A., 347. Gravatt, G. F., 9, 225. Grav, G. P., 291. Green, E. E., 59, 281, 321. Grimshaw, P. H., 431. Guenaux, G., 134. Guercio, G. del, 36, 488, 530. Guitel, F., 365. Gunn, D., 248. Gunther, R. T., 133. 572 INDEX OF AUTHORS. Gurney, W. B., 336. Guyton, T. L., 455. Hadley, Junr., C. H., 467. Hagan, H. R., 339. Halbert, J. N., 212. Hall, C. J. J. van, 349, 447, 505. Hall, W. B., 549. Halligan, C. P., 387. Hanson, A. P., 74. Harland, S. C, 120. Harrison, J. W. H., 120, 247. Hartzell, F. Z., 163, 195, 198. Haviland, M. D.. 212. Hawley, I. M., 109. Hayes, W. P., 207. Headlee, J., 204. Hecke, G. H., 28, 168, 176. Hedges, 501. Heinrich, C, 551. Henry, G. M., 126, 523. Herms, W. B., 112. Herrick, G. W., 415, 433. Hewitt. C. G., 83. Hinds, W. E., 12, 246. Hitier, H., 142. Hoblev, C. W., 26. Hodgkiss, H. E., 208. Holland, E. B., 490. Hollinger, A. H., 163. Honing, J. A., 232. Hood, J. D., 34, 297. Hooker, C. W., 103. Hooper, 120. Horton, J. R., 101, 218, 313, 389. Hotta, G., 94. Houser, J. S., 455, 482. Houston, 81. Howard, L. 0., 23, 185, 433. Howard, N. F., 200, 202. Howell, W. I., 81. Howitt, J. E., 165. Huie, L. H., 117. Hundley, J. B., 28. Hunter, S. J., 303. Hunter, W. D., 483, 543. Husain, M.A., 278, 281. Hutcliings, C. B., 62. Hutchinson, C. M., 125. Hutson, J. C., 44, 126, 188, 249, B96, 392, 455, 514. Ihering, R. von, 189. lUingworth, J. F., 138, 245, 294, 323, 350, 495, 526. Imms, A. D., 280, 281. Inamura, 403. Ingerson, H. G., 464. Isely, D., 217. Ishikawa, T., 503. Ishiwata, S., 95. Jack, R. W., 153, 239, 337, 439, 536. Jamieson, G. S., 440. Jardine, N. K., 435, 540. Jarvis, E., 10, 139, 245, 294, 295, 323, 495, 526. Jegen, G., 381. Jepson, F. P., 236. Jones, C. R., 340. Jones, P. R., 291, 449, 450. Jones, T. H., 82, 494. Kadocsa, G., 408. Kannan, K. K., 321. KeiUn, D., 85, 318. Kelly, A. E., 86. Kelly, E. 0. G., 107. Kemner, N. A., 92, 93, 94. Keuchenius, P. E., 222, 446. King, H. H., 48, 49. King, J. L., 202. Kingman, F. C, 261. Kinman, C. F., 392. Kinsey, M. E., 506. Knechtel, W. R., 7. Knight, H. H., 102 233. Knowles, C. H., 475. Kondo, T., 234. Koyama, M., 402. Kurdjumov, N. V., 85. Kuwana, I., 176. Kuwana, S. I., 547. Ladmirault, R., 72. Lahn, A. G., 408. Lampa, 93. Lange, E., 479. Lathrop, F. H., 207. Lawson, D. 0. K., 74. Lawson, P. B., 546. INDEX OF AUTHOKS. 573 Lecaillon, 171. Lecaillon, A., 429. Leefnians, S., 38, 180. Lees, A. H., 238, 424, 425, 480. Leiby, R. W., 542. Lemee, M. E., 441. Leonard, 219. Leonard!, G., 144. Leopold, 61, 255. Lesne, P., 96, 411. Liehtenstein, J. L., 72, 131, 318, 328, 476. Lizer, C, 177, 225, 501. Lobo, B., 444, 477. Lochhead, W., 59, 62. Lombard!, L. P., 437. Lotrionte, 344. Lounsbury, C. P., 261, 324, 325, 357. Lovett, A. L., 198, 199, 208, 274. Lowry, P. R., 455. Lowry, Q. S., 459. Luginbill, P., 468. Lustner, 404. Lyle, G. T., 381. Maarsclialk, H., 499. MacDougall, R. S., 158. Mackie, D. B., 24, 182, 259, 524. Macoiin, W. T., 395. Madan Mohan Lai, L., 334, 335. Magerstein, V., 408. Maiden, J. H., 534. Maki, M., 174, 501, 503. Maki, S., 402. Malenotti, E., 35, 36, 443. Malloch, J. R., 103, 166, 328, 529. Mally, C. W., 181, 239. Marchal, P., 197, 530. Marlatt, C. L., 567. Marsh, H. 0., 109. Marshall, G. A. K., 209. Marshall, R. P., 9. Maskell, 323. Maskew, F., 29, 100, 137, 253, 293, 450, 525. Mason, C, 69. Mason, P. W., 230. Massini, P. C, 315, 428, 517, 518. Matheson, R., 233. Matsumoto, S., 403. Matsumuia, 236, 403. Matta, A. A. da, 501. Maxson, A. C, 310. Mayne, R., 79. Mazieres, A. de, 32, 273, 344. McClintock, J. A., 453. McColloch, J. W., 170, 244, 307. McConnell, W. R., 304. McCray, A. H., 448. McDonough, F. L., 213. McGehee, T. F., 17. McGregor, E. A., 22, 214. McGregor, R. C, 184. McKay, J. W., 186. Melander, A. L., 438. Melchers, L. E., 301. Mercet, R. G., 113, 296. Merrill, D. E., 19, 299. MeiTill, J. H., 300, 301. Metcalf, C. L., 241. Metcalf, M. M., 433. Middleton, W., 552. Mi ler, D., 534. Milliken, F. B., 399. Misra, C. S., 513. Moore, J. B., 326. Moore, W., 64, 200, 253, 397, 422, 491. Mordwilko, A., 157, 158. Moreira, C, 256, 404. Morgan, A. C, 213, 216. Morley, C, 120, 281, 431. Morrill, A. W., 304. Morris, H. M., 118. Mosley, F. 0., 511. Mosseri, V. M., 557. Muesebeck, C. F. W., 511. Muir, F., 14, 345, 431. Miiller-Thurgau, H., 366, 381. Mumford, F. B., 126, 365. Munro, J. W., 115. Munro, R. W., 33. Murania, G., 256. Murphy, P., 361, 559, 560. Musson, C. T., 534. Muth, F., 5, 6. Nalepa, A., 406. Nassonov, 342. Nawa, 342. Nechleba, 409. Neill, J. W., 298. Neuls, J. D., 215. 574 INDEX OF AUTHORS. Newbery, E. A., 431. Newcomer, E. J., 388. Newell, W., 188. Newstead, R.., 85. Nikolaiev, P., 132. Nishigaki, T., 502. Nishigaya, J., 504. Nishikawa, I., 502. Nitsche, 5, 90. Noel, P., 132. Noteware, J. R., 340. Nowell, W., 251, 341, 454. Ohlendorf, W., 268. Ojima, C4., 401. O'Kane, W. C, 467 . Ong, E. R. de, 82, 252, 292, 425. Orton, W. A., 483. Osborn, 34. Osborn, H., 11, 204. Osgood, W. A., 467. Oshima, M., 184. Oskamp, J., 229, 231. Osterwalder, A., 366. Oudemans, 499. Packard, C. M., 290. Paddock, F. B., 194, 300, 490. Paillot, A., 177, 190. Pantanelli, E., 382. Paoli, G., 500. Paravicini, E., 173. Parker, J. R.. 389, 492. Parks, H. B., 493. Parks, T. H., 106, 302. Parrott, P. J., 164, 197, 255, 388. Parst, 410. Patcb, E. M., 19, 243. Patterson, W. H., 133. Patti, M., 514. Paul!, J., 466. Peairs, L. M., 134. Pemberton, C. E., 106, 167, 184, 185, 297. Petch, C. E., 60. Peterson, A., 110, 196. Petherbridge, F. R., 238, 278, 281. Pettit, R. H., 340. Pfaff, 409. Pbilbrook, E. E., 178. Phillips, W. J., 484. Picard, F., 72, 318, 328, 476. Pierce, W. D., 247, 254, 494. Pike, M. P., 561. ^ Poeteren, N. van, 135. Ponce, 288. Porte, E. M. du, 63. Porter, C. E., 161, 428, 429, 500. Posey, G. B., 225. Primm, J. K., 206. Quaintance, A. L., 212, 465. Quayle, H. J., 417. Rabaud, E., 262. Ramakrishna Ayyar, T. V., 47, 522. Rao, Y. R., 46. Ratzeburg, 91. Ravaz, L., 172. Razzauti, A., 468. Reed, H. J., 230. Regan, W. S., 545. Reh, L., 405. Rehn, 462. Richards, J. M., 145. Richards, R. M., 70. Riggs, W. M., 160. Riley, 403. Rin, G., 402. Ritchie, A. H., 454, 529. Ritchie, W., 153. Ritzema Bos, J., 37, 498, 499. Riviere, C, 38. Roberts, A. A¥. R., 276, 432. Robinson, E., 14. Robinson, R. H., 338, 388. Robson, R., 327. Roepke, W., 38, 232, 272. Rohwer, S. A., 550, 551. Rorer, J. B., 152, Rorig, G., 6. Ross, W. A., 103, 121, 255, 330. Ruggles, A. G., 370. Runner, G. A., 215. Ruschka, F., 343. Rutgers, A. A. L., 38, 66. 446. Safro, V. I., 18, 105. Sahlberg, 90. Salmon, S. C, 244, 525. INDEX OF AUTHORS. 575 Sampson, W., 210. Sander, 61. Sanders, G. E., 162, 256, 329, 330, 362, 558, 559, 560. Sanders, J. G., 39, 165, 379, 438, 481, 555. Sanderson, E. D., 134. Sands, W. N., 455. Sarra, R., 172. Sasaki, 45. Sasscer, E. R., 205, 216. Savage, C. G., 153. Savastano. L., 75, 501. Sayre, C. B., 230. Scammel], H. B., 10, 110, 561. Schaffnit, 404. Scheidter, F., 8, 410. Schenk, P. J., 136, 270, 498. Schlupp, W. F., 360. Schmiedeknecht, 91. Schneider-Orelli, 0., 7, 366. Schoevers, T. A. C, 36, 135, 270. Scholl, E. E.. 267, 298. Schoyen, T. H., 283, 284. Schulze, P., 8. Schumacher, F., 342. Schutze, K. T., 479. Schwarz, E. A., 129. Schwartz, M., 343. Scott, E. W., 531. Scott, R. J., 526. Seabra, A. F. de, 52, 383. Seamans, H. L., 389. Sedlaczek, 127. Sedlaczek, W., 7. Seitner, M., 5, 405, 407. Selkregg, E. R., 373. Severin, H. H. P., 242, 293, 418, 419, 423, 449. Sharpies, A., 277, 429. Sherman, F., 542. Sheiriffs, W. R., 474. Shigetane, I., 95. Shtcherbakov, T., 65. Siegler, E. H., 465. Silvestri, F., 75, 184, 185, 256, 366, 504. Smirnov, D., 348. Smith, H. E., 48. Smith, H. S., 292. Smits van Burgst, C. A. L., 497. Smulyan, M. T., 298. Smyth, E. G., 485. Snodgrass, R. E., 506. Soler i Coll, J. M., 192. Sopotzko, A. A., 65. I South, F. W., 126. j Spever, E. R., 128, 375, 434, 538, 540. Sprenger, A. M., 498. Stahl, C. F., 564. Stebbing, W. P. D., 119. Stefani, T. de, 295, 488. Steven, H. M., 154. Stevenson, J. A., 378. Stieltjes, D., 499. Storey, G , 42. Summers, J. N., 178. Swain, A. F., 415, 419. Swaine, J. M., 62, 122, 330, 541. Swenk, M. J., 204. Swezey, 0. H., 351. Takahashi, 403. Takahashi, S., 236. Tanaka, T., 449. Taschenberg, 0., 343. Tavlor, H. W., 152. Taylor, T. H., 246, 480. Tedin, Hans, 152. Teodoro, G., 443. Theobald, F. V., 57, 170, 209. 257. Thomas, H. E., 484. Thomas, W. W., 418. Thompson, W. R., 35. Timberlake, P. H., 351. Topi, M., 56. TorneUo, F. C, 9. Torrend, C., 365. Tothill, J. D., 244, 331. Tower, AV. L., 67. Trabut, 142, 400. Tragardh, I., 89, 90, 287, 332. Tredl, R., 7, 8. Treherne, R. C, 23, 120, 331, 439. Tretiakov, D. K., 30. Trimble, I. P., 161. Trimble, T. M., 312. Troop, J., 230, 479. Trotter, 77. Tubeuf, C. von, 5. Tucker, E. S., 45. TuUgren, A., 89, 94, 145, 286. Turner, C. F., 395. Turner, R. E., 333, 496. Turner, W. B., 487. Turner, W. F., 228, 433. 576 INDEX OF AUTHORS. Ucliida, 502. Uffeln, K., 7. Ultee, A. J., 445. Urich, F. W., 463, 496, 565. Uvarov, B. P., 30, 66, 347. Van der Goot, P., 2, 232, 233, 272. Van Deventer, 223. Van Dyke, E. C, 166. Van Eecke, R., 223. Van Hal], C. J. J., 349, 447, 505. Van Poeteren, N., 135. Van Slyke, 501. Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 103, 390, 391, 484, Vassiliev, 1. 1., 346. Vayssiere, P., 383. Veitch, R., 241. Velu, 178. Vickery, R. K., 26. Villeneuve, J., 131. Vilmorin, P. L. de, 442. Vinal, S. C, 21, 547, 554. Visscher, W. A. E. A. Canter, 180. Volck, W. H., 99. Von Ihering, R., 189. Von Tubeuf, C, 5. Waclitl, 407. Wade, 0., 102. Wahl, B., 405, 408, 409. Waid, C. W., 388. Wallace, F. N., 506. Walsh, G. B., 382. Walton, W. R., 14, 549. Warburton, C, 435. Warner, F., 183. Watson, J. R., 473, 505. Webster, R. L., 164, 196, 313o Weever, P. M. de, 533. W^eiss, H. B., 53, 161, 204, 218, 221, 273, 372, 396, 403, 437, 440. Weldon, G. P., 384, 524. Wellbouse, W. H.. 546. Wester, P. J., 183. Westgate, J. M., 552. Weyenburgb, 518. Wheeler, C. E., 247. Whetzel, H. H., 53. Wickam, H. F., 413. Wierenga, 0. M., 343. Wilcox, A. M., 221, 222. Willaman, J. J., 64. Willard, H F., 106, 167, 185. Wilhams, C. B., 333. Wilmot, N. E., 341. Wilson, H. F., 201, 361, 372. Wilson, T., 361. Wodsedalek, J. E., 9. Woglum, R. S., 215, 568. Wolcott, G. N.. 306. Wood, W. B., 373. Woodbury, C. G., 229, 230, 231. Woods, W. C, 242. Worsham, E. L., 452. Yano, M., 344, 402. Yates, A. W., 465. Yothers, W. W., 216. Young, B. P., 528. Yuasa, H., 170. Zacher, F., 87. Zaki, M., 49. Zanon, V., 438. Zappe, M. P., 459, 460, 461. Zeehandelaar, A., 179. Zehntner, 2, 3. Zimmermann, H., 5, 444. Zischka, K., 407. Zwaluwenburg, R. H. van, 103, 390, 391, 484. Zweigelt, F., 6. 577 GENERAL INDEX. In the case of scientific names the page reference is cited only under the beading of the generic name. When a generic name is printed in brackets it signifies that the name is not adopted. Abaca (see Mima textile), abbreviatus, Bibio ; Dlaprepes ; Jatius. abderus, Diloboderus. abdominalis, JIacrocentrus ; Olla ; Ptilodexia. aberrans, Pyrilla Abies, bark- beetles infesting, in N America, 265, 286, 267 ; (see Fir). Abies alba, Argyresthia illuminatella on, in Germany, 479. Abies amabilis, (Jryphalus amabilis infesting, in N. America. 262. Abies balsamea (Balsam Fir), pests of, in Canada, 521, 541 ; Diprion abietis on, in Connecticut, 458. Abies concolor (White Fir), pests of, in N. America, 34, 289, 422. Abies grandis (Lowland Fir), pests of, iii U S.A , 264, 422. Abies lasiocarpa (Alpine Fir), Bit- prestis rusticoruni mining in, in U.S.A., 289, 422. Abies nobilis (Noble Silver Fir), Gryplialus abietis in, in Br tain, 158; Platypus wilsoni infesting, in (Jregon, 265. Abies nordmanniana, Chermes spp. on, in Switzerland 368. Abies pectinata, Enaxmonia binotana on, in Sweden, 149. Abies picea (Silver Fir), pests of, in Britain, 158, 159; pests of, in Switzerland, 368. abietella, Dioryctria (Phycis). abietina, MyzapMs {Aphis) ; Pleme- liella. abietis, Anobiiim ; CepTialeia ; Chermes ; Cryphalus ; Diprion ; Eylobius ; Megasiigmus ; Phy- sokermes. abnormis, Paraleptomastix Abraxas grossulariata (Gooseberry and Currant Moth), bionomics and control of, in Britain, 159 ; on gooseberries and red currants in Sweden, 149. abruptana, HemeropMla. Abrus precatoritis, pests of, in Barbados, 394. absinthi, Macrosiphum, absolutalis, Massepha. Abutilon, food-plant of cotton pests in Anglo-Egj'ptian Sudan, 48. Abutilon striatum, food plant of Anomis erosa in U.S.A., 108. Acacia, Fiorinia on, in Australia, 35 ; Chrysomphalus aurantii on, in S. Africa, 86 ; pests of, in Central America and Mexico, 129 ; Oeceticus platensis on, in Argentina, 315 ; Bruchus pruini- nus in seeds of, in California, 353 ; pests of, in Ceylon, 11, 435; Glania variegata on, in Formosa, 175 ; Eulecanium corni on, in Holland, 140; Tetranychus telar- ius on, in Italy, 144. Acacia arabica (Babul), food-plant of Tachardia lacca in India, 513 ; Acacia atrox. not susceptible to attacks of Apate monacha in Syria, 50. Acacia decurrens, spread of Icerya purchasi on, in Ceylon, 128, 538, 541 ; food-plant of Homona cof- fearia, 540. Acacia farnesiana, pests of, in Hawaii, 351, 354. Acacia lebbek, Xystrocera globosa on, in Egypt, 50. Acacia leucophloea, beetle infesting, in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Acacia nilotica, wood-boring beetles infesting, in Egypt. 50. Acacia tomentosa, pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Acalla comariana (see Oxygrapha). 578 INDEX. Acalyplia, food-plaut of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540. Acaniliocephala femoraia, on citrus in Florida, 473. AcantJiocenis lohatus, a supposed cotton pest in St. Vincent, 251. Acantliocinus obliquus, in pines in California, 528. Acantliocinus spectabilis, in pine- logs in California, 528. Acanthocoris sordidus, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. Acantholyda hieroglypliica, on pines in Sweden, 151. Acantholyda stellata, on pines in Sweden, 151. Acantliopsyche reidi (Limpet Cater- pillar), on tea in India, 474. Acantliopsyclie snelleni, on tea in Sumatra, 37. AcontJioptsyche suhieraJbaia, on Albissia and tea in Java and Sumatra, 37. AcantJioscelides ohtecius (see Bru- cMis). Acanthosoma haemorrJioidale, on pears and mountain ash in Norway, 285. Acari, descriptions of one hundred new spp. of, 443. Acer (see Maple). Acer douglasi, Taeniopteryx spp. on, in U.S.A., 389. Acer negundo (Box-elder), Chaito- phorus negundinis on, in N. America, 164, 361. Acer polmatuon, food-plant of Jan- Icoivskia fuscaria in Japan, 95. Acer pictum, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Acer platanoides (Xorway Maple), Xylotreclius aceris on, in U.S.A., 129. Acer rubrmn (Red Maple), pests of, in U.S.A., 129, 505. Aceratoneuromyia australis, sp. n., associated with a fruit-fly in Australia, 35. acericaulis, Caulacampus. aceris, AleurocMton ; GhaitopTiorus ; Phenacoccus (Pseudococcus) ; Phinocola ; Xylotrechus. acetosae. Aphis. Acetylene, fumigation with, against tobacco pests, 224 ; use of residue of, against Aphids, 442. Acetylene Lamp, for trapping sugar- cane beetles, 294. Achaea Janata [Ophiusa melicerta), bionomics of, on tea in Sumatra, 37, 271. Achaea obvia (Orange - piercing Moth), measures against, on cit- rus in Gold Coast, 133. achatana, Olethreutes. achatin us. Brack ytn.pes . Achatodes zeae (Spindle Worm), on elder and maize in- New York 451. Aclierontia lachesis (Tobacco Horn-worm), on dadap in Ceylon 539 ; a potential pest in Philip pines, 380. Acheta bimaculata, on tea in Ceylon 539. Achillea millefolium (Yarrow) Lopidea heidemanni on, in U.S.A. 102. Achillea 2:)tarmica, Aphis helichrysi on, in Europe, 420. Achroia grisella, infesting bee-hives in Sweden, 149. Achrysocharella aetii, parasite of a leaf- miner in St. Vincent, 121. Achryson surinamum, on ebony in Barbados, 394. Acidia heraclei (Celery Fly), bio- nomics of, in Britain, 435, 480, 508 ; on celery in Italy, 143. Aciura semiangusta, sp. n., from Rhodesia, 331. Aciura tetrachaeta, sp. n., from Rhodesia, 331. Acmaeodera conoidea, in Arizona, 307. Acmaeodera larreae, in Arizona, 307. Acmeops pratensis, in forests in Siberia, 132. acraea, Estigmene. acridiorum, Mermis. Acrobasis caryivorella, on pecan in U.S.A., 226. Acrobasis hebescella (Pecan Nut Case-bearer), bionomics and con- trol of, in U S.A., 226, 414, 453. Acrobasis nebulella (Pecan Leaf Case-bearer), bionomics and con- trol of, in U.S.A., 168, 227, 453. acrobasis, Secodella. Acrobat Ants (see Crcmastogaster). Acroceratitis plumosa, bionomics of, and measures against, on edible bamboos in Formosa, 402. Acrocercops affinis, sp. n., on oak in California, 441. Acrocercops cramerella (Cacao Moth) food-plants of, in Java, 232. Acrocercops loxias, on Eugenia jam- bolana in India, 519. Acrolepia assectella (Onion Moth), measures against, on leeks in France, 442 ; on chives in Sweden, 286. Acromyrmex octospina (see Atta). Acronycta alni, parasitised by Mi- croplitis sordipes in Britain, 382. Acronycta psi, parasitised by Mi- croplitis sordipes in Britain, 382 ; on roses in France, 470. INDEX. 579 Acronycta rumicis, on roses in France, 470; intercepted in U.S.A., 205. aerophtkalma, Camaromyia. Acrostalagmus albus, infesting Tox- optera aurantii in Porto Rico, 105. acrostieta, Spathiditia. Actenodes calearata, in Arizona. 307. aculeatus, Megast igmiis. acuminatus, Ips. acuta, Leptocorisa. acutang Ilium, Ganoceplial inn. acuticoll is, Catascythropiis. AcyrthosipJion pisi (Green Pea Aphis), in Sweden, 146 ; experi- ments in controlling, in U.S.A., 413. Acythopeus gilvonotatus, sp n., infesting orchids in greenhouses in U.S.A., 549. Acythopeus orcliirora, on orchids in Xew Jersey, 205. Adalia bipunctata, predaceous on Apliids in Canada and U.S.A., 164, 330, 456. Adelpliocoris rapidus, on cotton in U.S.A., 248. Adhesives, for bands and traps, 113, 470, 504; tonmila for, 470 ; in insecticides, 82, 96, 163, 191, 198, 199, 200, 249, 292, 449, 472, 547. Adhesol, addition of, to lead arsen- ate spray against Cydiapomonella, 191. Adirus trimaculatus, food-plants of, in N. America, 552. Adisiira atkinsoni, bionomics of, in Madras, 46. adjecta, Buprestis. adonidum, Pseudococciis (Dactylo- 2)ius). Adoretus compressus, infested with MetarrMzium anisoplia^ in Java, 378. Adoretus sinicus, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. Adoretus iimbrosus (Japanese Rose Beetle), bionomics and control of, in Hawaii, 378, 552. Adoretus umbrosus tenubnaculatus (Japanese Rose Beetle), on cacao in Fiji, 237 ; bionomics of, in Hawaii, 237, 378; food-plants of, in Xew Jersey, 489. Adoretus versutus, probably para- sitised by Elis thoracica in Mada- gascar, 301 ; on roses in Sey- chelles, 376. Adoxus obscicrus, character of soil influencing attack of, in Br. Columbia, 23 ; on vines in Switzerland, 367. Adrama determinata (Tea-seed Fly), in Dutch E. Indies, 37, 447. adspersa, Epicauta. Adsuki Bean (see Phaseolus angu- lar is). adulatrix, Stathmopoda. adumbrata, Eriocampa (Tenthredo) (see Eriocampoides limacina). adusia, Moecha. asclimeae, Gyinnaspis. Aecidium complanatum var. corti- cola (Blister Fungus), attacking chir pine in India, 519. Aegeria apiformis, on poplar in Italy, 143; on balsam j)oplar in Sweden, 149. Aegeria asilifonuis, on poplar in Italy, 143. Aegeria exitiosa (Peach Tree Borer), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 196, 231, 267, 448. Aegeria formicaeformis (Red-tipped Clearwing), on willows in Britain, 41. Aegeria gelifoyinis (Lesser Pecan- tree Borer), in US. A , 228. Aegeria tipuliformis (Currant Borer), on currants in Germany, 6 ; measures against, on currants in Minnesota, 371. Aegle marmelos (Bael Fruit)> food- plant of Coccus colemani in Mysore, 322. aegyptiaca, Icerya. aegypiiacus, Dictyothrips Aelia roHraia, on wheat in Spain, 444. Aenasiella africa, parasite of Ta- cliardia decor clla in Uganda, 52, 87. aenea, Erineda. aenneoxa, Rhicnopeliomyia. aeneosf'utellum,*Pleurotropomyia. aeneoviridis, A rthrolytus. aeneum, Melasoma (Lina). aeneus, Ghcdcodennus • Meligethes ; Phymatodes ; Repsimus. Aeolesthes holosericea, on sal in India, 519. Aeolopiis regalis, in Kansas, 545. Aeolothrip^ hicolor (Black and White Cereal Thrips), food-plants of, in Florida, 505. Aeolotlirips floridensis, on cereals in Florida, 505. aequale, Gonocephaluvi. aequalis, Heterobostrychus ; SphenO' pJiorus aequinoetialis, Homophoeta. aereus, ILonodontomerus. aesculi, Zeuzera (see Z. pyrina). aethiops, Gymatodera ; Eriocam- poides (Galiroa). aetii, Achrysocharella. affinis, Acrocercops ; Bruchus ; Hoplandothrips ; PempJieres ; Phytomyza ; Psylliodes. 580 INDEX. Africa, notes on Apliids from, 209 ; Chloropisca glabra in, 492 ; new fruit-flies from, 208, 331 ; Mem- bracidae in, 222. Africa, East, new Apliids from, 209 ; coilee pests and their control in, 15 ; locusts in, 358 ; bionomics of Orycies monoreros on coconuts in, 26 ; scale-insects from, 85, 86 ; (see also Uganda). Africa, Kortli, miscellaneous pests in, 38 ; measures against Cap- nodis on plums in, 400 ; (see Algeria). Africa, South, some phases of applied entomology in, 276 ; distribution of and measures against Geratitis spp on Iruit in, 261 ; introduction of Ophts /*«- milis from, into Hawaii against Ceraiitis capifata, 185; bionomics and control of Cydia fomonella in, 324 ; measures against Iri domyrmex hmnilis in, 181, 239 ; miscellaneous insect pests in, 357-360 ; bionomics of Pliora- canlha semipimdaia introduced from Australia into, 325 ; mea- sures against PlttJiorimaea oper- culeUa on tobacco in, 152, 360 ; bionomics and control of Phitella manilipennis on vegetables in, 248 ; Bcale-insects and their con- trol in, 86, 181; (see Cape Colony and Natal). Africa, West, new fruit-flies from, 208 ; Heliothis assulia in, 380 ; proposed precautions against in- troduction of scale-insects into, 384 ; («ee also Nigeria, etc ). africa, Aenasiella afrkana, Gryllotnlpa. africanus, Apanieles. Agama stellio, predaceous on locusts in Cyprus, 119. Agamerion metallica, parasite of Ellipsidi&n pellucidum in Aus- tralia, 387. agailw,, Neptis. Agathi (see Sesbania). Aeatlii WeevU (see Alcides bubo). Agathis varipes, parasite of Coleo- pliora fuscedinella in Swedf>n, 94. Agave americano, Myelobia smerin- tha on, in Brazil, 189. Agenaspis fuscicoUis, parasite of Hyponorneuta maUnellus and Prays oleelkis in Spain, 113. Ageratum conyzoides, Hclopeltis not ovipositing on, in Java, 233. agilis, Ayiystis ; Pezomachus ; Pris- tomeridia. agitatellus, Grambus. Agono^celis pnberula, on coffee in Br. East Africa, 16. agrestis, Euxoa. Agrilus, on Acacia in Central America and Mexico, 129 ; inter- cepted on chestnut in U S.A., 206. Agrilus onxius (Bronze Birch Borer) bionomics of, in Quebec, 62. Agrilus burlcei, sp. n., on alders in California 130. Agrilus politus, A. bur}:ei confused with in California, 130. Agrilus ruficollis (Eed-nocted Cane- borer), measures against, on rasp- berry in Minnesota, 371. Agrihis sinuaius (Sinuate Pear Borer), in Connecticut, 458. Agriophora rhombota (Sandwich Caterpillar), on tea in India. 474. Agrio^es. on potatoes in Switzer- land, 368. Agriotes Uneatus, in Britain, 432 ; on lettuce in Italy, 143; food- plants of, in Sweden, 147. Agriotes mancus, infested with Meiarrhizium anisopliae in New York, 378. Agrioie^ nbscxirus, in Britain, 432. Agriotes valUduhis, in Britain, 433. Agriotes pobrinus, in BrilaiU; 433. Agriota f^putator, in Britain, 433. Agromyza, on Lantana in Hawaii, 351 ; introduced from Hawaii into Fiji, 238; on Glycine soja in Dutch E Indies, 350 ; new species of, on Gommelina virginica in St Vincent, 121 ; key to North American specioS of 328, 529. Agiomyza anqulicornis, sp n., in N. America, 328. Agromyza assimilis, sp. n., in N. America, 328. Agromyza deceptiva, sp. n., in N. Am* rica, 328. Agromyza graminis, on wheat in Britain, 508. Agromyza inaequalis, on Lima beans in St. Vincent, 121. Agromyza indecora, sp. n., in N. Am< rica, 328. Agromyza jyarvicornis, on maize in St. Vincent, 121. Agromyza jjltaseoli (Bean Fly), bio- nomics and control of, on cow- peas in Australia, 387, 526 ; on beans in Ceylon, 539. Agromyza pusilla (Alfalfa Leaf- min r), bionomics of, in U.S.A., 298, 565. Agromyza scutellata, on beans and potatoes in U.S.A., 565. agromyzae, Neodimmockia ; Tri- gonogastra. Agropyron, Forda olivacea on, in Colorado, 566. INDEX. 581 Agrotis, on tobacco in Dutch E. Indies, 350 ; food-planta of, in Sweden, 148 ; not damaging coffee in Uganda, 51. Agrotis c-nigrum, destroyed by birds in Silesia, 408 ; proportion of sexes of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. Agrotis collina, food-plants of, in Saxony, 479. Agrotis corticea (see Euxoa). Agrotis nigricans (see Euxoa). Agrotis segetum (see Euxoa). Agrotis tritiei (see Euxoa). Agrotis vestigialis (see Euxoa). Agrotis ypsilon (Greasy Cutworm), on vegetables in Ceylon, 539 ; bionomics and control of, in India, 182 ; experiments with poison-baits for, in Indiana, 395 ; on cabbages in Quebec, 60 ; bionomics and control of, in S. Rhodesia, 536-538 ; on cotton in U.S.A., 247. Agrypnus fuscipes, in India, 124. Aira caryophyllea, Sipha berlesei on, in Britain, 170. Alabama argillacea (Cotton Worm), on cotton in Brazil, 39 ; bio- nomics of, in West Indies, 81, 210, 377, 394, 542 ; bionomics of, in U.S.A., 247, 551. alacris, Trioza. alaskensis, Microplitis. albida, Syneta. albincisa, Argyrophylax. Albinia wokiana (see Crytoblabes gnidiella). albipennis, Bibio. albitarsis, Betinodiplosis. Albizzia, pests of, in Ceylon, 128, 435, 539 ; Acanthopsyche subter- albata on, in Java, 37 ; food- plant of Coccus colemani in Mysore, 322. Albizzia lebbekoides, beetle infesting, in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Albizzia procera, beetle infesting, in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Albizzia saponaria, Bruchus pruini- nus in seeds of, in Hawaii, 353. albizziae, Tachardia. alboclavellus, Orambus. albofasciaria, Zamacra. albofioccosa, Aleurodes. albohirta, Lepidiota. albomaculatum, Isosoma. albopunctatus, Arvelius. Alcides aschanticus, on cacao on Belgian Congo, 79. Alcides bubo (Agathi Weevil), food- plants and oviposition of, in Madras, 47. Alcides erroneus, on cacao in Bel- gian Congo, 79. (C569) Alcides theobromae, on cacao in Bel- gian Congo, 79. alciphron, Hypsa. Alcohol, in formulae for spray against Eriosoma lanigerum, 471 ; in bait-traps for vine-moths, 375. Aldabra, beneficial Scoliid wasps in, 375. aldabricus, Aspidiotus. Alder (Alnus), pests of, in Britain, 41, 279 ; food-plant of Halisidota maculata in Canada, 122 ; Xylo- terus domesticus on, in Germany, 8 ; pests of, in Norway, 284 ; Gossus cossus on, in Sweden, 149 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 11, 12, 242, 372, 397, 422, 551. Alder, Black, Lymantria dispar on, in Japan, 176. Alder, Paper-leaf (see Alnus tenui- folia). Alder, White (see Alnus rhombi- folia). Alder Flea-beetle (see Haltica bi- marginata). alecto, Chaerocampa. Alesia geisha, predaceous on Aphis gossypii in Nyasaland, 70. Aletia luridula (Cotton Caterpillar), control of, on cotton in Barbados, 394. Aleurites cordata, pests, of, in Japan, 236. Aleurocanthus ivoglumi (Black Fly of Citrus, Spiny Citrus Whitefly), bionomics and control of, in Cuba, 379, 392 ; measures against in Jamaica, 530. Aleurochiton aceris, on plane in Italy, 143. Aleurodes (Whiteflies), on sugar- cane in Australia, 387 ; inter- cepted on citrus in California, 450 ; natural enemies of, on mulberry in Formosa, 174, 175 ; on citrus in Japan, 26 ; inter- cepted on palms in Porto Rico, 485; in U.S.A., 248, 370, 388, 505; ants associated with, 248; not disseminating mosaic disease of tobacco, 545. Aleurodes albofioccosa, sp. n., on Banksia in Australia, 475. Aleurodes atriplex, in Australia, 475. Aleurodes brassicae, on cabbages in Britain, 508. Aleurodes nubifera (see Dialeurodes citri). Aleurodes vaporariorum, in Aus- tralia, 475 ; control of, on toma- toes in Britain, 508. Aleurodicus cocois (destructor) (Coco- nut Whitefly), control of, on coconuts in Phillippines, 24. aleurodis, Euryischia. 582 INDEX. Aleurothrixus floccosus (Floccident Whitefly), on citrus in Florida, 473. Aleurothrixus houmrdi (Woolly Whitefly), on citrus in Florida, 473. Alfalfa Caterpillar (see Colias eury- theme). Alfalfa Gall Midge (see Asphondylia websteri). Alfalfa Looper (see Thytometra calif ornica). Alfalfa Weevil (see Eypera murina and E. variabilis). Algaroba (see Prosopis juliflora). Algaroba BrucMd (see Bruchus pro- Algeria, DoAius oleae in, 344 ; Lon- chasa aristeUa on Ficus pseudo- carica in, 76 ; vegetable pests in, 32 ; measures against vine pests in, 143, 273. Allissonotmn piceum, on sugar- cane in India, 123. AlUssonotum simile, on sugar-cane in India, 123. alliella, Tinea (see Acrolepia assee- tella). Allograpfa obliqua, predaceous on Aphids in U.S.A., 164, 213, 456. Alhthrombium gymnopterorum, pre- daceous on Chrysomphahis dictyo- spermi in Italy, 36. Allotria, parasite of Aphis brassicae in Britain, 276. Allspice, ineffective against clothes moths, 532. AUyl Alcohol, experiments to deter- mine toxicitv of, to insect eggs, 254. Almond (Prunus amygdalus), pests of, in California, 252, 450 ; Bryobia pratensis on, in Br. Columbia, 23 ; food-plant of Heliothrips rubrocinctus in Grenada, 496 ; Argyroploce variegana on, in Italy, 173 ; control of Aphids on, in Spain, 55. Almond, African (see Terminalia catappa). Almond, Ceylon, food-plant of Xyle- borus fornicatus in Ceylon, 128. alni, Acronyda. Alnus (see Alder). Alnus glidinosa, Corythuca per- gandei on, in TJ.S.A., 372. Alitus indica glauca, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Alnus rhombifolia (White Alder), Aqrilus burkei on, in California, 130. Almhs tenuifolia (Paper-leaf Alder), pests of, in U.S.A., 130, 389. Aloes, Tincture of, addition of, to sprays against Aphids and scale- insects, 470. aloeus, Strategus. alopecuri, Oligotropus. Alopecurus geniculatus, thrips on, in Sweden, 145. Alpha Naphthol, experiments to determine toxicity of, to insect eggs, 254. Alpine Fir (see Abies lasiocarpa). Alsophila pometaria (Autumn Canker Worm), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 513, 546. alternans, Calosoma-, Laemophloeus ; Seolopendra. alternata, Serica. alternus, Stauropus. Althaea nudiflora, food-plant of Platyedra vilella in Transcaucasia and Turkestan, 346. Althaea rosea, food-plant of Pectino- phora gossypiella in Egypt, 48. althaeae, Paratetranychus. Altica, an invalid name for the genus H altica, 243. alutacea, Schistocerca. alvearius, Microgaster. amabilis, Cryphalus ; Systoles. Amara, 96. Amarantus, Pachyzancla bipunctalis on, in St. Vincent, 121. Amarantus blitum,, Chile simplex hibernating in, in Japan, 234. Amarantus retroflexus, food-plant of of Pyrausta niibilalis in U.S.A. ,554. Amaryllis, Eumerus strigatus in bulbs of, in N. America, 129. Amathusia 'j)Jiidippus, a minor pest of coconuts in Philippines, 25. Amaurosoma armillatum, on timothy grass in Sweden, 150. Amaurosoma Jlavipes, on timothy grass in Sweden, 150. ambigua, Hippodamia. ambiguella, Clysia (Conchylis). ambiguus, Psallus. Amblyteles malacus, parasite of Halisidota spp. in Canada, 123. Amblyteles mincius, parasite of Euxoa excellens in Canada, 103. Amblyteles subfuscus, parasite of, Euxoa excellens in Canada, 103. Ambrosia artemisiaefolia, food- plant of insect pests in U.S.A., 420, 528. Ambrosia trifida, new scale-insect on, in Kansas, 546. Ambrosia Fungus, Xyleborus forni- catus feeding on, in Ceylon, 434 ; bark-beetles feeding on, in N. America, 266, 267. ambrosiae, Orthezia. Amelanchier (Service-berry), insect pests of, in U.S.A., 389, 420. INDEX. 583 Amelanchier alnifolia, food-plant of Lepidosaphes in Br. Columbia, 361. Amelanchier canculensis (Shad- bush), food-plant of Saperda eamlida in U.S.A., 447 ; new Chalcids infesting seeds of, in U.S.A., 549. amelanchier is, Megastigmus ; Syn- tomaspis. Ameloctoniis, parasite of Phytometra calif ornica in N. America, 210. Ameloctoniis oedemisiae (see Cam- poplex). America, legislation restricting im- portation of coffee seed into Dutch E. Indies from, 505. America, Central, pests from, inter- cepted in U.S.A., 29, 101, 206, 253, 294, 450, 525 ; fruit-flies of, 208 ; Psendomyrma protecting acacias from other insects in, 129 ; Ftychodes trilinealus in, 101 ; Scapierisciis didactylus in, 296. America, North, miscellaneous pests in, 69, 129, 210, 232, 269, 354, 356, 447, 492 ; beneficial insects in, 107, 345 ; beneficial insects from, introduced into other countries, 270, 352 ; a partial key to the genus Agromyza in, 328, 529 ; Aphids in, 29, 257 ; key to Cepliid larva.? in, 552 ; new Lepidoptera of, 34, 440 ; revision of the genus Lygns in, 233 ; Membracidae of,' 222 ; food-plants and distribution of Bhagoletis faiista in, 419 ; Thy- sanoptera of, 505 ; economic importance of swallows in, 453 ; (see Canada and U.S.A.). America, South, bionomics and distribution of Anastrepha frater- cultis in, 518 ; Bruchids infesting seeds of palms in, 356 ; pests of stored cereals in, 548 ; Chloro- pisca glabi-a in, 492 ; Icerya purchasi not pi'csent in, 11 ; Iridomyrmex hurnilis not con- sidered a serious pest in, 239 ; Membracidae of, 222 ; orchid pests from, imported into U.S.A., 205, 206, 326 ; mole-crickets in, 296 ; Spermophagus subfas- ciatus in 383. American Bladder Xut (see Staphy- lea trifolia). American Plum Borer (see Euzo- phera semifwneralis ) . amerieana, Harrisina ; Malacosoraa; Meromyza ; Plagia ; Schisto- cerca. umericanus, PeriUtus ; Polistes ; Scymmhs ; Syniydobius ; Syr- phus ; Zygoilirips. (C569) Ametastegia glabrata (see Taxonus). amethystinus, Hylotrupes. Amiscogaster rushini, sp. n., para- site of Icerya in Australia, 35. Ammonia, effective against pests of stored tobacco, 223, 224 ; allyl alcohol containing, 254. Ammonium Salts, addition of, to nicotine-paratiin emulsion, 239. Ammonium Sulphate, watering of plants with, against Aphis brassi- cae, 153 ; against Tipula oleracea, 432 ; more economical against wire-worms than soil sterilisa- tion, 426 ; experiments with, against Xyleborus fornicatus, 434 ; for manuring sugar-cane against grubs, 139. Ammonium Supei^phosphate, man- uring with, ineffective against cutworms, 445. Ammonium Tartrate, in solution for rearing Drosophila, 220. Amorphophalliis, a useful plant against Ileliothis obsoleia in Su- matra, 271. Amorphota orgyiae, parasite of Ma- lacosoma americana and Hemero- campa leucostigma in U.S.A., 493. anipelophaga, Haltica. ampeloph i la, Drosophila. Ampelopsis quinquefolia (Virginia Creeper), pests of, in U.S.A., 205, 440, 457, 458. Aniphiacusta caraibea, a pest of s.edlings and foodstuffs in Porto Kico, 391. Amphidasys betularia, on roses in France, 470 ; on apples in Sweden, 149. Amphimallus (Bhizotrogus) solstitia- lis, on cabbages in Britain, 509 ; parasitised by Tiphia femorata in Europe, 345 ; food-plants of, in Holland, 498, 499 ; in Sweden, 147. amphimone, Dirphia. Amphipyra pyramidea, on roses in France, 470. Amphiscepa bivittata (Cranberry Vine -hopper), bionomics of, in U.S.A., 110, 563. Amphorophora ampidlata, parasites of, in Britain, 276. Amphorophora rubi, destroyed by fowls in Britain, 58. ampUpennis, Distrehcs. ampullata, Amphorophora. Amsacta lactinea, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. Amur Privet (see Ligustrum amu- rense). Amylic Alcohol, in formulae for sprays against Aphids and scale- insects, 470, 471. b2 584 INDEX. Amyosoma chilonis, parasite of rice-borers in Japan, 236. Anagrus armatus, parasite of Empoa rosae in U.S.A., 243. Anagrus fiavescens, parasite of Stenoeranus saccharivorus in Bar- bados, 394. Anagrus porteri, sp. n., in Chile, 318. Ananassa saliva (see Pineapple). Anaphe infracta, parasites of, in Uganda, 52. Anaphothrips obseurus (Grass Thrips), on grasses in Maryland, 34. Anarsia lineatella (Peach Twig Borer), control of, on peaches in California, 98 ; danger of con- fusing, with Gydia molesta in U.S.A., 374. Anarta myrtilU, parasitised by Mi- croplitis ruricola in Britain, 382. Anasa tristis (Squash Stink Bug), eii'ect of nicotine on, in Missouri, 127. anastasii, Pheidole. AnastaUis aristotelea, parasite of Torbia viridissima in Australia, 387. Anastatus bifasciatus, introduction of, into Connecticut against Ly- unantria dispar, 459 ; parasite of gipsy and brown-tail moths in Maine, 178, 179 ; parasite of Lymantria dispar in Spain, 113. Anastrepha fraterculus, bionomics, control and distribution of, 518 ; measures against, on mango in Porto Eico, 392. Anatis quinquedecimpunetata, pre- daceous on Aphids in Canada, 330. Anatrachyntis coriacella, on cotton in Nyasaland, 70. anchora, Gaurax. anchor ago, Stiretrus. anchoralis, IscJinotracJielus. ancilla, Dirphiphagus ; Frontina. Ancylis comptana (Strawberry Leaf- roller), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 196, 229, 387. Ancylis nubeculana, in orchards in Canada, 559. Ancylolomia cTirysographella, in In- dia, 124. ancylus, Aspidiotus. Andraca bipunctata (Cluster Cater- pillar), on tea in India, 187, 474. a/ndreae, Dysdercus. Andres-Maire Trap, use of, for cutworms, 182. Andricus fecundatrix, use of galls of, for medicine, 244. androgeus, Papilio. Andropogon muricatus, as a shelter- trap for Haltica ampelophaga in Algeria, 142; Monecphora bi- cincta on, in Cuba, 392. « Andropogon sorghum (see Sorghum) Aneristus ceroplastae, Prococcopha- gus orientalis erroneously re- corded as, in Hawaii, 352. Angelica polymorpha, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Angelica Root, ineffective against clothes moths, 532. Angitia, parasite of Coleophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Angitia disco-ocellellae, parasite of Gelechia confusella in U.S.A., 464. Angitia hellulae (see A. polynesialis). Angitia plutellae (see A. polynesia- lis). Angitia polynesialis, parasite Of Plutella maeulipennis in Hawaii and U.S.A., 351. Angoumois Grain Moth (see Sito- troga cerealella). Angulated Froghopper (see Lepy- ronia quadrangularis). am,gulatus, Pachyrhizus. angulicornis, Agromyza. angustatus, Calocoris ; Hylastes ; Nysius (see N. ericae). angustipennis, Melanophis. angustus, Sympherobius, Ania limbata, Paracalocoris hawleyi predaceous on, in U.S.A., 109. Anisandrus dispar (see Xyleborus). Aniseed, Anobium in, in India, 123. Anisoplia austriaca, infested with Metarrhizium anisopliae in Rus- sia, 378. annexa, Feltia. annosus, XylotrecMis. annularis, Polistes. a/nnulatum, Tragidion annulatus, Plagiognathus annulicornis, HaUomorpha. annulipes, Eriocampoides. Anobium (Pin-hole Borer), mea- sures against, in timber in Aus- tralia, 390 ; in stored seeds in India, 123. Anobium abietis, in forests in Norway, 283. Anobium domesticum, measures against, in furniture in Britain, 160. Anobium paniceum, infesting cori- ander and caraway seed in Sumatra, 232. Anobium striatum, parasitised by Spathius pedestris in France, 477 ; injuring buildings in Sweden, 147. Anoecia (Nippolachnus) piri, on pear in .Japan, 548. INDBX. 586 Ano-mala, in India, 123 ; on rice in Dutch E. Indies, 447 ; parasites of, in Java, 345. Anomala antiqua, on sugar-cane in Australia, 165, 166, 294. Anomala atrovirens, food-plants of, in Dutch E. Indies, 350, 447. Anomala australasiae (see A. anti- qua). Anomala binotata, bionomics of, in Kansas, 207. Anomala denuda, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Anomala orientalis, establishment of parasites of, in Hawaii, 275, 345 ; parasitised by Elis in Japan, 345. anomalella, Nepticula. Anamalipus plebems, on potato in Khodesia, 337. Anovialon circumjlexum, natural enemy of DendroUmus pini in Prussia, 409. Anomis erosa (Okra or Mallow Caterpillar), bionomics and dis- tribution of, in U.S.A., 108. .anomocerus, Trichothrips. Anona muricata (Sour-sop), food- plant of Helopeltis in Java, 232 ; scale -insects on, in Seychelles, 376 ; Tachardia decor ella on, in Uganda, 86 ; Geratitis rosa on, in Zanzibar, 128. Anona reticulata (Custard Apple), scale -insects on, in Seychelles, 376 ; pests of, in Uganda, 52. Anona squamosa (Custard Apple), scale -insects on, in Seychelles, 376. anonae, Aspidiotus subsimilis. Anoplocnemis phasiana, on dadap in Ceylon, 539. Anoplognathus boisdtivali, on sugar- cane in Australia, 166 ; parasites of, in Queensland, 496. Anoxia villosa, parasitised by Scolia internipta in Europe, 345. ansei, Aspidiotus. anseUi, Tragocephala. antennatum,, Callidium. antennatus, Cyllene. Antestia lineaticollis, on coffee in Br. East Africa and Uganda, 15, 51, 52. Antestia orbitalis var. faceta (see A. lineaticollis). Antestia variegata, A. Uneaticollis treated as a variety of, 15. Anthemis tinctoria, J.jj'j's heUclirysi on, in Europe, 420. Anthocoris sylvestris, jittacking dead Capsids in Britain, 280. Antholyssa aethiopica, as a shelter- trap for Haltica ampelophaga in Algeria, 142. Anthomyia ceparmn (see Hylemyia antiqua). Anthomyia persicorum, Anastrepha fraterculus erroneously recorded as, in Argentina, 518. Anthomyia polygoni, on Polygonum in Switzerland, 368. Anthomyia radicum, on beans in Switzerland, 368. Anthomyiidae, key to sub-families of, in Canada. 103. Anthonomus bisignatus, intercepted in Prunus sargenti in U.S.A., 206. Anthonomus grandis (Cotton Boll Weevil), 39 ; not present in California, 97 ; danger of intro- duction of, into S. Carolina, 160 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 17, 247, 452, 483, 566 ; legislation against, in U.S.A., 176. Anthonomus grandis var. thurberiae, legislation against, in California, 176. Anthonomus pomorwm (Apple Blos- som Weevil), bionomics of, in Britain, 58, 280 ; destroyed by sparrows in Holland, 499 ; on pear in Italy, 143 ; in Sweden, 148 ; in Switzerland, 367. Anthonomus quadrigihbus (Apple Curculio), on apples in Canada, 84. Anthonomus rubi, on strawberries in Britain, 509 ; on roses in France, 469 ; on raspberries in Norway, 286 ; on raspberries and strawberries in Sweden, 148. Anthonomus signatus (Strawberry Weevil), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 229, 372, 482. Anthores leuconotus (White Coffee Borer), control of, on coffee in Africa, 15. Anthothrips, in N. America, 506. Anthoxanthum odor alum, Sipha graminis on, in Britain, 170. anlhracinus, Bracon. Anthrax lateralis, parasite of Gele- chia confusella in U.S.A., 464. Anthrenus scrophulariae, infesting carpets etc. in U.S.A., 533. Anthrenus verbasci, measures against, in Connecticut, 457. Anthriscus silvestris, Phytoecia cylindrica on, in Sweden, 94. antiqoni, Pulvinaria. Antigua, insect pests and their con- trol in, 210. Antilles, Anastrepha fraterculus oc- curring in, 518. Antimony Sulphide, experiments with, against HeliotMs virescens, 214. antiopa, Vanessa. 586 mDEK. cmtiqua, Anomdla ; Bylemyia ; Orgyia (Notoloplms) ; Bhacodi- neura. Antler Moth (see Gharaeas graminis). antonii, Helopeltis. Antonina bambusae, on bamboo in Seychelles, 68. Antonina crawi, intercepted on bamboo in U.S.A., 206. Ants, habits of, in Br. Guiana, 385, 386 ; economic importance of, in Germany, 411 ; on coffee in Porto Rico, 104 ; Ustulina zonata spread by, in Malaya, 277 ; possible relation of Eleodes tricostata to, in Texas, 494 ; beneficial and injurious species of, in U.S.A., 248 ; associated with Aphids and Coccids, 104, 129, 168, 170, 209, 248, 313, 321, 376, 386, 414, 481, 497 ; methods of destroying, 12, 13, 97, 142, 404, 457, 492 ; natural enemies of, 57, 134 ; destroying other insects, 20, 129, 237*, 239, 248, 299, 409, 459, 461 ; intercepted in quarantine, 206, 476, 485 ; baits for, 314, 461 ; poison-baits not satisfactory for, 487. Ants, Acrobat (see Cremastogaster). Ants, Argentine (see Iridomyrmex hiimilis). Ants, Black Cacao (see Dolichoderus bituberculahis). Ants, Brown (see Solenopsis gemi- nata). Ants, Coffee Shade (see Myme- lachista ambigua ramulormn). Ants, Fire (see Solenopsis geminata). Ants, Gramang (see Plagiolepis longipes). Ants, House (see Pheidole punclu- lata). Ants, Leaf-cutting (see Atta). Ants, Pharaoh's (see Monomorium pharaonis). Ants, Red-legged (see Camponotus Tufipes). Ants, Small House (see Mono- morium pharaonis). Ants, White (see Termites). Ants, Yakman (see Eciton burchelli). AnnrapMs farfarae, food-plants of, in Sweden, 146. AnurapMs persicae-niger (Black Peach Aphis), on peaches in U.S.A., 213, 231. anxia, Laehnosterna. anxiiis, Agrilus. Anystis agilis, predaceous on Eu- cosma ocellana in Quebec, 64. "Chomoriensis , Microplitis . Aonidia lauri, on laurel in Italy, 143. aonidum, Chrysomphalus. Apamea testacea (see Luperina). Apanteles, parasite of Cirphis uni- puncta etc. in Australia, 387 ; parasite of Tortrix cerasivora/na in Canada, 507 ; possible con- nection between Microsporidian parasites of Pieris brassicae and, in France, 190. Apanteles africanus, parasite of Anaphe infracta in Uganda, 52. Apanteles chilocida, parasite of rioe- borers in Japan, 236. Apanteles corvinus, parasite of Goleo- phora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Apanteles geleehiae, parasite of Gele- chia confusella in U.S.A., 464. Apanteles glomeratus, parasite of Pieris brassicae in France, 191, 461. Apanteles hoplites, parasite of Byc- tiscus betulae in Europe, 172. Apanteles hyphantriae, parasite of Hypliantria cunea in Connecticut, 456. AjHinteles hyslopi, parasite of Phy- tometra calif ornica in N. America, 210. Apanteles lacteicolor, colonisation of, in Canada, 84 ; parasite of gipsy and brown-tail moths in U.S.A., 178, 179, 456, 459, 511- 513. Apanteles longicaudis, parasite of Argyroploce variegana in Italy, 173. Aptanteles mesoxanthus, sp. n., para- site of Goleophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Apanteles pinicola, parasite of Thera spp. in Britain, 382. Apanteles simplicis, parasite of rice-borers in Japan, 236. Apanteles sodalis, parasite of Goleo- phora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Apanteles xanthostigma, parasite of Goleophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Apantesis arge, on cotton in U.S.A., 247 ; percentage of males of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. Apantesis vittata, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. Apate francisca, in coffee in Porto Rico, 104. Apate indistincta, in coffee in Uganda, 51. Apate nionacha, in cacao in Belgian Congo, 79 ; in zinzelats in Syria, 50 ; in coffee in Uganda, 51. Apatela auricoma (Dagger Moth), intercepted in U.S.A., 206. Apatela hasta, probably parasitised by Apanteles lacteicolor in U.S.A. 512. INDEX. 587 Apateticiis macuUventris, predaoeous on Paracalocoris haivleyi in U.S.A., 109. Aphanogymcs, parasite of Perrisia raccinii in U.S.A., 553. Aphelinus, parasite of Leucaspis pini in Argentina, 316. Aplielinus bovelli, parasite of Chry- somphalus dictyospermi in Bar- bados, 443. Aphelinus chrysomphali, parasite of Ghrysomphalus dictyospermi in Italy and Spain, 9, 36, 113. Aphelinus maculieornis, parasite of scale-insects in Spain, 113. Aphelinus myiilaspidis, parasite of scale-insects in Spain, 113. Aphelimis (Prospaphelinus) silves- trii, parasite of Ghrysomphalus dictyospermi in Italy and Sicily, 9, 36. Aphelopus theliae, sp. n., parasite of Thelia bimaculata in New York, 363. Aphidius, enemy of Aphids in Argentina, 318 ; parasite of Aphis hold in Britain, 276. Aphidius polygonaphis, parasite of Aphids in U.S.A., 164, 455. Aphidius rihis, parasite of Myzus ribis in Britain, 276. aphidi vorum, Pachy neuron . Aphidoletes, predaceous on Chaito- phorus negundinis in U.S.A., 164. Aphids, measures against, 11, 12, 13, 41, 42, 55, 60, 97, 98, 118, 213, 229, 238, 258, 314, 340, 389, 413, 423, 432, 435; natural enemies of, 27, 34, 46, 70, 99, 105, 107, 119, 131, 134, 136, 164, 168, 213, 215, 241, 242, 247, 276, 290, 299, 317, 318, 330, 351, 352, 413, 415, 429, 455, 456, 488, 492 ; classification and new species of, 45, 47, 130, 146, 170, 209, 243, 257, 298, 361, 372, 417, 420, 473, 501, 547, 548 ; ants associated \\'ith, 129, 170, 209, 248, 313, 376, 481 ; dis- seminating plant diseases, 453, 480, 545 ; migrations of, 158, 416 ; action of salivary secretion of, on plant cells, 6 ; immunity of hybrid between Euclanea mexi- cana and Zea indentata to attacks of, 30 ; on tobacco in Ceylon, 523 ; in Canada, 255 ; on al- monds in Spain, 55; in Sicily, 514; food-plants of, in U.S.A., 371, 413, 479 ; intercepted on rose, etc. in California, 293, 450, 525 ; intercepted in Hawaii, 39, 476 ; intercepted in Philippines from Japan, 25 ; intercepted in Porto Rico, 485. Aphiochaeta pygmaea, on pumpkins in Sweden, 150. Aphis abietina (see Myzaphis). Aphis acetosae, food-plants and distribution of, 209. Aphis avenae, Auct., method of distinguishing A. pseudoavenae from, in Maine, 243. Aphis avenae, F., synonym of Siphonaphis (Aphis) padi, 47 ; A. prunifoliae erroneously re- corded as, 47, 298. Aphis bakeri (Clover Aphis), bio- nomics and control of, in U.S.A.. 212, 399, 416, 420. Ajihis bauhiniae, sp. n., on Bauhinia in Egypt, 209. Aphis brassicae (see Brevicoryne). Aphis brevis (see A. crataegifoliae). Ajjhis buddleiae, sp. n., on Buddleia madagascariensis in Egypt, 209. Ajihis cardui (Green Plum Aphis, Long-beaked Thistle Aphis), on Carduus in Br. Columbia, 361 ; bionomics of, in U.S.A., 213, 417 ; A. prunifoliae not a syno- nym of, 47. Aphis cephalicola (see A. bakeri). Aphis cerasi, on cherries in Norway, 285. A^ihis cerasifoliae (Choke-cherry Aphis), on choke-cherry in Br. Columbia, 361 ; bionomics of, on cherries, etc. in U.S.A., 213, 241, 417; possibly identical with Siphonaphis (A.) padi, 47, 417. Aphis chinensis, placed in genus Melaphis, 45. Aphis citri, on orange in Uganda, 51. Aphis citricola, on citrus in Japan, 548. Aj)his cornifoliae, on Cornus in Maine, 241. Aphis crataegi (see Dentatus). Aphis crataegifoliae (Long-beaked Clover Aphis, Thorn-leaf Aphis), food-plants of, in U.S.A., 212, 420. Aphis dahlias (see A. rumicis). Aphis durantae, sp. n., on Duranta in Egypt, 209. Aphis duranti, sp. n., food-plants of, in Lahore, 473. Aphis fabae, on beans in Italy, 143. Aphis Jicus, sp. n., on Ficus syco- morus in Africa, 209. Aphis gallarum, synonym of Crypto- siphum artemisiae, 170. Aphis gossypii (Cottoii or Melon Aphis), natural enemies of, in Trop- ical Africa, 52, 70 ; food-plants of, in Japan, 548; on cucumbers in Sweden, 146 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 194, 195, 230 247, 267, 413, 474, 565. 588 INDEX. Aphis grossula/riae (Gooseberry Aphis), destroyed by fowls in Britain, 58 ; on currants in Germany, 6; in Sweden, 146. Aphis helichrysi, food-plants of, in Europe and U.S.A., 420. Aphis loUi, parasites of, in Britain, 276. Aphis hoiightonensis, on currants and gooseberries in U.S.A., 213. Aphis idaei (Raspberry Aphis), in Switzerland, 367. Aphis japonica, sp. n., on apple in Japan, 548. Aphis Jcochi (Rosy Aphis), con- trolled by lime-spraying in Bri- tain, 425. Aphis maidiradicis (Corn Root Aphis), on cereals in U.S.A., 14, 29, 248, 481, 527. Aphis maidis (Corn Leaf Aphis, Maize Aphis), on maize in N. America, 29, 194 ; attacked by a Syrphid fly in St. Vincent, 121. Aphis mali (see Aphis pomi). Aphis malifoliae (Blue Aphis, Rosy Apple Aphis), in Britain, 57, 58, 508; on apples in U.S.A., 212, 298, 413, 417 ; migrations of, 417. Aphis malvoides, sp. n., food- plants of, in Lahore, 473. Aphis maruiae (see A. helichrysi). Aphis mathiolae, sp. n., on orna- mental plants in Egypt, 209. Aphis mathiolellae, sp. n., on orna- mental plants in Egypt, 209. Aphis medicaginis (Bur-clover Aphis), food-plants of, in Cali- fornia, 384 ; food-plants of, in Japan, 548 ; a minor apple pest in U.S.A , 212. Aphis myosotidis (see A. helichrysi). Aphis neomexicanus, on currants and gooseberries in U.S.A., 213. Aphis padi (see Siphonaphis). Aphis persicae, on peach in Italy, 143. Aphis persicae-niger (see Anuraphis). Aphis platanoides (see Drepanosi- phum). Aphis pheidole, associated with ants in Rhodesia, 209. Aphis piraria, on pear in Italy, 143. Aphis pomi (Green Apple Aphis), bionomics of, in Britain, 58, 247, 508 ; on apple in Canada, 558 ; measures against, on apples in France, 442 ; food-plants of, in Japan, 548 ; on apples and plums in Norway, 285 ; control of, in Sweden, 146; on apple in Switzerland, 367 ; bionomics and control of, on apples and pears in U.S.A., 110-112, 212, 298, 373, 459 ; A. pomonella allied to, 209. Aphis pomonella, on apples in Br. East Africa, 209. Aphis pruni, on plums in Britain, 58, 508. Aphis pruniella, sp. n., on plum in Br. East Africa, 209. Aphis pruniJoUae (Apple Grain Aphis), migrations ot, in U.S.A., 47, 298, 416 ; erroneously re- corded as Siphonaphis (A.) padi (avenae), 47, 298. Aphis pseudoavenae, sp. n., food- plants of, in Maine, 243. Aphis pseudobrassicae (see Sipho- coryne). Aphis pyrastri, on pear in France, 442. Aphis pyri, on pear in France, 442 ; on pear in Switzerland, 267. Aphis pyri, Koch (see Anuraphis farfarae). Aphis ribis, on currants in Germany, 6 ; on currants in Italy, 143 ; on currants and gooseberries in U.S.A., 213. Aphis rosae, on rose in Italy, 143 ; in Norway, 286. Aphis rumicis (Bean Aphis, Dock Aphis), food-plants of, in Britain, 508 ; on Bumex crispus in Japan, 548 ; on beans and beet in Sweden, 146 ; in Switzerland, 367 ; on dahlias in Uganda, 209 ; bionomics of, in U.S.A., 212, 413, 416, 417. Aphis sacchari (Sugar-cane Aphis), attacked by a Dipteron in Aus- tralia, 387. Aphis saliceU, on willow in N. America, 257 ; on willow in Britain, 41 ; A. theobaldi er- roneously recorded as, 257. Aphis salicicola (see A. saliceti). Aphis saliiiae, on sage in Switzer- land, 367. Aphis sambuci, on elder in Britain, 276. Aphis sanborni (Green Gooseberry Aphis), on currants and goose- berries in U.S.A., 213. Aphis sensoriata, sp. n., on Ame- lanchier in U.S.A., 420. Aphis setariae (Rusty Plum Aphis), bionomics of, in U.S.A., 212, 417. Aphis siphonella, sp. n., on Japanese pear in Japan, 548. Aphis somei, sp. n., food-plants of, in Japan, 548. Aphis sorbi, on apple in Canada, 361, 558 ; on apple in Norway, 285 ; on apple in Switzerland, 367 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 110-112, 373, 459. Aphis spinulosa, sp. n., on cherry in Japan, 548. INDEX. 589 Aphis tamaricis, sp. n., on Tamarix in Egypt, 209. Aphis thalictri, sp. n., on Thalic- trum minus in Japan, 548. Aphis theobaldi, sp. n., erroneously recorded as A. saliceti in N. America, 257. Aphis roriaits (Vavial>I ' Currant Aphis), on currauts and goosj- berries in U.S.A., 213. Aphis viburnicola, notes on, on Viburnum in U.S.A., 420. Aphis xylostei (see Siphoccrryne). Aphis zizyphi, sp. n., on Zizyphus spinachristi in Egypt, 209. Aphis, Apple Grain (see Aphis prunijoline). Aphis, Apple Woolly (see Eriosoma lanigerum). Aphis, Bean (see Aphis rumieis). Aphis, Beet (see Pemphigus betae). Aphis, Black Cherry (see Myzus cerasi). Aphis, Black Peach (see Anuraphis persicae-niger) Aphis, Blue (see Aphis malijoliae). Aphis, Clover (see Aphis bakeri). Aphis, Corn Leaf (see Aphis maidis). Aphis, Corn Root (see Aphis maidi- radicis). Aphis, Currant (see Myzus ribis). Aphis, Eastern Grape (see Macrosi- phum illinoisense). Aphis, Grain (see Maerosiphum granarium). Aphis, Green Apple (see Aphis povii). Aphis, Green Peach (see Myzus persicae). Aphis, Green Plum (see Aphis cardui). Aphis, Hop (see Phorodon humuli). Aphis, Indian Mustard (see Sipho- coryne indobrassicae). Aphis, Mealy Plum (see Hyalop- terus arundinis). Aphis, Melon (see Aphis gossypii). Aphis, Norway Maple (see Chaito- phorus lyropicta). Aphis, Oat (see Siphonaphis padi). Aphis, Parsley (see Ehopalosiphum capreae). Aphis, Peach (see Myzus persicae). Aphis, Pear Woolly (see Eriosoma pyrieola). Aphis, Pink and Green Potato (see Maerosiphum solanifolii). Aphis, Potato (see Maerosiphum solanifolii and Ehopalosiphum solani). Aphis, Punjab Rose (see Maerosi- phum rosaeiformis). Aphis, Raspberry (see Aphis idaei). Aphis, Reddish-brown Plum (see Ehopalosiphum nymphaeae)- Aphis, Rosy (see Aphis kochi). Aphis, Rosy Apple (see Aphis malijoliae). Aphis, Rusty Plum (see Aphis setariae). Aphis, Spinach (see Myzus persi- cae). Aphis, Spiug Grain (s-e Toxoptera graininuiii). Aphis, Sugar-cane (see Aphis sac- chari). Aphis, Tea (see Toxoptera coffeae). Aphis, Turnip (see Siphocoryne pseudobrassicae). Aphis, Walnut (see Ohromaphis juglandicola). Aphis, Woolly Apple (sec Eriosoma lanigerum) Aphis, Woolly Pear (see Eriosoma pyrieola). Aphis, Yellow (see Sipha flava). Aphis, Yellow Clover (see Gallvp- terus ononidis). Aphodius, experimentally infested with Metarrhizium anisopliae in Porto Rico, 378. Aphrophora auropilosa, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. Aphrophora parallela, on Scotch pine in Maine, 11, 12. Aphrophora quadrinotata, in Maine, 11. Aphrophora saraiogensis. on pine in Maine, 11. Aphycus coecidiphagus, sp. n., para- site of Ehizococcus in Australia, 35. Aphycus flaviduhis var. caridei, n., parasite of scale-insects in Argen- tina, 428. Aphycus flavidulus var. nigra, n., parasite of scale-insects in Argen- tina, 428. Aphyeus flavus, parasite of Chry- somphalus dictyospermi in Spain, 113. Aphyeus hesperidum, parasite of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi in Italy and Spain, 9, 36. Aphycus pinicola, parasite of Chionaspis pinifoliae in Spain, 113. apiala, Epiglaea. apicalis, Nepholettix ; Triclistus. apiformis, Aegeria (Sesia). Apion, doubt as to injurious effect of, on clover in Russia, 65. Apion apricans, measures against, on clover in Britain, 327 ; on spnice in Sweden, 147. Ajion flavipes, probably on spruce in S.vedcn, 147. Apion irifoUi, lood-plants of, in Britain, 509. 590 ::7DEX. Aporia crataegi, on apples in Nor- way, 285 ; food-plants of, in Sweden, 148 ; in Rumania, 409 ; intercepted on fruit-tree seedlings in U.S.A., 205. appendiculata, Pristiphora ( Nema- ius) (see P. pallipes). Apple, Aphis pomonella on, in Br. East Africa, 209 ; measures against Cydia pomonella on, in S. Africa, 324, 358 ; legislation respecting importation and re- moval of, in S. Africa, 358 ; pests of, and their control in Britain, 58, 117, 159, 238, 247, 278-280, 281, 436, 508, 509, 510 ; pests of, and their control in Canada, 23, 24, 53, 54, 61, 82, 84, 122, 162, 165, 329, 331, 361, 364, 558, 559, 560, 561 ; mea- sures against Cydia pom onelld on, in Cyprus, 383 ; pests of, in France, 73, 113, 191, 280, 411, 442, 471 ; Stcpiianitis jyyri on, in Europe, 342 ; Syniomnspis spp. on, in Central Europe, 343 ; pests of, in Holland, 36, 499 ; pests of, in Italy, 143, 173, 366; pests of, in Japan, 403, 502, 504, 548; pests of, in Norway, 285 ; Phycitids intercepted in seeds of, in Porto Rico, 485 ; pests of, in Sicily, 256, 295 ; pests of, in Spain, 55, 444, 514 ; pests of, in Sweden. 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 286; pests of, in Switzerland, 367 ; pests of, and their control in U.S.A., 19, 21, 22, 34, 47, 53, 98, 99, 112, 205, 207, 212, 230, 234, 243, 267, 290, 298, 300, 309, 311, 312, 340, 341, 369, 371, 373, 413, 416, 417, 420, 423, 447, 452, 457, 458, 459, 468, 489, 528, 551 ; pests intercepted on, in U.S.A., 101, 197, 205, 253, 450 ; measures against pests of, in New Zealand, 553 ; principal Aphids infesting, 298, 413, 416, 417 ; bionomics of Capsid bugs on, in Britain, 278- 280, 281 ; bionomics of Eriosoma lanigerum on, 311, 312 ; effect of potassium cyanide on, 433 ; effect of lead arsenate sprays on fruit of, 467. Apple, Custard (see Anona reticu- lata). Apple, Mammee (see Mammea americana). Apple, Northern Spy, immune to attacks of Eriosoma lanigerum. in U.S.A., 312. Apple Aphis, Green (see Aphis pomi). Apple Aphis, Rosy (see Aphis kochi, A. malifoliae and A. sorbi). Apple Blossom Weevil (see Antho- nomus poynorutn). Apple Capsid (see Plesiocoris rugi- collis). Apple Curculio (see Anthonomus quadrigibbus). Apple Ermine Moth (see Hypono- meida vialinellus). Apple Grain Aphis (see Aphis jnunifoliae). Apple Leaf hopper (see Empoasca mali). Apple Leaf-mining Case-bearer (see CoUophora volckei). Apple Leaf Skeletoniser (see Ganar- sia hammondi). Apple Maggot (see Bhagoletis pomo- nella). Apple Pith Moth (see Blastodacna atra). Apple Scab, control of, in Canada, 54, 64, 362. Ajjple Skeletoniser (see Hemero- phila pariana). Apple Stem Piercer (see Magdalis barbicomis). Apple Sucker (see Psylla mali). Apple Tent Caterpillar (see 31ala- cosoma americana). Apple Woolly Aphis (see Eriosoma lanigerum). Apple Worm (see Cydia pomonella). approximaitis, Pissodes. aprieans, Apion ; Buprestis Apricot (Prunus armeniaca), Cydia pomonella on, in S. Africa, 324 ; Bryobia pratensis seldom attack- ing, in Br. Columbia, 23 ; pests of, in Egypt, 50, 209 ; Stepha- nitis pyri on, in Europe, 342 ; Eurytomid grub in seeds of, in India, 124; Argyroploce varie- gana on, in Italy, 173 ; Pardalas- pis quinaria on, in Rhodesia, 208 ; measures against Bhynchites bacchus infesting, in Sicily, 295 ; pests of, in U.S A., 218, 369, 373, 389, 450. Apricot, Japanese (see Prunus mume). Apriona rugicoUis, measures against, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. Aprostocerus norax, parasite of 3Iacromphalia dedecora in Chile, 428. Aprostocetus strobilanae, a more effective parasite of Perrisia strobi than Platygaster contorticornis in Sweden, 91 ; probably a parasite of Torymus azureus, 333. Apterotrix dubia, sp. n., parasite of Fiorijiia in Australia, 35. Aptinothrips rufieornis var. connati- eornis, associated with Physo- thrips lefroyi on tea in India, 269. INDEX. 591 Aptinothrips rufus, on clover in Norway, 284. Apulia, new mite infesting locusts in, 443. Arab is albida, Dasyneura schneideri on, in Switzerland, 368. Arachis hypogaea (Peanut, Ground Nut), Frankliniella fusca on, in Florida, 505 ; Bruchus pruininus infesting, in Hawaii, 356, 357 ; pests of, in India, 46, 379 ; pests of, in Dutcli E. Indies, 224, 233, 349, 447 ; pests of, in Japan, 205, 440 ; Halticus mi nut us on, in the Pescador(>s, 503 ; Prodenia litura on, in Philippines, 379. Araecerus, on coffee in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Araecerus fasciculatus (Cofl'ee Wee- vil, Tephrosia Beetle), on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79 ; bionomics of, in Dutch E. Indies, 2-4, 350. AraUa, Eulecdnium persicae cruduni on, in Britain, 59. Arbela dea (Bark-eating Borer), on tea in India, 474. Arbela quadrinotata (Bark-eating Borer), on tea and cacao in India and Ceylon, 315, 474, 539. Arbor Vitae (see Thuja oecidentalis). arbutiella. Marmara. Arbuhis, Mai-mara arbutiella on, in Massachusetts, 21. archebates, Calisto. Archips (see Tortrix). Archips minor, on mulberry in Formosa, 174. Archon centaurus (Rhinoceros Bee- tle), food plants of, in Gold Coast, 133. Arctaphis populifolii on Populus in Br. Columbia,'361. Arctornis chrysorrhoea (Gold-tail Moth), bionomics of, on apples in Britain, 58, 382, 510 ; in Europe, 521 ; injury to silkworms due to the urticating hairs of, in Japan, 502 ; intercented in U.S.A., 205. Ardis bipunctata, on roses in Sweden, 150. Areca catechu (Betel or Areca Nut), Levuana iridescens on, in Fiji, 237 ; Chionaspis inday on, in Seychelles, 376. arenaria, Cerceris. Arenga saccharifera (Sugar Palm), Oryctes rhinoceros probably on, in Philippines, 260. Arge rosae, on roses in Sweden, 151. arge, Apantesis. Argenis., a minor pest ol mulberry in Formosa, 174. Argentina, Aphids and their ene- mies in, 317 ; Galand/ra oryzOfC imported into Sweden in maize from, 148 ; value of Cocco- baciUus acridiorum for destruction of locusts in, 177, 316 ; Epicanita spp. parasitic on locusts in, 316 ; miscellaneous pests in, 177, 188, 225, 316, 428, 518 ; Hystri- chodexia pueyrredoni parasite of Lepidoptera in, 462 ; Metarr- hizium anisopliae introduced into, 378 ; establishment of parasites of Oeceticus platensis in, 315, 517 ; pests of wheat and their control in, 142. argentinae, Perissoeenirus. Argentine Ant (see Iridomyrmex humilis). Argentine Bagworm (see Oeceticus platensis). Argentine Locust (see Schistocerca paranensis). argillacea, Alabam.a. argns, Chelymorpha. Argyresthia atmorieUa (see Blasto- tere). Argyresthia certella, on Picea excelsa in Germany, 479. Argi/resfhia conjuqella, occasionally attacking apples in Holland, 37 ; on apples in Norway, 285 ; bionomics and control of, in Sweden, 145, 150. Argyresthia ephippiella, on cherries in Norwav and Sweden, 150, 285. Argyresthia glabratella, on Picea excelsa in Germany, 479. Argyresthia illuminatella, bionomics of, on Abies alba in Germany, 479. Argyresthia laevigatella, on Larix decidua in Germany, 479 ; Blas- totere atmorieUa erroneously re- corded as, in Britain, 258. Argyresthia praecocella, on Juni- perus communis in Germany. 