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THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY.

^/

SERIES a: agricultural.

VOL. VII.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON :

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,

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1919.

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Ronorarp Comminee of rKanagemetiL

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Kose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture

and Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Austraha.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sur H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College,

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agri-
culture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretary.

Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director aiiD JEDltor.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

Bsststant H)irector.

Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
Publication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W.7.

ML

ERRATA.

Page 14 line 41 for "

20 ,

, 9 „ "

20 ,

, 27 „ "

24 ,

, 39 „ "

39 ,

, 46 „ "

43 ,

, 46 „ "

44 ,

, 27 „ "

61 ,

, 41 „ "

„ 68 ,

, 11 » "

„ 70 ,

, 9 „ "

„ 85 ,

, 31 „ "

„ 87 ,

, 25 „ "

„ 88 ,

, 21 „ "

„ 96 ,

, 44 „ "

„ 109 ,

, 24 „ "

„ 110 ,

, 28 „ "

„ 118 ,

, 19 „ "

„ 126 ,

, 6 „ "

,. 135 ,

, 21 „ "

„ 183 ,

, 28 „ "

., 203 ,

, 3 „ "

„ 218 ,

, 42 „ "

„ 221 ,

, 27 „ "

„ 231 ,

, 27 „ "

„ 237 ,

, 35 „ "

„ 249 ,

, 17 „ "

„ 250 ,

, 26 „ "

., 252 ,

, 28 „ "

„ 257 ,

, 9 „ "

„ 274 ,

, 12 „ "

n 281 ,

, 37 „ "

„ 283 ,

, 9 „ "

„ 295 ,

, 17 „ "

„ 300 ,

, 11 „ "

„ 310 ,

, 34 „ "

„ 330 ,

, 30 „ "

„ 344 ,

, 32 „ "

„ 344 ,

, 35 „ "

„ 350 ,

, 1 » "

„ 356 ,

, 45 „ "

„ 369 ,

, 15 „ "

„ 387 ,

, 6 „ "

„ 389 ,

, 16 „ "

Pinaspis "
Parleptomastix "
Ophionectra "
Gallium "
variegata "
heracliana "
Caligrapha "
Aimitage (A.H.M.)"
Pettit (H. R.)
dolobratus "
Clirina "
Buckt."

XIV

captoris "
378"
adula "
PJiylocalyx "
thoantides "
Holococera "
Syanthedon "
Cotinis "
Phyladelphus "
Ser. A, vi, p. 455 "
Aterix "
aurantiae "
Pilocrosis "
j^ "

2 5

Aprostocerus "
Euchenopa "
Metzencria "
McCollock (J. W.)"
Hawley {J. M.) "
Psilogaster

faxiiventris "
{Ips balsameus, Lee.)'

0. consanguinana "
[Coleophora

inequalisy^
Myzodes "
ostreaeiformis "
Signphora "
arcissus "
Moore "
cowani "
Mellisoblaptes "

read " Pinnaspis."

„ " Paraleptomastix.^^

„ " Ophionectria."

„ " Galium."

,, " lineaticollis.'"

„ " heracleana."

,, " Calligrapha."

„ "Armitage(H.M.)."

„ " Pettit (R.H.)."

„ " dolabratus."

., " Clivina."

'„ "Licht."

„ " captorius."

„ "373." ^^

,, " radula."

., " Phyllocalyx."

,, " ihoantiades"

„ " Holcoceray

„ " Synanthedon."

„ " Cotinus"

,, " Philaddphus."

„ "Ser.A,vii,p.80."

„ " AtJierix."

„ " aurantii."

,, " Pilocrocis."

55 T2T

,, " Aprostocetus."
,, " Enchenopa."
„ " Metzneria."
„ "McCoUoch(J.W.)"
„ "Hawley (I. M.)."
,, " Psilogaster

fasciiventris."

" {Pityokteines
sparsus,ljec.)."

" A. consanguinana.'^

" {Coelophora
inequalis)."

" Myzoides.'''

" ostreaeformis,"

" Signiphora.'"

" Narcissus."

" Walker."

" coweni."

" Melissoblaptes.'^

IV.

Errata. — cont.

Page 394 line 12 for " {Adoretus umbrosus

tenuimaculatus) ' '

402 ,, 39 ,, " monacantha "

403 „ 15 „ '' Esti(j7nena"
408 „ 23 „ delete " with oil."
418 ,, 44 ,, " {Lagerotroemia

indica) "
33 ,, " creatomiae "
1 „ " Tephrites "
11 „ " Bothrochacis "
27 & 41 for " krauhniae "
11 for " E. echinopus "

434
437
437
437
440
446
446
468
469
481
481
505
510
520

535

12 ,, " devastratix "

43 ,, " Macrosiplwn "

29 ,, " mamatus "

2 „ " M. euonymellus "
8 „ " Vinal (S. C.) "

15 ,, " nyoidea "

46 „ " Anstead (D. R.) "

10 „ "Burrell''

3 ,, " Ricania in Ceylon "

27 „ ''deodora"

read '' {Poyillia japonim,
Newm.)."
" monocantha."
" Estigniene."

" {Lager stroemia
indica).'''' *

' ceratoniae."

" Tephritis"

" Bothrochalcis."

" kraunhiae."

" R. echinopus.^'

" devastatrix."

" Macrosiphum."

" Jiamatus."

" H. euonymellus.''^

" Vinal (S. A.)."

" myoidea."

" Anstead (R. D.)."

" BurriU."

" Ricania on tea in
Ceylon."

■' deodara."

Itegfaieted at the G.P.Q. for Trnnsmiaaion to Canada and' Nawfoundlaad by Magazine Post,

VOL. VII. Ser. A. Part l»-pp. 1-40.

JANUARY, 1919.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
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LONDON :

» SOLD BY N. '/O,,

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY^
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All Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>o«orarp Contmime or ll2anaa^nient.

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CLE., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum

(Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B.. F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Leproy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropica] Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor oi

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F, Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Vet^nary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society ol

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Beneral Secretary.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

2>frector hhD BMtor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall*

Beslstant Director.
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E E V I E W 4^*

APPLIED ENTOMOLO G Y^!!iJ!ji!!i

Series A.

Vol. VII.] [1919.

EicHTER (H.). Ueber Lebensweise und Bekampfung des Nutzholz-
borkenkafers. [The Life-history and Control of the Timber Bark
Beetle, Xylcterus lineatus, Oliv.] — Forstwissenschftl. Centralhlait,
Berlin, xl, no. 7, July 1918, pp. 241-244.

Very little appears to have been published relative to the hfe-
history of Xyloterus lineatus, Oliv., hence this record of observations
made subsequent to the windbreak disaster in -January 1916, in the
Bavarian district of which the author was chief forester. The main
part of this break was 3 miles in length by 220-330 yards in width
and included heavy spruce and fir timber. By August 1916 all the
fallen timber over 3 inches in diameter had been barked and stacked,
but the stumps could not be barked by that date. In the following
year it was noticed that stem wood in felling places about |-1^ mile
from the windbreak were more severely infested than usual by
Xyloterus lineatus, Oliv. An investigation of the windbreak stumps
(which had been raised in the summer of 1917 by means of explosives)
showed that those in the principal area were only very slightly infested
by this beetle and other pests, whereas stumps in the small breaks
on either side were attacked by X. lineatus to a much greater degree.
They appeared to be preferred as breeding places on account of the
moisture present, the trunks in the main area being very dry as a result
of exposure to sunshine. Further observations made in 1918 on
timber imder similar conditions seem to confirm the assumption that
this beetle is careful in the choice of its breeding place. Preventive
and destructive measures must therefore be very carefully applied
in the case of small breaks or in areas where natural re-stocking is
the practice. In places where there has been no natural re-stocking
the speedy removal of stump wood is a good preventive measure ;
but in those where young growth has already established itself it is.
necessary that all new stumps should be barked as early as possible,
for after a short winter the flight period begins early in March, so that
the emergence of the new beetles may be expected early in June.
Therefore if felling is done in winter, the stumps should be barked
immediately after felling from December to February. In localities
where a great increase of X. lineatus is feared an efficient preventive

(C529) Wt.P2/137. 1,500. 1.19. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp.11/3. A

measure consists in felling during the growing season and barking
immediately afterwards. This, however, entails the disadvantage
of the greater injuries sustained during the growing period by young
growth through felling effected in summer and through the need
(which the author regards as imperative where re-stocking is natural)
for immediately removing the stumps. For this reason winter felling
may be unavoidable. In any case infested and barked stem wood
must not be left in the forest for long, because barking is not a complete
protection. Furthermore the immediate removal of timber is not
sufi&cient if the sawmill is in the vicinity and the wood is allowed to
remain there for several months. It is necessary that the timber
be sawn (which facilitates drying) as soon as possible after it is removed
from the forest, and this removal must be effected before mid-May
at the latest. The use of trap-logs and trap-billets is insufficient
for work on a large scale, but they are useful indicators of the amount
of infestation. The clearing of forests of all suspicious material
must not be neglected.

Chittenden (F. H.). Control of the Melon Aphis. --C/. S. Dept. Agric.,
Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 914, February 1918, 16 pp.,
8 figs. [Received 29th October 1918.]

The melon aphis [Aj^his gossi/fii, Glover] is the most abundant
and destructive Aphid affecting melons and cucumbers, and it also
attacks pumpkin, mid gourd, winter squash and other cucurbits,
cotton, okra, orange and other citrus fruits. Secondary food-plants
that are attacked when cucurbits are not available are hops, strawberry,
beans, sugar and table beets, spinach, tomatoes, asparagus, several
ornamental plants and various common weeds. The pest is widely
distributed in many countries and is very general throughout the
United States. In Texas, Kansas and Nebraska it is particularly
troublesome, especially in the last two States to cucumbers, which
are extensively grown for pickhng. Soon after the plants have
developed leaves the winged Aphids begin to migrate to them from
weeds and other vegetation, frequently passing, as their food-plants
become exhausted, from one crop to another. A. gossypii is fortunately
held in abeyance to a great extent and limited to innocuous numbers
by natural enemies, of which there are a great many. The number
of insect species known to prey upon the melon aphis is about 40.
Coccinellids that are of great assistance in control include Hippodamia
convergens and Scymnus terminatus. These insects are active at all
seasons, especially at the time of appearance of the aphis. Other
enemies are the maggots of certain species of Syrphids, such as Syrphus
ribesii, which devour large numbers of the Aphids, and the larvae of
lace-wing flies. Several minute Hymenoptera are parasitic upon
A. gossypii, while parasitic fungi also destroy many. The parasites
are most effective tow^ards the end of the season. Artificial control
is, as a rule, only necessary when the enemies are not present in their
usual numbers. A direct contact spray appUed to the Aphids on
the under-sides of the leaves as soon as infestation begins has been
found successful. The formula recommended for the spray is 3 fluid
oz. 40 per cent, nicotine sulphate and 1 lb. laundry soap to 25 U.S.

gals, water. A power spray is advisable owing to the low, spreading
nature of the vine growth. Kerosene emulsion is less successful as a
spray, and may damage the plants. A strong stream of water from a
garden hose will wash off many insects. Suitable spraying machines
and apphances are described. In small fields fumigation with carbon
bisulphide under tubs or other tight receptacles or covers is effectual,
1 drachm (or about a teaspoonful) of the chemical being required to
each cubic foot of space. Clean cultural methods are a great help
in Aphid control, and all remnants should be collected and burnt
as soon as the crop is gathered. Weeds in the vicinity of crops
should be kept down throughout the year.

Kyle (C. H.). How to reduce Weevil Waste in Southern Corn. —

U. S. Bept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 915,
February 1918, 7 pp., 3 figs. [Received 29th October 1918.]

A serious obstacle to the increase of profitable production of maize
in many localities is the prevalence of insect pests, which have made
it impracticable to store the crop until it can be used. Ears with
poor shuck coverings are frequently damaged before the maize can be
stored, and even if clean when stored, quickly become infested from
other sources. Shucks that extend beyond the tips of the ears and
close tightly about the silks are weevil-proof both in field and in
storage. It is suggested that directly after harvesting the ears should
be sorted and poorly protected ears disposed of as rapidly as possible.
If it is necessary to store maize with poor shuck protection, the seed
should be shucked, shelled, cleaned and put into bags of close-woven
cloth. Ears having long, closely fitting shucks should be stored in
their shucks, and the best ears of this kind should be selected for the
next year's seed.

LuGiNBiLL (P.). The Southern Corn Rootworm and Farm Practices
to control it. — U.S. Bept. Agric, Washington, D.C, Farmers'
Bull. no. 950, May 1918, 12 pp., 7 figs. [Received 29th
October 1918.]

The hfe-history and habits of Biabrotica duodecimpunctata, Oliv.
(southern corn rootworm) have previously been described [see this
Review, Ser. A, i, p. 430]. Preventive measures advocated in this
bulletin against the pest include the burning over of waste places, such
as the borders and terraces of fields, in winter and on cool days, when the
beetles are congregated among dead grasses seeking protection from the
cold. Crop rotation should be practised when possible, and an infested
maize field should not successively be planted with maize. Cotton
is not injured by the grubs and some of the smaller grains are only
slightly damaged. A common practice is to plant maize seed much
more thickly in the lowlands than the uplands, to secure a better
chance of a crop on the lower ground. The use of commercial fertihsers
strengthens the plants and affords a less favourable breeding-place for
the pest. In each locality planting should be timed to minimise the
ravages of the grubs.

(C529J a2

Creel (C. W.) & Eockwood (L. P.). The Control of the Clover-Flower
Midge. — f/. aS. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bui',
no. 971, June 1918, 12 pp., 6 figs. [Received 29th October 1918.]

The life-history and habits of Perrisia (Dasgneura) legmnimcola ,
Lint., have previously been described and its control discussed [see
this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 266, and v, p. 325]. The present bulletin
gives practical directions to farmers regarding pasturing, early and
late cutting of the clover crop, the clipping back of clover between
the 10th and 25th May, leaving the cUppings on the ground as a mulch,
and soiling, i.e., cutting the clover and using it as green fodder during
spring and early summer.

Wallace (E.) & Evans (L. H.). Commercial Bordeaux Mixtures.
How to Calculate their Values. — XJ.S.Dept. Agric, Washington,
B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 994, June 1918, 11 pp., 1 fig.

This bulletin describes a method by which the strength of commercial
Bordeaux mixtures can be calculated in terms of the amount of equiva-
lent copper sulphate in 50 gallons when diluted. Two tables are
given by which the strengths can be approximately determined
without calculation. Physical properties, such as adhesiveness,
texture, spreading quality and rate of setthng are also important
factors in determining the efficiency of Bordeaux mixtures ; some
tests in this connection are described.

Tempany (H. a.). Regulations and Syllabus of the School of
Agriculture. — Mauritius Dept. Agric, Port Louib, Gen. Ser. Bull,
no. 10, 10th June 1918, 10 pp. [Received 31st October 1918.]

The first year syllabus of requirements for diplomas granted by the
Mauritius Department of Agriculture includes the following ento-
mological subjects : — The place of insects in the scale of animal life ;
general characters of insects differentiating them from other animals ;
the natural orders into which insects are divided, and the diagnostic
characters of each order ; metamorphosis of insects of each order ;
the structure and organs of common insects. Identification of the
proper order of common insects ; life-history and habits of common
insects of each order ; identification of the various stages of important
insects. The relation between insects and agriculture ; harmful
and beneficial insects ; simple treatment of insect pests. Collection,
mounting, and preservation of insects ; permanent mounting of insects
for microscopical examination.

d'Emmerez de Charmoy (D.). L'Importation de Tivhia parallela de
la Barbade a Maurice. [The Importation of Tiphia jjarallela from
Barbados to Mauritius.] ■ — Mauritius Dept. Agric, Port Louis,
Serie Scient. Bull. no. 6, 1918, French Edition, 11 pp., 1 plate,
1 map.

The memoir of which this is a translation has already been noticed
[see this Review. Ser. A, v, p. 502]. In an appendix the following
facts are given : — T. parallela was noticed in considerable numbers
in two localities in May ; during this month the percentage of females

was hardly ever above 5, but in July it rose to 20 per cent. ; from one
of the above-mentioned localities many females were taken and
liberated in other parts where their presence had not already been
proved ; the ease with which this species has become acclimatised
and the rapidity with which it multiphes and spreads, it being present
in some districts actually in great numbers, encourage the hope that
it may effectually control Phijfalus smithi. Experiments have shown
that the presence of the plant, Cordia interrupta, is essential to
the existence of T. pamllela and Scolia rufa, and it also strongly
attracts the adults of P. smithi, which may then be easily captured.

Dudley (F. H.). A Few Insects and Diseases Common to Small
Fruits. — Bull. Maine Dept. Agric, Augusta, xvii, no. 3, September
1918, pp. 22-27.

The insect pests attacking the raspberry in the United States are :^
(1) Raspberry cane-borer [Oberea binmculata], the female beetle girdling
the young tips by cutting two rings round the shoot about an inch
apart, between which the egg is inserted. The young larva burrows
downwards through the pith, the life-cycle of the insect taking 2 or 3
years to complete. The pest may be effectively controlled by cutting
oft' the drooping tips below the point of injury, and in the event of
the whole canes dying, they should be cut in late summer before the
larvae reach the base to hibernate. (2) Raspberry saw-fly
[Monophadmis rubi], which oviposits beneath the skin of the leaves
and close beside the ribs. Spraying or dusting with hellebore has been
known to exercise effective control. (3) Raspberry-cane maggot
[Phorbia rubivora], a fly much resembhng the common house-fly,
wliich oviposits in the fork at the base of the top leaves, soon after
the young canes start in the spring. The larva burrows downwards
in the pith for a short distance and then girdles the cane inside the
bark, causing the upper part to wilt and die. The larva bores down-
wards, pupates and hibernates near the base of the cane, the adult
emerging the following spring. The pest may be controlled by
gathering and burning the wilted tops, and cutting out any infested
canes containing pupae.

Blackberries are attacked by the giant root-borer [?], the adult
beetle appearing about the middle of July, and often doing much
damage before being discovered, as it usually flies at night.

Reddick (D.). Dusting, a Substitute for Spraying in the Apple Orchard.

— Bull. Maine Dept. Agric, Augusta, xvii, no. 3, September
1918, pp. 52-59.

The greater part of the subject matter of this paper has ah-eady
been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 181]. The practical
experience of growers conducting tests on a commercial scale during
1916 and 1917 was that neither dust nor spray gave satisfactory
results, since both seasons were unusually favourable for the develop-
ment of scab, and most unfavourable for work in the orchard. These
two years of practical work indicate that dusting may become a com-
mon practice in New York. The reasons for such a prediction are : — ■
The scab disease is subject to great fluctuations, and during the past

6

two years it has been more severe than during the previous twenty
years ; chewing insects are usually better controlled by the use of
dry poison, but, not being abundant in 1916-17, their control could
not counterbalance the poorer control of scab ; if under such conditions
growers are satisfied with the results obtained, they will be better
satisfied in years when scab is not so abundant and when insects are
likely to be more prevalent ; the method of applying dust is not well
understood, and the dust machines now in use may be open to as
much improvement as the old barrel sprayer was ; the dust method
makes it possible for any grower to follow a new schedule for orchard
protection, consisting of light treatments at more frequent intervals,
it being possible to make an application of dust to the entire orchard
before the condition actually permitting infection arrives ; the great
saving of time effected by dusting makes growers anxious to experiment
in the hope of finding improved methods.

In the opinion of the author the factor most likely to determine
the future success or failure of dusting is the discovery or non-discovery
of dry, contact insecticides, since at present a spray machine must
be kept for use against scale-insects, Aphids and red bugs.

In the discussion that followed, the points most emphasised were
the immense saving in time and labour effected by dusting, and the
great adhesive qualities of a mixture of 85 parts sulphur and 15 parts
lead arsenate.

Baker (A. C). Another Toxoptera feeding on Sedge (Homoptera;
Aphididae). — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxv, no. 4, August 1918,
pp. 88-93. [Received 31st October 1918.]

Toxoptera nigra, sp. n., is described. Apterous forms of this Aphid
were found on sedges growing in marshy land in the' District of
Columbia and the species is described from individuals reared from
these.

DE Seabra (A. F.). Observations sur quelques Esp^ces de Cochenilles
du Portugal. [Observations on some Species of Coccids from
Portugal.] — Bull. Soc. Portugaise Sci. Nat., Lisbon, viii, no. 1,
1918, pp. 72-81.

An account is given of the Coccidae of Portugal. Twenty-six
species, of which three are unidentified, are mentioned. These are : —
Icerya purchasi. Mask., which is checked to a large extent by Novius
cardinalis, imported from America ; Psewlococcus (Dactylojmis) citri,
Risso ; P. adonidum, L. (Z). longispinus, Targ.), which was considered
to be the cause of a heavy infestation of the elm trees in the streets
of Lisbon, and for which several insecticides have been tried without
success ; Orthezia urticae, L. , apparently not very numerous or harmful ;
Kermes rohoris, Fourc. {variegatus, Gmel.) ; Lichtensia viburni, Sign. ;
Pulvinaria vitis, L. ; P. camelicola. Sign ; Ceroplastes nisei, L., found
wherever figs are grown in Portugal and frequently destroyed b}^ the
Coccinellid, Chilocorus renipustulalus ; Coccus {Lecanium) hesperidum,
L. ; Saissetia {Lecanium) hemispJiaerica; Targ. ; S. oleae, Bern. ;
Lecanium signiferum, Green ? ; Aspidiotus camelliae. Sign. ;
A. cydoniae, Comst. ; A. palmae, Morg. ; A. hederae, Vallot, which
is injurious to olive trees ; two unidentified species of Aspidiotus ;

Chrysomphalus {A.) didyospermi, Morg., Aspidiotus (Diaspis) osireae-
forniis, Curtis ; Diaspis boisduvali, Sign. ; Aulacaspis rosae, Bch. , _
very injurious to rose trees, which should have the infested shoots
destroyed ; an unidentified species of Lepidosaphes, injurious to pine
f ohage ; Lepidosaphes {Mytilaspis) ficus, Sign. , L. heckii, Newm.
(M. citricola. Pack.), which is abundant on oranges ; and Chionaspis
aspidistrae, Sign. A complete list of the known food-plants of each
species is given, with notes concerning some of them.

Martin (W. H.). Dissemination of Septoria lycopersici, Speg., by
Insects and Pickers. — PhytopalJiology, Baltimore, Md., viii, no. 7,
July 1918, pp. 365-372.

Studies to determine the methods of dissemination of the causal
organism (Septoria lycopersici) of tomato leaf-spot were made during
the summer of 1917, insects being suspected as possible factors.

It was found that in New Jersey the tomato is visited by both
the adults and larvae of Lepiinotarsa decemUneata, Say (Colorado
potato beetle), by Epitrix cucumeris, Harris (flea-beetle), Protoparcs
Carolina, L. (tomato worm), and Aphis pseudohrassicae, Davis, in
large numbers, all these being present in the field until late in the
season. Observations indicated that early blight (Alternaria solani)
of tomatoes is disseminated by flea-beetles, the punctures made by
which become centres of early bhght infection, the spores being
carried either by the beetles themselves or by the wind.

During the later part of the season when the disease became more
prevalent, all insects examined, whether taken from diseased or healthy
leaves, were found to carry spores.

Examination of insect excreta showed that they invariably contained
spores, instances being noted where those of S. lycopersici and A. solani
were germinating, thus proving that alimentation does not destroy
their viabihty. This fact is important, since it explains how spores
thus carried may be distributed over a wide area, whereas those on
the bodies of insects are carried only a short distance.

It was also established that insects feed on the diseased leaves,
though it is not supposed that they attack these in preference to
healthy ones. It has been shown, however, that the beetle, Leptostyhis
macula, Say, feeds on the pustules of the chestnut bhght fungus.

Examination of the material adhering to the hands and garments
especially of those working in heavily infected fields showed the presence
of large numbers of spores, which accounts for the commonly observed
fact that the disease becomes particularly severe after the second
picking, which takes place about a week after the fii'st. The obvious
remedy for this is to delay picking after a rain or heavy dew until
the plants are dry, tliis being specially important in the case of tha
first picking.

d'Emmerez de Charmoy (D.). Report on the Work of the Division
of Biology.— ^ww. Rept. Dept. Agric. for 1917, Mauritius, p. 11.
[Keceived 31st October 1918.]

Several attempts to introduce a stock of the Eri silkworm [Attacus
ricini] into Mauritius from India have failed owing to delays during
transit.

8

Several Scoliid wasps have been introduced, including Scolia
onjctophaga, which has been imported from Madagascar as an enemy
of Orycfes tarandus.

Tiphia parallela has spread over a much larger area than that
covered in the previous year, and in May and June it was systematically
distributed to spots where it had not been previously established.
The number of individuals of Phytalns smithi destroyed was nearly
the same as for 1916, the total being 73,503,579 against .71,320,870 in
1916. The expenditure involved in 1917 was about £1,350 against
£1,510 for the preceding year.

Annual Report Yakima County Horticultural Department for 1916.

—North Yakima, Wash., 74 pp., 3 figs. [Received 31st
October 1918.]

The introduction to this report contains a general survey of pests
and diseases during the year. San Jose scale [Aspidiotus peniiciosus]
is one of the most serious pests in the Yakima Valley ; lime-sulphur and
oil are used in its control, but it is a difficult pest to deal with. Aphids
have been very troublesome, but can be controlled with adequate
spraying. Distillate oil emulsion is recommended for trial against
Aphids, and is considered economical and efficient. This spray is
also recommended for the control of red spider [Tetranychus].
The pear-leaf blister mite [Eriojjhyes jjyri] is seldom troublesome where
lime-sulphur is used late in the spring. Against leaf-hoppers sprays
of nicotine solutions or distillate oil emulsions are advised, to be
used when the insects are in the nymphal stage. The strawberry
root weevil [Otiorrhynchus ovatus] has recently appeared. Carbon
bisulphide has been found the most elTective insecticide against it.
Ploughing up the plants is not recommended, as this has the effect of
scattering the insect over the surrounding country. The Colorado
potato beetle \Leptinoiarsa decemlineata] was found in 1916 in 17
different potato fields. Prompt measures were taken, including
spraying with lead arsenate to kill the larvae, and hand-picking the
adults, 3,000 beetles being collected by this method.

The codling moth [Cydia jwrnonella] was the cause of many investi-
gations, including the determination of dates for spraying, trials to
test the relative efficiency of various substances used as sprays, the
relative merits of which are compared, breeding work throughout
the year, and experiments with nicotine sulphate sprays.

Annual Report District Horticultural Inspector, Yakima County, for
1917. — North Yakima, Wash., 54 pp., 1 plate. [Received 31st
October 1918.]

San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] did not appear to increase
during the year 1917. Thoroughness in application of sprays is the
essential point in controlling this pest. The codling moth [Cydia
pomonella] on the other hand caused far greater injury than in the
previous year. It is considered that part of this loss might have been
prevented by the growers, but climatic conditions were undoubtedly
in favour of the moth. Aphids were less troublesome than in the
previous year, possibly owing in part to a high degree of parasitism

9

of the eggs and to the cold spring. The woolH aphis [Eriosotna lani-
gerum], however, was very injurious and appears to be increasing ;
climatic conditions have favoured this species and a numerous spring
generation is probable. The Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa
decemlineata], which caused much alarm by its sudden appearance in
the previous year [see preceding paper], was apparently successfully
exterminated, and has made no further appearance.

Special papers are devoted to the question of spray materials and
machinery, experimental work, codling moth investigations, etc.
Dust spraying has been tried to some extent, but more detailed work
is required before this method can be definitely recommended in
preference to liquid spraying.

Report on Operations under the Horticultural Inspection Law. — Bull.
State Entomologist Nebraska, Lincoln, no. 5, 10th April 1917,

15 pp, [Received 2nd November 1918.]

The following insects were intercepted during 1915-1917 : — Eggs
of the European tussock moth [Orgyia antiqua] on Tamarix ; Carabids
and Staphylinid beetles from Holland ; Aleurodes spp, on azaleas
from Belgium ; Aphids on Berberis, azaleas, hydrangeas and pears ;
Aspidiotiis hederae on palms : Lepidosaphes idmi on Buxus ; and
Lecanium sp. on spruce.

SwENK (M, H.). How to fight Grasshoppers.— Sw^L State Entomologist j

Nebraska, Lincoln, no. 6, 12th June 1918, 3 pp., 1 fig. [Received V

2nd November 1918.]
tSwENK (M. H.). Grasshopper Control. — Nebraska Coll. Agric,

Lincoln, Emergency Bull, no, 17, 25th July 1917, 4 pp.

[Received 2nd November 1918.] ^

The first of these is a popular bulletin giving some practical suggestions
as to the use of poison-baits for kilhng grasshoppers and describing
the construction of a hopperdozer for collecting the insects from the
fields. Owing to the present difficulty of obtaining wheat bran,
the following alternative is suggested : lucerne meal 15 lb., Paris
green 10 oz. (or white arsenic 1 lb.), cattle molasses 1 U.S. gal, squeezed
and ground up lemons 4, water 6 U.S. gals.

The second bulletin, issued in view of the heavy infestation of grass-
hoppers expected in Nebraska in the summer of 1918, gives directions
for the preparation and application of poison-baits and describes
the construction and use of the hopperdozer.

SwENK (M, H.), The Sugar-beet Web worm and its Control. — Bull.
State Entomologist Nebraska, Lincoln, no. 7, 24th August 1918,

16 pp., 4 figs, [Received 2nd November 1918.]

The most injurious insect in Nebraska during 1918, apart from
grasshoppers, was Loxostege sticticalis (sugar-beet webworm).
The loss caused by the first generation alone throughout the
State has been estimated at about £30,000. The outbreak was
preceded by heavy flights of moths from 24th May to 13th June.
Early in June eggs were laid on pigweed, lamb's quarters and Russian
thistle, and in beet and lucerne fields. By 18th June the caterpillars

10

were present in enormous numbers and doing great damage to sugar-
beet and lucerne crops. Injury by this brood ended about 26th June,
and circulars were distributed warning growers to take measures
against the heavy infestation expected from the next generation in
August and September. There are three complete generations during
the year in Nebraska, with a partial fourth in late autumn, these
generations overlapping considerably. The larvae of the third genera-
tion enter the ground and remain there until the following spring ;
a few of them pupate and emerge during late September, forming
the fourth generation. The life-history and habits of the moth are
described. A Braconid, Cremnops {Disophrys) vulgaris, Cress.,
parasitises the larva or pupa of L. sticticalis and is a very effective
check on the webworm, its activities being, however, somewhat
lessened by an Ichneumonid hyperparasite, Mesochorus agilis, Cress.

Remedial measures are discussed. A collecting machine, modelled
on the hopperdozer, is described and illustrated. A single sweeping
of a field resulted in the collection of about 20 per cent, of the
webworms, but had a tendency to break the leaves of the best plants ;
the apparatus should be used during the hottest part of the day, when
the leaves are driest and least liable to break.

SwENK (M. H.) & Wilcox (E. M.). Spraying Potatoes for Insects and
Diseases. — Nebraska Coll. Agric., Lincoln, Emergency Bull. no. 10,
25th May 1917, 4 pp. [Received 2nd November 1918.]

This bulletin discusses the usual methods of control for the Colorado
potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlineata], which is the principal insect
enemy of potatoes in Nebraska.

SwENK (M. H.). Controlling Insect Pests of the Garden. — Nebraska
Coll. Agric, Lincoln, Emergency Bull. no. 15, 30th June 1917,
4 pp. [Received 2nd November 1918.]

The usual remedial measures for the commoner insect pests of
garden vegetables are described in this popular bulletin.

Caesar (L.). The Fruit-tree Leaf-Roller {Tortrix argyrospila). —
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., 1, no. 10, October 1918,
pp. 321-323.

Tortrix argyrospila has only been noticed in Ontario in the
case of three bad outbreaks that occurred almost simultaneously
about six years ago. These were in the counties of Northumberland,
Wentworth and Norfolk, and it is noteworthy that all surrovmding
orchards in each locality have remained practically free from the
pest, which is restricted almost exclusively to the locahties in which it
first appeared. Arsenical sprays were tried without much success.
Scalecide proved much more effective, but is an expensive material.
In one locality natural factors, including parasites, disease and
unfavourable weather, gradually controlled the pest, while in another
district they failed to do so although the miscible oil spray was continued
for another season. In Norfolk county, where the leaf-rollers persisted,
there were at least two species of Dipterous parasites and four or five
species of Hymenoptera, though it is possible that cold weather may

11

have retarded the larval development of the parasites and thus rendered
them less effective. A\nien fruit-growers are convinced that
T. argyrospih is present on their trees they should spray thoroughly
with a good miscible oil a few days before the buds burst, and this
treatment should be used for two years in succession. It is pointed
out that T. argyrospih (fruit-tree leaf-roller) is frequently confused
with T. rosaceana (oblique-banded leaf-roller), which greatly resembles
it in the larval stage, though the adults are easily distinguishable.

Ferris (G. F.). Notes on Coccidae. II. (Hemiptera). — Canadian
Entomologist, London, Out, 1, no. 10, October 1918, pp. 323-332.

Many species of Coccids have been included in the genus Sphaero-
coccus that do not properly belong to it, and the author erects two new
genera aUied to Kimanina, Ckll. These are EhrJiornia, which includes
E. (Sphaerococcus) cupressi, Ehrh. , and E. graminis, sp. n. , found in
cracks and beneath scales on the root stock of an undetermined species
of perennial grass in California, and Paludicoccus, of which the type is
P. (Sphaerococcus) disticlium, Kuw.

Callococcus is another new genus founded for C. (Sphaerococcus)
pulchellus, Mask., and Mycetococcus is erected for M. (Cerococctts)
ehrJwrni, Ckll, and M. (Cerococcus) corticis. Towns. Pollinia ovoides,
Ckll. , is placed in the genus Cerococcus.

Yamada (Y.). Mlnami Manshu ni okeru Kansai no Gaichu. [Insects
injurious to Beet in South Manchuria.] — Nojishikenjo Iho.
[Bulletin of the Agricultural Experiment Station], Koshurei, South
Manchurian Railway Company, no. 4, April 1, 1918, 32 pp.,
3 plates, 1 map.

This report records the injurious insects obtained from beet gardens
along the lines of the South Manchurian Railway Company from June
to the autumn of 1917.

The following insects are described : — Agrotis ypsilon, Rott.,
burrows one or two inches into the ground near the root by day and
attacks the leaf-stalks at night. Plants may be protected, from it
by means of trenches in w^hich pans containing petroleum are placed.
Agrotis tokionis, Butl., is also present but is less injurious. Laphygma
exigua, Hb., passes the winter underground in the pupal state, the
adult appearing and ovipositing in the following spring. The eggs
are laid mainly on the under-side of the leaf in masses of 30-80. The
young larvae are gregarious at first, but later become scattered over
both surfaces of the leaves. When present in abundance, whole
fields may be entirely defoliated. The adult beetles of Aserica (Serica)
orientalis, Mots., appear in the middle of May and continue to be
injurious until July, when they gradually disappear. They hide
during the day under the plants or in the ground and begin to feed
about 5 p.m. Rotation of crops is the best remedial measure. The
grubs of a species of Holotrichia attack the root of young beets about
3 inches below the surface. An undetermined Elaterid, which passes
two or more years in the larval stage, attacks the root. When mature,
it pupates in the soil. The adult appears in May or Jime, the eggs
being deposited in the ground. This formidable pest may be trapped

12

with baits of rice-bran. The adult of Epicauta inegalocephala, Gbl.,
appears in June and occurs until July. It eats the leaf, but leaves the
veins. Beating is recommended as efficacious against it. An undeter-
mined Curculionid does slight damage to the foliage in one locality.
Another weevil, Amystax fnacidatus, Mats., is also a minor pest.
Cneorhinus globatus, Hbst., appears in March and becomes still more
numerous in April and May. It is a serious pest, destroying both
leaves and buds and frequently killing the plants.

Sasaki (C). Sanji no Joran Enka go ni okeru Kyoso no Sei-iku.

[The Development of the Silkworm Parasitic Maggot after its
Eggs are swallowed by the Silkworm.] — Sangyo Shiken Hokoku
[Report of Sericultural Experiments], SericuUural Experiment
Station, Tokyo, Vol. iii, no. 7, 15th October 1918, pp. 377-396,
3 plates.

As is well known, the egg of the Tachinid silkworm parasite, Crosso-
cosmia sericariae, Kond., is first deposited upon the mulberry leaf, is
then swallowed with the leaf tissue by the silkworm and hatches out in
the alimentary canal, subsequently penetrating into the gangha of the
nervous system of the host. The author has studied, and here describes,
the actual process. In 10 minutes after swallowing, some of the eggs
have hatched. After 20 minutes the great majority of the eggs
have hatched and the larvae travel through the alimentary canal
into the body cavity, wandering about between the canal and the
nerve cord. After 30 minutes some are endeavouring to penetrate
the gangha, while others are wandering about among the muscular
or fat tissues. After 1 hour some individuals have penetrated the
ganglia or nerve cord. After 3 hours most of the larvae have penetrated
into the gangha (mainly the 5th and 6th) and a few are found within
the cord. After 5 hours almost all have penetrated into the gangha,
some of which may contain as many as six individuals and conse-
quently become greatly swollen. After 8 to 15 hours all the larvae
are inside the gangha. After 40 hours they all remain in the same
situation and are quite undeveloped. After 100 hours they have
begun to develop so that each infested ganglion becomes about four
tunes the normal size. After 149 hours they have developed consider-
ably and some individuals are leaving the ganglia. After 197 hours
they have all left the ganglia, which by this time are totally destroyed,
and at this stage they burrow into the tracheae near the spiracles,
this area becoming dark in colour when seen from above. After
245 hours the host silkworm may pupate. At this stage the number
of parasitic larvae has greatly diminished, owing to the lack of food
or for other reasons, and usually only one fully developed individual
survives.

Province of British Columbia Department of Agriculture. Twelfth
Annual Report for the Year 1917.— Victoria, B.C., 1918, 132 pp.,
20 plates. [Received 7th November 1918.]

Areas infested with codling moth [Cydia pomonella] have been
carefully quarantined and measures against this pest in those areas
have been thoroughly carried out. Spraying was done two or three

13

times, trees were banded and the bands inspected several times dmring
the larval and pupal periods, the rough bark was scraped off the
trees, all infested fruit was destroyed by boiling and the good fruit
was carefully inspected before being sold. The results have been
encouraging, only 10 per cent, of the larvae recorded in the previous
year being found in some localities. The hfe-history of this pest
has been studied and much important information obtained.

The control of the pear thrips [Taeniothrips inconsequens] has been
continued on the same lines as in the previous season, with very
good results [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 70]. During 1917 it was
found that this thrips, besides being a pest of deciduous fruit-trees,
had become thoroughly estabhshed on many native trees and shrubs
on Vancouver Island, including the broad-leaved maple {Acer macro-
Ijhyllum), June-berry {Amelanchier floricla), willow {Salix scouleriana),
red-flowering currant [Rihes sanguineum), choke cherry (Prunus
demissa), and incidentally on ornamental shrubs, on weeds and on
Douglas fir {Pseudotsuga taxifolia). Its hfe-history can be completed
on the broad-leaved maple and other trees, which it damages in
exactly the same way as fruit-trees. Black-currant plantations have
been carefully inspected for the bud-mite [£'rioj9%es rihis] and a number
of infested bushes have been destroyed. The mite has recently been
discovered on the native currant and therefore its eradication is no
longer considered possible. The strawberry-root weevil [Otiorrhynchus
ovatus] has been troublesome, but growers hope to keep it in check
by means of rotation, short-cropping and by delaying the ploughing
of the beds until the insects have laid their eggs. The peach twig
borer [Anarsia Uneatella] has been increasing and has caused consider-
able loss to growers of apricots and peaches. A spray of lime-sulphur
(1 : 9) when the buds were swelhng gave good results. Grasshoppers
and wireworms did great damage during the year, but were controlled
by poison-baits. The woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigerujn] is increasing
in some locahties and requires very thorough measures to keep it in
check.

An account of the quarantine work carried out during the year
is given. Stringent measures are being taken to keep the Province
free from such pests as Bruchus jyisorum (pea Bruchid) and B. obtectus,
Say {fabae, Ril.) (bean Bruchid), all peas and beans being thoroughly
inspected before entry and fumigated when necessary. As a protec-
tion against PhtJiorimaea operculella (potato tuber moth), the impor-
tation of Cahfornian potatoes into Canada is prohibited, while fresh
fruit and vegetables from the Hawaiian Islands have been prevented
from entry into Canada as a precaution against Ceratitis capitata
(Mediterranean fruit-fly). Ephestia kilhniella (Mediterranean flour
moth), Plodia inter punctella (Indian meal moth), Tribolium confiisum
(flour beetle), the Angoumois grain moth [Sitotroga cerealella], Tenebrio
molitor, Calandra oryzae and C. granaria have all been imported
during the year with rice, peas, beans, etc. for storage. These insects
do not apparently survive confinement in a cold storehouse. During
the last twelve years all such infested shipments have been fumigated
before being put into storage. The Vancouver rice-millers protested
against the expense of rice fumigation, which they considered un-
necessary, as it was claimed that all infection was destroyed in the
process of milUng. A special concession was therefore made allowing

14

them to mill certain infested rice direct from the wharf or a quarantined
warehouse, and immediately send the empty sacks to the fumigating
station. It is hoped shortly to obtain more valuable results from
cold-storage experiments regarding rice-infestation.

Wester (P. J.). The Coconut, its Culture and Uses. — Philippine
Agric. Review, Manila, xi, no, 1, 1918, pp. 5-57, 19 plates, 6 figs.
[Received 1st November 1918.]

This paper gives a list of the chief insect pests of the coconut, the
majority of which have already been recorded [see this Review, Ser. A,
ii, p. 689, & iv, p. 148].

The two most destructive pests in the Philippines are Oryctes rhino-
ceros, L., (rhinoceros beetle) and Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Oliv.
(coconut red weevil).

The life-history of the former and its damage to coconuts are
described, and recommendations are given for its control [see this
Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 259].

For the latter [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 326 & 499], the author
recommends traps for the adults consisting of other native palms,
the trunks of which should be cut up in convenient lengths and split
and placed with small piles of rubbish about the infested area. Each
morning the beetles thus trapped should be collected and killed. After
two weeks' exposure the bait should be burnt in order to kill the larvae
that may have developed from eggs laid in it. ,

For leaf-eating pests a poison spray is recommended of 1-5 lb.
lead arsenate, with an equal quantity of quicklime, to 20 gals, water.
Contact sprays such as kerosene emulsion, resin wash or lime-sulphur
might also be used. Handpicking should be practised where spraying
is impossible. Locusts occasionally attack coconut trees when cereal
crops fail them.

A list is given of the Aleurodids and Coccids infesting the coconut.
The most dangerous of these, both in the Philippines and elsewhere,
is Aspidiot'us destructor. Sign. Others include Aleurodicus cocois. Curt,
{destructor, Quaint.) and the scale- insects, Selenaspidus {Aspidiotus)
articulatus, Morg., A. cocotiphagus, Marl., A. cydoniae punicae, Ckll.,
A. lataniae. Sign., A. pahnae, Ckll, Asterolecanium lineare, Lindl.,
Ceroplastes actiniformis. Green, Chionaspis Candida, Banks,
Chrysomphalus aonidum, L., C. aurantii. Mask., C. personatus, Comst.,
C. propsimus, Banks, Coccus acutissimus. Green, Diaspis boisduvali
cocois, Licht., Fiorinia fioriniae, Targ., Furcaspis oceanica, Lind.,
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae, Sign., H. minor. Mask., Lepidosaphes
gloveri. Pack., L. unicolor. Banks, L. mcgregori, Banlcs, Pinaspis huxi,
Bch., Pseudococcus cocotis. Mask., P. virgatus, Ckll., and P. pa)idani,
Ckll. These scale-insects are generally kept in check by their natural
enemies, even Aspidiotus destructor only appearing in sporadic out-
breaks. When necessary the contact sprays referred to above should
be used once or twice at intervals of about three weeks. The more
seriously infested leaves should be cut away and burned.

The flowers and young fruits of the coconut are practically free
from destructive pests. The Pentatomid bug, Axiagastus cambelli,
Dist., described from the Solomon Islands, is an exception, and when it
appears in dangerous numbers should be treated with the same sprays
as for scales.

15

Various directions for spraying are given with descriptions of
apparatus and formulae. For kerosene emulsion, 7| U.S. gals, kerosene
to 2h lb. hard soap dissolved in 4 U.S. gals, water is recommended.
For resin wash, 90 lb. resin, 22| lb. caustic soda (98 per cent.), 1| U.S.
gals, fish-oil, 75 U.S. gals, water. For self-boiled lime-sulphur, 30 lb.
quick-lime with an equal quantity of sulphur to 100 U.S. gals, water
is advocated.

Otanes y Quesales (F.). The Bean Fly. —Philippine Agriculturist,
Los Bonos, vii, no. 1, August 1918, 27 pp., 5 plates. [Received
11th November 1918.]

Agromyza destructor, Malloch (bean-fly) has been doing such damage
to growing beans at the College of Agriculture that it is considered
likely to become one of the most injurious j^ests of beans. It was
first noticed in 1912, but had probably attacked native beans previously
both there and in other localities.

Other species of great economic importance have been reported
from other countries. In Australia, Agromyza phaseoli, Coq., mines
the stems of growing bean plants and in Ceylon the same species often
causes the complete failure of the bean crop. In India, Agroinyza sp.
injures the stems of growing peas, and in the United States, A. simplex,
Lw., occasionally destroys asparagus by mining the stem. In Java,
A. sojae, Zehnt., is reported as damaging Soja, Vigna and Phaseolus
by boring into the st«m.

The adult flies of A. destructor are most abundant at the time of
appearance of the first two leaves of the plants. The female punctures
the leaves for feeding purposes and also inserts the eggs in these
jjunctures. The eggs hatch in two days, the larvae mining under
the epidermis on the under- side of the leaves. After a day or two
the larvae begin to travel down the stalk, feeding just under its skin.
The base of the stalk just above and below the surface of the ground
frequently contains several such mines, the result being the decay
and eventual death of the plant. The petioles of the leaves and some
parts of the skin swell and rupture under the attacks of the larvae.
Pupation generally takes place at the base of the stalks under the
dried skin. The life-cycle occupies an average of 21 days, being
slightly lengthened from December to February, doubtless owing to
cold weather. Serious damage is caused only when the plants are
young. A set of nine tables records the injury to various plantings
of beans and cowpeas. The kidney bean {Phaseolus vulgaris) and the
cowpea {Vigna sinensis) are the species preferred for attack, 100 per
cent, being frequently damaged in infested areas. An average of 200
eggs is laid by one female, all plants accessible being attacked by one
individual. Phaseolus lunatus is the most resistant bean observed,
and is only attacked at the time of appearance of the first two leaves ;
Dolichos lablah and Phaseolus nvungo are also resistant, but to a less
degree. The following plants are apparently immune : — Psophocarpus
tetragonolohus, Centrosema plumieri, Canavalia ensiformis, Cyamopsis
psoraleoides Stizolohium lyoni (velvet bean). Glycine hispida (Soy bean)
and Cajanus indicus. Flies have been observed abundantly wherever
young susceptible varieties are growing, indicating that they are
present in approximately the same numbers throughout the year.

16

January to April is considered the worst season for larval attack,
and cowpeas or kidney beans planted during these months have
but little chance of surviving. If planted during the rainy season,
they produce heavy vegetation, but bear few pods. The best time
for planting is therefore during October and November, when the
plants get sufficient moisture to grow rapidly at the start, and are
thus able to resist attack.

The methods of study of the life-history of A. destructor are described
and tables are given recording the length of the various stages reared ;
nine generations were bred in the insectary from 23rd July 1917
to 22nd February 1918, Two Hymenopterous parasites that assist
in the control of A. destructor are the Chalcidids, Eurytoma jyoloni
and Paratrigonogastra stella, which are described. The percentage
of parasitism was observed to average 17, E. poloni being more
abundant than P. stella.

Control of the earlier stages of the insect by spraying is impossible
owing to the manner of feeding. Oviposition can be checked by the
use of a repellent applied at the appearance of the first two leaves.
Tar-water has been used in this way in Australia against A. pliaseoli,
Coq, (French bean fly). Such a spray must remain on the leaf until
the danger period is passed and it must be applied uniformly to both
surfaces of the leaves. It is doubtful whether such a method would
prove economical. A poison-bait such as sweetened Paris green and
lead arsenate on the leaves of young plants would probably kill many
adult flies. The easiest and most economical remedial measm'e is
imdoubtedly by cultural methods. The immunity of certain
varieties and the best time for planting susceptible varieties should
be studied. If infestation by the larvae be so heavy that the young
plants have no chance to survive, it is best to sacrifice the whole field,
ploughing the plants under deeply before pupation has begim. Badly
infested plants should be pulled up, the soil about the bases which
contains the pupae being first loosened with a sharp pointed stick so
that it will come away with the plant. Badly infested petioles should
be pulled off and destroyed. Collection of the adults in nets helps
to check the numbers. Thorough and frequent cultivation and ample
moisture supply when the plants are young enables them to grow
rapidly and resist attack. As the flies breed freely in self-sown beans,
these should be destroyed.

Del GuEiRCio (G.). A Tortricld Moth injurious to the Chestnut Tree
in Italy. — VAgricultura Coloniale, Florence, xii, no. 1, 1918,
pp. 21-30, 8 figs. (Abstract in Mthly- Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI.
Dis., Rome, ix, no. 9, September 1918, p. 1127.)

The larval stages of Cydia {Carpocapsa) splendana are very injurious
to chestnuts in the Apeimines. The nuts fall prematurely and are
found to be punctured by a round hole, hidden by a mass of excreta,
which is the opening of the larval tunnel. From August to November
the infestation increases and when the drying of the chestnuts by fire
is begun in November many larvae leave the nuts after 24 to 36 hours
exposure to the heat. When the nuts have been dried and freed from
the pericarp, the worm-eaten ones should be separated from the sound

IT

ones before grinding them to flour. Nuts that fall in August should
be collected and burnt or buried deeply, or they may be thrown into
stagnant water. The first chestnuts to fall should on no accoimt be
left lying on the ground.

JoLYET (A.). The Use of Bats in the Control of Insects especially
Tortricidae, injurious to Pine Woods. — Revue des Eaux et Forets,
Paris, Ivi, no. 6, 1st June 1918, pp. 121-216. (Abstract in Mthly.
Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 9, September 1918,
pp. 1123-1124.)

In view of the possibility of invasion of the damaged French forests
by such pests as Rhyacionia {Evetria) resinella, R. (E.) buoliana, Sch.m.
(pine-shoot tortrix), and R. (E.) turioniana, Hb. (pine-bud tortrix),
the author advises the breeding of bats or their encouragement and
protection in or near pine woods. It is suggested that cots should
be erected to serve as a refuge during the day and a shelter during
the winter. The cot is made of a wooden box with double walls
(leaving an air space of about 1 in.) in the form of a cube with side
3 feet 3 inches long. This is protected from rain by a double roof of
planks covered with tarred paper and projecting beyond the sides.
The space between box and roof should be filled with hay. On the
side of the box facing east an opening 12 inches high and 8 inches wide
should be cut, fitted with a sliding door that could be operated by a
string. The box should be placed about 10 feet high on a wooden
scaffold, and should be fitted with rods for perches. The choice of
bats belonging to the genus Vesperugo is advocated, as these hibernate
in barns, hollow trees, etc., rather than those that hibernate in caves
and are more sensitive to cold. V. noctula, V. serotinus and
V. 2)ipistrellus are mentioned as particularly suitable species.

Henry (Gl. M.). Sweet Potato Weevil. (Gylas formicarius). — Trap-
Agriculturist, Peradeniya, li, no. 3, September 1918, p. 176,

1 plate.

Gylas formicarius (sweet potato weevil) is a destructive pest in Ceylon,
where it attacks the thicker stems and the tubers of the sweet potato
and lays its eggs in them. The complete life-cycle has not been
worked out in Ceylon, but is known to be as short as 30 days in
Florida and Queensland. Infestation is difiicult to detect until it
has become fully estabhshed and the tubers are full of larvae ; great
care should be taken in planting to use only sound setts. The thicker
stems of vines should be discarded as being more likely to contain
eggs or larvae. An infested field should be harvested as early as
possible and utihsed for home consumption. Any tubers unfit for
use should at once be burnt. The neighbouring land, as well as
the infested field, should be kept free from sweet potatoes for at
least two years, but may be planted with any other crop.

Berger (E. W.). Directions for Building Fumigating Boxes and for
Fumigating with Hydrocyanic-acid Gas. — Qtrly. Bull. Florida State
Plant Board, Gainesville, i, no. 2, January 1917, pp. 15-24,

2 plates, 1 fig. [Received 13th November 1918.]

In this paper full directions are given for constructing boxes for
fumigating ^nth hydrocyanic-acid gas.
(C529) 3

18

To fumigate citrus trees, immature peach trees, roses, buds and scions
in a fumigating box, with sodium cyanide, | oz. per 100 cu, feet is
required. In the case of dormant peach trees, or similar hardy
deciduous trees such as apple, pear and plum, f oz, sodium cyanide
per 100 cu. feet box space is necessary.

The following tabulated formulae are given : — For Citrus, etc.,
^ oz. sodium cyanide (96-98 per cent, pure), f oz. sulphuric acid
(93 per cent, pure), 1^ oz. water ; for peach, etc., f oz. sodium cyanide
(96-98 per cent, pure), 1^ oz. sulphuric acid (93 per cent. pure),*2J oz.
water ; for Citrus, etc., f oz. potassium cyanide (95-96 per cent,
pure), f oz. sulphuric acid, 1 f oz. water ; for peach, etc., 1 oz, potas-
sium cyanide, 1 oz. sulphuric acid, 3 oz. water. The time required
for fumigation in each case is 30 minutes.

Annual Report 1915. — Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant Board, Gaines-
ville, i, no. 3, April 1917, pp. 59-123. [Keceived 13th November
1918.]

The maintenance and improvement of the Port and Kailway
Inspection service are imperatively necessary if the following insect
pests are to be permanently kept out of the State of Florida : —
Morelos fruit worm and the pink boll-worm [Pectinophora gossypielh]
both occurring in Mexico, avocado weevil [Heilipus h,uri] from
Central America, spiny citrus whitefly [Aleurocanthus woglumi] from
Jamaica and the Bahamas, pineapple borer [Metamasius ritchei]
from Jamaica, gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar] and brown-tail moth
[Nygniia phaeorrhoea] from New England, and the Mediterranean
fruit-fly [Ceratitis capitata] from many subtropical countries.

The Australian Coccinellid [Novius cardinalis] has been found fully
as efficient in controlling the cottony cushion-scale [Icerya purchasi]
in Florida as in California and other States. The control effected by
it is in fact practically complete, so much so indeed that the beetles
tend to disappear owing to their food supply being exhausted, and
therefore need to be re-introduced from time to time. It has been
found possible to keep living beetles and also supplies of 7. purchasi
in cold storage for a considerable time.

Experiments are being made to determine the best treatment for
camphor trees infested with the camphor-thrips [Cryptothrips flori-
densis]. Treatment with a 2 per cent, oil emulsion, applied to the
infested trees after they have been severely cut back, promises to be
both an efficient and practical method for treating infested nursery
stock.

Back (E. A.). Florida and the Mediterranean Fruit Fly.— Qtrly. Bull.
Florida State Plant Board, Gainesville, i. no. 4, July 1917,
pp. 159-171, 2 plates, 5 figs. [Received 13th November 1918.]

The possibility is discussed of the spread of Ceratitis capitata
(Mediterranean fruit-fly) into the North American continent, at present
the only large land area upon which it has not become established.
The history of its spread in other parts of the world is given, together
with known instances of artificial dissemination. While conditions in
the past have not favoured the establishment of this pest in California
and the Gulf Coast States, the opportunities for such a spread have

19

been greatly increased during the past few years, owing to its establish-
ment in the Hawaiian Islands in 1910. Florida's greatest danger of
infestation appears to be in the direction of the West Indies, since
with the opening of the Panama Canal and the development of trade
between North and South America, this is the region through which
vessels pass from the now infested countries of Hawaii, Brazil,
Australia, Argentina and the Mediterranean. Should this fly become
established in Florida, it is likely to become a serious and ever-present
pest, since climatic conditions are favourable to its increase ; though,
on the other hand, the dearth of native host-fruits would render a
successful campaign for its control possible.

Wilson (C. E). Some Florida Scale-Insects. — Qtrly. Bull. Florida
Slate Plant Board, Gainesville, ii, no. 1, October 1917, pp. 2-65,
70 figs. [Received 13th November 1918.]

This paper, which aims at being, as far as possible, a practical
bulletin for the use of field inspectors and planters, does not give a
complete list of all the Florida species of Coccids, but serves as an
introduction to such a work. The host-plants mentioned are divided
into two groups, those found to be infested in Florida, and those which,
serving as food-plants elsewhere, are liable to be attacked in Florida.
The species, of which 79 are listed, are arranged in alphabetical order
under their popular names.

Berger (E. W.). Control of Scale-Insects, or Coccidae, in Florida. —

Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant Board, Gainesville ii, no. 1,
October 1917, pp. 66-81. [Received 13th November 1918.]

The ideal time to spray for armoured scales is while they are
abundant in the first 3 weeks of their life, approximately during March
and April, June and July, and September and October, though it
may be advisable to spray without waiting for their appearance with
the strongest insecticide usable at the time, repeating this, if necessary,
3 or 4 times, at intervals of 2 or 3 weeks. Most, if not all, of the
armoured scales are more or less attacked by several Coccinellids and
other predaceous beetles, or by a number of Hymenopterous parasites.

Soft scales are generally easily destroyed by spraying with oil
emulsions or mixtures of soap and water. In Florida they are probably
regularly parasitised and controlled by Hymenoptera, Coccophagus
lecanii, Fitch, for example, very commonly infesting the soft brown
scale [Coccus hesperidum, L.].

Several species are also largely controlled by the fungus, Aschersonia,
Coccus hesperidum, L.,and hemispherical scale [Saissetia hemisphaerica,
Targ.] being infested with either A. turbinata or A. cubensis. The
latter has recently been observed to eradicate almost completely a
severe infestation of the tulip-tree scale {Toumeyella liriodendri,
Gmel.), and more recently severely to infest the palm or tessellated
scale [Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Sign.].

For cushiony scales, extra amounts of soap should be mixed with the
oil sprays, and if soap alone is used, it should be at the strength of
15-18 lb. per 50 U.S. gals, water. Fortunately, spraying solutions are
rarely needed against these scales, since they are controlled by parasites

(C629) B2

20

and predaceous insects, the cottony cusliion scale [Icerya purchasi,
Mask.] being attacked by Novius cardinalis and the larvae of the
moths, Laetilia coccidivora and Pyroderces rileyi, also by the Agromyzid
fly, Cryptochaetum tnonophlebi, Skuse, introduced into California from
Australia. The green shield-scale [Pulimiuria psidii, Mask.] is also
attacked by the above-mentioned moth larvae, and by another
Agromyzid, Leucopis nigricornis, Egger.

Mealy-bugs do not often become a pest in Florida, but colonies
of the Sicilian mealy-bug parasite, Parleptomastix abnormis, from
California have recently been received and colonised in different
parts of Florida [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 285]. The Florida
wax scale [Cerophstes floridensis., C()^^^] is frequentl)' parasitised by
the fungus, Aschersonia turbinata.

Fungus parasites of scale-insects are generally introduced into
scale-infested trees by tying pieces of twig, bark, or other material
having fungus upon it, on to the limbs where scales are most abundant
in such a manner that rains will wash the spores down over the masses
of scales, the period of summer rains being the proper time for this
operation. Another method of introduction is by spraying a mixture
of spores in water into the infested trees. The chief scale fimgi are : —
Red-headed scale fimgus {Sphaerostilbe coccophila), which has been
found destroying many species, including purple scale [Lepidosaphes
beckii, Newm.], long scale [L. ghveri, Pack.], San Jose scale
[Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.], oleander or chinaberry scale
[A. hederae, Vail.], chaff scale [Parlatoria pergandei, Comst.], California
red scale [Chrysomphalus aurantii, Mask.] and the latania scale
[Aspidiotus lataniae, Sign.] ; white-headed scale fimgus [Ophionectra
coccicola), which has much the same distribution and appears to be the
earliest recorded scale-fungus in Florida, being the most efficient
destroyer of Lepidosaphes beckii, L. ghveri, and Parlatoria pergayidei ;
black scale fungus {Myriangium duriaei), widely distributed and
occurring on the three last-mentioned scales and also on the citrus
snow scale [Chionaspis citri] ; pink scale fungus {Microcera fujikuroi),
widely distributed in Florida and Japan, and particularly effective
on Florida red scale [Chrysomphalus aonidum] ; turbinate fungus
{Aschersonia turbinata), which is the common parasite of the Florida
wax scale [Ceroplastes floridensis, Comst.] and probably infests other
so-called soft scales, though it has undoubtedly been mistaken for
A. cubensis, which has been positively identified infecting Toumeyella
liriodendri, Gmel., and Eucalymn/itus tessellatus, Sign.

Some contact insecticides prepared according to Mr. Yothers'
formulae are : — (1) Fish-oil soap 2 gals., mixed with water 1 gal., to
which are added 3 gals. Diamond paraffin or other lubricating oil
(24—28° Be.), the mixture being stirred vigorously or pumped back
into itself several times till emulsified ; for spraying citrus trees,

1 gal. must be diluted with from 50-100 gals, water ; for spraying in
late autumn, winter, and early spring 1 part in 50 or 60 of water must
be used ; for dormant deciduous trees without foliage 1 part in 10 parts
water may be used ; (2) fish-oil soap 1 gal, water 1 gal., oil (as before)

2 gals., to be prepared and diluted as in (1) ; (3) fish-oil soap or
laundry soap 2 lb., water (to make 4 U.S. gals, of stock solution) about
If U.S. gals., oil (as before) 2 U.S. gals., the mixture to be heated to
boiling point, stirred and diluted as in formula (1).

21

Other contact insecticides giving good results are : Proprietary
miscible oils and emulsions ; soaps ; kerosene emulsion ; kerosene-
lime mixture, composed of kerosene (42° Be.) 20 U.S. gals., unslaked
lime 40 lb., water 200 U.S. gals. ; lime-sulphur solution ; and tobacco
extract.

Newell (W.). Sweet Potato Root VJeevil.—Qlrl^. Bull. Florida State
Plant Board, Gainesville, ii, no. 1, October 1917, pp. 81-100,
2 figs. [Received 13th November 1918.]

Cylas formicarius F. (sweet potato root- weevil) is a pest that for
many years has severely injured, and in many cases totally destroyed,
the sweet potato crop in certain parts of Florida. This paper gives a
full account of its history, distribution, life-history, host-plants, and
methods of dissemination, as well as natural and artificial remedial
measures [see also this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 217 ; iii, p. 461 ; v, p. 313].

Experiments have been begun aiming at the complete eradication
of this pest when occurring in isolated outbreaks. The method
employed consists in : (1) spraying the entire field with kerosene to
destroy any adult weevils ; (2) cutting and burning all potato vines
on a log fire ; (3) carefully digging out and burning all tubers and as
many roots as possible ; (4) ploughing the field and picking and burning
all pieces of sweet potato plant ; (5) harrowing the field several times
and repeating the picking out process ; (6) partly burying in various
parts of the field clean sweet potatoes to act as traps, visiting these
daily to destroy the adult weevils, burning the traps each week to
destroy any eggs deposited on them, and replacing them by fresh
ones, this practice being continued for the rest of the season.

HoYT (A. S.). The Avocado Weevil {Heilipus lauri, Boh.) — Qtrly.
Bull. Florida State Plant Board, Gainesville, ii, no. 2, Januarv
1918, pp. 108-112, 3 figs. [Received 13th November 1918.]

The development of the avocado industry in California in the years
1912-1913 led to the issue of quarantine regulations both in that
State and in Florida prohibiting the importation of avocado seeds
from Mexico and Central America, since large quantities of seeds had
to be destroyed or refused landing owing to the presence of Heilipus
lauri. Boh. (avocado weevil), Cauhphilus latinasus, Say (broad-
nosed grain weevil), Araecerus fasciculatus, De G. (coffee-bean weevil)
and a small Scolytid beetle.

In captivity the adult weevil will feed upon the fruit, leaves, stem
and seeds, even attacking the hard surface of a thoroughly dry seed.
It is practically impossible to detect the presence of the larva within
the seed, and fumigation for 6 hours in an atmosphere saturated
with carbon bisulphide fails to destroy it. Experimental fumigation
in a partial vacuum has given very encouraging results, but the method
has not yet been recommended as a means of modifying the avocado
seed quarantine. Empowered to enforce the rules and regulations
of the Federal Horticultural Board, it is now the duty of the port and
railway inspectors of Florida and the quarantine officers of California
to do their part in preventing this weevil from establishing itself in
these States.

22

Hunter (W. D). The Pink Bollworm Problem in the United States.

—Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant Board, Gainesville, ii, no. 3,
April 1918, pp. 139-149, 5 figs. [Received 13th November 1918.]

The subject matter of this paper has recently been dealt with from
another source [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 543].

Berger (E. W.). Termite Inim-y to Sweet Potatoes. — Qtrly. Bull.
Florida State Plant Board, Gainesville, ii, no. 4, July 1918,
pp. 190-191, 1 fig. [Received 13th November 1918.]

Among injuries most likely to be confused with those due to Cylas
formicarius, F. (sweet potato weevil) are those caused by termites.
The chief differences between these injuries are : — (1) Absence of
larvae and pupae in the tunnels made by termites, though their
presence is apparent when the tuber is weevil-infested ; (2) absence
of excreta when the injury is due to termites, but an abundance of
this in the tunnels produced by the weevil ; (3) the exit and entrance
holes very apparent in the case of termites, though weevil-infested
tubers may show little or no outward evidence of their internal condi-
tion ; (4) tunnels made by termites have clean-cut outlines in marked
contrast with those made by the weevil ; (5) in growing plants, tunnel-
ling larvae of the weevil may be found in the stems near the ground.

DoTEN (S. B.). Department of Entomology. — Ann. Reps. Board of
Control for Years ending 30th Jiine 1915, 1916, 1917 ; Univ.
Nevada Agric. Expt. Sta., Reno, 1916, 1917, 1918 ; pp. 35-38, 45,
68-69, 2 figs. [Received 14th November 1918.]

Cutworms that have done considerable damage to lucerne in Nevada
are Euxoa ridingsiana (desert cutworm) and Lycophotia (Peridroma)
margaritosa (variegated cutworm). The former has been found feeding
on the young shoots in spring, while the latter causes similar damage
to the second crop, eating the buds and the green rind from the stems.

Though the destruction of cutworms by drowning is not easy, it
has been effected where the check system of irrigation was used, and
also where the land was sloping and it was possible to wash them from
the furrows into a ditch by means of a heavy head of water. Cutworms
may also be destroyed in immense numbers by pigs, ground squirrels,
turkeys, chickens and blackbirds, and they are also attacked by
several parasitic and predaceous insects.

From time to time, grasshoppers have done serious damage to second
crops of lucerne, and recently an Aphid, Macrosiphum creeli, has been
numerous enough at times to be destructive to this crop.

CusHMAN (R. A.). The Correct Names for some of our Common
Ichneumonid Parasites.— Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, B.C., xx,
no. 1, January 1918, pp. 9-12. [Received 15th November 1918.]

Among the most important parasites of the codhng moth [Cydia
pomonella], tussock moth [Hemerocampa], tent caterpillar [Malacosmna]
and many other insects of economic importance in North America
are the Ichneumonids that have been known for many years under

23

the names, Pimpla annulipes, Brulle, P. inquisitor, Say, and P. inquisi-
toriella, D.-T. Careful study of specimens and literature however
shows that these names as usually applied are erroneous, and the
following synonymy must be employed : — Pimplidea aeqiialis, Prov.
{Pimpla annulipes, auct., nee Brulle, P. eonquisitor var. rufuscula,
Davis) ; Pimplidea tenuieornis. Cress. {Meniscus nmrginatus, Prov.,
M. ashmeadi, Prov.), M. marginatus and M. ashmeadi, having been
previously treated as synonyms of P. annulipes ; Epiurus inquisitoriella
D.-T., {Pimpla {Iseropus) inquisitor, Say) ; Iseropus coelehs, Walsh
{Ichtieumon inquisitor var. a. Say, Bassus cylindricus, Prov., Pimpla
{Itoplectis) orgyiae, Ashm., Pimpla bruneifrons, Vier.).

Gahan (A. B.). Description of a New Hymenopterous Parasite
(Braconidae). — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, D.C., xx, no. 1,
January 1918, pp. 18-19. [Received 15th November 1918.]

Microbracon cephi, sp. n., here described, is an important parasite
of the western grass-stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus. The type was
reared from a larva of C. cinctus infesting stems of Agropyron, other
specimens being from the same host in stems of Elymus and Bromus
in North Dakota and in stems of Elymus canadensis in Manitoba.

Gahan (A. B.). Three New Ghaleidoid Egg-Parasites.— Proc. Entom.
Soc. Washington, D.C., xx, no. 2, February 1918, pp. 23-26.
[Received 15th November 1918.]

The species dealt with in this paper are : — Gonatocerus ornatus, sp. n.,
Polynema imitatrix, sp. n., and Abbella {Ittys) perditrix, sp. n., all
reared from eggs of the alfalfa hopper, Stictocephala festina. Say, in
Arizona.

Greene (C. T.). Three New Species of Dlptera. — Proc. Entom. Soc.
Washington, B.C., xx, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 69-71. [Received
15th November 1918.]

One of the new flies described in this paper is a Chloropid, Madiza
conicola, sp. n., the larva of which feeds in cones of Abies concolor in
Oregon and California.

McGregor (E. A.). A New Host Plant of the Boll Weevil.— Proc.
Entom. Soc. Washington, B.C., xx, no. 4, April 1918, pp. 78-79.
[Received 15th November 1918.]

In November 1917, Anthonomus grandis var. ihurberiae was found
heavily infesting a wild littoral species of cotton, Gossypium davidsoni,
in Mexico. This plant, which is a vigorous shrub of dense habit,
growing on moist sand dunes almost at the ocean's edge, was in an
advanced fruiting condition and the bolls were harbouring adult
weevils in abundance. This shrub occurs extensively throughout the
southern part of Lower California at elevations varying from sea
level to 1,400 feet, and as far northward on the east shore of the
GuLf of California as Guaymas.

24

RoHWER (S. A.). New Sawflies of the Subfamily Diprioninae (Hym.).
— Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, D.C., xx, no. 4, April 1918,
pp. 79-90. [Received 15th November 1918.]

This preliminary paper outlines the classification used in a revision
of the species of the subfamily Diprioninae.

Keys are given (1) to genera based on the adults, (2) to the subgenera
of Diprion, Schrank, and Neodiprion, gen. n., and (3) to the species
of Zadiprion, subgen. n.

The following new species are described : — Augomonoctenus libocedri,
gen. et sp. n.. reared from larvae feeding in the cones of Libocedrus
decvrrens in Oregon ; Neodiprion {Zadiprion) vallicola, from Mexico ;
Neodiprion dyari, bred from larvae on Pinus virginiona, in Virginia ;
N. scutellatus from Washington; N. mundus from California ; N. vir-
giniana and N. qffinis, reared from larvae on Pinus virginiana in West
Virginia ; and N. maura, reared from larvae on Jack pine {Pinus
hanksiana) in Wisconsin.

CusHMAN (R. A.). A Convenient Method of Handling large Numbers
of Individuals in Life-History Studies of Insects. — Proc. Entom.
Soc. Waihingion, D.C., xx, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 112-114, 1 plate.
[Received 15th November 1918.]

The method here outlined, which is not applicable to all sorts of
insects, but is in fact probably limited in practice to externally feeding
ones, consists in starting with an ovipositing female, or a large number
of eggs or larvae in one cage. As changes to be recorded take place,
those individuals that have undergone them are transferred to another
cage, leaving the unchanged one in the original cage. The number
of cages to be handled gradually increases, but never reaches the
number that would be necessary in starting with the same number
of individuals when kept isolated.

Each original cage is given a number or letter and each subsequent
cage is represented by a decimal, the stage or instar in any cage being
thus indicated by the number of decimals.

The paper concludes with a copy of a page from the author's note-
book on the life-history of the currant sawfly, Pteronus (Pteronidea)
ribesii, Scop., showing the method adopted.

Baker (A. C). The Identity of Aphis circezandis, Fitch. — Proc.
Entom. Soc. Washington, D.C., xx, no. 6. June 1918, pp. 130-131.
[Received 15th November 1918.]

The identity of Aphis circezandis, Fitch, collected on Gallium
circaezans in Salem is discussed, the conclusion being reached that
this species is identical with A. gossypii, Glover.

Gibson (A.). Report on Insects for the Year ; Division no. 1, Ottawa
District. — iSth Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto,
1918, pp. 18-20. [Received 16th November 1918.]

The injurious insects reported during the year included Diabrotica
vittata, F. (striped cucumber beetle), which was abimdant on cucumbers
and squashes during the early summer, and was controlled by a

25

*

drenching spray of ordinary poisoned Bordeaux mixture ; Macrobasis
unicolor, Kby. (ash-gray blister beetle), injurious to potatoes in the
first half of July ; Hylemyia antiqua, Mg. (imported onion maggot) ;
Phorhia hrassicae, Bch. (cabbage root maggot); Leptinotarsa decem-
lineata, Say (Colorado potato beetle) ; Macrosiphum solanifolii,
Ashm. (potato aphis), which was present in large colonies and was
successfully controlled in Ottawa by spraying with Blackleaf 40 ;
Epitrix cucumeris, Harr. (potato flea-beetle), which attacked potatoes
in early July and also tomatoes and cucumbers ; Ceramica picta, Harr.
(zebra caterpillar), present in large numbers in September on turnip
and cabbage ; Diacrisia virginica , F. (yellow woolly-bear caterpillar)
and Estigmene acraea, Dru. (salt marsh caterpillar), abundant in
Eastern Canada, In the Ottawa district in August and September
the fohage of low-growing plants was much injured, and cabbages,
turnips and other vegetables were eaten. The outbreak has been the
worst for many years. Elaterids ( wireworms) damaged potato tubers ;
Lachnosterna spp. (white grubs) caused but little injury, though
there were important flights of L. dubia during the latter half of May
and injury by the second-year larvae is anticipated in 1918.
Conocephalus fasciatus, De G, (slender meadow grasshopper) was very
destructive in some localities to maize. Psila rosae, F. (carrot rust-fly)
was injurious in some gardens in the Ottawa district ; Phyllotreta
armoraciae (horse-radish flea-beetle) occurred in large numbers in
one or two localities, the leaves of horse-radish being riddled by the
beetles.

Fruit and forest trees were attacked by Schizura concinna,, A. & S.
(red-humped apple-tree caterpillar), which was unusually abundant in
some orchards ; Eriocampoides limacina,''Retz. (cherry slug) ; Eucosma
(Tmetocera) ocelhna, SchifE. (eye-spotted bud-moth) causing important
injury in some imsprayed orchards. Halisidota caryae, Harr. (hickory
tussock caterpillar), H. maculata, Harr. (spotted tussock caterpillar)
and H. tessellaris, A. & S. (checkered tussock caterpillar) were all
remarkably abundant on apple, elm, basswood, maple, birch and
other trees.

In gardens and greenhouses Poecilocapsus lineatus, F., (four-lined
leaf-bug) damaged the foliage of asters, dahlias, zmnias, etc. ;
Papaipema mtaphrada, Grt. (burdock borer) destroyed delphiniums,
dahhas and other plants with succulent stems ; Pyrrhia umbra, Hfn.,
destroyed rose-buds at Ottawa, young larvae being found on 21st July.
In the control of soft scale-insects on ferns a successful spray was made
with 3 oz. Sunhght soap to one U.S. gal. water, applied heavily several
times at one week's interval,

CosENs (A.). Report on Insects for the Year ; Division no. 3, Toronto
District.— 4M Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto,
1918, pp. 20-22. [Received 16th November 1918.]

In the Toronto district the conditions were extremely favourable
to Lepidoptera in 1917. Hemerocampa leucostigfna, S. & A. (white-
marked tussock moth) was abundant throughout the city, defoliating
many of the shade-trees, particularly horse-chestnuts, and Acronycta
americana was plentiful on elms. The larvae of Diacrisia virginica,
F., which are usually seen only in the autumn, were abundant in gardens

26

throughout the summer, apparently preferring Virginia creeper but
feeding also on grape-vines, honeysuckle, lettuce and other plants.
Isa Isabella, S. & A., was observed in normal numbers only, though
usually the more abundant of the two species. Pieris {Pontia) rapae, L. ,
was an unusually abundant pest, especially during August. Danais
(Anosia) plexippus (monarch butterfly) was also present in large
numbers. Tinea pellionella, L. (clothes-moth) and the large Saturniids,
Samia cecropia and Telea polyphemus, were more than usually numerous.

Morris (F. J. A.). Report on Insects for the Year; Division no. 5,
Peterborough District. — 48th Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for

1917, Toronto, 1918, pp. 22-28. [Received 16th November 1918.]

This paper is a continuation of the notes on Longicorn and other
beetles in the report for the previous year [see this Review, Ser. A, v,
p. 548].

Noble (J. W.). Report on Insects for the Year ; Division no. 6, Essex

District. — 48ih Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto

1918, pp. 28-30. [Received 16th November 1918.]

A number of the usual pests of fruits and vegetables are recorded ;
no infestation of outstanding importance occurred during the year.

Ross (W. A.). Report on Insects for the Year ; Division no. 7, Niagara
District. — 48th Ann. Rept. E?itom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto,
1918, pp. 29-30. [Received 16th November 1918.]

Insects recorded as injurious to field crops included Contarinia
(Itonida) tritici (wheat midge), which was abimdant in several localities
about mid-July, about 35 per cent, of the grain being shrivelled as a
result of the attack in the worst infested fields. Macrosiphum
granarimn (grain aphis) was abundant on oats in certain areas.
Haplothrips statices, Hal., and Cydia (Laspeyresia) inter stinctana were
numerous on alsike and red clover ; Perrisia (Dasyneura) legwninicola
(clover seed midge) destroyed as much as 44 per cent, of one crop
examined ; Pegomyiafusciceps (seed-corn maggot) was very destructive
to beans in Welland Coimty. Fruit pests that were numerous and
injurious included Hemerocampa leucostigma (white-marked tussock-
moth) on apples, Psylla pyricola (pear psylla) and Rhagoletis pomonella
(apple maggot). Miscellaneous insects included Chermes abietis
(spruce gall- louse) on Norway spruce, and C. pinicorticis on young
white pines.

Gibson (A.). Further Notes on the Imported Onion Maggot {Hylemyia
antiqua, Mg.) and its Control.— 45fA Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc.
Ontario for 1917, Toronto, 1918, pp. 30-33. [Received 16th
November 1918.]

The experiments described in this paper, which supplement a previous
bulletin on Hylemyia antiqua, Mg. [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 347],
have already been recorded from another source [see this Revieiv,
Ser. A, vi, p. 122]. Observations during the year have confirmed
the supposition that this fly hibernates in the pupal stage in Canada.

27

Maheux (G.)- The Entomological Service of Quebec. — iSth Ann. Rept.
Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto, 1918, pp. 33-36. [Received
16th November 1918.]

The author points out that while America is troubled by a far
greater number of insect pests than the Old World, the American
governments are always creating and organising various services for
the aid of the public and the agricultural community, while in Europe
private initiative is generally left to its own resources in dealing with
entomological problems. The history of the entomological service,
which has already created numerous bureaus in North America, is
briefly reviewed. The work undertaken in the Province of Quebec
is outlined, and includes inspections, propaganda, collections and
general work. It is suggested that a bye-law obliging every grower
to spray his crops would ensure better results. An Entomological
Society is now being organised in Quebec.

Caesar (L.). Some Important Insects of the Season.— 4M Ann. Rept.
Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto, 1918, pp. 36-44. [Received
16th November 1918.]

Fenusa (Metallus) hethunei (blackberry leaf-miner), which is closely
allied to F. (M.) rubi, was so numerous during 1917 that whole fields
of blackberries had a blighted appearance owing to the mining of the
leaves. There are two generations of this sawfly in a year. Adults
begin to appear about 1st July, eggs being laid in the tissues of the
leaves, chiefly near the midrib. The larvae mine the leaves, and about
the time the fruit is ripe they are full-grown and have begun to leave
the mines and enter the soil, where they pupate an inch or two below
the surface. Adults of the second generation begin to emerge after
two weeks and by 21st September are Very abimdant. Larvae of
the second generation hibernate in earthern cocoons in the soil. The
chief damage done is to weaken the plants and lessen the following
year's crop. The best method of control as yet known is the poisoning
of the adults with lead arsenate applied so heavily that it will remain
on the foliage a month or more. This should be done just before
blossoming or just after most of the blossoms are ofi^.

Ceramica picta (zebra caterpillar), which is not generally very
numerous, has been abundant in many counties west of Toronto,
and has stripped many turnip fields of foliage, attacking also cabbage
and several other plants. The only remedial measure that has been
found satisfactory is dusting with Paris green mixed with 20 times
or more its bulk of air-slaked or hydrated lime, or land plaster [gypsumj.
Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella caused an unusual amount of side
injury to apples in the early part of the fruit season. A poison-spray
thoroughly applied three weeks after the blossoms fell gave good
results. Other moths recorded include Alypia octotrmculata (eight-
spotted forester), abundant on grape foliage near Toronto, and Datana
integerrima, which defoliated walnuts in Essex and Kent.

Felt (E. P.). The Apple and Thorn Skeletonizer {Hemerophila pariana,
Clerck). — iSth Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto,
1918, pp. 44-47. [Received 16th November 1918.]

Hemerophila pariana, Clerck (apple and thorn skeletoniser), though
a minor pest in Europe, is already sufficiently established in some

28

counties of Ontario to cause the defoliation of entire orchards, and
conditions favour its further increase, A description of the various
stages is given. Both adults and pupae apparently hibernate, the
former in such shelters as thatch, and the latter in cocoons attached
to the leaves. In England two and probably three generations in
a year are recorded and, while there is considerable variation in
development towards the end of the season in America, the life-history
is probably similar to that in Europe. Eggs are deposited probably
when the leaves are partly developed, the caterpillars feeding on the
upper leaf-surface, skeletonising the leaves while working under a
slight web, the margins of the leaves sometimes being webbed down.
This injury probably continues for a month or six weeks. While
apple is apparently the preferred food, pear, hawthorn, mountain ash,
birch and possibly willow are attacked. It is hoped that some para-
sites of H, joariana have become established with the host ; a few
individuals of Diodes obliteratus, Cress., have already been reared
from American , material. Thorough and timely spraying with lead
arsenate on all trees upon which the pest can subsist in infested areas
would undoubtedly prevent material damage from the insect,

Ross (W. A.). The Black Cherry Aphis. — 48th Ann. Rept. Entotn. Soc.
Ontario for 1917, Toronto, 1918, pp. 59-68. [Received 16th
November 1918.]

This paper gives an account of Myzns cerasi, F. (black cherry aphis),
studied in the Niagara district, where from 6 to 14 generations occur
annually. The information amplifies that already given elsewhere [see
this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp, 103 and 121].

Insect enemies of M. cerasi include the CoccineUids, Adalia bipunc-
tata, L,, Coccinelh novemnotata, Hbst., C. transversoguttata, ¥.,
C. trifasciata, L., C. sanguinea, L., Anatis quinquedecim.punctata,
Oliv., Hippodamia tredecimpufictuta, L., and Scymnus collaHs ; the
Syrphids, Syrphus americanus, Wied., S. ribesii, L., and Allograpta
obliqua, Say ; the Cecidomyiid, Aphidoletes meridionalis. Felt ;
Chrysopa sp. and an undetermined Acarid. Weather is one of
the greatest factors influencing the numbers of M. cerasi ; heavy
showers wash many Aphids from the plants, and droughts, early
frosts and wind storms all destroy large numbers,

Caesar (L.). A Further Report on the Value of Dusting versus
Spraying to control Fruit Tree Insects and Fungus Diseases. —
48th Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto, 1918,
pp, 79-85, [Received 16th November 1918.]

A series of experiments is here recorded similar to those carried
out in the previous year with dust sprays as compared with liquids
[see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 549]. As regards cost, dust is considered
on the whole cheaper if carefully used. Various tests on apple trees
are described, the foliage on all dusted trees being nearly perfect,
though that on sprayed trees was almost equally good. As regards
the control of codhng moth [Cydia pomonella], there was little or no
difference in the efiicacy of the two methods. Trees dusted with
sodium sulphide mixed with talc for the control of San Jose scale

29

[Aspidiotus perniciosus] were entirely cleared of that pest. The
author still advocates the use of liquid sprays in apple orchards until
improved dust substitutes and machinery are available and until
further successful tests have been made. The value of dusting as
regards brown rot in sweet cherries and plums is also discussed.

LocHHEAD (W.). New Notes on the Ecology of Insects. — 48th Ann.
Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto, 1918, pp. 85-91.
[Received 16th November 1918.]

The aspects of insect ecology touched upon in this paper include
the inter-relations between insects and plants and the adaptations
of each to the other, the carriage or encouragement of plant diseases
by insects, the influence of birds on insect increase, and the behaviour
of insects to such stimuli as light, heat, moisture, chemical contact,
wind, etc.

Brittain (W. H.). Notes on Two unusual Garden Pests in Nova
Scotia. — 48th Ann. Kept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto,
1918, pp. 94-99, 3 plates.

The particulars of the habits of Gortyna tnicacea, Esp. (potato stem
borer) and Ceramica picta, Harr. (zebra caterpillar), given in this paper
have already been recorded from another source [see this Review,
Ser. A, vi, p. 241].

Veth (H. J.) & vAjsr Run (W.). Eenige Mededeelingen over de
Lasioderma-'Pla.2ig en hare Bestrijding. [Some Communications
on Lasioderma and Methods for combating this Pest.] —
Besoekisch Proef station, Djember, Java, 1915, 48 pp. [Received
11th October 1918.]

This is a reprint of a report on investigations conducted in 1910-
1911. The authors then identified Lasioderma serricorne as the
tobacco pest concerned and established the fact that infestation
occurs before the tobacco is shipped from the Dutch East Indies,
where the most scrupulous cleanliness is imperative in the packing
sheds. The life-cycle of L. serricorne was foimd to require 80 days
under average conditions of moisture and a temperature such as
30° C. (85° F.). Temperatures up to 50° C. (122° F.) in the hold of a
ship do not hinder development, as this beetle can live at temperatures
up to 55° - 60° C. (131°-140° F.). At the summer temperatures
obtaining in Holland development is slow and a slight decrease gives
rise to a latent state and, finally, death. Though tobacco is not
damaged by contact with the fumes or liquid of carbon bisulphide,
all stages of L. serricorne are killed by direct exposure for 24 hours
in an air- tight container to the fumes of 60 c.c. per cubic metre of
space. If the insects are within bundles of tobacco the quantity
of carbon bisulphide must be increased to 180 c.c. These quantities
are efficacious at 45°-55° F. (8°-12° C), and at the temperatures
obtaining in the Dutch East Indies they must be increased 50 per
cent. Treated tobacco must be well aired afterwards.

In a supplement to their original report, the authors confirm the
efficacy of carbon bisulphide, used under the above conditions, in killing

3d

the eggs of L. serricorne. During the six- week voyage to Europe there
is no danger of clean bales being damaged by infested ones stowed
alongside them. Nor are clean bales infested by means of adult
beetles flying about the hold, as they are unable to penetrate the
matting with which the bales are covered.

Other supplements to this report comprise reprints of papers on this
beetle and L. laeve, Illig., infesting cigars in Holland by J. C. Konings-
berger, J. Ritsema Bos and L. P. De Bussy [see this Review, Ser, A,
V, pp. 417 & 583].

RoEPKE (W.). De Tabaksmier (Solenopsis ge7ninata,F.). [The Tobacco
Ant, S. geminata, ¥.]. — Teysunannia, Batavia, iii, 1918, pp. 192-
200, 6 plates.

According to Koningsberger and follownng him, Sorauer, Plagiolepis
longipes (gramangant) is a species that carries off tobacco seed. It is
here pointed out that P. longipes was not represented by even a single
specimen in two large batches of ants collected on various tobacco
estates at Klaten, Java. P. longipes is a Camponotine with habits
very dissimilar to those of the true robber-ants, which all belong to
the Myrmicinae. In the first batch, which apparently included all
ants found on tobacco seed-beds specially prepared as traps, ants
other than seed-robbers were represented. The second batch was
collected from ordinary seed-beds and corresponds to normal conditions.
Both contained numerous individuals of Solenopsis geminaia, F.
(fire ant), which is probably the species concerned, at least in the
Klaten district and probably in other parts of Java too. It also
carries away the seeds of Ocimum hasilicum. A description is given
of all its stages together with a brief note on its life-history. As it
is a ground inhabiting species, remedial measures are not easily applied.
In the Klaten district the seed-beds are isolated by channels of running
water. If this method cannot be used, it is advisable to spray the beds
with petroleum-soap emulsion.

E.OEPKE (W.). Sideridis [Leucania, Cirphis) unijmncta. Haw.,
schadelijk voor het Rijstgewas. [Cirphis unipuncta injurious to
Rice Plants.] — Teysniannia, Batavia, v, 1918, pp. 270-275, 1 plate.

At the end of March 1918 caterpillars and pupae of Cirphis unipuncta.
Haw., were received from the Buitenzorg district where this species
was injuring rice. Specimens of this moth that were obtained in the
past from Java were formerly recorded under the name Leiimnia
extranea, Gn., which is a synonym of this species. The caterpillars
are found in paddy-fields from which the water has been drained, but
they are more abundant in fields ready for cutting and somewhat
dry and almost absent in fields where the ground is sodden. Feeding
is confined to the leaves, but this injmy is unimportant. The real
damage, estimated at 18 per cent, of the crop, is due to the caterpillars'
habit of cutting ofE portions of the ripe or nearly ripe ears, and in some
cases the ground is covered with these. Effective remedial measures
include the wetting of fields nearly ready for the harvest either by
flooding once or twice or by preventing the out-flow of rain-water.

31

and tlie ploughing and flooding of infested fields immediately after the
harvest. A brief description is given of the life-history and various
stages of this moth, which is universal in Java, where it also infests
sugar-cane.

Bernard (C). Verschillende Aanteekeningen over fl^e?oj»eZ«t5. [Various
Notes on Helopeltis.] — Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorgy
hx, 1918, pp. 1-20, 1 plate.

The Tea Experiment Station at Buitenzorg is continuing investi-
gations on Helopeltis, the work being based on Leefmans' results
[see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 131 and 413]. It has been estimated
that on an estate of about 1,900 acres the average annual loss (crop
damage and expenses of remedial measures) may amount to £2,000,
while the total annual loss in the Dutch East Indies is estimated at
11,000,000 lb. of tea of a value of £200,000. The Dutch planters are
warned against a too confident acceptance of methods employed in
British India, for the conditions in Assam, where all estates prune
at the same time and insect pests disappear during the winter, cannot
be compared with those in Java. Leefmans has recorded that some
Leguminosae are attacked by Helopeltis, and further experiments
enable the author to state that neither Sesbania aegyptiaca nor Acacia
decurrens is attacked, so that they are useful green manure plants
for infested districts. A case is recorded of injury by Helopeltis to a
Java-coffee plant among severely infested tea. Several Capsids,
as yet unidentified, were collected. It is confirmed that H. cuneatus,.
Dist., confines itself to a small number of Araceae. Some anatomical
details of this species are described and figured.

Writing from Sumatra, Leefmans states that H. theivora, Waterh.,
occurs there on Gardenia florida, Psidium guajava, and other plants.
On a plant called " Djaran " the same observer has also found Pachy-
peltis vittiscutus, Berg., which in Java severely injures cinchona and
also occurs on tea.

Bernard (C.) & Gianetti (E.). Het Vangen van Helopeltis door
Middel van " Tanks " op de Onderneming Goenoeng Mas. [The
Capture of Helopeltis on the Goenoeng Mas Estate by Means of
"Tanks."] — Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, Hx, 1918,
pp. 23-36, 3 plates.

It is customary in Java to employ women to catch Helopeltis, but
they tend to collect the larvae in preference to the more active adults
and are not always available. In an attempt to employ male workers
without increasing the cost the following method was evolved : — -A
tent or cover made of white cotton material stretched on a light
wooden or bamboo frame is carried by a coolie and placed over the
tea bushes which are disturbed, thus causing the Capsids to fly up on
to the white walls and roof where they are easily seen and caught.
The framework has an outline similar to that of a house and is open
at the bottom, the sides of which measure about 7 foot square. The
cross-bars which hold the sides together enable the cover to be easily
carried by the worker standing under and in it. From their slow
methodical progress through the plantations, the author calls these

32

apparatuses " tanks." It has been found that the best total result
is attained if the catchers follow the " tanks " over the ground, this
accounting for the larvae, while the " tanks " deal with the adults.

VON UND zu Egloffstein (Frh. [Baron] H.A.C.F.E.)- Helopeltis-
Bestrijding op de Onderneming Tjikopo-Zuid. [Anti- Helopeltis
Work on the Tjikopo South Estate.] — Meded. Proefstation voor
Thee, Buitenzorg, lix, 1918, pp. 39-50.

In 1916 about 7 million Helopeltis were captured on this estate,
the monthly figure varying from 933,552 in March to 328,036 in
August. The variation depends partly on the number of workers
(mostly children) available, labour at some seasons, such as when the
rice crop is being harvested, being very scarce. In any case direct
measures are inadequate and indirect ones must be resorted to. At
Tjikopo the plantation was separated from the uncultivated land by
a cleared belt about 1 yard in width. Many of the wild trees and
bushes were found to harbour Helopeltis. The belt was widened to
about 9 yards, and after an increased infestation of brief duration the
tea bushes became much more free from the pest. Lamtoro [Leucaena
glauca] seems to be beneficial to tea among which it is planted, but
it was observed that in places where Alhizzia was grown as a green
manure Helopeltis occurred in great abimdance. The very best
remedy against Helopeltis is a dry East Monsoon [dry season] and the
wet weather in 1915-1916 was the chief factor in the subsequent
increase of infestation.

Froggatt (W. W.). The Apple-leaf Jassid {Empoasca amtralis). —
Agric. Gaz. N. S. W., Sydney, xxix, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 568-
571, 2 plates. [Received 18th November 1918.]

Attention is called to recent abundance on apple-trees in Australia
of Empoasca australis, sp. n., which is closely related to, if not identical
with, E. mali, but differs somewhat in colour and in the manner of
injury. A description of this Australian species is given. The actual
damage to the apple crop caused by_ these Jassids at present is not
very serious, but in the middle of April they were very numerous and
active, and if they were to appear early in the season, they might
cause all the foliage to fall. It is considered advisable to clear up
and dig into the soil all fallen leaves and weeds in which eggs might
be deposited or where nymphs or adults might be sheltering in all
infested orchards. As the eggs are laid under the bark in the young
wood the best time to spray would be early summer before the first
generations have had time to develop and deposit more eggs. Kerosene
emulsion or tobacco and soap wash should be effective contact poisons.

Froggatt (W. W.). Experimental Work with Fruit-flies. — Agric. Gaz.
N. S. W., Sydney, xxLx, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 579-580.
[Received 18th November 1918.]

The question of dealing with the fruit-flies, Dacus ferrngineus (tryoni)
and Ceratitis capitata, otherwise than by the systematic destruction

33

of all windfalls and infested fruit, has been receiving a good deal of
attention in New South Wales and is discussed in this paper. The
breeding of the parasite Opius tryoni does not promise any measure
of success, for while it freely attacks fruit-fly maggots on wild fruits,
it is unable to reach those in the soft tissue of the succulent cultivated
fruits. The various devices for destroying fruit-flies by poison-baits
or sprays are reviewed. The results of tests with these indicate
that fruit-flies can midoubtedly be trapped and poisoned with arsenical
preparations. Many observers are of the opinion that no special form
of trap is required, but that any shallow, clean, bright tin, if properly
baited, will catch the flies. While traps and sprays are good addi-
tional precautions in badly-infested orchards, none of the existing
regulations should be relaxed regarding the regular destruction of all
fallen and infested fruit. The question arises whether it is more
economical to collect and destroy infested fruit or to re-bait hundreds
of traps every week and spray the trees after every rainstorm for
six months of the year.

FuLLAWAY (D.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester <Ss
Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, nos. 9-10, September- October 1918,
pp. 381-382, & 408-409.

During July and August the insectary handled 47,400 pupae of the
melon fly [Dacus cucurbitae] from which were bred 7,798 individuals
of Opius fletcheri. The parasites distributed were : — Opius humilis,
395; 0. fletcheri, 7,280 ; Diachasma tryoni, 1,87b ; Spalangiu cameroni,
4,250 ; Tetrastichus giffardianus, 300 ; Galesus silvestrii, 300 ; Pachy-
crepoideus dubius, 900 ; and Paranagrus osborni, 56,800.

Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Hawaiian Forester
& Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, nos. 9-10, September-October
1918, pp. 383-384 & 409-411.

During July a case of orchids from Manila was fumigated with
hydrocyanic acid gas owing to the presence of ants in the packing.
Cases of banana sprouts and of yams from Manila were found infested
with termites. The entire shipment was destroyed by burning, as
this termite will probably prove to be the same species as that which
is at present seriously damaging the docks and buildings throughout
the city.

During August cases of Bartlett pears from the mainland were
found infested with codling moth [Cydia ponwnella], Otaheite orange
trees from Pennsylvania with scale-insects, and pineapple plants
from Florida with Stigmaea floridanus (Florida pineapple mite).

Malloch (J. R.). The North American Species of the Genus Tiphia
(Hymenoptera, Aculeata) in the Collection of the Illinois State
Natural History Survey. — Illinois State Nat. Hist. Survey, Urbana,
Bull, xiii, no. 1, September 1918, 24 pp., 1 plate.

A revision of the genus Tiphia was found necessary as a result of
a study of those species that are parasitic upon Lachnosterna {Phyllo-
phaga) (white grubs). A key is given to the species contained in it,
with descriptions of several new ones.

(C529) c

34

Davis (J. J.)- Co-operation among Agricultural Workers. — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918, pp. 406-410,

The author emphasises the need for workers in all branches of
agriculture to keep in close touch with one another, and for the
maintenance of a free exchange of ideas and plans between agronomists,
entomologists, plant pathologists, chemists, foresters, animal husband-
men, meteorologists and others. He cites the familiar instances of
the value of such co-operation in the investigations on the Hessian fly
[Mayetiola destructor] and white grubs (Lachnosterna).

Back (E. A.). Clytus devastator, a new Pest of the Florida Orange,
— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918,
pp. 411-414, 1 plate.

The Cerambycid borer, Clytus devastator, was first described as a
serious pest of Citrus in Cuba in 1836, and has since been recorded
on the coasts of Florida. It has been reared from Cuban mahogany,
pomegranate {Punica granatum), and orange {Citrus), and is reported
to have as its preferred host the common mangrove {Rhizophora
mangle). Apart from the original statement that it was a serious
pest of Citrus in Cuba, it had not been reared from Citrus until it was
found damaging orange trees on Perico Island, Florida, in the spring
of 1910. The damage done by it closely resembles that due to Cyllene
robiniae (black locust borer).

The larvae, when young, feed upon the inner bark and sapwood,
and later bore into the harder and older wood, not only of various
parts of the trunk, but also of the bases of the larger branches, and of
the roots, both large and small. The mature larva has the habit,
similar to that of Sajperda Candida (round-headed apple-tree borer),
of eating its way to the surface, after which it retreats a short distance
from the bark to pupate. The adult, on emergence, gnaws a hole
about f to I inch in diameter in the bark and escapes.

With the extension of the citrus industry into more tropical portions
of the State, this beetle may assume an important role as a pest of
Citrus.

Flint (W, P.). Insect Enemies of the Chinch-bug. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xi, no, 5, October 1918, pp, 415-419.

Very little study had been given to the predaceous or parasitic
insect enemies of the chinch-bug [Blissus leucopterus] up to the time
of the discovery of its egg-parasite, Eumicrosoma henefica, Gahan,
in 1913. Among its earliest recorded enemies are a Coccinellid,
Hippodamia maculata ; a lace- wing, Chrysopa illinoiensis ; bugs :
Triphleps insidiosus, Milyas cinctus, and Nysius angustatus (false
chinch-bug) ; ground beetles : Agonoderus pallipes, Harpalus compar,
Euarthrus sodalis, and Anisodactylus harpaloides ', and ants : Solenopsis
molesta and Monomorium minimum, which carry off the eggs and
dead adults.

During the outbreak in Illinois in 1909-1915, experiments were
made with its commonest predaceous enemies, including : — Chrysopa
oculata and C. rujUahris, the larvae of which were abundant in all
fields of grain infested by the chinch-bug, and in the laboratory

35

devoured from 4 to 6 first and second instar chinch-bugs a day ;
Reduviolus ferus (damsel bug), the nymphs and adults of which feed
on chinch-bugs, preferably nymphs in the third or fourth instar, two
a day being eaten on an average ; Blechrus glabratus, a small active
beetle found in all grain fields after the middle of June, which feeds
only on chinch-bugs in the first and second instars, 88 being eaten by
one beetle in 26 days ; a Nabid bug, Pagasa fusca., which seems to prefer
the later stages and has been several times seen in the field feeding
upon adults, one or two a day being devoured by specimens in the
insectary ; an Anthocorid bug, Triphleps insidiosus, which is one of
the most efficient enemies of the second brood during the hatching
period, being found in abundance during late July, August and
September feeding on first and second instar chinch-bugs ; a ground
beetle, Casnonia pennsylvanica, which insectary experiments have
shown to be of not much importance ; another ground beetle,
Agonoderus pallipes, which is very common in all grain fields in
central and southern Illinois, but eats only dead chinch-bugs ; and
Coccinellid larvae, which are frequently seen to feed upon chinch-bugo
in the field, but which in the laboratory gave no definite results.

A comit of the number of predatory insects occurring in one square
yard of a stubble field in July, showed on an average enough to eat
eleven chinch-bugs per day per square yard, or about 2,000,000 "per
day for a 40-acre field. It seems probable from the abundance of these
insects in the fields, and the numbers of chinch-bugs known to be
eaten by them, that when, after a period of abundance, the chinch-
bug increase is checked by adverse weather conditions, these predatory
species, together with the egg-parasites, may keep it from causing
damage for a number of years, Reduviolus ferus and Pagasa fusca
were unusually abundant in infested fields during the summer of 1918.

Pettey (F. W.). a New Species of Sciara bred from Red Clover
Crowns. --JZ. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October
1918, p. 420, 1 plate, 1 fig.

Sciara trifolii, sp. n., reared in October from crowns of red clover in
Idaho and closely related to S. 2)auciseta, Felt, is described.

BuRRiLL (A. C). New Economic Pests of Red Clover.-^^ Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918, pp. 421-424.

The third successive epidemic of the clover aphis {Aphis bakeri,
Cowen) in Idaho, in 1916, considerably reduced the seed yield in red
clover, and also in white and alsike clovers, in some cases by as much
as 50 per cent. The 1917 crop seems to have been saved from excessive
damage by great cold in January following on unusual numbers of
Aphid enemies. When the clover heads are very sticky from the
presence of Aphids, preliminary thorough drying is necessary before
the seed can be threshed, and usually the heat caused by threshing
melts the crystallised honeydew, so that whole sacks may cake nearly
solid.

The enemies of this Aphid are very numerous, but seem unable to
check its increase till the third or fourth week in August, by which
time crop damage is almost complete. Larval Coccinellids in the

36

fields in August were bred out and proved to be mostly Hippodamia
quinqmsigmita, Kirby, H. convergens, Guer., H. lecontei, Muls., and
Coccinella trifasciata, L., but neither in this stage nor as adults do they
seem to be able to penetrate to all parts of the clover head so as to
destroy every Aphid, of which as many as 300 may be present on a
single head.

The most abundant Syrphid flies have been reared and await
determination. More num-erous than these was a Hymenopterous
parasite {Aphelinus hpisligni, How.), the parasitised Apliids, however,
appearing more often in the lower leaf-petiole tracts sheathing the
stem than in the head, pointing to an early attack of the parasites
before the clover heads form. The nymphs of an Anthocorid bug,
Triphleps tristicolor, WTiite, are quite as numerous in some fields and
more rapidly and persistently penetrate all parts of the clover bloom
and stem than all other Aphid enemies combined.

Preliminary tests with orchard sprayers driven through the fields
have shown that a majority of the Aphids may be destroyed with
nicotine sulphate and soap at the usual strengths. Adults of
Hippodamia convergens confined in small capsules of sprayed leaves,
however, die from its effects. Sodium arsenite sprayed in lucerne
and clover fields killed 99 per cent, of the grasshoppers, and the
addition of nicotine for Apliids did not increase the scorching effects.

The part played by Haplothrips statices, Hal. {Phloeothrips niger,
Osb.) (red or black thxips) in damaging clover and lucerne seed is not
yet understood.

The most common mite on red clover crowns is Rhizoglyphus
rhizophagus, Banl^s. Red clover roots received for examination
proved to be infested with R. rhizophagus, a new mite, Hologamasus
inarmatus, Ew., and Sciara trifolii, Pett., of which four broods were
bred in the laboratory between October and February.

In spraying with nicotine and soap for bean thrips {Heliothrips
fasciatus, Perg.) at the usual strength and with an orchard power
sprayer, it was found that a large part of the infestation had not been
reached by the spray. This was found to be due to a concm'rent
attack of Tetranychus telarius, L. (red spider), the leaves being so
webbed together as to protect large numbers of thrips from being
wetted.

O'Gara (P. J.). Notes on a new Mite attacking Valley Cottonwood.

— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918,
p. 430, 1 plate.

The mite here dealt with is a new species of Eriophyes infesting
Populus wislizeni in Texas. The type of injury caused by it is also
new, and results in some of the leaf laminae becoming very much
dwarfed and cut resembling a dense compound inflorescence.

Becker (G. G.). Lopidea media, a persistent Pest of Phlox. — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918, p. 431.

Phlox plants in certain gardens of Fayetteville, Arkansas, have
been infested for a number of years Avith a Capsid, Lopidea media.
This bug appears every year in the same gardens, causing the tender

37

tips and leaves of infested plants to curl and turn yellow. In 1917
adults of the first generation were found by 5th May, though most of
the Capsids were still in the nymphal stages. There are apparently
at least three generations a year in Arkansas.

Van Dyke (E. C). A Second Food Plant for the Cherry Leaf-beetle.
— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918, p. 431.

While various writers have stated that so far as is known the only
native food-plant of Galerucella cavicolUs, Lee. (cherry leaf-beetle) is
Prunus 'pennsylvanica, L. (pin cherry), the author records having
found this beetle feeding in North Carolina on the leaves of the fire
azalea, RJwdodendron calenduhceum, while pin cherry in the neigh-
bourhood was apparently iminfested. In Ithaca, N.Y., in 1917, the
beetle was also found feeding on the leaves of a species of Azalea.

Blackman (M. W.). Apple Tent Caterpillar. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918, p. 432.

The author comments upon the statement made in the Seventeenth
Report of the State Entomologist of Connecticut that Malacosonia
arnericmm, F. (apple tent caterpillar) has practically disappeared from
many localities in that State in 1917, probably owing to the effects
of parasites or other natural enemies. A similar disappearance of
this insect has been noticed in the neighbourhood of New York. In
this locality wild cherry trees that in preceding years had been entirely
stripped of their first crop of leaves were observed to show no sign of
defoliation. Examination revealed the fact that very large numbers
of the larvae in the nests were dead, and it was estimated that less
than 1 per cent, of them had survived and that the ultimate mortaUty
might be expected to be still greater. This is attributed to the weather
conditions of the spring of 1917. From 18th to 22nd April the maximum
daily temperature at Syracuse was from 66° to 71°, the minimum
varying from 42° to 51°. It was dm-ing this period that the eggs
of M. americana hatched. The weather continued imusually cold,
the mean temperatm'e for May throughout the State showing an average
deficiency of 8°. During tlus period the buds of wild cherry ceased
to develop, and frequent rainfall prevented the larvae from feeding,
so that most of them were killed by starvation before the return of
normal conditions. That the death of the larvae was not due to
parasitic or predaceous enemies was proved by their small size (less
than J inch) and by the fact that their bodies were unmutilated and
their newly begun tents uninjm'ed.

De Ong (E. R.). An Outbreak of Field Crickets.— JZ. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918, pp. 433-434.

The field cricket, Gryllus integer, became so abundant during May
and June 1917 as to do severe damage in the Sacramento Valley,
California, chmatic conditions having been favourable for its develop-
ment. Crops were attacked during April and May, crowds of the
crickets constantly migrating over roads or other intervening spaces.
A flock of terns on one occasion was seen feeding upon the crickets,

38

not an insect surviving on the ground where they had fed. The
greatest damage was caused in vineyards and orchards, where the
new growth was eaten off, death to the plant frequently resulting.
Bran mash poisoned with arsenic gave very little success ; the most
successful method proved to be the flooding of the orchard or vineyard
for a few hours. This drove the crickets away for a time and gave
the plants an opportunity to recover. By 1st June the crickets had
completely disappeared.

Pettit (R. H.). Thrips injuring Peaches. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918, pp. 434-435.

Frankliniella (Euthrips) tritici, Fitch, which is well-known to injui'e
strawberries, is recorded as blemishing the skin of peaches, producing
shallow, gummed scars on the fruit, which spoil its appearance. While
the peaches are quite small and developing rapidly patches of slightly
discoloured fuzz can be seen, which are found to contain the thrips,
and the skin underneath is scarred. As the damage all seems to
be done before the pits begin to harden, that is, before thinning time,
many of the blemished fruits can be removed during thinning. The
injury is apparently most severe in the highest, driest and warmest
parts of the orchards and during seasons when the spring is hot and dry.

Faust (E. C). A New Tyroglyphid for Western Montana (Acar.).—

Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxix, no. 9, November 1918,
pp. 336-340, 1 plate.

This paper describes Rhizoglyphus sagitMae, sp. n., taken in
Western Montana, where it was found feeding upon the juicy parts
of new leaves of the balsam-root plant, Balsamorrhiza sagiUata. A
description of the mite is given and its relation to the allied species
R. hyacinthi and R. rhizophagus is shown in a table.

Ferris (G. F.). The Alleged Occurrence of a Seasonal Dimorphism in
the Females of certain Species of Mealy Bugs (Hemiptera;
Coccidae). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxix, no. 9, November
1918, pp. 349-352.

Various authors have expressed the opinion that the females of
certain species of Phenacoccus and Pseudococcus are seasonally dimor-
phic. The present paper is written to show that in certain of these
cases the alleged dimorphism does not exist, and the author questions
whether it ever occurs among these insects. In the case of Pseudo-
coccus agrifoliae, Essig, the types examined by the author contain
specimens of three species belonging to as many different genera.
One of these is that previously described by Ehrhorn as Ripersia
villosa, another is a new species that will be described elsewhere as
P. quercicolus, and the third, which is represented only by immature
specimens, is unmistakably a species of Ceroputo. The only apparent
reason for regarding these as forms of the same species is the fact
that they were found upon the same host ; morphologically they are
very different. P. quercicolus is quite common on oaks in the vicinity
of Stanford University, and has only one generation in a year. The
winter is passed in the first or second larval stage, maturity being
reached in Mav or June.

39

Essig is quoted as saying that it is very probable that the same
dimorphic forms exist in Pseudococciis artemisiae. The author, having
examined the types, of this species, finds it identical with Erium
lichtensioides, CklL, a species that has but one generation in a year
in the neighbourhood of Stanford University. There occurs, however,
upon the same host a species of Pseudococcus, at present undetermined,
that may have given rise to the confusion.

A case of seasonal dimorphism in Phenacoccus acericola was recorded
by King. The author attributes this statement to confusion of
P. acericola with P. comstocki, Kuw., which occurs on maple in the
eastern States. Pseudococcus trifolii, Forbes, has similarly been
described as having dimorphic forms, but it is probable that this
is also a case of confusion with another species, P. maritimus, Ehrh.

KoEPKE (W. ). Mertilia malayensis, Dist., een " Bloemwants " (Capside)
schadelijk voor Orchideen. [Mertilia malayensis, Dist., a Capsid
injurious to Orchids.] — Teysmannia, Batavia, iv, 1918, pp. 201-212,
4 plates.

In December 1917 an orchid-grower applied to the Salatiga Station
(Java) for advice regarding a pest which was identified as the Capsid,
Mertilia malayensis, Dist., described in 1904 from the Malay Peninsula,
but hitherto imrecorded from the Malay Archipelago, where however
it appears to be widespread in Java and where M. brevicornis, Popp.,
and M. ternatensis, Dist., have also been observed.

All stages of M. ynalayensis are briefly described. Like other
Capsids it deposits its eggs in the plant-tissue, but very near the surface.
They are exceptionally difi&cult to find even when abundant. The
duration of the egg-stage is not known. The first moult takes place
immediately after the larva hatches and before it begins to feed, and
another five or six moults occur before the adult stage is reached.
The larvae are gregarious. Adults were obtained on 1st and 2nd
March 1918 from larvae hatched on 1st February, four weeks earlier.
The weather was cool and damp and this probably retarded develop-
ment. Adults were observed to live for over two months. Both
larvae and adults are very shy, and if disturbed for any length of time
the former disappear among the orchid roots, while the latter, which
are not ready flrers, take to wing. M. malayensis is most easily
caught in the morning when torpid with the cold. At mid-day it
shelters in the shade. No natural enemies were observed. The
injury is due to the numerous punctures on both sides of the leaves,
on the flower-stalks and on the roots. The leaves turn yellow and
fall. If the insects disappear entirely the plant may recover, but
growth will be seriously retarded. M. malayensis is therefore a
dangerous pest of orchids, especially Phalaenopsis amahilis.

Spraying with an American contact poison, Harbas oil. proved
ineffective, but surprising results were obtained with a stomach
poison used in East Africa against the coffee bug [Antestia variegota],
namely, sodium arsenite 3|-5 oz., 3|-5 pints warm water, 2 lb. sugar
or molasses. Within an hour several Capsids were dead and all in
the cage had perished by the next day. Unfortunately the orchids
also died within a fortnight. Further experiments could "not be under-
taken, and collection, as practised against Helopeltis, is advised.

40

Jardine (W, M.). Director's Report 1916-17. — Kansas Agric. Expt.
Sta., Manhattan, 1917, 50 pp. [Received 23rd November 1918.

Life-history studies were made dm-ing the year of several insects,
including the Hessian fly [Moyetiola destructor] and the chinch-bug
egg- parasite [Eumicrosoma benefica] under controlled temperature and
moisture conditions. With regard to M. destructor, 85° F. and 75
per cent, humidity are apparently optimum conditions for develop-
ment. The direction of migration of the larvae is predetermined
by the orientation of the egg, the degree of inclination of the leaf
having no influence in this connection. The importance of wind as
a factor in the distribution of this species has been confirmed. Adults
were caught by screens as far as two miles from any infested fields.
It is found that the earlier preparations for the seed-bed are begun,
the fewer are the flies that emerge. Experiments in the control of
the corn ear-worm [Heliothis obsoleta] indicate that injury decreases
with the increase in the number of applications of dust spray, and that
a gun is more effective for applying the dust than a cheesecloth bag.
Aphids were found to have a direct connection with apple-blight,
which in every case developed upon Aphid-infested trees. In the
cultivation of fruit-trees, the use of lucerne as a companion crop was
found to encourage the buffalo tree-hopper {Ceresa bubalus, F.).
Investigations on shade-tree insects included studies in the emergence
of canker-worm moths. The moths emerged from 5th January to
21st April, the maximum emergence being from 17th to 21st March.
Aonidia juniperi (cedar scale) was discovered on cedars in the spring
of 1915 and within a year it had nearly destroyed the trees which it
infested. Two Chalcid parasites were found to be a valuable check
on its increase. An outbreak of the green bug [Toxoptera gramimim]
in Southern Kansas caused considerable injury to wheat, maize and
sorghum. Many millions of parasites were successfully imported, but
failed to reduce the numbers of this Aphid. The life- histories of many
species of May beetles and wireworms have been worked out, and
investigations upon termites secured much valuable data.

LEGISLATION.

Repeal of Proclamation under Quarantine Act 1908-1915 prohibiting
Importation of Citrus Plants (including Citrus Fruits). — Extract
from Gommomvealth Australia Gazette, Melbourne, no. 145,
12th September 1918.

By this proclamation the prohibition of the importation into
Australia of citrus plants, including citrus fruits, in pursuance of the
Quarantine Act of 1908-1915, is repealed.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICE.

Dr. J. C. Hutson of the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the
West Indies has been appointed Government Entomologist in Ceylon.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to cons*
municate with the Assistant Director.

The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; q?
the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural)
being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum.

All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

The Life-history and Control of the Bark-beetle, Xyloiei-us lineatus,

in Bavaria . .
Control of the Melon Aphis in U.S.A. , .
Measures against Weevils in Maize in U.S.A. . .
The Southern Corn Rootworm in U.S.A.

The Control of the Clover-Flower Midge in U.S.A. . . . . . . 4.

Commercial Bordeaux Mixtures ; how to calculate their Values . . 4

Entomological Syllabus of the School of Agriculture in Mauritius. . 4

The Importation of Tiphia parallela from Barbados to Mauritius. . 4

Some Insect Pests of Small Fruits in U.S.A. . . . . . . 5

Dusting as a Substitute for Spraying in Orchards in U.S.A. . . 6

A New Aphid, Toxoptera nigra, on Sedge in U.S.A. . . . . . . 6

Observations on some Cocoids from Portugal . . . . . . 6

The Dissemination of Tomato Diseases by Insects in U.S.A. . . 7

The Establishment of Beneficial Insects in Mauritius . . . . 7

Insect Pests in Yakima County, Wasliington, in 1916-17 . . . . 8

Insect Pests intercepted in Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . 9

A Poison-Bait for Grasshoppers in Nebraska. . .. .. .. 9

An Outbreak of the Sugar-beet. Web worm in Nebraska . . '. . 9

Leptinotarsa decevilinsata and its Control in Nebraska . . . . 10

Vegetable Pests in Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

The Fruit-tree Leaf-roller, Toiirix a/rgyrospilain Ontario . . . . 10

Notes on the Classification of North American CocciDAE .. .. 11

Insects injurious to Beet in Southern Manchuria .. .. .. II

The Development of Crossocosmia sericariae in Silkworms in Japan 12

Insect Pests in British Columbia in 1918 .. .. .. .. 12

Coconut Pests in the Far East . . . . . . . . . . 14

Agroriiyia destructor and its Control on Beans in the Philippines . . 15

Cydia splendana, a Pest of Chestnuts in Italy . . . . . . 16

The Use of Bats in the Control of Insects injurious to Pine Woods

in France .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 17

The Sweet Potato Weevil, Cylas forniicarius, in Ceylon . . . . 17

The Construction of Fumigating Boxes for use with Hydrocyanic-
acid Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Miscellaneous Pests in Florida . . . . . . . . . . 18

CONTENTS— cont.

PAGE

The Mediterranean Pniit Fly in IFlorida . . . . . . . . 18

The Scale-insects of Florida and their Control . . . . . . 19

Measures against the Sweet Potato Root Weevil in Florida . . 21
Precautions against the Introduction of the Avocado Weevil

(Heilipus lauri) into Florida 21

The Pinlc Bollworm Problem in the United States . . . . . . 22

Inj\iry to Sweet Potatoes by Termites in Florida . . . . . . 22

Cutworms and other Insect Pests in Nevada . . . . . . 22

The Correct Names of some common Ichneumonid Parasites in U.S.A. 22

A New Braconid Parasite of CepMis cinctus in U.S.A. . . . . 23

New Chalcid Parasites of Stictocephala jestina in Arizona . . . . 23

A New Chloropid infesting Conifers in U.S.A. . . . . . . 23

A New Food-jtlant of AniJionomus grandis var. thurberiae in Mexico 23

New Sawflies of the Siibfamily Diprioninae in U.S.A. . . . . 24

A Method of Handling Large Numbers of Individuals in Life-history

Studies of Insects . . . , . . . . . . . . . . 24

Tlie Identity of Aphis circezandis. Fitch . . . . . . . . 24

Miscellaneous Pests in Canada in 1917 . . , . 24, 25, 26 & 27

Hylemyia antiqiia in Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Economic Entomology in Quebec . . . . . . . . . . 27

The Bionomics of Hemerophila pariana on Fruit Trees in America 27

The Bionomics of Myzws cerasi in Canada . . . . . . . . 28

The Value of Dusting versus Spraying in Orchards in Canada . . 28

Notes on the Ecology of Insects in Cartada . . . . . . . . 29

Vegetable Pests in Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . 29

Measures against Lasioderma infesting Stored Tobacco in the Dutch

East Indies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Solenopsis geminata infesting Tobacco Seed-beds in Java . . . . 30

Crrphis unipuncta infesting Rice in Java . . . . . . . . 30

Notes on UelopeUis and its Control in the Dutch East Indies . .31 &32

A New Jassid infesting Apple Foliage in Australia . . . . . . 32

Experimental Work with Fruit-flies in New South Wales . . . . 32

The Establishment of Beneficial Parasites in Hawaii . . . , 33

Pests intercepted in Quarantine in Hawaii . . . . . . . . 33

A Revision of the North American Species oi Tiphia . . . . 33

The Value of Co-operation in Agricultural and Entomological

Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Glyius devastator, a New Pest of Oranges in Florida . . . . 34

Insect Enemies of the Chinch Bug in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 34

A New Species of Sciara bred from Red Clover in Idaho . . . . 35

New Economic Pests of Red Clover in U.S.A. . . . . . . 35

A New Mite infesting Poplars in Texas .. .. .. .. 36

Lopidea media, a Pesb of Phlox in Arkansas . . . . . . . . 36

A New Food-Plant of Qalerucella cavicollis in North Carolina . . 37
The Effect of Weather Conditions on Malacosoma americana in New

York 37

An Outbreak of Gryllus integer in California . . . . . . . . 37

Euthrips tritici infesting Peaches in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 38

A New Tyroglyphid Mite from Western Montana . . . . . . 38

The Alleged Occurrence of Seasonal Dimorphism in Mealy Bugs in

U.S.A 38

Mertilia malayensis, a Capsid injurious to Orchids in the Dutch East

Indies . . 39

Miscellaneous Pests in Kansas in 1917 . . . . . . . . 40

Repeal of Proclamation prohibiting Importation of Citrus Plants

into Australia . . . . . . . . • • . . . . 40

Entomological Notices . . . . . . . . . . • . . . 40

neglatereH Ift the G.P.O. for Transmiaalon to Canada and Nowfoundtand by Magazine Post.

VOL. VII. Sep. A. Part 2.-pp. 41-88. FEBRUARY, 1919.

THE REVIE
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Tropical Medicine.
Major B. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, Eritislj

Museam (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradiord, E.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society. •

Maior-Geq^^al Sir David .Bruce.- K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F, Fryer, Etttomologisi; to the Board- of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum

- (Natural History).
Professor H^ Maxwell. Lefroy, Imperial College of Science find

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John MoCall, M J)., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, ^

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal; Royal Veterinary College^ Cafadcn

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.CM.G., F.R.S., -Late Medical Adviser to the

-Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.(?., Lat^ Adviser to the Colonial OiEce ■

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor II. Newstead, F.R.S., * Dutton Memorial Professor of

'Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Profeasor G. H. F. Nuitall, F.R.S., Quick Professor 'of Protozoology,'

"Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, FJl.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K,C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. 0. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Musennj of Zoology,

Cambridge. ♦
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mi. C. Wakburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England. '

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions'

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Beueral Secretary.
Mr.' A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director anD 35&ftor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall,

, Essistant Director.

Dr. S. A. Neavb.

Bead Office. — British Museum . (Natural History), CromwcU Road,

London, S.W.7.
fiMicaiion 0^.-89, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

■, - \

41 \ r/>AK ^^:o' )9I9 -^

Bernard (C.) & Keebosch (M.). Mijten Antastingen op Kina, Thee
enz. [Mite Injury to Cinchona, Tea, etc.] — Meded. Pro^station
voor Thee, Buitenzorg, Ix, 1918, 16 pp., 7 plates.

The four mites dealt with in this paper are Tetranychus telarius, L.
{biirmculatus, Harv.), T. biocuJatus, W.-M., Tarsonemus translucens,
Green, and Brevipalpus obomtus, Donn. It is believed that the present
is the first record of the occurrence of the two last-named on cinchona.
T. telarius has not yet been found on tea ; it has been observed on
Manihot , Ricinus, Cinchona, Hevea, Papaya and Clitoria, and to these
must now be added two Leguminosae used as green manure plants,
Desmodium tortuosmn and Sesbania aegyptiaca. Infested young
cinchona plants are stunted and deformed, and the older leaves are
curled, while the younger ones shrivel up. T. biocuhtus is less poly-
phagous than the preceding species. Though common on tea it does
not appear to do serious damage in Java, where it also occurs on coffee
and Ixora spp. B. obovatus is a serious pest of tea in Java. It has
also been observed to infest severely a species of Jasminum sometimes
grown as an ornamental plant on tea and cinchona estates. Tarsonemus
translucens, which did rather serious injury to tea during the past
dry season, must now be considered as also a serious pest of
cinchona, the leaves of young plants being curled and shrivelled
by it. The injury due to Tarsonemus translucens is increased by
infestation by thrips.

It is not advisable to allow these four mites to increase unchecked,
and direct measures are desirable. The latter are facilitated by the
fact that infestation is chiefly confined to cinchona in seed-beds.
In addition it is advised that during the wet season the plants should
be removed from the seed-beds and planted out, when their more
vigorous growth is held to be an important factor in causing the
pests to disappear, probably because the leaves of the larger plants
are unsuitable as food. Successful results were obtained by spraying
the seed-beds with a saponin solution or by dusting with sulphur.
The saponin solution is prepared by boiling 10 oz. of the fruit of
Sapindus rarak in 3| pints of water for half an hour. After straining,
this concentrate is diluted with 10-15 volumes of water to form the
spray solution, which is apphed every three days. In dusting, from
5 to 10 gms. (about ^-J oz.) of sulphur is used per square metre (about .
10^ square feet), the bed being watered previously. Neither method
kills all the mites j^resent, but the practical result is satisfactory.

Ult]ee (A. J.). Verslag over het Jaar 1917. [Report of the Besoeki

Experiment Station for 1917.] — Meded. Besoekisch Proefstation,
Djember, no. 27, 1918, 24 pp.

Experiments made by Mr. P. E. Keuchenius with a trap-bait used
in British India against tobacco moths {Prodenia, Agrotis, Heliothis)
were unsuccessful. The formula used was : Water 200 parts by weight,
cane or Java sugar 400, alcohol 3, ethyl acetate 3, Experiments made
to determine if the usual quantity of carbon bisulphide could be
safely reduced when fumigating tobacco have already been dealt
with [see this Revietv, Ser. A, vi, p. 224].

(C538) Wt.P2/137. 1,500. 2.19. B. &F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. A

J

42

Malenotti (E.). Esperimenti fatti inSicilia neri917 contro la Bianca-
rossa degli Agrumi {Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, Morg.). —
— [Experiments made in Sicily in 1917 against C. dictyospermi,
Morg.] — Ministero per V Agricoltura, Rome, 1918, 8 pp.

This report describes work on a large scale undertaken as a result
of experiments conducted in 1914 with colloidal calcium polysulphide
[see this Review, Ser. A., iv, p. 143]. The orange trees were examined
on 12th December 1917, 4| months after the last spraying, and the
destruction of Chryso?nphalus dictyospermi was found to be absolute
on very many leaves. Any exception to the general highly satisfactory
result was due to lack of skill in spraying. The fruits were quite free
from infestation and markings. Untreated trees near the experiment
plots were on the other hand very heavily infested. It is pointed out
that infestation causes a loss of from 8 to 12 shillings per 1,000 oranges,
the corresponding cost of spraying being under 5 pence.

Jones (T. H.) & Gillette (C. P.). Life-History of Pem,phigus populi-
transversiis.—Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C., xiv, no. 13.
23rd September 1918, pp. 577-594, 5 plates, 1 fig. [Received
21st November 1918.]

As a result of investigations made in the field and laboratory at
Baton Rouge, Louisiana, much valuable information has been gathered
regarding the life-history and habits of Pemphigus populi-transversus.
The weather influences to a large extent the dates of appearance of
the various stages and the migration of this Aphid. Galls formed
by the stem-mothers begin to develop on the petioles of the young
leaves of Populus deltoides in the spring. They increase in size during
the summer and by the time the leaves fall in the autumn reach
their greatest diameter of nearly an inch. In July 1916, the percentage
of leaf -petioles of P. deltoides infested with the Aphids was found to be
25*2 out of 1,175 leaves examined, these being taken from both large
and small trees. Winged migrants of P. populi-transversus have been
found in the galls as early as 1st June, the percentage of galls containing
winged migrants, as well as the number in each gall, increasing as the
season advances. These winged migrants from the galls fly to various
cruciferous plants, and have been found on the leaves of these as early
as 30th August, and as late as 31st October. The greatest migration
probably takes place during October. Though the maximum distance
they can traverse in flight is not known, it is probable that they, as
well as the sexupara, may be carried long distances by wind. The
winged migrants give birth to viviparous females that start colonies
on the roots of crucifers, upon which they feed. They have been found
at the roots of cabbage, turnip, Brussels sprouts, rape, Coronopus
didymus (a weed that is sometimes eaten), and Roripa sp. While
a severe infestation of P. populi-transversus on the roots of crucifers
may be indicated by the wilted condition of the leaves, a slight or
moderate infestation is scarcely noticeable in the portions of the
plant above ground. A white, cottony material secreted by the
Aphids generally becomes apparent about the roots of the plants.
In the spring the winged migrants fly from crucifers to poplar trees,
where they give birth to sexuales, which are usually found in crevices

43

on the trunks and branches. The average number of sexual individuals
arising from one of these appears to be six. These forms take no food,
and after mating the female deposits a single egg. The stem-mother
from this egg makes its way to the young leaves of the poplar where
it settles down on a petiole and a gall begins to form about it.

The second part of this paper, by C. P. Gillette, consists of descrip-
tions of the stages of P. populi-transversus and its gall.

Pemberton (C. E.) & WiLLARD (H. F.). Work and Parasitism of the
Mediterranean Fruit-fly in Hawaii during 1917. — JL Agric.
Research, Washington, D.C., xiv, no. 13, 23rd September 1918,
pp. 605-610. [Received 2l8t November 1918.]

Information with regard to the extent of infestation of fruit in
Hawaii during 1917 by the Mediterannean fruit-fly {Ceratitis capitata,
Wied.) and of the extent of parasitism of this species is given in tabulated
form, following the procedure of previous years [see this Review,
Ser. A, vi, p. 167]. A comparison of the efficacy of the various parasites
of C capitata has already been given [see this Review, Ser, A, vi, pp .
184, 185]. The total parasitism by all species during 1917 was 14*3
per cent, higher than in 1916.

Chapais (J. C). Notes on the White-marlced Tussock JUloth.— Tenth
Ann. Rept. Quebec Sor. Protection Plants from Insects & Fungous
Diseases, 1917-1918; Quebec, 1918, pp. 23-24. [Received 23rd
November 1918.]

This is a popular account of this well known pest of orchards and
forest trees in Canada.

Bryce (P. I.). Some Injurious Insects of Ste. Anne de Bellevue, 1917.

— Tenth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects &
Fungous Diseases, 1917-1918; Quebec, 1918, pp. 46-48. [Received
23rd November 1918.]

Meromyza americana (greater wheat -stem maggot) caused consider-
able injury to wheat and barley. The larvae and pupae are found
near the heads, generally under the sheathing-leaf, inside the hollowed-
out stem. Pupation takes place about 25th July, adults emerging
by 8th August. Mayetiola destructor (Hessian fly) did some damage
to spring wheat. Maize showed damage to the leaves resembling
that caused by Sphenophorus inaequalis (corn bill-bug).

Vegetable and root crop pests include Phorbia {Chortophila)
hrassicae (cabbage root maggot), which was checked wherever card-
board discs were used. During June, Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea-
beetle) occurred on potatoes and Crepidodera helxines on willow ; Phyllo-
treta armoraciae (horse-radish flea-beetle), P. sinuata and P. vittata
(turnip flea-beetles), Haltica clialybea (grape-vine flea-beetle) and
Psylliodes puncluhta. (hop flea-beetle) also occurred. Leptinotarsa
decemlineata (Colorado beetle) was abundant, but was controlled by
poisoned Bordeaux spray. The predaceous Pentatomid, Perillus sp.,
was found feeding on it in considerable numbers. Depressaria hera-
■cliana (parsnip web- worm) occurred on the flower-heads of parsnips.
€eramica {Mamestra) picta (zebra caterpillar) was abundant on

(C538) A.2

44

succulent weeds in autumn, but did little damage to vegetables.
Dwbrotica vittata (striped cucmnber beetle), Crioceris asparagi
(asparagus beetle) and C. duodecimpufwtata were fairly numerous.

On orchard fruits, Cydia pomonella (codling moth) emerged in late
June and early July. Probably for this reason the larvae were unable
to enter the calyx end of the fruit and much side injury resulted.
Estigmene acraea (salt-marsh caterpillar) skeletonises the leaves. The
tussock moths, HetJierocampa Jeiicostigma and Orgyiu (Notohphus)
antiqua, were destructive to shade and fruit trees, but the eggs and
pupae were attacked by parasites. Mineola indiginella (leaf crumpler)
attacked unfolding apple leaves in small numbers. Phigalia titca Vvas
taken on 30th April on silver maple. ColeopJiora jletcherelh (cigar
case-bearer) was abundant on apple. Datana ministra (yellow-necked
caterpillar) fed on apple and service-berry {Atnehnchier). Ceresa
bubalus (buffalo tree-hopper) scars the branches of various shade and
orchard trees.

Minor pests of fruit included Monophadnus rubi (raspberry sawfly),
Aegeria (Sesia) tipuliformis (imported currant borer) and Pteronus
ribesi (imported currant sawfly). Cymatophora ribearia (currant span-
worm) did some damage to flowering currants {Ribes cereum). The
worst pest of grapes is Typhhcyba comes (leaf- hopper). Blackleaf 40
(1 : 100) is a good contact poison and should be applied under pressure
to the under-side of the leaves. Clean cultivation destroys the insects
hibernating in neighbouring sods and weeds.

Shade and forest tree pests included Hyphantria cnnea (fall web-
worm) on Fraxinus (ash) ; Trichiocampus viminalis (poplar sawfly)
on CaroMna poplar and Caligrapha scalaris (birch Chrysomelid) on
willow.

Fontanel (P.). Ants and Aphids. — Tenth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc.
Protection Plants from Insects & Fungous Disea'^es, 1917-1918 ;
Quebec, 1918, pp. 52-57. [Received 23rd November 1918.]

The relations existing between ants and Aphids are discussed, the
object of the paper being to show that ants are on the whole injurious
to plants through their relations with Aphids, and that the smaller
the plants are the greater is the injury done by them. Ants may be
beneficial in that they may accidentally kill some Aphids or keep
them in their nests and so prevent them from injuring the plant ;
they also absorb the matter secreted by Aphids which frequently
injures the plant by blocking the stomata. On the other hand, injury
is done by the ants in protecting Aphids from weather and natural
enemies, in the proj)agation of Aphids on their food-plants, and in
the isolation of plants from the soil, as these frequently have their
roots uncovered by the ants in order to secure nourishment for the
Aphids.

SwAiNE (J. M.). The Control of the White-marked Tussock Moth.—

Tenth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects <&

Fungous Diseases, 1917-1918 ; Quebec, 1918, pp. 58-69, 2 plates.

[Received 23rd November 1918.]

The importance of shade trees in the streets of such cities as Montreal

and the economic loss owing to their injury by insects is discussed.

The control measures advocated ? gainst vrood -boring grubs are the

45

cutting out and destroying of the larvae with a sharp knife or wire,
or killing them in their burrows by injecting carbon bisulphide with
a syringe and closing the openings with putty, soap or clay. After
24 hours the dead larvae should be removed if possible, the cavities
disinfected and then filled with cement or putty. Among defoliating
caterpillars one of the most important is the white-marked tussock
moth [Hetnerocampa lencostigmd], of which there is one generation
annually in Quebec. The life-history and habits of this insect are
described, natural enemies enumerated and remedial measures
recommended [see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 174, 309 & vi, 330].

LocHHEAD (W.). The most common Plant Lice or Aphids. — Tenth
Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects & Fungous
Diseases, 1917-1918; Quebec, 1918, pp. 79-91, 6 figs. [Received
23rd November 1918.]

A popular accoimt of North American Aphids is given, with notes
on their method of increase, natural enemies and control. The chief
economic species attacking cereal and farm crops, fruits, garden plants
and shade and forest trees are enumerated, with a brief account of
each. A partial list of double-host Aphids is given, with a useful key
to the chief economic genera.

ViDAL (G.). A propos de la Pyrale. [Concerning Sparganothis
piUeriana.] — Progres Agric. Vitic, Montpellier, Ixx, no. 41,
13th October 1918, pp. 343-345.

It is well-known that the best measures, whatever they may be,
against Sparganothis pilleriana on vines are never absolutely successful ;
the most that can be said is that they check in a greater or less degree
the ravages of the moth. The author is of opinion that while the
individuals that survive are in part those that have not been reached
by the boiling water or insecticides applied to the tree, there are also
very many that may have hibernated elsewhere than on the tree,
in vegetable debris in the vineyard for example, and which neither
thorough cultivation of the ground nor humidity of the soil can always
destroy. Several instances are described of the infestation of new
vine-shoots which had only just appeared above-ground after having
been under the soil throughout the winter. As the infestation was
regularly distributed over an area of about five acres, it is hardly
probable that wind could have brought the insects ; it is therefore
concluded that the young larvae find sufi&cient protection on the ground
for hibernation, that even deep digging does not destroy them, and
that in spite of it they can find their way in the spring to the vine-
shoots. This theory also explains the difference in size of individuals
that may be found on the same vine, the largest being those left on
the vine-stock, the smallest those that have hibernated on the soil.
Intermediate examples may be those that have migrated to the
vine after some period of growth on other plants, this moth being
found on about 30 species of plants, including practically all that
grow in vineyards ; a list of the commoner ones is given. Many of
these plants dry up or are cut down before the larvae can complete
development upon them and these then migrate to vines, giving rise
to the heavier infestation that is often noticed towards the end of May
or in June.

46

It seems necessary in view of these conclusions that some further
measure should be taken that would destroy the caterpillars on the
ground and on the plants or jTrevent them from ascending the vines.
It is hoped that investigations will be made to determine a method
for doing this. It is remarked with regard to humidity that only a
prolonged inundation such as those of 20th May 1917 and 7th May 1918,
when the vine-stocks were under water for 2 or 3 days, is sufficient to
kill all the caterpillars.

BoNET (J.). La Cochylis et TEud^mis vaincues. [Clysia ambiguella
and Pohfchrosis hotrana conquered.] — Progres Agric. Vitic,
Montpellier, Ixx, no. 43; 27th October 1918, p. 395.

The complete success of the following treatment of vines against
Clysia ambiguella and Polyclirosis hotrana is vouched for by several
vine-growers. The grapes should be absolutely covered with a dust
spray of quick-lime, as fresh as possible, before the 10th June, again
before 10th July and again before 5th August. It is said that the
larvae of these moths do not touch grapes so treated, while the forma-
tion of mildew and fungous diseases is also prevented by the lime.

GoDET (C). Rapport sur 1' Activity de la Station d'Essais viticoles k
Auvernier en 1917. [Report on the Work of the Experiment
Station of Vine-growing at Auvernier in 1917.] — Annuaire Agric,
Suisse, Berne, xix, no. 2, 1918, pp. 196-218, 10 figs.

Clysia ambiguella caused great damage in some localities during
1917 and even the vines in the Experiment Station did not escape
in spite of two nicotine treatments. It is estimated, however, that
crops have been increased by about 40 per cent, by the remedial
measures undertaken. Titrated nicotine was mixed with ordinary
Bordeaux mixture in the proportion of 1 : 100 for these sprays, which
are applied by a hose with a bent jet. Experiments have been made
with various other insecticides, the results of which are given in a
table. Several of these were effective and caused a considerable
increase in the crop. Golazine I (non-miscible with Bordeaux mixture)
gave the best results. Light-traps with acetylene lamps were also
tried ; it is difficult to judge the efficacy of these and further tests are
desirable.

Davis (J. J.). The Control of Three Important Wheat Pests in Indiana.

— Purdue Univ. Agric. Expt. Sia., Lafayette, Ind., Circ. no. 82,
August 1918, 11 pp., 6 figs.

The two important insect pests of wheat in Indiana are the joint-
worm [Isosoma tritici] and Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor]. They
occur throughout the State, but chiefly in the wheat belt of southern
Indiana. A third wheat pest which usually occurs in northern Indiana
and which was unusually destructive during 1917 is the wheat midge
[Contarinia tritici].

Isosoma tritici has but one brood annually and affects the wheat
in the spring only, causing a hardening of the stem at the point where
the egg is deposited. The larva, developing in the stem, causes the
stalk to bend and fall above the point of infestation, which varies

47

from 3 to 20 inches above the ground. The adult issues in late April
or early May in southern Indiana and towards the end of May in the
northern section. The falling of the straws is not apparent until
shortly before the harvest, which is about the first or second week in
June in central Indiana. In order to destroy this pest the stubble
should be ploughed to a depth of 6 or 8 inches and afterwards harrowed,
a treatment which may be delayed till wanter if necessary, although
the best results wall be obtained if ploughing is done as soon as possible
after cutting. As regards date of sowing, experiments in Indiana
have shown that joint- worm infestation is the same in early-sown plots
and those sown 10 days after the " fly-free " date. Sowing as soon
as possible after the " fly-free " or "safe date " is nevertheless recom-
mended. Fields infested with joint-worm should be cut as close as
possible and the straw used as bedding. Manure containing the
straw should be allowed to accumulate till spring, and should be
ploughed under as soon after application as possible.

The Hessian fly has at least two generations each year. The autumn
brood larva kills the plants outright as a rule, and that of the spring
brood causes the stalks to fall, resembling the joint-worm injury in
this respect, but differing from it in the absence of the hardening of
the stalk and the presence of the larva or brown pupa (flax-seed)
beneath the leaf-sheath just above a joint and not within the stem.
Autumn infested plants have broader leaves of a darker green colour
that stand up stiffly, the central shoot being usually dead. The pest
can be controlled by proper cultural methods, such as the ploughing
in of the stubble to a depth of 6 or 8 inches immediately after cutting,
the destruction of self-sown wheat by harrowing or otherwise, and
the sowing of wheat after the " fly-free " date, which should be univer-
sally practised, even in years when the Hessian fly is not abundant.
The planting of fly-resistant varieties of wheat is also recommended,
bearded wheats, as a general rule, being less injured than other varieties.

Contarinia tritici appears in June and oviposits in the immature
wheat heads. The reddish larvae dwarf the grains and cause the
infested part of the wheat head to ripen prematurely. The insect
hibernates in small cocoons just beneath the surface of the ground.
Sometimes the larvae are to be found in chaff after the grain has been
threshed, but the possibility of this as a source of infestation in the
following spring is apparently slight. Control is effected by ploughing
under stubble, though rotation of crops and time of sowing are also
important. The use of fertilisers, such as acid phosphate, to hasten
maturity is to be recommended in the case of all three pests.

Dean (G. A.). Report of State Entomologist, Manhattan.— i?e^^

Kansas Slate Entom. Commiss. for 1915-1916, Topeka, 1916,
pp. 5-9.

Careful inspection during 1915 showed a reduction of infestation
by San Jose scale [Asjndiotus pemiciosus], though two newly infested
localities were found.

In 1916 the scale had only increased in one district, where very
little spraying for its control had been done. In well-cared-f or orchards
the situation seems to be in hand and" the scale finds great difficulty
in becoming established. No new infested localities were found during
the year.

48

Hunter (S. J.)- Report of State Entomologist, Lawrence —i2e^^

Kansas State Entom. Commiss. for 1915 & 1916, Topeka, 1916,

pp. 11-15.

During the biennial period covered by this report, a number of

insect pests were intercepted and destroyed, inckiding : — Carabus

granulatus, LacJmosterna, Eriosoma {ScJiizonema) lanigenirn, rusty

tussock moth [Orgyia antiqiia], LepidosapJies ulmi and L. beckii.

Coffee Borer. — Planters' Chronicle, Bangalore, xiii, no. 40, 5th October
1918, p. 667.

In 1917 adult cofEee-borer beetles [XylotrecJms quadripes] did not
begin to emerge until November. In 1918, however, as a result prob-
ably of the very severe drought, adult beetles began to emerge in the
second week of September. Since extensive injury is to be feared
unless there is sufficient rain, planters are advised to scrub their
coffee as previously recommended [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 74] ;
the treatment should be carried out once in the third week of October
and again in the first week of November, the younger trees receiving
the greatest attention.

NiCHOLLS (H. M.). Fungicides and Insecticides.— ^^fnc. <fe Stock
Dept. Tasmania, Bull. no. 59, 1918, 15 pp.

This bulletin deals at length with the usual fungicides, combined
fungicides and insecticides, and insecticides, both internal and contact,
and gives full instructions for their preparation and application.

NiCHOLLS (H. M.). The Currant Borer {Aegeria tipuliformis). — Agric.
& Stock Dept. Tasmania, Bull. no. 69, 1917, 8 pp., 5 figcs.
[Received 3rd December 1918.]

Aegeria tipuliformis (currant borer) has been found capable of doing
a great deal of damage in Tasmania. In some districts in New Zealand
and in America it has put an end to currant growdng altogether, in
spite of all attempts to control it, and the same may happen in some
parts of Tasmania, if no efforts are made to check its spread. While
black currant is the preferred host, red and white varieties are also
attacked, as well as gooseberries. The larvae bore into the young
shoots and then tunnel down the centre of the branches, eating out
the pith, till they very often reach nearly to the roots. The bushes
in consequence become sickly and their productiveness is reduced,
while the young shoots and- fruit-bearing wood often die altogether.
The tunnels in the stems encourage fungous growths, which frequently
complete the desti'uction of the bushes. Old infested bushes always
have a stunted and gnarled appearance and are sometimes full of
stumps where dead branches have rotted oft'. They bear very little
fruit and what they do produce is small in size.

The eggs of A. tipuliformis are laid on the young wood, generally
close to where a bud or shoot arises, the incubation period probably
being from 10 to 12 days, "j^he larva, upon hatching, proceeds to
bore its way into the wood, and on reaching the pith it generally
turns downward. Towards the end of the winter a hole is eaten
through the wood and almost through the bark at the side of a shoot,

49

and there pupation occurs. In late sprint? the pupa forces itself
partly out of this hole and the adult escapes. It is probable that in
Tasmania the insects pair very soon after emergence and that eggs are
laid during December.

Constant vigilance is necessary to keep this moth in check, as it
increases very rapidly, while its habits protect it from natural enemies
and render spraying useless as a control measure. The best method
as yet known is to inspect the bushes and cut off and burn all wood
that has been attacked, large numbers of larvae and pupae thus being
destroyed before they can develop into adults. This should be done
in Tasmania chiefly during October, when the larvae have crawled
into the smaller branches to pupate. Bushes that have been badly
attacked should be dug out and burnt. In badly infested ground it
is advised to plant suckeriug cuttings, so that as old infested branches
-are removed there is young, fruit-bearing wood to take its place.

Miller (D.). The Economic Bearing of Hover-Flies.— iVei^ Zealand
Jl. Agric, Wellington, xvii, no. 3, 20th September 1918, pp. 129-
135, 7 figs. [Received 4th December 1918.]

Syrphid flies, which are probably of greater value in the control of
Aphids than are Coccinellids, are well represented in New Zealand,
not so much by the number of species as by the abundance of
individuals.

The two most abundant and important species are Syrphus novae-
zealandiae and Mehnostoma fasciatum, the larvae of which devour
large numbers of Aphids and injurious caterpillars.

Another Aphid-destroying species, S. viridiceps, Macq. {obesiis,
Hutt.), which is very common in Austraha, is sometimes found in
New Zealand, but is not yet well-established. The larvae of S. ropalus
and S. ortas, two less abundant species, have been found attacking
the caterpillars of the moth Venusia veniculata, which feed on the
foliage of the cabbage-tree {Cordyline indivisa), and of Xanihorhoe
praefedata and Melannhra sferopasf.is, which attack the leaves of the
JSlew Zealand flax {Phormium tenax). The larvae of Phihorimaea
operculella (potato-tuber moth) and Plutella maculipennis {cruci-
ferarum) (diamond-back moth) are preyed upon by the larvae of both
S. novae-zealandiae and M. fasciatum.

About 10 species of the larger injurious forms of hover-flies are known
in New Zealand. These include Eristalis tenax, which.has frequently
been recorded as causing larval myiasis in man and domestic animals,
•entering the digestive organs by means of water-cress or drinking-
water, and is now well estabhshed throughout the country, and
3Ierodon equesfris (narcissus-fly), the larvae of which burrow in narcissus
and daffodil bulbs. Some bulbs recently imported from Japan have
also been found infested by the larvae of this or an allied species, so
far undetermined.

CoLLARD (J. W.). Citrus-fruit Culture in New Zealand. Advice to
Growers. — New Zealand Jl. Agric, Wellington, xvii, no. 3,
20thSeptemberl918, pp. 154-162. [Received 4th December 1918.]

The insect pests attacking citrus-trees that give the most trouble
to growers in New Zealand are : — Chrysomphalus aurantU {Aspidiotus

50

coccineus) (red scale) which is the worst to deal with, Chrysomphalus
(A.) rossi (black scale), Diaspis santali, Icerya purcliasi (cottony cushion
scale) and thrips, all of which may be successfully combated by red-oil
emulsion ; Saissetia (Lecanimn) oleae (olive scale) ; black aphis
[? Toxoptera aurantii] ; and leaf-roller caterpillar [Tortrix postvittana],
which has caused considerable damage during the past few years
by eating off the young shoots and flower-buds of young trees, and
may be dealt with by the use of lead arsenate at a strength of 4 or 5 in
100, at intervals during spring and summer.

Kerle (W. D.). The Peanut.— iV./S. TF. Dept.Agric, Sydney, Farmers'
Bull. no. 119, August 1918, 39 pp., 16 figs. [Received 7th
December 1918.]

This bulletin reviews the possibilities of the cultivation of the pea nut
{Arachis hypogaea) in Australia and records the better known insect
pests of this plant throughout the world. No attacks by insects on
it have as yet been recorded from Australia.

DUPORT (M.). Rapport a Monsieur le President de la Chambre d' Agri-
culture du Tonkin et du Nord-Annam sur les Travaux effectu^s en
1914 & la Station Entomologique de Cho-ganh. [Report to the
President of the Chamber of Agriculture of Tonkin and North-
Annam on the Work carried out in 1914 at the Entomological
Station of Cho-ganh.] — Supplement to Bull. no. 102, Chambre
Agric. Tonkin, Nord-Annam, January-February 1915, 46 pp,
[Received 2nd December 1918.]

Investigations on the Longicorn beetle, Xylotrechus guadripes,.
Chevr. (coffee borer), and other coffee pests at the entomological
station of Cho-ganh, established for that purpose in 1914, are described.
Owing to interruption of the work by the War many points in the habits
of this pest remain to be elucidated, and none of the treatments
proposed have as yet given any practical measure of success. It is.
hoped, however, that the new data obtained may be of some interest
and assistance to coffee planters who are troubled by this, the principal
enemy of the coffee crop.

Studies undertaken with a view to determine the life-cycle of
X. quadripes were begun in June 1914. In a climate such as that of
Tonkin, the life-cycle varies considerably according to the season^
while other factors also intervene to accelerate or retard the develop-
ment of the larvae and their pupation. From rearing experiments
from June to September it was found»that on two plants infested in
June and July the life-cycle occupied a minimum of four months,
and that the same plant after the emergence of adults may still contain
nymphs and larvae in different stages of development, all arising from
eggs deposited about the same date. An attempt was made to induce
X. annularis, which lives in dried bamboo, to oviposit on coffee plants,
but without success. Other species more closely allied to X. quadripes
may possibly oviposit on coffee, but the author is doubtful whether
such infestation occurs naturally. X. buqueti, for example, has been
taken in the close vicinity of coffee plants, but not on them. The
opinion is expressed that X. annularis should be placed in the allied

51

genus Chlorophorus, and is considered identical with the species from
Tonkin described by Fairmaire as Chlorophorus ionkinensis.

Numerous experiments have been made with the object of discovering
the food-plants of X. quadripes other than coffee. Some evidence
was obtained of oviposition on a wild species of Gardenia, and o\riposi-
tion on a cultivated Gardenia was observed one hour after the intro-
duction of adults of X. quadripes. Tea plants also became readily
infested in the experiment cages, while several species of Ixora have
been attacked by the larvae, without, however, any adults being
obtained.

The description of X. quadripes, Chevr.. given by Bourgoin is
quoted, and it is stated that it does not apply exactly to the coffee-
borer of Tonkin, particularly as regards coloration, the insect •being
very variable in this respect, as well as in form and size.

Only one species of coffee-plant, Coffea arabica, is as yet regularly
attacked at Tonkin by X. quadripes and the question has been con-
sidered whether another and more resistant variety could not be
advantageously substituted. The probability is that as other species
became more numerous the borer would attack these in default of its
preferred variety, but perhaps not with the same intensity as in the
case of C. arabica. Coffea robusfa is as yet very scarce at Tonkin, so
that its possible immunity is not definitely established. In Java,
where X. javanicus. Cast. & Gory, occurs. C. arabica is the only variety
of coffee attacked. The Chari variety is very little grown at Tonkin,
but a larva of X. quadripes was found living in it. Coffea liberica,
which has been cultivated in Tonkin almost as long as C. arabica, has
not previously been known to be attacked, but the author found some
plants that had died of a root disease riddled by galleries of this beetle,
which had every appearance of having been made before the death of
the plants. The damage to this variety does not however appear
as marked as in the case of C. arabica.

The times of emergence of the adults have been studied, and it is
hoped that eventually it will be possible to foresee the principal periods,
and to treat the plantations in time to prevent emergence and
consequently the infestation of fresh plants. Although emergence of
the adults occurs almost throughout the year, excepting during the
coldest weather, the numbers vary with the season. From January
to the end of March the adults, even if ready for emergence, do not
leave the galleries while the weather is cold ; they rest inactive until
there have been two or three sunny days before they come out. At
this time a careful watch should be kept for infested plants, though
frequently the signs of attack are not easily discernible. After the
beginning of April the infested trees are more in evidence and emergence
from these should be promptly prevented. In May, June and July
very few adults appear in the trunks, nymphs and larvae being chiefly
found. At the end of July, when the heavy summer rains come,
infested plants wilt suddenly and are easily recognised. Only larvae
are found in them at this time. In the author's opinion, the most
dangerous period at Cho-ganh in 1914 was August, September and
October, adults then being numerous on the stems. In November
and December, and through the other three ^^^nter months, emergence
is reduced to a minimum, and during this time it is only possible to
remove from time to time the affected plants that are dying or broken

52

by wind. By treating the coffee-plants before they wilt, it is found
that the stems very rarely show emergence holes, and generally contain
only larvae that require another month's development when placed
in cages before transforming to adults. After emergence, mating
and o\'iposition occur rapidly, sometimes on the same day. 1 he
adults take no food, although they may live three weeks or a month
if the weather is sufficiently cold to keep them inactive ; normally,
adult life lasts a fortnight or less.

Eggs are deposited on the main stems ^\^th much care and after
much deliberation on the part of the female, in such a manner as to
offer every advantage to the larva for penetrating the stem and at
the same time of protection from ants or other enemies. The number
of eggs deposited by one female varies greatly and is difficult to
determine, but it seems probable that one individual under normal
conditions may lay from 50 to 80 eggs, only one or two being deposited
in one place, and several plants being commonly attacked. The
eggs are soft and adapt themselves to the cavities into which they are
thrust. The larva upon hatching penetrates the stem, leaving behind
the egg covering, which serves to indicate the entrance hole, and begins
to construct a gallery, generally at first almost perpendicular to the
surface of the stem, then running under the bark and gradually turning
to the interior. As the larva nears maturity, the gallery frequently
almost girdles the stem, so that it readily breaks off at that point.
Before pupating, a cell is constructed near the bark, in which trans-
formation takes place. The larval stage is very variable, even in
individuals from eggs laid on the same day, lasting from 3 to 6 or 7
months. Being completely protected in their galleries, the larvae
cannot be destroyed by enemies, and in fact no parasitism, either by
insects or fungi, has ever been noticed in this species. The larvae are
very robust, and poison applied to the stems does not seem to deter
them from entering, or, in fact, to have any effect upon them. The
only possible methods of control therefore are the suppression and
destruction of infested plants and the prevention, if possible, of
oviposition. The larvae when mature cease feeding and remain
inactive for about eight days. The pupal stage, passed within the
pupal cell, is generally from 2 to 3 days, sometimes longer in winter.

In considering remedial measures it must be borne in mind that
these must be inexpensive, in view of the numbers of trees to be dealt
with, and easy of application, since only native labour is available.
It is advisable to avoid the vicinity of forests or heavy undergrowth
in choosing a site for a coft'ee plantation, and a new plantation should
not be started in the neighbourhood of an old one that is already
infested. It is necessary to watch the plantation almost all the year
round and cut out infested plants as early as possible, before they
have begun to decay. The signs of borer attack are described. The
first indication is generally a yellowing of the leaves ; the blossoming
of infested plants is frequently abundant and sudden, although the
plants appear no more vigorous than their neighbours, and berries in
all stages of ripeness may appear simultaneously on one tree. Some-
times small branches, generally at the head of the tree, may die oif.
It is a serious sign when termites are found on the plants, for these
profit by the old emergence holes and galleries of the borer to enter
and attack the wood. In this case there is frequently a visible

53

thickening of the tissues follo^^^ng the Hne of the galleries, and the
bark is very much cracked. The only certain sign of borer attack is
the emergence holes and this can be verified by shaking the stem,
holding it near the top, when it will probably break off in the worst
infested spot. Once cut away, the infested plants should be burnt
as quickly as possible. It is not sufficient to break off the infested
parts of the plant, and it is better to saw them off below the lowest
point of infestation. Even in this case there are frequently galleries
left that do not appear in the section and from which adults will
emerge later ; while if the main stem is cut fairly high too many lateral
branches are formed, the growth being green and vigorous but not
assisting future production. The ideal method would be to dig up
the plant entirely and plant a fresh one, if this were possible. After
June or July infested plants should be cut down to a maximum height
of six to eight inches above gi'ound-level, only one or two vertical
branches being allowed to grow. Plants so treated show promise
of good production, but further results must be awaited before recom-
mendations can be given with any certainty. In older plantations
it would seem that with even severer treatment good results might be
obtained. It is suggested that all plants should be well hilled up
and the trunks washed, allowing only a few vertical branches that can
be easily watched to grow.

Various attempts to coat the stems of coffee plants with earth,
generally mixed with iron or copper sulphate, have previously been
made without much success, as the normal growth of the plant is
sufficient to break the coating, which moreover will not stand rain and
breaks off in flakes at the slightest shock. Tests have therefore been
made with other substances. The author considers it useless to
attempt to treat with washes trees more than four years old, unless
these have been thoroughly pruned. Plants treated with washes
would also not be entirely protected from borer attacks, as the beetle,
instead of ovipositing low down on the main stems, as is usually
the case, would do so at the base of lateral branches which could not
be protected. Efficient washing will, however, materially lessen the
damage and should be done twice during the year, once in the early
months and once after the heavy summer rains. Various compositions
of glue were tried, but did not give good results, the wash running
gradually off the plant to the ground and forming from the first only
a very thin coating which, while sufficient to prevent oviposition,
is not sufficient to prevent the emergence of adults. Tar and coal-tar
were also tried, the physical properties of the latter rendering it
preferable to the other substances, but even this cannot prevent the
adults from biting through the coating and making their e'rc.'
The practice of singeing the stems to destroy the eggs before hatching
is not recommended. The period of incubation being from 6 to 8 days
it would be necessary to singe the stems every sixth or seventh day to
produce the desired effect. Moreover, this could hardly be done
during the flowering period, nor during the long period of gathering the
crop.

Experiments with poisons to be absorbed by the roots with a view
to poisoning the larvae that feed upon the plant have as yet given very
little success ; in many cases the plant seems to be severely injured,

54

while in no cases has any detrimental effect on the larvae been observed.
These tests will however be continued with various toxic substances.

Minor pests of coffee observed at Cho-ganh include a larva of which
the adult is unknown but may prove to be the Chrysomelid, Sagra
'purpurea. This larva lives in the soil at the base of coffee plants,
sometimes at a depth of nearly two feet, and feeds on the roots. The
presence of this insect cannot be recognised until the plant suddenly
wilts. The stem then breaks off with the least shock at the point most
severely attacked, generally at a depth of about 4 inches from the
ground ; the larva can generally be found in the soil around or in the
broken stump left in the earth. Considerable damage is caused by
this pest, which attacks particularly young and newly set plants,
or those still in the nursery, though older plants also may be attacked.
A very similar larva, which may be the same species, occurs at Cho-ganh
in the w^ood of dead or dying candle-nut {Aleurites moluccana), Japanese
lily, teak, lemon-tree, etc. These species are being studied. Xyleborus
coffene, Wurth, was of rare occurrence in 1914 ; if this species becomes
troublesome the infested branches should be cut and burnt as soon as
possible. Zeuzera coffeae, N., in the larval stage damages the interior
of the stems of coffee. This moth was abundant in the early part of
1914, but is not likely to increase to a dangerous extent as it is heavily
parasitised by a Hymenopterous larva. Other food-plants of this
pest are Japanese lily, litchi, guava (both wild and cultivated),
AcalypJia sp. and other brushwood plants.

Miscellaneous Lepidopterous pests include a species found on the
branches in silken nests ; a Psychid larva living on the foliage in a
case ; the larvae of Altha adala, Moore, and Thosea sinensu, Wlk. ;
and Euproctis fraterna, Moore, living in colonies on the leaves and
young shoots.

Coccids are, with the exception of X. quadripes, the most serious
pests of coffee at Tonkin ; fortunately a number of Dipterous and
Hymenopterous parasites assist greatly in keeping them in check.
Pseudococcus citri, Risso, is the most dangerous species , and is frequently
accompanied by Saissetia hemisphnerica. Ants are attracted by these
scales and give trouble by constructing their nests near the plants
attacked. An unidentified Coccid occurs on the foliage of Coffea
liherica and a species of Pseudococcus on the wood under the bark.

Andkews (E. a.). Notes on Insect Pests of Green Manures and Shade
Trees.— Qtrly. Jl.Scient. Dept, Indian Tea Assoc, Calcutta, Pt. 2,
1918, pp. 29-34. [Received 3rd December 1918.]

The Lycaenid butterfly, Lampides {Polyommatus) ba-etica, L.,
oviposits in the flower-buds and on the pods of leguminous plants,
the newly hatched larvae boring into the pod and feeding on the
seeds. When mature, they emerge from the pod to pupate on the
plant. This butterfly occurs in all parts of India, and it is common
in Assam in the cold weather. It is also a pest of Croialaria juncea
(sunn hemp) and Cajanus indicus, two common green manure crops.
No remedial measures are known except hand-picking and the
destruction of affected pods.

Argina argus, KolL, a Hypsid moth, oviposits on the under-side of
leaves of Crotalaria spp. The eggs are laid in clusters and the larvae

55

have been found boring into the pods of C. sericea in April and feeding
on the leaves of C. striata in May, and other species in June. Spraying
is recommended in cases where the leaves only are attacked. Though
it pupates in the soil, it cannot be destroyed by hoeing in the crop, as
the pupal stage extends over 4-G days only, and there are several
broods in a year. A ITyuienopterous parasite has been found attacking
the larvae and may prove to be of value in controlling the pest.
A. cribraria, Clerck, a closely alhed species, attacks the leaves of
Crotalaria sericea. There are usually three broods in the year.

Euproctis scintillans, Wlk., is a Lymantrid moth; the caterpillars
of which attack mangos, various species of Hibiscus, sunn hemp,
linseed and castor, and have been found in June feeding on the leaves
of Cassia fistula. It has a larval period of a fortnight and a pupal
period of four days only.

The Arctiid, Ulelheisa pulchelkt, L., is probably the worst pest of
sunn hemp in India and is very common in Assam. The eggs are laid,
either singly or in small clusters, on the lower surface of the leaves
of the food-plant. The larvae hatch in 3 or 4 days, pupation being
effected in a flimsy cocoon between the leaves of the plant, and the
moth emerging in from 5 to 7 days ; the whole life-cycle takes about a
month. The plants attacked are Crotalaria juncea, C. striata, and
other species. Remedial measures are very difficult, spraying and
hand-picking being useful on small plots, but impracticable in the
field. The chief hope of control Hes in the possible discovery of a
larval parasite, though spraying with lead chromate might be
of value.

The larva of the Pyralid, Terasiia egialealis, Wlk., bores in the young
stems and shoots of Erythrina indica, having been found in January.
A closely allied species T. meticulosalis, attacks Erythrina in a similar
manner in other parts of India, the attack resulting in the dying
back of the shoots, which eventually break off. Infested trees should
be cut back to sound wood and the bored shoots burned.

A small black fly, the larva of which feeds on the seeds of Cajanus
indicus in April, has been found to be identical with the species known
as the tur-pod fly or red gram Agromyza in other parts of India. The
eggs are laid in the mature flowers or very young pods, and the larvae
on hatching eat a groove round the seed. The larval stage lasts for
about a week, pupation taking place inside the pod, and the fly emerging
in a few days. Pods affected become distorted and twisted, their
collection and destruction being the only remedy known, though a
Hymenopterous parasite attacking the fly has been recorded.

TuNSTALL (A. C). Spraying Experiments in 1917.— Qtrly. Jl. Scient.
Dept, Indian Tea Assoc, Calcutta, Pt. 2. 1918, pp. 38-45, 3 plates.
[Received 3rd December 1918.]

A series of experiments to ascertain whether the spray fluids in
common use as fungicides and insecticides cause a sufficiently large
increase in the leaf of tea in normal health to warrant their application
is described. The results showed that the increases in yield were not
sufiiciently large to cover the cost of spraying, which therefore is of
no practical value.

56

Andrews (E. A.). An Experiment on the Treatment of Red Spider by-
Insecticides. — Qtrly. Jl. Scient. Dept. Indian Tea Assoc, Calcutta,.
pt. 2, 1918, pp. 46-49. [Received 3rd December 1918.]

Atrial of insecticides against tlie mite, Tdranychus bioculatus, "W.-M.^
on a badly afEected area during the second week in May was unfor-
tunately rendered futile by a rainfall of nearly 4| inches in 1 hour 35-
minutes some 3 days after their application, the result being that
both the pest and the remedies were washed off.

Examination of leaves plucked on the day of application, however,
showed that sulphur, lime-sulphur, Cya sulphur, and Vermisapon were
perfectly efl&cient, and Cook's nicotine spray so nearly so, that, ha\Tng
regard to the fact that on some leaves all the mites were dead, it must
be concluded that faulty application was responsible for the escape
of 2 '5 per cent, of the mites. Crude oil emulsion was not quite so good
as the above, while sodium silicate had very little effect.

Ritchie (A. H.). Annual Report of Entomologist, — Jamaica Dept.
Agric. Ann. Kept, for Year ended 31st March 1918, Kingston, 1918,
pp. 34-40.

During 1917-1918, the sweet potato was injured by Cylasformicarius^
F. (sweet potato weevil), largely owing to lack of selection of vines
and unseasonable planting. Slips consisting of the growing tip of
the vine have the advantages of being weevil-free, of establishing
themselves more quickly and of yielding better results. The most
important remedial measures are selection of slips, sanitation of the
fields and rotation of crops. A new weevil, Palaeopus costicollis,
Mshl., causing injury very similar to that of C.jormicarius and Euscepes
batatae, was reared from sweet potatoes in May. Euscepes jjorcelhis,
Boh., not previously recorded from Jamaica and possibly an intro-
duction, was reared from larvae breeding in the stems of sweet potato
just at the ground-level. It has been recorded generally from Central
America, and also occurs in Porto Rico and Cuba. Sweet potato chips
for potato flour manufacture were injured by a Scolytid beetle,
Hypothenemus ritchiei, Samps. It should be readily controlled by
proper drying and storage. Pilocrocis tripunctata, F. (sweet potato
leaf-folder) occasionally becomes destructive ; the larvae, however,
can be controlled by sprapng with lead arsenate at the rate of 2 lb,
to 40 gals, water. A Cassidid, Metriona propingua, was recorded
as injuring sweet potato foliage, but never became so numerous or
destructive as Coptocycla fiavoliyieata, Latr., reported in the previous
year.

The yam crop was injured by Aspidiotus hartii, Ckll. (yam scale),
which sometimes kills out plants entirely. Control consists in dipping
the yam heads before planting in strong lime-sulphur, 1 gal. concentral
(32° Be.) to 10 gals, water. Reinfestation, however, may come from
crawling larval stages blown by the wind or carried on the feet of
birds or larger insects ; hence a new yam patch should preferably be
to leeward of a previously infested one. Since 1st January 1918,
the Federal Horticultural Board of the United States Department of
Agricultuie has forbidden the importation of yams and sweet potatoes
grown in Jamaica owing to the prevalence of the weevils, Cylas formi-
carius, F., and Euscepes batatae, Waterh.

57

Field peas suffered extensive losses in yield due to injuiies by
weevils in the field and in storage. The species chiefly concerned were
Bruchus phaseoli, Gyl., and B. quadrimaculatus, ¥., the loss being
mainly due to delayed harvesting and bad storage. There is no
known method of field treatment, and remedies he in proper and imme-
diate care of the crop. Complaints of injuries by cutworms during
1917-18 were more numerous than usual owing to th(? hurried
reclamation of uncultivated land without extended fallowing operations
or treatment with poison-bait. The burning- over of such land as a
measure against cutworms and crickets {Gryllus assimilis, Wlk.) is
to be discouraged, since the impoverishment of the soil due to humus
destruction more than outweighs the small and indeed questionable
gain to the crop.

Maize suffered the usual losses from the corn-worms, Heliothis
ohsolela, F. , and Laphjgma frugiperda, S. & A. Young plants may be
protected : — (1) by mixing a fittle over | teaspoonful Paris green in
one quart maize meal till it has a greenish tint and sprinkling a pinch of
this in the heart of each unfolding plant ; (2) by hghtly dusting lead
arsenate and wood ashes in equal parts, or Paris green one part, road
dust, white hme, wood ashes 15 parts, from a fine muslin bag into the
heart ; (3) by spraying lead arsenate J lb. to 4 gals, water from a tin
mist sprayer into the heart of the plant ; (4) by hand picking ; (5) by
ground cultivation with the scuffle hoe ; (6) by preparing a well-tilled
and rich seed-bed to ensure the quick estabhshment of the plants.
Injury by weevils can be avoided by proper storage and fumigation
by heat or carbon bisulphide.

Bananas throughout the island are generally infested with red
spider, which, however, is not abundant, nor as a rule injurious, though
it may become a pest at times and have a serious devitalising effect
if not taken in hand. Experiments with Black-leaf 40 and lime-
sulphur were being carried out when the hurricane of 23rd September
1917 totally destroyed the field. Since the same date the coconut
beetles, Sternod&ntis damicornis and Macraspis tetradactyla, L., have
both been taken repeatedly in a somewhat unusual location, namely,
the heart of the coconut, their presence there being probably due to
the prevalence of injured fermenting tissue in the crown. The latter
beetle and Scalmus inter stitialis, Esch., have both been found breeding
in decaying stumps and felled coconut stems about plantations.
Other species collected were Strategus titanus (not S. anach&reta as has
been stated) and Metamasius sericeus, Oliv. Pseudococcus nipae,
Mask., attended by ants has become numerous on newly estabhshed
nuts, and the bagworm Oiketicus sp. has been reported damaging
coconut foliage.

The pineapple weevil, Metamasius ritchiei, Mshl., again claimed a
large percentage of the crop in 1917, the recommendations made in
1916 for its control not having been generally acted upon. It is a
pest difficult to control directly, once it has gained a footing, as its
life is passed in the seclusion of the pine tissues, and reliance must be
placed on preventive measures.

Anastrepha fraterculus, Wied., has been found to preponderate
among fruit-flies bred from mangos, guavas, Spondias dulcis, <). mombin
and *S. purpurea, but the Mediterranean fruit-fly {Ceratitis capitata)
does not appear to be present in the Island.

(C538) B

58

A Chalcid, Bephrata cubensis, Ashm., was found in October infesting
the fruits of Anona squamosa (sweet sop), on which it is also found in
Florida and Cuba.

Other insect pests collected were :— PtycJiodes trilineatus, L. (three-
hned fig-tree borer) ; Oncideres cmgulatus, Say, girdling the almond,
Terminalia catappa; Apate terebrans, Pall., and A. subtnedia, Wlk.,
the latter bred from orange and pomegranate ; and Pachymerus
{Caryoborus) gonagra, F., a well known Indian pest found breeding in
tamarind pods.

A termite, Arrhinotermes simplex, Hagen, was responsible for serious
damage to stored timber. Samples of wheaten flour from a bakery
were found to be heavily infested by a beetle, Tribolimn confusvm,
Duv., the larvae of a flour moth, and a mite, Tyroglyphus farinae.
Many complaints were receivedoof damage done to stored dress-stuffs
and clothes by the brown house-cricket, Gnjllodes sigillatus, Wlk.

Young dogwood trees {Piscidia enjthrina) were severely attacked
and retarded in growth by the Psyllid, Euphalerus nidifex, Schwarz,
which distorted the young tips. Severe damage was done to roses
in May by a Chrvsomehd beetle, Metachroma sp., which was however
controlled by spraying with lead arsenate at the rate of 1 oz. per
gal. water. The Lycid beetle, Thonahnus militaris, Dalm., occurred
on sugar-cane and the Fulgorid. Ormenis perpiisillns, Wlk., on coffee,
but did no damage.

Insects injuring vegetables included: — Spartocera fusca, Thb., on
potato foliage ; DiaphoMia nitidalis, Cram., on cucumbers and pump-
kins ; Pieris sp. , on cabbages ; Prodenia dolichos, F. , on turnips ;
and Fundella peUucens, Z., on cowpea pods.

Woods (W. C). The Biology of Maine Species of Allica. — Univ. Maine
Agric. Expt. Sta., Orono, Bull. 273, October 1918, pp. 149-204,-
4 figs.

A detailed description is here given of three new species of Haltica
{AUica) from Maine : — H. corni, on dog-wood, H. rosae, on wild rose,
and H. idmi, on elm. These are all forms that in the past would have
been treated as varieties of H. ignita. 111., which the author considers a
composite species.

Keys are given to the adults and early stages of the Maine species
of this genus, including the blueberry flea-beetle, H. torquata, Lee.

They can all be controlled by spraying with lead arsenate. Parasitic
flies have been bred from the adults of two species and a predaceous
bug has been found attacking the larva of another. They are all
susceptible to fungous and bacterial diseases, which doubtless play
a large role in holding them in check.

NouGARET (R. L.). Grape Mealybug (Pseudococcus bakeri, Essig.) —
Mthly. Bidl. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 9,
September 1918, pp. 511-514, 3 figs. [Received 6th December
1918.]

Pseudococcus baJceri (P. maritimus, Ehrh.) (grape mealy-bug) is a
pest of g_Apes in Cahfornia for which at present no reliable remedial
method can be recommended. This scale is not particularly adapted
to the grape but is omnivorous, feeding on citrus, pear, walnut, and

59

some ornamental plants, both in the open air and in hot-houses,
and at times on certain species of bulbs and roots when exposed
above ground.

Hibernation takes place in the larval stage and begins immediately-
after hatching in September and October. The larvae begin feeding
in March and April, hiding in crevices and under loose pieces of bark
where they have access to the cambium layer. The individuals of
this brood attain maturity in June and oviposit during that month,
the larvae feeding on the green tender canes and leaves and being
found in the bunches of grapes when adult, or when almost full grown.
There are two distinct generations a year, oviposition occurring in
June to July, and September to October. The eggs usually hatch in
from 7-10 days, though in the autumn they may take as long as
2 weeks.

This mealy-bug causes httle or no injury to the vine, nor are the
grapes affected in their development or in the percentage of sugar
they contain, even when heavily infested. The damage caused
consists solely in a depreciation of the market value of the grapes
owing to the condition of the bunches, the honeydew forming a sticky
mass containing the white flocculent egg-sacs and cast skins. Grapes
such as these may be dried, but make an inferior raisin ; the best
use for them is the distillery. Unless the bunches are heavily infested,
the scale is seldom seen on the outside berries, its presence being only
detected by the honeydew on them.

Conditions best suited to the insect are shade and seclusion, and
protection from bright hght, wind and sudden change of temperature.
When a bunch of grapes is picked these conditions change, and the
insect leaves the bunch sooner or later and crawls about, hiding in
some crack or crevice of the picking box, whence it may reach other
boxes stacked in the packing shed. Special attention and precau-
tionary measures should therefore be taken in the packing shed, the
most important being : — The exclusion of all bunches showing signs
of honeydew and the rejection of boxes containing such grapes ; the
disinfection of boxes that have contained infested bunches, either by
dipping them in boihng water, by subjecting them to a jet of steam so
as to reach every crack and crevice and all the surfaces of the box,
or fumigating them with hydrocyanic gas or sulphur.

Maskew (F.). a Record of Six Years' Work.— M«^^^. Bull. Cal. State
Cofnmiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 9, September 1918,
pp. 521-522, 1 fig. [Received 6th December 1918.]

A list of some of the more destructive insects that have been kept
out of the State of California by means of its quarantine system
during the years 1912-1918 includes :- Mediterranean fruit-fly
(Ceratitis capitata), Mexican fruit-fly {Anastrepha ludens), gipsy moth
[Porthetria dispur), pink bollworm of cotton {Pedinophora gossypiella),
Colorado potato beetle {Le])tinotarsa decemlineata), plum curculio
{Conotrachelus ?ienuphar), melon fly (Dams cucurbitae), bro\\Ti-tail
moth {Nygmia phaeorrhoea), Mexican cotton boll weevil {Anthonomus
grandis), alfalfa weevil {Hyjyera variabilis), sweet potato weevils
{Cylas jormicarius and Euscepes batatae), Japanese beetle {Adoretus
umbrosus) and Oriental peach moth {Cydia molesta).

(C538> b2

60

Wood (W. B.). The Oriental Peach Moth: a Japanese Fruit Insect
recently introduced into the United States. — Mihly. Bull. Col.
State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 9, September 1918,
pp. 523-528, 8 figs. [Received 6th December 1918.]

Cydia (Laspeyresia) molesta, Busck (oriental peach moth), recently
introduced into the United States, has become firmly estabhshed in the
eastern States. Larvae were first discovered in the twigs and fruit
of peach late in 1915 in the vicinity of Washington, D.C, A small
amount of injury noticed during the two preceding years had been
attributed to Anarsia lineatella, L. (peach twig-borer). The view
that this insect is an importation from Japan is strengthened by the
fact that it has been recognised as a pest in that country for about
10 years, causing considerable injury to peaches and pears. So far,
there is no evidence of its presence on the Pacific coast. Particulars
of its fife-history and parasites, as well as such remedial measures as
are possible, have already been given at length from other sources
[see this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp. 369,373].

Mackie (D. B.). Some Results of Gypsy Moth Presence in Massachusetts.
— Mihly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no, 9,
September 1918, p. 536. [Received 6th December 1918.]

The control of the gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar] cost the State of
Massachusetts in 1917, £70,000 for lead arsenate alone. When to
this is added the cost of labour, equipment, etc., and an additional
sum amounting to more than one-third of the above expended by
private individuals on poisons, etc., some idea may be gained of what
this pest is costing the State annually.

However, as a compensation, the entire system of forestry practice
has been radically changed owing to the presence of the moth. As a
result of the information gained by intensive studies of its feeding
habits a definite plan of procedure has been developed and is being
rigidly adhered to. All seU-sowTi growth of oaks, birches and other
species which serve as food-plants is kept cut out and conditions are
made unfavourable for their propagation. Further, spray machinery
has been vastly improved, giant power sprayers having been con-
structed, largely of bronze, and perfected till they are capable of
throwing a spray over the highest forest trees, thus materially reducing
sprapng costs.

Mackie (D. B.). Some Aliens we do not want, why we do not want
them, and how they may arrive, iii. The European Cornstalk
Borer. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii,
no. 9, September 1918. pp. -"341-544, 5 figs. [Received 6th
December ]

Pyrausta nubilalis (European cornstalk borer) was introduced into
Cahfornia from Europe in a cargo of hemp {Cannabis sativa), and has
already established itself and spread north and south of its point of
entry. Though a most destructive pest of maize, being closely allied
to P. vastatrix, the chief maize pest in certain regions of the Orient,
it feeds on a number of other plants, including sorghum, and is beheved
occasionally to infest sugar-cane. It feeds by boring in the stalk,
generally entering at the node and working upwards.

61

There is no particular seasonal brood, though the moths appear to
be more numerous from May to August. The larvae also may be found
during several months, the length of their existence being very variable,
lasting in some cases over 6 months.

The exact distribution of this species has never been definitely
recorded, though it occurs throughout the PhiUppine archipelago and
probably also in China. No practical measures, other than cultural
methods, are possible for its control, which is chiefly effected by a
small Tachinid fly.

EssiG (E. 0.). A Record of the Corn Earworra attacking Beans and a
Suggestion as to the Reason of the Outbreak. — Mthly. Bull. State
Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 9, September 1918,
pp. 544-545. [Received 6th December 1918.]

An unusual attack of the corn ear worm [Heliothis obsokfa] occurred
during July in the bean fields of one county in Cahfornia, the cater-
pillars becoming abundant very suddenly and injuring the bean pods,
especially those of Lima beans, 20-75 per cent, of the first setting
being destroyed. Holes were made in the pods, which were usually
shed, and in some cases entirely devoured. The caterpillars were of
. all stages, and adult moths were quite abundant in the fields, ovipositing
on the bean plants, and being most active at night. The first pupae
were taken in the soil on 20th July, but many must have been there
prior to this, giving rise to a continual emergence of moths from the
beginning of July. The use of powders, including neutral lead arsenate
and acid powders mixed with hydrated Ume or with kaolin and applied
to all parts of the plant with a hand duster, seemed hkely to give good
results. The usual formula for poison bran mash for cutworms was
used against the larvae with good effect.

The pest probably originated in a district of 400 acres along the coast
devoted to tomato culture, tomatoes being a favourite food-plant.

Stevens (V. G.). Report of a Recent Investigation for Evidence of
Alfalfa Weevil in Alfalfa Fields adjacent to the Salt Lake Railroad.

— Mthly. Bull. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 9,
September 1918, pp. 546-548, 1 fig. [Received 6th December
1918.]

A survey of the lucerne fields adjacent to the Salt Lake Railroad,
into which it was feared that the alfalfa weevil [Hypera variabilis]
might have been introduced, showed no trace of this pest.

The insect most abundant in all fields was Colius {Eurymus) eurytheme
Boisd. (alfalfa butterfly).

Armitage (A. H. M.). Some Work of tha Branch Insectary.— M//?7y.

Bull. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, vii, no. 9, September
1918, pp. 548-551. [Received 6th December 1918.]

During the month of September 1918, 45,125 individuals of
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri were liberated on a number of citrus estates,
IT^of which were infested with Pseudococcus citri, 10 with P. citrophilus
and 2 with P. longispinus. One small shipment of larvae destined
for France was dispatched. A strong colony of Leptomustix also was

62

liberated in practically new territory, and a number of adult Rhizobius
ventmlis were forwarded for liberation in San Francisco.

The examples of C. montrouzieri distributed were largely those
that had been collected by means of hand-screens provided wath funnels,
a method that enabled two collectors in 16 hours to obtain 25,000
adults, and the following week an additional 35,000 in a district where
the beetles had completed their work and there was no further need
for them.

A comparison between two equally infested orchards, in one of which
the Coccinelhd was not introduced until the mealy-bug infestation had
almost defoliated the trees and there Avas practically no fruit left,
and in the other in which it was liberated early in the season with the
result that there was little indication of any previous infestation,
shows that this biological method is valuable as a preventive rather
than as a cure.

Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Reports for the Months of July
and August 19iS.—Mthly. Bull. Cat. State Commiss. Hortic.
Sacramento, vii, no. 9, September 1918, pp. 552-555. [Received
6th December 1918.]

The following pests were intercepted during the months of July
and August : — From Central America : Pseudococcus spp., Aspidiotiis
cyanophylli, and Icerija spp. on bananas. From China : Unidentified
weevil larvae in sweet potatoes, and Lepidopterous larvae in dry herbs.
From Japan : Lepidopterous larvae in peanuts and dry persimmons ;
Poliaspis pini on pine trees, and Pseudococcus spp. on Daphne. From
Hawaii : Pseudococcus bromeliae and Diaspis bromeliae on pineapples ;
larvae of Dacus cucurbitae in cucumbers ; Coccus hesperidum on
Cassia nodosa. From New South AVales : Aleurodes sp. on holly.
From Tahiti : Lepidosaphes becldi and Morganelh nmskelli on
oranges. From Pennsylvania : Tortricids on swamp mandrake ;
Aphids on geraniums ; Cerataphis lataniae and Pseudococcus spp. on
unidentified plants ; Aspidiotus cyaiiophylli on a guava plant. From
Utah : Lepidosaphes ulmi on unidentified foliage ; Cydia pomonella
on pears. From Washington : Pseudococcus spp. on poinsettia
plants. From Nicaragua : An undetermined weevil in tamarinds.
From Mexico : Unidentified Coleoptera on roots ; weevils in palm
nuts. From Peru : Phthorimaea operculella and larvae of an
unidentified weevil in potatoes.

Smith (L. B.). Spinach Blight and its Transmission by Insects.—

Separate [n. d.] from Eleventh Ann. Rept. State Entomologist
[Virginia], 1916-1917 [sine loco], 21 pp., 6 figs. [Received
7th December 1918.]
The information contained in this pamphlet has already., been
abstracted from a previous paper [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 453].

Keller (G. N.). Investigations as to the Supply and Use of Tobacco

Products for Insecticidal Purposes. — Jl. Dept. Agric. & Tech.

Instruction for Ireland, Dublin, xviii, no. 2, 1918, pp. 180-186.

[Received 7th December 1918.]

The neglect of spraying on account of the high price of nicotine is

the cause of considerable loss every year to the horticultural interests

63

of the United Kingdom, where economic difficulties and disadvantages
have discouraged the growing of tobacco for insecticides. The
immense quantities of refuse tobacco stalks that are regularly-
abandoned to the Crown have a considerable potential value as a
source of nicotine and plant foods, especially potash, of which there is
at present a great shortage.

The Department has devised a cheap and efficient means of utilising
the insecticidal and manurial value of refuse tobacco stalks which
could be practised on any farm, and which consists in dissolving the
nicotine out of tobacco stalks in a sufficient quantity of water to make
the extract suitable, without further dilution, for immediate application
as a spray fluid against orchard and garden pests. The manurial
value of the spent stalks can be utihsed, and their use for illegal purpose^
prevented by composting them with farmyard manure on the premises
where the extraction process is carried out.

The obstacles that prevent the economic use of these stalks by
agriculturists and manufacturers in the United Kingdom are excise
restrictions and the patent rights of foreigners. During the fiscal
year 1915-16, 7,626,725 lb. of refuse tobacco stalks were abandoned
to the Crown, the present wholesale value of the available nicotine,
nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash of which is approximately
£75,415.

Hag AN (J.). Spraying Experiments. — Jl. Dept. Agric. & Tech.
Instruction for Ireland, Dublin, xviii, no. 2, 1918, pp. 186-188,
3 figs. [Received 7th December 1918.]

This paper, an appendix to the preceding one, deals with the experi-
mental use of an extract made from refuse tobacco stalks against
green Capsid bugs, which during the past 8 or 9 years have occasioned
great loss to apple growers in Co. Armagh.

Various methods of extraction were tested, namely, (1) steeping the
stalks three times in cold well-water, (2) steeping them twice in
cold well-water, the stalks, being pressed after the first steeping,

(3) steeping the stalks once in cold well-water and pressing once,

(4) steeping them three times in fresh cold well-water ; the total
amount of water used in each case being about 1 gal. to 1 lb. of
stalks. Of these, the last was the most satisfactory, as the quantity
of stalks and amount of water were such that a paraffin oil barrel
could be used advantageously, and the expensive and tedious process
of pressing was not involved.

A block of apple trees all badly infested \nt\\ Capsid bugs and
larvae of Tortricids and the winter moth [Cheimatobia brumata] was
selected for spraying, lead arsenate (at the rate of 3 lb. to 40 gals,
extract) being added to make the spray effective against both biting
and sucking insects. The trees were sprayed immediately before the
flowers opened, and soon after the fruit had set. It was found that
the four different extracts gave results which were equally satisfactory,
and therefore three steepings of the tobacco stalks are not absolutely
essential. In another test, with trees very badly infested ^^^th Capsid
bugs, trees sprayed t^vice \\ith No. 4 extract showed about 2 per cent,
of fruit injured by the bugs, while unsprayed trees of similar varieties
showed about 75 per cent.

64

The extracts were also tested with good results on apple aphis
[Aphis pomi], apple sucker [Psylla mali], gooseberry aphis [Aphis
grossnlariae] and rose aphis [Aphis rosae].

Rutgers (A. A. L.)- Verslag van den Directeur van het Algemeen
Proefstation der A.V.R.O.S.. 1 Juli 1917—30 Juni 1918. [Report
of the Director of the General Experiment Station of the General
Association of the Rubber-planters of the East Coast of Sumatra,
1st July 1917 to 30th June 1918.]— Me£?an, 1918, 44 pp. [Received
13th November 1918.]