479. Argyrophylax albincisa, parasite of Pachyzancla periusalis in Porto Rico, 486. Argyroploce batrachopa (False Cod- ling Moth), in S. Africa, 360. Argyroploce schistaceana, on sugar- cane in Ceylon, 539. Argyroploce (Olethreutes) variegana, on cherry in Italy, 143 ; food- plants of, in Norway and Sweden, 1 49, 285, 286 ; in Smtzerland, 367 ; bionomics and distribution of, 172. argyrospila, Tortrix (Cacoecia). ariadne, Ergolis. aristella, Lonchaea. aristotelea, Anastatus. Aristotelia, on strawberries in Canada, 85. 692 INDEX. Arizona, notes on Bxiprestidae of, 307 ; pests of lucerne in, 139 ; miscellaneous pests in, 22, 208 ; new Tachinid parasite of Eleodes in, 549 ; pests from, intercepted in California 101, 450, 525 ; quarantine against introduction of Anthonomus grcmdis on cotton into, 176. Arkansas, bionomics and control of Aegeria exitiosa in, 448 ; pro- hibition against importation of currants and gooseberries into Canada from, 472. arkansensis, Habroeytus. Armadillidium vulgare, in Britain, 35 ; spreading Cronartium ribi- cola in greenhouses, 9. armatus, Anagrus ; Hypoaspis. armigera, Helioihis (see H. obsoleta) ; Magdalis. armigerum, Daceion. armillatum, A maurosoma. Army Cutworm (see Euxoa agrestis). Army Worm Caterpillar (see Cirphis unipuncta). Arphia pseudanistana, in Canada, 363. Aromia moschata (Musk Beetle), on willow in Britain, 41. Arrow- weed (see Fluchea sericea). Arsenate of Copper (see Copper Arsenate). Arsenate of Iron (see Iron Arsenate). Arsenate of Lead (see Lead Ar- senate). Arsenate of Lime (see Calcium Arsenate). Arsenic, for poisoning ants, 314, 497 ; addition of, to oil for treating timber against boring beetles, 390 ; treatment of soU with, against sugar-cane grubs, 139, 245 ; in poison-baits, 240, 268, 314, 395, 497 ; determina- tion of, in insecticides and fungi- cides by potassium iodate, 440 ; toxic properties of, 467 ; percent- age of, in calcium arsenate, 329. Arsenic, White (Arsenious Acid), in baits for cutworms, 395, 396. Arsenic Bisulphide (Realgar), ex- periments in spraying with, against Diabrotica vittata, 201. Arsenic Oxide, percentage of, in calcium arsenate, 329. Arsenical Sprays, 98, 163, 196, 198, 205, 249, 273, 347, 370, 381, 414, 464, 483 ; adhesives in, 163, 249 ; injurious to fruit and foliage, 98, 198 ; U30 of prickly-pear sap in, 472; formulae for, 414; un- satisfactory agair.st Palaeacrita vernata, 302 ; not recommended against Meligethes aeneus, 9 . Arsenicals, use of, against vine moths, 163, 273, 381 ; effect of adding fungicides to, 362 ; effect of spraying with, on man and animals, 467 ; properties of, as insecticides ,490 ; danger to bees of using, 498 ; dusting with, again^st Pachyzancla periusalis, 486 ; prohibition of use of, in France, 320. Arsenious Acid, experiments with, in poison-baits for cutworms and army worms, 396. Arsenious Oxide, in poison-baits for cutworms and army worms, 396. Arsenite of Copper (see Copper Arsenite). Arsenite of Lime (see Calcium Arsenite). Arsenite of Soda (see Sodium Arsenite). artemiseae, Gercopeus. Artemisia, Macrosiphum jrigidae on, in Br. Columbia, 361. Artemisia ludoviciana, Macrosiphum ludovicianae on, in Br. Columbia, 361. Artemisia tridentata, method of obtaining sage tea from, in Oregon, 199, 200. Artemisia vulgaris, Cryptosiphum artemisiae on, in Britain, 170. Artemisia vulgaris indica, Macro- siphum absinthi on, in Japan, 547. artemisiae, Cryptosiphum ; Spilo- grapha. arthriticus ,Pachymerus {Caryoborus), Arthrolytus aeneoviridis, parasite of Bucculatrix thurberiella in Ari- zona, 274. Artichoke, Trama troglodytes on, in Britain, 508. Artichoke, Jerusalem (see Helia/n- thus tuberosus). articulatus, Selenaspidus (Aspidio- tus). Artipus corycaeus, food-plants of, in Barbados, 394. Artocarpus incisa (Breadfruit),scale- insects on, in Seychelles, 376 ; Aspidiotus palmae on, in San Thome, 384. Artocarpus integrifolia (Jak), food- plant of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540; Helopeltis not ovipositing on, in Java, 233; food-plant of Coccus colemani in Mysore, 322 ; food of Galeo- pithecus in Philippines, 183 ; scale-insects on, in SevcheUes, 376. arundinis, Hyalopterus. Arundo, Hyalopterus pruni, on, in Egypt, 209. INDEX. 693 Arvelius cUbopunctatus, a supposed cotton pest in St. Vincent, 251. Arytaina punciipennis, on indigo in the Far East, 15. Asaphes vulgaris, parasite of Aphids in Britain, 276. Ascalaphus, predaceous on Prodenia liiura in Egypt, 49. aschaniicus, Alcides. Aschersonia, infesting Ghrysovipha- lus didyospermiya,T.pinniilifera, 9. Asclepias syriaca (Milkweed), food- plant of Agromyza pusilla in U.S.A., 298. Aseogaster carpocapsae, parasite of Cydia pomonella, etc. in U.S.A., 222, 374, 464. Aseogaster ted in U.S.A., on P'horminm ten ax from, 206. Azotus jnnifoliae, parasite of Ghion- aspis pinijoliae in Spain, 113. Asteca instabilis, on cacao in Br. Guiana, 386. Azieca trigona subdentata, associated with scale- insects in Br Guiana, 386. Azteca velox, on cacao in Br. Guiana, 386. aznreus^ Torymtis, B. Baboons, destroyinsc locusts in S. Africa, 359. Babul (see Acacia arabica). haccarum, Dolycoris. Baccharis (Trailing-mallow), food- plant of Myochrotis longuhis in Arizona, 22. bacchus, Pliynchites. Bacillus amylovorus (Fire-blight), not transmitted by apple leaf- hoppers in U.S.A., 207. Bacillus ponvei, sp. n., experiments with, against grasshoppers in U.S.A., 288. Bacteria, Beneficial, 210. Bactrocera cucurbitae (see Dacus). bactris, Pachymerus (Garyoborus). Badger, destroying Lachnosterna in Manitoba, 364. Bael Fruit (see Aegle niarmelos). baetica, Lampides (Polyommatns). Bagrada hilaris (Bagrada Bug), in S. Africa, 360. Bagrada picta, on coffee in Br. East Africa, 16 ; control of, on mus- tard in India, 124. Bagworms, in Argentina, 428 ; on tea in Ceylon, 315 ; intercepted in quarantine in Hawaii, 476 ; (see Glania, Oeceiicus, Thyridoj)- teryx, etc.)- Bahamas, prohibition against im- portation of plants from, into Cuba, 379. Baits, for ants, 314, 461 ; fop various beetles, 248, 268, 493 ; for Blissws lewcopterus , 305 ; for cockroaches. 81 : for cutworms, 15, 84, 230, 248, 395, 445, 483, 538- for fruit-flies, 262, 415; for Hylfmyia antiqua and Phorbia brassica^, " i22, 202, 371, 555; for locusts, grasshoppers and crickets, 15, 106, 230, 248, 297, 305, 359, 389, 391, 458, 500, 555 ; for vine moths, 375 ; of doubtful value for orange piercing moths, 133 ; ineffective against Aegeria exiliosa, 196 ; ineiiecrive against ants, 104, 487 ; ineffective against Heieronychus mashunus, 240 ; suggest! d use of, for Pieris brassicae, 429; formulae for, 81, 122, 202, 230, 268, 305, 314, 359, 371, 395, 461. Baker's Machine, for disinfecting cotton seed, 43. baker i, Aphis ; Pseudoeoccus. Balaninus caryae (Pecan Weevil), bionomics and control of, in U.S A., 226. Balaninus glandium, probably on beech in Sweden, 148. Balaninus nucum (Hazelnut Borer), control of, in Italy, 78 ; on hazel in Sweden, 148. balintauacensis, Eutermes. ballestrerii, 3Iegasiigmus. ballii, Thripsaphis. Ballovia cistipennis (see Fundella). Balsam, Wild, food-plant of Am- phiscepa biviilaia in U.S A., 110. Balsam Fir (see Abies balsamea). Balsam Poplar (see Populus bal- • samijera). INDEX. 597 balsameus, Tomicus (see Pityokieines sparsus). Balsamorrhiza, Cori/tJiiica (Ustincta on, in U.S.A., 493. balti'atiis, Leptoglossufi. Bamboo, pests of, in Ceylon, 539 ; pests of, in India, 124, 419, 430 ; Aiitonina hamhiisae on, in Sey- chelles, 68 ; ScMzotetrnnychus latitorsiis on, in U.S.A., 22; Antonina craici intercepted on, in U.S.A., 206. Bambusa oldhatni, pests of, in Formosa, 402. bamhui-ae, Antonina : Oregma. Banana (Mana), pests of, in Tropical Africa, 52, 70, 86 ; Pseudococcus longispiniis imported on, into Britain, 59 ; pests intercepted on, in California, 29, 101, 253, 294, 450, 525; legislation re- stricting importation of, into Canada, 136 ; pests of, in Ceylon, 539; p^sts of, in Fiji, 86, "^236, 237 ; measures against Cosmo- polites sordidiis on. in Jamaica, 44, 320 ; Cosmopolites sordidus on, in Philippines, 25 ; beetles intercepted on, in Porto Rico, 485 ; planting of, as a temporary shade for cotfee in Porto Rico, 104 ; Cosmopolites sordidus on, in Seychelles, 377 ; pests of, in St. Lucia, 515, 516 ; precautions against spread of Cosmopolites sordidus on, in U.S.A., 524; leaves of, used in traps for locusts, 336 ; substituted for citrus fruits in baits for cutworms, 296. Banana Agar, preparation of, for P rearing Drosophila, 219. Banana Borer (see Cosmopolites sordidus). Banana Weevil (see Cosmopolites sordidus). Banded Miilberry Midge (see Dip- losis quadrifasciata). Bandicoot, probably de.=itroying cane -grubs in Queensland. 495. Baiksia, Aleurodes alhofloccosa, on, in Australia, 475. Barathra brassicae, food- plants of, in Britain, 509 ; on cabbage in Italy, 143 ; on cabbage in Nor- wav, 284 ; on cabbage in Sweden, 148\ Barbados, pests of Ficus laurina in, 274 ; miscellaneous insect pests in, 120, 251, 393 ; pests of sugar- cane in, 58, 393 ; Chrysomphalus dictyospermi parasitised by Aphe- li/nus bovelU in, 443 ; TipJiia par- nllela imported into Mauritius from, 141. barhata, Eleodes. (C569) barbatum, Stromatium. barbatus, Dyscinetus. Barberry, Stegodyphus sarasinorum on, in Madras, 474. harbicornis, Magdalis. Bardylis australicus, sp. n., parasite ot scale-insects in Australia, 34. Bardylis australiensis, parasite of Mytilaspis in Australia, 34. Baria elsa, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Baris chlorizans, measures against, on vegetables in Germany, 344. Baris deplanata, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. Baris granulipennis, food-plants of, in Egypt, 557. Barium Chloride, against Poly- chrosis botrana, 162 ; harmful effect of, on bees, 498. Barium Tetrasulphide. reducing value of arsenicals, 362 ; and calcium arsenate, not harmful to foliage, 330. Bark-eating Borers of Tea (see Arbela and Comocritis pieria). Barley (Hordeum), pests of, in Britain, 119, 435, 508, 509; HeteronyvTius masliu,nus on, in Rhodesia, 240 ; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 92, 145, 147, 150, 151, 284; pests of, in U.S.A., 243, 244, 290, 566; varieties of, attacked by Con- tarinia tritici, 151, 152; relation of varieties of, to attacks of Hessian fly, 244. Barley Chaff, for trapping cut- worms, 408. Barnacle Scale (see Geroplastes cir- ripediformis). Baryglossa lii-strio, gen. et sp. n., in Belgian Congo, 208. Barynotus schonherri (see B. squa- mosus). Barynotus squamosus, on cabbages in Canada and Norway, 284. Barypeiihes peUucidus, said to at- tack strawberries in Europe, 452 ; in apple orchards in New York, 452. Baryssinus leguminieola, infesting leguminous plants in Paraguay, 552. basilaris, Xylobiops (Sinoxylon). bassetti, Phodites. Bassus, new species of, parasitising Pilocrocis tripunctata in Porto Rico, 82. Bassus earinoides (see Microdus). batatas, Euscepes (Cryptorrhynchus), batesi, Psammodes. Bathycoelia thalassina, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 80. 598 INDEX. Batocera, on Erythrina in Sumatra, 447. Batocera nibus, on rubber in Ceylon, 539 ; food plants of, in Virgin Islands, 377. BatapMla ruhi, on raspberries in Sweden, 147. Batrachedra silvaiiea, parasite of Bipersia resinopMla in India, 519. hatrachopa, Arg^yroploce {Enarmonia) . Bats, utilisation of, to destroy Lepidoptorous pests of cotton in West Indies, 44. Bauhinia, Aphis bauhiniae on, in Egypt, 209. Bauhinia malabarica, probably in- fested with Pachymerus gonagra in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Bauhinia monandra, Pachymerus gonagra in seeds of, in Hawaii. 354. Ba/iihinia tomentosa, Pachymerus gonagra in seeds of, in Hawaii, 354. Bauhinia variegata, moth allied to Acrocercops cramerella on, in Java, 232 ; not susceptible to attacks of Apate monacha in Syria, 50. bauhiniae. Aphis. Bavanusia margiscutellum , sp. n., parasite of Lepidosaphes casua- nnae in Australia, 35. Bay Psyllid (see Trioza ala<^ris). Bay Tree (Laurus nobilis), food- plant of Chrysomphalus paulistus in Argentina, 225 ; bionomics and control of Trioza alacris on, in New Jersey, 437 ; Trioza alacris intercepted on, in U.S.A., 205 ; pests of, in Virgin Islands, 377. Bay Wbitefly (see Paraleurodes perseae). Bdella magna, probably predaceous on Dendroctonus pseudoisuga^ in N. America, 263. Bean Aphis (see Aphis rumicis). 'BeaTL'Beeile(BeeEpilachnacorrupta). Bean Bruchid (see Bruchus ob- tedus). Bean Ply (see Agromyza phaseoU). Bean Leaf-hopper (see Empcasca ■mali). Bean Maggot (saePhorbiafuseiceps). Bean WeevU (see Bruchus). Beaos, Bruchids on, in S. Africa, 360 ; Tylenchus on, in Algeria, 32 ; Bruchus quadrimaculatus in- festing, . in N. America, 354 ; pests of, in Barbados, 394 ; pests of, in Britain, 170, 327, 425, 431, 435, 508, 509 ; pests of, in Cey- lon, 539 ; Pseudoeoccus lirgaius oa, in Gold^ Coast, 85; Bru.-hids infesting, in Hawaii, 352, 353, 354, 355 ; Cosmopteryx manipu- laris on, in India, 124 ; pests of, in Italy, 143 ; Popillia japoni<:a on, in Japan, 205 ; pest of, in St. Vincent, 252 ; pests of, in Sweden 93, 146, 147, 148, 151 ; Anthomyia radicum on, in Swit- zerland, 368 ; pests of, in U.S. A., 98, 105, 252, 292, 299, 417, 459, 465, 493, 494, 505, 565. Beans (Stoted), pests of, in Britain, 160, 431 ; pests intercepted in, in California, 29, 101 ; measures against Bruchus obiecius in, in Colombia, 366 ; measures against Bruchids in, in Germany, 6 ; Bruchids infesting, in Hawaii, 353, 354, 357 ; Bruchus quadri- maculatus infesting, in India^ 354 ; measures against pests of, imported into Italy, 382, 469; measures against pests of, in U.S.A., 12, 371, 457, 465. Beans, Bengal, experiments with, as a trap-crop for Lepidosaphes becJcii in Montserrat, 187. Beans, Bonavist, pests of. in St. Vincent, 250, 251, Beans, Mauritius, planted to pro- tect sugarcane from beetles, 495. Beans. String, food-plant of Popillia japonica in Japan, 440. Beans, Velvet (see Stizolobium). beckii, Lepidosaphes. bedeli, Atraciomorpha. Bee Moth (see Achroia grisella and Galleria mellonella). Beech (Fagus), Anobium boring in. in Australia, 390 ; pests of, in Br. Columbia, 361 ; pests of, in Britain, 59, 115 ; pests of, in Europe, 521 ; Phyllopertha horti- cola on, in Holland, 499 ; un- identified caterpillar on, in Japan. 176 ; Agrotis collina infesting, in Saxony, 479 ; pests of, in Sweden, 148; Bhynchaenus fagi on, in Switzerland, 368 ; pests of. in U.S.A., 421, 522. Beech Coccus (see Cryptococcus Bees, diseases of, 327, 448, 486. 490; natural enemies o!, 149, 533 ; effect of arsenical sprays on, 65, 196, 242, 498 ; notes on. in Connecticut, 465. Beet, pests of, in Britain^ 119, 508 ; pests of, in Canada, 241, 412 ; Thrips tabaci on, in Chile, 429 • Pegomyia hyoscyami on, in France, 441 ; pests ol, in Ger- many, 343, 344, 404, 445 ; pests of,^in Sweden, 92, 146, 147, 149, INDEX. 599 150; pests of, in U.S.A., 109, 310, 399, 416, 418, 481, 492, 493, 564, 565. Boet Aphis (see Pemphigus betae). Beet Army Worm (see Laphygma exigua). Beet Fly (see Pegomyia hyoaeyo.mi). Beet Leaf-hopppr (se< Eutettix). Beet Louse (set' Pemphigus beia^). Begonia, ProcUnia lilura on, in Fiji, 238 ; Thrips Jlauus on, in Norway, 286. Belgium, pests I'roin, intercepted in U.S.A., 205, 206, 437. Belippa (Gelatine Grub), on tea in India, 474. Belippa bohor.. on tea in Sumatra, 37. Bell Pepper (see Pepperomia), belhis, Chamus. Bembecia hylaeiformis (see Penni- setia). bembeciforme, TrocMliiim. Bemesia inconspicua (Sweet-potato Whitefly), on citrus in Florida, 473. benefica, Polycystomyia. Benzine, for treating timber against boring beetles, 390 ; for destroy- ing rubber-borers, 446 ; as a fumjgant, insect eggs killed with, 254. Ber (see ZizypMis jujuba). Berberis, probably a food-plant of Bhaaoletis fausta in N. America, 419." Berberis vulgaris, Rhagoletis cerasi on, in N. America, 419. bergmanniama, Tortrix. hergrothi, Tlelopeltis. berlesei, PodapoUpus ; Sipha. betae, Pegomyia ; PempMgua. Betel (Piper betel), Coccus longulus intercepted on, in CaUfomia, 29, 100, 253, 293, 450* 525. Betel Nut (see Areca catechu). Betel Vine, Sesbania grown as a standard for, in Madras, 47. Betula (see Birch). Belula alba, new scales on. in Britain, 59. Betula glandidosa, Swammerdamia cuprescens on, in Br. Columbia, 441. Betula luiea Corythuca perganndei on, in U S.A., 372. Betula nigra, Corythuca pergandei on, in U.S.A., 372. Betula odorata, Rhynchites belulae on, in Sweden, 147. Betula populifolia, Corythuca per- gandei on, in U.S.A., 372. Betula verrucosa, Rhynchites betulae on in Sweden, 147. betula, Euceraphis. (C569) betulaC; Bydiscus ; Pulvinaria; Rhynchites. betularia, Amphidasys. betuleti, Rhynchites (see Byctiscus betulae). Bhindi (see Hibiscus esculentus), Bibio abbreviatus, on celery in Britain, 119. Bibio albipennis, in Britain and U.S.A., 119. Bibio hortulanus, food -plants of, in Britain, 119. Bibio johannis, bionomics and con- trol of, in Britain, 118. Bibio marci, food-plants of, in Britain, 118. bicarinatus, Ophion. bicaudata, Siphocoryne, bieincia, Monecphora. biclavatus, Calocoris. biclavis, Howardia. bicolor, Aeolothrips. Bicytes quadrifasciata, predaceons on Nezara viridula in Louisiana. 495. Bidens, Eelopeltis not ovipositing on, in Java; 233. bidentatuSj Pityogenes. bifasciata, Scolia. bifnsciatus, Anastatus. bifidus, Telenomus. Big Bud Mite (see Erinphyes ribis) Big-cone Spruce (see Pseudotsuqn macrocarpa). Bignonia catalpa, Sipha bignoniae on, in Britain, 170. bignoniae, Sipha. biquttatu^, Ophionellus, bilincalis, Marasmia. bilin^^a, Cania. bilineata. Philaronia. biloba, Phytometra (Autographa). bilobiceps, Epholcis. bilobus, ZeliiS- bimaculata, Achela ; Gonia ; Oberea ; Thelia. bimaculatus, Prisiaidacus ; Tetrany ■ chus (see T. telarius). bimarginata, Haiti ca. binotalis, Crocidolomia. binotana, Anomala : Enarm^nia (Epinotia). biocellatus, Eucactophaqus. bioculattis, TetranycMi^. Biomyia eleodioora, sp n.. pa[a.in New "York 451. Botanobia darlinqtoniae, feeding- habit of, 492. Bothria, new species of, parasitic on Anaphe infracta in Uganda, 52. Bothy noderes punctiventris, infested with Meiarrhizium anisopliae in Russia, 378. hotrana, Polychrosis. Boiys, Trichogramma minutum un- successful against, in Sumatra, 271. Boiys silacealis (see Pyrausta nubi- lalis). boucheanus, Dibrachys (Pteromalus). Bourbon Scale (see Aspidiotus de- structor). bovelli, ApJielinus. Box (Buxus), food-plant of Lepido- saphes ulmi in Br. Columbia, 361; Psylla buxi intercepted on, in Hawaii, 518 ; pests of, in Swit- zerland, 367, 368 ; pests inter- cepted on, in U.S.A., 205, 450 ; measures against MonartJiropal- pus buxi on, in U.S.A., 313. Box Elder (see Acer negundo). Box Elder Aphis (see Chaitophorus negundinis). Boxwood Leaf-miner (see Monarth- ropalpus buxi). Boxwood Psyllid (see Psylla buxi). Brachartona catoxantha, on coconut and nipa palm in Dutch E. Indies, 350. brachygonia, Eublemma. brachyptera, Pholidoceras. Bracliystola magna, on cotton in U.S.A., 247. Brachytrypes achatinus, on mulberry in Formosa, 174 ; on tea in India, 186. Brachyunguis cartJianii, gen. et sp. n., on Carthamus oxy carpi in Lahore, 473. Brachyu7iguis harmalae, sp. n., on Peganum harmala in Lahore, 473. Braohyunguis letsoniae, sp. n., on Letsonia scandens in Lahore, 473. Bracon, bionomics of, parasitising Hylobius abietis in Scotland, 115 ; parasitising Cydia strobilella in Sweden, 90, 332. Bracon anthracinus, parasite of Cydia strobilella in Sweden, 90. Bracon discoideus, parasite of Byctiscus betulae in Europe, 172. Bracon Tiylobii, 115; parasite of Hylobius abietis in Britain, 258. braconis, Eurydinota. Bran, in poison-baits for insects. 81, 84, 103, 106, 230, 268, 305, 309, 336, 388, 395, 396, 458, 493, 500, 555. brandisi, CryptorrTiyncJius. brasiliensis, Gryptokermes. Brassica, Sipliocoryne indobrassicae on, in Lahore, 473 ; (see Cabbage). Brassica arvensis, Myzus cerasi on, in Canada, 103. Brassica campestris, Ealticus minu- tus on, in the Pescadores, 503. Brassica cJiinensis, Aphis brassicae on, in Japan, 548. brassicae, Aleurodes ; Barathra (Mamestra) ; Brevicoryne (Aphis); Ceuthorrhynchus ; Perrisia (Das- yneura) ; Phorbia (ChortopMla, Pegomyia) ; Phytometra (Auto- grapha, Plusia) ; Pieris. Brassolis isthmia (Coconut-tree Caterpillar), bionomics and con- trol of, on coconuts in Panama. 19-21. Brassolis sophorae (Coconut Butter- fly), bionomics and control of, on coconuts in Br. Guiana, 385 ; declared a pest in Trinidad, 472. braueri, Eugnoristus. Brazil, pests of beans imported into Italy from, 382 ; cacao pests in, 365 ; cotton pests in, 39, 44, 444, 477 ; forest pests in, 256 ; mis- cellaneous pests in, 189, 254, 256, 501 ; measures against Campono- tus rufipes in, 404 ; method of destroying termite mounds in, 173 ; Schistoeerca urichi in, 462. Breadfruit (see Artocarpus incisa). brevicollis, Trirhabda. brevicomis, Dendroctonus. brevicornis, Leptura. Brevicoryne (Aphis) brassicae (Cab- bage Aphis), measures against, in S. Australia, 153 ; parasitised by Allotria in Britain, 276 ; on cabbages in Egypt, 209 ; parasi- tised by Diaeretus chenopodia- phidis in Hawaii, 351 ; on cab- bages in Italy, 143; on Brassica chinensis in Japan, 548 ; on cab- bages in Quebec, 61 ; in Sweden, 146 ; bionomics and control of. in U.S.A., 164. Brevicoryne coriandri, gen. et sp. n .. on coriander in Lahore, 473. brevifrons, Euaresta (Pliomelaena). breviloba, Chrysobothris. Brevipalpus obovatus (Orange Mite), on tea in Ceylon, 539 ; on tea etc. in Dutch E. Indies, 37, 38, 350. INDEX. 603 brevis. Aphis (see A. crataegifoliae) ; Hoplocampa ; Stylocryptus. brevistylus, Dacus. British Columbia, resistance of plants to insect attack in, 23 ; notes on ApMds from, 361 ; bark-beetles infesting conifers in, 263, 264, 265, 267 ; food-plants of LepidosapTies tdnii in, 361 ; new Microlepidoptera from, 441 ; Taeniothrips inconsequens in, 331. British Guiana, natural enemies of bees in, 533 ; measures against locusts in, 31, 335 ; Schistocerca urichi, in, 462 ; miscellaneous insect pests in, 385-387 ; scale- insects from, 85, 86 ; outbreak of Tomaspis fiavilatera on sugar- cane in, 534 ; Braconid parasites of Diatraea saccharalis in, 333. British Isles, pests of clover seed in, 327; forest pests in, 115-117, 153, 154-158, 258, 259, 430, 435 ; miscellaneoiis pests in, 109, 114, 117, 118, 120, 144, 145, 158-160, 170, 212, 246, 278, 281, 368, 382, 424, 425, 426, 430, 431, 435, 480, 508-510; orchard pests and their control in, 57, 58, 238, 278- 280, 281, 425, 432, 435 ; pests of willow and their control in, 41 ; beneficial parasites in, 26, 35, 119, 212, 280, 381, 431; Aphids of, 114, 170, 209, 210, 276; bionomics and control of Bibio- nid flies in, 118 ; rare Cecidomyi- dae of, 247 ; scale-insects of, 59, 120 ; economic importance of birds in, 133, 478, 510 ; pests from, intercepted in U.S.A., 206, 525. Brittany, outbreak of Pieris hrassi- cae on cabbages in, 142. Broad Beans (see Vicia faba). Broccoli, GhortopMla brassicae on, in Britain, 160. bromeliae, Diaspis ; Pseudococcus. Bromius obscurus (see Adoxiis). Bromus inermis, Forda olivacea on, in Colorado, 566. Bromus tectorum, Forda olivacea on, in Colorado, 566. Brontispa froggatti, Plesispa reichei erroneously recorded as, 523. Bronze Birch Borer (see Agrilus anxius). Broom, suggested experiments with decoction of, against Pieris bras- sicae, 74. Broom-corn (see Sorghum). Brololomia meticulosa (see Trigono- phora). Bronssonetia Icazinoki (Silkworm Thorn), food-plant of silkworms in Japan, 438. Brown Hard-back (see Phytalus smithi). Brown Lacewing (see Eemerobius pacificus). Brown Locust (see Locusta par- dalina). Brown Mite (see Bryobia pratensis). Brown Rot, measures against, on plums in Canada, 54 ; measures against, on peaches in U.S.A., 228. Brown-tail Moth (see Nygmia phae- orrlioea). Bruchobius laticeps, associated with cowpea weevils in Texas, 274. BrucTiophagus, infesting seeds of conifers in Japan, 403. Bruchopliagus funebris (Clover-seed Chalcid), bionomics and control of, in N, America, 69, 139. BrucTiophagus gibbus, a minor pest of clover in Russia, 65. Bruchus, on acacias in Central America and Mexico, 129 ; in- festing lentils in France, 1 ; in Massachusetts, 26 ; intercepted in horse-beans in Porto Rico, 485. Briiehus affinis, on Pisum arvense in India, 124. Bruchus chinensis (Cowpea Bruchus, Cowpea Weevil), bionomics of, in Hawaii, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356 ; in stored peas in India, 124 ; bionomics of, in Java, 233 ; control and natural enemies of, in stored peas in Kentucky, 456, 466 ; resistance of, to carbon bisulphide, 13. Bruchus obteetus (Common Bean Bruchus), measures against, in stored beans in Colombia, 366 ; bionomics of, in Hawaii, 352, 353, 356 ; bionomics and control of, in Italy, 382, 468 ; control of, in stored beans in U.S.A., 457, 465 ; fumigation with chlorpicrin against, 491. Bruchus ornatus, Dolichos weevil allied to, in Hawaii, 352. Bruchus pisi (see B. pisorum). Bruchus pisorv,m (Pea Bruchus, Pea Weevil), on peas in Britain, 509 ; bionomics and control of, in Canada, 84, 329 ; infesting carobs in Chile, 429 ; infesting imported peas in Hawaii, 352, 356 ; con- trol of, in Holland, 270 ; mea- sures against, in U.S.A., 457, 465. Bruchus prosopis (Mesquite or Al- garoba Bruchus), bionomics of, in Hawaii, 352, 354, 355. Bruchus pruininus, bionomics of in Hawaii and U.S.A., 352, 354, 355, 356. 604 INDEX. Bruchus quadrimaculatus tBlack- eye Pea Weevil, Four-spotted Bean Briiclius), bionomics and distribution of, 352, 353, 355 ; bionomics of, in Trinidad, 463 ; measures against, in U.S.A., 246, 457, 465. Bruchus rufimanus, on beans in Britain, 509 ; infesting imported beans and peas in Hawaii, 352 ; in liorse-beans in Sweden, 147. brumata, Gheimatohia (Operophihera). brunnea, Colaspis ; Serica. brunneus, Aspongopus ; Cerato- thripoides ; Lyctus. brunnipalpis, WohlfahrUa. Bryobia pretiosa (Brown Mite, Clo- ver Mite), control of, in Cali- fornia, 252, 253 ; bionomics of, in Br. Columbia, 23, 24 ; injurious to plants in Quebec, 63 ; control of, on citrus in Queensland, 112 ; on gooseberries in Sweden, 151. bubalus, Ceresa. bubo, Alcides. Bucculatrix (Cotton Leaf Perfora- tor), on cotton in California, 97. Bucculatrix thurberiella, parasitised by Artlirolytus aeneoviridis in Arizona, 274. bucephala, Phalera. Buckwheat, Lachnosterna not harm- ful to, in Canada, 255. Buddleia mada^ascariensis, Aphis buddleiae on, in Egypt, 209. buddleiae. Aphis. Buffalo Grass, Hyalopterus insignis on, in Egypt, 209. Buffalo Tree-hopper (see Ceresa bubalus). Bugong Moth (see Euxoa infusa). Bullfinch, an injurious bird in Britain, 478. bumeliae, Prociphilus. Bunch Caterpillar (see Andraca bipunctata). Bunting, non-injurious in Britain, 478. buoliana, Bhyacionia (Evetria). Bupalus piniarius, bionomics, of, in European forests, 149,287, 521. Buprestidae, notes on, in U.S.A., 166, 289, 307, 421. Buprestis adjecta, in pines in U.S.A., 289, 422. Buprestis apricans, boring in pines in U.S.A., 422. Buprestis aurulenta, in conifers in U.S.A., 289, 422 ; parasitised by Oryssus oecidentalis in U.S.A., 550. Buprestis confluens, in poplars etc, in U.S.A., 290, 421 ; parasitised by Oryssus oecidentalis in U.S.A., 550. Buprestis connexa, in pines in U.S.A., 290, 421. Buprestis consularis, in conifers in U.S.A., 421. Buprestis fasciata, in Douglas fir in California, 289. Buprestis gibbsi, infesting timber in U.S.A., 290, 421. Buprestis laeviventris, on pines in California, 289 ; a beneficial insect in pines in U.S.A., 421 ; parasitised by Oryssus oeciden- talis in U.S.A., 550. Buprestis langii, food -plants of, in U.S.A., 422. Buprestis lauta (see B. aurulenta). Buprestis lineata, a beneficial insect in U.S.A., 421. Buprestis macuUveniris, in yellow pine in U.S.A., 422. Buprestis macuUventris var. rusti- corum, in conifers in U.S.A., 289, 422. Buprestis macuUventris var. sub- ornata, in conifers in California, 289. Buprestis rufipes, boring in timber in U.S.A., 421. Buprestis subornata, in yellow pine. in U.S.A., 422. Buprestis villosa, a variety of B. aurulenta, 422. buqueti, Thaneroclerus. Bur-clover Aphis (see Aphis medi- co^inis). burchelli, Eciton. Burgundy Mixture, addition of, to nicotine-paraffin emulsion inad- visable, 239. burJcei, Agrilus. Burlap, banding with, against Lepi- dopterous larvae, 178, 228, 374. bursarius. Pemphigus. Busseola ftisca (Maize Stalk Borer), bionomics and control of, in S. Africa, 153, 360. Butea f rondos a (Palas), Lampides baetica on, in India, 124 ; food- plant of Tachardia lacca in India, 513, 514. Buteo antillarum, destroying Scap- teriscus vicinus in St. Vincent, 297. Butorides virescens cubanus, de- stroying Scapteriscus vicinus in West Indies, 296. Buttercup, Philaenus spumarixis on, in Maine, 12. Butternut [Juglans cinerea), food- plant of Halisidota caryae in Canada, 122 ; Datana integerrima on, in Connecticut, 457 ; Datana integerrima on, in Ontario, 412. Button Bush, Popillia japonica on, in New Jersey, 205. INDEX. 605 Buttonwood Tree (see Platanus occidentalis). Buxus (see Box). buxi, 2Ionartkropalpus ; Psylla. Buzura suppressaria, on tea in Sumatra, 37. Byctiscus betulae,, natural enemies of, on vines in Europe, 172 ; on vines in Italy, 143 ; on pears and plums in Sweden, 147. BytuTus tomentosus (Raspberry or Loganberry Beetle), bionomics and control of, in Britain, 239, 424, 509 ; on raspberries etc., in Norwaj', 285, 286 ; in Switzer- land, 368. Byturus unicolor, measures against, on raspberiy in Minnesota, 372. o. Cabbage, Phctella maculipennis on, in S. Africa, 248 ; measures against Aphis brassicae on, in S. Australia, 153; pests of, in Britain, 118, 160, 281, 425, 431, 508, 509 ; i)ests of, in Canada, 60, 84, 284, 412 ; Apliids on, in Egypt, 209 ; pests of, in France, 74, 142, 319, 429, 441 ; pests of, in Germany, 5, 344 ; pests of, in Holland, 37, 499 ; Scapteriscus vieinus on, in West Indies, 296 ; pests of, in Italy, 143 ; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 145, 147, 148, 149,^150, 284; pests of, in Xyasaland, 70 ; HalUcus minuius on, in the Pescadores Islands, 503 ; food-plant of Prodenia litura in Philippines, 379 ; con- trol of Plutella maculipennis on, in Porto Rico, 486 ; pests of, in Switzerland, 368 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 13, 164, 201, 202, 230, 268, 300, 307, 371, 493, 505. Cabbage Aphis (see Brevicoryne brassicae). Cabbage Bug (see Eurydema olera- ceum). Cabbage Butterfly (see Pieris). Cabbage GaU Midge (see Perrisia brassicae). Cabbage Fly (see Phorbia brassicae). Cabbage Looper (see Phytometra brassicyM). Cabbage Moth (see Plutella maculi- pennis). Cabbage Root Maggot (see Phorbia brassicae). Cabbage Worm (see Pieris). Cacao {Theobroma cacao), pests of in Tropical Africa, 51, 52, 79, 85, 133, 269 ; pests of, in Brazil, 365 ; pests of, in Ceylon, 539, 540; Adoretus temiimaculatus on, in Fiji, 237 ; ants attacking, in Br. Guiana, 386 ; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 38, 224, 232, 233, 349 ; relation of wood- peckers to, in Jamaica, 529 ; pests of, in West Indies, 32, 152, 496, 497, 515 ; scale-insects on, in San Thome, 384 ; Iridomyrmex intercepted on, in U.S.A., 206. Cacao Mosquito (see Helopeltis). Cacao Moth (see Acrocercops cra- merella). Cacao Thrips (see Helioihrips rubro- cinetus). CacocJiroa decorticata, on sugar-cane in Australia, 165, 166. Cacoecia (see Tortrix). Cactus, Pseudococcus langispimis var. latipes on, in Britain, 59 ; Diaspis echinocacti probably on, in Barbados, 394 ; use of juice of, in arsenical sprays, 82, 472. cadaverinus, Dermestes. Gaenopachis hartigi, parasite of Pityogenes spp. in France, 477. Caenurgia crassiuscula, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. Caenurgia erechtea, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487, Gaesalpinia pulcherrima, Pachy- merus gonagra in seeds of, in Hawaii, 354. ''>i^ Gaesalpinia sappan, moth allied to Acrocercops cramerella on, in Java, 232. caffra, Scolia. caffreyi, Eleodiphaga. Cages, new types of, for rearing parasites, 106. cajani, Ceroplastes. Cajanus indicus (Pigeon Pea, Red Gram), Bruchids infesting, in Hawaii, 353, 354, 355 ; pests of, in India, 46, 86, 124, 379, 513; pests of, in West Indies, 187, 250, 251 ; Bruclius ckinensis in, in Java, 233 ; pests of, in Nyasa- land, 70. Calaboa (see Monochoria Jiastata). calamias, Trachycentra. Oalamistes fusca (see Busseola). Galandra, intercepted in maize etc. in California, 29, 137. Galandra granaria (Granary Wee- vil), infesting stored wheat in Argentina, 143 ; measures against in stored wheat in Australia, 269, 337 ; control of, in U.S.A., 418, 457 ; in Sweden, 148. Galandra oryzae (Rice Weevil), in- festing stored cereals in S . America, 548 ; measures against, in stored 606 INDEX, wheat in Australia, 269, 337 ; intercepted in Calif ornia, 101, 137; effect of temperature on, in stored rice in Canada, 85 ; inter- cepted in Hawaii, 39 ; in stored wheat in India, 124; in stored maize in Seychelles, 377 ; im- ported into Sweden in maize from Argentina, 148; in stored grain in U.S.A., 246, 414, 418, 457 ; resistance of, to carlion bisulphide, 14 ; experiments in control of, in stored cereals in ships, 439. calandrae, Pteromalus. Calaphis magnoliae, sp. n., on Magnolia kobtis in Japan, 548. CaJatlms fuscipes, on strawberries in France, 96. calcaraia, Actenodes. calceatus, Diolcogaster ; Menius. calceolariae, Pseud ococcais. Calcium Arsenate, in orchard sprays, 54, 61, 162, 329, 331, 560 ; against vegetable pests, 201, 241, 560; comparative value of lead arsen- ate and, 61, 198, 329, 330, 341, 361, 560 ; and lime-sulphur, 61, 198, 329, 330, 331, 338, 341, 370 ; and nicotine, 370 ; and sodium sulphide, formula for, 162, 330; and sulphur, 54, 362 ; projierties of, as an insecticide, 198, 338, 490 ; experiments with, in poison -baits for cutworms and army worms, 396 ; dusting with, 241. Calcium Arsenite, properties of, as an insecticide, 490. Calcium Carbide, for producing acetylene, 224. Calcium Carbide Sludge^ against Aphids, 442. Calcium Cyanamide, use of, against Otiorrhynclms sulcatus, 405. Calcium Oxide, addition of excess of, to calcium arsenates, 338. Calcium Phosphate, experiments with, against Xyleborus fornica- tus, 434. Calcium Polysulphide, against Ceci- domyids on olives, 531 ; spray- ing with, against Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, 36 ; preparation of, for sprays, 501. Calcium Superphosphate, as a fer- tiliser against Eriocampoides lima- cina, 60. Calico Scale (see Eulecanium cera- sorum). calidella, Ephestia. calidum, Calosoma ; Pifisosternum. California, list of Cerambycidae of, 363, 396, 441, 528 ; citrus pests and their control in, 21, 28, 215, 450; precautions against intro- duction of cotton pests into, 176, 292 ; forest pests in, 289, 363 ; precautions against spread of Hypera variabilis into, 272, 524 ; financial loss caused by Maye- tiola destructor in, 290 ; new Microlepidoptera from, 441 ; mis- cellaneous pests and their control in, 53, 96-99, 130, 352, 415, 418, 517 ; orchard pests and their control in, 27, 28, 29, 99, 168, 215, 252, 292, 384, 423, 424, 450, 551 ; Phthorimaea operculella and its control on potatoes in, 292 ; . control of insects infesting stored . food in 418, 425; utilisation of beneficial insects in, 46, 168; pests intercepted in quarantine in, 29, 100, 137, 253, 293, 450, 525'; pests from, intercepted in other countries, 127, 518. California Pear Sawfly (see Gym- nan ychus californicus). California Ked Scale (see Chrysom- phalus aurantii), Californian Huckleberry (see Vac- cinium ovatum), californica, Chrysopa ; Goccinella ; Melanophila ; Phytometra (Auto- grapha) ; Pipiza. californicus, Desmocerus ; Gym- nonychus ; Hyperplatys ; Prionus. caliginosellus, Grambus. Caligonus mali, sp. n., on apple in U.S.A., 22. Gallimome tsuga^, sp. n., infesting . Tsuga sieboldi in Japan, 403 Galiroa aethiops (see Eriocampoides). Galiroa cerasi (see ErioGampoides limacina). Galiroa limacina(SieeEriocampoides). Galisto archebates, intercepted on sugar-cane in Porto Rico, 485. Gallida decora, predaceous on Ano- mis erosa in U.S.A., 108. Gallidium antennatum, in conifers in California, 363. Gallidium violaceum, infesting houses in Sweden, 147. GalliephiaUes grapholithae, parasite of Acrobasis nebulella in U.S.A., 169. Galliephialtes messor, parasite of Gydia pomonella in S. Africa, 324. Galliptamus, measures against, in Italy, 500. Gallipterus ononidis (Yellow Clover Aphis), on clover in Britain, 170, 508. Gallipterus irifolii (see G. ononidis), Gallithytis, use of galls of, for food, 244. Galloodes punctulatus, on sugar-cane in Australia, 166. INDEX. 607 Callopistriafloridensis (Florida Fern Caterpillar), in greealiouses in Canada, 84 ; measures against, on ferns in New York, 451. Caloeampa vetusta, on apples in Norway, 285. Calocoris angustatus, on Andropogon sorghum in Madras, 46. Calocoris biclavatus, measures against, on pear in Switzerland, 367. Calocoris bipunctatus (see O. nor- vegicus). Calocoris fulvomaculatus, on hops in England, 109. Calocoris norvegicus, on potatoes in Britain, 508. Calonyetion aculeatum, Euscepes porcellus on, in U.S.A., 414. Calonyetion hona-nox, food-plant of Cylas formicarius in Florida, 373. Caloptenus differentialis (see Melano- plus). Caloptenus spretus (see Melanoplus). Calosoma alternans, predaceous on Scapteriseus vicinus in Porto Rico, 392. ijalosoma auropunctatum, imported into U.S.A. from Europe, 17. Calosoma calidum, bionomics of, in U.S.A., 16, 546. Calosoma chinense, imported into U.S.A., from Japan, 17. dalosoma frigidum, bionomics of, in U.S.A., 16. Calosoma inquisitor, imported into U.S.A. from Europe, 17. Calosoma maximowiczi, imported into U.S.A. from Japan, 17. Calosoma obsoletum, predaceous on grasshoppers in Colorado, 340. Calosoma reticulatum, bionomics of, in U.S.A., 16, 17. Calosoma scrutator, predaceous on cankerworms in Kansas, 546. Calosoma syeophanta, colonisation of, in Canada, 84 ; bionomics and establishment of, in U.S.A., 16, 17, 178, 459. calosomae, Pseudatractocera. Calosoter silvai, sp. n., parasite of Maeromphalia dedecora in Chile, 428. Calotermes cJiilensis, in ChUe, 500. Calotermes malatensis, sp. n., in Philippines, 184. Calotermes militaris, on tea in Ceylon, 539. Calotermes tectonae, on teak in Dutch E. Indies, 349. Calothrombium paolii, gen. et sp. n., probably a parasite of Docio- staurus marocanus in Apulia, 443. Calpodes ethlius, parasites of, in St. Vincent, 121. Camaromyia acrophthalma, sp. n., from Nyasaland, 331. camelicola, Pulvinaria. Camellia, Pseudaonidia duplex in- tercepted on, in California, 100, 525 ; pests of, in Italy, 143. cameroni, Spalangia. Camnula pellucida (Pellucid Locust), in Canada, 61, 363. campanulata, Eupithecia (see E. denotata). eampestris, Lygus pratensis. Camphor Tree (see Ginnamomum camphora). Camphor, experiments with, against carpet beetles, 533 ; for destroy- ing clothes moths, 48 ; ineffective against cockroaches, 532. Camphor Thrips (see Gryptothrips floridensis). Gampiglossa perspicillata, sp. n., from Durban, 331. Camponotus abdominalis stercorarius, in cane-fields in Br. Guiana, 386. Camponotus rufipes (Red-legged Ant), measures against, in Brazil, 404. Oampoplex fugitivus, parasite of Hyphantria cunea in Connecticut, 456. Campoplex oedemisiae, parasite of Schizura concinna in Connecticut, 457. Oampoplex pallipes, parasite of Hyphantria cunea in Connecticut, 456. Campoplex pomorum, parasite of Cydia pomonella in France, 191. Campsomeris radula, parasite of sugar-cane grubs in Australia, 166, 246, 294, 323, 496. Campsomeris tasmaniensis, parasite of cane grubs in Queensland, 496. Camptocladius, probably on potatoes in U.S.A., 19. Canada, beneficial insects in, 83- 85, 244, 330; forest pests in, 62, 122, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 330, 361, 412, 441, 521, 529, 541 ; miscellaneous pests in, 10, 60, 83-85, 103, 122, 241, 255, 284, 307, 329, 361, 363, 395 ; orchard pests and their control in, 53, 54, 60, 63, 82, 103, 121, 162, 165, 255, 256, 293, 329, 330, 362, 397, 415, 507, 558, 559, 560, 561 ; key to sub -families of Anthomyiidae in, 103; value of entomological investigations by individual far- mers in, 120 ; experiments in dusting fruit-trees in, 53, 54, 60 ; bionomics and control of Myzus cerasi in, 103, 121 ; list of insecti- cides used in, 261 ; unusual disease of bees in, 490 ; objections 608 INDEX. to light-traps as a means of con- trolling insect pests in, 257 ; plant pest legislation in, 136, 472. canadensis, Epochra. Canarsia hammondi (Apjile-leaf Skeletoniser), in Missouri, 126. Canavalia (Sword Bean), food- plant of Fundella {Ballovia) cis- tipennis in St. Vincent, 121 ; food -plant of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540. Canavalia ensiformis (Horse Bean), TTiermesia gemmatalis on, in Grenada, 33. ca/ndida, Saperda. camella, Diatraea. camellus, Typophorus. Caniabilinea, on tea in Sumatra, 37. Canidia curculionis, parasite of Eypera variabilis in Turkestan, 346. Canker Worm, measures against, in Canada, 362, 559, 560. Canker Worm, Fall (see AlsopJiila pometaria). Canker Worm, Spring (see Palaea- crita vernata). Cantaloups, measures against Dia- broiica spp. on, in Texas, 268 ; a substitute for lemons in poison- baits for grasshoppers, 305. Cantharidin, extract of Epicauta adspersa possibly a good substi- tute for, 317. Cantliaris obscura, on apples in Norway, 285. CantJiecona cyanocantha, predaceous on Levuana iridescens in Fiji, 237. Canthecona furcellataYSiT. formosana, a minor pest of mulberry in For- mosa, 174. CantJion, experimentally infested with MeiarrJiizium anisopUae in Porto Eico, 378. Cape Colony, Sipliocoryne pseudo- brassicae from. 209 ; (see Africa, South). capensis, Dxiomitus ; Pseudococcus. capitata, Ceratitis ; Myzocallis. capiiahis, Scymnus. capitella, Incurvaria. capiio, Diospilus. Capnodis, measures against, on plums in N. Africa, 400. Capnodium (see Sooty Mould). Capnodium brasiUense, on coffee in Uganda, 51. Capnodium coffeae, encouraged by Orfliezia insignia in San Thome, 384. capreae, Lecanium ; Sipliocoryne {Bhopalosiphum). Capsella bursa-pastoris, Myzus cerasi on, in Canada, 103. Capsicum annuum, Helopeltis on, m Java, 233 ; (see Pepper). capsincola, Dianthoecia. capuae, Phytodiaetus. Carabus, on strawberries in France, 96 ; predaceous on Otiorrhynchus sulcatus in Europe, 172. Carabus auratus, i>redaceous on Dendrolimus pini in Prussia, 409. Caradrina clavipalpis, damaging stacked peas in Britain, 509. Caradrina exigua (see Laphygma). Caradrina quadripunctata (see 0. clavipalpis). caraibea, Amphiacusia. Caraway {Carum carui), Anobium paniceum and Lasioderma serri- corne in seeds of, in Sumatra, 231, 232. Carbolic Acid, addition of, to sprays for citrus pests, 486, 487 ; in sprays against orchard pests, 111, 112, 145, 196, 407, 425; for preserving timber from insects, 390, 430, 436 ; in formula for Krosig solution, 407 ; and sodium sulphoricinate, formula for, against vine moths, 73. Carbolic Wash, prohibitive cost of, in Canada, 122. Carbolineum, watering soil with, against Contarinia pyrivora, 343 ; for treating timber against boring beetles, 390 ; in sprays for orchard pests, 36, 135, 145, 146, 448; against scale-insects, 135, 141, 405. Carbolineum Emulsion, suggested spraying with, against Blasto- dacna atra, 286. Carbon Bisulphide, for destroying ants, 142, 314, 404; against pests of stored grain, j)eas, etc., I, 13, 68, 160, 203, 221, 246, 268, 270, 329, 337, 356, 357, 366, 383, 403, 419, 425, 452, 457, 463, 466, 469, 491, 548 ; against timber- infesting insects, 390, 430 ; against tobacco pests, 183, 215, 224, 349 ; injection of, into soil against underground pests, II, 12; 13, 15, 28, 119, 142, 245, 345, 426, 448, 471, 478; fumi- gation with, 1, 13, 39, 68, 69, 151, 160, 183, 188, 206, 215, 221, 227, 235, 254, 268, 270, 292, 329, 337, 349, 356, 357, 366, 383, 390, 402, 404, 425, 452, 457, 463, 466, 469, 491, 548 ; variation in resistance of insect pests to fumigation with, 13 ; carbon tetrachloride a safer fumigant than, 452 ; chlorpicrin compared with, as a fumigant against grain pests, 491 ; compared with INDEX. 609 hydrocyanic acid gas as a himi- gant, 83 ; machines for disinfec- ting cotton seed involving use of, 42 ; addition of, to petroleum emulsion, 74 ; effect of injection of, into plants, 101, 227, 327 ; experiments with, as an insecti- cide, 12-14 ; unsuitable for con- trolling Pectinophora gossypiella, 311. Carbon Dioxide, effect of, on insects in bales of tobacco, 223, 224. Carbon Tetrachloride, experiments with as a fumigant, 254, 343, 452, 548 ; for preserving timber from insects, 430. carhonarius, Ephialtes. canlinalis, y^ovius (Vedalia). Cardiophorus devastans, on mul- berry in Formosa, 175. Cardiophorus fonnosanus, on mul- berry in Formosa 175. cardui. Aphis. Carduus, Aphis cardui on, in Br. Columbia, 361 ; food-plant of Eucosma luctuosana in Trans- caucasia and Turkestan, 347. Carduus lamceolatus, Corythuca dis- tineta on, in U.S.A., 493. Carex, Parafairmairia gracilis on, in Britain, 59 ; Thripsaphis pro- ducta on, in Colorado, 130. Carex ovalis, scale-insects on, in Britain, 59. Carica papaya (see Papaw). caridei, Aphycus flavidulus ; Eury- ioma ; Lindesonium ; Onophilus ; Parexorista ; Perissocentrus argen- tinae ; Pseudaphelinus ; Tetras- tichus. carinatus, Eriophyes (Phytoptus). carme, Idarnes. carmelifa, Pendulinus. Carnation, pests intercepted on, in Porto Rico, 485 ; Epilachna globosa on, in Switzerland, 368 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 547. Carob {Ceratonia siliqua), Bruchus pisorum infesting, in Chile, 429. Carolina, North, outbreak of La- phygma frugiperda in, 542. Carolina, South, danger of intro- duction of Anthonomus grandis into, 160 ; bionomics of Toxop- tera graotninum in, 468. Chokeberry (see Pyrus arbutifotia). Choke-cherry Aphis (see Aphis cerasifoliae). Cholam (see Andropogon sorghum). Cholus cattleyae, infesting orcliida in U.S.A., 205, 556. Cholus catileyarmi (see G. cattleyae). Cholus forbesi, on orchids in New Jersey, 205. Chortophila (see Phorbia). Chromaphis celticolens, sp. n., on Celtis sinensis in Japan, 548. Chromaphis juglandicola (Walnut Aphis), control of, in California, 99, 415. chrysanthemi, Phytomyza (Napo- myza). Chrysanthemum, pests of, in Britain, 427 ; food-plant of Homona coj- fearia in Ceylon, 540 ; new Aphid on, in Japan, 547 ; Aphids on, in Lahore, 473 ; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 150, 286 ; Pionea ferrugalis on, in Ontario, 412 ; pests intercepted on, in Porto Rico, 485 ; Brotolomia meticulosa infesting, in Switzer- land, 368 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 12, 107. Chrysanthemwin indicum, jiests of, in Sweden, 145, 146. Chrysanthemum frutescens, Ilelo- peltis on, in Java, 233. Chrysanthemum sinense, Halticus minutus on, in the Pescadores, 503. Chrysanthemum Gall Midgo (see Diarthronomyia hypogaea). Chrysis lyncea, parasite of Parasa in Uganda, 51. Chrysis postscutellaris, parasite of Parasa in Uganda, 51. ChrysobaJanus icaeo, Sterlctiphora zaddachi on, in Porto Rico, 391. Chrysobothris axillaris, in Arizona, 307. Chrysobothris breviloba, in Pinus ponderosa in Arizona, 307. Chrysobothris debilis, in Arizona, 307. Chrysobothris edwardsi, in Arizona, 307. Chrysobothris exesa, in Arizona, 307 ; on Prosopis julijlora in U.S.A., 167. Chrysobothris falli, sp. n., on i>ine8 in U.S.A., 167. Chrysobothris femorata (Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer), measures against, on fruit-trees and pecan in U.S.A., 227, 384. Chrysobothris gemmata, in Arizona, 307. Chrysobothris ignicolUs, in Arizona, 307. d2 616 INDEX. GKrysobothris Inricis, on lodge-pole pine in U.S.A., 167. Chrysobothris ludijicata, on yellow pine in Arizona, 307. Ohrysobothris merkeli, in Arizona, 307. * Ghi'ysohothris octocola, in mesquite in Arizona, 307. Chrysobothris solieri, on larch in France, 477. Ohrysobothris texana, in Arizona, 307. Chrysobothris trinervia, on yellow pine in Arizona, 307. cJirysocephala, Psylliodes. Chrysocharis elongata, parasite of Coleophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Chrysocharis livida, parasite of Leucoptera coffeella in Porto Rico, 104. Chrysoeharodes majoriarn, parasite of a leaf-miner in St. Vincent, 121. Chrysoehus chinensis, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 175. Chrysocoris grandis, bionomics of, and measures against on Aleurites eordaia in Japan, 236. chrysographella, Ancylolomia. Chrysomela poptdi (see Melosoma). chrysomelinus, Tachyporus. (hrysomphali, Aphelinus. Chrysomphalus , intercepted on palm etc. in California, 137, 293, 525. Chrysomphalus aonidum (Black Bar- nacle Scale, Red Scale), inter- cepted on palms and citrus in S. Africa, 358 ; intercepted on coconut and grapefruit in Cali- fornia, 253, 450 ; on oranges in Chile, 500 ; control of, on citrus in Florida, 217 ; food-plants of, in India, 86 ; on coconuts etc. in Seychelles, 68, 375, 376. Chrysomphalus aurantii (California Red Scale), intercepted on citrus in S. Africa, 357, 358 ; control of, on oranges in Fiji, 237; fumi- gation experiments against, 419 ; food-plants of, in the Tropics, 86. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Spa- nish Red Scale, White Barnacle Scale), introduction of, into S. Africa, 86 ; intercepted in S. Africa, 357, 358 ; parasite of, in Barbados, 394, 443 ; ChUocorns bipustnlatus ineffective against, in France, 488 ; on oranges in Italy, 443 ; natural enemies of,' in Italy and Spain, 35, 56, 113; on coconuts in Seychelles, 68, 375. Chrysomphalus dictyospermi minor (see 0. dictyospermi pinnulifera). Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinnuli - fera, on oranges and Ficus in N. Africa, 38 ; on camellia in Italy, 143 ; list of parasites of, 9. Chrysomphalus ficus (see C. aotii- dum). Chrysomphalus paulistns, food- plants of, in Argentina, 225. Chrysomphalus perseae, intercepted on orchids in California, 101. Chrysomphalus {Aspidiotus) per- sonatus, on rubber in British Guiana, 385 ; intercepted in avocado seed in U.S.A., 206. Chrysomphalus scutiformis, inter- cepted on bananas in California, 29 ; intercepted in avocado seed in U.S.A., 206. Chrysopa, predaceous on Fsylla in Formosa, 175 ; natural enemy of Tetranychus telarius in Turke- stan, 348. Chrysopa calif ornica (Green Lace- wing), predaceous on Aphids and other insects in U.S.A., 218, 243, 415. Chrysopa matsumurae, predaceous on Icerya purchasi in Japan, 283. Chrysopa nigricornis, predaceous on Chaitophorus negundinisin U.S.A., 164. Chrysopa oculata, predaceous on Chaitophorus negundinis inJJ .'is. A. t 164. Chrysopa perla, predaceous on Aphids in Holland, 136. Chrysopa plorabunda, predaceous on Chaitophorus negundinis in U.S.A., 164. Chrysopa porterina, predaceous on Eriosoma lanigerum in Cliile, 429. Chrysophana placida, parasitised by Oryssus oceidentalis in U.S.A., 550. chrysophyllae, Perrisia. chrysorrhoea, Arctornis ; Euproctis, Liparis (see Nygmiaphaeorrhoea). vhrysozona, Padraona. Chusffuea, pests of, in Brazil, 189, 404. Cicada, intercepted on palm in California, 137. Cicada ochracea, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. Cicer arietinum (Chick Pea), Bru- chids infesting, in Hawaii, 353, 354. Cicindela longilabris, predaceous on Dendrodonus pseudotsugae in N. America, 264. Cidaria dilutata, on birches in Nor- way, 284. Cidaria fulvata, on roses in Norway, 286. INDEX. 617 Cigarette Beetle (see Lasioderma serricorne). ciliain, Conjthuca. Cinchona, legislation against im- portation of, into Sumatra from Java, 38 ; Lycidocoris modestus on, in Belgian Congo, 332 ; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 350, 447. cinctus, CepJitis ; Chion ; Emphytus. Cineraria, Aphis heliehrysi on, in U.S.A., 420. cinerea, Epicauta. cinereomarginata, Thosea. cinqulatd, Oncideres ; Protoparce ; JRhagoIetis. eingulatus, Dysdercus ; Strongylo- g aster. Cinnamomum camphora (Camphor), food-plant of Tlomona coffearia in Ceylon, 540 ; food-plant of citrus pests in Florida, 474 ; Didyoploca japonica on, in Japan, 502.' Cinnamon Scale (see Eiicalymnalus tessellatus). cireumflexuni, Anomalon. circumvectus, Diolcogaster. Cirphis unipuncta (Army AVorm Caterpillar), control of, on wheat in Argentina, 143 ; parasitised by Apanteles in Australia, 387 ; on rice in Dutch E. Indies, 447 ; control of, on cereals etc. in U.S.A., 14, 63, 395, 487, 562; immunity principles in, 437 ; percentage of males of, taken at light-traps, 487 ; Streptococcus disparis not pathogenic to, 568. cirripediformis, Ceroplastes. Cirrospilas pictus, parasite of Cole- ophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. cirsiana, Epiblema (see Eucosma luctuosana). Cirsium, food-plant of Eucosma luctuosana in Transcaucasia and Turkestan, 347. cistipennis, Ftindella (Ballovia). citri, Aphis ; Chionaspis ; Crypto- thrips ; Dialeurodes ; Euphale- rus ; Haltica ; Laehnosterna ; Phomopsis ; Pseudococcus ; Scir- tothrips (Eidhrips) ; Tetranychus. Citricola Scale (see Coccus citri- cola). citricola. Aphis ; Coccus ; Lepido- saphes {3Iytilaspis) (seei. heckii). citrifolii, Dialeurodes. ciirinus, Aspidiotiphagas. Citronella Oil, experiments in trap- ping fruit-flies with, 423. Citrophilus Mealy Bug (see Pseudo- coccus citrophihis). citrophilus, Pseudococcus. Citrullus coloeynlhis, Paris granuli- pennis in fruit of, in Egypt; ' 557. Citrullus vulgaris var. colocyntroides, attacked hj Pseudoalbana lameerei in Egypt, 557. • Citrus, pests intercepted on, in S. Africa, 358 ; Papilio idaeus on, in Brazil, 501 ; pests intercepted on, in California, 101, 137, 450 ; pests of, in Ceylon, 11, 540; pests of, in China and Japan, 26, 401, 548 ; pests of, in Gold Coast, 133 ; scale-insects on, in Br. Guiana, 386 ; pests of, in West Indies, 394, 485, 486, 487, 530 ; scale-insects imported into Jamaica from India on, 86 ; food -plant of Coccus colemani in Mysore, 322 ; spraying against pests of, in Queensland, 112; scale-insects on, in San Thom6 384 ; scale-insects on, in Sey- chelles, 376 ; pests of, in Spain, 56, 113; bionomics and control of pests of, in U.S.A., 1, 17, 21, 28, 97, 98, 99, 216, 218, 313, 328, 389, 450, 473, 505 ; control of scale-insects on, in Zanzibar, 128; fumigation of, with hydro- cyanic-acid gas, 568 ; pyrox sprays injurious to, 99. Citrus aurantium (see Orange). Citrus decumana (see Grapefriiit). Citrus japonica (Chinese Orange), Ceratitis capitata on, in Hawaii, 168. Citrus limonum (see Lemon). Citrus Psylla (see Trioza). Citrus Red Spider (see Tetranychus mytdaspidis). Citrus Root-weevil (see Pachnaeus opalus). Citrus Scale (see Chrysomphalus dictyospermi). Citrus Thrips (see Scirtothrips citri). Citrus Whitefly (see Dialeurodes citri). Cladobius populneus, on Populus in Br. Columbia. 361. Cladosporium, infesting Chrysom- phalus dictyospermi in Italy, 36. Clania (Faggot worm, Bag- worm), on tea in India, 186, 474. Clania crameri, on tea in Sumatra, 37. Clania varicgata, on Acacia and mulberry in Formosa, 175; on tea in Sumatra, 37. claripennis, Euphorocera. Clastoptera obtusa, food-plants of, in Maine, 11, 12. Clastoptera proteus (Cranberry Frog- hopper), in U.S.A., 563 ; on dog- wood in Maine, 11, 12. 618 INDEX. Olastoptera xanthocephala, food- plants of, in Maine, 11, 12. claviger, Panargyrops. Clavigralla spinofemoralis, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. dmyipalpis, Caradrina. clavipes, Donacia. Ciay, in mixtures for repelling bark- beetles, 436. Gleonus punctiventris (see Bothy- noderes). Gieora glabraria. parasitised by Microgaster minutus in Britain, S82. Olepsydrina ovata, parasite of ear- wigs in Britain, 427. clerJcella, Lyonetia. Olerus formicarius, predaceous on bark-beetled in Britain, 116, 154. Olews sphegeus, predaceous on bark-beetles in N. America, 264, 266. Cleiiis hipimdatus, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. Olidogastra fiavipes, on grasses in Norway, 284. Glinodiplosis aurantiaca (see Sito- diplosis mosellana). Glinodiplosis mosellarum, on wheat in Korway, 284. CUsiocampa neustria (see Malaco- soma). clisiocampae, Dibrachys. Glivina, measures against, infesting maize in New South Wales, 337. Clothes Moths, in Java, 223 ; in houses in Switzerland, 368 ; measures against, in U.S.A., 13 ; experiments with insecticides against, 13, 532 ; (see Tineola hiselliella). Cloudy- winged Whitefly (see Dia- ■ lenrodes citrifolii). Clover, pests of, in Britain, 170, 827, 508, 509 ; Lmhnosterna not harmful to, in Canada, 255; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 145, 147, 150, 284; measures against pests of, in Russia, 65 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 12, 69, 114, 221, 308, 384, 399, 417, 420, 451. Clover Aphis (see AjMs halceri). Clover Leaf AVeevil (see Hypera ptmctaia). Clover Mite (see Bryobia prahnsis). Cluster Bean (see Cyamopsis). Cluster Caterpillar (see Andrcira bipunciain). clypeolis, Idiocems. clypeatus, Polycyslus. Olysia ambiguella (Vine Moth), measures against, on vines in Algeria, 273 ; measures against, in France, 375, 471 ; measures against, in Germany, 405 ; on vines in Italy, 143; on vines in Russia, 162 ; bionomics of, on vines in Spain, 55, 113, 514; measures against, in Switzerland, 367, 381; parasites of, 113, 172. Clytus glabromaculatus (see (7. pilo- sus). Clytus pilosus, parasitised by Pris- taulacus chlapovsJcii in France, 318. Clytus pJanifrons, on willow in California, 397. c-nigrum, Agrotis {Noctua). Cnaphalocrocis iolealis, synonym of 0. viedinnlis, 447. Cnaphalocrocis joUnalis, on rice in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, 447. Cnaphalodes, bionomics of, on spruce 'and larch in Britain, 155- 157 ; (see Chermes). Cnephasia wahlbomiana, on straw- berries in Sweden, 149. Cneihocampa pityocampa (Pine Pro- cessionary Caterpillar), bionomics and control of, on pines in Italy, 143, 144; in Spain, 113. C nethocampa processionea (Pine Pro- cessionary Caterpillar), measures against, on pines in France, 169 ; in Spain, 113. Cnicus japonicus, Macrosiphum rudbecMae on, in Jajjan, 548. Cnidocampa flavescens, parasitised by Ascogaster carpocapsae in U.S.A., 222. Coal Oil, for destroying Bruchus pisorum, 329. Coal Tar, in formulae for spraying against Plutella maculipennis, 495. Coal Tar Creosote, for protecting fig-trees from Ptychodes trilinea- tus, 101 ; experiments with, against cockroaches, 532. coarciata, Hylemyia (Leptohylemyia). Cobalt Arsenate, experiments in spraying with, against Diabrotica vlttata, 201. Coca, pests of, in Java, 223, 224. coccidiphagus, Aphycus. Coccinella, predaceous on Tetrany- chus telaritis in Turkestan, 348. Coccinella californica, predaceous on Chromaphis juglandicola in Cali- fornia, 99. Coccinella fulvipennis, predaceous on Pseudococcus adonidum in Chile, 429. Coccinella novemnoiata, predaceous on Aphids in Canada, 330 ; pre- daceous on 3Iucrosiphum solani- folii in Ohio, 456. Coccinella quinquenotata, predaceous on Aphids in Canada, 330. INDEX. 619 Coccinella sanguinea, predaceous on Macrosiphum snlanifolii in Ohio, 456. Coccinella septempunciala, preda- ceous on Psylla in Formosa, 175 ; parasitised by Phora fas- data in France, 71 ; predaceous on Aphids in Holland, 136. Coccinella trifasciata, predaceous on Aphids in Canada, 330. Coccobacillus acridiorum, value of, in destruction of locusts in Argentina, 177, 316 ; discussion as to the advisability of using, against locusts in Kussia, 347 ; study of the organisms distri- buted under the name of, 288. Coccoloba uvifera (Sea-grape), Sferic- tiphora zaddachi on, in Porto Kico, 391. Coccophagus comperei, parasite of Stictococcus gowdeyi in Uganda, 52, 87. Coccophagus leptospermi, sp. n., on Leptospermum flavescens in Australia, 34. Coccophagus nigropleurum, parasite of Tachardia decorella in Uganda, 52, 87. Coccophagus orientalis (see Pro- coccophagus). Coccophagus sainibeauvei, parasite of Saissetia oleae in Uganda, 52, 87. Coccotrypes dactyliperda, infesting nutmegs in Ceylon, 539. Coccus, associated with ants in Porto Rico, 104; intercepted on avocado seed in U.S.A., 206. Coccus citricola (Citricola Scale, Grey Scale), experiments in con- trol of, on citrus in California, 99 ; fumigation experiments against, 419. Coccus colemani, sp. n., bionomics and control of, on coffee in India, 321. Coccus discrepans, on tea in Uganda, 51. Coccus elongatus, on laurel in Italy, 143. Coccus hesperidum (Soft Brown Scale), on orange in Britain, 59 ; intercepted on citrus etc. in California, 137, 253, 525 ; on myrtle in Norway, 286 ; on lemon in Italy, 143 ; on Ficus in Seychelles, 68 ; on oranges in U.S.A., 313. Coccus longulus, intercepted on betel in California, 29, 100, 253, 293, 450, 525 ; on Gliricidia maculata in Uganda, 52. Coccus mangiferae, infested with Cephalosporium locanii in Gren- ada, 33 ; on mango in Mauritius, 141 ; on mango in Seychelles, 377 ; intercepted on mango seed in U.S.A., 206. Coccus setigerus, on guava in Uganda, 52. Coccus signatus, on guava in Uganda, 52. Coccus viridis (Green Scale), bio- nomics and control of, on coffee in Br. East Africa and Uganda, 16, 51 ; on tea etc. in Ceylon, 315, 321, 323, 539 ; on Liberian coffee in Br. Guiana, 86 ; bio- nomics of, on coffee in India, 321, 323; on coffee in Dutch E. Indies, 350 ; bionomics and con- trol of, on citrus in West Indies, 33, 394, 516; measures against, on coffee in Reunion, 365 ; infested with Cephalosporium le- canii in San Thome, 52, 384 ; food-plants of, in Seychelles, 376 ; control of, on citrus in Zanzibar, 128. cochleariae, Phaedon. cockerelU, Thecodiplosis. Cockroaches, measiires against, in Connecticut, 457 ; control of, on cotton in West Indies, 81 ; destroyed by woodpeckers in Jamaica, 530 ; in houses in Ontario, 412 ; 3Ietarrhizium ani- sopliae infesting, in Porto Rico, 378 ; experiments with, insecti- cides against, 531 ; baits for, 81. cocois, Aleurodicus. Coconut (Cocos nucifera), pests of, in East Africa, 26, 86 ; Pachy- merus curvipes infesting, in S. America, 356 ; pests of, in Ceylon, 539 ; pests of, in Fiji, 237 ; Archon centaurus on, in Gold Coast, 133 ; pests of, in Br. Guiana, 385, 386 ; pests of, in Hawaii, 351 ; scale-insects intercepted on, in Hawaii, 39, 127 ; pests of, in India, 47, 86 ; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 349, 350, 446 ; pests of, and their control in West Indies, 33, 71, 497 ; pests of, in Malaya, 70, 523 ; bionomics and control of Brassolis isthmia on, in Panama, 19-21 ; pests of, in Philippines, 24, 259-261 ; pests of, in Sey- chelles, 68, 375, 376 ; scale- insects intercepted on, in U.S.A., 206, 253, 525 ; pests of, in Zanzi- bar, 276. Coconut Beetle (see Oryctes). Coconut Butterfly (see Brassolis sophorae). Coconut Leaf Moth (see Levuana iridescens). 