The insects received during the year included the following pests of
Hevm : The ])orers, Plafypns solidus, Wlk., P, schuUzei, Strohm., and
Xylothrips fluvipes, III. ; all these appear to be secondary pests chiefly
found in trees injured by lightning. Two scales, Aspidioiiis sp. and
another species believed to be Saissetia {Lecaniuni) nigra, also occurred.
On one estate the weeds were attacked by caterpillars of Prodenia
and Ergolis, and it was feared that the removal of weeds would result
in infestation of the Flevea. Psyche snelleni, HeyL , proved very trouble-
some on one estate. The conical shelters of the larvae are formed of
pieces of bark ; they usually feed on bark or on moss gro\Ndng on bark,
but in this case they attacked fresh one-month-old bast a short distance
above the tap- wound, making holes resembling neglected tap- wounds.
Only some of the larvae feed in this manner ; most of them are found
much higher up the stem and branches. Their hfe-history is similar
to that of other Psychids. The newly hatched larvae spin their
miniature cases from the material of that of the parent and begin
feeding. These small larvae readily attach themselves to the clothes
of passing persons or to the skin of animals, and this is their sole method
of spreading. Collection of the cocoons is the remedial measure
advised.

Tea pests included Pachypeltis humeralis, Wlk., or another closely-
allied Capsid bug, and a Lygaeid bug ; a Braconid was also present
which is probably more beneficial than injurious. Helopeltis has not
yet been observed on tea in Sumatra. Injurious Capsids reported
from the East Coast include Helopeltis sumatranus, Rpke. , H. fheivora,
Waterh., found on Ficus hispida, and H. antonii, Sign., on cacao.
LamelUcorn beetle larvae injured the roots of young tea plants in
seed-beds.

Liberia coffee was infested by the scale, Pulvinaria psidii. Mask.,
but the injury was very slight. A sample of coffee was found to be
severely infested by the coffee beetle, Araecerus fascicidatus. As
carbon bisulphide was difficult to obtain sulphur fumigation was
resorted to, but proved useless against the eggs and perhaps against
the larvae also. This beetle or a very closely related species also
attacks the seeds of Crotalaria and Tephrosia.

Among coconut pests were : — Brachartona cafoxantha, which on
one estate defohated about 3,000 palms, but was checked by collection
and by a Tachinid parasite, aided by a Chalcid and a Clerid beetle,
Callimerus sp. Coconuts were also attacked by Hidari irava, Moore,
Hispid and Cucujid beetles, Oryctes rhinoceros, Xylotrupes gideon,
and Rhynchophorus ferrugineiis. Copra was infested by a Tineid
moth, by a Nitiduhd beetle {Carpophilus sp.), a Cucujid {Laemophloeus

65

sp.), and the Clerid, Necrobia rufipes, De G. It is advisable to keep
copra from old nuts separate from that obtained from young ones,
as the latter is more severely attacked. Sulphur fumigation was
tried, but the results were not lastingly successful, and the method
at present employed is to keep the copra constantly turned over.
Oil-palm pests included a Psychid, Lansdownia bifenestralis, Snell.,
and a Limacodid, Orthocraspeda frima, Moore. Collection is the
only measure available against the latter. Miscellaneous pests
included termites, which are said to be kept away by planting
Euphorbia neriifolia around the threatened areas, probably owing to
its irritant sap ; this method is being tested.

SiLVESTRi (F.). Descrizione e Notlzie biologiehe di alcuni Imenotteri
Calcididi parassiti di Uova di Cicale. [A Description of and
Biological Notes on some Chalcids parasitising the Eggs of
Cicadas.]— Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric,
Portici, xii, pp. 252-265, 12 figs.

The two Chalcids that parasitise the eggs of Cicada plebeja, Scop.,
and Tettigia orni, L., are Cemmbycobius cicadae, Giraud, which is
re-described, and Centrodom cicadae, sp. n.,. of which a description
is given. Both Cicada plebeja and Tettigia orni oviposit from July
to early September in the tall stems of herbaceous plants {Arundo
pliniana) and in the twigs of woody plants {Acer campestris). The
stems or twigs must be dry and either not hollow, or, if hollow, with
walls thick enough to contain the egg-cells, which are about 10 mm.
in length in the case of Cicada and 5 mm. of Tettigia and are bored
towards the axis of the stem with a very pronounced downward slope.
There are from 1 1 to 15 cells on a stem ; they are placed in a
perpendicular line with a spacing of 10 mm. for Cicada and 5 mm. for
Tettigia. The presence of more than one line of cells appears to be
■due to more than one female or to the same female having pierced
more than one row. Each cell contains from 6 to 12 eggs of Cicada
and from 4 to 5 of Tettigia. The larvae appear in October and burrow
into the ground.

The adults of Cerambycobius cicadae appear at the end of July.
They are very active, feed readily on sugary substances and can mate
soon after emergence. The female introduces her ovipositor into
an egg-cell and deposits an egg on the first of the eggs of the host,
and usually visits the other cells also. Incubation requires four
days. The larva usually sucks all the eggs in the cell and sometimes
finishes feeding early in August. It remains in the cell until the
following year, when it pupates. As a rule, the adult emerges in the
sunmier of the following year, but sometimes a further year elapses
before emergence.

Centrodora cicadae, sp. n., has two annual generations. The adults
from the second generation of the previous year begin to appear early
in July. Mating and oviposition take place without delay. The egg
is deposited within the egg of the host. Eggs laid on 26th July hatched
out on 29th July ; the larvae were nearly full-grown on 31st July and
the adults appeared on 14th August. These adults give rise to the
second generation, the larvae of which remain in the eggs of the host

66

until the following year. Sometimes two or three parasitic larvae
are found in one egg. The degree of parasitism is small ; in 1917-1918
perhaps less than 1 per cent, were alrected.

SiLVESTRi (F.). II Genere Thysanus, Walker (Hymenoptera :
Chalcididae.) [The Genus Thysanus, Wlk.] — BoU. Lab. Zool.
Gen. Agrar. R. ScuolaSup. Agric, Portici, xii, pp. 266-271. 2 figs.

This is a re-description of the Chalcid genus Thysanus, Wlk.. and
of the genotype, T. afer, Wlk., which has been bred in Italy from
the scale, Aspidiotus ostreaejormis, Curt., occurring on Primus and
Corylus avellana., and from Aspidiotus or Asterolecanium (both scales
were found on the twigs) on Quercus robur.

El Coledptero Saperda carcharias, L., parasitado. [The Beetle,
S. carcharias, attacked by a Parasite.] — BoL Soc. Enfom. Espana,
Saragassa, \, no. 7, October 1918, p. 150.

The fungus, Entomophthora grylli, is recorded as infesting Saperda
carcharias, L. Larvae of this beetle, obtained from a block of Populus
nigra from the province of Gerona, Spain, were found to harbour
the fungus. A female adult was bred, but died in 12 days as a result
of the infestation.

Berlese (A.). Istruzioni per combattere la Mosea delle Olive {Daais
oleae, Rossi). [Instructions for combating the Olive Fly, Dacus
oleae.] — R. Staz. Entom. Agrar., Florence, 1915, 11 pp., 8 figs.
[Received 2nd December 1918.]

This paper describes both the author's and Professor Lotrionte's
methods of checking Dacus oleae by means of an arsenical poison-
bait [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, pp. 289 and 452].

De Stefani (T.). Alterazioni cecidiche piu frequenti su alcuni Albert
da Frutta in Sicilia. [The most common Galls on some Fruit
Trees in Sicily.]— .4 wwa/i R. Staz. Speriment. Agrum. Fruttic.^
Acireale, iv, 1916-1917, pp. 147-170, 1 plate. [Received 2nd
December 1918.]

The galls recorded in this paper are divided into groups, according
to the insects giving rise to them, and into sections, according
to the parts of the plant which are affected. Galls due to the action
of fungi are not included.

Jack (R. W.). A Note on the Maize Stalk Borer. — Rhodesia Agric. Jl.,
Salisbury, xv, no. 5, October 1918, pp. 449-450.

The practice of burning maize stalks during the winter in order to
destroy the grubs of the maize-stalk borer [Busseoh fusca] has the
disadvantage of wasting a certain amount of humus that would
otherwise be returned to the soil. In view of the fact that many
farmers are anxious to follow some procedure by which they may
retain the manurial value of the stalks in the rapidly deteriora ing
soils of some parts of the country, and at the same time prevent the
emergence of the moths, a series of experiments was conducted at

67

Salisbury with a view to deterniiniiig the depth of dry earth that
would prevent emergence, it was found that when buried at a depth
of 2 inche^^ most of the moths reached the surface, but all in a crippled
condition, the wings being shrivelled and the insects unable to fly.
When buried at 4 and (> inches all died in the soil without being able
to reach the surface. The stalks in the field, therefore would have to
be covered with loose earth to a sufficient depth during November
and December when the moths are emerging. They would have to
be laid along the bottom of the furrows during ploughing, and
sufficiently deep to escape being caught and dragged to the surface
by the harrow. Certain maize growers have reported success in
carrying out these operations, which present less difficulties in the
more friable soils.

SwAiNE (J. M.). Canadian Bark-Beetles. Part II. A Preliminary
Classification, with an Account of the Habits and Means of Control.

—Canada Dept. Agric, Ottawa, Bull. no. 14, 6th September 1918,
143 pp., 31 plates. [Received 11th December 1918.]

The object of this bulletin, of which Part I has previously been noticed
[see this Review^ Ser. A, v, p. 399], is to bring together the results
of many years' work and to afford a means whereby foresters, students
and others may readily identify the species of bark-beetles that are
injurious in the Canadian forests. A general account is given of the
Hfe-history of the beetles and their habits, the damage they inflict
and the means of combating them ; the structural characters are
also discussed and a preliminary classification of the identified species
is included. There are still numbers of undescribed species occurring
in Canada. It is pointed out that at the present time the protection
and correct utilisation of the timber resources of Canada is of greater
importance than ever, and the information contained in the present
bulletin should be of inestimable value in preventing the continued
loss of timber owing to the depredations of insects. A list of coniferous
host-trees, a glossary of technical terms, a bibliography, and an index
of species are included.

Davis (J. J.), The Corn Root-Aphis and Methods of Controlling It. —

U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 891,
December 1917, 12 pp., 5 figs. [Received 12th December 1918.]

This bulletin gives a popular account of Aphis maidimdicis (corn
root-aphis), its seasonal history and habits, its relations with ants,
especially Lasins niger antericatius, and the methods recommended
for its control.

Crosby (C. R.) & Leonard (M. D.). Manual of Vegetable Garden
Insects.— iVew' York, The Macmillan Co., 1918, 391 pp., 232 figs.,
8vo. [Price $ 2.50].

This book, one of the series of Rural Manuals edited by L. H. Bailey,
gives a great deal of information concerning the principal insects that
attack market and vegetable crops in North America. The insects
are grouped in sections under the heading of the crops affected. At
the end of each is a complete list of the insects injurious to the plants
dealt with, with a reference to the page on which the description of

68

each may be found. An account is given of the Hfe-history and habits
of each insect, both popular and scientific names being given, and such
remedial measures are recommended as have been proved effective
under conmiercial conditions or such as would seem to be worthy of
trial. A list of references to papers deaUng with the same subject is
appended to the account of each insect. The illustrations accom-
pamnng the text are numerous and well reproduced, and an adequate
index is included. A chapter on insecticides gives an account of the
more important materials now employed, with directions for their
preparation and use.

Pettit (H. R.). Entomological ffotes.—Qtrhj. Bull, Michigan Agric.
Coll. Expt. Sta., East Lansing, i, no. 1, August 1918, pp. 21-22.
[Received 12th December 1918.]

Only one outbreak of the army-worm [Cir2)his unipunda] was
recorded in 1918 up to 1st August, some fields of oats being destroyed.
The potato aphis [Macrosiphvm solanifolii] reappeared as was expected,
but in many districts was efficiently controlled by the larvae of
CoccinelUds. Other Aphids have been recorded from many districts
to be parasitised by a species of Lysiphlebus. The best remedial
measure is a spray of Black-leaf 40 at the rate of | to 1 pint to 100 gals,
water, with about 4 lb. common laundry soap added.

Collin (J. E.). A Short Summary of our Knowledge of the Frit-Fly.

— Ann. App. Biol, Cambridge, v, no. 2, October 1918, pp. 81-96.
[Received 14th December 1918.]

It is only in comparatively recent years that attention has been
directed to the losses in the British Isles caused by Oscinella (Oscinis)
frit (frit-fly), the damage done to crops, especially oats, in some years
being enormous. Roughly speaking, this is a very troublesome
pest throughout the whole of the south of England from Cornwall to
Kent, in the Eastern Counties (except in the Fen district), and north-
ward in the counties between Wales and the Midlands to Lancashire
and Yorkshire, with a few records from Northumberland. It appears
to be specially destructive in the counties bordering on the Thames
and the Severn, and in Hampshire, Dorset, East Devon and the Isle
of Wight. In Wales it has been noted as a pest from counties on the
Enghsh border, and it has been recorded as doing damage in Ireland
and Scotland.

Frit-fly damage occurs also in most of Northern and Central
Europe, and attacks by Oscinid larvae have been observed in
Canada and Minnesota.

In addition to damage to the young oat plant, subsequent injury
to the grain in the panicles is often very great, probably much more
so than is generally realised. The returns published by the Board
of Agriculture of the average yield of oats in England for the years
1910-1915, include the year 1912, when frit-fly attacks were excep-
tionally bad, and in Avhich year it is estimated that the yield was
reduced bv no less than 6| bushels per acre, the total loss being
12,126,198 bushels.

The plants attacked are rye, oats, barley, wheat, maize, and various
grasses. In England, spring oats are chiefly attacked, though attacks

69

on winter oats, winter and spring wheat, barley, rye and grasses have
been recorded. Infestation is most common (or most noticeable) on
the young plants not far advanced in growth, but the larvae of the
third brood will feed in the panicles of oats still hidden in the sheath ;
this also occurs, but more rarely in the British Isles, in the ears of
barley, while only two records have been traced of larvae living in
the ears of wheat. It has been stated that the females of the second
brood will only oviposit on the blossoming oats, and failing these,
on wild grasses. When able to choose between oats and barley,
the flies prefer the oats, the same preference having been noticed in
the case of oats and wheat. On the Continent the larvae appear to
winter mainly in rye, but also in winter wheat and wild grasses ; as
regards England little is known, but the larvae have been found in
winter wheat, winter oats, rye and in wild grasses, rye-grass, Arena
flavescens and Arrhenatherum avenaceum. Winter- wheat has also been
known to be attacked in the spring, the flies emerging at the end of
Jime and beginning of July.

The majority of writers agree that there are three broods, though
it has been thought that there may be four or even five in south Russia.
It has been suggested that there may be a constant succession of broods
dependent on the state of food-plants and the weather. Probably
the broods more and more overlap as the season advances. The
period of maximum emergence of the first brood of flies in England
is from the middle of April to the middle of May, while that of the
second brood is during July. The third brood has its maximum
emergence in August and September, but in the case of wheat sown
after rye-grass or Itahan rye-grass the crop has been known to be
attacked even when sown as late as November or early December,
apparently indicating the possible migration of larvae from ploughed-in
rye-grass to the young wheat plants.

In autunm and spring the eggs are laid on the leaves of the young
plants, preferably on the under-side, or on the stem close to the ground.
In the summer they may be laid on the sheaths enclosing the ears,
on the panicles of oats, on the young grains of oats and barley, or on
wild grasses. The maximum number of eggs laid in one day is 6 ;
in moist air and a high temperature these may hatch in 3 days, but
dry air will kill them. Normally only one larva is present in each
shoot, but as many as ten have been found in a single plant. The
spring and autumn larvae five in the young stem eating the tender
central leaves and shoot, which is ultimately killed, the plant mean-
while producing side-shoots. The summer larvae hve in the summit
of the stem, feeding on the hidden ears or panicles, or in the stems of
grasses. The spring and autunm larvae pupate under the sheath of
the outer leaves, the summer ones among the leaves surrounding
the hidden ear or panicle, or in the grain itself, or between the grain
and the husk. The pupal stage may last 8-14 days, the length of
time being governed by the amount of moisture, the drier the
conditions the longer the period. Experiments have proved that
flies were capable of getting through 7-9 inches of rammed wet earth
upon emergence from pupae buried at that depth. Very varying
accounts of the length of hfe of the adults have been given by various
writers, that of the male being from 1 day to 1 month, that of the female
from 2 weeks to 5 months.

70

In discussing the synonomy of this species it is pointed out that
the variety of this insect that has been recorded under the name
'pusilla is not the true 0. piisilla of Meigen. This variety has been
recorded on the Continent as attacking only rye in the winter
generation and only the panicles of oats in the summer one.

The parasites of the frit-fly include Sigalphns cmidatus, Pferomalus
puparvm, P. micans, Rhoptotneris 2vildhami, Tricliomanus crisfafus,
Polyscytus oscinidis, Merisiis intermedins, Seniiotellus nigripes, and
Miris dolobmtus.

It is the universal opinion that late-sown spring crops are most
afiected, the date of the beginning of the dangerous period being
probably dependent on the weather. Spring corn sown before
the end of March is usually not attacked ; occasionally it may
be safe to sow up to the middle of April on a good tilth, but after that
date attack is very probable in infested districts. Reports of bad
frit-fly attack on crops " after grass " are common both in this country
and in Canada. It must be remembered that some of the reported
attacks on wheat may have been due to Hylemyia coardata, damage
by which much resembles that of 0. frit. Attention has also been
called to the possibihty of infested seeds acting as a source of infection.

The only remedies are early sowing and stimulation of early growth.
The best time for sowing probably varies with the season, but crops
sown early in March usually enjoy immunity from attack. Ammonium
sulphate and sodium nitrate appear to be two of the best top-dressings
for young oats, and it has been specially noted that sodium nitrate,
applied as soon as the oats were through, gave better results in a dry
season than ammonium sulphate apphed when oats were drilled.
Fields should be kept clean of grass, and grass borders round fields
and grass edgings to field roads should be destroyed.

Morris (H. M.). The Larval and Pupal Stages of Scatopse notata, L. —
Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge, v, no. 2, October 1918, pp. 102-108,
7 figs., 1 plate. [Received 14th December 1918.]

The larva and pupa of Scatopse notata. L., are here described from
larvae obtained in Cheshire at the end of October 1917, in the decaying
remains of a wasp's nest. The pupal stage was found to last about
14 days.

Green (E. E.). A List of Coecidae affecting various Genera of Plants.
— Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge, v, no. 2, October 1918, pp. 143-
156. [Received 14th December 1918.]

This paper forms the third part of the author's valuable list of
Coccids and their food-plants [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, p. 519 & vi,
p. 281].

Bevan (W.). To Potato Growers' and Merchants. — Cyprus Agric. Jl.,
Nicosia, xiv, no. 4, October 1918, pp. 85-86. [Received 13th
December 1918.]

In several parts of Cyprus potatoes have been attacked by a moth,
Phthorimaea opercidella {Lita solanella), which lays its eggs in the
eyes or buds of the tubers, into which the larvae burrow. It is a

71

difficult pest to deal with, and tubers attacked should at once be
burned or buried at a depth of at least 2 feet. The growing plants
are also liable to attack, the insect ovipositing on the leaves and the
newly hatched larvae burrowing down the stem till the tuber is reached.
No treatment can be apphed at this stage and the only effective
measure is of a preventive character such as is now imposed by an
Order which prohibits the buying, selling or sowing of infested potatoes.

Sevan (W.). Annual Report, Director of A'griculture, Cyprus, for
the Year 1917-18.— Nicosia, 1918, 21 pp.

The chief pests dealt with on pages 11-13 of this report, during
1917-1918 were :- Ceratilis capitata (Mediterranean fruit-fly), which
became much less numerous owing to the collection and burying of
infested fruits. The campaign against Zygaena ampelojjJiaga (vine
sirividhi), which was begun in 1916, was renewed more effectively,
vineyards belonging to 330 owners being sprayed under supervision,
though a small amount of re-infestation occurred owing to late hatching.
The moth is said to have been present for sonie 20 years and the loss of
income due to it must have been considerable. Apple trees in certain
villages were found to be suffering from ermine moth [Hyponomeuta]
and tl)e owners were induced to spray them. The campaign against
Cecidomyia ceratoniae infesting carob trees, involving the removal
of stunted fi-uits and first flowers, has been very successful. A new
insect infesting carob trees has also been discovered, and is being
investigated. Cydia {Carpocajjsa) pomonella (codhng moth) was dealt
with by the daily collection and destruction of fallen infested fruits,
especially apples, pears, quince and walnuts. The hay band system
was found impracticable in most cases. The almond trees of one
district were found to be badly attacked by Eurytoma amygdali.
Spraying was carried out on melon plants for Aphids, on oUve trees
suffering from PUoeotrihas scamhaeoides {Scolytiis oleae), and on
pomegranates attacked by mites, 8,000 of the latter trees being saved
by this means, assisted by the weather and by parasites of the mites.
Scythns [Oecophom) temperatella (sirividhi of wheat) an old-standing
and troublesome pest was found to be on the increase.

Burt (B. C). Report on the Cawnpore Agricultural Station in the
United Provinces, for the Year ending 30th June ldl6.~Allahabad,
1916, 41 pp. [Received 16th December 1918.]

In the entomological notes on pages 35-41 of this report it is stated
that during the cotton-growing season open cotton flowers were
attacked chiefly by Pectinojyhora (Gekchia) gossypiella, which appeared
at the beginning of August, while Earias fahia predominated in the
buds, appearing in July and boring in the terminal shoots and in the
young bolls until September and again in the late bolls. The damage
done by P. gossypielki is better estimated from the numbers found
in flowers than from the bolls, as flowers attacked generally fail to set.
It also attacks the seed in otherwise healthy kapas [seed-cotton] in
October (when Earias is still mostly present in late immature bolls)
and is found in large numbers hibernating in unginned kapas throughout
the cold weather.

Bhindi [Hibiscus esculentus] was attacked by Earias to a much
greater extent than cotton, practically all the caterpillars reared from

72

it being E. jahia : E. insulana did not appear till late in the seascn,
and then in small numbers only. Earias was heavily parasitised by
Rhogas in July, but this condition rapidly changed, probably owing
to a wet season ; the parasites recurred, however, at the end of
September. There is httle difference between the degree of parasi-
tism of Earias by Rhogas in bhindi and country cotton, but in
American cotton Earias was less attacked. It is often stated that
American cotton is more susceptible to damage by bollworm than
desi cotton, but in the year under report, as m ell as in previous years,
the reverse has been the case, the damage, however, being more
readily seen in American cotton owing to the habit of the plant and
the large and conspicuous boll.

No parasites were bred from P. gossypieUa.

Other cotton pests included Sylepta derogafa, which appeared as
usual chiefly on American cotton in August, but did no damage,
being troublesome only on grown cotton under nets for plant breeding
purposes, and being being easily controlled by handpinking. Anomis
(Cosmophila) erosa also infested netted plants, but caused no damage
in the fields. Dysdercus cingulalus increased rapidly at the begiiming
of November and it was found necessary to keep it down by hand-
picking. Empoasca gossypii, Ooycarenus laetvs, and Myllocerus
niaculos'us were also found in small numbers.

Phthorimaea operculeUa (potato moth) was again active in stored
potatoes in one district and extended demonstrations of the sand
storage method were given. This measure should however only be
adopted when it is necessary to stop the ravages of a pest that would
otherwise destroy practically the whole of the potatoes in the course
of 5 months' storage. When the potato moth is absent, storing in
open baskets gives much better results, as there is no overheating
due to defective ventilation.

Chilo simplex appeared as usual in young sugar-cane in March and
April, when damaged shoots w ere collected and destroyed. It also
appeared in large numbers in August and September in juar [Sorghum
vuigare]. Organised destruction of juar and sugar-cane stubbles
over large areas would probably control the pest. Scirpophaga sp.
was also found on sugar-cane in March and April. The sugar-cane
leaf-hopper, Pyrilla aberrans, was found in large numbers in October.
All stages, eggs, nymphs and adults were present, the eggs being
parasitised by a Chalcid not yet identified.

Helioihis (Chloridea) ohsoleta and Phytometra (Plusia) nigrisigna
were both found on gram in March, but no serious damage was done.
The former is parasitised by an Ichneumonid.

The bugs, Anoplocnemis plmsiana and Nezara viridtda, were found
in small numbers on indigo in July.

Burt (B. C). Report on the Agricultural Experiment Stations in the
Central Circle, United Provinces, for the Year ending 30th June

1917.— Allahabad, 1918, 89 pp. [Received 16th December 1918.]

The entomological notes for the year are given on pp. 28-32 of this
report.

In the earlier part of the season the attacks on American and desi
cotton and bhindi {Hibiscus escidentus] by various bollworms followed
the same course as in the previous year. Earias first appeared, boring

73

in the terminal shoots of young cotton. PeclinopJwra gossypielh
predominated in early flowers and in damaged flowers throughout
the season, these commonly failing to set bolls, but tliis species did
not occur in bhindi. Earias fahia predominated in damaged bolls,
E. insulana not occurring during the year.

During the first week in September 19'6 per cent, of Earias collected
from American cotton, and 16'6 per cent, of those from desi cotton,
were parasitised oy Rhogas. No Rhogas emerged from the Earias
collected from bhindi except from the last batch collected at the end
of October, 5 per cent, of which were parasitised.

Parasitism to the extent of 20 per cent, was found in P. gossypiella
collected in September, this being the first recorded instance at
Cawnpore.

To determine the method of hibernation of various bollworms,
16 plants of desi cotton were enclosed under nets from 14th November
to 14th March. There were then found 43 P. gossypiella, 1 hibernating
on the ground, 5 in open bolls on the plant, and 37 in open bolls on the
ground ; two Earias were found actively feeding inside buds on the
plant ; three Dysdercus cingulatus were found on the plants, one
immature ; two pupae, identified as those of Cirphis loreyi and Euxoa
spinifera were dug up from the ground around the plants. Two one-
pound samples of stained seed-cotton from the last pickings, examined
on 25th November and 11th December, yielded 330 and 293 hve boll-
worms, 13 and 9 dead ones and one living pupa. There is every
reason to beheve that P. gossypiella is a more serious pest of cotton
at Cawnpore than Earias, being carried over from one season to the
next in cotton left standing in the field, in seed-cotton and in cotton
seed. The only other cotton pest of any importance was Sylepta
derogata (cotton leaf-roller), occurring chiefly on American cotton ;
this was easily controlled by hand-picking during the earUer stages.

The borer, Chilo simplex, appeared as usual in young sngar-cane in
April-May and from July to November was found almost entirely
in juar {SorgJnmi vulgare), which it seems to prefer to sugar-cane. From
December to March it was found hibernating in juar stalks stored
for cattle food, the moths emerging early in April. Scirpophaga sp.
was found in sugar-cane throughout the year, no serious damage
being done. It did not migrate to juar in July, but hibernated in
sugar-cane.

Agrotis ypsilon was found in considerable numbers on potato and
tobacco in March and April, Laphygma exigua being found in small
numbers on potato, as well as Monolepta signata and Myllocerus
eating potato leaves.

Storing potatoes in sand owing to the presence of Phthorimaea
operculella (potato moth) was resorted to in one district, the sand
being temporarily removed and bad tubers picked out once a month.
Much better results were obtained by storing in sand on a bamboo
platform than on the floor.

Griddle (N.). The Large Aspen Tortrix, Cacoecia conflictana, Walk.

— Agric. Gaz. Canada, Otiaiva, v, no. 11, November 1918,

pp. 1049-1051, 2 figs.

Instances of comparatively harmless insects suddenly developing

into destructive pests are seen in the case of Porosagrotis orlhogonia

(C538! o

74

(pale western cutworm) and Tortrix (Cacoecia) confliclana, Wlk. (large
aspen tortrix).

In 1916 aspen poplars over a wide area in Manitoba were found to
be infested by small Lepidopterous caterpillars, which first ate holes
in the unfolding leaves and then curled them by means of silken
webs ; they migrate to another leaf when their food-supply is exhausted
the trees being thus practically defoliated. Two species, remarkedly
alike in habits, were concerned, viz. :- Tortrix conflictana and
Argyroploce duplex^ Wlsm.

The eggs, in masses of from 160-600, are attached to the upper
surface of the leaves in the first half of June. The larvae emerge
about 10th July and immediately crawl to tlie under-surface of the
leaves in which they eat small holes. By about 24th July all have
vanished to hibernate on the ground, reappearing in the spring and
reascending the trees. Full-grown larvae, instead of curhne a single
leaf, usually spin 2 or 3 together. Pupation takes place about 10th
July, almost a year from the time of hatching, the curled leaves being
used for the purpose.

During the second year of this infestation the insects were attacked
by several Hymenopterous parasites and by many birds, the numbers
being appreciably diminished thereby. In the spring of 1918, however,
hot weather in April induced both early f oh age and an early awakening
of the larvae. A subsequent change to almost winter weather killed
the greater part of the newly opened leaves and caused a dearth in
the food supply, kilUng off the young larvae and putting an end to
the infestation.

Remedial measures for woodlands are not practicable at present,
but ornamental trees may be sprayed to kill the young caterpillars
towards the middle of July, or the trees may be banded with some
adhesive material to prevent the larvae from ascending them after
hibernation.

Robinson (E.). Descriptions and Records of Philippine Coccidae. —

Philippine Jl. Science, Manila, xiii. Sec. D. no. 4, July 1918,
pp. 145-147, 3 figs. [Received 12th December 1918.]

The Coccids dealt with in this paper are \—P}ienacoccus spinosus,
sp. n., on FicHS nota ; Pseadococcus virgatus, Ckll., on Hibiscus rosa-
sinensis and Bridelia stijmlaris ; Hemichionaspis aspidistrae, Sign., on
the mature fruit of Areca catechu, L. ; Aspidiotus cydoniae, Comst.,
and Pseudaonidia manilensis, sp. n., on Samanea sanian ; Chrysom-
pJmlus rossi, Msk. , on Phalaenopsis sp. ; Greenidla javanensis, Green,
on Eugenia sp. ; Lepidosaphes gloveri, Pack., on mature fruits of
Areca catechu ; and Cryptoparlatoria vberifera, Lind., on Artocorpus
and MaUotus philippincnsis.

CoAD (B. R.). Recent Experimental Work on Poisoning Cotton-boll
Weevils.— 27. aS. Dept. Agric.. Washington. B.C., Bull. no. 731,
19th July 1918, 15 pp., 10 figs. [Received 12th December 1918.]

Innumerable attempts to control the Mexican cotton-boll weevil
lAnthonomus grandis] by the use of poisons have been made, practically
from the time of its first appearance ; the results, however, have
always been discouraging. This is attributed to the fact that the

75

weevil derives its food from deep punctures, thus ingesting very little
of the poisoned external plant tissues. Studies on the boll weevil
under cage -conditions during 1913 and 1914 showed that water was
essential to its continued existence, and from this fact was derived
the idea of poisoning the water which the weevils would drink.

The first tests of this nature were begun in 1915 in typical delta
territory normally subject to very heavy weevil injury owing to the
prevaihng great humidity and excessive rainfall. Three series of 5 one-
acre plots were taken, the two end ones of each series being given 4, 5,
and 6 apphcations of dry dust poison respectively. The results showed
that every poisoned plot yielded more than the untreated controls,
the most pronomiced feature being the greater increase in yield with
the larger number of poisonings. Thus with 4 applications a gain of
about 15 per cent, was secured ; \nth 5, this gain was increased to
about 35 per cent., while 6 apphcations increased it to 70 per cent.
As all apphcations were begun at the same time and the extra ones
simply meant the continuation of the treatment until later in the
season, the importance of late season apphcations seemed obvious.

In 1916 similar experiments were carried out, beginning with the
first appearance of the weevils in June and lasting until about the
1st September, the results being quite as definite as those of 1915 and
very plainly demonstrating the greater importance of late-season
applications.

In 1917 it was intended to conduct an elaborate series of tests to
study the comparative efficacy of different poisons, the time of day
when apphcation gave the best results, the most profitable season
of apphcation, the proper interval between apphcations, the requisite
amount of poison per acre and many other similar questions.
Unfortunately, however, the season was most remarkable for the
shght amount of weevil damage and the experiments had to be given
up. About the middle of August experiments on a large scale were
rendered possible in an adjacent State, where late planting and adverse
weather conditions had combined to produce an exceptionally heavy
weevil infestation. It was too late to attempt to set a new crop by
poisoning, but an effort was made to save the bolls then present on
the plants. One application of poison was given, and 10 days later
it was found that the number of punctured squares had been reduced
from 86 per cent, to 36 per cent., thus showing poisoning to be a very
profitable operation.

In the course of these experiments many different poisons were
used and it was found that nearly all arsenicals were effective to a
certain degree but that the best results could be obtained with either
a di- hydrogen lead arsenate containing not less than 32 per cent, of
arsenic pentoxide, or a calcium arsenate containing at least 42 per
cent, of arsenic pentoxide ; both of these gave an effective control,
if properly used. It may also be possible to dilute these considerably
with some cheap carrier such as lime, though this has not been definitely
determined. The physical condition of the poison is fully as important
as its chemical composition, the finer powder being more readily
taken up by the dew and held in suspension for the weevils. Hence
the most eff'ective form of the above poisons has been powder of a
density ranging from 80 to 160 cubic inches per pound,

(C538) c2

76

The most effective season of application will probably be found to
be at about the time when the weevils are doing their maximum
injury to the crop and the cotton manifestly slackens in blooming,
once a week probably constituting an eiTective application. Much
more effective poisoning with dry dust can be conducted while the dew
is on the plant, and it will probably be found advisable to poison
as much as possible during the evening, night, and early morning, and
to do so during the day only in case of emergency.

Hitherto the amount of poison needed for an application has
depended on the requirements of the machinery used rather than on
the amount necessary to dust the plants thoroughly. The experimental
average of 5 lb. per acre is obviously excessive, and with improved
machinery effective poisoning may be accomplished with a much
smaller amount. The number of applications will of necessity vary
with the size of the plot to be dusted, a single application over a large
area being as effective as three on a small one, in consequence of the
constant migration of further weevils into the latter.

The cost of treatment varies widely ; in experimental work it has
averaged about 4 shillings an acre for each application. With improved
machinery and the use of carriers this can be much reduced, and a
further economy may be effected by giving several apphcations to
that part of a plantation near the hibernation quarters of the pest
before the weevils have become sufficiently abundant to start move-
ment, the remainder needing perhaps only a single application. A
definite plan of procedure for the poisoning of weevils under all con-
ditions is impossible at the present stage of the investigation and much
more experimental work will be needed before such a plan can be
proposed.

McAtee (W. L.). Notes on Nova Scotian Eupteryid Leaf-hoppers
including Descriptions of Two New Species.— Cowaf^tan Entomo-
logist, London, Ont., 1, no. 11, November 1918, pp. 360-361.

The new species here described are Typhlocyba cymha, and
Erythroneura odor from specimens on elm.

Sasscer (E. R.) & Sanford (H. L.). Effect of Hydrocyanic-acid Gas
under Vacuum Conditions on Subterranean Larvae. — Jl Agric.

Research, Washington, DC, xv, no. 3, 21st October 1918,
pp. 133-136. [Received 18th December 1918.]

Under normal conditions from five to seven million ornamental
plants are introduced into the United States annually with balls of
earth round their roots, without the removal of which it is impossible
satisfactorily to inspect and safeguard the plants. Since practical
horticulturists strongly advise against this course, experiments have
been made to test the fumigating power of hydrocyanic-acid gas under
vacuum condition^. Larvae of Agriotes niancus, Say (wheat wire-
worm), AllorrhirM (Cotinus) nitida, L. (green June beetle), Lachnosierna
(white grub), and Popillia japonica, Newm., were exposed to the gas
in potting soil, dry, moist, and soaked, in 3-inch flower pots, the larvae
being from 1 to 3 inches from the surface of the soil. The chemicals
used were sodium cyanide guaranteed to contain not less than 51 per

77

cent, of cyanogen, and commercial sulphuric acid. The cyanide was
used in solution by dissolving 4 lb. sodium cyanide in 1 U.S. gal. water.
The formula used was : — Sodium cyanide in solution 2-|oz., sulphuric
acid 1 oz., water 1 oz.

Taken collectively the results show that the killing of 100 per cent,
cannot be depended on where the larvae are in balls of earth round
the roots of plants, if a dosage is used that will not injure the
stock, especially in the case of moist and soaked soil. Since the
effectiveness of hydrocyanic-acid gas under vacuum conditions i.~
influenced by the water content of the soil, the death of 100 per cent,
in soaked soil could not be obtained with dosages ranging from | oz,
to 3 oz. per 100 cubic feet of space. By far the best results were
obtained where a prehminary 15-inch vacuum was followed by an
exposure of one or more hours under normal atmospheric conditions,
100 per cent, of the larvae oi Allorrhina ratida, Agriotes manciis, Popillia
japonica and Lachnosterna sp. being killed by this treatment. Of
the various larvae used Popillia japonica was the most difficult to
kill and A. nitida was the most susceptible.

With our present knowledge of Vacuum fumigation with hydrocyanic-
acid gas, a dosage exceeding 1 oz. of sodium cyanide per 100 cubic feet
of space with an exposure of 1| hours is not recommended for plants
in fohage. Inasmuch as all larvae in soaked soil are not killed with
dosages varying from |- oz. to 3 oz. per 100 cubic feet of space, it follows
that fumigation at the port of entry with a dosage that will not injure
the plants cannot prevent the introduction and estabhshment of all
subterranean pests.

OsBORN (H,). The Meadow Plant Bug, Miris dolahratus. — Jl. Agric.
Research, Washington, D.C., xv, no. 3, 21st October 1918,
pp. 175-200, 5 figs., 1 plate. [Received 11th December 1918.]

Miris dolahrains, L. (meadow plant-bug), has been a conspicuous
insect in timothy grass meadows in portions of the eastern United
States during the past 40 years and now has a distribution as far
west as IlUnois and Mimiesota and south in the Mississippi Valley
into Kentucky, It is beheved to be an introduced species, coming
from England with timothy hay or other large-stemmed grass shipped
for forage or packing some time between 1800 and 1825. It feeds
upon cultivated grasses, especially timothy, orchard grass and meadow
fescue, and when abundant must seriously affect the value of the crop.
It is a dimorphic species, there being two forms of females, a long-
winged and a short-winged form, the latter being far more plentiful.

It hibernates in the egg-stage ; hatching occurs about 25th May to
loth June in Maine ; the nymphs pass through five instars of about 6
or 7 days each, adults occm-ring from early July, mating and laying
eggs from 10th July to 1st August. In the case of the short-winged
forms this necessarily takes place in the fields where the females have
developed. The eggs are laid in stems of grass or clover, being thrust
through the wall of the stem and held by an expanded cap which is
firmly contained by the walls of the stem ; they are thus protected in the
hollow of the stem and remain in this position for at least 8 or 9 months
before hatching. Remedial measures should consist especially of
rotation, with probably some advantage from burning, early cutting,

78

pasturing heavily in autumn, and possibly bj- mechanical devices
for capturing the nymphs or adults. The spread of the insect should
be prevented by care in the disposal of timothy hay moved to a distance.
No hay from an infested district should be allowed to be scattered in
or near meadows in localities where the insect is not already present.
Natural enemies consist, so far as at present known, of spiders, a
predaceous damsel bug {Reduviol us ferns), a Tachinid fly {Phorantha
occidentis) and another undetermined species, as well as a fungus.
Entomophthora sp.

Jones (T. H.). Miscellaneous Truck-Crop Insects in Louisiana.
1. Insects injurious to the Globe Artichoke in Louisiana. 2. The
Granulated Cutworm, an Important Enemy of Vegetable Crops in
Louisiana. 3. Experiments in Controlling the Tomato Fruit-worm
with Arsenicals.— C7./S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull,
no. 703, 20th November 1918, 19 pp., 5 figs, 5 plates.

The Aphids, Myzus braggi, Gill., and Aphis nimicis, L., are the insects
that cause the most serious damage to the globe artichoke {Cynara
scolymus) in Louisiana. M. hraggi (artichoke aphis) occurs in large
numbers on the imder-side of the leaves. In fields where Iridomyrmex
humilis, Mayr (Argentine ant) is present, this pest attends the Aphids.
A. rumicis (bean aphis), while not so common on artichoke as M. h'aggi,
is more difficult to control by spraying owing to the distortion of the
leaves caused by its attack. Other plants infested by M. hraggi are
Cirsium horrididum (yellow thistle), a common weed in Louisiana,
C. arvense (Canada thistle) on which it is found in Canada during the
latter part of summer and early autumn, while the winter hosts are
HippopJiaes rhamnoides (Russian olive) and Shepherdia arvensis.

No internal parasite has been found attacking this Aphid, but it
has many predaceous enemies, including the Syrphid flies, Allograpta
ohliqua, Say, and Syrphas americanus, Wied., the larvae and adults
of the Coccinellid beetles, Scymnus puncticollis, Lee, S. terminatus,
Say, Hippodamia convergens, Guer., and Cycloneda sanguinea, L., as
well as the larvae of a Chrysopid and a Hemerobiid, both undetermined.
Another Coccinellid, Megilla ?nacidata, DeG., and the predaceous
bug, Triphleps insidiosus. Say, have been taken on globe artichoke
infested with 31. braggi, and probably feed on this aphis, which is
also attacked by a fungus, Entomophthora fresenii. At Baton Rouge
S. puncticollis appears to be its most efficient enemy.

During 1917 both these Aphids were satisfactorily controlled by
spraying with 1 part by weight of nicotine solution (containing 40 per
cent, of nicotine sulphate) to 1,000 parts of water, with laundry soap
(standard, non-caustic type) added at the rate of 1 lb. to 25 U.S. gals,
water. The plants were sprayed 7 times between 31st January and
26th May inclusive, more frequently than would have been necessary
had not the presence of the Argentine ant as well as of unsprayed rows
acted as a source of reinfestation. Pickings of edible heads from
11th May to 29th June showed an average of nearly 5 heads from
each sprayed plant, and of 1 from each unsprayed plant, while the
difference in growth of the plants was very noticeable. Sprajnng should
be begun while the plants are quite young and the Aphids few, partly

79

on account of the injury due to A. rumicis, and also to prevent damage
and economise in time and spray material. A spray mixture that has
given good results consists of tobacco extract containing 40 per cent,
of nicotine sulphate 8 oz., fish-oil soap 3 lb., water 50 U.S. gals., the
mixture containing 1 part nicotine sulphate to 800 parts water.

Other insects attacking the globe artichoke in Louisiana are : —
a bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus. L., the normal food-plant of which is the
yellow thistle, the larvae of Heliothis [Chloridea) obsoleta, F. (corn ear
worm), which bore into the edible heads, the plant-bugs, Thyreocoris
pulicarius Germ., and Nezara viridula, L., and a Scarabaeid beetle.
Euphoria sepulchralis, F. Cutworms, especially Feltia annexa, Treits.,
and Agrotis ypsilon, Kott., cause some injury, especially during the
cooler months of the year.

The larvae of two Agromyzid flies, Agmmyza platyptera, var. jucunda,
Wulp, and an unidentified species have been foimd mining in the
leaves, and a Membracid, Entylia sinnata, F., also breeds on them.
The foUage is also fed on to some extent by other insects, including
Phytometra (Autograpka) hrassicae, Riley (cabbage looper) and the
adult of Diabrotica (hiodecimjnmctata, 01. (southern corn root- worm).

Feltia annexa, Treits. (granulated cutworm) is the principal cutworm
attacking vegetables in Louisiana, other species being Agrotis ypsilon,
Rott., and Feltia malefida, Gn. Practically all vegetable crops
are attacked. In the insectary eggs were deposited singly at night,
the number laid by individuals during the season varying from 5 to
1,106. The larvae, which feed at night, hiding by day in the soil
at the base of the plant, have been taken during all months except
March, May and September. There are 5 or 6 generations in the year,
and at times these overlap so that all stages are present simultaneously.
The length of time occupied by the combined egg, larval and pupal
stages depends on the temperature, the minimum recorded being
38 days in July and August.

Natural enemies include the Tachinid, Linnaemyia comta, Fall., and
the Ichneumonid, Henicospihis purgatus. Say, both reared from larvae ;
while Sarcophaga helicis, Towns., which issued from a rearing jar
containing larvae, may have been parasitic on them. Dead larvae
infested with the fimgus, EntomophtJiora virescens, have also been found
in rearing cages.

The best methods of control are by the use of poison-baits, and
by sprajang the plants with 2 lb. powdered lead arsenate to 50 U.S.
gals, water, with 2 lb. yellow laundry soap added. A poisoned
bait which gave good results was composed of bran 10 lb., molasses 1
U.S. quart, Paris green | lb., water 7 U.S. quarts, and the juice
and finely chopped rind and pulp of 2 oranges. A mixture of 20 lb.
bran, 2 lb. powdered lead arsenate, | U.S. gal. molasses and about
14 U.S. quarts of water, has also given good results in the field.

In the last section details are given of spraying and dusting experi-
ments conducted during 19 IG and 1917 agamst Heliothis obsoleta, F.
(tomato fruit-worm). The sprays were apphed by means of small
compressed-air sprayers, the plants being treated 8 times for the spring
crop and 7 times for the autumn one of 1916, and 5 times in the spring
of 1917. For dusting a specially prepared, hght, finely powdered lead
arsenate was apphed the same number of times by means of a dust
gun. The very varied results of two years' work, however, show that

80

none of these treatments can be considered to have reduced the injury
profitably, though lead arsenate, apphed undihited as a dust, gave the
best results.

Illingworth (J. F.)- Tachinid Parasite of the Cane Borer Weevil.—
Queensland Agric. JL, Brisbane, x, no. 3, September 1918,
pp. 149-150. [Received 20th December 1918.]

The author records the obtaining of an abundant supply of the
Tachinid parasite [Ceronmsia sphenophori] of the cane borer weevil
[Rhabdocnemis obscuru^] from a field which was an old nursery of
seedling canes, and where no trash had been burned, thus affording
ideal conditions for the propagation of the borer. The old breeding
cages from which the parasites were hberated in 1910 were located
alongside this field.

All the sugar-cane in the district is burned before cutting, which
may account for the scarcity of the borers, the fires destroying a large
percentage of those that are left in the discarded canes, or the grubs
succumbing later to the action of the sun upon the exposed stalks.
Further, fully half of the sugar-cane grown is of a variety so hard that
the borers are not attracted to it.

The natural enemies of the Tachinid parasites were very scarce in
the district, the exotic ant, Pheidole niegacephala, being present only
in moderate numbers and jumping spiders being practically absent.

CusHMAN (R. A.). Notes on the Cocoon-spinning Habits of Two
Species of Braconids (Hym.). — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington,
B.C., XX, no. 7, October 1918, pp. 133-136. [Received 30th
December 1918.J

This paper deals with the method of construction of the cocoons of
Apanteles congregatus, Say, parasitising Ceratomia cutalpae, Boisd., and
of Meteorns hjphantriae, Riley, infesting Hgphardria cnnea, Drury (fall
webworm).

AiNSLiE (C. N.). A Note on the Economic Importance of Samia
cecropia (Lep.). — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, B.C., xx, no. 7,
October 1918, pp. 150-152. [Received 30th December 1918.]

The larvae of Samia cecropia may occur in large numbers without
being noticed, in spite of their size, unless they happen to concentrate
on a single tree or group of trees. An example of this on some box
elder trees is given. An outbreak of this moth in a city of North
Dakota in 1917 that threatened the trees of the city was dealt with by
paying for the collection of cocoons, nearly 20,000 being destroyed
in a single year ; a large percentage of these were found to be parasitised.

OossARD (H. A.). The Wheat-insect Survey of 1918.— Mthlij. Bull.
Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, iii, no. 9, September 1918,
pp. 259-266, 2 figs. [Received 30th December 1918]

The survey of wheat conditions for the season of 1918 in 73 of the
88 counties of Ohio, showed that the most important pest of wheat
was the joint- worm [Isosoma], which reduced the yield in 1918 by at

81

least 10 per cent., representing a monetary loss of about £1,600,000.
A marked reduction in the damage done is expected in 1919, as 90 per
cent, of the joint- worms in the north-western counties were attacked
by parasites. Two species occur in the western and eastern parts of
the State respectively, the latter, however, never having caused
disastrous damage.

The Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor] was nc»ticeable nearly every-
where, but onty in a few of the north-western counties did it reach
an average infestation of 4 or 5 per cent.

Chinch bugs [Blissiis leucopterus] occurred in small numbers over
most of the western part of the State, and in some places were injurious
to maize following the wheat harve.st.

The wheat midge [Contarinia trilici] occurred in nearly every field
in the State, the total damage, however, being probably not more
than 1 per cent. The females oviposit in May in the glumes of the
wheat grains, the larvae feeding on the young grains and causing
them to shrivel. When full-grown they descend to the ground in
which they make small cells about half an inch below the surface, where
they hibernate. Bearded wheats and rye generally suffer less from
this pest than the smooth varieties of wheat.

These insect pests may be guarded against by early sowing, by
ploughing mider the stubble to a depth of 7 or 8 inches, by the use
of fertihsers, such as barnyard manure and acid phosphate, of which
it is advisable to use 200 to 300 lb. to the acre, and by the formation
of a good firm seed-bed, best secured by disking and harrowing
several times after deep ploughing.

Berger (E. W.). Cabbage Worms. — Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant
Board, Gainesville, iii, no. 1, October 191S, p. 16. [Received
30th December 1918.]

The standard remedies for cabbage worms \Pieris] are arsenical
poisons. These are best applied as a spray, but may be used in dust
form mixed with one to several parts of hydrated Ume or other dust
when the plants are wet. The following formulae are recommended :-
,(1) Paris green 1 lb., soap 5 or 6 lb., water 50 U.S. gals. (2) Lead
arsenate (powdered) 2 lb., soap 5 or 6 lb., water 50 U.S. gals. (3) Zinc
arsenite (powdered) 2 lb., soap 5 or 6 lb., water 50 U.S. gals. A
remedy that may be used on cabbages that have formed heads consists
in dusting the plants with air-slaked hme with which a Httle salt has
been thoroughly mixed, at the rate of a handful of salt to 2 gals. hme.
Other measures that are recommended are hand-picking in small
patches or home gardens, and sprinkhng with hot water at a tempera-
ture of 130° F., the latter being specially efficacious against the young
caterpillars.

Bragdon (K. E.). Quarantine Department. — Qtrly. Bull. Florida
State Plant Board, Gainesville, iii, no. 1, October 1918, pp. 18-19.
[Received 30th December 1918.]

During the quarter ending 30th September 1918 some of the principal
pests intercepted from foreign countries were : — Aspidiotus sp. on
Glohularia, Glover's scale [Lepidosaphes gloveri] and chaff scale
[Parlatoria pergandei] on citrus from Spain ; Aspidistra scale

82

[Hemichionctspis aspidistme], Bephrata cubensis, and hemispherical
scale [Saissetia hemisphaerica] on sour sop, Chaelopsis debilis, Lw.,
Hippelates pallidus, Lw., Lonchaea polita, Say, long- tailed mealy-bug
[Pseudococcus ndonidjwi], and soft scale on beet, mango fruit- fly
[Daciis ferruginens] on guava, purple scale [Lepidosaphes becJcii] on
citrus, and Tyroglyphids on cassava from Cuba ; a Cerambycid beetle
on citrus from Jamaica ; and purple scale [Lepidosaphes beckii] on
citrus from Honduras.

Miller (D.). Control of New-Zealand-Flax Grubs. Investigations into
Parasites. — Neiv Zealand J I. Agric, Wellington, xv, no. 6. 20th
December 1917, pp. 303-306, 6 figs.

A small Ichneumonid has been found paLasitising the young larvae
of Xantliorhoe praefectata (New Zealand flax-grub) to the extent of
30 per cent, in the fiax-growing district south of the Shannon-Foxton
line, the flax there being comparatively free from the attacks of the
grub, while in the swamp district north of that line no parasitised
larvae have been found. The mature parasites emerge simultaneously
with the hatching of the first spring brood of larvae. Another larger
Ichneumonid occasionally attacks the larvae of X. praefectnta : but
unlike the former it pupates in the pupae and not in the larvae of the
host. Tills species, however, does not seem to confine itself to
X. praefectata sufficiently to exert much control.

Another flax-grub, Melanckra steropastis, which attacks the edge
of the leaf and not the lower surface, is attacked by a fly, Phorocera
marginala, which, however, also parasitises several other species of
insect larvae.

Miller (D.). The New Zealand Flax-grub. Progress of the Investiga-
tion.— New Zealand JL Agric., Wellington, xvii, no. 4, 21st October
1918, pp. 209-215, 2 figs.

This paper supplements previous ones alieady noticed [see this
lieview, [Ser. A, v, p. 453 and 525] in suggesting artificial methods
of controlling XantJiorJioe praefectata (New Zealand flax-moth). The
most effective results by utilising excessive moisture are to be obtained
at the time when the insect is pupating in the ground, since humidity
is fatal to it just at the stage when pupal transformation occurs.
The existence of more than one generation, however, places a difficulty
in the way of this method, since the periods of pupation and larval
activity overlap. There are, however, brief periods when, for the most
part, both generations are pupating simultaneously, and wlien flooding
should be most effective. Such periods are: — (1) from the latter
part of July to the end of September, which would affect the pupae
of the overlapping generation due to emerge in August and also those
of the main generation pupating in August and Spetember ; (2) from
December to February, affecting the second brood of the overlapping
generation pupating during December, and that of the main generation
pupating during February. The use of excessive moisture as a means
of control would involve the sinking of artesian wells and the cutting
of a network of open drains, work that entails considerable cost both
in initial outlay and upkeep.

83

On the other hand, control by means of insect enemies, though the
discovery of such might entail considerable time and initial expenditure,
would, when once established, carry on the work with only very little
attention. Such enemies are the two Ichneumonids recorded in the
previous paper. Ichneumon sp. and Paniscus producius, of which the
former is by far the more important since it confines its attention to
the larvae of X. praejectata, and also destroys them before they are
half- developed and before much damage is done to the flax-leaf. This
parasite, which was reported from one area but thought to be absent
from a neighbouring one, has since been foimd to be present in both,
but in the latter it is subject to the attack of a secondary parasite.
P. productus on the other hand does not destroy the host-grub, but
eventually emerges from the pupa after the maximum amoimt of
damage has been done, and also, having several hosts, attacks only
a small percentage of the larvae of X. praefectaln.

Davidson (J. H.). Passion- fruit Culture. — New Zealand Jl. Agric,
Wellington, xvii, no. 4, 21st October 1918, pp. 232-234.

The chief insect enemies of the passion-vine {Passifora ediiUs)
in New Zealand are mealy bugs [Psendococcu^l and the vine hopper :
badly infested plants can only be dealt with by fumigation Avith
hydrocyanic gas. The plants, however, are not worth this expense
and it is better to uproot and burn them.

Webster (E. L.). Common Garden Insects. — Iowa Agric. Expt. Sta., ^^
Entom. Sect, Ames, Circ. no. 44, February 1918, 8 pp., 9 figs, p^
[Received 30th December 1918.]

Several of the commoner garden insects, with descriptions of the
methods recommended for their control, are dealt with, including :—
cutworms, Diabrotica vittata, F. (striped cucumber beetle), Pieris
rapae, L. (cabbage worm), Papaipema. nebris {nitela, Gn.) (stalk
borer), Leptinotarsa deeemlineata, Say (Colorado potato beetle), Mellitia
satyriniiormis, Hbn. (squash borer), blister beetles and grasshoppers.

Keep Insecticides from Freezing. — Wkly. Press Bull. Pennsylvania
Dept. Agric, Harrisburg, iii, no. 49, 12th December 1918.

It is important to protect lead arsenate in the form of paste from
both freezing and drying, as it then becomes so granular that it has to
be re-ground before it can be used successfully as an insecticide. The
powdered form is more convenient in this respect, as these precautions
are unnecessary in its case. When lime-sulphur freezes, there is a
change in it indicated by the deposition of a sediment and the presence
of crystals at the bottom of the barrel, and resulting in the waste of
the liquid.

Deutrom (H. A.). Cultivation of the Robusta Types of Coffee.
Department of Agriculture, Ceylon, Leaflet no. 10. — Trop. Agri-
culturist, Peradeniya, li, no. 4, October 1918, pp. 218-224.
2 plates.

The two chief insect enemies of the coffee plant in Ceylon are r
Coccus viridis, Gr. (green bug) on young stems and foliage, which <-

84

may be controlled by introducing the fungus, Cephcdo<iporium lecmiii,
leav'-es bearing infected scales being pinned on the branches ol: the
trees, or by spraying with kerosene emulsion prepared by dissolving
\ lb. laundry soap or fish-oil soap in 1 gal. boiling water, 2 gal. kerosene
being added to the hot liquid ; and Zeuzem coff'eae, Nietn., (coffee
borer), the caterpillsir ol which begins boring in young twigs, moving
on to stouter branches as it grows. It can be held in check by cutting
out and burning infested branches or by passing a sharp wire into the
tunnels.

GuRNEY (W. B.). The Insect Pests of m.a,ize. —Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.,
Sydney, xxix, no. 9, 2nd September 1918, pp. 641-6C0, 11 figs.

Some 25 species of insects have so far been recorded from New South
Wales as attacking maize in the field, as well as the cobs and shelled
grain in store. Among these are two species of moth larvae now recorded
for the first time as attacking maize in New South Wales. These are
the native species of sugar-cane boring moth {Phmginotvphila {Nonogria)
iruncata, Wlk.) w^hich bores in the stem, and Pyroderces {Batrachedra)
rileyi, Wlsm. (pink corn- worm), which is common on the ears, attacking
the grain and top of the ear. It also attacks the ears in store, but is
not serious in shelled and bagged grain. The damage done by it is not
at present so extensive as is the case in some of the southern United
States of America. No remedies against it are practicable except
harvesting the cobs at the earliest opportunity and then fumigating
in store. This is best done by removing and destroying the husks and
then placing the cobs or shelled grain in a tightly-closed bin and
treating with carbon bisulphide at the rate of 4 to 6 lb. per 1,000 cubic
feet of space, or 1 to 2 lb. to 100 bushels of grain. Fumigation to be
effective must be done at a temperature above 70° F.

From March to June 1918, the ear worm {Heliothis obsoleta, F.),
infesting the cob, and the army-worm (Cirphis unipuncta, Haw.),
attacking the foliage and cobs, were much in evidence in the field,
infestations of the former affecting 28 per cent., and of the latter
86 per cent, of the crop. The caterpillar of C. unipuncta eats the
foliage, sheath and silk of maize, in the case of young plants stunting the
growth or even destroymg the plants. Probably a native of America,
it is now established as a pest in Australia, Europe and Asia. Tlie
eggs, to the number of 700 from a single female, are laid in rovrs against
the bases of the leaf-blades and hatch in 8 to 10 days, the larvae
reaching maturity in 3 or -1 Aveeks. They then pupate in the soil, an
inch or two below the surface, the pupal stage lasting about 2 weeks in
summer. It is probable that some of the moths hibernate, and some
of the partly grown larvae, as well as late pupae, may also hibernate
in the soil. Remedial measures include the ploughing and cultivation
of the soil in winter to expose the pupae to birds, predaceous insects
and the weather. Infested patches of rank grass and weeds near the
fields should either be cut down and burnt over in early spring, or
sprayed with 1 lb. l*aris green or 2 lb. leiid arsenate to 50 gals, water,
stock being kept away from the sprayed patches. When the cater-
pillars are moving in masses in a definite direction a steep furrow
may be cut in front of them into which they fall, being then killed
by a log dragged along the furrow or by spraying with oil, soap and

85

water emulsion. The outer edge of a crop not intended for forage
may be sprayed with the above Paris green or lead arsenate mixture,
but with 2 lb. slaked lime added to prevent scorching. If the pest has
spread throughout a crop it may be successfully dealt with by the use
of poisoned bait, 1 lb. Paris green to 16 lb. bran with the addition of
a httle salt. Another formula not yet tested is 1 lb. Paris green or 9 oz.
white arsenic to 50 lb. bran, and the juice of 6 oranges or lemons, made
into a stiff mash with molasses.

Other insects attacking the cob fire :— Dichocrocis {Conogethes)
purocfiferalis. Cn. (yellow peach or maize moth grub), a species native
to the north coast of AustruUa and probably Queensland, which is
common in the field, damaging the cob core, grain and silk, and
occasionally boring in the stem, also attacking green peaches and
sometimes sorghum heads. Aphis tnaidis (green corn-aphis) and
a mealy-bug, Dactt/lopius sp.,suck the sap of the leaves, steni and cob-
sheaths.

The following insects, though also attacking the ears in the field,
are most destructive to stored gv&hi,— Calandra oryzae, L. (grain
weevil), Silotroya cermlella. Oliv. (.Ingoumois grain moth), Triholium
casfaneum { ferrugineum) (led flour beetle), Gnathocerus {Echocerus)
cornutus, F. (broad-horned flour beetle), Rhizopertha dominica, F.
(lesser grain borer), Silmnus surinamensis, L. (saw-toothed grain
beetle), Lamiovhloeas sp. (fiat grain beetle), Tenebrio molitor, L.
(meal-worni), Tenebroides mcmritaninus, L., Carpophilm hemipterus,!,.,
Ti/phaea fumata, L., and mites.

The leaves are attacked by a beetle, Monolepta rosae, Blackb.,
which also injures the silk of young cobs, probably preventing fertih-
sation, cutworms, Nysius vinilor, Berg. (Rutherglen bug) and various
grasshoppers.

The roots or seei^ling corn in the soil are attacked by Elaterid
larvae (wireworms), Scarabaeid larvae (white grubs), Clirinn sp.
(slender seed-corn beetle) and Pentodon axsirah, Blackb. (underground
maize beetle).

So serious is the damage by weevils and grain moths to ripe maize
during summer, that in the north coast districts the earlier crop,
which ripens from January to April, is usually marketed at once to
avoid loss. During the colder months from May to August, maize
for convenience is often left standing or stored in the husks, or shelled
and stored. In August damage by the pests begins again and increases,
and preventive measures such as fumigation, and the cleaning up and
destruction of infested grain or waste should be adopted.

Agricultural Experiments. — Jamaica Bept. Agric. Ann. Rept.for Year
ended 31st March 1918, Kingston, 1918, pp. 14-18.

Banana suckers infested v\nth Cosmopolites sordidus Germ, (banana
borer) can be freed from all stages of the weevil without damaging
the plant, by submerging them in water for 48 hours, owing to the
fact that the weevil has so high a specific gravity that it immediately
sinks and drowns. The weevils caimot be destroyed by fumigation
with carbon bisulphide since this substance kills the plants, and
constitutes in fact the cheapest and simplest way of destroying plants
in situ. ,

86

Tlie plan recommended by Sir Francis Watts and based on the
assumption that the weevil breeds in the bulb only and not in the
stem of the banana plant, consists in slicing the bulbs into pieces less
than I inch thick, drying these in the sun and leaving them on the
surface of the field [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 435]. Though the
weevils are unable to reproduce themselves in these slices, it has been
found in practice that they hide underneath them. Consequently
they form a most successful form of bait- trap, which in some plots
has completely elimijiated the pest.

As regards other measures in the field, burning is not recommended
in anv form, since the banana plant is most difficult to burn, requiring
an enormous amount of oil if treated in silu, and taking many weeks
to dry sufficiently if previously dug up and sliced, during which time it
might act as a breeding- place. The use of carbon bisulphide on the plants
chopped up, placed in pits and covered with 12 inches of earth is also
misatisfactory and is calculated to spread the pest by causing the
adults at large to migrate in search of a fresh food supply. The
keeping of fowls is advised on small holdings where the borer is preva-
lent, experiment having shown that Mefamasius sericeus (brown
\vee\'il) and 0. sordidii^ can both be completely controlled by this
means. The view is expressed that good cultivation and clean manage-
ment are all that is required to prevent this pest from exerting any
injurious effect on commercial bananas.

Washburn (F. L.). Injurious Insects and Useful Birds. — Philadelphia
& London, J. B. Lippincott Co., 1918, 453 pp., 4 coloured plates,
414 figs. Price 7s. Qd. net.

This useful text-book, one of the series of Lippincott's Farm Manuals,
represents the results of some twenty-one years of the author's work
in economic entomology. It has been compiled to meet the needs
of schools and agricultural colleges and does not aim at being highly
technical but covers a wide field and is full of practical information
and suggestions. It is intended also as a referenee for farmers, fruit
and vegetable growers, owners of gardens and householders, and as a
guide in the campaign against injurious insects. The various chapters
dealj[with losses due to insects and farm practices to reduce these,
external structure of insects, insecticides and spraying and fumigation.
Insects are dealt with under the heading of the crops they injure.
Other chapters are devoted to insects affecting man and the household,
stock^and poultry. Beneficial insects are dealt with and the relation of
birds to agriculture is discussed at length. The numerous illustrations
in the text are clear and helpful, and each chapter is supplied with a
set of questions on the subject matter.

Pantanelli (E.). Esperienze ed Osservazioni sui principali Sistemi
di Lotta contro le Cavalette. [Experiments and Observations on
the chief Methods of combating Locusts.] — Le Stazioni Speri-
mentali Agrarie Italiane, Modena,\\, 1918, pp. 245-305. [Received
2nd December 1918.]
This report compares the chief methods of destroying locusts which

the author has tested in the provinces of Rome and Cascrta since 1916.

Other comparable experiments made in Italy are those of Lunardoni

[see this Review, Ser. A. iii, p. 407]. It is stated that Coccobacilhs
acridiorum does not cause sufficient mortahty among Docioslauno^,
}naroccanus to be effective. The collection of egg-masses is a cheap
method where labour is abundant and there aie more than 100 masses
per 11 square feet ; it has, however, the disadvantage of destroying
the pasture. Collection of the locusts themselves is a primitive and
unsatisfactory method. Spraying a tar-oil emulsion destroys about
50 per cent, of the locusts, but is costly. Spraying with sodimn
arsenite is a highly useful and advisable measure, but land so sprayed
must not be used for pasture until rain has fallen. An even better
method is a poison-bait of bran and sodium arsenite, and this is the
measure recommended for land that is not cultivated. In the case
of cultivated land ploughing, followed by the sowing of winter cereals,
is the best procedure.

VoGLiNO (P.). La Ragna 0 Ruga dei Meli, Hyponomeuta malwellus,
Zell. [The Apple Caterpillar, H. malinellus, £ell.] — R. Osservatorio
di Fitopatologia, Turin, 1918, Fogho d'Istruzione no. 8, 4 pp.,
1 fig. [Received 2nd December 1918.]

No new information is contained in this popular leaflet.

BE Stefani (T.). II Verme dei Frutti del Pistacchio. [The Pistachio
Fruit Worm.] — R. Osservatorio di Fitopatologia, Palermo, 1918,
33 pp., 19 figs. [Received 2nd December 1918 ]

The pistachio is a plant of considerable economic importance in
Sicily. Pistacia vera is attacked by the Aphids, Tetraneura utriciilaria.
Pass., T. semilunaria. Pass., and T. derbesi, Buckt., while Pistacia
Terebinthus [terebinth] commonly , though erroneously, beheved to be the
male plant and used to fertilise P. vera, is infested in addition by
T. cornicularia. Pass., T. follicidaria, Pass., and T. JolUcularia var.
initialis, Dest. Both plants are attacked by the Acarids, Eriopihyes
slej'anii, Nal., and E. pidaciae, Nal. This last may prove very injurious
if the malformation of the flower-buds reaches a point where pollination
is prevented ; all the other species are practically harmless. Both
P. vera and P. lerebinthns have a dangerous enemy in the Chalcid,
Megasiigmus {Trogocarpus) balestrerii, which attacks the kernel and has
destroyed half the crop in some plantations. M. baleatrerii has one
annual generation in two periods. The first, from the end of August
to mid-September, may be held to be abnormal and due to the prolonged
summer heat hastening all stages from egg to adult. The second
period takes place in the following ye^r from the end of June to early
August. This is the normal generation and is descended from larvae
that have (in the preceding year) experienced the fall of temperature
in September and then remained in a state of hibernation until the
following May. The resultant normal adults find the young pistachio
fruits in June and July in a suitable state for oviposition, whereas
the abnormal adults in September are unable to deposit their eggs
in the fruit owing to its hardness at that season. Even should eggs
be deposited, the larvae will generally be imable to transform into
adults before the cool weather begins in September and they will
therefore merge into the normal generation. The danger period for

pistachio fruits is therefore Jirne and July, and the infestation is caused
by adults from the preceding year's larvae, A brief description is
given of all stages. The natural food-plant of M. halpHtrerii seems
to be P. terehinthuH, and this is confirmed by the fact that most of its
parasites are foimd in individuals on this plant, only few being found
in individuals on P. vera. It would appear that those of the parasites
that deposit their eggs on the host are imable to reac^h M. haJe^trerii
within the larger fruit of P. vera, as their ovipositors are not long
enough. This fact explains the increase of the pest. The parasites
of 31. halestrerii will be described in another paper. Infested fruit
may be detected by throwing it into water, in which the sound fruit
will sink. All infested fruit, including fallen fruit, must be burnt.
Collection must not be hmited to Putacia vera, but must be carried
out for P. terebinthuri as well. In the case of the latter a simple means
of attaining this object is the destruction of the female blossoms in
April and May, not only those in the plantations, but plants in the
neighbourhood being thus dealt with. Successful examples of this
method are described ; it appears to provide an effective remedy.

LEGISLATION.

Orders nos. 372, 373, 400, 401, 427, 429, 430 & 479 of His Excellency
the High Commissioner. The Diseases of Plants Prevention Law,
1893. — Cyprus Agric. Jl., Nicosia, xiv, no. 4, October 1918,
pp. 76-79.

By these proclamations it is ordered that the following provisions
shall have effect in respect to the pests dealt with : — Within any area
declared to be infected with the sirividhi of wheat {Scythris temperatella),
owners shall burn the stubble after the harvest and shall plough it
to a depth of at least four inches. Both operations should be carried
out as soon as possible after harvest, and in any case the burning
shall have been completed not later than the 1st September 1918.
and the ploughing not later than the 15th February 1919.

Within any area declared to be infested with the scale, Chrysomphalus'
(Aspidiotus) miraniii, the owner of all kinds of citrus trees shall, between
1st September and 31st October 1918, apply to all parts of such trees
a solution of lime-sulphur in the proportion of 1| parts sulphur and 1
part lime to every 100 parts water.

Within any area declared to be infested with potato rot or with
the moth, PMhorimaea operculeUa {Lita solanella), all infested potatoes
shall be buried in the ground and covered with at least two feet of
soil. It is also prohibited within such area to sell or buy any potatoes
so attacked.

Mithin any area declared to be infested with Dacns oleae (olive fly),
the owner of olive trees shall, between 1st September and 31st October
1918, daily collect all fallen olives, and shall either bury them in the
ground mixed with lime in specified proportions, or shall forthwith
l)ress them to obtain the oil.

Each of these proclamations is accompanied by a declaration
defining the areas infested with the respective pests.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors ol Journals wiliihg to exchange
their i)ubl^cations with those of the Bureau, are requested to com*
municate with the Assistant Director.

The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or
the two series may be talten separately, Series A (Agricultural)
being 8s., and Series & (Medical ai^d Veterinary), 55. per annum.

All orders an \ subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, QuesA's Gate, London,
S.W. 7, or through any bookseller.

COiNTENTS.

PAGB

Mites infesting Cinohona and Tea in Java .... '. . .. 41
Unsuccessful Experiments in Trapping Noctuid Lai-vao in the

Dutch East Indies . . . . .... , . . . , . 41

Experiments against Ohrysomphalus dictyospermi in Sicily . . . 42

The Life-History of PemphigiiiS populi-transversua^ in U.S.A. . . 42

Geratitis capitata and its Parasites in Hawaii in 1917 . . . . 43

Notes' on the White-marked Tussock Moth in Canada- . . ' . . 43

Insect Pests in India in 1917-18. ... .. - .. .. .. 43

The Relations between.Ants and Aphids in Canada. . . . . . 44

Pests of Shade Trees in Canada . . .. . . . . . . -44

Notes on the Common Aphids of North America . . . . . . 45

Notes on Sparganothis pilleri'ana in French Vineyards . . . . 4.5

Dusting with Lime against Vine Moths in France . . . . . . 46

Experiments against 0Zi/stc5 a»n.&igfweK<i in Switzerland .. .. 46

Wheat Pests and their Control in Indiana .... . . . . 46

Precglutions against San Jos^ Scale in Kansas . . . . . . 47

Insect Pests intercepted in Kansas ..■*.. . . . . . . 48

Xylotreohus quadripeslLntesting Coffee in Ceylon . . . . . . 48

Notes on the Preparation of Insecticides . . .... . . 48

The CuTjant Borer, Aegeria tipnUformis, and its Control in

Tasmania • . . . . . . . . . -. .... . . 48

Syrphid Flies of Economic Importance in New Zealand .. .. 49-

Citrus Pests in New Zealand . . . . ' . . . • ..." • • 4(^

The Prospects oT cultivating AracMs hypogaea in Aiistralia . . 50

Xylotrechus quadripes and other Pests of Coffee in Tonkin . . . . 50

Insects Pests of Green Manure Crops and Shade Trees in Assam . . 54

Experiments' on the Valu^ of Spraying Tea in India '. . . . 65

An Experiment on the Treatment of Red^Spider by Insecticides in

Ind'a . . • • 66

Insocts'Pesti in Jamaica in 1917-18 .. .. .. •• •• ^^

New Flea-beetles from Maine . . ... • . • • • • ; • 63

The Grape JMealy- Bug (Pseudococeus balcerl) .and its Control in

California • .. -. ,•• •• ^J

The Valuaole Results of Quarantine Measures in California .. 59

CONTENTS— cont.

PAGE

The Oriental Peach Moth, a Fruit Pest recently introduced into

the U.S.A. .. .. • .. .. .. .. .... 60

The Cost of checking the Gipsy Moth "in Massachusetts . . . . 60

The Introduction of Pyrausta nupUalis into California . • . . 60

An Outbreak of Heliothis obsoleta on Beans in California . . . . 61\

Precautions against the Introduction of the Alfalfa -Weevil into'

California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 •

The Propagation of Beneficial Insects in California . . . . . . 61

Pests intercepted in Quarantine in Cal^omia » . . . . . . 62

Spinach Blight and its Transmission by Insects . . 62

The Supply and Use of Tobacco Products for Inseoticidal Purposes

in the British Isles . . .. .. .. .. .. .. 62,63

Insect Pests, in Sumatra in 1917-18 ' . . . . . . . . . . " >64

Notes on some Chalcids parasitising the Eggs of Cicadas in Italy 65

Notes on Thysanus ater infesting Scale-insects in Italy . . . . 66

A Fungus infesting Saperda carcharias in Spain . . . . . . 66

Methods of combating the Olive Fly, Dacus oleae, in Italy . . . . 66

Common G-alls on Fruit Trees in Sicily - ... ., .. •• 66

Notes on the Maize Stalk Borer (Busseola fusca) in Ehodesia . . 66

Notes on Canadian Bark-beetles .. '. - .. .. .. 67

The Corn-xoot Aphis and Methods of Controlling it in U.S.A. . . 67

A Manual of Vegetable Garden Insects. (Keview) . . .. ''" . . 67

Insects Pests in Michigan . . . . ..... . . . . 68

A Summary of our Knowledge of the Frit-fly in Britain . . . . 68

The Larval and Pupal Stages of Scatopse notata in Britain . . 70

A List of CocciDAE affecting Various Genera of Plants .. .. 70

Potato Pests in Cyprus .'. » . . . . . 70

Miscellaneous Pests in, Cyprus in 1917-18 71

Cotton and other Pests in the United Provinces, India in 1916-1917 71, 72

Ah Outbreak of Tortrix conflictana on Poplars in Canada . . . . ' 73

Notes on Philippine CocciDAE ,. .. 74

Experiments in Poisoning Cotton-boU Weevils in U.S.A 74

Notes on new Leaf -hoppers from Nova Scotia . . . . . . 76

The Effect of Hydrocyanic-acid Gas under Vacuum Conditions on

Subterranean Larvae .... .. .. .. .. .. 76

The Bionomics of Miris dolobmtus, a Pest of Timothy Grass in U.S.A. 77

Insect Pests of Vegetables in Louisiana . . . . . . . . 78

NotQS on Ehabdocnemis obscums in Queensland ... . . . . 80

Notes on the Cocoon-spinning Habits of Two Braconids in U.S.A. 80

The Economic Importance of Samia cecropia in U.S.A. . . . . 80

Wheat Pests in Ohio < . . . . . ... 80

Measures against Cabbage Pests in U.S.A 81

Pests intercepted in Quarantine in Florida - . . .... . . 81

The Bionomics and Control of Flax'-grubs in New Zealand . . ... 82

Pests of Passion Fruit in New Zealand 83

Garden Pests in Iowa .... .. .. .. •• •• ^3

The Effect of Freezing upon Insecticides .. ... .. ..83

Notes on Coffee Pests' in Ceylon 83

Maize Pests and their. Control in New South Wales . . . .^ 84

Measures against the Banana Borer in Jamaica 85

Injurious Insects and Useful Birds._ (Review)" . . . . ^ • • 86

Measures for dealing with Locusts in Italy - . . . ' . • • • 86

Popular Notes on Eyponomeuta malinellus in Italy . . ' . . . • 87

Pests of the Pistachio in Italy . r * . • • • 87

Plant Pest Legislation in Cyprus -. • • 88

Registered at the Q.P.O, for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland iy Magazine Post.

VOL. VII. Ser. A. Part 3.-pp. 89-136. MARCH, 1919.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISBUXD BT THE IMFXRIAI.
BUREAU OF EMTOUOLOaT.

LONDON :

BOLD BI

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.
89, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7.

Prio« Od. net.

Ai) Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

I^onorarp Cottimtme or iHatiaaetnenL

VISCOUKT HARCOURT, Chairman.
LievteniantrColonei A. W. Aloooe, CJ.E., F.R^., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B.. F.R.S., A.M.S.
BIr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. 8. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefro7, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John MoCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MaoDouoall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Bii Patrick Manson, G.CJtf.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial OS3ioe

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R,S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
Is an ea officio member of the Committee.

General Secretatg.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

IE)itector anD jEDttor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall,

assistant S)irector.
Dr. S. A. Neavk.

Head Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Hoad,

London, S.W.7.
PtMicaUon Offioe.—S^, Queen's Gate, London, 8.W. 7.

89 ^PR 2 3 1919

Marras (F. M.). Lotta contro le Cavallette mediante il tfof^qobadilkk^
acridiorum. [Anti-Locust Work with Coccobacillus ataridi&ncm
— Ministero per V Agricoltura, Rome, 1918, 1 p. [Received
2nd December 1918.]

The work recorded here was begun on 19th May 1917 and the results
proved that C. acridiorum, when its virulence is increased, is able to
destroy small foci of infestation and to kill large numbers of mature
locusts. This biological method is advantageous if carried out in
time and with proper means. It must be followed by mechanical
measures which will destroy the locusts that have escaped infection.

Aull6 (M.). Resena de los Trabajos verificados par la Comisi6n de la
Fauna forestal Espanola durante el Aiio de 1915. [A Review of
the Work of the Spanish Forestal Fauna Commission during 1915.]
— Bol. Soc. Entom. Espana, Saragossa, i, no. 8, November 1918,
pp. 163-171, 2 plates.

At the beginning of May an investigation was made of an outbreak
of Dendrolimus pini, L., which threatened to destroy some pine woods
in Valencia. This moth, hitherto of rare occurrence in Spain, began
to appear on the wing at the beginning of May and was abundant
imtil the end of June (some two months earlier than in other coimtries).
The adults continued to appear in small numbers until September,
when they again became abimdant, although less numerous than in
May and June, a few individuals continuing to appear as late as mid-
January. Instead of the trunks of pines being chosen for oviposition,
as is usually the case, the branches and twigs or foHage were preferred,
the eggs being laid, not in masses of 20 to 50 as in other countries, but
in groups of generally less than 20, which increases the difficulty of
destroying them. During these investigations a curious habit of
the caterpillars of this moth was observed. If a hght tap is given to
the lower part of the trunk of large trees or to the branches close to
their base, the larvae that are scattered about the crown of the tree
descend the trunlc within five minutes to the spot where the tree v/as
struck. This greatly facilitates hand-collection, though if too strong a
blow is given to the tree, the larvae will not react to it.

The larvae may be controlled in four stages : — when the}'- are in
the branches ; when, having defoliated the pines, they migrate in search
of other food-plants; while hibernating; and when, after hibernation,
they re-ascend the pines. While in the branches the larvae can be
collected by hand and the tree can be shaken to cause those that are
out of reach to fall to the ground. To prevent migration, trenches
may be dug about a foot deep in which the larvae can be destroyed or
buried. As the side of the trench must be vertical, this method is
not practicable in sandy soils and sticky bands must be resorted to.

The mixture used for banding consisted of 7 parts coal-tar, 5 parts
black soap, 5 parts resin and 3 parts whale-oil. The coal-tar and
resin are heated and well mixed, the soap and oil then being added and
the whole stirred continually until cool. This mixture should remain
viscid for two or three months, though it was found necessary on this
occasion to renew the bands about every ten days. For controlUng
the larvae on the shoots a spray consisting of 3J lb. sodium arsenate to
100 gals, water has been found successful.

(C545) Wt.P2/137. 1,500. 3.19. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.lI/3, A

90

This practice is also recommended for Cnethocampa pityocampa,
Scidff., the yomig larvae being found dead in their nests after the
trees have been sprayed. The theory advanced in 1914 was confirmed
during these observations, that pines infested by Dioryctria spp.
were those that had previously been attacked by the fungus Peridermium
pini corticola, or that grew by the roadside and had damaged branches,
in the axils of which the larvae were found, as well as in tumours
produced by Bacillus pini. Damage caused by Dioryctria spp. is
generally found in the trunks of young pines or in the branches of older
trees, at various heights. Control of these moths has been attempted
by scraping away the resinous excrescences to expose the galleries
and then treating them with coal-tar. They generally attack isolated
pines, rather than those growing thickly together. Their life-cycle
requires investigation. Caterpillars of various sizes have been
found at the end of July, and it seems probable that adults appear not
only in June and September but also during the intervening months
and sometimes in May and October, a second hibernation also being
possible.

Among other injurious insects studied during the year are the
Coieo'pteYa, Brachyderes suluralis, Gr., on pines; Ch(dcophoramariana,L.,
on evergreen pines; Galeruca calmarieiisis, L., on elms; Hylastes
ater, Er., and Myelophihis piniperd-a, L., in pines ; Melasoma (Lina)
populi, L., on Canadian poplar ; PhyUodecta (Phralora) vitellinae, L.,
on poplars ; and Pogonochaerus fascicuhris, Panz., on branches of
silver pine. Hymenopterous pests included Lopliyrus ruj'us, Ratz.,
on evergreen pines, and Sirex juvencus, L., in black pine. Lepidoptera
included Nygmia phaeorrhoea {Euproctis chrysorrhoea), on elms;
Rhyacionia (Tortrix) huoliana, SchiS., and R. (T.) duplana, Hbn.,
on pines ; and T. viridana, L., on oaks. R. huoliana is of common
occurrence in Spain as compared with R. duplana ; the former appears
in June and July and hibernates as a larva, the latter appears in
March and hibernates in the pupal stage. The Aphid, Eriosoma
(Schizoneura) lanugitiosum, Hausm., was observed on elms in Granada.

Nouveaux Renseignements sur I'Habitat du Lecanium persicae, F.
(Coccidae). [New Information about the Habitat of Lecanium
persicae.] — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris. 1918, no. 15,
9th October 1918, p. 207.

'I'he new food- plants of Eulecanium [Lecanium) persicae here recorded
are :— Euonymus japonicus, E. pulchellus, Ampelopsis sp. and Wistaria
sinensis.

Feytaud (J.). Eudemis et Cochylis. Recherches sur les Pieges-
appSits. [Polychrosis botrana and Clysia amhiguella. Experiments
with Bait-traps.] — Bull. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux,
xvii, nos. 11-12, November-December 1918, pp. 113-119, 1 fig.

The efficiency of bait-traps fur reducing the numbers of Polychrosis
botrana and Clysia arnhignella depends on the time when they are
used. Both these moths being protandrous, it follows that at the

91

beginning of a flight the males predominate, the females appearing
after about a week and rapidly increasing in numbers, till at the time
of full flight and during its decline, the females are in the majority.
The best time for setting the traps is therefore on the first appearance
of the females before they have oviposited, the period of usefulness
lasting only 15-20 days for each flight. After this time the presence
of the traps is not only useless, but actually harmful, since they then
destroy predaceous and other beneficial insects.

Newstead (R.) & DuvALL (H. M.). Bionomic, Morphological and
Economic Report on the Acarids of Stored Grain and Flour. —

Reports of the Grain Pests ( War) Committee of the Royal Society,
London, 1918, no. 2, 48 pp., 11 plotes. [Received 18th December
1918.]

This report describes important work on grain Acarids that has been
carried out in Liverpool, where grain can be inspected in ship, granary
and mill, while research has been undertaken in the laboratory of the
University. The harmful species that have been found infesting
grain and flour include the Tyroglyphid mites, Tyroglyphus {Alearohius)
farinae, DeG., Ghjciphagus cadaverum, Schr., and Chortonlyphus
arcuatus, Troup., the last being exceedingly rare. Tyroglyphus longior,
Gerv., was not found, and T. aire, L.^ was only once observed in
wheat from an unknown source. Cheyletus erudilus is constantly
associated with Tyroglyphids in grain and preys upon them, but its
numbers are never great. A species of Gamasid also occurs very
rarely. The life-histories of the various species were worked out in
breeding-cells.

Tyroglyphus (Aleurohius) farinae is the only Acarid that has been
found in flour and is undoubtedly the most serious and frequent of
all Acarid pests of grain and flour. It is also a common pest in cheese
[see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 516]. The life-cycle of this mite was
worked out in June and July at temperatures from 64° to 71° F. In
captivity the female lays from 20 to 30 eggs, 3 or 4 being deposited
each day. After an incubation period of 3 to 4 days the larva emerges,
feeds and develops rapidly for 3 days and then becomes inert for 1 or 2,
after which the larval skin splits dorsally and the nymph emerges.
The nymphal stage lasts from 6 to 8 days, when transformation to
the adult form occurs. Pairing takes place on the day of ecdysis or the
day after, oviposition occurring 2 or 3 days later. The males generally
die shortly after mating, though they may pair with several females.
The life-cycle thus occupies 17 days in favourable conditions, but in
the winter months was found to require 28 days, both the incubation
and nymphal periods being prolonged. The attack is made on wheat
grains by a small hole being bored in that portion of the epicarp which
overlies the embryonic region. The Acarids then enter and devom*
first the embryo and its surrounding tissues and later the endosperm,
until little is left but the hollow husk.

Glyciphagns cadaverum frequently occurs in wheat which contains
T. farinae, but in smaller numbers. It does not seem to attack sound
wheat but lives on broken grains and debris. The life-cycle of this

(C545 a2

92

species is difi&cult to determine, the inert periods being passed within
the food substance. Approximately, the incubation period is 3 to 4
days, the larval period 4 to 5 days, of which the last two are spent in
inertia, and the nymphal period about 8 days, whether in one or two
stages is not known. The female deposits 8 or 10 eggs deep amont"
the foodstuff or in some convenient cranny.

Cheyletus eruditus occurs in most grain infested with .Tyroglyphid
mites, upon which it is predatory, and is also highly cannibalistic.
It does not, however, occur in sufficient numbers to control the mites.
Parthenogenesis in this species has been proved in the breeding experi-
ments. Several successive generations have been bred in captivity
during the year without any male having been observed. It is possible,
however, that males may appear under certain conditions, or they
may be periodic, as in the Aphids. The eggs of C. eniditus are laid
in batches of from 20 to 30, often in the longitudinal groove of the
wheat grain, the female protecting the eggs until they begin to hatch.
Breeding goes on all the year round, but the life-cycle is much prolonged
in cold w^eather, or owing to shortage of food. The average period
from egg to adult is probably 36-40 days, the cycle during June being
approximately as follows : — Incubation period. 4 days ; larval period,
5 to 10 days ; 1st nymphal period, 5 to 17 days ; 2nd nymphal period,
7 to 20 days. There is generally a period of from 13 to 17 days between
the last ecdysis and the first oviposition. The external and internal
anatomy of this species is described.

A new mite, a Tarsonemid, Acarophenax tribolii, gen. et sp. nov.,
has been found during these investigations and is described. It is an
ectoparasite of the grain beetles, Triholium confusum, ¥., and
T. castaneuni, Hbst. ( ferrugineymn, Duv.), which do not attack sound
grain. The females of A. tribolii attach themselves to the eggs of
the beetles, from which they suck all the juices, becoming very
distended. A hole then appears in the Ventral surface, from which
as many as from 4 to 15 young mites emerge, males occasionally being
seen but never more than one from each parent. These young mites
attach themselves to the beetles, a preliminary period on the mature
host apparently being necessary for proper development, migration
to the egg then following. Many individuals die before migration
takes place. The morphology and systematic position of this mite
are discussed.

It has become apparent during these investigations that, while
Acarids may be found in wheat at all seasons, it is during the warm
summer and autumn months tliat they are most plentiful and most
likely to occur in detrimental numbers. Not only is high temperature
the reason for this increase, but in the case of grain stored since the
previous autumn any process of deterioration due to bacterial activities
or to enzymes intrinsic to the wheat itself have had time to develoj)
and cause a large increase of moisture and a rise of temperature. It
is when such processes begin that mites generally occur in large
quantities. The connection between moisture content and the
presence of mites in grain is well known. Moisture determinations
of mite-infested stocks show that mites do not injure wheat and flour
in which the moisture is 11 per cent, and under, whatever the tempera-
ture may be. From 13 per cent, upwards the conditions are very
favourable for serious infestation. Under favourable moisture

93

conditions, increase among the Acarids is very rapid at temperatures
between 60° and 75° F., less so between 50° and 60°, while between
40° and 50° it is slow. How and where wheat becomes infested with
Acarids is not yet satisfactorily determined. All evidence points to
their occurrence in the wheat of temperate countries only ; within
this limit however their geographical range is extremely wide, the
same three or four species occurring all round the world. In wheat
from very hot countries, such as India, Acarids rarely occur,' probably
on account of the low moisture content of such grain.

Wheat that has become badly infested can be much improved, and
fittther damage prevented, by subjecting it to some process that will
dry the grain and at the same time kill ofi most of the mites and
remove their bodies, such as a blast of hot air followed by cooling.
Wheat in bulk can be so treated in such a machine as the " Hess Drier
and Cooler," in which the grain is passed from a band conveyor into a
garner, whence it falls into a chamber containing a series of horizontal
racks or ba^e-plates arranged in a zig-zag manner one above the other.
In this chamber the wheat may be brought into contact with a draught
of hot air. After a period which varies according to its condition,
it is passed into a similar chamber where it is subjected to a draught
of cold air and cooled ; it then passes into a hopper beneath, and this
discharges on to a band conveyor. Cold air is drawn through the lower
chamber by a powerful fan, and the same current passes through the
fan and is forced on over a series of steam coils, thence going through
the wheat in the upper chamber.

The hermetical sealing of vessels containing flour was found to
destroy Acarids by asph}xiation, but did not destroy all the eggs, as
\vhen fresh air was again admitted borings began after a few days.
Dessication is apparently more effective in destroying the eggs than
hermetical seaHng.

Prevention from Acarid infestation is best secured by storing flour
wrth a moisture content below 11 per cent. For infested flour, heat
is probably the best remedy, if applied in time, and for small quantities
heating for an hour or more at 150° F. would eliminate further damage.
In mills, a lower temperature applied for a longer period would be more
practicable. It is found that the lowest absolutely lethal temperature
is 120° F., and this must be applied for at least 12 hours to be effective.
Lower temperatures than this greatly reduced the numbers of mites
but did not ensure the destruction of all eggs. Sifting infested
flour through a very fine bolting-silk sieve would remove most of the
mites, but the mesh would have to be very fine to prevent the passing
of the eggs, which measure only 0*12 by 0*08 mm.

Two papers are included as Appendices ; the first, by J. M. Beattie,
is a preliminary note on samples of flour submitted for bacteriological
examination by Professor Newstead, and is chiefly concerned with
bacteria ; the second, by A. E. Humphries, is a report on six samples
of flour into which mites have been introduced. Examination of these
samples lead to the conclusion that mites attack the nitrogenous
matter of flour and render the flour in some way, apart from their
mere presence, unfit for the manufacture of bread. It uas found that
the mites could be removed by sifting the flour through No. 14 silk and
that practically no mites reappeared in flour that had passed through
the sieve; only fine flour will, however, pass through this fine mesh.

94

It is thought that by some suitable process of sifting a large proportion
of infested flour ma}' be recovered for prompt commercial use. free
from mites.

Dendy (A.) & Elkington (H. D.). Report on the Effect of Air-tight
Storage upon Grain Insects. Part II. — Report of the Grain Pests
(War) Committee of the Royal Society, London, no. 3, November
1918, pp. 3-14.

Further experimental evidence is adduced in this report as to the
efficiency of hermetical sealing as a means of destroying insect pests
of grain and flour. The results of the experiments detailed are,
briefly as follows ; — ^Destruction by hermetical seahng of infested
wheat was obtained with larvae and eggs of Calandra oryzae at 75° to
80° F. in 28 days, with larvae and eggs of C. granaria at the same
temperature and period, with larvae and pupae of C. oryzae at 88° F.
in 25 days. It was found that the early stages of C. oryzae are
apparently a good deal more susceptible to the effects of hermetical
sealing than the adults. An apparently clean sample of Indian
wheat, kept for a few months at a warm temperature in a moist
atmosphere, became badly infested with Rhizoperlha dominica, but
after hermetical sealing for 23 days at 88° F. the grain was found
to be insect-free and after keeping at room temperature for nine
weeks still showed no living insects. This beetle was entirely destroyed
by hermetical sealing for 3 days at 88° F. in a small air-space. Larvae
of Trogoderma khapra were destroyed in a small air-space by hermetical
sealing for 6 days at 88° F., but the indications are that in a large air-
space this species would be considerably less affected than Calandra
spp. Further experiments in this connection are desirable. The
destruction of all insects was obtained by hermetically sealing wheat
infested with Triholium castaneum for 2 days at 88° F. ; Laemophloeus
sp. was destroyed in 3 days at 88° F., Silvanus surinamensis in 2 days,
adults of Gnathocerus corniitus in 5 days, larvae of the same species in
3 days, and larvae of Epheslia kuhniella in 5 days, all at 88°F. Flour
heavily infested with larvae of E. kuhniella was cleared of infestation
by sealing for 7 days at 84° to 87° F. Mites occurring abundantly
in wheat were destroyed by sealing for 24 hours at 75° to 80° F., and
again, in a large air space, in 19| hours at 88° F. The mite in this
case was probably Tyroglyphus siro.

In the light of these experiments, it is considered probable that air-
tight storage is the best method of preserving grain and cereal products
from the attacks of insects or mites, and the same method would
also apply to rats and mice. The authors refer to the apparent
failure of this method as applied to army biscuits [see this Rerieiv,
Ser. A, i, p. 292] and express doubt as to whether in really hermetically
sealed tins any serious damage from Ephestia kiihniella and other
insects could arise. It is suggested that the army authorities should
investigate further with a view to determining how far damage can
occur in really air-tight tins in which the air-space is kept as small
as possible. It is recognised that an experiment with weevil-infested
wheat on a large scale is desirable, and it is hoped to carry out such
an experiment in the near future.

95

Dendy (A.). Experiments with Two Secondary Grain Pests, showing

their Inability to attack Sound Wheat. — Report of the Gram Pests

(War) Committee of the Royal Society, London, no. 3, November

1918, pp. 15-16.

From the experiments detailed in this paper Tribolium casta iieum

and Sikanus surincmiensis, beetles that are frequently numerous in

damaged grain, have been shown in a manner that is considered

conclusive to be incapable of attacking sound wheat.

Dendy (A.). Observations on the Attraction of Certain Grain Beetles,
especially Weevils, by Water. — Report of tlie Grain Pests (War)
Committee of the Royal Society, London, no. 3, November 1918,
pp. 17-18.

The attraction oi grain weevils to water was tested by plunging
beakers containing water, and dry beakers, into wheat to within about
an inch of the rim. The results showed that both Calandra oryzae and
C. granaria are largely attracted by water. There is little difference
between them in this respect, but when water is present in sufficient
quantity in the tube or beaker C. oryzae is much more likely to be
caught in it than C. granaria. Individuals of Sikanus sunnamensis
and Tribolium castaneum were also trapped in a similar manner. It
seems probable, in view of these facts, that water-traps might prove
effective in catching C. oryzae in large numbers, while for C. granaria
damp rags or sponges might be preferable, as this species is able to
escape more easily from water-traps. Such traps were suggested
many years ago by Miss Ormerod for catching these weevils.

GossAKD (H. A.) & King (J. L.). The Peach Tree Borer, Sanninoidea
exitiosa, Say. — Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, Bull. no. 329,
September 1918, pp. 57-87, 15 figs.

The greater part of the subject-matter of this bulletin has already
been noticed [see this Revierc, Ser. A, v, pp. 207 and 368j. Natural
enemies of Aegeria {Sanninoidea) exitiosa include the Hymenopterous
parasites, Microbracon dorsator, Say, found during the period of
pupation, Phaeogenes ater, Ichneumon irritator, Bracon micropiclvs,
Riley, and Microgaster sp.

Becker (G. G.). The Apple Woolly Aphis, Eriosoma lanigerum, Haus.
— Univ. Arkansas Agric. Expt. Sta., Fayetteville, Bull. no. 154,
July 1918, 22 pp., 5 plates.

The subject-matter of this bulletin has already been noticed from
another source [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 311].

Report on the Prevalence of Some Pests and Diseases in the West
Indies during 1917. (Compiled from the Reports of the Principal
Agricultural Officers.) — West Indian Bull., Barbados, xvii, no. 2,
1918, pp. 83-106.

This is a resume of various local reports, much of the information
from which has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp. 32,
187, 210, 249 and 251].

96

Felt (E. P.). Key to American Insect Galls. — New York State Mus.
Bull., Albany, N.Y., no. 200, 1st August 1917, 310 y>p., 16 plates,
250 figs. [Received 30th December 1918.]

A brief general account is given of the various galls produced on
plants by the activities of insects and of their use and value in commerce.
A key is given to the insect galls found in America and a lengthy
bibliography on the subject is included, ranging from the year 1841
to 1918. The text is illustrated with excellent photographs and a
comprehensive index is added.

GrAUTiER (C). Etudes physiologlques et parasitologiques sur les
Lepidopteres nuisibles. La ponte des Apanteles, Parasites de Pieris
brassicae. [Physiological and Parasitological Studies on Injurious
Lepidoptera. The Oviposition of Apanteles, parasitic on Pieris
brassicae.] — C.R. Soc. Biol, Paris, Ixxxi, no. 22, 7th December
1918, pp. 1152-1155.

The parasitism of the larvae of Pieris brassicae by Apanteles or
Microgaster glomeraius does not begin in the eggs of the butterfly,
contrary to the opinion held by Fabre. The Braconid is able to
oviposit in the eggs of the host, but such eggs either are destroyed
or yield unparasitised caterpillars. The normal oviposition of
Apanteles takes place in the young caterpillar of P. brassicae.

TuLLGREN (A.). Dr. Filip Tryboms efterlamnade faunisliska
Anteckningar om Svenska Thysanoptera. [Faunistic Notes on
the Swedish Thysanoptera by the late Dr. F. Trybom.] — Entomo-
hgisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, 1917, pp. 33-61.

The author publishes the notes regarding the geographical distri-
bution, the habits and food-plants of the Swedish Thysanoptera made
by the late Dr. F. Trybom. In all about 50 species and 28 genera are
recorded.

Roman (A.). Skanska Parasitsteklar. [Ichneumonidae from Scania.]
--Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, 1917, pp. 260-284.

Information is given regarding the following Ichneumonid parasites :
Automalus alboguttatus, Gr., bred from Dasychira pudibunda ;
Amblyteles nonagriae, Holmgr., from Nonagria typha ; Ctenichneumon
melanocastaneus var. borealis from Panolis flammea (griseovariegata) ;
and Megaplectes tnonticoh, Gr., from Dicranura {Harpyia) vinula.

Roman (A.). Beitrage zu den Schwedischen Ichneumonides Pentagon!.

[Contributions on the Swedish Ichneumonidae Pentagon!.] — Arkiv
for Zoologi, Stockliolm, Bd. 12, no. 2, 1918, pp. 1-32.

This article contains information regarding the hosts of the following
species : Anisobas platystylus, Thoms., from the pupa of Tliecla rubi ;
Coelichneumon impressor, Zett., from Charaeas graminis ; Etirylabus
torvus, Wesm., from Leucania obsoleta ; Eurylabus tristis, Gr., from
Dianthoecia albimacnla ; Ichneumon captoris, Thorns., from Gnophos

97

myrtillata ; Platylahus dolorosus, Wesm., from Lygris testata ; P. pactor,
Wesm., from Tephroclystia sobrinata ; Diadromus varicolor var.
intermedius, Wesm,, from Plutella maculipennis {Cerostoma xylostella) ;
and Phaeogenes stipator, Wesm., from Depressaria apicella {nervosa).

Kemner (N. a.). Ueber die Gattung Nothorrhina, Redt. [On the
Genus Nothorrhina, Redt.] — Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm,
1918, pp. 322-328, 4 figs.

A description is given of the larva and pupa of the Longicorn beetle,
Nothorrhina 7nuricata, Dalm. The larva makes galleries in the bark
of old pine trees close to the cambium, pupating in the bark, the
development apparently requiring two years.

Tragardh (I var). Tallbocken {Monochamus suior, L.). [The Spruce
Beetle, Monochamus sutor, L,] — Svenska Skogsvardsforeningens
Tidskrift, Stockholm, 1918, pp. 221-232, 7 figs.

The data regarding the damage done by Monochamus sutor and
its life-history are very scanty and partly contradictory, the opinion
being prevalent that only spruce trees are attacked, though as a matter
of fact both pines and spruces are injured. According to Barbey,
this Longicorn beetle is decidedly a secondary pest, whereas it is on
the contrary mainly a primary one. When young, the larva excavates
large, round chambers under the bark, which attain a width of 2 cm.
In the late summer it enters the wood through an oval opening and
excavates tunnels measuring 12-13 cm. long and 3-5 mm. wide. The
end of the gallery is more circular in transverse section and serves as
a pupal chamber, being separated from the surface of the trunk by
a thin wall through which the beetle makes its way when emerging.

The data accumulated in Sweden go to prove conclusively that the
time required by one generation is only one year and suggests that
the beetle prefers newly cut timber, choosing exclusively for oviposition
logs placed in the sun, and thus evincing the same habit as the North
American species of the genus. It is a serious pest in Sweden
on account of the depth to which the galleries penetrate into the wood,
the only possible way of checking it being the complete removal
of the bark.

Tragardh (Ivar). Tallviveln {Pissodes pini, L.) an allman men i vart
land hittills fogs beaktad Skogsinsekt. [The Smaller Pine Weevil,
a Forest Pest common in Sweden but hitherto neglected.] — Skogen,
1918, pp. 237-244, 7 figs., also printed as Leaflet no. 12, published
by Statens Skogsforsoksanstalt.

This short treatise on Pissodes pini is based on investigations recently
carried out in Sweden by the author. When ovipositing, the female
bites a hole through the bark in which the eggs are laid, often several
together. This results in the young galleries often radiating from one
point and much resembling the larval galleries of some bark-beetles.
The injury done by the imago has hitherto almost escaped notice,
only one instance being recorded by Lagerberg of injury caused in
this way in Sweden. When feeding, the beetle attacks two to four-
year old shoots, boring small circular holes through the bark, measuring

98

from 0"6 to 0*8 mm. in width and leading into oval excavations fiom
2 to 3'6 mm. wide. The economic importance of this type of injury
is as yet unlvnown.

The data collected in Sweden during recent years show that
oviposition commences at the beginning of July and continues through-
out the summer, possibly until the beginning of September, and that
the beetle decidedly avoids newly felled trees, being in consequence
mainly a secondary pest.

RoSTRUP (Sofie). Undersogelser over Kaalfluen, dens levevls og
bekaempelse. [Investigations in the Life-History and the Methods
of controlling the Cabbage Fly, Phorbia brassicae, in Denmark.] —
128 Beretning fra Statens Forsogsvirksomhed i Plantekultur ,
Kobenhavn, 1918, pp. 255-313, 9 text figs.

A detailed account is given of the experiments conducted against
Phorbia brassicae in Denmark during the years 1913-1917. This is
a serious pest in a country where the cultivation of cabbage and
turnips plays such an important part as in Denmark. When the flies
make their appearance in the spring there are always radishes and
cabbage to maintain a supply of food for the larvae of the first
generation, even if the turnips are insufficiently forward for this
purpose. Those of the second generation live on both turnips and
cabbage, the latter plant being often left in the fields during the winter.
It is therefore necessary to clear the fields thoroughly in the winter
of cabbage and turnip plants and their refuse. The injury is always
more severe in loose soil, in which the flies prefer to oviposit. A dry
autumn seems to diminish the attack during the following spring, and
drought and cold weather in May and June has the same effect on the
pest dm'ing the summer.

Preventive methods include : — Early sowing and thinning of the
plants, which renders them more capable of resisting attack ; thorough
fertihsing is also useful, but there seems to be reason to beheve that
the spreading of manure in the spring will attract the flies ; watering
the plants and hilling them renders them also more capable of resisting
attack ; and it is advisable to lay out new cabbage beds as far away as
possible from the old ones.

Direct remedial methods for this fly include the placing of tarred
paper discs around the plants as soon as possible after they have been
set out in the field. Tobacco dust and nicotine spray are not refiable,
but watering with parafiin emulsion has given promising results ;
carboHc acid emulsion on the other hand has proved to be useless.

SuDA (K.). Sanran to Kanki. [Silk-worm Eggs and Cold.}— Dai-
nihon Sanshikwaiho [Report of Japan SericuJtural Association]^
Tokyo, xxviii, no. 324, January 1st 1919, pp. 27-29.

Considerable differences of opinion exist among sericulturists as
to the temperature at which the eggs of silkworms should be stored.
Some consider that temperatures under 0° C. [32° F.] affect the develop-
ment of the embryo, while others believe that low temperature may
prevent damage to eggs caused by sudden change of climate. The

99

Tokyo Sericultural Institute and the Koyto Sericultural Institute
consider 40° F. (5° C.) to be the best temperature for storing eggs.

The author has carried out several experiments both with natural
and artificial temperatures and has found that an average temperature
of 5° C. [40° F.] does not affect the vitahty of eggs, while two days in
- 20° C. [- 5° F.] may have a harmful effect, and if this temperature
is maintained for ten days, the stored eggs become worthless. On
the other hand, if a temperature as low as 0° C. [32° F.] is maintained
for very long, until in fact the eggs are required for hatching, it may
seriously affect development. An intermittent temperature of - 20° C.
[- 5° F.] may not injure the eggs. On the whole the eggs should
be stored at temperatures between 5° C. [40° F.] and 0° C. [32° F.].

NisHiKAWA (I.). Kasan no Gai-teki ni Kwansuru Kenkyu, I. [Studies
on the Enemies of the Silkworm. I.] — Dainihon SansMkwaiho
[Report of Japan Sericultural Association], Tokyo, xxviii, no. 324,
1st January 1919, pp. 50-59, 6 figs.

The author has discovered ten enemies of silkworms or their eggs,
which have not been previously recorded in this connection. Of
these, three are described in this paper, viz. : — the Orthopteron,
Diestrammena marmorata, de Haan, which devours stored eggs ; the
Noctuid moth, Aglossa dimidiata. Haw., the caterpillars of which
also feed on stored eggs ; and the Carabid beetle, Crossoglossa
latecincta, Bat., the larva of which bites the siU<:worm and sucks its
juices.

Takahashi (S). Kaki oyobi Abura-giri no Dai-gai chu Kuroiraga ni
tsukite. [On a Black Limacodid very injurious to Persimmon

and Aleurites.] — Byochugai Zasski [Journal of Plant Protection],
Tokyo, vi, no. 1, 5th January 1919, pp. 36-42, 1 fig.

This moth, the caterpillar of which does serious injury to persimmon
and Aleurites cordata, has been previously recorded as having only
one annual generation, but the author believes it to be two-brooded.
The larvae that have hibernated pupate in May and adults emerge
at the end of that month. The new larvae mature at the beginning
of July and adults of the second generation make their appearance
between the beginning and middle of August. The resultant larvae
are mature in the middle of September and pass the \vinter within
the cocoon.

The eggs are laid on the under-surface of the leaves of the lower
branches, in masses of about 700. The young larvae are gregarious
at first and feed only on the under-side of the leaf. After the
fourth instar they scatter, and devour the whole of the leaf-tissue.
It is not uncommon for trees to be entirely defoliated by them.

As regards remedial measures, as the young larvae can easily be
detected, they should be collected and destroyed. The adult moths
rest on the lower branches, and must be searched for and captured.
The migrations of the larvae should be checked by means of barriers,
and the cocoons collected. Mixed plantations of persimmon and
Aleurites should be avoided.

100

KuwANA (I.). Taisho shichinen no Gaichu-kai. [Observations on
Injurious Insects of 1918.] — Byochugai Zasshi [Journal of Plant
Protection], Tokyo, vi, no. 1, 5th January 1919, pp. 68-70.

A summary is here given of the injurious insects that made their
appearance in 1918. The first generation of the two-brooded rice-
borer {CMlo simplex, Butl.) was more numerous than usual, though
the second was much less so except in one or two localities. The
three-brooded rice-borer {Schoenohius ineertelhis, Wlk.) was also
only numerous in the case of the first brood. Several leaf-hoppers
were present, but did not do serious damage to rice, though farmers are
warned against treating these pests as unimportant. The Pentatomids,
Aenaria lewisi, Scott, and Podops liirida, Burm., and many Lepidoptera
normally infesting rice did not do any marked damage during the year.
One area of the Kanagawa District that had suffered previously from
cabbage loopers escaped during the period under review. Midges
and scale-insects were present in great numbers on mulberries. The
year was remarkable for the small number of Aphids that made their
appearance. An outbreak of a disease of oranges caused by mites
and evidenced by a thickening of the skin was noticeable, as also were
radish-infesting borers. Icerya purchasi made its appearance in two
districts. The caterpillars of Phalera Jlavescens, Brem. & Grey,
occurred in several districts. An investigation as to the occurrence
of the melon-fly {Dacus cucurbitae, Coq.) in Nagasaki, Kagoshima and
Okinawa Districts, confirmed its absence. The Formosan orange fly
(Dacus dorsalis, Hendel) was however found in Okinawa (Loo-choo).
New occurrences of the Indian meal moth [Plodia interpunctella] were
reported, but the author is of opinion that there were no new
importations of this pest during the year.

A conference of entomologists and plant pathologists of the Imperial
and Local Governments w^as held at the Department of Agriculture
and Commerce and another of the Kiushin Local Governments at
Kagoshima. Lecture classes were also held at the Imperial Agricul-
tural Experiment Station and Plant Quarantine Station for prefectural
entomologists and plant pathologists.

Howard (L. 0.). Report of the Entomologist.— C7. ^. Dept. Agric.,
Bureau Entom., Washington, D.C., 19th September 1918, 24 pp.

This report of the work of the Bureau of Entomology for the year
ended 30th June 1918, contains a concise review of work done during
the year, emphasis being laid on those activities having a direct
bearing on war problems.

Deciduous-fruit insect investigations under the direction of
Dr. A. L. Quaintance on the control of the codling moth [Cydia
])omonella] showed that in the Grand Valley of Colorado six applica-
tions of 4 lb. powdered lead arsenate to 200 U.S. gals, water, with
the addition of 4 lb. fish-oil soap, was a very effective treatment. In
Oregon this pest is not only seriously injurious to apples but causes
much loss to pears. The effects of various sprays at different times and
under semi-arid conditions are under investigation in New Mexico,
the comparative effects of dusting and spraying being noted. Spraying
and dusting experiments with both lead arsenate and calcium arsenate
have been carried out in connection with the grape-berry moth

101

[Polychrosis viteana], there being some ground for belief that a single
timely and thorough spraying will be sufficient and thus do away
with the objectionable spray residue on the fruit at harvest time.
Special attention has been given to the use of insecticides in pecan
orchards in Georgia and Florida. Experimental tests were made of
miscellaneous proprietary insecticides and others, both alone and in
combination with fungicides. In view of the present high cost of lead
arsenate the value of calcium arsenate has been tested, the results
indicating that it may be used in all situations where Paris green has
been employed, and that it will be a satisfactory substitute for lead
arsenate when used with lime or fungicides containing lime.
Investigation of an Oriental insecticide, derris, has shown that it acts
both as a stomach poison, when however it is sffective against only a
few insects, and also as a contact insecticide being efficient against
a wide range of pests. Tests on the ovicidal action of nicotine have
shown that it is not sufficient to control Cydia pomonella satisfactorily
when used alone. The work on cranberry insects in New Jersey has
been completed, and a bulletin on the subject has been pu Wished
[see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 561]. Several of the important eastern
cranberry pests having been introduced into Washington with plants
from the east, it will be necessary to study them under their new
western conditions. The methods of control of the blackhead fireworm
[Rhopobota vacciniana] adopted in the east are also effective in the
State of Washington. It appears probable that the peach borer
[Aegeria exitiosa] may be controlled by the proper use of para-
dichlorobenzine applied in small doses round the base of the tree in
autumn, and this at a minimum cost. The so-called oriental peach
moth [Cydia molesta], a newly- established peach pest from Japan,
also attacks apples, pears, quinces, plums and cherries, and bids fair
to be a serious pest. About 50 species of parasites of the grape-berry
moth [Polychrosis viteana] have been found, only 7 or 8, however,
being of sufficient numerical importance to be at all efiective. A new
disease attacking the citrus mealy-bug [Pseudococcus citri] has been
discovered. Eradication work in connection with a Japanese beetle
{Popillia japonica) has been systematically undertaken. This pest
was probably introduced in 1911 in the egg or larval stage in the soil
surrounding the rhizomes of Japanese iris. It is now heavily infesting
about 625 acres, -vvith scattered infestations over some 7,000 to 10,000
acres and with outlying infestations over not less than 25,000 acres.
It is a very general feeder, attacking grape, apple, cherry, buckwheat,
sweet potato and maize, as well as many ornamental plants and weeds.
The immature stages are passed in the soil, where the larvae feed on
decaying vegetable matter. The adults appear in midsummer,
continuing tiU cool weather in autumn ; spreading occurs during the
hot weather, at which time the beetles are strong fliers. Eradication
has been attempted by treating infested soil with sodium cyanide
solution, by ploughing the breeding grounds, and by keeping the
insects away from roadsides by the use of kerosene and other means.
Direct measures include the application of poisons to the entire infested
areas as nearly as possible, working from the periphery inwards, and
by hand-picking the adults.

Cereal and forage insect investigations under the control of
Mr. W. R. Walton made it evident that Pyrausta nubilalis (European

102

corn-borer) had become established in eastern Massachusetts [see this
Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 554], the maize crop being so seriously damaged
as to cause the gravest apprehensions should this insect spread into
the great maize belt of the middle west. As the insect hibernates
in the stalk of the host-plant, winter destruction is possible, though
extermination would be a matter of great difficulty and expense
owing to the number of food-plants of this moth. An extension of
the alfalfa weevil [Hypera variabilis] into Colorado during the summer
of 1917 and affecting about 3 square miles is being dealt with by
co-operative treatment. In Utah, Idaho and Wyoming, where the
weevil has been present for some years, its natural enemies, introduced
from Europe in large numbers, have greatly increased and are giving
material aid in controlling it. During 1917 considerable damage
was done throughout northern Texas by the chinch bug [Blissus
leucopterus], but the outbreak of 1918 was subdued partly by the very
heavy spring rains, and largely by communal action early in the season.
Forage crops throughout the western and north-western states sustained
severe and widespread injury by grasshoppers in 1917, the loss in 1918
being greatly reduced by the co-operative movement organised
against them. A similar campaign in eastern Kansas against the
Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor], in the autumn of 1917, secured the
ploughing down of stubble and the general observation of the safe
planting date, resulting in greatly improved conditions during 1918.
Winter wheat was rather seriously injured by a wheat-infesting
sawfly in Maryland, the pest being present throughout that State,
as well as in Pennsylvania and northern Virginia. This insect has
been identified as Trachelus tabidus, a European species present in
Pennsylvania since 1913, and hibernating in the wheat stubble of the
current year.

During the course of stored-product insect investigations under
Dr. E. A. Back, arrangements were made with the Quartermaster's
Department of the Army whereby food and clothing supplies intended
for overseas shipment were frequently inspected by experts, thus
rendering possible the detection and check of insect ravages before
great loss had been caused.

Under the direction of Dr. F. H. Chittenden special attention was
given under an emergency appropriation of £6,000 to the study of the
sweet-potato weevil [Cylas formicarius] in its occurrence in the Gulf
States. The methods adopted included a farm-to-farm survey, large
scale experiments at field stations, demonstration of eradication projects,
and an educational campaign by inspectors. As a result of these it
seems probable that the end of another season's work may find the
sweet-potato crop of the least-infested of these States to be nearly
free from the weevil. The experimental curing of sweet-potatoes by
heat has shown the possibility of destroying 95 per cent, of weevils
in storage houses by heating the tubers to 115° F. for 8 days. In
badly infested districts in Texas, losses due to weevil injury have been
reduced from 50 per cent, to less than 10 per cent, by the timely
application of arsenical sprays.

Work against southern field-crof) insects carried out under
Dr. W. D. Hunter have resulted in the discovery that the cotton boll
weevil [Anihonomus grandis] can be controlled by dusting with lead
arsenate or calcium arsenate [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vii, p. 74].

103

Research work has also been carried out on the pink bollworm of
€otton [Pectinophora gossypiella], sugar-cane insects in south-western
Texas, tobacco insects, and insect pests of castor beans.

Forest insects were studied under the supervision of Dr. A. D. Hopkins,
and it was shown that the very heavy loss in ash logs in Mississippi
was due to failure to utilise them promptly after the trees were cut
and thus prevent the attack of borers. The California survey of the
pine belt along the western flank of the Sierra Nevada Mountains
showed that the loss in 1917 due to tree-killing beetles amounted to
about £12,000. In the south-west, where the mesquite [Prosopis]
furnishes the only local supply of fuel, etc., heavy losses occur each
year from wood-boring insects. It has been found that this can be
avoided by cutting in November and December and piling in loose
ricks. Timber cut during other months is seriously affected and in
some cases entirely destroyed. The black locust tree [Robinia
pseudacacia], which is valuable as supplying pins used in the construc-
tion of wooden ships, is so seriously damaged by the locust borer
[Cyllene robiniae] that hitherto it has not been found practicable to
grow it commercially. Experiments have shown, however, that
the young trees can be protected by spraying with a poisoned liquid,
or by the planting of some quick-growing shade-producing plant
between the rows in plantations.

Investigations on the control of tropical and sub-tropical fruit insects,
under the charge of Mr. C. L. Marlatt, showed that the citrophilus
mealy-bug [Pseudococcus citrophilus], a comparatively new pest,
infesting a few trees in 1915 but now covering an area of about 1,000
acres, can be eliminated by spraying the trunks of the trees, utilising
predatory natural enemies, and controlling the Argentine ant
\Iridomynnex humilis] by the use of poisoned syrup. Investigations
on the use of hquefied hydrocyanic acid gas have shown that this
method bids fair to supersede that of generating the gas at the moment
of use. The control of the fluted scale [Icerya purchasi] has been
accomplished in and around New Orleans by the propagation and
liberation of over 300 colonies of Novius cardinalis over an area of
40 square miles, and also by the control of the Argentine ant.
Quarantine measures regulating the shipping of fruits and vegetables
from Hawaii to the mainland have been enforced as a means of protec-
tion against the Mediterranean fruit-fly [Ceratitis capitata] and
the melon fly [Dacus micurbitae].

The extension and demonstration work of the year is recorded in
detail, also the institution of a war emergency entomological intelligence
service. Bee-keeping extension work is fully treated, it having been
undertaken as a war-measure for increased food-production.

During the year ended 30th June 1918 the area infested by the gipsy
moth [Porthetria dispar] in the New England States has increased by
1,880 square miles, nearly half of this being in Maine, an area in which
it is very difficult to prevent the spread of the small caterpillars owing
to the prevalent warm west and south-west winds. Isolated colonies
found during previous years appear to have been exterminated.
During the year the territory infested by the brown-tail moth [Nygmia
phaeorrhoea, Don.] has been reduced by 3,694 square miles. Special
attention has been paid in towns just within the border of the infested
areas to discovering and stamping out infestations on high elevations.

104

and thus preventing the distribution of small caterpillars by wind.
New and very powerful spraying machines have been introduced
capable of forcing the spra}nng liquid through a mile of l|-inch hose.
An abnormally severe winter caused a material reduction in the
infestation in many localities, and this may have also reduced the
increase of some of the introduced egg-parasites, though this cannot
be determined till later in the season. Nearly 2,000,000 specimens
of Schedius kuvanae, the egg- parasite of the gipsy moth, were released
late in September and October. In the spring of 1918 less than
2,000,000 specimens of Anastatus bifasciatus, a single-brooded egg-
parasite of the gipsy moth, were liberated, being fewer than in the
previous year owing to the severe winter. Compsilura concinnaUi
was reared from a number of native caterpillars not previously known
to be hosts of this parasite. Blepharipa scutellata, a Tachinid that
parasitises large gipsy-moth caterpillars and emerges from the pupae,
was more numerous in the summer of 1917 than in any other year since
its introduction. Apanteles melanoscelus, which has two annual
generations, the first of which attacks small gipsy-moth caterpillars
and the second nearly full-grown ones, was satisfactorily bred for
colonisation by a new method. Calosoma sycophanta was more
abundant than usual in badly infested sections. No severe infestations
of the brown- tail moth having been recorded, there was a corresponding
decrease in the abundance of its imported parasites. Attempts have
been made to determine the abundance of the brown-tail moth fungus
in the winter webs, and studies have been made of an unnamed fungous
disease in eggs of the gipsy-moth, and of a bacterial disease which
originated in Japan and attacks the gipsy-moth caterpillars in the field.

RoHWER (S.A.). Descriptions and Notes on some Ichneumon-flies
from Java. — Proc. U.S. National Museum, Washington, B.C.,
liv, 1918, pp. 563-570. [Received 2nd January 1919.]

The species dealt with in this paper are : — Eripternimorplia
scirpophagae, sp. n., and E. danmiermani, sp. n., reared from the pupa
of Scirpophaga sericea ; E.javensis, sp. n., from the pupa of S. intacta ;
Echthromorpha notidatoria, ¥., from the pupa of Ocinara signifera ;
Theronia zebra, Vollenh., from the pupa of Cricula trifenestrata ;
Apanteles {Protapanteles) bataviensis, sp. n., from the larva of Odonestis
plagifera ; A. belippae, sp. n., from the larva of Belippa bohor ;
A. javensis, sp. n., from the larva of Hesperia conjuncta ; Amyosoma
zeuzerae, sp. n., from the larva of Zeuzera coffeae ; Platybr aeon javensis,
sp. n., reared from a cocoon collected under bark and believed to be
parasitic on Chrysobothris sexnotatus ; Oncophanes hesperidis, sp. n.,
reared from a Hesperid larva ; and Horniopterus scJwenobivorus, sp. n.,*
from the pupa of Schoenobius* incertellus (bipimctifer), all from Java.

Gahan (A. B.). Four New African Parasitic Hymenoptera belonging
to the Subfamily Microgasterinae. -Proc. U.S. National Musetmi,
Washington, B.C., liv, 1918, pp. 587-590. [Received 2nd
January 1919.]

The species dealt with in this paper include : — Microgaster
^asciipennis, sp. n., reared from Deilemera apicalis, Wlk. ; Apanteles

[* These names are emended, being written choenohivorws and Choenobivs
in the original. — Ed.].

105

paUidocinctus, sp. n., reared from Papilio demodocus, Esper ; and
A. ugandaensis, sp. n., from a Pyralid on Hibiscus.

Cereal and Forage Insect Work. — 13th Ann. Rept. Commissioner
Agric. Commerce and Industries, State of S. Carolina, 1916;
Columbia, S.C, 1917, pp. 155-156. [Received 2nd January
1919.]

No serious outbreaks of insects affecting cereal and forage crops
were reported during the early part of 1916, but later in the year
considerable damage was done to various crops by insects, the most
important being : — Cirphis unipuncta (army-worm), which did
considerable damage to a field of millet but was so efl&ciently controlled
by its parasites that the next generation was unimportant ; Laphygma
frugiperda (fall army- worm), the caterpillars of which were quite common
during late summer, but not abundant enough to do serious damage
to crops ; this moth probably does not hibernate in South Carolina,
but comes every year as a migrant from more southerly regions,
probably Florida ; Sphenophorus sp^p. (bill-bugs), which did considerable
damage to maize in river-bottom lands ; Elasmopalpus lignosellus
(lesser corn-stalk borer), which damaged cow-peas and sorghum,
plants growing in sanSy parts of the fields suffering the most ; and a
small bug, Halticus citri, found doing considerable damage to lucerne
in Georgia and recently found in lucerne fields round Columbia.

Cereal and Forage Insect Work. — 14th Ann. Rept. Commissioner Agric.
Coimnerce and Industries, State of S. Carolina, 1917 ; Columbia,
S.C, 1918, pp. 142-149, 6 plates. [Received 2nd January 1919.]

Heliothis obsoleta, F., is sometimes an important pest of vetch, crops of
which have been seriously damaged in South Carolina by it during
recent years. The damage is caused by the larvae devouring the
leaflets and boring into the pods and eating the seeds, the most serious
outbreaks occurring during seasons of cool and moist weather.

The number of generations annually is probably six in the south,
but it is only the first of these that affects crops of vetch. The cater-
pillars cannot well be controlled on vetch by spraying owing to the
manner of growth of this plant, but where this is sparse, a solution of
2 lb. powdered lead arsenate in about 50 U.S. gals, water maybe used;
1 lb. Paris green may be substituted for the lead arsenate, a few
pounds of hme being added to prevent scorching. A poisoned bait
made of 50 lb. wheat bran, 2 lb. lead arsenate, 2 U.S. gals, low-grade
molasses and 6 finely chopped lemons, and sown broad-cast over the
field exerts a good measure of control. If however the crop is heavily
infested, it should be cut for hay at once and not be left to stand for
seed ; before cutting, a deep furrow should be ploughed round the field
to safeguard surrounding crops from migrating larvae.

DoBsoN (R. D.). A European Termite, Reticulotermes lucifugus, Rossi,
in the Vicinity of Boston. Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxv, no. 5,
October 1918, pp. 99-101. [Received 3rd January 1919.]

Only one species of termite, Reticulotermes flavipes, Kollar, has
hitherto been found in the United States north of New Jersey, but
in May 1918 a few colonies of R. lucifugus, the common European
termite of the Mediterranean region were found in the vicinity of

(C545) B

106

Boston. The fact of its not having occurred in earlier collections
points to its limited distribution, while the size of the colonies proves
that they must have been established for some years, having probably
been accidentall}'' introduced from Europe. In the case of
R. fiavijpes the development to the adult state apparently takes place
as early in the spring as the weather will permit, that of R. lucifugus
occurring about 3 weeks later.

YoTHERS (W. W.). Spraying for the Control of Insects and Mites
attacking Citrus Trees in Florida. — U.S. DepL, Agric, Washingto^i,
D.C., Farmers' Bull no. 933, March 1918, 38 pp., 24 figs.
[Keceived 3rd January 1919.]

The bulk of the subject matter of this bulletin has already been
noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 186, iii, p. 444, and vi, p. 216].

Watson (J. R.). The California Delphasius. — Florida Buggist,
Gainesville, ii, no, 2, September 1918, p. 88. [Received 3rd
January 1919.]

Delphastus catalinae, a Coccinellid predaceous on whiteflies, is
multiplying most satisfactorily in Florida and arrangements have been
made for distributing it further.

Watson (J. K.). An Outbreak of the Cotton Stainer on Citrus.

— Florida Buggist, Gainesville, ii, no. 2, September 1918, pp.
88-90. [Received 3rd January 1919.]

A cotton stainer, Dysdercus suturellus, H.S., has been causing loss
to citrus and avocado growers in the southern parts of Florida by
puncturing the rind of the fruit and causing it to drop from the tree
and decay. The punctm'es are smaller than those caused by Nezara
viridula (pumpkin bug), being entirely invisible to the naked eye.
The insects, which feed by day on thin-skinned varieties of citrus,
chiefly tangerines, are distinctly gregarious, collecting in colonies
on the leaves and fruit both on the tree and on the ground.

No outbreak has been recorded in communities where no cotton
has been planted, whereas groves near cotton have been found heavily
infested with both young and adults, and even those three-quarters of
a mile distant with the strong-flying adults.

If the pest is to be controlled, it is essential that cotton should
not be planted in citrus areas, while fowls afford an accessory
means of keeping it in check. A closely-related species, D. delauneyi,
Leth., has been effectively dealt with in St. Vincent by the destruction
of its wild food-plants, and it is thought that the same result might
be obtained in Florida by destroying the Spanish cockle-burr {Urena
lobata), on which it largely breeds in the absence of cotton.

VoGLiNo (P.), Osservazioni suUa Biologia delle Tignole della Vite
e sulle Esperienze di Lotta fatte nel 1915-1916. [Observations
on the Biology of the Vine Moths and on Control Erperiments
made in 1915-1916.] — Separate from Boll. Minist. Agric,
Indusiria e Commercio, Serie B, Rotne, July-October 1917, 7 pp.
[Received 2nd December 1918.]

As regards the spring generation of Polychrosis hotrana and Clysia
ambiguella in Piedmont in years in which the spring has a succession

107

of days with a nearly constant average daily temperature, there is a
mass- emergence of the moths, so that the life of the adults occurs
within a restricted period and remedial measures are facilitated.
The summer generation is rather irregular, which explains the difficulty
experienced in combating it and the greater damage done. It is
supposed that the hibernating pupae are very sensitive to the rise
of temperature in spring and that this leads to the simultaneous
emergence of most of the adults, so that, except in the case of a few
individuals, the entire life-cycle occurs in May and June. In summer,
emergence is spread over a longer period, from July to September.
Owing to this and to the period of development of the two species not
being the same, there are present, at one and the same time, the mature
spring caterpillars and pupae of P. botrana and pupae, adults and
summer caterpillars of C. ambiguella. P. botrana is more common
in sunny, dry places where the temperature is rather high, while
C. ambiguella predominates in shady, cool situations. Owing to this
P. botrana appears at a later date than C. ambiguella in localities
where they occur together. Sticky papers and bait-traps are useful
for indicating the time of appearance of the moths. Infestation
is more severe in vines with abundant foliage, as the grapes are shaded,
giving rise to a close and damp condition that favours the pests.

RoEPKE (W.). Entomologische Onderzoekingen. [Entomological
Research.] — Meded. Proef station Midden- Java, Sahtiga, no. 32,
[Report for 1917-1 918J, 1918, pp. 13-14. [Received 5th
December 1918.]

The best means of combating Araecerus infesting stored coffee
consists in drying, heating and sorting the infested beans. Fumigation
with carbon bisulphide at the rate of 150 gms. per cubic metre is fatal
to this beetle ; Cojjea liberica is not notably discoloured and C. robusta
even less so. The aroma and taste of coffee from treated beans are not
affected. Fumigation with sulphiir di-oxide or hydrocyanic acid gas
and submerging the beans in water are not recommended. C. robusta
of inferior quality, such as is grown by the natives, is susceptible to
infestation. The species of Araecerus attacking mace and cacao is the
same as that infesting coffee, but the species infesting the pods of
Tephrosia and other Leguminosae does not attack coffee, nor does the
coffee beetle attack Leguminosae [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 2].

Cacao of good quality was infested by Lasioderma, while inferior
grades were attacked by Setoniorpha, Araecerus, Silvanus, Tribolium,
Carpophilus, etc. Fumigation with carbon bisulphide is advised
against these pests, and some estates have decided to erect fumigation
chambers. Hehpeltis and cacao moth [Acrocercops cramerelh] did
much damage in some places. On one estate some parasites of the
latter, chiefly Mesostenus sp., were bred and released, but up to the
time of writing no results had been recorded.

VAN DER GooT (P.). Zur Kcniitnis der Blattlause Java's

[A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Aphids of Java.] —

Contributions a la Faune des hides Neerlandaises, Buitenzorg

i, no. 3, 1917, pp. 1-301, 52 figs.

This valuable monograph is the result of studies made diu-ing a

residence of two years in Java. Owing to the absence of winter the

(C545) b2

108

breeding of Aphids in the tropics occurs as a continuous series of
parthenogenetic generations. Even in the hills, where the temperature
sometimes drops to freezing point, the author did not observe sexual
forms ; nor was a regular migration, such as may be noted in Eiurope
in the spring in the case of PEMpniGiNAE, observed in Java ; but this
point is not definitely settled. Alate forms probably occur in all tropical
Aphids. They are mostly present at the beginning of or during the
dry season, but many examples are also to be found during the rainy
season. Most European investigators maintain that the alate forms
are due to the drying up of the food-plant, but that this is not always
correct is proved by the appearance at the end of the dry season,
and only then, of some Aphids living on bamboo foliage and belonging
to the genus Oregma, Buckt., such as 0. insularis and 0. striata. In
the case of species such as 0. minuta, the alate forms are not uncommon
early in August, i.e., in the middle of the dry season. In Java the
majority of Aphids are most numerous early in the dry season, and
both prolonged, intense drought and violent rainfalls injure them.
Variations in she.ter, as afforded by different host-plants, are of great
importance in this connection, and the species liviag on bamboo
foliage are most common at the end of the rainy season. Natural
enemies include SjT^phid larvae, Coccinellids, especially the genus
Scymnus, and Ichneumonids. These appear to be the main factor in
checking the increase of Aphids.

Descriptions are given of 75 species, of which 47 are recorded as new
to science. Several generic and specific keys and a list of food-plants
are included. Only two species are recorded as injurious : — Oregma
lanigera, Zehnt., on sugar-cane, and Myzoides persicae, Sulz., on
tobacco.

Chukichi Harukawa & NoBUMASA Yagi. Ueber die Lebensweise
des Pfirsichtriebbohrers, Laspeyresia molesta, Busck. [The Life-
History of the Peach-shoot Borer, Cydia molesta.'] — Berichte
Ohara Instituts fur landwirtschtl. Forschungen; Kuraschiki,
Okayama, Japan; i, no. 2, 1917, pp. 151-170, 2 plates.
[Received 16th December 1918.]

There are three species of Cydia (Laspeyresia) injurious to the
peach in Japan. Cydia pomonella, L., C. persicana, Sasaki, and
a third species which the authors consider to be identical with
C. molesta, Busck. The damage done by the last-named has attracted
attention since 1902. Sasaki began to investigate this pest, and later
on Matsumoto foimd that not only the shoots of the peach but also
its fruit and those of Pyrus sinensis (sand pear) are attacked. His
investigations have elucidated many points in the life-history.
According to him 4 generations a year occur in the province of Okayama
and towards the end of July the fruit of P. sinensis begin to be infested,
the attack being more severe in varieties that ripen late. In 1916
Takachiho published his investigations, and the present authors agree
with him and Matsumoto on the main points. C. tnolesta is distributed
throughout Japan, except in Hokkaido and the northern portions ;
it occurs in Korea, but not in the Loochoo Islands and Formosa. It
is believed nor to be a native of Japan, for the damage it does was not
noticed prior to 1899. Brief descriptions are given of the egg, larva,

109

pupa and cocoon. In Okayama, on the south coast of western Japan,
there are 5 annual generations, the caterpillars of the last of which
hibernate ; and as Nodzu has recorded 4 from the north coast, it is
evident that this is due to the influence of climate. The first adults
appear late in April and caterpillars may be seen boring as late as
mid- October. In orchards caterpillars in varying degrees of develop-
ment are found throughout the summer and up to late autumn. In
field cages the life-cycle varied from 26 to 37 daj^s. The moths fly
at twilight, at which time mating and oviposition occur. As a rule
the eggs are deposited on the leaves, but the fruit of the pear is often
chosen. The number of eggs per female varies from 5 to 65. The
egg-stage lasts from 2 to 4 days, the larval stage, 11 to 15, and the
pupal stage, 6 to 10. C. molesta prefers young peach shoots, but it
readily adapts itself to other plants and may infest widely different
Rosaceae. According to Murata, the apple, peach, cherry and
Japanese cherry are attacked. The authors noted oviposition on Pyrus
sinensis, P. communis (pear), Prunus mume, Japanese cherry, common
cherry, apple, plum {Prunus domestica) and sand cherry {Prunus
puvimura) and were also able to breed C. molesta on all these except
apple. The nectarine is less severely attacked than other peaches.
It was also possible to rear the caterpillars on the fruit of apple, peach,
pear and Pyrus sinensis, so that the fruit of the two last-named are
doubtless also attacked. The injury done by C. molesta is described
[see this Kevietv, Ser. A, vi, pp. 369, 378].

Illingworth (J. F.). Work of the Division of Entomology. — 18th
Ann. Rept, Queensland Bur. Sugar Expt. Stations, Brisbane, 22nd
October 1918, pp. 24-29. [Received 2nd January 1919.]

Progress is recorded during the year in the work of controlling
grubs infesting sugar-cane, largely in consequence of increased know-
ledge of their habits. Much emphasis is laid on the importance of
humus-forming material in the soil as a factor in their control.
Laboratory experunents of placing megass in the soil of potted cane
plants had very encouraging results, the grubs preferring to feed
upon this organic material rather than upon sugar-cane roots. The
conservation of trash on red volcanic soils is recognised as a difficult
matter, but it must be done unless a great deal of time is to be given
up to green manuring. The waste from the latoon crop should be
worked in and this followed with a heavy green crop of maize or beans
before the soil is used for sugar-cane. At one mill all the waste is
composted by building up layers of all the by-products from the
mill and the compost is left for about a year before it is put on the
land. About 20 tons of this are applied per acre and the cane shows
a marked increase in growth where it is used. Late plantiag is also
of considerable importance in infested areas [see this Review, Ser. A,
vi, p. 526], but will only succeed on soils that are so easily drained
that they may be thoroughly worked in December and January.
It is the thorough cultivation during the flight of the beetles that
effects control, late planting only facilitating this. It is found
that the more deeply rooting varieties of cane are better able to
withstand attack by grubs, and are far more resistant to the borer
beetle [Rhabdocnemis obscura] than some of the more usually grown
varieties.

110

Lepidiota frenchi, a grass-feeding species, is becoming a serious
pest of sugar-cane at Meringa, migrating from grass borders and
roadsides into the cane-fields and eating off all the roots of the cane
plants. Fields attacked by these beetles show patches of yellow and
dead cane among the dark green, healthy plants. After heavy rains
in November the damage from this species became considerably
less. As there had been a great abundance of parasitic wasps for
a month or more, it is probable that they were responsible for much
of the mortality among the grubs. Experiments with poisons in
the same field were very encouraging. Sodium arsenate mixed with
megass and applied in a furrow along the rows of infested plants
apparently killed all the grubs. Experiments with repellents gave
negative results. Various tests are being carried out in the experi-
mental plots at the experiment stations.

Further artificial methods of control advocated for the beetles include
the destruction of all Moreton Bay ash trees within a circumference
of about a mile of the cane-fields, as both L. frenchi and L. rolhei show
a decided preference for the foliage of these trees, as also do the
greyback beetles [L. albohirla], [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 323].
Simple light-traps, such as a lantern suspended over a tub of water
with a little kerosene on the surface, catch a great many of the beetles,
and should be used at dusk before the beetles reach the feeding trees.
Small fires round the cane-fields, started at dusk and kept up for
about an hour in the evening during the (light of the beetles, also
destroy numerous individuals.

Natural enemies, including the green muscardine fungus [Meta-
rrhizium anisopliae], and the digger Avasps, Campsomeris tasmaniensis
and C. ' adula, have been dealt with in various reports issued during
the year [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp. 245 and 495 ]. Bird enemies of
cane-grubs that follow the plough and devour large numbers of the larvae
include ibis and pewee larks ; bandicoots are useful in the same way.

Among other cane pests the borer beetle { Rhabdocnemis obscura] is
becoming increasingly abundant, owing largely to lack of care in the
selection of clean setts. In one district whei e the beetles have been
abundant the Tachinid parasite, Ceramasia sphcnophori, has become
well established, and is proving a very efficient control. A previous
attempt to establish this parasite led to the conclusion that it could
not live in Queensland, but it is now hoped to transfer it during
favourable conditions to other centres of infestation. Both Cirphis
unipunctn (army- worm); which attacks the edges of the leaves of young
cane plants, and Phragmatiphila truvtcata (Noctuid borer), which
feeds inside the shoots and kills the central leaves, are troublesome
pests of sugar-cane, but are prevented by parasites from doing serious
damage. It is suggested that these caterpillars might be checked
by the application of a green crop of beans or peas before cane is
again planted. This would only be successful if there were no infested
fields of cane in the \icinity.

NiisiMA (Y.). Eine neue Gattung der Borkenkafer. [A new Genus of
B&ik-Beetles.] -Collection of Essays for Mr. Yasushi Nawa, Gifu,
October, 1917, pp. 1-3. [Received 3rd January 1919.]

A new bark-beetle, Orosiotes kumamotoensis, gen. et sp. n., is described
from specimens collected at Kumamoto, Japan.

Ill

OsHiMA (M.). Two Species of Termites from Foochow, China. —

Collection of Essays for Mr. Yasushi Nawa, Gifu, October 1917,
pp. 5-7. [Received 3rd January 1919.]

Buildings at Foochow, China, are recorded as having been attacked
by two species of termites, Coptotermes formosanus, Shiraki, and
Odontotermes {Cydotermes) formosanus, Shiraki, of which the soldier
and worker forms are described.

Maki (M.). Three New Species of Trichosiphum in Formosa. —

Collection of Essays for Mr. Yasushi Nawa, Gifu, October 1917,
pp. 9-20, 3 plates. [Received 3rd January 1919.]

The genus Trichosiphum, Perg., has been recorded only from Japan;
Formosa and Ceylon. A key is given to six of the seven species at
present known, including the following new ones, the various stages
of which are described : — Trichosiphum nigrum on Quercus formosana-,
T. formosanum on Psidium guayava (guava) and Ficus spp., and
T. nigrofasciatum on Quercus formosana, Q. serrata and Q. variabilis.

Matsumura (S.). Synopsis of the Pemphigidae of Japan. — Collection
of Essays for Mr. Yasrishi Nawa, Gifu, October 1917, pp. 39-94,
4 plates. [Received 3rd January 1919.]

Since 1914 the author has been collecting material about the
Japanese Aphids and in the present paper gives the results of his
study of the family Pemphigidae, to which little attention has been
paid. He divides this family into the four subfamilies Vacuninae,
Pemphiginae, Hormaphidinae and Mindarinae. A key is given to
the 19 genera included in these, comprising in all 29 species.

The following are described as new : — Astegopteryx styraci, which
forms galls on Styrax obassia ; Nipponaphis yanonis, found on Disty-
chimn racemosum ; Cerataphis saccharivora, taken in Formosa on
the underside of leaves of Saccharum officinarum (sugar-cane), covered
with white cottony secretions ; Mansakia miyahei, gen. et sp. n.,
which makes a large chestnut-like gall on the apical branch of Hama-
melis japonica ; Schlechtendalia miyahei, which forms galls on the
branches of Rhus semialata ; S. intermedia, which also forms galls
on R. semialata and may be identical with S. chinensis, Licht. ;
NuTudea ibofushi, gen. et sp. n., Nurudeopsis shiraii, gen. et sp. n.,
N. yanoniella and Fushia rosea, gen. et sp. n., all forming galls on
Rhus semialata. Tetraneura yezoensis and T. fusiformis form galls
on Uhnus campestris var. major ; Gohaishia japonica, gen. et sp. n.,
on Ulmus campestris and U. montana ; G. nirecola, of which the gall-
making spring form occurs on U. campestris var. major and the root-
attacking summer form on Panicum, Setaria and Triticum ; Schizo-
neura japonica causes the leaves of Ulmus campestris var. major
to curl into a roll in which the larvae develop until winged imagines
of the first series appear and migrate for reproduction to some inter-
mediate host, such as Ribes or various Rosaceous plants. Other species
recorded are . — Pemphigus dorocola and P. niisimae, forming galls
on Populus halsamifera : Walabura nishiyae, gen. et sp. n., living on
Cydonia vulgaris and possibly at the root of apple ; and Nishiyana
aomoriensis, gen. et sp. n., of which the food-plant is unknown.

112

SwAiN (A. F.). Miscellaneous Studies in the Family Aphididae (Hem.,
Horn.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxix, no. 10, December
1918, pp. 361-369, 6 figs.

Certain questions concerning the identity and synonymy of various
genera and species of Aphids are discussed, and the author's conclu-
sions, the results of study of this family in California, are given.

The genus Macrosiphoniella was described by Del Guercio, with
Macrosiphum atrum, Ferr., as the genotype. The author agrees with
Del Guercio in placing certain species hitherto included in Macrosiphum
in this genus, and gives the latter's key for differentiating Macrosi-
phoniella from Megoura, Buckt., and Macrosiphum, Pass. These
are : — Siphonophora absinthii, Koch, S. artemisiae, Boy. {tanacetaria,
Koch), Aphis campamdac, Kalt., Macrosiphoniella chrysanthemi, Del G.,
Siphonopho'a linariae, Koch, S. h/tea, Buckt., Aphis millejolii, F.,
A. solani, Walk., and A. viciae, Kalt. To these the author adds
M. sanhorni, Gillette, taken on chrysanthemums in California, while
Van der Goot includes M. cilricola, v. d. G.

With regard to M. {S.) artefnisiae. Boy., Wilson recorded a species
from Artemisia in Oregon under this name, treating S.frigidae, Oestl.,
as a synonym of it. S. frigidae, however, is distinct and belongs to
Macrosiphum, while S. artemisiae belongs to Macrosiphoniella, the
latter species not having as yet been reported from America.

An Aphid recently discovered by the author on cypress {Cupressus
guadalupensis and C. macrocarpa) in California was described as
Cerosipha cupressi, being placed provisionally in this genus. A new
generic name, Siphonatrophia, is now erected for it. This species
lives singly on the tips of cypress leaves. Alate forms are very rare,
indicating the existence of an alternate host-plant, which however
is as yet unknown. A key is given differentiating Siphonatrophia
from Brachycolus, Buckt., of which the type is Aphis stellariae. Hardy,
and from Cryptosiphum, Buckt., of which the type is C. artemisiae,
Buckt.

The genus Monellia, described by Oestlimd with Aphis caryelh.
Fitch, as the type, was separated from Callipterus, Koch, on the
horizontal position of the wings when at rest. This character, however,
is not constant either in the type species or in M. californica, and the
retention of the name is not considered justifiable. The four known
species of Monellia, M. calif ornicus, Essig, M. costulis, Fitch, M. caryae,
Monell, and M.caryella, Fitch, should therefore be referred to CaZ/ipferws.
All these have as their host-plants either Carya spp. or Jvglans spp.
or both.

Examples of a species of Thripsaphis found on leaves of Carex sp.
in California are described as Thripsaphis caricicola, sp. n. It appears
to be very closely related to T. verrucosa. Gill., of which only apterous
oviparous females have been described.

Jardine (N.K.). The Tea Tortrix {Homona coffearia, Nietner).—
Ceylon Dept. Agric, Peradeniya, Bull. no. 40, November 1918,
38 pp., 14 figs., 1 map.

The greater part of the subject-matter of this bulletin has already
been noticed from a previous report [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 540].

113

As regards remedial measures it is suggested that two adjacent
rows of tea bushes along those ridges swept by the south-west monsoon
should be allowed to run to seed, as they would make a most efficient
break to the flight of the adults of Homona coffearia and prevent
their spread. When the pest is thoroughly established in these bushes,
it can be destroyed by the use of insecticidal sprays, which would do no
damage to the seed-bearing trees, nor depreciate the value of the
tea as is the case when bearing bushes are sprayed. The bushes can
be pruned after having served their purpose for a few years, and when
grown in this manner form a more impenetrable barrier than dadap
[Erythrina] or Grevillea.

Cultivation of Castor. — Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, li, no. 5,
November 1918, pp. 297-301.

In this paper which forms Leaflet No. 11 of the Department of
Agriculture the following pests of the castor-oil plant in Ceylon are
recorded. — Dichocrocis pundiferalis, Gn., the caterpillars of which
attack the fruit capsule or flower-shoot, within which they pupate ;
Achaea (Ophiusa) melicerta, Dr., the caterpillars of which feed on the
leaf, a few individuals being capable of completely defoliating a tree,
and the total life-cycle of which occupies from 23 to 62 days ; Empoasca
flavescens, F. (green fly), which causes curling and distortion of the
leaves, but is not very destructive to plants grown as a field crop on
a large scale. Other insects which do damage as leaf-feeders are : —
Prodenia litiira (littoralis) (tobacco caterpillar) and Ergolis taprohana
(castor butterfly).

In some parts of India dusting the plants with ashes is practised
as a preventive measure, this being practicable only on a small scale.
As the large-leaved varieties have proved more immune to attack,
the planting of these is recommended where large areas are devoted
to this plant.

Black-headed Caterpillar of Coconuts {Nephantis serinopa).~Trop.
Agriculturist, Peradeniya, li, no. 5, November 1918, p. 308.

The only practical way of dealing with the Microlepidopteron,
Nephantis serinopa, a pest of tall palms, is to remove the afEected
fronds and leave them on the ground for 3 weeks, thereby checking
the pest and at the same time allowing its Hymenopterous parasites
to complete their development. Probably the same result could be
obtained with less injury to the palms if only the pinnae were cut off,
leaving the centre ribs.

The Pink Boll Worm at Ba,Tba.ios.—Agric. Neivs, Barbados, xvii. no.
433, 30th November 1918, pp. 376-377.

A mixed cargo of cotton seed and cassava that recently arrived at
Barbados from Para, Brazil, was refused landing owing to the cotton
seed being infested with Pectinophora (Gelechia) gossypieUa (pink
bollworm), several adults of which were found in the hold. A small
part of the cargo, other than cotton, that had been landed was reshipped,
it being probable that the whole cargo would be transhipped in the
bay for ultimate conve3'ance to England. In such a case even when

114

permission to land the cargo has been withheld, there still exists the
danger to growing cotton due to moths reaching the shore by flight
from the place of anchorage.

The question has arisen as to whether the existing legislation is
sufl&ciently effective to deal with such a case, and it is urged that if
this is not so, immediate steps should be taken to render it adequate.

Ramakrishna Ayyar (T. V.). Some Notes on the Habits and Life
History of the Stem Weevil attacking Cambodia Cotton {Pempheres
affinis, Faust). — Madras Agric. Dept. Year Book 1918 ; Madras,
1918, i^p. 1-13, 4 figs. [Received 6th January 1919.]

Petnpheres affinis (stem weevil), the most important pest of Cambodia
cotton, occurs in widely distant areas, such as Behar in North India,
and Coimbatorein South India, without being found in the intervening
districts. The larva bores into the stem just above ground-level, causing
gall-like swellings. When young plants are attacked they usually die,
but plants 4 or 5 months old may survive, though they are liable to
be bent by a strong wind, or they may dry up altogether, the loss
in bad cases being from 15 to 20 per cent, of the normal crop.

The whole life-cycle is passed on the plant itself. The egg, which
is deposited just beneath the thin bark of the stem, hatches in 9 to 10
days, as many as 7 or 8 eggs sometimes occurring in one stem. The
larval period is approximately a month to a month and a half, during
which time the larva cuts irregular tunnels beneath the bark, though
these do not extend far up the stem. The pupal stage lasts for 9 or 10
days, but the adult remains a day or two longer within the stem before
emerging. The adult lives for from 25 to 30 days, the time required
for the completion of one generation being about two months. No
natural enemies, either parasites or predators, have as yet been
discovered. The weevil has been found to a slight extent on Hibiscus
cannubinus (gogu) and on H. esculentus (bhindi) and at Pusa has been
found breeding on a wild plant, Triimifetta sp.

In the Coimbatore district Cambodia cotton is gi-own right through
the year, or even longer, allowing the weevil to breed continuously
all the year without a break. Since there is a possibility of 6 genera-
tions a year, the rapid multiplication of the pest is explained. There
does not appear to be any period of hibernation or aestivation. All
remedial measures must be of a preventive nature, but some of these,
such as smearing the base of the stem with dilute phenyl, or earthing
up the stem with a mixture of loose soil and powdered lead arsenate,
have proved useless, while the plucking and burning of badly infested
plants have given good results only when practised by all cultivators
in one area. Legislation requiring a close season for cotton growing,
during which no cotton plants would be found in a whole district,
would do much to eliminate this pest by starvation.

McSwiNEY (J. ). Report of the Agricultural Department, Assam, for

the Year ending 30th June 1918, Shillong, 1918, pp. 5-6. [Received

7th January 1919.]

The most common and serious pests of rice in Assam are Hispa

armigera (rice Hispid), Leptocorisa varicornis (rice bug) and Schoenobius

incertellus {bipunctifer), remedial measures that have been attempted

115

not having had very encouragmg results owing to lack of concerted
action and natural difficulties. The mustard aphis caused considerable
damage, but was controlled in a small area by spraying with crude oil
emulsion. Jute was attacked by Diacrisia obliqua and Cosmophila
{Anomis) sahulifera, measures against which were only partially
successful. In one district borers in sugar-cane are being effectively
controlled and several new borers in citrus trees have been sent to
Pusa for identification.

Moore (W.). Observations on the Mode of Action of Contact In-
secticides. -J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 6, December
1918, pp. 443-446.

In a recent paper on the physical properties governing the efficacy
of contact insecticides [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 397] it was
shown that fat solvents, oils and soaps were able to penetrate the
tracheae of insects by capillarity. It was also noticed that heavy,
practically non-volatile and non-toxic oils that had thus penetrated
the tracheae caused the death of the insects, but that the tissues of
such insects were not stained by trypanblue until ten, twenty or more
hours had elapsed. The question then arose as to whether the insects
did not die from lack of oxygen resulting from the closing of the
tracheae.

Experiments with contact insecticides containing oil or soap,
■which are detailed in this paper, show that such an insecticide may
penetrate the tracheae of the insect, thus preventing normal oxida-
tions from taking place in the insect's body, with the result that the
insect dies from their mechanical action alone. It is necessary, if
death is to be insured, that all the tracheae be filled with the spray.;
The vapour of the insecticide, such as nicotine, may produce
death by chemical action without materially influencing the intake
of oxygen. For small insects, such as Aphids, an insecticide killing
in a mechanical way alone will give good results, since all or nearly
all the trachea will be filled. For larger insects, such as Lygus-
prafensis, L. (tarnished plant bug), it is not likely that all the tracheae
would be filled and therefore it would be necessary to add to the spray
an insecticide capable of killing in a chemical manner in order to ensure
death even if only one trachea were filled. The efficacy of free
nicotine sprays is found to be increased, sometimes by 50 per cent.,
by the addition of soap.

In studying the effect of laundry processes upon the active stages
of Pediculus humanus {corporis) (clothes louse), it was found that
this insect is able to close its tracheae quickly enough to keep out
soap solutions, lubricating oils, oxylene, and frequently even ether.
Haematopinus suis (hog louse) and H. piliferus (dog louse) have the
same power in a less degree. Cteyiocephalus cams {Pidex serraticeps)
(dog flea), Pseudococcus (mealy bug), Coccus (soft scale), Musca domes-
tica (house-fly), larvae and adults of Sitotroga cereaJella (Angoumois
grain moth), larvae of Hemerocampa {Notolophus) leucosligma (tussock-
moth) and Aeyrthosiphon {Macrosiphum) pisi, Kalt. (pea aphis) were
all found to be unable to prevent the penetration of ether, but it
does not follow that some of these might not be able to shut out
heavy oils or soap solutions. If parasitic lice, ticks, etc. should be

116

foimd to possess the ability to close the tracheae rapidly it will have
considerable bearing upon the type of dips that will prove most
effective. It is hoped that further attention may be given to this
problem.

Davidson (W.M.). U.S. Bur. Bntom. The California Pistol Case
Bearer, Coleophora sacramenta, Heinrich.— J/, Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xi, no. 6, December 1918, pp. 446-452. 1 plate.

Coleophora sacramenta, Heinrich (California pistol case-bearer) is
one of the Elachistid moths, a number of which are injurious to
deciduous fruit trees. Allied species are C. fletcherella, Fernald,
(cigar case-bearer), C. volckei, Volck, (Western cigar case-bearer) and
C. malivorella; Riley (Eastern pistol case-bearer). The last-named,
which attacks pomaceous fruit-trees in the eastern States, is very
similar in appearance and habits to C. sacramenta, but the larvae
pupate on the twigs and branches instead of on the leaves as in the
case of C. sacramenta ; the egg and pupal instars of C. m/zUvorelh
in New York are passed in from 10 to 14 days, while those of C. sacra-
menta in California require about 25 days.

There is one generation of C. sacramenta in California in a year.
The moths begin to appear about the middle of May and are present
until mid-July. How long they live is not known ; in cages they
existed for a week without food. The food-plants include plum,
prune, cherry, apricot and apple, especially plum and cherry. Eggs
are deposited on both sides of the leaf but mostly on the upper surface.
These hatch during June and July after an incubation period of
about 26 days. The young larvae upon hatching bore into the leaf
underneath the eggshell and begin to construct a case, and while
working under this they skeletonise the leaf, moulting once during
this period. In September they move to the twigs and limbs to which
they attach their cases for hibernation, and remain dormant until
the following February or March. A large percentage of the larvae
die during the dormant period. About the time when the buds are
swelling in spring the larvae resume activity, eating first the unopened
buds and later the young foliage as it appears. "When full-grown, and
after one or perhaps two moults, the larvae fasten their case to the leaf-
surface and pupate, this generally occurring in April and May. After
25 days the adult moths split the butt-end of the pistol-shaped case
and emerge. A description of each stage is given.

The caterpillars are frequently parasitised by a Pteromalid, Enry-
dinota flavicorpus, the parasitism generally not being evident until
the larva is nearly mature. There are frequently from 10 to 20
parasites in a case and these issue at the time when the last moths
are emerging.

Chittenden (F.H.). The Lotus Borer. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., xi, no. 6, December 1918, pp. 453-457, 1 plate.

Much confusion has occurred between Pyrausta penitalis, Grote
(lotus borer) and P. nubilalis, Hb. (European cornstalk borer), and
it is hoped that this account of the former moth will serve to differen-
tiate it from allied species. The observed food-plants of P. penitalis

117

are lotus {Nelumbium luteum), Polygonum, Apocynum and Ewpatorium,
and although the larvae have been found in considerable numbers in
raspberry canes and boring in maize stalks, study of the insect's habits
has shown conclusively that serious injury does not occur to any
plant other than the lotus. The distribution of P. genitalis in the
United States is from New Jersey westward to Illinois and Kansas
and southward to Texas. The life-history has been worked out
approximately. Hibernation occurs in the larval stage, the first
moths emerging from March until June, according to the locality.
The eggs and place of oviposition have not been observed. The
larva is first found on the upper surface of the leaves in a silken,
tent-like web, but soon turns its attention to burrowing, perforating
and devouring buds and seed capsules and the interior of stems that
are available. It feeds and develops during the summer and towards
the end of August crawls into any convenient stem for hibernation,
a cocoon being constructed with a little silk. The insect is parasitised
by a number of Tachinids, including Panzeria penitalis, Coq., which
had destroyed more than half the larvae collected by the author from
raspberry stems, Exorista vulgaris. Fall., Hypostena variabilis, Coq.,
and Phorocera comstocki. Will. An Ichneumonid, Zemelucha {Porizon)
facialis, Cr., was reared with the first-named. Bracon xanthostigmus,
Or., has been reared more than once from blackberry canes. Another
Braconid and a Chalcidid parasite have also been recorded, the latter
being a secondary parasite of the former. Blackbirds are said to eat
many of the larvae before they seek their winter shelter.

A spray of lead arsenate, Paris green or other arsenical will destroy
the young larvae before they penetrate the interior of buds, seed
capsules, etc. When they are working within these shelters, it is
better to pick of? the infested portions and burn them. It is advisable
also to collect and burn the stalks in which the insects are found
late in the season. When the pest occurs on lotus, all parts of the
plant containing the insect above the water line should be cut away.

EusT (E. W.). Anastrepha fraterculus, Wied. (Trypetidae), a Severe
Menace to the Southern United States.— JL Econ. Entom.,
Concord, NJI., xi, no. 6, December 1918, pp. 457-467.

Numerous Trypetids are serious pests of fruit in almost all tropical
or sub-tropical countries. In northern Argentina the particular
species dangerous to fruit is Anastrepha fraterculus, Wied., and this
would become a very serious pest if once it gained entrance to the
southern United States. This species is indigenous to, and well
distributed over the warmer portions of South and Central America and
the West Indies. The Province of Tucuman has suffered the severest
infestation, oranges being seriously damaged in that region, while
almost all thin-skinned fruits are more or less liable to infestation in
most parts of Northern Argentina. In the Provinces of Salta and
Jujuy almost every orchard visited during May was found to be infested,
and it is considered that before many years the wild oranges in the
forests of these regions will be regular host-plants of the fly.

The female oviposits in many kinds of fruit, in various stages of
maturity and at various seasons. The eggs are sometimes placed
singly but frequently several occupy the same cavity and one fruit

118

may be covered with the scars of many ovipositions by different
females. These eggs hatch after from 2 to 4 days, the larvae
immediately beginning to eat their way into the fruit. In summer the
larval period averages from 12 to 15 days ; this may be prolonged
to several weeks in winter. When fully developed the larvae leave
the fruit and burrow into the soil to a depth of 2 or 3 inches, where
they pupate. If burrowing is not practicable, the pupa may be
situated under any convenient object or even in an exposed position.
The pupal period varies from 12 days to several weeks according to
the temperature. The adults normally feed on fruit- juices, sap or
honey-dew. If supplied with food they have been kept alive for
more than three months, and this period may be greatly prolonged
under favourable conditions. Mating frequently occurs on the first
day after emergence, oviposition usually beginning about the seventh
day or earlier and continuing for a long period, an average female
probable depositing between 500 and 800 eggs.

The fruits attacked and more or less completely destroyed b}'
A. fraterculus include : Guava {Psidium gimjava), coffee berries, pear,,
peach, mango, orange, Eiigenia spp., Phylocalyx, Japanese plum,
Japanese persimmon, Para plum, and Anona humboldtiana. In
addition, the author has found infested in northern Argentina, straw-
berry guava {Psidium caitleyanum), Chinese guava (P. lucidium),
fig {Ficus carica), pomelo {Citrus decumana), kumquat {Citrus japonica)
tangerine {Citrus nobilis), apricot {Prunus armeniaca), avocado {Persea
americana), chirimoya {Anona cherimola). Lemons have several
times been found punctured by the fly, though no larvae have been
known to develop in them.

In Argentina, apricots are first attacked in the spring, and then
peaches, which may be regarded as the principal summer host of the
insect. Both adults that have survived the colder months and those
that have emerged from hibernating larvae or pupae oviposit in early
apricots and rapidly develop, giving rise to more adults that are ready
to attack the first peaches, many of which are punctured when not
much more than half-grown. These peaches mummify and sometimes
drop but do not furnish nourishment for the larvae to develop. In
fruit that is attacked two or three weeks before ripening, the larvae
develop rapidly, eating out a large part of the flesh and causing the
remainder of the peach to rot. If the fruit falls the larvae generally
complete their development in the fruit as it lies on the ground. The
life-cycle may be completed in about three weeks in summer under
favourable conditions of food and-temperature, though the usual time
is about 30 days. By the end of the peach season, the flies have reached
their maximum number and there is scarcely enough fruit for all
the females to oviposit in, with the result that any kind of fruit is
used for this purpose although the larvae can only develop in certain
kinds. After the peaches have all been destroyed, later fruits such as
chirimoyas and guavas each serve as host for one generation of the
insect. ' Persimmons help the flies to survive until oranges are ripe
for attack, which is generally from early March until the end of
April. Numbers of eggs deposited in oranges are destroyed by
the essential oils liberated in the orange peel by the puncture of
the fly, while many larvae starve to death before they can penetrate the
thick rind and reach the pulp that they require for nourishment.

119

Fruits punctured by A. fraterculus, even if no oviposition takes place,
are frequently destroyed by Colletotrichum and other fungus spores
or by bacterial rot. The growth of larvae of A. fraterculus in citrus
fruits is slower than in the other fruits mentioned, partly owing to
the qualities of the fruits themselves and partly to the lower tempera-
ture in autmnn and winter when these fruits are ripening. During
the coldest weather development ceases entirely and the season is
spent in a quiescent state by both larvae and pupae, though the adults
may continue active on warm days throughout the winter.

If climatic conditions have been favourable to a heavy crop of
early fruit, fruit-flies are abundant, and consequently when oranges
are ripe they become heavily infested. Unfavourable weather
occurring eaiiy in the season may severely check the flies without
seriously damaging the fruit-trees and thus a good crop of compara-
tively clean fruit results. It has been found that neither frost nor rain
has much adverse eflect upon A. fraterculus, but heat and drought
occurring together are a considerable check to the fly. Moreover,
such conditions will produce a small crop of fruit, with the result that
the fly will be checked in its multiplication and the fruit of the suc-
ceeding season will be comparatively free. Many larvae and pupae
are killed outright by heat, and with a temperature much over 100° F.,
larvae are often cooked in the fruit that falls in the sun before they can
escape and enter the soil. Such a temperature is fatal also to emerging
flies.

Very few parasites of A. fraterculus have as yet been found in
Argentina, and these were all the same undetermined species of
Ichneumonid. Other parasites have been reported in Brazil. Some of
the parasites of Ceratitis capitata could doubtless be used to advantage
against the South American fruit-fly, but trials have not yet been
made. Artificial measures against A. fraterculus have not hitherto
proved very successful. Clean cultural methods, the destruction of
infested fruit, capture and destruction of adult flies, and the use of
poison sprays are all helpful in control but need to be practised with
co-operation to give any great measure of success. Poison sprays
are to be given a more extensive trial during the coming year.

Weiss (H. B.) & Nicolay (A. S.)- The Life-History and Early Stages of
Calophya nigripennis, Riley. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,
XI, no. 6, December 1918, pp. 467-471, 1 fig.

The Psyllid, Calophya nigripennis, Riley, appears to live exclusively
upon Rhus copallinum, and is found from Connecticut southward
to Georgia and Florida. It is fairly abundant in New Jersey although
it does not occur in every place where its food-plant grows. In some
localities heavy infestations of C. nigripennis have occurred without
much visible injury to the food-plant. Adults appear about mid-May
in the south of the State and about a week later in the north and occur
in diminishing numbers up to early July. Oviposition usually takes
place on the foliage at the tips of the twigs, and on the edges of young
leaves, from 2 to 40 eggs being found on a single small leaflet. The
incubation period is from 2 to 3 weeks, the first stage nymphs appearing
in middle or late June. There are 4 nymphal stages, each lasting about
a month. Towards the end of September practically all the nymphs

120

have sought hibernation quarters on the woody stems, being then in
the 3rd and 4th stages. There is therefore only one generation in
a year, development being very slow. All stages of the insect are
described.

Parshley (H. M.). Three Species of Anasa Injurious in the North.
(Hemiptera, Coreidae [Pentatomidae]). — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., XI, no. 6, December 1918, pp. 471-472.

Anasa tristis, DeG. (common squash bug) was until recently the
only species of the genus known to occur in New England. In 1914,
A. repetita, Heid., was reported from Massachusetts and subsequently
this species was observed in large numbers on star-cucumber. Recently
it has been known to feed on cultivated cucumber in sufficient numbers
to have caused injury if hand-picking had not been employed as a
preventive measure. The same record applies to A. armigera, Say,
this species being so numerous on cultivated cucumber in mid- August
that some plants were destroyed. These two species are evidently
increasing in New England and are likely to become seriously injurious
to Cucurbitaceous vegetables, cucumber evidently being the preferred
food. Control measures that are used for A. tristis should be employed,
and in addition the eradication of star-cucumber {Sicyos angulatus)
is advised. A key is given for the differentiation of these three species,
with the date of their occurrence in New England.

Littler (F. M.). Notes from Tasmania. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., xi, no. 6, December 1918, pp. 472-475.

Aegeria tipuliformis, Clerck (currant clearwing moth) has been
increasing in Tasmania during the past few years on red, white and
black currant bushes, but has not yet been observed in the southern
half of the Island [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 48]. An Ichneumonid
parasitic upon it is fairly abundant and does not appear to be hyper-
parasitised ; it may therefore be an efiective check. The destruction
of all badly affected currant bushes, the vigorous pruning of bushes
during the winter in affected plantations and the burning of all parts
cut away, care in selecting cuttings for striking, and spraying the
bushes with lead arsenate immediately after the fruit has been picked,
have produced satisfactory results.

As a consequence of the unusually rainy season of 1916-17 there
was a super-abundance of plant growth and many pests were numerous,
Nysiits vinitor (Rutherglen bug) being particularly abundant. Early
in the year the immature insects were migrating in countless numbers
from an area of reclaimed land in Launceston into a park in one
direction and along the gutters of the public streets in another. Steps
were then taken to isolate the breeding ground with coal-tar barriers.
The migration of further immature forms to the park was checked
by spraying, and the weeds on the breeding area were cut and burnt,
A large number, however, escaped and it is feared that in the coming
spring the insect will be very abundant. Only two instances of
damage were reported, once to garden plants and once to tomatoes.

Cydia {Carpocapsa) pomonella (codling moth) has only one generation
in a year in Tasmania, but the hatchings are extended over a long
period. Lead arsenate has almost entirely superseded Paris green

121

as a poison spray, and this insecticide, with improved spraying methods,
has greatly reduced the destruction caused by the moth. Heavy
penalties are inflicted upon persons attempting to sell infested fruit.
Much discussion has taken place regarding the best time for the
first spray. In the author's opinion this should be prior to the
closing of the calyx lobes, and should be followed by a second and
third application in order to protect the fruit from later-hatching
larvae. The common earwig, Forficula auricularia, L., causes a good
deal of damage in flower gardens and in kitchen gardens, but is
beneficial in that it destroys many larvae of C. pomonella under bands.
Dindymus versicolor (harlequin fruit-bug), in common with other
Rhynchota, was very abundant during 1916-17. Red, white and
black currants were punctured at the bases of the stalks and fell before
they were ripe. Some of the softer varieties of apples were injured
in the same manner. After all soft fruit was picked, sunflower and
artichoke stems were attacked. Boiling water was usually most
effective in dealing with swarms of this bug. Those on plants and
flowers were dealt with by jarring into hot water or water covered with
a film of oil.

Young (A. W.). The Development of a Portable Insectary. — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 6, December 1918, pp. 476-479,
1 plate.

As a result of four years' practical experience a portable insectary
has been constructed that is considered to be an ideal shelter for
entomological work. The structure is designed to be strong, simple
and portable, of sectional construction, made of non-conducting
material with a continuous ventilating space from the eaves to the
ridge between the outer and inner walls. The construction of this
building is fully described, with a drawing showing the details, and
a blueprint would be furnished to anyone desiring to build such an
insectary. The cost of the materials is approximately £20, and it is
estimated that a carpenter and one assistant could build the structure
in six days. ,

De Ong (E. R.). Flies Associated with a Grasshopper Outbreak. — Jl.

Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 6, December 1918, p. 480.

Bombyliid flies, especially a species of Anthrax, were observed in
great abundance in early September, 1918, in certain localities of
California where grasshoppers have been very plentiful for the last -
two years. These flies have been known to check grasshopper out-
breaks in previous years by the depredations of the larvae upon- the
grasshopper eggs.

De Ong (E. R.). Insect Pests of the Castor Bean. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xi, no. 6, December 1918, p. 4^0.

Castor beans have been grown for the first time in quantities in
California in 1918, and are serving as host-plants for many common
insects, such as cutworms, and a species of Blapstinus that feeds
on the stems of the young plants and attacks tomatoes in the same

(C545) o

122

way. Laphygma flavimaculata, Harv. (beet army-worm) attacks the
leaves, the young larvae feeding beneath a protecting web on the
upper leaf-surface.

Snapp (I.) & Stafford (E. W.). The Common Cricket, Gryllus
assimilis, as a Cotton Seed Pest. — Jl. Econ. Entoni., Concord, N.H.,
xi, no. 6, December 1918, pp. 480-481.

Early in September, cotton seed in newly opened bolls in Mississipi
was found to be damaged by Gryllus assimilis, F., var. luduosus, Serv.
(large black ground cricket), which cut away the seed hull and ate
the contents. The unusually dry season and consequent scarcity of
vegetation that forms the regular food of these insects may have
driven them to attack the cotton. It was estimated that 10 per
cent, or more of the seed was destroyed by this pest.

HowABD (L. 0.). Gracilaria zaclirysa, Meyr., attacks Apple Foliage in
North-western India. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 6.
December 1918, p. 482.

The author communicates information received from the Imperial
Entomologist at Pusa, India, to the effect that Gracilaria mchrysa,
Meyr., has been observed in the larval stage attacking apple leaves in
North-west India and has also been recorded on apples in Assam.
Probably this moth occurs in all the apple-growing districts along the
Himalayan region, where the winter is severe. In view of the recent
introduction of this pest into the United States of America on azaleas
from Japan this information is important in case the pest should
become acclimatised and turn its attention to apples in that country.

Locust Extermination. — Philippine Agric. Review, Manila, xi, no. 2,
second quarter 1918, p. 65. [Received 7th January 1919.]

The Philiijpine islands are now free from locust invasions and
have been so for a period of several months. On 28th July 1917 the
Archipelago was declared free of locusts, and except for a few scattered
swarms that were promptly destroyed upon their appearance, the
country has been free ever since. No locust swarms since 22nd
September 1917 have been reported anywhere in the Archipelago, a
condition that has not occurred before during modern times.

DE JoANNis (J.). Sur la Presence en France de GraphoUtha leplastri-
ana, Curtis, Microl§pidopt6re dont la Chenille est nuisible au Chou
cultiv6. [The Occurrence in France of the Microlepidopteron,
GraphoUtha lepilastriana, the Caterpillars of which injure the
cidtivated Cabbage.] — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, 1918,
no. 17, 13th November 1918, pp. 234-237.

The occurrence 6i Cydia {Laspeyresia) leplastriana is recorded on
cabbages from the agricultural region of Niort, where its depredations
may result in much loss. It has rarely been reported from France,
though its presence in Austria and England is well established. In
the latter country it occurs near Dover on Brassica oleracea (sea

123

cabbage), wild cabbage being its usual host-plant, and also readily
adapts itself to the cultivated variety. At Fano, Italy, the larvae attack
cauliflowers, destroying the tips of the young plants. The insect
has two generations annually, the adults appearing in July and
September. In England there is only one generation, in July and
August. The method of preventing loss by late sowing has proved
impracticable.

Vayssiere (P.). Existence en France du Diaspis pentagona, Targ.
(Hem. Coccidae). [The Occurrence of Aulacapsis pentagona in
France.] — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, 1918, no. 18,
27th November 1918, pp. 242-243.

Aulacaspis {Diaspis) pentagona, the dangerous pest of the mulberry
in silk-growing countries, is widely distributed in Italy, where its host-
plants number 54 species, chiefly fruit trees and ornamental plants,
such as the apricot, almond, bignonia, cherry, cherry-laurel, lilac, etc.,
and many control measures have been instituted there, including
the propagation of Prospaltella berlesei, How.

In France, legislation and careful inspection have hitherto prevented
its entry, but since August 1918 it has been reported from several
points just across the Italian frontier, having probably entered on
vegetables introduced during the war by routes other than those
subjected to official inspection.

Essais de Destruction de la Cochylis et de rEud6mis par des
Champignons parasites. [Attempts to control Clysia ambiguella
and Polychrosis botrana by means of parasitic Fungi.]— Za Vie
Agric. et Rur., Paris, ix, no. 1, 4th January 1919, pp. 19-20.

Attempts have been made to control Clysia ambiguella and
Polychrosis botrana by means of the fungi, Spicaria farinosa var.
verticilloides and Botrytis bassiana, but without success in the field
during the vegetative period, though some positive results have been
obtained in the laboratory.

Experunents have shown that the mode of infection is not
always the same ; sometimes it is by penetration of the integument
of the insect, sometimes by way of the digestive tube, sometimes by
obstruction of the respiratory tract. Further, every epidemic of
fimgous origin is controlled by external conditions, insect-infesting fungi
beuig practically inoperative in summer, a time when the resistance
of insects is at a maximum, while a moist state of the atmosphere
hinders the germination of the spores and the growth of the mycelium.

It has not been fomid possible to infect these two moths with
Nosema bombycis.

RiTZEMA Bos (J.). Insektenschade in het Voorjaar 1918. [Insect
Injury in Holland in the Spring of 1918.] — Meded. Landbouw-
hoogeschool, Wageningen, xv, no. 2, 1918, pp. 68-74. [Received
2nd January 1919.]

Damage by insects was very marked in the spring and early summer
of 1918 owing to the prolonged dry weather, to the early occurrence
{C54.5) c2

124

of warm weather and to the cultivation of grassland. Beans were
grown on a very large scale and this must have encouraged the increase
of Phorbia {Anthomyia) cilicrura. Oats, barley, wheat, potatoes,
cabbage, peas, beans, etc., were attacked by Elaterid larvae, chiefly,
though not exclusively, on former pasture land. Beet-fields were
infested by the larvae of Silpha afraia. Raspberries were injured
by the raspberry beetles, Bytnrus fumatus and B. tomentosus.
Meligethes aeneus was particularly injurious to flowering radish plants.
Otionhynchus tenebricosus injured fruit trees, retarding the development
of young shoots and foliage, while 0. singularis damaged raspberry,
apple, pear and grape-vine. Cneorrhinus plagiatus (geminatus)
attacked French beans, and Sitones lineatus young peas and beans
and in one district severely injured clover, which is unusual.
Cryptorrhynchus lapathi, which normally infests willows and poplars,
was observed boring in pear twigs and Anthonotnus pyri injured pear
buds, while A. pomorum was very harmful in many localities. Flea-
beetles of the genns Phyllotreta did much damage to melons, cucumbers,
turnips and radish. PsylUodes chrysocephala, which had decreased
with the diminished cultivation of rape-seed in Groningen, has
reappeared.

The saw-fly, Pteronus rihesii {Nematus ventricosus), did much damage
to gooseberries, while Lygaeonematuspini {N. abietum), oi a closely-allied
species, attacked Picea excelsa and Picea pungens glauca. Hoplocampa
testudinea injured young apples; this saw-fly is more common than
is usually supposed, much of the damage it does being ascribed to
Cydia pomonella. Rose leaves were curled by Blennocatnpa pusilla.
Lophyrus rufus appeared to have increased considerably. The larva
of a species of Cephus was found boring in young raspberry shoots.

Lepidopterous pests included Malacoso?na (Gastropacha) neustria,
of which a great increase was noted. The caterpillars of Olethreutes
urticaria and Sparganothis {Tortrix) pilleriana severely attacked
strawberries, while Depressaria heracleana injured the inflorescences
of parsnips. Coleophora laricella seriously damaged larches.

Injurious Diptera included Tipulid larvae attacking cabbage, which
also suffered severely from the larvae of Phorbia {Anthomyia) brassicae
and P. {A.) cilicrura. P. {A.)platurahi]\n:ed shallots, onions and leeks,
while lupin seedlings were destroyed by P. (A.) funesta. The weather
in spring was very favourable to Aphids, and in many localities beans
were heavily infested by them. The Coccid, Pulvinaria betulae,
attacked birch and, in one instance, peach.

ScHOEVERs (T. A. C). Proeven met eenige Chemicalien ter Bestrijding
van het Wortelaaltje, Heterodera radicicola, Greef. [Trials with
some Chemicals in the Control of the Nematode, H. radicicola.'] —
Meded. Landbmiwhoogeschool, Wageningen, xv, no. 2, 1918,
pp. 85-88. [Received 2nd January 1919.]

These experiments confirm the value of lime and sulphate of ammonia
against Heterodera radicicola, as reported on a previous occasion [see
this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 277], and it was also found that formalin
(1^ per cent, of the commercial article) gave equally good results.
Naphthaline and carbolineum were also of some value.

125

Stahel (G.). Over een Schorskevertje, Xyleborus perforans, Woll., in

de Liberia-Koffie. [Xyleborus perforans, a Bark- Beetle infesting

Liberian Coffee.] — Departement van den Landbouw in Suriname,

Paramaribo, Mededeeling no. 8, 9th March 1917, 3 pp. [Received

20th January 1919.]

In February 1917 about 150 Liberian coffee bushes in a plantation

in Dutch Guiana were attacked and in part killed by a beetle identified

as Xyleborus perforans, Woll., which infests growing sugar-cane in

the East and West Indies. The injury occurred in a plot of 3i-year-old

plants where the Erythrina shade-trees had lately been pruned. The

older leaves become yellow and fall, and ultimately the younger leaves

also become affected. Examination of the bark reveals the bore-holes,

which measure about 1 mm. in diameter and are found about 8 inches

from the groimd in plants showing the first symptoms of infestation,

while in later cases they may be found as high as 24-32 inches from

the ground and also in the larger roots. To prevent the spread of

this pest the infested plants were dug up and burnt and the adjacent

healthy bushes were smeared with coal-tar at the base of the stem.

Del Guercio (G.). Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, a Hemipteron Injurious
to Cotton, in Italian Somaliland. — AgricoUura Coloniale, Florence,
xii, no. 3, 1918, pp. 147-166, 23 figs. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull.
Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 10, October 1918, p. 1262.)
[Received 14th January 1919.]
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis oviposits inside cotton bolls not far from

the seeds, and also on the tracts surrounding the bolls as well as at

their base, the larvae in the first case feeding on the seeds, and in the

latter attacking the basal walls.

The si^OTOzoa,, Pissidocystiaoxycarehidis, gen. et sp. n., and Valvicystia

rhopaloides, gen. et sp. n., have been found in the viscera of nymphs

and adults of 0. hyalinipennis.

Bbethes (J.). Sobre algunos Himen6pteros utiles del Sud del Brasih

[Some useful Hymenoptera of Southern Brazil.] — Anales Soc.

Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, lii, no. 1, January 1918, pp. 7-11,

2 figs. [Received 17th January 1918.]
From a number of Hymenopterous parasites sent from Rio Grande,
Brazil, the following new species are described . — Lytopilus melano-
cephalus, parasitic upon an undetermined Lepidopteron injurious to
lucerne, perhaps Colias lesbia ; Aphidius brasiliensis, parasitic upon
Aphids ; Heptasmicra brasiliensis, parasitic upon Oeceticus{'i) ; Hetero-
scapus ronnai, gen. et sp. n., parasitic upon the larva of an undetermined
Lepidopteron, this genus being related to Baryscapus ; and TetrastichurS
isis, parasitic upon Oeceticus (?).

Massini (P. C.) & Brethes (J.). El Gusano de los Naranjos. Su
Enemigo natural Pteromalus caridei, Brethes. Su Clasiflcaei6n y
Utilizaci6n biol6gica en Defensa de los Naranjales. [The Orange
Caterpillar ; its Natural Enemy, Pteromalus caridei, Brethes ; its
Classification and Biological Use in Defence of Orange Trees.] —
Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, lii, no. 2, February
1918, pp. 73-76, 2 plates. [Received 17th January 1919.]
Papilio thoas thoantiades, Burm., is a serious pest in plantations

of Aurantiaceae. Throughout the summer the eggs of this butterfly

126

can be found on the young leaves of oranges, lemons and similar
plants. The various stages are described. Many of the pupae are
parasitised by a small Chalcidid, Pteromalus caridei, which deposits
many eggs, as many as 20 being found within one pupal case. This
parasite is evidently a very effective check, as 98 per cent, of indivi-
duals of P. thoantvdes collected were found to be attacked. As this
parasite attacks P. ihoantiades exclusively, there is no danger in libera-
ting it wherever this butterfly is troublesome, while the collection of
parasitised pupae and the subsequent rearing of the parasite from them
is a simple matter. It is not definitely known whether the butterfly
is attacked in its larval or pupal stage, but probably in both, though
the parasites have always been found within the pupa. The adult
of P. caridei is described, and the importance of protecting and
propagating it wherever Citrus is cultivated is pointed out.

Brethes (J.). La Polilla del Grano, Sifotroga cerealella. [Sitoiroga
cerealella, a Gi-ain Pest.] — Andes Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos
Aires, lii, no. 10, October 1918, pp. 683-685. 6 figs. [Eeceived
22nd January 1919.]

To the grain pests of South America previously recorded [see this
Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 548] the author adds an account of Sitotroga
cerealella., 01. The biology and habits of this moth are described
and the methods of fumigating against it with carbon bisulphide,
carbon tetrachloride and sulphurous anhydride given in the previous
paper are recapitulated.

L'Agriculture Suisse en 1916. [Swiss Agriculture in 1916.] — Annuaire
Agricole de la Suisse, Berne, xix, 1918, pp. 266-285.

In the Canton of Valais Clysia ambiguella was more in evidence
than elsewhere. Fruit tree pests included Anthonomus pomorum,
Hyponomeuta inalinellus and Cheimatohia hrumata.

Treherne (R. C). Insect Control Work in British Columbia.— M/A/*/.
Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 10, October
1918, p. 579.

Since 1900 there have been about 12 distinct and separate outbreaks
of codling moth [Cydia pomonella] in British Columbia originating in
imported fruit, cars, or settler's effects. Seven of these outbreaks
were eradicated in from 1 to 2 years, other large ones taking longer,
the cost ranging between £2 and £4 per acre. The inspection system
began under an Act passed in 1895 and 1897, the great orchard develop-
ment taking place after 1909. Previous to this year there were only
8,000 acres of fruit in the whole Province, while at the present day
there are 40,000 acres, free from codling moth and San Jose scale
[Aspidiotus perniciosus],

Ma8kew(F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of September

1918. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii,
no. 10, October 1918, pp. 591-592.

The following insect pests were intercepted during the month of
September : — From Central America : Pseudococcns sp., Aspidiotus

127

cyaaophylli and A. cydoniae on bananas. From Fiji : Larvae of
unindentified weevils in sweet potatoes and yams. From Hawaii :
Diaspis hromeliac and Pseudococcus bromdiae on pineapples ; larvae
of Dacus CKCurbitae in cucumbers ; unidentified Coccids on croton
leaves. From New Zealand : Pseudococcus sp. on an unknown plant.
From Nicaragua : Lepidosaphes heckii on oranges. From Samoa :
Pseudococcus sp. on coconut palm. From Oregon : Cydia pomonella
in apples.

Richards (P. B.). Notes on Entomology in the Federated Malay States
during 1917.^ — Agric. Bull. Fed. Malay States, Kuala Lumpur,
vi, no. 10, July-August 1918, pp. 409-420. [Received 15th
January 1919.]

During 1917 large collections of insects, many of which are new
to science, have been made throughout the Federated Malay States,
and 111 species of insects and 2 of mites have been studied in the
laboratory, most of them being of economic importance.

Among rubber pests Coptotermes gestroi is still the most important.
It is recognised that clean clearing is essential for eradicating this
termite, but the condition of affairs in this respect is still far from
satisfactory. In time, with universal clearing up of dead wood and
systematic treatment of attacked trees it is hoped that there will
remain so few centres of infestation that it will cease to be a serious
pest. In addition to the direct damage done by this species it is
suspected of infecting trees with wood-rotting fimgi such as Poria
and Ustulina, and there is considerable evidence that it is frequently
responsible for " brown bast " attacks.

The rubber leaf mite is capable, in certain conditions of soil and
weather, of doing considerable injury to young rubber-fields. This
mite, which is very minute, punctures the epidermis of the young
leaves and shoots, and sucks out the fluid cell-contents. The life-
cycle requires only 5 to 7 days, and as each female deposits 50 or
more eggs, increase is very rapid. The damage to rubber plants varies
from distortion of the leaves to repeated defoliation of the young
shoots and the ultimate death of the plant. Attacks by the mite
are also frequently followed or accompanied by leaf and stem fungus
attacks, the mite often passing unnoticed owing to its small size.
While this pest is present probably on every estate throughout the
Peninsula, it has as yet assumed serious proportions only where
root conditions have been unfavourable for the growth of Hevea
hrasiliensis. In such cases the attacks have caused checking, stunting
and death of seedlings in nurseries, and weakly and stunted growth
in young clearings. Improvement of soil conditions by draining,
manuring or cultivation is the first essential of preventive and remedial
treatment. Where the attack has become established, spraying with
lime-sulphur wash containing two pounds of sulphur per 100 gallons
is an effective remedy, acting both on the mites and the fungi. This
should be applied twice at ten-days' interval and afterwards once
every 3 or 4 weeks in such nurseries and young plants as show signs
of re-infestation. A small percentage of rubber trees appears to be
resistant to mite attack ; in areas known or likely to be mite-infested
these might be planted with advantage.

128

A swarm of caterpillars that proved to be a species of Spodoptera
attacked a field of young rubber at Kuala Selangor. The district
had previously been flooded, after which many caterpillars matured
on the rank grass. The moths developing from these oviposited in
a new clearing ; the young larvae, after eating all the available
grass and wteds that constitute their normal food, attacked the
yoimg rubber plants and in a few days all the foliage and young green
bark was stripped from them. Hand-picking was resorted to as the
outbreak was reported too late for poisoning to be tried. Large
numbers of swarming caterpillars or army-worms on grass and weeds
in the vicinity of rubber should be regarded with suspicion and
preparations made to deal with them should their native food supply
run short. Various localities have been troubled by a bark-eating
caterpillar, the species being unidentified as the larvae would not feed
in captivity. The bark, either tapped or untapped, is eaten away,
causing small irregular wounds. The caterpillars are not as yet
sufficiently numerous to warrant special treatment. Minor pests of
rubber leaves include various species of Psychids (bag-worms) and
four species of Coccids.