620 INDEX. Coconut Leaf- miner (see Prome- cotheca reichei). Coconut Leaf-roller (see Nacoleia blacJcburni). Coconut Oil, unsuitable for use against Xyleborus fornicatus, 541. Coconut Oil Soap Emulsion, ex- periments with, against Xyle- borus fornicatus, 4'34. Coeos, Pseudococcus nipae on, at Kew, 59. Cocos nuvijera (see Coconut). cocotiphagus, Aspidiotus. Codling Moth (see Cydia pomonella). Codling Moth, False (see Anjyroploce hairachopa). coelebs, Dielis collaris. Coelinidea meromyzae, parasite of Meromyza americana in N. Amer- ica, 107. Coeliodes ruber, bionomics and con- trol of, on hazel in Italy, 77, coeliodicola, ThersilocJius. Coeloniera lanio, on Cecropia cinerea in Brazil, 256. Coelophora inaequalis, attacked by Dinocampus terminatus in Hawaii, 352. Coenopoeus palmeri, in Opuniia in California, 528. coeruleicnrpa, Holcocneme {Nema- tus). coeruleocephala, Episenia (Diloba). Coffea arobica, scale-insects on, in San Thome, 384. Coffea liberUa, Ceroplastes persona- tus oq, in Gold Coast, 86 ; scale- insects on, in San Thome, 384 ; (see Coffee). coffeae, Asterolecanium ; Diarthro- thrips ; Steplianoderes (see 8. ham- pei) ; Toxoptera ; Trirhiihrum nigerrimum ; Tylenchus ; Xyle- bonis ; Zeuzera. coffearia, Homona. Coffee, pests of, in Tropical Africa, 15, 51, 52, 70, 85, 86, 208, 332, 384; pests of, in Ceylon, 539; cultivation of, in Grenada, 33 ; Coccus niridis on, in Br. Guiana, 86 ; parasites of Ceraiitis eapitata infesting, in Hawaii, 184, 185 ; pests of, in India, 74, 125, 162, 321, 323; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 67, 343, 350 ; legislation restricting importation of, into Dutch E. IndieS; 505; Zeuzera coffeae on, in Indo-China, 129 ; pests of, in Porto Rico, 103-105 ; measures against Coccus viridis on, in Reunion, 365 ; scale- insects on, in Seychelles, 68, 376. Coffee Beans, Sitodrepa panicea infesting, in Britain, 160 ; pests of, in Java, 2, 3 ; Leptothrips mali on, in Florida, 505. Coffee Borers (see Xylotrechus quad- ripcs and Zeuzera coffeae). Coffee Berry Borer (see Stepliano- deres hampei). Coffee Leaf- miner (see Leucoptera coffeella). Coffee Leaf Weevil (see lAichnopus). Coffee Shade Ant (see Myrr)ielach- ista ambigua ramulonim). Coffee Weevil (see Araecerus fas- ciculatus). coffeella, Leucoptera iCeiMostoma). Colaspidema atrum, measures against, on lucerne in Spain, 55, 444 ; parasitised by Meigenia floralis in France, 171. Colaspis britnnea, food-x)lants of, m Indiana, 479. colemani. Coccus. Colemani sphenarioides (Deccan Grasshopper), parasitised by Lepidoscelio viatrix in India, 220. Coleophora caryaefoliella (Pecan Cigar Case-bearer), food-plants of, in U.S.A., 227. Coleophora fuscedinella (Birch Sack- moth), bionomics of, on birches in Sweden, 93. Coleophora griphipenella, on rosea in France, 470. Coleophora laricella (Larch Case- bearer), in forests in Britain, 258. Coleophora volckei, sp. n., (Apple Leaf-mining Case-bearer), bio- nomics and. control of, in Cali- fornia, 99, 551. Colias electra (Lucerne Caterpillar), in S. Africa, 360. Colias eurytheme (Alfalfa Cater- pillar), on lucerne in Arizona, 140. Colias lesbia, on lucerne in Argen- tina, 428. colibri, Athalia. collare, Spharagemon. collaris, Profenusa ; Tropidacris. collina, Agrotis. Colocasia, Pseudococc^is virgatus on, in Gold Coast, 85 ; Aphis duranti on, in Lahore, 473. Colocasia antiquorum, Sphingid moth on, in Fiji, 237 ; food-plant of Hippotion celerio in Sumatra, 271. Colocasia indica, food-plant of Hip- potion celerio in Sumatra, 271. Colocynth Pulp, ineffective against clothes moths, 532. Colombia, measures against Bruchus obtectus in stored beans in, 366 ; Hylemyia antiqua on onions in, 366 ; identity of locusts in, 461 ; Ptychodes trilineatus in, 101 ; pests from, intercepted in Cali- fornia, 101. INDEX. 621 colon, Seoptera. Colophony, used in preparation of ehellao,' 513. coloradensis, Praon. Colorado, new Aphids from, 130 ; Aphids infesting grass-roots in, 565 ; Epilachna corrupta in, 300 ; natural enemies of grasshoppers in, 340 ; spread of Hypera varia- biiis into, 272 ; financial loss due to Pemphigus betae in, 310. Colorado Potato Beetle (see Lepti- notarsa deeemlineata). Columbine Borer (see Papaipema prirpurifascia). Colydium lineola, predaceous on Xyleborus xylographus in N. America, 266. eomariana, Oxygrapha. Commelina virginica, pests of, in St. Vincent, 121. communis, Meteorus. Comocriiis pieria (Bark-eating Borer), food-plants of, in Ceylon, 539 ; on tea in India, 475. compavtus, Xyleborus. comperei, Coccophagus, complanatus, Polydesmus. com.planella, Tischeria. com^posita, Melanchra. compress icornis, Lygaeonematus. compressus, Adoretus. Compsilura concinnata, colonisation of, against brown-tail and gipsy moths in Canada and U.S.A., 84, 178, 179, 459; parasite of Zygaena occitanica in France, 262. comptana; Ancylis. comstocki, Euplectrus. Comys fusca, parasite of Eulecanium corni in California, 384. eoncaims, Cryptophyllus ; Lixus. Conchaspis, in Cuba, 482. conchiformis, Inglisia. Conchylis ambiguella (see Clysia). Conchylis epilinana (see Phalonia). Conchyloctenia punctata, parasitised by Tetrastichus orimrum in Uganda, 52. concinna, Chaetocnema ; Schizura. concinnata, Compsilu ra. concinnus, Ips. concolor, Pseudotrochalus ; Opius ; Suana. Confectionery, bionomics of Plodia interpunctella infesting, in U.S.A., 112. confertus, Polycaon. confluens, Buprestis. conformis, Pegomyia (see P. hyos- cyami). Confused Floiir Beetle (see Tri- bolium confusum), confusella, Gelechia. corijusum, Tribolium. confusus, Mesochorus ; Xyleborus. congelatella, Exapate. Congella congoana, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Congo, Belgian, cacao pests in, 79 ; Capsids from, 332 ; new fruit -flies from, 208. Congo, French, Sahlbergella si/ngu' laris causing canker of cacao in, 80. congoana, Congella. conicus, Bhynchites. coniferana, Cydia {Tortrix). conifcrarum, Idolothrips. Coniothyrium caryogenum, causing kernel spot disease of i)ecan in Georgia, 434. conjugalis. Sign iphora. conjugella, A rgyresthia. conjunctus, Neoclytus. connaticornis, Aptinothrips rufi • cornis. Connecticut, control of ants in houses in, 461 ; notes on bee- keeping in, 465 ; insect pests and their control in, 456-458, 459, 460 ; bionomics and control of Diprion simile on pines in, 460 ; measiires against gipsy and brown tail moths in, 458 ; notice of spray calendar for use in, 464 ; Pseudococcus intercepted in Cali- fornia on ornamental plants from, 29. connexa, Buprestis. connexus, Microgaster, conoidea, Acmaeodera. Conotrachelus , intercepted in avo- cado seed in U.S.A., 206. Conotrachelus juglandis, on pecan in U.S.A., 228. Conotrachelus nenuphar (Plum Cur- culio), character of soil in- fluencing attack of, in Br. Colum- bia, 23 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 161, 228, 231, 452. conquisitor, Pimpla (Itoplectis) ; Scambus. Conradtina suspensa, sp. n., in the Congo, 208. consobrina, Lepidiota. consocia, Parasa. conspicuus, Microdus. consularis, Buprestis. Contact Insecticides, physical pro- perties of, 397. contaminata, Oxygrapha (Tortrix). Contarinia gossypii, on cotton in Virgin Islands, 377. Contarinia johnsoni (Grape Blossom Midge), on grapes in Br. Columbia, 24. Contarinia onobrychidis, on sainfoin in Britain, 508. Contarinia pisi, in Sweden, 150. 622 INDEX. Contarinia pyrivora (Pear Gall Midge), on pears in Britain, 57, 508 ; measures against, on pears in Germany, 343 ; on pears in Italy, 143 ; in Massachusetts, 26 ; on pears in Norway and Sweden, 150, 285; in Switzerland, 367. Contarinia sorghicola (Sorghum Midge), measures against, in Texas, 268. Contarinia tritici (Wheat Midge), bionomics and control of, on wheat in Canada, 23, 412 ; mea- sures against, on rye in Connecti- cut, 458 ; on cereals in Sweden, 150, 151, 152. Contarinia vitieola (Vine Midge), measures against, in Germany, 405. conterminella, Depressaria. Contheyla rotunda, bionomics and control of, on coconuts in Mad- ras, 47. continqens, Carpophilus dimidiatus. contorticornis, Platygaster (Triplaty- gaster). convergens, Eurhynchothrips ; Hip- podamiia. convolutella, Zophodia. convolvuU, Herse (Sphinx). Conwentzia psoeiformis, predaceous on Phylloxera in Britain, 119. Copernicia cerifera, Bruchids in seeds of, in S. America, 356. Copidosoma, parasite of Argyroploce variegana in Italy, 173. Copper, in sprays against vine- moths, 73, 273.' Copper Arsenate, for destroying Epicauta adspersa, 317 ; dusting with, against sugar-cane grubs, 11. Copper Sulphate, and lime, formula for, as a wash against Capnodis, 401 ; and lime, spraying with, against cutworms, 408 ; for pre- serving cactus juice for use in arsenical sprays, 472 ; effect of adding, to sodium arsenate, 362 ; useless against Tetranychus, 70. Copra, beetles infesting, in Ceylon, 539 ; pests of, in Seychelles, 68 ; Necrobia rufipes in, in Zanzibar, 128. Coptocycla irivittaia. a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 175. Coptosoma formosana, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. Coptotermes gestroi, infesting Hevea in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Coptotermes marahitanos, on sugar- cane in Barbados, 394. Coptotermes travians, in Philippines, 184. Coquita Nuts, Coleopterous larvae intercepted in, in California, 101. Coranus subapierus, predaceous on other insects in Britain, 119. Corchorus (see Jute). Cordia cordata, Euphalerus citri on, in India, 15. Cordia interrupta, attractive to adult Scoliids in Mauritius, 141. Cordiceps, infesting Phytometra erio- soma in Philippines, 380. Corfu, Lonchaea aristella in, 76. coriacella, Anatrachyntis. coriaceus, Eriococcus. Coriander (Goriandrum sativum), beetles infesting seeds of, in Sumatra, 231, 232 ; Brevicoryne coriandri on, in Lahore, 473. coriandri, Brevicoryne. Corn (see Wheat and Maize). Corn Ear Worm (see HeliotMs obsoleta). Corn-leaf Aphis (see Aphis maidis). Corn-leaf Blotch-miner (see Agromy- za parricornis). Corn Leaf-hopper (see Peregrinus maidis). Corn-Leaf-hopper Parasite (see Paranagrus osborni). Corn Root Aphis (see Aphis maidi- radicis). Cotn Worm (see Laphygma frugi- per da), corni, Eulecanium {Leeanium). cornieularis, Pemphigus, lornifoliae. Aphis, cornigera, Promolnctis. Cornus, Aphis cornifoliae on, in Maine, 241 ; Acronycta rumicis intercepted on, in U.S.A., 205. Cornus nuttalli, food-plant of Lepi- dosaphes ulmi in Br. Columbia, 361. Cornus sanguinea, attacked by Phyllactinia suffulta in France, 131. Cornus stolonifera, food-plant of Lepidosaphes ulmi in Br. Colum- bia, 361.- corpulenta, Drosicha (Monophlebus). Corrosive Sublimate (see Mercury Bichloride). corrugatus, Prociphilus corrupta, Epilachna. corruptor, Otiorrhynchus. corticea, Euxoa (Agrotis). corticis, Forcipomyia ; Neothrips. corvinus, Apanteles. corycaeus, Artipus. coryli, Eriophyes (Phytoptus) ; Phy- sokermes. Corylus avellana (see Hazel). Corymbites noxius, on cereals in U.S.A., 14. Corypha elata, Oryctes rhinoceros on, in Philippines, 260. INDEX. 623 Corythuca ciliaia (Sycamore Ijace- bug), bionomics and control of, on Platanus occidentalis in U.S.A., 102. Corythuca distinda, food-plants of, in U.S.A., 493. Corythuca essigi, sp. n., on maize in U.S.A., 493. Corythuca pergandei, bionomics of, in U.S.A., 372. Corythuca spinulosa, bionomics of, on Primus serotina in New Jersey, 273. Cosmophila erosa (see Anomis). Cosmopolites sordidus (Black Ba- nana Weevil), in Fiji, 236 ; in Florida, 524 ; measures against, in Jamaica, 44, 74, 320 ; in Philippines, 25 ; bionomics of, in St. Lucia, 514-516 ; in Sey- chelles, 377 ; legislation respec- ting, in Jamaica, 320. Cosmopteryx, parasitised by Tleuro- tropomyia aeneoscutellum in Aus- tralia, 387. Cosmopteryx m,anipularis, on beans in India, 124. Cossonus suturalis, in stored sweet potatoes in Zanzibar, 128. Cossula magnifica, measures against on pecan in U.S..\., 227. Cossus, on Acacia nilotica in Egypt, 50. Cossus cossus, on apple and poplar in Italy, 143 ; on apples, etc. in Norway, 284, 285 ; food-plants of, in Sweden, 149 ; in Switzer- land, 367. Costa Rica, Curculionid larvae inter- cepted in seeds from, in Philip- pines, 25 ; Pilocrocis tripunctata on sweet potatoes in, 82 ; Schistocerca urichi in, 462. costaricensis, Eiiterm,es. costicollis, Palaeopus. costimaculata, Eublemma. cosyra, Ceratitis (see C. rosa). Cotoneaster horizontalis, Lepidop- terous pests of, in Hungary, 408. Cotoneaster vulgaris, mites forming galls on, in Austria, 406. Cotton, pests of, in Tropical Africa, 48, 49, 51, 69 ; pests of, in Brazil, 39, 44, 444, 477; legis- lation against introduction of pests of, into California, 176 ; pests of, in Cevlon, 539 ; pests of, in Egypt, 42-44, 49, 70, 311, 444, 557, 567 ; pests of, in India, 44, 86, 334, 335, 557, 567 ; pests of, and their control in West Indies, 44, 81, 187, 201, 249-252, 341, 377, 394, 454, 455, 542 ; danger of introduction of pests of, into W^est Indies, 126, 566; presence of Peciinophora gossy- piella on, in Mexico, 81, 292 ; measures against Heliothis obso- leta on, in Queensland, 81 ; Dysdercus scassellati on, in Italian Somaliland, 488 ; pests of, in Transcaucasia and Turkestan, 346, 348 ; pests of, and their control in U.S.A., 17, 22, 81, 97, 108, 160, 194, 195, 214, 247, 251, 274, 417, 452, 483, 484, 505, 543, 566 ; danger of spread of Peciino- phora gossy piella on, into U.S.A., 298 ; use of machines for treat- ment of seed of, against Pectino- phora gossypiella, 42-44. Cotton Aphis (see Ajyhis gossypii). Cotton Boll Cutworm (see Prodenia ornithogalli). Cotton Boll Weevil {s,qq Anthonomus grandis). Cotton Bollworm (see Heliothis obsoleta). Cotton Bollworm, Pink (see Pecii- nophora gossypiella). Cotton Bollworm, Red (see Diparop- sis castanea). Cotton Bollworm, Spiny (see Earias insulana). Cotton Caterpillars (see Alabama argillacea and Aletia luridula). Cotton Flea- beetle (see Nisotra uniformis). Cotton Leaf Blister-mite (see Erio- phyes gossypii). Cotton Leaf Perforator (see Buc- culatrix). Cotton Leaf Worm (see Alabama argillacea). Cotton Red Spider (see Tetranychus telarius). Cotton Rose (see Hibiscus muiabilis). Cotton Seed Meal, as a trap-crop for cotton-stainers in St. Vincent, 249. Cotton Seed Oil, for emulsifying nicotine oleate, 370, 423. Cotton Square Borer (see Uranotes melinus). Cotton Stainers (see Dysdercus and Oxycarenus). Cotton Stalk-borer Beetle (see Ataxia crypta). Cotton Stem Weevil (see Pempheres affinis). Cotton Worm (see Alabama argil- lacea and Prodenia litura). Cottonwood (see Populus). Cottonwood, Black (see Populus trichoearpa). Cottony Cushion Scale (see Icerya purchasi). Coturnix delagorguei (Harlequin Quail), destroying cotton-stainers in Nyasaland, 70. 624 INDEX. Cow-bird, destroying Lachnosterna spp. in Manitoba, 364. Cowpea (Vigna), Agromyza pliaseoli on, in Australia, 387 ; BrucJius ehinensis in, in Java, 233 ; stored, measures against pests of, in Kentucky, 466 ; Lepturges sper- mophagus infesting, in Mexico, 551 ; Fundella (Ballovia) cisti- pennis on, in St. Vincent, 120 ; measures against pests of, in U.S.A., 221, 434, 484; planted amongst sugar-cane against cane- grubs, 11; as a trap-crop for Metamasius sericeus in Jamaica, 74 ; as a trap-crop for Heliothis obsoleia in Queensland, 81 ; (see also under Vigna spp. ). Cowpea Bruchus (see Bruchus ehi- nensis). Cowpea Pod Weevil (see Chal- codermus aeneus). Cowpea Weevil (see Bruchus ehi- nensis). Crab, Wild (see Crataegus). Crab-apple, food-plant of Lepido- saphes uhni in Br. Columbia, 361 ; Parlatoriu ehinensis on, in China, 206. Crabgrass (see Panieum sanguinale). Crambus agitatellus, bionomics of, on grasses in Quebec, 63. Crambus alboclavellus, bionomics of, on grasses in Quebec, 63. Crambus caliginosellus, on maize in U.S.A., 63. Crambus hortuellus (Cranberry Girdler), bionomics and control of, in Canada and U.S.A., 10, 63, 110, 563. Crambus leachellus, bionomics of, on grasses in Quebec, 63. Crambus muiabilis, bionomics of, on grasses in Quebec, 63. Crambus rurivolellus, bionomics of, on grasses in Quebec, 63. Crambus topiarius, 10. Crambus trisectus, bionomics of, on grasses in U.S.A., 63. Crambus vulvivagellus, on grasses in U.S.A., 63. Cram&«s?eeWus,onmaizeinU.S.A.,63 cranierella, A crocercops. crameri, Clania. Cranberry, pests of, and their control in U.S.A., 10, 63, 110, 414, 553, 561-564. Cranberry Blossom Worm (see Epiglaea apiata). Cranberry Flea-beetle (see Systena frontalis). Cranberry Froghopper (see Clastop- tera proteus). Cranberry Fruit Worm (see Mineola vaccinii). Cranberry Girdler (see Crambus hortuellus). Cranberry Katydid (see Seudderia texensis). Cranberry Root Worm (see Ehab- dopterus pieipes). Cranberry Tipworm (see Perrisia vaccinii). Cranberry Toad Bug (see Phyllos- celis atra). Cranberry Vine-hopper (see Am- phiscepa bivittata). Crane flies, destroyed bv birds in Britain, 133, 134. Craspedonotus, attempted estab- lishment of, in Hawaii against uinomala orientalis, 275. crassicornis, M icrogaster. crassipes, Leptura. crassiuseula, Caenurgia. crataegelln, Scythropia. erataegi, Aporia ; Dentatus {Aphis) ; Eriosoma (see E. lanigerum) ; Perrisia ; Prociphihis ; Triehkira. crataegifoliae. Aphis. Crataegus, insect pests on, in U.S.A., 169, 205, 311, 312, 420, 440, 447. Crataegus crusgalli, partial immu- nity of, to Eriosoma lanigerum in U.S.A., 312. Crataegus cuneatus, Prociphilus erataegi on, in Japan, 548. Crataegus douglasi, food-plant of Bhagoletis pomonella in U.S.A., 424. Crataegus oxyacantha, mites not forming galls on, in Austria, 406. Crataegus rivularis, food-plant of Phagoletis pomonella in U.S.A., 424. c/rtai, Antonina. Crazy Ant (see Prenolepis longi- cornis). Creatonotus transiens, on mulberry in Formosa, 175; on toon in India, 519. ereelii, Maerosiphum. Cremastogaster, relation of, to Coc- CMs colemani in India, 321 ; value of, against Aleurocanthus woghimi, 530. Cremastogaster brevispinosa var. mi- nuiior (Acrobat or Black Ant), control of, on cacao in Grenada, 497. cremastoides, Nemeritis. Cremastus, parasite of Gelechia con- fusella in U.S.A., 464. Cremastus forbesi, parasite of Gele- chia confusella in U.S.A., 464. Cremastus hymeniae, parasite of Nacoleia blackburni and Crypto- phlebia illepida, in Hawaii, 351. cremiodes, Myiocera. crenatieeps, Atractomorpha. INDEX. 625 erenator, Euschisius. crenulata, Dasi/chira ; Leipaxais. Creoline, temperature required for destroying j^ests of stored beaus with, 383. Creosote, experiments in spraying with, against Aegeria exitiosa, 196 ; for destroying eggs of gipsy and brown-tail moths, 178 ; experiments with, against pine weevils, 258, 259 ; for treating timber against boring beetles, 390 ; and coal-tar, for protecting fig-trees from Ptychodes trilinea- tus, 101. Creselion, temperature required for destroying pests of stored beans with, 383. Cresolated Distillate Emulsion, for- mula for spraying with, against mealy bugs, 215. Cresosol, temperature required for destroying pests of stored beans with, 383 ; spraying experiments with, againsts locusts, 500. cresphontes, Papilio. Cress, Phytometra eriosoma on, in Philippines, 380. cressorii, Hartigia. Cresylic Acid, experiments with, against pine weevils, 259; experi- ments with, as a soil sterilisei:, 426. cribricollis, Otiorrhynchus. cribripennis, Desmocerus ; Sy states. cribrosa, Lachnosterna. Crickets, on cotton in California, 97 ; use of poison-bait for, in Connecticut, 458 ; on tea in India, 186 ; (see Gryllotalpa and Scapteriscus). Cricula trifenestrata, on cinchona in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Crimea, Taeniotlirips inconsequens on fruit-trees in, 65. crinitus, Pogonochaeras. Criocephalus productus, in Pseiido- tsuga taxifolia in California, 363. Crioeeris, probably attacking yams in Singapore, 519. Crioeeris asparagi (Asparagus Beetle), measures against, in Austria, 409 ; parasitised by Meigenia floralis in France, 171 ; in Italy, 143 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 214, 414. Crioeeris duodeeimpunctata (Twelve- spotted Asparagus Beetle), biono- mics and control of, in U.S.A., 215. Crioeeris merdigera, on chives and onions in France, 441. crispata, Lagoa. Cristatithorax viridiscutum, parasite of Ellipsidion pelluciduni in Aus- tralia, 387. cristatus, Prionidus. Croeidolomia binotalis, food-planta of, in Ceylon, 539. Croesus septentrionalis, on birch and poplar in Sweden, 150. Cronartium ribicola (White-pine Blister-rust), Arthropods as car- riers of, in greenhouses, 9 ; Lymaniria dispar an agent in spread of, in U.S.A., 225. Crossotarsus, in cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Crossotarsus squamtdatus, in Shorea robusta in India, 522. Crotalaria inccma, food-plant of Lampides baetica in Sumatra, 271. Crotalaria juncea (see Hemp, Sunn). Crotalaria striata, food-plant of Tephrosia beetle in Java, 3, 4 ; pests of, in Sumatra, 271 ; a useful plant against Heliothis obsoleta in Sumatra, 271. Crotalaria usaramoensis, food-plant of Lampides baetica in Sumatra, 271. Croton, scale-insects intercepted on, in California, 101, 253 ; alterna- tive food -plant of citrus pests in Florida, 474 ; Icerya nigroareo- lata on, in Uganda, 51. crotonis, Pseudococcus. Crows, destroying Oryctes rhinoceros in Philippines, 260 ; destroying noxious insects in U.S.A., 308, 364. cruciana, Hypermecia. cruciatus, Stauronotxis (see Docio- staurus m aroccanus ) . cruduvi, Eulecanium (Lecanium) persicae. Cryphalus, in cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Cryphalus abietis, in conifers in Britain, 158. Cryphalus amabilis, in conifers in N. America, 262. crypta. Ataxia. Cryptoblabes gnidiella, resistance of grapes to, in Spain, 56 ; control of, on vines in New Zealand, 95. Cryptocerus atratus, on cacao in Br. Guiana, 386. Cryptococcus fagi (Beech Coccus), in forests in Britain, 435. Cryptokermes brasiliensis, on Mi- mosa in Mexico, 440. Cryptomeigenia aurifacies, parasite of Lachnosterna in Porto Kico, 105. Cryptomeigenia theutis, parasite of Lachnosterna in Manitoba, 364 ; parasite of Lachnosterna in U.S.A., 568. 626 INDEX. Crypiomeria, Lymantria dispar on, in Japan, 176. Cryptomeria japonica, Chalcids in- festing, in Japan, 402, 403. cryptovieriae, Megastigvius. Cryptophlebia illepida, parasitised by Cremastus hymeniae in Hawaii, 351. Cryptophyllus concavus, on citrus in Florida, 474. Cryptorrhynchus batatae (see Eus- cepes). Cryptorrhynchus brandisi, on chir pine in India, 519. Cryptorrhynchus lapathi (Poplar Weevil, Willow Weevil), measures against, on willow and alder in Britain, 41, 42 ; on basket wil- lows in Sweden, 148 ; on poplar and willow in U.S.A., 206, 555 ; relation of spread of poplar canker to presence of, 206. Cryptosiphum artemisiae, ants as- sociated with, in Britain, 170. Cryptotermes, erroneously recorded as Leucotermes in Porto Rico, 391. Cryptothrips, in N. America, 506. Cryptotlirlps aspersus (see Leplo- thrips mail). Cryptothrips eitri, sp. n., on citrus in Florida, 505. Cryptothrips floridensis (Camphor Thrips), probably an introduced species in Florida, 505. Crypturgus, parasitised by Plega- derus vulneratus in Bosnia, 410. Cryptus formosus, parasite of Anaphe infracta in Uganda, 52. Cuba, measures against Aleuro- canthus tvoglumi in, 379 ; Coc- cidae of, 482 ; Meiarrhizium anisopliae artificially introduced into, 378 ; miscellaneous pests in, 82, 392, 518 ; pests from, intercepted in U.S.A., 206, 450. cubanalis, Pilocrocis (see P. tri- punctata). Cuckoo, a beneficial bird in Britain, 159, 478. cticubali, Dianthoecia. cucullatella, Nola. Cucumber, Trypetid larvae inter- cepted in, in California, 100, 137, 525 ; measures against Dia- phania hyalinata on, in Jamaica, 454 ; Aphids on, in Japan, 548 ; legislation against importation of, from Formosa into Japan, 520 ; Halticus minutus on, in the Pescadores Islands, 503 ; pests of, in Sweden, 146 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 194, 200, 268, 271, 459, 547. Cucuinber F'ca-tect^c (sec Epitrix aicuvicris). cucunieris, Epitrix. Cucumis melo (see Melon). cucurbitae, Dacus {Bactrocera). Cudrania triloba, food-plant of silk- worms in Japan, 438. Cumbu, Magacoelum straniineum on, in Madras, 46. Cumin, Jnobium in stored seeds of, in India, 123. cumingi, Promecotheca. cunea, Hyphantria. cunictdarius, Hylastes. cupaniae, Pulrinaria. cuprescens, Sivammerdamia. Cupressus macrocarpa, Phymatodes nitidus on, in California, 363. Cupressus semper virens, Megastig- mus watliili in seeds of, in Austria, 407. curculionis, Canidia. Curcuma Tonga, Lasioderma serri- come infesting dried root of, in Sumatra, 231 ; uses of root of, in Sumatra, 231. Curly-top of Beet, experiments in transmission of, by leaf -hoppers in U.S.A., 481, 564. Currant (Bibes), Lecanium inter- cepted on, in S. Africa, 358 ; Abraxas grossulariata on, in Bri- tain, 159; legislation restricting importation of, into Canada, '472 ; Eulecaniuni corni on, in Holland, 140; Aphis ribis on, in Italy, 143; pests of, in Nor- way and Sweden, 146, 147, 149, 150, 286; Eidecanium corni on, in Switzerland, 367 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 98, 225, 229, 242, 293, 371, 417, 552. Currant, Black (Bibes nigrum), pests of, in Britain, 279, 425, 480 ; not attacked by Lycophotia margaritosa in Br. Columbia, 24 ; pests of, in Germany, 6 ; pests of, in Norway, 286 ; little injured by Bhopalosiphum lactucae in Sweden, 146 ; Aphids on, in U.S.A., 213. Currant, Flowering (see Bibes al- pinum). Currant, Mountain (see Bibes al- pinum). Currant, Red (Bibes rubrum), Plesio- coris rugicolUs on, in Britain, 279 ; pests of, in Germany, 6 ; pests of, in Sweden, 146, 149, 150; Aphids on, in U.S.A., 213. Currant, White, pests of, in Ger- many, 6 ; Bhopalosiphum lactucae on, in Sweden, 146. Currant, Wild Red (see Bibes triste). Currant Aphids (see Myzus ribis and Bhopalosiphum lactucae). INDEX. 627 Currant Borer (see Aegeria tipuli- formis). Currant Bud Gall Mite (see Erio- phyes ribis). Currant Fruit-fly (see Epochra cana- densis). Currant Moth (see Abraxas grossu- lariata). Currant Sawfly (see Pteronus ribesii). eurvicauda, Toxotrypana. curvidens, Fps. curripes, Fachymerus (Caryoborus). euspidatae, Nipponaphis. Custard Apple (see Anona squamosa and A. reticulata). Cutworms, in Canada, 255 ; con- trol of, on coffee in Br. East Africa, 15 ; destroyed by bats in Brazil, 44 ; infesting vineyards in Europe, 408 ; bionomics of, in S. Rhodesia, 536-538 ; not damaging coffee in Uganda, 51 ; measures against, in U.S.A., 98, 230, 307, 371, 388, 395, 483; destroyed by Calosoma calidum in U.S.A., 16 ; measures against, on maize in New South Wales, 336 ; poison- baits for, 15, 84, 230, 248, 395, 396, 445, 483, 538 ; trap for, 182 ; (see Agrotis, CirpMs, Euxoa, etc.). Cutworm, Dark-sided (see Euxoa messoria). Cutworm, Greasy (see Agrotis yp- silon). Cutworm, Red-backed (see Euxoa oehrogaster). Cutworm, Striped (see Euxoa tes- sellata). Cutworm, Variegated (see Lycopho- tia margaritosa). Cyamopsis (Chister Bean), Alcides bubo on, in Madras, 47. cyanea, Scutellista. cyanocantJia, Ganthecona. Cyanocitta cristata, destroying Aero- basis nebulella in U.S.A., 169. cyanophylli, Aspidiotus. Cybocephalus rufifrons, predaceous on Ckrysomphalus dictyospermi in Italy, 36. Cycads, Saissetia oleae intercepted on, in California, 29. Cycas, Ceroplastes floridensis on, in Ceylon, 539. Cycas rumphii, bionomics of Gato- chrysops pandava on, in Singa- pore, 520. Gycas siamensis, bionomics of Gato- chrysops pandava on, in Singa- pore, 520. Cyclamen, Tarsonemus pallidus on, 'in U.S.A., 22. Cyclamen Mite (see Tarsonemus pal- lidus). Gyclocephala villosa, life-cycle of, in Kansas, 207. Gycloneda sanguinea, predaceous on Ghaitophorus negundinis in U.S.A., 164. Gydia caryana (Pecan Shuckworm), bionomics and control of. in U.S.A., 226. Gydia conijerana, on pines in Nor- waj', 283. Gydia dorsana, measures against, on vegetables in Germany, 6. Gydia funebrana, on plums in Britain, 510; on prune and plum in Italy, 143 ; on plums in Norway and Sweden, 149, 285, Gydia niolesia (Oriental Peach Moth), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 369, 373, 456. Gydia nebritana, measures against, on vegetables in Germany, 6. Gydia nigricana, on peas in Sweden, 149. Gydia pactolana, on Picea pungens argentea in Switzerland, 368. Gydia pomonella (Codling Moth), bionomics and control of, in S. Africa, 324, 358 ; bionomics of, in Australia and Tasmania, 35, 95, 96, 269; in Britain, 57, 436, 510; intercepted on apples and pears in California, 101, 253, 450 ; control of, in orchards in Canada, 54, 413 ; campaign against, in Cyprus, 383 ; effect of meteorological conditions on, in Br. Columbia, 24 ; bionomics and control of, on apples in France, 191, 319 ; intercepted on pears in Hawaii, 127 ; control of, on apples in Holland, 36 ; biono- mics and control of, in Italy, 143, 173, 366 ; control of, in Norway and Sweden, 145, 149, 285; loss due to, in Sicily, 256 ; on apples in Spain, 113, 514; in Switzer- land, 367 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 19, 28, 29, 98, 100, 161, 199, 208, 222, 267, 309, 339, 341, 373, 374, 451, 452, 565; measures against, in orchards in New Zealand, 95, 96, 165 ; dan- ger of confusing, with G. molesta, 374. Gydia splendana, on walnut in Italy, 143. Gydia strobilella, bionomics of, on spruce in Britain, 158 ; on spruce in Sweden, 90 ; parasites of, 90, 332. Gydonia, mites forming gaUs on, 406. cydoniae, Aspidiotus. Gylas femoralis, on sweet potatoes in U.S.A., 254. 628 INDEX. Cylas formicarius (Sweet Potato Weevil), intercepted on sweet potatoes in California, 100 ; legis- lation against, in Florida, 40 ; bionomics and control of, in West Indies, 188 ; measures against, on sweet potatoes in Philippines, 261 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 254, 267, 373, 414, 453. Cylas tiireipennii^ , on sweet potatoes in U.S.A., 254. cylindrica, Fhytoecia ; Sphaero- phoria. Cylindrotoma splendens (Leaf-eating Crane-fly), on Trautvetteria gran- dis in A'^ancouver, 289. Gyllene antennatus, in mesquite in California, 397. Cyllene robiniae (Locust Borer), in Eobinia pseudacacia in Canada, 62. Cymatodera aethiops, in U.S.A., 19. Cynips gallae-tinctoriae, commercial uses of galls of, 244. Cynips hiingarica, use of galls of, for tanning, 244. Cynips insana, commercial uses of galls of, 244. Cynips hollari, commercial uses of galls of, 244. Cynips lignicola, use of galls of, for tanning, 244. Cynips polycera, use of galls of, for medicine, 244. Cynips quercus-calycis, commercial uses of galls of, 244. Cynips quercus-folii, use of galls of, for medicine, 244. Cynips quercus-petioli, use of galls of, for dyeing, 244. Cynips quercus-ioza^, use of galls of, for medicine, 244. Cynips theophrastae, use of galls of, as fuel for lamps by tlie ancient Greeks, 244. Cynodon dactylon (Dub Grass), Pemphigus cynodonti on, in Lahore, 473. cynodonti, Pemphigus. Cynomeira cauliflora, pests of, in Java, 232, 233. Cynomeira ramiflora, not attacked by Acrocercops cramerella in Java, 232. cyntJiia, Attacus. Cyperus iria, Chilo simplex hiber- nating in, in Japan, 234. Cyphus pudens; on limes in St. Lucia, 516. Cypress, Megastigmus ivachtU in seeds of, in Austria, 407 ; Stic- tolobus trilineatus on, in Louisiana, 298. Cyprus, campaign against Cydia pomonella in, 383 ; control of Dociosiaurus maroccanus in, 119. Cyrenaica, Dictyothrips aegyptiacus on vines in, 438. . Cyrtacanthacris nigricornis, in Dutch. E. Indies, 350, 378, 446; use of Metarrhizium anisopliae against, 378, 446. Cyrtacanthacris septemfasciata (Mi- gratory Red Locust), not present in S. Africa in 1916-1917, 358. cyrtopeltis, Stethoconus (see S. mamil- losus). Cyrtosperma senegalense, food-plant of Helopeltis bergrothi in Belgian Congo, 80. Cyrtotrachelus longipes, bionomics of, on edible bamboos in Formosa, 402. Cytisits laburnum, Exapate congela- tella on, in Sweden, 149. D. Daceton armigerum, on cacao, in Br. Guiana, 386. dactyliperda, Coccotrypes. Dactylopius, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 80. Dactylopius adonidum (see Pseudo- coccus). Dactylopius obtasus, control of, on citrus in Zanzibar, 128. Dacus brevistylus, in Cucurbitaceae in Zanzibar, 128. Dacus cucurbitae (Melon Fly), inter- cepted on cucumbers in Cali- fornia, 137 ; infesting tomatoes in Hawaii, 552 ; establishment of parasites of, in Hawaii, 69, 127, 161, 225, 275, 357, 400, 476, 518, 542 ; not attracted by citronella oil in India and Ceylon, 423 ; legislation against, in Japan, 520 ; importance of preventing introduction of, into U.S.A., 297. Dacus dicersus (Three-striped Fruit- fly), experiments in trapping, with oils in India, 423. Dacus ferrugineus (Mango Fruit - fly), experiments in trapping, with oils in India, 423. Dacus oleae (Olive Fly), on olives in N. Africa, 39, 344 ; importation of Opius concolor into Italy against, 256; measures against, on olives in Spain, 56, 272. Dacus passijlorae, on mandarin oranges in Fiji, 237. Dacus punctatijrons, dn Cucurbi- taceae in Zanzibar, 128. Dacus vertebratus, on Cucurbitaceae in Zanzibar, 128. INDEX. 629 Daciis zonal us (Peach Fruit-fly), experiments in trapping, with oils in India, 423. Padap (see EnjLhrina). Dadap Leaf-hopper (see Typhlocyba erythrinae). daedahis, Costnia. Datfodil, Merodon e^uestris on, in Sweden, 150. Dagger Moth (»eeApatela auricoma). Dahlia, earwigs on, in Britain, 427 ; Aphids on, in Uganda, 203 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 554. dahlias, ApTiis (see ^4. rumicis). ddhliafoUi, Macroxipliu tn . l)aisv, insects on, in U.S.A., 12, 274. Dalpada sniaragdina, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. damor, Phassus. Damson (Prunus ins it it in), Argy roploce variegana on, in Italy, 173. Dark sided Cutworm (see Eiuoa messoria). darUngtoniae, Botanohia. Dasheen, To mar us bituberculatus cv. in St. Lucia, 516. Dasychira crenulata, parasitised by Phorinia verriius in LTganda, 52. Dasychira endophaea, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Dasychira mendosa, on mulbeny in Formosa, 175 ; on tea in Sumatra, 37. Dasychira niohe, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Dasygnathus australis, on sugar-cane in Australia, 165 ; parasitised by Campsomeris radula in Queens- land, 323. Dasygnathus australis dejeani, on sugar- cane in Australia, 166. Da^yUis posticata, predaeeous on Dendroctonus pseudotsugae in X. America, 264. Dasyneura hrassicae (see Perrisia). Dasyneura Jlosculorum (see Perrisia). Dasyneura lafhierei (see Gioliella). Dasyneura pyri (see Perrisia). Dasyneura rhodophaga (see Neo- cerata). Dasyneura Schneider i, on Arahis albida in Switzerland, 368. Dasyscypha calycina, infesting pines in Norway, 283. Datana diffidens, sp. n., on oaks in America, 34. Datana iniegerrima (Checkered Tus- sock Worm, Walnut Caterpillar), on walnut and butter-nut trees in Ontario, 412 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 227, 457. Datana ministra (Yellow-necked Catei'pUlar), bionomics and con- trol of, in U.S.A., 457, 487, 512 ; (C569) percentage of males of, taken at light-traps, 487. Dates, Lepidopterous larvae inter- cepted in, in California, 253 ; Ephestia spp. infesting, in Egypt, 462, 463. Date Palni. Tcerya aegyptiaca on, in Zanzibar, 85. Datura (Jimson-weed), food-plant of Prodenia lilura in Philippines, 379. dea, Arbela. deani, Ceroplastodes. deb His, Ch rysoboth r is. Decatoniidea, infesting seeds of conifers in Japan, 403. Deccan Grasshopx)er (see Colemania sphenarioides). deceml ineata, Leptinotarsa ; Poly- phylla. deceptiva, Agromyza. dxcora, Callida. decorella, Tachardia {Carter ia). decorticata, Cacochroa. Dectes spinosus, on Ambrosia in California, 528. decussatus, Phymatodes. dedecora, Macromphalia. Deer Grass (see Rhexia virginica). defilippii, Poropoea. defoliaria, IHbernia. degeeri, Eupelmus. dejeani, Dasygnathus auslralis. delauneyi, Dysdercus. delicatus, Macrocentrus. Dell's Mechanical Cleaner, not re- commended for disinfecting cot- ton seed against Pectinophora gossypiella, 44. Delomerista, parasite of Diprion simile in Connecticut, 460. Delphacids, parasitised by Stylops in Britain, 431. Delphax saccharivorus (see Sleno- cranus). deludana, Proteopteryx. demodocus, Papilio. Dendrocalamus latijiorus, pests of, in Formosa, 402. Dendroctonus brevieomis (Western Pine Beetle), in conifers in N. America, 522. Dendroctonus frontalis (Southern Pine Beetle), in conifers in N. America, 521. Dendroctonus micans, in Sweden, 89, 147. Dendroctonus monticola (Mountain Pine Beetle), in conifers in N. America, 522. Dendroctonus piceaperda (Eastern Spruce Beetle), in conifers in N. America, 521. Dendroctonus ponderosae (Black Hills Beetle), in conifers in N. America, 522. 030 INDEX. Dendrocionus 'pseudotsugae (Doug- las Fir Bark-beetle), bionomics of, in conifers in N. America and Mexico, 263, 522. Dendrolinnis pini, parasitised by Blephoripoda scutellata in Austria, 405; in European forests, 521; in forests in Norway, 283; bio- nomics of, on pines in Prussia, 408 ; on pines in Sweden, 148. Dendrosoter Jerrugineus, jirobably a jjarasite of Sinoxylon sexden- tatum, 477. denotata, Eupithecia. Denotus scolyti, parasite of Scolytus vnispinosus in X. America, 264. Dentatus (Aphis) crataegi, on apples ^ in Norway and Sweden, 146, 285. dentipes, JMonodontomerus. denuda, Anomala. Deodar (Cedrus deodara), pests of, in India, 522. deplanata, Baris. depressa, Saissetia [Lecanium) nigra. Depressaria contermineUa, on wil- lows in Britain, 41. Depressaria heracleana (Parsnip Web worm), measures against, in Canada, 255, 412. depressella, Papua. depressiusculus, Semanopterus. depressus, Rhizophagus. depsarium, Tragosoma. Derbidae, of the Philippines, 14. Dermestes cadaverimis, in copra in Seychelles, 68. Derntestes lardarius, infesting food in Connecticut, 457. Dermestes vidpinus (Leather Beetle), bionomics of, in dried fish in Hawaii, 350 ; infesting leather in U.S.A., 350. derogata, Sylepta. Desert Iron Wood (see Olneya p tesota). desertor, Glyptomorpha. D^svianthus virgatus, Bruchns pru- ininus in seeds of, in Hawaii, 353. Desmia funeralis, on Virginia cree- . per in Connecticut, 457. Desmocerus aiiripennis, in elder- berry in California, 397. Desmocerus californicus, in elder- berry in California, 397. Desmocerus cribripennis, in elder- berry in California, 397. Desmodiiim. uncinatum, Bruchus , pruininus infesting, in Hawaii, 356. destructor, Aleurodicus (see A. co- cois) ; Aspidiotus ; Eccoptogaster (see Scolytus ratzeburgi) ; Maye- iiola (Cecidomyia, Phytophaga) ; Scolytus. determinata, Adrama. devastans, Cardiophorus ; Penduli- nus. devastatrix, Tylenchus. devoniensis, Eriococcus. Dewberry (lluhus caesius), Frank- linieUa fusca on, in Florida, 505. Dexia, liberation of, in Hawaii against Anomala orientalis, 275. Dextrin, in preparation of commer- cial sulphur pastes, 291. Diabrotica duodecimpunctata, con- trol and food-plants of, in Texas, 268. Diabrotica longicornis, value of rotation of crops against, 527. Diabrotica soror, strength of hydro- cyanic-acid gas required to kill, 83. Diabrotica. vittata (Striped Cucum- ber Beetle), bionomics and con- trol of, in U.S.A., 127, 200, 230, 268, 371, 459, 474. diabroticae, Celatoria. Diachasma fullauayi, liberation of, in Hawaii, 69, 127, 161, 184, 185, 225, 275, 357, 400, 518; bio- nomics of, as a jjarasite of Ceratitis capiiata, 184, 185. Diacliasma tryoni, liberation of, in Hawaii, 69, 127, 161, 167, 184, 185, 225, 275, 357, 400, 518, 542 ; bionomics of, as a parasite of Ceratitis capiiata, 184, 185. Diacrisia lubricipeda, Coranus subapterus predaceous on, in Britain, 119. Diacrisia maculosa, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Diacrisia mori, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. Diacrisia obJiqua, on mulberry in Formosa, 175; on toon in India, 319. Diacrisia subcarnea, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. Diacrisia rirginica, percentage of males of. taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. Diaeretus chenopodiapliidis, para- site of Aphids in Hawaii, 351 ; parasitised by Pachyneuron sipho- nophorae, 352. Diaeretus rapae. not a parasite of Aphis brassicae and 3Iy:us per- sicae in Hawaii, 351. Dialeumdes citri (Citrus Whitefiy), intercepted on citrus in Cali- fornia, 137 ; control of, on citrus in Florida, 18, 217, 473. Dialeurodes citrifolii (Cloudy- winged Whitefly), control of, on citrus in Florida, 18, 217, 473. Diamond-back Moth (see Plutella maculipennis). INDEX. 631 d ianth i , Ehojyalosiphum. Dianthoecia eapsincola, parasitised by 3Iicroplitis tristis in Britain, 382. Dianthoecia cwcubali, parasitised by Microplitis tristis in Britain, 382. •Diaphania hyalinata, measures against, on cucumbers and pump- kins in Jamaica, 454. Diaprepes abhreviaius (Sugar-cane Root Borer), on sugar-cane and limes in West Indies, 33, 58, 377, 393, 394 ; financial loss caused by, in Barbados, 58. Diaprepes ahbreviatus var. doublieri, food-plants of, in Virgin Islands, 377. Diaprepes abhreviaius var. puncta- tus, on limes in St. Lucia, 516. Diaprepes (Exophthalmus) esuriens, measures against, on limes in West Indies, 187, 210. Diaprepes quadrivittatus (Santo Do- mingo Root-borer), intercepted on sugar-cane in Porto Rico, 485. Diaprepes spengleri, measures against, on citrus in Porto Rico, 486. Diapromorpha melanopus (Orange Beetle), on tea in India, 474. Diapus furtivHS, in Shorea robusta in India, 522. Diarthronomyia liypogaea (Chrysan- themum Gall Midge), in green- houses in Canada, 84 ; in green- houses in New York, 451. Diarthrothrips coffeae, control of, on coffee in Br. East Africa, 15. Diaspis. intercepted in avocado seed in U.S.A., 206. Diaspis boisduvuli. intercepted on orchids in California, 29, 101, 137, 525. Diaspis bromeliae. intercepted on - pineapples in California, 29, 100, 137, 253, 293, 450, 525. Diaspis echinocacti, probably on cactus in Barbados, 394. Diaspis pentagona (see Aula^aspis). Diaspis piricola (see Epidiaspis). Diaspis rosae (see Aulacaspis). Diastrophus ruhi, on raspberries in Germany, 8. Diatomaceous Earth, in prepara- tion of commercial sulphur pastes, 291. Diairaea, unidentified species of, on sugar-cane in India, 123. Diairaea anrieilia (see D. sitppres- sal is). Diatraea eanella (Smaller Moth Borer), measures against, on sugarcane in Br. Guiana, 385. Diairaea saceharalis (Sugar-cane Moth Stalk-borer), measures (C569) against, on sugar cane in Br. Guiana, 333, 385 ; on maize and sugar-cane in West Indies, 33, 393 ; parasitised by Trivkogram- ma minutmn in U.S.A., 306. Diatraea •striataUs (see J). i'enosata)\ Diatraea suppressalis, food-plants of, in India, 123. Diatraea venosata, food-plants of, in India, 123; on sugar-cane in Philippines, 25. d I at raeae , M i crodus. Dibrachoides vcrditer, parasite of Diprio-n simile in Connecticut, 460. Dibrachys australia, sp. n., parasite of Cydia poynonella in Australia, 35. Dibrachys boucheanus, parasite of Cydia pomoneUa in France, 191 ; parasite of Coleophora fuscedi- nella in Sweden, 94 ; parasite of Lepidoptera in U.S.A., 456, 506; a secondary parasite of Cydia molesta in "U.S.A., 374; hyper- parasite of Apanteles lacleieolor in U.S.A., 512. Dibrachys cUsiocampae, bionomics of, parasitisiiig Gnlleria melloneUa in U.S.A., 482. Dibrachys nigrocyaneus, parasite of Diprion simile in Connecticut, 460. Dii;haeto7ieura leucoptera, parasite of Tortrix cerasivorana in Canada j 507. Dichodiplosis langeni, in dried plums in Britain, 247. Dic.hostaies siibocellatns, attacking Poinciana regia in Egjqit, 557. Dichroplus viitigera (see Schisto- cerca). Dictyophora sinica, a minor pest of mulbcrrj' in Formosa, 174. Dictyophorits reticulatas, on citrus in Florida, 474. Dictyoploca joponica, utilisation of cocoons of, for commercial pur- poses in Japan, 502. diftyospermi, Chrysomphalus (As- pidiotus). Dictyothrips aegyptiacus, on vines in Cyrenaica, 438. Dicyphus luridus, sp. n., on tobacco in Porto Rico, 130, 486. Dicyphus m,inimus, on tobacco in Florida, 486. Dicyphus pi-asinus, sp. n., on tobacco in Porto Rico, 130, 486. didactylus, Scapteriscus. Dielis collaris var. coelebs, parasite of Oryctes rhinoceros in Aldabra, 375. Dielis formosa, parasite of eane- grubs in Australia, 166, 323, 495, 496. 632 INDEX. Diestrammena marmorata (Japanese Spotted Camel Cricjiet), iu New- York, 452. Differential Grasshopy^er (see Mela- tioplus differentialiii). differeniialis, Melanoplus {Calop- tenus). diffidens, Datana. diffusa, Meliana. Digger Pine (see Piniis sabiniana). Digonochaeta setipennis, larva of Phyio melanocepJiala resembling that of, 35. DiJiammus fistulator, on Hevea in Java, 445, 446. dilatata, Ch ionaspis. Dill (Anethum graveolens), Psila rosae on, in Sweden, 150. Diloba coeruleocephala (see Episema) Dilohoderus ahderus, measures against on wheat in Argentina, 143, 428. Dilophus febrilis, food-plants of, in Britain, 118. Dilophus vulgaris, food-plants of, in Britain, 118. dilutaia, Cidaria. dimidiata, Ossa. dimidiatus, Phymatodes ; Pteronus Dimmockia, hyperparasite of Apan- teles lacteicolor in U.S.A., 512. Dinocanipus terminatus, hosts of, probably introduced into Hawaii from N. America, 352. Dinocarsis hemipiera, on Gramineae in Spain, 296. Dinoura eucalypti, sp. n., parasite of a Chalcid in Australia, 35. Diocfdandra frumenii, on coconut in Seychelles, 375, 376. Diodontus, natural enemy of Aphids in Holland, 136. Diolcoga^ter calceatus, parasite of Thera spp. in Britain, 382. Diolcogaster circumvectus, sp. n., parasite of Lobophora carpinata in Britain, 382. Diolcogaster marginatus, parasite of Lareniia viridoria in Britain, 381. Dioryctria ahietella, on spruce in Britain, 159 ; in forests in Nor- way, 283 ; parasitised by Epiurus geniculatus in Sweden, 90. Diorymellus laevimargo, on orcliids in New Jersey, 205. Dioscorea batatas (Yam), Palaeopus dioscoreae on, in Jamaica, 254. Dioscorea bulbifera, beetle attacking, in Singapore, 519. dioscoreae, Palaeopiis. Diospilus capita, parasite of Byciis- cus betulae in Euroyje, 172. Diparopsis castanea (Sudan or Bed Bolhvorm), measures against, on cotton in Africa, 49 ; on cotton in Nyasalahd, 70. Dipladenia, insect pests intercepted on, in California, 450, 525. Diplazon laetatonus, parasite of Syrphids in Hlinois, 107. Diplodia, attacking cacao in Gold Coast, 133. Diplosis, on mulberry in Japan, 176. Diplosis pyri (see Perrisia). Diplosis pyrivora (see Contarinia). Diplosis quadrifasciata (Banded Mulberry Midge), bionomics of, and measures against, in Korea, 281. Diplosis sorghicola (see Contarinia) Diplosis tritici (see Contarinia). Diplotaxis excavata, control of, on pecan in U.S.A., 228. Dipper, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. Diprion abietis, on balsam fir in Connecticut, 458. Diprion pini, parasitised by Panar- gyrops clarnger in Britain, 431 ; m forests in Norway and Sweden, 283, 288. Diprion serfi/er, in forests in Sweden, 288. Diprion simile (European Pine Sa^vfly), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 205, 423, 460. Diptera, classification of, 166. Dipiilomiopus javanicus, gen. et sp. n., parasite of Eriophyes hemigrapMdis in Java, 406. Dirhinus gijfardi, liberation of, in Hawaii, 400. DirpJiia amphimone, parasites of, in Chile, 428. Dirphiphagus, gen. nov., 428. Dirphiphagus ancilla, parasite of Dirphia amphimone and Macfom- phalia dedecora in Chile, 428. Dirphya (Nitocris) princeps, on. coffee in Uganda, 51. Dirphya nsambica, on coffee in Br. East Africa, 15. Discholcaspis wddi, use of galls of, for food, 244. discipulchra, Euribia. discoideus, Bracon ; Chilocorus. Discolia soror, parasite of cane- grubs in Australia, 166. discolor, AEyllocerus. disco-ocellellae, Angitia. discrepans, Coccus, discretuni, Oscinosoma. disjuncta, Microphthalma. dispar, Lymantria {Liparis, For- thetria) ; Myzus ; Rhizopha{jus ; Xylehorus {Anisandrtis). Dissosieira Carolina, in Canada, 363 ; parasitised by Mermis ferruginea in U.S.A., 221. disstria, Malacosoma. distincta, Corythuca. INDEX. 633 nni in India, 321 ; introduced into oaeao plantations against Ilelopeltis in Dutch E. Indies, 349 ; useless in controlling Te i>hrosia beetle in Java, 4. Doliehos lablab, Bruchids in seeds of, in Hawaii, 353, 354 ; pests of, in Madras, 46. Doliehos pielanophthalmus, Bruchus obtecttis infesting, in Italy, 468. Doliehos sudanensis, Bruchus quad) i- maculatus infesting, in Hawaii, 354. Doliehos AVeevil, bionomics of, in Hawaii, 352, 353, 354, 355, 356. doliehos, Prodenia. Dolycoris baccarum, on raspberries in Norway, 286. Domains' Machine, for disinfecting cotton seed, 43. domestiea, Musca. doniesticwm, Anobiuyn. domesticus, Troglodytes ; Xyloterus. dominica, BMzoperthai Donacia clavipes, predaceous on Aphids in Britain^ 431. dorsalis, Atimia ; Blosyrus. dorsana, Cydia {Grapholitlia). Doryctes leucogaster, hosts of, in France, 477. Doryctes undulatus, parasite of 3Iag- dalis armigera in France, 477. Dorylus helrolus, occasionally at- tacking Iridomyrmex humilis in S. Africa, 239 ; predaceous on cutworms in S. Rhodesia, 537. Dorylus orientalis, on vegetables in Ceylon, 539. Dothichica populnea (European Pop- lar Canker), relation of spread of, to Y*i'6sence of Cryptorrhynchus lapathi in U.S.A., 206. doublieri, Diaprepes abbreviatus. Douglas Fir (see Pseudotsuga taxi- folia). Douglas Fir Bark-beetle (see Den- droctonus pseudotsugae). Dracaena, Aspidiotus lataniae on, in Britain, 59 ; Pseudoccoccus intercepted on, in California, 29. Dragonflies, predaceous on noxious insects in Br. Guiana, 386 ; pre- daceous on Crioceris asparagi in U.S.A., 215. draki i, Lachnosterna. Drepanosiphum {Aphis) platanoides, parasite of, in Britain, 247 ; on maples in Norway, 284. Dreyfusia (see Chermes). Dried Fruit Beetle (see Carpophilus hemipterus). Drosieha corpulenta, Novius cardina- lis predaceous on, in Japan, 283. Drosophila ampelophUa, on bananas in Fiji, 237 ; parasitised by Pachyneuron rindcnimine in Italy, 76 ; experiments in rear- ino-, on artificial media in U.S.A., 219. Drosophila melanogaster, exjteri- ments in rearing, on artificial media in U.S.A., 219. Drosophila phalerata, on chives in Sweden, 286. drosophilae, Pterosemoidea. druparum, Syntomaspis. druraei, Poecilocoris. Dryocoetes autographus, associated with Hylastes j^alliaius on coni- fers in Scotland, 116. Dryocoetes minutus (see Pityokteines). Dryocoetes pseudotsugae, in Pseudot- suga taxijolia in N. America, 263. Dryoctenes scrupulosus, on Pachira aquatica in Brazil, 256. dubia, Apterotrix ; Chionaspis ; Lachnosterna (see L. anxia)i - ■■ ' dubius, Pachycrepoideus. ■ duodeciinguttata, Ealyzia (Vibidia\. duodecimpu/nctata, Grioceris ; Dia- brotica. ' - -- 634 INDEX. Duomitus capensis, in castor oil plants in Zanzibar, 128. Duomitus cerarnicus (Beehole Borer), in teak in India, 522 ; in teak in Dutch E. Indies, 349. Duomitus leuconoius, in Cassia grandis in Ceylon, 539. duplex, I'seudaonidia. Duranta, Aphis durantae on, in Egypt, 209 ; Aphis duranti on, in Lahore, 473. Duranta plumeri, food-plant ol' Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540 ; Helopeltis not ovipositing on, in Java, 233. durantae, Aphis. duranti, Aphis. Dust Sprays, 230, 253, 370, 385 395, 412, 459 ; compared with li(|uid sprays, 361, 413, 452, 559, 560; carriers and diluents for, 60, 214; bellows for, 439. Dutch East Indies, miscellaneous insect pests in, 349, 447 ; plant pest legislation in, 505 ; (see Java and Sumatra). Dyeing, insect galls used for, 244. Dyschorista Jissipuncta, parasitised by Microplitis spectabilis in Britain, 382. Dyscinetus barbatus, experimentally infested with Metarrhizium aniso- pUae in Porto Rico, 378. Dyscinetus gagaies, measures against on wheat in Argentina, 317. Dyscinetus trachypygus, a minor pest of cranberries in U.S.A., 564. Dysdercus (Cotton Stainers), mea- sures against, in India, 335 ; on cotton etc. in West Indies, 187, 210, 454; on cotton in Uganda, 51. Dysdereus andreae, in Virgin Islands, 377. Dysdereus cingulatus, on cotton in Ceylon, 539. Dysdereus delauneyi, food-plants of, and measures against, in West Indies, 249, 250, 252, 455, 542. Dysdereus intermedius, food-plants of, in Nyasaland, 69, 70. Dysdereus nigrofasciatus, food- plants of, in Nyasaland, 69, 70. Dysdereus scassellati, sp. n., on cotton in Italian Somaliland, 488. Dysdereus suturellus. on cottiou ete. _in U.S.A., 248, 473. ,, , Eanti» thrmo, od (Htrji*. ifl.; JP. 455, 547. :; ...:-..:■.... Egg-plant, Wild {^efySoltmum tQf- eglanterina, l^seudoliazis. ■ ; ;; , ; egregius^ Pteromalus. Egypt, Aphidsfi-ona^ 209> 50&; Asca- laphus predaceous on I*xc!dema INDEX. 635 litura ill, 49 ; Cerarubycid beetles in, 557 ; bionomics and control of Ephestia in stored dates in, 462 ; bionomics and control of Pectinojjhora gossy- piella in, 42-44, 48, 70, 311, 444, 557, 567 ; ScJiistGcercn percgrina in, 358 ; wood-boiing beetles in, 50 ; scale- insects from, inter- cepted in quarantine in Hawaii, 476 ; use of machines for treat- ment of cotton seed in, 42-44. Egyptian Engineering Co.'s (Mur- dochs) Machine, for disinfecting cotton seed, 44. Eichochaitopliorus Jiimalayensis, sp. n., on Salix in Lahore, 473. Elachistus idomene, parasite of Bye- tiscus betulae in Europe, 172. Elachistus sanninoideae, parasite of Aegeria exitiosa in Arkansas 448. Elaeis guineensis (African Oil Nut Palm), Archon centaurus on, in Gold Coast, 133 ; Orycles rhino- ceros on, in Philippines, 260 ; measures against Ischnaspis longi- rostris on, in Seychelles, 68, 376 ; Limacodids on, in Sumatra, 67. Elaphidion inerme (Orange Sawyer), on citrus in Florida, 473. Elaphidion irroratum, destroyed by woodpeckei-s in Jamaica, 529. Elaphidion viUosum (Oak Pruner), measures against, on pecan in U.S.A., 228. Elasmus JIabellatus, parasite of vine- moths etc. in Spain, 113. Elasmus viridiceps, parasite of Coleophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Elder, Aphis sambuci on, in Brita'.n, 276 ; pests of, in Germany, 5, 479; Gracilaria syringella in- festing, in Switzerland, 368 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 205, 451. Elderberry, Cerambycids in, in California, 397. electro, Colias. elegans, Sipha ; Zonocerus. elegantaria, PhiUraea. elegant ulus, Eutermes. Eleodes (False Wireworms), notes on, in U.S.A., 307-309. Eleodes barbata, ep. n., in U.S.A., 413. Eleodes ertricata, new Tachinid ; parasite of, in U.S.A., 549, Eleodes hispilabris, parasit.es of, in U^vS-A., 308, 549. ... Eheodes obsoUta, parasites of, in U.^.A:, 309, 312, 549. Eleodes op(t^ on wheat in K^akE^^s, .373; . pai^sites jO^ .--jja- ^,^^^,4-v> 308, 3o^,r,::,i,^a\-niv;;jui^i' Eleodes suturalis, parasitised by PeriUtus in U.S.A., 308. Eleodes iricostata, bionomics and distribution of, in Canada and U.S.A., 307-309, 493^ 549. Eleodiphaga coffreyi, gen. et sp. n., parasite of Eleodes in U.S.A., 549. Eleodiphaga pollinosa, parasite of Eleodes hisjjilabris iii New Mexico, 549. eleodis, PeriUtus ; Sarcophaga. eleodivora, Biomyia. Eleusine coracana, food-plant of Prodenia litura in India, 379. Eleusine indica, Chilo simplex hiber- nating in, in Japan, 234 ; food- plant of Scapteriscus vicinus in West Indies, 296. Elis, parasite of Anomala orientalis in Japan, 345. Elis luctuosa, parasite of Anotnala in Java, 345. Elis ptfeifferi, importation of, into Mauritius from Madagascar, 301. Elis quimiuecincta, parasite of Lach- nosterna in N. America, 345. Elis romatuli, importation of, into Mauritius from Madagascar, 301. Elis ruja, establishment of, against Lachnosterna in Mauritius, 141. Elis thoracica, parasite of Anomala in Java, 345 ; importation of, into Mauritius from Madagascar, 301. Ellipsidion peUucidum, parasites of, on sugar-cane in Australia, 387. ello, Erinnyis. Elm (Ulmus), pests of, in Britain, 59, 159 ; pests of, in Canada, 23, 122, 361 ; Magdalis armigera on, in France, 477 ; pests of, in Italy, 143; GaUruceUaluteola on, in Spain, 75 ; pests of, in Sweden, 146, 151 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 102, 303, 311, 312, 364, 389, 416, 457, 458, 506, 522; partial immunity of, to Eriosoma Inni- gerum, 311, 312. Elm Leaf Beetle (see Galerucella luteola). elongata, Chrysoeharis. elongatum, I^em,08ama. elongatus, Coccus ( Lecamum), elotella, Marmara ( Gracilaria)- elsa, Baria. - ;■ ; ; Elym.u.s, Aphids infesting:, roots -of, in Colorado, 566. Elymus canadensis:, Cephus cinct^s on, in N. Ammea, S53. - <> Em^eim\Mp^h iesee Snniiu,.cecwpia^,\ Emphyius, on apples . ^a Br^iai, Emphyius ci*tc<ip- rion simile in Connecticut, 460. Exorista pysle, parasite of Lepidop- tera in U.S.A., 169, 464; para- site of Piloerocis tripunctata in Porto Rico, 82. expansa, Euchlora. explanata, Leptohyrsa. extimalis, Evergestis. extricata, Eteodes. extricator, Iphiaulax. Eye-spotted Bud-moth (see Eucos- ma ocellana). Eyed Hawk Moth (see Sphinx ocd- latus). F. fabae. Aphis. Faberna, Aspidiotus fabernii on, in Cuba, 482. fabernii, Aspidiotus. faceta, Arttestia orbitalis (see A. lineaticollis). Faggot Worms (see Clania spp.). fagi, Cryptococcus ; Phyllaphis ; lihynchaenns (Orchestes). Fagisuga triloba, parasitised by Aspidiotiphagus citrimis in Chile, 429. Fagus (see Beech). Fagus atropunicea, Buprestis nifipes mining in, in U.S.A., 421. Fagus sylvatica, new Pseudococctis on, in Britain, 59. Falco sparverius loquacula, destroy- ing Scapteriscus vicinus in W^est Indies, 297. Fall Webworm (see Hyphantria cunea and //. textor). falli, Chrysobothris. False Apple Red Bug (see Lygidea mend ax). False Bugbane (see Trautvetteria grandis). False Chinch Bug (see Nysitis ericae). False Codling Moth (see Argy- roploce batrachopa). False Wireworms (see Eleodes). Fanning Island, scale-insects inter- cepted in Hawaii on coconuts from, 39, 127. farfarae, Anuraphis. farinae, Tyroglyphus. farinalis, Pyralis. faseiata, Buprestis ; Phora ; ProS' 2)alteUa. fasciatum, Xiphidiu^ . INDEX. 643 fasciafus, GliseJ>rochiUis (//>•<*) ; Ipochus; Oncopeltns; TctriTitichus. fosciculntus, uiraecerus ; Pogono- chaerus. fausta, Khagoletis. febrilis, Dilophus. fecundatrix, Andricus. Feltia anne.ca, control of. on pota- toes in U.S.A., 483; percentage of males of, taken at light-traps, 487. Feltia gladiaria, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps, 487. Feltia jaculifera, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps, 487. Feltia subgothica, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps, 487. J'emoralis, Cerodonta ; Cylas ; Klinothrips. femorata, Acanthocephala ; Chry- sobothris ; Tiphia. Jemur-ruhrum, Melanoplus. Fenii>ta (Blackberry Leaf-miner), in Ontario, 413. Fenusa jxfHU^ts, food-plants of, in Britain, 510. Ferns, Saissetia hemisphnerica on, in Argentina, 177 ; Chionaspis dubia on, in Fiji, 238 ; Shongy- logaster cingulatus migrating from, to pines in Germany. 411 ; scale-insects intercepted on, in Porto Eico, 485 ; My-io^ pteri- soides on, in Uganda, 209 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 440, 451, 549. Fern Scale (see nemich>onas2)is aspidistrae). Feronia, a natural enemy of Otior- rhynchus in Europe, 172. ferreri, Cerceris. ferrugalis, Pionea (PMyctaenia). ferruginea, Epicauta ; Mermis. ferruginella, Gracilaria. ferrugineum, Tribolium (see T. cas- taneum). ferrugineus, Dacus ; Dendrosoter ; Pityophagus ; Bhizophafus ; Ehyn- dhopTiorus. festaliella, SchrecLensteinia: festina, Stictocepkala. festiva, Chlorida. Festuca, Eriopeltis festucae oil, in Britain, 59. Festuca arundinacea, as a shelter- trap for Haltica atnpeXophaga in Algeria, 142. Festuca rubra, thrips on, in Sweden, 145. festucae, Eriopeltis. Ficus, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinriulifera on, in N. Africa, 38 ; scale-insects on, in Australia, 35 ; Helopeltis not ovipositing on, in Java, 233 ; Chrysomphalus aonidum on, in India, 86 ; Saissetia nigra var. depressa on, at Kew, 59 ; food-plant of Coccus colemani in Mysore, 322 ; pests of, in San Thome, 52 ; scale- insects on, in Seychelles, 68 ; Batocera rubus on, in Virgin Islands, 377; (see Fig,). Ficus carica, Lonchaea aristella infesting, in Itah', 76 ; Cero- plastes rusci on, in Spain, 162 ; distribution of Ptychodes trili- neatus on, 101. Ficus elastica, Batocera rubus .on, in Virgin Islands, 377. Ficus infectoria, food-plant of Pro- denia litura in India, 379. Ficus laurina, pests of, in Barbados, 274. Ficus nitida, Pycnarthrum pallidum on, in Barbados, 394. Ficus nota, Schizaspis lobata on, in Philippines, 36. Ficus pseudocarica, Lonchaea aris- tella infesting, in Algeria, 76. Ficus retusa, Trichosiphum formo- sahum on, in Formosa, 501 ; Halticiis viinutus on, in the Pescadores Islands, 503.' Ficus sycomorus (Sycom,ore Fig), Aphis ficus on, in Africa, 209» Ficus ivightiana, Trichosiphum for- mosanum on, in Formosa, 501. ficus. Aphis ; Aspidiotus, Chry- somphalus (see C. aonidum) ; II y poborus ; Lepidosaphes. Fidiaviticida (Grape Koot Worm)5 cliaracter of soil influencing at- tack of, in Br. Columbia, 23; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 98, 163, 198, 199. Fieldfare, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. Fig, Phryneta spinator on, in S. Africa, 325 ; Ceroplastes rusci introduced on, into Britain, 59 ; pests of, in France, 72, 318, 328, 477 ; pests of, in Italy, 75-77, 143 ; Ceroplastes rusci on, in Spain, 56, 162; pests of, in U.S.A., 414; Lepidosaphes ficus intercepted on, in U.S.A., 206; bionomics of Lonchaea aristella infesting, 75-77 ; distribution of Ptychodes trilinealus on, 101 ; (see Ficus). Fig, Weeping, as a trap -tree for sugar-cane grubs 'in Queensland, 323. Fig Borer (see Phryneta spinator). Fig Moth (see Ephestia cautella). Fig Scale (see Ljepidosaphes ficus). Figs, Dried, pests of, and their control in California, 425 ; Lepi- dopterous larvae intercepted in, in California, 100. 644 INDEX. Fiji, miscellaneoiis insect pests in, 236-238 ; bionomics of Fhyiomyza infesting maize in, 475 ; scale- insects from, 86. filaginis, Pemphigus. Jilamenfosus, Pseudocoeeus. Filaria locusiae, infesting earwigs in 8cilly Islands, 427. filiformis, Isclmaspis (see I. longi- rostris). Filippiu oleae, resistance of olives to, in Spain, 56. fimhriata, Plautia. Finches, beneficial in Britain, 478. Finland, Argyroploce variegana on fruit-trees in, 172 ; Perrisia strobi on spruce in, 90. Fiorinia, parasitised by Apterotrix dubia in Australia, 35. Fiorinia jyroboscidaria, imported into Jamaica on citrus from India, 86. Fiorinia iheae, on tea in India, 475. Fir, Megasiigmns piceae in seed of, in Austria, 407 ; bark- beetles infesting, in Bosnia, 410; Pleme- liella abietina infesting, in Ger- many, 5 ; Monochamus mulsanti var. rosenmuellcri on, in Siberia, 132: pests of, in U.S.A., 289, 397, 422, 528; (see Abies and Picea). Fir, Alpine (see Abies lasioearpa). Fir, Balsam (see Abies balsamea). Fir, Douglas (see Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Fir, Lowland (see Abies grandis). Fir, Noble Silver (see Abies nobilis). Fir, Silver (see Abies picea). Fir, White (see Abies concolor). Fir Seed Gall Midge (see Plemeliella abietina). Fire Blight (see Baeillus amylovorus). Fireworm, Black-head (see Bhopo- bota racciniana). Fireworm, Red-striped (see GeleeMa trlalbamaciilella). Fireworm, Yellow-head (see Peronea mimila). Fish. Dried, bionomics of Dermestes vulpinus in, in Hawaii, 351 ; Necrobia rufipes breeding in, in Seychelles, 68. Fish- oil, effect of spraying with, on Aphids and Coccids, 128, 407, 423; in formula lor Fuhrmann's solution, 407 ; and kerosene emulsion, spraying with, against Lymantria mathura, 504 ; and nicotine oleate, 423 ; and resin, experiments with, against Jyle- bonis fornicatns, 128. Fish -oil Soap, in sprays, 17, 102, 124, 196, 208, 213, 215, 322, 323, 376,134,487,553,563; formulae containing, 102, 208, 215, 487; and resin, 124, 322, 323, 434, 553, 563 ; experiments with, as a sjjreader for lead arsenate sprayS; 199. fissipnneia, DyscJiorisia. fistulaior, Dihammus. fitchi, Promachus. flabeUntvs, Elasmus. flaeca, Athalia. Flacherie, in silkworms in France, 171 ; in silkworms in India, 211 ; effect of cold on silkworms suf- fering from, in Italy, 437 ; in gipsy and brown-tail caterpillars m Maine, 1 78 ; bacterial disease of cutworms similar to, 444. flam inins, Honialoiylus. flnmiuea, Panolis, Flannel Moth (see Lagoo, pyxldifera). Flat-headed Apple-tree Borer (see Chrysobothris femorata). flava, Euprortis ; Sipha. flavalor, Iphiaulax. flavi'scens, Anagrus ; Chloriia ; Cnidocampa ; Empoasca ; Pitl- vinaria. flavicornis, Grotiusomyia. flavifrons, Chlorops. flavilatera, Tom aspis. flavinode, Praon. flavipes, Amaurosoma ; Apion ; Clidogastra ; E.vocJiomus nigro- maculatus ; Leucotermes ; Lu- perus ', Pimpla ; Polydrosus. flaviventris, Neurotoma (Lyda). flavofasciata, Kalivoria. fla volineaia, Osm ilia. flams, Aphycus ; Thrips. Flax (Linum), pests of, in Germany, 344. Flax, New Zealand (see PJiorminm tenax). Flea-beetles, measures against, in Holland, 498, 499 ; measures against, on tomatoes in Michigan, 388 ; control of, on tobacco in Porto Rico, 485 ; not dissemina- ting mosaic disease of tobacco,, 545 ; (see Epitrix and Pliyllo- treta). fleteheri, Opius ; Trioza. flexuosa, Nygmia [Euproctis). floccosa, Aleurothrixus. Flocculent Whitefiy (see Aleuro- thrixus floccosa). floralis, Meigenia. floricola, Cetonia ; MononiGrium. Florida, citrus pests and their con- trol in, 17, 216, 328, 473; mis cellaneous pests in, 373, 391, 486, 524 ; Thysanoptera of, 505 ; pests from, intercepted in Cali- fornia, 101, 293, 525; legislation against Cyhis formicarius in, 40. INDEX. 646 Florida Fern Caterpillar (see Gal- lop istr ia flor ide nsis). Florida Flower Thrips (see Frank- liniella bispinosus projectui). Florida Wax Scale (see Ceroplastes floridensis). floridana, FranJdiniella ; Hoplia. floridanus, Euthyrhynchus . floridensis, Aeolothrips ; Callopis- tria ; Ceroplastes ; Cryptothrips ; Trialcurodss. floscidorum, Perrisia (Dasynenra). Flour, Sitodrepa panicea infesting in Britain, 160; control of Ephestia kiihniella infesting, in ■ California, 418; use of dry heat for insects infesting, in Hawaii, 357; preventive measures against insects infesting, in ships, 439 ; experiments with chlorpicrin against pests of, 492 ; as an adhesive in sprays, 99, 100, 159, 291, 486, 487, 547 ; as a carrier for lead arsenate dust spray against tomato pests, 388 ; in poison-bait for mole-crickets, 297 ; dusting with, ineffective against Pieris brassicae, 319. Fluted Scale (see Icerya j^urchasi). Flycatchers, beneficial in Britain, 478. Fly-skat, experiments with, against Aegeria exiiiosa, 196. forbesi, Cholus ; Cremastus. Forcipomyia corUcis, means of re- sistance to desiccation shown by, in France, 319. Forda formicaria, bionomics of, on roots of grasses in Colorado, 565. Forda occidentalis (see F. formi- caria). Forda olivacea, on roots of grasses in Colorado, 566. Forests, bionomics of Pavhyscltelus undularius in, in Argentina, 188 ; pests of, in Brazil, 256 ; bark- beetles in, in Bosnia, 410 ; pests of, in Britain, 59, 115-117, 153, 154-158, 159, 258, 259, 430, 435 ; pests of, in Canada, 62, 122, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 330, 361, 441, 521, 529, 541 ; pests of, in Central Europe, 7, 77, 96, 143, 154, 205, 266, 368, 405, 406, 479, 521 ; pests of, in France, 442, 477 ; pests of, in Germany, 5, 7, 8, 91, 410, 479; pests of, in India, 519, 521 ; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 349, 350; pests of, in Japan, 266, 344, 402, 502, 504 ; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 89, 93, 147, 148, 150, 151, 283, 284, 287 ; Ceram- bycid and other pests in, in Siberia, 131 ; Tortrix viridana (C569) in, in Spain, 444 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 16, 23, 26, 34, 101, 102, 129, 164, 166, 178, 208, 215, 225, 227, 233, 262, 263 267, 290, 313, 363, 372, 397, 421, 441, 451, 453, 460, 493, 512, 521, 522, 528, 550, 553. Forest Tent Caterpillar (see Mala- Gosoma disstria). forficalis, Pionea. Forficula auricular ia (Common Ear- wig, European Earwig), bio- nomics of, in Britain, 426 ; food -pi ants of, in Sweden, 145 ; in houses and on roses in U.S.A., 422. Forfi,cula lesnei, said to be attacked by Acarid mites in Britain, 427. Forficula tomis, parasitised by Bhacodineura antiqua in Russia, 427. Formaldehyde, resistance of wire- worms to, 426 ; ineffective against cloths moths and carpet beetles, 532, 533. formicaeformis, Aegeria {Sesia}. formicaria, Forda. formicariiis, Clerus (Thanasimus) ; Cylas. Fonnosa, pests of edible bamboos in. 402 ; list of pests of mulbeny in, 174; Aphids from, 501; Proutista moesta on sugar-cane in, 14; legislation against im- portation of cucumbers and water-melons into Japan from, 520. formosa, Dielis. Formosan Leaf-hopper Egg-para- site (see Ootetrastichus). formosana, Canthecona furcellata ; Coptosoma ; Tonga. formosanuvi, Trichosiphum. formosanus, Cardiophorus ; Epi- cauta gorhami ; Odontotermes. formosus, Cryptus. fornicatus, Xyleborus. fossor, Pseudaonidia. Foulbrood, and its control in bees, 448, 466, 490. Four-spotted Bean Bruchus (see Bruchus quadrimaculatus). foveolatmn, Tyloderma. Fowls, destroying noxious insects, 57, 119, 203, 229, 242, 255, 260, 293, 297, 308, 320, 370, 380, 427, 445, 456 ; insects as food for, 323,390. Foxtail, Stenodiplosis geniculatus on, in Sweden, 150. Foxtail Grass (see Setaria glauca), fragariae, Tarsonemus ; Tyloderma. France, forest pests in, 442, 477 ; miscellaneous pests in, 73, 74, 96, 169, 318, 319, 429, 441, 443, 530; 646 INDEX. orchard pests in, 72, 113, 191, 245, 280, 319, 411, 441, 471, 564 ; pests of roses in, 469 ; pests of stored grain etc. in, 1, 132 ; pests of vines in, 71, 72, 140, 171, 172, 375, 408, 471, 472, 477; beneficial parasites in, 71, 72, 171, 177, 190, 245, 262, 280, 318, 328, 378, 380, 461, 476, 488; sdk worms in, 211 ; notes on mycophagouH Coccinellids in, 131 ; Pulvinaria ostulae inter- cepted in S. Africa from, 358 ; importation of Tetrastiehus xan- thomelaenae from, into U.S.A., 23 ; pests from, intercepted in U.S.A., 205, 206 ; economic im- portance of birds in, 72, 320, 321 ; protection of crops against importation of insect pests into, 383. francisca, Apate. franklini, Phanerotoma. Franlliniella hispinosus projectus (Florida Flower Thrips), in Flori- da, 473, 505. Frankliniella floridana, sp. u.> on velvet beans in Florida, 505. Frankliniella fusca. (Tobacco Thrips), food-plants of, in Florida, 505 ; on tobacco in Maryland, 34. Frankli')iiella insularis, on roses in Br. Guiana, 387. Frankliniella occidentalis, food- plants of, in Florida, 505. Frankliniella tritici (Wheat Thrips), on wheat in Maryland, 34. Franklinolhrips vespiformis, a pre daceous species in Br. Guiana, 387 ; on citrus in Florida, 505. fraterculus, Anastrepha. fraierna, Eumenes. fraxinifoUi, Prociphilus. Fraxinus (see Ash). Fraxinus oregonn, Neoelyfus con- junctus in, in California, 397. fraxinus, Ilylesimis. frenchi, Lcpidiota. frigidae, Macrosiphum. fri^idum, Calosoma. Frit Fly (see Oscinella frit). frit, Oscinella (Oscinis). froggatti, Bronlispa. frontalis, Dendroctonus ; Systena. Frontina ancilla, parasite of Gelechia confusella in U.S.A., 464. Frontina kashmiri, sp. n., from India, 331. frugalis, Mods. frugiperda, Laphygma. Fruit-flies (see Ceratitis, Dacus, etc.). Fruit-tree Bark-beetle (see Seolytus rugulosus). Fruit-tree Leaf-roller (see Tortrix argyrospila). frumenti, Diovalandra Fuchsia, Pseudococeus longispinus var. latipes on, in Britain, 59 ; Haltica virescens on, in Chile, 429; Lygus on, in Switzer]and,368. fugitivus, Campoplex. Fuhrmann's Solution, formvda for, against Eriosoma lanigerum, 407. fulgidella, Marmara (Gracilaria). fuilawayi, Diachasm a. Fullers Earth, maize meal pre- ferred to, as a carrier for dust sprays, 214. fulleri, Pantomorus. fullo, Erthesina ; Polyphylla. f%inonica, Othreis (Ophideres) fulvata, Cidaria. fulvicornis, Hoplocampa. fulvipennis, Coccinella. fulvomaculatus, Calocoris. fumiferana, Tortrix (Harmologa). Fundella (Balloiia) cistipennis, bio- nomics of, in West Indies, 120. funebrana, Cydia {Carpocapsa, Grapholitha, Opadia). funebris, Bruchophagus ; Bosalia. funeralis, Desmia. ftmesta, Oxythyrea. Fungi, Xyleborus fornicatus feeding on, in Ceylon, 434. Fimgi, Beneficial, 9, 20, 32, 33, 52, 68, 74, 99, 103, 104, 105, 138, 142, 154, 174, 175, 178, 217, 242, 245, 301, 322, 333, 346, 365, 376, 378, 380, 384, 393, 395, 413, 415, 427, 456, 459, 516. Fungi, Injurious, 51, 121, 131, 133, 156, 250, 252, 266, 267, 277, 283, 341, 349, 367, 375, 384, 455, 469, 519 ; dissemination of, by insects, 9, 225, 545. Fungicides, determination of ar- senic in, with potassium iodate, 440 ; effect of addition of, to poison- sprays, 362 ; legislation respecting jiurity of, in Pennsyl- vania, 40. Fungus, Black (see Myriangium duriaei). Fungus, Blister (see Aecidium com- planaium, var. corticola). Fungus, Green Muscardine (see Metarrliisium anisopliae). Fungus, Grey (see Empusa, lecanii). Fungus, Eed-headed (see Sphaero- stilbe coccophila). Fungus, White (see Cephalosporium, lecanii). Fungus, White-headed (see OpMo- nectria coccicola). Funtumia elastica, food-plant of Helopeltis bergrotlii in Belgian Congo, 80. INDEX. 647 funtumiae, Physothrips. fur, Ptinus. Furniture, measures against insects boring in, in Australia, 390. Furniture Beetle (see Lyctus brun- neus). Furs, damaged by Tineola bisel- liella in New York, 48. Jurtima, Diapus. Fusarium, infesting Chrysomphahis dictyospermi var. pinmdifera, 9. fusca, Bus:seola (Calamistes) ; Comys; Frankliniella; Lachnosterna (Phyl- lophaga) ; Sibine. fxiscaria, Jankowskia. fuscedineUa, Coleophora. fusciceps, Phorbia (Pegomyia). fuscicollis, Agenaspis. fuscipennis, Paraphania. fuscipes, Agrypniis ; Calathus. fuscula, Epitrix. fuscus, Encyrtus ; Telephorus- futilis, Exorista. G. gagates, Dyscinetus. gagatinum, Trirh ithrum. Gaillardia pulchella, Nysius ericae ovipositins; on, in U.S.A., 399. Galba., food-plant of Reliothrips rubrocinctus in Grenada, 496. galeati, Eurytonia. galeatus, Ceroplasfes. Galeopithecus, a new enemy of Oryctes in Philippines, 183. Galeruca Uneola (see Galerucella). Galeruca luteola (see Galerucella). Galeruca tanaceti, on potatoes in Germany, 87 ; food-plants of, in Sweden, 147. Galeruca xanthoinelaena (see Galeru- cella luteola). Galerucella Uneola (Elm tree Beetle), bionomics of, on willows in Britain, 41 ; on alders in Norway, 284 ; destroyed by sparrows in U.S.A., 341. Galerucella luteola (Elm Leaf Beetle), measures against, in Connecticut, 458 ; on elm in Italy, 143 ; on elm in Spain, 75 ; importation of Tetrastichus xanthomelaenae into U.S..1. against, 23. Galerucella teneUa (Strawberry Leaf Beetle), notes on, in Ireland, 278 ; on strawberries in Britain, 509. Galesus, liberation of, in Hawaii, 39, 69. Galesus silvestrii, liberation of, in Hawaii, 400, 518. Galleria mellonella (Bee Moth, Wax Moth), attacking bees in Br. Guiana, 533 ; infesting beehives in Sweden, 149; parasitised by (C569) Dibrachys clisiocampae in U.S.A., 482. Galls, Insect, uses of, for commercial purposes, 244. Gall-forming MiteS; classification of, 406. gallae-tinctoriae, Cynips. gallarum, Aphis (see Gryptosiphum artemisiae). gallicola, Pontania. gallicus, Trichius. Gardenia, Saissetia hemisphaerica intercepted on, in California, 29, 137. Garlic, Lepidopterous larvae in- tercepted in, in California, 293 ; Sylvanus intercepted in seed of, in Porto Eico, 485. Gas-tar, for painting vines against Pseudococcus, 145 ; in formulae for spraying against Plutella ma- culipennis, 495. Gasoline, fumigation with, ineffec- tive against clothes moths, 48 ; disinfection with, against mealy- bugs, 216 ; experiments with, against carpet beetles, 533 ; against pests of stored food, 419, 425. Gasoline Lamp, for trapping Lach- nosterna, 391. Gasoline Torches, use of, for des- troying cotton-stainers, 249. Gastinella (Lasioptera) kiefferiana, on olives in Italy, 531. gastrica, Sphodromantis. Gastropacha quercifolia (Lappet Moth), on plum in Britain, 510. Gaurax anchora, feeding habits of, 492. Gaylussacia baccata (Huckleberry), food- plant of Bhagoletis pomonella in U.S.A., 424. Geisha distinctissima, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. geisha, Alesia. Gelatine, for emulsifying petroleum, 27 ; experiments with, against vine -moths, 73 ; experiments with, as a spreader for lead arsenate sprays, 199. Gelatine Grubs (see Belippa spp.). Gelechia confusella (Striped Peach Worm), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 464. Gelechia gossypiella (see Pectino- phora). Gelechia persicaeella (see G. con- fusella). Gelechia trialbamaculella (Red- striped Fireworm), bionomics and control of, on cranberries in U.S.A., 562. Gelechia vepretella, on Cotoneaster horisontalis in Hungary, 408. f2 648 INDEX. geleehiae, Apanteles. geliformis, Aegeria (Synanihedon). gemellata, Sphenoptera (gee 8. lati- collis). gemellatus, Opatrinus. geminana, Bhopobota {Eudeniis) (see B. naevana). geminata, Solenopsis. gemmaria, Boarmia. gemmoia, Chrysobothris. gemmatalis, Thermesia. gemmisimulans, Idiocerus (see I. scurra). geniculata, Blennocampa ; Phyio- my:n. geniculatus, Epiurus ; Stenodiplo- $is ; Trachynotus. Geniocerus charoba, parasite of Coleophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Geniocerus erythrophthalmus, male of Aprostocetus strobilanae errone- ously recorded as, 91. Georgia, miscellaneous insect pests and their control in, 22, 433, 452. georgianus, Phytalus. Geranium, Tetranychus telarius on, in California, 252 ; Aulacaspis pentagona on, in Italy, 143 ; Lygus on, in Switzerland, 368. Geranyl Acetate, experiments to determine toxicity of, to insect eggs, 254. germanica, Phyllodromia. Germany, forest pests in, 5, 7, 8, 91,410,411,479; miscellaneous insect pests in, 5, 6, 8, 87, 93, 172, 209, 342, 343, 404, 405, 408; economic importance of ants in, 411 ; organisation of economic entomology in, 405. gestroi, Coptoter7nes ; Neotermes. Giant Moth Borer (see Castnia licus). Giant Wood Wasp (see Sirex gigas). gibbicoUis, Xylopsoeus {XylotJirips). gibbosa, Lachnosterna. gibbsi, Buprestis. gibbus, Bruchophagus. gideon, Xylotrupes. giffardi, Dirhinus ; TetrasticJius. giffardianus, Tetrastichus. giganteus, BhyneJiites ; StylocepJia- lus. gigas, Sirex. gilvonotatus, Acythopeus. Gingelly (see Sesamum indicum). Ginger, Aspidiolus destructor on, in Fiji, 237. GioUella (Dasyneura) lathierei, on olives in Italy, 531. Gipsy Moth (see Lymantria dispar). glabra, Chloropisca, glabraria, Cleora. glabrafella, Argyresthia. glabralus, Ephialtes ; Eremotylus ; Hylastes ; Taxonus (Avietastegia). glabromaculatus, Clytus (see 0. pilosus). glacialis, Hippodamia. gladiaria, Feliia. glandium, Balaninus. gleehoniae, Anlax. Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Lo- cust), Tetranychus multidigituli on, in U.S.A., 22. Gliricidia maculata, scale-insects on, in Uganda, 52. Glischrochilus fasciatus, predaceous on- Trypodendron lineatus in N. America, 266. Glischrochilus qtiadripustulatus, pre- daceous on Myelophilus and Hy- lastes in Britain, 116, 154. globaUis, Microgaster. globosa, Epilachna ; Xystrocera. globus, Otiorrhynchus. glomeratus, Apanteles. gloriator, Pristaulacus. gloveri, Lepidosaphes. Glue, in insecticides, 199, 291, 292, 449 ; banding with, against Cheimatobia brumata, 367 ; and molasses, for trapping sawflies, 470. Glyceria fluitans, Sipha glyceriae on, in Britain, 170. glyceriae, Sipha. Glycerine, experiments with, as a spreader for lead arsenate sprays, 199. Glycine Mspida (Soy Bean), Bru- chids infesting, in Hawaii, 353, 354. Glycine soja, pests of, in Dutch E> Indies, 3, 233, 350. glycyphaga, Opogona. Glyphodes pyloalis, bionomics of, on mulberry in Formosa, 174, 175. Glypia, parasite of Coleophora fus- cedinella in Sweden, 94. Glypta resinana, probably a para- site of Bhyacionia resinella in Holland, 498. Glypta vulgaris, parasite of Cydia molesta in U.S.A., 374. Glyptomorpha desertor, parasite of Sphenoptera laiicollis in France, 476. Gnathotrichus retusus, bionomics of, and measures against, in Pseu- dotsuga taxifolia in N. America, 266. Gnathotrichus sulcatus, bionomics of, in conifers in N. America, 267. gnidiella, Cryptoblabes. Gnorimoschema heliopa (see Phthori- maea). INDEX. 649 Gold Coast, cacao pests in, 80 ; new fruit-flies from, 208, 331 ; miscellaneous pests in, 133 ; scale-insects from, 85, 86 ; new thrips from, 269, 332. Gold-tail Moth (see Arctornis chry- sorrhoea). Golden Eod (see Solidago). gonagra, Leptoglossus ; Fachymerus (Caryoborus). Gonatocenis maga, parasite of Idio- cerus scurra in New Jersey, 219. Oonatocertis ovieenatus, parasite of Idiocenis scurra in New Jersey. 219. Gonia bimaculata, parasite of cut- worms in S. Rhodesia, 537. Gonia himalensis, sp. n., from India, 331. goniothorax, Epiirimerus. Gonoeephalum acutangiilum, 224. Gonocephalum aequale, bionomics of, in Rhodesia, 338. Gonocephalum hojfmannseggi, food- plants of, in Java, 224. Gonocephalum simplex, life-history of, in Rhodesia, 338. Gonodoniis obliquaria, on tea in Japan, 95. Gonometa pollens, on cacao in Bel- gian Congo, 79. Gooseberry (Bibes grossulnria), pests of, in Britain, 58, 159 ; pests intercepted on, in California, 100, 525 ; legislation restricting importation of, into Canada, 472 ; Eulecnniwm corni on, in Holland, 140; pests of, in Nor- way and Sweden, 146, 149, 150, 151, 286 ; pests of, in Switzer- land, 367, 368 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 213, 225, 229, 242, 293, 372, 417. Gooseberry, Wild Northern (see Grossularia oxyacanthoides). Gooseberry Aphis (see Aphis gros- sulariae). Gooseberry Fruit Worm (see Zop- hodia grossulariae). Gooseberry Moth (see Abraxas gros- sulariata). Gooseberry Sawfly (see Pteronus ribesii). gorodetski, Kuivania. Gortyna (Hydroecia) micacea (Potato Stem Borer, Rosy Rustic Moth), food-plants of, in Britain, 160, 509 ; food-plants of, in Nova Scotia, 241 ; food-plants of, in Sweden, 149. Gossyparia spuria (European Elm Scale), varieties of elm preferred by, in Br. Columbia, 23 ; control of, in Indiana, 506 ; on elm in Sweden, 146. Gossyparia ulmi, on elm in Britain, 59. gossypiella, Pectinophora [Gelechia). gossypii. Aphis ; Contarinia ; Erio- phyes ; Porricondyla. Gossypium (see Cotton), Gout Fly (see Ghlorops taeniopus). gowdeyi, Stictocoecus ; Telenomus ; Tetrastichus. grabhami, Siphocoryne. Gracilaria azaleae (see G. zaehrysa). Gracilaria elotella (see Marmara). Gracilaria ferruginella, sp. u., food-plants of, in California, 441. Gracilaria fulgidella (see Marmara). Gracilaria hypericella, sp. n., on Hypericum in Ohio, 441. Gracilaria syringella, food-plants of, in Sweden, 149 ; on elder and ash in Switzerland, 368. Gracilaria theivora, on tea in India, 475. Gracilaria zaehrysa (Azalea Leaf- miner), measures against, in New Jersey, 205, 221 ; intercepted on azaleas in U.S.A., 206. graeiUcorpus, Stomatoceras. gracilis, Parafairmairia. graecus, Ortiorrhynchus. Grain Aphis (see Maerosiphum granarium). Grain Weevils (see Calandra spp.). Gram, Agrotis ypsilon on, in India, 182. Gramang Ant (see Plagiolepis Ion- gipes). graminis, Agromyza ; Charaeas ; Sipha ; Tychea (see Forda formi- caria). graminum, Fediculoides ; Toxoptera. granaria, Calandra. granarium, Macrosiphiim. Granary Weevil (see Calandra granaria). grande, Isosoma. grandella, Hypsipyla. grandis, Anthonomus ; Ceroplastes ; Ohrysocoris ; Lachnostema (see L. drakii) ; Pseudohylesinus. granella, Tinea, granulatus, Pseudohylesinus. granulipennis, Paris. Grape Blossom Midge (see Con- tarinia johnsoni). Grape Mealy Bug (see Pseudococcus bakeri). Grape Plume Moth (see Oxyptilus periscelidactylus). Grape Phylloxera (see Phylloxera vitifoliae). Grape Root Worm (see Fidia viticida). Grapefruit {Citrus decuma/na) (Pomelo), pests intercepted on, in California, 100, 101, 253, 293, 650 INDEX. 294, 450 ; control of pests of, in Florida, 217; pests of, in Gold Coast, 133. Grape-vine (see Vine). Grape-vine Aphis (see Macrosiphum illinoisense). Grapholitha dorsana (see Cydia). Grapholitha funebrana (see Cydia). Grapholiiha naevana (see Bhopo- bota). Grapholitha nanana (seeEnarmonia). Grapholitha nebritana (see Cydia). Grapholitha nigricana (see Cydia). Grapholitha pactolana (see Cydia). Grapholitha schistaceana (see Argy- roploce). Grapholitha tedella (see Eucosma). Grapholitha variegana (see Argyro- ploce). grapholithae, Calliephialtes. Grass, Dub (see Cynodon dactylon). Grass, Guinea (see Panicnrn maxi- mum). Grass, Panama (see Panicum numi- dianum). Grass, Parana (see Panicum numi- dianum). Grass Thrips (see Anaphoihrips obscurus). Grasses, pests of, in Australia, 294, 336, 337 ; pests of, in Britain, 59, 114, 118, 170; pests of, in Canada, 63, 363 ; Tomaspis pubescens on, in Br. Guiana, 386 ; pests of, in Holland, 499 ; pests of, in West Indies, 296, 333, 392, 517; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 145, 150, 151, 284; food-plants of Heteronychus mas- hunus in Rhodesia, 240 ; pests of in U.S.A., 34, 47, 243, 307, 389, 399, 416, 417, 451, 458, 505, 565 ; bionomics of Crambus spp. on, 10, 63. Grasshoppers, in Canada, 363 ; of Kansas, 545 ; control of, on cotton in West Indies, 81 ; bio- nomics and control of, in U.S.A., 14, 97, 106, 140, 230, 302, 304, 389, 458, 474, 545 ; experiments to determine the efficacy of Coceobacilhis acridiorum against, 288 ; note on the existence of immunity principles in, 437 ; not disseminating mosaic disease of tobacco, 545 ; poison-baits for, 106, 304, 458, 555 ; (see Melano- plus, etc.). Greasewood (see Sarcobattis). Greasy Cutworm (see Agrotis ypsilon). Greece, Otiorrhynchus graecus on vines in, 172. Green Alfalfa -hopper (see Sticto- cephala festina). Green Apple Aphis (see Aphis pomi). Green Bug (see Nesara viridula). Green Currant Aphis (see Myzus dispar). Green Gooseberry Aphis (see Aphis sanborni). Green Lacewing (see Chrysopa cali- fornica). Green Muscardine Fungus (see Metarrhizium anisopliae). Green Peach Aphis (see Myzus persicae). Green Plum Aphis (see Aphis cardui). Green Scale (see Coccus viridis). Green Soldier Bug (see Nesara viridula). Greenfinch, not a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. Greenhouse Thrips (see Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis). greeni, Nilaparvata. Grenada, bionomics and control of Heliothrips rubrocincius and other cacao pests in, 32, 496 ; mis- cellaneous insect pests in, 32, 82, 209, 333, 497 ; plant pest legisla- tion in, 33. grenadensis, Ipobracon ; Pdlaeopus. GreviUea, pests of, in Ceylon, 128, 435, 540 ; Lawana on, in Suma- tra, 37. Grey -back Beetle (see Lepidiota albohirta). Grey Blister Beetle (see Epicauta cinerea). Grey Scale (see Coccus citricola), griphipenella, Coleophora. grisella, Aehroia. griseola, Hydrellia ; Leucopis. griseovariegata, Panolis (see P. flam- mea). griseus, Hesperophanes ; Peritelus. Grossularia oxyacanthoides (Wild Northern Gooseberry), food- plant of Epochra canadensis in California, 293. grossulariae, Aphis ; Zophodia. grossulariata, Abraxas. Grotiusomyia eudanii, parasite of Eudamus proteus in St. Vincent, 121. Grotiusomyia flavicornis, parasite of Pyralid leaf-miner in Washing- ton, 274. Grotiusomyia nigricans, parasite of Eudamus proteus in St. Vincent, 274. Ground Cherr}^ (see Physalis vis- cosa). Ground-nut (see Arachis hypogaea). Gryllotalpa africana, in Hawaii, 351. Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (European Mole-cricket), measures against, INDEX. 651 on roses in New Jersey, 205 ; experiments against, in Switzer- land, 173. Gryllotalpa vulgaris (see G. gryl- lotalpa). Guam, Euscepes batatae on sweet potatoes in, 254. guanicensis, Lachnosterna. Guatemala, pests from, intercepted in U.S.A., 100, 206; Schistocerca urichi in, 462. Guava {Psidium guayava), Chry- soniphalus dictyosjiermi on, in S. Africa, 357 ; Chamus tubercu- latus on, in Belgian Congo, 332 ; Tridiosipliuin formosanum on, in Formosa, 501 ; food-plant of Heliothrips rubrocinctiis in Gren- ada. 496 ; Ceratitis capitata in, in Hawaii; 167 ; scale-insects on, in India, 86, 332; food-plant of Helopeltis in Java, 232 ; pests of, in Uganda, 52, 86. Guava, Red (see Psidium catile- yanum). Guava Whitefiy (see Trialeurodes floridensis). guexi, Synaphoeta. Guilandia bondueeUa, Marmara gui- landinella on, in Massachusetts, 21. guilandineUa, Marmara. guildingi, Piezodorus. guineen^e, Tetramorium. Gulls, destroying cutworms in Meck- lenburg, 445. Gum, Red, Anobium boring in, in Australia, 390 ; importance of erecting buildings on timber of; against termites, 466 ; (see Exi- calypiiis). Gum Tragacanth, experiments with, as a spreader for lead arsenate sprayS; 199. Gummosis, of citrus-trees, in Flori- da, 505 ; of peach-trees, caused by Cydia molest a. in Maryland, 369. guttea, Parornix {Ornix). guttiger, Eusarcocoris. gwttulatus, Blaniulus. Gymnaspis aechmeae, intercepted on Vriesia speciosa in California, 29. Gymnochofta immsi, sp. n., from India, 331. Gymnonychvs caUfornicus (Cali- fornia Pear Sawfly), in Cali- fornia, 384. gymnopterorum , Allothrombiiim. Gynandrocerus, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Gypsum, a good diluent for dust sprays, 60 ; maize meal pre- ferred to, as a carrier for dust sprays, 214; and Paris Green, dusting with, 395, 412, 469; and turpentine, dusting with, against Diabrotica vittata, 230 ; ineffective against cockroaches, 532. H. Habrobracon variabilis, parasite of Acrobasis nebulella in U.S.A., 169. Habrocytus, hyperparasite of Apa/n- teles lacteicolor in U.S.A., 512. Habrocytus arkansensis, parasite of Isosoma in N. America, 69. Habrocytus cerealellae, parasite of Sitotroga cerealella in N. America, 69. Habrocytus medicaginis, parasite of Bruehophagus funebris in N. America, 69. Habrocytus radialis, parasite of Coleophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Habrolepoidea submetallica, parasite of Nezara viridula in St. Vincent, 121. Hackberry, measures against pests of, in Texas, 268. haematoloma, Jadera. haemorrhoidale, A canthosom.a. ha^morrhoidalis, Heliothrips ; Sareo- phaga. Hag Moth (see Phobetron pithecium). hagi, Macrosiphum. Hair-worms (see Mermis). Haliomorpha annuUcornis, causing canker of cacao in Belgian Congo, 80. Halisidota caryae (Hickory Tussock Moth), bionomics and control of, in Canada, 122 ; bionomics and control of, in orchards in U.S.A., 217, 457. Halisidota maculata (Spotted Tus- sock Moth), bionomics and con- trol of, in Canada, 122 ; control and food-plants of, in Connecti- c\it, 457. Halisidota tessellaris, bionomics and control of, on shade trees in Canada, 122 ; control and food- plants of, in Connecticut, 457 ; percentage of males of, taken at light-traps, 487. halophila, Bipersia. Haltica, probably on Hevea in Sumatra, 67. Haltica ampelophaga (Vine Flea- beetle), measures against, in vine- yards in Algeria, 142 ; measures against, on vines in Spain, 55, 414, 444. G52 INDEX. Haltica bimarginata (Alder Flea- beetle), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 242. BaUiea cilri, in Maryland, 373. Haltica oleracea, on cabbage in Italy, 143 ; in Sweden, 147. Haltica virescens, on fudivsias in Chile, 429. Halticus minutus, food -plants of, in India and the Pescadores Islands, 503. Halyzia duodecimguttata, feeding on Fhyllactinia suffidta in France, 131. Halyzia sexdecimguttata, feeding on Fhyllactinia suffuUa in France, 131. Halyzia vigintiduopunctata, feeding on Phyllactinia suffidta in France, 131. Hamamelis virginiana (Witohhazel), Lopidea renter i on, in U.S.A., 102. Hamwoderus suzuhii, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. hanimondi, Canarsia. hampei, Stephanoderes. Haplohammus cervinus, in teak in India, 522. Haplonycha, on sugar-cane in Aus- tralia, 165, 166. Haplothrips nigra, identical with H. statiees, 34. Haplothrips statiees, in Maryland, 34. Haplothrips tenuipennis (Black Ihrips), on tea in India, 269, 474. Hardbacks, on sugar-cane in Porto Rico, 393 ; (see Dyscinettis and Ligyrus). Harlequin Cabbage Bug (see Mur- gantia histrionica). harmalae, Brachyiinguis. HarmoUta (see Isosoma). Harmologa Jmnijera/na (see Tortrix). Harpalus distinguendtis, on straw- berries in France, 96. harrisi, Tragosoma (see T. dep- sarium). Harrisina americana, on Virginia creeper in Connecticut, 458. hartigi, Caenopachis. Hartigia cressoni, on Bubus in California, 552. Harvester Ant (see Pogonomyrmex). hasta, Apatela. hatiensis, Eutermes. HaM', Black (see Viburnum pruni- folium). Hawaii, miscellaneous pests in, 237, 254, 345, 351, 505, 552, 557 ; establishment of beneficial in- sects in, 39, 69, 127, 161, 225, 274, 275, 357, 400, 476, 518, 542 ; interrelations of parasites of Cera- titis capitata in, 167, 184, 185 ; notes on immigrant parasitic Hymenoptera of, 351 ; lantana seed-fly introduced into Fiji from, 238 ; M etarrhizium anisopliae in- troduced into Porto Rico from, 378 ; Platyptilia pusillidactyla introduced into, to destroy Lan- tana, 124; notes on Bruchidae and their parasites in, 352-356 ; insects in relation to problems of food-storage in, 356 ; Psyllidae of, 352 ; parasites of scale- insects in, 352 ; treatment of soils with arsenic for destroying weeds in, 139 ; pests intercepted in, 39, 69, 127, 476, 518, 543; pests from, intercepted in Philip- pines, 25 ; pests from, inter- cepted in U.S.A., 29, 100, 137, 206, 253, 293, 450, 525 ; legisla- tion restricting importation of plants into Canada from, 136. Hawk, destroying Scapteriseus vicimis in St. Vincent, 297. Hawk, Sparrow (see Sparrow-hawk). haicleyi, Paracalocoris. Hawthorn, pests of, in Britain, 59, 117; pests of, in Canada, 60, 122, 361, 364; pests of, in Italy, 143, 144; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 149, 150, 285, 286; food-plant of Nygmia phaeorrhoea in Switzerland, 514; i)ests of, in U.S.A., 22, 197, 212; (see Crataegus). Hawthorn Sawfly Ueaf- miner (see Projenusa collaris). Hayman's Machine, for disinfecting cotton seed, 42. Hazel (Corylus arellana). Abraxas grossulariata on, in Britain, 158; attacked by Phyllactinia suffulta in France, 131 ; pests of, in Italy, 77, 143, 144, 504; pests of, m Sweden, 146, 147, 148; pests of, in U.S.A., 12, 22. Hazelnut Borer (see Balaninus nucum). Heat, experiments with, as a soil steriliser and larvicide, 426 ; effect of, on clothes moths and carpet beetles, 533 ; against Pectinophora gassy piella, 42-44, 311. hebes, Mogannia. hebescella, Acrobasis. hebraeus, Polistes. hederae, Aspidiotm. Hedge Accentor, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. heidemanni, Lopidea. Helegonatopus pseudophanes, a hyperparasite of Dryinids in Hawaii, 351. helena, Hoplopleura. INDEX. 653 Helianthus, Philaenus spumarius on, in Maine, 12. Helianthus annuus (see Sunflower). Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem Artichoke), pests of, in U.S.A., 450, 528. HelieeUa itala, destroyed by Sar- cophaga nigriventris in Britain^ 26. helichrysi, Ajihis. Helichrysum chrysanthemum, Aphis helichrysi on, in Europe, 420. helicis, Sarcophaga. heliopa, Phthorimaea {Gnorinw- schevia). Heliolhis, infesting tobacco in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Heliothis armigera (see H. obsoleta). Heliothis assulta (Tobacco False Bud Worm), bionomics, control and distribution of, 379. Heliothis obsoleta (Corn Ear Worm, Cotton Boll worm. Tomato Moth), food-plants of, in Antigua, 210, 211 ; on cotton in Brazil, 39 ; intercepted in California, 101, 137, 294, 450, 525; food-plants of, in IMadras, 46 ; on tobacco in Mauritius, 524 ; bionomics of, in Nyasaland, 70 ; control of, in Queensland, 81, 294 ; bionomics of, in Sumatra, 270, 271 ; biono- mics and control of. in U.S.A., 97, 137, 221, 247, 365, 484. Heliothis virescens (Tobacco Bud- worm), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 213. Heliothrips hacmorrhoidolis (Green- house Thrips), food-plants of, in Br. Guiana, 387 ; food-plants of, in U.S.A., 505. Heliothrips rubrocinctus (Cacao Thrips, Eed-banded Thrips), measures against, on cacao in Brazil, 365 ; introduced into Florida from West Indies, 505 ; bionomics and control of, in West Indies, 32, 152, 496. Hellebore, dusting and spraying with, against sanflies, 159, 371, 549 ; ineffective against clothes moths and carpet beetles, 532, 533 ; prohibitive cost of, for sprays, 122 ; and soap, spraying with, against Sitones lineatus, 6. heller ella, Blastodacna. helleri, Holotrichia. hellulae, Angitia (see A. polynesialis) Helopeltis, bionomics and control of, in Dutch E. Indies, 179, 180, 232, 233, 272, 349, 350. Helopeltis antonii, on cinchona in Dutch E. Indies, 350, 447 ; Capsid bug resembling, in Brazil, 365 ; legislation against impor- tation of, into Sumatra, 38. Helopeltis bergrothi (Cacao Mos- quito), on cacao in Gold Coast, 133; control and food-plants of, in Belgian Congo, 80 ; on tea in Uganda, 51. Helopeltis sumatranus, on tea and Uncaria in Dutch E. Indies, 38, 350. Helopeltis theivora (Tea Mosquito), importance of cultural measures against, on tea in Ceylon, 314; on tea in India, 186 , 474. Helops mutabilis, destroyed by woodpeckers in Jamaica, 529. helvolus, Dorylus. Hemerobius pacijicus (Brown Lace- wing), proposed colonisation of, in California, 97 ; x>redaceous on Empoa rosae in U.S.A., 243. Tlemerocampa leuco^tigma (White- marked Tussock Moth), bionomics and control of, in Canada and U.S.A., 330, 397, 457, 493, 506, 513, 560. Hemerophila abruptaria, parasitised by Microgaster alvearius in Bri- tain, 382. Heinerophila pariana (Apple and Thorn Skeletoniser), control of, on apple and ha\\'thorn in New York, 22; in Sweden, 149; in Switzerland, 367. Hemichionaspis, intercepted on lit- chi in California, 137. Hemichionaspis aspidistrae (Fern Scale), intercepted in California, 29, 101, 137, 293 ; on oranges in Chile, 500 ; in conservatories in Ontario, 412; on Hevea brasi- liensis etc. in Seychelles, 68, 376. Hemichionaspis minor (White Scale), on cotton in Antigua, 210. hemidesma, Olethrentes. hemigraphidis, Eriophyes. Hemigraphis confinis, Eriophyes hemigraphidis forming galls on, in Java, 406. Hemilecaninm imbricans, on Cedrela toona in India, 86. Hemileia vastatrix, from Java, inter- cepted in Philippines, 25. hemiptera, Dinocarsis. hemipterus, Garpophilus ; Metama- sius. Hemisarcoptes malus, predaceous on scale-insects in Canada, 84, 244. hemisphaerica, Saissetia (Lecaniuni). Hemitaxonus muUicinctus, on ferns in Ohio, 549. Hemiteles, parasite of Goleophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94; hy- perparasite of Apanteles laetei- color in U.S.A., 512. Hemiteles inimicus, parasite of Cy- dia pomonella in FTSkixoe, 191, 654 INDEX. Hemiteles melitaeae (see H. ienellus). Hemiteles tenelhis, parasite of Chry- sopa mierophya m Hawaii, 351. Hemiteles utilis, parasite of Diprion simile in Connecticut, 460. Hemiteles variegatus (see H. tenellus). Hemlock, food-plant of Siphocoryne spp. in Britain, 41. Hemlock Spruce (see Tsuga). Hemp, Sunn (Crotalaria juncea), Cerambycid borers in, in India, 123. Hepiahis, on broad beans in Britain, 509. heracleana, Depressaria. heraclei, Acidia. herbariu m , C author am a ■ Heron, destroying Scapteriscus vi- cinus in West Indies, 297. herrichi, Thyridopteryx. Herse convolvuli, parasitised by Phora rujipes in Ireland, 212 ; on sweet potato in New Zealand, 553. hesperidum, Aphycus ; Coccus {Le- canium). Hesperophanes griseus, on fig, para- sites of, in France, 477. Hess Drier Machine, for disin- fecting cotton seed, 43. Hessian Fly (see Mayetiola destruc- tor). heterobia, Bhabdophaga. Heterobostrychus, infesting Swietenia mahagoni in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Heterobostrychus aequalis, in Odina modier in India, 519. Heterodera, attacking tobacco in Mauritius, 524. Heterodera radicicola, intercepted in potatoes in California, 253. 294, 450, 525 ; not injurious to pepper in Sumatra, 447. heteromorphus, Tyroglyplius. Heteronychus mashunus (Maize Beetle), bionomics and control of, in Rhodesia, 239. Heteronyx, on sugar-cane in Aus- tralia, 166. Heterospilus prosopidis, parasitising Bruchids in Hawaii, 354. Heterosporium syringae, infesting elder in Germany, 5. Heterothrips, in N. America, 506. Heterusia magnijica (Red Slug), on tea in India, 186, 474. Hevea, pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 66, 67, 343, 349, 350, 445, 446. Hevea brasiUensis (Para Rubber), pests of, in Tropical Africa, 86, 133; Atta octospina on, in Br. Guiana, 386 ; relation of insects to Ustulina. sonata infesting, in Malaya, 277 : scale-insects on, in Seychelles, 376 ; i)rotective function of latex of, 430. Hevea guyanensis, scale-insects on, in San Thome, 384. hexapoda, Trypanea. heydeni, Opsins. Hibernia auraniiaria, in forests in Germany, 7. Hibernia defoliaria, on roses in France, 470 ; in forests in Ger- many, 7; in Sweden, 149. Hibernia progemmaria, on roses in France, 470. hibisci, Cerocoecus. Hibiscus, Parlatoria chinensis on, in China, 206 ; Eulecanium inter- cepted on, in California, 253. Hibiscus cannabinus, food-plant of Pectinophora gossypiella in Egypt, 48 ; HeliotMs obsoleta on, in Nyasaland, 70. Hibiscus esculentus (Bhindi, 0kra), food-plant of Pectinophora gossy- piella in Egypt, 48 ; pests of, in India, 334, 335 ; HeliotMs obso- leta on, in Nyasaland, 70 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 108, 195, 494. Hibiscus moscheutos (Swamp or Rose Mallow), food-plant of Ano- mis erosa in U.S.A., 108. Hibiscus mutabilis (Cotton Rose), food-plant of Anomis erosa in U.S.A., 108. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, food-plant of HeliotMs obsoleta in Nyasa- land, 70. Hibiscus sabdarijfa (Roselle), food- plant of Anomis erosa in U.S.A., 108. Hibiscus sinensis (Chinese Mallow), food-plant of Anomis erosa in U.S.A., 108. Hibiscus syriacus, Aphis medica- ginis on, in .(apan, 548. Hickorv (Gary a), pests of, in Canada and U.S.A., 102, 122, 169, 217, 226, 227, 421, 457. Hickory Bark-beetle (see Scolytus quadrispinostis). Hickory Sawdust, experiments with as a substitute for bran in poison- baits, 396. Hickory Tussock Moth (see Halisi- dota caryae). Hickory Twig-girdler (see Oncideres cingulatus). hieroglyphica, Acantholyda. Mlaris, Bagrada ; Nezara. Mmalayensis, Eichochaitophorus. Mmalensis, Gonia. Himera pennaria, on apples in Sweden, 149. Hind's Apparatus, for fumigation with carbon bisulphide, 246. hippocastani, Melolontha. INDEX. 655 Bippodamia ambigua, predaceous on Chromaphis juglandicola in California, 99. Hippodamia convergens, predaceous on Aphids in Canada, 330 ; colonisation of, in California, 97 ; imported into Texas against Aphis gobsypii, 267 ; predaceous on Aphids in U.S.A., 99, 164, 213, 215, 299, 400, 415, 456; effect of fumigation on, 419. Hippodamia gla<;ialis, predaceous on Macrosiphum solanifolii in Ohio, 456. Hippodamia porenthesis, predaceous on 3Iacrosiphum solanifolii in Ohio, 456. Hippodamia tredecimpundata, pre- daceous on Aphids in Canada, 330 ; predaceous on Macrosi- phum solanijolii in Ohio, 456. Hippotion celerio, parasitised by Trichogramma mimdum in Suma- tra, 271. hirtarius, Biston. hispidulus, Sitones. hispilabris, Eleodcs. Hister, possibly predaceous on white grubs in Japan, 345. Tiisirio, Baryglossn ; Menida. histrionica, Murganiia. hoffmannseggi, Gonoeephalum. Hog Plum (see Spondias lutea). hold. Aphis. Holcocneme coerideicarpa, on poplars in Sweden, 150. Holeus, Aphids on, in Britain, 170. Holland, miscellaneous pests in, 37, 135, 270, 368, 497, 498, 499 ; orchard pests in, 36, 135, 140, 270; tobacco pests in, 135, 223, 224 ; beneficial insects in, 36, 136, 497 ; Stephanitis rhododendri imported into France from, 530 ; GraoZ?/p%Hae, sp. n., l*arasite of Polyphylla fullo in Russia, 131. hypericella, Gracilaria. Hypericum cistifolium, Gracilaria hypericella on, in Ohio, 441. Hypericum punctatum, Gracilaria hypericella on, in Ohio, 441. Hypermecia cruciana, on willows in Britain, 41. Hyperplatys aspersus, in apple in Calilornia, 528. Hyperplatys californicus, in poplars in California, 528. Hyphantria cunea (Fall Webworm), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 22, 227, 247, 414, 453, 456, 512, 513; parasites of, 512, 513. Hyphantria textor (Fall Webworm), destroyed by birds in Canada, 84. hyphantriae, Apanteles ; Meteorus. Hypnum, Truncaphis neivsteadi on, in Britain, 170. Hypoaspis armatus, sp. n., on lemon in U.S.A., 22. hypobori, Laemophloeus. Hypoborus ficiis, natural enemies of, on fig trees in France, 72, 328. hypocrita, Sipalus. hypogaea, Diarthronomyia. Hypomeces sqtiamosus, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. hypometoma, Padraona. Hyponomeuta euonymellus, in orchards in France, 113; in forests in Norway, 284 ; on bird- cherry in Sweden, 150. Hyponomeuta malinellus (Apple Ermine Moth), financial loss caused by, in Italy, 143, 366; imported into New York, 197 ; bionomics of. in orchards in Spain, 55, 113, 444, 514; in Sweden, 150 ; on apple in Swit- zerland, 367. Hyponomeuta padellus (Cherry Er- mine Moth), imported into New York, 197 ; on plum in Switzer- land, 367. Hyponomeuta variabilis, on apples in Norway, 285 ; on Euonymus in Switzerland, 367. Hypophloeus linearis, parasite of Pityogenes chalcographus in Bos- nia, 410. 658 INDEX. Hyposidra, on cinchona in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Eypostena variabilis, parasite of Cydia mohsta in U.S.A., 374. Hypothenemus, in cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Hypothenemus ritchiei, sp. n., in dried sweet potatoes in Jamaica, 210. hypotro2}hica, Lyda (see Cephalgia abietis). Eypsa alciphron, immune to parasi- tism by Trichogramima minutum imder field-conditions in Sumatra, 271. Hyjisipyla, probably attacking mahogany in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Hypsipyla grandella, food-plants of, in St. Lucia, 517. Hypsipyla robust a, on Cedrela toona in Ceylon, 539 ; in India, 519. hyrtaca, Metanastria. hyslopi, Apanteles. Hystrichodexia pueyrredoni, sp. n., parasite of Lepidoptera in Argen- tina, 462. I. ibotum, 3Iacrosiphum. I eery a, parasitij«ed by Amiscogaster rusliini in Australia, 35. Icerya aegyptiaca., on rose in Ceylon, 539; on date palm in Zanzibar, 85. Icerya nigroareolata, on coft'ee and croton in Uganda, 51. Icerya purchasi (Cottony Cushion Scale, Fluted Scale), controlled by Novius cardinalis in S. Africa, 86 ; checked by Novius cardinalis in California, 98 ; intercepted on bananas in California, 525 ; bionomics and control of, in Ceylon, 11, 128, 538, 541 ; mea- sures for establishing Novius car- dinalis against, in France, 380, 411 ; on mulberry in Formosa, 174 : bionomics of, on oranges in Japan, 282, 401 ; on Bosa in San Thome, 384 ; on oranges in U.S.A., 313 ; control of, on citrus in Zanzibar, 128. Icerya seychellarum, food-plants of, in Seychelles, 375, 376, 377; Novius cardinalis predaceous on, in Japan, 283 ; on mango in Uganda, 52 ; control of, on citrus in Zanzibar, 128. Icerya sulphurea, on guava and rubber in Uganda, 51, 52. Icterus spurius, destroying Aero- basis nebulella in U.S.A., 169. Idacantha magna, on coffee in Br. East Africa, 15. idaei. Aphis, idaeus, Papilio. Idaho, bionomics of Aphis bakeri in, 399; sprays for Aspidiolus per- niciosus in, 400 ; pests from, intercepted in California, 253, 525. Idarnes carme, on Ficus laurina in Barbados, 274. Idiocerus alkinsoni, on mango in India, 522. Idiocerus clypealis, on mango in India, 522 ; control of, in Philip- pines, 25. Idiocerus gemmisimulans, synonym of I. scurra, 218. Idiocerus niveosparsus, on mango in India, 522. Idiocerus provancheri, on apple in U.S.A., 290. Idiocerus scurra, bionomics of, on poplars in New Jersey, 218. Idiogastra, suggested suborder to include Oryssus, 550. Idolothrips coniferarum, on red cedar in Marjiand, 34. idomene, Elachistus. ignicollis, Chrysobothris. Ilex paraguariensis , Ceroplastes grandis on, in Argentina, 225. illepida, Cryptophlebia. Illicium anisatum, Toxoptera auran- tii on, in Japan, 548. Illinois, insect pesls in, 107, 108; Metarrhizium anisopHae infesting noxious insects in, 378 ; pests from, intercepted in California, 137. illinoiscnse, Macrosiphum . ilhirninatella, Argijresthia. imbricans, Hemilecanium. imitatrix, Pseudopteroptrix. immigrans, Scleroderma. immsi, Gymnochaeta. inaequalis, Agromyza ; Coelophora. inamurae, Megasligmus. inanida, Lyda. incerla, Sycophila. incertellus, Schoenobius. incompletus, Ephedrus. inconsequens, Taeniothrips. inconspicua, Bemesia. Incurvaria capitella, on red currants in Sweden, 150. indagator, Epiurus. inday, Chionaspis. indccora, Agromyza. India, measures against cotton pests in, 44, 86, 334, 335, 557, 567; forest pests in, 519, 521; miscellaneous pests in, 15, 46, 47, 123, 125, 182, 186, 192, 220, 354, 379, 430, 503, 508, 522; indigo pests in, 47, 86, 379 ; tea and coffee pests in, 74, 125, 162, INDEX. 659 186, 321-323, 332, 474; danger of introdiiction of Iceri/a pmchasi from Cej'lon into, 11 ; experi- ments in sericulture in, 211 ; studies of ])ebrine disease of silkworms in, 125, 211 ; lac cultivation in, 513 ; scale-insects from, 85, 86 ; new Tacliinids from, 331 ; new thrips from, 269 ; birds destro^^iuo; noxious insects in, 383 ; experiments in trapping fruittlies with oils in, 423; plant pest lesrislation in, 40, 87 ; pests from, intercepted in other countries, 25, 86, 100, 206; new Aphids from, 473. Indian Meal Moth (see Plodia inter' pnnctella). Indian Mustard Aphis fsee Sipho- coryne indobrasHicae)- Indiana, garden pests in, 230 ; orchard pests and their control in, 229, 230, 231 ; miscellaneous pests in, 479 ; 506 ; experiments with cutworm baits in, 395 ; Aphid from, intercepted on roses in California, 293. indica, Leucasjns. indicata, Nacoleia. indieum, Ehopalosiphum . indiginella, Mineola. Indigo {Indigofera anil), Arytaina ptinctipennis on, in the Far East, 15; Brnchus prnininns ia seeds of, in Hawaii, 352, 355 ; pests of on India, 47, 86, 379. Indigofera, pests of, in Java, 2, 3 ; Edessa medifahunda on, in St. Vincent, 251. Indigofera anil (see Indigo). indistincta, Apate. Indo-China, Zeuzera coffeae on coffee in, 129. iiidobrassicae, Siphocoryne. inerme, Elaphidion. infelix, Encyrius. inferens, Sesamia. infracta, Anaphe. infusa, Enxoa. infuscata, Tetracha sobrina. Inglisia bivahata, on mulberry in Formosa, 174. Inglisia castilloae var. theobromae, control of, on cacao in Uganda, 51. Inglisia conchiformis, bionomics of, on guava in Uganda, 52, 87. inimicus, Hemiteles. Ink, insect-galls used in manufac- ture of, 244. inornata, Tiphia. Inosiemma bosci, parasite of Cydia pomoneUa in France, 191. Inostenima piricola, parasite of Perrisia pyri in Spain, 113. inquisitor, Calosoma. insana, Cynips. Insect Galls, uses of, for commercial purposes, 244. Insect Powder, and kerosene, 236, 504 ; and soap, spraying with, against Geometrids, 95 ; and sulphur, dusting with, 344 ; pro- hibitive cost of, in Canada, 122. Insecticides, list of, used in Canada, 361 ; legislation respecting purity of, in Pennsylvania, 40 ; deter- mination of arsenic in, by potas- sium iodate, 440 ; contact, physi- cal properties of, 397 ; (see Lead Arsenate, Paris Green, etc., etc.). insidiosus, Triphleps. insignis, Atrometus ; Hyalopterus ; Leptura ; Orthezia ; Xylotrechus. insolitus, Phenacoccus. instabilis, A zteca ; Pezomachus. instigator, Pinipla. insulana, Earias. insulare, Megymenum ; Melitomma. insularis, FranlMniella ; Phytalus. integer, Janus. integerrima, Dntana. intermedi us, Dysdercus. inter punctella, Plodia. interrupta, Scolia. interr upturn , Melasoin a. interstitial is, Scalmus. inversa, Neoponera villosa. invitus, Lygus. io, Automeris; Hyperehiria; Vanessa. iolealis, Cnaphalocrocis (see G. medi' nalis). Iowa, bionomics of Ancylis comp- tana on strawberries in, 196; wheat bidbworm controlled by Coelinidea meromyzae in, 108 ; prohibition against importation of currants and gooseberries into Canada from, 472. Iphiaulax ejrtricator, hosts of, in France, 477. Iphiaulax flavator, parasite of Res- perophanes griseus in France, 477. Ipobracon grenadensis, parasite of Diatraea saecharalis in Demerara, 333. Ipobracon saecharalis, sp. n., jjara- site of Diatraea saecharalis in Demerara, 333. Ipochus fasciatus, in trees in Cali- fornia, 528. Ipomoea (Morning Glory), legisla- tion against Cylas formicarius on, in Florida, 40 ; Bruchus pruini- nus ovipositing on seeds of, in Hawaii, 355 ; Cylas formicarius on, in West Indies, 188 ; food- plant of insect pests in U.S.A., 373, 458. 660 INDEX. Ipomoea batatas (see Sweet Potato). Ipomoea hederacea, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Ipomoea pescaprae, food-plant of insect pests in U.S.A., 373, 414. Ips acuminatus, in Sweden, 89, 147. Ips concinnus, in conifers in N. America, 263. Ips curvidens, parasitised by Plega- derus rnlneratus in Bosnia, 410. Ips fasciatus (see Glischrochilus). Ips larii'is, I. proximus confused with, in Sweden, 89. Ips longijolia, in conifers in India, 522. Ips mannsjeldi, in conifers in Bosnia, 410. Ips proximus, in Sweden, 89, 147. Ips quadripuslulatus (see Glis- chrochilus). Ips sexdentatus, in conifers in Bosnia, 410; in Sweden, 89, 147. Ips typographns (Spruce Bark- Beetle), in conifers in Bosnia, 410; in European forests, 521; in forests in Sweden, 89, 147, 287. Ips roTontzoivi, parasitised by Lae- mophloeus alternans in Bosnia, 410. ircutensis, Trichodes. iridescens, Lemiana. iridicolor, Scolia. Iridomyrmex, intercepted in U.S.A., 206 ; natural enemy of boll- weevil in U.S.A., 248. Iridomyrtnex humilis (Argentine Ant), measures against, in S. Africa, 181, 239 ; predaceous on Cydia pomonella in S. Africa, 324 ; intercepted in Hawaii, 476 ; measures against, in U.S.A., 168, 313, 497; associated with scale-insects in U.S.A., 28, 97, 168, 216, 414. Iris, Eumerus strigatus in bulbs of, in N. America, 129 ; Adoretus umhros'us tenuimaculatus pro- bably introduced into New Jersey witli roots of, from Japan, 489. Iron Hydroxide, for emidsifying petroleum, 27. Iron Salts, use of prickly pear sap in sprays containing, 472. irregidaris, Systates. irrorala, Aulacizes ; Boarmia. irroratum, Elaphidion. Isabella, Isia. Isaria farinosa, infesting" Lymantria dispar in Connecticut, 459. Ischnasj)is longiroslris (filiformis), on Coffea liberica in San Thome, 384 ; on palms and coffee in Seychelles, 68, 375, 376. Ischnorhina sanguinea, in Br. Guiana, 386. Ischnolrachelus anchor alls, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Ischnnra posita, predaceous on Crioceris asparagi in U.S.A., 215. Isia isahella, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. isitis, Psylla. Isle of AVight Bee Disease [Nosema apis), infesting bees in Britain, 327 ; disease resembling, in bees in Canada and U.S.A., 490. Iso-eugenol, experiments in trap- ping fruit- flies with, 423. Isodon ptincticolUs, on sugar cane in Australia, 166. Isosoma, parasitised by Habrocytus arJ:ansevsis in N. America, 69. Isosoma albomaculatum, parasitised bv Eupelmiaus saltator in U.S.A.. 304. Isoso7n/i. cattleyae, intercepted on orchids in California, 137. Isosoma grande, seasonal dimor- phism of, 328. Isosoma, maculatum, parasitised by E^ipelminus saltator in U.S.A., 304. Isosoma orchidearum (Cattleya Fly), intercepted on orchids in Cali- fornia, 101 ; bionomics and con- trol of, on orchids in New Jersey, 326. Isosoma tritici (Jointworm), on wheat in Indiana, 479 ; para- sitised by Eupelminus saltator in U.S.A., 304; seasonal dimor- phism of, 328. Isosoma. vwjinicola, parasitised by Eupelminus saltator in U.S.A., 304. isthmia, Brassolis. Istrian Gall, use of, for medicine, 244. Italy, pests of ligs in, 75-77 ; pests of forests in, 7, 77, 144; measures against locusts in, 500 ; miscellaneous pests in, 77, 143, 172, 366, 382, 443, 468, 469 ; pests of olives in, 143, 530; yjcsts of vines in, 56, 143, 144, 172, 478; Ceroplastes rusci on figs imported from, into Britain, 59 ; natural enemies of Chry- somphalus diclyospermi in, 9, 35 ; importation of Opius con- color into, against Dacus oleae, 256 ; legislation against Thyl- loxera in. 136 ; silkworms in, 211, 437. Itoplectis conguisitor (see Pimpla). lioplectis maculator, parasite of Coleophora Juscedinella in Sweden, 94. Ityeorsia, on Austrian pine in Con- necticiil, 457. INDEX. 661 Ia'v, Anohium striafu7n on, in France, 477; Aspidiotus hederae on, in Sweden, 146. Ivy, .Iapanei>e, Frodecatoma phi/(o- phaga on, in America, 403. J. Jack Spaniard (see Polistes annu- laris). jackaon i, Pidvinaria. Jacobs (see Euscepes batatae). jO'Culifera, Feltia. Jadera haemotoloma, on cotton in U.S.A., 248. Jak (see Artocarpus intcgrifolia). Jamaica, measures against Cosmo- polites sordidns on bananas in, 44, 320, 516 ; miscellaneous pests in, 74, 82, 209, 210, 254, 414, 454, 530 ; sweet potato pests in, 82, 209, 210, 254, 414; scale-insects from, 86 ; relation of wood- peckers to cacao in, 529 ; pro hibition against importation of Aleurocanthus woglumi into Cuba from, 379 ; Psenidococcus sacchari intercepted in U.S.A. on sugar- cane from, 206. jamaicensis, Pfi/chonoctua. jamholanae, Trioza. janala, Achaea jaueti, Laemophht'us. Jaid'owfkia fusraria, food-plants of, in Jai)an, 94, 95. Janus a¥>reiiutus, food-plants of, in N. America, 457, 552. Janus integer, un currant in U.S.A., 552. Jainii nijiventris, 551. Japan, pests of Aleuritrs cordala in, 236 ; citrus pests in, 26, 401 ; forest pests in, 266, 344, 402, 502, 504 ; miscellaneous pests in, 94, 176, 205, 266, 282, 403, 440, 449 ; bionomics and control of rice- borers in, 234-236, 401, 503; Aphids of, 547 ; Calosoma «pp. imported into USA. from. 17; Cnidoeampa f.nvescens a native of, 222 ; Stephanitis pyrioides a na- tive of, 368 ; Stethoconus japoni- ciis predaceous on Stephanitis pyrioides in, 342 ; sericulture in, 176, 211, 438, 501, 502; species of Tiphia introduced into Hawaii from, against Anowala orienlalis, 275 ; natural enemies of wliite grubs in, 344-346 ; pests from, intercepted in other countries, 25, 29, 39, 100, 137, 206, 221, 253, 293, 380, 450, 476, 489, 525 ; legislation against importation of cucumbers and water-melons from Formosa into, 520. (C569) Japan Quince (see Ghaenomeles japonica). Japanese Pear, Aphids on, in Japan, 548. Japanese Rose Meetle (see Adoretus umbrosus tenuimaculatus). Japanese Spotted Camel Cricket (see Diestrammena marmorata). japonica. Aphis ; Dicfyoploca ; Kuceraphis ; Lissonota ; Popil- lia ; Siphocoryne. japonicus, Chaitophorus ; Ptero- chloriis (see P. tropicalis) ; Stetho- conus. Jarrah {Eucalyptus margvnata), use of timber of, against termites in Australia, 466. " Jasmine, Aulacaspis penlagona on, in Italy, 143. Jasmine, Cape, Pseudococcus inter- cepted on, in California, 525. Jalropha qossypijolia, food-plant of JJicyphus luridtis in Porto Kico, 486. Java, miscellaneous pests in, 14, 232, 321, 343, 406, 423, 447; pests of rubber in, 445, 446 ; measures against tea pesta in, 37, 179, 180; bionomics and control of tobacco pests in, 222- 224 ; natural enemies of Anomala in, 345 ; bionomics of Araecertis fasciculat}is in, 2-4 ; unsuccessful attempts to find egg-parasites of Ueliotkis obsoleta in, 270 ; flelo- peUis in, 179, 180, 272; experi- ments on the eiVccts of Melar- rhi:ium onisopliae on insects in, 378, 446 : suggested introduction of Plaesius javdHUs against Cosmo- polilcs sordidus into St. l-ucia from, 516; legislation against importation of cacao and tea into Sumatra from, 38 ; pests from, intercepted in other coun- tries, 25, 101, 206. javae, Eupelmus. jaoanicus, Diptilomiopus. javanus, Plaesius. javensis, Aximopsis. Jatropha curcas (Physic Nut), Pseudococcus virqatus on, in Gold Coast, 85 ; moth allied to Acro- cercops cramerella on, in Java, 232. Jeffrey Pine (see Pinus jeffreyi). Jimson-weed (se> Datura), johannis, Bitio. John Bull Tree (see Thespesia populnea). Johnson Grass (see Sorghum hale- pense). johnsoni, Gontarinia. jolinalis, Cnaphalocrocis. jonesi, Eutrixoides. 662 INDEX. Juar (8 e Sorghum). juglandicola, Chromaphis. juglandis. Conotrachelus. Juglans (see Walnut). Juglans cinerea (nee Butternut). Juglans regio, Stephanitis pyri on, in Europe, 342; Tiherioides huwerti in, in India, 519. Juneberry, ProcipMlus comigatus on, in U.S.A., 212. Juniper, Aphis intercepted on, in California, 450. Juniperus communis, Eriophyes quadrisetus typicus on, in Europe, 208 ; pests of, in Germany, 342, 479. Juniperus pochypMoea, Eriophyes ramosus on, in Arizona, 208. junodi, Chalioides. Jute (Corchorus spp.), caterpillars on, in Assam, 1 86 ; food-plant of Prodenia liiura in India, 379. K. Kafir Corn, pests of, in Rhodesia, 153, 240. Kainit, as a soil -dressing against Contarinia pyrivora, 343 ; in- eflective against cutworms, 445. Kaiser Worm (see Eleodes iri- costata). Kakivoria flavofaseiafa, on per- simmon in Japan, 449. Kal'othrips pisirora, on peas in Norway and Sweden, 145, 284. Kale, Ceraniica picta on, in Canada, 84 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 209, 300. Kaliosysphinga ulmi (European Elm Sawfly), varieties of elm \)re- f erred by, in Br. Columbia, 23. Kalmia laiijolia, Leptobyrsa rhodo- dendri on, in U.S.A., 130. Kamerun, Sahlbergella singuloris causing canker of cacao in, 80. Kansas. Coccidae of, 546 ; grass- hoppers of, and their control, 106, 545 ; miscellaneous pests in, 207, 303, 373, 528, 546; sprays for fruit-trees and garden- crops in, 300, 301. Kansas Bait, for Diestrammena marmorata, 452. Kapok (see Eriodcndron anfractuo- sum). Tcashmiri, Frontina. Katakilla, against asparagus beetles, 409. Kavika (see Eugenia). kellyanus, Physqthrips. Tcellyi, Sarcophaga. Keniia, Aulacaspis peniagona on, in Italy, 143. Kentiopsis, Pseudococcus nipae on, at Kew, 59. Kentucky, control of pea and bean Bruchids in, 465 ; orchard spray- ing in, 465 ; treatment of foul- brood of bees in, 466. Kentucky Blue Grass, Aphids on, in U.S!A., 243, 566. Kernel Spot Disease of Pecan, relation of insects and fungi to, in Georgia, 434, 453. Kerosene, in sprays for Aphids and Coccids, 98, 246 ; for trapping insects, 62, 81, 186, 294, 335, 423; for treating timber against boring beetles, 390 ; against locusts, 31, 336 ; against pests of stored food, 419, 463 ; effect of spraying with, against Pycnoscelus surina- mensis, 461 ; for emulsifying nicotine oleate, 370 ; studies of the toxicity of, 200, 254. Kerosene Emulsion, in sprays for Aphids and Coccids, 11, 16, 28, 51, 153, 164, 174, 213, 401, 544, 545 ; against Lepidoptera, 404, 451, 486, 504; against various Khvnchota, 236, 341, 379, iSl, 504; formulae /or, 16, 379, 526, 545 ; injurious eilect of, on foliage, 102 ; not recommended against thrips, 497. Kerosene Torches, use of, against insects, 110, 376. Kestrel, importance of protection of, in Britain, 510. kiefjeriana, Gastinella (Lasioplcra). Kingfisher, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. Klinotkrips femoralis, sp. n., on cacao in Gold Coast, 269. knnbi, Syrphus. Knot-grass (see Polygonum). hochi, Aphis. koehleri, Purpuricenus. Kola, pests of, in Gold Coast, 86, 269. kollari, Oynips. Korea, bionomics and control of Diplosis quadrijasciata on mul- berries in, 281. koshunensis, A fipidomorpha. Krosig Solution, formula for, against Eriosoma lanigerum, 407. kiihniella, Ephestia. kuricola, Myzocallis (Nippocallis). Kusumb (see Schleiehera trijuga), kuvanae, Schedius. kuwanai, Trichosiphum. liuwnnin gorodctski, in Britain, 59. kmverti, Tiherioides. Laburnum, food plant of Lepido- sophps ulmi in Br. Cohimbia, 361 ; Aretornis chrysorrhoea intercepted on, in U.S.A., 205. INDEX. 665 Lac, cultivation of, in India, 513. Lnc Insect (sec Tachnrdia lacca). lack es / >; , .1 che ro nt i a . LachnieUa vigroiubercidain, on Lori.r leptolepis in jiritain, 276. LochnopH-< (Coltee I>eaf Weevil), bionomics of, in West Indies, 81, 104.. LachnopKf! aurifer, destroyed by woodpeckers in Jamaica, 529. Lachnoslerna (White Grubs), food- plants of, in Antigua, 210, 211 ; probably parasitised by Elis pfeijferi in Madagascar, 301 ; lilif< rufa predaceous on, in Mauritius, 141 ; bionomics and control of, in Porto Rico, 105, 377, 378, 391 ; bionomics and control of, in Canada and U.S.A., 12, 13, 14, 229, 246, 255, 268, 341, 345, 371, 387, 527, 544, 555, 568 ; natural enemies of, 105, 141, 305, 341, 345, 378, 568; value of rotation of crops against, 527. LaclinoMerna anxia, bionomics and control of, in Canada, 84,363-365. La-chno'iierua citri, experimentally infested witii Melarrfiizhim ani- sopliae in Porto Rico. 378. Ln^ehnosterna cribrosa, on cot(on in U.S.A., 247. Lachnoslnrna drakii (r/rondis), bio- nomics and control of, in Canada, 363-365 ; a minor pest of cran- berries in U.S.A., 564, Lachnosterna duhia (see L. anxia). Lachnosterna Jusca, on cereals in Canada, 84; food-plants of, in New York, 351. Lachnosferna gibbosa, on cereals in Canada, 84. Lachnosterna grandis (see L. drakii). LaTianitis pyri in, 342. Lixus eoncavus, intercepted on rhu- barb in California, 137. Lixus vetula, on mulberry in For- mosa, 175. Lizards, destroying noxious insects, 20, 75, 261, 334, 497. lobata, Schizaspis. lobatus, AcantJiocerus. LobloUy Pine (see Pi/nus taeda). Lobophora carpinaia, parasitised by Diolcogaster cireumvecttis in Bri- tain, 382. Lobster Caterpillar (see Stauropus alter nus). Locust, Spotted (see AularcJies militaris). Locust Borer (see Cyllene robiniae). Locust Tree (see Eobinia pseuda- cacia). Locusta, Coccobaeillus ineffective against, 288. Locusta Carolina (see Dissosteira). Locusta migratoria, proposed organi- sation to control, in Caucasia, 66 ; suggested use of Cocco- bacillus acridiorum against, in Turkestan, 347. Locusta pardalma (Brown Locust), bionomics and control of, in S. Africa, 358. locusta^, Filaria. Locusticide, proposed spraying with, against locusts, 347. Locusts, campaign against, in S. Africa, 358, 359 ; measures against, in Argentina, 142, 177, 316, 317, 428 ; measures against, in Asia Minor, 341 ; measures against, in Bokhara, 348 ; in Canada, 61 , 255 ; proposed organisation to control, in Caucasia, 66 ; in Chile, 428 ; natural enemies on, in Cyprus, 119; on citrus in Florida, 474 ; measures against in Br. Guiana, 335 ; food-plants of, in Dutch E. Indies, 349, 446, 447 ; measures against, in Italy, 443, 500 ; and their control in Malaya, 126; control of, in Philippines, 24 ; measures against, in Spain, 55, 273, 514; legis- lation against in Spain, 427 ; cost of campaign against, in Turkestan, 347 ; in Uganda, 52 ; campaign against, in Uruguay, 556 ; use of Coccobacillus acridio- rum against, 177, 316, 347 ; natural enemies of, 119, 317, 443, 447. Lodge-pole Pine (see Pinus con- torta and P. murrayana). loewi, Eriophyes. Loganberry, pests of, in Britain, 424, 509, 510. Loganberry Beetle (see Byturus tomentosus). Lonchaea aristella, bionomics and control of, in Italy, 75-77. Long-beaked Clover Aphis (see Aphis crataegifoliae). Long-beaked Thistle Aphis (see Aphis cardui). Long-leaf Pine (see Pinus palustris). Long Scale (see Lepidosaphes glo- ver i). longicaudis, Apanteles. longicollis, Odoiporus. longicornis, Diahrotica ; Ericydnus ; Lecanopsis ; Prenolepis ; Pseu- dococcus. longidentifera, Euxoa. longifolia, Ips. longilabris, Cicindela. longior, Tyroglyphus. longipennis, Holotrichia ; Otiorrhyn- chus ; Straussia. longipes, Cyrtotrachelus ; Plagio' lepis. longirostris, Ischnaspis. longisetosa, Tachardia. longispina, Morganella {As2ndiotus). longispinus, Pseudococcus (see P. adonidum). longulus, Coccus ; Myochrous. Lonicera (Honeysuckle), 8ipho- coryne xylostei on, in Britain, 158 ; Prociphilus xylostei on, in Sweden, 146. Lonicera xylosteum (European Honeysuckle), pests of, in N. America, 257, 419. lophantae, Phizobius. Lophocateres pusillus, infesting dried beans in Britain, 431. Lophosia excisa, sp. n., from India, 331. Lophotus phaleratus, on peach in Chile, 429. Lophyrus (see Diprion). Lopidea heidemanni, sp. n., food- plants of, in U.S.A., 102. Lopidea media, sp. n. (Phlox Plant Bug), on Solidago rugosa in U.S.A., 102; in Maryland, 373. Lopidea reuteri, sp. n., on Eamamelis virginiana in U.S.A., 102. Lopidea salicis, sp. n., on Salix nigra in U.S.A., 102. Lopidea staphyleae, sp. n., migrating from 8taphylea trifolia to hickory in U.S.A., 102. losbanosensis , Microcerotermes. Lotus, Bhopalosiphum nymphaeae on, in Japan, 548. Louisiana, control of Iridomyrmex humilis in, 497 ; bionomics of INDEX. 