Coconuts are seriously damaged by Coptotermes gestroi. It is noticed
that after removal of timber that affords breeding-sites for C. gestroi
there is frequently a marked increase in attack both on coconut and
rubber plantations. This is generally due to individuals that have
escaped destruction in the logs and have hurriedly constructed a shelter
of earth around the trunks. These should be scraped away and
destroyed. C. travians is frequently found on coconut palms and should
be eradicated together with C. gestroi, although up to the present no
damage can be ascribed to that species.

Oryctes rhinoceros has been effectively reduced in coconut plantations
by the destruction of timber and stumps. Digging for the grubs in all
likely feeding grounds during wet weather, when they are driven near
the surface, has also given much success. The parasitic wasp, Scolia
procer, 111., destroys a large percentage of the larvae of 0. rhinoceros.
The Hispid, Plesispa. reichei, Chap., which was a minor pest in 1914
and 1915, has been increasing both in range and destructiveness.
Owing to the larvae and adults living chiefly in the unopened pinnae,
treatment with poison sprays is impracticable. Young and weakly
palms are chiefly attacked, and in some cases the damage is sufficient to
necessitate their removal and the substitution of healthy plants.
Hand-picking is expensive and laborious but has considerably reduced
the numbers of these beetles.

The coconut spike caterpillar, which is the larva of an unidentified
Pyralid, has not hitherto been recorded as a coconut pest, but may
prove to be an important one. The male flowers on the spike are
attacked first, and when these are all destroyed, the female flowers
may be attacked or the caterpillars may migrate to another opening
spike. Pupation occurs in a roughly constructed cocoon in which
dead flowers are woven in with silk. The infection is sporadic, but
may persist for months on a palm, with a resultant loss in crop. It is
advisable to cut off and burn all affected spikes in a plantation. The
coconut pollen mite frequently attacks the male flowers in large num-
bers, entering the pollen chambers and feeding on the contents. Much
of the pollen is destroyed and the rest becomes massed into heavy

129

lumps and is probably rendered unfit for fertilisation of the female
flowers. Very scanty crops of nuts are obtained from palms infested
with this mite, which is frequently found associated with the coconut
spike caterpillar. Where treatment is necessary, dusting each spike
as it opens with flowers of sulphur, or spraying with lime-sulphur,
would probably prove satisfactory. Brachartona catoxantha is a
recurrent pest, the larvae causing serious damage at intervals of from
two to six years. In the interim they are kept in check by parasites,
of which a Tachinid fly appears to be the most important, while a
fungus, Botrytis sp., probably acts as a further check. The caterpillars
of B. catoxantha eat away narrow strips of tissue on the under-sides of
the leaves, all except the youngest leaves of the crown being entirely
destroyed in bad infestations. Moreover the wounds in the leaves
made by the insect encourage the attacks of leaf fungi, such as
Pestalozzia. Spraying with a combined insecticide and fungicide
might be a successful control measure, but since palms are not
apparently killed outright by B. catoxantha, it is not known whether the
value of the crop saved would compensate for the labour and expense
involved in this method. The fact that leaf fungi thrive in wet weather
and are not likely to cause much damage during a drought must be
considered in deciding whether or not to use a fungicide, while spraying
should be regulated by the numbers of parasites present, which differs
in different outbreaks. It is therefore impossible to lay down any
hard and fast rule for treatment. The larvae of various species of
Psychid moths (bag-worms) have occurred as local pests on coconuts
and have done much damage in small areas. Treatment consists
of hand-picking the cases or poisoning the young caterpillars with a
poison spray.

Coffee growers should keep a watch for Cephonodes hylas (coffee
clearwing moth), the caterpillars of which have been taken frequently
on coffee and Gardenia.

Ross (W. A.). The Pear Psylla. — Agric. Gaz. Canada^ Ottawa, v, no.
12, December 1918, pp. 1134-1136, 10 figs.

A popular account is given of Psylla pyricola (pear psylla), which
is frequently very destructive to pear orchards in Ontario. The
life-history and nature of the injury are described. The increase of
the pest is checked to some extent by several insect enemies, notably
Coccinellids, but the most important factor is undoubtedly the weather.
Protracted periods of cold, wet weather in spring may be disastrous
to the eggs and newly hatched young, while long periods of hot dry
weather are fatal to many nymphs. In Ontario it has been found
most satisfactory to postpone the so-called dormant application of
lime-sulphur (winter strength) until shortly before the trees bloom
and then thoroughly drench all parts of the trees including the under-
side of the twigs and branches. This destroys the newly hatched
nymphs and the eggs about to hatch. Nicotine sulphate, 40 per
cent., is added at the rate of f pint to 80 gals, spray mixture applied
just after the blossoms fall. This kills the nymphs which are then
chiefly in the axils of the leaf -petioles and blossom- stems.

130

Hudson (H. F.). Notes on the Relation of Insect Control to Cultural
Practices in Western Ontario. —Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottaiva, v, no.
12, December 1918, pp. 1136-1138.

It is pointed out that with greater crop production and an acute
shortage of agricultural labour it is likely that plants will be seriously
damaged by insect pests and fungus diseases, and that careful watch
should be maintained for these and every effort be made to check their
increase. Great importance is attached to methods of farm rotation ;:
several farms under observation have shown little or no sign of insect
depredations, while others in close proximity have been distinctly
injured, A system that has been followed with excellent results is
to plant red clover for hay, to plough this in autumn and plant with
wheat. In the spring of the second year clover is again sown on the
wheat field and in the following spring the wheat stubble and clover
are ploughed under and a good top dressing of barnyard manure
given and the ground planted with maize and potatoes. The
cultivation through the summer cleans the ground, which in the following
spring is planted with oats and then re-sown with clover. Thus
two clover crops are turned imder in four years. Crops so grown
are reported to be always good and free from insect pests and this is
attributed chiefly to short rotations of hay crop and the elimination
of timothy grass, which has apparently become a very popular crop
although it has decided disadvantages.

Entomological Laboratory for Saskatchewan. — Agric. Gaz. Canada,
Ottawa, v., no. 12, December 1918, p. 1139.

The Entomological Branch of the Canadian Department of
Agriculture has established a laboratory and office at the University
of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, which Avill serve as a headquarters for
the work carried on in that Province. Studies on the blood-sucking
and other insects affecting live stock will be continued and the
laboratory will also serve as a local bureau of information on insect
pests affecting crops in the Province, while immediate assistance will
be given in the case of sudden outbreaks of insect attack.

Sasscer (E. R.) & DiETZ (H. F.). Fumigation of Cattleya Orchids
with Hydrocyanic- Acid Gas. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.C.,
XV, no. 5, 4th November 1918, pp. 263-268, 2 plates.

During the inspection of orchids prior to the adoption of fumigation
with hydrocyanic-acid gas as a requirement for entry, a total of
137 species of insects was collected, principally on species of Cattleya,
or in cases containing them, during the period from August 1912
to December 1917. These included 41 species of Coccids and a
number of recently introduced ants, which are now firmly established
and responsible for much injury in greenhouses as far west as Indiana.
Examination of three cases of Colombian orchids revealed the presence
of 17 species of insects of many orders. A shipment of 47 cases of
Cattleya from Colombia in 1917 was found to be infested with larvae
of an unknown Pyralid moth not known to occur in the United States.
Experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of killing
these larvae and other insects by the vacuum process without removing

131

the plants from their origmal container. As a result of these experi-
ments the Federal Horticultural Board requires that all plants fumi-
gated in the original container must be fumigated with 1 oz. of sodium
cyanide with an exposure of one hour. A preliminary vacuum of
20 inches is required prior to the generation of the gas. To determine
the penetration of hydrocyanic-acid gas under vacuum conditions
experiments were made with Datana integerrima, G. & R. (black-
walnut caterpillar). The results of fumigation experiments are given
in tabulated form. It was found that where excessive dosages are
not employed, orchids are apparently stimulated by hydrocyanic-acid
gas. Infested orchids at the time of arrival at the port of entry,
if in a reasonably good condition, are not seriously affected by hydro-
cyanic acid gas generated at the rate of 1 oz. sodium cyanide per
100 cu. ft. and are not killed where a 4 oz. dosage is used. Insects
that are not hermetically sealed in stems or pseudobulbs of Cattleya
can be killed in the original cases with hydrocyanic-acid gas provided
a 20-inch vacuum is previously effected.

Van Zwaluwenburg (R. H.). Report of the Entomologist. — Rept.
Porto Rico Agric. Expt. Sta., 1917 ; Washington, D.C., 20th Sep-
tember 1918, pp. 31-34. [Received 17th January, 1919.]

Much of the maize grown in Porto Rico fails to produce seed, and
during 1917 the larvae of an undetermined Phorid fly has been
suspected of causing this damage. The eggs of this fly are laid in
clusters of 25 or more among the strands of the new silk, several such
clusters frequently being placed in the tuft of a single ear. The
larvae upon emerging from the egg feed on the silk strands, following
them downwards. All of the strands may be destroyed in this
manner before the silk has been pollinated and as a result very little
seed is produced. The work of the larvae also attracts scavenger
beetles such as Carpophilus sp. and doubtless encourages fungus infec-
tion. In June over 75 per cent, of the ears in a field at the Station
were found either infested with larvae or with eggs in the silk tuft.
The fly is obviously a primary pest and not a scavenger. A Capsid
bug was observed to be fairly abundant and to feed upon the eggs
of the fly. Investigations are being continued with regard to this
pest.

The larvae of a Noctuid moth, Noropsishieroglyphiai, feed commonly
on the foliage of Waltheria americana and have also been reared upon
Morongia leptoclada. The larvae are gregarious and drop to the
ground if disturbed. The oval pupa-case is formed on the stem of
the food-plant and covered by grass and bits of leaves.

A heavy infestaton of Anastrepha fraterculus (mango fruit-fly)
occurred in July in fruits of Eugenia jambos. This is the first record
of this plant as a host of the fly in Porto Rico. The scale, Conchaspis
angraeci, is one of the few insects observed upon vanilla, which has
only recently been cultivated in the Island ; it does not, however,
seem likely to become an important pest. A local outbreak of a
Noctuid moth, Melipotis jannaris, occurred in June on guama {Inga
laurina) ; a few days after the appearance of the larvae they had
all entered the ground to pupate. Some protection against Strategvs

132

quadrifoveatus, a rhinoceros beetle attacking coconuts, seems to be
afiorded by a surrounding growth of sugar-cane, pigeon pea or a
similar crop during the rainy season.

Experiments to determine the value of cyanamide as a remedy
for white grubs [^Lachnosternd] in cane soil show that heavy applications
of this substance when used alone have no effect, even on second
instar grubs. Mixtures of cyanamide with other chemical fertilisers
are being tested. The trapping of the changa [Scapteriscus vicinus]
with lights has been continued ; up to the present 58 per cent, of the
catch has consisted of females.

Froggatt (W. W.). A Serious Pest to Stored Wheat: The Lesser
Grain Borer {Rhizopertha dominica). — Aqric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney,
xxix, no. 10, October 1918, pp. 726-728, 2 figs. [Received 20th
January 1919.]

Besides Calandra oryzae, which is the commonest grain pest in
New South Wales, and C. granaria, which is rare, Rhizopertha dominica
has also recently been observed in wheat stacked in grain sheds in
certain localities. The damage caused by this beetle is similar to that
observed in India and elsewhere [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 126].
Through the winter in New South Wales the beetles remain quiescent
and do not attempt to feed upon the grain. In the stacks, during
a warm sunny day even in midwinter they may be seen crawling
about on the exposed surfaces of the bags in which they had been
feeding in June. All empty bags, etc., used in infested sheds should
be quarantined and thoroughly disinfected with hot air before being
used again.

Fletcher (T. B.). Report of the Imperial Entomologist. — Scient.
Repts. Agric. Research Inst., Pusa, 1917-18', Calcutta, 1918, pp.
84-116, 20 plates. [Received 21st January 1919.]

Work on cotton bollworms continued throughout the year showed
that at the beginning of the season, especially from July to the middle
of October, Earias fabia and E. insulana are the predominant species ;
but later on, to the end of January during the cotton-picking season,
Pectinophora (Platyedra) gossypiella is chiefly present and does consider-
able damage. Microbracon spp., which normally parasitise Earias, can
also attack the lavae of P. gossypiella in the shoots and pods, but are
imable to reach them when in the cotton seeds. The best trap-crop
for boUworm larvae is Hibiscus abelmoschus. The practice of sowing
cotton intermixed with another crop was found to be advantageous,
but Cajanus indicus was not found to be suitable for this purpose.
Other insects very injurious to cotton during the year were a weevil,
Pempheres affinis, a scale, Pseudococcus sp., a Cercopid, Machaerota
pilanitiae, and a mite, Eriophyes sp.

Lepidopterous stem-borers in rice studied during the year were : —
Schoenobius iticertellus (bipunctifer), the larvae of which were found
dead and dry within the stubble, being too sluggish to move to safer
quarters when the climatic conditions became unfavourable, and also
being killed by exposure to the sun after ploughing the stubble in

• 133

spring ; Chilo simplex and an unidentified species of the same genus,
which also hibernate in the stubble ; and Sesamia inferens which
remains active throughout the year.

Borers attacking Graminaceous plants in addition to Chilo simplex,
Diatraea auricilia, and D. venosata, recorded in the previous year,
included a species of Chilo in Saccharum arundinaceum and
S. fuscum, and ? Anerastia ahlutella in sugar-cane. A key to the
larval forms of these borers is given. Among insects, other than borers,
foimd underground among the roots of sugar-cane were : — Anomala
bengalensis, A. hiharensis, Adoretus caliginosus, Autoserica sp., Myllo-
cerus discolor, M. hlandus, Monolepta signata, Formicomus sp., Pachne-
phorus sp'., Alissonotum piceum, A. simile, Apogonia sp. and an
unidentified Chrysomelid. Of these, A. bengalensis did a small
amount of damage through the larvae entering the basal part of new
shoots from the side, causing a dead heart, but the rest were of very
minor importance as pests. Sugar-cane grown on a piece of waste
land overgrown with Saccharum spontaneum and Imperata arundinacea
brought Gryllotalpa africana prominently into notice as a pest of
young sugar-cane, as much as 15 per cent, of the plants being damaged
by it. The attempt to protect sugar-cane setts from termites by dip-
ping them in a solution of 1 lb. lead arsenate in 2 gals, cold water
met with no success, the liability of sugar-cane to damage by termites
depending largely on the nature of the soil in which it is grown, being
less in clayey soils than in sandy ones.

An investigation of the parasites of the indigo Psyllid {Arytaina
isitis) was begun in April 1918, and so far three species of Chalcids
have been obtained, one of these being very common.

It has been found that the " tukra " disease of mulberry, resulting
in curling and malformation of the shoots and new leaves is due to
the presence of an unidentified species of Pseudococcus. This mealy-
bug becomes active at Pusa at the beginning of March and passes
through a complete life-cycle in 24 days, the generations however over-
lapping. The mature nymphs, as well as the females, are parasitised
by three species of Chalcids, one of which is particularly effective. The
larva of a Cecidomyiid fly (? Coccodiplosis sp.) has been formd to attack
the eggs, the fly maggots being found chiefly in the ovisacs of the mealy-
bug. The larva of a Coccinellid beetle also attacks the njnnphs and
females of this mealy-bug. The removal and burying or burning
of affected mulberry shoots was not efficacious, as the nymphs hide
in the crevices of the unexpanded leaf-buds. A thorough spraying
with fish oil-resin soap subsequent to the removal of affected shoots
might probably prove more effective.

A Lepidopterous fruit pest found on apple in north-west India
and Assam has been identified as Gracilaria zachrysa, Meyr.

Among the numerous insects reared in the insectary the following
new pests are recorded : — An unidentified Longicorn borer (? Nupserha
sp.) found in stems of Vigna catjang in August, which bores in the
main stem causing it to swell, the plants, though not killed, becoming
stunted and bearing no fruit ; a Pyralid, an undescribed species of
Tiratliaba, boring into young coconut fruits on the tree and causing
them to drop off, similar damage being caused in Fiji by an allied
species, Tirathaba trichogramma, Meyr. ; Diocalandra frumenti
{Calandra stigmaticollis), reported as killing large coconut trees by

134

boriiig into the stem, similar damage by this weevil having been
recorded in Malabar, while in confinement it has also been reared on
sugar-cane stems ; an miidentified Longicorn, the larvae of which bore
into young orange shoots in spring, causing them to wither ; a small
Eurytomine Chalcidid infesting Seshania pods, which shrivel without
setting seed if attacked when young, the pest being best controlled
by picking oflt the dry pods at frequent intervals.

Other insects reared during the year included : Amsacta moorei sara,
the life-cycle of this moth occupying a full year ; the weevil,
Engnamptus marginatus, the larvae of which sometimes remain
underground in a resting state for more than a year ; Agrotis ypsilon.
which is capable of breeding in thf^ plains during the rains ; Azygophleps
scalaris, found for the first time boring in Seshania stems, there being
onlv one generation in the year, aestivation and hibernation taking
place in the larval state ; Agromyza sp., attacking pea plants to the
extent of about 8 per cent. ; Cryptorrhynchus gravis, a weevil seriously
damaging mango fruits ; a Longicorn borer {Wherea sp.) in stems of
Phaseolus aconitifolius, living for 2 years in the larval state ; Cosmopteryx
phaeogastra, Meyr., referred to in the previous report as C. tnanipularis
and mining in bean leaves ; Argyroploce paragramma boring into new
bamboo shoots and causing the death of a large number of them ;
Nodostoma subcostatum, a Chrysomelid pest of plantain and young
grape-vine leaves ; Balaninus c-album, a weevil reared from seeds of
Eugenia jarnhplana, practically every one of which harbom's a larva,
the only remedy being the thorough destruction of the seeds ; a
white mite which attacks the young leaves of jute, but which was
effectively controlled by a spray composed of 1 lb. olene soap and
6 oz. flowers of sulphur in 12 gals, water ; a Pyralid, Glyphodes caesalis,
a jak pest in southern India, but not before noted as a pest north of
the Madras Presidency ; a Buprestid, Belionota pmsina, apparently
causing the death of a mango tree ; a weevil, Alcidesfrcnatus, and a moth,
Chlutnetia transversa, infesting mangos ; Giaura sceptica, the caterpillars
of which roll the young leaves of velvet bean ; the Lepidoptera,
CatocJirysops cnejus, Anarsia ephippias, Eucos/na melanaula, and
Eublemma hemirhoda, all of which damage the flowers of Phaseolus
mungo ; Argyroploce leucaspis, the larvae of which roll and nibble
the young leaves of litchi, which were also mined by the larvae of
Acrocercops liierocosma.

The method of storing grain under sand continued to give good
results, but straw granaries, when tested, were not so satisfactory as
had been anticipated. Tribolium castaneum does great damage to
wheat flour by imparting to it a characteristic nauseous taste and
smell, especially during the rains, and in bad cases rendering it quite
uneatable. Whole wheat in the grain, when undamaged by Calandra
or Rhizopertha, is not affected by this beetle. For the first time in the
Pusa area, Bruchus chinensis and another unidentified species were
found to breed to a limited extent in cow-pea pods in the field. This
beetle is essentially a pest of stored pulse, to which it causes serious
damage. Another unidentified species of Bruchus was found breeding
in Sesbania pods in the field, the emergence of adults lasting from
February to June. Breeding did not occur in stored seeds. Damage •
to seeds of pea {Pisum arvense) by Bruchus affinis was reduced by
drying them in the sun for 7 days.

135

Experiments with insecticides showed that resm compound, fish-oil
resiu soaj) and a proprietary contact insecticide " Incosopol " were
all about equally effective against Aphids, Aleurodids, scale-insects
and mealy-bugs. Experiments showed that Periplaneta americana
(common cockroach) could be effectively, though very slowly, poisoned
with boracic acid in honey, and could also be trapped by means of a
kerosene tin containing a weak solution of molasses in water.
Extended experiments on the protection of wood against Microtermes
obesus have shown that the deterrent effect depends on the treatment
employed, the variety of wood treated and the kind of termite against
which protection is sought. At Pusa it has been found that teak, sissoo
and jarrah naturally resist M. obesus without treatment. Wood can be
rendered immune by impregnating it with arsenicals, or creosote
(or wood-tar) or some similar liquid, immunity lasting until the poison
is washed out or the odour disappears. In practice, treatment with
arsenicals is not easy without a pressure apparatus to ensure
penetration of the wood.

During 1917-18 it was found that besides the species of Eublemmu
and of Chalcids that normally attack lac {Tachardia lacca) whilst
on the trees, considerable damage was done to brood-lac on Zizyphus
jujuha by Holococera [Hypatima) pulverea. The larvae of this moth
commonly damage scraped and unwashed stick-lac in store, but do
not usually attack the growing lac.

Anstead (R. D.). Castor Oil Plant and Tea..— Planters' Chronicle,
Bangalore, xiii, no. 50, 14th December, 1918, p. 799.

A correspondence having arisen as to the reason why it is injurious
to tea crops to grow castor oil plants in the vicinity, the author points
out that most of the reasons given are incorrect, the fact that these
plants attract Aphids and the caterpillars, Achaea (Ophiusa) melicerta
and Trabala vishnu, being nearest the truth.

The real reason is that Xyleborus fornicatus (shot-hole borer), a serious
pest of tea, is harboured by the castor oil plant to a greater degree
than by any other, and therefore it should be removed entirely from
tea-growing areas, as without this step total eradication of the pest
is impossible.

Beeson (C. F. C). Forest Zoologist's Report on the Bee-hole Borer
Investigations of 1918.— Rangoon, 1918, 4 pp., 1 chart. [Received
22nd January, 1919.]

The Cossid, Duomitus ceramicus, Wlk. (bee-hole borer), has a
normal life-cycle of one year, though a cycle of two years or at least
two larval feeding seasons not infrequently occurs. Control by trap-
ping the adult moths, inspecting the trees to locate early larval attack,
or destroying or concentrating the young larvae by means of
grease bands, deterrents, trap-trees, etc., is impossible, since eggs are
laid anywhere from the gi'ound to a height of 70 ft.

As the result of investigations carried out during 1918 in Burma,
the follomng conclusions have been reached : — That in numerical
incidence the borer has appreciably increased during the last 20
years in planted areas, this being probably directly referable to the
increase in breeding facilities provided by plantations ; the percentage

136

of attack varies locally very considerably from year to year ; there
is a tendency for attacked trees to occur in groups, but tbe position
and composition of the groups varies from year to year ; all the
trees comprising the final crop of a teak plantation will be bee-holed,
while the number of holes in the bole length will be sufficient to render
it useless for timber ; mixed forests rich in teak show an appreciably
lower borer incidence than pure teak plantations in the same locality ;
plantations in which bamboos and trees other than teak have en-
croached or infiltrated, so as to form part of the canopy, show a lower
incidence than plantations with a dense undergrowth of bamboos
and shrubs but with complete caDopy ; the protective effect of under-
growth on individual trees is not measurable ; in plantations without
any undergrowth the borer appears earlier than in plantations with
undergrowth, i.e., as soon as there are trees of 12 inches girth ; no
natural conditions of undergrowth or second storey growth offer
sufficient protection to the teak crop to cause a requisite reduction
in the incidence ; if the trees marked in thinnings are felled before
the end of the year the borers in those trees will die ; if thinnings
are made in the canopy only, leaving dominated and suppressed trees
standing, less than half the number of borers is removed ; the shorter
the intervals at which thinnings are made, and the earlier they are
begun, the greater the effect on the incidence of the borer, since the
percentage of borers removed in thinnings decreases with the age
of the crop.

Ferris {G. F.). A Remarkable Case of Longevity in Insects (Hem.,
Hom.) — Entom. News, PJiiladelphia, xxx, no. 1, Janiiarv 1919,
pp. 27-28.

The Coccid genus Margarodes contains certain species in which
the first-stage larva possesses legs and antennae, these appendages
beinj? lost in the intermediate stages and reappearing in the adult.
All of the described species are subterranean in habitat, and in all
the intermediate stages are enclosed within a tough, hard cyst formed
from the secretions of certain dermal glands.

One species, M. vitium, is a native of Chile and Venezuela, where
it feeds upon the roots of grapes, being at times a pest of some
importance. It has been recorded that adults have emerged from cysts
that have been kept for 7 years upon their being immersed in water,
no food having been taken in the meantime. This is apparently an
adaption to the peculiar climate of its habitat, where rains occm-
but once in 7 years or longer. An instance is here recorded of a speci-
men received in 1899 or perhaps earlier, the date of collection being
unknown, which, when histologically examined in 1917, gave every
evidence of having been alive at the time of fixation, showing that
the insect had existed for at least 17 years without food.

ENTOMOLOGICAL NOTICES.

Mr. G. F. Hill has been appointed Entomologist at the Australian
Institute of. Tropical Medicine, Townsville, North Queensland.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to oom-
munleate with the Assistant Director.

The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or
the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural)
being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum.

All orders anj subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Quaen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

91

France

Measures against Locusts in Italy

Forest Pests in Spain

New Foofl-plants of Eiclecanium persicae in France . .

Experiments with Bait-traps for Vine Moths in Frauce

Grain Pests and their Control in Britain

The Parasites of Aegeria exitiosa in U.S.A.

Notes on Eriosoma lanigerum in U.S.A.

Insects Pests in the West Indies during 1917

A Key to American Insect Galls

Notes on the Parasitism of Pieris brassicae by Braoonids in

Notes on Swedish Thysanoptera

Notes on Swedish Ichneumonidae

Nothorrhima muricata infesting Pines in Scandinavia

3Ionochamus sutor infesting Conifers in Sweden

Notes on Pissodes pini in Sweden

Phorhia brassicae and its Control in Denmark

The Best Temperatures for storing Silkworm Eggs in Japi

Notes on Insect Enemies of Silkworms in Japan

Notes on a Limacodid Pest of Persimmon in Japan . .

Miscellaneous Insect Pests in Japan during 1918

Miscellaneous Insect Pests in U.S.A. in 19i7-18

Notes on Ichneumonids from Java

New African Parasitic Microgasterine Hymenoptera

Cereal and Forage Pests in South Carolina . .

The Presence of a European Termite, Betioulotermes lueifugus

in the Vicinity of Boston . .
Sprays for Pests of Citrus Trees in Florida . .
The Successful Establishment of Delphastus catalinae in Florida
Dysdereus suturellus, a new Pest of Citrus in Florida
Notes on the Bionomics of Vino Moths in Italy
Cacao and Coffee Pests in Java
A Monograph of the Aphids of Java . .
The Life-History of the Peach Shoot Borer, Gydia molesta, in

Japan

PAGE

89

89

90

90

94, 95

95

95

95

96

96

96

96

97

97

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98

99

99

100

100

104

104

105

105

106
106
106
106
107
107

108

CONTENTS— ctmt.

PAGE

Sugar-cane Pests and their Control in Queensland . . , . . . 109

A New Bark-beetle from Japan .. .. ., .. .. no

Termites infesting Buildings in China .. .. ., .. m

New Aphids from Formosa .. .. .. .. .. .. m

Synopsis of the Pemphigid ae of Japan . . . . . . . . 1 1 1

Notes on the Classification of Calif ornian Aphids . . . . . , 112

The Tea Tortrix, Eomona coffeaHa, and its Control in Ceylon . . 112

Pests of the Castor Oil Pl£tnt in Ceylon 113

2Ve^^«TC/is serwojja infesting Palms in Ceylon .. .. .. 113

Precautions against Pecfiwo2?^ora gross2/2J'ieZ?a in Barbados . . .. 113

The Bionomics of Pempfeeres a^ms infesting Cotton in In(ia .. 114

Insect Pests in Assam in 1917-18 .. .. .. .. .. 114

Observations on the Mode of Action of Contact Insecticides . . 115

Coleophora sacramenta infesting Prviit Trees in California . . . . 116

Pyrausta penitalis a Pest of Lotus in U.S.A.. . . . . . . . 116

Tho BionomicB of Anastrepha fraterculus in Argentina, .. .. 117

The Life-History and Early Stages of Cdlophya nigripermiB in U.S.A. 119

Three species of Anasa injurious to Cucumbers in tj.S.A. . . . . 120

Insect Pests in Tasmania . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

The Construction of a Portable Insectary . . . . . . . . 121

Bombyliids infesting Grasshoppers in California . . . . . . 121

Pests of the Castor Oil Plant in California . . . . . . . . 121

Grylliis assimilis as a Cotton Pest in Mississippi . . . . . . 122

Gracillaria sachrysa attacking Apple Foliage in North Western India 122

Successful Measures against Locusts in the Philippines . . . . 122

Cydia leplastriana infesting Cabbages in France . . . . . . 122

The Spread of Aulacaspis pentagona in the South of France . . 123
Attempts to control Glysia ambiguella and Polychrosis botrana by

means of parasitic Fungi, in France . . . . . . . . 123

Insect Pests in Holland in 1918 123

Experiments in the Control of Eeterodera radicicola in Holland . . 124

Xyleborus perforans infesting Coffee in Dutch Guiana . . . . 125

Oxycarenus Jiyalinipennis, infesting Cotton in Italian Somaliland. . 126

New and Beneficial Hymenopterous Parasites from Brazil . . 125

The Bionomics of Papilio thoantiades infesting Citrus in Brazil . . 125

Sitotroga eerealella, a Grain Pest in Argentina . . . . . . 126

Orchard and Vineyard Pests in Switzerland in 1916 . . . . 126

Successful Measures against Orchard Pests in British Columbia . . 126

Insect Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California . , . . 126

Insect Pests im Malaya in 1917. . .. .. .. .. .. 127

Measures against Psylla pyncola in Canada . . . . . . . . 129

Notes on the Relation of Insect Control to Cultural Practices in

Western Ontario . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

The Extension of Economic Entomology in Canada . . . . 130

Experiments in the Fumigation of Orchids with Hydrocyanic- Acid

Gas .. 130

Insect Pests in Porto Rico in 1918 . . . . 131

Bhizopertha dominica infesting Stored Wheat in N.S.W. . . . . 132

Insect Pests and their Control in India in 1917-18 . . . . , . 132

The Importance of destroying Castor Oil Plants in Tea Plantations

in Ceylon . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • 135

The Spread of the Bee-hole Borer, Duomitus ceramicus, in Teak

Forests in Burma . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

The Longevity of Scale Insects of the Genus Margarodes . . . . 136

Entomological Notices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Registered at the Q.P.O. for Transmission to Canada atiit Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VII. Sep. A, Part 4..~pp. 137-184. APRIL, 1919

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

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IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

i>onorarp Commtnee or rnanaacmctiL

VISCOUHT HARCOURT, Chairman,
uieutenant-CoIouel A. W. Aloock, OJ.E., F.R^., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major K. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

MuueuDo (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Brdcb, K.O.B., F.R.S., A.M.3.
VI r J C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Ot S F. Harmbr, F.R.S., Director, British Museium (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwbll Lefroy, Imperial College of Scienco and

Technology.
The Hon, Sir John MoCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr R, Stewart MaoDouoall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyban, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, 6.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Offi-ce

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dntton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protoioology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.8., Direofeor.

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H J Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Soott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F,R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. WAhBURTON, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
18 an ex officio member of the Committee.

General Secretary.
Mr. A C C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

director anC BMtot.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

asslatant Director.
Dr. S. A. Neave.

Head Q/^r^*.— British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London. S.W. 7.
Pfihlication 0^'-«.— 89, Queen's Gate. London, S.W. 7

137

Felt (E. P.). 33rd Report of the State Entomologist on Injurious and
other Insects of the State of New York, 1917.— New York State
Mus. Bull, Albany, N.Y., no. 202, 1918, 240 pp., 12 plates,
82 figs. [Received 21st January 1919.]

This report deals at length with the more important insect pests
of 1917, including such fruit-tree pests as Cydia pomo7iella, L.,
Eetnerojphila, pariana, Clerck, Macrosiphum solanifolii, Ashm., Porthe-
tria dispar, L,, Datana ministra, Drury, Schizura concinna, S. & A.,
Cydia {Laspeyresia) molesta, Busck, Rhagoletis pomonelh, Walsh,
Taeniothrips inconsequens, Uzel {pyri, Dan.), Heterocordyliis malinus,
Rent., and Lyc/idea mendax, Rent, (red bugs), and Byturus unicolor, Say.

Grass anctgram pests include June beetles and white grubs, Lachno-
sterna {Phyllophaga) Jusm, Frohl.. and other species, SpJienophorus sp.
(corn bill- bug), Sitodiplosis {Thecodiplosis) mosellami, Gehin (wheat
midge), Cramhus hdeolellus, Clem, (grass webworm), Melanoplus
atlantis, Riley, and other grasshoppers, and Pediculopsis graminum
Reut. (grass mite).

Numerous garden pests are recorded, including Macrodactylus
subspinous, F. (rose chafer), Otiorrhynchus sulcatus, F. (black vine
weevil), Pegomyia fusdceps, Zett. (seed-corn maggot), Chlorochroa
uhleri, Stal (juniper plant bug), Pseudococcus comstocki, Kiiw. (Japan-
ese mealy bug), Forficula auricularia, L. (European earwig), and
Isotoma minuta, TuUb. (European spring-tail).

This bulletin also contains an appendix of 130 pages which forma
Part VI of the author's monograph on gall-midges.

Wilson (H. F.). Three New Lachnids with Comparative Notes on
Three Others (Homop.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxx, no. 1,
January 1919, pp. 1-7, 2 plates.

The new Aphids described in this paper are EssigeUa pini, taken
on Pinus virginiana in Maryland. Eulachnus thunbergii, collected on
twigs of Sciadopytis verticillata and Pinus thunbergii at Tokyo, Japan,
and Lachnus juniperivora on Juniperinus virginiana in Maryland.

A new genus TJniladhnv." m erected with Lachnus parvus, Wilson,
as the geno-tj^e. This >* pkid occurs on the needles of Pinus mrginiana
and P. rigida, the type locality being the District of Columbia.

Becker (G. G.). A One Year Life Cycle for Saperda Candida, F„ reared
in an Apple. (Col.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxx, no. 1,
January 1919, p. 24.

An attempt to rear two larvae of Saperda Candida in the fruit of
apple was made with larvae hatching from eggs deposited in apple
during 1917. During their development they were fed on fmits in
all stages ranging from young green fruits to old and rotten ones,
and it was probably this factor which .caused the death of one indi-
vidual at the time of pupation and lengthened the life-cycle of the
other beetle to a full year.

(C652) Wt. P2/137. 1.500. 4.19. B.&P.Ltd. Gp.11/3. a

138

Weiss (H.B.) & Nicolay (A. S.). Eumerus strigatus, Fall., the Lunate
Onion Fly, in New Jersey, (Dip.). — Entom. News, Philadelphia,
XXX, no. 1, January 1919, p. 27.

The first definite record of the occurrence of the Syrphid, Eumerus
strigatus, in New Jersey was made in February 1918, though its presence
had been suspected several years ago in connection with iris roots
injured by Macronoctua onusta, Grote. It has also been recorded
from New York, and as having been bred from bulbs from Connecticut
and Texas. In Holland, E. strigatus and Merodon equestris are the
most important pests of narcissus.

The flies appear in May and June and oviposit on the bases of the
leaves. The larvae enter the nose of the bulb, from 10-30 being
found in a single one, and feed in the interior, causing it to decay ;
the destruction is more complete and rapid than that caused by
Merodon equestris. Pupation takes place in the outside leaves during
August, and a second brood, of which little is known, appears in
September and October. In Holland, the destruction of infested
bulbs appears to be the usual remedial method.

McCall (J. S. J.). Report of the Director of Agriculture. — Nyasaland
Protectorate Ann. Reft. Dept. Agric. for Year ended 31st March
1918, Zomha, 31st October 1918, pp. 3-8. [Eeceived 24th
January 1919.]

A serious infestation of the tobacco beetle [Lasioderma serricorne]
occurred in 1917 in tobacco awaiting shipment at Chinde during July
and August, this having probably arisen from some infested tobacco
from the previous year. It was decided after inspection to erect a
fumigation house and treat the tobacco before shipping. The results
were so satisfactory that it has been arranged that all future ccnsign-
ments of tobacco from Nyasaland shall be similarly treated, and special
legislation to give effect to this is under consideration. It is reported
that no damage to the tobacco results from the treatment. The most
satisfactory mixture for fumigation is 64 oz. sodium cyanide, 80 oz.
sulphuric acid and 128 oz. water per 1,000 cubic feet. The fumigation
house is closed for 70 hours, is opened on the evening of the third day
and remains open overnight to allow the fumes to escape. It is then
emptied and refilled in the morning of the fourth day, thus allowing
two fumigations a week.

Brain (C. K.). The Coccidae of South Africa-ii. — Bull. Entom.
Research, London, ix, no. 2, September 1918, pp. 107-139.

Gall-making Coccids are little known in South Africa, and three
new ones are here described : — Grewiacoccus gregalis, gen. et sp. n.,
on Grewia occidentalis, Calycicoccus merwei, gen. et sp. n., on Apodytes
dimidiata, and Amorphococcus acaciae, sp. n., on Acacia.

An account is also given of representatives of the sub-families
Conchaspinae and Diaspinae with a synoptical key to the South
African genera and another to the South African species of Aspidiotus
s. str.

The following new species are described : Conchaspis euphorbiae on
Euphorbia ; Aspidiotus furcillae on Acacia horrida ; A. regius on

139

aloe ; A. kellyi on Andropogon amplectens ; A. {Diaspidiotus) ehretiae
on Ehretia hottentoftica ; A. (Selenaspidus) pumilus on New Zealand
flax (Phormium tenax) ; A. (S.) griqua on Arthrosolen jjolycephalus ;
A. {S.) pertusus on Euphorbia and Mimusops ; and Furcaspis proteae
on Protea and Faurea saligna.

Lame (C. G.). On a Parasitic Drosophila from Trinidad. — 5wiZ. Entom.
Research, London, ix, no. 2, September 1918, pp. 157-162, 4 figs.

Drosophila paradoxa, sp. n., is here described from material collected
in Trinidad by Mr. C. B. Williams and stated by the collector to
be parasitic on a Cercopid of the genus Clastg^tem which was found
attacking casuarina trees.

In a later communication the collector reported that a Drosophila
he found in Panama was not a true parasite of Clastoptera but
only an inquiline. In Trinidad, however, he collected about 30
spittle-masses of an allied species of Clastoptera on Casuarina trees,
about half containing Drosophila larvae with their heads buried in
the Clastoptera nymphs between the dorsal and abdominal plates.
Similar habits have been observed in Drosophila inversa, Wlk., in
Minnesota, and this species, incorrectly determined as D. siginoides,
Lw., has also been reported as having been bred from pupae found
in the froth of a Cercopid.

Williams (C. B.). A Froghopper on Sugar-cane in British Guiana. —

Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix, no. 2, September 1918, pp.
163-173, 3 figs.

The froghopper found attacking sugar-cane in British Guiana is
Toniaspis flavilatera, Urich, which in 1915 and 1916 was generally
^distributed along the east coast and in small numbers on a plantation
just west of the Essequibo River, though no serious damage has, as
yet, been done by it. During the daytime the adults may be found
in large numbers on the short succulent grass growing along the drainage
trenches which intersect the sugar plantations and separate the high
dry ridges on which the cane grows. The absence of any long dry
season, together with the low level of the land, ensures the fields being
always more or less damp.

Control may be exercised in various ways, such as flooding the fields,
a method quite impossible in Trinidad ; by hand labour while the
fields are flooded, the nymphs which crawl up the stems being shaken
off into the water and destroyed ; by sweeping the ditches with a hand
net, a very efficacious method, but one which is impracticable in
Trinidad owing to slight differences in the habits of the insect and in
methods of cultivation ; by the use of trap-lights, the results of which
are, however, negligible.

Natural enemies include a Chalcid egg-parasite, Oligosita giraulti
(vermilion parasite), and a species of Haplothrips, a thrips that also
destroys the egg ; the Syrphid fly, Salpingogaster nigra, attacking the
nymph ; the Reduviids, Heza perarnata, Kirby, and Zelus mimus,
Stal ; the predaceous grasshoppers, Pflugis inantispa, Bol., and Xiphi-
dium propinquum, Redt. ; dragonflies ; Attid spiders ; predatory
Ants feeding on the adults but not on the nymphs, which are protected

(C562) a2

140

by their covering of froth ; Metarrhizium anisopliae (green muscardine
fungus) ; lizards, which are more abundant than in Trinidad, probably
owing to the scarcity of the mongoose ; and birds, which should be
encouraged by the planting of bushy trees in the cane-fields.

Sanborn (C. E.). Report of the Entomological Department. — 27th
Ann. Rept. for Year ending June 30, 1978, OMaJioma Agric. Expt.
Stu., Stillwater, 15th November, 1918, pp. 35-40.

The false chinchbug [Nysius ericae, Uhl.] does not generally subsist
on cereals as the true chinchbug [Blissus leucopterus] does, but on many
of the succulent weeds and on garden vegetables such as turnip. Under
certain conditions it may be controlled by the use of the blow-torch,
the insects not being able to withstand as much heat as the plants
on which they usually subsist.

The sexual stage of Aphis medicaginis (cow-pea aphis) occurs on
the common black locust tree {Robinia pseudacacia), the asexual
form feeding mainly on leguminous plants to the number of at least
20 different species. Oviposition occurs in November solely on the
locust tree in Oklahoma ; the presence of this tree therefore hinders
control measures, the chief of which is spraying with nicotine sulphate
at the rate of 1 pint in 100 gals, water per acre.

CooLEY (R. A.). 15th Annual Report of the State Entomologist of
Montana. — Univ. Montana Agric. Expt. Sta., Bozeman, Bull. no.
124, February 1918, pp. 195-208. [Received 30th January 1919. ]

The occurrence of the more common insect pests of 1917 is recorded
in this report and the connection between economic entomology and
the War is discussed.

In connection with the grasshopper outbreak of 1917, it was found
that eggs were present in abundance in the middle of April, as well as
some dead grasshoppers of the previous year, with evidence of the
damage done by them to winter wheat. Eggs were mainly found
around lucerne and clover fields, many larvae and adults of a species
of Harpalus (ground beetle) being found with them. The first eggs
hatched about 15th May. The outbreak occurred in scattered localities
throughout the State, in some spots being so severe that everything
green was eaten off, and much greater damage would have resulted
had not co-operative control work been undertaken. The grasshopper
remains found in April were those of Melanoplus atlantis, Riley, or
a closely related species, but those emerging in July more closely
resembled the Rocky Mountain migratory locust [M. spretus\.

The presence of many flesh-flies (Sarcophaga) which parasitised the
adult grasshoppers was probably the factor controlling this outbreak.
No eggs were found during a search in autumn, and it is therefore
hoped that there will be no serious injury in the next season.

* «

CooLEY (R. A.). The Entomology Department.— ^4«A Ann. Rept. for
Year ending June 30, 1917, Univ. Montana Agric. Expt. Sta.,
Bozeman, February 1918, pp. 242-248, 1 map. [Received 30th
January 1919.]

Estimates of insect damage are always given in terms of losses
caused by insects, while the saving effected by control has been.

141

neglected. Such an example of saving or increased production is
seen in the case of Pemphigus hetae, Doane, the experimental control
of which by irrigation was begun in 1914, resulting in an increase
in tonnage and sugar content ; this was probably due in part to
increased irrigation as well as to the destruction of insects.

The chief entomological feature of 1917 was an outbreak of grass-
hoppers, the species of which is not yet definitely established, though
there is much reason to think that it is the injurious Rocky Mountain
locust [Mehnoplus spretus] so destructive some 50 years ago [see
above]. Preventive work took the form of distributing poisoned bran
mash, in the making of which 10,000 lb. of white arsenic were used,
and of using grasshopper catching machines. By the latter means
vast numbers were caught, which in the dried state formed a valuable
poultry food.

Swingle (D. B.) & Morris (H. E.). Plum Pocket and Leaf Gall on
Americana Plums. — Univ. Montana Agric. Expt. Sta., Bozeman,
Bull. no. 123, February 1918, pp. 167-188, 6 figs. [Received
30th January 1919.]

The growing of Americana plums in Montana has been greatly
hampered and finally brought to a standstill by a fungous disease
and by the leaf-gall mite, Eriophyes pruni, Schoene, which hibernates
under the bud-scales. Upon the opening of the buds these mites
emerge and puncture the young leaves forming pimples that soon
develop into galls. These do not kill the leaves outright, but if
numerous, they seriously interfere with their normal functions.

This mite is easily controlled by spraying with dilute lime-sulphur
(28° Be., diluted 1 in 50) while the trees are still dormant, and in
some seasons when the buds are in the pink ; after the petals fall,
it is too late to get the best results. If rain follows within two days
after spraying, the operation should be repeated.

Speight (R.). New Zealand Timbers and the Borer. A Note on the
Susceptibility of New Zealand Timbers to the Attacks of the Borer,

Anobium domesticum. — N.Z. Jl. Science and Technology, Welling-
ton, i, no. 3, May 1918, pp. 142-114. [Received 31st January 1919.]
This paper constitutes a record of the resistance of various New
Zealand timbers to the attacks of Anobium domesticum, L. A list
is given from which it is seen that some are immune, while many
others are attacked in the sap-wood, the heart- wood being untouched.
In view of the threatened shortage of timber, attempts should be
made to preserve it, as for instance by soaking it in petrol in which
carbolic acid and camphor have been dissolved. As carbolic acid is
somewhat soluble in water, the efficacy of the solution can be increased
by substituting naphthaline for it.

Leonardi (G.). Terza Contribuzione alia Conoscenza delle Cocciniglie

italiane. [A Third Contribution to the Knowledge of Italian

Coccidae.] — Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric.,

Portici, xii, 1917-1918, pp. 188-216, 13 figs. [Received 6th

January 1919.]

As the Coccid fauna of Italy has been increased by various additions

in the past few years they are briefly recorded in this paper, to which

a list of the species now known in Italy has been added.

142

The following species are described as new : — Aspidiotus ligusticuSy
on grape-vine ; Eulecanium piligerum on plum ; Pseudococcus dimi-
nutus on PJiormkmi tenax [New Zealand flax] ; P. notabilis on
Myoporum tuberculatum and Nicotiana sp. ; Ripersia silvestrii taken
from a nest of the ant, Plagiolepis pygmaea, Latr. ; and Eriococcus
cactearum on Cereus, Mamillaria, Echinopsis^ etc.

Sarra (R.). Intorno ad un Imenottero Tentredinide {Cinibex
4-maculata, MtiU.) dannoso al Mandorlo. [A Tenthredinid,
Cimbex 4-maculata, injurious to the Almond.] — Boll. Lab. Zool.
Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric. Portici, xii, 1917-1918,
pp. 275-286. [Received 6th January 1919.]

Two sawflies, Eriocampoides limacina {Caliroa cerasi, L.) and
Cimbex quadrim^cidata, Miill., are injurious to the almond. The
former occasionally attacks almond trees when near cherry trees
infested by it, but does no serious harm, while the latter is exclusively
a pest of the almond. The various stages of Cimbex quadrimxiculata
are briefly described. It is found in central and south Em'ope and
in Asia Minor. In the Italian provinces of Potenza and Bari the
adult appears at the end of March and early in April, emerging from
the preceding year's cocoon. Mating occurs during the first fortnight
in April and oviposition takes place in mid-April, The eggs are
deposited in cuts made by the ovipositor on the upper surface of
the leaf. The slit within which the egg has been laid closes up, and
the larva hatches after an incubation period of 20-22 days and feeds
on the leaves. There are four moults. During the period between
mid-June to early July the larva builds its cocoon. The prepupal
stage is passed within the cocoon and the pupal stage, lasting about
a month, begins about the end of February of the following year.

The most serious injury occurs in the case of young seedlings or
young graftings. Birds do not appear to prey upon the larvae of
C. quadrimaculata, which is however checked by two Ichneumonids,
Opheltes glaucopterus, L., and Lampronota melancholica., Grav. The
former parasitises about 20 per cent, of this sawfly and the latter about
25 per cent. Both of these parasites have one annual generation.

The remedial measures advised are the collection of the larvae
infesting graftings and seedlings, or better, by a poison spray applied
in May. In the case of older plants these methods are too costly
and natural enemies must be relied on.

SiLVESTRi (F.). Contribuzione alia Conoscenza dei Termitidi e Termi-
tofili dell' Africa occidentale. II. Termitofili. [A Contribution
to the Knowledge of the Termites and Termitophiles of Western
Africa. II. Termitophiles.] — Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R.
Scuola Sup. Agric, Portici, xii, 1917-1918, pp. 287-346, 47 figs..
[Received 6th January 1919.]

A list is here given of the Protozoa, Nematodes, Crustacea, Arachnida
and insects associated with the following termites ■.— Crypiotermes
havilandi, Sjost., Glyptotermes parvulus, Sjost., Schedorliinotermes
putorius, Sjost., Coptotermes sjostedti, Holmgr., Termes bellicosus,
Smeath., Hamitermes nmcornifer, Silv., Cubitermes ocidatus. Silv.,
and Microcerotermes fuscotibialis subsp. libericus, Rosen.

U3

SiLVESTRi (F.). Un Genere e due nuove Specie di Calotermitidi
(Insecta Isoptera) deir Eritrea (Africa or.). [A new Genus and

two new Species of Termites from Eritrea, Eastern Africa.] — Boll.
Lnb. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric, Portici, xii, 1917-
1918, pp. 347-351, 2 figs. [Received 6th January 1919.]

A description is here given of Epicalotermes aethiopicus, gen. et
sp. n., taken from a dried branch of Acacia sp., and of Neotermes
en/fhraeus taken from the dead wood of unknown plants.

Haviland (M. D.). Notes on Some Aphids collected in South-Eastern

Russia in 1917. — Entomologists' Mthly. Mag., London, liv, no. 652,
September 1918, pp. 200-202.

The Aphids here recorded include Macro siflmm sonchi, L., taken
on Cichorium in August and Centaurea in October ; Myzns cerasi, F.,
not uncommon on wild cherry in July ; Rhopalosiphum ribis, L.,
causing twisting and distortion of currant shoots ; Aphis cardui, L.,
taken on thistle in June ; A. laburni, Kalt., very abundant at the
end of June, twisting and stuntmg young shoots of acacia, and also
occurring on lucerne ; Crypto si pJium artemisiae, Buckt., taken under
the leaves of Artemisia in July ; Dryobius croaticus, Koch, found in
July on oak shoots ; Eriosoma {Schizoneura) ulmi, L... common on
elm in June ; and Tetra7ieura ulmi, De G., the empty flask-shaped
galls of which were found on elms in July.

Lyle (G. T.), An Entomogenous Fungus growing from the Cocoon of
a Braeonid. — Entomologist, London, li, no. 665, October 1918.
pp. 227-229, 1 fig.

In the autumn of 1915 the cocoons of an Aphid-destroying Braeonid,
probably Praon volucre, Hal., were found in the New Forest to be
attacked by a fungus, Isaria arachnophila, hitherto supposed always
to infest spiders. This seems to be the first time that an entomogen-
ous fungus has been recorded as attacking a Braeonid, though
Cordyceps myrmecojihila has been found on an Ichneumonid.

Scott (H.). Swarming of the Chalcidid, Pterotnalus deplanatv^, Nees,
in Buildings. — Entomologists' Mthly. Mag., London, Iv, no. 656,
January 1919, pp. 13-16.

Vast swarms of the Chalcid, Pteromalus deplanatus, Nees, invading
houses, have been recorded for three years in succession near
Godalming. The invasion begins about the middle of July and lasts,
if the weather is seasonable, till about the end of August.

An explanation of these swarms that has been suggested is that they
originate in the buildings where they occur fi'om Anobiid beetles in
the woodwork. To this it may be objected that they have been
definitely recorded as entering buildings from without and that
incredible numbers of Anobiids would have to be present to explain
the existence of such myriads of parasites, even if many emerged
from a single host. Another, and more probable explanation is the
recent extreme abundance of Tortrix viridmm of which P. deplanatus
is a parasite.

144

Gatenby (J. B.). Note on Apanteles glomeratus, a Braconid Parasite
of the Larva of Pieris brassicae. — Entmnologists' Mthly. Mag.,
London, Iv, nos. 656 & 657, January & February 1919, pp. 19-26.

The Braconid, Apanteles glomeratus, generally attacks young cater-
pillars of Pieris brassicae, in which it deposits from 30 to 60 eggs, all
of which hatch out. The resulting larvae eat the fat-body of the
host and finally emerge when the latter is about full-grown. They
issue simultaneously from the middle third of the body of the host
and immediately begin to spin cocoons. Parasitised Pierid larvae
appear to be able to grow to the same size as normal individuals, but
the gonads are nearly always seriously reduced and no spermatozoa
are developed. When only a few parasites have been present, the host
larva may arrive at the pupal stage, and it has even been recorded
that such an individual has given rise to an imago.

Goodwin (W. H.). Grain Bin Sanitation. Insect Injuries to Stored
Cereals prevented by Cleaning Bins. — Mthly. Bull. Ohio Agric.
Expt. Sta., Wooster, no. 19, July 1917, pp. 223-224, 1 fig.
[Received 1st February 1919.]

It is estimated that in Ohio the annual damage to stored grain
by insects amounts to approximately £200,000.

Farmers can prevent injury to a large extent by cleaning the bins
carefully each season before new grain is placed in them. After
cleaning, the bins should be sprayed thoroughly with 10 per cent,
kerosene emulsion and then allowed to dry for a week before use.
Grain containiug much moisture or showing signs of sprouting should
be thoroughly dried before storage. Stored grain should be disturbed
at least once a month by shifting it into another bin, and if air be
pumped through the stored grain for several days in succession,
beetles will leave the grain in large numbers. The latest investigations
show that the best method of fumigation at 70° F. is to spray carbon
bisulphide over the grain through a small opening in the side of the bin
with a small spray pump. The opening should be immediately closed
after spraying.

HousER (J. S.). Insect Pests of Vegetables. Methods of Control
suggested for the more troublesome Kinds. — Mthly. Bull. Ohio
Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, no. 19, July 1917, pp. 232-240, 10 figs.
[Received 1st February 1919.]

A brief description of the more common and destructive garden
pests is here given, with an account of the damage they cause and notes
on spraying materials and machinery, repellent mixtures and poisoned
baits.

HousER (J. S.)- The Pink and Green Potato Plant Louse.' — Mthly.
Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, no. 20, August 1917,
pp. 261-267, 6 figs. [Received 1st February 1919.]

The outbreak of MacrosipJmm solanifolii (pink and gieen potato
aphis) that occurred in Ohio in 1917 is dealt with in this paper, but
has already been described from another source [see this Review,
Ser. A, vi, p. 4.55].

•■ » 145

OossARD (H. A). Important Clover Insects. Damage, Description,
Life-History and Control. — Mthly. Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta.,
Wooster, no. 28, April 1918, pp. 104-106, and no. 30, June 1918,
pp. 190-193, 3 figs. [Received 1st February 1919.]

Hypera punctata (clover-leaf Aveevil) damages the leaves of red
clover every spring, attacking other species to a less e.^tent, as well as
lucerne and beans. Eggs are laid during September and October,
and while some hatch in about a month, others remain dormant
until the clover leaves unfold in late March or early April. The
larvae continue to feed until May or June, when they spin their
cocoons in the ground or in rubbish among the plants, remaining
in the pupal state for 2 to 3 weeks. Emergence continues
from early May until mid- July. Both larvae and adults shelter
during the day and feed at night, and drop quickly to the ground if
disturbed. Natural enemies of H. punctata include certain predaceous
beetles and their larvae, wild birds and domestic fowls, but none of
these are efficient. The fungus, Empusa sphaerosperma, attacks and
destroys the majority of the larvae in the spring, and without this
natural check the weevil would be the most serious pest of clover.
If this disease fails to control the insects in the spring, spraying might
be practised in the autumn mth arsenicals such as are used on potatoes.

Bruchophagus funebris (clover-seed Chalcid) appears in the adult
form on warm days in spring just as the earliest clover heads are
turning from green to brown, and eggs are laid in these florets and
occasionally in newly opened bloom. Oviposition continues during
May and June, adults from these eggs appearing in July and August.
These lay their eggs in second-growth clover, and a small proportion
of these eggs develop into adults in September and October, but most
of the insects hibernate as larvae inside seeds lying on the ground.
These develop in the granarj^ eating out the whole contents of the
seeds. There is much overlapping of the broods and some individuals
of each generation hibernate in the seeds, while adults can be seen
from mid-May until mid-October. Cutting the clover in early June
or pasturing until that date prevents oviposition by the first adults
and disposes of eggs laid previously. Self-sown clover in the vicinity
should be clipped during the cutting period. Screenings of clover or
lucerne seed at threshing sites should be destroyed. Ploughing
second-year clover under to a depth of 8 inches will bury most of
the insects hibernating in seeds on the ground. All clover and lucerne
seed should be well cleared with a fanning mill before being sown.

Cydia {Enarmonia) inter stinctana (clover-seed caterpillar) attacks
the seed crop of red, white, alsike and mammoth clovers. There are
three generations of this moth in a year. The larvae of the winter
generation hibernate in the field, feeding in the crowns of clover
plants, while some pupate in late autumn. The first brood of adults
begins to appear in mid-May and the moths are abundant by 1st June.
All disappear in late June. Moths of the second generation are seen from
late June throughout July, the larvae of this brood feedrag during
late July and early August. Moths of the third generation appear
soon after the middle of August and disappear towards the end of
September. Several Hymenopterous parasites infest the larvae and
keep them in check. Remedial measures are the same as those for
B. funebris. Clover should not be kept on the same ground for more

140

than two years. New clover should not be sown in the vicinity of
old fields, and should be pastured or mown in the autumn of the first
year.

GossARD (H. A.). The False Apple Red-Bug.~MtJihj. Bull. Ohio Agric.

Expt. Sta., Wooster, no. 29, May 1918, pp. 153-155, 3 figs.

[Received 1st February 1919.]
Lygidea mendax (false apple red-bug) has recently become
increasingly numerous each year in the orchards of the Experiment
Station at Wooster. There is one generation in a year. Adults
appear during late June and early July, most of the eggs, which are
laid in two-year-old wood just beneath the bark, being deposited in
mid- July. These hatch in the following spring, generally in early
May, and the nymphs attack the young blossoms. They cause the
leaves to curl and the tissues to wither ; the punctures are also
frequently followed by attacks of fire-blight. The adults and older
nymphs imbibe the sap from young branches and as soon as the young
fruit is available they punctm-e it, causing a woody fibrous growth
along the channel of the puncture. Infested fruits either wither and
fall or become badly deformed. The most successful treatment as
yet discovered is spraying the nymphs vfith 40 per cent, nicotine
sulphate at the rate of one pint to each 87|- gals, of the spray
that is applied immediately after the falling of the blossoms. This
can be used in combination with the lime-sulphur-arsenical mixture
given for codling moth {Cydia pomonella) and will also be useful
against Aphids.

Steak (J. R.). Clover Root Bover. —^Mlhly. Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt.

Sta., Wooster, no. 30, June 1918, pp. 187-189, 2 figs. [Received

1st February 1919.]
Hylastinus obscurus (clover-root borer) is a comparatively new pest
in Ohio, where, besides various clovers, lucerne and garden peas are
also injured. Hibernation usually occurs in the adult stage, though
a few larvae may be found in clover roots during the winter. The
adult beetles emerge from the roots in early May and fly to other
plants in the same or neighbouring fields. Oviposition occurs during
late May and June. Eggs are deposited in cavities in the roots eaten
out by the female beetles. About six eggs are placed in each cavity
and these hatch in a few days, the young larvae burrowing into the
root and frequently tunnelling the entire length. Sometimes the
clover dies out in patches over the field and the roots are often entirely
destroyed, this being especially noticeable in dry weather. Very little
seed is produced. By the end of July most of the larvae have pupated
in their burrows, and by October the majority of the adults have
emerged, but remain in the roots throughout the Avinter. Clover in
its first year is not attacked by the beetles, the roots being too small
to attract them. Infested clover should be ploughed under as soon as
possible after removal of the hay crop. This exposes the roots to
sun and wind while the borers are still in the larval stage. If ploughing
is delayed beyond 1st July, the larvae will have pupated and are then
unafiected by ploughing. If this practice be followed for a few years,
the pest will probably require no attention for several years. This is
the only practical remedial measure, natural enemies being negligible.

147

GuYTON (T. L.). stalk Borers. Farm Practices that aid in destroying
tlie Pests. — Mthly. Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, no. 32,
August 1918, pp. 244-246. [Received 1st February 1919.]

The Lepidopterous borers dealt with in this paper include the
Noctuid, Papaipema nehris {nifela), which has one generation a year.
The eggs are deposited in masses of from 50 to 60, near the ground
on grass and weeds. These hatch during May, the larvae first mining
the leaves and then migrating to the stalk and tunnelling it out,
resulting in withering and death of the top. When mature the larva
cuts a hole through the side of the stalk and then pupates in the lower
part of its tunnel. Pupation occurs in July, the moths emerging
late in August. The adults fly at night from August to October, and
oviposition occurs at this time. The early spring food-plants of the
larvae are grasses and weeds, but later cultivated crops such as maize
and wheat and in fact almost any plant may be attacked. The moth
occurs throughout the United States and Canada east of the Rocky
Mountains. When badly infested grassland adjoins a cultivated field
the grass should be cut down before the larvae migrate to the cultivated
crop. Weeds should be destroyed wherever possible, and in small
plots any infested plants should be collected and destroyed. The
caterpillars of species of Hadena are similar in appearance and method
of boring and are controlled in the same way.

Melittia satyriniformis (squash borer) oviposits on the stems of
squashes, pumpkins and melons in the early growing season, and the
caterpillars live through the winter. Ploughing and cultivation in
the autumn will kill many of the hibernating larvae. Plants should
be collected and burnt as soon as the crop is mature. Infested stalks
may be slit and, after removal of the larvae, ^\Tapped round with waxed
yarn, or the larvae can be killed by injectioiTLS of carbon bisulphide. By
covering the joints of the vine at intervals with soil, root systems will
be developed to nourish tlie plant in case of injury at any point.

Elasinopalpus lignosellv.s (lesser corn-stalk borer) occurs in the
southern part of Ohio. The larvae are active throughout the growing
season, causing much loss to cultivated crops. The moth has four
generations in a year and has a wide range of food-plants, apparently
preferring grasse-^. Hibernation probably occurs in the larval and pupal
stages. Infested fields should be ploughed in late autumn after all
remnants of the preceding crop have been burnt. Harrowing oi the field
breaks up the winter quarters of the larvae and destroys many of them.

Diatraea saccharalis (larger corn-stalk borer) is occasionally found
in the southern part of Ohio. The larvae attack the budding centre
of young maize plants and later in the season descend the stalk and
burrow in the pith, hibernating in maize stubble below the ground
surface. Rotation of crops is one of the best preventive measures.
Ploughing and cultivation in autumn break up the winter quarters
of the larvae and expose them to the attacks of natural enemies,

Stear (J. R.). Flea-Beetles as Pests of the Garden. — Mthly. Bull.
Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, no. 32, August 1918, pp. 251-
253. [Received 1st February 1919.]

The flea-beetles here dealt with include i—Systena blanda, which
attacks many crops, particularly maize and tomatoes ; S. taeniata,
attacking a variety of crops ; Epitrix cucumeris, feedmg upon potatoes,

148

tomatoes and cucumbers ; E. fuscula, on egg-plant, potatoes and
tomatoes ; Phylhtreta citkita, on cabbage, turnips and similar crops ;
Epitrix parvnla, on tobacco, potato, tomato and egg-plant ; Dlsonycha
xanthomelaemi and D. triangularis on beets and spinach ; Ghaetocnetna
confinis on sweet potato ; Psylliodes punctvlata on hops, sugar-beet
and a few other plants ; Haltica chalybea- on apple and pear foliage ;
H. ignita on strawberry and other plants ; and Chaetocnema pulicaria
and C. denticulata on maize.

The life-histories of these species are very similar. Adults emerge
during the spring and oviposit generally on the roots, but occasionally
on the leaves of some weed resembling the preferred cultivated food-
plant. These larvae feed upon the weed roots until mature ; they
then pupate and the beetles emerge from the ground. In some cases
the life-cycle requires only a month, but in others development is so
slow that only one generation appears annually. Since with one or
two exceptions the larval stage is passed on the roots of weeds, clean
cultivation and the destruction of weeds should prevent these beetles
from becoming very injurious. When the adults are numerous they
should be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture to which 3 lb. lead arsenate
powder (or 6 lb. paste) has been added for each 50 U.S. gallons of spray.
Young plants may be protected at the time they are set out or trans-
planted by dipping the tops in 1 lb. lead arsenate to 8 to 10 U.S. gals,
water. Tobacco, dust, lime, etc., may be dusted on the plants as
a protection horn attack ; this should be done while dew is on the plants
and should be applied often enough to keep them well covered with dust.

Parks (T. H.). Fall Practices to Destroy Cereal Crop Insects. — Mihly.
Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta,, Wooster, no. 35, November 1918,
pp. 333-336. [Received 1st February 1919.]

The general measures recommended for the destruction of pests of
cereals are reviewed. The burning of fence-rows of blue-grass around
fields infested with the chinch bug [Blissus leucopferus] during the
autumn may be expected to destroy as many as 80 to 90 per cent,
of the hibernating insects. The use of dust or tar barriers is also
suggested against this pest, and where it has been abundant it is
advisable to plant a strip of land adjoining the wheat field with
oats or potatoes, as these crops are not susceptible to attack. Land
to be planted with maize should have the sod ploughed in autumn or
early winter ; this will destroy such underground insects as cutworms,
white grubs, mreworms, webworms and bill-bugs. All grass and weeds
should be kept down before the maize is planted. As white grubs and
wireworms require more than one year for development, land worked
rmder a proper rotation of crops rarely becomes infested by them.
They do not attack leguminous plants and therefore a crop such as
red clover grown one year in every 3 or 4 will generally protect cereal
crops from attack. Autumn cultivation of lucerne stubble will
destroy many grasshoppers as weU as webworms.

Bentley (G. M.). The Cotton Boll Weevil in Tennessee. — Tennessee
State Bd. Entom., Knoxville, Bull. no. 22, September 1917, 14 pp.,
24 figs. [Received 1st February 1919.]

This bulletin deals with the present status of the boll weevil
situation in Tennessee for the purpose of familiarising cotton growers

149

with the habits of Anihonomus gmndis and methods of dealing with it.
Of these, the most effective consists in the starvation of late broods hj
doing away with the cotton which develops from late maturing bolls,
and by selecting strains of early maturing cotton, the growi^h of which
may be further advanced by intensively cultivating a smaller acreage.
Dusting with lead arsenate is also proving efficacious, the poison being
taken up in drinking the rain or dew adhering to the plant.

Weevil infestation in Tennessee is only slight as yet, but the annual
loss is certain to be heavy, as it is in Texas and Alabama, unless rigid
methods of control are adopted and generally practised.

Pemberton (C. E.) & WiLLARD (H. ¥■). A Contribution to the
Biology of Fruit-fly Parasites in Hawaii, — Jl. Agric. Research,
Washington, D.G., xv, no. 8, 25th November 1918, pp. 419-465,
41 figs., 1 plate.

This paper summarises the results of a general investigation of the
biology, interrelation and economic value of introduced parasites of
Geratitis capitata, Wied. (Mediterranean fruit-fly). The anatomy of
Diachasma tryoni, Cam,, D. fullawayi, Silv., Opius humilis, Silv., and
Tetrastichus giffardianus, Silv., all of which are strictly larval parasites,
is described at length.

Investigations on the parasitism of the melon-fly, Dacus (Bactrocera)
cucurbitae, Coq., by the parasites of C. capitata have shown that no
fruit-fly parasites will develop in melon-fly larvae under any conditions,
except in the case of Tetrastichus giffardianus, and this species wiU
do so only when in the presence of an egg or larva of the natural
melon-fly parasite, Opius fletcheri, which itself develops normally in
larvae of C. capitata.

In addition to the larval parasites introduced into Hawaii to control
G. capitata, a Proctotrupid, Galesus silvestrii, Kieffer, was imported
in 1913. This is a pupal parasite which, though breeding' readily
in confinement, has never been established in the open. It seems to
act far more as a secondary than as a primary parasite, the female
always ovipositing in larvae of Tetrastichus giffardianus as they lie
developing in the fi-uit-fly puparium when they are not more than
4 days old.

A Pteromalid, Pachycrepoideus dubius, Ashm., introduced from the
Philippines in 1914 as a dung-fly parasite, has been reared occasionally
from fruit-fly puparia, though it is not an important fruit-fly parasite.
The female oviposits in the puparium and the larva develops on the
pupa as an external feeder. This insect may be a primary, a secondary,
or a tCitiary parasite ; as a primary one it develops on the fiuit-fly pupa,
as a secondary on larvae or pupae of T. giffardianus, 0. humilis,
D. tryoni, D. fuUauayi, or G. silvestrii as they occur as parasites in
the fruit-fly puparium,, and as a tertiary parasite it will develop on a
larva of G. silvestrii, which in tm'n has been feeding in the larvae of
the above-mentioned Opiines or T. giffardianus. It should be borne
in mind that G. silvestrii is not known to be established in Hawaii as
yet, and that P. dubius probably only parasitises a fraction of 1 per
cent, of the fruit-fly puparia in the field, but that inter-relations
between these and the other fruit-fly parasites may be expected as a
natural sequence if they ultimately adapt themselves to Hawaiian
conditions and become thoroughly established.

150

The cosmopolitan ant, Pheidole megacephaJa, F., is enormously
abundant throughout the Hawaiian Islands at low elevations and it is
quite probable that it cheeks and greatly limits the increase of several
species of fruit-flies. It is quickly attracted to any fresh or decaying
^animal matter, and probably prevents the development of one-third to
four-fifths of the larvae present in all fruits in the field.

Brooks (F. E.). The Grape Curculio. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington,
D.C., Bull, no 730, 24th December 1918, pp. 1-19, 2 plates.

Coeliodes inaequalis, Say (grape curculio) is the most destructive
insect attacking the grape in many parts of the eastern United States.
This weevil is markedly local in its occurrence and appears annually
in destructive numbers in some localities, while remaining practically
unknown in neighbouring districts. It was first recorded as a pest
of grapes in 1853 in Ohio and has been reported from the New England
States to Minnesota, and south to Missouri and Florida. There are
no records of either the larvae or adults attacking the leaves or fruit
of plants other than the grape under natural conditions.

The adults appear upon grape foliage in the spring and feed for
10 to 14 days on the upper epidermis and parenchyma of the leaf
before beginning to oviposit within the young fruit. The eggs are
deposited singly in a cavity which the female excavates in the pulp
through a small hole made in the skin ; as many as 16 may be
deposited in a single day, and they hatch in about 6 days, the period
of greatest egg-production being from the middle of July to the middle
of August. The young larvae begin to feed before they are free from
the egg-shell and within a few minutes have burrowed out of sight
Avithin the pulp, attacking the seed on the second or third day. The
larvae remain in the grapes for from 7-19 days, the average time
bemg 10-12 days. They emerge through small holes which they
make in the skin, leaving the grapes during the morning hours, especially
between the hours of 7 and 9, and pupate in cocoons constructed on the
surface of the ground. The average length of the pupal period is
18 days, but those that leave the grapes late in August and in
September pupate and remain within the cocoon until the following
spring, issuing as adults at about the time the hibernating weevils are
emerging. Many of these five through the entire season and hibernate
again in the autumn, the usual heavy mortality among adults in the
spring being probably among those that have survived two winters.

Among predaceous enemies of the larvae are the ants, Camponolus
pennsylvanicus, DeGr., Myrmica punctiventris, Roger, Lasius
americanus, Em., Cremastogaster Imeolata, Say, and Solenopsis debilis,
Mayr.

The Hymenopterous parasite, Anaphoidea conotracheli. Gir., a well-
known egg-parasite of the plum curculio, Conotrachelus iiefiuphar,
Hbst., has been found to destroy about 40 per cent, of the eggs. Adult
parasites issue in from 10-13 days after oviposition, thus allowing
for the development of 4 or 5 successive generatioiis. The larva of
another parasite, Microbracon mellilor, Say, attacks the larva externally
and devours it, after which it constructs within the grape a small
cocoon from which the adult parasite escapes within a few days. A
third Hymenopteron, Stiboscopus brooksi, Ashm., oviposits within

151

the cocoon, and a single specimen of another parasite, Triaspis
curculionis, Fitch, was reared from this pest in 1917.

The feeding habits of the beetles render them peculiarly susceptible
to arsenical sprays, complete freedom from attack being obtained
by spraying twice with lead arsenate at a strength of 3 lb. paste to
50 U.S. gals, water, just after the blossoms have dropped and
again 3 or 4 weeks later. Enclosing the clusters of fruit when about
one-fourth grown in 1 lb. or 2 lb. paper bags also affords complete
protection, though this procedure is slower and more expensive than
spraying, and the results are little, if any, better. Partial control may
be effected by cultivation of the soil under infested grape-vines so as
to break up the cocoons, or by collecting the adults on cloudy days or
in the early morning by shaking them on to sheets beneath the vines.

Brooks (F. E.). The Grape Root-borer. — TJ.S. Dept. Agric,
Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 730, 24th December 1918, pp. 21-28,
3 plates.

The Aegeriid moth, Paranthrene [Memythrus) polistiformis, Harris
(grape root-borer), is particularly inconspicuous in all its stages and
is probably a more widespread and serious enemy of grapes than has
been commonly supposed. Grape-vines are rarely killed outright by
the borers, but linger for years, making meagre annual growth, and
bearing reduced crops of fruit, they being, so far as known, the only
plants attacked by this insect. Injury is due exclusively to the burrows
made by the larvae in the roots, those half an inch or -more in thickness
being girdled or entirely eaten off.

The eggs, which are deposited singly, or in groups of 2-5 on the
canes or leaves of the vines, or more frequently on grass, weeds or
straws under the vines, hatch in from 18-23 days, the larvae at once
burrowing into the ground and attacking the roots. The larval
period occupies nearly two years, hibernation taking place in a roomy
chamber at the end of a burrow. Pupation occurs in June and early
July at the surface of the ground and extends over a period of about
four weeks. The adults emerge on bright warm days usually about
the middle of the forenoon, oviposition beginning the following day
and continuing for about a week.

No parasites of this species are known. Ants have been seen
carrying the eggs, the larva of a fire-fly beetle, Photuris jteniuyivanicit;
DeG., has been found devouring the pupa, and the t rested flycatcher,
Myiarchus crinitus, has been observed catching moths on the wing.

The use of insecticides and the wormiag process are not of practical
application against this species, and even soil fumigants are of doubtful
value owing to the large area over which the borers feed. The most valu-
able measure is the application of cultural methods to induce a vigorous
and rapid growth, the free use of fertilisers being especially important.

Leach (B. K.). Experiments in the Control of the Root Form of the
Woolly Apple Aphis.— (7. >S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull,
no. 730, 24th December 1918, pp. 24-40, 3 plates, 1 fig.

The author's summary of this paper is as follows :— Carbon
bisulphide, in solution at the rate of one-half ounce to 4 U.S. gals,
water and applied at the rate of f gal. per square foot of soil, will
control the root form of the woolly aphis, Eriosoma lanigerum, under

152

suitable soil conditions. The liquid is best applied by pi-eparing
shallow basins about the tree and should be used only when the soil
is in a moist condition. The solution is best prepared by pouring
the carbon bisulphide into the water and agitating vigorously. The
carbon bisulphide thereby breaks up into small globules, some going
into solution and the remainder forming a mechanical mixture with
the solution. The gas diffuses laterally and vertically only as far as
the liquid penetrates, and therefore every square foot of infested soil
must be subjected to the action of the solution in order to insure
complete control. When used at the foregoing rate the carbon
bisulphide produced no iuimy to the roots of apple. The treatment
may be made at any time during the growing season except during
the period of 2 or 3 weeks in the spring when the trees are budding.

In orchard practice the solution is best applied by using a power
spraying outfit and two auxiliary tanks.

The advantages of this method are, firstly, the even diffusion of
the liquid and complete Aphid mortality in the soil area treated and,
secondly, the safety with which the bisulphide can be used. The
disadvantages of the method are, firstly, the huge amounts of water
required, with consequent high cost of labour ; secondly, the difficulty,
on any but level ground, of preparing basins with level floors, thus
insuring the proper distribution of the liquid over the area to be
treated ; and thirdly, the wide area of infested roots on older trees,
every square foot of which must be treated with the liquid. This
last condition precludes the use of carbon bisulphide except on small
trees with restricted root areas.

Sodium cyanide at the rate of ^ oz. to 4 U.S. gals, water did not
kill the Aphids in the lower-soil depths, even when a superabundance of
solution per square foot was employed. No injury to apple roots
resulted when the material was used at this strength. The
only advantage this chemical possesses, as compared with carbon
bisulphide, is its ready solubility in water. On the other hand, its
uncertainty in producing Aphid mortality in the lower soil levels, to-
gether with its extremely poisonous nature, precludes its use in practice.

When kerosene emulsion is applied to the soil it disintegrates into
its component parts ; the first inch of surface soil retains the soap
and some of the kerosene content ; the next 4 inches of the soil retains
almost all the remainder of the kerosene. Kerosene emulsion, there-
fore, does not kill the Aphids in the lower soil levels and the cost of
preparing the quantity necessary for soil treatment renders it of Httle
value. The application of this material to apple roots, in the writer's
experience, results in severe injury to the tree.

Deep planting will not prevent woolly aphis infestation and results
in the death of many trees so planted, owing apparently to the inability
of the root systems to function properly under these conditions.

Amari (S.). Sanji, Sanyo, Sanga ni kiseisuru Dani Pediculoides ni
kwansuru Konkyu. Dai ni Ho. [Studies on the Mite, Pediculoides,
parasitic on the Silkworm, Pupa and Moth. Part Il.]~Sangyo
Shikenio Hokoku [Report of the Sericultural Experiment Station\
Tokyo, iii, no. 6, 16th September 1918, pp. 339-370, 1 map.

The fact that the serious disease of silkworms commonly called
" mite-disease " is due to infestation by the females of a species of

153

Pediculoides has been recorded in an earlier paper by this author.
The disease is so virulent that silkworms are killed by it within a few
hours of infection. This report describes investigations as to the
true origin of the disease and experiments as to whether it is caused by
mechanical action, interference with nutrition, or the presence of
bacteria or toxic substances introduced by the mite, especially the last
two, as being the most probable. Injections of the body fluid of
infected silkworms into healthy ones proved negative. Nothing was
revealed by microscopical examination, nor were any bacteria obtained
from cultivations on agar-agar. It is therefore concluded that the
disease is not due to bacterial or bacillary action.

Experiments were then made with an extract from the larvae of
this mite in salt solution. Injections of this extract proved toxic to
silkworms of the fifth instar in periods varying from 23 to 63 hours.
The author is therefore of opinion that the disease is unquestionably
due to toxic substances contained in the body of the mite and this view
was confirmed by further experiments which showed that 0*50 gr. of a
1 per 100 solution of dead mites and 4 c.c. of physiological salt solution
(0"85 per cent.) is fatal to silkworms, while a 1 per 1,000 solution is
not so. It was further found that the extract lost its virulence when
kept at a temperature of 100° C. [212° F.] for five hours. The toxic
action of the virus also varies with the atmospheric conditions, death
taking place more. quickly when the temperature is high.

This mite also attacks the human skin, causing dermatosis, with
symptoms of severe itching and reddish swellings with white centres.
In severe infestations the afiected part becomes swollen, and fever
occurs. 4:^

The mites are also found in abundance in grain, whether barley,
wheat or rye, and one case was observed in which the caterpillar of
a grain moth was infested with them. They are widely distributed
in Japan.

Amaei (S.). Bakuriu chu no Tarsonemus Dani no Keitai. [The
Morphology of Tarsonemus found in Barley Grain.]— ^Sawgryo
ShiJcenjo Hokoku. [Report of the Sericultural Experiment Station.}
Tokyo, iii, no. 6, 16th September 1918, pp. 371-376, pi. xxix.

A description is given of a mite, a species of Tarsonemus, found
in grains of barley, which has a close resemblance to the species of
Pediculoides infesting silkworms. Its morphology is described in
detail and the points distinguishing it from the latter species
are given.

Chino (M.), Tento-mushi no Heni ni kuwansuru Kenkyu. [Researches
. on the Variation of the Coccinellid [Ptychanatis axyridis, Pall.).] —
Shinano Kyoiku [Education in Shinamo]^ Shinamo, Year 7,
October 1918, pp. 1-9, 9 figs.

Though this paper mainly discusses the variation and inheritance
of the wiag- markings of Ptychanatis axyridis. Pall., some remarks
on the life-history of this Aphid-destroying Coccinellid are appended.
The eggs are usually laid in masses on the upper side of the leaf and
occasionally on branches or on the bark. They are spindle-shaped,
bemg pale yellow at first and orange-yellow later. They usually hatch

(C662) B

154

about a week after deposition. The larva has four moults, and
becomes mature in from two to three weeks. The reddish pupa
is suspended by the end of its abdomen from a leaf. The beetle
hibernates as an adidt, and becomes active from the end of April to
the beginning of May. The adults of the next generation appear in
the middle of June, and after this, the generations become quite
irregular and two or three broods may occur before hibernation takes
place.

It is infested by two parasitic flies ; one attacks the hibernating
adults, the larva appearing in March or April and soon pupating, and
the adult fly emerging at the end of May ; the other infests the pupa,
and the fly appears in June. Possibly this species has several genera-
tions in a year.

Takahashi (S.). Rokushu Tengyu Yochu no Kohiban no Hammon no
Kenkyu oyobi Heiju wo gaisuru Tengyu ni tsukite. [On the Patterns
of the Prothoracic Shields of six Species of Cerambycid Larvae and
on the Cerambycid boring in Apple-trees.] — Konchu Sekai [Insect
World], Gifu, xxii, no. 12, 15th December 1918, pp. 9-13, 1 fig.

The author describes the specific differences displayed in the
prothoracic shields of the larvae of six species of Cerambycids, viz. : —
Apriona nigicoUis, Chevr., Melanauster chinensis, Forst., Chreonoma
fortunei, Thorns., Oberea japonica, Thunb., Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus,
Bot., and Thyestes gebleri, Fald. He also states that though Oberea
japonica has been thought to be an important apple-tree borer in
Japan, the damage it does should really be attributed to Apriona
rugicollis, which also attacks mulberries.

Naito (M.). Kuwa ni kiseishi Chuei wo tsukuru Tamabai no Isshu
Kuwakuro-tamabai {Diplosis morivorella, Naito). [Diplosis mori-
vorella, Naito, a Gall-making Cecidomyid infesting the Mulberry.]
— Sangyo Shitnpo [Journal of the Silk Industry], Tokyo, Year 27,
no. 310, 1st January 1919, pp. 29-31, 1 plate.

The author has discovered on the mulberry-tree a new gall-making
Cecidomyid, which is here described as Diplosis morivorella. The
galls are greenish, plum-shaped, of a length of 5-9 mm. and are found
in groups at the base of new buds or on the stalks of the basal leaves
of young shoots. The larvae usually appear at the end of May and
pupate at the beginning or middle of June within the gall. The
adults appear from the middle of June to the beginning of July and
oviposit in the buds ; they live about a week after emergence. From
two to twenty eggs are laid by a fly in a single bud. Infested buds
may fail to develop, but as it is the basal, and not the apical ones
that are attacked, the total injury may not be serious.

Okada (T.). Takenoko no Gaichu Hajimakuchiba ni tsuite. [On
Polydesma vulgaris, Butl., a Pest of Bamboo Shoots.] — Konchu
Sekai [Insect World], Gifu, xxiii, no. 1, 21st January 1919,
pp. 11-17, 1 fig.

The market-price of bamboo is rising every year, but unfortunately
the bamboo forests in the Prefecture of Shidzuoka are greatly

155

injured by the bamboo sboot borer, Polydesina vulgaris, Butl., the
damage done amounting to from 30 per cent, to 80 or 90
per cent. The variety of bamboo most Uable to injury, " Kuchiku,"
is unfortunately also the most useful, the other species, except
"" Medake," being free from the pest. The larvae infest the bamboo
shoot when it is from one to two feet long, and from one to
ten individuals or more may be found in a single shoot. When
attacked, the shoots become yellowish in colour and wither, barely
reaching a length of 4 or 5 feet. The first attack usually occurs from
the middle of June to the beginning of July. The fully grown larva
leaves the shoot and pupates under the ground. The adult moth
appears at the end of July and beginning of August, and in the middle
of the latter month lays round milky- white eggs in rows on the bamboo
leaf. The winter is passed in this stage, and there is only one brood
in a year. There has been much difference of opinion amongst
entomologists as regards the life-history of this pest, since the eggs
hatch in May at a time when the ordinary bamboo shoots have not
yet appeared, and the larva afterwards found within the shoot is
always well developed and of a length of 10-15 mm. The present
author states that the earliest larval stages are spent in the slender
early shoots of various species of bamboo in the forest, and that later
migration occurs to the shoots of the ordinary variety, which are entered
by boring into the apex. This habit suggests a possible remedial
measure, in that the removal of the early slender shoots from the
bamboo forest may check this pest effectually. Experiments in this
direction are being conducted by the author.

MuRAMATSu (S.). Oni juyahoshi no Keikwa. [The Life-History of

Epilachna rdponica, Lew.] — Konchu Sekai [Insect World], Gifu,
xxiii, no. 1, 21st January 1919, pp. 17-20.

The CoccineUid, Epilachna niponiai. Lew., has three broods a year.
It passes the winter in the adult stage and becomes active at the
beginning of May, ovipositing at the end of the month. The adults
of the second generation appear in the middle of June and those of
the third from the end of July to the beginning of August. The
beetles that will eventually hibernate are found in September. The
adult hides beneath the foliage by the day and becomes active in the
early morning and evening. This beetle attacks potatoes, egg-plant,
tomatoes, etc.,, throughout Korea. A mixture of soap solution and
insect powder is the most effective remedy against it.

Takahashi (S.). Daima no Gaichu to Daima-Iengyu ni tsukite. [Notes
on Insects injurious to Hemp and on Thyestes gebleri, Fald.] —
Konchu Sekai [Insect World], Gifu, xxiii, no. 1, 21st January 1919,
pp. 20-24, 2 figs.

The author records 13 species of insects injurious to hemp, viz.,
Thyestes gebleri, Fald., Haltica flavicornis, Baly, Barathra brassicae, L.,
Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb., Hepialus excrescens, Butl., an undetermined
Tortricid, Acronycta consanguis, Butl., Rhinonchus pericarpius, L.,
Mordellistena cannabisi. Mots., TetUgonia ferruginea, F., var. apicalis.
Walk., Geisha distinctissima, Walk., Bicania japonica., Melioh., and
Aphis sp. Of these the first three are the most destructive.

(C562) b2

156

The Longicorn, Thy est es gebleri, has one annual generation ; it
winters in the larval state, pupates in all probability in May and
appears as an adult in June. The eggs are laid in the hemp stalk,
usually 5 inches below the first joint, one or occasionally two being
deposited in each. The larva gradually descends the stalk as it
matures, eating out the interior as it goes and making an aperture
from 5 to 8 inches from the ground through which the excrement is
ejected. The best remedial measure is the burning of infested stalks.

Weiss (H. B.) & Dickerson (E. L.). The European Mole Cricket,
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L., an Introduced Insect Pest. — Jl. New
York Entom. Soc, Lancaster, Pa., xxvi. no. 1, March 1918,
pp. 18-23, 1 plate.

The European mole-cricket, Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, was first observed
in America in New Jersey, where it had evidently been introduced
with imported nursery stock. Though probably only slightly
vegetarian it does much damage to root crops, and though it may
prey on underground insects, the damage done in fields and orchards
outweighs its beneficial action.

Its control has been attempted by the use of poisoned baits containing
arsenic or phosphorus placed in the burrows or scattered on the
ground before seeding time ; by injecting into the burrows some
substance such as naphtha, petroleum, a 25 per cent, emulsion of
petroleum, soapy water or calcium carbide from which acetylene gas
is liberated by the action of the moisture present ; by trapping the
insects by means of a pot sunk into the soil and covered with a board,
or by means of holes filled with manure or vessels filled with water
placed in the soil ; by placing substances such as lime on the surface
at the rate of 16 cwt. to the acre, or by the introduction of naphthaline
into the soil as it is being tilled ; and by destroying the nests of the
insects.

NicoLAY (A. S.) & Weiss (H. B.). A Review of the Genus Buprestis
in North America. — Jl. New York Entom. Soc, Lancaster, Pa.,
xxvi, no. 2, June 1918, pp. 75-109, 1 plate, 2 figs.f,^

The larvae of the Buprestidae are miners in the tissue of dead,
dying and living plants and are of two general types, the bark- and
wood-borers, and the leaf-miners. Eggs are deposited singly during
the spring and summer in crevices in the bark, or under the bark at
the edge of a wound, and the larva mines until the following or second
autumn, when it pupates and transforms to the adult. The insect
hibernates in the larval, pupal or adult stage and in nearly all cases
the adult emerges the following spring or summer. The adult beetles
usually feed on the foliage, sometimes, but not necessarily, on that of
the larval host.

A key is given to the 24 species here dealt with, including : —
B. aurulenta, L., breeding in Douglas fir, various pines and western
red cedar {Thuja plicata) ; B. adjecta, Lee, a local species breeding in
pines ; B. sulcicollis, Lee, in white and pitch pine ; B. striata, ¥.,
in Pinus strobus, P. rigida and probably all southern yellow pines ;
B. apricans, Hbst. ; B. decora, F. ; B. Salisbury ensis, Hbst., in Pinus
rigida ; B. maculiventris, Say, in balsam and spruce ; B. maculipennis,

157

Gory ; B. lineata, F., feeding on Pinus strobus and P. rigida ; B. nuttalli,
Kirby, in pine ; B. laeviventris, Lee, in Pinus jponderosa, and other
pines ; B. confluenta, Say, attacking planted cotton wood ; B. rufijpes,
Oliv., breeding in oak, beech, maple and southern yellow pine ;
B. viridisuturalis, sp. n. ; and B. gibbsi, Lee, probably breeding in
oak and poplar. [See also this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp. 289, 421].

Osservatorio Autonomo di Fitopatologio, Turin, Mthly. Leaflets,
Nos. 1-12, January-December 1918, 46 pp.

The following is -a brief record of some of the injurious insects
reported during the year : — Lepidoptera : Aegeria {Sesia) apiformis
on poplar ; Gydia {Carpocapsa) pomonella on pear ; G. splendana on
walnut and chestnut ; G. funebrana on prune ; Gnethocampa
pityocampa on pine ; Cossus cossus on walnut, elm, birch, and lime ;
Hyponomeuta malinellus on apple ; Girphis {Leucania) zeae on maize ;
Malacosoma neustria on apple and pear ; Nygmia phaeorrhoea
(Euproctis chrysorrhoea) on chestnut, pear, cherry and elm ; Polychrosis
botrana and Glysia ambiguella on vine ; Pieris brassicae on cabbage ;
Porthetria (Lymantria) dispar on pear and plum ; Saturnia pyri
on pear and poplar ; Sitotroga cerealella and Tinea granella in
stored wheat ; and Zeuzera pyrina {aesculi) on apple.

Coleoptera : Agriotes lineatus on wheat, potato and turnip ;
Anthonomus pomorum on pear ; Geuthorrhynchus sulcicollis, Payk.,
on cabbage ; Gapnodis tenebrionis on Prunus spinosa ; Hylesinus
fraxini on cherry ; Haltica oleracea on cabbage ; Bruchus lentis in
lentils; B. {Laria) pisorum in peas; Byctiscus betulae {Rhynchites
betuleti) on vine ; Saperda carcharias on poplar ; Xyleborus dispar in
apple and pear ; and Scolytus {Eccoptogaster) multistriatus on elm.

Hymenoptera : Eriocampoides {Caliroa) limacina on pear and
Hoplocampa brevis on pear.

Rhynchota :—Stephanitis (Tingis) pyri on pear. Coccidae : —
Aulacaspis rosae on rose ; A. pentagona on lemon, Euonymus, jasmine,
lilac, mulberry, oleander, Geltis australis and Juglans nigra ; Aonidia
lauri on laurel ; Aonidiella taxus, on Podocarpus ; Aspidiotus hederae
on oleander and mandarine ; Geroplastes rusci on fig ; G. sinensis on
mandarine ; Goccus hesperidum on lemon ; Epidiaspis piricola on
pear ; Eulecanium persicae on laurel, lilac and Elaeagnus angustifolia ;
Icerya purchasi on lemon ; Lepidosaphes beckii {Mytilaspis citricola)
on vine ; L. ulmi {M. pomorum) on pear and willow ; Pseudococcus
hngispinus on Ghaniaedorea oblongata ; P. citri on lemon ; Pulvinaria
vitis on vine and hawthorn ; P. camelicola on camellia. Aphidae :^
Aphis persicae on peach ; A. ribis on currant ; A. cucurbitae on pump-
kin ; A. rumicis {papaveris) on chrysanthemum and beans ; Anuraphis
persicae-niger on peach ; Ghermes strobi on Pinus strobus ; Dryaphis
longipes on chestnut ; and Hyalopterus arundinis {pruni) on prune
and" peach.

Diptera : Acidia heraclei on celery ; Gontarinia pyrivora on pear ;
Hylemyia antiqua on onion and garlic ; Platyparea poeciloptera on
asparagus ; and Perrisia pyri on pear.

Orthoptera : — Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa on potato and lettuce.

Mites : Eriophyes pyri on pear ; E. vitis on vine ; E. tristriatus on
walnut ; and Tetranychus telarius on vine and angelica.

158

Reh (L.). Zur Ausgestaltimg der angewandten Entomologie in

Deutschland. [The Development of Applied Entomology in

Germany.] — Zeitschr.f. angew. Entomologie, Berlin, ii, no. 1, 1915,

pp. 225-228. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh., Stuttgart,

xxviii, no. 3-4, 1st June 1918, p. 158.)

The view is expressed that the development of applied entomology

in Germany should proceed along the lines of scientific research,

practical work and teaching. For research, institutes are required

with modern equipment and placed under the control of a zoologist

or entomologist and not, as hitherto the case in Germany, under a

botanist. Practical work requires field-stations, such as are found

in the United States. Teaching must be closely related to practice,

and field-stations must therefore be added to existing instruction

centres. Liberal financial assistance must be given where applied

entomology is concerned, in view of the enormous losses due to the

ravages of insects.

Reh (L.). Dungung und Insektenbefall. [Manuring and Insect
Infestation.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entomologie, Berlin, iii, 1916,
pp. 127-133.

Hoffmann ( — ). Dungung und Insektenbefall. [Manuring and Insect
Infestation.] — Ibidem, 257-262. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzen-
krankh., Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 3-4, 1st June 1918. pp. 158-160.)