671 Nezara viridnla in, 494 ; Phil- traea elegantaria on Lignstrum avmrense in, 45 ; Sticiolobus trili- neotns on cypress in, 298 ; pro- hibition against importation of currants and gooseberries into Canada from, 472; pests from, intercepted in California, 101, 253, 450, 525. lounsburyi, Prospaltella {Aspidioti- phogns). Lowland Fir (see Abies grandis). Lowland Purslane (see Sesuvium sessile). loxias, Acrocercops. Loxostege (Phlyciaenodes) sticticalis (Sugar-beet Web-worm), on to- bacco in Rumania, 7 ; note on life-cycle of, in U.S.A., 109. lubricipeda, Diacrisia (Spilosoma). Lucerne (Medica^o saliva), pests of, in Argentina, 428 ; A2non iri- folii migrating to beans from, in Britain, 509 ; Lachnosterna not harmful to, in Canada, 255 ; Colaspidema ainim on, in France, 171 ; pests of, in India, 269, 379 ; Colaspidema atruvi on, in Spain, 55, 444 ; Hypera varia- bilis on, in Sweden, 148 ; Hypera variabilis on, in Turkestan, 346 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 139, 268, 304, 339, 340, 389, 413, 484. Lucerne Caterpillar (see Colias electra). hicttiosa, Elis. luduosana, Eueosma. luctuosus, Psammochares. ludifieata, Chrysobothris. ludovicianae, MacrosipTmm . Luff a cylindrica, Halticus minutus on, in the Pescadores, 503. luminosus, Pyrophorus. lunata, CMlomenes. lunaius, Promecops. L'uperina testacea, damaging pas- tures in Sweden, 148. lAiperus flavipes, on apples and plums in Norway, 285. Lupin, CorytJmca distincta on, in U.S.A., 493. Zupinus albus, Bruchus obtectus infesting, in Italy, 468. luridula, Aletia. luridus, Dicyphus. luteomarginatus, Paehymerus (Car- yoborvs). luteola, Galerucella (Galeruca). luzonensis, Eutermes (Hospitali- termes). hizonica, Casca. Luzula, Luzulaspis luzulae on, in Britain, 59. Luzulaspis luzulae, food-plants of, in Britain, 59. Lycia robusta, food-plants of, in Japan, 95. Lycidocoris mimeticus, on coffee in the Belgian Congo and Uganda, 51, 332."^ Lycidocoris modestus, sp. n., on cinchona in the Belgian Congo, 332. Lycidocoris thoracicus, sp. n., in the Belgian Congo, 332. Ly coper sicum esculentum (see Tomato). Lycophotia margaritosa (Variegated Cutworm), plants avoided by in Br. Columbia, 24 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 14, 140, 247. Lycosa rapida, parasite of Chrysom- jiTialus dictyospermi pinnulifera in Italy, 9. Lyctus brunneus (Furniture Beetle), measures against, in Australia, 390. Lyda flaviventris (see Neurotoma). Lyda hypotrophica (see Cephaleia abietis). Lyda inanida, on roses in France, 470. Lyda j)yri (see Neurotoma flavi- ventris). Lygaeonematus compressicornis, on aspen in Sweden, 151. Lygaeonematus erichsoni (Large Larch Sawfly), introduction of Mesoleius tenthredinis into Cana- da against, 84; in forests in Norway, 283 ; on larch in Sweden, 150 ; damage done by, in U.S.A., 521. Lygaeonematus laricis, on larch in Sweden, 151. Lygaeonematus saxeseni, on spruce in Sweden, 150. Lygidea mendax (False Apjile Red Bug), measures against, on apples in Connecticut, 459. Lygocerus, parasite of Aphids in Britain, 276 ; parasite of Macro- siphum solanifolii in Ohio, 455. Lygus, revision of N. American species of, 233 ; food-plants of, in Sweden, 145 ; food-plants of, in Switzerland, 368. Lygus communis var. novascotiensis, on apples and pears in N.America, 234, 558, 559, 560. Lygus invitus, on apples and pears in N. America, 234. Lygus pahidinus, on potatoes in Britain, 508 ; on Chrysanthemum, indicum in Sweden, 145. Lygus pratensis (Tarnished Plant Bug), on apples in Britain, 278, 279 ; on Chrysanthemum indicum in Sweden, 145 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 26, 97, 234. 672 INDEX. Lygus pratensis var. campestris, on potatoes in Britain, 508 ; on Chrysanthemum indimim in Sweden, 145. Lymantria dispar (Gipsy Moth), colonisation of Compsilura con- cinnata against, in Canada, 82 ; in Europe, 521 ; on roses in France, 470 ; notes on, in Japan, 176, 504 ; legislation against, in Maine, 88 ; bionomics of, in Spain, 55, 113, 414; on birch in Sweden, 148 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 16, 26, 178, 225, 458, 512, 513, 521, 553; intercepted in U.S.A., 205 ; dis- seminating white-pine blister- rust, 225 ; new bacterial disease of, 568 ; experiments with poly- hedral disease and, 567. Lymantria monacha (Nun Moth), in Austria, 127, 405; in European forests, 521 ; food-plants of, in Germany, 405 ; in forests in Norway and Sweden, 89, 148, 283. Lymantria mathura, bionomics and control of, in forests and orchards in Japan, 504. Lymexylon sericeum, in forests in U.S.A., 522. lyncea, Chrysis (Tetrachrysis). Lyonetia clerkella, on apples in Norway and Sweden, 150, 285 ; in Switzerland, 367. lyropicta, Chnitophorus. Lysia cognataria, Paraealocoris hawleyi predaceous on, in U.S.A., 109. Lysol, against Eurydema oleraeeum, 5 ; temperature required for destroying pests of stored beans with, 383 ; and tobacco extract, against asparagus beetles, 409. M. Macaranga, food-plant of Heliothis obsoleia in Sumatra, 271. machaeralis, Pyrausta. m,acilenta, Leptalia. Maclura aurantia<'a, seeds of, attacked by Ophonus rwficornis in France, 96. Macraspis teiradaHyla, destroyed by woodpeckers in Jamaica, 530. Macri's Machine, for disinfecting cotton seed, 43. Macrobasis unicolor (Ash-grey Blister Beetle), on cabbages in Quebec, 61. Macrocentrus, parasite of Cydia molesta and C. jjomonella in U.S.A., 369, 374. Macrocentrus ahdominalis, probably a parasite of Rhyacionia resinella in Holland, 498. Macrocentrus dslieatus, parasite of Acrobasis nebulella in U.S.A., 169. Macrocentrus thoracicv^, parasite of Argyroploce variegana in Italy, 173. Macrodactylus subspinosus (Rose Chafer), character of soil influen- cing attack of, in Br. Columbia, 23 ; measures against, in U.S.A., 198. MacromphaUa dedecora, parasites of, in Chile, 428. Macrosiphum absinthi, on Artemisia vulgaris indica, in Japan, 547. Macrosiphum cereale (see M. gran- arium). Macrosiphum creelii, on lucerne in U.S.A., 413. Macrosiphum dahliafolii, sp. n., on dahlias in Uganda, 209. Macrosiphum frifjtdae, on Artemisia in Br. Columbia, 361. Macrosiphum granarium (Grain Aphis), on cereals in Britain, 508 ; on rice in Japan, 547 ; on cereals in Norway and Sweden, 146, 284 ; alternative food-plants of, in U.S.A., 417. Macrosiphum hagi, sp. n., on Les- pedeza bicolor in Japan, 547. Macrosiphum ibotum, sp. n., on Ligustrum ibota in Japan, 547. Macrosiphum illinoisense (Grape- vine Aphis), bionomics of, on Viburnum and vines in U.S.A., 31, 213, 417. Macrosiphum ludovidanae, on Arte- misia ludovicianainBr, Columbia, 367. Macrosiphum nipponicum, sp. n., in Japan, 547. Moicrosiphum nishigaharae, sp. n., on Chrysanthemum in Japan, 547. Macrosiphum pisi (see Acyrtho- siphon). Macrosiphum rhododendri, sp. n., on Rhododendron californicum in Oregon, 372. Macrosiphum rosae, on Rosa in Br. Columbia, 361 ; control of, on roses in France, 470 ; on Rosa multiflora in Japan, 547 ; in Sweden, 146. Macrosiphum rosaeiformis, sp. n., (Punjab Rose Aphis), on roses in Lahore, 473. Macrosiphum rubiellum, destroyed by fowls in Britain, 58. Macrosiphum rudbeckiae, on Soli- dago in Br. Columbia, 361 ; food- plants of, in Japan, 547. INDEX. 673 Macrosiphum solani (see RJiopalo- siphum). Macrosiphum solanifolii (Potato Aphis), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 212, 371, 417, 453, 455, 460, 483, 545 ; experiments to determine the transmission of spinach- blight by, 453. Macrosiphum stanJeyi, sp. n., on Sambuctis glattca in Br. Columbia, 361. Macrosiphum tabaci, disseminating mosaic disease of tobacco, 545. MacrosipMim urticae, on Urtica dioica in Br. Columbia, 361. Macrosiphum viticola (see 3£. illi- noisense). Macrotermes philippinensis (see Termes). Macrotoma, on Acacia nilotica in Egypt, 50. Macrotoma palmaia, food-plants of, in Egypt, 50, 557. m acrotuberculata, Myzocallis. macula, Leptostylus ; Scymnus (Parasidis). maculata, Halisidoia ; Megilla. maculator, Itophdis. m aeulatum, Isosoma. maculatus, Chaitophorus (see Callip- terus onanidis). maculicornis, Aphelinus ; Phylh- bius. macuUpennis, Plutella. maculiventris, Apateticus ; Bupres- tis ; Eu termes ; Podisiis. maculosa, Diacrisia. mactdosus, 3Ionochamiis. Madagascar, Melitomma instdare indigenous to, 376 ; beneficial Scoliid wasps in, 301, 375, 489 ; importation of iScoliid wasps into Mauritius from, 301, 489 ; sug- gested importation of Scoliid wasps into Seychelles from, 375, 376 ; sericulture in, 56. Madeira, Prospaltella loimsburyi parasite of Chrysomphalus die- tyospermi pinnulifera in, 9. madidiis, Steropus. Madras, miscellaneous pests in, 46,47,474; scale-insects from, 85. maga, Gonatocerus. Magdalis armigera, parasitised by Doryctes undulatus in France, 477. Magdalis barbicornis (Apple-stem Piercer), food-plants of, in U.S.A., 205. Magdalis phlegmatica, on pine and spruce in Britain, 158. magna, Bdella ; Brachystola ; Ida- cantha. Magnesia, high percentage of, ob- jectionable in lime, 378. magniceps, Chelyophora. magnifica, Cossula ; Heterusia. Magnolia, Leptothrips mali on, in Florida, 505. Magnolia conspicua, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Magnolia grandiflora, Aspidiotus subsimilis anonae on, in Cuba, 482. 3Iagnolia kobus, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Magnolia Scale (see Eulecanium magnoliarum). magnoliae, Calaphis ; Bhopalosi- phum. magnoliarum, Eulecanium. Magpie, a noxious bird in France, 320. Maguay, Oryctes rhinoceros on, in Texas, 268. Mahe, scale-insects introduced into Seychelles on coconuts from, 68. Mahogany, Anobium boring in, in Australia, 390 ; attacked by Pyralid caterpillars in Dutch E. Indies, 447 ; attacked by Hypsipyla grandella in St. Lucia, 517. Maiden-hair Fern, Callopistria flori- densis on, in New York, 451. maidiradicis. Aphis. maidis. Aphis ; Peregrinus ; Sphen- ophorus. Maine, food-plants of Aphis pseudo- avenae in, 243 ; control of pests of apple in, 468 ; measures against gipsy and brown-tail moths in, 178 ; froghoppers and their control in, 11 ; beneficial Syrphids in, 241 ; laws relating to agriculture in, 88. Maize, measures against Busseola fusea on, in S. Africa, 360 ; measures against pests of, in Australia, 81, 336 ; pests of, in Canada, 29, 241, 255 ; pests intercepted on, in California, 29, 101 ; not attacked by Phytometra calif ornica in Br. Columbia, 24 ; bionomics of Phytomyza infesting in Fiji, 475 ; locusts on, in Br. Guiana, 31, 336 ; pests of, in Hawaii, 552 ; Pyrausta nubilalis, on, in Hungary, 407 ; pests of, in India, 123," 182; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 223, 224, 271 ; Bruchus obtectus on, in Italy, 469 ; food-plant of Prodenia litura in Philippines, 379 ; pests of, and their control, in West Indies, 33, 121, 211, 250, 274, 296, 306, 307; pests of, in Rhodesia, 153, 239, 337, 338; pests of, in Sweden, 148, 149; pests of, and their control, in 674 INDEX. U.S.A., 29, 137, 194, 207, 221, 230, 340, 373, 451, 479, 481, 484, 489, 493, 505, 554; Ghilo sup- pressalis on, in Zanzibar, 128; as a trap-crop, 81, 250 ; selection of varieties of, resistant to Helio- tMs obsoleta, 137; machine for disinfecting, 43 ; in poison-baits for cockroaches, 81. Maize, Stored, measures against pests of, in Kentucky, 466 ; Calandra oryzae infesting, in Sey- chelles, 377 ; measures against pests of, in New South Wales, 337 ; meal, a good carrier for dust sprays, 214. Maize Beetle (see HeteronycJius mashunus). Maize Bill Bug (see SphenopJiorus maidis). Maize Moth (see Pyrausta mibilalis). Maize Plant Aphis (see Aphis maidis). Maize Root Aphis (see Aphis maidi- radicis). Maize Stalk-borer (see Busseola fusca). major, Tricholyga ; Scolytus. majoriam., Ghrysocharodes. Makabou Banana, possibly less susceptible to Cosmopolites sordi- dus than plantain in St. Lucia, 515. mahiella, Pachyrhina. malaharicus, Phassus. malabatJiricum, Melastoma. Malachra capitata (Wild Okra), eradication of, against Dysdercus delauneyi in West Indies, 249. Malacosoma, on stone-fruits in Cali- fornia, 450. Malacosoma americana (Apple Tent Caterpillar), bionomics and con- trol of, in U.S.A., 109, 451, 458, 493. Malacosoma castrensis, on rasp- berries in Sweden, 148. Malacosoma disstria (Forest Tent Caterpillar), parasitised by Dibrachys clisiocampae in U.S.A., 482. Malacosoma erosa (Western Forest Tent Caterpillar), not attacking pears in Br. Columbia, 24. Malacosoma neustria (Lackey Moth), natural enemies of, in Britain, 57, 382 ; intercepted in Connecti- cut, 458 ; on roses in France, 470 ; in Sweden, 148. m,alacus, Amblyteles. malatensis, Calotermes (Neotermes). Malaya, coconut pests in, 70, 523 ; cultivation of Liberian coffee in, 33 ; locusts and their control in, 126; relation of insects to Ustulina zonata infesting rubber in, 277. malefaciens, Pogonomyrmex barbatus. m,alenotti, Rhi^ioencyrtus. mali. Aphis (see A. pomi) ; Atracto- tomus ; Caligonus ; Empoasca'; Leptothrips ; Psylla ; Scolytus (Eccoptogaster). Malic Acid, toxic value of, against insects, 56. maUfoliae, Aphis. malinellus, Eyponomeuta. malinum, Erineum. malinus, Epitrimerus ; Eriophyes. Mallow, Chinese (see Hibiscus sinen- sis). Mallow, Rose (see Hibiscus mos- cheutos). Mallow, Swamp (see Hibiscus mos- cheutos). Mallow Caterpillar (see Anoints erosa). Malus, Malacosoma neustria inter- cepted on, in Connecticut, 458 ; (see Apple). malus, Hemisarcoptes. Malva, Aphis malvoides on, in Lahore, 173. malvella, Pectinophora. Malvestrum, Aphis malvoides on, in Lahore, 473. malvoides. Aphis. Mamestra brassicae (see Barathra). Mamestra oleracea (see Polia). 31amestra picta (see Ceramica). mamillosus, Stethoconus. Mammea americana (Mammee Ap- ple), use of leaves of, for pro- tecting seedlings from mole- crickets in the West Indies, 297 ; food-plant of Heliothrips rubra- cinctus, in Grenada, 496. Man, attacked by Oecophylla smar- agdina in Dutch E. Indies, 343, 350 ; Pediculoides ventricosus pro- ducing dermatitis in, in Italy, 469 ; effect of urticating hairs of Euproctis flava on, in Japan, 176. mancus, Agriotes. Mandarin Orange (Citrus nobilis), Ceratitis capitata on, in N. Africa, 39 ; Dacus passiflorae on, in . Fiji, 237 ; pests of, in France, 488 ; pests of, in Gold Coast, 133; Ceratitis capitata on, in Zanzibar, 276. mandarina, Bomhyx ; Theophila. Mangel, pests of, in Britain, 508, 509. Mangifera, Helopeltis on, in Java, 233. Mangifera indica (see Mango). mangiferae, Coccus (Lecanium) ; Sternochetiis. INDEX. 675 Mango {Mangifera indica), Ghry- somphalus dictyospermi on, in S. Africa, 357; Ceratitis capitata on, in Hawaii, 167; pests of, in India, 124, 322,522; pests of, in West Indies, 33, 392, 496; pests of, in Mauritius, 141; Phycitids intercepted in seeds of, in Porto Rico, 485; scale-insects on. in Seychelles, 377; scale-insects on, in the Tropics, 86; pests of, iu Uganda, 52; thrips on, in U.S.A., 505; pests intercepted on, in U.S.A., 29, 206, 252. Mango Fruit-fly (see Dacus ferru- gineus). Mango Weevil (see Sternochettis mangiferae). manicatus, Chirothrips. Manihot glaziovii (Ceara Rubber), Aspidiotus destructor on, in Uganda, 86. Manihot utilissima (see Cassava). manihot, Cecidoniyia. Manila, beneficial insects imported into Hawaii from, 127; pests from, intercepted in Hawaii, 476, 518. manilae, Scotia . Maniltoa gemmipara, not attacked by Acrocercops crannerella in Java, 232. manipularis, Cosniopteryx. Manitoba, bionomics and control of Lachhosterna in, 363-365. manni, Chionasjiis. mannsfieldi, Ips. Maple (Acer), pests of, in Canada, 361, 364; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 146, 149, 284 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 389, 396, 457. Maple, Manitoba, food-plant of Halisidota maculata in Canada, 122. Maple, Norway (see Acer plata- noides). Maple, Red (see Acer ruhrum). Maple Leaf- stem Borer (see Caula- campus acericaulis). marabitanos, Coptotermes. Marasmia bilinealis, en rice in Ceylon, 539. marci, Bibio. margalaestriata, Setomorpha. margaritosa, Lycophotia (Peridroma). Margarodes vitium, in Chile, 429. marginalis, Orthotylus. marginata, Epicauta ; Hoplopleura (see H. helena). marginatus, Diohogaster ; Eugnam,- ptus. margiscutellum, Bavanusia. Markhamia platycalyx, Stictococcus multispinosus on, in Uganda, 86. Marmara arbutiella, on Arbutus in Massachusetts, 21. Marmara eloteUa, mining in apple twigs in U.S.A., 21, 458. Marmara fulgideUa, mining in oak and chestnut in Massachusetts, 21. Marmara guilandinella, on Gtiila/n- dia honducella in Massachusetts, 21. Marmara opuntiella, on Opuntia in Massachusetts, 21. Marmara solictella, mining in wil- low in Massachusetts, 21. Marmara smilacii-ella, on smilax in Massachuse ts, 21. Marmora Gall, use of, for medicine in America, 244. marm orata, D iestrammena. maroccanus, Dociostaurus {Staurono- txis). marsh alii, Physothrips. Martin, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. marutae, Aphis (see J., helichrysi). Maryland, bionomics and control of Cydia molesta in, 369 ; mis- cellaneous pests in, 373 ; list of Thysanoptera of, 34. mashunus, Heteronychus. masTcelli, Morganella. Massachusetts, miscellaneous pests in, 21, 25, 205, 373; measures against Tetranychus telarius in, 547 ; pests from, intercepted in California, 450, 525. Massepha absolutalis, on bamboo in India, 124. Mathiola incana, Psylliodes chry- socephala on, in Germany, 344. mathiola^. Aphis. mathiolellae. Aphis. mathura, Lymantria. Matsouchis' (Planta's) Machine, for disinfecting cotton seed, 43. matsum^irae, Chrysopa. mauritanicus, Tenebroides (Trogo- sita). Mauritius, miscellaneous pests in, 141 ; Metarrhizium anisopliae infesting Phytalus smithi in, 378 ; sugar-cane pests in, 141, 301, 378, 393 ; pests of tobacco in, 524 ; habits of parasites of hard- back grubs in, 489 ; importation of Scoliid wasps from Madagascar into, 301 ; pests from, inter- cepted in the Philippines, 25. Mauritius Beans, ineffective as a cover-crop against sugar-cane beetles, 527. maximowiczi, Galosoma. May Beetles (&qq Lachnosterna). maydis, Sipha. Mayetiola destructor (Hessian Fly), on wheat in Britain, 508 ; in Canada, 84 ; bionomics of, in Russia, 132; bionomics and 676 INDEX. control of, on cereals in U.S.A., 1, 14, 127, 170, 244, 290, 303, 304, 365, 479, 525, 527 ; proposed legislation against, in U.S.A., 1 ; date for sowing wheat to avoid, 525, 527. maynei, Systates ; Tragocephala. Meadow Fescue, Aphis pseudoavenae on, in Maine, 243. Meadow Foxtail Grass, spread of Oligotropus alopecuri on, in New Zealand, 535. Meadow Froghopper (see Philaenus spumarius). Meal Beetle (see Tenebroides mauri- t aniens). Mealy-bugs, ants associated witli, in Grenada, 497 ; (see Pseudo- coccus). Mealy Plum Aphis (see Hyalopterus arundinis). Mecas inornata, in Helianthus in California, 528. Mecklenburg, bionomics and con- trol of Euxoa segetum in, 444. media, Lopidea. mediator, Microdus ; MicropUtis. medicaginis, Aphis ; Hahrocytus. Medicago saliva (see Lucerne). Medical Zoology, importance of, to human welfare, 433. Medicine, insect galls used in pre- paration of, 244. m,edinalis, Cnaphalocrocis. Medinilla magnifica, Pseudococcus intercepted on, in California, 29. mediosquamosa, Euprociis. meditabunda, Edessa. Mediterranean Flour Moth (see Ephestia Jciihniella). Mediterranean Fruit -fly (see Cera- titis capitata). Medlar (Mespilus germanica), Argy- roploce variegana on, in Italy, 173; Ilagdolis barbicornis on, in U.S.A., 205. Medlar, Japanese, Stephanitis pyri on, in Italy, 143. Megacoelum stramineuni, bionomics of, on Andropogon sorghum in Madras, 46. Megalopyge opercularis, on citrus in Florida, 474. Megaquiscalus major Tiiacrourus, destroying Pilocrocis tripunctata in Porto Rico, 82. Megastigmus, on conifers in Britain, 158 ; in spruce seeds in Germany, 91 ; infesting seeds of coniferts in Japan, 403. Megastigmus abietis, sp. n., in spruce seeds in Austria, 407. Megastigmus aculeatus, sp. n., infesting seeds of conifers in Japan, 403. Megastigmus amelanchieris, sp. n., infesting seeds of Amelanchier canadensis in U.S.A., 549. Megastigmus ballestrerii, measures against, on Pistacia in Sicily, 488. Megastigmus cryptomeriae, sp. n., in conifers in Japan, 403. MegastigTTius inamurae, sp. n., in conifers in Japan, 403. Megastigmus piceae, sp. n., in fir seeds in Austria, 407. Megastigmus strobilobius, M. abietis a distinct species from, 407. Megastigmus thxiyopsis, sp. n., in Thuyopsis dolabrata in Japan, 403. Megastigmus wachtli, sp. n., in cypress seeds in Austria, 407. Megilla maculata, predaceous on Aphids in Canada, 330 ; pre- daceous on Macrosiphu,m solani- folii in Ohio, 456 ; predaceous on Grioceris asparagi in U.S.A., 215. Megobrium edwardsi, on oak in California, 397. megymeni, Tetracnemella. Megymenum insxdare, parasitised by Tetracnemella megymeni in Australia, 387. Meigenia floralis, parasite of Colas- pidema atrum and Crioceris asparagi in France, 171. melanarius, Pterostichus. Melanauster chinensis, a minor pest of mvdberry in Formosa, 175. Melanchra composita, bionomics of, in New Zealand, 535. Melanitis leda, on sugar-cane in Queensland, 139. m,elanocephala, Phyto ; Theronia'f melanocephalum, Tapinoma. melanogaster, Drosophila. m,elanopa, Lema. Melanophila californica, sp. n., on pine and spruce in California, 166. Melanophila pini-edulis, in Pinus edulis in Arizona, 307. Melanoplus, bionomics and control of, on cereals in U.S.A., 14, 140, Melanoplus angustipennis, in Cana- da, 363. Melanoplus atlantis (Lesser Migra- tory Locust), in Canada, 61, 363 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 221, 289, 340, 545, 555. Melanoplus bivittatus (Two-striped Locust), in Canada 61, 363 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 221, 289, 340, 545, 563. Melanoplus differentialis (Differen- tial Grasshopper), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 247, 304, 317, 340, 545. INDEX. 677 Melanoplus femur-ruhrum (Red-leg- ged Locust), in Quebec, 61 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 288, 289, 340, 545; im- munity principles in, 437. Melanoplus packardi, in Canada, 363. Melanoplus spretus, eggs of, de- stroyed by Epicauta vittata, 317. melanopus, Diapiomorpha. melanosticta, Miresa. Melanoxantherium salicis, on wil- lows in Britain, 41. Melanoxanfhermin smithiae, on Populus in Br. Columbia, 361. melanura, Leptura ; Pterolophia. Melapliis (Aphis) chinensis (Chinese Gall Apbis), bionomics of, on Ehus semialata in CMna, 45. Melaphis rhois, on Bhus glabra in America, 45. Melasoma aeneum, on alders in Norway, 284. Melasoma inierruptum, parasitised bv ScJdzonoUis sieboldi in U.S.A., 551. Melasoma populi, parasitised by Schizonotus sieboldi in U.S.A., 551. Melastoma malabathricum, food- plant of Helopeltis in Java, 232, 233. tneleagris, Notobitus. meles, Hypera (Phytonomus). Meliana diffusa, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. Melica bulbosa, Forda formicaria on, in Colorado, 566. melicerta, Ophiusa (see Achaea Janata). Meligethes aeneus, measures against, on cruciferous plants in Germany, 344 ; on cabbage in Holland, 37 ; bionomics and control of, in Sweden, 93, 147. melinus, Uranotes. Meliola (see Sooty Mould). Melissoblaptes rufovenalis, on co- conut in Dutch E. Indies, 350. melitaeae, Hemiteles (seeH. tenellus). Melitomma insulate, measures against, on coconuts in Seychelles, 68, 376. Melittia eurytion, ia Trichosanthes dioica in India, 124. Melrttia satyriniformis (Squash Viae Borer), measures against, in Mis- souri, 127. mellonella, Galleria. Melolontha hippocastani, in Euro- pean forests, 521 ; notes on, in Holland ; 498 ; on grasses in Norway, 284 ; in Sweden, 146. Melolontha melolontha, on mangels (C569) in Britain, 509 ; in European forests, 521 ; notes on, in Holland, 498 ; in Sweden, 146 ; collection and utilisation of, in Switzerland, 257, 367, 368. Melolontha vidgaris (see M. melo- lontha). Melon (Cucumis melo), Haltieus minutus on, in the Pescadores, 503 ; Trogophloeus pusillus on, in Sweden, 146; pests of, in U.S.A., 127, 194, 230, 267. Melon Aphis (see Aphis gossypii). Melon Fly (see Dacus cucurbitae). Membracidae, distribution of, 222. menapia, Neophasia. mendax, Lygidea. mendosa, Dasychira. Menida histrio, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. Menius calceatus, on cacao in the Belgian Congo, 79. Menius parvulus, on cacao in the Belgian Congo, 79. Menius viridiaeneus on cacao in the Belgian Congo, 79. m^rcator, Ophion. Tnerceti, Signiphora. Mercuric Chloride, experiments with, against Iridomyrmex humi- lis, 181 ; experiments with, against carpet beetles, 533. Mercury Bichloride (Corrosive Sub- limate), for treating timber against boring beetles, 160, 390. 430 ; as a disinfectant for stored cereals, 133 ; effect of, on cotton pests, 252. m,erdaria, Scatophaga. merdigera, Crioceris. merkeli, Chrysobothris. Mermis (Hairworms), parasite of grasshoppers in Vermont, 221; destroying Lachnosterna in Mani- toba, 365. Mermis acridiorum, parasite of locusts in Uruguay, 556. Mermis ferruginea, parasite of Lo- custa Carolina in Philadelphia, 221. Merodon equestris, in daffodil bulbs in Sweden, 150. Meromyza americana, bionomics of, in N. America, 107. Meromyza cerealium,, on oats in Sweden, 150. meromyzae, Coelinidea. Merostachys clausseni molUor, Mye- lobia smerintha infesting, in Brazil, 189. mesnili, Perezia. Mesochorus confusus, hyperparasite of Diolcogaster circumvectus in Britain, 382. 678 INDEX. Mesochorus pectoralis, hyperparasite of Ilicroplitis vidua in Britain, 382. Mesolehis excavatus, parasite of Eriocampoides limacina in France, 564. Mesolehis tenthredinis, introduction of, into Canada, against Lygaeone- matus ericlisoni, 84. Mesostenus, parasite of Cydia molesta in U.S.A., 374. mesoxanthus, Apanteles. Mespilus germanica (see Medlar). Mesquite (Prosopis), Cerambycids in, in California, 397. Mesqviite Bruchus (see Bruchiis prosopis). messaniella, Phyllorycter {Litho- colletis). messor, Calliephialtes. messoria, Euxoa. Mestocharomyia oopJiaga, sp. n., parasite of EUipsidion pelluci- dum in Australia, 387. Metalaptus torquaUis (see Parvu- linus auranUi). metallica, Agamerion. Metamasius hemipterus, experi- mentally infested with Metar- rhizium anisopliae in Porto Rico, 378. Iletamasius sericeus (Striped Wee- vil), bionomics and control of, on coconuts etc. in West Indies, 71, 74, 516 ; intercepted on sugar-cane in Porto Eico, 485. Iletonastria liyrtaca, on cincbona in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Metarrhizium, anisopliae ( Green Mus- cardine Fungus), infesting in- sects, 33, 245, 333, 334, 378, 393, 446 ; list of insects attacked by, and distribution of, 378 ; experi- ments on the effects of, 446 ; suggested introduction of, into Br. Guiana against Tomaspis flavilatera, 534. Meteorological Conditions, effects of, on locusts and other pests in S. Africa, 248, 358 ; on Lymantria monacJia in Austria, 127; on insect pests in Australia, 165, 166, 269 ; on susceptibility of Merostachys to attacks of 3Iye- lobia smerintha in Brazil, 189 ; on insect pests in Britain, 154, 156; on insect pests in Ceylon, 295, 435; on insect pests in Br. Columbia, 24 ; on treatment of cotton against PectinopJiora gossypiella in .Egypt, 71; on insect pests in Germany, 5, 444, 445 ; on fruit-fly parasitism in Hawaii, 167, 185 ; on insects in India, 46, 182, 322, 334, 335; on insect pests in Dutch E. Indies, 179, 180, 349; on insects in West Indies, 296, 496 ; on Coeliodes ruber in Italy, 78 ; on development of curly-leaf disease of beet in Mexico and U.S.A., 481 ; on susceptibility of tobacco to attacks of Lasio- derma serrieorne in Philippines, 183 ; on insect pests in Rhodesia, 240, 337, 338, 439 ; on Dactis oleae in Spain, 272 ; on insect pests in Sweden, 89, 91, 92, 147, 148, 152, 287, 288 ; on Cheimatobia brumata in Switzerland, 368 ; on insects in Turkestan, 348, 349; on insect pests in U.S.A., 16, 67, 194, 195, 196, 218, 252, 253, 267, 308, 309, 312, 326, 339, 399, 413, 415, 456, 468, 483, 492 ; on spraying and fumigating, 13," 28, 64, 111, 157, 163, 199, 202, 292; on efficacy of light- traps, 257 ; on efficacy of Cocco- bacillus acridiorum, 288 ; on Iletarrhizium anisopliae, 245, 378 ; unfavourable to ScMstocerca paranensis in Chile, 161 ; effect of, on bee diseases, 490. Meteorus, parasite of Acrohasis nebulella in U.S.x\., 169. Meteorus communis, parasite of Datana integerrima in Connecti- cut, 457. Meteorus hyphantriae, parasite of Hyphantria cunea in Connecticut, 456. Meteorus obfuscator, hosts of, in France, 477. Meteorus versicolor, parasite of gipsy and brown-tail moths in Maine, 178,179,511,512. Methyl- eugenol, experiments in trapping Bhagoletis pomonella and other fruit-fiies with, 423. Methylated Spirit, in mixture against fm'niture beetles, 160 ; in formula for spray against Eriosoma lanigerum, 412, 471. meticulosa, Trigonophora {Broto- lomia). meticulosalis, Terastia. Mexican Cotton-boU Weevil (see Anthonomus grandis). Mexico, bark-beetles infesting coni- fers in, 263, 266, 267 ; fruit-fl,ies in, 208, 518; Metarrhizium anisopliae infesting Tomaspis postica in, 378 ; miscellaneous pests in, 82, 101, 440, 462, 481, 551 ; danger of presence of Pectinophora gossypiella in, 81, 292, 544; Platyptilia pusilli- dactyla introduced into Hawaii from, to destroy Lantana, 124; INDEX. 679 Pseudomyrma protecting acacias from other insects in, 129 ; pests from, intercepted in California, 29, 101, 137, 253, 294, 450, 525. ini, Euclidia. micacea, Gortyna (Hydroecia). m leans, Dendroctonus ; Orchesia ; Paehyneuron (see P. sipTiono- phorae). Mice, damaging stored wheat in Australia, 11, 270; destroying LachnosUrna in Manitoba, 364. Michigan, miscellaneous insect pests in, 340; strawberry pests in, 387 ; tomato pests in, 388 ; spraying experiments in, 340. microbasis, Parasa. Microbracon, parasite of Janus abbreviatus in X. America, 552 ; parasite of Coleophora volclcei in California, 100; parasite of Ear las in India, 123. Microbracon sanninoideae, parasite of Aegeria exitiosa in Arkansas, 448. Microcentrum, Locustid allied to, on oranges in St. Lucia, 517. Microcentrum retinerve, on citrus in Florida, 474. Microcera, infesting Chrysomphalus dictyospenni pinmdifera, 9. Microcerotermes losbanosensis, in Philippines, 184. Microcerotermes parvrts theobromae, f' on cacao in San Thome, 52. Micrococcus, infesting white grubs in Amei'ica, 246 ; suggested introduction of, into Queensland against Lepidiota albohirta, 246. Microdus conspicuus, parasite of Cydia pomoneUa in France, 191. Microdus diatracae, sp. n., parasite of Dialraea saccJiaralis in Demerara, 333. Microdus earinoides, parasite of Eucosma ocellana in Quebec, 64. Microdus mediator, parasite of Coleo- phora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Mierogaster, parasite of Pieris brassicae in France, 74, 142. 2Iicrjgaster alvearius, parasite of Geometrid moths in Britain, 382. Mierogaster connexus, parasite of Arctornis chrysorrhoea and Boinbyx neustria in Britain, 382. Mierogaster crassicornis, parasite of Eupithecia denotata in Britain, 382. Mierogaster globattis, parasite of Vanessa atalanta in Britain, 382. Mierogaster minutus, parasite of Cleora glabraria in Britain, 382. Mierogaster ncmorum, parasite of Dendrolimus pini in Prussia, 409. (C569) Mierogaster palaeacritae, parasite of canker-worms in Kansas, 546. micrographus, Pityophthorus. Microphthalma disjuncta, parasite of Lachnosterna in N. America, 345, 364. 568. Microphthalma pruinosa, parasite of Lachnosterna in N. America, 345. Microplitis alaslcensis, parasite of Phytometra californica in N. America, 210. Microplitis aomoriensis, parasite of rice-borers in Japan, 236. Microplitis mediator, parasite of Noctuid lar\^ae in Britain, 382. Microplitis ocellatae, parasite of Sphinx in Britain, 382. Microplitis ruricola, sp. n., parasite of Anarta myrtilli in Britain, 382. Microplitis sordipes, parasite of Acronycta in Britain, 382. Microplitis spectabilis, parasite of Dyschorista fissipuncta in Britain, 382. Microplitis tristis, parasite of Dian- thoecia in Britain, 382. Microplitis tubercidifera, parasite of Xoctuid larvae in Britain, 382. Microplitis vidua, parasite of Eucli- dia mi in Britain, 382. migratoria, Locusta (Pachytyhis). Migratory Locust (see Schistocerca peregrina). Migratory Ked Locust (see Cyrta- canthacris septemfasciata). milci, Asphondylia. Mildew, on vines in Britain, 144. militaris, Aularches ; Calotermes ; Sciara. Milkweed (see Asclepias syriaca). millepunctatum, Eutretosoma. Millet, Heliothis obsoleta on, in Nyasaland, 70. Milliflores verbenacia, Aspidiotus subsimilis anonae on, in Cuba, 482. ^Millipedes, destroyed by starlings in Britain, 133 ; injurious to plants in Quebec, 63. Mimesa, natural enemv of Aphids in Holland, 136. mimeticus, Lyeidoeoris. Mimetus setulosus, in Br. Columbia, 24. Mimosa, Aulacaspis pentagona on, in Italy, 143 ; Cryptokermes brasi- liensis on, in Mexico, 440. mimosarum, Lepidosaphes. Mimus polyglottus, destroying Acro- basis nebulella in U.S.A., 169. Mimusops elengi, Geratitis capitata in, in Hawaii, 168. Jlineola indiginella, Acrobasis nebu- lella, erroneously recorded as, in U.S.A., 168. 680 INDEX. Mineola vaccinii (Cranberry Fruit- worm), bionomics and control of, on cranberries in U.S.A., 554, 562. minimus, Dicyphus. ministra, Datana. Minnesota, miscellaneous insect pests in, 370-372; prohibition against importation of currants and gooseberries into Canada from, 472. minor, Archips ; Centrobia walkeri ; ChrysompJialus dictyospermi (see C. dictyospermi pvnnulifera) ; Eemichionaspis ; Myelophilus. Mint, control of pests of, in Indiana, 230. minuta, Eupsalis ; Eoplocampa ; Peronea ; Pulvinaria. minutior, Cremastog aster hrevi- spvnosa. minutum, Tricliogramma (Pentar- thron). minutus, Eutermes ; Ealticus ; Microg aster ; Pityokteines {Dryo- coetes). Miotropis sulcicrista, parasite of Coleophorafuscedinellain. Sweden, 94. Miresa on oil palms in Sumatra, 67. Miresa melanosticta, on Terminalia catappa in Zanzibar, 128. Mirimah, food-plant of Tachardia lacea in India, 513. Mischantus sinensis, as a shelter- trap for Haltica ampelophaga in Algeria, 142. Missouri, miscellaneous pests and their control in, 17, 126, 163; economic entomology in, 365 ; prohibition against importation of currants and gooseberries into Canada from, 472. Mites, attacking earwigs in Britain, 427 ; diseases of black currants due to, in Britain, 480 ; inter- cepted in California, 100, 137, 525 ; infesting potatoes in Hawaii, 552 ; destroying Coccus colemani in India, 322 ; on cin- chona and tea in Dutch E. Indies, 350 ; attacking Scoliid wasps in Mauritius, 301 ; control of, on citrus in Porto Rico, 486 ; con- trol of, on citrus in Queensland, 112; control of, on Eevea in Sumatra, 66 ; food-plants of, in Sweden, 151 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 34, 98, 252 ; new species of, of economic im- portance, in U.S.A., 22 ; clas- sification of gall-forming species of, 406 ; (see Eriophyes, Tetrany- cJius, etc.). Mods frugalis, on sugar-cane in Queensland, 139. modesta, Paralipsa. modestus, Lycidocoris. Moecha adusta, in cacao in the Belgian Congo, 79. moesia, Proutista (PJienice). Mogannia hebes, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. Molasses, in poison-baits, 122, 163, 202, 230, 240, 268, 305, 336, 371, 395, 396, 415, 445 ; in sprays, 31, 163, 198, 242, 293, 313, 415, 468, 518 ; influence of, on adhesive- ness of lead arsenate, 198; and glue, for trapping sawflies, 479. Mole-crickets, injections of carbon bisulphide into soil against, in U.S.A., 12, 13; in St. Lucia, 517 ; (see Gryllotalpa and Scap- teriscus). molesta, Cydia (Laspeyresia). molitor, Tenebrio. Ilollugo verticillata (Carpet -weed), Nysius ericae ovipositing on, in U.S.A., 399. MolotJirus ater (Cow-bird), destroy- ing Lachnosterna in Manitoba, 364. Momordiea charantia, food-plant of Eeliothis obsoleta in Sumatra, 271. monaeha, Apate ; Lymantria (Liparis). Monacrosporium, Xyleborus feeding on, in Ceylon, 434. Monarda punctata (Horsemint), food-plant of Agromyza pusilla in U.S.A., 298. Monarthropalpus buxi (Boxwood Leaf-miner), on box in Switzer- land, 368; in U.S.A., 205, 313; intercepted in U.S.A., 205 ; ex- periments with molasses sprays against, 313. Monecphora bieineta, bionomics and control of, on grasses in Cuba, 392. Monellia caryella (Little Hickory Aphis), food-plants of, in U.S.A., 227. Mongoose, destroying birds and lizards in Grenada, 334. Monieziella bipunetata, sp. n., on filbert in U.S.A., 22. monoceros, Oryctes. Monochamus maeulosus, in Pinus ponderosa in California, 528. Monochamus mulsanti var. rosen- muelleri, in firs in Siberia, 131. Monochamus sutor, in forests in Siberia, 131. Monochamus titillator, in white pine in Connecticut, 457. Monochoria hastata (Calaboa), food- plant of Prodenia litura in the Philippines, 379. INDEX. 681 Monocrepidms vespertinus, on cot- ton in U.S.A., 248. Manodontomerus aereus, parasite of gipsy and brown-tail moths in Maine, 178; hyperparasite of Apanteles lacteicolor in U.S.A., 51 P. Monodoniomerus dentipes, parasite of Zygaena oceitanica in France, 262 ; parasite of Diprion simile in U.S.A., 205, 460. Monohaimrms (see Monochamus). Monomorium, predaceous on boll- weevils in U.S.A., 248. Monomorium floricola, habits of, in Br. Guiana, 386. Manomoi-iumpharaiis( House Ant), measures against, in houses in Britain, 160; control of, in houses in Connecticut, 461. Monophlebtis corpulenta (see Drosicha). Monoxia jiuncticollis var, erosa, on beet in U.S.A., 565. Montana, insect pests in, 12, 114; measures against grasshoppers in, 389. montana, Ochrophora. Monterey Pine (see Pinus radiata). monticola, Dendroctonus. monticolae, Scolytus. Montserrat, miscellaneous pests in, 187 ; financial loss caused by cotton-stainers in, 187 ; success- ful introduction of Polistes annu- laris into, 541. Morganella (Aspidiotus) longispina, parasitised by Pteroptrichoides perkinsi in Hawaii, 352 ; on bois d'amande in Seychelles, 67. Morganella maskelli, intercepted on oranges in California, 137 ; on Persea gratissima in San Thome, 384. mori, Bomhyx (Sericaria) ; Dia- crista ; Tetraleurodes. morio, Sya^rus. morivorella, Xylebortis. Morning Glory (see Ipomoea). Morocco, EriopJiyes tlaiae producing galls on tamarisk in, 39. Morns alba, food-plant of Boarmia selenaria in Japan, 95 ; (see Mulberry). Morns alba var. japonica, a good food-plant for silkworms in India, 212. Morns alba var. pliilippinensis, a good food- plant for silkworms in India, 212. Mosaic Disease of Tobacco, spread by Diabrotica vittata in U.S.A., 200 ; disseminated by Aphids, 545. moschata, Aromia. mosellana, Sitodiplosis. mosellarum, Clinodiplosis. Mosquilla vastatrix, measures against, on cacao in Brazil, 365. Mosquitos, in Japan, 176 ; des- troyed by bats in Texas, 44; destroyed by chlorpicrin, 492. Moss, Truncaphis newsteadi on, in Britain, 170; encouraging scale-insects and mites in tea plantations in Ceylon, 315. Mosseri's Fumigator, for disinfecting cotton seed, 42. Mulberry, List of pests of, in Formosa, 174 ; food-plant of Prodenia litura in India, 379 ; silkworms bred on, in India, 125, 211 ; Aidacaspis pentagona on, in Italy, 143 ; Diplosis infesting, in Japan, 176; food- plant of silkworms in Japan, 438, 502 ; bionomics and control of Diplosis quadrifasciata on, in Korea, 281 ; resistance of, to attacks of Aulacaspis pentagona in Spain, 56 ; Pulvinariacupaniae imported into Jamaica from U.S.A., on, 86 ; (see Mortis). Mulberry Whitefly (see Tetraleu- rodes mori ). multicinctus, Hemitaxonus. muUidigitiili, Tetranychus. multilineatum, Zagrammosoma. multispinosus, Stidococcus. multistriatus, Scolytus {Eccopto- gaster). munakatae, Chelonis. Mung Bean (see Phaseolus aureus). Murgantia histrionica (Harlequin Cabbage Bug), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 268, 300, 565. murina. Hyper a (Phytonomus). Musa, Saissetia nigra depressa on, at Kew, 59 ; banana probably less susceptible to Tomarus }}itu- bereulatus than related species of, in St. Lucia, 516 ; (see Banana). Mtisa textile (Abaca), Cosmopolites sordidus on, in Philippines, 25. Musca domestica (House-fly), strength of hydrocyanic-acid gas required to kUl, 83 ; (see House- flies). muscorum, Philoscia. musculus, Spermophagus (see ;S^. subfasciatus). Musk Beetle (see Aromia moschata). Mussel Scale (see Lepidosaphes). Mussidia nigrivenella, on cacao in the Belgian Congo, 79. Mustard, pests of, in Ceylon, 539 ; pests of, in Germany, 344 ; as a trap-crop for Eurydema 682 INDEX. oleraceum in Germany, 5 ; pests of, in India, 124, 182, 473; Hhopalosiphuvi persicae on, in Japan, 548 ; as a trap-crop for Murgantia histrionica in Texas, 268, 300; pests of, in U.S.A., 209, 252, 495, 505. mutabilis, Crambtis ; Helops. Muth's Solution, spraying with, against Eriopliyes vitis, 6. llycetobia divergens (Bleeding Tree Maggot), on shade-trees in New York, 451. Mycodiplosis j)Cickci,fdi, sp. n., on Phius strobus in U.S.A., 493. Myelobia smerintJia, bionomics of, infesting canes in Brazil, 189. Myelopliilus minor (Pine Beetle), bionomics of, in forests in Britain, 153, 158 ; in forests in Sweden, 89, 147, 287. Myelophilus (Hylurgus) pini/perda (Pine Beetle), in Bohemia, 409 ; on conifers in Britain, 116, 117, 153, 158, 258; in forests in Norway and Sweden, 89, 147, 283, 287. Myiocera cremiodes, parasite oiLach- nosterna in Manitoba, 364. Mylabris, note on u?e of the name, 494. Mylabris schreiberi, destroying lo- cust eggs, 317. Mylloeerus blandus, on sugar- cane in India, 123. Mylloeerus diseolor, on sugar-cane in India, 123. Myochrous longulus, food-plants of, in Arizona, 22. myops, Oberea tripunctata. myosotidis. Aphis (see J., heliclirysi). Myriangiumduriaei (Black Fungus), infesting scale-insects in Formosa, 175 ; occasionally infesting Chio- naspis citri in St. Lucia, 516. Myrica gale, Lecanium eapreae on, in Britain, 59. Myristica fragans (Nutmeg), at- tacked by Coccotrypes dactyli- perda in Ceylon, 539. Myrmelachista ambigua rarmdorum ( Coffee- shade Ant) , associated with scale-insects on coffee in Porto Rico, 104. myrmeleon, Eulophonotus. Myrmica, destroyed by fowls in Britain, 57. Myrmica ruginodis, associated with Cryptosiphum artemisiae in Bri- tain, 170. Myrmothrix (see Camponotus). myrtilli, Anarta. Myrtle, Coccus hesperidum on, in Norway, 286. Mysore, plant pest legislation in, 40. mytilaspidis, Aphelinus ; Tetrany- chus. Mytilaspis, parasitised by Bardylis australiensis in Australia, 34. Mytilaspis casuarinae (see Lepido- sophes). Mytilaspis citricola (see Lep'do- saphes beclcii). Mytilaspis pomorum (ses Lepido- saplies ulmi), Myzaphis abietina, parasitised by Praon in Britain, 276 ; on spruce in Br. Columbia, 361. Myzocallis capitata, sp. n., on Quereus serrata in Japan, 548. Myzocallis {N ippocallis) Tcuricola, on Castanea sativa in Japan, 548. Myzocallis macrotuberculata, sp. n., on Quereus dentata in Japan, 548. Myzoides cerasi (see Myzus). Myzu^s carthusianus, sp. n., on thistle in Britain, 212. Myzus (Myzoides) cerasi (Cherry Aphis), bionomics and control of, in Canada and U.S.A., 103, 121, 213, 242, 361, 416, 441 ; in Sweden, 146. Myzus dispar (Green Currant Aphis), on cmrants and gooseberries in U.S.A., 213. Myzus {Itliop>alosiplium) 2^^^'^'^^^^ (Green Peach Aphis, Spinach Aphis), parasitised by Diaeretus chenopodiaphidis in Hawaii, 351 ; on mustard in Japan, 548 ; bio- nomics of, on peaches in U.S.A., 213, 413, 416, 453, 483; on fruit-trees in Victoria, 269, Myzus j)terisoides, sp. n., on ferns in Uganda, 209. Myzus ribis (Currant Aphis), biono- mics of, in Britain, 58, 212, 276 ; in Sweden, 146 ; bionomics of, in U.S.A., 213, 371, 417. Myzus rosarum, control of, on roses in France, 470. Myzus solanina, on potatoes in Britain, 508. N. Nacoleia blackburni (Coconut Leaf- roller), parasitised by Cremastus hymeniae in Hawaii, 351. Nacoleia m(Zicai«(Lima-bean\Vorm) on PJiaseolus in St. Vincent, 121. Nacoleia odosema (Scab jMoth), protection of bananas from, in Fiji, 237. - na^vana, Bhopobota (Eudemis, GrapJiolitha). nana, Trichogrammatoidea. nanana, Enarmonia (GrapJioliiha). nanella, Becurvaria. INDEX. 683 nanus. Op his. Xaphtha, for destroying locusts, 142. Naphthaline, experiments with, against carpet beetles, 533 ; for destroying clothes moths, 48 ; use of, against white grubs, 345 ; as a repellent for mole- crickets, 297 ; for preserving timber from insects, 160, 430 ; and lime, for protecting cabbages against Phor- bia hrassicae, 508. najyi, Pieris. Napomyza clirysanthemi (see Phy- tomysa). Narcissus, Emeriis strigatus in btdbs of, in N. America, 129; mites intercepted on, in Porto Eico, 485. Xarcissus Bidb Fly (see Eumerus strigaius). Narrow-leafed Cottonwood (see Populus angustifolia). nassatus, Orthotylus (see 0. mar- ginalis). nasutus, Bhinotermes. Natal, measures against Chalioides junodi on wattle in, 360. navale, TriboUum. neavel, Pliloniola. Nebraska, new Tachinid parasite of Eleodes in, 549. nebris, Papaipema. nebritana, Cydia (Grapholitha). nebtdata, Larentia. nebulella, Acrobasis. nebulosa, Cassida. nebulosus, Pseudohyles inus. Necrobia nifipes, infesting copra in Ceylon, 539 ; occasionally infest- ing food in Connecticut, 457 ; in stored copra in Seychelles, 68, 876 ; in stored copra in Zanzibar, 128. Nectarine, Cydia molesta on in U.S.A., 373. Nectarosiphum rubicola, on Mubus in Br. Columbia, 361. Nectria, infesting scale-insects, 9, 86. Nectria coccopMla, infesting scale- insects in Formosa, 175. Necydalis laevicollis, on tan-bark oak in California, 397. negund inis, Chaitophorus. N eg undo aceroides {see Acer negundo). Neviatospora, infesting oranges in the West Indies, 341. Nematus, on pears in Norway, 285. Nematus appendiculatus (see Pristi- phora pallipes). Nematus coertileocarpa (see Hol- cocneme). Nematus erichsoni (see Lygaeone- maius). Nematns ribesii (see Pteronus). Nematus salicis (see Pteronus). Nematus ventricosus (see Pteronus ribesii). Nemeritis cremastoides, parasite of Cydia strobilella in Sweden, 90, 332. nemorum, Microgaster ; Phyllotreta. Nemosoma elongatum., predaceous on Hypoborus ficus in France, 328. nenuphar, Conotraclielus. Neocatolaccus syrpliidis, parasite of a Syrphid fly in St. Vincent, 121. Neocerata {Dasyneura) rhodopliaga (Kose GaU Midge), in greenhouses in Canada, 84 ; measui'es against, on roses in U.S.A., 373, 451. Neoclytus conjunctus, in ash and oak in California, 397. Neoclytus erythrocephalus, in forests in New York, 451. Neocyphus piidens (see Cyplius). Neodimmockia agromyzae, sp. n., parasite of Agromyza phaseoli in Australia, 387. neomexicanus, Aphis. Neomphaloidella ceroplastae, para- site of Ceroplastes galeatus in Uganda, 52, 87. Neophasia menapia (Pine Butter- fly), in conifers in Canada, 521. Neoponera villosa inversa, on cacao in Br. Guiana, 386. Neotermes gestroi, on cacao in San Thome, 52. Neotermes malatensis (see Cdlo- termes). Neothrips corticis, on bark of apple in Maryland, 34. Neotropical Region, number of species of fruit-flies in, 208. Nephantis serinopa, on coconuts in Ceylon, 539. Nephelium lappaceum, Helopeltis on, in Java, 233. Nephopteryx rubrizonella (Pear Borer), bionomics and control of, on pears in Japan, 403. Nephotettix apicalis, on mulberry and Gramineae in Formosa, 174. Nephotettix bipunctatus (Rice Leaf- hopper), CoccineUids predaceous on, in Ceylon, 295 ; in India, 123. Nephrodium, Lepidosaphes gloveri on, at Kew, 59. Nepticula anomaleUa on roses in France, 470. Neptis agatha, parasitised by Tetrastichus sculpturatus in Uganda, 52. nerii, Aspidiotus (see A. hederae). Nettle Grubs (see Thosea). Neumancantelli Hot-air Machine, for disinfecting cotton seed, 43. 684 INDEX. Neurotoma flaviventris, on pear in France, 564 ; on pear in Switzer- land, 367. neustria, Malacosoma (Bombyx, Clisiocampa). Nevada, pests from, intercepted in California, 253, 294, 450. nevadica, Centrodera. New Guinea, Ceromasia sphenopJiori imported into Hawaii from, 351 ; introduction of Bhabdocnemis ohscura into Australia from, 241. New Jersey, miscellaneous pests in, 196, 273, 326, 396, 437, 440; measures against imported insect pests in, 204, 218, 221 ; an early economic entomologist in, 161; pests from, intercepted in Cali- fornia, 29, 137, 450. New Mexico, miscellaneous pests in, 299, 565 ; Tachinid parasite of Eleodes in, 312, 549. New South Wales, measures against maize pests in, 336 ; measures against peach tip moth in, 274. New York, miscellaneous pests in, 22, 48, 197, 205, 451 ; measures against radish pests in, 388 ; Metarrhizium anisopliae infest- ing Agriotes mancus in, 378 ; Thelia bimaculata parasitised by Aphelopus theliae in, 363 ; pests from, intercepted in California, 29, 101, 137, 525. New Zealand, measures against orchard pests in, 95, 165 ; mis- cellaneous pests in, 254, 552, 553 ; vine pests in, 95 ; value of beneficial insects in, 534-536. New Zealand Flax (see Phormium Umax). newsteadi, Pseudoeoccus ; Trun- eaphis. Nezara hilaris, on citrus in Florida, 473; on cotton in U.S.A., 248. Nezara viridula (Green Bug, Green Soldier Bug), a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174; relation of, to kernel spot disease of pecan in Georgia, 434, 453 ; on cacao and coffee in India, 162 ; bionomics and control of, on cotton in West Indies, 121, 250, 251,252,394,454, 455; bionomics of in U.S.A., 433, 453, 473, 494. Nicaragua, Schistocerca urichi in, 462 ; SpermopJiagus pect oralis intercepted in CaUfomia on beans from, 101. Nicofume, fumigation experiments with, against Isosoma orchidea- rvm, 327 ; in formula for nicotine oleate, 370 ; and soap, in sprays against Empoasca and Myzus ribis, 371. Nicotine, effect of, on Anasa tristis, 127; against Aphids and Psyl- lids, 112, 213, 341, 412, 470, 471 ; formula for spraying with, against Capsid bugs, 238 ; experi- ments in funjigation with, against Chermes, 157 ; fumigation with, against Gracilaria zachrysa, 221 ; in sprays against StepJianitis rhododendri, 443, 530 ; against orchard pests, 118, 238, 279", 285, 286, 341, 381, 385, 436, 448, 459, 470 ; against vine pests, 72, 73, 145, 273, 405 ; and calcium arsenate, 370 ; and copper solu- tions, 273 ; and lime-sulphur, 112, 405 ; and paraf&n emulsion, formulae for, 238, 424 ; and soap, in sprays, 5, 6, 42, 72, 73, 238, 279, 381, 436 ; effect of injection of, into orchids against Isosoma orchidearum, 327 ; j)roperties of, in insecticides, 398 ; in formiila for nicotine oleate, 422 ; no danger from eating fruit lately sprayed with, 239 ; experiments in testing for the presence of, on sprayed plants, 18. Nicotine Oleate, formulae for and experiments with, as a con act insecticide, 370, 422. Nicotine Resinate, experiments with, Sigainst A egeria exitiosa, 196. Nicotine Sulphate, formulae con- taining, 109,152,208,229,267,506; in sprays, 100, 104, 109, 152, 229, 231, 415, 456, 483, 497, 562; against Aphids, 99, 229, 230, 231, 340, 389, 415, 456; and Bordeaux mixture, 152, 162, 381, 497, 545; and lime-sulphur, 122, 162, 340, 405, 415; and soap, 99, 109, 267, 319, 320, 389, 415, 456, 506 ; effect of, on insect- larvae, 398 ; danger of eating fruit lately sprayed with, 239 ; unsatisfactory against Corytlmca ciliata, 102; not recommended against Cydia molesta, 370, 374. nidicola, Zygobothria. nidificus, Prociphihis. Nigeria, pests in, 80, 85 ; new thrips from, 297, 332. Nightingale, a beneficial bird in France, 320. Nightjar, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. Nightshade (see Solanum). nigra, Aphycus flavidulus ; Haplo- fhrips (^ee H. datices) ; Saissetia (Lecanium) ; Salpingog aster. nigrella, Saissetia (see S. nigra). nigricana, Cydia (Grapholitha). nigricans, Euxoa (Agrotis) ; Gro- tiusomyia ; Wagneria. INDEX. 685 nigricornis, Chrysapa ; Cyriacan- thacris ; Oecanthus. nigrinus, Tomicus (Hylastes). nigripennis, Taeniopteryx. nigripes, Leptura ; Phyllotreta. nigrirostris, Hypera (Phytonomus). nigritus, Chiloeorus. nigrivenella, Mihssidia. mgriventris , Sarcophaga. nigroarcolata, Icerya. nigrocyaneus, Dihrachys. mgrofasciatum, Trichosiphum. nigrofasciatus, Dysdereus. nigropletirum, Coecophagus. nigrotuberculata, Lachniella. nigrum, Trichosiphum. Nilaparvata greeni, on rice in Ceylon, 295. niohe, Dasychira. Nipa Palm (Nipa fruiicans), Prome- cotheca ctimingi on, in Malaya, 523 ; Brachartona catoxantha on, in Sumatra, 350. nipae, Pseudococeus. Nippocnllis Icuricola (see Myzo- callis). Nippolachnus piri (see Anoecia). Nipponaphis cuspidatae, sp. n., on Costanopsis cuspidata in Japan, 548. Nipponaphis distylii, on Distylium racemosum in Japan, 548. nipponicum, 3Iacrosiphum. Niptus hololeucus, on cereals in Sweden, 147. Nirvana orientalis var. ruhrosutura- lis, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. nishigaharae, Macrosiphum. Nisotra uniformis (Cotton Flea- beetle), food-plants of, in Anglo- Egyptian Sudan, 48. nitela, Papaipema (see P. nebris). nitida, Laehnosterna. nitidicoUis, Syrphus. mtiduliis, Exochomus ; Pityophtho- ru8. nitidimi, Asemum. nitidus, Phymatodes. Nitocris princeps (see Dirphya) Kitrogen Peroxide, chlorpicrin in- jurious to clothing when con- taining, 492. Nitrohm, ineffective agains"^ Xyle- bonis fornicatus, 541. niveosparsus, Idiocerus. niveus, Oecanthus. nobilis, Trichius. noctilio, Sirex. Noctua c-nigrum (see Agrotis). Nola cucullatella, on apples in Sweden, 149. fiorax, Aprostocenis. Norba/nus, parasite of Lasioderma serricorne in Java, 224. Noronhia emarginata, Ceratitis capi- tata on, in Hawaii, 168. norvegicus, Calocoris. Norway, forest pests in, 149, 283 ; miscellaneous insect pests in, 284-286. Norway Maple Aphis (see Chaito- phorus lyropicta). Nosema, new species of, infesting Attacus cynthia in U.S.A., 95 ; infesting bees, 448. Nosema apis (see Isle of Wight Disease.) Nosema bombycis, infesting silk- worms in India, 125 ; species allied to, attacking Attacus cyn- thia in U.S.A., 95. Notobitiis meleagris, on edible bam- boos in Formosa, 402. Notocelia roborana (see Eucosma). Notolophus antiqua (see Orgyia). Notophagus dombeyi, pests of, in ChUe, 429. Nova Scotia, measures against orchard pests in, 361, 558, 559, 560, 561 ; vegetable pests in, 241. novascotiensis, Lygus communis. novemnotata, Coccinella. Novius cardinalis, controlling Icerya purchasi in S. Africa, 86 ; check- ing Icerya purchasi in California, 98 ; attempted introduction of, into Ceylon, 11, 539, 541; mea- sures for establishment of, in France, 380 ; bionomics of, in Japan, 282 ; destroyed by pyrox sprays, 99. Novius limbatus, predaceous on Icerya purchasi in Japan, 283. noxius, Corymbites. nu, Eachiplusia. nubeculana, Ancylis. nubifera, Aleurodes (see Dialeurodes citri). nubilalis, Pyrausia. nucum, Balaninus, Nun Moth (see Lymantria monacha). nuncius, Amblyteles. nusslini, Chermes (Dreyfusia). Nutmeg (see Myristicafragrans). Nyasaland, new fruit-flies from, 208, 331 ; miscellaneous pests in, 69. Nygmia flexuosa, infesting cinchona in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Brown-tail Moth), colonisation of Comp- silura concinnata against, in Canada, 83, 559 ; on roses in France, 470; food-plants of, in Italy, 143 ; food-plants of, in Switzerland, 367, 514; measures against, in U.S.A., 88, 178, 458, 511, 513, 521; intercepted in U.S.A., 205, 312; bionomics of parasites of, 511-513. 686 INDEX. nympJiaeae, BhopdlosipJium (SipJio- coryne). Nymjihula, on rice in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Nysius angustatus (see N. ericae). Nyskis ericae (False CMncli Bug), bionomics of, in U.S.A., 399. Nysius vinitor (Rutherglen Bug), on fruit-trees in Victoria, 269. o. Oak, Anohium boring in, in Aus- tralia, 390; pests of, in Britain, 115, 119, 159, 247; weevils intercepted in, in California, 294 ; pests of, in Canada, 122, 364; pests of, in Europe, 521 ; Phyl- lopeHha horticola on, in Holland, 499 ; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 148, 149, 284; Tortrix viridana on, in Spain, 514; pests of, in U.S.A., 34, 227, 274, 290, 397, 421, 441, 457, 522, 528 ; (see Quereus). Oak, Black (see Quereus calif ornica). Oak, Coast Live (see Quereus agrifolia). Oak, Evergreen, Acroeercops affinis on, in California, 441 ; pests of, in France, 318, 477; pests of, in Spain, 414. Oak, Live (see Quereus virginiana). Oak, Tan-bark, NecydaUs laevi- collis on, in California, 397. Oak, White (see Quereus alba). Oak, WMte Valley, Phymatodes decussatus on, in California, 363. Oak Pruner (see Elaphidion villo- s^im). Oak Sawdust, experiments with, as a substitiite for bran in poison- baits, 396. Oats (Avena saliva), pests X)f, in Britain, 118, 435, 508, 509; Eurydema oleraceum on, in Ger- many, 5 ; Eeteronychus mashunus on, in Ehodesia, 240; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 147, 150, 151, 284; pests of, in U.S.A., 47, 194, 207, 221, 243, 244, 505, 566 ; relation of varie- ties of, to Hessian-fly injury, 244. Oat Aphis (see Siphonaphis padi). Oberea bimacidata (Cane Borer), measures against, on blackberries and raspberries in Indiana, 229. Oberea sehaumi, in wiUow in Cali- fornia, 528. Oberea trijmnctata, on dogwood in Connecticut, 458. Oberea tripunctata var. myops, food- plants of, in Connecticut, 458. oberti, Stethoconus. obfuscator, Meteorus. obliqua, Allograpta ; Diacrisia. obliquaria, Gonodontis. obliquus, AcantJiocinus ; Spliyrocoris. obliscata, TJiera. obliterata, Leptura. obliteratus, Xylotrechus (see X. ins ignis). oblongus, Phyllobius ; Symydohvus. obovatus, Brevipalpus. obscura, Cantharis ; Bhabdocnemis. obscurus, Adoxus (Bromius) ; Agri- otes ; Anaphothrips ; Phyma- todes ; Psallus (see P. ambiguus) ; Tenebrio. obsoleta, Eleodes ; Heliothis {Ghlo- ride a). obsoletum, Calosoma. obtectus, Bruchus (Acanfhoscelides)^ obtusa, Clastoptera. obtusus, DoAitylopius. obvia, Acliaea. occatoria, Tettigonia. occidentalis, Chermes ; Forda (see F. formicaria) ; FrankUniella ; Oryssus ; Polybia. occipitale, TrirJiithrum. occitanica, Zygaena. ocellana, Eucosma (Spilonota, Tmeto- cera). ocellaris, Epiphragmd. oeellatae, Microplitis. ocellatus. Sphinx (Smerinthus). ochracea, Cicada. ochrogaster, Euxoa. Ochroma lagopus (Cork Wood), a possible food-plant of Dysdercus delauneyi in St. Vincent, 542. Ochrophora montana, swarm of, on coffee in India, 125. Ocimum sanctum, Ceroplastes cajani on, in India, 86. Ocnerioxa woodi, sp. n., from Nyasa- land, 331. octocola, Chrysobothris. octosema, Nacoleia. octospina, Atta (Acromyrmex). oculata, Chrysopa. Odina modier, Heterobostrychus aequalis in, in India, 519. Odoipor^s longicollis, on bananas in Ceylon, 539. Odonestis plagifera, on cinchona in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Odontotermes form^osanus, on mul- berry in Formosa, 174. Odontria, bionomics of, in New Zealand, 535. Odynerus catsJcillensis, predaceous on Eucosma ocellana in Quebec, 64. Oecanthus nigricornis, measures against, on raspberry in Minne- sota, 372. INDEX. 687 Oecanthus niveus (Snowy Tree Cricket), on cotton in U.S.A., 248. Oeceticus platensis (Argentine Bag- worm), establishment of para- sites of, in Argentina, 315, 517. Oecophylla smaragdina, on cacao in the Belgian Congo, 80 ; relation of, to Coccus colemani in India, 321 ; in plantations in Dutch E. Indies, 343, 350. Oedaleus, Coccobacillus ineffective against, 288. oedemisiae, Campoplex {Ameloc- tonus), Oedipoda, measures against, in Italy, 500. oesteetis, Stathmopoda. ogimae, Atoposomoidea. Ohio, Heiniiaxonus mtiUicinctus on ferns in, 549 ; bionomics and control of Macrosij)huvi solani- folii in, 455 ; new Microlepidop- tera from, 440, 441, ; pests from, intercepted in California, 137, 253, 450, 525. Oidium, use of precipitated sulphur against, in Spain, 55. Oil, Miscible, in sprays for orchard pests, 11, 17, 28, 95, 98, 111, 112, 126, 246, 253, 400, 411, 449, 450, 456, 471 ; formulae containing, 112, 411, 449, 471; and lime- sulphur, 450 ; ineffectiye against Cydia povioneUa, 374 ; use of, for making emulsions, 27. Oil, Fir Seed, production of, in Germany, 5. Oil Emulsion, in sprays against orchard pests, 28, 95, 98, 111, 246, 253, 268, 389, 400 ; formulae for, 379 ; efficacy of, affected by kind of soap used in preparing, 487. Oil Palm (see Elaeis guineensis). Oils, for protecting figs from Lon- chaea aristella, 75, 77 ; obtained from fruit of Aleurites cordata in Japan, 236 ; increased yalue of nicotine oleate, when emulsified with, 370, 422 ; for preserving timber from insects, 277, 390, 430 ; for trapping insects, 423, 440 ; properties of, in insecticides, 398 ; in banding formulae, 470. Okra (see Hibiscus esculenius). Okra Caterpillar (see Anomis erosa). Olea chrysophylla, pests of, in Eritrea, 530 ; (see Oliye). Olea europaea, food-plant of Gliry- somphalus paulistus in Argentina, 225 ; pests of, in Italy, 530. oleae, Dacus ; Filippia {Philippia) ; Phloeothrips ; Saissetia (Lecan- ium). Oleander, Aspidiotus rapax probably on, in Barbados, 394 ; alternative food-plant of citrus pests in Florida, 474 ; j)ests of, in Italy, 143. Oleander Scale (see Aspidiotus he- derae). oleellus. Prays. Oleic Acid, in jtreparation of com- mercial sulphiu' pastes, 291 ; in formula for nicotine oleate, 370, 422. oleiperda, Ehahdophaga. oleiphila, Hormomyia. oleivorus, Eriophyes. oleracea, Haliica ; Polia {Mames- tra) ; Tipula. oleraeeuvi, Eurydema. Olethreutes achaiano, on Cotoneaster Jiorizontalis in Hungary, 408. Olethreufes hemidesma, on Spiraea in U.S.A., 313, 458. Olethreutes variegana (see Argyro- ploce). Oligotropus alopecuri (Meadow Fox- tail Midge), spread of, in New Zealand, 535. olivacea, Forda. Olive {Olea), Dacus oleae on, in N. Africa, 39 ; pests of, in Cyprus, 119; pests of, in Eritrea, 530; Sinoxylon sexdentatum on, in France, 477 ; pests of, in Italy, 143, 530 ; pests of, in Spain, 55, 56, 272, 514. Olive Fly (see Dacus oleae). Olive Moth (see Prays oleellus). OUve Scale (see Saissetia oleae). Olive Oil, in banding formula against Cheimatohiahrumala, 470. Olla abdominalis, predaceous on ChromapMs juglandieola in Cali- fornia, 99, 415; Dinocampus terminatus probably introduced with, into Hawaii from N. America, 352. Olneya tesota (Desert Iron Wood), Bruchus pruininus in seeds of, in California, 352. olneyae, Tyndaris. Omiodes blaclcburni (see Naeoleia). Omorgus phtliorimaeae, parasite of PMhorimaea operculella in S. Africa, 360. OvijjJialclirysocliarisjietiolatus, sp. n., parasite of an Osciuid in U.S.A., 274. Oncideres eingulata (Hickory Twig- girdler), on pecan in U.S.A., 227. Oncideres texana (Twig Girdlcr), measures against, on pecan in Texas, 268. Oncometopia lateralis, on cotton in U.S.A., 248. 688 INDEX Oncometopia undata (Orange Jassid), on cotton and citrus in U.S.A., 248, 474. Oncopelhcs fasciatus, a supposed ^' cotton pest in St. Vincent, 251. Onesia, first larval stage of Phyto melanocephala resembling that of, 35. Onion, Tylenchxis on, in Algeria, 32 ; Eumerus strigaius in, in N. America, 129 ; Lachnosterna on, in Antigua, 211 ; pests of, in Britain, "425, 432, 508, 509; con- trol of Hi/lemyia antiqua on, in Canada, 122; Thripstobaci on, in Chile, 429 ; Hylemyia antiqua on, in Colombia, 366 ; Crioceris mer- digera on, in France, 441 ; Hyle- myia antiqua on, in Switzerland, 368; pests of, in Sweden, 150, 286 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 34, 105, 202, 230, 493, 505, 506. Onion Fly (see Hylemiyia antiqtia). Onion Maggot (see Hylemyia antiqua). Onion Moth (see Acrolepia assec- tella). Onion Thrips (see Thrips taba^i). Oniscus asellus, parasites of, 35. onobrychidis, Gontarinia. Onobrycliis sativa (Sainfoin), Gon- tarinia onobrychidis on, in Britain, 508 ; Sphenoptera laticollis on, in France, 476. ononidis, GalUpterus. Ononis repens, Aphid on, in Britain, 247. OnopMlus caridei, gen. et sp. n., parasite of scale-insects in Argen- tina, 428. Ontario, orchard pests in, 165; insect pests in, 412. oophaga, MestocJiaromyia. Oophthora semblidis (see TricTio- gramma). Ootetrastichus, establishment of, in Hawaii, 275, 552. opaca, Blitophaga ; Eleodes ; Bi- canoptera. opaeus, Hylastes. Opadia funebrana (see Gydia). Opatrinus gemellatus, on cotton in West Indies, 394. opercularis, Megalopyge. operculella, Phthorimaea. Operophthera brumata (see Gheima- tobia). Ophideres fullonica (see Othreis). Ophion bicarinatus, parasite of flo- mona cojfearia in Ceylon, 540. Ophion mercator,- parasite of Neuro- toma flaviventris in France, 564. Ophionectria cocci co?a (White-headed Fungus), infesting Lepidosaphes becMi in St. Lucia, 516. Ophionellus biguttattts, parasite of rice-borers in Japan, 236. Ophiihsa melicerta (see Achaea Jan- ata). Ophonus ruficornis, food-plants of, in Central Europe, 96. Opius, parasite of Agromyza in Hawaii, 351. Opius concolor, importation of, into Italy, against Dacus oleae, 256. Opius fletcheri, establishment of, againstDacws cucu7'bitaein Hawaii, 39, 69, 127, 161, 225, 275, 357, 400, 476, 518, 542. Opius humilis, establishment of, against Geratitis capitata in Hawaii, 167, 184, 185, 357, 400, 518, 542. Opius nanus, species allied to, para- sitic on Agromyza in Hawaii, 351. Opogona glyciphaga (Sugar-cane Bud moth), parasitised by Stomato- ceras gracilicorpus in xiustraUa, 387. Opsimus quadrilineatus, in Pseudo- tsuga taxi folia in California, 363. Opsius heydeni, on tamarisk in Germany, 342. optatus, Horonotus. Opuntia (Prickly Pear), Goenopoeus palmeri breeding in, in California, 528 ; Stegodyphus sarasinorum on, in Madras, 474 ; Marmara opuntiella on, in Massachusetts, 21 ; use of sap of, in arsenical sprays in West Indies, 472. opuntiella, Marmara. Orange (Gitrus aurantium), pests of, in E. Africa and Uganda, 51, 86 ; pests of, in N. Africa, 38, 39 ; Papilio troantiades on, in Argentina, 428 ; Papilio idaeus on, in Brazil, 501 ; scale-insects on, in Britain, 59 ; pests inter- cepted on, in California, 29, 137, 293 ; scale-insects on, in Chile, 500; pests of, in Fiji, 237; pests of, in Gold Coast, 133 ; Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis on, in Br. Guiana, 387 ; pests of, in West Indies, 105, 341, 517; pests of, in Italy, 143, 443 ; pests of, in Japan, 282, 548; scale-insects on, in Seychelles, 376; pests of, in U.S.A., 21, 97, 217, 313, 450; pests of, in Zanzibar, 86, 276. Orange, Chinese (see Gitrus japonica). Orange Beetle (see Diapromorpha melanopus). Orange Jassid (see Oncometopia undata). Orange Mite (see Brevipalpus obovatus). INDEX. 689 Orange Piercing Moths (see Achaea and Othreis). Orange Sawyer (see ElapMdion inerme). Orange Snow Scale (see CMonaspis citri). Oranges, in poison-baits for grass- hoppers, 106, 230, 305. Orchesia micans, parasitised by Ileteorus obfuscator mFrance, 477. Orchestes fagi (see Bhynchaenus). orchidearum,, Isosoma. Orchids, pests intercepted on, in Hawaii, 476 ; pests of, in New Jersey, 205, 326 ; ants inter- cepted on, in Porto Rico, 485 ; weevils infesting, in U.S.A., 549, 556 ; pests intercepted on, in U.S.A., 29, 100, 101, 137, 206, 450, 525. Grchivora, Acythopeus. Orcus chalyhaeus, predaceous on Chrysomphalus imported into Italy, 36. Oregma bambusae, on bamboo in Ceylon, 539. Oregon, Macros iphum rhododendri on Rhododendron calijornieum in, 372 ; new species of Bliodites infesting roses in, 529 ; experi- ments with sprays in, 199, 274 ; pests from, intercepted in Cali- fornia, 101, 253, 294, 450, 525. oregonensis, Ehodites. oregonus, Pogonochaerus. Oreodoxa regalis (Koyal Palm), Brassolis isthmia on, in Panama, 20 ; Levuana iridescens on, in Fiji, 237. Oreodoxa regia (West Indian Koyal Palm), Oryctes rhinoceros on, in Philippines, 260. Orgilus, parasite of Acrobasis nehu- Ze^Za in U.S.A., 169. Orgyia antiqiia (Vapourer Moth), on apple and plum in Sweden, 148 ; occasionally parasitised by Meteo- rus versicolor in U.S.A., 513 ; intercepted in U.S.A., 206. Orgyia postica (Tussock Moth), on tea in Ceylon, 315 ; on mulberry in Formosa, 175. Orgyia viridescens, on mulbeny in Formosa, 175. orgyiae, Amorphota. Oriental Moth (see Cnidocampa flavescens). Oriental Peach Moth (see Cydia molest a). Oriental Eegion, number of species of fruit-flies in, 208 ; Prodenia litura occurring in, 379. orientalis, Anomala ; Aspidiotus ; Bl-aita ; Borylus ; Prococcopha- gus (Coccophagus). Ormenis pygmaea, on coffee in Porto Rico, 105. ornatus, Bruchus. ornithogalli, Prodenia. Ornix (see Parornix). oronoensis, Syrphus. Orpiment, used in preparation of shellac, 513. Orthezia, intercepted on ornamental plants in California, 137. Orthezia amhrosiae, sp. n., on Am- brosia trifida in Kansas, 546. Orthezia insignis, on coffee in San Thome, 52, 384. Oiihocraspeda trima, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. Orthotyhis marginalis, on apples in Britain, 278, 279, 280 ; measures against, on pear in Switzerland, 367. Orthotylus nassaius (see 0. margi- nalis). ortmanisi, Exocentrus. Oryctes (Rhinoceros Beetles), bio- nomics of, in the Philippines, 24, 183. Oryctes boas, on coconuts in Zanzi- bar, 276. Oryctes monoceros, bionomics of, on coconuts in Br. E. Africa, 26; on coconuts in Zanzibar, 276. Oryctes rhinoceros (Rhinoceros Bee- tle), on coconut in Dutch E. Indies, 350 ; experiments \vith Metarrhizium anisojdiae against in Java, 446 ; natural enemies of, in Madagascar and Aldabra, 375 ; bionomics and control of, in Philippines, 259-261 ; in- fested with Metarrhizium aniso- pliae in Samoa, 378 ; on coconut in Seychelles, 375 ; food-plants of, and measures against, in Texas, 268. Oryctes tarandus, measures against on sugar-cane in Mauritius, 141, 301, 489. oryctophaga, Scolia. Oryssus, habits and systematic position of, 550. Oryssus occidentalis, bionomics of, in U.S.A., 550. oryzae, Calandra. Oryzopis miliacea, as a shelter-trap for Haltica ampelophaga in Algeria, 142. osborni, Paranagrus. Oscinella frit (Frit-fly), on cereals in Britain, 435, 508; on cereals in Italy, 143 ; food-plants of, in Sweden and Norway, 150, 284. Oscinis frit (see Oscinella). Oscinis theae, on tea in Ceylon, 539. Oscinosoma discretum, bionomics of, on figs in Italy, 77. 690 INDEX, Osier (see Willow). osmanthae, Prociphilus. Osmanthus americanus, food-plant of citrus pests in Florida, 474. Osmanthus aquifolium, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Osmilia flavoUnecUa, on rubber in Br. Guiana, 385. Ossa dimidiata, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. ostensackeni, Bhodites. ostreaeformis, Aspidiotus. ostreata, Pseudoparlaloria. ostulae, Pulvinaria. Otacustes 2^eriliti, parasite of Mala- cosovia americana and Hemero- campa leucostigma in U.S.A., 493. Othreis {Ophideres) fullonica {Orange- piercing Moth), food-plants and natural enemies of, in Fiji, 237 ; measures against, in Gold Coast, 133. Otiorrhynchus, measures against, on vines in Russia, 162. Oiiorrliynchus asphaltinus, on vines in Russia, 172. Otiorrhynchus cmruptor, on vines in Italy, 172. Otiorrhynchus cribricollis, partheno- genetic reproduction of, in France, 72. Otiorrhynchus globus, on vines in Italy, 172. Otiorrhynchus graeciis, on vines in Greece, 172. Otiorrhynchus ligustici, on vines in France, 72, 172 ; parthenogene- tic reproduction of, 72. Otiorrhynchus longipennis, on vines in Austria- Hiuigary, 172. Otiorrhynchus ovatus (Strawberry Root Weevil, Strawberrry Crown Girdler), in Canada, 24, 85 ; in Massachusetts, 25. Otiorrhynchus picipes (see O. singu- laris). ■Otiorrhynchus planatus, on vines in Austria-Hungary, 172. Otiorrhynchus raucus, on vines in France, 172; food-plants of, in Sweden, 147. Otiorrhynchxis singularis (picipes) (Raspberry Weevil), in Britain, 58, 509 ; on vines in France, 172 ; on currants in Sweden, 147. Otiorrhynchus suJcatus, natural ene- mies, of, on vines in Europe, 172 ; parthenogenetic reproduction of, in France, 72 ; use of calcium cyanamide against, in Germany, . 405 ; on raspberries in Sweden, 147. Otiorrhynchus tenebricosus, on vines in France, 172. Otiorrhynchus tristis, on vines in Germany, 172. Otiorrhynchus turca, parthenogene- tic reproduction of, in France, 72 ; on vines in Russia, 172. Otiorrhynchus zebra, on vines in Italy, 172. Ouzel, Water, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. ovata, Chalcis ; Clepsidrina. ovatus, Otiorrhynchus. ovicenatus, Gonatocerus. ovivorum, Tetrastichus. Owl, Great Horned, a noxious bird in France, 320. Owls, beneficial in Britain, 478. oxyacanthae, Erineum. Oxycarenus (Cotton Stainers), on cotton in Tropical Africa, 51, 69. Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, food- plants of, in the Anglo-Eg3rptian Sudan, 48. oxycarpi, Carthamus. Oxycetonia versicolor, on roses in Seychelles, 376. Oxydendrum, Oberea tripunctata myops on, in Connecticut, 458. Oxygrapha comariana (Strawberry Tortrix), on strawberries in Bri- tain 436, 510. Oxygrapha contaminata, on roses in France, 470. Oxygrapha holmiana, on roses in France, 470. Oxyptilus periscelidaetylus (Grape Plume Moth), in Massachusetts, 26. Oxythyrea funesta, on roses in France, 469. Oyster-shell Scale (see Lepidosaphes ulmi). P. pabulinus, Lygiis. Pachira aquatica, Dryoctenes scrupu- losus on, in Brazil, 256. Pachnaeus opalus (Citrus Root- Weevil), on citrus in Florida, 473. Pachycrepoideus dubitis, introduced into Hawaii from the Philippines against Ceratitis capitata, 184. Pachymerus arthriticus, infesting seeds of palmetto in N. America, 356. Pachymerus bactris, infesting seeds of Gopernicia cerifera in S. America, 356. Pachymerus chinensis (see Bruchus). Pachymerus curvipes, on coconuts in S. America, 356. Pachymerus gonagra (Tamarind Bruchus), bionomics of, in Hawaii, INDEX, 691 352, 354, 355, 356 ; attacking seeds of Prosopis juliflora in India, 519 ; food-plants of, in Dutcli E. Indies, 350. Paehymerus luteomarginatus, in- festing seeds of Copernicia cerifera in S. America, 356. Paehymerus quadrimaculatus (see Bruchus). Pachyneuron aphidivorum, para- site of Macrosiphimi solanifolii in OMo, 455. Pachyneuron micans, synonym of P. siphonophorae, 351. Pachyneuron siphonophorae, attack- ing Ephedrus incompletus and Diaeretus chenopodiapMdis in Hawaii, 351. Pachyneuron vindemmiae, parasite of Lonchaea aristella and Droso- phila ampelophila in Italy, 76. Pachypeltis humeralis, on Vitis and tea in Sumatra, 38. Pachypeltis vittiscidis, legislation against importation of, into Sumatra, 38. Pachyrhina makiella, on mulberry in Formosa, 174. Pachyrhizus angulatus, HaUieus minutus on, in Pescadores, 503. Pachyschelus undularius, bionomics on Sapium higlandolosum in Argentina, 188. Pachyta liturata, in fir in Cali- fornia, 397. Pachyfa spurca, in Pseudotsuga taxifolia in California, 397. Pachytylus migratoria (see Locusta). Pachyzancla bipunctalis, food-plants of, in West Indies, 121, 394. Pachyzancla periusalis (Tobacco Leaf-folder), bionomics and con- trol of, in Porto Rico, 485. pacifiea, Taen iopteryx. pacificus, Hemerobius. packardi, Melanoplus; Ilycodiplosis. pactolana, Cydia (Grapholitha). padellus, Hyponomeuta. padi, Eriophyes ; Siphonaphis (Aphis, Siphocoryne). Padraona chrysozona, a minor pest of coconuts in Philippines, 25. Padraona hypometoma, a minor pest of sugar-cane in Queensland, 139, paeonias, Pseudaonidia. pagana, Blepharomyia. Palaeacrita vernata (Spring Canker Worm), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 303, 385, 528, 546. palaeacritae, Microgaster. Palaeopus costicollis, sp. n., on sweet potatoes in Jamaica, 209. Palaeopus dioscoreae, sp. n., on yams in Jamaica, 254. Palaeopus grenadensis, sp. n., in Grenada, 209, Palaeopus subgranulatus, sp, n., in St. Vincent, 209. Palas (see Butea frondosa). paleana, ToHrix. pallens, Gonometa. palliatus, Hylastes (Hylurgops). pallida, Taeniopteryx. pallidulus, Agriotes. pallidum, PycnartJirum. pallidus. Pemphigus ; Tarsonemus. pallipes, Campoplex (Limneria) ; Polistes ; Pristiphora ; Psen. palmae, Aspidiotus. palmata, Macrotoma. palmeri, Coenopoeus. Palmetto (see Sabal palmetto). Palms, Chrysomphalus aonidum intercepted on, in S. Africa, 358 ; BrucMds infesting seeds of, in N. and S. America, 356 ; pests intercepted on, in California, 29, 137; Levuana iridescens on, in Fiji, 237 ; scale-insects inter- cepted in seeds of, in Hawaii, 476 ; pests of, in Dutcli E, Indies, 350 ; Aspidiotus hederae on, in Italy, 143 ; Oryctes rhino- ceros on, in Philippines, 250 ; pests intercepted on, in Porto Rico, 485 ; pests of, in Sey- chelles, 376 ; Oryctes rhinoceros on, in Texas, 268. Palm, African Oil-nut (see Elaeis guineensis). Palm, Fish-tail (see Caryota urens). Palm, Nipa (see Nipa fruticans). Palm, Oil (see Elaeis guineensis). Palm, Royal (see Oreodoxa regalis). Palm, Royal West Indian (see Oreodoxa regia). Palm, Sago (see Caryota urens). Palm, Sugar (see Arenga sacchari- fera). palmyra, Euschema. Pamera, on strawberries in Texas, 268. Panama, bionomics and control of Brassolis isthmia on coconuts in, 19-21 ; Schistocerca urichi in, 462 ; Lepidopterous pupae inter- cepted in California on orchids from, 137. Panargyrops claviger, parasite of sawiiies in Britain, 431. Pandanus, Archon centaurus on, in Gold Coast, 133 ; Hemichionaspis aspidistrae on, in Seychelles, 68. pandava, Catochrysops. panicea, Sitodrepa. paniceum, Anobium. Panicum dichotomuni, food-plant of Scudderia texensis in U.S.A., 563. 692 INDEX. Panicum maximum (Guinea Grass), Monecphora bieineta on, in Cuba, 392. Panicum numidianum (Panama or Parana Grass), Monecphora bieine- ta on, in Cuba, 392. Panicum sanguinale (Crab-grass), Thrips tabaci on, in Florida, 505. Panicum viscidum, food-plant of Scudderia texcnsis in U.S.A., 563. Panolis flamm,ea (griseovariegata), in forests in Europe, 521 ; on pines in Sweden, 149. Pansy, Aphis malvoides on, in Lahore, 473. pantelli, Perrisia. Pantomorus fulleri, spreading Cro- nartium ribicola in greenliouses, 9. paolii, Calothrombium. Papaipema nebris (Tomato Stalk- borer), on potatoes etc. in U.S.A., 248, 340, 414, 479. Papaipema nitela (see P. nebris). Papaipema purpurifascia (Colum- bine Borer), a garden pest in New York, 451. Papaver, Aphis acetosae on, in Europe and Egypt, 209. Papaw (Carica papaya), Aspidiotus destructor on, in Fiji, 237 ; pests of, in San Thome, 52, 384; measures against Aulacaspis pen- iagona on, in Seychelles, 376 ; Toxotrypana curvicauda inter- cepted in, in U.S.A., 206 ; Bato- cera rubus on, in Virgin Islands, 377. Papaya Fruit-Fly (see Toxotrypana curvicauda). Papeete, pests from, intercepted in California, 137. Papilio androgeus, on citrus in Porto Rico, 487. Papilio cresphontes, measures against, on citrus in Florida, 473. Papilio demodocus, on orange in Uganda, 51. Papilio idaeus, bionomics and con- trol of, on citrus in Brazil, 501. Papilio troantiades, on oranges in Argentina, 428. Papua depressella, on sugar-cane in India, 123. Paracalocoris hawleyi (Hop Red- bug), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 109. Parachry Somalia secunda, sp. n., reared from turpentine galls in Australia, 35. Paradichlorobenzine, experiments with, against clothes moths, 532. paradoxa, Sipha. Parofairmairia gracilis, on Carex in Britain, 59. Paraffin, as a substitute for alcohol in spray against Eriosoma lani- gerum, 471 ; syringing with, against furniture beetles, 160; against scale- insects, 144, 145. Paraffin Emulsion, against Aphids and Coccids, 145, 160; spraying experiments with, 238,239,391; and nicotine, 238, 424 ; more expensive than mixture of Paris green and lime, 439 ; formulae for, 217, 424. Paraguay, Baryssinus leguminicola infesting leguminous plants in, 552 ; Buprestid allied to Pachy- schelus undularius in, 188. Paralaptus torquatus (see Parvu- linus aurantii). Paraleptomastix abnormis (Sicilian Mealy-bug Parasite), distribution of, against Pseudococcus citro- philus in California, 168. Paraleurodes perseae (Bay White- fly), on citrus in Florida, 473. Paralipsa modesta, intercepted in stored rice in Hawaii, 518. parallela, Aphrophora ; Tiphia. Parallelodiplosis catileyae (Cattleya Midge), intercepted on orchids in U.S.A., 206. Paranagrus osborni (Corn Leaf- hopper Parasite), liberation of, in Hawaii, 39, 69, 127, 161, 225, 275, 357, 400, 476, 518, 542. paranensis, Schistocerca. Paranthrene tabaniformis, on pop- lars in Sweden, 149. Paraphania fuscipennis, sp. n., from India, 331. Parasa, a minor pest of coffee in Br. E. Africa, 15 ; parasites of, in Uganda, 51. Parasa eonsocia, on Aleurites cordata in Japan, 236. Parasa lepida, on tea in Sumatra, 37. Parasa microbasis, on cacao in Bel- gian Congo, 79. Parasa vivida, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Parasidis macula (see Scymnus). Parasites, apparatus for preserving against rice plant-borer in Japan, 401. Paratetranychus althaeae, in hot- houses in Sweden, 151. Paratetranychus (Tetranychus) pilo- sus, on fruit trees in Canada, 84 ; on apple and plum in Nor- way and Sweden, 151, 285. Paratetranychus ununguis, on spruce in Sweden, 151. Pardalapsis quinaria, gen. et sp. n., on apricot in Rhodesia, 208. pardalina, Locusta. INDEX, 693 parenthesis, Hippodamia. Parexorista caridei, sp. n., parasite of Oeceticus platensis in Argen- tina, 517. Parharmonia pini, infesting Pinus strobus in U.S.A., 493. pariana, Hemerophila (Simaethis). Paridris ehilensis, gen. et sp. n., parasite of Dirphia amphimone in Cliile, 428. Paris Green, 361, 370; formulae for using, 122, 230, 305 ; dusting with, 31, 53, 216, 241, 380, 395, 412, 439; in poison-baits, 10, 74, 81, 143, 230, 297, 305, 336, 337, 372, 395, 396, 492, 493, 538, 555 ; against leaf-eating beetles, 4, 201, 440, 492, 493, 499 ; against various Lepidoptora, 53, 122, 143, 201, 214, 216, 241, 255, 271, 380, 394, 412, 445; against locusts and grasshoppers. 230, 297, 347, 555; against saw-flies, 371, 439; and Bordeaux mix- ture. 440 ; more expensive than calcium and lead arsenates, 255, 271, 330, 395 ; ineffective against Rhopobota naei'ana, 118; ob- jections to spraying clover with, 65 ; determination of arsenic in, with potassium iodate, 440 ; effect of addition of prickly-pear sap to sprays of, 472 ; legislation respecting purity of, in Pennsyl- vania, 40. Parlatoria, parasites of, in Spain, 113; intercepted on palm in California, 137. Parlatoria chinensis (Chaff' Scale), intercepted in U.S.A., 206. Parlatoria pergandei, intercepted on citrus in S. Africa, 358 ; inter- cepted on citrus in California, 253, 293, 294; imported into Jamaica on citrus from India, 86; on oranges in U.S.A., 313. Parlatoria proteus, parasitised by Bardylis austr aliens in Australia, 35. Parlatoria zizyphus, intercepted on citrus in S. Africa, 358 ; imported into Jamaica in citrus from India, 86. Parornix guttea, on apples in Nor- way, 285. Parornix spiraefoliella, sp. n., on Spiraea in. Br. Columbia, 441. Parsley, Acidia lieraclei on, in Britain, 436 ; Psila rosae on, in Sweden, 150;. alternative host- plant of Myzus persicae in U.S.A., 416. Parsley Aphis (see Bhopalosiplmm capreae). (C569) Parsnip, pests of, in Britain, 436, 508, 509 ; measures against De- pressariaheraeleana. on, in Canada, 255, 412; Psila rosa on, in Sweden, 150 ; Corythuca dis- tincta on, in U.S.A., 493. Parsnip, Wild, food-plant of Sipho- coryne spp. in Britain, 41. Parsnip Webworm (see Depressaria heracleana). parvicornis, Agromyza. parvula, Epitrix. Pamdinus aurantii ( Metalaptus torquatus), parasite of Cliry^om- phalus dictyospermi in Spain, 113; possibly a parasite of Psocids etc. in Italy, 443. parvulus, Menius ; Xylehorus. parvus, Eutermes. pasaniae, EutricJiosiphum . pascha, Bhynchophorus. Paspalum, food-plant of Scapteris- cus ricinus in West Indies, 296. Passiflora foetida, food-plant of Eeliotliis obsoleta in Sumatra, 271. passiflorae, Dacus. pastinacae, Hyadaphis ; Sipho- earyne. patraii, Pristaulacus. paulistus, Clirysomphaliis. Pea Bruchus (see Bruchus pisormn). Pea Cliink (see Edessa meditabunda). Pea Weevil (see Bruchus pisoruvi). Peach (Prunus persica), pests of, in S. Africa, 324, 357 ; pests of, in Britain, 159, 509; Trypetid larvae intercepted in, in Cali- fornia, 100 ; pests of, and their control in Canada, 23, 54, 84, 165 ; Lophotus phaleratus on, in Chile, 429 ; Hyalopterus pruni on, in Egypt, 209; Epidiaspis piri- cola on, in France, 411 ; moth intercepted on, in Hawaii, 39 ; pests of, and their control, in Holland, 135, 140, 141 ; pests of, in Italy, 143; Aphids on, in Japan, ' 548 ; pests of, in Sweden, 146 ; Aspidiotus eyano- phylli on, in Uganda, 86 ; pests of, and their control in U.S.A., 98, 196, 213, 228, 231, 252, 267, 300, 369, 373, 389, 450, 452, 464, 489 ; measures against Tortricid moth on, in New South Wales, 274 ; pests of, in New Zealand, 96 ; scorching effect of calcium arsenate sprays on foliage of, 329. Peach Aphis (see Myzus persicae). Peach Borer (see Aegeria exitiosa). Peach Curculio (see Gonotraclelus nenuphar). Peach Fruit-fiy (see Dacus zonatus). 694 INDEX. Peach Scab, measures against, in U.S.A., 228. Peach Twig-borer (see Anarsia lineatella). Peanut (see Arachis hypogaea). Pear (Pyrtis communis), Cydia pomoneUa on, in S. Africa, 324, 358 ; legislation respecting re- moval of, in S. Africa, 358 ; mites forming galls on, in Aus- tria, 406 ; pests of, in Britain, 159, 432, 508, 510; pests of, in Canada, 24, 60, 84, 165, 329, 361 ; pests intercepted on, in Canada, 101, 137 ; TaeniotJirips inconse- quens on, in Crimea, 65 ; mea- sures against Oydia pomonella on, in Cyprus, 383 ; pests of, in France, 73, 411, 442, 564; pests of, in Germany, 343, 405 ; Cydia pomonella intercepted on, in Hawaii, 127; pests of, in Hol- land, 37, 499 ; pests of, in Italy, 143, 144, 173, 366; pests of, in Japan, 403, 502 ; Aphids on, in Lahore, 473 ; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 285; Cydia pomonella on, in SicUy, 256 ; pests of, in Switzerland, 367 ; pests of, and their control, in U.S.A., 27, 29, 97, 98, 212, 234, 253, 300, 373, 384, 400, 416, 447, 458 ; pests of, and their control in New Zealand, 553 ; effect of potassium cyanide on, 433. Pear, Wild, Toxoptera punjahi- pyri on, in Lahore, 473. Pear Borer (see Nephopteryx rubri- zonella). Pear Gall-midge (see Contarinia pyrivora). Pear Psylla (see Psylla pyri). Pear Slug (see Eriocampoides lima- cina). Pear Thrips (see Taeniothrips incon- sequens). Pear Woolly Aphis (see Eriosoma pyricola). Pear-leaf Blister-mite (see Erio- pTiyes pyri). Pear-leaf Rust-mite (see Epitri- Tfierus pyri). Pear-leaf Gall-midge (see Perrisia pyri). Peas, Bruchids on, in S. Africa, 360 ; pests of, in Britain, 327, 425, 431, 435, 509; Bruchus pisorum infesting, in Canada, 329 ; Bruchids infesting, in Hawaii, 352, 353, 354 ; pests of, in India, 123, 182 ; Popillia japonica on, in Japan, 205, '*-:0; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 93, 145, 147, 149, 15C, 151, 284; pests of, in Nyasaland, 70 ; pests of, in St. Vincent, 252 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 458, 459, 465. Peas, Stored, measures against pests of, in Canada, 329 ; mea- sures against Bruchus in, in Germany, 6 ; Bruchids infesting, in Hawaii, 353, 354, 355 ; mea- sures against Bruchus pisorum in, in HoUand, 270 ; pests of, in India, 124, 354; measures against pests of, in U.S.A., 12, 371, 457, 466. Peas, Black-eye, measures against Bruchus quadrimacidatus infest- ing, in Trinidad, 463. Pebrine, in sUk worms, 56, 125, 211. Pecan (Carya olivaeformis), pests of, and their control, in U.S.A., 168, 226-228, 268, 414, 434, 453 ; kernel spot disease of, 434 ; use of logs of, as traps for Chryso- hothris femorata, 227. Pecan Ambrosia Beetle (see Xyle- borinus jjecanis). Pecan Bud-Moth (see Proteopteryx bolliana). Pecan Cigar Case-bearer (see Coleo- phora caryaefoliella). Pecan Shuckworm (see Cydia cary- ana). Pecan W^eevil {seeBalininus caryae). Pecan-leaf Case-bearer (see Aero- basis nebulella). Pecan-nut Case-bearer (see Acro- basis hebcscella). pecanis, Xyleborinus. PecHnophora gossypiella (Pink BoU- worm), on cotton in Brazil, 39, 444, 477 ; precautions against, in California, 97, 176, 292; bio- nomics and control of, in Egypt and the Sudan, 42-44, 48, 49, 70, 311, 557; a minor pest of cotton in India, 557 ; danger of introduction of, into West Indies, 44, 126; danger of spread of, in Mexico, 81, 292, 298 ; danger of spread of, into Texas, 298 ; not present in Uganda in 1916, 51 ; history of measures against intro- duction of, into Hawaii, 543 ; use of machines for treatment of cotton- seed against, 42-44 ; re- cent spread of, 566 ; discussion as to original habitat of, 567. Pectinophora malvella, distribution of, 567. pectoralis, Mesochorus ; Spermo- phagus (Zabrotes). peculiaris, Physothrips. pedalis, Pimpila, ; Scambus. pedestris, Biptortus ; Spathius. pedicularis, Pterodela. INDEX. 695 Pediculoidea yraniinum, on grasses in Norway and Sweden, 151, 284. Pediculoides ventricosus, predaceous on Hypoborus Jicus in France, 328 ; destroying Bruchids and their parasites in Hawaii, 355 ; natural enemy of Bruchus obtec- tus in Italy, 469 ; natural enemy of Bruchus obtectus in Kentucky, 466 ; i)roducing dermatitis in man, 469. Pedieulus hiimanus (Body Louse), destroyed by fumigation with chloii^icrin, 491. Peganu m, Ji armala, Br achy u nguis harvudae on, in Lahore, 473. Pegomyia, 480. Pegomyia betae, on beet and mangels in Britain, 508. Pegomyia brassicae (see Phwbia). Pegomyia conformis (see P. hyoscy- ami). Pegomyia fusciceps (see Phorbia). Pegomyia hyoscyami (Beet Fly), in France, 441 ; on vegetables in Sweden, 150. Pelargonium, food-plant of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540 ; depol- lination of, by Syrphid flies in England, 114; Aulacaspis penta- gona on, in Italy, 143. peilioneUa, Tinea. Pellucid Locust (see Camnula pel- lucida). pelhicida, Camnula. pellucidum., Ellipsidion. pellucidus, Barypeithes. Pempheres affinis (Cotton-stem Weevil), on Triumfetta in India, 124. Pemphigus betae (Beet Aphis, Sugar- beet Root aphis), in Canada, 84 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 114, 195, 310, 416, 417, 492, 493. Pemphigus bursarius, on poplar in Britain, 276 ; food-plants of, in Switzerland, 367. Pemphigus cornicularis, cornmercial uses of galls of, 244. Pemphigus cynodonii, sp. n., on Cynodon dactylon in Lahore, 473, Pemphigus Jilaginis, on poplar in Britain, 276. Pemphigus lactucarius, food-plants of, 212, 508. Pemphigus paUidus, use of galls of, as medicine, 244. Pemphigus populieaulis, Pipiza californica predaceous on, in California, 46. Pemphigus rhois (see Melaphis). Pemphredon, natural enemy of Aphids in Holland, 136. (C669) Pendulinus carmelita, onjcacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Pendulinus devasians, causing can- ker of cacao in Belgian Congo, 80. pennaria, Himera. pennipes, Trichopoda. Pennisetia hylaeiformis, on rasp- berries in Norway and Sweden, 149, 286. Pennisetum, as a shelter-trap for Raltica ampelophaga in Algeria, 142. Pennsylvania, miscellaneous pests in, 39, 379, 481 ; financial loss due to Sitotroga cerealella in, 438 ; expected outbreak of Tibicen sepiemdecim in, 165 ; pests from, intercepted in California, 29, 137 ; plant pest legislation in, 40 ; legislation respecting purity of fungicides and insecticides in, 40. pennsylvanica, Epicauta. pentagona, Aulacaspis (Diaspis). Pentarthron minutimi (see Tricho- gramma). pentaspila, Leucotaeniella. Pentodon australis, on maize and grasses in New South Wales, 337. Peony, Pseudaonidia paeoniae inter- cepted on, in California, 294. Pepper (Capsicum annuum), Lepi- dopterous larvae intercepted on, in California, 525 ; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 446 ; Scapteris- cus vicinus on, in West Indies, 296 ; Macrosiphum solanifolii on, in Ohio, 455 ; Aphids transmit- ting spinach-blight when reared on, in U.S.A., 454. Pepper-grass, Myzus cerasi migrat- ing from cherry to, in Canada, 121. Pepper-tree, California, Scirto- thrips citri on, in U.S.A., 218. Peppermint, Halticus minutus on, in the Pescadores, 503. Pepperomia (Bell Pepper), food- plant of Anomis erosa in U.S.A., 108. Peregrinus maidis (Corn Leaf- hopper), on maize in Hawaii, 552 ; on maize etc. in West Indies, 187, 394. Perezia legeri, sp. n., parasite of Pieris brassicae in France, 190. Perezia mesnili, sp. n., parasite of Pieris brassicae in France, 177. perditor, Thyanta. peregrina, Schistocerca. perfidus, Endaphis. perforans, Xyleborxis. pergandei, Corythuca ; Parlatoria. Peridroma margaritosa ^see Ly- cophotia). 696 INDEX. Peridroma saueia (see Lycophotia margaritosa). Perilampus laevifrons, parasite of Cydia pomonella in France, 191. periliti, Otacustes. Perilitus, parasite of Eleodes sutura- lis in U.S.A., 308. Perilitus americanus, synonym of Dinocampus terminatus, 352. Perilitus eleodis, parasite of Eleodes in U.S.A., 309. periscelidactyhis, Oxyptilus. Perissocentrus argentinae, estab- lishment of, against Oeceticus platensis in Argentina, 316. Perissocentrus argentinae var. caridei, establishment of, against Oeceticus platensis in Argentina, 316. Peritelus grise^is, on vines in Europe, 172. Peritelus senex, on vines in Europe, 172. Peritelus subdepressus, on vines in Europe, 172. periusalis, Pachyzancla. perkinsi, Pteroptrichoides. Perkinsiella saccharicida (Sugar - cane Leaf-hopper), establishment of parasites of, in Hawaii, 275, 351. perla, Chrysopa. perniciosi, Prospaltella. perniciosus, Aspidiotus. Pernicious Scale (see Aspidiotus perniciosus). Peronea minuta (Yellow-head Fire- worm), bionomics and control of, on cranberries in U.S.A., 561. perpallida, Euribia. Perrisia brassicae (Cabbage Gall- midge), on cruciferous plants in Germany, 344. Perrisia chrysopJiyllae, sp. n., on olives in Eritrea, 531. Perrisia crataegi, on hawthorn in Italy, 144. Perrisia flosculorum, on clover in Sweden, 150. Perrisia panteli, on oak in Britain, 247. Perrisia proxima, sp. n., on olives in Eritrea, 531. Perrisia pyri (Pear-leaf Gall- midge), on pears in Norway and Sweden, 150, 285 ; parasitised by Inostemma piricola in Spain, 113 ; in Switzerland, 367. Perrisia strobi (Spruce-seed Midge), on spruce in Britain, 158 ; bio- nomics of, on spruce in Sweden, 90, 91, 92, 333.- Perrisia vaccinii (Cranberry Tip- worm), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 553, 562. Perrisia verrucosa, sp. n., on olives in Eritrea, 531. perroudi, Pogonoehaerus. Per sea gratissima (see Avocado Pear). perseae, Chrysomphalus ; Paraleu- rodes. persicae, Aphis ; Eulecaniurn (Le- canium); Myzus {Bhopalosiphum). persicae-niger, Anuraphis (Aphis), persicaeella, Gelechia (see 6'. con- fusella). persicorum, Anthomyia. Persimmon, Ceratitis capitata on, in N. Africa, 39 ; pests intercepted on, in California, 253, 293 ; Kahivoria flavofasciata on, in Japan, 449. personatus, Geroplastes ; Chrysom- phalus (Aspidiotus). perspieillata, Gampiglossa. Peru,- Trypopremnon sanfordi on potato from, intercepted in U.S.A., 254. Pescadores, food-plants of Halticus minutus in, 503. Petalostemon violaceus, new scale- insects on, in Kansas, 546. petiolata, Exorista. petiolatus, Omphalchrysoeharis. Petrol, injection of, into nests of Cnethocampa processionea, 170. Petroleum, for destroying ants, 404, 497 ; and sand, as a repel- lent for flea-beetles, 498 ; for trapping insects, 367, 401, 423 ; useless as a trap for Epochra canadensis, 293. Petroleum Emulsion, formulae for, 73, 80, 316, 411, 469; against Aphids and Coccids, 55, 316, 411 ; and Bordeaux mixture, 80 ; spraying with, against Tetrany- chus telarius, 449. Petroleum Insecticides, selection of, from a commercial aspect, 26,. 291. Petroleum Soap, spraying with, against Eurydema oleraceum, 5 ; spraying with, against Papilio idaeus, 501. pettiti, Phenacoccus (see P. stachyos). Pezomachus, hyperparasite of Apan - teles lacteicolor in U.S.A., 512. Pezomachus agilis, hyperparasite of Microgaster connexus in Britain, 382. Pezomachus instabilis, parasite of (joleophoraftiscidinella, in Sweden, 94. pfeijferi, Elis. Phaedon cochleariae, on horse-radish in Sweden, 147. Phaenobremia, predaceous on Ajyhis^ mali, in Britain, 247. INDEX. 697 Phaeogenes, parasite of Cydia moles- ta ill U.S.A., 374. phaeorrhoea, Nygmia. Phalaenopsis, weevil attacking, in U.S.A., 549. Phalera bucephala, food-plants of, in Sweden, 148. phalerata, Drosaphila. phaleratus, Lophotus. Phalonia epilinana, on flax in Germany, 344. Phaneroloma franlclini, parasite of Mineola vaccinii, in U.S.A., 554. Pharoah's Ant (see Monomorinm pharaonis). pharaonis, Monomorium. Phascologale, probably predaceous on Lepidiota albohirta in Queens- land, 495. phaseoli, Agromyza ; Tychaea. Phaseolus, Naeoleia indicata on, in St. Vincent, 121. Phaseolus aconitifolius, Cerambycid borers in, in India, 123. Phaseolus acutifolius, Biiichids in- festing, in Hawaii, 354. Phaseolus acutifolius var. latifoUus (Tepaiy Bean), Bruchus obtedus infesting, in Hawaii, 353. Phaseolus angularis (Adsiiki Bean), Doliclios weevil infesting, in Hawaii, 353. Phaseolus articulatus, Bruchids in- festing, in Hawaii, 353, 354. Phaseolus aureus (Mung Bean), Bnichids infesting, in Hawaii, 353. Phaseolus lunatus (Lima Bean), Bruchids infesting, in Hawaii, 353, 354 ; Agromyza inaequalis infesting, in St. Vincent, 121. Phaseolus multiflorus, Bruchus ob- tedus infesting, in Italy, 468. Phaseolus mungo (Green Gram), stored, Bruchus chinensis infest- ing, in India, 124. Phaseolus radiatus, pests of, in India, 124, 379 ; not attacked by Tephrosia beetle in Java, 3. Phaseolus vulgaris (French Bean), Spermophagus infesting, in Ha- waii, 354 ; Bruchus obtedus infest- ing, in Italy, 468 ; HaUicus minutus on, in the Pescadores, 503. phas iana, A noplocnem is . Phassus damor, in cacao etc. in Dutch E. Indies, 349, 350. Phassus malabaricus, in teak in India, 522. Pheasant, destroying noxious in- sects in Britain, 134 ; destroying cutworms in Mecklenburg, 445. Pheidole, Aphids associated with, in Rhodesia, 209 ; natural enemy of boll-weevils in U.S.A., 248. Pheidole anastasii, intercepted on Phormiun tenax in U.S.A., 206 ; spreading Cronartimu ribicola in greenhouses, 9. Pheidole punctulata (House Aut), in S. Africa, 359. pheidole, Aphis. Phenacaspis eugeniae, intercepted on coconuts in U.S.A., 206. Phenacoccus aceris, on apples in Britain, 508 ; control of, on peaches in Holland, 141. Phenacoccus insolitus, on egg-plant in Madras, 85. Phenacoccus pettiti, synonym of P. stachyos, 163. Phenacoccus stachyos, in Missouri, 163. Phenice moesta (see Proutista). Phenol, experiments with substances containing derivatives of, against Aphid eggs, 112. phidi'ppus, Amathusia. Plug alia pilosaria, on roses in France, 470. PhigaUa titea, Meteorus versicolor ovipositing on, in U.S.A., 513. Philadelphia, Locusta Carolina para- sitised by Mermis ferruginea in, 221. Philaenus lineatus, bionomics and control of, in Maine, 11, 12. Philaenus sp^imarius (Meadow Frog- hopper), food-plants of, in Maine, 11, 12. Philaronia biUneata, in U.S.A., 12. Phileurus, destroyed by wood- peckers in .lamaica, 529. Philippia oleae (see Filippia). philippinensis, Termes {Macro- termes). Philippines, Aphid from, inter- cepted on rose in California, 525 ; Coccidae and Derbidae of, 14 ; Metarrhizium anisopUae infest- ing noxious insects in, 378 ; bionomics and control of Orydes rhinoceros on coconuts in, 183, 259-261; Psyllidaeof, 15 ; Schiz- aspis lobata parasitised by Casca lusonica in, 36 ; new termites from, 184 ; miscellaneous insect pests in, 24, 261 ; sugar-cane pests in, 25 ; tobacco pests in, 182, 379 ; parasites introduced into Hawaii from, 184, 275. Philoscia muscorum, in Britain, 35. Philtraea elegantaria (Elegant Looper), parasites of, " on Ligustrum amurense in Louisiana, , 45^ Phlegethontius sexta (see Protoparce). phlegmatica, Magdalis. Phleum alpinum, Forda formicaria on, in Colorado, 566. 698 INDEX, Phleum pratense (see Timothy Grass). Phloeosinus thujae, in Thuja in Italy, 143. Phloeothrips, in N. America, 506 ; on mulberry in Formosa, 174. Phloeothrips oleae, control of, on olives in Spain, 55, 514. Phlox, Phlyctaenia intercepted on, in Porto Kico, 485. PhloxPlaint -hug {see Lopidea media) . Phlyetaenia, intercepted in Porto Rico, 485. Phlyetaenia ferrug alls (see Pionea). Phlyctaenodes sticticalis (see Loxostege). Phobetron pithecium (Hag Moth), on citrus in Florida, 474. Phohocampa, parasite of Coleophora fuscedinella in Sweden, 94. Pholidoceras brachyptera, gen. et sp. n., on Gramineae in Spain, 296. Phomopsis citri, intercepted on grapefruit in California, 293, 450. Phora fasciata, parasite of Coccinella septempunctata in France, 71. Phora rufipes, parasite of Herse con- volvuli in Ireland, 212. Phoracantha recurva, P. semipunc- tata confused with, in Australia, 325. Phoracantha semipunciata, biono- mics of, in Eucalyptus in S. Africa, 325. , Phorbia (ChoHophila) hrassicae (Cab- bage Root-fly, Radish Maggot), control of, in Britain, 160,"281, 431, 508 ; bionomics and control of, in Canada, 60, 84, 120,^ 255 ; intercepted in turnips in Hawaii, 39, 69 ; on cabbages in Norway, 284 ; on vegetables in Sweden, 150 ; in Switzerland, 368 ; bio- nomics and control of, in U.S.A., 13, 202, 340, 371, 388; use of tarred-felt discs against, 160, 255, 280, 371, 508. Phorbia ceparum (see Hylemyia antiqua). Phorbia fusciceps (Bean Maggot, Seed-corn Maggot), measures against, in Canada, 255 ; mea- sures against, in U.S.A., 202, 340. Phorbia pilipyga, in Britain and France, 431. Phorinia verritus, parasite of Dasy- chira crenulata in Uganda, 52. Phormium tenax (New Zealand Flax), Pheidol& anastasli inter- cepted on, in U.S.A., 206 ; pests ofj in New Zealand, 535. Phoroeera saundersi, parasite of Phytometra calif ornica in N. America, 210. Phorodon humuli (Hop Aphis), on plums etc. in U.S.A., 213, 242, 416, 417. Phosphoric Acid, and sodium cyanide, producing hydrocyanic- acid gas, 11. Phosphorus, experiments with, against cockroaches, 532. Phosphorus Paste suggested use of, against Pycnoscelis surinamen- sis, 461. Phosphuga atrata, food-plants of, in Sweden, 146. Phragmatiphila truncata (Cane Moth Borer), on sugar-cane in Aus- tralia, 241. Phragmites communis, Aphids on, in Britain, 431. phragmiticola, Hyalopterus (see E. pruni). Phrdnia, means of resistance to desiccation shown by, in France, 318. Phryneta spinator, on fig and willow in S. Africa, 325, 360. Phthia picta (Red Tomato Bug), food-plants of, in St. Vincent, 251, 252. Phthorimaea, Trichogramma minu- tum unsuccessful against, in Su- matra, 271. Phthorimaea heliopa, bionomics and control of, on tobacco in Philip- pines, 379, 380. Phthorimaea operculella (Potato Tuber Moth, Tobacco Splitworm, Tobacco Leaf-miner), bionomics and control of, on tobacco in S. Africa, 152, 360 ; measures against, on potatoes in Algeria, 32 ; intercepted on potatoes in California, 137 ; in Fiji, 237 ; measures against, on tobacco in Sumatra, 232 ; measures against, in U.S.A., 98, 292, 479. phthorimaeae, Omorgus. Phycis abietella {see Dioryctria). Phycitids, intercepted on mango seeds and apples in Porto Rico, 485. Phygadeuon varicornis, parasite of Cydia pomonella in France, 191. Phyllactinia sujfulta, Halyzia on, in France, 131. Phyllajjhis fagi, on Fagus in Br. Columbia, 361 ; in Sweden, 146 ; causing sooty fungus on beeches in Switzerland, 367. Phyllobius maculicornis, on pears in Sweden, 147. Phyllobius oblongus, on plums in Sweden, 148. Phyllobius pyri, on apples and pears in Norway and Sweden, 147, 285. INDEX. 699 PhyllobtHs virkUcollis, on roses in Sweden, 148. Phyllocnistis smilacisella (see Mar- mara). Phyllocnistis sujfusella, on oaks in Xorway, 284. Phyllocoptes schlectendali (Silver- leaf Mite), on peaches in Canada, 84. Phyllocoptes vUis, on vines in Switzerland, 367. Phyllodecta intellinae, bionomics of, on willows in Britain, 41 ; in forests in Norway, 284 ; on basket willows in Sweden, 147. Phyllodecta vulgaUsshna (Willow Beetle), bionomics of, in willows in Britain, 41 ; in Switzerland, 368. Phyllodromia germanica, experi- ments with insecticides against, 531. Phylloperlha horticola, on beans and peas in Britain, 509 ; food-plants and control of, in Holland, 498, 499 ; on fruit-trees in Xorwav and Sweden, 147, 285, 286. Phyllophaga (see Lachnosterna). phyllo}mft, Leptoglossus. Phyllorycter messaniella, on oak in Britain, 159. Phylloscelis aira (Cranberrv Toad Bng), in U.S.A., 563. Phyllosta<-hys makinoi, pests of, in Formosa, 402. Phyllostachys initis, pests of, in Formosa, 402. PhyUotreta, on cotton in Nyasaland, 69. PhyUotreta nemorum,, bionomics of, on turnips in Britain, 246, 382, 432, 509 ; in Sweden, 147. PhyUotreta nigripes, on cabbage in Sweden, 147. PhyUotreta sinuata, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 175. PhyUotreta undulata, bionomics of, on turnips in Britain, 246, 382, 432 ; on cabbage in Switzerland, 368. PhyUotreta vittata (Turnip Flea- beetle), on cabbages in Quebec, 60; measures against on radishes etc. in U.S.A., 373, 388. PhyUotreta vitlida, on turnips in Britain, 432 ; on wheat in Swe- den, 147. Phylloxera, on vines in N. Africa, 38 ; food-plants and natural enemies of, in Britain, 119; measures against, in vineyards in Italy, 478 ; races of, infesting vines in Italy, 56 ; legislation against, in Italy, 136 ; resistance of vines to, in Spain, 56 ; injec- tion of carbon bisulphide against, in U.S.A., 13; on vines in New Zealand, 95 ; strength of hydro- cyanic-acid gas required to kill, 83. Phylloxera caryaecaulis (Hickory Phylloxera), on pecan in U.S.A., 227. Phylloxera vitifoUae (Grape Phyl- loxera), on vines in U.S.A., 213. Phymatodes aeneus, on Pseudotsuga taxifolia in California, 363. Phymatodes decussatus, on white valley oak in California, 363. Phymatodes dimidiatus, on Pseudo- tsuga taxifolia in California, 363. Phymatodes nitidus, on conifers in California, 363. Phymatodes obscurus, on Quercus in California, 363. Phymatodes varius, on conifers in California, 363, Physalis, Phthia picta on, in St. Vincent, 251. Physalis angidata, food-plant of Heliothis obsoleta in Sumatra, 271. Physalis viscosa (Groimd Cherry), food-plant of Heliothis virescens in U.S.A., 214. Physokermes abietis, on spruce in Britain, 59. Physokermes coryli, on hazel and plum in Sweden, 146. Physopus robiistus (see Kakothrips pisivora). Physopus rtibrocinctus (see Helio- thrips). Physothrips, suggested placing of Taeniothrips inconsequens in genus, 65. Physothrips funtumiae (Rubber Thrips), in Uganda and Nigeria, 332. Physothrips kellyamis, in Australia, 332. Physothrips lefroyi, on tea in India, 269, 332. Physothrips marshaUi, sp. u., in the Gold Coast, 332. Physothrips peculiaris, sp. n., on lucerne in India, 269. Physothrips setiventris, sp. n., on tea in India, 186, 332, 474. Physothrips veniralis, sp. n., in Nigeria, 297. Phytalus georgianus, a minor pest of cranberries in U.S.A., 564. Phytalus insularis, experimentally infested with Metarrhizium aniso- pliae in Porto Rico, 378. Phytalus smithi (Brown Hardback), measures against, in Barbados, 58, 393 ; bionomics and control of, in Mauritius, 141, 378. 700 INDEX. Phytelepluis macrocarpa (Vegetable Ivory Nut), Brucliid infesting, in S. America, 356. Phyto melanocephala, parasitising terrestrial Isopods in Britain, 35. Phytodecta viminalis, on basket willows in Sweden, 147. PJiytodi actus capuae, parasite of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540. Phytoecia cylindrica, bionomics of, in Sweden, 94. Phytomeira, parasitised by Tricho- gramma minutum in Sumatra, 271. Phytometra biloba, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. Phytometra brassicae (Cabbage Looper), on cabbages in Qiiebec, 61 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 371, 373. Phytometra californica (Alfalfa Looper), natural enemies of, in N. America, 210; not attacking maize in Br. Columbia, 24. Phytometra eriosoma, food-plants and natural enemies of, in Philippines, 379, 380. Phytometra simplex, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. Phytomyza, infesting maize in Fiji, 475. Phytomyza offinis, on chrysanthe- mum in Sweden, 150. Phytomyza chrysanthemi (Chrysan- themum Leaf-miner), in U.S.A., 556. Phytomyza genictilaia, on chrysan- themum in Sweden, 150. Phytonomus (see Hyper a). Phytonomus posticus (see Hyper a variabilis). Phytophaga destructor (see Maye- tiola). phytophaga, Prodecatoma. Phytophthora, spraying experiments against, on cacao in West Indies, 152. Phyto j)tus (see Eriophyes). Picea, bark -beetles infesting, in N. America, 265, 266, 267 ; (see Fir and Spruce). Picea alba, bionomics of Chermes on, in Britain, 155. Picea engelmanni, bark -beetles in- festing, in N. America, 264, 265. Picea excelsa, pests of, in Britain, 155, 158 ; Argyresthia on, in Germany, 479 ; Chermes abietis forming galls on, in Switzerland, 368. Picea morinda, bionomics of Chermes on, in Britain, 155. Picea nigra, 155. Picea orientalis, bionomics of Chermes on, in Britain, 155. Picea parry ana (Blue Spruce), Bup- restis atirulenta mining in, in U.S.A., 422. Picea ptmgens argentea, Cydia pac- tolana on, in Switzerland, 368. Picea sitchensis (Sitka Spruce), pests of, in N. America, 263, 422, 522 ; bionomics of Chermes on, in Britain, 155 ; compara- tively immune to Aphids in Britain, 258. piceae, Chermes (Dreyfusia) ; Lach- nus ; 3Iegastigmus. piceaperda, Dendroctonus. piceum, Alissonotum. piceus, Attagenus. picipes, Otiorrhynchus (see O. singu- laris) ; Bhabdopterus. picirostris, Tychius. picta, Bagrada ; Cer arnica (Mames- tra) ; Phthia. pictus, Cvrrospilus. pieria, Gomocritis. Pieris, organised campaign against, in Switzerland, 414. Pieris brassicae, (White Cabbage Butterfly), bionomics and con- trol of, in Britain, 238, 509 ; bionomics and control of, in France, 74, 142, 177, 190, 319, 429, 461 ; on cabbages in Italy, 143; on cabbages in Norway, 284 ; on vegetables in Spain, 55 ; in Sweden, 148 ; new Micros- poridian parasites of, 177, 190. Pieris napi, on onions, measures against, in Britain, 509. Pieris rapae (Cabbage Butterfly), on cabbages in Quebec, 60 ; on cabbages and turnips in Sweden, 148; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 48, 201, 371, 373. pierreti, Psammodes. Piezodorus guildingi, a supposed cotton pest in St. Vincent, 251. Piezosternum calidum, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 80. Pig Weed (see Amarantus). Pigeon Pea (see Cajanus indicus). Pigs, utilisation of, to destroy noxious insects, 227, 229, 240, 255, 267, 268, 297, 468, 484; insect-infested fruit as food for, 296. pilidens, Pityogenes. pilipyga, Phorbia (Chortophila). pilleriana, Sparganothis. Pillot Apparatus, use of, against Cnethocampa processionea, 170. Pilocrocis cubanalis (see P. ty-ipunc- tata). INDEX. 701 Pilocroeis tripunetata (Sweet- potato Leaf-folder), bionomics, control, and distribution of, 82. PilopJiorus n-ahJii, bionomics of, on apples in U.S.A., 290. pilosa, Pterocomma. pilosaria, Phigalia. pilosella, Scolia. pilosus, Clytus ; Paratetranychus {Tetranychus) ; BhyncJiolophus. Pimenta acris, Diaprepes abbreviatus probably on, in Virgin Islands, 377. Pinipla (Hoplectis) fonquisitor, para- site of Eucosma ocellana in Que- bec, 64; parasite of Acrobasis nebuleUa in U.S.A., 169. Pimpla flaripes, parasite of, Byctis- cus betulae in Europe, 172. Pimpla instigator, parasite of saw- flies in Britain, 431. Pimpla pedalis, parasite of Halisi- dota caryae in U.S.A., 218. Pimpla pomorum, parasite of Anthonom.'us pomorum in Britain, 280. Pimpla roborator, parasite of Cydia pomoneUa in France, 191. Pin-hole Borer (see ATwbinyn). Pine (Pinus), bark-beetles infesting, in X. America, 265, 266, 267, 521 ; Leucaspis pini infesting, in Argentina, 316 ; pests of, in Britain, 158, 159, 258, 259; pests intercepted on, in Cali- fornia, 137, 293 ; pests of, in Central Europe, 154, 521 ; measures against Cnethocampa processionea on, in France, 169 ; pests of, in Holland, 497, 499 ; pests of, in Italy, 143, 144; pests of, in Japan, 95, 504 ; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 147, 148, 149, 150,^151, 283, 287; pests of, in Prussia, 405, 409 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 21, 205, 225, 289, 389, 397, 421, 422, 460, 521, 528. Pine Sawdust, experiments with, as a substitute for bran in poison- baits, 396. Pine, Austrian, Itycorsia on, in Connecticut, 457. Pine, Black, bark beetles infesting, in Bosnia, 410. ' Pine, Chir (see Pinus longifolia). Pine, Corsiean, comparatively im- mune to Aphids in Britain, 258. Pine, Digger (see Pinus sabiniana). Pine, Japanese Ked (see Pinus densiflora). Pine, Jeffrey (see Pinus jeffreyi). Pine, Loblolly (see Pinus taeda). Pine, Lodge-pole (see Pinus mur- rayana and P. contorla latifolia). Pine, Long-leaf (&ee Pinus palustris). Pine, Monterey (see Pinus radiata). Pine, Red, Anobium boring in, in Australia, 390 ; Pissodes approxi- matus on, in Connecticut, 458. Pine, Scotch (see Pinus silvestris). Pine, Scrub (see Pinus virginiana). Pine, Sugar (see Pinus lambertiana). Pine, Umbrella, Pseudococcus inter- cepted on, in California, 450. Pine, Western White (see Pinus monticola). Pine. White (see Pinus strobus). Pine, Yellow (see Piyius ponderosa). Pine Beetle (see MyelopMlus). Pine Processionary Caterpillar (see Cnethocampa). Pine Weevils (see Hylobius abietis, MyelopMlus piniperda and Pis- sodes pini). Pine-shoot Tortrix (see Bhyacionia buoliana). Pineapple (Ananassa saliva), pests intercepted on, in California, 29, 100, 137, 253, 293, 450, 525; legislation restricting imj)orta- tion of, into Canada, 136 ; Pseudococcus hromeliae on, in Uganda, 52. Pinene, experiments to determine toxicity of, to insect eggs, 254. Pines, Isle of, scale-insects on grapefruit from, intercepted in California, 253. pini, Chermes ; DendroUmus ; Dip- rion (Lophyrus) ; Eriophyes ; Leucaspis ; Parharmonia ; Pis- sodes ; Poliaspis. p in i-edulis, Melanophila. piniarius, Bxipalus. pinicola, Apanteles ; Aphycus ; Diversicornia. pinicolana, Bhyacionia. pin idensiflorae, Lachnus. pinifoUae, Azotus ; Chionaspis. Pinion (see Pinus edulis). piniperda, Myelophilus (Hylurgus). Pink Bollworm (see Pectinophora gossypiella). Pink Mite (see Eriophyes theae). Pink and Green Potato Aphis (see Macrosiphum solanifolii). pinnaeformis, Lepidosaphes. pinnulifera, Chrysomphalus dictyo- spermi. Pinus contorla, Bhyacionia buoliana on, in France, 442. Pinus contorta latifolia (Lodge-pole Pine), Ips concinnus infesting, in N. America, 263. Pinus densiflora (Japanese Red Pine), new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Pinus edulis (Pinion), pests of, in U.S.A., 307, 493. 702 •INDEX. Pitius exeelsa, pests of, in India, 522. Pinus gerardiana, Polygraphus trenchi on, in India, 522. Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey Pine), Bu- prestids on, in U.S.A., 166, 167, 421, 422. Pinus khasya, Sipalus hypocrita in, in India, 519. Pinus lambertiana (Sugar Pine), pests of, in U.S.A., 289, 421, 422. Pinus longifoUa (Chir Pine), pests of, in India, 519, 522. Pinus monticola (Western White Pine), bark-beetles infesting, in N. America, 264, 265 ; pests of, in Canada, 522 ; Buprestis auru- lenta mining in, in U.S.A., 422. Pinus TYiuricata, Bhyacionia huoliana on, in France, 442. Pinus murrayana (Lodge-pole Pine), pests of, in Canada. 522 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 167, 289, 421, 422. Pinus pakistris (Long-leaf Pine), Buprestis mining in, in U.S.A., 421, 422. Pinus poiiderosa (Western Yellow Pine), bark-beetles infesting, in N. America, 265, 266 ; pests of, in Canada, 522 ; Bhyacionia huoliana on, in France, 442 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 166, 167, 289, 290, 307, 363, 397, 421, 422, 441, 528, 550. Pinus radiata (Monterey Pine), pests of, in N. America, 263, 363, 422, 441. Pinus sabinlana (Digger Pine), Pliyacioniahuoliana on, in France, 442; pests of, in U.S.A., 167, 289, 421, 422. Pinus silvestris (Scotch Pine), Ips typographus in, in Bosnia, 410 ; pests of, in Europe. 521 ; pests of, in Britain, 115, 116, 154, 259. Pinus strohus (White Pine), bark- beetles infesting, in Bosnia, 410 ; Pissodes strobi on, in Canada, 62 ; Ghermes strobi on, in Italy, 143; pests of, in U.S.A., 457, 493. Pinus taeda (Loblolly Pine), Bhya- cionia buoliana on, in France, 442 ; Buprestis mining in, in U.S.A., 421, 422. Pinus virginiana (Scrub Pine), Buprestis lineata mining in, in U.S.A., 421. Pionea ferrugalis, on chrysanthe- mums in Ontario, 412. Pionea forficaliSj, on cabbage and turnips in Sweden, 149. PiopMla casei, infesting food in Connecticut, 457. Pipit, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. Pipisa californica, sp. n., predaceous on Pemphigus popuUcaulis in California, 46. piraria, Aphis. piri, Anoecia (Nippolachnus). piricola, Epidiaspis (Diaspis) ; Ino- stemnia ; Toxoptera. pisi, Bruchus (see B. pisorum) ; Contarinia ; Acyrthosiphon (Mac- rosiphum). pisivora, Kakothrips. Pisonia maerophyUa, Pulvinaria pseudo-floccifera on, in Seychelles, 68. pisorum, Bruchus. PissofZes, on balsam fir in Canada, 541. Pissodes approximatus, on red pine in Connecticut, 458. Pissodes pini (Pine Weevil), as- sociated with Hylastes on conifers iu Scotland, 116, 117. Pissodes strobi (Wliiis Pine Weevil), bionomics and control of, in N. America, 26, 62, 482. Pissodes validirostris, on pines in Sweden, 148. pissodis, E'urytoma. Pistacia terebinthus (Turpentine Tree), measures against Megas- tigmus ballestrerii on, in Sicily, 488. Pistacia vera (Pistachio), measures against Megastigmus ballestrerii on, in Sicily, 488. Pisum arvense, Bruchus affinis on, in India, 124. Pisum sativum, Bruchids infesting, in Hawaii, 352, 353, 354 ; Bruchus obtectus infesting, in Italy, 468 ; (stored), Bruchus chinensis in, in India, 124; (see Peas). Pitch, and coal-tar, banding with, against Apion apricans, 327. pithecium, Phobetron. Pithecolobium saman, food-plant of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540. pityocampa, CnetJiocampa (Thaume- topoea). Pityogenes bidentatus, parasitised by Caenopachis hartigi in France, 477 ; associated with Hylastes 2)alliatus in conifers in Scotland, 116 ; in Sweden, 89, 147. Pityogenes chalcographus, parasi- tised by Hypophloeus linearis in Bosnia, 410 ; in forests in Sweden, 89, 147, 287. Pityogenes pilidens, in black pine in Bosnia, 410. Pityogenes quadridens, in white pine in Bosnia, 410; parasitised by Caenopachis hartigi in France, 477 ; in Sweden, 89, 147. Pityogenes quadridentatus, asso- ciated with Hylastes palliatus on conifers in Scotland, 116. INDEX. 703 Pityokteines minutus, in Pseudotsuga taxifolia in N. America, 265. Pityokteines sjiarsus (Eastern Fir bark-beetle), in conifers in Canada, 541. Pityophagus ferrugineus, predaceous on Hylastes and Myelophilus in Britain, 116, 154. Pityopharus nitidulus, bionomics of, in spruce in U.S.A., 263. Pityophthorus niicrographus, in spruce in Bosnia, 410. plac ida, Ch rysophana. Plaesius javanus, suggested intro- duction of, into St. Lucia from Java against Cosmopolites sordi- dus, 516. Plagia amerieana, parasite of Phyto- metra eaUfornica in N. America, 210. Plagia ayerzia, sp. n., parasite of itachiplusia nu in Argentina, 428. plagiatus, Astiphrommus ; Euagoras. plagifera, Odanestis. Plagiodera versicolor, control of, on poplar and willow in New Jersey. 205. Plagiognathus annulatus, predace- ous on Ghaitophorus negundinis in U.S.A., 164. Plafjiolepis longipes (Gramang Ant), relation of, to Coccus colemani in India, 321, 322; on cacao and colfeein Dutch E. Indies, 349, 350. planatus, Oliorrhynchus. Plane {Platanus), Alenroehiion aceris on, in Italy, 143. planifrons, Clytus. Plant Pest Legislation, in S. Africa, 358 ; in Canada, 136, 472 ; in Cuba, 379 ; in India and Ceylon, 40, 87 ; in British West Indies, 33, 472 ; in Dutch E. Indies, 505 ; in Italy, 136 : in Japan, 520 ; in Porto Kico, 485 ; in Spain. 427 ; in U.S.A., 1, 40. Plantago rirginica, Aeolothrips bitolor on, in Florida, 505. Plantain (Musa), no j)i'ohibition against importation of. into Porto Rico, 485 ; pests of, in St. Lucia, 515, 516 ; some species of, immune to attacks of Cosmopolites sordidus in Seychelles, 377. Plaintain (Plantago), alternative host-plant of Aphis malifoliae in U.S.A., 417. Plaster of Paris, ineffective against cockroaches, 532. platani, Stoinacoccus. pilatanoides, Drepanosiphum (Aphis). Platanus occidentalis ^ (Western Sycamore, Buttonwood), bio- nomics and control of Gorythuca ciliata on, in U.S.A., 102. Platanus orientalis (Eastern Plane), not attacked by Gorythuca ciliata in U.S.A., 102. Platanus raceinosn, pests of, in U.S.A., 53, 102. Platanus wrighti, Gorythuca ciliata on, in U.S.A., 102. platensis, Oeceticus ; Pulvinaria ; Tetrastichus. Platychirus perpalUdus, beneficial in Maine, 242. Platychirus quadratus, beneficial in Maine, 242. Platycodon grandiflorum, Macrosi- phwm rudbeckiae on, in Japan, 548. Platyedra vilella, bionomics of, in Transcaucasia and Turkestan, 346. Platygaster, parasite of canker- worms in Kansas, 546. Platygaster contorticornis, parasite of Perrisia strobi in Sweden, 91, 92, 333. Platyparea poedloptera, on aspara- gus in Italy, 143. Platyptilia pusiUidaciyla, destroying Lantana in India, 124 Platypus, in cacao in Belgian Congo, 79 ; in Shorea robusta in India, 522. Platypus tvilsoni, bionomics and control of, in conifers in N. America, 265. Plautia fimbriala, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa. 174. Plautia stali (see P. fimbriata). plebeius, Anomalipus. Plegaderus vulneratus, parasite of bark-beetles in Bosnia, 410. Plemeliella abietana (Fir-seed Gall- midge), infesting fir-cones in Germany, 5. Plesiocoris rugicollis (Apple Cap- sid), control of, on apples in Britain, 238, 278-280, 436, 508. Plesispa reichei, on coconut in Malaya, 523. Pleurotropomy iu aeneoscutellum, parasite of Cosmopteryx in Aus- tralia, 387. Pliomelaena (see Euaresta). Plochionis timidus, predaceous on Hyphantria cunea in Connecticut, 456. Plodia interpunctella (Indian Meal Moth), bionomics of, in U.S.A., 112, 246, 425, 457; fumigation with chlorpicrin against, 491. plorabunda, Ghrysopa. Pluchea sericea (Arrowweed), food- plant of Myochrous longulus in Arizona, 22. Plum, measures against Capnodis on, in N. Africa, 400 ; Cydia 704 INDEX. pomonella on, in S. Africa, 324 ; pests of, in Britain, 114, 160, 279, 436, 508, 509, 510 ; pests of, in Canada, 23, 54, 60, 84, 165, 364 ; Eulecanium cornt on, in Holland, 140; pests of, in Italy, 143, 173, pests of, in Japan, 403, 548 ; pests of. in Norway and Sweden, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 285 ; measures against Ehynchites hacchus on, in Sicily, 295 ; pests of, in Switzerland, 367 ; pests of, and their control, in U.S.A.. 12, 22, 212, 213, 242, 300, 369, 373, 389, 416, 417, 419, 450, 489 ; scorching effect of calciuTu arsenate sprays on foliage of, 329. Plum, Hog (see Spondias Ititea). Plum Aphis (see Aphis pruni). Plum, Curculio (see Conotrachelus nenuphar). Plum-tree Borer (see Enarmonia woeberiana). plumosa, Acroceratitis. Plums, Dried, Dichodiplosis in, in Britain, 247. Phisia (see Phytometra). Plutella maculipennis (Diamond- back Moth, Small Cabbage Moth), bionomics and control of, on vegetables in S. Africa, 248, 359 ; in Britain, 509 ; on vege- tables in Ceylon, 539 ; parasitised hj Angitia polynesicdis in Hawaii and U.S.A., 351 ; control of, on cabbages in Porto Rico, 486 ; on cabbages in Quebec, 61 ; mea- sures against, in Queensland, 495 ; on cabbage in Sweden, 150. plutellae, Angitia (see A. polyne- sialis). Poa, Sipha schoutedeni on, in Britain, 170. Poa pratensis, Forda formicaria on, in Colorado, 566 ; thrips on, in Sweden, 145. Poa trivialis, Sipha paradoxa on, in Britain, 170. Podapolipus berlesei, parasite of Schistocerea paranensis in Chile, 428. Podisus, a natural enemy of Calo- soma in U.S.A., 17. Podisus maculiventris (Spined Sol- dier Bug), predaceous on Pilo- crocis tripunetata in Porto Rico, 82 ; predaceous on insect pests in U.S.A., 215, 219, 456, 495. Podops, on rice in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Podothrips propinquus, sp. n., on kola in Gold Coast, 269. Poecilocoris dniraei, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. Poecilocoris latus (Tea-seed Bug), on tea in India, 187. poeciloptera, Platyparea. poeta, ZaommoencyHus. Pogonochaerus crinitus, on oak in California, 528. Pogonochaerus fasciculatus, probab- ly parasitised by Iphiaulax extri- cator in France, 477. Pogonochaerus oregonus, in conifers in California, 528. Pogonochaerus j^^'^'^'^'^di, probably parasitised by Iphiaulax extri- cator in France, 477. Pogonomyrmex (Harvester Ant), control of, on lucerne in Arizona, 140. Pogonomyrmex barbatus malefaciens, on cotton in U.S.A., 248. Poincianaregia,Sitta,cked by Dicho- sixites subocellatus in Egypt, 557. Poinsettia, Pycnoscelus surinamensis on, in greenhouses in Connecticut, 460. Poland, Pseudococcus vovae on Juni- perus communis in, 342, Polanisia viscosa, eradication of, against Nezara viridula and Edessa meditabunda in West Indies, 250, 251. Polia oleracea, on cabbage in Swe- den, 148. Polia renigera, percentage of males of, taken at light-traps in U.S.A., 487. Poliasjns pint, intercepted on pine etc. in California, 137, 253. poligraphus, Polygraphus. Polistes americanus, predaceous on Anomis erosa in U.S.A., 108. Polistes annularis, successful intro- duction of, into Montserrat, 541. Polistes hebraeus, predaceous on Othreis fullonica in Fiji, 237. Polistes pallipes, predaceous on Crioceris asparagi in U.S.A., 215. politus, Agrilus. pollinosa, Eleodiphaga. Polybia occidentaUs, on Acacia in Central America and Mexico, 129. Polycaon eonfertus, measures against, on pears in California, 384. polycera, Cynips. polychlorus, Vanessa. Polychrosis botrana (Vine Moth), measures against, on vines in Algeria, 273 ; bionomics and control of in France, 73, 375, 471 ; control of, in Germany, 405 ; on vines in Italy, 143; control of, on vines in Russia, 162 ; jjara- sites of, in Spain, 113; on vines in Switzerland, 367 ; parasitised by Oophthora semblidis, 172. INDEX. 