^oth these papers discuss the effects of manure on insect pests.
A case is recorded of a severe outbreak of Hyponomeuta malinellus
and H. variabilis in which trees standing in grassland were less infested
than those in cultivated ground, and under similar conditions of
cultivation manured trees suffered the most. The opinion is expressed
by the first author that cultivated plants are preferred by insects to
wild ones and that sometimes this preference is shown for cultivated
plants very different from the original wild food- plant . Cultivation on a
large scale has been held to be the reason for the increase in infestation,
but this does not explain why the plants that are most carefully
grown, such as the finest varieties of the apple, should suffer most.
Young, growing plants are also preferred, and the use of trap-crops
depends on this fact.

Regarding the influence of various manures on plants, stable
manure or any manure containing nitrogen, such as saltpetre, increases
the water-content of plants and makes them richer in albumen and
starch. Fruit-trees thus manured are particularly liable to canker
and to infestation by Aphids, Coccids and red spider [Tetranychus].
Lime and phosphorus on the contrary reduce the number of insect
pests. It is therefore necessary to ascertain in the case of each pest
which manures are favourable or otherwise to its increase.

ScHEiDTER (F.). Tierische Schadlinge an Geholzen. [Insect Pests of
Forest Trees.] — Mitt. Deutsche Dendrol. Gesellsch., 1916, pp. 210-
225, 13 plates. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh.,
Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 3-4, 1st June 1918, pp. 160-162.)

Much damage is recorded to the leaves of sugar-maple by the
adults of Phyllobius psittacinus. Germ., and the larvae of this beetle
were even more harmful in spruce plantations by destroying the bark
of the entire root-system. The adult beetles seldom attack conifers.

159

Remedial measures are not required in large forests, but collection by
jarring may be practised in gardens. To get rid of tbe larvae in
nursery beds the plants must be lifted and transplanted, and the old
beds dug up and the larvae crushed. As the maple, alder and service
tree are favourite food-plants of P. psittacinus, their vicinity should
be avoided when laying out gardens. Oviposition may be prevented
by covering the beds with a thick layer of quicklime. The oak scale,
Asterolecanium variolosum, Ratz. {quercicola, Bch.), chiefly attacks
young oaks, and in bad cases branches or young stems may be killed,
the bark being loosened and falling ofi. On the trunks of older trees
the bark is only deformed. If infestation is severe and extensive,
the trees must be cut down level with the ground ; single trees should
be painted with a wash. The infestation of willows by the gall-
midge, Rhabdophaga {Cecidomyia) saliciperda, Duf., attracts tits and
woodpeckers in search of the larvae and these birds severely damage
the bark and bast. In a forest near the Rhine and liable to inundation
the Scolytid beetles, Hylesinus fraxini, F., H. oleiperda, F., H. crenatus,
F., and H. orni, Fuchs, especially the two first-named, injured trees
weakened by floods. H. oleiperda continued to spread northwards.
Larch shoots are killed by the larva of Cecidomyia kellneri, Hensch.,
which is common in Upper Bavaria and in the Alps extends right
up to the limit of larch. In the case of single trees the buds may be
cut off and burnt. Coleophora laricella, Hb., is another pest of larch
that can be combated in isolated cases only ; the pupal cases in which
the moth has hibernated must be collected year after year. Swellings
of the buds of Abies arizonica are not due to mites, as has been stated,
but to infestation by Chennes piceae, Ratz. Such swellings are also
found in Abies pectinaia, A. concolor, A. nobilis f. glauca, A. sibirica and
A. fraseri. The spring generation may be checked by painting the
bark with a wash,

EscHERiCH (K.). Hopfenschadlinge. [Hop Pests.] — Zeitschr. f.
angew. Entomologie, Berlin, iii, 1916, pp. 311-313. (Abstract in
Zeitschr. f. PJlanzenkrankh., Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 3-4, 1st June
1918, p. 162.)

The hop aphis, Phorodon humuli, Schrk., was abundant in 1916 in
the Upper Bavarian hop district, the leaves everywhere showing
the characteristic deformation. Natural enemies were present in
large numbers, including Coccinella bipunctata, C. quinquepunctata,,
Syrphid larvae and Forficula spp. Spraying was effected with a 1-2
per cent, soap solution to which a small quantity of either petroleum,
tobacco extract or barium chloride had been added. Flea-beetle
injury was also widespread, and was more marked where hop-poles
were still used. A still more important factor is the date of planting.
If this is carried out early in the spring the injury is lessened.

Zacher (F.). Neue und wenig bekannte Pflanzenschadlinge aus
unseren Kolonien. [New and little known Plant Pests from our
Colonies.] — Zeitschr. f. angeiv. Entomologie, Berlin, iii, 1916,
pp. 418-425. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. PJlanzenkrankh., Stuttgart,
xxviii, no. 3-4, 1st June 1918, pp. 163-164.)

A new Psyllid, Trioza bussei, is recorded as forming galls on Kicksia
in a rubber plantation in Kamerun. Orthopterous pests of tobacco

160

collected in Kamerun included : Heteropternis sp., Euprepocnemis sp.,
Atmctomorpha sp. and Scapsipedus marginatus, Afz. Another tobacco
pest is a Tenebrionid beetle, Gonocephalum simplex, F.

Andees (A.). Die wichtlgsten BaumwoUschadlinge Agyptens unter
besonderer Berucksichtigung ihres etwaigen Vorkommens in der
Turkei. [The most important Cotton Pests of Egypt with
particular Reference to their possible Occurrence in Turkey.] —
Zeitschr. f. angew. Entomologie, Berlin, iii, 1916, pp. 403-417.
(Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh., Stuttgart, xxviii, no, 3-4,
1st June 1918, p. 164.)

The increasing cultivation of cotton in Turkey favours the intro-
duction of pests of this plant, and a list is here given of those that
occur in Egypt, including Prodenia litura, Earias insulana, PectinopJiora
{Gelechia) gossypiella, and the less important Schistocerca peregrina,
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis and Aphis gossypii.

BoLLE (J.). Der voile Erfolg der biologischen Bekampfung der
Schildlaus des Maulbeerbaumes {Diaspis pentagona, T. T.) [The
Complete Success of Biological Control of the Mulberry Scale,
Aulacaspis pentagona.] — Zeitschr. f. angew. Entomologie, Berlin,
iii, 1916, pp. 124-126. — (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh.,
Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 3-4, 1st June 1918, pp. 167-168.)

An example of the successful control of Aulacaspis pentagorm^y
means of Prospaltella berlesei is recorded, the procedure adopted
having been already described [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 526].

Weiss (J. E.). Einfluss der WitterungsverhSltnisse auf das Auftreten
von Pflanzenkrankheiten und tierischen Schadlingen 1916 und
1917. III. Tierische Schlidllnge. [The Influence of Weather on
the Occurrence of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests in 1916 and

1917. III. Insect Pests.] — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh., Stuttgart,
xxviii, no. 5, 6th August 1918, pp. 201-208.

The conclusions reached are that weather has no influence on
Eriocampoides limacina, Typhhcyha rosae, Tetraneura ulmi and
Eriophyes similis. Winter cold was injurious to Lyonetia clerkella,
Coptodisca splendoriferella, Phytomyza vitalbae, Neuroterus quercus-
baccarum, Pontania femoralis, Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis, Eriophyes
pyri, E. vitis, E. tiliae var. liosoma, E. pseudoplatani, and E. tristriatus
var. erineus.^^ The dry and warm summer of 1917 favoured Tetranychus
telarius.

KoRNAUTH (K.). Bericht tiber die Tfitigkeit der k. k. landw.-bakter.
und Pflanzenschutzstation in Wien im Jahre 1916. [Report of
the Royal and Imperial Agricultural, Bacteriological and Plant-
Protection Station in Vienna in 1916.] — Zeitschr. f. d. landw.
Versuchswesen in Oesterreich, xx, 1917, pp. 288-314. (Abstract in
Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh., Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 5, 6th August

1918, pp. 213-214.)

Breeding experiments with Ephestia kUhniella (flour moth) showed
that two generations occur, the first in May and the second in

^.

161

September. An lohneumonid parasite of this pest, Campoplex
frumentarius, Rond., was frequently observed. Beans in Moravia
were infested by the Anthomyiid, Phorbia {Chortophila) trichodactyla,
Rond.

LiNSBAUER (L.). Tatigkeitsbericht des botanischen Versuchslaborato-
riums und des Laboratoriums fiir Pflanzenkrankheiten der k. k.
hoheren Lehranstalt fur Wein- und Obstbau in Klosterneuburg f.
1916-1917. [Report for 1916-1917 of the Botanical Experimental
Laboratory and of the Plant-Disease Laboratory of the Royal
and Imperial Superior Institute for Vine and Fruit Culture in
Klosterneuburg.] — Vienna, 1917. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f.
Pflanzenkrankh., Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 5, 6th August 1918,
pp. 215-216.)

The pests recorded include the pear gall-midge, Contarinia pyrivora,
and the mite, Eriophyes vitis, which damages the foliage of vines
especially in dry springs. Eriococcus araucariae was found on
Araucaria, and Aspidiotus hederae on Aucuha japonica in pots.

Shander & Krause (P.). Die Krankheiten und Schadlinge des
Flachses. [Diseases and Pests of Flax.] — Abteilung jilr Pflanzen-
krankheiten des Kaiser Wilhelm Instituts, Bromberg, Flugblatt
no. 27, July 1917.

Shander & Krause (F.). Die Krankheiten und Schadlinge des Hanfes.
[Diseases and Pests of Hemp.] — Ibidem, Flugblatt no. 28, August
1917. (Abstracts in Zeitschr. f. Pf/inzenkrankheiten, StiUtga/rt,
xxviii, no. 5, 6th August 1918, p. 218.)

The insect pests of flax mentioned in the first of these circulars
are Thrips lini, Tylenchus devastatrix, Tetranychus sp. and Phalonia
(Conchylis) epilinana.

The hemp pests are Pyrausta (Botys) nubilalis, Tetranychus telarius
and Agromyza strigata.

BtJCHER ( — ). Zusammenfassender Bericht uber die Heuschrecken-
bekampfung in Anatolien, Syrien und Palastina im Jahre 1916.

[A comprehensive Report on Anti-Locust Work in 1916 in
Anatolia, Syria and Palestine.]— Tro^ew^anzer, Berlin, xx, 1917,
pp. 373-387. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh., Stuttgart,
xxviii, no. 5, 6th August 1918, p. 238.)

In 1915 Anatolia, Syria and Palestine sufiered greatly from invasions
of the locusts, Schistocerca peregrina, Calliptamus {Caloptenus) italicus
and Dociostaurus {Stauronotus) maroccanus. The first-named comes
from Africa, survives for one or two generations and then dies out
owing to the unfavourable climate. This also applies to C. italicus,
but D. maroccanus is indigenous in the mountain districts, whence
enormous swarms, sometimes measuring 15 miles in length by over
600 yards in breadth, invade the plains. The eggs are laid from
July to August and hatching begins in mid-February.

The anti-locust campaign organised by the author was conducted by
a stafi of 14 directors, 72 ofiicers, 2,000 supervisors, about 11,000 men
from the labour battalions and compulsory levies from the population.

162

In western Anatolia an average of 450,000-500,000 workers were
daily employed from March to May. The Cyprus system of barriers
was largely adopted and about 6,000 tons of eggs and 11,000 tons of
locusts were collected. Arsenic and Paris green were tried and suitable
baits Avere sawdust, chopped lucerne, chopped grass and cowdung,
salt being added to all of these. No practical results were obtained
with fungus diseases or bacterial infections. In the plains the losses
were reduced from 40-50 per cent, to 6-10 per cent. For 1917, 250
non-commissioned officers and 2,500 men were detailed as instructors
and 600,000 metres of zinc barriers and 50 tons of arsenic and Paris
green were ordered.

BoLLOw ( — ). Drei markische Leucopis-Aiten aus Cocciden [EriopeUis)
an Festuca gezogen, [Three Species of Leucopis parasitising
Coccids {EriopeUis) on Festuca.] — Deidsch. Entom. Zeitschr., 1917,
pp. 173-174. (Abstract in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh., Stuttgart,
xxviii, no. 5, 6th August 1918, p. 240.)

In an infestation of Festuca sp. by EriopeUis lichtensteini, Sign.,
about 60 per cent, of the scales were parasitised by several Chalcids
and hy Leucopis nigricornis, Egg. Leucopis annidipes, Zett., was bred
fi-om Eidecanimn {Lecanium) corni, Bch., and other scales, from the
gall of Cynips terminalis and from Hyalopterus arundinis, F.
A third species, L. puncticornis, Meig., was obtained from a scale
on Festuca, from galls of Rhabdophaga rosaria, L., and from Aphids.

Fischer (C. E. C). Cause of the Spike Disease of Sandal (Santalum
album). — Indian Forester, Allahabad, xliv, no. 12, December 1918,
pp. 570-575.

A sound working hypothesis of the cause of spike disease in sandal
is that it is due to ultra-microscopic organisms which either prevent
the formation of the necessary starch-converting enzyme, or at least
inhibit its action. The fact that the disease may appear at a distance,
leaving an intervening area uninfected, necessitates the further
supposition that it is disseminated by winged sucking insects, a view
that has been held since 1904.

WiLLcocKS (F. C). The Insect and Related Pests of Egypt. Volume I.
The Insect and Related Pests Injurious to the Cotton Plant.
Part I. The Pink Bollworm. — Sultanic Agric. Soc, Cairo, 1916,
339 pp., 10 plates, 17 figs. [Received 3rd February 1919.]

The present volume is intended to form the first of three dealing
with the insect pests of Eg5rpt and has been published in advance of
any other part of the material collected in view of the importance
assumed during recent years in Egypt by the pink bollworm
Pectinophora (Gelechia) gossypiella. It is impossible in the present
state of knowledge regarding this moth to give anything approaching
a complete account of its life-history and habits ; the present report
only claims to be a preliminary discussion of the pink boDworm
problem in Egypt, giving the author's view of the question. Artificial
means of control are discussed at length [see this Review, Ser. A, ii,
218, 324, iii, 505, iv, 230, 472, 491, vi, 42].

" 163

Predaceous enemies of the pink boUworm include a bug, Triphleps
sp., which, destroys the eggs, and ants, which attack the bollworia
whenever they can do so, though they are rarely present in the cotton-
fields. Probably the bollworms emerging from stored cotton seed in
June and July and again in September and October suffer most
from these attacks. The mite, Pediculoides ventricosus, Newp., is a
common enemy of the resting stage of P. gossypiella in cotton seed.
This mite is viviparous, producing from a few to 270 living young.
At a temperature of 90° to 100° F. only six days are required from the
time of birth to reproduction of another generation ; from 60° to 70° F.,
thirteen days are required ; while below 50° F. the mites apparently
cannot develop. During January and February in Egypt the life-
cycle occupies about 6 weeks. As many as 160 mites have been
observed on a smgle larva of P. gossypiella. Bollworms killed by the
mites frequently exhibit numbers of dark brown or black spots where
the mites have fed. It is doubtful whether this mite can become of
much importance as a parasite of P. gossypiella [see this Review,
Ser. A, ii, p. 508], as it is incapable of reaching the boUworm when
enclosed in a cotton boll, and also because the temperature during
the Egyptian winter is not high enough for its development. A
Rhizoglyphid mite has also been observed on larvae of P. gossypiella,
but it is doubtful whether any serious harm results. A number of
spiders and certain birds, as well as toads and frogs, probably exercise
some measure of control over the numbers of P. gossypiella.

A true parasite of the pink bollworm is Pimpla roborator, the female
of which oviposits through the lock of dead cotton into the cocoon
of the bollworm, and stings the latter into insensibility preparatory to
depositing a single egg on the outside of the cocoon. At from 65° to
70° F. the incubation period is four days and the larva begins to feed
upon its host immediately after hatchmg. After about 9 days,
during which two moults occur, the larva is mature, and pupates
probably within the cocoon of its host, the adult emerging twelve
days later. A table records the life-cycle of a number of individuals
bred in the laboratory showing a duration of from 30 to 45 days.
P. roborator is apparently parthenogenetic. Its numbers are checked
by the fact that many individuals may oviposit in the same host,
and also by the fact that eggs may be deposited and development
occur in a larva of its own species. This self-parasitism is apparently
responsible for the death of many larvae found in the cocoons of
pink bollworms. It is pointed out that the destruction of all bolls
in the autumn that are infested with P. gossypiellci causes the
destruction of large numbers of Pimpla roborator, which becomes
really numerous about the latter part of November.

Two undetermined Pteromalids are parasitic upon the pink boll-
worm. The larger is apparently a member of the genus Pteroinalus ;
the smaller has the same habit of parasitism as P. roborator.

The Braconid, Chelonella sulcata, Nees, is believed to live as a
larva within the body of the pink bollworm until the latter transforms
into the pupal stage; it then completes its growth by feeding upon
the pupa. The parasite pupates within the empty pupa of the
host. As the ovipositor of C. sulcata is quite short it can probably
only attack the bollworms after the bolls have ripened and split open.
This parasite is, however, well adapted to the seasonal habits of its host.

164

Another Braconid, Hahrobracon (Rhogas) kitcheneri, Dudg. & Gough,
has been reared in captivity on the pink boUworm, but has not been
found in the field on this host. The Ichneumonid, Limnerium
interrupitm, and a Bethylid may also be parasitic upon Pectinophora
gossypiellu.

Insects that are Hable to be confused with the pink bollworm are
the Tineid, Pyroderces simplex, Wlsm., which is frequently found in
autumn and winter in bolls injured by some species of bollworm. The
eggs are laid on the damaged ripe bolls and the larvae feed on the
injured seeds and fibre. The pupa occurs on the damaged boll,
enclosed in a light cocoon of silk, and is smaller than that of
P. gossypielh. The winter is apparently passed chiefly in the larval
stage, the moths appearing in April. These probably oviposit on
any damaged bolls that are available. The hollyhock moth,
CrocidosemM plebiana, Zell., does not attack cotton, but might be
confused with P. gossypiella if found on the same food-plant. Another
moth, a Pyralid, Cryptoblabes gnidiella, Mill, has also been bred from
cotton bolls and might also be mistaken for this pest.

Caetwright (W.). Treatment of Cotton in the Field as a Combative
Measure against Gelechia Attacks. Experiments in 1917. — Agric.
Jl. Egypt, Cairo, viii, 1918, pp. 43-53.

Experiments conducted against Pectinophora gossypiella duriug 1917
in continuation and amplification of the "Work of 1916 [see this Review,
Ser. A, vi, p. 70] clearly demonstrated the following points : — That
reduction of water and complete stoppage after the first week in August
increases the yield of cotton, does not damage the fibre and ripens the
crop earlier ; that topping in addition further increases the yield on
well-developed cotton and does not damage the fibre.

No direct evidence as to the effect of the treatment on the actual
attacks of P. gossypiella was afforded by the experiments.

Adair (E. W.). Preliminary List of Insects associated with Cotton in

Egypt^Agric. Jl. Egypt, Cairo, viii, 1918, pp. 80-88.

Large numbers of insects occur on cotton plants in the field,, especially
in the squares, some of them feeding on the plant, others being
predatory, and others simply sheltering from the heat of the sun or
the dampness of the ground. A list, necessarily incomplete, is here
given of such insects, together with the parasites of many of them.

Van dee Goot (P.). Aphididae of Ceylon.^ — Spolia Zeylanica, Colombo,
xi, no. 40, June 1918, pp. 70-75, 2 figs. [Received 10th February
1919.]

A list of Aphids collected in Ceylon during 1913-14 includes : —
Macrosiphum rosae, L., on roses ; Microtnyzus nigrum, v.d.G., on
ferns and cinnamon ; Toxoptera aurantH, Boy., on a wide range of
food-plants ; T. minuta, v.d.G., on one of the Cyperaceae ; . Aphis
gossypii, Glov., on Aristolochia indica, on a Euphorbiaceous weed, and
on Solanum torvum, being attended on the last plant by the red ant,
Oecophylla smaragdina ; A. tavaresi, Del Guer., on citrus ; A. medi-
caginis, Koch, on Crotalaria striata ; Longimiguis spathodeae, v.d.G.,

165

on shoots of Panax sp. ; Brachycaudus helichrysi, Kalt. ; Greenidea
artocarpi, Westw., on the young shoots of Artocarpus integrifolia ;
Shivaphis celti, Das, on leaves of Celtis cinnamomea ; Oreg')na insularis,
v.d.G., on leaves of bamboo {Dendrocalamus strictus), the colonies
being attended by Oecophylla smamgdhia ; 0. minuta, v.d.G., on
leaves of Dendrocalarmis strictus attended by small blackish ants
(Cremastogaster) ; Cerataphis lataniae, Boisd., on the inflorescences of
an Areca palm.

Macrosiphum minutum, sp. n., on Vernonia cinerea, and Greenideoida
ceyloniae, sp. n., on Messica ferrea are described.

Senior- White (R.). A Note on Lymantria ampla (Walker). — Spolia
Zeylanica, Colombo, xi, no. 40, June 1918, pp. 76-80, 2 figs.
[Received 10th February 1919.]

Lymantria ampla occurs throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, and
feeds on a great variety of plants, being found in Ceylon on cacao,
geranium, begonia and rose, though the normal food-plant in the
Matale district is probably cacao. There appear to be four broods a
year, in January, April, June and October.

At present this moth is hardly a pest, except of pot-plants such as
geranium and begonia, its attacks on cacao being very slight, probably
owing to its being kept in check by a Hymenopterous parasite.

GuNN (D.). The Bagrada Bug {Bagrada hilaris). — Union S. Africa
Dept. Agric, Pretoria, Bull. no. 9, 26th June 1918, 16 pp.,
3 plates. [Received 13th February 1919.]

Bagrada hilaris has been a pest throughout South Africa for many
years. The present paper is the result of studies to elucidate the life-
history of the insect and to devise suitable measures for its control.
The chief food-plants are Crucifers, especially cabbage, turnip, rape,
mustard, radish, etc. Leguminous crops such as beans and peas are
attacked to a less degree. Fields of wheat have on more than one
occasion suffered severely, and many native plants serve as hosts, as
well as some of the wild grasses dm-ing the summer months. The
bug flourishes only during the dry season ; ideal conditions for its
rapid development are dry weather with a temperature between
70° and 80° F. in the shade. Heavy rain destroys many nymphs and
adults. The eggs of B. hilaris are deposited on the lower surfaces of
lumps of soil ; if exposed to the heat of the sun, they soon perish.
The incubation period varies from 8 days in warm weather to 14 days
in lower temperatures. The nymphal stage lasts from 50 to 81 days,
during which five moults occur. The adults are very active for a time ;
pairing takes place soon after the adult stage is reached, after which
the males soon die. The females oviposit about a week later and live
for another 8 to 14 days. There are four generations in a year in
Pretoria ; records of the life-cycles are given in tables. A parasitic
Chalcid was reared from eggs of B. hilaris at the end of September,
but it is thought that this parasite is not abundant enough during the
winter months to exercise much check on its host. The Reduviid,
Harpactor segmentarius, Germ., is predaceous on the nymphs and
^aHults, but does not occur in large numbers. A soil fungus, Isaria sp.,
causes a number of deaths among the bugs, but, like the predaceous

166

insects, disappears during the winter months when the bugs are most
destructive.

Clean cultivation, a system of crop rotation and the growing of all
plants in rows render subsequent treatments more easy and effective.
Young cabbage and cauliflower plants should be protected by covering
them with cheesecloth until they are planted out, and after becoming
estabhshed, they should be sprayed vnth. either crude carbolic acid
emulsion in the proportion of 1 part to 15 parts water, resin wash or
the preparation known as KatakiUa. Turnip plants can be sprayed
with crude carbolic acid emulsion 1 part to 20 parts water, with tobacco
extract (non-arsenical) in the proportion of one part to 16 of water with
the addition of 1 lb. soap, with resin wash or with Katakilla. Cruci-
ferous plants should not be sprayed with miscible oils as they are
hable to be severely injured. If the soil is kept in a moist condition
and the lumps broken up oviposition is to a large extent checked.
All cabbage stumps and remains of cruciferous plants should be
collected and destroyed. Fowls, when allowed to run in infested
fields, greatly assist in destroying the insect.

LoxmsBURY (C. P.). European Foul Brood. — Union S. Africa Dept.
Agric, Pretoria, Bull. no. 10, 26th August 1918, 20 pp., 7 figs.
[Received 6th February 1919.]

European foul brood was found to exist in certain districts of the
Union of South Africa in 1917, the disease apparently being of some
years' standing. The present bulletin has been compiled to acquaint
the South African public with the nature of this disease in bees and
to' explain the methods for its control.

GuNN (D.). The White-lined Grape-vine Sphinx Moth {Hippotion
celerio). — Union of S. Africa Dept. Agric, Pretoria, Bull. no. 11,
17th September 1918, 6 pp., 4 figs. [Received 6th February 1919.]

The principal food-plant of Hipjjotion celerio is the cultivated grape-
vine, especially those varieties with tender foliage, though it has been
found feeding upon the foliage of Acacia caffra and A. karroo, these
being, undoubtedly, two of its native food-plants. It also attacks
tobacco and sweet potato foUage, as well as that of Ampelopsis veitchi
and A. quinquefolia.

The eggs are deposited singly, either on the upper or lower surface
of a leaf, never more than 3 being foimd on a single leaf. The
incubation period lasts for from 6 to 9 days, and after a larval period
of about 5 weeks pupation takes place just below the surface of the
groimd. The pupal period varies from 19 days to more than 6 months
in the case of the over- wintering generation. The adults of the first
generation usually emerge in the spring and there are 4 annual
generations.

No parasitic enemies have been reared and the only insect observed
to prey on the caterpillars is a large green Mantid, Sphodromantis
gastrica. Control is best effected by hand-picking or by spraying
the vines as soon as injury is noticed with lead arsenate in the form
of paste, 3 lb., or powder l|lb. to 50 gals, water. When injury to
the same vines has occurred in successive years the soil should be
cultivated during the winter months to destroy the pupae.

167

Illingworth (J. F.). The Sugar Industry. — Queensland Agric. JL,
Brisbane, x, no. 5, November 1918, pp. 220-221. [Received 4th
February 1919.]

The Tachinid parasite, Cerotnasia sphenophori. has been, successfully
reared and liberated in fields infested with the sugar-cane borer
[Rhahdocnemis obscura] and it is hoped that a considerable measure
of control will be effected by this means. Attention is drawn to the
value of the barn owl in destroying these weevils and also cane
rats. Some localities have been much troubled \vith Cirpkis unipimcta
(army worm) and Phragmatiphila truncata (Noctuid moth borer) ;
both of these are freely attacked by parasites, and are thus prevented
from becoming serious pests. The caterpillars of P. truncata feed
inside the shoot, the central leaves usually being entirely killed.
The result is that the cane shoots freely at the eyes owing to injury
to the terminal bud. The cultivation of a green crop of beans or peas
before re-planting with sugar-cane is suggested against these moths.

"Flying-Beetles" attacking Pear-trees. — New Zealand Jl. Agric.,
Wellington, xvii, no. 5, 20th November 1918, p. 315. [Received
13th February 1919.]

In answer to a correspondent, who reported that winged beetles
had practically defoliated young pear-trees during October, it is
stated that two species are concerned. Odontria zealandica, known as
the brown beetle, is the adult of the well-known grass-grub. It flies
only by night and can be shaken off the tree on to a sheet of canvas.
Eucolaspis brumiea (bronze beetle) flies by day and can be caught in
the same manner. Lead arsenate is effective against both species if
used strong enough, more than one application being necessary.

The Weevil Pest of Grain. Summary of Proceedings of Conference
held in Melbourne, October 15th 1918. — Jl. Dept. Agric. Victoria,
Melbourne, xvi, no. 11, November 1918, pp. 695-700. [Received
4th February 1919.]

A conference held in Melbourne has discussed the investigations
carried out by the South Australian Weevil Committee, which was
appointed about a year previously to deal with the question of the
serious losses occasioned by the depredations of the wheat weevil
[Calandra granaria] in stored wheat. The first experiments carried
out were to determine the possibility of poisoning by means of gases.
Hydrocyanic acid, carbon bisulphide, carbon monoxide, and carbon
dioxide were tried ; carbon bisulphide was probably the most efficient,
though it was found later that the weevil could be asphyxiated by
the use of carbon dioxide. Treatment with lime was found ineffective.
Storage in sand was satisfactory on a small scale, but not so suitable
for large quantities. Treatment by means of heat was tried and
seemed promising. It was considered that most heating machines
work at too high an initial temperature and the pressure of steam is
too great. A machine constructed in South Australia works at
atmospheric pressure. It was realised, however, that heat is not a
solution of the whole difficulty, as it is impossible to treat all the affected
wheat in time. Experiments in sealing up weevil-infested wheat in

168

bottles stowed that the weevils died in a fortnight. A tube that
had been sealed for 5 days showed a content of 15 per cent, carbon
dioxide and this was sufficient to kill the weevils. These experiments
indicate the possibility of enclosing stacks with a covering of malthoid,
making them as airtight as possible and then pumping in carbon
dioxide. An experiment on these lines was carried out with 8,500 bags
of heavily infested wheat. Inside the malthoid 10 to 15 per cent,
of carbon dioxide was maintained continuously. Gas was generated
by passing air over a bed of hot coke in a furnace, with the object
of obtaining a mixture containing as nearly as possible 80 per cent,
nitrogen and 20 per cent, carbon dioxide with no free oxygen. The
purpose was to displace all the oxygen and thus render the oxygen
content too low to support life. The experiment was highly successful,
no living weevils being found in the stack though there were millions
of dead ones. It is evident that weevils can be destroyed by this
means without handling the wheat. Though it is impossible to make
the malthoid enclosure absolutely air-tight, the continuous passing
in of nitrogen and carbon dioxide enables the asphyxiating atmosphere
to be maintained. Larvae and pupae as well as adults were destroyed
by this process, but it is not yet known whether the eggs can survive
it. It was pointed out that a malthoid covering is an absolute
protection, neither insects nor mice being able to penetrate it. "With
regard to the salt-water treatment that has been recommended for
old bags, etc., on the seaboard, it has been found that the weevils
can live for nine days in sea-water and can also survive five hours in
methylated spirit.

The meeting expressed satisfaction with the work carried out by
the South Australian WeevU Committee and recommended that the
investigations should be continued. These should deal with the
examination of insect-infested grain from all parts of the Common-
wealth ; investigations into the life-history of the insects causing
the damage, and a study of such factors as temperature, moisture
and aeration ; an estimation of the water content of such wheat in
various conditions ; recording of the changes in the water content
during maturation and dormancy af the grain and co-ordination of
these changes with atmospheric conditions and experiments on the
degree and rate of absorption of water in atmospheres artificially
charged with moisture. The South Australian Committee should
also continue their experiments on the effect of hermetically sealing
wheat and its influence on vitality, with investigations on heat
treatment and its effects on the vitality of wheat and its keeping
and milling properties. It was also suggested that the effect of lime
should be further investigated.

Brittain (W. H.). Practical Results in Spraying a Commercial Orchard
for the Green Apple Bug. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Out., 1,
no. 12, December 1918, pp. 393-397.

Operations demonstrating the control of the Capsid, Lygus communis
var. novascotiensis, Knight (green apple bug), in an apple orchard
taken over for that purpose during 1917, prove the advantage of
prompt and thorough spraying for this pest as soon as infestation
is observed, the benefit being evident even when only a single year

169

is considered, although the results should be taken into account
over a period of years. The orchard tested was an old one where
infestation was rendering the trees worthless. In most cases the
trees bloomed heavily, but the blossoms were generally injured before
the fruit was formed, or, if it set, it was punctured by the bug until
it fell or became deformed. The damage to the smaller twigs was
also very apparent, while much of the young growth had been Idlled out^
right. Younger trees of mixed varieties in another part of "the orchard
were also being attacked when the entire orchard was sprayed with
1 pint Blackleaf 40 to 100 gals. In the spray immediately before the
blossoms opened,* this was combined with hme-sulphur and calcium
arsenate. In the after-blossom spray, the fungicide was sodium
sulphide and the arsenical poison was omitted. Although there was
some delay in spraying the older trees, a fair measure of control was
obtained, while in the younger trees where the spray was promptly
applied the bugs were practically eliminated. Compared with the
yield that might have been expected from previous years' production
and with the crop for the entire valley, the theoretical crop from the
demonstration orchard should have been 393 barrels, but in point of
fact it was actually 1,469 barrels. Tables show a comparison between
the crop of the experimental orchard and that of the neighbouring
valley and the percentage of diiTerent grades of all varieties both in
the valley and in the experimental orchard. In 1918, the experimental
orchard was not sprayed for the bug. Examination showed that in
the older and larger trees there was still considerable infestation,
though not as severe as formerly ; while in the younger trees, where the
best spraying had been done, the pest could only be found by searching
for it. The value of thorough and timely work for the future
year's crop is thus further emphasised.

NicoLAY (A. S.) & Weiss (H. B.). Notes on Chalepus rubra, Web., in
New Jersey. — Canadian Entomologist, London, Onf.. 1, no. 12,
December 1918, pp. 398-400, 1 plate.

The Hispid, Chalepus rubra, Web., has been previously recorded as
attacking locust, basswood, oak and soft maple, while the larvae have
been known to mine the leaves of white oak, apple and linden.
Additional food-plants recorded for the adult beetles are white birch,
hornbeam, cherry, juneberry and Pyrus a,rbutifolia, as weU as apple,
choke-cherry and shadbush. In New Jersey the mines are found
in the leaves of various species of oak, all the parenchyma being
eaten and showing a white elongate discoloration, generally at the
edge of the leaf. During late June and early July the larva can easily
be found in the mines. The pupal stage occurs during the last week
in July and earl}?- August, the beetles emerging during the second
week of August and later. The full-grown larva and pupa are described.

Weiss (IT. B.) & Dickerson (E. L.). The Life-history and Early
Stages of Coryihucha parshleyi, Gibson. — Cmiadian Entomologist,
London, Ont. I, no. 12, December 1918, pp. 401-406.

The Tingid, Corythuca parshleyi, Gibson, was originally described
as feeding upon walnut and juneberry {Amelanchier intermedia), but
repeated visits to the type locality in New Jersey and numerous

(C552) c

ito

examinations have led to the conclusion that it is tound only on walnuts.
In New Jersey this species has been found on butternut {Jnglaois
cinerm, walnut {J. nigra) and Japanese walnut (J. sibboldiana),
while outside New Jersey it has been taken on pecan. In southern
New Jersey adults that have hibernated appear about the middle of
May, and oviposition occurs during the third and fourth weeks, fro.m
1 to 4 eggs being laid in the angles formed by the mid-rib and the side
ribs on the under-surface of the leaf. Most of the eggs are placed in the
basal half of the leaf and none at the tips where the veins are finer.
By the thu'd week in June a few second-stage nymphs and many of
the third and fourth and a few fifth-stage ones were found. By the
end of the first week in July adults of the first generation were present
with many fifth-stage mTnphs. Eggs were deposited soon afterwards,
and during the last week in July first-stage nymphs of a second
generation were observed. During late August and early September
adults of the second generation appeared and later went into hiber-
nation. There are therefore two generations, each requiring about
six weeks. On account of the extended oviposition period, all nymphal
stages may be found at the same time as adults. The nymphs feed
in colonies on the under-suiface of the leaves, causing a discoloration
of the upper surface. In severe infestations the leaves become yellow
and dry and many fall to the ground. All stages of the insect are
described. C. juglandis, Fitch, which resembles and is frequently
confused with C. parshleyi, occurs throughout New England and south
and west to Kansas and Texas, its food-plants including walnut,
butternut and lime. It undoubtedly occurs in New Jersey, though
up to the present time no species but C. parshleyi has been found there
on walnut.

Ross (W. A.). The Pear Psylla. — Canadian Horticulturist & Beekeeper,
Toronto, xxvii, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 3-4.

Weather is an important factor in control of the pear psylla \ Psylla
pyricola] ; a protracted period of cold and wet in the spring destroys
many eggs and newly hatched young, while long periods of hot, dry
weather are fatal to numbers of nymphs. Experience in spraying in
Ontario has shown that the most economical and satisfactory method
of combating this pest is to postpone the dormant application of
lime-sulphur until shortly before the trees bloom and then thoroughly
drench all parts of the trees, including the under-side of the twigs
and branches. This destroys the newly-hatched nymphs and mature
eggs. To the spray applied just after the blossoms fall nicotine
sulphate 40 per cent, should be added at the rate of | pint to 80 gals.
of spray mixture ; this kills the nymphs in the axils of the leaf-petioles
and blossom-stems.

Treherne (R. C). Insect Notes of the Year 1918.— Agric. Jl., Dept.
Agric., Victoria, B.C., iii, nos. 11-12, January-February 1919,
pp. 258, 281 & 301.

Observations on Taeniothrips inconsequens (pear thrips) continued
during recent years have shown the dates of emergence of the adults
to be from the last days of March until the end of April. It has
been found that spraying against the adults is more important than

171

against the larvae, and applications of nicotine and soap spray were
therefore made on 3rd, 10th and 22nd of April, the pears beginning to
bloom on 22nd April. The number of applications given previous
to blossoming depends on the degree of infestation.

The results of investigations into the life-history of Anarsia Imealella
(peach worm), which are given in detail, show that there are two gener-
ations of this moth in a year, adults appearing and laying eggs between
29th May and 19th June and again between 26th August and
15th September. Fruit-growers are recommended to spray in the
week previous to blossoming with lime-sulphur 1: 9, followed by a lead
arsenate, spray after blossoming. It is suggested, however, that a
combination of these two sprays (lime-sulphur 1 : 9, plus 2 lb. lead
arsenate, to 40 gals.), applied just previous to blossoming, would
probably prove both efficacious and more economical. This should
be applied to the tips of the trees with good pressure and into the
crotches of the finer branches.

Otiorrkynchus ovatus (strawberry-root weevil) continues to be a
destructive pest [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 469]. Other strawberry
pests in British Columbia are Aegeria {SynoMhedon) ratilans (crown
moth), Arislotelia sp. (crown-borer), Polyphylla decemlineata (white
grub), Tipulids and wireworms. The life-histories and habits of these
are being studied ; the control suggested in the present state of
knowledge is the rotation of strawberries with other crops at short
intervals.

Wireworms have been responsible for considerable damage to onions,
maize and potatoes. Baits were made by moulding baked rice,
shorts and water into small balls which were set in the soil 2 or 3 inches
deep in rows 10 by 5 feet. Various poisons were added to the baits
without any apparent influence on the results. After a week or ten
days the baits were removed from the soil, broken open and the
wireworms removed by hand. The balls were then remoulded and
re-set in the soil for another ten days. Two applications were con-
sidered sufficient for the year, and from 6,707 baits, 25,939 wireworms
were collected. This method is tedious, but would undoubtedly
gradually clear the land of wireworms. Sliced potatoes can similarly
be used as baits.

For Hylemyia antiqua (onion maggot) the new poison-bait of sodium
arsenite and molasses was tried, but did not give much success. It is
hoped by next year to have discovered the proper tunes for application ;
it is thought that May and Jul}- should be the time for setting baits.
Thrips tabaci (onion thrips) caused considerable trojjble in onion-
growing districts. Soap and nicotine spraj's should be applied as soon
as thrips appear in numbers in the axils of the leaves ; in J 918 this was
about 20th June. Later applications are dependent upon weather
conditions ; in moist weather thrips do not multiply rapidly. Cut-
worms {Eaxoa messoria) were plentiful and preparations against them
should be made in the winter. Poison-baits should be worked into
the soil before the crop is planted in the spring or after the crops are
above ground. In spraying for Eriosoma lanigerum (woolly aphis) it
was found that a pressure of at least 225 lb. was necessary. Psylla
pyricola (pear psylla) has been recorded in British Columbia, although
no damage is as yet attributed to it. Other pests newly reported in
British Columbia are Bruchophagus funehris (alfalfa seed Chalcid),

(C552) c2

172

which in some localities causes 50 per cent, of infestation in lucerne,
and Meromyza aynericana (greater wheat-stem maggot). It is believed
that two or three generations of this fly occur in a season and that
autumn wheat is more seriously injured than the plants attacked by
the earlier generation in June and July.

RMgoletis pomonella (apple maggot) has been taken in considerable
numbers breeding in native snowberry {Symjjhoricarpus racemosa) and
probably occurs wherever this plant exists in British Columbia, but
has not been taken on apple. Cydia pomonella (codling moth), while
showing a general reduction in most localities, has broken out in certain
fresh orchards ; strenuous action will be necessary in 1919 to counter-
act this spread.

Knight (H. H.), An Investigation of the Scarring of Fruit caused by
Apple Redbugs.— (7omeH Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Ithaca, N.Y.,
Bull. no. 396, February 1918, pp. 187-208, 37 figs. [Received
10th February 1919.] '

The injuries produced in apples by the bug, Lygidea mendax, depend
largely on the kmd of apple, some varieties being more subject to
fatal injury than others, and also on the age of the fruit when the
puncture is made. If the core of the young apple is punctured, a
deep pit results m the mature fruit, but punctures made after the fruit
is I in h in diameter result in the formation of broad russet scars.
The healing of wounds made after the middle of July and usually
produced by the tussock moth [Hemerocampa?^ or the plum curculio
[Conotrachelus nenuphar] depends largely on the variety of apple. The
nymphs of L. mendax begin hatching just as the blossom-buds begin
to open and most of them have entered the fourth stage by the time
the petals have fallen, it being during the fourth and fifth instars that
the maximum damage is done. The adults, practically all of which
have appeared by 22nd June, feed on the fruits extensively for a week or
more, and then begin feeding on the tender developing shoots. Injuries
inflicted at this stage may resemble the work of apple maggot flies
[Rhagolct is pomonella] or of Syntomaspis drupanim (apple-seed Chalcid),
but in the latter case the larvae are to be found in the seeds. Under
certain conditions Afhis sorhi (rosy aphis) may develop and feed on
apples injured by red-bugs, with the result that the fruit is stunted and
badly misshapen.

Heierocordylus mnlinus (dark apple red-bug) develops 7-10 days
earher than L. mendax, the nymphs hatching with the unfolding of
the leaves anfl feeding on the tender foliage and to a slight extent on
the fruit before reaching maturity, which occurs together with oviposi-
tion by the time the fruit is large enough to be injured. In western
New York the work of H. malinus in producing knotty fruit is very
limited or entirely absent on the standard varieties of apples.

Conotrachelus nenuphar (plum curcuho) on emergence from hiber-
nation is a voracious feeder and attacks young apples as soon as they
are formed, these early-formed punctures not being usually accom-
panied by egg-laying. Later punctures together with oviposition
result in the formation of a characteristic crescent-shaped scar.

Lime-sulphur spray, if the young fruit is drenched, will cause shght
burning and the injury may result in russet scars resembling in some

]73

respects the work of red-bugs. The pecuhar festering noted in the
wounds made by feeding red-bugs and their subsequent development
are so characteristic that it seems very probable that some secretion
of the insects is an important causative factor.

Spraying begun on 30th April, when the buds were just showing
pink, with the usual lead arsenate and hme-sulphnr 1 to 40, to which
had been added 1 quart Blackleaf 40 to each 200 gal. tank,
resulted in the nymphs being killed with ease, direct contact with the
spray not being necessary since they were overcome by the fumes.
A similar spray in which the Blackleaf 40 was reduced to f quart
was equally effective if the spraying w^as thoroughly done. No further
apphcation was necessary, and it is evident that where the pest is
thoroughly ehminated by spraying further remedial measures will not
be needed for at least three years.

Hawley (I. M.). Insects Injurious to the Hop In New York, with
Special Reference to the Hop Grub and the Hop Redbug. — Cornell
Univ. Agric. Ex])t.Sta., Ithaca, N.Y., Memoir 15, November 1918,
pp. 147-224, 60 figs. [Received 10th February 1919.]

The Noctuid, Gortyna immanis, Gn. (hop borer), is a native
North American insect and is especially abundant in the Eastern
States and in Canada where hops are grown, being able, so far as is
known, to reach maturity only on that plant, though young larvae
have been found attacking maize and grass. Newly hatched larvae
may crawl long distances and enter any part of the plant that is tender
enough for them to break through, the bud-Uke tip of the head of the
hop forming a place for easy entrance. Injury results in the killing of
the gromng point and consequent stunted growth of the head, the
damage however being relatively small. Most of the larvae, after
worldng in the tip for 1 or 2 weeks, drop to the ground and join those
attacking the vines.

Most of the eggs, which are laid on grass, hatch at a time when the
vines are short and tender and the young larvae usually enter the
stem near the surface of the ground and burrow in the pithy centre
until further growth necessitates their eating their way out of the stem.
After leaving it, the caterpillar either eats its way into a bed-root, or
feeds on the outside of the vine between the bed-root and the surface
of the ground. The resulting injuries prevent the return flow of sap
to the roots, which become weakened and readily succumb to winter
frosts. Many caterpillars are already external feeders or in the bed-
root by the end of the first week in June, damage inside the vines
being completed by the end of the second week, though that in the
roots continues from the middle of July to the middle of August. In
July or the first part of August the larva pupates, and the moth
emerges at the end of August or early in September, depositing eggs
that hibernate on grass and hatch from the last week in April to
the last of May. The egg-stage occupies about 8 months, the larval
9-12 weeks, and the pupal 4-6 weeks.

An important natural predatory enemy of the larvae, and probably
of the pupae, is the skunk, which does not, however, reduce the injury
of the year, for by the time it becomes active the larvae are full-grown
and the damage is done. Both the larva and the adult of the Carabid

174

beetle, Calosoma calidwn, F., are active in attacking the larvae of
G. immanis, wliile other Carabids known to be predaceous on them
are : — Harpahs ])emisylvanicus, Dej., Pterostichus lucublandus, Say,
P. stygicus, Say, and Amara impundicoUis, Say. The Braconid,
MicropUtis gortynae, Riley, is a common parasite of the larva of
G. imynanis. Other parasites are Aenoplex sp., a Chalcid, Synaldis
sp., and the Tachinids, Fronfdna frenchi, Will; and Masicera fnyoidea,
Des.

Cultural methods of control consist in removing all extra vines
before 1st June to some distance from the yard ; hilling the hops,
so as to give the extra rootlets an opportunity to grow ; practising
clean cultivation by removing all grass ; keeping a ploughed border
several yards wide round the field ; using para-dichlorobenzene as
an insecticide by placing a few crystals in each hill and covering with
about two inches of soil, the apphcation to be made about the third
week in May.

The new pest of the hop vine, Paracalocoris hawleyi, Knight, has
already been dealt with [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 109].

An old, but little known pest, Hypena Twmuli, Harr. (hop snout-
moth), is widely distributed, occurring in most parts of the United
States and southern Canada and feeding, so far as is known, only on
the hop. The eggs of the first brood are deposited among the hairs on
the under-side of the leaf during May, when the hops are only a few
feet above ground. These eggs, which are laid by overwintering females,
may not hatch for H weeks, but the exact length of the egg-stage is
unknown. Eggs of the second brood are also deposited on leaves,
having been found from 28th July to 11th August. The larvae,
which are full grown by 1st July, eat out a clean-cut hole either on the
margin or in the central part of the leaf, the larval stage lasting about
one month. The pupal stage covers about 13 days, the pupae having
been found on the surface or just beneath the upper layer of soil, or
on hop-poles or dead vii^.es. Adults emerge about the middle of July,
eggs of the second brood being laid in from 1 to 2 weeks and hatching
in the first week in August. The second-brood lar^^ae pupate early in
September, the hibernating adults issuing during the latter half
of September.

Predaceous natural enemies of the caterpillars of H. livimili are
the nymphs of Paracalocoris hawleyi and adults of Beduviohis
svbcoleoptrat'KS, Kirby. Parasites include the Tachinids, Masicera
rutila, Meig., M. eafitchiae, Towns., and Exorisfa hypenae. If spraying
is practised for the hop aphis {Phorodon hnmuli), the addition of
lead arsenate to the nicotine sulphate spray should prove a satisfactory
remedial measure against this moth, and it has been reported that
powdered lead arsenate mixed with the sulphur used for the hop
mildew, in a ratio of 1 to 10, has been found effective.

The Geometrid, Nematocampa limhata, How., a new leaf-eating pest
of the hop, has been found in large numbers in one locality in New
York State. It is a general feeder, having been reported from currant,
birch, stonecrop, plum, apple, oak, hazel and strawberry. The
eggs, which are laid on hop-poles in the latter part of August, hatch
at the end of the following June. The pupal stage, lasting two weeks,
is entered at the end of July and the adults appear about the middle
of August, beginning to oviposit in about a week. There is one

175

gen3ration a year. It should be possible to control the pest by dusting
with powdered lead arsenate and sulphur in the ratio of 1 to 10.

Phorodon hmmli, Schrank (hop aphis) in the eastern United States
has been found to winter only in the egg-stage on plum. On the hop
the winged forms are found on the under-side of the topmost leaves,
the wingless descendants from these also Hving on the underside oi
the tender foliage. A\nien the young hops are formed the Aphids
migrate to them in large numbers. Two spe'cies of ants have been
found associated with P. humuli, viz. : — Formica fusca var. subsericea,
Say, and Prenolepis imparis, Say. Injury to the hop consists in the
weakening of the vines and the stunting of the hop cones, and in the
attack of a fungus [Cladosporium) in the honeydew coatmg the plant.

Predatory natural enemies include the Coccinellids, Adalia
bipunctata, L., Hippodaniia convergens, Guer., H. parenthesis, Say,
Coccinella trifasciuta, L., C. novemnotaia, Hbst., C. sanguinea, L.,
and Anatis quinqxedecimpunctata, Oliv. ; the Syrphids, AllograptM^
obliqua, Say, and Syrj^hus aniericanus, Wied. ; and Chrysopa oadatu,
Say, and Hemerobius stigmaterus, Fitch. One Braconid parasite,
Praon sp., has been bred from the hop aphis.

The control recommended for this Aphid consists in spraying in the
last week of June or the first in July with nicotine sulphate (r-2,000,
or I pint to 100 gals.) and soap (4-100). The soap should be melted
in quantity, a large iron kettle being convenient for this purpose.

Tetranychus telarius, L., has occasionally appeared on hops in New
York, but has never caused serious damage, and in view of the short
growing season and the cold winters it is not hkely to become a serious
pest.

The butterflies, Polygonia interrogation is, F., and P. comma, Harris,
are not of economic importance, only shghtly injuring the leaves,
and they are held in check by a Chalcid, Pferomalus vanessae, Harris.
Other minor insect pests of the hop are Empoasca flavescens, F., and
E. flavescens birdi, Goding (leaf-hoppers) ; Agromyza sp. (leaf-mmer) ;
Psylliodes pufictidata, Melsh., and other flea-beetles ; Tortrix {Archips)
rosaceana, Harr., and T. {A.) argyrospih, Wlk. (leaf -rollers).

Dudley (F. H.). Report of State Horticulturist. Insects and Diseases
of Fruit and Tree. — 16th Ann. Rept. Commissioner Agric. State of
Maine, 1917 ; Waterville, 1918, pp. 45-54, 1 plate, 5 figs.
[Received 10th February 1919.]

Tortrix {Cacoecia) cerasivorana (cherry-tree ugly-nest Tortricid)
is a very destructive pest that occurs from the 1st to 15th July upon
choke-cherry and sometimes upon cultivated cherry. The larvae
fasten together all the leaves and twigs of a branch and feed upon
them, an entire brood occupying a single nest, within which they
pupate. All nests should be cut and burnt, and all foliage sprayed
with lead arsenate paste, 2 to 3 lb. to 40 U.S. gals, water. The young
larvae of Pissodes strobi (white-pine weevil) bore into the tender tops
of the trees and eat downwards, rendering it necessary to cut away
and burn the infested part. The apple curculio [Anthonomus
quadrigibhus\ which hibernates in the adult stage, punctures the
yomig apple and feeds on the pulp, causing great injury and deformity
of the fruit. To control this pest 2 or 3 applications of lead arsenate

176

are necessary, tlie first being the codling-moth spray, and a second,
6 or 10 days later, the latter beiag the most important. The third
spray should be applied 2 weeks later if the injury ia former years
has been great, Enarmonia prunivora (lesser apple worm) damages
apples by eating out a small hole at the calyx end. Scurfy scale
[Chionaspis furfura] affecting mountain ash, flowering quince, apple
and pear trees may be exterminated by the use of a dormant spray of
lime- sulphur, 1 part to 10 parts of water.
A spray calendar for apple trees concludes this paper.

Philbrook (E. E.). Report of Special Field Agent, Gypsy Moth Work.
— 16th Ann. Rept. Commissioner Agric. State of Maine, 1917 \
Waterville. 1918, pp. 57-61, 3 plates. [Received 10th February
1919.]

The collection and destruction of the egg-clusters of the gipsy moth
[Porthetria dispar] was begun on 1st April, and continued till the eggs
hatched, 1,675,780 egg-clusters being destroyed, and 500 gals, creosote
being used in painting the clusters. Spraying was then begun and
continued till the middle of August with excellent results, 6 tons of
lead arsenate being used. As soon as the brown-tail moth [Nygmia
phaeorrhoea] had pupated, the application of bands of burlap was
begun, 97,000 trees being treated, resulting in the destruction of
988,000 caterpillars. Winter scouting was begun on 10th October,
to be continued until the eggs hatch in the spring.

Infestation by the brown-tail moth is less severe than has been the
case for several years, there having been a great reduction of winter
webs, and if natural enemies continue their effective control, the insect
should be held in check with small expense. The area at present
infested amounts to 16,708 square miles.

The gipsy moth infestations have been reduced during the past
year, though the infested territory, extending to 7,614 square miles,
remains about the same,

Brittain (W. H.) & Saunders (L. G.). Empoasca unicolor as
an Apple Pest.— Proc. Eniom. Soc. Nova Scotia for 1917, Truro,
no. 3, January 1918, pp. 69-73, 1 plate. [Received 11th February
1919.]

Empoa rosae, L. was abundant upon apple foliage in 1915 and 1916.
This proved to be the most common leaf-hopper infesting apples in
Nova Scotia, and accompanying it, though generally in smaller
numbers, was another species, Empoasca vnicolor, GiU. The resultant
mottling of the leaves is very similar for the two species. A description
of all stages of the latter insect is given. The eggs of E. rosae begin
to hatch soon after growth starts in the spring, but these have already
developed to the 4tb and 5th instar before the nymphs of Etnjwasca
unicolor begin to appear. The nymphal stage apparently lasts about
six weeks ; adults then appear and, after pairing, eggs are laid beneath
the bark of the twigs. There is only one generation in a season.
Details of the life-history are shown in a table. If the insect is
present in such numbers as to require special treatment, a spray of
nicotine sulphate or fish -oil soap should be used ; it was also noticed
that a finely powdered tobacco dust destroyed numbers of the nymphs.

177

Brittain (W. H.). The Tree Hoppers of Nova Scotia.— Proc. Entom.
Soc.Nova Scotia for 1917, Truro, no. 3, January 1918, pp. 7-14, 6
plates. [Received 11th February 1919.]

This popular article is intended to be one of a series of similar papers
on the insects of Nova Scotia. Short notes on the classification and
food-habits of the insects are given, with a life-history of one species,
Publilia concava, Say, which does not appear to have been previously
recorded.

Brittain (W. H.). Notes on the Yellow Leaf Hopper of Birch.

{Oncopsis sobrius. Walk.). — Proc. Entom. Snc. Nova Scotia for
1917, Truro, no. 3, January 1918, pp. 18-20, 1 plate. [Received
nth February 1919.]

Oncopsis sobrius, Wlk. (yellow leaf-hopper) is frequently foimd on
biiches in the vicinity of Truro and elsewhere in Nova Scotia, though
less abundantly than the related species, 0. fitchi, Van D. There is
apparently only one generation in a year. A table shows the hfe-
history of individuals reared in the laboratory, and a description of
the various stages is given.

Brittain (W. H.). Miscellaneous Notes on the Apple Maggot {Rhagoletis
pomonella, Walsh). — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia for 1917,
Truro, no. 3, January 1918, pp. 37-41. [Received lUh February
1919.]

A table gives the record of emergence of adults of Rhagoletis pomonella
in 1917 from out-door cages. It was observed that 30 per cent, of
the entire emergence took place in the second year, a habit that would
enable the insect to hve through a total failure of its food-plants for
one year. Oviposition may take place in as short a time as four days after
emergence. The percentage of fertility of the eggs varies greatly
with the variety of the host, and the season. The tests of the previous
year regarding the effect of chemicals upon the pupae [see this Review,
Ser. A, iv, p. 370, and v, p. 269] were completed, and confirmed the
opinion that this method of dealing with the pest is unsatisfactory.

Payne (H. G.). The Zebra Caterpillar (Ceramim ^icto, Harris). The
Fall Canker Worm {Alsophila pometaria, Harris). The Rusty
Tussock Moth {Notolophus antiqua, L.). The White Marked Tussock
Moth {Hemerocampa leucostigma, A. & S.) — Proc. Entom. Soc.
Nova Scotia for 1917, Truro, no, 3, January 1918, pp. 44-67,
4 plates. [Received 11th February 1919.]

An account is given of each of these well-known pests, with notes
on the Ufe-hi stories accompanied by tables. " Ceramica picta (zebra
caterpillar) is a general feeder and attacks many vegetables and
cultivated flowers. The chief damage is done by the second generation
late in the season. Dipterous and Hymenopterous parasites were
reared during this investigation, but are as yet undetermined.

Alsophila pomef aria (fall canker-worm) has severely infested orchards
in the Annapohs Valley during the past three years In addition to
orchards, almost any deciduous tree may be attacked ; large areas

178

of oak {QuercKS alba) have been completely defoliated, Rosaceous,
plants and grasses, as well as elm, beech, maple and hawthorn, were
also severely injured.

Orgyia {Notolophus) antiqua (vapourer moth) will feed upon the
foliage of almost any kind of tree with no apparent difference in feeding
habits. Pupal parasites include Scambus inquisitonellus, D. T., and
S. indagatrix. Walsh ; the only larval parasite found was Cralotechus
orgyiae, Fitch. The Pentatomids, Podisus serieventris, Uhler, and
P. maculiventris, Uhler, are predaceous on the larvae.

Hemerocampa leucostigma (white-marked tussock moth) is a general
feeder on the foliage of deciduous trees, and when present in large
numbers has been known to feed extensively on coniferous trees such
as spruce, fir and pine. Frequently after the 2nd or 3rd histar the
larvae cease to feed on foliage and attack young apples. Pupal
parasites were the same as those of 0. antiqua and also included
Tachina mella, Walk., and Rhogas intermedius, Cress. (?).

McLaine (L. S.). The Introduction of the Parasites of the Brown-tail
and Gipsy Moths into Canada. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia for
1917. Truro, no. 3, Januarv 1918, pp. 74-76. 1 plate. [Received
11th' February 1919.]

The introduction and history of the brown-tail moth [Nygmia
pJiaeorrhoea] and of the gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar] in the United
States are briefly reviewed. In consequence of the appearance of the
former in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia and of the close proximity
of the latter to the Canadian boundary, it was decided to introduce
insects that are parasitic upon these species and also, to ensure their
establishment, upon native insects. The parasites chosen were a
Braconid, Apanideslacteicolor, Vier., aTachinid, Comqjsilura concimiata,
Meig., and a predaceous beetle, Calosoma sycophanta,L. Tlie method
of colonisation and the action of these parasites on their hosts is
described,

Sanders (G. E.) & Kelsall (A.). The Dropping of Apples caused by
Spraying with Lime-Sulphur. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia for
1917, Truro, no. 3, January 1918, pp. 77-84. [Received 11th
February 1919.]

Complaints were received from apple-growers in the Annapohs
Valley during 1913 and 1914 that spraying with Ume-sulphur had
caused the apples to drop. A thorough investigation into thi s question
and many experiments, some of which are given in detail, have led
to the following conclusions. It is the hme-sulphur that is apphed
to the under -side of the leaf that causes the damage. The least injury
is caused by the early sprays, the damage increasing with each
successive apphcation. - Lime-sulphur of 1 '005 sp. gr. will do more
damage, when wrongly apphed, than that of 1 01 sp. gr. properly apphed.
Some varieties of apple are more easily injured than others. The
amount of sunhght, which affects the chlorophyll content of the leaves,
determines to a great extent the amount of hme-sulphur injury. Upon
the humidity of" the atmosphere depends the rapidity with which the
solution dries on the trees, and the longer the spray is on the leaves,
the greater is the injury. A heavily loaded tree will not stand as

• 179

mucli, or as strong spray, as one that is not full of fruit. The state
of the solution at the time of use has also been found to have some
influence on the amount of injury [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 455].
From this evidence it is deduced that the question of lime-sulphur
injury is an extremely local problem ; it is hoped that it may be
possible in a year or two to determine from meteorological records,
from a knowledge of the varieties grown and from the methods followed
in any locaUty, whether and what to extent hme-sulphur can safely
be used, •

Brittain (VV. H.) & Saunders (L. G.). Notes on the Biology of
Lygus pmtensis, L., in Nova Scotia. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova
Scotia for 1917, Truro, no. 3, Januarv 1918, pp. 85-91. [Received
11th February 1919.]

During 1917 a study of the life- history and habits of Lyyus praiensis
(tarnished plant bug) in Nova Scotia was midertaken. Adults
issuing from their winter quarters were found resting upon apple
and pear buds in orchards on bright sunny days, but no harm has been
observed as a result of their presence at this time. The favour.te
food- plant in early spring is sliee]) HOvrel{RiimexacetoseUa) ; most of
the hibernated adults oviposited in the flower-stems and leaf-petioles
of this plant and perished by the first week in Juty, when those of the
first spring generation began to appear. . After three weeks all nymphs
had reached the adult stage and sorrel was abandoned. The eggs of
this generation are laid in the petioles and midribs of beets and
mangels, the incubation period being 9 to 11 days. A description
of the stages is given, and Knight's description of the adults of the
two forms found in Nova Scotia, namely, Lygus pratensis var. oblineatus,
Say, and L. pratensis var. rubidus, Knight, is quoted. The leaves
of beets and mangels are seriously mjured by the adults' feeding-
pimctures, the outer leaves being wilted and curled, while those at the
centre grow^ up very thick and curled. Besides this injury, young
flower blossoms of dahlias, peonies, asters and other garden plants
are spoiled and distorted. Nymphs of the second brood appear
about 6th August ; there are five nymphal instars lasting altogether
36 to 39 days. Adults of this generation appear about 28th August,
and continue until the frosts begin, when many of them perish. -The
insect is considered to be one of the most injurious pests in Nova
Scotia, and the questioii of its control is an important problem that
awaits solution.

Bourne (A. I.). Department of Entomology. -Thirtieth Ann. Rept.
Massachusetts Agric. Expt. Sta., Boston, Mass., January 1918,
pp. 51a-53a. [Received 11th February 1919.]

Inquiries regarding insect pests were far more nmnerous than in
previous years. Unusually severe outbreaks occm-red of several
species that normally are not of much economic importance. The
rose chafer [Macrodaclylus subspinosus] was present in large numbers
and proved a serious pest to garden crops and young fruit trees. The
chrysanthemum gall-fly [Diarthronomyia hypogaea] was reported froA
several places in the State ; owing to the enormous expense necessary

180

to eradicate this pest once it is established, its appearance caused
great imeasiness to florists. Thepotato aphis [Macrosiphum solanifoln],
which is usually present in small numbers, caused great destruction in
some fields. Insect pests reported in the State for the first time
included the asparagus miner [Agromyza simplex'^.] and parsnip
web worm [Depressaria heracleana].

^A new pestj Pyrausta, nubilalis, Hbn. (European corn borer), was
found to have become established near Boston [see this Review. Ser. A,
vi, p. 554].

The Pink BoHworm Situation. Service and Regulatory Announcements,
October-November 1918. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C.,
Federal Horiic. Board, no. 57, 7th January 1919.

In view of the fact that the pink bollworm of cotton [Pectinophom
gossypiella] has apparently been eradicated in Texas owing to the
energy and co-operation of planters, a plan has been formulated for
permission to plant cotton in 1919 in the non-cotton zones in Texas,
other than the border zone, under the joint supervision of the State
and Federal Departments of Agriculture. Under this arrangement
the planter agrees not to plant any seed originating within a quarantined
or non-cotton zone, and to allow the Commissioner of Agriculture or
his agent to inspect or supervise the growing of his cotton in the fields,
to keep his cotton plants under constant inspection for any sign of
infestation, and to gather the cotton crop immediately it matures. If at
any time the presence of the pink bollworm is discovered, the
Commissioner of Agriculture is to have a free hand in dealing with
or destroying the crop. The planter furthermore agrees to use his
influence mth other planters to conform to this agreement and under-
takes to report any infestation of pinlc bollworm that comes to his
notice.

Blackmore (E. H.). Entomology. — Rept. Provincial Museimi Nat.
Hist. Brit. Columbia for Year 1917 ; Victoria, 1918, pp. 9-15,
2 plates.

A rather severe outbreak of cutworms occurred in the Victoria
and Vancouver districts during May and the early part of June,
whole beds of garden produce being completely devastated. The
chief pests concerned were Feltia ducens, Wlk. (dingy cutworm),
Sidemia devastatrix, Brace (glassy cutworm), and the larvae of Euxoa
messoria, Grote, E. excellens, Grote, and Feltia vancouverensis, Grote.
The last-named species has not hitherto been regarded as of much
economic importance, but it appears to do as much damage as any of
the others, with the possible exception of S. devastatrix.

During September a particularly bad infestation of shade and
ornamental trees occurred in Victoria, caused by the larvae of an
undetermined species of sawfly. In normal years its ravages are
confined to the Lombardy poplar {Populus dilatata), which is its
normal food-plant, but in 1917 it attacked everything in sight, even
invading houses and other buildings.

181

Speyer (E. R.). Shot-hole Borer of Tea. Extract from the Report
of the Entomologist for the Quarter ending July-September 1918.

- TrojJ. Agricullurist, Peradeniya, li, uo. 6, December 1918, p. 373.

Experiments on the manufacture of a suitable substance for painting
on tea-bushes immediately after pruning showed that a 30 per cent,
solution of Indian fish-oil resin soap used as a, wash, and a 2 per cent,
solution used as a spray, were not sufficiently successful in their effect
on the borer [Xyleborus fornicatus] to warrant the extensive use of
the mixture. Further, 30 per cent., 20 per cent., 10 per cent., 5 per
cent, and 1 per cent, solutions tested as insecticides on insects extracted
from the galleries showed that the stronger solutions were no more
effective than the weaker. Finally it was found that the soap was so
caustic that its application by hand was impossible, and all the fish-
oil in the mixture was saponified, thus rendering it useless, A strong
solution of the soap used as a paint was speedily washed from the
bushes by the heavy rains.

Fish-oil resin emulsion proved very effective on a small scale, a
strength of about 1 in 3 of water giving the best results. Dorana oil,
obtained locally, makes a complete emulsion in 5 parts of water and
resin is easily dissolved in it. Its effect as an insecticide is extremely
powerful, but it is doubtful if enough of this oil could be obtained to
make its use practicable.

The burial of the infested wood of prunings is finally condemned,
beetles having emerged when buried at a depth of 9 inches during
the south-west monsoon, even after heavy rains. It is essential,
however, to bury the leaves and small twigs and to return the ash
from the burnt wood to the soil.

Freeman (W. G.). Administration Report of the Acting Director of
Agriculture for the Year 1917. — Dept. Agric. Trinidad & Tobago,
P&rt-of-Spain, 1918, 56 pp. [Received i5th February 1919.]

Sugar-cane during 1916-1917 suffered Uttle from attacks of the
frogho^ipeT^T otnaspis saccJiarina. but later in the year there was a
decided recurrence of the pest, and it is expected that the 1918 crop
will be reduced in consequence. The search for a non-indigenous
parasite of the pest is being continued. Some varieties of cane are
undoubtedly more susceptible than others, and it is thought that some
cormection may be found between susceptibility to attacks of
T. saccharina and root disease. Some trouble from thrips was
experienced by cacao-growers. BrassoUs sophorae (coconut butterfly)
caused considerable damage and was proclaimed a pest under the
Plant Protection Ordinance. Cosmopolites sordidus (black banana
weevil) was found to be attacking bananas in March and untilNovember
the practice of searching for and digging out grubs and beetles from
the stools was continued. This was expensive and not very satis-
factory, and in December, on the recommendation of the entomologist,
traps consisting of sliced banana bulbs were placed on the ground
between the rows and gave good results. Sliced stems appeared
equally successful. Each morning the beetles were collected from
the traps, 644 being taken during December, 511 in January, 270 in
February and 341 in March, from an area of about ^ of an acre. Mole-
crickets were kept in check in a vegetable garden by the use of a

182

protective collar made of empty cacao shells. On lawns, where they
"were very destructive, soap and water was poured into the holes and
many were caught as they emerged. Trap-lights were tried without
success and poison-bait did not materially reduce the numbers. The
cotton stainer [Dysdercus] was not numerous and was controlled by
trapping and hand-picking.

Lathrop (F. H.). The Rose Leaf-Hopper {Typhlocyba rosae, L.). —
New York Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva. N.Y., Circ. no. 55, 10th Mav
1917, 3 pp., 2 plates, 3 figs. [Received 13th February 1919.]

Typhlocyba rosae, L. (rose leaf-hopper) occurs 'almost wherever roses
are grown in Europe and America. The eggs are deposited in late
autumn just beneath the bark of mature stems and pass the winter
in this stage. About the middle of May when rose leaves have become
well developed, the eggs hatch and the nymphs upon emergence
at once migrate to the under-side of the leaves where they feed.
By the end of May the nymph has moulted five times and the adult
insect appears. There are two, and possibly three, generations in the
course of a summer. The adults of the first generation leave the
rose to a large extent and migrate to other plants, where the lat?r
generations are produced. Both nymphs and adults puncture the
tissues of the leaves, producing minute white spots that are apparent
on the upper surface of the leaf. Crimson rambler and other varieties
of roses are liable to severe injury, and many other plants, including
apple, cherry and many small fruits are attacked. Predaceous and
parasitic enemies greatly reduce the numbers of this pest ; these
include spiders, birds, and an egg-parasite. When it is necessary
to resort to artificial measures, roses should be thoroughly sprayed
while the insect is in the nymphal stage, using f pint nicotine
sulphate and 5 lb. soap to 100 gals, water. These applications should
be made from the time of hatching to the end of May, preferably
while the nymphs are iiuite young and before the foliage has been
damaged.

Hartzell (F.Z.). The Cherry Leaf-Beetle. —iVeiy York Agric. Expt.
Sta., Geneva, N.Y., Bull. no. 444, December 1917, pp. 749-820,
8 plates, 8 figs. [Received 13th February 1919.]

The bulk of the information concerning Galerucella cavicoUis (cherry
leaf beetle) contained in this bulletin has previously been noticed [see
this Revieiv, Ser. A, iv, pp. 173, 309, and 34 ij. Factors mentioned
as influencing the natural control of the beetles are the drowning of
adults that may be blown in numbers into large bodies of Vv'ater, as
was the case in 1915, when millions of beetles were drowned in Lake
Erie, and reforestation, which decreases the amount of the bird-cherry,
the princioal food-plant. Natural enemies of G. cavicoUis include the
Carabid beetle, Lehia ornata, Say, and the cedar wax- wing, Bomhycella
cedorum, Vieill.

Lathrop (F. H.). Leaf-hoppers injurious to Apple TTees.—New Y&rk
Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva, N.Y.. Bull. no. 451, September 1918,
pp. 185-200, 4 plates. [Received 13th February 1919.]

Apple trees in New York are especially subject to attack by three
species of leaf-hoppers, namely, Empoasca mali, Le B., E. unicolor,

183

Giill., and Empoa rosae, L. The life- histories and habits of these are
noted and compared |see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 207].

In experiments with these leaf-hoppers as carriers of fire-blight
{Bacillus amylovorus), positive results were obtained with E. mali, but
no infections were observed in the associated species and the role of
these as potential carriers of the disease is doubtful. Natural enemies
include various small spiders and Hymenopterous parasites. A
common and destructive enemy of E. rosae is the egg-parasite,
Anagnis armatus, Ashm. For protection from leaf-hoppers, soap and
nicotine spray should be applied against the younger nymphs, and
weeds that harbour the insects should be destroyed.

Severin (H. C). Insects and Plant Diseases injurious to Plums and
Sand Cherries. — OtJi Ann. Kept State Entomologist S. Dakota for
Period ending 30th June 1918^ Brookings, pp. 7-31, 15 figs.
[Received 14th February 1919.]

The growing of plums and sand clienies in South Dakota is
seriously hampered by insect pests, and proper remedial measures are
necessary to sav» many crops from being ruined, Insects injurious
to these fruits include Samia cecro'pia„'L., Mineola indiginella, Z. (leaf
crumpler), the A-phids, Hyahpterus arundinis, F. (mealy plum aphis)
and Aphis se'ariae, Thorn, (rusty-brown plum aphis), Tetranychus
telarius, L. {bimaculatus, Harv.) (red spider), Bryohia praeiiosa, Koch
{pratensis, G-arm.) (clover mite). Sphinx drupiferarum, A. & S. (plum
sphinx), Malacosoma americana, F. (tent caterpillar) and Neurotoma
inconspicna, Norton (web-spinning sawfly), all of which attack the
leaves. Conotrachelus nenuphar, Hbst. (plum curculio) and Coccoforus
scutellaris, Lee. (plum gouger), attack the fruit. The twigs, branches
and trunk are infested with Aegeria {Syanthedon) pictipes, Gr. & R.
(plum tree borer), Cejesa_huhalus, F. (biiifalo tree-hopper), and the
scales, Lepidosaphes idmi, L., and Aspidiotus ancylus, Putn. General
recommendations for spraying are given and the appropriate measures
against the various pests enumerated are shown in a table.

ViNAL (S. C). Control of Insect Enemies of Garden Crops. — Common-
wealth of Mass. State Bd. Agric. Boston, Circ, no. 85, June 1918,
26 pp. [Received 24th February 1919.]

This popidar bulletin deals with the insect enemies of garden crops
under the headings of general feedeis, and special or selective feeders,
these being arranged in alphabetical order according to the crops
attacked. The usual insecticides and methods of use are also given.

Mackie (D, B.). Some Aliens we do not want, why we do not want
them, and how they may arrive. The European Corn Stalk Borer.

— Mthly. Bidl. Col. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, vii, no. 9,
September 1918, pp. 541-545, 5 figs.

In the abstract of this paper that appeared in this Review,
Ser. A, vii, p. 60, the statement was inadvertently made that Pyrmista
nuhilalis (European cornstalk borer) had been introduced into
California from Europe. This is not the case, as the author's remark
upon its introduction " to our shores " referred to the Atlantic shores
of the United States and not to those of California.

184

LEGISLATION.

Service and Regulatory Announcements, October -November 1918. —

U.S. Deft. Agric., Washington, D.C., Federal Hortic. Board,
no. 57, 7th January 1919.

Under a quarantine notice no. 37, the Secretary of Agriculture
declares that on and after 1st June 1919 and until further notice
the importation of nursery stock and other plants and seeds into the
United States from any country is prohibited, except as provided in
the rules and regulations supplemental to the notice. In accordance
with these regulations, no permit is required for the importation of
fruits, vegetables, cereals, and other plant products imported for
medicinal, food or manufacturing purposes, nor for field, vegetable
and flower seeds. The following nursery stock and other plants and
seeds not including those governed by special quarantines and other
restrictive orders now in force may be imported from countries that
maintain inspection under permit upon compliance v, ith the regulations,
but where a particular purpose is specified, for that purpose and no
other : (1) lily bulbs, »Uly of the valley, narcissus, hyacinths, tulips
and crocus ; (2) stocks, cuttings, scions and buds of fruits for
propagation; (3) rose stocks for propagation, including manetti,
multiflora, brier rose, and Rosa rugosa ;• (4) nuts, including palm seeds,
for prc/pagation ; (5) seeds of fruit, forest, ornamental and shade
trees, seeds of deciduous and evergreen ornamental shrubs and seeds
of hardy pereimial plants. Importations of nursery stock and other
plants and seeds specified in this regulation, from countries not
maintaining inspection, may be made in hmited quantities for experi-
mental purposes only, under permit upon compliance with these
regulations, but this limitation shall not apply to tree seeds.

Application must be made to the Federal Horticultural Board for a
permit for importation of nursery stock and other plants and seeds.
Delivery in bond pending receipt of permit will be allowed for
shipments from countries maintaining inspection. Permits will be
issued upon approval by the Secretary of Agriculture and will be valid
imtil revoked, unless otherwise specified. Inspection, certification and
marking are conditions necessary for entry. Nursery stock and other
plants and seeds from countries that do not maintain inspection shall
not be delivered to the importer or consignee until they have been
examined by an inspector of the Department of Agriculture and found
to be either free from infestation or capable of being adequately
guarded by disinfection. All importations under these regulations
shall be subject as a condition of entry to such disinfection as shall be
required by the inspector of the Department of Agriculture. The
permittee shall give notice of arrival and notice of shipment of his
consignment to the Secretary of Agriculture. Any consignment of
nursery stock and other plants and seeds not inspected must be clearly
marked to show the nature and quantity of the contents, name and
address of the consignee, and the country and locality where grown.

In a series of appendices are given a list of plants and plant products
that are governed by special quarantines and other restrictive orders,
a copy of forms required by the foregoing regulations, and a list of
the countries that have provided for inspection and certification in
conformity with the requirements of the Plant Quarantine Act of
20th August 1912.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exehang*
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CONTENTS.

PAGE

Insect Pests in New York in 1917 . , . , , . . . . . 137

Notes on New Aphids from U.S.A. and Japan . . . . . . 137

Rearing Saperda Candida under Artificial Conditions in U.S.A. . ■ 137

The presence of Eumenis sirigalus in New Jersey . • . . . . 138

Lasioderma serricorne infesting stored Tobacco in Nyasaland . . 138

The CocciDAE of South Africa . . . . . . . . . . 138

A Parasitic Dro8o/>j^iia from Trinidad. . .. .. ,. .. 139

Tomaspis fiavilalera and its Natural Enemies in British Guiana , . 139

Insect Pests in Oklahoma in 1917-18 . . . , . . . . . . 140

An Outbreak of Grasshoppers in Montana . . . . . . 140

Measures against Eriophyes pruii infesting Plums in Montana . . I J i
The Susceptibility of Timber to the Attacks of Anobiiim domeslicuni

in New Zealand .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 141

New (Joccids from Italy . . .. .. .. •• .. •• 141

A Sawfly, Ginibex qucuirimaculat'us, injurious to the Almond in

Italy 142

The Termites and Termitophiles of Western Africa . . . . . . 142

Two New Termites from Eritrea . . . . . . • • 143

Notes on Aphids in South-Eastern Kussia . . . . . . . . 143

A Fungus infesting the Cocoon of a Braconid in Britain . . . . 143

The Swarming of Pteromalus deplanatus in Buildings in Britain . . 143

The Parasitism of Pieris brassicae by Apantdes glomeratus in

Britain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

Measures against Pests of stored Cereals in Ohio . . . . • . 144

Insect Pests of Vegetables in Ohio .. . . . . • • ■ • 144

Notes on Macrosiphum solrniifolU in Ohio . . . . 144

Clover Pests in Ohio . . . . . . . . ■ • ■ . • ■ 145

Notes on Lygldea / ' a Orchards in Ohio . . . . . . 146

The Bionomics of > obscurus infesting Clover in Ohio . . 146

Notes on Lepidopterou.'^ oorers in Ohio . . . . . . . . 147

Measures against Flea- beetles in Ohio . . . . . . . . 147

The Protection of Cereal Crops from Insect Pests in Ohio . . 148

Measures against J. w'/^onom MS 7r«n<i is in Tennessee. . .. ■■ 148

The Biology of Fruit-fly Parasites in Hawaii . . . . . . 149

The Bionomics and Control of the Grape Curculio in U.S.A. . . 150
The Bionomics of Paranthrene poli^stifo'rmis infesting Grape Vines

inU.S.A. .. .. 151

Experiments in the Control of Eriosoma lanigerum in U.S.A 151

Notes on a Mite infesting Silkworms in Japan 152

A Tarsonemid Mite infesting Barley in Japan 152
The Bionomics of Ptychaiiatis acyi-idie, aa Aphid • destroying

Coccinellid in Japan . . • • . . _ . . . . . . 1 53

Notes on Cerambycids of Economic Importance in Japan . . 154
Diplosis morivorella, a GaUniakiug Cecidooiyid infesting Mulberries

in Japan . . . . . . • . . . . . ■ • . . 15 1

Polydesma vulgaris, a. Bamboo Pest in Japan 1 > j

CONTENTS— coKf.

PAGE

The Life- History of Epilaehna, niponica, a Pest of Vegetables in

Korea ] 55

Insect Pests of Hemp in Japan . . . , . . 155

The European Mole Cricket, an Introduced Pest in U.S.A. . . loS

A Keview of the Genus Buprestis in North America 1 5(1

Insect Posts in Italy in 1918 , . 157

The Deyelopment of AppUed Entomology in Germany . . . . 158

The Effects of Manxiring on Insect Pests . . . . . . . , 158

Pests of Forest Trees in Germany . , . . . . . . , . 158

Hop Pests in Germany . . . , , . . . , . . . 159

pests of Rubber and Tobacco in Kamerun , . . . . . 1 51»

,^;87Ptian Cotton Pests liable to be introduced into Turkey liio
The .Successful Control of Aulacaspis peniagona by means ol

Prospaltella berlesei in Germany . . . . . . . . . . 160

The Influence of Weather on Insect Pests in Germany in 1916 and

1917 160

Insect Pests in Vienna in 1916-17 160 & 101

Insect Pests of Flax and Hemp in Germany . . . . . . 1(51

An Anti-Locust Campaign in Anatolia, Syria and Palestine . . 101

Three Species of Leucopis parasitising Coccids in Germany . . 162

The Transmission of the Spike Disease of Sandal by Insects in

India . . . , . . . . , . . . ' , , 162

The Bionomics of Pectinophora gossypiella in Egypt 162 & 164

A Preliminary List of Insects associated with Cotton in Egjrpt . . 164

Notes on the Aphididae of Ceylon . . . . . . . . , . 104

A Note on Lymantriu ampla attacking Cacao in Ceylon . . . . l05

The Bionomics and Control of Bagrada hilaris in South Africa , . 105

The Presence of European Foul Brood among Bees in South Africa 166

Notes on Hippotion celerio, a Pest of Vines in South Africa . . 106

Sugar-Cane Pests in Queensland . . . . . . . . . , 107

Coleopterous Pests in Orchards in New Zealand , . . . 107

The Wheat Weevil Problem in Australia 107

Results of Spraying a Commercial Orchard for the Green Apple

Bug in Canada . , . . . . . . . . . . , . 168

Notes on Ghalepus rubra in New Jersey . . . . . . . . 169

The Bionomics of Gorythuca parsMeyi infesting Walnut in Npw

Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . , 169

Notes on the Control of the Pear Psylla in Canada , . 170

Insect Pests in British Columbia inl918 .. .. .. .. 170

An Investigation of the Scarring of Fruit by Apple Red-Bugs in

U.S.A 172

Insect Pests of Hops in Xj.8A. . . . . . . . . . . 173

Orchard Pests in Maine in 1917 . . . . . .. . . . . 176

Measures against Gipsy and Brown-tail Moths in Maine . . , . 176

Empoasca tmicolor as an Apple Pest in Nova Scotia . . . . l76

Notes on the Tree Hoppers of Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . 177

Notes on the Apple Maggot, Bhagoletie pomondla in Nova Scotia. . 177

MisceUaneoua Pests in Nova Scotia .. ., .. .. .. 177

The Introduction of the Parasites of the Bi-own-tail and Gipsy

Moths into Canada. . .. .. .. .. .. .. 178

The Effect of Lime-sulphur on Apple Trees . . . . . . 178

Notes on the Biology of Lygus pratensis in Nova Scotia . . . , 179

Insect Pests in Massachusetts . . . . . , , . . . 179

Precautions against Pectinophora gostypulla in U.S.A . . . . 180

Insect Pests in British Columbia in 1917 . . , . . . . . 180

Measures against Xylehoms fomicatiis in Ceylon . . . . . . 181

Insect Pests in Trinidad in 1917 .. .. .. .. .. 181

ITie Bionomics of the Rose Leaf-hopper, Tvphlocyha rosae in U.S.A. 182

Notes on Galeru-cella cavicoHts in New xorK . , . . . . . . 182

Leaf -hoppers Injurious to Apple Trees in New York . ■ 1 82

Pests of Plums and Cherries in South Dakota . . . . . . 183

Insect Pests of Garden Crops in Massachusetts . . . . . . 183

The Outbreak of the European Corn Stalk Borer in the Eastern

United States . . . . , 183

Plant Pest Legislation in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 184

rr/fstered at the Q.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magaiine Post.

VOL. VII. Ser. A. Part 5 —pp. 185-232. MAY, 1919.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

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VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, CJ.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. 6. BAasHAWB, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureaa.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford^ K.C.M.6., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Hajbmee, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir John McCall, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDouoall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Bir John MoFadyban, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Offi^oe

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
is an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretary.
Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

HXrector aiiD :6Mtor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall,

Bssfstant 2)ircctor,
Dr. S. A. Neave.

H«ad Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
PMication 0^.-89, Queen's Gate, London, 8.W. 7.

185

s\\\^^i^

Johnson (W. H.). Ann. Rept. Agric. Depi. Southern Provinces Nigeria
for the Year 1917, Ibadan, 25th July 1918, p.^U. [Received
15th February 1919.] \^ JUN^ ~ '919

The most important damage by insects reported Murjfig the year
was that caused by the scale, Aspidiotus destructbr^Tj)^ jp^s^t^ ^^^^^
attacked inchided coconut, oil palm, yams and bananas/^'^'OiJUxeiSLjaL.
infested plants were advised to remove and burn all affected foliage,
and this procedure, aided by the natural parasites of the scale,
appeared to check its spread. Unfortunately the apathy of the
natives rendered the universal application of this measure impossible.

Williams (C. B.). Notes on Some Trinidad Thrips of Economic
Importance. — Bull. Dept. Agric. Trinidad & Tobago, Port-of -Spain,
xvii, no. 3, 1918, pp. 143-147, 4 plates. [Received 15th February
1919.]

Between 70 and 80 species of thrips have been collected in
Trinidad, the majority of which are of very little economic importance.
Those dealt with in this paper are all either definitely injurious,
definitely beneficial, or are species Ukely to be confused with some
species of economic importance.

Heliothrips {Selenothrips) rubrocincius, Giard (cacao or red-banded
thrips) is the only seriously injurious species in the West Indies. It
is entirely a leaf- inhabiting insect and is very rarely seen in flowers.
It should not be confused with the thrips commonly found in the
flowers of bois immortelle (Erythrina) used as shade for cacao, nor
with those in the flowers of cacao. No efficient natural enemies have
been observed. The fungus, Sporotrichum globulosum, has been
recorded as attacking it in St. Vincent and a somewhat similar fungus
destroys both young and adults in Panama. In Guadeloupe an ant,
Wasman7iia auropundata, Roger, was observed carrying off young
cacao thrips, and the larvae are destroyed by the two species of
Franklinothrips recorded below and by small Reduviid bugs.
H. rubrocincius has been found on leaves of cacao, guava, mango,
camphor, Inga sp., live oak {Quercus virginiana) in Florida, croton
{Codiaeum variegaium), cashew {Anacardium occidentale), kola, grape-
vine {Vitis vinifera), African almond {Terminalia catappa), rose apple
{Eugenia jambos), and Sponia micrantha. It occurs in practically all
the West Indian Islands as well as other countries.

Franklinothrips vespiformis, Crfd., is largely, if not entirely,
predaceous, and is found on the leaves of various plants, where it
feeds on smaller insects and their young, including the young of
H. rubrocinctus. It can be distinguished from the latter by its larger
size and ant- like appearance. It occurs on leaves of guava {Psidiiim
guajava), sweet potato {Ipomoea batatas), cacao {Theobroma cacao),
bamboo {Bamhusa vulgaris), Lantana camara and on grass and various
low shrubs. Its range includes all the West Indies and Central
America. F. tenuicornis, Hood, is very similar in appearance and
habits but is rarer, and outside the West Indies is only known from
Panama. In Trinidad it occurs on leaves of Inga spp., cacao.
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Ipomoea sp.

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, Bch., fi-equently occurs with
H. rubrocinctus. It is recorded from every continent, being known

(C560) VVt.P1921/144, 1.500. 5.19. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. A

186

in Europe and North America as the "greenhouse thrips." In
Trinidad it is most numerous on leaves of cacao and coffee, and
sometimes on cotton, but is never a serious pest. Other food-plants
are guava, camphor, Passiflora laurifolia, Eucalyptus in Australia,
fiddle-wood {Citharexylum fruticosum), kola {Cola acuminata) in St.
Vincent, date palm {Phoenix dactylifera) in Barbados, mango
{Mangifera indica), coconut {Cocos micifera), hog plum {Spondias
lutea), and ferns in European greenhouses.

Corynothrips stenopterus, Williams, is a pest of cassava {Manihot
utilissima) and rarely of papaya {Carica papaya). The eggs are
embedded in the mid-rib and all stages are passed on the leaves. It
is fairly general throughout the West Indies. Frankliniella insularis,
Frank!., is found chiefly on the flowers of Leguminosae. It is
numerous on Erytlirina glauca, and is frequently confused with
H. rubrocmctus. The eggs are embedded in the petals or other
parts of the flower, the larvae living chiefly on the flowers and young
seed-pods. It occurs throughout Central America and the West
Indies on Lima beans {Phaseolus sp.). Cassia, Inga spp., Lantana and
many other food-plants. Physolhrips xanthius, Williams (yellow
orchid thrips) severely damages the leaves of Cattleya and other
orchids. It may be an introduced species and has not as yet been
found on wild orchids. Sedulothrips insolens, Bagn., is often seen in
cacao estates on the trunks of dead or dying trees, where it apparently
feeds on small insects and perhaps also on fungi. Trinidad is the
only known habitat.

Wilson (H. F.). A New Genus and Species of Aphid (Hem., Horn.).

— Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxx, no. 2, February 1919,

pp. 39-40.
The species described in this paper is Asiphonaphis pruni, gen.
et sp. n., collected on choke-cherry {Prunus serotina) during June
and July in Wisconsin. Colonies were found at the tips of the twigs
in early June, but no alate specimens were found until 6th July.
The sexual forms, which were collected on Prunus, are readily dis-
tinguished from other species found on Prunus spp. owing to the
absence of nectaries.

DowNES (W.), The Apple Maggot in British Columbia. — Canadian
Entomologist, London, Out., li, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 2-4.

Rhagoletis pomonella (apple maggot), of the occurrence of which
there are only three authentic records on the west coast of British
Columbia, has been taken in the city of Victoria and all over the
Saanich Peninsula wherever its food-plant, Symphoricarpus race-
mosus (snowberry), grows. Berries attacked by the fly do not drop
to the ground, and the larvae remain in the fruit till the last vestige
of pulp has been eaten. Later they bore through the shrunken skin
and pupate among the dead leaves and humus below the bushes.
The fly prefers bushes growing on high and dry spots, stunted
bushes on hillsides generally having the heaviest infestation. The
variety in question is evidently an example of a biological race,
similar to, and perhaps identical with that infesting the blueberry.
It is very abundant in the Province, but is heavily parasitised by a
new species of Opius.

187

Boss (W. A.). The Identity of the Wheat Midge in Ontario. — Canadian
Entomologist, London, Ont., li, no. 1, January 1919, p. 16.

In connection with the reappearance in Ontario of the wheat
midge or " red weevil" in fairly large numbers in 1917 and in lesser
numbers in 1918, it is recorded that the species in question is
Thecodiplosis mosellana, Gehin, and not, as had been thought,
Contarinia (Diplosis) tritici, Kirby.

Treherne (R. C). The History of the Codling Moth in British
Columbia. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vi, no. 1, January 1919,
pp. 19-24, 1 fig.

Since 1905, at least 12, and probably 13 distinct outbreaks of the
codling moth [Cydia pomonella] have occurred in the province of
British Columbia, at widely separated points. A marked increase
in the numbers of outbreaks occurred after the year 1912, coincident
with a noted rise in the fruit-yielding capacity of British Columbia
orchards. Altogether, since 1908 at least 40,000 larvae have been
collected and destroyed by hand labour, and at least 50,000 apple
trees have been under careful surveillance and inspection during this
period.

The following operations are undertaken wherever an outbreak is
reported : — ^All trees are banded ; periodical inspections are made of
the bands and main tree trunks, (1) in May for overwintering larvae,
(2) in early July for the first generation of full-grown larvae, (3) in
in late July, (4) in mid-August (optional, according to seasonal
development), (5) in September for second generation larvae, (6) in
October ; windfalls from July onwards are disposed of by boiling and
burying ; two or three spray applications beginning with the calyx
spray are given ; all root-sucker growth, loose bark and dead wood are
removed from the trees.

The following procedure is adopted for the disposal of the fruit in
an infested area : — An order for the formation of a codling moth
quarantine area is passed under the authority of the Agricultural
Association Act ; all tree fruit is inspected before shipment ; inspectors
are notified when shipments are intended ; all fruit is packed in a
packing house in the infested area, no fruit being allowed to be
handled in a house through which fruit from a non-infested area is
passed ; all orchard boxes used in quarantined areas must remain in
such areas unless passed by an inspector ; all fruit in infested areas
is loaded into railway cars by the most direct route and no such fruit
is allowed to be sold in the Province or for export from Canada ; loose
or unpacked fruit must not be moved from a quarantined area
without permission from an inspector, and no fruit may be stored
in cellars or houses without proper inspection ; cull fruits must be at
once made into cider or apple sauce or be destroyed ; railway com-
panies are requested to dispose of the sweepings from fruit cars by
burning ; refrigerator cars are inspected at as few points as possible,
and infested cars are kept closed, iced as soon as possible, loaded
locally, or are rejected.

(C560) Al

188

Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection — Hawaiian Forester
& Agriculturist, Honolulu, xv, no. 11, November 1918, pp. 458-
463. [Received 17th February 1919.]

During September 700, and during November, 496 bags of wheat
from Australia were fumigated before delivery, being infested with
several species of weevils.

During October two parcels of acorns and chestnuts were fumigated
for weevils, and two palms were fumigated for mealy bug.

Protection of Insect-eating Birds in St. Vincent. — Agric. News,
Barbados, xviii, no. 436, 11th January 1919, p. 15.

It is notified for general information that the following insect-
eating birds are fully protected by law in St. Vincent : — Tick bird
{Crotophaga ani), Barbados blackbird [Quiscalus fortirostris), Tyrannus
rostraius, Elainea martinica and Ardea caerulea.

The preservation of these valuable birds is necessary, because they
assist materially in controlling pests damaging local crops. For
example, the first three are known to feed on the cotton stainer
{Dysdercus delauneyi) as well as on other insects, and Ardea caerulea is
a noted enemy of the destructive mole-cricket {Scapteriscus didactylus).

Haywood (J. K.). A Method for Preparing a Commercial Grade of
Calcium Arsenate. — U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, DC, Bull,
no. 750, 5th October 1918, 10 pp. [Received 21st February 1919.]