705 Polyehrosis riteana, on vines in America, possibly not distinct from P. botrana, 472. Polycystomyia benefica, sp. n., para- site of Agnmiyza phaseoli in Australia, 387. Polycystus clypeatus, sp. n., para- site of leaf- miner in St. Vincent, 121, 274. Polydesmus complanatus, on orna- mental plants in Sweden, 151. Polydrosus flavipes, on fruit-trees in Sweden, 148. polyglottus, Mirniis. Polygnotits, parasite of Mayeiiola destructor in U.S.A., 304. polygonaph is, A phidius. polygoni, Antliomyia : Aspidaphis. Polygonum (Knot-grass or Door- weed), Aspidaphis polygoni on. in Colorado, 130 ; Anthomyia polygoni on, in Switzerland, 368. Polygonum virginianum (Smart- weed), food-plant of Popillia japonica in New Jersey, 440. Polygraph-US poligraphus, in conifers in Bosnia, 410; in Sweden, 89. Polygraphus rufipennis, in forests in Canada, 541. Polygraphus trenchi, in Pimts gerar- dinna in India, 522. Polyhedral Disease, experiments with Lymantria dispar and, 566. polynesialis, Angitia. Polyammatus baetictis (see Lam- pides). Polyphylla decemlineata, on straw- berries in Canada, 85. Polyphylla fullo, food-plants of, in Holland, 498, 499 ; new Dip- terous parasites of, in Russia, 131 ; measures against, on vines in Russia, 162. polyphyllae, Hyperecteina. Polypodium aureum, Lecanimn sig- niferum on, at Kew, 59. Polyporus, Orchesia 7nicans bred from, in France, 477. Polyporus shoreae, attacks of Dia/^KS furtirus associated with, in India, 522. Pomegranate, wood-boring beetles infesting, in Egypt, 50 ; Scirto- thrips citri on, in U.S.A., 218. Pomelo (see Grapefruit). 2)omi, Aphis ; Leptothyrium. pomonella. Aphis ; Cydia {Carpo- capsa, Las'peyresia) ; Bhagoletis. j)omorum, Anthonomus ; Campoplex ; Lepidosaphes (3Iytilaspis) ; Piin- pla. Poncirus trifoliata, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. ponderosae, Dendroctonus ; Try- podendron. Pongamia glabra, Stromatium bar- batum on, in India, 519. Pontania gallicola, making galls on willows in Britain, 41. Pontia rapae (see Pier is). Poonac (Oil-cake), Stored, pests of, in Seychelles, 68. Popillia japonica, food -plants of, and measures against, in New Jersey and Japan, 205, 440. Poplar, pests of, in Britain, 42, 59, 276 ; pests of, in Canada, 361, 364 ; Lepidosaphes idmi on, in France, 411 ; pests of, in Italy, 143 ; pests of, in Norwav and Sweden, 148, 149, 150, 15l', 284; Pemphigus bursarius on. in Swit- zerland. 367 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 21, 205, 241, 290, 397, 416, 421, 457, 528, 552, 555 ; (see Populus). Poplar, Balsam (see Pojmlus bat- sain if era). Poplar, Carolina (see Populus del- toides). Poplar, Lombardy (see Populus nigra italiea). Poplar AVeevil (see (Jryptorrhynehus lapathi). populi, Melasoma (Chrysomela) ; Sphinx. populicavlis. Pemphigus. populicola, Chaitophonis. populifolii, A rctaph is. populnea, Saperda. populneus, t'ladobius. Populus (Cottonwood), pests of, in U.S.A., 195, 399, 528; (see Poplar). Populus alba, Bhinoencyrtus male- nottii, on, in Spain, 296. Populus angustifolia (Narrow-leafed Cottonwood), winter host of Pem- phigus beiae in Colorado, 310, 311. Populus balsamifera (Balsam Pop- lar), Aegeria apiformis on, in Sweden, 149 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 206, 242. Populus deltoides (Carolina Poplar), pests of. in U.S.A., 218, 396, 421. Populus monilifera. pests of, in U.S.A., 528. Populus nigra italiea (Lombardy Poj)lar), pests of, in U.S.A., 218, 396, 457; not attacked by Cryptorrhynchus lapathi in U.S.A., 207. Populus tremula (Aspen), Lecaniu^n zebrinum on, in Britain, 59. Populus tremuloides (American Aspen), pests of, in U.S.A., 421, 528, 550. Populus trichoearp'a (Black Cotton- wood), Buprestis gibbsi on, in U.S.A., 421. 706 INDEX. PorcelUo scdber, parasitised by Phyto melanocephala in Britain, 35. porcellus, Euscepes. Poropoea defilippii, parasite of Bye- tiscus hetulae in Europe, 172. Porricondyla gossypii (Red Maggot), on cotton in Barbados, 394. porteri, Anagrus. porterina, Chrysopa. Porthesia similis (see Arctornis chrysorrhoea). Portliesia taiwania, on mulberry in Formosa, 175. Porthetria dispar (see Lymantria). portoricensis, Lachnosterna. Porto Rico, pests of coiiee in, 103-105 ; mango pests in, 392 ; miscellaneous insect pests in, 58, 82, 130, 254, 390, 393, 484, 485-487 ; experiments in con- trolling Laclinosterna in, 377 ; list of insects infested with Metarr- Mzium anisopliae in, 378 ; Metarr- hizium anisopliae introduced into Hawaii from, 378; pests inter- cepted in quarantine in, 485 ; varieties of lime free from mag- nesia in, 378. Portugal, Lonchaea aristella in, 76. posita, Ischnura. postica, Orgyia ; Tomas'pis. posticata, DasylUs. postimis, Phytonomus (see Hyper a variabilis). postscutellaris, CJirysis. postvittana, Tortrix. Potash, manuring with, ineffective against cutworms, 445 ; as a soil dressing against Tylenehus devastatrix, 135 ; scarcity of, in commercial soaps, affecting effi- cacy of oil emulsions, 487. Potassium Carbonate, in formula for spray against Eriosoma larti- gerum, 412, 471 ; in sprays against red spider, 547. Potassium Chloride, manuring with, ineffective against cutworms, 445. Potassium Cyanide, in preparation of hydrooyanic-acid gas, 118, 157, 181, 401 ; for destroying ants, 140, 142 ; effect of, on trees, 433 ; (see Hydrocyanic Acid). Potassium lodate, determination of arsenic in insecticides and fungi- cides with, 440. Potassium Permanganate, useless against vine- moths, 73. Potassium Salts, addition of fungi- cides containing, to nicotine- paraffin emulsion, 239. Potassium Sulphide (Liver of Sul- phur), experiments in spraying apples with, 162 ; addition of, to paraffin emulsion against Eyal- opterus arundinis, 160; spraying with, against Tetranychus telarius 449 ; increasing value of arseni- cals, 362. Potassium Sulpho-carbonate, ex- periments with, against vine- moths, 73. Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Plitho- rimaea operculella on, in S. Africa, 360 ; pests of, in Algeria, 32 ; Epicauta atomaria on, in BrazU, 256 ; pests of, in Britain, 118, 160,170,425,508,509; measures against pests of, in Canada, 241, 255, 329, 395 ; Thrips tabaci on, in Chile, 429 ; pests of, in Ger- many, 5, 87, 404, 445 ; mite in- festing, in Hawaii, 552 ; pests of, in India, 182, 379 ; Epilachna on, in Dutch E. Indies, 349 ; Aphids on, in Japan, 548 ; Eelio- this obsoleta on, in Nyasaland, 70 ; Tenebrionid beetles on, in Rho- desia, 337 ; pests of, in Sweden, 92, 145, 147, 148, 149; Agriotes on, in Switzerland, 368 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 19, 67, 230, 292, 340, 370, 371, 389, 417, 454, 455, 479, 483, 490, 493, 494, 545, 565; pests intercepted on, in U.S.A., 29, 137, 253, 254, 294, 450, 525 ; legislation restricting importa- tion of, into India, 87. Potato, Sweet (see Sweet Potato). Potato Agar, less satisfactory for artificial rearing of Drosophila than banana agar, 219. Potato Aphis (see Macrosiphu/m solanifoUi and Bhopalosiphum solani). Potato Beetle, Colorado (see Lep- tinotarsa decemlineata). Potato Flea-beetle (see Epitrix cucumeris and Psylliodes affinis). Potato Leaf -hopper (see Empoasca mali). Potato Stem-borer (see Gortyna micacea). Potato Tuber Moth {Bee Phthorimaea operculella). Powder-post Beetle (see Lyctus brunneus). praecocella, Argyresthia. praefeciata, Xanthorhoea. Praepodes, destroyed by wood- peckers in Jamaica, 529. praeustus, Xylonites. Praon coloradensis, parasite of Chaitophorusnegundinisin'U.^.A.t 164. Praon flavinode, probably a para- site of Aphis abietina in Britain, 276. INDEX. 707 Praon volucre, probably a parasite of Aphis ahietina in Britain, 276. prasimis, DicypJius. pratensis, Acmeops ; Bryobia (see B. pretiosa) ; Lygus. Brays oleellus (Olive Moth), para- sites of, in Spain, 113. Prenolepis longicornis (Crazy Ant), intercepted on vegetables in Hawaii, 39 ; intercepted in houses in U.S.A., 206. pretiosa, Bryobia. pretiosum, TricJiogramma (see T. minutum). Prickly Ash, alternative food-plant of citrus pests in Florida, 474. Prickly-ash Beetle (see TrirJiabda brevicollis). Prickly Pear (see Opuntia). prima, Wnterstonia. Primrose, Philaenus spumarius on, in Maine, 12. Primrose, Evening (see Evening Primrose). prineeps, Nitocris (see DirpJiya). Prionidus cristatus (Wheel Bug), predaceous on Hyphantria cunea in Connecticut, 456. Priononyx atratus, destroying grass hoppers in Colorado, 340. Prionoxystus, in forests in U.S.A., 522. Prionus californicus, in Quercus a^rifolia in California, 363. prismaticus, Erigorgus. Pristaulacus bimaculatus, parasite of Purpuricenus Tcoehleri in France, 318. Pristaulacus chlapovskii, parasite of Clytus pilosus in France, 318. Pristaulacus gloriator, in France, 318. Pristaulacus latreillanus, in France, 318. Pristaulacus patrati, parasite of Xiphydria in France, 318. Pristaulacus schletteri, probably a parasite of Longicorns in France, 318. Pristiphora appendiculata (see P. pallipes). Pristiphora pallipes, on gooseberries in Norway and Sweden, 151, 286. Pristomeridia agilis, parasite of Mineola vaccinii in U.S.A., 554. Pristomerus, parasite of Acrobasis nebulella in U.S.A., 169. Pristomerus imlnerator, parasite of Argyroploce variegana and Cydia pomoneUa in France and Italy, 173, 191. Privet, food-plant of Lepidosaphes ulmi in Br. Columbia, 361 ; pests of, in Sweden, 146, 150; pests of, in U.S.A., 252, 268, 474. proboscidaria, Fiorinia. procera, Triodonta. processionea, Cnethocampa. Prociphilus bumeliae, on silver fir in Switzerland, 368. Prociphilus corrugatus (Woolly Thorn Aphis), food-plants of, in U.S.A., 212. Prociphilus crataegi, on Crataegus cuneattis in Japan, 548. Prociphilus fraxinifolii, on ash in Maine, 242. Prociphilus nidificus, migrations of, on silver fir and ash in Switzer- land, 368. Prociphilus osmanthae, sp. n., on Osmanthus aquifolium in Japan, 548. Prociphilus pyri, on Japanese pear in Japan, 548; on pears in U.S. A., 212. Prociphilus xylostei, on Lonicera in Sweden, 146. Prococcophagus orientalis, parasite of Coccids in Hawaii, 352. Proctotrupes, parasite of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540. Prodecatoma, infesting seeds of conifers in Japan, 403. Prodecatoma phytophaga, on Japan- ese ivy in America, 403. Prodenia, infesting tobacco in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Prodenia dolichos, on ornamental plants in Barbados, 394. Prodenia littoralis (see P. litura). Prodenia litura (Tobacco Cutworm, Cotton Worm),bionomics, control, and distribution of, 379 ; Ascala- phus predaceous on, in Egypt, 49; measures against, on miilberry in Formosa, 175; on Begonia in Fiji, 238; bionomics of, in Dutch E. Indies, 271, 447; bionomics of, in Nyasaland, 70 ; control of, in Philippines, 25. Prodenia ornithogalli (Cotton-boll Cutworm), on cotton in U.S.A., 248 ; P. litura erroneously re- corded as, in America, 379. producta, Thripsaphis. productus, Criocephalus. progemmaria, Hibernia. Progenius, in Shorea robusta in India, 522. Profenusa collaris (Cherry and Haw- thorn Sawfly Leaf- miner), in orchards in U.S.A., 130. projectus, Frankliniella bispinosus. Promachus, predaceous on grass- hoppers in Colorado, 340. Promachus ater (see P. yesonicus). Promachus fitchi, predaceous on Lachnosterna in U.S.A., 345, 451. 708 INDEX. Proviachus vertebratus, predaceous on Lachnosterna in U.S.A., 845, 563. Promachus yesonicus, predaceous on white grubs in Japan, 345. Promecops lunatus, food-plants of, in Barbados, 394. Promecotheca cuniingi, bionomics of, in Malaya, 523 ; a minor pest of coconuts in the Philippines, 25. Promecotheca reichei (Coconut Leaf- miner) a minor pest of coconut in Fiji, 237. Promolactis cornigera, parasite of Bipersia resinophila in India, 519. propinqua, Leptura. propinquus, Podothrips. Prosena, introduced into Hawaii from the Philippines against Anomala orientalis, 275. prosop ides, Heterospiliis. Prosopis glandulosa (Mesquite), Buprestid beetles in, in Arizona, 307. Prosopis juliflora (Algaroba), Bru- chids in seeds of, in Hawaii, 354, 356 ; seeds of, attacked by Pachi/merus gonagra in India, 519 ; Chrysobothris exesa on, in U.S.A., 167. prosopis, Bruchus. ProspaUella fasciata, parasite of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi in Italy, 9, 36. ProspaUella leiicaspidis, parasite of Chionaspis pinifoliaein Spain, 113. ProspaUella (Aspidiotiphagus) louns- buryi, parasite of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi in Italy and Madeira, 9, 36. ProspaUella perniciosi, para-site of AspidiMus perniciosiis in Ontario, 413. Prospaphelinus silvestrii (see Aphe- linus). Proteopteryx bolUana (Pecan Bud- moth), on pecan in U.S.A., 227. Proteopteryx deludana (Bud Worm), bionomics of, on pecan in Georgia, 453. proteus, Clastoptera ; Eudamus ; Parlatoria. Protoparce cingulata, on sweet potatoes in Antigua, 211. Protoparce qmnquemaculata, use of powdered lead arsenate against, in U.S.A., 216 ; not disseminating mosaic disease of tobacco, 545. Protoparce sexta, use of powdered lead arsenate against, in U.S.A., 216, Proutista moesta, distribution of, on sugar-cane, 14 ; on sugar-cane in Ceylon, 539 ; on sugar-cane in Philippines, 25. provancheri, Idiocerus. proxima, Perrisia. proximus, Ips. pruinimis, Bruchus. pruinosa, Microphthalma. Prune, pests of, in Italy, 143 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 98, 252, 292, 400, 450. Prunes, Dried, pests of, and their control, in California, 425. pruni, Aphis ; Uyalopterus (see H. arundinis). pruniella. Aphis. prunifoUae, Ajyhis. prunivora, Enarmonia (Laspeyresia). Prunus, Hyalopterus arundinis on, in Br. Columbia, 361 ; Hyalop- terus arundinis (pruni) on, in Egypt, 209 ; (see Plum). Prunus amygdalus (see Almond). Prunus armeniaca (see Apricot). Pninus avium (see Bird Cherry). Prunus cerasus (see Cherry). Prunus communis, food-plant of Boarmia theae in Japan. 95 ; (see Plum). Prunus demissa (Wild Cherry), Taeniop>teryx pacifica on, in U.S.A., 389. Prunus domesticus (see Plum). Prunus emarginata (Wild Cherry), food-plant of Lepidosaphes ulmi in Br. Columbia, 361 ; Taeniop- teryx pacifica on, in U.S.A.. 389. Prunus insititia (see Damson). Prunus lusitanica (Portugal Laurel), 8tephanitis pyri on, in Europe, 342. Prunus 7nahaleb, Argyroploce varie- gana on, in Italy, 173. Prunus inume (Japanese Apricot), Aphids on, in Japan, 548. Prunus pennsylvanica (Wild Red. Bird, Fire or Pin Cherry), Bhago- letis fausta on, in N. America, 419. Prunus persica (see Peach). Prunus pumila (Sand Cherry), bio- nomics and control of Gelechia confusella on, in U.S.A., 464. Prunus sargenti, Anthonomus bisig- natus intercepted on, in U.S.A., 206. Prunus serotina (Wild Cherry), bionomics of Corythuca spinulosa on, in New Jersey, 273. Prunus tomentosa, food-plant of J ankowskia fuscaria in Japan, 95. Prunus virginiana (Choke-cherry), food -plant of insect pests in N. America, 12, 241, 243, 361, 417, 420, 507. Prussia, bionomics of Dendrolimtts pini on pines in, 408. INDEX. 709 Psallus ambiguus, on apples in Britain, 278, 279, 280. Psallus obscurus (see P. ambiguus). Psammochares luetuosus, in Hawaii, 351. Psammodes, in Southern Rhodesia, 536. Psammodes batesi, on potato and tobacco in Rhodesia, 337. Psammodes pierreti, on potato and tobacco in Rhodesia, 337. Psammodes scrobicollis, on potato and tobacco in Rhodesia, 337. Psammodes similis, on potato and tobacco in Rhodesia, 337. Psen atratus (see P. pallipes). Psen pallipes, natural enemy of Aphids in Holland, 136. Pseudaonidia duplex, intercepted on Camellia etc. in California, 100, 293, 450, 525. Pseudaonidia fossor, on grape-vine in Br. Guiana, 86. Pseudaonidia paeoniae, intercepted on peonies in California, 294. Psetidaonidia {Asjjidiotus) trilobiti- formis, on cacao in San Thome, 52, 384 ; on mango in Uganda, 52 ; control of, on citrus in Zanzibar, 128. Pseudaphelinus caridei, gen. et sp. n., parasite of scale-insects in Argentina, 428. Pseudatractoeera calosomae, a na- tural enemy of Calosoma in U.S.A., 17. Pseudischnasjns, in Cuba, 482. Pseudoalbana lameerei, attacking C it mil us vulgaris colocynthoides in Egypt, 557. pseudoavenae. Aphis. pse udobrassicae, Sipliocoryne [Aphis ) . Pseudococeus (Mealy Bug), measures against, on vines in Britain, 11, 144, 145; intercepted in Cali- fornia, 29, 100, 101, 137, 253, 293, 450, 525 ; in Grenada, 33 ; intercepted in Hawaii, 69 ; con- trol of, on vines in Holland, 141 ; on coffee in Dutch E. Indies, 350 ; associated mth Myrmelachista ambigua, on coffee in Porto Rico, 104; intercepted in Porto Rico, 485 ; control of, on cacao in Uganda, 51 ; mea- sures against, in U.S.A., 370, 414; measures against, on vines in New Zealand, 95. Pseudococeus aeeris (see Phenacoc- cus). Pseudococeus adonidum (longispinus) on imported bananas in Britain, 59 ; predaceous enemies of, in Chile, 429 ; Ghilocorus bipustula- tus ineffective against, in France, (C569) 488 ; infesting Eriodendron an- fractuosum in Dutch E. Indies, 350 ; on coffee in Porto Rico, 105; on cranberries in U.S.A., 563. Pseudococeus balceri (Grape Mealy Bug), spraying against, in Cali- fornia, 97. Pseudococeus bromeliae, intercepted on pineapples in California, 29, 100, 137, 253, 293, 450, 525 ; on pineapples in Uganda, 52. Pseudococeus calceolariae (Sugar- cane Mealy Bug), destroyed by Drosophilid flies in Australia, 387 ; on sugar-cane in Barbados, 394. Pseudococeus capensis (Vine Mealy Bug), fumigation with hydro- cyanic-acid gas against, in S. Africa, 181. Pseudococeus citri (Common Mealy Bug), introduction of, into S. Africa, 86 ; on citrus in Barbados, 394 ; on dadap in Ceylon, 539 ; on mulberry in Formosa, 174; in Br. Guiana, 386 ; on cacao in San Thome, 384 ; resistance of citrus to, in Spain, 56 ; on peaches and vines in Sweden, 146 ; on coffee in the Tropics, 85 ; on coffee etc. in Uganda, 51, 52; and its control in U.S.A., 215, 313 ; control of, on citrus in Zanzibar, 128; ants associated with, 313, 386. Pseudococeus citrophilus, cam- paign against, in California, 28, 97, 168, 215. Pseudococeus erotonis, on dadap in Ceylon, 539. Pseudococeus filamentosus, intro- duction of, into S. Africa, 86 ; on mulberry in Formosa, 174, 175. Pseudococeus longicornis, on mul- berry in Formosa, 174. Pseudococeus lo7igispinus (see P. adonidum). Pseudococeus longispmus var. latipes, n., food-plants of, in Britain, 59. Pseudococeus newsteadi, sp. n., on beech in Britain, 59. Pseudococeus nipae, on palms at Kew, 59. Pseudococeus sacchari (Sugar-cane Mealy Bug), on sugar-cane in Barbados, 394 ; Solenopsis pylades associated with, in Br. Guiana, 386 ; on sugar-cane in Cuba, 393 ; food-plants of, in the Tropics, 85 ; intercepted on sugar-cane in U.S.A., 206. 710 INDEX. Pseudococcus virgaius, introduction of, into S. Africa, 86 ; on mul- berry in Formosa, 174; food- plants of, in Seychelles, 68; food- plants of, in the Tropics, 85 ; on coffee in Uganda, 51. Pseudococcus vitis, measures against, on vines in Kussia, 162. Pseudococcus vovae, on Junvperus communis in Germany and Po- land, 342. Pseudococcus ivalkeri, in Britain, 59. pseudococcus, Mhahdophaga. pseudo-floccifera, Puliinaria. Pseudogonatopus hospes, parasite of Perkinsiella saccharicida in Hawaii, 351. PseudoJiazis eglanterina, on stone fruits in California, 450. PseudoJiylesinus grandis, bionomics of, in Pseudotsuga taxifolia in N. America, 264. PseudoJiylesinus granulatus, biono- mics of, in Ahies grandis in N. America, 264. PseudoJiylesinus nehulosus, biono- mics of, in Pseudotsuga taxifolia in N. America, 264, 265. PsetidompJiale eudami, sp. n., para- site of Eudamus proteus in St. Vincent, 121, 274. Pseudomyrma, protecting acacias from insects in Central America and Mexico, 129. psetidonietana, ArpJiia. Pseudoparlatoria cfiilina, food-plants of, in Chde, 429. Pseudoparlatoria ostreata, inter- cepted in avocado seed in U.S.A., 206. pseudopJiones, Relegonatopus. Pseudopteroptrix imitatrix, gen., et sp. n., parasite of scale- insects in Hawaii, 352. pseudotritea, CarpopJitJioromyia. PseudotrocJialus concolor, on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Pseudotsuga, bark-beetles infesting, in N. America, 265, 266, 267. Pseudotsuga maerocarpa (Big Cone Spruce), pests of, in N. America, 167, 263. Pseudotsuga mucronata (see P. taxi- folia). Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Douglas Fir), pests of, in N. America, 116, 155, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 289, 363, 397, 421, 422, 441, 521, 522, 550. pseudotsugae, Dendroctonus ; Dryo- coetes. psi, Acronycta. ■ psidii, Pulvinaria. Psidium cattleyanu/m (Red Guava), food-plant of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540. Psidium guayava (see Guava). Psila rosae (Carrot Rust Fly), on carrots and parsnips in Britain, 508 ; in Canada, 84 ; in Massa- chusetts, 26 ; food-plants of, in Norway and Sweden, 150, 284. Psilojytera, unidentified species of, in Arizona, 307. Psilop)tera catenulata, on pome- granate trees in Egypt, 50. Psiloptera webbi, in Arizona, 307. psociformis, Gonwentzia. PsycJionoctua jamaicensis, on coffee in Porto Rico, 104. Psylla, natural enemies of, on mulberry in Formosa, 174, 175. Psylla buxi (Boxwood Psyllid), in- tercepted on boxwood in Hawaii, 518 ; intercepted on boxwood in U.S.A., 205. Psylla isitis, Arytaina punctipennis probably identical with, 15. Psylla mali (Apple Sucker), bio- nomics and control of, in Britain, 280, 425, 430 ; control of, on apples in Norway and Sweden, 145, 285. Psylla pyri (Pear Psylla), spraying experiments against, in Michigan, 341. Psylla pyrieola, on fruit-trees in New York, 451. Psylla sorbi, on mountain-ash in Britain, 430. Psylliodes affinis (Potato Flea- beetle), food-plants of, in Britain, 509. Psylliodes cJirysocepJiala, bionomics and control of, in Germany, 343 ; on cabbage in Sweden, 147; on cabbage in Switzerland, 368. Psyllobora taedata, predaceous on CJiromapJiis juglandicola in Cali- fornia, 99. Psyllopa jnmcti/pennis {s,ee Arytaina). Pterandrus votucris, gen. et sp. n., in East Africa, 208. pterisoides, Myzus. Pterochlorus japonicus (see P. tropi- calis). Pterochlorus roboris, in Sweden, 146. PterocJilorus tropicalis, food-plants of, in Japan, 548. Pterocomma pilosa, on willows in Britain, 41. Pterocomma smitJiiae, Syrphid flies predaceous on, in Maine, 241, 242. Pterodela pedicularis, in wheat in Connecticut, 458. PterolopJiia melanura, attacking rub- ber in East Indies, 429. Pteromalus, hyperparasite of Micro- gaster connexus in Britain, 382. INDEX. 711 Pteromalus houcheanus (see Di- hracliys). pteromalus calandrae, parasite of Bnichid beetles in Hawaii, 355. Pteromalus egregius, hypei-parasite of Apanteles lacteicolor in U.S.A., 512. Pferonidea ribesii (see Pteronus). Pteronus dimidiatus, parasitised by Pimpla instigator in Britain, 431. Pteronus ribesii (Currant and Goose- beery Sawfly, Imported Currant Worm), bionomics and control of, on gooseberry in Britain, 159, 238, 510; measures against, in Min- nesota, 371 ; use of Urania green against, in Holland, 498 ; on currants and gooseberries in Nor- way and Sweden, 150, 286 ; on gooseberries in Switzerland, 368. Pteronus salicis, bionomics of, in Britain, 41, 431 ; on Salix fragilis in Sweden, 150. Pteroptrichoides j^erA-msi, parasite of scale-insects in Hawaii, 352. Pterosema subaenea, sp. n., parasite of Agromyza phaseoli in Australia, 387. Pterosemoidea drosophilae, sp. n., parasite of Drosophilid flies in Australia, 387. Pterostichus melanarius, on straw- berries in France, 96. Ptilodexia abdominalis, parasite of Lachnosterna in Manitoba, 364. Ptilodexia tibialis, parasite of Lach- nosterna in N. America, 345, 364, 568. Ptiloniola neavei, sp. n., in Xyasa- land, 208. Ptinus fur, on cereals in Sweden, 147. Ptinus raptor, on cereals in Sweden, 147. Ptosima undecim-maculata, on apri- cot trees in Egypt, 50. Ptychanatis axyridis, predaceous on Psylla in Formosa, 175. Ptychodes triUneatus (Three-lined Fig-Tree Borer), bionomics and distribution of, 101. puberula, Agonoscelis. pubescens, Syntomasjns ; Tomaspis. pudens, Cyphus {NeocypTius). puera, Hyblaea. pueyrredoni, Hystrichodexia. Pulvinaria, intercepted on citrus etc. in California, 137, 450 ; on mulberry in Formosa, 174 ; on figs in U.S.A., 414. Pulvinaria antigoni, destroying Lan- ta/na camara in Seychelles, 377. Pulvinaria betulae, intercepted in S. Africa, 86 ; control of, on (C569) peaches and vines in Holland. 135, 140, 141. Pulvinaria camelicola, on camellia in Italy, 143. Pulvinaria cupaniae, imported into Jamaica on mulberry from U.S.A. 86. Pulvinaria flavescens, sp. n., natural enemies of, in Argentina, 428. Pulvinaria jacksoni, parasitised by Tetrastichus gowdeyi in Uganda, 52, 87. Pulvinaria minuta, sp. n., natural enemies of, in Argentina, 428. Pulvinaria ostulae, intercepted on fruit-tree stocks in S. Africa, 358. Pulvinaria platensis, sp. n., natural enemies of, in Argentina, 428. Pulvinaria pseudo-floccifera, on Pisonia ma■ Una in, 479. scaler, Poi'celUo. Scale- insects, from Br. E. Africa and Uganda, 16, 51, 52, 85, 87 ; intercepted in quarantine in S. Africa, 358 ; fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas against, in Britain, 11 ; list of British species of, 59 ; measures against, in Ceylon, 435 ; fungi infesting, in Formosa, 174; control of, on fruit-trees in France, 411; control of, on coconuts in Gren- ada, 497 ; intercepted in quaran- tine in Hawaii, 39, 476 ; control of, on peaches and vines in Holland, 140; on tea in India, 187, 475 ; on cacao in Dutch E. Indies, 349 ; fumigation against, on citrus in Japan, 26 ; inter- cepted in Porto Rico, 485 ; notice of Philippine species of, 14; intercepted in the Philippines, from Java and Japan, 25 ; con- trol of, on citrus in Queensland, 112 ; food-plants and control of, in Seychelles, 68, 375, 376, 377 ; on fruit in Spain, 133 ; measures against, in U.S.A., 97, 98, 99, 126, 340, 365, 473 ; intercepted in U.S.A., 29, 137, 206, 525; in Zanzibar, 85, 128 ; ants asso- ciated with, 104, 129, 168, 248, 313, 321, 386, 497 ; natural enemies of, 9, 16, 33, 34, 35, 36, 51, 52, 68, 84, 86, 87, 98, 104, 113, 128, 162, 167, 174, 175, 244, 283, 290, 316, 322, 352, 376, 384, 387, 394, 413, 428, 429, 443, 488, 516, 519, 535; notice of list of food-plants of, 281 ; classifica- tion and new species of, 14, 53, 59, 67, 68, 85, 321, 375, 428, 482, 546. 1^ Scale, Apple Mussel (see Lepido- sapJies ulmi). Scale, Barnacle (see Ceroplastes cirripediformis). Scale, Black (see Saissetia nigra and S. oleae). Scale, Black Barnacle (see Chry- somphalus aanidum). Scale, Bourbon (see Aspidiotus destructor). Scale, Calico (see Eulecanium cera- sonim). Scale, California Red (see Chry- somphalus aurantii). Scale, Chaif (see Parlatoria cMnensis and P. pergandei). Scale, Cherry (see Eulecanium cera- sorum). Scale, Chir-pine (see Bipersia resino' phila). Scale, Cinnamon (see Eucalymnatus tessellatus). Scale, Citricola (see Coccus citri- cola). Scale, Cottony Cushion (see Icerya piirchasi). Scale, European Elm (see Gossyparia spuria). Scale, Fern (see Hemichionaspis aspidistrae). Scale, Fig (see LepidosapJies ficus). Scale, Florida Wax (see Ceroplastes floridensis). Scale, Fluted (see Icerya purchasi). Scale, Green (see Coccus viridis). Scale, Grey (see Coccus citricola). Scale, Gum-tree (see Eriococcus coriaceus), Scale, Long (see Lepidosaphes glover i). Scale, Magnolia (see Eulecanium magnoliarum). Scale, Mussel (see LepidosapJies). ^irScale, Oleander (see Aspidiotus hederae). Scale, Olive (see Saissetia oleae). Scale, Orange Snow (see Chionaspis citri). Scale, Oyster-shell {see Lepidosaphes iilmi). Scale, Pernicious (see Aspidiotus perniciosus). Scale, Purple (see LepidosapJies becJcii). Scale, Pustular Oak (see Asterole- canium variolosum). Scale, Red (see ChrysompJialus aonidum and C. aurantii). Scale, Ruby Wax (see Ceroplastes rubens). Scale, San Jos6 (see Aspidiotus perniciosus). Scale, Snow (see CJiionaspis citri). Scale, Soft Brown (see Coccus Jiesperidum). Scale, Spanish Red (see CJiry- sompJialus dictyospermi). Scale, Vine (see Pulvinaria vitis). Scale, White (see CJiionaspis citri and HemicJiionaspis minor). Scale, White Barnacle (see Aspi- diotus lataniae and CJirysompJialus dictyospermi). Scalecide, experiments in spraying with, against Aegeria exitiosa, 196 ; spraying experiments with, against Aphids, 112, 340 ; against scale-insects, 400, 506, 544. Scalmus inter stitialis, destroyed by woodpeckers in Jamaica, 530. 722 INDEX. Scalo, spraying with, against scale- insects, 187. Seambus eonquisitor, parasite of Tortrix cerasivorana in Canada, 507. Seambus pedalis, parasite of Eali- sidota in Canada, 123. Scapteriscus didactylus, 8. vicimos eroneously recorded as, in Central and South America, 296. Scapteriscus vicinus (West Indian Mole-cricket, Changa), bionomics, control and distribution of, 296, 390, 391. Scaptomyza, on cabbages and tur- nips in Norway, 284. Scarabee (see Euscepes hatat^. scassellati, Dysdercus. Seatophaga merdaria, destroying Empoa rosae in U.S.A., 243. Seatophaga rufiventris, sp. n., para- site of Polyphylla fullo in France, 131. schatimi, Oberea. ScJiedius kuvanae, parasite of it/man- tria dispar in Maine, 178 ; parasite of Lymantria dispar in Spain, 113. scMstaceana, Argyroploce {Grapho-^ litha). Schistocerca alutacea, on citrus in Florida, 474 ; on cranberries in U.S.A., 563. Schistocerca americana, Coccoba^cil- lus effective against, 288 ; 8. urichi erroneously recorded as, 462. Schistocerca para/nensis (Argentine or South American Locust), S. urichi erroneously recorded as, 462 ; experiments with Cocco- bacillus acridiorum ag'ainst, in Argentina, 178; invasion of, in Chile, 161 ; parasitised by Poda- polipus berlesei in Chile, 428 ; food-plants of, and measures against, in Br. Guiana, 31; Goccobacillus effective against, 288 ; Epicauta adspersa possibly an enemy of, 317. Schistocerca peregrina (N. African Migratory Locust), in Egypt and Br. E. Africa, 15, 358; Gocco- bacillus effective against, 288 ; S. urichi erroneously recorded as, 462. Schistocerca septemfasdata (see Gyrtacanthacris). Schistocerca serialis, on citrus in Florida, 474. Schistocerca urichi, distribution of, in Central and South America, 462. Schistocerca vittigera, eggs of, des- troyed by Epicauta adspersa in Argentina, 317. Schizaspis lobata, parasitised by Gasca luzonica in Philippines, 36. Schizoneura (see Eriosoma). Schizonotus sieboldi, bionomics of, 551. Sehizotetranychus latitarsus, sp. n., on bamboo in U.S.A., 22. Schizura concinna (Red-humped Apple-tree CaterpUlar), on fruit- trees in Ontario, 412 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 26, 385, 450, 457. schlectendali, Phyllocoptes. Schlectendalia chinensis, commer- cial use of galls of, 244. Schleichera trijuga (Kusumb), food- plant of Tojchardia lacca in India, 513. schletieri, Pristaulacus. schneideri, Dasyneura. Schoenobius bipunctifer (see S. incertellus). Schoenobius incertellus (Three- brooded Rice-borer), in rice in Dutch E. Indies, 447 ; bionomics and control of, in rice in Japan, 176, 234-236 ; control of, in rice in PhiUppines, 25. Schoenobius punctellus (see S. incer- tellus). schonherri, Barynotus (see B. squa- mosus). schoutedeni, Sipha. Schreckensteinia festaliella, on black- berries and raspberries in U.S.A., 556. schreiberi, Mylabris. Sciara militaris, means of resistance to dessication shown by, in France, 319. ScUly Islands, parasites of earwigs in, 427. Sdrpophaga, on rice in Dutch E. Indies, 447. Sdrpophaga auriflua (see S. xantho- gastrella). Sdrpophaga xanthogastrella, on sugar-cane in India, 123. Sdrpus americanus, Grambus hor- tuellus on, in America and Europe, 10. Scirpus eriophorum, Ghilo simplex hibernating in, in Japan, 234. Scirtothrips citri (Citrus Thrips), bionomics of, in U.S.A., 218, 450. sdtella, LeuGoptera (Gemiostoma). sdtula, Eublemma (Thalpocha/res). Scleroderma immigrans, sp. n., para- site of Pachymerus gonagra in the Far East, 355. Scobida, on fig, probably para- sitised by Spathius rubidus in France, 477. ScoliOf controlling Adoretus tenui- maculatus in Hawaii, 237. INDEX. 723 Scolia bifasciata, parasite of Getonia in Europe, 345. Scolia caffra, importation of, into Mauritius from Madagascar, 301. Scolia interrupta, parasite of Anoxia villosa in Europe, 345. Scolia iridicolor, importation of, into Mauritius from Madagascar, 301. Scolia manilae, parasite of Anomala orientalis in Hawaii, 275. Scolia oryctophaga, imported into Mauritius from Madagascar against Orycies taranclus, 301 ; probably easily acclimatised in Seychelles, 375. Scolia pilosella, parasite of Oryctes rhinoceros in Aldabra, 375. Scolopendra alternans, natural enemy of Scapteriscus vicinus in Porto Rico, 392. Scolothrips sexmaculatus, pre- daceous on mites in U.S.A., 34, 505. scolyti, Denotus. Scolytus destructor, in elm in Britain, 159. Scolytus major, in deodar in India, 522. Scolytus mali, in apple in Switzer- land, 367. Scolytus monticolae, in conifers in Br. Columbia, 264. Scolytus multistriatus (Small Elm- bark Beetle), in apricot in Egypt, 50; in elm in Britain, 159. Scolytus quadrispinosus (Hickory Bark -beetle), in forests in New York, 451. Scolytus ratzeburgi (Birch Beetle), bionomics of, in birches in Ger- many, 7. Scolytus rugulosus (Fruit-tree Bark- beetle), measures against, in apple and plum in Britain, 436, 509 ; in apples in Sweden, 147 ; in apple and plum in Switzerland, 367 ; measures against, in U.S.A., 267, 384. Scolytus tsuga^e, in conifers in Br. Columbia, 264. Scolytus unispinosus, bionomics of, in conifers in N. America, 264. Scopelosoma satellitia (see Eupsilia). Screw-pine, Aspidiotus destructor on, in Uganda, 86. scrohicollis, Psamniodes. scrophulariae, AntJirenus. Scrub Pine (see Pinus virginiana). scrupulosus, Dryoctenes. scrutator, Oalosoma. Scudderia texensis (Cranberry Katy- did), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 563. sculpturatus, Atanycolus ; Tetrasti- chus. sculptus, Euphorus (see Dinoca/mpus terminatus). scurra, Idiocerus. scutellata, Agromyza ; Blepliaripoda. Scutellista, destroying Saissetia oleae in California, 98. Scutellista cyanea, parasite of Cero- plastes galeatus in Uganda, 52, 87. scutiformis, Ghrysomphalus. Scymnus, predaceous on Aphids in California, 27, 414; predaceous on Tetranychus telarius in Turke- stan, 348. Scymnus americanus, predaceous on ChaitopTiorus negundinis in U.S.A., 164. Scymnus capitatus, predaceous on Phylloxera in Britain, 119. Scymnus macula, predaceous on Pseudococcus adonidum in Chile, 429. Scythropia crataegella, on Coton- easier hoi'izontalis in Hungary, 408 ; food-plants of, in Sweden, 150. Sea Piu'slane (see Sesuvium sessile). Sea Grape (see Coccoloba uvifera). Secale cereale (see Rye). Secodella acrohasis, parasite of Aero- basis nebulella in U.S.A., 169. secunda, Paraehrysomalla. Sedges, Sipha glyceriae on, in Britain, 170. Seed-corn Maggot (see Phorbia fusciceps). segetum, Euxoa {Agrotis). segregata, Tiphia. Seius safroi, probably predaceous on Dendroctonus pseudotsugae in N. America, 263. Selandria atra (see Eriocampoides annulipes). Selandria cerasi (see Eriocamipoides limacina). selenaria, Boarmia. Selenaspidus articulatus, inter- cepted in quarantine in S. Africa, 358 ; intercepted on bananas in California, 253 ; imported into Jamaica on citrus from India, 86 ; food-plants of, in San Thome, 52, 384. Selenaspidus silvaticus, on orange in Uganda, 52, 86. Selenothrips rubrocinctus (see Helio- thrips). Semanopterus depressiusculus, on sugar-cane in Australia, 165, 166. semblidis, Trichogrannma [Ooph- thora). semiangusta, Aciura. semifumipennis, Uscana. semifuneralis, Euzo'phera. semipunetata, Phoraeantha. 724 INDEX. senex, Peritelus. sensoriata. Aphis. Seoptera colon, experiments in trap- ping, with oils in California, 423. septemdeeim, Tibicen. septemfaseiata, Cyrtacanihacris (Schistocerca). septevipunctata, Coccinella. septentrionalis, Croesus, sequensi, Leptura. Sequoia, pests of, in N. America, 267, 441. Sequoia sempervirens, Longicorns infesting, in California, 363. serialis, Schistocerca. Serica alternata, on stone fruits in California, 450. Serica hrunnea, in Sweden, 147. Sericaria mori (see Bombyx). sericeum, Lymexylon. sericeus, Metamasius. Sericiilture, experiments in, in India, 211 ; in Japan, 176; 211, 438, 501, 502 ; in Madagascar, 56 ; (see Silkworms). serinopa, Nephantis. serrata, Atelocera. serricorne, Lasioderma. sertifer, Diprion (Lophyrus). Service-berry (see Amelanchier). ServilUa transversa, sp. n., from India, 331. ServilUa ursinoidea, sp. n., from India, 331. servus, Euschistus. Sesamia inferens, food-plants of, in India, 123. Sesamum indicum (Gingelly), Mega- coelum stramineum on, in Madras, 46. Seshania (Agathi), Alcides bubo on, in Madras, 47. Seshania aegyptiaca, not attacked by Tephrosia beetle in Java, 3. Sesbania sesban, Bruchus pruinosus in seeds of, in Hawaii, 352, 355. Sesia (see Aegeria). Sesuvium sessile (Lowland or Sea Purslane), food-plant of Eutettix tenella in California, 418. Setaria glauca (Foxtail Grass), food- plant of Pyrausta nubilalis in U.S.A., 554. setariae. Aphis ; Tychea. setigerus. Coccus., setipennis, D igonochaeta. setir'entris, Physothrips. Setomorpha mar galaestr iota, sp. n., bionomics and control of, in Dutch E. Indies, 223, 224, 349. Setomorpha tineoides, a clothes moth in Java, 223. setulosus, Mimetus. Seventeen-year Locust (see Tibicen septemdeeim). sexdeeimguttata, Halyzia. sexdentatum, Sinoxylon. sexdentatus, Ips. sexmaculata, Leptura. sexmaculatus, Scolothrips ; Tetrany- chus (see T. telarius). sexspinosus, Eccoptopterus. sexta, Protoparce (Phlegethontius). seychellarum, Asterolecanium pustu- lans ; Icerya. Seychelles, miscellaneous insect pests in, 67, 375-377. Shadbush (see Amelanchier cana- densis). Shadscale (see Atriplex conferti- folia). shahespearei, Euryischia. Shallot, Eumerus strigatus in, in N. America, 129. Sheep, utilisation of, to destroy insect pests, 268, 340, 400, 468 ; effect of arsenical residues of sprays on, 467. Sheep Fescue, Aphis psetidoavenae on, in Maine, 243. Sheep Sorrel, Cro/mbus hortuelhis on, in America and Europe, 10. Shellac, preparation of, 513. Shepherd's Purse, Frankliniella fusca on, in Florida, 505. Shivaphis celti, gen. et sp. n., on Celtis australis in Lahore, 473. Shorea obtusa, Roplocerambyx spini- cornis in, in India, 519. Shorea robusta (Sal), pests of, in India, 519, 522. Shot-hole Borer of Tea (see Xyle- boriis fornicatus). Shrew, destroying Lachnosterna in Manitoba, 364. Siberia, Cerambycid and other forest pests in, 131. Sibine fusca, on coconuts in Br. Guiana, 386. SicUian Mealy-bug Parasite (see Paraleptomastix abnormis). Sicily, Aphids in, 514; parasites of Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pin- nulifera in, 9 ; loss due to Cydia pomonella in, 256 ; measures against Megastigmus ballestrerii on Pistacia in, 488 ; Ehynchites infesting stone-fruits in, 295. sieboldi, Schisonotus. signatus, Anthonomus ; Coccus ; Xyloterus. signiferum, Lecanium. Signiphora conjugalis, parasite of Chionaspis pinifoUae in Spain, 113. Signiphora merceti, parasite of Ghry- somphalus dictyospermi in Italy and Spain, 9, 36, 113. silacealis, Botys (see Pyrausta nubi- lalis). INDEX. 725 Silesia, Agrotis c-nigrum iu, 408. silhetana, Terias. Silk Cotton-tree (see Eriodendron anfractuosum). Silkworm Thorn (see Broussonetia kazinolci). Silkworms, in Formosa, 175; attacked by pebrine in Europe and Madagascar, 56 ; studies of pebrine disease of, in India, 125, 211 ; experiments in breeding, in India, 211 ; flacherie in, 171, 211, 437, 444; injured by urti- cating hairs of Ardornis clirif- sorrhoea, 501, 502 ; food-plants of, in Japan, 438 ; (see Bonibyx mori and Sericulture). Silt, a good diluent for dust sprays, 60 silvai, Calosoter. Silvanus, intercepted in garlic seed in Porto Rico, 485. Silvanus surinamensis (Saw-toothed Grain-beetle), infesting copra in Ceylon, 539 ; control of, in stored copra in Seychelles, 68, 376; in U.S.A., 246, 414, 418, 425, 451, 457 ; resistance of, to carbon bisulphide, 14. silvaiica, Batrachedra. silcaticus, Selenaspidiis. Silver-fish (see Lepisma): Silver-leaf Mite (see Phyllocoptes schlectendali). Silver-spotted Skipper (see Epar- gyreus tityrus). sili'estrii, Aphelinus (Prospaphe- linus); Galesus. Simaethis pariana (see Hemerophila). simile, Alissonotum ; Diprion (Lophyrus). similis, Aulacophora ; Gentrobia ; Eriophyes ; Porthesia (see Arc- tornis chry sorrhoea) ; Psanimodes. Simon's Machine, for disinfecting cotton seed, 43. simplex, CTiilo ; Gonocephalum ; Phytometra (Autographa). simplicis, Apanteles. sinensis, Ceroplastes. Singapore, bionomics of Catochry- sops pandava on Cycads in, 520 ; beetle attacking yams in, 519 ; pests from, intercepted in Cali- fornia, 69. singuJaris, Ceroplastes ; Otiorrhyn- chus ; SaJilbergella. sinica, Diciyaphora. sinieus, Adoi'etus. Sinoxylon basilare (see Xylobiops). Sinoxylon sexdentatum, food-plants and probable parasites of, in France, 477. Sinuate Pear Borer (see Agrilus sinuatus). sinuata, Phyllotreta. (C569) sinuatus, Agrilus, Sipahis hypocrita, in Pinus kha^ya in India, 519. Sipha berlesei, on Aira caryophyllea in Britain, 170. Sipha bignoniae, on Bignonia catalpa in Britain, 170. Sipha elegans, on Hordeum murinum in Britain, 170, Sipha flava (Yellow Aphis), on sugar-cane in Porto Rico, 391. Sipha glyeeriae, on grasses and sedges in Britain, 170. Sipha graminis, on Anthoxanthiim odoratum in Britain, 170. Sijiha maydis, on Graminaceae in Britain, 170. Si2}ha paradoxa, sp. n., on Poa trivialis in Britain, 170. Sipha schoutedcni, on Holcus and Poa in Britain, 170. Siphocoryne bicaudata, sp. n., on Salix in Japan, 548. Siphocoryne (BhopalosipMim) cap- reae, on willow etc. in N. America, 257, 417 ; food-plants of, in Britain, 41. Siphocoryne essigi, sp. n., on willow in N. America, 257. Siphocoryne grabhami, on willow in N. America, 257. Siphocoryne indobrassicae, sp. n. (Indian Mustard Aphis), food- plants of, in Lahore, 473. Siphocoryne japonica, sp. n., on Angelica polymorpha in Japan, 548. Siphocoryne ligustri, on privet iu Sweden, 146. Siphocoryne nymphaeae (see Bhopa- losiphum). Siphocoryne padi (see Siphonaphis). Siphocoryne pastinacae, on Lonicera xylosteum in N. America, 257 ; food-plants of, in Britain, 41, 158. Siphocoryne pseudobrassicae (Turnip Aphis), in Cape Colony, 209 ; notes on, in Texas, 194, 195, 300. Siphocoryne xylostei, synonym of S. pastinacae, 257. Siphonaphis padi {Aphis avenue) (Oat Aphis), parasitised by Lygo- cerus in Britain, 276 ; on apple in Br. Columbia, 361 ; food- plants of, in Japan, 548 ; on cereals in Norway, 284 ; effect of meteorological conditions on, iu Sweden, 89, 146 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 47, 110-112, 194, 212, 243, 373; Aphis cerasifoliae possibly a synonym of, 47, 417. Sip'honetla pmnilionis, on cereals in Sweden, 150. 726 INDEX. siphonella, Aphis. sipJionina, Ensina. Siphonophora rosae (see 3Iacrosi- phum). SipJionophora salicicola, synonym of Aphis saliceti, 257. Siphonophora solani (see Bhopalosi- phum). s iphonophorae, Pachyneuron. Sirex gigas (Giant Wood Wasp), in conifers in Britain, 159. Sirex noetilio (Steel-blue Wood Wasp), in conifers in Britain, 159. Sitka Spruce (see Picea sitchensis). Sitodiplosis mosellana, on barley in Sweden, 150. Sitodrepa panicea, control of, in bouses in Britain, 160 ; infesting stored food in Connecticut, 457 ; on tomatoes in Sweden, 147. Sitona (see Sit ones). Sitones, food-plants of in Britain, 327, 435. Sitones hispidulus, on lucerne in Michigan, 340. Sitones lineatus, control of, on beans and peas in Britain, 509 ; control of, on vegetables in Germany, 6 ; bionomics of, in Sweden,"^92, 147. Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois Grain-moth), infesting stored wheat in Argentina, 143 ; inter- cepted in quarantine in Hawaii, 543 ; attacking bamboo seeds in India, 519 ; on maize in Sweden, 149 ; bionomics etc. of, in U.S.A., 69, 202, 246, 438, 457, 491 ; infesting stored maize in New South Wales, 337 ; fumigation with chlorpicrin against, 491. sjostedti, Stictococcus. Skunk, destroying noxious insects in N. America, 17, 308, 364. Sky-lark, importance of protection of, in Britain, 510. Sloe, Eyalopterus arundinis on, in Sweden, 146. smaragdina, Dalpada : Oecophylla. Smartweed (see Polygonum vir- ginianum). smerintha, Myelobia. Smerinthus oceUatus (see Sphinx). smilacisella, Marmara (Phylloc- iiisiis). Smilax, Marmara smilacisella on, in Massachusetts, 21. smithi, Phytalus. smithiae, Melanoxantherium ; Ptero- comma. Snails, spreading Gronartium ribi- cola in greenhouses, 9. snelleni, Acanthopsyche. Snow Scale (see Chionaspis citri). Snowball (see Yiburniim). Snowy Tree Cricket (see OecaniJius). Soap, in sprays, 15, 16, 27, 28, 55, 73, 74, 80, 95, 98, 109, 111, 144, 145, 164, 174, 179, 201, 213, 215, 216, 229, 238, 245, 267, 279, 300, 316, 319, 320, 341, 367, 368, 370, 371, 379, 381, 389, 407, 411, 412, 415, 424, 425, 432, 434, 435, 436, 442, 443, 449, 456, 469, 470, 471, 487, 495, 509, 547 ; formulae containing, 15, 16, 74, 109, 215, 216, 238,^243, 267, 300, 379, 407, 469, 470, 471, 495 ; properties of, in insecticides, 398 ; affecting efficacy of oil emulsions, 487 ; in preparation of commercial sulphur pastes, 291 ; in repel- lents for bark-beetles, 434, 436, 541 ; and tobacco, not recom- mended against Cydia molesta, 370, sobrimts, Agriotes. Soda, and resin, in formulae against scale-insects, 16 ; and soaj), as a repellent for bark-beetles, 436. sodalis, Apanteles. Soda-sulphur, formula for spraying with, against citrus pests, 217. Sodium Arsenate, 361 ; in bait for ants, 461 ; addition of, to lime and copper sidphate spray against Copnodis, 401 ; and lime, in formula against Haltica ampe- lophaga, 414 ; method of poison- ing Oryetes rhinoceros with, 261 ; and megass, for poisoning sugar- cane grubs, 323 ; experiments with, against vine moths, 73; and Bordeaux mixture, 362. Sodium Arsenite, 361 ; a substitute for chloral hydrate in baits for ants, 314 ; experiments with, in baits for Blissus leucoptera, 305 ; in baits for cutworms and army- worms, 396 ; unsuitable for baits for cutworms, 538 ; and molasses, against fruit -flies, 242, 293, 518 ; in baits for Hylemyia antiqua, 84, 122, 202, 255, 555 ; in sprays and baits for lociists and grass- hoppers, 31, 347, 358, 359, 500, 555 ; injurious effect of, on plants, 299, 300. Sodium Bicarbonate, ineffective against clothes moths, 532. Sodium Carbonate, spray formulae containing, 74, 215, ' 439, 470, 471 ; ineffective against cock- roaches and clothes moths, 532. Sodium Chloride (Salt), effect of treating stored peas with, against Bruchids, 463 ; in formula for Fuhrmann's solution against Eriosoma lanigerum , 407 ; spray- ing with, against Pieris, 509 ; INDEX. 727 reaction between calcium arsen- ates and, 338. Sodium Cyanide, in baits for Blissus leucopterus, 305, 306 ; in prepara- tion of liydrocyanic-acid gas, 11, 83, 157, 508; fumigation with, against orchard pests. 27, 145, 169. Sodium Fluoride, against cock- roaches and Lepisma, 412 ; effec- tive against cockroaches, 531 ; effect of, on clothes moths and carpet beetles, 532, 533. Sodium Hydroxide, 111. Sodium Nitrate, treatment of soil with, against insect pests, 60, 74, 139, 432, 435 ; watering plants with, against Aphis bras- sicae, 153 ; more economical than sou sterilisation against wireworms, 426 ; and caustic solution, injurious to foliage, 100. Sodium Salts, addition of fungi- cides containing, to nicotine- paraffin emulsion, 239. Sodium Sulphide, in sprays for orchard pests, 162, 331, 449 ; increasing the value of arsenicals, 362 ; and calcium arsenate, 162, 330 ; and talc, dusting with, against Aspidiotus perniciosus, 413. Sodium Sulphoricinate, in formulae against Eriosoma laiiigerum, 411, 471 ; in formulae against vine- moths, 72, 73. Soft Brown Scale (see Coccus hesperidum). Soil, treatment of, against insect pests, 60, 74, 139^ 432, 435; varieties of, resistant to fumiga- tion with hydrocyanic-acid gas, 83 ; influence of character of, on insect pests in Rhodesia, 240, 337, 338 ; experiments in sterilisation of, against wire- worms, 426. solanella, Lita (see Phthorimaea operculella) ; Bhopalosiphum. solani, Chionaspis ; Bhopcdosiphum ( Macrosiphum, Siphonophora). solanifolii, Macrosiphum. solanina, Myzus. Solanum (Nightshade), food-plant of Phthorimaea operculella in California. 292 ; Aphis malvoides on, in Lahore, 473. Solanum dulcamara (Woody Night- shade), food-plant of Psylliodes affinis in Britain, 509. Solanum melongena (see Egg-plant). Solanum nigrum, food-plant of Pachyzancla periusalis in Porto Rico, 485. Solanum sieglinge, food-plant of Heliothis virescens in U.S.A., 214. (C569) Solanum torvum (Wild Egg-plant), food-plant of Pachyzancla periu- salis in Porto Rico, 485, 486. Solanum tuberosum (see Potato). Solenococcus, intercepted in avocado seed in U.S.A., 206. Solenopsis. natural enemy of boll weevils in U.S.A., 248. Solenopsis geminata (Brown Ant), measures against, on citrus in Porto Rico, 486. Solenopsis pylades, associated with scale-insects in Br. Guiana, 386. Solidago, Macrosiphum rudbeckiae on, in Br. Columbia, 361 ; food- plant of insect pests in U.S.A., 110, 308. Solidago fuchsii, Agrotis collina on, in Saxony, 479. Solidago rugosa, Lopidea on, in U.S.A., 102. solieri, Chrysobothris. Solomon Islands, Brontispa frog- gatti on coconut in, 523. soistitialis, Amphimallus (Bhizo- trogus). Somaliland, Italian, a new cotton- stainer from, 488. somei. Aphis. Sonchus (Sow-thistle), alternative host-plant of Bhopalosiphum lac- iucae in Sweden, 146 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 252, 317. Sonchus oleraceus, Bhopalosiphum lactucae on, in Japan, 548. Soot, as a dressing against insect pests, 119, 432, 435, 442, 509; watering of plants with, against Aphis brassicae, 153 ; and helle- bore, dusting with, against Pteronus ribesii, 159. Sooty Mould (Capnodium, 3Ieliola), associated with Aphids and scale-insects, 41, 68, 283, 367, 401. sophorae, Brassolis. sorbi. Aphis ; Psylla (Ghermes). Sorbus aria, mites forming galls on, in Austria, 406. Sorbus aucuparia (Mountain Ash), Psylla sorbi on, in Britain, 430 ; pests of, in Canada, 60, 381 ; pests of, in Norwav and Sweden, 148, 149, 150, 285; food-plant of Saperda Candida in U.S.A., 447 ; Nygmia phaeorrhoea inter- cepted on, in U.S.A., 312 ; mites forming galls on, 406. sordidus, Acanthocoris ; Cosmo- polites ; Eucoptolaphus. sordipes, Microplitis. sorghicola, Contarinia (Diplosis). Sorghum (Cholam, Juar, Broom- corn) (Andropogon sorghum), Pere- grinus maidis on, in Barbados, 1.2 728 INDEX, 394 ; Chilo simplex hiber- nating in, in Japan, 234 ; pests of, in India, 46, 123 ; pests of, in Nyasaland, 70 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 194, 268, 481. Sorghum halepense (Johnson Grass), Monecphora bicincia on, in Cuba, 392 ; destruction of, in Texas, against Contarinia sorghicola, 268. Sarghum vxilgare (see Sorghum). Sorghum Midge (see Contarinia sorghicola). soror, Diabrotica ; Discolia ; Lep- tura. Sorosporella uvella, infesting Euxoa excellens in Canada, 84, 103. Sorrel, Franlcliniella fiisca on. in Florida, 505. Sour Sop (see Anona muricata). South American Locust (see Schis- iocerca paranensis). South Kussian Entomological So- ciety, foundation of, 30. South Sea Islands, Psendococcus intercepted in California on palms from, 29. Sow-thistle (see Sonchus). Sow-thistle Aphis (see Bhopalo- siphum lactucae). Soy Beans (see Glycine hispida). Spain, parasitic Hymenoptera in, 9, 36, 113, 296; Lepidosaphes ficus intercepted in U.S.A. on fig-trees from, 206 ; measures against locusts in, 273, 427 ; miscellaneous insect pests in, 55, 75, 76, 162, 414, 444, 514; measures against olive pests in, 55, 56, 272, 514; importance of protection of birds in, 192. Spalangia cameroni, establishment of, in Hawaii, 476, 518, 542. Spalgis epius, on dadap in Ceylon, 539. Spanish Codling Moth Parasite (see CalliephiaUes messor). Spanish Eed Scale (see Chrysom- phahts dictyospermi). Sparganothis pilleriana, bionomics and control of, on vines in France, 140, 171, 375; on vines in Spain, 55. Sparrow, 426 ; an injurious bird in Britain, 510 ; economic posi- tion of, in France, 320 ; destroy- ing Anthonomus pomorum in Holland, 499 ; destroying noxi- ous insects in U.S.A., 341," 456, Sparrow-hawk, an injurious bird in Britain and France, 320, 510. sparsus, TityoMeines.- Spathius pedestris, parasite of Ano- bium striatum in France, 477. Spathius rubidus, probable hosts of, in France, 477. Spathulina acrosticta, sp. n., from Durban, 331. spectabilis, Acanthocinus ; Miero- plitis. spengleri, Diaprepes. Sperling's Apparatus, use of, against Meligethes aeneus, 93. spermaphaga, Eucyniatoge. Spermophagus, food-plants of, in Hawaii, 354. Spermophagus rnusculus (see S. subfasciatus). Spermophagus pedoralis, intercepted on beans in California, 101 ; Bruehid probably identical with, in Hawaii, 352, 354. Spermophagus subfasciatus, infest- ing stored beans imported into Italy from S. America, 383. spermophagus, Lepturges. Sphaerophoria cylindrica, pre- daceous on Macrosiphum solani- folii in Ohio, 456. Sphaerostilbe eoccophila (Red- headed Fungus), infesting Lepi- dosaphes beclcii in Seychelles and West Indies, 376, 516. Spharagemon bolli, oviposition of, in Canada, 363. Spharagemon collare, oviposition of, in Canada, 363. sphegiiis, Clerus. sphenarioides, Colemania. sphenophori, Ceromasia. Sphenophorus aequalis, on cereals in U.S.A., 14. Sphenophorus maidis (Maize Bill Bug), on cereals in U.S.A., 14. Sphenoptera gemeUata (see >S'. lati- collis). Sphenoptera laticollis, parasitised by Olyi^omorjiha desert or in France, 476. Sphinx convolvuli (see Eerse). Sphinx ligustri, on lilac in Norway, 286 ; on apple in Sweden, 148. Sphinx ocellatus (Eyed Hawk- moth), bionomics of, on apple in Britain, 382, 510. Sphinx populi, parasitised by Ilicroplitis ocellatae in Britain, 382. Sphodromamtis gastrica, predaceous on Plutella maculipennis in S. Africa, 249. Sphyrocoris obliquus, a supposed cotton pest in St. Vincent, 251. Spices, Sitodrepa panicea infesting, in Britain, 160. spiculatus, Ergates. Spiders, destroying noxious insects, 110, 191, 237, 242, 243, 333, 348 ; killed by nicotine spray in Bri- tain, 118; damaging tea in Madras, 474. INDEX. 729 Spilochalcis vittata, parasite of Aero- basis nebulella in U.S.A., 169. S'piloeryptus, parasite of Zygaena occitanica in France, 262; para- site of Cydia molesta in U.S.A., 374. SpilograpJia artemisiae, on chrr- santhemums in Norway, 286. Spilonota oceUana (see Encosma). SpUosoma lubricipeda (see Dia- crisia). Spinach, Pegomyia hyoscyami on, in Sweden, 150 ; Aphids on, in U.S.A., 453. Spinach Ai)his (see Myzus persicae). Spinach Blight, experiments to determine the transmission of, by Aphids in U.S.A., 453. spinarum, Athalia (see A. colibri). spinator, Phryneta. Spindle Worm (see AeTiatodes zeae). Spined Soldier Bug (see Podisus maculiventris). sji i n icorn is, Hoploceramhyx. spinifera, Euxoa. Spinning Mite (see TetranycTius). spinofemoraUs, Clavigralla. spinosus, Dectes ; Termes. spinnlosa, Aphis ; Corylhuca. Spiny Boll- Worm (see Earias insu- lana). Spiny Citrus Whitefly (see Aleuro- caniJius icoglumi). Spiraea, pests of, in N. America, 290, 313, 441, 458. Spiraea discolor, food-plant of Lepi- dosaphes ^tlmi in Br. Columbia, 361. spiraefoliella, Parornix (Ornix). spirifex, Tarsonemus. splendana, Cydia {Carpocapsa). splendens, CyUndrostom a. Spondias lutea (Hog Plum), j)ests of, in West Indies, 377, 496. Sporotrichum, infesting Haltica ampelopliaga in Algeria, 142. Sporotrichum globulijerum, experi- ments with, against Heliothrips rubrocinctus in Grenada, 32 ; infesting Haltica bimarginata in U.S.A., 242. Spotted Tussock Moth (see Halisi- dota viaculata). Spray Calendar, notice of, for use in Connecticut, 464. Spraying, dusting compared with, 361, 413, 452,^559, 560; legis- lation dealing with i^urity of insecticides for, 40 ; (see under the various Insecticides). sprehis, Melanoplus (Caloptenus). Spring Canker Worm (see Palaea- crita vernata). Spring Grain Aphis (see Toxoptera gramimim). Spruce {Picea), bark-beetles infest- ing, in N. America, 263, 265, 266, 267 ; pests of, in Austria, 405, 407 ; bark-beetles infesting, in Bosnia, 410 ; pests of, in Britain, 59, 116, 118, 155-158, 159, 258, 259 ; pests of, in Canada, 361, 521, 541 ; pests of, in Germany, 405, 410; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 90-92, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 283, 284 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 289, 421, 422, 441, 528. Spruce, Big-cone (see Pseudotsuga macrocarpa). Spruce, Blue (see Pieea parryana). Spruce. Douglas (see Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Spruce, Sitka (see Picea sitchensis). Spruce Bark-beetle (see Ips typo- graplms). Spruce-seed Midge (see Perrisia strobi). sp iimarius, Philaenus. spurca, Paehyta. sjniria, Gossyparia. sjJuriHS, Icterus, spiitator, Agriotes. squamosus, Barynotus ; Hypomeces. squamulatus, Crossotarsus. Squash, pests of, in U.S.A., 127, 252, 459, 493. Squash Stink Bug (see Anasa tristis). Squash Vine Borer (see Melittia satyriniformis). stachyos, Phenaeoccus. Stachys, alternative food-plant of Myzus rihis in U.S.A., 417. Stachyfarpheta indica, food-plant of HelopeUis in Java, 233. Stagmomantis Carolina, predaceous on HypTiantria cunea in Connec- ticut, 456. siali, Plautia (see P. fimbriata). Stanley i, Macrosiplmm. Staphylea bumalda, BhopalosipJium indicum on, in Japan, 548. Staphylea trifoUa (American Bladder Nut), Lopidea staphyleae migrat- ing from, to hickory, in U.S.A., 102. staphyleae, Lopidea. Starch, in sprays against red spider, 547. Starling, destroying noxious insects in Britain, 119,133. Stathmopoda adulatrix, parasite of Pipersia resinophila in India, 519. Stathmopoda oesteetis, predaceous on Tachardia decorella in Uganda, 52, 87. statices, Haplothrips. Stauronotus (see Dociostaurus). Stauropus alternus (Lobster cater- pillar), on tea in Sumatra, 37. 730 INDEX. Steam, experiments in control of pests of cereals in ships with, 439. Steel-blue Wood-wasp (see Sirex noctiUo). Stegodyphus sarasinorum, webbing tea-bushes in Madras, 474. sielhtia, Acanlholyda. steUifera, Yinsonia. Stenohoilirus, measures ae;ainst, in Italy, 500. Stenocranus saccJiarivorus (Sugar- cane Fly), parasitised by Anagrus flavescens in West Indies, 394. Sfenodiplosis genieidatus, on foxtail in Sweden, 150. Sienoma, intercepted in avocado seed in U.S.A., 206. Stenopleura chilocida (see Apan- teles). Stephanitis pyri (European Pear Tingid), 530 ; food-plants of, in Italy, 143 ; bionomics of, in Europe, 342. Stephanitis pyrioides (rJiododendri), measures against, on rhododen- drons in France, 443, 530 ; Stethoconus japonictis predaceous on, in Japan, 342 ; measures against, on azaleas in New Jersey, 205 : on rhododendrons in Smt- zerland, 368. Stephanitis rhododendri (see S. pyrioides). Stephanoderes hampei (roffeae) (Coffee-berry Borer), in coffee in tjganda, 51. Stephanotis, food-plant of Eomona cojfearia in Ceylon, 540. Stepiiensonia lahorensis, gen. et sp. n., on chrysanthemums in Lahore, 473. stercorarius, Camponotus (2Iyr- mothrix) abdom inalis. Sterculia aJata, Stromatium harba- tum on, in India, 519. Sterculia caribaea (Mountain John Bull), a possible food-plant of Dysdercus delauneyi in St. Vin- cent, 542. Sterictiphora saddachi, food-plants of, in West Indies, 391. Sternochetus mangiferae (Mango Weevil), intercepted in mango seed in U.S.A., 206. sternodontis, Sarcodexia. Sterojnis madidus, on strawberries in France, 96. Stethoconus cyrtopeltis (see S. niamillosus). Stethoconus japonicus, predaceous on Stephanitis pyrioides in Japan, 342. Stethoconus mamillosus, predaceous on Stephanitis pyri in Europe, 342. Stethoconus oberti, predaceous on Stephanitis j)yri in Livonia, 342. Stevenia atramentaria, parasite of Oniscus asellus, 35. Stevenia vmbratica, parasite of Onis- cus asellus, 35. stictica, Cetonia (see Oxythyrea funesta). sticticalis Loxostege {Phlyctaenodes). stictigrapta, Characoma. Stictocephala festina (Green Alfalfa Hopper), on lucerne in Arizona, 140. Stictococcus diversiseta, Euhlemma costimacula predaceous on, in Uganda, 52, 87. Stictococcus gowdeyi, parasites of, in Ugandia^ 52, 87. Stictococcus inultispinosus, food- plants of, in the Tropics, 85. Stictococcus sjostedti. on cacao in Belgian Congo, 80 ; on cacao in Gold Coast, 85. Stictolobus trilineaius, sp. n., on cypress in Louisiana, 298. Stilpnotia salicis, food-plants of, in Sweden, 148. Stiretrus anchorago (Bordered Sol- dier Bug), predaceous on Crio- ceris asparaqi in U.S.A., 215. Stizolobium (Velvet Bean), Franlc- liniella floridana on. in Florida, 505 ; Prodenia litura on, in Xyasaland, 70 ; as a trap-crop for tobacco flea-beetles, 485. Stocks, Thdella maculipennis on, in S. Africa, 248. Stomacoecus platani, gen. et sp. n., on sycamore in California, 53. Stomatoceras gracilicorpus, parasite of Opogona glyciphaga in Aus- tralia, 387. Stomatoceroides ruhripes, parasite of Tineid larvae in Australia, 387. Stone-flies (see Taeniopteryx). Stonechat, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. Storks, destroying locusts in S. Africa, 359 ; destroying cut- worms in Mecklenbiirg, 445. Straits Settlements, pests from, intercepted in Philippines, 25 ; (see Malaya). straminalis, Evergestis. stramineum- , Meg ace elum . strangtdatus , Troch orrhop alu s . Strategus aloeus, on coconuts in Br. Guiana, 386. Strategus titanus, experimentally infested with Metarrhizium ani- sopliae in Porto Rico, 378. Straussia longipennis (Sunflower Fruit-fly), experiments in trap- pine, with oils, 423 ; food-plants of, m U.S.A., 449. INDEX. 731 Strawberry, pests of, in Britain, 278. 509, 510 ; pests of, in Canada, 24, 85, 255 ; Carabicl beetles on, in France, 96 ; pests of, in Sweden, 148, 149, 150; pests of, and their control,, in U.S.A., 25, 196, 199, 229, 268, 372, 387, 505 ; danger of eating, when lately sprayed with lead arsenate, 467. Strawberry Crown Borer (see Tijlo- derma fragariae). Strawberry Leaf Beetle (see Typo- phorus canellus). Strawberry Leaf-roller (see Ancylis comptana). Strawberry Moth (see Oxygrapha comariana). Strawberry Root Weevil (see Otiorrhytich us ovatus). Strawberi-y Tortrix (see Oxygrapha comariana). Strawberry Weevil (see Anthono- rmis signatus). Streptococcus disparts, sp. n., causing disease in Lymantria dispar, 568. striataJis, Dialrnea (see D. venosata) striafu di , A nob iuni. striciifrons, Euaresta {Pliomelaena). sirigana, Tortrix (Cacoecia). strigatus, Eumerus. Striped Blister Beetle (see Epicauta rittata). Striped Cane Weevil (seeMetamasius sericeus). Striped Cucumber Beetle (see Dia- brotica vittata). Striped Cutworm (see Euxoa tessel- lafa). Striped Peach Worm (see Gehchia co:ifuseUo). Striped Weevil Borer of Banana (see Metamasius sericeus). strobi, Chermes ; Perrisia {Ceeidom- yia) ; Pissodes. strobilanae, Aprostocetus ; Eulophus. strobilella, Cydia (Laspeyresia, Tortrix). strobilobius, Cliermes (Cnaptliolodes) ; Megastigmus. Stromatium barbatum, food-plants of, in India, 519. Strong ylog aster cingulatus, in pines in Germany, 411. strunki, Termes. Stylocephalus gigantetis, parasite of 'Eleodes. in U.S.A., 308. Stylocryptus brevis, parasite of Cydia pomonella in France, 191. Stylops, infesting Delphacids in Britain, 431. Suana roncolor, on dadap in Cey- lon, 539. subaenea, Pterosema. subapterus, Coranus. subcarnea, Diacrisia. subcoleoptratus, Beduviolus. subdentata, Azteca trigona. subdepressus, Perifelus. subfasciatus, Sperniophagus. subfuscus, Ambly teles. subgracilis, Eucoptolophus. subgothica, Feltia. subgranu latus, Palaeopus. submetaUica, Habrolepoidea. snbocellatus, Dichostates. subornata, Buprestis maculiventris. subsimilis, Aspidiotus. subspinosus, 3Iacro:lacfylus. subteralba, Acanthopsyche. succinetus, Largus. Sudan, measures against cotton pests in, 48, 49 ; new fruit-flies from, 208. Sudan Boll-worm (see Diparopsis castanea). sujfusella, Phyllocnistis. Suoar, in baits, 223, 240, 262, 314, 359, 461 ; in sprays, 15, 199 ; causing lack of adhesiveness in lead arsenate, 199. Sugar-beet (see Beet). Sugar-beet Leaf-hopper (see Eutettix tenella). Sugar-beet Eoot Aphis (see Pem- phigus betae). Sugar-beet Web worm (see Loxo- stege stieticalis). Sugar-cane (Saccharum officinarum), pests of, and their control, in Australia, 10, 138, 139, 165, 241, 245, 294, 295, 323, 387, 432, 495, 526 ; pests of, in Ceylon, 539 ; pests of, in Br. Guiana, 31, 85, 385, 386, 387, 534; pests of, and their parasites, in Hawaii, 275, 351 ; pests of, in India, 123, 182, 379 ; legislation restrict- ing importation of, into Dutch E. Indies, 505; pests of, in West Indies, 32, 33, 58, 74, 103, 187, 210, 296, 333, 377, 391, 393, 394 ; measures against white grubs in, in Japan, 344 ; Xylo- trupes gideon on, in Java, 466 ; pests of, in Mauritius, 141, 301, 393, 394 ; pests of, in Philippines, 25 ; pests intercepted on, in Porto Rico, 485 ; Trochorrhopalus strangulatus on, in Seychelles, 377; pests of, in U.S.A., 308 ; 493 ; Pseudococcus sacchari inter- cepted on, in U.S.A., 206 ; scale- insects on, in Zanzibar, 85 ; Proutista moesta on, 14. Sugar-cane Aphis (see Aphis sac- chari). Sugar-cane Beetle (see Lepidiota). Sugar-cane Borer (see Bhabdoc- nemis obscura). 