Attention has recently been drawn to the use of calcium arsenate
as a substitute for lead arsenate, principally because of the cheapness
of lime as compared with lead oxide. Though not recommended for
use alone on tender foliage, it gives excellent results on some of the
more resistant plants, as well as very promising ones when combined
with other sprays, especially sulphides, which cause the breaking up
of lead arsenate to a greater or less extent.

The best method of making calcium arsenate from lime and arsenic
acid consists in: — (1) using a good grade of lime containing a high
percentage of CaO ; (2) slaking the lime to a paste as smooth as
possible, for upon this depends the smoothness of the final product,
as well as the readiness with which the Hme and acid react. From
3 to 3| times as much water, by weight, as lime should be used.
After standing for a time and then being thoroughly mixed, twice as
much hot water as used for slaking should be added. (3) The lime
and arsenic should be in such proportion that the weight of actual
CaO used will be equal to that of AsgOg used. This gives a product
with a molecular ratio slightly over 4, which is necessary if the
soluble AsPs is to be kept down to desirable limits. (4) The acid,
at room temperature, should be added to the lime as quickly as possible,
and the liquid should be stirred well until it becomes alkaline to
phenol-phthalein. (5) It should be filtered to as dry a state as
possible, but not washed, and if a dry product is desired it should be
dried directly. (6) It should then be crushed in a suitable disinte-
grator, or ground if necessary.

To produce 100 11). of commercial calcium arsenate by this process
will require 45 lb. CaO (approximately 50 lb. of a high grade lime) to

189

be slaked with 18 U.S. gals, water, the addition of 36 U.S. gals, more,
and then 45 U.S. gals, of a solution containing 1 lb. AsgOg per U.S. gal.
The product should not be designated simply calcium arsenate, but
calcium arsenate containing other calcium compounds.

Pennsylvania threatened by European Corn Borer. — Wkly. Press Bull.
Pennsylvania Deft. Agric, Harrisburg, Pa., iv, no. 6, 13th
February 1919.

Pennsylvania, which produces over 60,000,000 bushels of maize
annually, is threatened with the European corn borer [Pyraicsta
nubilalis], the pest having appeared in New York within 200 miles of
the State borders.

This moth Uves in both sweet maize and field maize, and infests
such plants as barnyard grass, pigweed and foxtail grass. It has also
been found feeding in dahlia stems, on oats, peppers, celery, beet,
spinach, potatoes, tomatoes and beans, its general feeding habits
making it a difficult insect to control. Burning all infested vegetation
is the only way to combat it. It winters as a larva in the stalks of
maize, changing to the adult in May, and the female deposits about
700 eggs which give rise to a second generation in early August. The
stalks attacked by the larvae are so weakened that even a light wind
causes them to break.

Buxton (Capt. P.A.). Report on the Failure of the Date Crop of
Mesopotamia in 1918. — Agric. Directorate, M.E.F. ; Basrah, Bull.
no. 6, 1918, 6 pp. [Received"24th February 1919.]

A large proportion of the date crop in Mesopotamia was ruined in
1918 owing to the injury caused by a Pyrahd moth, which seems to be
present in every date garden and in every kind of date and
reduces these to the condition known as " hashaf." The larva
eats the flesh of the date along the stone in May and June, causing it
to become red-brown and spherical and finally to drop. Before it
drops, the larva is full-fed, and leaves the fruit by a small hole bored
close to the base of the date, from which frass and silk project.
Pupation occurs in June, presumably in the ground, but this has not
yet been definitely determined. As far as present knowledge goes,
the fife-history is somewhat as follows. Hibernation occurs in the
pupal stage, the moth emerging in April and May and ovipositing
either on the female blossom or on the bunch of young dates very
soon after they begin to form. The young larva at once bores into
the date and hollows it out. No insect or fungus enemies appear to
hold the pest in check and until the hfe-history is thoroughly known
the best method of dealing with it cannot be discovered. It is found
that gardens that are well watered and on which vegetables are raised
produce excellent dates, while in neglected gardens the dates are very
poor. It seems obvious therefore that cultivation under the date
palms would do much to reduce the pest.

Minor pests of the date are mites that spin a web over the cluster
in eaily July. Dates so affected develop a scaly irregular skin and
do not ripen ; they are used as cattle food. Affected clusters should
be cut out and burnt. A paraffin and soap emulsion might be used
on the smaller trees. A scale-insect, probably Parlatoria blanchardiy

190

sometimes occurs on leaflets of young trees, and may develop into a
serious pest as it occurs in all parts of the country. Boring-beetles
include at least two species, but only larvae have as yet been obtained.
One of these may be RhyncJiophorus ferrvgineus, which bores in the
superficial layers of the trunk of mature palms. When abundant it
appears to interfere with the nutrition of the palms and renders
them liable to break off in high winds. The other species is a
Lamellicorn, and bites off the young leaves as they appear and the
main stem of the fruit cluster. The larvae of another Pyrahd,
distinct from that producing " hashaf," attack windfall dates on the
ground. Pupation occurs in the ground and lasts from 10 to 14 days.
This moth may breed all the year and also infests stored dates.

It is suggested that an entomologist should be detailed to study the
life-history and control of the "hashaf" moth, as this damages the
crop considerably each year and every few years becomes really
serious, as in the season under review.

Beeson (C. F. C). Forest Insect Conditions in Gorakhpur Division,
U.P. — Indian Forester, Allahabad, xlv, no. 1, Januarv 1919,
pp. 10-15.

The insect pests occurring in the sal [Shorea rohvsta'] forests of the
Gorakhpur division may be classed as borers, defoliators and those
infesting young gi owth.

The complete removal of felling debris, combined with the barking
of poles and logs, prevents the continuance of almost all species of
borers commonly found in sal forests from the Western United
Provinces to Assam. The only species at present able to breed in
felled material during the working season are Sphaerotrypes
siivalikensis, Steb. (sal bark-beetle), Xylotrechus smei, L. & G., a
small sapwood Longicom, and Xyleborus perforans, Woll., a cos-
mopolitan and polyphagous pin-hole borer. These occur in stacks
and unbarked slabs, but their presence is economically negligible.
In sal from the pole to the tree stages, borers with semi-annual and
annual life-cycles are endemic, in addition to the species with short
life-cycles, the most important of these being Aeolestlies holosericea ;
Dialeges pauper also occurs together with Diapus furtivus, and a few
minor shot-hole borers and Anthribids, Such borers as A. holosericea,
D. pauper and Xylotrechus smei have survived because they are
polyphagous, breeding commonly in half a dozen of the various trees
associated with sal, and because they develop by semi-aimual
generations which can lengthen the life-cycle to a year if conditions
are adverse.

The principle defoliators are the larvae of Ingura subapicalis, Wlk.,
Plotheia seltis, Moore, Suanaconcolor, Wlk., Trabala lishnu, Lef., Loch-
no sterna problematica, Brenske, Adoretus caliginosus, Burm., Holotrichia
spp. and Serica spp., the maximum defoliation taking place in April,
May and June. Their economic importance is still a matter of con-
jecture, but it is probable that, with the extension of blocks of even-
aged forest imder the uniform system, the effect they produce will
become more obvious, and they will be reckoned as the principal pests
of uniform forests.

The chief insect pests of sal seedlings in nurseries are grasshoppers,
especially Chrotogonus, which are accompanied by species of Teratodes,

191

Oedaleus and Autarches, together with brown crickets ; for their
control bag netting and trapping in ditches are necessitated. The
principal pests of trees from one to four years old are stem-girdlers
that gnaw ofi the bark or girdle vigorous coppice shoots. The
damage is done by the Longicorn beetles, Batocera ruhus, L., and
Plocaederus obesus, Gahan, which breed in the wood of Odina wodier
and numerous other soft woods occurring as unbarked logs and stacks
of fuel. The moth shoot-borer, Pammene iheristis, Meyr., is at present
not abundant, but as it bores in successive generations in the seed,
seedHng roots, and young shoots of sal, it is certain to become a pest
of considerable importance in the future.

CouLONDRE (E.). Centre la Cochylis et la Pyrale. [Measures against
Clysia amhiguella and Sparganothis pilleriana.] — Progres Agric.
Vitic, Montpellier, Ixx, no. 46, 17th November 1918, p. 459.
[Received 19th February 1919.]

The dusting of vines with " chaux-magnesie " is stated to control
Clysia ambiguella effectively if three treatments are given, the first,
10 days before flowering, the next, during the flowering, sulphur
being added, and the last, 8-10 days afterwards, though it is not
known whether it is the adults or the larvae that are affected by the
treatment.

The use of solutions containing arsenic is absolutely efl&cacious
against Sparganothis pilleriana, provided that applications are made
in two consecutive years, the best time being 8 days before the
opening of the leaves, the pupae being at that time much more
sensitive to the action of the solution. This measure applied at the
time mentioned is also very destructive to C. ambiguella, without,
however, giving the absolutely satisfactory results obtained in the
case of S. pilleriana,.

Crouzat (L.). La Pyrale -sa Destruction. [The Destruction of
Sparganothis pilleriana.] — Progres Agric. Vitic, Montpellier, Ixx,
no. 51, 22nd December 1918, pp. 586-589.

Vines may be protected from attack by Sparganothis pilleriana by
careful cultivation of the soil beneath them in winter to kill the
pupae ; by washing the stems with boiling water, or by fumigating
them by means of sulphur matches, or by treating them with cold
arsenious acid emulsion applied as a wash or as a spray ; by removing
the leaves touching the grapes, to prevent the larva from webbing
these together and obtaining a shelter from which it may feed on the
grape; by adding sodium arsenate, or better still, arsenious acid to
the usual spring sprays with Bordeaux mixtures.

PoRTiER (P.). D6veloppement completdes Larves de Tenebrio molitor,
obtenu au Moyen d'une Nourriture st6rilis6e h. haute Temperature
(130°). [Complete Development of Larvae of Tenebrio molitor
reared on Food sterilised at a temperature of 130°.] — C. R. Soc.
Biol., Paris, Ixixii, no. 2, 25th January 1919, pp. 59-60.

Adult animals fed with nourishment sterilised by prolonged
subjection to a temperature above 120° C. [248° F.] suffer in health
and finally die, while the same conditions arrest the development of

192

the young before causing death, the vitamines in the food having
been destroyed by heat. This is explained by assuming that
sterilisation destroys the symbiotes in the food, and consequently,
those in the tissues not being replaced, these latter gradually
degenerate and lose their synthetic function, and the condition
induced by lack of vitamines results.

Organisms that in a state of nature live on substances lacking
symbiotes, such as xylopliagous larvae, Aphids, etc., possess a highly
specialised symbiotic mechanism, that is, they eat a cryptogamic
symbiote-carrier developed at the expense of the woody substances,
or their tissues contain enclosed micro-organisms, capable of hereditary
transmission. Former research has shown that the epithelial cells of
the intestine enclose corpuscles, which are in reality symbiotic micro-
organisms. To test the above theory larvae of Tenebrio molitor
(meal-worm) were experimentally fed on nourishment sterilised at
130°, and these not only grew as rapidly as those normally fed, in
some cases doubling their weight in three days, but also developed
into normal adults.

Chalot (C.) & Bernard (U.). Culture et Preparation de la Vanille.
[Cultivation and Preparation of Vanilla.] — VAgron. Colon., Paris,
iii, no. 21, November-December 1918, pp. 72-86. [Received
18th February 1919.]

The insect pests of vanilla in the island of Reunion include the
Psyllid, Trioza litseae, Giard, a most destructive pest, which attacks
the flower-buds and flowers, often preventing the development of the
fruit. Since its alternative food- plant is Litsea laurifolia, the best
remedy is the destruction of all trees of this species in the neighbour-
hood of vanilla plantations. Nezara smaragdula, F. (emerald bug)
sucks the sap from the stem and the floral buds, though the damage
done by it is unimportant compared with that of T. litseae.

Injurious Lepidoptera include Conchylis vanillana, the larva of
which attacks the young fruit shortly after fertilisation, either killing
it or causing a great depreciation in its value. Since the eggs are laid
on the corolla of the vanilla flower after fertiUsation has been effected
and when it is beginning to wither, the simple and obvious remedy is
to remove the floral leaves immediately after fertilisation. Simplicia
inarcualis, Guen., and Phytometra (Plusia) aurifera, Hb., also
occasionally attack vanilla. Two Coleoptera, Hoplia retnsa, Klug,
and Cratopus punctum, F., frequently attack the corolla, sometimes,
destroying the fruit. The damage due to them, however, is shght
compared with that of the Curculionid, Perissoderes ruficollis, Waterh.,
which in Madagascar mines longitudinal galleries often 20 inches long
in the stem, with the result that the area attacked blackens and dies.
The treatment recommended consists in carefully cutting and burning
the parts attacked without delay.

In Madagascar, where Conchylis vanillana and Phytometra aurifera
also occur, their destruction by means of light-traps is recommended.

Memmia vicina, to which attention has already been drawn [see
this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 57], is a blackish Pentatomid bug which lives
under the leaves and attacks the flowers and fruits, causing them to
fall. It seems to appear at the rainy season, and to disappear at the.

193

beginning of the dry season. The use of nicotinated pyrethrum,
hydrocyanic acid gas and trap-plants in the neighbourhood of vanilla
plantations has been recommended against it.

Both in the colonies and in France, stored vanilla pods are attacked
by Tyroglyphus sp., a mite that eats the surface of the fruit, especially
at the extremities, covering it with a powdery layer and causing a
marked depreciation in its value. These mites may be destroyed by
. exposing the pods to a temperature of 140°-160° F. and by the
disinfection of the stores with sulphur.

Akerman (A.). Influence of the Date of Earing on Damage done to
Spring Wheat by the Dipteron, Contarinia tritici, in Sweden. —
Sveriges Utsadeforenings Tidskrift, Malmo, xxviii . no. 2, pp. 90-93,
1918. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull. Agric. Intell & PI. Dis., Rome,
ix, no. 11, November 1918. pp. 1382-1383). [Received 24th
February 1919.]

Larvae of Contarinia tritici caused considerable damage during 1917
to spring wheat in Sweden. Those varieties were found to suffer
most in which the date of formation of the ear coincides with the
moment when most of the female insects are about to oviposit.
Those in which the ear forms later are less afiected.

Ellinger (T.). Cicadula sexnotata, a Hemipteron injurious to Wheat,
Oats and Barley in Sweden. — Vort Landbrug, Copenhagen, xxxvii,
no. 40, pp. 453-454, 1908. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull. Agric.
Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 11, November 1918, p. 1383.)
[Received 24th February 1919.]

Cicadula sexnotata caused serious damage to wheat in Southern
Sweden in 1918, the plants being so distorted as to prevent seed-
formation. The insect may migrate from winter wheat to spring-
sown oats and barley, causing similar injury. As wheat sown in
September appears just when the insects are most numerous, delaying
the date of sowing diminishes considerably the intensity of the attack.

Del Guercio (G.). Gelechia ocellata, a Microlepidopteron injurious to
the Beet, new for Italy. — VAgricoltura Coloniale, Florence, xii,
no. 4, 1918, pp. 216-230, 5 figs. (Abstract in Mthly. Bull Agric.
Intell. <& PI. Dis., Rome, ix, no. 11, November 1918, p. 1384.)
[Received 24th February 1919.]

Phthorimaea ocellatella, Boyd {Gelechia ocellata, Boisd.), was firs
^ recorded from Italy in 1917 in the neighbourhood of Florence, where
it was injuring beet. In July, newly-hatched larvae feed upon the
tender leaves of beets and then tunnel into the root, causing the
foliage to wither and preventing development of the root. The
mature larva leaves the plant in order to complete its life cycle.
An internal parasite of the larvae is a Dipteron belonging to the
genus Masicera. Various methods of control for P. ocellatella have
been tried. Arsenical solutions promise good results, and also help
to control the fungus, Cercospora beiicola, and some Cassid beetles
that are injurious to beet.

194

A. L. Trattamento d'lnverno contro la Cochylis. [Winter Treatment
against Clysia ambiguella.] — Riv. Agric. Parma, xxv, no. 7, 14th
February 1919, pp. 48-49.

This paper does not contain any new information, but gives a clear
description of the various remedial measures applicable in winter,
which is the best time for combating this vine-moth.

Imms (A. D.). Observations on the Insect Parasites of some Coccidae.
II. On Chalcid Parasites of Lecanium capreae. — Quart. Jl. Micros.
Sci., London, Ixiii, no. 3, December 1918, pp. 293-374, 34 figs.
[Received 27th February 1919.]

In the first paper of this series an account was given of Aphelinus
mytilaspidis, Le B., the chief parasite of Lepidosaphes ulmi [see this
Revieiv, Ser. A, iv, p. 241]. The present contribution deals with
Eulecanium (Lecanium) capreae and its two abundant Chalcid
parasites, Blastolhrix britannica, Gir., and Aphycus melanostomatus,
Timb. The host-scale is abundant and generally distributed
throughout England, locally in Scotland and Wales, and is plentiful
on the Continent of Europe and in North America, its principal food-
plant being the hawthorn [Crataegus oxyacantha). The life-history is
given in detail. Hatching from the eggs begins at the end of June,
and the larvae feed upon the under-side of the leaves near the midrib.
Shortly before the leaves drop the larvae migrate to the twigs,
generally in the axils of buds or the bases of thorns. Very little
growth occurs during the winter, but after fertilisation the females
grow much more rapidly and mature about the end of May, having
then a round, berry-like appearance. Each female lays between one
and two thousand eggs, and then lapidly declines in vigour and dies.
Parasites of E. capreae, previously recorded, include Eunotus cretaceus,
W\k., Eucomys obscura, Dalm., E. scutellata, Swed., Aphycus
punctipes^ Dalm., Blaslothrix sericea, Dalm., B. schonherri, Westw.,
Microterys chalcostonius, Dalm., and M. sylvius, Dalm.

Full accounts are given of the two parasites dealt with in this
paper. Descriptions are given of each species, and their systematic
positions, habits and distribution are discussed. Blastothrix britannica
has two generations in a year, males and females occurring in
approximately equal numbers. The first generation, derived from
hibernated larvae, emerge in May and early June. One, or several eggs
are deposited in the mature host. The newly-hatched larva remains for
a time attached to the chorion of the egg, and then lies free in the body-
cavity of the Coccid. Pupation occurs within the host in June, as
many as 42 pupae being found within a single scale. The adults of
the second geneiation emerge during July, and oviposit in the young
larvae of the host. The larvae hatching from these eggs pass the '
winter within the host and pupate about April.

A. melanostomatus also has two generations and the stages of the life-
history are almost contemporaneous with those of the preceding
species. Males are, however, in the proportion of about 1:3. A
partial third generation of adults has been observed in the case of this
species.

The results of the first generation of parasitism in the case of both
Chalcids are practically negligible, and egg-production by the host

195

seems unimpaired. The effects of the second generation are much
more marked, about 40 per cent, of the host-scales being attacked
and destroyed long before attaining sexual maturity. The abimdance
of the host is so greatly limited by this parasitism that it seldom
attains sufficient numbers to constitute a pest, in spite of its great
fecundity. Although the rate of production of E. capreae is more
than 48 times that of Lepidosaphes ulmi, its abundance is checked so
much more effectively by parasites that it is a far less important pest.

FuLMEK (L.) & Karny (H.). Einige Bemerkungen iiber Drepano-
thrips auf dam Weinstock. [Remarks on the Drepanothrips of
the Vine.] — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh., Stuttgart, xxv, no. 7,
nth Dec, 1915, pp. 393-398, 3 figs.

In Lower Austria in May 1915 a small number of a species of
Drepa7iothrips was found on Vitis riparia. Only two species of this
genus, D. reuteri, Uz., and D. viticola, Mokr., are known at present,
and these are considered by some authorities to be identical.

D. viticola has been recorded from Russia and the Caucasus on
the leaves of the vine {Vitis vinifera), the female hibernating under
the bark and in the ground, and appearing on the leaves in April.

D. reuteri has been recorded in Italy on vines and in Bohemia on the
leaves of various trees, particularly oak, beech and hazelnut, the
females appearing in August and September and the males in Sep-
tember.

In Sicily it attacks all parts of American vine-stocks (F. riparia
and others). According to Pantanelli only the female is found in
spring on vines. The adults occur on the earliest leaf -buds, and the
larvae on both surfaces of the leaf, especially of V. riparia and its
hybrids in damp places, seldom on F. rupestri's or in dry places.
The eggs are laid singly in the leaf-web. The female hibernates
and there are at least two generations a year — one in spring and
one in summer.

A table is given of the measurements of the imago obtained by
Pantanelli and those obtained by the authors, with the result that
the species found in Italy is considered identical with that from
Lower Austria. If D. viticola is specifically different from B. reuteri,
which they do not consider to be yet proved, the insect from Lower
Austria is in all probability B. viticola.

MiJLLER (H. C.) & MoLz (E.). iJber zwei seltene, aber gefahrliche
Schadlinge : Urocystis cepulae, Frost, iind Galeruca tanaceti,
Leach. [Two rare, but dangerous pests : Urocystis cepulae, Frost,
and Galeruca tanaceti, Leach. J — Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankh.,
Stuttgart, xxvii, no. 2-3, 25th April, 1917, pp. 103-106, 4 figs.

The second part of this paper deals with Galeruca tanaceti, Leach,
and the damage done by this beetle to rhubarb, turnips, radishes,
onions, potatoes, etc. The first pupae were observed on 5th June
and by the 15th of that month all the larvae had pupated, the first
imago appearing four days later. The larvae feed on a great variety
of plants, only beans and peas being immune. Arsenical prepara-
tions should be successful against this pest.

196

Keilin (D.). On the Occurrence of a Cephaline Gregarine, Leidyana
iinei, sp. n., in Lepidopterous Larvae. — Parasitology, Cambridge, x,
no. 3, April 1918; pp. 406-410, 1 fig., 1 plate.

The new Gregarine, Leidyana tinei, here described, occurs in the
mid-gut of the caterpillars of a moth, Endrosis fenestrella, Staint.,
and is the first Gregarine to be recorded as parasitic in Lepidoptera.
Related species are L. erratica, a parasite of Gryllus abbreviatus, Serv.,
and of 6. pennsylvanicus, Burm., and L. gryllorum, a parasite of
G. domesticus, L.

Speyer (E. R.). The Distribution of Xyleborus fornicatus, Eich.
(Shot-hole Borer of Tea,). -Ceylon Dept. Agric, Peradeniya, Bull,
no. 39, August 1918, 34 pp.

This bulletin deals with the history of Xyleborus fornicatus in
Ceylon, and gives a detailed list of estates and tea gardens infested
to 7th June 1918. A list showing its vertical distribution is also
given, which indicates that the elevation at which it is now particularly
abundant is about 2,000 ft. above sea-level. In 1903 this beetle
was certainly established at elevations of about 4,000 ft., and there
does not seem much doubt that it spreads gradually upwards, attaining
an altitude of 5,000 ft., though it becomes less common when 4,000 ft.
is reached, and above 4,500 ft. it is no longer a serious pest. The
reason for its being less common at elevations above 4,000 ft. is that
development is longer by a period of some 3 weeks, as compared
with that at 2,000 ft. or under. At very low elevations, 100 to
1,000 ft., the beetle becomes again less abundant. The districts in
question are, however, extremely wet, and this may in part account
for the marked falling off in the infestation.

Carpenter (C, W.). A New Disease of the Irish Potato.— P%fo-

pathology, Baltimore, Md., viii, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 286-287.

A new disease of potatoes in Hawaii was first observed near Honolulu
in May 1917, but was subsequently found to be prevalent and destruc-
tive in all the potato sections of the islands. This disease takes the
form of the drying up and death of the plants from the growing tip
dowTiwards, and is caused by the presence of myriads of minute
mites, being especially prevalent when there is a minimum of rainfall.

A similar disease of the tomato has been recorded from Florida
which is due to the attack of another mite, Eriophyes (Phytoptus)
calacladophthora, Nal., and a disease of litchi, caused by an undescribed
species of Eriophyes, is described as prevalent in Hawaii.

With an average rainfall the mites do not appear to become estab-
lished, but in dry years the losses due to them may be from 5 to 50
per cent, or more. Where potatoes are healthy except for the mites,
spraying with lime-sulphur or dusting with dry sulphur has been
found an effective remedy. For lowland plantings the suggestion is
usually made that seed should be planted in the autunm or winter
months so that the crop may mature before the dry season begins.

197

Drake (C. J.). Two New Tingids from the West Indies (Hem.-Heter).
— Ohio Jl. Sci., Columbus, xviii, no. 5, March 1918, pp. 174-176.

The species described are Leptodictya bambusae, sp. n., taken on
the leaves of bamboo, Bambusa vulgaris, in Porto Rico and probably
closely allied to L. tabida, H.-S., the sugar-cane Tingid, and Leptostyla
macelfreshi, sp. n., from Haiti.

Fenton (F. a.). The Parasites of Leaf-hoppers, With Special
Reference to the Biology of the Anteoninae. — Ohio Jl. Sci.f
Columbus, xviii, nos. 6, 7, 8, April. May, June 1918, pp. 177-212,
243-278, 285-296, 5 figs., 6 plates.

Leaf- hoppers are subject to attacks in all stages by various parasites,
including Hymenoptera, Diptera and Strepsiptera in North America,
the Anteoninae being the most important Hymenopterous ones in
northern Ohio. These Dryinids are found in all parts of the world
and, so far as is known at present, confine their attacks to the Fulgorids,
Cicadellids and Membracids. They are themselves parasitised by
Encyrtids and Eulophids.

The oviposition period begins soon after emergence and lasts probably
a month in nature, the largest number of eggp obtained in captivity
being 13. The egg is very minute and often thrust deeply into the
body of the host. It is probably true that the great majority of
Dryinids hibernate as larvae within the cocoon, there being apparently
no difference in the structure of the winter and summer cocoons.
The number of generations a year depends upon the species of host
attacked and upon the climate.

The larva of Aphelopus introduces some toxic substance into the
tissues of the host or otherwise stimulates the abnormal development
of the hypodermal tissues into a hypertrophied cell mass, at the
expense of the gonads, which fail to develop. Species of Gonatopus,
Hoplogonatopus and Chelogynus parasitising the nymphs prevent
further development of the host. Adults that become parasitised by
membefs of these genera, may still reproduce at first, but reproduction
is rapidly impaired or entirely stopped.

The classification of this subfamily is dealt with, keys to the genera
and species being given.

Davidson (W. M.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Convergent Ladybird
Beetle {Hlppodamia convergens, Gu6rin) and the Barley-corn
Aphis {Aphis m/xidis. Pitch). — Mihly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss.
Hortic, Sacramento, viii, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 23-26, 2 figs.

A brief record is given of experimental work undertaken in the
Imperial Valley of California in 1918, to determine the value and
practicability of the natural control of Aphis maidis by Hippodamia
convergens. Early barley appears above the ground in this locality
before Christmas and continues to grow until June. In 1918, every
field examined was infested with Aphids, the attack beginning when
the barley was four or five inches high, and reaching its maximum
intensity between mid-February and mid-April. From 70 to 95 per
cent, of the heads became infested, but as the time for heading out
approached, the Aphids became much more scarce, developing wings
and forsaking the host, and grain well headed was generally free from

198

Aphids. Maize is planted in April and May, and a very heavy infesta-
tion of this crop occurred in May. Adults of native Hippodamia
convergens passed the winter in the valley and appeared in the barley-
fields in February. The presence of a few larvae at this time showed
that breeding and oviposition began very early in the year, and may
have been continuous throughout the winter. At no time were the
native beetles sufficiently abundant to limit the number of Aphids
to any appreciable extent. The native species is, however, extremely
proHfic, 8 females depositing an average of 334 eggs, while the life-
cycle occupied from 17 days in May to 30 during February-March. In
captivity, adults and larvae readily devoured Aj)his maidis, A. jjseudo-
brassicae, Myzus persicae and Acyrthosiphon (Macrosiphum) pisi.
Imported colonies of H. convergens under normal conditions proved
slightly more prohfic than the native species. Individuals that had
been kept in cold storage at 31° and 43° F., for eight weeks or more
were not very successful and were of impaired vitality ; those released
after six weeks or less in cold storage were sluggish for a few days
and then became normal ; those released from a temperature of
58° F. became active immediately. It was found impossible to confine
the liberated beetles to a given area, even if heavily infested with
Aphids, owing to the rapidity with which they dispersed upon libera-
tion ; it is therefore obvious that some time must elapse before the
maximum benefit can be expected. Observations upon the value
of this method of control are being continued.

CoNDiT (I. J.). Insect Pests of the Avocado. — Mthly. Bull. Col.

State Coinmiss. Hortic, Sacramento, viii, no. 1, January 1919,

pp. 27-29, 4 figs.
Cahfornia is fortunately free from the more important insect pests
of avocado found in other countries. Minor pests that occur include
the Bostrychid, Polycaon confertus, Lee. (twig borer), found burrowing
shallow tunnels in small trees, weakening the branches until they
were easily broken off. Injured branches should be collected and
burnt. On larger trees the pest might become serious, but this is
not considered a likely contingency owing to the large range of both
wild and cultivated food-plants of this beetle. The June beetle,
Serica alternata, does some injury to the foliage. A thrips, Heliothrips
haemorrhoidalis, Bch., causes spotting of the leaves and also of the
fruit. A tobacco spray would probably control it. The citrus mealy
bug [Pseudococais citri] has been noticed infesting avocado trees,
being most plentiful on the fruit stalks, and on the twigs in the axils
of leaves, etc., and occasionally becoming a serious pest. Another
injurious insect found on avocado is an unidentified miner, the galleries
of which have been observed in the bark of tender branches in various
parts of southern Cahfornia. The removal and destruction of infested
branches is advocated.

Maskew {¥.). Quarantine Division. Reports for the Months of

October and November, 1918.- MtJily. Bull. Col. State Commiss.

Hortic, Sacramento, viii, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 30-33.

The following insect pests were intercepted during October and

November : — -From Central America : Pseudococcus spp., Aspidiotus

cyanophylli and Chrysomphalus scutiformis on bananas. From Chile :

199

an undetermined weevil in maize-fodder. From China : Lepidopterous
larvae in dried fruit and weevils in sweet potatoes. From Hawaii :
Coccus longulus on betel leaves ; Diaspis bromeliae and Pseudococcus
bromeliae on pineapples ; larvae of Ceratitis capitata in coffee berries.
From Holland : Merodon equestris in bulbs. From Japan : Lepi-
dopterous larvae in dry bulbs. From Oregon : larvae of Anarsia
lineatella in peaches. From Pennsylvania : undetermined Aphids on
Hibiscus. From Florida : Aspidiotus camelliae on avocado pear.
From Idaho : Leptinotarsa decemlineata and Hypera variabilis (postica)
in potato cars, Cydia pomonella on apples, and Aleurodes spp. on
Chimaphila menziesii. From Iowa : Aegeria (Sesia) rutilans in
strawberry plants. From Mexico : Calandra oryzae in maize ; Sais-
setia oleae and Coccus- hesperidum on citrus foliage ; Bruchus obtectus
in beans ; Chrysoniphalus aurantii on sweet limes ; Lepidosaphes
beckii on oranges. From New Mexico : Cydia pomonella on apples.
From Manila : egg-clusters of Pseudococcus on a pot-plant. From
Michigan : Lepidosaphes ulmi and larvae of C. pomonella on apples.
From Missouri : Aspidiotus perniciosus on plum trees. From New
York : Pseudococcus and Aleurodes spp. on Gardenia. From New
Jersey : Aspidiotus spp. on orchids. From Nicaragua : undetermined
weevils in wild cotton-bolls. From Panama : Phomopsis citri on
grapefruit. From Texas : Cylas formicarius in yams. From Virginia :
Balaninus caryatrypes in chestnuts. From Tahiti : Euscepes batatae
and larvae of undetermined weevils in sweet potatoes. From Washing-
ton : Aspidiotus perniciosus, eggs of undetermined Tetranychids,
Lepidosaphes ulmi and Eulecanium (Lecanium) corni on apples.

Vayssiere (P.). Sur les Champignons Parasites des Insectes. [Con-
cerning the Fungous Parasites of Insects.] — Bull. Soc. Nat.
Acclimat., Paris, Ixvi, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 33-37.
The various attempts that have been made to control insect pests
by means of disseminating fungus spores among them, and the results
that have been obtained from these experiments, are briefly reviewed.
The examples quoted indicate that the problem is by no means solved.
It is not sufficient to disseminate a fungus in order to produce an
epizootic, since conditions must also be favourable for its development.
There is, moreover, a certain stage in the development of the insect
when it is most susceptible to infection ; at others it is able to offer
complete resistance to the attacks of disease. Various fungi have
different methods of infection : some penetrate the integument of the
insect, some the digestive tract and sqme the respiratory system.
Any fungus epidemic is almost entirely dependent upon weather
conditions ; as a rule, damp, cool weather is essential for the produc-
tion of an epidemic and no dissemination of spores during a dry,
warm season would give any success. The question requires further
study in all its aspects.

French, Junr. (C). The Rutherglen Bug {Nysius vinitor). A

Destructive Pest to Potatoes, Tomatoes, Grapes, Peaches, etc. —

Jl. Dept. Agric. Victoria, Melbourne, xvi, no, 12, 10th December,

1918, pp. 738-740, 5 figs. [Received 5th March, 1919.]

Nysius vinitor (Rutherglen bug) is considered one of the worst

pests of fruit and vegetables, the greatest damage being done during

200

the period from October to January, when the insects are most abun-
dant and cause heavy losses by puncturing the fruit they attack.
They have also been responsible for a considerable reduction in honey
production in Victoria owing to their swarming on the flowers of
Eucalyptus and other plants and abstracting the nectar. Fortunately
the bugs only appear in great numbers once or twice in every few years.
Recommendations for remedial measures include the use of benzole
emulsion (1 lb. to 5 gals, water), kerosene or tobacco sprays. Smudge
fires at intervals among the trees and sprinkled with a little sulphur
have been very successful in Victoria. A spray tried with good
results consisted of 1 quart phenyle and 3 lb. washing soda added to
a solution of 2 lb. yellow soap in 40 gals, water. All contact sprays
should be applied on dull days towards evening. Shaking the insects
from the trees, before sunrise, into a pan of kerosene and water destroys
large numbers of them ; kerosene torches have also been used with
good results. As the eggs are deposited on stems, grass, weeds, or
rubbish on the ground, clean cultivation is of great assistance in
exterminating this pest.

Illingworth (J. F.). Cane Grub Investigation. — Queensland Agric.
Jl, Brisbane, xi, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 29-30.

In his report to the General Superintendent of the Bureau of Sugar
Experiment Stations the author lays emphasis on the value of cultiva-
tion as a remedial measure for sugar-cane grubs, especially during the
oviposition period of the beetles, and hence also on the value of
late planting.

The artificial breeding of parasitic wasps of the genus Campsomerii
having proved so successful, it is suggested that good results might
follow from their hberation in countries where they would be free
from their natural enemies, which are so abundant in their natural
habitat as largely to nullify their beneficial effect. The transportation
of these parasites would also be rendered easy owing to their lengthy
pupal period.

During 1918 the green beetle, Callodea punctulatus, and Lepidiota
albohirta, L. caudata and L. froggatti, emerged in large numbers about
the middle of October when the rains occurred.

Both second and third stage larvae of L. frenchi change with the
advent of hot weather during October, the latter pupating after having
spent nearly a year in the third larval stage, at the beginning of
which they do their worst damage to sugar-cane. Fortunately this
species is only troublesome on new land, as the beetles do not oviposit
in old fields.

Weevil in Wheat. — Jl Dept. Agric. S. Australia, Adelaide, xxii, no. 4,
November 1918, pp. 351-352. [Received 5th March 1919.]

The view is expressed that the presence of weevils [Calandra]
in wheat is largely due to the change in harvesting methods in
Australia, the introduction of the harvester and reaper-thresher
rendering possible the beginning of harvest about a week earUer
than was formerly the case. As a result of this the wheat is often

201

bagged in a moist condition, or the bags are left standing on the
damp ground and readily become infested with weevils. If the
wheat is perfectly ripe when stripped, and dry when stacked, much
loss from this cause may be avoided.

Hill (Q. F.). History of Citrus Canljer in the Northern Territory.—

Northern Territory Australia Dept. Home and Territories [sine loco],
Bull. no. 18, October 1918, 8 pp., 8 plates. [Received 17th
March 1919.]

Citrus canker, which is now known to occur in the United States
of America, the Philippines, Japan, China, Java, Singapore and the
Northern Territory of AustraUa, was probably introduced into the
last-named region from China or Japan. The infection of leaves,
leaf-petioles and young twigs frequently follows the course taken
by the caterpillars of Phyllocnistis citrella, Stn. (citrus leaf-miner).

Froggatt (W. W.). The Passion Vine Longicorn Beetle {Morwhammus
fishdator). — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 1, January
1919, pp. 37-39, 4 figs.

Monochamus fistulator has a very wide distribution and has been
found in New South Wales severely infesting passion-vines ; it has
also been bred from the stems of cultivated figs in Sydney, but as
yet no native food-plant has been found. The first beetles were
obtained from passion-vines early in October, larvae and pupae
continuing active in the stems until the end of December. Eggs
are laid singly in or upon the bark close to the ground, the larva
feeding upwards through the central portion of the stem for a distance
of 3 or 4 feet before it is mature. Occasionally, however, the larvae
burrow down through the main roots underground. It is suggested
that painting the stems of passion- vines with a lime and sulphur
wash from October to January might deter the beetles from ovipositing
in the bark. During this period also the cut made in the bark by the
beetles when ovipositing can be seen and the eggs could be searched
for and destroyed. Dead timber is frequently used by the beetles
for oviposition and its presence is therefore a source of danger.

Hill (C. C). Control of the Green Clover Worm in Alfalfa Fields.—

U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 982,
September 1918, 7 pp., 6 figs. [Received 7th March 1919.]

The Noctuid moth, Plathypena scabra, F. (green clover worm),
has been recorded recently as severely damaging lucerne in the central
part of the United States, and, should its natural enemies become
reduced, it might become one of the worst lucerne pests. While
generally confined to leguminous crops, the caterpillars feed readily
upon strawberry and blackberry plants and several common weeds.
From 200 to 600 eggs are deposited by each female, generally occurring
singly on the under-side of the leaf. They hatch in about 4 days,
the larva moulting 5 times before reaching maturity and feeding for
about 4 weeks, after which it descends to the ground, and pupates
just beneath the surface. There are four generations of this moth
in Tennessee, and further north only two or three. The moths hide

(C660) »

202

during the day and become active at dusk. The adults hibernate
in sheltered places such as barns or haystacks. Many larvae die
during a continued frost, and numbers are killed by parasitic insects.
The best method of controlling the numbers of P. scahra is to cut the
crop so as to remove the food supply at the moment when the cater-
pillars are most abundant. Clean cultivation and the destruction of
weeds in the vicinity should also be practised. The hopper-dozer
might be used with advantage in the case of particularly bad outbreaks.

Phillips (W. J.). The Wheat Jointworm and its Control.— C7.S. Dept.
Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 1006, October 1918,
14 pp., 17 figs. [Received 7th March 1919.]

The Chalcid, Isosoma (Harmolita) trifici, Fitch (wheat jointworm),
ranks next to the Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor] as a wheat pest
in the wheat-growing States east of the Mississippi and in parts of
Missouri. The method of infestation is described and illustrated, the
injury causing the wheat stems to bend over to such an extent that
the heads are lost when the wheat is cut. The life- history, the damage
done to growing wheat, and the control exercised by natural parasites
have been described in a previous paper [see this Review, Ser. A,
V, p. 213]. This pest can be controlled in Virginia, Tennessee and
Kentucky by ploughing in the wheat stubble deeply directly after
the harvest. It is suggested that rye should be substituted for wheat
in the more northern States, such as Michigan, where injury is severe.

Ealmbach (E. R.). The Crow and its Relation to Man. — U.S. Dept.
Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 621, 16th February 1918, 92
pp. [Received 7th March 1919.]

Animal food forms only 28-14 per cent, of the yearly sustenance
of the adult crow {Corvus brachyrhynchos), but it is of greater economic
importance than the vegetable portion, the crow being primarily
carnivorous and the vegetable matter being eaten more from necessity
than from choice. The greatest proportion of animal food is consumed
in May (5244 per cent.) followed by a uniform decrease till the
minimum (11 per cent.) is reached in February. The figures quoted
in this paper have resulted from the examination of the stomachs
of 1,340 adults and 778 nestlings collected in 39 States, the District
of Columbia, and several Canadian Provinces,

These investigations have shown that insect food is taken by
adult crows in every month of the year, though in January it amounted
to only 1-29 per cent., the insects identified belonging to 12 orders.
The diet of nestling crows comprises 83*49 per cent, of animal food,
of which insects form the major portion, 48-36 per cent. Scarabaeid
beetles, especially Lachnosterna (Phyllophaga) spp., are the most
important Coleoptera eaten, both by adults and nestlings. In the
former case they constitute 4-28 per cent, of the annual food, and in
the latter, the beetles and their larvae often form the sole diet ; hence
the effect of the presence of this bird on May beetles is of the greatest
importance. Other Scarabaeids eaten by both adults and nestlings
are Euphoria inda, occasionally injurious to ripening fruits, especially

203

peactes and pears, E. fulgida and E. sepnlchralis, Ligyrus gibhosus
^carrot beetle) wliich is most injurious in the adult stage, Dyscinetus
irachypygus, Allorrhina {Cotinis) nitidu, Anomalo, spp., Cotalpa lanigera,
Aphodius gmtmrius, Canthon and Geotrupes. Copris, Onthophagus and
Phanaeus carnifex have also been found in the stomachs.

Carabids constituted 1| per cent, of the yearly food of adult crows
examined, but nearly 4 per cent, of the food of nestlings compared
with 5| per cent, of that of adults during the same period, and com-
prised Calosoma calidum, C. externum, C. scrutator, C. willcoxi, Pasi-
macJius, Chloenius, Scarites, Harpalus, Euarthrus, Pterostichus, Amara,
Anisodadylus and Cratacanthus.

The crow can not be considered an important factor in the control
of weevil pests as a whole, these insects forming only -59 per cent,
of its food. The only ones worthy of note eaten by adults and
nestlings are Hypera punctata (clover-leaf weevil) and Epicaerus
imbricatus. Other miscellaneous beetles comprise nearly 1 per cent,
of the crow's annual food, including small numbers of Silphids, Gtaphy-
linids and Histerids, but only a very small number of Elaterids (click
beetles) and their larvae (wireworms) have been found. Reports
render it probable, however, that the crow is a more efTective enemy
of the latter than stomach examination indicates, doing good work
during outbreaks of these insects.

In many respects Orthoptera constitute the most important insect
food of the crow which annually consumes them to the extent of
7-34 per cent, of its food, the bulk of this being taken during the
latter half of the year. Grasshoppers form by far the greater part
of the Orthoptera eaten by the adults, while the nestlings, which
require still larger quantities of food for their rapidly growing bodies,
are of even greater value in regions where these insects are plentiful.
Crows have apparently no preference as to the species of grasshoppers
eaten, but several of the most destructive forms, especially Melanoplus
femur-rubrum (red-legged locust), M. bivittatus (two striped locust),
M. atlantis (lesser migratory locust) and Brachystola magna have
been recognised. Gryllidae (crickets) are eaten to some extent and
LocusTiDAE comparatively rarely, the latter being of little economic
importance over much of the crow's range, with the exception of
Anabrus simplex (western cricket), a notorious pest in the northwest.

Lepidopterous larvae, being soft and easily digested are among
the first items suppKed to newly-hatched young, of whose yearly
sustenance they form 5-34 per cent, compared v,dth only 1| per cent,
of that of the adult bird. Noctuids (cutworms) were found more
frequently than the larvae of any other family, among those identified
being Alabama argillacea (cotton worm), Cirpliis unijnincta (army
worm), and Lajjhygyna frugiperda (fall army worm). In a limited
number of cases the larvae of Hemerocampa leucostigma (tussock
moth) and Palaeacrita vernata (spring canker worm) and the eggs of
Malacosoma americana (tent caterpillar) have been found.

Bugs of various kinds form less than 1 per cent, of the annual food
of the crow, but 2-6 per cent, of that of nestlings, Pentatomids of
the genera Podisus, Euschistus, and Brochymena being most often
found, but never in large numbers. Tibicen septemdecim (periodical
cicada) stands out prominently among the Homoptera as an article
of diet, forming sometimes 31 per cent, of the food of young birds.

(C560) b2

204

Diptera form a very small and relatively -unimportant part . of
the crow's food, constituting less than half of 1 per cent. Tipulids
(crane-flies) are of the greatest economic interest, the adults, pupae
and larvae (leather-jackets) being eaten. Muscid and Sarcophagid
flies, their puparia and larvae were present in many stomachs examined,
occurring in considerable numbers in the case of some nestlings.

The quantity of Hymenopterous insects taken by the crow is so
small that the economic considerations involved are practically
negligible, the same being true of miscellaneous insectSj mainly aquatic
forms eaten in marshy regions.

McKay (J. W.). Annual Report Karimganj Agricultural Experiment
Station for the Year ending 30th June 1918. — Ann. RepL Agric.
Expts. & Demons, in Assam Jm Year ending 30th June 1918,
Shillong, 1918, pp. 87-88. [Received 8th March 1919.]

Very little damage was done to farm crops by insects during the
year under report. Leptocorisa varicornis (rice bug) is the cause of
very severe annual damage to the rice crops, particularly to the
early varieties. It is best kept in check by the method described in
the previous report [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 186].

Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control.-—

Rept. Agric. Dept. St. Vincent for 1917-18, Barbados, 1919, pp.
12-14. [Received 10th March 1919.]

The subject matter of this report dealing with insect pests has
already been noticed from another source [see this Review, Ser. A,
vi, pp. 454-455].

Morrill (A. W.). Report of the Entomologist. Notes on Important
Insects of the Year. — 9th Ann. Rept. Arizona Commiss. Agric. <k
Hortic. for Year ending 30th June 1917, Phcenix, 33th December
1917, pp. 15-61, 24 figs. [Received 10th March 1919.]

The outstanding entomological features of 1917 in Arizona were
damage by Aphis maidis, Fitch (corn aphis), the first record of notable
damage by Elasm,opalpus lignoselhis, Zell. (lesser corn stalk borer)
and severe injury to peaches in a few orchards by Anarsia lineatella,
Zell. (peach twig borer). This last-named moth is generally
distributed over the United States, also attacking, but less injuriously,
almond, apricot, plum and prune trees, and it is impossible to say
from its distribution, whether it has been present, unnoticed, for
several years, or has been introduced recently. The earliest injury
is caused by the pest boring into the buds and tender shoots, and the
same generation may destroy the young fruit in March, while adult
moths may appear as late as the first of November. The injured
fruit is subject to secondary attack by Carpophilus hemipterus (dry
fig beetle). A. lineatella may be successfully controlled by spraying
with lime-sulphur solution of the same strength as for San Jose scale
[Aspidiotus perniciosus], just before the blossoms appear. The
Cossid moth, Prionoxystus robiniae, Peck, (carpenter worm), a well
known pest of oak, poplar, cottonwood, willow, black locust tree and

205

elm caused the first damage to pear trees recorded of it. The life-
cycle occupies 3 years from the time the egg is laid, the adults usually
appearing in June and July. Trees in infested orchards should be
watched closely from March to July and the young larvae cut out
with a knife, if possible before they penetrate into the heart wood,
A Cerambycid, closely related to Pty diodes trilineatus (three-lined
fig-tree borer) was bred from a larva damaging a fig-tree. Unripe
apricots were found to be seriously scarred by a species of thrips,
Franhliniella morrilli, Morg., the injury being done by the nymphs
which remained in groups on the surface of the fruit and were most
numerous early in April. Good results were obtained by spraying
with a nicotine sulphate soap solution under a pressure of at least
150 lb. The Nitidulid beetle, Conotelus mexicanus, Murr., was found
in large numbers on cucumber and cotton blossoms, and fruit buds
may require to be protected from them by the use of repellent
sprays.

The adults of a Scarabaeid beetle, Chnaunanthus discolor, Burm.,
were found in April damaging the blossoms in young citrus orchards,
but this insect is not expected to become an important citrus pest.
A termite, Amitermes tubifornians, Buckley, was found doing consider-
able damage to a citrus orchard, but was successfully controlled by
scooping out a basin round the base of each tree and pouring into
it I pint of Black-leaf 40 diluted at the rate of 1 part to 500 parts
water, and at the same time destroying the galleries formed by the
termites. Other normal citrus injury resulted from the attacks of
Scirtothrips citri, Moulton (citrus thrips). Cicada cinctifera, Uhler
(citrus cicada), and Melanoplus differentialis, Thos. (differential grass-
hopper). The indigenous scale- insect, Diaspis celtidis, Ckll, a general
pest of ash trees was found on olive to a slight extent, and since the
lightest infestation results in considerable financial loss, ash trees
should not be planted near commercial olive orchards.

Field and forage crops were attacked by a grasshopper, Melanoplus
differentialis, which in one district attacked several hundred acres
of lucerne, spreading thence to orchards and cotton fields. Another
species, Conozoa behrensi, Sans., damaged young barley planted in
Bermuda-grass sod-land. Feltia annexa, Tr. (granulated cutworm)
was exceedingly destructive to lucerne, but was checked by the use of
poison bran mash. Aphis maidis, Fitch (corn-leaf aphis) was exception-
ally destructive, spring-sown barley being practically all destroyed
by it and by Siphonaphis padi, L. {A. avenae, F.) (oat aphis). Colias
(Eurytmts) eurytheme, Boisd. (alfalfa butterfly) was unusually abundant.
Severe local damage to field crops was done by Diatraea zeacolella,
Dyar (larger corn stalk borer), and Elasmopalpus lignosellus, Zell,
(lesser corn stalk borer), injuring maize and bean plants. Tetranychus
telarius, L. {bimaculatus, Harv.) (two-spotted red spider) caused note-
worthy damage to lucerne, the immediate cutting of which and spraying
with atomic sulphur or potassium sulphide was advised. Injury
from Heliothis (Chloridea) obsoleta, F. (corn ear worm), Brvchophagus
funebris, How. (alfalfa seed Chalcid) and Stictoeephala festina, Say
(three-cornered alfalfa hopper) was normal.

Cutworms were particularly abundant and destructive to vegetable
crops, and the use of a dry poison-bait is recommended made up of
20 to 30 lb. dry bran, middlings, or a half and half combination of

206

these, with 1 lb. Paris green thoroughly mixed in. The Coccinellid,
Epilachia corrupta, Muls., was more destructive to beans than usual,
the maximum damage occurring in July, but it was successfully
controlled by spraying with lead arsenic. Leptinotarsa decenilineata,
Say (Colorado potato beetle) was very destructive in some districts
and a spray of powdered lead arsenate at the rat« of 2 lb. to 50 U.S.
gals, water was advised. Other pests damaging vegetable crops
were Lygus sp., the grasshopper, Eucoplolophus subgracilis, Caud.,
Heliothrips fasciutus, Perg., and Diahrotica vittafa, F. (striped cucumber
beetle). Trichobaris mucorea, Lee, erroneously recorded in a former
report as T. trinotata [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 319], was not found
in potato fields during the year, but was present, apparently in its
usual numbers, on jimson weed growing near potato fields.

Cotton was attacked during 1917 by a new thrips, Thrips arizonefisis,
Morgan, and also by a small beetle, Myochrous longfdus, Lee, the
latter under circumstances already noticed [see this Review, Ser. A,
vi, p. 22]. A termite, a species of Reticulitermes, was found destroying
about 1 per cent, of cotton-stalks by severing them 2 or 3 inches
below the surface of the ground. Heliothis obsoleta, F., was more
destructive in 1917 than at any time since commercial cotton growing
had been undertaken. A new type of injury has been credited to
this pest on the evidence of finding a single specimen, parasitised by
Sarcophaga helicis, Town., in an injured stalk. This injury is caused
by the young larvae attacking the cotton stalk about 6 inches from
the growing tip and tunnelling upwards and downwards for about
3 inches. Grasshoppers, especially Melanoplus differentialis, did some
damage to cotton, but they were promptly checked wherever they
appeared by means of poison bran mash. The formula for this now
most generally recommended consists of a mixture of 25 lb. bran,
2 U.S. qts. molasses, 1 lb. Paris green, 3-6 finely chopped lemons or
oranges and water to make a crumbly mash. The cost of this may
be reduced by the substitution of cantaloups for lemons, the omission
of the molasses for use against the adult grasshoppers and the use
of a half and half mixture of bran and sawdust in place of the bran.
Tarnished plant bugs from cotton were identified as Lygus elisus var.
kesperus, Knight, and L. pratensis oblineatus. Say. They appear to
breed upon lucerne for the most part, and, when practicable, it would
be wise to avoid planting cotton in a field adjoining lucerne.

Of those insects affecting stored food products, Rhizopertha dominica,
F. (lesser grain borer), Ephestia Jcuhniella, Zell. (Mediterranean flour
moth) and Calandra oryzae, L. (rice weevil) were as injurious locally
as in 1913, but have not been found in some of the largest flour mills
in the State. Sitotroga cerealella, 01., did considerable damage to a
small lot of stored wheat in 1917. Cathartus gemellatus, L. (square
necked grain beetle) and Calandra oryzae, L. (rice weevil) were found
in a granary destroying large stores of wheat and rolled barley, but
were practically eliminated by fumigating with carbon bisulphide.
Stored mesquite beans are specially subject to attack by insect pests,
one that was particularly abundant having been identified as Bruchus
prosopis, Lee.

A small bark-boring beetle, Pteleobins imperialis, Eich., has been
discovered practically killing young ash trees, and where these are
used for shade trees it may prove a serious pest.

207

ScHOENE (W. J.). Oriental Peach fioth.— J 1th Rept. State Entomologist
& Plant Pathohgist Virginia, 1916-1917; Richmond, 1918, pp.
6-7. [Received 12th March 1919.]

The oriental peach moth, Cydia (Laspeyresia) molesta, has been
re-introduced into the United States from Japan, a single specimen
having been reared from a shipment of pears received at Seattle,
Washington. Accounts of this pest have already been noticed [see
this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 75 and vi, pp. 369 and 373]. It is stated
that the larvae may attack the fruit at places other than the point
of attachment of the stem, especially where the skin has been already
injured. If the fruit is ripe, or nearly so, the entrance point of the
larva may be invaded by brown-rot fungus, the larva often continuing
its development in the fungus-invaded and decaying flesh of the
peach, which under these combined attacks may fall to the ground.

Fromme (F. D.) & ScHOENE (W. J.). Dusting and Spraying for Apple
Scab and Codling Moth. — 11th Rept. State Entomologist & Plant
Pathologist Virginia, 1916-1917; Richmond, 1918, pp. 22-26, 1 fig.
[Received 12th March 1919.]

Experimental dusting and spraying against apple scab and codling
moth [Cydia pomonella] shows that satisfactory results in dealing
with the latter pest are obtained by a dusting mixture consisting of
sulphur, hydrated lime and lead arsenate, and also by spraying with
a lime-sulphur and lead-arsenate solution, but that one of lime-
sulphur and nicotine sulphate gave less satisfactory results.

Smulyan (M. T.). Observations during 1916 of the Aphids most
common on the Apple.— 2M Rept. State Entomologist & Plant
Pathologist Virginia, 1916-1917; Richmond, 1918, pp. 27-39, 1
plate. [Received 12th March 1919.]

These observations on the Aphids most common on the apple during
1916, supplement and confirm those of the previous year [see this
Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 340].

Dangerous Pests found in European Shipments. — Wkly. Press Bull.
Pennsylvania Dept. Agric, Harrisburg, iv, no. 9, 6th March 1919.

During the inspection of a consignment of French nursery stock
by the inspectors of the Department of Agriculture at the beginning
of March, a living caterpillar of the brown-tail moth [Nygmia phaeo-
rrhoea] and the eggs of the gipsy-moth [Porthetria dispar] were found.
These pests are not known to be established in Pennsylvania or the
adjacent States, but they have cost the New England states more
than £6,000,000 in losses to forests and woodlands and in expenditures
for control. On 1st July 1919 the Federal Quarantine restricting
plant imports becomes effective and the risk of the introduction of
foreign pests will be thereby greatly reduced.

208

Sherman (F.). Report of Division of Entomology. — 40th Ann. Rept.

North Carolina Agric. Expt. Sta. for Year ended 30th June 1917 ^

[Raleigh] [n.d.j, pp. 64-66. [Received 18th March 1919.]

Peach spraying experiments during the years 1914-15 showed that

commercial lime-sulphur at the rate of 1 gal. to 49 gals, water with

lead arsenate added, when persistently used as a summer spray, resulted

in final injury to the trees, though this was not evident during the

first year, and though it gave a better colour to the fridt than the

standard self-boiled lime-sulphur with arsenate. The use of soap as

a spreader, or of flour-paste as an adhesive, did not appear to render

the lead arsenate more effective against the peach curculio [Conotra-

chelus nenuphar], the injury due to which, based on the counts of

prematurely dropping fruit, was greater near woodlands.

Metcalp (Z. p.). Report of Entomologist. — 40th Ann. Rept. North

Carolina Agric. Expt. Sta. for Year ended 30th June 1917, [Raleigh]

[n.d.], p. 67. [Received 18th March 1919.]

Since reporting on experiments with lime for the control of Bruchus

spp. (cow-pea weevils) [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 208], further

experiments on a large scale have shown that where cowpeas are

stored in large amounts, the lime may simply be spread in a layer

on top of the peas and still accomplish the same result.

Ehehorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Hawaiian Forester
& Agriculturist, Honolulu, xvi, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 13-14.
A nest of an ant, Monomorium pharaonis, was intercepted during
December on sealing-wax palms from Java ; the same species and
a scale-insect were found on orchids from the same country.
Pots of Thuya orientalis from Japan were fumigated owing to the
presence of larvae of a Curculionid beetle. Acorns from Japan were
also found to be infested with weevils.

Fryer (J. C. F.). Mustard-growing as a Preventive of Wire worm.

— Gardeners^ Chronicle, London, Ixv, no. 1676, 8th February
1919, p. 64.
A mustard crop, grown for the purpose of treating land infested
with wireworms. may be dealt with in three ways. It may be sown
in April and May as a seed crop and will occupy the ground for the
whole summer ; it may be ploughed in green, usually when about
18 ins. to 2 ft. in height ; it may be eaten off by sheep. In the last
two cases it is usually sown in late summer, after a fallow or the har-
vesting of an early crop, the manurial effect being considerable in
both cases. Mustard is seldom attacked by wdreworms, but w^hen
these have absolutely no other food they can for a time eat mustard
though they cannot thrive on it, and if there is little else growing
on the land during the summer they gradually die out. When the
crop is ploughed in, it would almost appear that the plant on decom-
position releases some substance definitely injurious to wireworms.
When mustard is to be used as a preventive treatment for wireworm,
probably the best method is to sow it as a first crop, preferably for
seed, in which case it will certainly prevent trouble from such " annual "
pests as leather- jackets [Tipula],

209

J. F. Insects and Fungi on Grass LB,nd.— Gardeners' Chronicle, London,
Ixv, no. 1680, 8th March 1919, p. 114.

On a piece of grass land broken up for cultivation in 1918, the local
insect pests were Amphimallus (Rhizotrogus) solstitialis, Melolontha
melolontha {vulgaris), Tipula (leather- jacket), Feltia {Agrotis) exchma-
tionis and Euxoa {A.) segetum, the last two cutworms being most
destructive to cabbage, parsley and potatoes. Some other insects
were present, but they disappeared with the destruction of their food
or shelter and were not injurious to the vegetables.

Imported pests, or those that invaded the new feeding ground were :
Phorbia {Antlioynyia) brassicae (cabbage fly) imported on seedling
cabbages ; Pegomyia hyoscyami {A. betae) on beet, Hylemyia antiqua^
{A. ceparum) on onions, and A. radicum on radishes ; Acidia heraclei
(celery fly) on parsnips ; Psila rosae (carrot fly) and Ceuthorrhynchus
sulcicollis (cabbage gall weevil) ; Orgyia antiqica (vapourer moth) on
plane trees ; Aphis rmnicis (black aphis) on broad beans and Brevi-
coryne (A.) brassicae (cabbage aphis) more or less destructive to
cabbages ; and Depressaria discipunctella {pastinacella) injuring
parsnip leaves.

Ashley (K.)- The Frog-hopper or Cuckoo-spit. — Gardeners* Chronicle,
London, Ixv, no. 1681, 15th March 1919, p. 122, 1 fig.

The frog-hopper (Aphrophora) causes serious damage to roses during
June and July, weakening the young shoots and buds by extracting
the sap. Strong tobacco water with a little soft-soap added is con-
sidered one of the best remedies for this pest, but great care must
be taken in using the soap to prevent scorching of the f oUage. Tobacco
water without soap made by boiling 4 oz. shag tobacco in 1 gal. water
gives good results if the affected shoots are bent over and washed
clean in it, an operation than can be effected by having the tobacco
water in a tin can with a handle over it slung on the wrist, so as to
leave both hands free. The most careful attention, constantly exer-
cised, is necessary to effect control of this pest.

Aull6 (M.). Resena de los Trabajos verificados por la Comisidn de la
Fauna forestal espanola durante el Ano de 1916. [A Review of
the Work of the Spanish Forestal Fauna Commission during 1916.]
— Bol. Soc. Entom. Espana, Saragossa, ii, nos. 1 & 2, January-
February 1919, pp. 19-28 & 46-47.

Further investigations on Dendrolimus pini, L. [see this Review
Ser. A, vii, p. 89] are described. There are two generations of this
moth, the adults of the second appearing in September. Hibernation
in Spain occurs not on the ground as in other countries, but on the pine
trunks, and is not passed in complete inaction, the larvae appearing
active on warm days. This is probably accounted for by the warm
climate. Natural enemies, although not sufficiently numerous to
afford an effective control, exercise a certain check on the numbers
of D. pini.

The sawfly, Lophyrus rufus, Retz., was observed in the larval stage
on young pines. The caterpillars of the moth, Hyloicus (Sphinx)
pinastri, L., also occurred on pines until November or early December,

210

when they descended to the ground to pupate. Other pine pests
were Dioryctria (Phycis) silvestrella, Ratz., a species formerly thought
to be D. (P.) abietella, Zk., but now identified as D. mendacella, Stgr.,
and the weevil, Pissodes validirostris, Gyll. The two last-named have
not apparently been recorded before as injuring pines in Spain,
P. validirostris is generally found in company with D. mendacella
and occurs only on Pinus silvestris. As they both reach the adult
stage in August and September, and infestation of the cones is notice-
able by the latter half of June, the cones should be collected and
burnt before the usual time in order to prevent the larvae from
descending to the ground to pupate. Both pupae and eggs of D. men-
dacella are difficult to locate, while the adult moth flies only at night,
is not attracted to lights, and lives only a very short time. Studies
have also been made of Ips (Bostrichus) sexdentatus, Boern, and of a
Buprestid larva that injures resinous pines. This may be Ancylo-
cheira (Biiprestis) flavomaculata, ¥., or possibly Melanophila tarda, ¥.,
both of which have been found on pines. Pines that were heavily
infested with Pissodes notatus, F., were destroyed before the insects
completed maturity. Rhyacionia {Evetria) buoliana, Schiff., also
caused considerable damage among pine plantations, as well a»
another caterpillar, probably of Tortrix viridana, L.

Minor pests of forest trees identified include the Coleoptera : —
Acanthocinus aedilis, L., in pines ; Oberea linearis, L. (?) in hazel ;
Myelophilus piniperda, L., in pines ; Anthaxia praticola, Kies., in
young, dead pines ; A. manca, Esch., in elms attacked by Scolytus
multistriatus ; Chalcophora mariana, L,, in pines; and Herpysticus
eremita, on fruit-trees. Among Lepidoptera, Aglaope infausta, L.^
and Malacosoma neustria, L., occurred on almonds and cork oak;
Porthetria {Lymantria) dispar, Tortrix viridana and Nygmia phaeorrhoea
[Euproctis chrysorrhoea), on evergreen and cork oaks ; Phalera biice-
phala on hazel ; Stilpnotia {Leucoma) salicis, L., on black poplar ;,
Rhyacionia (Tortrix) duplana on pines; and Hyponomeuta sp. on haw-
thorn.

RoRER (J. B). Enfermedades y Plagas del Cacao en el Ecuador y
M6todos Modernos apropiados al Cultivo del Cacao. [Diseases
and Pests of Cacao in Ecuador and Modern Methods appropriate
to the Cultivation of Cacao.] — Reft, presented to the Agric. Assoc,
of Ecuador, Guayaquil, 24th January 1918, 79 pp., 22 figs.
[Received 17th March 1919.]
Among the insect pests of cacao in Ecuador, ants are found in
almost all plantations and cause considerable damage by defoliating
the trees. The method advocated for their extermination is to close
up with earth all but one or two of the holes in a nest and to pour
into the remaining openings a mixture of equal parts of carbon bisul-
phide and gasoline. This is then exploded by means of a light fastened
to the end of a long cane and the holes plugged up to prevent the
escape of the gases.

A cacao beetle of the genus Stirastoma occurs ; this is similar to,,
if not identical with, the species [S. depressum] that causes so much
damage in the West Indies and other countries. The eggs are laid
in the trunks of the trees and the larvae tunnel in the bark, some-
times killing the branch or even the main trunk.

211

By far the most important enemy of cacao in Ecuador is Monalonion
atratum {dissimnlatum), known as " mosquilla." The eggs of this
Capsid bug are laid in the peduncle or on the outside of the cacao
pods, of which the nymphs suck the juices, leaving scars and finally
causing the pods to turn black and wither. No food-plant other than
cacao has been observed. Remedial measures that have been suggested
include gathering and destroying the pods at the season when they
are least numerous, and also the burning of the nymphs on the pods
by means of an alcohol or kerosene torch ; neither of these methods
is very satisfactory. The author advocates the use of contact insecti-
cides, such as nicotine sulphate or weak Bordeaux mixture, which
have given very good results. Pods covered with this mixture would
probably be avoided by the ovipositing insects.

Takahashi (R.). Three Species of Aphididae.— Zoo?. Mag., ToUo
1918, pp. 368-376. [Received 17th March 1919.]

The species dealt with in this paper, in Japanese, are Trichosiphum
kmvanae, Perg., Stomaphis yanonis, sp. n., and Rhopalosiphum sambu-
cicola, sp. n.

Takahashi (R.). Description of Cervaphis quercus, sp.n. — Zool. Mag.,
Tokio, XXX, 1918, pp. 458-461, 12 figs. [Received 17th March
1919.]

The oviparous female of Cervaphis quercus which closely resembles
C. schouteniae, v. d. G., is winged and appears in the summer, the
food-plant being Quercus serrata.

Matsumura (S.). New Species of the Economic Syrphidae of Japan.

— Jl. Coll. Agric. Hokkaido Imperial Univ., Sapporo, viii, no. 1,
October 1918, 31 pp., 1 plate.

Descriptions are given of 54 new species and 4 new genera of
Japanese Syrphidae. Among these, Mesosyrphus abietis, sp. n.,
Catabomba excavata, sp. n., and Eristalosyrphus griseofasciatus, gen.
et sp. n., have been collected on Abies sachalinensis, sucking the juices
secreted by an Aphid, Mindarus abietinus. The habits of the other
species are not stated.

Ross (W. A.). The Rose Midge in Ontario. — Agric. Gaz. Canada,
OUawa, vi, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 137-138, 1 fig.

The rose midge [Neocerata rhodophaga] has been recently introduced
into Canada from the United States, where it is the most destructive
pest of roses, the annual loss due to it in two Chicago greenhouses
amounting to £2,000. The larvae usually attack the young shoots
in the axil of a leaf-petiole, such shoots either becoming deformed,
or withering and dying. Fortunately the pest hibernates in the soil
during the winter when the most profitable crops are grown. The
eggs are laid between the folded leaves of the leaf-buds, in the axils
of young leaves and between the sepals and petals of flower-buds,
and under greenhouse conditions hatch in about 2 days. The larvae,
which mature in from 5 to 7 days, pupate in the soil and emerge as

212

adults in about 6 days. This midge is most abundant and destructive
in summer, but declines in numbers at the beginning of autumn and
finally disappears by November. It hibernates in the soil and does
not reappear again till early March

Total eradication has been experimentally effected by sprinkUng
tobacco dust over the beds from I inch to I inch in thickness to
prevent the falling larvae from entering the soil, this treatment being
followed by nightly fumigations with tobacco paper, continued as
long as any adults were seen. As an additional precaution all the
walks were sprayed with a 5 per cent, kerosene emulsion to kill any
larvae that might have fallen on to them from the plants. In practice
the midge may be held in check by fumigating with nicotine every
night as soon as the pest is observed in spring, the treatment to be
repeated at any time that it threatens to be troublesome. Infested
shoots and buds should be at once pinched of? and destroyed. Another
method, not yet tested, by which extermination might be effected
in a greenhouse, would be by drying off all the rose plants at the same
time during the summer, when the insect would die of starvation.
Prevention could also be effected by growers propagating their own
roses ; by obtaining new stock from non-infested houses ; by pur-
chasing before the end of February stock planted in November or
December, which, therefore, has not been exposed to infection ; by
washing the root soil from plants obtained later than February, such
soil being either burned or scalded with hot water or steam.

Anderson (W, B.). Notes on the Tussock Moth, Hemerocampa vetusta
gulosa, Hy. Edw., in Britis'i Columbia. — Agric. Gaz. Canada,
Ottawa, vi, no. 2, February 1919, p. 139.

The larvae of Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa were found in August
1918 attacking Douglas firs over an area of about | square mile on
the Thompson River, British Columbia, and many pupae taken at
that time were found to be parasitised. The yellow pine {Pinus
ponderosa) is also attacked, but much more sparingly. The attack
begins at the top of the tree and works downwards, the entire tree
being usually defoliated and killed outright, no later growth occurring
as is the case after defoliation by Tortrix {Harmologa) fumiferana
(spruce budworm).

Caesar (L.) & Ross (W. A.). Control of the Apple Maggot. —
Canadian Horticulturist^ Toronto, xUi, no. 2, February 1919, pp.
27-28.

The results of field tests conducted in various parts of Ontario
and spread over 5 consecutive years and corroborated by laboratory
tests justify the confident belief that the apple maggot [Rhagoletis
pomonella] can be successfully controlled in apple orchards by sprapng.
The first application should be given just before or as the adults
begin to emerge, the date varying with the climate of the locality
from the last week in June to the second week in July. The second
application should be made when the result of the first is beginning
to disappear, usually in from 2-3 weeks. In wet seasons a third

213

application about 10 days after the second will be necessary. In
two years the insect should be almost completely destroyed in any
orchard, provided that infested orchards are not situated close by,
in which case efforts should be made to treat these also. In all orchards
every tree, whether fruit-bearing or not, should be sprayed.

The best spray mixture consists of 2 to 3 lb. lead arsenate paste,
or 1 to 1^ lb. lead arsenate powder to 40 gals, w^ater, its effectiveness
not being increased by the addition of molasses, which adds to the
cost, causes the spray to wash off more quickly and sometimes scorches
the foliage. Heavy rather than light applications of the mixture
should be made, especially if only two are given, because they remain
on longer, and since adults continue to emerge for a period of 6 weeks
or more, the poison must remain on the trees to kill them before they
can oviposit.

Progress in the Chief Industries. Cotton. — Rept. Agric. Dept. St.
Vincent, 1917-1918; Barbados, 1919, pp. 15-19. [Received 18th
March 1919.]

The measures adopted by the Agricultural Department for the
control of the cotton stainer, Dysdercus delauneyi, together with a
prospect of high prices for cotton, led planters to make a further
extended trial and to plant an increased acreage in 1917-18. In
St. Vincent success attended their efforts at control and the yield
per acre exceeded the average of the previous 13 years. Under local
conditions the practice of pulling up and burning the old cotton
stalks at the end of each season has had the effect of relegating the
leaf-blister mite, Eriophyes gossypii, to the position of a very minor
pest, and recent experiments show that the stalks, if dealt with
promptly, can be used as traps for cotton stainers.

An important Order- in-Council was published on 25th July under
the Importation of Plant Diseases Prevention Ordinance (1906)
prohibiting the importation of cotton seed and seed cotton into the
Colony from any outside source. Though primarily intended to
prevent the introduction of the Mexican boll weevil [Anthonomus
grandis] and pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella], it also aimed
at the exclusion of certain pests and diseases occurring in other parts
of the West Indies, but not found locally.

Newell (W.). Report of the Plant Commissioner for the Biennium
ending April 30th, 1918, and Supplemental Reports.— Q/rZy. Bull
Florida State Plant Board, Gainesville, iii, no. 2, January 1919,
pp. 33-108,

During the two years ended April 1918, the Florida State Plant
Board, in accordance with the Florida Plant Act of 1915, has been
?ible to maintain a successful barrier against the entrance of the
black fly of citrus [Aleurocanthus woglumi], a most serious pest occurring
in Cuba, Jamaica, the Bahamas and the Canal Zone. Nursery inspec-
tion resulted in the San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] being
found on 110 occasions. Camphor thrips [Cryptothrips floridensis] was
found in 10 nurseries and suitably dealt with, and the banana root-
borer [Cosmopolites sordidus] being found in one, all banana plants,
in this and adjacent properties were promptly destroyed.

214

The Port and Railway Inspection Department has during the
above period examined 6,527 shipments, more than one-half of which
were found to be infested with injurious insects. Interceptions of
particular importance were those of the black fly on two occasions, the
sweet potato scarabee [Eiiscepes batatae] from the British West Indies,
the sweet potato weevil [Cylas formicarius] in many West Indian
shipments, and a new mango disease and mango leaf-infesting insect
from India, while in many instances scale-insects which are rare or
not present in Florida were prevented from entering.

Parcel Post Inspection, begun on 1st November 1916, resulted in
9,183 parcels ■ being inspected, of which 845 were non-deliverable,
while 292 were treated and passed.

The sweet potato weevil [Cylas formicarms] [see this Review, Ser. A,
vii, p. 21] is a pest that threatens to destroy the sweet potato growing
industry of Florida, as well as the supplying of many millions of
sweet potato plants to the growers of other States, a business which
brings into Florida annually a sum of between £15,000 and £20,000.
Remedial measures advocated are : — Field rotation in planting, use of
weevil-free plants, elimination of "hold-over" plantirg, destruc-
tion of morning-glory vines as far as practicable, thoroughness in
harvesting, fumigation of harvested tubers, destruction of badly
infested tubers, prevention of weevil damage in storage, destruction
of self-sown plants in spring, and the avoidance of very early planting,
together with the strict enforcement of the quarantine rules to prevent
the further spread of the pest. This weevil has recently been found
infesting two species of morning glory not hitherto known to be
attacked by it in Florida, viz. -.—-Ipomoea pandurata, growing on high
sandy land, and I. littoralis, growing along the sea-coast.

The banana root borer {Cosmopolites sordidus) was first discovered
in Florida in December 1917, and its control by means of the careful
inspection of banana plantations, followed by the uprooting and
burning of all infested banana plants and the trapping of any escaping
weevils is being vigorously prosecuted, since the insect also attacks
sugar-cane and its future presence in the State might seriously interfere
with the development of a large sugar and syrup producing industry.

The area in Florida infested by the cotton boll-weevil [Anthononms
grandis] has gradually increased southward and eastward owing to
the migration of the adults by flight, a spread that cannot be pre-
vented and that results in the insect invading new territory each
year. The enforcement of quarantine measures, however, which
prohibit the removal from weevil-infested territory of cotton seed,
seed cotton, bolls, Spanish moss, maize in the cob and certain other
materials, except at certain seasons and under certain conditions,
has undoubtedly prevented the establishment of the pest ahead of
the advancing line of migration.

It is essential that the quarantine measures now in force for the
exclusion of the pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella] from Florida
should be continued, since it is not yet certain that the Texas out-
breaks will be eradicated [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 544].

The enforcement is still continued of the various quarantine measures
to prevent the introduction into Florida of the avocado weevil [Heilipus
lauri], gipsy moth [Porthetria disjxir], brown-tail moth [Nygmiu
phaeorrhoea], Mediterranean fruit fly [Ceratitis capitata], Mexican

215

orange maggot [Trypeta ludens], pineapple black weevil [Metatnasiits
ritchiei], West Indian sweet potato weevil [Euscepes batatas], mango
seed weevil [Sternochetus nmngiferae] and Argentine ant [Iridomyrmex
humilis].

The Department of Entomology during the two years under review
has prepared and sold 1,085 pure cultures of the red fungus [Ascher-
sonia aleurodis] which attacks the larvae of the citrus white fly [Dialeu-
rodes citri], and has also distributed a considerable number of cultures
of the yellow fungus [A. flavocitrina] for the control of the cloudy-
winged whitefly [Aleurodes nubifera]. Numerous colonies of the
Australian Coccinellid [Novius cardinalis] for the control of the cottony
cushion-scale [Icerya purchasi] were reared and distributed. It was
found that, within certain limits, N. cardinalis can be reared in the
laboratory by feeding it on /. purchasi, large supplies of which must
be collected and kept in cold storage for the purpose. It was also
found that, in the temporary absence of these scale-insects, the young
beetles can themselves be placed in cold storage and their develop-
ment arrested pending the arrival of further consignments of food.
A method consisting of cutting back and treating trees infested with
camphor thrips [Cryptothrips floridensis], which renders them free
from infestation, has been adopted.

Montgomery (J. H.) & Bragdon (K. E,). Quarantine Department.
— Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant Board, Gainesville, iii, no. 2,
January 1919, pp. 110-112.

During the quarter ending 31st December 1918, the principal pests
intercepted from foreign countries inchided i-Aspidiotus sp. on
cassava, A. cocotiphagus on coconut, bollworm [Heliothis obsoleta]
on maize, cigarette beetle [Lasioderma serricorne] on cassava,
sweet potato weevil [Cylas formicarius] in sweet potato from Cuba,
and sweet potato scarab ee [Euscepes batatae] in sweet potato from
Porto Rico.

Weiss (H. B.). Unusual Nursery Insects. — New Jersey Dept. Agric.
Bur. Statistics & Inspection, Trenton, Circ. no. 24, November
1918, 13 pp., 6 figs. [Received 19th March 1919.]

Agromyza laterella, Zett. (iris leaf-miner) has been injurious to
Japanese iris for several years in New Jersey nurseries. The larvae
mine in the leaves, beginning near the surface of the soil and extending
upwards for 10 to 16 inches, and also mine the part of the plant
just below the surface, marring the appearance, but not involving
the death of the plant. The flies appear early in June and oviposit
at the base of the plants under the epidermis of the leaf. The incuba-
tion period is about 15 days and the larvae after tunnelling upwards
pupate at the ends of their mines, the adults emerging during the
latter part of August in South Jersey, where a second brood occurs ;
hibernation takes place in the pupal stage within the mines. Remedial
measures consist in destroying the larvae in their mines by spraying
with an 8 per cent, kerosene emulsion, or with Black Leaf 40 dt the

216

rate of 1 U.S. pint to 100 U.S. gals, water to which 5 lb. soap has
been added. Cutting the foliage close to the ground in winter and
burning it has also been suggested as a means of destroying over-
wintering pupae. Up to the present this miner has been found only
in Iris kaempferi.

Agrilus sinuatus, Oliv. (sinuate pear borer) is a European insect,
the life-cycle of which occupies two years and which was first dis-
covered in New Jersey in 1894 [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 273].

Idiocerus cognatus, Fieb. (white poplar leaf-hopper) has been found
at several places in New Jersey since 1917 on white poplar {Populus
alba) in nurseries, having probably been introduced in the egg-stage
with this tree. The eggs are deposited during the latter part of July,
usually in the terminal twigs ; hence all the new wood is likely to con-
tain eggs, and these are most plentiful in the last foot of the twig
and less so towards the base and extreme tip. Hibernation takes
place in the egg-stage and the nymphs emerge from the middle to the
end of May, making their way at once to the unfolding tender leaves
at the tips of the twigs. There are 5 nymphal stages, each occupying
from 3 to 6 days, the bulk of the adults appearing during the end
of June and beginning of July. There is only one generation a year,
the adults being found in diminishing numbers throughout August
till October. The presence of many nymphs on the young leaves
causes a certain amount of injury by malformation.

A Chrysomelid beetle, Zeugophora scutellaris, SufFr. (poplar
leaf -miner); occurs in Central Europe and is also present in
several localities in the United States, but never in numbers
considered injurious. The adult beetle feeds on the foliage of poplar
{Pojndus deltoides) and the larvae mine in the leaves. The adults,
which appear in June, feed on the terminal leaves, skeletonising them
from the lower surface. Eggs are deposited on the leaves and the
larvae mine the tissue during July, each mine usually containing
one larva, though there may be as many as four. By the first week
in August they are mature and drop to the soil to pupate. Spraying
with lead arsenate while the beetles are feeding is recommended
as a remedial measure, care being taken to coat the lower leaf
surfaces.

Eumerus strigatus, Fall, (lunate onion fly) was first definitely recorded
from New Jersey during the spring of 1918^ having evidently been
introduced in bulbs from Holland, where this Syrphid is a pest of
narcissus, hyacinth and onion, especially the first. The flies appear
in May and June flying low on bright sunny days, and they may be
captured on the flowers of various plants. Eggs are laid on the
bases of the leaves and the larvae enter the nose of the bulb, sometimes
to the number of from 10 to 30, and feed in the interior, which soon
becomes decayed. Pupation takes place in the outside layers or at
the nose of the bulb during August, and a second brood of flies, of which
little is known, apparently occurs in September and October. In
Holland, the destruction of infested bulbs seems to be the usual
remedial measure.

Calophya nigripennis, Riley (sumac Psyllid) is not seriously in-
jurious, but should control be necessary, the application of tobacco
extract and soap is suggested, care being taken to reach both leaf
surfaces and the woody stems [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 119].

aw

Paillot (A.). Ck)ecobaeilIes nouveaux Parasites du Hanneton. [New
parasitic Coccobacilli of the Cockchafer.] — G.R. hebdom. Acad.
Sd., Fari&, ckvii, no. 26, 2&d December 1918, pp. 1046-1048.

In the Lyons region in 1916, 3 coccobacilli and 3 other microbes
had been isolated from diseased cockchafers [Melolontha melolontha]
[see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 161], and in the following year 3 othef
coccobacilli, quite different from these, were isolated from the sam»6r
insect in Touraine, and were named Bacillus metolonthae liquefasciens
p & y and B. melolonihae nonliquefasciens 5. Observations made
i» 1917 afford a proof of the multiplicity of epidemic maladies capable
of checking the increase of the cockchafer. The same conclusions
may be drawn from similar studies on other insects such as Porthetfid
dispar, Piefis brassicae, and silkworms [Bomhyx rnori], it being a
fact that the microbic flora of insects is not surpassed in richness afiid
variety by that of vertebrates.

The most wide^-spread form of infection is septicaemia, but the
microbes of insects have never exhibited a specificity for the tissues
of the host as great as that of certain parasites of man, such as the
meningococcus or gonococcus.

Paillot (A.). La Pseudograsserie, Maladie nouvelle des Cbenilles de

Lymantria dispar. — C.R. hebdom. Acad. Sd., Paris, clxviii, no. 4,
27th January 1919, pp. 258-260.

A larva of Porthetria {Lymantria) dispar which exhibited the external
symptoms of grasserie and of flacherie was found to be infected with
two coccobacilli, one of which alone caused the disease here dealt
with. An emulsion of the bacilli, obtained from a pure culture,
produced the disease in its typical form. A few hours after inoculation
the blood presented the same milky appearance as that of larvae
attacked by grasserie, but it was clouded with globules of oil instead
of the polyhedral bodies of an unknown nature characteristic of true
grasserie.

The inoculation of the microbe into th^e larvae of Vanessa urticae,
Nygmia phaeorrhoea {Euproctis chrysorrhoea) and silkworms [Bombyx
mori] reproduced the symptoms observed in the larvae of Porthetria
dispar ; hence the new disease is named " pseudograsserie." In 1918,
no new case was observed owing to the rarity of epidemic diseases
due to the extreme dryness of the season.

Paillot (A.). Coccobacllles Parasites des Chenilles de Pieris brassicae.
~C. R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxviii, no. 9, 3rd March 1919,
pp. 476-478.

This paper deals with five coccobacilli, four from the region of
Lyons and the fifth from the Jura, obtained from the larvae of Pierii
hrassicae.

TijMSTRA Bz. (S.). Schweinfurter Groen. [Paris Green.] — Bull. Deli
Proefstation, Medan, no. 11, December 1918, pp. 1-7.

Paris green used as an insecticide is apt to scorch the foliage of
plants owing to the presence of soluble arsenious acid, but the amount
of injury caused by it is not proportional to the amount of arsenioifis

(C6G0) c

218

acid, at least in the case of tobacco in Deli. Insufficient mixing with
the diluent or unfavourable weather may account for this. To
ascertain the content of water-soluble arsenious acid 5 grms. of the
powder were placed in a 500 c.c. retort which was filled to the mark
with distilled water free from carbonic acid. The retort was rotated
for 1, 5, 25 and 125 hours at a temperature of 30° C. [86° F.] and the
amount of arsenious acid was then determined by titrating 100 c.c.
of the filtrate. It was found that whereas the percentage of arsenious
acid was 0'63 after 1 hour's rotation it increased to 8'49 after 125
hours. Tests with various samples of Paris green showed that some
of them parted with the acid more readily than others and that these
are the ones more hkely to scorch. The American method of boiling
Paris green in a solution of sodium acetate also yielded more arsenious
acid if the time was increased. In judging the quality of Paris green
it must therefore be remembered that the duration of the treatment
influences both the absolute and the relative result, and besides
ascertaining the amount of arsenious acid after 1 hour, it is necessary
to note the results after 2, 4, 6 and more hours.

SiLVESTRi (F,). II Ceroplaste (o Cocciniglia) cinese degll Agrum!.

[The Citrus Scale, Ceroplasfes sinensis,] — R. Lab. Entom. Agraria,
Portici, Boll. no. 2, 10th February 1919, 15 pp., 6 figs.

About twenty years ago Ceroplastes sinensis was added to the list
of scale-insects infesting citrus trees in Italy and Sicily, having been
introduced a few years previously. A description is given of the
larva and adult. At Portici oviposition takes place from early July
to early August ; the young larvae begin to appear in the second
fortnight of July and some are still to be seen at the end of August.
The difierence between the sexes becomes apparent in the third stage
larvae. Some of the males pupate at the end of October and yield
adults in November, while others enter the pupal and adult stages at
the end of winter or early in spring. Most of the female larvae moult
in late autumn and become defijiite females of the fourth stage. Larval
development is Retarded in exposed situations and accelerated in
sheltered, warm positions. Thus, first-stage larvae may be found
early in winter or definite females may appear early in autumn. The
food-plant also influences development. It is advanced one stage on
Schinus molle and Veronica speciosa as compared with development
on citrus. C. sinensis has therefore one generation a year near Portici.
The more preferred food-plants are Schinus molle, Muhlenbeckia
plaly dados, Veronica speciosa, V. salicifolia, Chrysanthemum frutescens,
G. grandijlora, followed by the different kinds of citrus, Euonymus
japonica, Spiraea chaniaedry folia, Phyladelphus coronaria. Aster
formosissima, Dahlia variabilis and Salvia splendens. Gardenia florida,
Amarantus sp., rose, pear and apple have also been recorded as food-
plants, but it is probable that such infestations are accidental and
possibly are limited to the first-stage larvae, which may also be f oimd
on many herbaceous plants near infested trees. From July to Novem-
ber it is therefore advisable to avoid transferring kitchen-garden and
ornamental plants from infested localities to areas that are uninfested.
Like other Coccids, G. sinensis weakens the plant by sucking its juices
and its sugary excreta also favour the growth of sooty fimgus.

219

Natural enemies include a species of ScutelUsta, which parasitises a
small proportion of the eggs, and the larvae of the Coccinellids, Chilo'
corns and Exochomus, which attack those of the scale. Artificial
control should be carried out with a calcium polysulphide spray
against the newly-hatched Coccid larvae. A usefi^l formula is :
stone quickUme 10 lb., sulphur passed through a sieve 20 lb., water
13 gals. Directions are given for preparing this solution. The use
of a polysulphide meter is advisable and Martelli's pattern is figured.
The spray may be rendered more adhesive by adding 1 lb. of flour,
mixed to a paste and boiled, to every 20 gallons of spray. The cost
of spraying is much less than the loss it prevents.

The Conservation of our Cereal Reserves. — Nature, London, ciii, no.
2577, 20th March 1919, pp. 55-56.

In a recent lecture by Prof. A. Dendy it is pointed out that grain
stored under ordinary conditions is exposed (1) to the attacks of
mice and rats, (2) to those of insects and mites, (3) to those of moulds
and bacteria, and (4) to the process known as " heating."

The chief insect pests in Britain are the two grain weevils, Calandra
granaria and G. oryzae, while in India two other beetles, Rhizopertha
dominica and Trogoderma Jchapra, are also responsible for much direct
injury. At suitable temperatures the weevils breed all the year
round, but in Britain normally only in the warmer months. At
about 28° C. (82"4° F.) a single pair of rice- weevils increased about
700-fold in 4 months. The accumulated excrement of the weevils
attracts moisture and promotes decomposition accompanied by the
evolution of large quantities of ammonia, and in this way the destruc-
tion begun by the ravages of the insects is completed.

Airtight storage is an effectual means of preventing damage from
all these sources, though considerable doubt has been cast on the
efficacy of this method by the belief, based on inaccurate observations,
that the weevil is able to withstand such treatment. Experiment,
however, proves that all insects are more or less rapidly destroyed
when weevilly wheat is sealed up in airtight receptacles which it
nearly fills. This treatment destroys weevils in all their stages and
is fatal to adult mites, while it also prevents the growth of moulds,
and the process of heating [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 24].

It has also been demonstrated experimentally that weevils require
an abundant supply of oxygen, and also that carbon dioxide, if
present in sufficient quantity, has a directly poisonous action upon
them. In pure, moist carbon dioxide they become motionless in
3 minutes and can remain in this condition for as much as 4 days
(at room temperature) without losing the power of recovery. A
mixture of carbon dioxide with 20 per cent, of oxygen is far more
fatal than pure carbon dioxide. In a mixture of 56"4 per cent, nitrogen,
20"36 per cent, oxygen and 23*22 per cent, carbon dioxide, weevils
became motionless in 43 hours at about 30° C. (86° F.), and after
91 hours' exposure, though 1909 per cent, of oxygen remained, none
revived when suppUed with ordinary air.

When wheat is sealed up in a normal atmosphere carbon dioxide
accumulates naturally owing to the so-called respiration of the grain,

(C660) 02

2Qm

the accumulation being more rapid if insects are present owing to the
large amount which they themselves give off. Thus in hermetically
sealed granaries there should be no need for the addition of carboa
dioxide, and under proper conditions grain should be self-protective
as regards weevils, mildew and heating.

Ball (E. D.). Economic Entomology : Its Foundations and Future^ —
Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 1, February 1919, pp.
24-35 & 49-58.

The rapid development of economic entomology in America is
reviewed, the spread of San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] and
the consequent establishment of nursery inspection laws being among
the causes of the prominence given to the science in recent years.
The author questions, however, whether entomologists have com-
pletely solved the problem and mastered the intricate relations of a
single injurious insect, or whether they have not merely obtained
a superficial knowledge of thousands of species. Very many problems
remain still unsolved and these involve inter-relations with many
allied sciences. It is suggested that a broader fundamental grounding
in the related sciences should be required as a basis on which to start
entomological training. The tendency towards narrowness and
specialisation is deprecated, but it is suggested that group specialisation
should be encouraged, after a broad fundamental training. Criticism,
constructive criticism if possible, should be welcomed and errors
that are known to be such by many workers, and that are still current
in entomological literature, should be rectified. With regard to
publications, a committee might with advantage formulate rules and
regulations to which economic pubhcations should conform. Thus
original matter could at once be recognised from popular compilations,
while in summaries and reviews every worker would be specifically
credited with his contribution. Catalogues, bibliographies, indices
and summaries of entomological literature are urgently needed.

There are many fundamental questions involving the effect of
insect attack upon the food-plant that offer an extremely important
and interesting field, as yet almost untouched. Co-operation with
plant pathologists and physiologists in the study of these problems
should be most cordial and mutually helpful.

Some of the notable achievements in economic entomology are
instanced, both in the realm of crop production and protection, and
in the field of medical entomology. It is pointed out that concerted
effort and thorough organisation should be capable of eliminating
almost any pest in a single season. The warble fly [Hypoderma]
would hardly have been exterminated before the gain in leather and
increased production would have paid the cost. The codling moth
[Cydia pomonella], which depends on the apple and one or two allied
fruits and nuts for existence, could be eliminated from an entire
region in a single year by taking advantage of short crops, by reason
of frost or previous heavy bearing, and a rigid quarantine could be
maintained xmtil adjacent regions had received similar treatment.
The cotton-boll weevil [Anthonomus grandis] depends entirely upon
the cotton plant for its existence, and if the Americans would store
cotton in advance and cease to grow the crop for a single year, its

221

eradication might be accomplished. Economic entomologies are
weak in agressive organisation to meet the conditions of the present
time. A permanent executive committee should decide upon the
problems to be attacked, the method of operation and the organisation
of public support and co-operation essential to success.

In the discussion following the reading of this paper, the suggestion
regarding the estabhshment of an executive committee was strongly
supported and it was finally resolved that a committee on pohcy
should be appointed having as its functions the directing of all policies
of the American Association of Economic Entomologists, and its various
undertakings, the formulation and fostering of great entomological
policies for the profession and the working out of a more perfect
co-ordination of scientific effort among entomologists and between
entomologists and other professions.

A correction was made in the statement that the cotton boll-weevil
has only one food-plant, a native wild plant found in the mountains
from Guatemala to Arizona also serving as a host, while some of the
native plants of the South also serve to a limited extent as food-
plants. It is possible therefore that this pest might survive in spite
of a suspension of cotton growing.

GossARD (H. A.) & Parks (T. H.). The Ohio Wheat Survey.— JZ.
Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 1, February 1919, pp. 58-66.

For the last two seasons a State-wide survey of wheat infestation
has been made in Ohio, with the object of guiding growers to decide
whether wheat growing would be advantageous and when sowing
could most profitably be done. Some of the results of this survey
have already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 455]. The
present paper gives a general account of the plan^of these surveys, the
cost in each season and the results obtained. In consequence the
hopeful outlook of the surveyors regarding the 1919 crop, increased
acreage was sown with wheat in the autumn of 1918, in spite of the
unusual shortage of labour. As a result of the two surveys, definite
knowledge was obtained regarding the distribution of wheat pests,
and instructions were issued with regard to minimising the probable
damage. The date for wheat sowing and cultural and fertiliser
practices were recommended on the basis of the surveyors' reports,
and the information was widely disseminated. It is thought possible
that a series of annual surveys might result in the solution of many
far-reaching problems, some of w^hich are enumerated, and it is
questioned how far these points might be elucidated by the survey
methods, or what other data are required to obtain the desired solution.

Chapman (R. N.). Insects in Relation to Wheat Flour and Wheat
Flour Substitutes. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 1,
February 1919, pp. 66-70.