732 INDEX. Sugar-cane Bxid-moth (see Opogona glyciphaga). Sugar-cane Fly (see Stenocramis safic1iorivcy)-us). Sugar-cane Froghopper (see Tom- aspis saccJiarina). Sugar-cane Grubs (see Lepidioia). Sugar-cane Leaf-hopper (see Perkin- siella saccharicida). Sugar-cane Mealy-bug (see Pseudo- coccus calceolariae and P. sac- chari). Sugar-cane Moth Borers (see Dia- iraea saccharalis and Pliragma- tiphila trun«aia). Sugar-Pine (see Pinus lamhertiana). stdcatus, Gnathotrichus ; OtiorrJiyn- cJius. sulcicollis, CeuthorrJiyncJius. sulcicrista, Iliotropis. .Sulphocide, in preparation of so- dium sulphide spray, 331. Sulphur, as a dusting powder, 54, 55, 67, 70, 98, 99, 228, 253, 255, 291, 344, 348, 394, 415, 442, 449, 452; fumigation with, 133, 180, 439, 532, 533 ; in sprays, 28, 54, 96, 98, 100, 141, 217,^253, 292, 331, 385, 400, 405, 449, 470, 511 ; against mites, 67, 70, 98, 253, 348, 442, 449, 474 ; as a repellent for mole-crickets, 297 ; and soap, for protecting vines from Pseudo- coccus, 144, 145 ; addition of, to calcium arsenate, 54, 362 ; in preparation of calcium poly- sulphide sprays, 501 ; in pastes, preparation of. 291 ; bellows for applying, 439 ; scorching effect of sprays containing, in hot climates, 28. Sulphur, Liver of (see Potassium Srdphide). Sulphur Dioxide, fumigation with, against furniture beetles, 160 ; fumigation with, against red spiders, 547 ; for treating dates against Ephestia, 463 ; effect of, on Tetranychus teJarius, 348. sxdphurea, I eery a. .Sulphuretted Hydrogen, fumigation with, against tobacco pests, 224. Sulphuric Acid, experiments with, against pine weevils, 259. Sulphurous Acid, pines damaged by smoke of, from smelting works, 283. Sulphurous Anhydride, method of fumigating stored cereals with, 548. Sumatra, miscellaneous insect pests in, 66, 231, 270 ; pepper pests in, 446 ; tea pests in, 37 ; tobacco pests in, 223, 232 ; legislation to prevent importation of Helopeltis and Pachypeltis from Java into, 38. sumatranus, Helopeltis. Sunflower {Helianthus annims), Setomorpha mar galaestr iota in stored seeds of, in Java, 223 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 450, 455. Sunflower Fruit-fly (see Straussia longipennis). supo-ba, CarpopMhoromyia. suppressalis, Cliilo ; Diatraea. suppressaria, Buzura. suppressarius, Biston. surinamensis, Pycnoscelus (Leuco- phaea) ; Silvanus. surinamum, Achryson. suspensa, Conradtina. sutor, Monochavtus. suturalis, Cossoniis ; Eleodes. suturellus, Dysdercus. suzukii, Hammoderus. Swallows, economic importance of, in N. America, 453 ; beneficial in Britain, 478 ; beneficial in France, 320. Swammerdamiaciiprescens, sp. n., on birch in Br. Columbia, 441. Swamp Blueberry (see Vaccinium corymbosum). Sweden, forest pests in, 89, 90-92, 93, 287 ; miscellaneous insect pests in, 89, 92, 93, 94, 145-151, 152, 172, 286; influence of meteorological conditions on insect pests in, 89. Swedes, Pieris brassicae on, in Britain, 509 ; practically immune to attacks of Pliopalosiplium dianthi in Britain, 508 ; Eitry- dema oleracea on, in Germany, 5 ; Phorbia brassicae on, in Sweden, 150. Sweet Potato (Ipomoea baiaias), pests intercepted on, in Cali- fornia, 29, 100, 101, 137, 253; food-plant of Helojielt's bergrothi in Belgian Congo, 80 ; Euscepes batafae on, in Fiji, 237 ; legisla- tion against Cylas formicarms on, in Florida, 40 ; Halticus minutus on, in India and the Pescadores, 503 ; measures against pests of, in West Indies, 82, 188, 209, 210, 211, 254, 394, 414 ; pests of, in Nyasaland, 70 ; measures against pests of, in Philippines, 261, 379 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 82, 268, 414, 453, 489, 494 ; Cossonus suturalis in, in Zanzibar, 128 ; Herse convol- ruli on, in New Zealand, 552 ; new weevils infesting, 254. Sweet Potato (Dried), Eypotliene- mus ritchiei in, in Jamaica, 210. INDEX. 733 Sweet Potato Leaf -folder (see Pilocrocis tripunctaia). Sweet Potato Scarabee (see Eus- cepes batatae). Sweet Potato Weevil (see Cylas formicarius). Sweet Potato Whitefiy (see Bemesia inconspicua). sivezeyi, Charitopodinus (Eiipel- minus). Swietenia mahagoni, pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Swift, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478 Switzerland, government assistance for measures against Clysia am- biguella in, 381 ; miscellaneous insect pests in, 173, 366-368, 381, 514 ; collection and utilisation of Melolontha melolontha in, 257 ; organised campaign against Pieris in, 414. Sword Bean (see Canavalia). Syagrus morio, on Thespesia in Nyasaland, 69. Sycamore, Ai)his platanoides on, in Britain, 247 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 34, 53. Sycamore, Western (see Platanus occidentalis). Sycamore Fig (see Ficus syeomorus). Sycamore Lace-bug (see Corythuca ciliata). sycophanta, Calosoma. SycopJiila inceria, on Fictis laurina in Barbados, 274. Sycosoter lavagnei, gen. et sp. n., bionomics of, in France, 72, 328. Sylepta d^rogata, on cotton in Cey- lon, 539 ; on Thespesia in Nyasa- land, 69. Sylvanus (see Silvanus). sylvestris, Anthocoris. Sympherohms angustus, predaceous on Chromaphis jiiglandicola in California, 415. Symydohius ameriea/nus, sp. n., on birch in Ontario, 529. Symydohius oblongus, in Europe, 529. Synanthedon geliformis (seeAegeria). Synaphoeta guexi, in trees in Cali- fornia, 528. Synedrella nodiflora, Tischeria on, in St. Vincent, 121. Syneta albida, in Br. Columbia, 24. Syntomaspis, infesting seeds of conifers in Japan, 403 ; unidenti- fied species of, parasitising Bhyn- chites bacchus in Sicily, 296. Syntomaspis amelanchieris, sp. n., infesting seeds of AmelancJiier canadensis in U.S.A., 550. Syntomaspis druparum, infesting apples in Central Europe, 343. Syntomaspis pubescens, infesting apples in Central Europe, 343. S yyitomosphyrum esuriis, parasite of Hyphantria ctinea in Connecticut, 456. Syria, wood-borers in, 50. syringella, Gracilaria (Xanthospilap- teryx). syrp hid is , Neocato laccus . Syrphids, depollinating flowers in Britain, 114. Syrphus americaniis, predaceous on Aphids in U.S.A., 164, 456. Syrphus knabi, predaceous on Aphids in Maine, 242. Syrphus nitidicollis, predaceous on Aphids in Holland, 136. Syrphus oronoensis, sp. n.. pre- daceous on Aphids in Maine, 241. Syrphus 2>7/rfls/ri (see Lasiophihi- cus). Syrphus xanthostomus, S. Tcnabi erroneously recorded as, in Maine, 242. Sy states amabilis, on cacao in Bel- gian Congo, 79. Systates cribripennis, on coffee in Br. E. Africa, 15. Systates irregularis, on coft'ee in Br. E. Africa, 15. Systates viaynei. on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Systates ramosus. on cacao in Bel- gian Congo. 79. Systena frontalis (Cranberry Flea- beetle), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 562. tabaci, 3Iacrosiphum ; Thrips. taban if or mis , Paranth rene . Tachardia albizziae, on litclii in Ceylon, 539. Tachardia decorella, on tea in India, 187 ; bionomics of, on custard apple etc. in Uganda, 52, 85, 87. Tachardia lacca (Lac Insect), bio- nomics of, in India, 513. Tachardia longisetosa, on custard apjjle in Uganda, 52. Tachina, parasite of Hyphantria cunea in Connecticu.t, 456. Tachyporus chrysomelinus, pre- daceous on Hylastes in Scotland, 116. taedata, Psyllobora. Taeniopteryx nigripennis, food- plants of, in U.S.A., 388, 389. Taeniapteryx pacifica, bionomics of, and measures against, in U.S.A., 388. Taeniopteryx pallida, food-plants of, in U.S.A., 388, 389. taeniopus, Chlorops. Taeniothrips inconsequens (Pear Thrips), on fruit-trees in the 734 INDEX. Crimea, 65 ; bionomics and con- trol of, in Canada, 24, 84, 120, 331 ; on fruit-trees in Xew York, 451 ; measures against, on pear and cherry in Xorway. 285. Taeniothrips lyyri (see T. inconse- quens). Tahiti, pests intercepted in Cali- fornia from, 29, 101, 525; Pty- chodes trilineatus in, 101. iaiuania, Porihesia. Talc, and sodium sulphide, dusting with, against Asjyidiotus perni- ciosus, 413. Talc Schist, a good diluent for dust sprays, 60. Tamarack, Tragosoma depsarium on, in California, 363. iamaricis, Ajyhis. Tamarind (Tamarinduti indicus), Aspidiotus orienialis, on, in Br. E. Africa and India, 86 ; weevils intercepted on, in California, 137; Pachymerus gonagra in seeds of, in Hawaii, 354 ; Helopeltis on, in Java, 233. Tamarind Bruchus (see Pachymerus gonagra). Tamarix (Tamarisk), Aphis tamari- cis on, in Egypt, 209 ; Opsius heydeni on, in Germany, 342 ; Eriophyes ilaiae producing galls on, in Morocco, 39. ianaceti, Galeruca. Tana<^etnm halsamita, Ajjhis heli- chrysi on, in Europe and U.S.A., 420. Tangerine (see Mandarin Orange). Tanglefoot, experiments with, against Aegeria exiliosa, 448 ; banding with, superior to other adhesives, 303. Tannia, food-plant of Schistocerca jjaranensis in Br. Guiana, 31 ; Tomarus bitubercuhttus on, in St. Lucia, 516. Tanning, insect galls used for, 244. iapetiella, Trichophaga (see T. tapet- zelki). iapefsella, Trichophaga. Tapinoma meJayiocephahim, habits of, in Br. Guiana, 386. iaquarae, Bipersia. Tar, banding with, 20, 303, 504 ; for protecting trees from insects, 68, 80, 197, 277, 375, 409; for trapping insects, 93, 327, 336, 344 ; for protecting maize seed from Clivina and wireworms, 337 ; use of, against Phylloxera, 478 ; in formulae -for spraying against Plutella ma<;nlipennis, 495. Tar Acids, experiments with, as soil sterilisers, 426. Tar Oil, for preserving timber from insects, 430 ; ineffective against Psila rosae, 508. Tar-oil Emulsion, spraying store- houses with, against pests of beans, 383. tarandus, Oryctes. tardus, Chermes (Cnapholodes) lap- panicus. Tarnished Plant Bug (see Lygus pratensis). Tarred Felt Discs, use of, against Phorbia brossicae, 160, 255, 230, 371, 508. tarsal e, Trogoderma. Tarsonemus fragariac, on rasp- berries in Norway, 286. Tarsonemus pallidus (Cyclamen Mite), in greenhouses in Canada, 84; on cyclamen in U.S.A., 22. Tarsonefiius spirifex, on oats in Sweden, 151. Tarsonemus translucens (Yellow Mite), on tea in Ceylon, 539 ; on cinchona and tea in Dutch E. Indies, 37, 350. Tartaric Acid, in formula for poison- bait for ants, 314. Tasmania, control of Cydia pomo- nella in, 95 ; Cydia pomonella from, intercepted in California, 450. tasmaniensis, Campsomeris. Tatochila autodice, on lucerne in Argentina, 428. Taxonus (Ametastegia) glabratus (Dock Sawfly). in orchards in Canada, 559. Tetraleurodes mori (Mulberry White- fly), on citrus in Florida, 473. Tea {Thea), measures asainst pests of. in Ceylon, 128, 314, 315, 434, 435, 539, 540 ; legislation restric- ting removal of, in Ceylon, 88 ; pests of, in India, 186, 269, 332, 474 ; pests of, and their control, in Dutch E. Indies, 37, 38, 67, 179, 180, 349, 350, 447 ; legisla- tion restricting importation of, into Dutch E. Indies, 505 ; Geometrid moths on, in Japan, 94 ; control of Tetranychus on, in Xyasaland, 70 ; pests of, in Uganda, 51. Tea Aphis (see Toxoptera coffeae). Tea Mosquito (see Helopeltis tliei- vora). Tea Tortrix (see Homona coffearia). Tea Weevil (see Astycus). Tea-seed Bug (see Poecilocoris latus). Tea-seed Fly (see Adrama deter- minata). Teak, pests of, in India, 521, 522 ; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 349, 350. INDEX. 735 Toar-thumb (see TiniariaarifoUum). tectonae, Calotermes. tedeUa, Eucosma (GrapholUJia). telarius, Tetranychus. Telenomus bijidus, parasite of Ili/phantria cunea in Connecticut, 456. Telenomus goicdeyi, parasite of AnapTie infracta in Uganda, 52. Telephorus fusciis, natural enemy of Aphids in Holland, 136. Temperature, effect of, on insects infesting stored grain, tobacco, etc., 1,^6, 25, 85, 215, 223, 224, 270, 337, 356, 357, 383, 419, 425, 434, 439, 457, 463, 466, 469, 492, on furniture beetles. 160 ; for sprays, required to kill Pieris hrassicae, 319 ; effect of, on Pectinophora gossypiella infesting cotton seed, 42, 43, 49 : on silkworms in India, 211 ; on toxic value of corrosive sublimate, 181 ; on fumigation, 13, 157 ; on silkworms suffering from flacherie, 437. ienax, Erisialis. tenebrieosus, Otiorrhynchus. Tenebrio molitor, infesting stored food in Connecticut, 457 ; in cereals in Sweden, 147. Tenebrio obscurns (Meal "Worm), in U.S.A., 246, 457. Tenebroides mauritanlcus (Meal Beetle), infesting stored wheat in Argentina, 143; infesting stored food in Connecticut, 457 ; inter- cepted in rice in Hawaii, 39 ; in stored wheat and rice in India, 124; in stored cereals in Zanzi- bar, 128. ieneUa, Eufetlix : Galsrucella. tenelhis, Hemifeles. tmera, Leskiomivw. Tennessee, pests from, intercepted in chestnuts in California, 253. tenthredinis, MesoJeius. Tenthredo adumbrata (see Erio- campoides limacina). fenuimaeulatus, Adoretus umbrosits. ienu ipen nis. Haplothrips. tenuis, Tervies. Teosinte (see Euclanea mexicana). Tepary Beans (see Phaseohis acuti- folins var. latifolius). TephreUa rufiveniris, sp. n., from Eritrea, 331. Tephritis vernoniicoJa, sp. n., from Eritrea, 331. Tephrosia, Scolytid beetles in, in Ceylon, 128; Edessa mediiabunda on, in St. Vincent, 251. Tephrosia Candida, pests of. in Dutch E. Indies, 2-4, 233, 350. Tephrosia vogeli, immune from attack of Tephrosia beetle in Java, 3 ; not preferred to cacao by Helopeltis, 233. Tephrosia Beetle (see Araecerus fasciculatus). Terastia, on Erythrina in Sumatra, 447. Terastia metieulosalis, on dadap in Ceylon, 539. Terias silhefana, on Albizzia in Ceylon, 539. Tervies, on tea in India, 186. Termes phUippinensis, in the Philip- pines, 184. Termes spinosus, method of des- troving mounds of, in Brazil, 173. Termes sirunki.. method of destroy- ing mounds of, in Brazil, 173. Termes tenuis, method of destroy- ing mounds of, in Brazil, 173. Terminalia, food-plant of Xyleborus fornicatus in Ceylon, 128. Terminalia catappa (African Al- mond), as a trap for Xyleborus fornicatus in Ceylon, 539 ; 3Iiresa melanosticta on, in Zanzibar, 128. term i natus, D inocampus. Termites, in S. Africa, 359 ; mea- sures for protecting houses from, in Australia, 466 ; measures against, in Brazil, 173 ; dangerous to tea plantations in Ceylon, 315 ; on rubber in Br. Guiana, 385 ; control of, in India, 123, 186, 475 ; on sugar-cane in W. Indies, 394 ; Ustulina zonata spread by, in Malaya, 277 ; new from Philippines, 184 ; on cacao in San Thome, 52 ; measures against, on pecan in U.S.A., 227. Terpineol, experiments to determine toxicity of, to insect eggs, 254. terryi, Charitopodinus. tessellaris, HaUsidota. tessellaia, Euxoa. tessellatum , Xestobium. tessellat us,E ucalymnatus (Lecan i um). testacea, Luperina (Apamea). testudinea, Hophcainpa. Tetracha sobrina infuscata, natm'al enemy of Scapteriscus vicimis in Porto Rico. 392. tetrachaeta, Aciura Tetrachrysis lyncea (see Chrysis). tetradactyla, Macrasp is. TetracnemeUa megymeni, sp. n., parasite of Megymenum insulare in Australia, 387. Tetramorium, guineense, on cacao in Br. Guiana, 386. Tetranychus (Red Spider, Spinning Mite), bionomics and control of, in Britain, 11, 280, 432; on 736 INDEX. mulberry in Formosa, 175 ; on carrots in France, 441 ; control of, on vines in Holland, 141 ; control of, on tea and coffee in Nyasaland, 70 ; control of, on citrus in Porto Rico, 486 ; inter- cepted in Porto Rico, 485 ; injurious to plants in Quebec, 63 ; sprays for, in Switzerland, 367, 381 ; bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 268, 506 ; control of, in orchards in Xew Zealand, 96, 165. Tetranychus bimaculatus (see T. telarius). Tetranychus bioculatus (Tea Red Spider), importance of cultural measures against, on tea in Ceylon, 314 ; measures against, on tea in India, 186, 474; on tea in Sumatra, 37. Tetranychus citri, on citrus in Florida, 473. Tetranychus multidigituli, sp. n., on Gleditsia triacanihos in U.S.A., 22. Tetranychus mytilaspidis (Citrus Red Spider), in California, 252. Tetranyehtispilosus (see Paratetrany- chus). Tetranychus sexmaculatus (see T. telarius). Tetranychus telarius (Cassava Mite, Red Spider, Two-spotted Mite), control of, on citrus and fruit- trees in Australia, 112, 269 ; measures against, in Barbados, 394 ; food-plants of, in Italy, 144; on cincliona and tea in Dutch E. Indies, 350 ; on apples etc. in Norway, 285, 286 ; on elms in Sweden, 151 ; natural enemies and control of, in Turke- stan, 348 ; bionomics and con- trol of, in U.S.A., 98, 217, 247, 252, 292, 449, 473, 547. Tetranychus uniunguis, sp. n., on Thuja orientalis in U.S.A., 22. Tetrastichus, parasite of Janus abbreviatus in N. America, 552 ; parasite of Apriona rugicollis in Formosa. 175 ; liberation of, in Hawaii, 39, 69, 127, 161, 225; parasite of Perrisia vaccinii in U.S.A., 553 ; male of Aprosto- cetus strobilanae erroneously re- ferred to, 91. Tetrastichus asparagi, parasite of Crioceris asparagi in U.S.A., 215. Tetrastichus caridei, sp. n., parasite of scale-insects in Argentina, 428. Tetrastichus epilachnae, parasite of Chilocorus bipustulatus in Italy, 36. Tetrastichus fasciatus, parasite of Cecidomyia 7rianihot in St. Vin- cent, 121. Tetrastichus gijfardi, T. giffardicmus erroneously recorded as, in Hawaii, 184. Tetrastichus gijfardianus, parasite of Ceratitis capitaia in Hawaii, 168, 184, 185 ; establishment of, in Hawaii, 400, 542. Tetrastichus goivdeyi, parasite of Pulvinaria jaclsoni in Uganda, 52, 87. Tetrastichus ovivormn. j)arasite of Conchyloctenia punctata in Uganda , 52. Tetrastichus platensis, establish- ment of, in Argentina,, against Oeceticus platensis, 315, 517. Tetrastichus sculpturatus, parasite of N-eptis agathoj in Uganda, 52. Tetrastichus xanthomelaenae, second importation of, into U.S.A. against GaJerueella luteola, 23. Tetropium velutinum, in Pseudotsuga taxifoUa in California, 363. Tettigonia occatoria, on coffee in Porto Rico, 105. Tettigoniella viridis, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. texana, Atta ; Chrysobothris ; Onci- deres. Texas, notes on Aphids in, 194, 300 ; miscellaneous insect pests and their control in, 82, 267, 300, 373, 493 ; notes on Oryctes rhino- ceros in, 268 ; bats destroying mosquitos in, 44 ; eradication of foul-brood in bees in, 490 ; pests from, intercepted in Cali- fornia, 294, 450 ; financial loss due to insect jjests in, 298 ; danger of spread of Pectinophora gossypiella into, 299, 544. texensis, Scudderia. textor, Hyphantria ; Lamia. thalassina, Bathycoelia. thalictri, Aphis. Thalictrum minus, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Thalpochares scitula (see Eublemma), Thanasivms formicarius (see Clerus), Thaneroclerus buqueti, predaceous on Lasioderma in Java, 224. Thaneroclerus sanguineus, probably a natural enemy of Trypodendron fasciatus in N. America, 266. Thaumetopea pityocampa (see Cne- thocampa). Thea (see Tea). Thea japonica, food-plant of Jan- Tiowshia fuscaria in Japan, 95. Thea sasanqua, food-plant of Jan- koivskia fuscaria in Japan, 95. INDEX. 737 Thea viginiiduopunctata (see Hahj- zia). iheae, Boarmia ; Eriophyes (Phij- toptus) ; Fiorinia ; Oscinis. theaecola, Ceylonia (see Toxoptera coffeae). Thecodiplosis cockerelli, sp. n., on Pinus edulis in U.S.A., 493. iheivora, Gracilaria ; Helopeltis. Thelia biniaculata, parasitised by Aphelopus theliae in New York, 363. theliae, Aphelopus. theohaldi. Aphis. Theohroma cacao (see Cacao). theobroma, Sahlbergella. theobromae, Alcides ; Inglisia castil- loae ; Microcerotermes parvxis ; Toxoptera (see T. coffeae). Theophila mandarina, xirticating hairs of Arctornis chrysorrhoea causing injury to, in Japan, 502. thcophrastae, Cynips. Thera obliscata, parasites of, in Britain, 382. Thera rariata, parasites of, in Britain, 382. Thermesia gemmatalis (Woolly Pyrol Moth), on Canavalia ensiformis in Grenada, 33. Theronia vielanocephala, parasite of Halisidota in Canada, 123. Thersilochus coeliodicola, sp. n., bionomics of, parasitising Coe- liodes ruber in Italy, 78. theutis, Cryptomeigenia. Thespesia, insect pests on, in Nyasaland, 69, 70. Thespesia poptdnea (John Bull Tree), eradication of, in West Indies against Dysdercus delauneyi, 187, 249. Thimbleberry (see Bubus parvi- florus). ■ Thistle, insect pests on, in Britain, 212 ; insect pests on, in U.S.A., 12, 417. Thistle, Russian (see SaJsola). thoracica, Elis. thoracicus, Lycidocoris ; Macrocen- triis. Thorn, Proclphilus corrugatus on, in U.S.A., 212 ; (see Crataegus). Thorn-leaf Aphis (see Aphis cratae- gifoliae). Thorn Skeletoniser (see Hemero- phila pariana). Thosea (Nettle Grubs), on tea in India, 186, 474. Thosea cervina, on tea in Sumatra, 37. Thosea cinereomarginata, on coco- nut in PhUippiues, 24. Thosea recta, on tea in Sumatra, 37. thraso, Eantis. Three-brooded Rice-borer (see Schoenobius incertellus). Three-lined Fig-tree Borer (see Ptychodes trilineatus). Three-striped Fruit-fly (see Dacus diversus). Thrips, new species of, from AV. Africa and India, 269, 297, 332 ; on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79 ; measures against, on cacao in Brazil, 366 ; fumigation with hydrocyanic- acid gas against,, in Britain, 1 1 ; importance of cul- tural measures against, on tea- in Ceylon, 314 ; new from Florida, 505 ; food-plants of, in Br. Guiana, 387 ; on tea in India, 186 ; infesting tobacco in Dutch E. Indies, 350 ; food-plants of, in Norway and Sweden, 145, 284 ; on mango in Porto Rico, 392 ; on fruit-trees in Victoria, 269 ; bionomics of and measures against, in U.S.A., 34, 98, 140, 473, 505 ; predaceous on other insects, 64, 84, 164, 243, 387, 497, 505. Thrips flavas, on apple etc. in Norway, 285, 286. Thrips robustus (see Kakothrips pisivora). Thrips tabaci (Onion Thrips), in Barbados, 394 ; bionomics and control of, in Canada, 61, 84 ; food-plants of, in Chile, 429 ;. bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 34, 105, 505, 508. Thrips, Black (see Eaplothrips. tenuipennis). Thrips, Black and White Cereal (see Aeolothrips bicolor). Thrips, Cacao (see Heliothrips nib- rocinctus). Thrips, Camphor (see Cryptothrips floridensis). Thrips, Cereal (see Limothrips- cerealium). Thrips, Greenhouse (see Heliothrips- h aemorrho idalis). Thrips, Onion (see Thrips tabaci). Thrips, Pear (see Taeniothrips ineon- seguens). Thrips, Red-banded (see Helio- thrips rubrocinctus). Thrips, Tobacco (see Frankliniella. f'usca). Thripsaphis ballii, gen et sp n., in Colorado, 130. Thripsax>his producta, sp. u., on Carex in Colorado, 130. Thripsaphis verrucosa, sp. n., in Colorado, 130. Thrush, Missel, an injurious bird in Britain, 510. 738 INDEX. Thuja, GnatJioiricTius siilcatus in- festing, in N. America, 267 ; Eulecanium corni on, in Holland, 140; Phloeosinus ihujae on, in Italy, 143. Thuja occidenialis (Arbor-vitae), Tetranychus uniunguis on, in U.S.A., 22. Thuja orientalis, Parlaiorlo chinen- sis on, in China, 206. thujae, Phloeosinus. Thujopsis dolabraia, Chalcids in- festing, in Japan, 402, 403. thurberiae, Anthonomus grandis. thurberiella, Bucculatrix. thuyopsis, Megastigmus Thyanta perditor, a supposed cotton pest in St. Vincent, 251. Thyme-leaved Spurge (see Chamae- syce serpyUifoUa). Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis (Bag Worm), control of, on evergreens and pecan in Texas, 268. Thyridopteryx herrichi, control of, on vines in New Zealand, 95. Tiberioides kuiverti, in Juglans regia in India, 519. iibiaJe, Trichiosoma. tibialis, Ptilodexia. Tibicen septemdecim (17-year Lo- cust), expected outbreak of, in Pennsylvania, 165. Tick Bird, destroying Scapteriscus vicinus in West Indies, 297. tiliae, Eriophyes. Timber, preservation of, from in- sects, 390, 430. timidus, Plochionis. Timothy Grass (Phlexim pratense), pests of, in Sweden, 145, 149, 150, 151 ; pests of, in U.S. A , 12, 243, 479, 566. Tinea (Case-forming Clothes Moth), comparatively rare in New York, 48. Tinea alUella (see Acrolepia assec- tella). Tinea granella, infesting stored cereals in S. America, 548 ; measures against, in stored food- stuffs in Connecticut, 457 ; in- festing cereals in Sweden, 150. Tinea pelHoneUa (Clothes Moth), in Java, 223 ; in U.S.A., 532. tineoides, Setomorpha. Tineola biselUeUa (Clothes Moth), bionomics and control of, in New York, 48, 433, 532. Tingis (see Stephanitis). Tiniaria arij'olium (Tear- thumb), food-plant of Pojjillia japonica in New Jersey, 440. Tiphia ashmeadi, introduced into Hawaii from Philippines against Anomala orientalis, 275. Tiphia femorata, parasite of Am- jjhhnaUus solstitialis in Europe, 345. Tiphia inornata, parasite of Lach- nosterna in N. America, 345 ; infested with Meiarrhizium ani- sopliae in Porto Eico, 378. Tiphia paraUela, imported into Mauritius from Barbados, 141. Tiphia segregata, liberation of, in Hawaii, against Anomala orienta- lis, 275. Tipula, on pines in Sweden, 150. Tipula oleracea, food-plants of, and measures against, in Britain, 431 ; on cereals and cabbage in Norway, 284. tipuliformis, Aegeria {Sesia). tipuloides, Ceroplatus. Tischeria, on Synedrella nodiflora in St. Vincent, 121. Tischeria complanella, on oak in Norway, 284. tiianus, Strategus. titea, Phigalia. titillator, Ilonochamtis (Monoham- mus). Tits, beneficial in Britain, 478 ; beneficial in France, 320 ; des- troying Cydia pomonella in Hol- land, 37. tityrus, Epargyreus, tlaiae, Eriophyes. Tmetocera ocellana (see Eucosma). Toads, destroying noxious insects, 17, 20, 427. Tobacco, meastu'es against Phtho- rimaea operculella on, in S. Africa, 152, 360 ; Coleopterous larvae intercepted in, in California, 293 ; Thrips tabaci on, in Chile, 429 ; Aphid on, in Ceylon, 523 ; mea- sures against Tylenchus devasta- trix on, in Holland, 135 ; Agrotis ypsilon on. in India, 182 ; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 222-224, 231, 232, 271, 349, 350; pests of, in Mauritius, 524 ; pests of, in Philippines, 184, 379 ; pests of, in Porto Rico, 130, 296, 485, 486 ; Tenebrionid beetles on, in Rhodesia. 337, 338 ; Loxostege {Phlyctaenodes) sticticalis on, in Rumania, 7 ; pests of, and their control, in U.S.A., 34, 213, 215, 484, 486, 505 ; Aphids dissemi- nating mosaic disease of, 545 ; bionomics and control of Lasio- derma serricorne in dried, 25, 70, 182, 215, 222, 224. Tobacco, as an insecticide, in sprays against Aphids, 98, 99, 153, 407, 523 ; dusting with, 99, 230, 268, 415 ; fumigation with, 205, 437, 443 ; and kerosene emulsion, INDEX. 739 against Lymantria mathura, 504 ; and lysol, 409 ; and soap, 6, 15, 370, 523 ; useless against clothes moths, 48 ; ineffective against cockroaches, 532 ; not recom- mended against Cydia molesta, 370 ; dusting with, ineffective against Pier is rapae, 201 ; (see Nicotine). Tobacco JBeetle (see Lasioderma serricorne). Tobacco Budworm (see Heliothis virescens). Tobacco Cutworm (see Prodenia I it lira). Tobacco False Budworm (see Helio- this as suit a). Tobacco Hornworm (see Acherontia laches is). Tobacco Leaf-folder (see Pachy- zancla periusalis). Tobacco Leaf-miner (see Phthori- maea operculella). Tobacco Moth (see Setomorpha ma rgalaestriata ) . Tobacco Splitworm (see Phthori- maea operculella). Tobacco Thrips (see Frankliniella fusca). Tobacco Worm (see Prodenia Utura). Tobacco-lye Solution, formula for, against Eriosoma lanigerum, 407. Tobago, quarantine against Pecti- nophora gossypiella in, 126 ; vegetable pests in, 565. Toluene, experiments with, as a soil steriliser, 264. Toniarus bituberculafus, food-plants of, in St. Lucia, 516. Tomaspis flavilatera (Sugar-cane Froghopper), in Br. Guiana and Trinidad, 386, 534. Tomaspis postica, infested with Meta rrhizium anisopliae in Mexico, 378. Tomaspis pubescens, on grasses in Br. Guiana, 386. Tomaspis rubra, in Br. Guiana, 386. Tomaspis saccharina (Sugar-cane Froghopper), bionomics and con- trol of, in West Indies, 32, 333, 378; not present in St. Lucia, 517, Tomaspis varia (see T. saccharina). Tomato {Lycopersicum esculentum), Tylenchns on, in Algeria, 32 ; pests of, in Britain, 118, 160, 425, 508, 509 ; Heliothis obsoleta intercepted on, in California, 137, 294, 450, 525 ; attacked by Dacus cucurbitae in Hawaii. 522 ; pests of, in West Indies, 250, 251, 296, 394, 485, 486 ; food-plant of Prodenia lilura in Philippines, 379 ; Chionaspis solani on, in •Seychelles, 68; Sitodrepa panicea on, in Sweden, 147 ; pests of, in U.S.A.. 230, 268, 292, 388, 417, 455, 479, 484, 489, 493, 494, 547. Tomatoes, as a substitute for lemons in poison-baits for grass- hoppers, 305. Tomato Moth (see Heliothis obsoleta). Tomato Stalk-borer (see Papaipema nebris). tomentosus, Bytnrus. Tomicus balsameus (see Pityok- teines sparsus). Tomicus nigrinus (Red Fir Root- borer), in Pseudotsuga taxifoUa in N. America, 264. torn is, Forjicula. Tonga formosana, a minor pest of mulberry in Formosa, 174. Toon (see Cedrela toona). Toona sinensis, Zeuzera coffeae in, in Dutch E. Indies, 350. topiarius, Crambus. Torbia i-iridissima. parasitised by Auastatus aristotelea in Australia, 387. torquatus, 3Ietalapttis, Paralaptus (see Parvulinus aurantii). tortricis, Trichogram matomyia. Tortrix, intercepted on rose in Porto Rico, 485. Tortrix (Cacoecia) argyrospila (Fruit tree Leaf-roller), control of, in U.S.A., 100, 340. Tortrix bergmanniana, on roses in France, 470 ; on roses in Sweden, 149. Tortrix cerasana, on cherries in Norway, 285. Tortrix cerasivorana, bionomics of, on cherry-trees, in Canada, 84, 507. Tortrix coniferana (see Cydia). Tortrix contaminata (see Oxygrapha). Tortrix fumiferana (Spruce Bud- worm), in forests in Canada, 521, 541. Tortrix holmiana (see Oxygrapha). Tortrix paleana, on timothy grass in Sweden, 149. Tortrix postvittana, control of, in orchards in New Zealand, 96. Tortrix (Cacoecia) strigana, on cotton in Transcaucasia and Turkestan, 346. Tortrix strobilella (see Cydia). Tortrix viridana. on evergreen oak in Spain, 414, 444, 514; on oak in Sweden, 149. Tortrix wahlbomiana Yav.vigaureana, on vegetables in Canada, 84. Torymus azureus, bionomics of, in spruce in Sweden, 91, 92, 333. Toxoneuron, parasite of Heliothis ■virescens in U.S.A., 214. 740 INDEX. Toxoptera aurantii, Chilocorus bipus- tulakis a natural enemy of, in France, 488 ; on camellia in Italy, 143 ; on IlUcium anisatum in Japan, 548 ; food-plants and natural enemies of, in Porto Kico, 105. Toxoptera coffeae (Tea Aphis), on tea in Ceylon, 539 ; on cacao in Belgian Congo, 80 ; on tea in India, 474 ; food-plants and control of, in Uganda, 51, 52. Toxoptera graminum (Wheat Aphis), bionomics and control of, in U.S.A., 194, 195, 468, 565. Toxoptera piricola, on Japanese pear in Japan, 548. Toxoptera punjabipyri, sp. n., on pears in Lahore, 473. Toxoptera theobromae (see T. cojfeae). Toxotrypana curvicauda (Papaya Fruit-fly), intercepted in U.S.A., 206. Trabala vishnn, on Quercus incana in India, 519. TracJiycentra calamias, a minor pest of coconut in Fiji, 237. Trachynotus geniculatus, habits of, on tobacco in Rhodesia, 337, 338. trachypyga, Euchlora. tracJiypygus, Dyscinetiis. Tra^idion anmdatum, on mesquite in California, 397. Tragiscoschema uahlbergi, on cotton in Nyasaland, 69. TragocepJiala anselU, in cacao in the Belgian Congo, 79. TragocepJiala maynei, in cacao in the Belgian Congo, 79. Tragosoma dej)sarmm, on conifers in California, 363. Tragosoma harrisi (see T. dep- sarium). Trama troglodytes, on artichokes in Britain, 508. Transcaucasia, Uepidopterous pests of cotton in, 346. transcripta, Blasfobasis. transiens, Creatonotus. transvittatum , Lecanium. translucens, Tarsonemus ; Tryphon. transparens, Aspidiotus (see A. destructor). transversa, Servillia. transversalis, Chaimoderus. Traps, for ants, 314 ; for cutworms, 182 ; for Oryctes rhinoceros, 261. Trovtretteria grandis (False Bug- bane), Cylindrotoma splendens on, in Vancouver, 289. ir avians , Coptoterm^s . Treacle (see Molasses). tredecimpunctata, 11 ippodam ia. Tree creeper, a beneiicial bird in Britain, 478. tremulae, Eriosoma (Sehizoneura). irenchi, Polygraphus. Trewia, Trioza fletcheri on, in Philippines, 15. trialbamactilella, Gelechia. Trialeurodes floridensis (Guava Whitefly), on citrus in Florida, 473. triangularis, Hyalomyodes. Tribolium eastaneum (ferrugineum), measures against, in stored food- stuffs in Connecticut, 457 ; in stored cereals in India, 124. Tribolium conftisum (Confiised Flour Beetle), measures against; in stored food in U.S.A., 418, 457, 492 ; effect of fumigation with chlorpicrin on, 492. Tribolium ferrugineum (see T. eas- taneum). Tribolium navale, infesting dried beails in Britain, 431 ; infesting stored food in California, 418 ; in cereals in Sweden, 147. Tricalcium Arsenate, properties of, 338. Trichiosoma tibiale, parasites of, in Britain, 431. Trichiura crataegi, on plums in Sweden, 148. Trichius gallicus, on roses in France, 469. Trichius nobilis, on roses in France, 469. Trichodes ircutensis, in forests in Siberia, 132. Trichogramma australicum, parasite of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540. Trichogramma minutum, parasite of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540 ; parasite of Eucosma ocellana in Quebec, 64 ; establishment of, under field conditions in Suma- tra, 270 ; parasite of Lepidoptera in U.S.A., 108, 169, 306, 369, 554 ; parasite of Fundella (Ballovia) cistipennis in St. Vincent, 121 ; emergence response of, to light, 306. Trichogramma prctiosum (see T. minutum). Trichogramma (Oophthora) semblidis, parasite of vine pests in Europe, 172 ; parasite of Gydia pomonella in France, 191 ; parasite of vine- moths in Spain, 113. Triclwqrammatoidea nana, parasite of Homona coffearia in Ceylon, 540. Trichogrammatomyia tortricis, para- site of Tortrix cerasivorana in Canada, 507. Tricholyga major, parasite of Zy- gaena occitanica in France, 262» iNDfi-V. HI TriehopJiaga tapeiieXla (see T. tapcl- sella). Trichoplcja iapefzella, in housci in Switzerland, 368. Trichopoda pennipes, parasite of Xe:ara viridula in Louisiana, 495. Trichoi:nin{hes dioica, MeJiitia eury- lion in, in India, 124. Trichosiphum Jormosanuni, food- plants of, in Formosa, 501. Trichosiphuni kmviDiai, on Qiiereus serraia in Japan, 548. Trichosiphum lilhoearpae, sp. n., on Lithoearpus uraina in For- mosa, 501. Trichosiphum nigrofasciaiuvi, on Quercns in Formosa, 501. Trichosiphum nigrum, on Quercus formosana in Formosa, 501. Trichothrips anomocerus, in bark of sycamore and vine in ]\Iaryland. 34. Triclistus apicalis, parasite of Acro- basis nelmlella in U.S.A., 169. iricostata, Eleodes. tridenlaius, lihynchothrips. irijasciaia, Coccinella ; Empoasca. irifenestrata, Cricula. trifoUi, Apian : Callipierus (see C ononidis). Trigonogasira ase«rfo- brassicae). Turnip Flea-beetle (see Phylloireta rittata). Turnip Sawfly (see Athalia flaeea). Turpentine, experiments in trapping fruit-flies with, 423 ; in banding formula against Cheimatobia brumata, 470 ; and gypsum, dust- ing with, against Diahroiica rittata, 230 ; in mixture for painting apple-trees against Eriosoma lani- qerum, 471 ; and Bordeaux mix- ture, against Saissetia oleae, 272 ; in sprays against red spider, 547. Tu!penfine Gum, Parachry Somalia seeunda in galls on, in Australia, 35. Turpentine Tree (see Pistacia tere- binthus). Tussilago farfara, Anuraphis far- farae migrating from pear to, in Sweden, 146. Tussock Moth (see Hemerocampa and Orgyia). Twelve-spotted Asparagus Beetle (see Crioceris duodecimpunetata). Twig Girdler (see (Jncideres texana). Two-brooded IJice borer (see (Jhilo siviple.r). Two spotted Mite (see Tetranychus telarius). Two spotted Locust (see 3lelano- plus bivittatns). Tyehea- graminis (see Tarda farmi- caria). Tyehea phaseoli, on vegetables in Britain, 170. Tyehea setariae, on endive in Italy, 143. Ty chilis picirostris, Hypera meles associated with, on clover in New York, 451. Tylenchus, on vegetables in Algeria, 32. INDEX. 743 Tylenclius coffeae, on cotlce in Dutch E. Indies, 350. Tylenchus devastatrix, measures against, on tobacco in Holland, 135. Tylodenna foveolatum, on evening primrose in Connecticut, 458. Tyloderma jrahrosus, Adoretus. Uncaria (Cambir), IleJopcltis surna- tranus on, in Dutch E. Indies, 38. undaia, Oncometopia. undcc ini -maculaia, Ptos ima. undularius, rachyschcliis. undulafa, Phyllotrcta. undulatus, Dorycics ; A'yhlrcchus. unicolor, Byhiriis ; Empoasca ; Macrohasis. uniform is, Xisotra. unipuneta, Cirphis {Leucaiiia). nnispinosus, Scolylus. United States of America, cereal p.'sts in, 1, 14, 29, 34, 47, 63, 127, 137, 170, 194, 195, 207, 244, 290, 304, 305, 307, 365, 373, 389, 413, 416, 417, 479, 484, 505, 525, 527, 551 ; citrus pests in, 1, 17, 21, 28, 98, 99, 216, 218, 313, 328, 389, 450, 473, 505 ; cotton pests in, 17, 22, 81, 97, 108, 160, 194, 195, 214, 247, 251, 274, 417, 452, 483, 484, 505, 543, 566; mea sures against pests of cowpeas in, 221, 434, 484 ; cranberrv pests in, 10, 63, 110, 414, 553, 561-564 ; forest pests in, 16, 23, 26, 34, 101, 102, 129, 164, 166, 178, 206, 215, 225, 233, 262, 263-267, 290, 313, 363, 372, 397, 421, 441, 451, 453, 460, 493, 512, 521, 522, 528, 550, 553 ; miscellaueous insi^ct pests in, 19, 67, 101, 102, 112, 119, 130, 198, 221, 296, 298, 313, 350, 413, 422, 449, 493 ; orchard pests and their control in, 19, 28, 29, 98, 100, 105, 130, 161, 168, 199, 207, 208, 212, 217, 218, 222, 228, 242, 243, 246, 267, 290, 293, 298, 309, 311, 339, 341, 369, 370, 373, 374, 388, 420, 423, 441, 447, 451, 452, 464, 465, 565 ; pecan pests and their control in, 168, 226 228, 268, 414, 434, 453; potato pests in, 19, 67, 230, 292, 340, 370, 371, 389, 417, 454, 455, 479, 483, 490, 493, 494, 545, 565; pests of stored food-stuIVs in, 112, 202, 216, 246, 414, 434, 438, 451, 457, 491 ; sweet potato pests in, 254, 267, 373, 414, 453 ; tobacco pests in, 34, 213, 215, 484, 486, 505 ; pests of vegetables in. 48, 164, 200, 202, 214, 216, 242, 373, 374, 483, 484, 489 ; vine pests in. 13, 31, 34, 97, 163, 198, 205, 213, 218, 472, 489; parasites and other beneficial insects in, 19, 23, 48, 95, 167, 222, 242, 243, 274, 304, 306, 345, 351, 378, 482, 493, 511 513; bionomics of Amphiscepa bivit- tala on cranberries in, 110; bionomics and control of Aphids in, 29, 31, 47, 110-112, 209, 212, 298, 311, 372, 416, 417, 420, 441, 453 ; bee diseases in, 490 ; new Buprestid beetles from, 166, 307, 421 ; bionomics of Calosoma in, 1 6 ; bionomics of Chloropisca qiabra on Pemphigus hetae in, 492 ; precautions against spread of Cosmopolites sordidus in, 524 ; bionomics and control of Crambus 744 INDEX. spp. in, 10, 63 ; notes on Eleodes spp. in. 307 309, 413, 493, 549; bionomics and control of Eufeitl.r ienella on beet in, 168, 418, 480; new gaU-n)idges infesting conifers in, 493 ; bionomics and control of Gelechia con Jn sella in, 464; bionomics and control of IlaUni- doia caryae in, 217; new species of Lopidea and their food-plants in, 102; note on life cycle of Lorosiege sfidicalis on sugar beet in, 109; new mites of economic importance in, 22 ; bionomics of Nysivs ericae in, 399 ; bionomics and control of Parocidocoris haw- ley i on hops in, 109 ; bionomics of PiJopJionis iiaJshl on apples in, 290 ; bionomics and control of Saperda Candida in, 447 ; bio- nomics of Scirlolhrips cilri in, 218 ; notes on Thysauoptera of, 34, 98, 140, 473, 505; notes on Tineolabiselliellain, 433 ; quaran- tine measures in, 114, 140, 204, 297, 543 ; insect pests inter- cepted in, 205, 254, 312; pests from, intercepted in other coun- tries, 86, 485 ; financial loss due to insect pests in, 134, 202, 203, 262, 481, 484 ; organisation and importance of economic entomo- logy in, 1, 59, 192-194, 203, 302, 360, 365, 405, 433 ; (see also under separate States). uniunguis, Telranychus. ununguis, Paratetranyehus. Urania Green, against Pteronus ribcsii, harmful effect of, on bees, 498 ; spraying Avith, against Siiones linealus, 6. Uranotes melinus (Cotton Square Eorcr), on cotton in U.S.A., 248. Vrena iomentosa, food-plant of Seolia interrupta in Mauritius, 301 ; a useful plant against Ileliolhis obsolcta in Sumatra, 271. vrichi, Schisiocerca. Urognster, parasite of Phyfometra criosoma in Philip])ines, 380. Urophora rernoniicola (see Tepliri- Us). tirophora, Tryponea. ursinoidca, Serrillear TJrtica dioica, 3IacrosipJiwn urlicae on, in Br. Columbia, 361. uriieae, Macrosiplium ; Vanessa. UrugTiay, campaign against locusts in, 556. usambieo, Dirphya. Uscana scniifnmipenni>^, ]iarasite of Bruchids in Hawaii, 354. TJstulina zonaia, infesting rubber, relation of insects to si)read of, iu Malaya, 277, Utah, Cydia pomonella in, 339 ; outbreak of curly-leaf of beet in, 418 ; bionomics and control of Ilypera variabilis on lucerne in, 339, 524. utilis, Ilemiielcs. V. vac.ca, Bhicoterus (see Forda formi- caria). vacciniana, Bhopoboia. raccinii, Perrisia : Mineola. Vaccinium (Bluebi-rry), lihopoboia geminana on, in Britain, 117; food plant of Ehagoletis pomonella m U.S.A., 424. Vaccinium corymbosmn (Swamp Blueberry), food-plant of Arn- phiscepa bivittaia in U.S.A., 110. Vaccini'tlm ovalum, (Californian Uucldeberry), food-plant of Bhagoleiis pomonella in U.S.A., 424. rag inicola, Isosoma. ralidirostris, Pissodes. Vancouver, CyUndrotoma splendens on TratitreUeria grandis in, 289. rand ine i , L achnosterna. Vanessa antiopa, on willow in Sweden, 148. Vanessa atalanta, parasitised by Microgaster globatus in Britain, 382. Vanessa io, on hops in Sweden, 148. Vanessa jmlycMoros, food-i)lants of, in Sweden, 148. Vanessa urticae, on hops in Sweden, 148. Vanilla, Cerataphis lalaniae on, in Seychelles, 376. raporariornm , Ale^irodes. A^aporite, for destroying Bibionid flies, 119; against Popillia japonvca, 440. Vapourer Moth (see Orgy i a antiqua). raria, Tomasy)is (see T. saccharina). variabilis, Ilabrobracon ; Hypera (Phyionomns) ; Hyponomeuia ; Hypostena. Variable Currant Aphis (see Aphis varians). varians. Aphis, variata, Thera. varieornis, Lepiocorisa ; Phyga- deuon. variegana, Argyroploce (Grapho- litha, Olethreutes). rariegaia, Aniestia; Aseriea; Claiiia Variegated Cutworm (see Lyco photia margarifosa). variegatusjlemiteles (see //. tenellus) Zonocerus. rariolarius, Eiischisius. variolosum, Asterolecaninm. INDEX. 745 rariolosus, Empicoris. raripes, Agnthis. A^arnisli, preparation of, against I'Jrio^oma lanigeruvi, 407. rnstalrix, Hemileia ; 3los(juiUa. Vedalia cardinalis (see Nov ins). Vegetable Ivory Nut (see Phy- ieleph^is mocrocarpo). yehiJius satchariphila, sii. n., on sugar-cane in America, 34. relox, Azieca. velwtinum, Tefropium. ^'enezuela, identity of locusts in- festing, 461 ; locusts invading Br. Guiana from, 335 ; Plychodes trilineatus in, 101. renosota, Diatraea. rcntralis, Phusothrips ; Phi:obins. ventricosus, Nematus (see Pteronus ribesii) : Pedieuloides. Venbiria inaeiptalift, intercepted on apples in California, 101, 253. Venturia pyrina, intercepted on pear in California, 137, 253. vepretella, Gelechia. rerhasci, Anthremis. rerditer, Dibrachoides. Vermont, Mermis parsitising grass- hoppers in, 221. rernata, Pahieacrila. Vcrnonia nbyfisinica, Tephriiis rer- noniicola bred from galls on, in Eritrea, 331. vernoniicola, Tephritis [Urophora). verritus, Phorinia. verrucosa, Perrisia ; Thi-ipsaphis. versicolor, Meteor us ; Oxyccionia ; Plagiodcra. versuttis, Adorehis. vertebratus, Dactis ; Promnclms. vespertinus, Monocrepidius. vespiformis, Franldinothrips. restigialis, Euxoa (Agrotis). retuia, Lixus. retusta, Calocampa. riairix, Lepidofcelio. Vibidiadvodccinigutta(a(scQ Haly:ia) ribnrnicola, Aphis. Viburnum (Snowball), Aphis vihur- nicola on, in U.S.A., 420. Vibvrnuni opidus, alternative food- plant of Macrosiphum iUinoi- sense in U.S.A., 417. Viburnmih prunifolimn, 3lacrosi- phum ilUnoiscnse migrating to vines from, in U.S.x\., 31, 213. Viburnuvt tomenlosum, new Aphid on, in Japan, 548. Vicia faba (Broad or Horse Bean), Bruchids infesting, in Hawaii, 352, 353 ; Bruchus obiecius infest- ing, in Italy, 468; Aphis viedica- ginis on, in Japan, 548. Vicia faba. Stored, Bruchus cMn- ensis in, in India, 124. vicinus, Scapferiscus. Victoria, orchard pests in, 269 ; Physothrips lellyanus from, 332. vidua, 3Jicroplitis. vigaureana, Tortrix wahlbomiana. vigintiduopunctata, Halyzia. Vigna (see Cowpeas). Vigna catjang, Bruchus chinensis in stored, in India, 124; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 3, 233, 271. Vigna luiea, Bruchus quadrimacu- iatus infesting, in Hawaii, 354. Vigna lufeola, food-plant of Fun- dclla {Ballovia) cistipennis in St. Vincent, 121. Vigna sinensis (C'owpea), Bruchids infesting, in Hawaii, 353, 354 ; Haliicus minuius on, in tlie Pescadores, 503. Vigna tinguieulaia, measures against pests of, in U.S.A., 221. vilella, Platyedra. villosa. Anoxia ; Buprestis (see B. aurulenta] ; Cyclocephala. villosum, Elaphidion. viminalis, Phylodecta. vindenimiae, Pachyneuron, Vine, Grape {Vitis vinifera). Phyl- loxera on, in N, Africa, 38 ; Pseudvcoccus capensis on, in S. Africa, 181 ; measures against pests of, in Algeria, 142, 273 ; measures against Pseudococcus on, in Britain, 144, 145 ; I^epidop- terous larvae intercepted on, in California, 101 ; pests of, in Canada, 23, 24, 54 ; protection of, from locusts in Cyprus, 119; Dictyothrips aegyptiacus on, in Cyrenaica, 438 ; pests of, and their control, in France, 71, 72, 140, 171, 172, 375, 408, 471, 472, 477 ; weevils infesting, in Europe, 172 ; measures against pests of, in Germany, 6, 405, 408 ; Pscu- daouidia fossor on, in Br. Guiana, 86 ; pests of, in Hawaii, 552 ; pests of, and their control, in Holland, 135, 140, 141 ; measures against Phylloxera on, in Italy, 56, 143, 144, 172, 478; food- plant of Popillia japonica in Japan, 440 ; pests of, and their control, in Russia, 162 ; pests of, in Spain, 55, 56, 113, 414, 444 ; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 146, 286; pests of, in Switzer- land, 367, 381 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 13, 31, 34, 97, 163, 198, 205, 213, 218, 472, 489; pests of, in New Zealand, 95. Vine Flea-beetle (see Haltica ampelo- phaqa). Vine Midge (see Contariniaviticola). 746 INDEX. Vine Moths (see Clysia ambiguella and Polychrosis botrana). Vine Scale (gee Fulvinaria t'Uis). vinifor, Nysivs. Vinsonia sfellifera, on rubber in Br. Guiana, 385 ; on citrus in San Thome, 384 ; on coconut and mango in Seychelles, 375, 377. riolaceum , CalUdinm. Violet, pests of, in U.S.A., 252, 547. Vireosyira olivacea ( Red-eyed Virco"*, destro_ying Ilyphantria textor in Canada, 84. virescens, HaUUa ; Heliothu. rirgaius, Pseiidococcus. Virgin Islands, insect pests in, 377. Virginia, control of Aspidiotus per- niciosus in, 247 ; Ilelaphis rhois on Bhiis (jiabra in, 45. Virginia Creeper (see Ampelopsis). virginica, Diacrisia. viridana, Tortrix. viridaria, Lareni ia. viridescens, Orgyia. viridiaeneus, Menitis. viridiceyis, Elasmus. viridicolUs, Pliyllobius. viridis, Ceratina ; Chermes ; Coccus (Lecanium) ; Tettigoniella. viridiseuUtm, Crisiat ithorax. viridissim a , Torbia. viridula, Nezara ; Trioza. vishnu, Trabala. vifeana, Polychrosis. vitelUnae, PJiyllodecta. Vitex divaricata, Lachnopus on, in Porto Rico, 104. viticida, Fidia. viticola, Contarinia ; Macrosiplium (see M. illinoisense). ritijoliae. Phylloxera. Vitis, Pachypeliis humeralis on, in Sumatra, 38 ; (see Vine, Grape). vltis, Eriophyes ; Phyllocoptes ; Pseudococcws ; Pvlvinaria {Le- canium) ; Typhi ocyba. vitium, Marqarodes. vitlaia, Apaniesis ; Diabrotica ; Epicauia ; Phylloireia ; Spilo- chalcis. vitiicollis, Pyrotrichns. vittigera, Schislocerca (Dichroplus). tjittiscutis, Pachypeltis. vitiula, Phylloireia. vivida, Parasa. rolci.ei, C'oleophora. rolucre, Praon. volncris, Plerandrus. voront'owi, Ips. rorae, Pseiidococcus. Vriesia speciosa, Gymnaspis aech- mcae intercepted on, in Cali- fornia, 29, vulgare, Armadillidium. vulgaris, A saphes ; Dilophus ; Glypta ; Gryllotalpa (see G. gryllotalpa) ; Melolontha (see 31. melolontha). vulgatissima, 1 'hyllodecia. vulnerator, Pristomerus. vulncratus, Plegaderus. vulpinus, Dermestes. vulvivagellus, Cr ambus. w. wachtli, Megasfignms. Wagne^ia, vigricans, parasite of cutworms in S. Rhodesia, 537. Wagtail, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. wahlbergi, Tragiscoschema. irahlbomiana, Cnephasia. walkeri, Cenlrobia ; Pseiidococcus. '\\'alnnt (Juglans), Cydia pomonella on, in S. Africa, 324 ; pests of, in Canada, 122, 412 ; measures against Cydia pomonella on, in Cyprus, 383 ; ])ests of, in Italy, 143, 366; Eriophyes tristriatus on, in Switzerland, 367 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 98, 99, 169, 217, 227, 252, 415, 457. Walnut Aphis (see Chromaphis juglandicola). Walnut Caterpillar (see Datana intcgerritna). iralshi, Pilophorws. Warblers, beneficial birds in Britain, 478. Washington, pests from, inter- cepted in California, 101, 253, 294, 450. Wasmannia aiiropiinctafa, destroy- ing other ants in Porto Rico, 104. Wasps, destroying other insects, 136, 214, 215, 275, 294, 340, 495. Water, Hot, against Aphids, 412 ; experiments with, against Pieris brassicae, 319; use of, against vine Yjests, 95, 145. Watei'cress, alternative food-plant of Myziis cerasi in U.S.A., 441. Water-lily Aphis (see Phopalosiphum nymphaeae). Water melon (Cucumis citrullus), legislation against importation of, from Formosa into Japan, 520 ; Ealticus rninutus on, in the Pescadores, 503 ; measures ayainst Diabrotica on, in Texas, 268. Waferstonia prima, parasite of Chionaspis pinijoliae in Spain, 113. Wattle, measures against Chalioides jmiodi on, in Kat.al, 360; (see Acacia). INDEX. 747 Wattle Bag worm (see Chalioides jufiodi). Wi}\ Moth (see (Hallerla mellouella). irebbi, I'siloptera. websteri, Asphondyla ; Snrgaritis. weedi, Hyalomyodes (sec U. triaiujii- laris). iveissi, Eucaclophagus. neldi, Discholcd^ipis. Wells' Machine, for disinfecting cotton-seed, 42. West Indian Mole-cricket (see Scapferisciiii riciii uh). West Indies, experiments against cacao pests in, 152; cotton pests and their control in, 44, 81, 187, 201, 250, 341, 377, 394, 454, 456, 542 ; miscellaneous pests and their control in, 101, 121, 391 ; sweet-potato pests in, 82, 188, 209, 210, 211, 254, 394, 414; Ilellothrips rubrncinciuft intro- duced into Florida from, 505 ; I eery a pnreliasi not present in, II ; bionomics and control of Metamashis sericeus on coconuts in, 71 ; danger of introduction of PecHnophorn gos?iypicUa into, 44, 126, 566; bionomics, control, and distribution of Seapleriscus vicinus in, 296 ; utilisation of bats to destroy I>epiilopterous pests of cotton in, 44 ; (sec also under the various Islands). Western Forest Tent Caterpillar (see Malacosoma erosa). Western Larch (see Laris occiden- talis). Western W^heat-stem Sawfly (see Cephus occidentnlis). Western White Pino (see Pinns monticola). Western Yellow Pine (see Pinits ?}onderosa). lale oil Soap, in si)rays against Aphids, Coccids, etc., 51, 96, 99, 164, 205, 268; and nicotine sulphate, formula for, against Thrips iabaci, 506. Wheat (Triticum), pests of, and their control in Argentina, 142, 317; pests of, in Britain, 119, 160, 508, 509 ; pests of, in Canada, 23, 108, 412; Thrips iabaci on, in Chile, 429 ; Agroiis ypsilon on, in India, 182; Aj)his arenae on, in Japan, 548 ; pests of, in Norway and Sweden, 145, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 284; Ilelio- ihis obsoleta on, in Nyasaland, 70 ; pests of, in Bhodesia, 240, 338 ; Aelia rostrata on, in Spain, 444 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 34, 108, 127, 194, 202, 207, 221, 244, 290, 307, 365, 373, 413, 479, 525, 565, 566 ; relation of varieties of, to Hessian-lly injury, 244, 365 ; the best crop for cutworn;- infested fields, 445. Wheat, Stored, pests of, in Argen- tina, 143 ; measures against pests of, in Australia, 11, 269; pests of, in India, 124 ; pests of and their control in U.S.A., 202, 458, 466. ^^'heut Aphis (see Toxopicra grami- nnm). Wheat Bulb Fly (see Hrjlemyia coarciata). "\\lieat Jointworm (see Isosoma tritici). AVIie.it Midge (see Contarinia tritici). Wheat I'hrips (see Franliiniella tritici). Wheat-slieath INliner (see Cerodonta fern oral is). Wheatear, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. Wheel Bug (see Prionidus cristatus). Whincliat, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. White Ants (see Termites). White Ant Exterminator, for treat- ins timber against boring beetles, 390. White Barnacle Scales (see Aspi- diotus lataniae and Chrysom- phalus dietyospermi)- White Cabbage Butterfly (see Pieris). White Coffee Borer (see Anthores leuconotus). White Fir (see Abies concolor). White Grubs (see Lachnosterna). White Oak (see Quercus alba). White Pine (see Pinus strobiis). White Pine Blister-rust (see Cro- nartiiim ribicoJa). White Pine Weev^il (see Pissodes strobi). White Scale (see Chionaspis citri and Ilemichionaspis minor). White headed Fungus (see Ophio- nectria coccicola). White marked Tussock Moth (see Ilemerocampa leneostigvia). Whitedies (see Aleiirodes). AVhitethroat, not a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. whittieri, Cerchysius. Wild Carrot Aphis (see Byadaphis xylostei). Wild Okra (see Malachra capitata). Wild Pepper-grass (see Lepidium apelalum). Wild Safflower (see Carthamus o.ry- carpi). Willow (Salix) Phryneta spinator on, in S. Africa, 325 ; Aphids on, in N. America, 257 ; Oeceticus 14S Index. flatensis on, in Argentina, 315 ; pests of, and their control in Britain, 41, 279; pests of, in Canada, 122, 361, 364; Chjtus j)ilosns on, in France. 318; pests of, in Italy, 144; new Aphid on, in Japan, 548 ; Eicho- chaitophoms himalayensis on, in Lahore, 473 ; pests of, in Sweden, 147, 148, 149, 150; pests of, in U.S.A., 21, 34, 205, 241, 242, 389, 397, 417, 422, 457, 528, 552, 555. Willow, Black (see Salix nigra). Willow Beetle (see Phyllodecia vidgaiissima). Willow Hornet Clear wing (see Trochilium bemheciforme). WMUow Weevil (see Cryptorrhynchns lapaihi). Willow W^ood Midge (see Rhobdo- pliaga snliciperda). wUsoni, Platyptm. Wilt Disease, in gipsy and brown tail caterpillars in Maine, 178. Wind, effect of, on distribiition of insects and plant diseases, 225, 252, 271, 303, 311, 322. Winter Moth (see Cliehnatobia brumaia). Wirewornis, bionomics of, in Bri- tain, 58, 134, 425, 426, 435, 509 ; on cereals in Norway, 284 ; on potatoes in U.S.A.,' 307, 371 ; measures against, on maize in New South "^Wales, 336; Ehodea confused with, 307 ; (see Agriotes etc.). Wisconsin, bionomics of Lachno- sterna in, 544, 555 ; miscella- neous insect pests in, 555 ; biono- mics and control of Pieris rapae on cabbages in, 201. Wistaria, Aulacaspis pcniagona in- tercepted on, in 8. Africa, 358; Chionaspis intercei)ted on, in California, 294 ; Epargyretis tityrns on, in New York, 451. Witch-hazel (see Hamamelis vir- giniana). icoebtriana, Enarmonia. xcog^nmi, Aleurocanthus. Wohljahrtia brunnipalpis (Locust Fly), parasite of Loeusta parda- lina in S. Africa, 359. wohiana, Albinia (see Cryptoblabes gnidiella). itoodi, Ocnerioxa. Wood-lice, injurious to plants in Quebec, 63 ; (see Oniscus). Woodpeckers, destroying noxious insects, 8, 84, 308, 4-78," 510, 529 ; importance of protection of, in Britain, 510; importance of, in relation to cacao, in Jamaica, 529. ^Voodpigeon, injurious in Britain, 510. Woody Nightshade (see Solamim dulcamara). Woollen Goods, damaged by Tineo- la hiselliella in New York, 48. Woolly Apple Aphis (see Eriosoma lanigermn). Woolly Pear Aj)his (see Eriosoma pyricola). Woolly Pyrol Moth (see Thermesia gcmmatalis). Woolly Thorn Aphis (see Proci- philiis eorrngatus). Woolly Whitelly (see Aleurothrixus hoivardi). Wren, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. WrighUa tindoria, food -plant of Coccus colemani in Mysore, 322. Wryneck,, a beneficial bird in Britain, 478. xanthocephala, Clastopiera. xanthogastrella, Scirpoph aga. Xantlwgramma divis^a, iiredaceoiis on Aphids in Maine, 241. xanthomelaena, Oaleruca (sec Qaleru- cella luteola). xanthome} aenae, Tetraslichus. Xanihorhoe praejeciata, bionomics of, on Phormium lenax in New Zealand, 535. Xanthospilapteryx syringella (see Gracilaria). xarithost igma, Apantelcs. xanthoslomiis, Syrphus. Xcstobium iessellahim, measures against, in furniture in Britain, 160. Xiphidium fasciatum, predaccous on Tomaspis saccharina in Gre- nada, 333. Xiphydria, parasitised by Pristau- lacus pafrali in France, 318. Xisiicus lanio, picdaceons on Coe- liodes ruber in Italy, 78. Xyleborinus pecanis (Pecan Ambro- vsia Beetle), on pecan in U.S.A., 228. Xyloborus, boring in cacao twigs in Grenada. 33 ; in Shorea rohusla in India, 522. Xyleboriis coffeae, 447 ; in tea in Ceylon, 315. Xyleborus compactus, in coffee in Ceylon, 539. Xyleborus confusus, in Barbados, 394. Xyleborus {Anisandrus) dispar, in apple in Italy, 143; in orchards in Norway, 285 ; in Sweden, 147 ; INDEX. 749 food-plants of, in Switzerland, 367 ; measures against, in plum in Britain, 436, 509. Xyleborus fornicatus (Shot-hole Borer of Tea), bionomics and control of, in Ceylon, 88, 128, 314, 315, 434, 539^, 540. Xyleborus morivoreUa, in mulberry in Formosa, 175. Xyleborus parvulus, attacking rub- ber in East Indies, 429, 430 ; relation of, to Ustiilina zonata in Malaya, 277. Xyleborus perforans, in cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Xyleborus saxeseni (see X. xylo- graphus). Xyleborus xylographtis (Lesser Shot- hole Borer), bionomics and distribution of, in conifers, 266 ; in Britain, 509 ; measures against in pears in California, 384 ; in apple in Switzerland, 367. Xylina anfennata, Metearus versi- color ovipositing on, in U.S.A., 513. Xylobiops basilaris (Red- shouldered Shot -hole Borer), in forest trees in U.S.A., 227, 451. xylographus, Xyleborus. Xylonites praeusius, on evergreen oak in France, 477. Xylopsocus gibbicollis, boring in lead in Australia, 141. xylostei, Hyadaphis ; Prociphilus ; Siphocoryne (Aphis) (see 8. pasUnacae). Xyloterus domesticus, in forests in Germany, 8. Xyloterus lineatus, in Sweden, 147. Xyloterus signatus, bionomics of, in forests in Germany, 8. Xylothrips gibbicollis (see Xylop-_ socus). Xylotrechus, in sal in India, 519. Xylotrechus aceris, sp. n., in maples in U.S.A., 129. Xylotrechus annosus, in poplar in California, 397. Xylotrechus insignis, in willow in California, 397. Xylotrechus obliteratus (see X. insig- nis). Xylotrechus quadrimaculatus, X. aceris confused with, in U.S.A., 129. Xylotrechus quadripes (Coiiee Borer) measures against, in India, 74. Xylotrechus undulatus, in conifers in California, 397. Xylotrupes gideon (australicus), on sugar-cane in Australia, 166; food-plants of, in Java, 446. Xystrocera globosa, on Acacia lebbelc in Egypt, 50. (C569) Y. Yakman Ant (see Eciton burchelli). Yam (see Dioscorea). Yarrow, Philaenus spumarius on, in Maine, 12 ; (see Achillea millefolium). Yellow Aphis (see Sipha flava). Yellow Clothes Moth (see Tineola biselliella). Yellow Clover Aphis (see Callip- terus ononidis). Yellow Dent Corn (see Zea inden- tata). Yellow Fever, 492. Yellow Flannel Moth (see Lagoa crispata). Yellow House Ant (see Mono- morium pharaonis). Yellow Mite (see Tarsonemus trans- lucens). Yellow Pine (see Pinus ponderosa). Yellow-necked Caterpillar (see Dot ana minis tra). yesonicus, Promachus. ypsilon, Agrotis. Yucatan, Schistocerca urichi in, 462. z. Zabrotes pectoralis (see Spermo- phagus). Zabrus, 96. zachrysa, Gracilaria. zaddachi, Sterictiphora. Zagrammosoma multilineatum, ]>ara- site of Leucoptera coffeella in Porto Rico, 104. Zama^ra albofasciaria, urticating hairs of Aretornis chrysorrhoea, causing injury to, in .Japan, 502. Zanzibar, misceilaneous insect pests in, 128, 276 ; scale-insects from, 85, 86. Zaomnioencyrtus poeta, sp. n., para- site of a Psyllid in Australia, 35. Zea indentata (Yellow Dent Corn), hybrid between Euclane.a mexi- cana and, immune to attacks of Aphids in U.S.A., 30. Zea mays (see Maize). zeae, Achatodes. Zebra caterpillar (see Ceramica picta). zebra, Otiorrhynchus. zebrinum, Lecavium. seellus, Crambus. Zelus bilobus, natural enemy of Anomis erosa in U.S.A., 108. zephyria, Rhagoletis (see B. porno- nella). Zeuzera, on cacao in Dutch E. Indies, 349. Zeuzera aescuU (see Z. pyrina). 750 INDEX. Zeuzera coffeae (Eed Borer, Coffee Borer), on tea in Ceylon, 315, 539 ; on tea in India, 475 ; infesting tea etc. in Dutch E. Indies 37, 350 ; on coffee in Indo-China, 129. Zeuzera pyrina, on pomegranate in Egypt, 50 ; on apple in Italy, 143 ; on apple and lilac in Sweden, 149; in Switzerland, 367. Zinc Arsenate, experiments in spraying with, against Diabrotica viitaia, 201 ; effect of prickly pear sap in sprays of, 472 ; more adhesive than calcium arsenate, 560. Zinc Arsenite, experiments in spraying with, against Diabrotica vittata, 201 ; and lime, formula for, against Epilachna corrupta, 299, 300 ; and cactus detritus, formula for spraying with, against Pilocroeis tripunctata, 82 ; experi- ments with, against vine-moths, 73 ; ineffective against Pieris rapae, 201 ; compared with calcium arsenate, 329, 330 ; determination of arsenic in, with potassium iodate, 440. Zinc Oxide, in mixture against Eriosoma lanigernm, 471. Zinc Sulphide, for emulsifying petroleum, 27. Zinnia, Eeliothis obsoleta on, in Nyasaland, 70. Zinzelat, Apate monaeha on, in Syria, 50. ziziphus, Parlatoria. zizyphi, Aphis. Zizyphus, Parlatoria chinensis on, in China, 206 ; Geroplastes cajani on, in India, 86. Zizyphus jujuba (Ber), food-plant of Tachardia lacca in India, 513. Zizyphus spina- chr is ti, Aphis zizy- phi on, in Egypt, 209. zonatus, Dacus. Zonocerus, Coccobacillus ineffective against, 288. Zonocerus elegans, control of, on coffee in Br. E. Africa, 15. Zonocerus variegatus, control of, on coffee in Br. E. Africa, 15 ; on cacao in Belgian Congo, 79. Zophodia convolutella, on goose- berries in Sweden, 149. Zophodia grossulariae (Grooseberry Fruit- Worm), measures against, in Minnesota, 372 ; in Ne« York, 451. ; Zophosis hoiei, habits of, on maize and tobacco in Rhodesia, 337, 338. Zyqaena occitanica, parasites of, in France, 262. Zygobothria nidicola, probable toxic action of Apanteles lacteicolor on, in U.S.A., 511. Zygothrips americanus, in bark of trees in Maryland, 34. NOTICES. retarles of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exehanct publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to eom- tate with the Assistant Director. I Subscription to the Review b 12s. per annum, post free ; or wo series may be taken separately. Series A {Agricultural) 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant or. Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89. 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