When wheat flour substitutes began to be used with wheat flour,
wholesale grocers and bakers very soon began to ask for help in pro-
tecting their stocks from insects. An enquiry was then undertaken
to devise methods of protection and also to study the ecological
relations of insects and the various flours and cereals. The consumers

222

were the worst sufferers, as the millers and dealers, by means of rapid
handling, disposed of their products before the eggs could develop.
Housekeepers were therefore advised to heat all their substitutes as
soon as they were brought into the home, in order to kill any eggs or
larvae that might be present. It was found that when the cereal
was less than two inches deep in pans and was heated slowly until
the surface temperature reached 85° C. (185° F.), the source of heat
could then be turned ofE and in the course of half an hour the heat
would diffuse until all parts of the cereal had passed well above the
temperature fatal to insects. If the temperature is allowed to rise
above 90° C. (194° F.) the cereal will be injured. A mixture of
carnauba wax and paraffin has been devised which serves an an indi-
cator [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 434]. Cleanliness in handling
the flour has undoubtedly reduced infestation, while the exchange
or refilling of used sacks has been the source of much trouble. If
empty sacks be placed in an oven, three or four deep on boards, and
left for five minutes, all insects are killed at the usual temperature
of 232° C. By heating all utensils in the oven infested bakeries
have been entirely freed from insects.

A study has been made of the relative susceptibility of various
flours and cereals ; the relations of Triholium confusum to five grades
of wheat flour and various wheat flour substitutes being investigated.
The results showed no percentages of infestation constant enough to
denote decided choice, so long as the coarseness remained about
equal in all cereals ; but when bran from rye meal was introduced a
decided preference for this medium was shown. The element of
flakiness was found to be the dominant factor in choice, rather than
nutritive differences. In the case of both bran and sawdust, a far
higher percentage of beetles chose the coarse rather than the finely
ground variety of the same material.

In the study of tlie relative development of the insects in the various
wheat flours and substitutes it was found that the larval life might
be prolonged in certain wheat flour substitutes and that this prolonga-
tion took place in the last larval instar. In some cases the life-cycle
was twice as long as in others. The factor of relative development
must, however, await further investigation before its importance in
influencing susceptibility can be judged.

Britton (W. E.) & Zappe (M. P.). Kerosene Emulsion versus Nicotine
Solution for Combating the Potato Aphid. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord., N.H., xii, no. 1, February 1919, pp. 71-81.

A heavy infestation of Macrosiphum solanifolii, Ashm. (potato
aphis) in Connecticut in 1917 necessitated vigorous methods of control,
and in early July potato fields were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture,
lead arsenate and Black-Leaf 40 at the rate of ^ pint to 50 gallons
of the mixture. The spray was not very effective as the waxy nature
of the Aphids caused it to roll away in drops. Experiments
were therefore tried with various materials to act as spreaders,
but nothing seemed to be a successful substitute for soap, which
is considered likely to cause injury when used in the combination
mixture. The demand for nicotine sulphate became so great that
supplies were used up, and kerosene emulsion was then tried against

223

the Aphids. About 30 oz. of laundry soap were dissolved in 2 U.S.
gals, of hot water, and 4 U.S. gals, of kerosene were then thoroughly
churned with the solution, the mixture being finally diluted to make
50 U.S. gals. This emulsion was effective, all Aphids hit by the spray
being killed. In some cases slight injury was noticed after application
of the spray, but this might equally have been caused by mosaic
disease that was present on some of the plants. Press notices were
then issued to growers recommending this form of spray, which is
obtainable at half the cost of nicotine solution, though a little more
trouble is necessary in its preparation.

In the course of the discussion following the reading of this paper
it was reported that in Ohio washing powder had been used in the
place of soap with equally good results, thus obviating the necessity
of heat to dissolve the soap. It was pointed out that the main func-
tion of soap is as a carrier, and that the alkali itself, or a washing
powder, will serve admirably as a softener, provided that it is strong
enough to function properly and not strong enough to injure the plant.
The preference for using soap is due to the wider margin of safety, while
with washing powder the brand used would have to differ with the
character of the water used. Entomologists in recommending remedial
measures are inclined to be insuiB&ciently considerate towards the
farmer's attitude in respect of such items as labour, mechanics, etc.
The problem of Aphid control largely resolves itself into a question
of thoroughness of application in proportion to strength of spray
used, a low nicotine content killing the Aphids if thoroughly covered
with it, while much greater strength is required if the insects are
not thoroughly wetted. The combination of soap with arsenates is
now considered safe by many growers, perhaps owing to the arsenates
being better standardised than formerly.

Cory (E. N.). The Status of the Oriental Peach Moth.— J?. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 1, February 1919, pp. 81-84.

Cydia {Laspeyresia) molesta (Oriental peach moth) has become so
thoroughly estabUshed in several of the States on the eastern coast,
and the progress of infestation is such that it is feared the pest
may finally become as destructive to peaches as the codling-moth
[Cydia pomonella] is to apples. The percentage of infestation is
still, however, quite small, being generally less than five, and may
be still further reduced by spraj^ing. Dry particles of self-boiled
lime-sulphur will kill newly-hatched larvae that attempt to crawl
through them. Dusting may therefore give better control than
spraying.

Parasitism probably exercises a large measure of control. About
60 per cent, of the eggs are parasitised by Trichogramma minutum,
Riley, while seven other parasites destroy about 50 per cent, of the
larvae and pupae, four being Hymenopteja and three Diptera.

Experiments for controlling this moth have given very variable
results, and depend not only on the actual value of spray applications,
but also on the quantity of arsenical spray that a peach tree will stand.
Expei^ments with insecticides on the eggs show that nicotine sulphate
1 : 500 or 1 : 800 gives about 70 per cent, mortality, and calcium arsenate
and calcium caseinate, in combination with self-boiled lime-sulphur,

284

are equally effective in laboraixjry tests. Field tests showed even
better results. Apparently prompt treatment with a suitable insec-
ticide will control the pest, but the question of economy in spraying
and the possible results to the tree will need thorough investigation,
A serious problem is the attack on apples by the late broods ; this seems
to afford one of the principal means of survival of the over-wintering
individuals, at least in young trees adjacent to apple orchards. So
long as fruit is not placed under quarantine, the spread of infestation
cannot be checked, for infested fruit is a greater danger than nursery
stock. While the pest conforms to its present habits, however, no
great danger from it is feared.

In the course of the discussion following the paper it was stated
that the localities in the eastern States in which the pest occurs have
been determined by inspection. The same type of injury found in
many other localities is attributable to Anarsia lineatella. Attention
is drawn to the difference in injury to peach twigs by C. molesta and
the tarnished plant bug [Lygus pratensis], the twigs attacked by the
former insect being always hollowed out.

Sanders (J. G.). An European Scale Insect becoming a Menace in
Pennsylvania. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 1,
February 1919, pp. 90-91, 1 fig.

The scale-insect, Eulecanium {Lecanium) prunastri, Boy., which
is probably a native of China, has recently become established in
Pennsylvania in rather widely-scattered localities. Its principal food-
plants are peach, sweet cherry and apricot, and the damage it does
is sufficiently serious to cause alarm to fruit-growers. Some branches
of peach have become so thickly covered with the scale that they
become dwarfed and eventually die. In orchards where the customary
winter dormant spray with lime-sulphur is given, the scale has not
assumed dangerous proportions. On a specimen of plum from China,
L. prunastri was found associated with Aulacaspis {Diaspis) pentagona.

Caffrey (D. J.). The European Corn Borer Problem.— JZ. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 1, February 1919, pp. 92-105.

Pyrausta nuhilalis, Hbn. (European corn borer) was first discovered
in Massachusetts in July 1917 [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp. 373, 554],
and then occurred in an area of approximately 100 square miles, while
it is now present over about 320 square miles. It is believed that
this is one of the most serious plant pests that has yet been introduced
into the United States, and its menace to the maize-growing industry
in such States as Kansas, Illinois, Ohio, Indiana, etc., constitutes a
serious problem of national importance. Food-plants in Massachu-
setts are sweet, field and fodder maize, celery, beans, potatoes, Swis?
chard, beets, spinach, dahlias, gladiolus, chrysanthemums and several
of the larger weeds and grasses. Although maize is the preferred
food, the variety of other host-plants has enabled the pest to become
established throughout the infested area and greatly complicates the
problem of control and of preventing further spread. P. nuhilalis
passes the winter as a full-grown or nearly full-grown caterpillar
within tunnels in the host- plant. It resumes feeding in the warm
weather of April or May and pupates about the middle of May within

225

the larval tunnels. The moths emerge at the beginning d June,
and eggs are deposited generally on the lower surface of the foHage
of the host-pilant, in masses of from 5 to 50, the average number
being 350 for each female. When maize is attacked, the larvae feed
first upon the epidermis of the leaf-blades and then enter the stalk
jand tunnel through all parts of the plant except the fibrous roots.
This weakens the plant and retards development of the ear, while
in many cases proper fertilisation is prevented. The kernels and
cob are also frequently tunnelled, and as many as 15 larvae have
been found feeding in a single ear of maize. Badly infested fields
have averaged as many as 1,050,000 larvae per acre. The caterpillars
of this generation pupate within the host-plant about mid-July and
the resulting moths oviposit on late maize or other wild or cultivated
plants. The larvae of the second generation are particularly injurious
to the ears of maize, and they feed until hibernation occurs in November
or December.

The chief danger of the dissemination of P. nubilaUs is through
the transportation of maize and its products. Dry stalks of maize,
for example, are frequently used as packing material, and as the
hibernating larvae remain dormant in the stalks from December to
May, and can survive almost any extremes of cold, heat or drought,
they may be in quite a healthy condition after being carried for
considerable distances. In order to obviate these dangers, a quaran-
tine order was issued, and became effective on 1st October 1918,
prohibiting inter-State movements of maize fodder or stalks, whether
for packing or otherwise, green sweet maize, roasting ears and
maize cobs from the towns within the area infested by the
European corn borer. As, however, there are many other food
materials that serve as hosts for P. nuhilalis, this quarantine
will not entirely restrict the spread of the insect, as the other plants
and vegetables on wliich it feeds may equally be included in consign-
ments to points outside the infested area.

It is obvious that any measures aiming at the control of the pest
and its limitation to its present area must consist of the destruction
■of the infested plants within that area, supplemented by quarantine
measures against the transportation of infested material. It is hoped
by these means that the pest may be prevented from reaching the great
maize belt that constitutes the most valuable crop of the country.

In discussing the details of remedial measures, it is stated that
when a good fire is started over an area where the plants are dry,
all parts of the plants can be destroyed, but when the maize or weeds
are more or less green, sufficiently thorough burning to destroy the
larvae is very difficult to effect. Pulling up the plants and burning
them in a mass has been tried with much the same results. A
kerosene torch was useful in this connection if the plants were fairly
dry. Another method was to soak the mass of vegetation and the
•ground surface with kerosene combined with a cheap lubricating oil
known as black oil, and this ensured the thorough burning of the
vegetation.

In the course of the discussion following this paper, the urgency
•of a prompt campaign against P. nubilalis was emphasised ; the
gipsy moth [Porthetria disjxir] and the boll weevil [Anthonomus
grandis] were quoted as instances where control measures had been

226

delayed too long with disastrous results. A motion was carried
endorsing extreme measures for the eradication of the European
corn borer, and asking Congress for sufficient appropriation to under-
take immediately a competent campaign of eradication under Federal
direction.

Burke (H. E.). Biological Notes on some Flatheaded Bark-borers of
the Genus Melanophila. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii,
no. 1, February 1919, pp. 105-108.

This paper supplements previous articles on flatheaded borers
[see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 166, 407 and vi, p. 421], and deals with
several species of the genus Melanophila. Generally there is one
generation in a year. Adult beetles emerging from the trees in the
spring and summer of one year lay eggs that hatch into larvae which
live through the winter and pupate, emerging as adults in the spring
or summer of the following year. Sometimes, however, a number of
larvae of one generation will remain in the pupal cells for several
years before pupating. The larvae of these beetles mine the inner
bark and outer wood and pupate there, the eggs being laid in the
crevices of the bark. The adults usually feed on the bark or foliage
of the host- trees, but M. consputa has been observed devouring scorched
termites. With the exception of one individual of M. acuminata
reared from Monterey cypress, all the American species of Melanophila
appear to be confined to food-plants of the family Pinaceae. The
larval characters indicate that the genus should be divided into two,
the larvae of M. intrusa and M. aeneola having characteristics that
distinguish them from the true type of the genus as found in the
other species dealt with.

Among the species of which the habitat and host-plants are given
is M. acuminata, De G., with which M. longipes, Say, and M. atropur-
piirea, Say, are apparently identical, which prefers to attack dead
or dying trees or those scorched by fire, the hosts being red or Norway
pine {Pinus resinosa), lodge-pole pine (P. murrayana), Monterey cypress
{Cupressus macrocarpa) ; while it has also been taken on the bark of
yellow pine {Pinus ponderosa), Engelmann spruce {Picea engelm^nni),
Sitka spruce (P. sitchensis), lowland fir (Abies grandis) and giant
arborvitae {Thuja plicata). M. consputa, Lee, has similar habits and
attacks Monterey pine [Pinus radiata), knobcone (P. attenuata) and
other pines. M. gentilis. Lee, injures sugar pine {Pinus lambertiana),
rock pine {Pinus scopulorum), Jefirey pine {P. Jeffrey i) and other pines ;
it is a particularly dangerous pest, especially to second growth.
M. drummondi, Kirby, attacks and kills many trees including western
larch {Larix occidentalis), Sitka spruce {Picea sitchensis) (at present
very important in the manufacture of aeroplanes), western hemlock
{Tsuga heterophylla), alpine hemlock {T. mertensiana), Douglas spruce
{Pseudotsuga taxifolia), alpine fir {Abies lasiocarpa), white fir {A. con-
color), lovely fir {A. amabilis), noble fir {A. nobilis), red fir {A. magnifica).
M. fulvoguttata, Harris, is the most destructive enemy of eastern
hemlock and also attacks Picea sp., red spruce (P. rubens) and common
hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). M. calif ornica,- van D., injures digger
pine (P. sabiniana), Coulter pine (P. cmdteri) and other pines ; it
kills many second growth trees and assists bark-beetles to kill others.
M. pini-edulis, Burke, attacks Pinus edtdis and assists bark-borers

227

and bark-beetles to kill the trees. M. intnisa, Horn, usually lives
in the suppressed limbs of living trees and sometimes attacks saplings.
M. aeneula, Melsh., infests overtopped branches and trees of scrub
pine {Pinus virginiana) and other pines.

The only known method of dealing with these beetles in the forests
is the burning the infested wood and bark before the adults emerge.
Parasites and predators are of considerable assistance in reducing
their numbers and as knowledge of these increases and improved
methods of forestry are put into practice it is hoped that the depreda-
tions of Melano'phila spp, will be prevented rather than controlled.

Hayes (W. P.). The Life-cycle of Lachnosterna lanceolata, Say. — Jl.
Econ: Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 1, February 1919, pp. 109-
117, 2 figs.

The grubs of Lachnosterna lanceohta, Say^ during the past few
years have caused great destruction every autumn soon after wheat
planting in southern Kansas and northern Oklahoma, damaging
thousands of acres of young winter wheat. In other parts of Kansas
the grubs are abundant on pasture grasses and have also been observed
feeding on growing oats. The species is practically confined to^ the
region east of the Eocky Mountains and west of the Mississippi Kiver.
The females are wingless and cannot travel far, hence the spread of
the species is slow. Two years seems to be the normal length of the
life-cycle in Kansas, though in some cases the larval stage is prolonged
so that three years is required. The generations overlap, all stages
appearing every season. Oviposition begins late in June and extends
until August, the eggs being laid singly or in small groups in clumps
of soil at a depth of from one to seven inches. These hatch in about
16 days and larvae are present until June of the second year, this
stage therefore lasting slightly over 22 months. Pupation occurs in
June or July and averages 13 days, the species thus differing from
other white grubs that generally pupate in the autumn, having passed
through only one winter. A list of food-plants of L. lanceolata is
given, comprising 27 field species, chiefly native weeds, and 26 plants
on which the adults were observed to feed in cages. Wild clover
is a favourite food-plant, while lucerne remains almost untouched.
In pasture land, ironweed {Vemonia haldwini) seems to be preferred,
eggs frequently being laid at the base of this plant.

None of the usual parasites of Lachnosterna have been noted in
Kansas. One adult of Sarcophaga prohibita, Aid,, was reared from
Lachnosterna and, while it is the first record of this kind, it is believed
to be a true parasite.

Owing to the fact that L. lanceolata does not travel far, the injury
is cumulative in fields sown with wheat year after year, and increases
in severity annually. It follows that one of the best remedial
measures is rotation of crops. A rotation of maize, oats and wheat
has proved very effective in preventing damage by this species.
With a crop of maize or sorghum, the repeated working of the ground
destroys large numbers of the grubs. It is found that a change in
the system of crops is necessary only once in about five years. The
usual methods of turning pigs into infested fields, ploughing imme-
diately after harvest and keeping down weeds both in and around
the fields, all assist in the control of these grubs.

228

WoGLUM (R. 6). Recent Results in the Fumigation of Citrus Trees
with Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,
xii, no. 1, February 1919, pp. 117-123, 2 figs.

Hydrocyanic acid gas has been used for the fumigation of citrus
trees in California for more than thirty years and during this time
many changes have been made in the apparatus and methods adopted.
These are briefly reviewed, and are followed by a discussion of the
latest practice, in which liquid hydrocyanic acid is injected by means
of a fumigating machine at the edge of the tent as a mist, which
on evaporating is left with little initial momentum. Moreover,
the gas from liquid hydrocyanic acid is cooled almost to freezing
point on formation and consequently is decidedly heavier than the
hot, machine- or pot-generated product. As the molecular activity
of gases increases proportionately as the temperature, that of the
gas from liquid hydrocyanic acid is least when first generated
but increases as it attains the temperature of the air, while in pot
or machine generated gas the inverse is the case. Thus the initial
diffusion is slower in the case of liquid hydrocyanic and is attained
throughout the bottom of the tent sooner than at the top.

Hydrocyanic acid gas being lighter than air, it has been natural
to suppose that the greatest density, signifying the highest mortality
among scale-insects, would be towards the top of the tent, and this
has been confirmed in the case of Dialeurodes citri (citrus whitefly),
Bruchus {Acanthoscelides) obtectus (bean weevil) and Calandra granaria
(granary weevil). Investigation into the employment of liquid
hydrocyanic acid has shown that with this method the scale-mortality
was more eSective towards the bottom of the tree than towards the
top. Tables show the results of this method in the case of Lepido-
saphes beckii (purple scale) and Chrysompkalus aurantii (red scale),
both of which bear out the above theory. A dosage schedule for
liquid hydrocyanic acid, which will necessitate many changes from
the present schedule based on pot generation, is being prepared.
Since the infestation of scale-insects on large citrus fruit trees is
usually most severe on the lower or more protected part of the tree,
the advantage of the liquid hydrocyanic acid fumigation is obvious.
Other benefits are the reduction in cost of apparatus, and in the cost
of tent repairs, the liquid acid being harmless to cloth. The treatment
of small trees can be performed with greater accuracy and certainty
of results, greater speed in treatment is possible, and the quantity of
hydrocyanic acid required may be slightly less than by the other
methods. Improvements are, however, required, in manufacture,
BO as to furnish a uniformly high grade product; in containers,
through the use of material free from chemical action with the gas ;
and in field application, to guarantee accurate delivery and complete
vaporisation of the required charge. Assurance has been given that
these faults will be corrected in the immediate future.

Howard (L. 0.). Gracilaria zachrysa, Meyr. ; Corrective Note.— JZ.
Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 1, February 1919, p. 124.

Attention is drawn to the statement made in a recent paper, that
Gracilaria azaleae, considered identical with G. zachrysa, a pest of
apple foliage in north-west India, had recently been introduced into

229

the United States. [See this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 122.] It is now
stated that G. azaleae, Busck, is not identical with G. zachrysa, Meyr.,
and therefore is not be to feared as an apple pest in the United States.

Back (E. A.) & Dttckett (A. B.). Bean and Pea Vfeewils.— U.S.
Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 983, September
1918, 24 pp., 24 figs. ' [Received 24th March 1919.]

The species dealt with in this bulletin are : — Bruchus fisorum, L.
(pea weevil), which in one province of Canada alone has caused damage
to the extent of over £200,000 in a single year, B. obtectus, Say (bean
weevil), B. chinensis, L. (cowpea weevil), B. quadrimaculatus, F.
(four-spotted bean weevil), B. nifimanus, Boh. (broad-bean weevil),
B. lentis, Boh. (lentil weevil) and Spermophagus pectoralis, Say (Mexi-
can bean weevil). The usual remedies to prevent loss in storage
due to weevils are given, namely, the planting of sound seed, clean
culture, immediate harvesting and shelling of the seed, fumigation
with carbon bisulphide or carbon tetrachloride, treatment with
heat or cold, cold storage, storage with dust or air-slaked lime, and
occasional examination of stored seeds to guard against subsequent
re-infestation.

Lewis (A. C.) & McLendon (C. A.). Cotton Variety Tests 1918.—
Georgia State Bd. Entom., Atlanta, Bull. 52, January 1919, 38 pp.,
Ifig.

This bulletin describes in detail the results of nine tests made with
varieties of cotton exhibiting earliness, and therefore adaptation to
escape attacks of the cotton boll-weevil [A/Uhonomus grandis], and
resistance to wilt disease and anthracnose.

Dash (J. S.). Quelques Conseils aux Producteurs de Cannes de la

Guadeloupe. [Recommendations to Growers of Sugar-cane in

Guadeloupe.] — Sta. Agron. Guadeloupe, Pointe-d-Pitre, Antilles

Francaises, Bull. no. 1, 1919, 30 pp., 7 figs. [Received 24th

March 1919.]

Diatraea saccharalis (moth borer) is considered the worst insect

pest of sugar-cane in Guadeloupe (French Antilles), and is found

wherever sugar-cane is grown. Other sugar-cane pests of the region

are a species of Lachnosterna, and the weevils, Diaprepes abbreviatus

and D. famelicus. The usual methods of control are recommended

[see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 256 and v, pp. 365, 410].

Mercet (R. G.). Parasites of Porthetria dispar (Gipsy Moth) In Spain. —
Revista de Monies, Madrid, xhi, no. 1004, 1918, pp. 775-781,
2 figs. (Abstract in Mthhj. Bull. Agric. Intell. & PI. Dis., Rome,
ix, no. 12, December 1918, pp. 1508-1509.)

The caterpillars of Porthetria dispar (gipsy moth) are spreading
alarmingly in Spain, especially in the neighbourhood of Madrid, where
they are very injurious to oaks. There are, however, a number of

230

Chalcid parasites of the eggs in Spain, which are described. These
include Anastatus bifasciatus, Schedius kuwanae, Atoposomoidea
ogimae, and a new species of Tyndarichus.

Fontanel (P.). La Guerre aux Coquerelles. [Cockroach Extermina-
tion.]— Nat. Canad., Quebec, xlv, nos. 6, 7, 8; December 1918,
January-February 1919; pp. 86-93, 104-110, 117-126.

The gases used for the destruction of cockroaches {Blatta germanica)
inchide chlorine and hydrocyanic acid. The former, being readily
soluble in water, must be kept away from food and from metallic
kitchen utensils. Hydrocyanic acid gas may be generated by using
potassium cyanide 1 oz., sulphuric acid 2 oz., and water 4 oz., these
quantities being sufficient for the fumigation of 100 cubic ft. It
should be used only when fumigating a completely infested house,
and as the eggs are not destroyed by it, the treatment should be re-
peated a month later. '

Of other remedies, pyrethrum powder is recommended, if it can
be obtained freshly prepared and pure ; but the most efficient mixture
consists of wheaten flour 5 oz. and potassium cyanide 1 oz., intimately
mixed in a mortar. This usually kills in less than 5 minutes and
often in less than 1 minute, while even the odour has been known
to kill in less than 15 seconds cockroaches passing over it. The
efficacy of powdered poisons lies in their being brought into contact
with the insect which swallows them in cleaning its limbs and antennae,
as is its invariable habit. Another recommended formula that can
be used in cases where the presence of a powerful poison is inadvisable,
consists of chocolate 1 oz. and borax 1 oz., or cocoa ^ oz., sugar | oz.,
and borax 1 oz

Finally, after having killed the adults, it is necessary to destroy
the bodies, since the eggs being laid in cases, they may be mature
and almost ready for extrusion at the time of the death of the adult,
in which case they may hatch out as though the insect were viviparous.

De Koolvlieg {Chortophila brassicae, Bch.). [The Cabbage Root
Maggot.] — Meded. Phytopathologischen Dienst, Wageningen, no. 8,
1919, 18 pp., 13 figs.

The life-history of Phorbia {Chortophila) brassicae, Bch., in Holland
is described, and tarred paper collars are suggested as the best means
of protecting the plants [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 171]. Some
of the figures illustrate a punch used for cutting the collars from
a roll of tarred paper, a collar ready for appHcation, and cabbages
equipped with tMs protection.

ScHOEVERS (T. A. C.) Wat nu in den Boomgaard gedaan kan worden
ter Bestrijding van Ziekten en Plagen. [Measures that may be
taken in the Orchard at this Period of the Year against Diseases
and Pests.] — Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, Wageningen, xxv, no. 1,
January 1919; Bijblad pp. 1-4.

The title of this popular article intended for owners of orchards
indicates its scope.

231

Vayssiere (P.). Sur les Principaux Moyens de Destruction de la
Mouche de I'Olive. [On the Principal Ways of destroying the
OKve ¥W.]—Bull. Soc. Nat. Acdimat. France, Paris, Ixvi, no. 3,
March 1919, pp. 78-81.

In France, where Dacus oleae causes an annual loss of two-thirds
of the olive crop, the fly has 2 or 3 generations in the year, according
to the temperature. The adults are on the wing in mid-July and
again in mid-August, and, if there is a third generation, towards the
end of September. Hibernation may take place either in the pupal
stage in the soil or in the olive sheds, or in the winged stage under
the old bark. Methods of artificial control have already been noticed
[see this Review, Ser. A, ii, pp. 289, 452 and 479], but as they do not
give permanently satisfactory results, more reliance is beginning to
be placed on control by natural enemies by the introduction of para-
sites [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 256]. In the opinion of the author,
both methods should be employed simultaneously until such natural
enemies are firmly established.

KJRYGER (J. P.). The European Trichogramminae. — Entomohgiske
Meddelelser, Copenhagen, xii, no. 2, 1918, pp. 257-354.

This paper emphasises the scantiness of the present knowledge
of the Trichogbamminae. The known European representatives of
the sub-family comprise 11 genera and 30 species, of which 8 genera
and 19 species occur in Denmark. As regards the parasitic habita
of these Chalcids, some of which are of considerable economic impor-
tance, it is probable that some species are confined to one particular
host, while others attack various hosts, e.g., Trichogramma evanescens
infests the eggs of Sialis, Stratiomyids, Aterix, Chrysops, Tabaniis
and perhaps Nonagria. Very little is known either on this point
or as to the number of parasites that may be found in a single host.
The author is of opinion that only one individual of Trichogramma
is bred from an egg of Sialis and that this is also the case with Ophio-
neurus signatus in the eggs of Rhynchites hetulae ; on the other hand
he has bred as many as 13 individuals from a single Lepidopterous
egg. It is believed that hibernation is passed in the egg of the host.

Whilst it is considered that there is only a single European species
of the genus Trichogramma, viz. : T. evanescens, Westw., it is admitted
that ultimately two others, T. semhlidis, Auriv., and T. piniperda,
WolS, may be recognised. Keys are given to the genera and species
of this subfamily, and 12 new species, all from Denmark, are described.

RoEPKE (W.). Thamnurgides myristicae, eine neue javanische Ip'de
(Col. ; Scolytoidea) aus Muskat-Ntissen. [Thamnurgides myristicae,
a new Javanese Scolytid infesting Nutmegs.]— Trew^ta, Batavia,
i, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 23-29, 7 figs.

In newly gathered nutmegs a small Scolytid beetle, new to science,
has been occasionally foimd in great abundance in Java, and it has
also been reported as infesting the nearly mature nutmegs before
picking, though the author is unable to confirm this last point. It
is here described under the name of Thamnurgides myristicae. The
development of this pest takes place in the nutmegs lying on the ground,

232 ^

f

a large number falling prematurely thijpughout the Malay Archi-
pelago owing to a fungus disease. Such nutmegs are immature and
soft ; the dampness of the ground causes the pericarp to ferment
and rot, and numerous insects are attracted to it, including many
Nitidulid beetles. The interior becomes Vatery and is then very
susceptible to infestation by T. myristicae. Apparently one or more
females pierce the shell and prepare a brood-chamber within. Some
time afterwards the interior of the nutmeg contains a large hollow of
indefinite shape and full of numerous individuals of this beetle in all
Stages of development. It would therefor^ appear that several
generations occur in the one chamber. Some of the adults leave
the nutmeg by the flight^holes. The large brood-chambers are also^
filled with quantities of brown-black excreta V^d frass. A mite is
also present in them in large numbers and is %)parently a parasite,
since colonies of T. myristicae that were heavily^nfested with it were
found to perish, the freshly-emerged beetles being especially susceptible.
It is uncertain whether T. myristicae is able to idlEest perfectly sound
and normally ripened nuts, but in the laboratory\the beetles seemed
unable to bore through the hard shell. Nutmegs that have been
smoked and dried were also immune. This pest therefore is of
importance only as regards the fallen nuts, which arautilised in Europe
in the manufacture of soap and perfumery. Spe^y collection and
preparation of fallen nuts is the measure advised,*, while all useless
nuts should be burnt or buried. \

HoEPKE (W.). Een Termltophile Trochoideine van Ja^ : Trochoideus
termitophilus n. sp. ? (Coleopt. : Endomychldae). [.^4«rmitophilous
Endomychid, Trochoideus termitophilus, sp. n. 1] — Tf&Jihia, Batavia,
i, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 34-45, 12 figs. '

Trochoideus termitophilus, described in this paper, is associated-
with Termes gilvus, Haged. , a common termite in Java, thojugh nothing
definite is known as to its relations with it. ^

ScHMiTZ (H.). Drei neue Termiten vom belgischen KoAo. [Three
new Termites from the Belgian Congo.] — TijdscJir. EMomologie,
The Hague, Ix, no. 1-2, 15th July 1917, pp. 225-2M, 3 figs.
[Received 18th March 1919.] ^

The new termites here described are Microcerotermes' secetnens,
Promirotermes gracilipe§ and Procubitermes undulans. ^

. H

LEGISLATION. '••

i

Quarantine Order No, 31 (with Regulations^ Alfalfa Weevil— <?M^^.

Bull. California State Commiss. Horiic, Sacramento, viii, no. 1,

January 1919, pp. 34-35. ,

This Order decrees, as a prevention agaiust the introducti^ of

the alfalfa weevil [Hypera variabilis] into the State of California,|that

a horticultural quarantine be established at the boundaries oil the

State, againpt all lucerne hay and other hay and cereal straw, |alt

grass packing, agricultural emigrant movables, live stock, potatoes-

and nursery stock, except as provided by certain affixed regulaticais.

i

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with. the Assistant Director.

The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; oi
the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural)
being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum.

All orders an! subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Buri.au of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Tho Outbreak of Aspidiotus destructor in Nigeria , . 185

Notes on Tlirips of 'iloonomic Importance in Tiinidad . . 185

A New Aphid on Pmnus in U.S.A. . . . . . , . . 186

The Apple Magfjot in Bill' ' ' ' imbia .. .. 186

The Identity of th > ^Ylv in Ontario . . 187

Measures against the Codim^- amih in British Cutumuut , , . . 187

Pests intercepted in Quarantine in Hawaii . . ^ . , . 188

The Protection of Insectivorou.s Birds in St. Vincent . . 188

The Preparation of Calcium Arsenate for Insecticides . . 188

The threatened .nvasion of Pennsylvania by 'Pyr'i'i>ii.i. uiihiln': 189

Insert Pests of !Jates in Mesopotamia .. '89

I'ests of Sal {SLorea robusta) in India .... ,190

ileasures agaiust Glysia ambiguella and Sparganothis fiUericma in

France . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 191

The Development of Larvae of Tenebrio molitor when reared on

Food sterilised by He^t . . . . . , . . . . . . 191

[n-i",^t Pests of Vanilla in Reunion and Madagascar. . ., .. 192

1'- - of Wheat in Sweden .. .. .. .. • 193

■iwaea oceZZaieWa injurious to Beet in Italy . 193

r Measures against Clysia ambiguella in Italy i94

.MHOS on tl o Chalcid Parasites of Eulecanium caprear \n iwiiiiui. , 194
The Identify of the species of Drepanothrips infesting Vines ixi

Cent-ai Europe . . 105

Galeruca tatiaeeti, a Pest of Vegetables in Germany . . . . . . 195

A New < :.■ ..omrie infesting Lepidopterous Lar^^ae in Britain . . 196

Tho 1 >n of Xyleharus fornicatus in Ceylon . . , . . . 190

A Dit-„^ iintops caused bv Mites in Hawaii . . • 196

NewTin^Ai 1ie West Indies 197

Notes on" li ites of Loaf- Hoppers in North Araeric 197

Experiments in the Control of Aphis maidie by means of Uvppo-

daniia convergens in California .... . . . . . . 197

Pests of Avocado Pear in California . . . . . . . . . . 198

Pe«ts intercepted in Quarantine in California _ . . . 198

T' '11 of Insects by means of Pimgi ., 199

y ;st the Rutherglen Bug in Victoria . . 199

lNni(.-s on ^ugar-cane Grubs in Queensland . . . . . . . • 200

Tho Influence of Harvesting Methods on the Infestation of Wheat

by Weevils in Australia . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Tho Relation of Phyllocnisiis cUreUa to the Spread of Citrus Canker

ir, \,.cf^..i,„ 201

Mono /or, a Pest of Passion Vines iu N.S.W. .. .. 201

PJcth.;,.. , ., a Pest of Lucerne in U.S.A . . 201

Tiio Wheat Jointworm (Isosoma tHtici) and its Control in U.S.A., . 202
T'le Economic Importance of the Crow as a Destrover of Insects

in U.S.A ^ . . . . 20^

Rice Pests in Assam in 1917-18 . . . . . . . . . . -'0 1

CONTENTS— con f.

PAGE.

Insectg Pests in St. Vincent in 1917-18 . . . . . . . . 204

Insect Pests in Arizona in 1917 . . . , . . . . . , 204

Notes on Cydia molesta in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . . , 207

Measures against Gydia pomonella in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 207

Aphids infesting the Apple in Virginia . . . . . . . . 207

Dangerous Insect Pests introduced into Pennsylvania . . . . 207

Experiments in Spraying Peaches in North Carolina . . . . 208

The Use of Lime against Bruchids infesting Stored Peas in U.S.A. . . 208
Pests intercepted in Quarantine in Hawaii . . . . , . . . 208

Mustard-growing as a Preventive of Wire- worms in Britain , . 208

Insect Pests of Newly -ploughed Land in Britain . . . , . . 209

Measures against Froghoppers on Roses in England . . . . 209

J^osts of Forest Trees in Spain . . . , . ." . . . , . . 209

Posts of Cacao in Eucador .. .. ,. .. ,. .. 210

Now Japanese Aphids .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 211

New Economic Strphidae in Japan . . . . . . . . . . 211

The Rose Midge and its Control m Canada .. .. .. .. 211

Ilemerocampa vetusta gulosa, a Pest of Conifers in British Columbia 212
Measures against Bhagoletis pomonella in Canada . . . . . . 212

Successful Measures against Cotton Pests in St. Vincent. . . . . 213

Quarantine and other Measures against Insect Pests in Florida 213, 215
Nursery Pests in New Jersey .. .. .. ., .. ,. 215

Microbes causing Disease in Cockchafers and Lepidoptera in France 217
Experiments in the Scorching Effects of Paris Green .. .. 217

The Bionomics and Control of CerojjiJastes fiiwewsis in Italy .. 218

The Conservation of Stored Grain from Insect Pests in Britain . . 219
The Development of Economic Entomology in U.S.A. . . . . 220

A Survey for Wheat Pests in Ohio . . . . . . . . . . 221

Insects in Relation to Wheat Flour and "V^Tieat Flour Substitutes

in U.S.A. .. .. .. .. ..

Kerosene Emulsion compared with Nicotine Solution against

Macrosiphum solanifoUi in Connecticut . .
The Spread of Cydia molesta in the Eastern United States
Eulecanium. prunastri infesting Plums in Pennsylvania
Pyrausta nubilalis, a serious Problem in the Eastern United States
Notes on Bark-borers of the Genus Melcmophila in U.S.A.
The Life-cycle of Lachnosterna lanceolata in U.S.A. . .
The Fumigation of Citrus Trees with Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid

Gas in U.S.A

The Identity of Oraeilaria zachrysa in U.S.A.

Measures against Bruchids infesting Peas and Beans in North

America
Varieties of Cotton suitable for avoiding Boll- Weevil Infestation

in Georgia . .
Sugar-cane Pests in Guadeloupe
Parasites of Porthetria dispar in Spain

Measures for dealing with Cockroaches infesting Houses in Canada
Measures against Phorbia hrassicae in Holland
Orchard Pests in Holland
Measures against the Olive Fly in France
Notes on the European Trichogramminae . .
A New Soolytid infesting Nutmegs in Java . .
A New Termitophilous Beetle in Java
New Termites from the Belgian Congo
liOgislation against the Introduction of the Alfalfa Weevil into

California

221

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VOL. Vil. Sep. A. Part 6.-PP. 233-264. JUNE, 1919.

THE REVIEW
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VISCOUKT HARCOURT, Chairman.
UmteoantrCoIoQel A. W. Aloook, CJ.E., FJ&S., London School oi

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austsk, D.S.O., Entomologii^ Department, British

Muaenio (Natural History).
Dr. A. Q. Baoshaws, C.M.Q., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-Geaeral Sir J. Rosa Bbadfobd, K.C.M.G., F.R5., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Mftjor-General Sir David Bruok, ELC.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. 0. F. Fbtsb, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Habubb, F.fi.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

Histoiy).
Professor H. Maxwsll XjCIBOT, Imperial College of Scienee and

Technology.
The Hon. Sir Jobh MoCai<l, K.O.MG., MJ>., Agent-General for

Tasmania.
Dr. R. Stewabt MaoDouoall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entom<4ogy,

Edinbu^h Universi^.
Sir John MoFadykan, Frmcipal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patbiok Mansom, G.C.M.G., F.Ril., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Mosbis, E.CJiI.G.. Late Adviter to the Colonial OS&oe

in Tropica! Agriculture.
Profenor R. Nbwstbad, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G, H. F, Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protosoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.Q., F.RJ3., Direotoi,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Soott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, P.R5., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Wabbubtoh, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
IS an ea; officio member of the Committee.

eeuetal Secretaris.
Mr. A. C C. Parkinson (Colonial Offioe>.

Witcctot an^ £t>ttor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

Bddidtunt ]Dtcecto(r
Dr. S. A. Neavb.

Bead OJtce.^—Brittsb Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road.

Londcm, S.W.7.
PMieeUim OJfice.-~69, Queen's Gate London. 8.W. 7.

^^^ '■ JUL' Siq

DE Meijere (J. C. H.). Studien iiber stidostasiaffsphe Dipteren x^j.
Ueber einige merkwtirdigen javanischen Dptereii'.' [Stuc^es*^

south-east Asiatic Diptera xiii. Some remarkable Javanese
Diptera.] — Tijdschr. Entomologie, The Hague, Ix, no. 1-2, 15th
July 1917, pp. 238-251, 5 figs. [Received 18th March 1919.]

A new Cecidomyid, Coccodiplosis pseudococciy gen. et sp. n., is here
described from Java. The larvae feed upon scale-insects, including
various species of Pseudococcvs, such as P. adonidum, P. citri, P. cro-
tonis, etc. Other new Diptera from Java include a Muscid, Pentato-
mophaga hicincta, gen. et sp. n., bred from the coffee bug, Pentaiomu
plebeia, Voll., and an Agromyzid, Agromyza tephrosiae, the larvae cf
which mine in the leaves of Tephrosia.

Roepke(W.). Eenlge Opmerkingen over twee Javaansche Canthariden:

Mylabris pustulata^ Thunb., en Epicaida mficeps, 111. [Some

Observations on two Javanese Cantharids, M piisluhta, Thunb.,

and E. rvficeps, 111.] — Tijdschr. Entomologie, The Hague, Ix, no.

1-2, 15th July 1917, pp. 252-267, 4 figs., 2 plates. [Received

18th March 1919.]

The Meloid beetles, Mylabris pushdata, Thunb., and Epicauia

rvficeps, III, are natural enemies of the locust, Cyrtacanthacris nigri-

cornis, Burm., in Java, the larvae of both species feeding on the eggp.

RoEPKE (W.), Zur Myrmekophilie von Gerydus boisdicvali, Moore
(Lep. Rhop.Lycaenid). [The Myrmecophilous Lycaenid, G.boisdu-
vali, Moore.]— Tijdschr. Entomologie, The Hague, Ixi, no. 1-2,
15th July 1918, pp. 1-16, 2 figs. [Received 18th March 1919.]

The Lycaenid, Gerydus boisduvali, Moore, has been observed in
Central Java attending colonies of the scale, Pseudococcus crotonis,
on cacao plants infested with the black cacao ant, Dolichoderus bituher-
culatus The butterfly strokes the scales with its proboscis and drinks
their secretions. The swarms of black ants in no way interfere with its
activities and they, in turn, are not disturbed by it. A number of
the Lycaenid pupae were found in an old nest of D. bituberculatus used
in cacao plantations to encourage this ant.

VAN DER GooT (P.). Notes OH Oriental Aphidida,e.— Tijdschr. Ento-
mologie, The Hague, Ixi, no. 1-2, 15th July 1918, pp. 112-127,
5 figs. [Received 18th March 1919.]

The Aphids from Singapore here recorded include MacrosiphonieUa
citricola, v. d. G., on Cinnamotnum ; Micromyzus varicolor, v. d. G.,
on a small epiphytic fern (Cyclophora sp. ?) ; Melanaphis bambusae,
FuUaway, on Bambusa nana ; Aphis malvc'ides, v. d, G., on an un-
known shrub ; Trichosiphum roepl-ei, sp. n., on an unknown tree
{Eurya sp. ?) ; Glyphinaphis bambusae, v. d. G., on bamboo ; Oregma
muiri, sp. n., on an unknown plant {Amomum sp. ?) ; 0. rhapidis,
V. d. G., on coconut and other palms, where this species was always
visited by the ants, Oecophylla smaragdina and Camponotus sp. ;
0. singaporensis, sp. n., on bamboo ; and 0. sundanica, v. d. G., on
an unknowTi plant {Amomum sp. ?).

During a two hour's stay at Hongkong the following species were
found : Melanaphis bambusae, FuUaway, on bamboo ; Lachnus agilifi,

(C566) Wt.Pl921/144. 1,500. 6.19. B.F.&Ltd. Gp.11/3. ▲

234

Kalt., and L. tomeniosus, de G., on Pinus sp. ; Greenidea artocarpi,
Westw., on Ficus sp. ; Oregma minuta, v. d. G., on bamboo ; Thora-
caphis fici, V. d. G., on Ficus benjamina ; T. hongJcongensis, sp. n.,
on an unknown tree ; and Pineus pint, Borner, on Pinus sp. The
new species are described and figured.

Smits van Burgst (C. A. L.) . Sluipwespen, gekweekt ult de Dennenlot-
rups {Evetria buoliona, Schiff.) ; Perilampus batavus n. sp. [Para-
sitic Hymenoptera bred from Phyacionia {Evetria) buoliana ;
Perilampus batavus, sp. n.] — Tijdschr. Entomologie, The Hague, Ixi,
no. 3-4, 15th February 1919, pp. 143-146.

The parasitic Hymenoptera bred from Rhyacionia (Evetria) buoliana,
S3hiff. (pine-shoot moth) include Pimpla buolianae, Htg., P. rvficollis,
Grv., P. examinator, F., P. alternans, F., P. tnrionellae, L., P. brevi-
cornis, Grv., P. inquisitor, Sc, and P. sagax, Htg. ; Glypta resinana,
Htg. ; Lissonota folii, Ths., L. buolianae, Htg., L. humerella, Ths. (it
i? considered that the two first-named species ' of Lissonota, and
L transversa, Bridgm., are one species, for which the name L. buolianae
should have priority) ; Eulimneria crassifemur, Ths. (probably
ilentical with Campoplex lineolatus, Bch ) ; Omorgus ramidulus,
Brischke ; Cremastus confluens, Grv. {C. interruptor, Grv., recorded
by Ratzeburg as a parasite of R. buoliana in Germany, is probably the
same species); Pristomerus vulnerator, Panz., and the Braconid,
Orgilus obscurator, Nees. A new Chalcid, Perilampus batavus,
parasitic on this moth, is also recorded, but not described.

Schneider-Orelli (0.). Ueber einige in der Schweiz noch wenig
beaehlete Insekten an Kulturpflanzen. [Some unusual Insects on
cultivated Plants in Switzerland.] — Verh. Schw. Naturf. Ges.,
Aarau, Year 1917, no. 2, 1918, pp. 273-274.

In the summer of 1916 and 1917 large numbers of Stephanitis
pyrioides, Scott, appeared on azaleas in the neighbourhood of Zurich.
The larva and imago attack the underside of the leaves, causing
rusty spots and in severe cases the fall of the foliage. An allied
Tingid, S. pyri, L., sucks the leaves of apple and pear trees. It is
found in the canton of Tessin, but not as yet in Northern Switzerland.
la the case of both species, the winter is passed in the egg-stage.
A new Cecidomyid, a species of Dasyneura, is reported as causing
malformation of the ends of the shoots of Arabis albida in Zurich,
and Monarthropalpus buxi. Lab., mines in the young leaves of Buxus
sempervirens, sometimes appearing in great numbers in North-East
Switzerland.

Ferriere (C). Tetrastiches asparagi, Crawf., Parasite du Crioc§re de

TAsperge. \T. asparagi, Crawf., Parasite of Crioceris asp' tragi.] —

Verh. Schw. Naturf. Ges., Aarau, Year 1917, no. 2, 1918, pp. 276-

277.

This Chalcid parasite was discovered at Tillenay (Cote d'Or) in

Jime 1914 in asparagus fields infested with Crioceris asparagi, and

this appears to be the first record of its occurrence in Europe, it

having been originally described from the United States [see this

Review, Ser. A, i, p. 15].

235

The infested larvae of C. asparagi develop normally until they are
ready to pupate in the ground, the parasite pupating in the nymphal
chamber prepared by the beetle in the earth near asparagus roots.
During the winter the parasite may be transported in this stage
from one district to another. This Chalcid is a very important enemy
of C. asparagi, and everywhere that it has been observed it has exerted
a marked degree of control on this asparagus pest.

PiCTET (A.). Les Migrations de Pieris hrassicae en Suisse, en 1917. —

Verh. Schw. Naturf. Ges., Aarau, Year 1917, no. 2, 1918, pp. 277-
278.

There were four occasions during 1917 when the butterflies of
P. bhissicae occurred in large numbers. Their first appearance was
during the first fortnight in July, and these were local individuals,
the caterpillars derived from which were full-grown in the first half
of August and completely ruined the cabbage crop. The second and
third outbreaks were due to two tremendous swarms that crossed
the whole of Switzerland from North to South, the first from 19th-
22nd July and the second from 27th-29th of the same month.
Probably owing to the fact that the caterpillars of the first outbreak
had practically destroyed the cabbage crops, these swarms passed
straight on over the Jura mountains and the Alps to the south, and
the eggs deposited by them on their passage over Switzerland were only
about 10 per cent, of those laid by the first and last swarms. Thi
latter was composed of local individuals that were descendants of the
first outbreak. The caterpillars derived from these appeared in
immense numbers on what remained of the cabbages towards the
end of August. The scarcity of Braconid parasites of the genus
Micrngaster in 1916 explains in part the tremendous number of
P. brassicae in 1917.

Lefroy (H. M.) & Ansorgk (E. C). Report on an Inquiry into the
Silk Industry In India. Vol. i. The Silk Industry. Vol. ii. Present
Condition of the Silk Trade of India. Vol. iii, Appendices to Vol. i.

— Calvulta, 1917, pp. 1-211, 1-115 & 1-227. PubUshed 27th
March 1919.

In consequence of the steady decline of the silk industry for a
number of years, the Government of India proposed an enquiry into
the question, and this was begun on 1st December 1915, The results
are contained in these comprehensive reports. The diminution in
silk production, which is most marked in Bengal, was found to be
due to the increased production of silk in Japan, to diseases among
the silkworms, of which the most serious are pebrine (Nosema apicis),
flacherie, grasserie, muscardine {Botrytis bassiana), the presence of
a parasite, the increased value of other crops and the inferiority of
the Bengal variety of silkworm. With a better race (which is now
available) and with the existing resources in nurseries, the industry
can be largely revived if the new hybrid races are introduced and
if a competent European officer is appointed to organise the intro-
duction. The problem varies greatly with different regions, but the
essential improvements throughout are expert organisation and the
supply of good strains of silkworms.

(C566) a2

236

Caillol (H.). Description d 'un Acanthoscelides nouveau, de Timbouctou
(Col , Bruchidae). — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, 1919, no. 2,
22nd January 1919, pp. 53-54.
A Bruchid, Bruchus {Acanthoscelides) trahuti, sp. n., is described,

occurring in the seeds of Vigna sinensis (cowpea), from Timbuctoo.

LiCHTENSTEm (J. L.) & PiCARD (F.). Notes biologiques sur les
Braconides (Hym.). 2® note. — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris,
1919, no. 2, 22nd January 1919, pp. 62-64.
Since the publication of a previous note [see this Review, Ser. A,
vi, p. 476], Spathius pedestris, Wesm., has been oj^tained from fig-
trees containing only Anobium striatum, Oliv., and Gastrallus laevigatus,
Oliv. ; the parasitism of this species on Anobiids is therefore confirmed.
S. curvicaudis, Ratz., is recorded for the first time in France, two
individuals having been taken in flight. Dendrosoter protuberans,
Nees, was obtained from pines attacked by Pityogenes quadridens,
Hart., and also from Scolytus midtistriatus. Marsh., in branches of
Rhamnus alaternus, L. D. ferrugineus, Marsh., which has previously
been recorded as parasitic upon Sinoxylon sexdentatum [loc. cit.],
has also been taken in numbers parasitising Scobicia chevrieri. Villa,
on fig. It is an external parasite, the larva devouring the body
of its Ijost and then pupating in the gallery constructed by it. Doryctes
leucogaster, Nees, which had been reared from fig branches, was
previously thought to be a parasite of Hesperophanes griseus, F., but
is now found to attack Clytus pilosus, Forst. {glabromaculatus, Goeze).
D. pomarius, Reinh., a parasite of Scolytids, has been found to attack
Ips laricis ; this species had not previously been recorded in France
D. striatellus, Nees, has been observed, in company with Dorcatoma
dresdensis, Hbst., and D. setosella, Muls., issuing from a fungus on
cherry and plum trees ; this species is therefore apparently not
parasitic upon Longicorns. Sigalphus caudatus, Nees, has already
been noted as parasitic upon several insects ; to these may be added
Thamnurgus euphorbiae, Kiist., in stems of Euphorbia cliaracias.
S. luteipes, Thoms., destroys Bruchus affinis, Frolich, in pods of
Lathyrus silvestris. Apanteles sicurius, Marsh., previously known only
in England, where it is parasitic upon larvae of the moth, Polychrosis
(Sericoris) littoralis, Westw., was bred at Montpellier in June from
larvae of Hemerophila {Simaethis) nemorana, Hb,, on fig.

SmTH (H. S.). Biennial Report of the Insectary Division, State
Commission of Horticulture, 1917-18.— Mthly. Bull. Cal. State
Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, viii, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 44-
51, 2 figs.
During the two years under review two expeditions were made to
Australia for the purpose of discovering and importing into California
natural enemies of Entettix ienella (sugar-beet leaf-hopper) ; this
insect, owing to its connection with the curly-top disease of sugar-beet,
has in some seasons caused a loss of over £200,000 to the sugar
industry. A number of enemies of leaf-hoppers were imported into
California, but owing to the difference in climatic and other environ-
mental conditions, they failed to become established.

The Government of Uruguay has been supplied with a colony of
an Agromyzid fly, Cryptochaetum (Lestophonvs), for use against the

237

cottony cushion scale [I eery a purchasi], and a colony of Novius
cardinalis has been promised as soon as available. Colonies of various
beneficial insects, principally Novius cardinalis, Cryptolaemus mon-
trouzieri, Cryptochaetmn {Lestophonus) iceryae and Paraleptomastix
have been sent to Florida, Louisiana, Texas and Arizona. Colonies
of a Coccinellid, Delphastus, feeding on Aleurodids have also been
sent to Florida where they now occur in tens of thousands in the
citrus orchards and are doing a remarkable amount of good. In
return for this, colonies of Laetilia coccidivora, a moth predaceous
on various scale-insects, have been received from Florida. A colony
of a species of Scymnus, an enemy of mealy-bugs has been received
from the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station, and a consignment of
Pauridia peregrina, an internal parasite of the Japanese mealy-bug,
Pseudococcus kraunhiae, is in course of preparation, an outbreak of
this pest having recently occurred in one locality. During the spring
of 1918, two colonies, comprising a total of 1,000 individuals of
Calosotna sycophanta, a Carabid beetle predaceous on tree-infesting
caterpillars, were received from Massachusetts. This beetle introduced
from France to destroy the gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar] has proved
so successful, being particularly valuable against tree-infesting cater-
pillars, that it has been introduced into three districts in California
against the forest tent caterpillar [Malacosotna disstria], the Cali-
fornian oak moth [Phryganidia californica], and the brown day moth
[Pseudohazis eglanterina] respectively, though it remains to be seen
whether the beetle will thrive on these species.

During the season about 75,000,000 individuals of the Aphid-
destroying Coccinellid, Hippodamia convergens, were distributed to
the farmers and fruit-growers in the State.

Brann (F. R.). Factors concerning the Drop of Immature Citrus
Fruit in Central Calif ornia.— M^/i^?/. Bull. Cal. State Commiss.
Hortie., Sacramento, viii, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 74-75.
The fall of citrus fruits, which occurs when the fruit is first formed
in April, is caused to some extent by insect pests. Of these, Coccus
citricola, Campb. (grey scale), Scirtothrips citri, Moult, (citrus thrips),
Toxoptera aurantiae, Koch (black citrus aphis), and Myzus {Rhopalo-
siphum) persicae, Sulzer (green peach aphis), damage a certain propor-
tion of the fruit, and though under normal conditions the effect on
the fall is comparatively slight, in cases of severe infestation by
C. citricola, the weakened fruit is rather seriously attacked by thrips
and Aphids. The citrus thrips is checked more by wet winters than by
any other factor, and Aphids, enormous numbers of which are produced
on cover crops, are best controlled by the Coccinellid, Hippodamia
■convergens, if arsenical sprays are kept off the trees. Katydids are
not a serious pest and are held in check by birds and an egg-parasite,
Eupelmus mirabilis.

Maskew (F.). Quarantine Division. Report for the Month of

December, 1918. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortie.,

SacramoUo, viii, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 84-86.

The following insect pests were intercepted during December : —

From Australia : Ptinids in seeds of Ceratonia siliqna. From Central

America : Pseudococcus spp. and Aspidiotus cyanophylli on bananas.

238

From China : Lepidopterous larvae in seed pods, herbs and beans,
and Cylas formicarius in sweet potatoes. From Florida : Clirysom-
phalus aonidum on citrus fruit ; Lepidosaphes beckii on citrus fruit
and Hibiscus ; Aspidiotus spp. on vanilla plants ; Howardia biclavis
on Hamelia ; Parlatoria spp. on Alpinia ; Ischnaspis longirostris on
cholcos. From Hawaii : Pseudococcus bromeliae and Diaspis bromeliae
on pineapples ; Coccus longulus on betel leaves. From Japan :
Larvae of an undetermined weevil in chestnuts and undetermined
Coccids on tangerines. From Mexico : larvae of Diatraea saccharalis
in sugar-cane ; an undetermined Coccid on Croton ; Pseudococcus
spp. on herbs ; Schizotetranychus (Tetranychus) mytilaspidis on
lemons ; ChrysompJialus aurantii on oranges. From Nicaragua :
Calandra oryzae in maize. From South Africa : C. oryzae in maize
and sunflower seed. From Missouri : Aegeria (Sanninoidea) exitiosa
in peach trees. From Oregon : Aspidiotus perniciosus, Lepidosaphes
ulmi and Cydia pomonella on apples ; Eriosoma lanigerum on fruit
trees ; Hartigia cressoni in raspberry cuttings. From Texas : Lepido-
saphes becJcii and Parlatoria spp. on oranges. From Washington :
Lepidosaphes ulmi, Aspidiotus perniciosus and Cydia pomonella on
apples.

CoLLiNGE (W. E.). Some further Investigations on the Food of Wild
Birds. — Jl. Bd. Agric, Lond&n, xxv, no. 12, March 1919, pp.
1444-1462, 2 figs.

The examination of the stomach contents of a further series of
8 species of wild birds, and the estimation of the food contents by
the volumetric method has now been completed [see this Review,
Ser. A, vi, p. 478.]

The stomach contents of 798 adults and 16G nestlings belonging
to these species have been examined and diagrams are given showing
the proportion of injurious insects destroyed in each case. The
conclusions have been reached that (1) the jackdaw, yellow bunting,
great tit, blue tit, song thrush and fieldfare are distinctly beneficial ;
(2) the great tit, blue tit and fieldfare are beneficial to such an extent
that their protection is advisable ; (3) in spite of the damage it does,
it would be unwise to recommend any repressive measures for the
chaffinch ; (4) the starling has been allowed unduly to increase till
at the present time it is far too numerous and the damage it doea
is far greater than the benefits it confers. Temporary repressive
measures would, no doubt, help to restore a more normal population
of this bird, with consideiable benefit to both the farmer and the
fruit-grower.

Consideration of the food percentages of these and of the species
previously examined shows that birds as a class are beneficial and
that the benefits they confer are more than twice as great as the
injuries they inflict.

MiYAKE (T.). Studies on the Fruit-flies of Japan. Contribution t

Japanese Orange-fly. —Bull. Imp. Central Agric. Expt. Sta. Japan,

Nishigahara, Tokyo, ii, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 85-165, 9 plates,

5 figs.

Dacus tsuneonis, a new fruit-fly infesting orange orchards in the

Island of Kiushiu, is described. Its distribution is apparently strictly

239

limited to the Island, where its destructiveness varies from 10 per
cent, to 50 per cent, of the crop. The flies begin to appear at the end
of June, reach their maximum emergence during July, and diminish
towards the end of August, being occasionally found as late as October.
The duration of adult life is about one month ; the flies are usually
found in shady, thickly wooded places, so that orchards of young
trees or those exposed to strong wind are generally free from attack,
and they do not travel far from their place of emergence. Oviposition
occurs in August, eggs being laid under the rind. Thick-skinned
oranges are seldom attacked, as the ovipositor is not long enough
to reach the pulp. A single puncture is usually made in each fruit,
and though there are frequently from 2 to 6 eggs in each puncture,
only one larva emerges from each. The period of incubation was
not determined, but in one case observed hatching did not occur
until the 8th day after oviposition. Larvae appear about the beginning
of October and devour the contents of one carpel after another, from
2 to 10 carpels being infested by a single maggot. By the beginning
of November the larvae are mature and about this time the infested
fruit falls. Within a few hours the larva issues from the orange and
enters the ground for pupation. Occasionally the larva leaves the
orange while it is still on the tree. The resistance of the larvae to
both sea and fresh water is very marked ; five days' submergence
in water prevents the pupation and emergence of adults to a certain
extent ; after 10 days submergence in sea-water or over 24 days in
well-water the maggots apparently do not survive. Pupation occurs
at a depth of 1 to 2 inches in the soil and lasts from the end of
November to the end of December or January. Burying the pupae
to a depth of 1^ ft. in the soil did not kill them.

No definite parasites of D. Isuneonis have yet been found ; dragon-
flies and Asilids are probably predaceous on it. Preventive measures
in infested localities include capturing the adult flies, collecting and
treating infested fruit to kill the larvae, and gathering the pupae.
It is recommended that adults should be captured and infested fruit
picked up as quickly as possible. Infested oranges should be used
as raw material for the preparation of citric acid and the construction
of storehouses for oranges should be improved.

Descriptions are also given of the following new fruit- flies from
various localities in Japan : — Dacus {Chaetodaciis) hezzii, abundant in
orange-orchards from July to September but not yet found to do
any injury to the fruit, Hypenidium polyfasciatum, Acidia kago-
shimensis, A. marumoi taken at an elevation of 5,000 ft. , and Gaslrozona
japonica.

NisHiKAWA (I.). Kasan no Gaichu ni Kuwansuru Kenkyu-tsuzuki.

(Studies rn Insect Enemies of the Si kwcrm, continued.) — Sangyo
Shmipo {Journal of the Silk Industry), Tokyo, xxvii, no. 312,
1st March 1919, pp. 244-251.

The additional insect enemies of silkworms here recorded [see this
Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 99] are : — The Carabid beetle, Chlaenius pictUs,
Chaud., the larva of which occurs in July and August on mulberry
foliage infested with the caterpillars of Glyphodes pyloalis, Wlk.,
on which they feed. When mature, they pupate in the soil at a depth
of 1-2 inches in the latter part of August. The adults appear at th^

240

begirining of September, and when introduced among the mulberry
leaves, attack the sillavorms. Other silkw^orm enemies are Dermestes
coardatus, Har., the larva of which has once been recorded as feeding
on the eggs ; a Pentatomid'.bug, Halyoniorphal picus, ¥., appearing
in May and June ; ants, which are occasional enemies ; a wasp,
Polistes hebraeus, F. ; an undetermined Ixodid tick ; and a Nematode.

KuwANA (I.). San-Hose-Kaigaramushi no Henshu to Kiseishokubutsu
ni tsuite. (On the Varieties of the San Jose Scale and their Food-
Plants.) — Byochugai Zasslii {Journal of Plant Protection), Tokyo,
vi, no. 2, 5th February 1919, pp. 1-5.
In a previous paper (Special Report of the Imperial Agricultural
Experiment Station, No. 19.) the author has disputed the existence
of the varieties of Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst., established by
Oockerell, viz. var. andromelas, Ckll., and alhopiinciatus, Ckll. In
this article he makes further additions to the food-plants of this scale
and confirms the fact that the original San Jose scale infesting apple
may migrate to Citrus {Poncirus) irifoliafa, while the var. alhopunctatus,
which was said to infest only Citrus, migrates to the pear.

Cory (E. N.). Report of the State Entomologist. — Rept. Maryland
Agric. Soc, College Park, Md., ii, for Year 1917, 1st March 1918,
pp. 74-84. [Received 5th April 1919.]
The chief insect pests of Maryland in 1917, of which a brief account
is given with notes on their control, included : — Cydia {Laspeyresia)
molesta, Busck (oriental peach moth), Eulecaniuni {Lecanium) nigro-
fasciatum, Perg. (terrapin scale), Aegeria {Sammioidea) exitiosa. Say
(peach tree borer), Thyridopteryx ejjhemeraeformis, Steph. (evergreen
bagworm), Eriosoma lanigerum, Hausm. (woolly aphis), Macrosiphnm
solanifolii, Ashm. (potato or tomato aphis), Diabrotica vittata, F.,
and D. duodecimpunctata, Oliv. (cucumber beetles), Epilachna borealis,
F. (squash ladybird). Aphis rumicis, L. (bean aphis), A. gossypii,
Glov. (melon aphis), Papaipema nebris, Guen. {nitela) (stalk borer),
Lema trilineata, Oliv. (three-lined potato beetle). Aphis maidiradicis,
Forbes (corn root aphis), Crambns caliginosellus, Clem, (corn web-
worm), Termes flavipes, Kohl, on geraniums, a bug, Entylia sinuata,
F., on dahlias, Pseudococcus citri, Risso, on Catalpa, and Hylotrupes
ligneus, F., in the beams of a factory.

Busck (A.). Two Microlepidoptera injurious to Strawberry. — Proc.
Eniom. Soc. Washington, D.C., xxi, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 52-53.
Tortricodes fragariana, sp. n., is described from Victoria, British
Columbia, breeding commonly in the buds at the head of the crowns
of strawberries ; and Aristofeli-afragariae, sp. n., the so-called " straw-
berry crown borer " from the same habitat, a species on which there
is much economic literature, but which has never received a
specific name.

Barber (H. S.). Avocado Seed Weevils. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington,

D.C., xxi, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 53-60, 1 plate.

In 1918, avocado growers in Florida were warned against the

possibility of the introduction of Heilipus lauri. Boh. (avocado weevil),

against which quarantine regulations had been issued [see this Review,

241

Ser. A, vii, p. 21]. There are two forms of HeiUpns, so distinct that
it seems best to use distinctive names for them, though it is probable
that intermediate forms will be discovered in avocado seed from other
tropical American localities that will reduce the new form to the
rank of a subspecies. In the meantime they are differentiated under
the names, H. laiiri, Boh., and H. pittieri, sp. n., the characteristics
of" each being described ; the former occurs in avocado seed from
Mexico and the latter in seeds of Per sea pittieri from Costa Rica.

A species of Conotrachelus that has been commonly found in imported
a,vocado seed remained unidentified until after its close relationship
with Florida specimens of C. serpentinus, Boh., was noticed. Although
the females of the two species are frequently indistinguishable, the
characters of the males are so different that the second is described
as C. perseae, sp. n. The larval galleries of this species are about
4 mm. in diameter in the seed and are packed with frass. When the
larvae are numerous the seed may be badly riddled, but the germ
often remains uninjured. Occasionally the larvae pupate in rotten
seeds, but generally leave the seed and transform in the ground.
The pupal period lasts about two weeks. It is supposed that eggs
are laid in the young fruit. The author considers that C. ventralis,
Lee, must be treated as a synonym of C. serpentimis.

Another weevil, Rhyncolus lauri, Gyll, was described about eighty
years ago from seeds of avocado from Mexico, and since that time
no one seems to have been able to identify this species. It appears
to be closely allied to Cmdophilus latinasns, Say, which was described
about the same time. A small Scolytid from avocado seed from
Panama has not yet been described, but it is believed to represent
a new genus related to Spermaiojdex. Another Scolytid that occurs
from Chili to Mexico, in Cuba, and has been recorded from Florida
boring in seeds of Persea horhonia, Anona glabra and A. cherimoUa,
and in maize, is probably Pagiocerus rimosus, Eich.

Trioza magnoliae, Ashm. , has been recorded as living upon Magnolia,
glauca, but it is thought that this was an error and that the true
food-plant is Persea horhonia. T. magnoliae is very similar to T. koe-
belei, Kirk., which has been described as very destructive in Mexico
in galls on Persea gratissima. Whether or no these two prove to be
synottymous, it is evident that the Florida Psyllid may adapt itself
to and become destructive to cultivated avocado.

Other insects that have been recorded as avocado pests include
Cryptorrhynchus ferratus, infesting branches of Persea carolinensis in
Florida, and the Scolytids, Xyleborus immaturus, Hypothenemus
eruditus (?) and Crossotarsus externedenlatus, the last two boring
into large avocado trunks in Hawaii. Many Coccids, an undetermined
species of the Lepidopterous genus Ste7ioma, and a few miscellaneous
insects have also been reported as injurious to this plant.

Bezzi (M.). New Ethiopian Fruit-flies of the Genera Tridacus and

Dacus (Dipt.). — Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix, no. 3, March

1919, pp. 177-182, 3 figs.

This paper deals with further new African fruit-flies [see this Review,

Ser. A, V, p. 502]. The new species described are : Tridacus stylifer

from British East Africa, Dacus trigonus, from S. Nigeria and Dacus

macer from Uganda.

242

ToTHiLL (J. D.)- Some Notes on the Natural Control of the Oyster-
shell Scale {Lepidosaphes ulmi, L.). — Bull. Entom. Research,
London, ix, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 183-196, 7 figs.

The eggs of this scale are free from parasites ; birds devour theni,
but not in sufficient numbers to be of any use as a factor in control.
By far the most important factor is a mite, Hemisarcoptes mains,
Shimer, which in Canada, as in Iowa and in France, is able to hibernate
in all stages. In some districts the scale has been practically exter-
minated owing to the action of this mite.

In the postembryonic stage of L. vlmi a great many of the insects
are washed off by the rain and perish on the ground. Overcrowding
has also been known to be the cause of the death of nearly all the
females before oviposition.

The Hymenopterous parasites of this scale in North America are :
Chalcis (Aphelinus) mytilas'pidis, Le B., Aspidiotiphagtis citrintis.
Craw, Aphelinus fuscipennis. How., A. abnormis, How., Anaphes
gracilis. How., and Chiloneums diaspidinarvyn, How., the first of these
being the most important.

In addition to H. nuilxs another mite, Monieziella augusta, Banks,
is a scavenger on the bodies of the females and the eggs already
partly eaten by H. malus. Mites associated \\ ith this scale, but not
known to feed upon it, are, Tijdeus gloveri, Ashm. (which is probably
the species identified by Ewing and Webster as T. coccophagiis),
Gamasus sp., Bdella hrevilarsis, Banks, and Galumna sp.

Brain (C. K.). The Coccidae of South Africa— iii. — Bull. Entom.
Research, London, ix, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 197-239.

This further instalment [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 134, vii,
p. 138], deals with the genera Cryptaspidiotus, Chrysomphalus, Pseuda-
onidifx, Parlatoria, Aonidia, Gymnaspis, Hoivardia, Fiorinia, Diaspis
(with its sub-genera, Aidacaspis and Epidiaspis) and Chionaspis. It
also includes a key to the South African species of Chrysomphalus and
Pseuduonidia and to the subgenera of Chionaspis, viz. : — Chionaspis
8. str., Pinnaspis, Phenacaspis, Poliaspis and Dinaspis.

The new species described are : — Chrysomphalus (Pseudischnaspis)
corticosus on wild olive, Yirgilia capensis, Erythrina caffra, apple,
hawthorn, kei-apple, lilac, Celastrus s^^. , olive, pear, poplar, plane, privet,
pepper {Schinus molle), Rohinia sp., rose, peach, plum and walnut;
Pseudaonidia laciniae on ? Acacia 7nelanoxylcn : P. lycii on Lyciunt
afrum ; P. nigra ; Aonidia chaetachmeae on Chaetachme aristata ;
A. rhusae on Rhus sp. ; A. inesemhryanthemae on Mesembryanthemum
edide ; A. marginalis, A. badia, Gymnaspis favrei and Diaspis rhusa^i
all on Rhus sp. ; Diaspis (Epidiaspis) conspicua on privet, acacia,
and Gardenia fortunei ; Chionaspis margaritae and C. humilis
on aloe ; C. capparisi on Capparis albitrunca ; C. euphorbiae on
Euphorbia ; C. chaetachmae on Chaetachme aristata ; C. (Phenacaspis)
visci on mistletoe ; C. globosus on Euphorbia ; and C. {Poliaspi^^
kiggelariae on wild peach [Kiggelaria africana) and willow. *

243

Bezzi (M.). Two new Ethiopian Lonchaeidae with Notes on other

Species (Dipt.). — Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix, no. 3, March

1919, pp. 241-254, 4 figs.

Little is known of the African species of this family. A key is given

to the known species with descriptions of two new ones : Lonchaea

mochii from Eritraea and L. plumosissima from West Africa bred

from vegetable marrow and from fruits of Sarcocejohaliis esculentun

infested with a fruit-fly, Ceratitis cosijra.

Paddock (F. B.). Studies on the Harlequin Bug. — Texas Agric. Expt.
Sta., Austin, Bull. no. 227, April 1918, 6-o pp., 5 plates, 4 figs.
[Received 10th April 1919.]

Central America is probably the original habitat of Murgantia
histrionica, although it has a wide distribution, occurring in South
America as well as the Eastern United States, and has gradually
spread to California. The bulk of the information here given is an
amplification of a previous article [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 300].
Notes on synonomy and the species allied to this Pentatomid bug,
with a detailed description of the life-history, are given. Various
observations were made of the duration of the different stages according
to climatic conditions, and these are illustrated by a number of tables.
Natural enemies that have been recorded are : — The Prcctotrupid
parasites, Trissolcus murgantiae, Ashra., and T. podisi, Morg., and
the fire ant, Solenopsis geminata, F. Poultry are said not to eat this
bug in any stage.

Patch (E.M.). Eastern Aphids : a few Species of Proci^Mws. — Maine

Agric. Exp. Sta., Orono, Bull. 270, April 1918, 100 pp., 2 figs.
[Received 10th April 1919.]

Prociphilus tessellatus and P. venafuscus are the only two species
of the genus of which the complete American food-cycle has been
ascertained in New England ; the latter was definitely located from
the pupae collected by the author on the roots of balsam fir in October
1915. P. xylostei has been recorded in Europe as a root form on
conifers and its habits are probably similar in America. The two
ash-frequenting species of the Eastern States are' P. fraxinifolii and
P. approxitnat'us, the alternate host of which has not yet been found.
The autumn migrant of a species found in enormous numbers on
mountain ash {Pynis sp.) in 1912 is figured. This is believed to be
P. fitchi, Bak. & Daw. A species found on the roots of Compositac
and believed to be Trama erigeronensis is also figured, and if this
view is correct, this species should be transferred to the genu.s
Prociphilus.

This bulletin also contains a further instalment of the author's
food-plant catalogue of the Aphidae of the World.

LouNSBURY (C. P.). Division of Entomology. Annual Report, 1917-
1918.— Union S. Africa Dept. Agric. Rept., Cape Town, 1918, pp.
87-107. [Received 10th April 1919.]

Nursery inspection was carried out very thoroughly during the year,
and, as in preceding years, the red scale [Chrysomphalu s aurantH]

244

was the main source of trouble. It was feared that the unusually wet
summer would have increased scale infestation in the summer rainfall
area, but in Natal the excessive rainfall seemed to produce less
favourable scale conditions than those in the average season. Quaran-
tines were placed on 11 nurseries owing to the presence of C. aurantii,
on 2 owing to pernicious scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus] and 2 others
owing to woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum]. It is suggested that if
any nursery has had a quarantine placed on any part of it for two
seasons in succession, the fact should be advertised by the Department
of Agriculture in the Government Gazette. The fumigation of woody
plants with hydrocyanic acid gas is one of the conditions of their
introduction, and regulations restrict the importations to a limited
number of a given variety. With a few exceptions, all varieties of
ornamental trees and shrubs are admissable. Owing to the danger
of introduction of new pests by this means it is regretted that
ornamental trees cannot be further restricted, but the result would
probably be a serious diminution in the planting of these, which
are required in great numbers in South Africa. With fruit trees,
the necessity for importation of further stocks is open to question.
At present the admission of pear, plum, cherry and almond stocks is
unlimited.

Pests intercepted during the inspection of fruit tree stocks comprised
several species of Aphids, including the pear root aphis [Eriosofiia
pyricola], which is now attracting serious attention in California;
several species of scale- insects, including Aspidiotus pyri, Lepidosaphes
ulmi, and Pulvinaria betulae, none of which has yet occurred in South
Africa; and many cocoons of unidentified moths and a few clusters
of moth eggs. Date palms from Algeria were heavily infested with
Parlatoria blanchardi, a serious pest that must be prevented from
entering the country. As the palms were desirable, they were subjected
to prolonged fumigation and planted in quarantine.

European foul-brood of bees, which had hitherto been kept out of
South Africa, was discovered during the year in several districts.
The question of Government regulations for the suppression of the
disease is being considered. The author of the present report is of
opinion that legislative measures would be of little value in the present
state of the industry of beekeeping. He advocates in preference
the adoption by the Department of an active policy of itinerant
instruction to encourage beekeeping and spread a knowledge of
proper methods for combating bee diseases and pests. After such
work was well established, compulsory legislative measures would be
open to fewer objections.

San Jose scale [Aspidiotus perniciosus], while still restricted to
certain localities, is spreading a good deal in those areas. In
and around Pretoria it has increased greatly in the last few years,
following a succession of seasons when it made little progress. Its
spread is probably in a large measure due to birds ; stretches of several
hundred yards of grass land have been crossed by it in several districts;
in another the scale has spread from a town two miles distant, apparently
by the agency of birds. At Johannesburg the scale is being held in
check by winter spraying with miscible oil.

The red locust {Schistocerca septemfasciata), as in the previous
year, gave no trouble either in the Union of S. Africa or in the adjacent

245

territories. For the past eight years no swarms have been reported,
and only a few solitary individuals have been captured in scattered
localities. The brown locust {Locusta pardalina) continued to be
highly troublesome, and its suppression was the outstanding admini-
strative work of the year. The experience of recent years has shown
that the long prevalent idea that outbreaks of this species originate
from the migration of parent swarms from the Kalahari desert is a
mistaken one. They undoubtedly come from individuals breeding
within long-occupied parts of the country. The indications are that
this locust is always present more or less over a great part of the
Union as separate individuals or in small clusters. In this state
it is quite impossible to combat it, and it frequently goes unrecognised
owing to its lacking in some degree the coloration and markings that
distinguish the swarming insect. The gradual formation of swarms
from these individuals has previously been described [see this Review,
Ser. A, vi, p. 359], and such swarms being expected in the season
1916-1917, a circular was issued in August naming the districts where
outbreaks were expected. These all become infested, and much
more heavily than was anticipated. A table show^s the distribution
of the pest and the extent of the operations against it. Roughly,
about 200,000 square miles were infested to a greater or less degree.
The poison used was the same as in the previous year [loc.cit.], and
the method of its free distribution and use is described. The results
as regards locust destruction were gratifying, as comparatively few
swarms seem to have escaped. The idea that has long prevailed
that winter rains cause rotting of the eggs has proved to be a fallacy.
There were two principal areas of infestation, one covering Beaufort
West and part of Murraysburg, the other a northern area on both
sides of the Orange Free State and Griqualand West border. Hatching
in the latter area began in mid-September, without the occurrence of
any spring rains, the egg development proceeding from unseasonable
general rains that fell in July. In the main northern area very little
rain fell through the spring and early summer, and the winter rains
not having sufficed to moisten all the eggs, the hatching was prolonged
into December and January. The insects of the main hatching that
escaped destruction became winged and began to migrate in the middle
of November ; in the last week of November a number of large swarms
left both the southern and northern areas, the general direction of
flight being towards Basutoland, into which several swarms pene-
trated. These migrating swarms could not be traced back to definite
localities and it was impossible to fix responsibility for their escape.
The majority of the hatchings in Bushmanland followed midsummer
rains and are supposed to have come from over-w^intering eggs that
failed to develop under the influence of the winter rains. Locust
flies [Wohlfahrtia bnmnij)alpis] were rare during the season and few
locust birds appeared until the locusts had been flying for several weeks.
In January and February, however, enormous numbers of birds,
chiefly white storks and locust hawks, were present in the northern
area and the almost entire absence of trouble from locusts later in
the season in this part of the Union is attributed very largely to them.
In other localities the wattled starling was reported, but was not very
abundant ; the small migratory locust bird [Glareola) was reported
definitely from only a few localities. On the whole, locust birds are

246

thought to have been more plentiful than in any other season since
the present locust cycle began five years ago.

The damage done to standing crops by the locusts is considered
to have been slight, A few fields of wheat and other cereals were
destroyed, but these were exceptional cases. A far more important
loss w as that of stock becoming poisoned. The farm value of animals
alleged to have been fatally poisoned is estimated at about £3,300,
and further loss was incurred through animals being made seriously
ill for a time. While in theory no loss of stock should occur in this
connection if simple precautions are taken, in practice an occasional
loss through accident or mischance must be expected, and such loss
must be regarded as part of the cost of fighting the locust invasions.
At present the Government assumes no responsibility whatever for
any losses, but in view of the gravity of the loss in the season under
review, the author has recommended that sufferers should receive
some compensation. The importance of poisoning the locusts early
in their existence, when the risk to stock is trifling, is pointed out,
and also the necessity for safe disposal of empty poison drums. The
South African Agricultural Union in January adopted a resolution
that the present locust law was considered to work unfairly and to
place a heavy burden on a section of the farming community where
the outbreak first occurred, that section having to bear the brunt
of work and expenditure connected with locust extermination, and
urged the Government to provide labour, under an inspector, to assist
in the destraction of locusts. The author however, considers that
it would be a mistake to remove the responsibility from the occupier
or to provide labour until he has reached the limits of his own resources,
but he acknowledges that the burden on the occupier of pastoral
farms is too heavy and suggests further assistance after losses have
occurred and further Government measures to secure the destruction
of swarms to the fullest extent practicable by the occupier of the
farms on which they first appear. The total Government expenditure
for the season's operations was approximately £15,000, while the total
cost to the country is reckoned at about £27,000.

Special investigations were carried out on insects injurious to the
wattle, which is widely cultivated in Natal for tan bark. It was
proved that the chief pest, the bagworm [Chalioides junodi], is con-
trollable by dusting the infested trees with powdered arsenical insecti-
cides diluted with finely powdered lime. This is a troublesome remedy,
but in view of the lack of natural parasites or of the prospect of increas-
ing the efficiency of those that are present, or of introducing better
ones, the practice of dusting should be developed. Continued attention
has been given to the problem of combating the maize stalk borer
{Busseoh, fusca, Hmps.). Other insects dealt with during the year
include pea and bean weevils. Winter sprajnng against Pseudococcinella
sexvitiata (olive leaf beetle) resulted in the trees being practically
free from the pest through the spring and summer. Blissus diplop-
terus (South African grain bug) caused considerable loss of wheat,
oats and barley in some districts. There is only one generation in
a year ; the mature insects shelter in the bark of trees, in cracks in
fencing posts, dry maize stalks, etc. from midsummer onwards, and
in winter migrate to the grain fields. In July and early August the
insects were on the wing in great abundance ; the plants are most

247

heavily damaged while the ears are forming, hence very early sowing,
eipecially of wheat, is advised, so that the plants may be well past
the most vulnerable stage before the attack is at its worst. Antestia
variegata is troublesome to fruit-growers owing to the deformation
caused to peaches, but, apparently owing to an egg-parasite, the pest
was less in evidence than usual in the season under review. This bug
i^ very partial to Psoralea pinnata, a native bush, and it is thought
that this plant might prove useful as a trap. The Lamellicorn beetle,
Heteronychus arator, Iridomyrmex humilis (Argentine ant) and Pseudo-
coccus capensis (vine mealy-bug) have also received attention during
the year. Further studies have been made on the false codling moth,
Argyroploce [leucotreta], and on Strophosomus amplicollis. a weevil
that for several years has seriously interfered with the growing of maize,
cotton and sunflowers. The pustular oak scale [Asterolecanium
variolosum] is an important pest of the common oak and has spread
considerably in recent years. A parasite is exercising considerable
control at the Cape, but is apparently absent from the Transvaal,
where it is hoped to establish it.

Fraymouth (W. a.). An Improved Method of Cultivating Lac. —

Indian Forester, Allahabad, xlv, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 74-79.

The lac insect [Tachardia lacca] is subject to periods of intensive
reproduction, which are always followed by others during which its
numbers are greatly reduced from various causes, so that during the
past 40 years there have been periodic rises and falls in the shellac
market, repeated every 7 years or so. These fluctuations are due
to the irregular way in which the insect either swarms vigorously
or fails to reproduce itself, accentuated by the habits of the lac collector,
[See this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 513.]

The first principle to be observed in an improved method of lac
cultivation is the non-removal of lac before it has yielded its swarm
of larvae to other branches of the trees. The food-plant and climate
best suited to the cultivation of commercial lac are the ghont {Zizyphus
xylopyra) in the forests of Damoh, Sangor, Jabalpur and Central
India. These trees require no extensive pruning, and it is only
necessary to throw a piece of brood-lac on to the crown of the tree
to find that the larvae will drop on to the whole of the lower branches.
The swarming occurs in mid-July and in mid-November and usually
lasts 3 weeks. It being most necessary to prevent theft during the
months of May, June and July, all stick-lac should be cut out and taken
away from distant and inaccessible jungles so that the work may
be concentrated in those areas which are accessible and easy to super-
vise. At the end of June all branches that carry lac should be cut
off and thrown on the top of other ghont trees and allowed to remain
there while they yield their swarm, it being essential that the whole
of the lac should be cut and spread. This general cutting of the
branches affords the necessary amount of pruning to the trees.

After the swarming in early August as much as possible of the
sticks covered with empty lac are collected and the lac is scraped
off, dried and cleaned from sand and dust. If labour is not available,
however, the whole of this spring crop may be left on the trees till
the cold season swarm appears, the lac being then cleaned and bleached

248

by the rain and sun. At the end of October the process of cutting
and distributing the lac-bearing branches should be repeated, distribu-
tion being made especially on those trees which, having been cut in
July, now have fresh growth. As soon as the winter crop has yielded
some of its swarm to the trees it is collected and scraped free from
the empty lac. This method aims at using the spring crop particularly
as a seed crop, although all the empty cells of resin that can be got
are collected, while the winter crop is used as a commercial crop,
the great advantage of this routine being that it is always easy to
arrange for labour in October and November, and the lac is thus
handled and transported in the cold weather, with the result that
it is not spoilt by rain.

French (C. Junr.). The Passion Vine Longicorn Beetle {Monohammus
fistulaior). — Jl. Agric., Victoria, xvii, no. 2, February 1919. pp.
117-119, 4 figs.

In Victoria Monochamus {Monohammus) fistulator is usually found on
Cassinia aculeata and Helichrysum fernigineum in the summer months,
in which it probably breeds. A description of the various stages is given.
As this beetle may easily spread to cultivated plants, spraying passion
vines immediately the beetle is seen with the following formula is
suggested : — 1 lb. of coal tar boiled in 2 gals, water, and from 50 to
100 gals, water added while still hot, this mixture being strained
before use [see also this Revieiv, Ser. A, vii, p. 201].

Cotton (R. T.). Insects attacking Vegetables in Porto Rico.— JZ. Dept.
Agric. Porto Rico, Rio Piedras, ii, no. 4, October 1918, pp. 265-
313, 44 figs. [Received 12th April 1919.]

Particulars are given of a large number of vegetable pests with
the usual remedial measures. Among the insects mentionfed are
Scapteriscus vicinus (mole-cricket), and Amphiacusta caribbea (sick
cricket), which are both nocturnal in their habits and feed
indiscriminately on all vegetable crops ; Cerotoma ruficornis (bean
leaf beetle), feeding on the leaves, the eggs being deposited round
the roots of the plant and the larvae feeding on them ; Agromyza
jucunda (bean leaf-miner), which is reduced to a minor pest
by a parasite ; and the Pyralid moths, Nacoleia indicata (bean
leaf-webber) and Maruca testulalis (bean pod-borer). The insects
attacking beet include PacJiyzancla hipunctalis (southern beet web-
worm), which skeletonises the leaves, its other food-plants being
chard and weeds of the genus Amarantus, and ZincJcenia fascialis
(small beet web-worm). Cabbage is attacked by Plutella maculi-
pennis (diamond-back moth), this pest being at its height during the
summer months. Systena hasalis (flea-beetle) is a very gejieral feeder,
but prefers the tender leaves of the carrot, the eggs being laid near
the roots on which the larvae feed. Xylomyges sunia is a general
feeder wKich is particularly abundant on chard, the eggs of this moth
being laid in clusters of two or three hundred on the leaves. Maize
is attacked by the Delphacid leaf-hopper, Peregrinus maidis ; the
Syrphid fly, Mesograpta {Toxomerus) polita, the larvae of which feed
on the pollen grains and saccharine cells in the axils of the leaves
and pupate between the stalk and leaf-sheath ; and the leaf-miners,

249

Agromyza parvicornis and Cerodonta dorsalis. The Phycitid moth,
Fundella {Ballovia) cistipennis (stalk and pod-borer) causes the death
of cowpea plants and renders the peas worthless ; Chalcodermus
ebeninus (cowpea pod weevil) lays eggs- within the seeds, where the
larvae remain until fully grown, when they pupate in the ground,
Diabrotica innuba (large striped cucumber beetle) feeds chiefly on
the flowers of cucumber, squash, and melons. Acrocercops sanctae-
crucis (egg-plant leaf-miner) often occurs in great numbers, but is
kept under control by parasites, other pests of egg-plants being the
weevils, Baris torquata and Anthonomus pulicarius. Diabrotica
graminea attacks all vegetable crops and is particularly abundant
on flowers, especially those of okra. Pycnoderes incurviis (small
black squash bug) feeds in all stages on squash and melon vines, eggs
being inserted into the stems and larger veins of the leaves, and
the nymphs feeding on the underside of the foliage. The foliage
of sweet potatoes is attacked by a Cassidid beetle, Coptocycla signifera,
and Pilocrosis tripunctata (sweet potato webworm) ; that of tomatoes
by the caterpillars of Phytometra (Plusia) rogationis and a bug, Dicyphus
prasinus, which inserts its eggs singly in the midrib of the leaf.

The Ceylon Agricultural Society Year Book, 1919-1920.— Co/(ww6o,

1919, 149 pp. [Received 16th April 1919.]

A list is given of the common pests of food crops in Ceylon with notes
on remedial measures. These include a Noetuid, Spodoptera mauritia,
Boisd. [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 500] and a Coreid, Leptocorisa
varicornis (rice-bug), which does great damage to local crops, feeding
on the sap of flowering shoots of grasses, and, in paddy, on the tender
developing grain. The eggs are laid on the leaves in clusters or
rows, and hatch in 6 to 8 days, the nymphal stage occupying about
18 days, during which four moults occur and wings are gradually
developed. Adults have been kept alive in captivity for three months.
There are apparently five generations ; with the advent of cooJ
weather the insect leaves the open field and goes into the denser-
shelter of uncultivated land. In all probability breeding ceases until,
the following rains. Insect enemies of L. varicornis include a tiger-
beetle, Cicindelu sexpunctata, L., which flies in the rice-fields from*.
August to October and destroys numbers of the bugs, and aiL
unidentified egg-parasite. Various remedial measures are suggested,,
the most successful being the use of a bag trap [see this Review.
Ser. A, vi, p. 186].

Notes are also given on apiculture, sericulture and the culture of
the lac insect [Tachardia lacca].

Feytaud (J.). L'Hiver et les Insectes.—Bidl. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool
Agric, Bordeaux, xviii, no, 1-2, January-February 1919, pp.
4-15.

It is a popular belief among agriculturists that a severe winter
destroys the insect pests of plants, and that during the ensuing season
the damage due to them will be slight. As a matter of fact this is'
not the case, hibernating phytophagous insects being able to with-
stand prolonged exposure to extremely low temperatures without
injury. On the other hand predatory insects are iiot thus iirimune,

(C566) a

250

and in destroying them a severe winter exercises a distinctly harmful
influence. It is only late frosts that check insect pests, but this
gain is more than counterbalanced by the injury to the plants them-
selves. The author reviews the exceptionally severe winters of 1911,
1914, 1917 and 1918 and shows how, in every case, they were followed
by unusual outbreaks of the common insect pests.

DEN Doop (J. E. A.). Bestrijding der Tabaksluis in Deli. [Measures
against the Tobacco Aphis in Deli.] — Meded. Deli Proefstation,
Medun, 2nd series, no, 3, 1919, pp. 1-6. [Received 10th April
1919.]

In Deli, Sumatra, Myzus (Myzoides) persicae, Siilz., is chiefly found
at the higher altitudes. The weather also has an important effect
on its incidence, the main injury taking place during a prolonged
dry spell. Infestation occurs in circular or elliptical patches that
spread from the centre. The few alate individuals are chiefly respon-
sible for this extension, and also for the formation of new centres of
infestation. The Aphids avoid the sun and are found on the under
side of the leaves only, being therefore unable to withstand a driving
rain, which turns the leaves over and exposes the under-side. The
best method of combating M. persicae consequently consists in treating
the plants with a spray having the characteristics of driving rain.
To attain this a pressure sprayer is necessary and in order to obtain
a very coarse jet the resistance at the spray-nozzle must be diminished
by increasing the diameter of the perforations in the rose and by
boring them in as thin a plate as possible. A thickness of 0'2 mm.
[■^5 inch] was found suitable. The jet must be fan-shaped, flat, and
powerful. It is directed to the lowest part of the mass of foliage
and moved upwards, when the leaves will be turned over and washed
clean. A soap solution, containing soft soap 1 lb. and water (preferably
boiled) 2 gals., is recommended ; if water only is used some of the
Aphids escape. There is little danger of re-infestation by individuals
that fall unhurt to the ground.

DEN Doop (J. E. A.). Aanteekeningen over de Lasioderma Bestrijding.

[Notes on combating Lasioderma.'] — Meded. Deli Proefstation,
Medan, 2nd Series, no. 3, 1919, pp. 7-18. [Received 10th April
1919.]

Since De Bussy published his paper on Lasioderma serricorne in
Sumatra [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 583] the position has been
modified in several respects, one of the most important being that
the chief infestation now occurs in baled tobacco and not in the sorting
piles. This is due to prolonged storage consequent on lack of shipping
facilities. The presence of L. serricorne may be ascertained without
opening the bales, for the beetles creep out of the bales in which their
development has occurred. A very careful inspection of the unopened
bales is therefore sufficient. If no beetles are found, it is clear that
no damage has been done and if only a few individuals (up to about
20) per day are discovered the total injury may be dismissed as
negligible. If the bales in and near which most of the beetles are found
be marked, it increases the chances of discovering the centre of

251

infestation. Where search for infestation by the tobacco moth
[Setomorpha inargalaestriata] is also required, only the lower bales,
i.e., those most exposed to damp, need be opened. Any matting under
the bales, or cover over them, must be carefully examined, the latter
before the bales themselves are inspected. Infested tobacco must
be fumigated with carbon bisvilphide without delay. A daily search
is necessary and usually a rapid increase in the number of beetles
emerging from the bales will be noticed. Such collection prevents
beetles that have emerged from tobacco subsequently removed for
fumigation from flying to the fermenting shed and other non-disinfected
places.

It is important that the tobacco of two different harvests should
not be kept together in a given fermenting shed. Bales should only
be opened in a chamber arranged for disinfection and capable of being
properly closed. If this is not possible, opening must be done at least
f mile from dwellings. All baled tobacco must be inspected as
described above.

In previous communications [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 417,
583 ; vi, p. 231] it was stated that caraway seed {Carum carui) was
infested by L. serricorne ; this has been found to be incorrect and
wherever Carum carui was mentioned, Cuminum cyminimi (cummin)
should be read.

DEN Doop (J. E. A.). Een en ander over de "Groene Capside."

[Notes on the " Green Capsid," Gallobelicus nicolianae, Konings-
berger.] — Meded. Deli Proef station, Medan, 2nd Series, no. 3,
1919, pp. 19-20.

This preliminary note is issued as a result of the study in 1918 of
the life-history of Gallobelicus nicotianae, which occurs in British India,
Ceylon, Java and Sumatra. On the east coast of Sumatra it is found
wherever tobacco is grown, but is more abundant in high situations.
The female oviposits in the leaves, and the entire life-cycle from
the egg to the death of the adult lasts 25-30 days. The greatest
injury occurs at the time that the plants have about ten leaves.
Up to the present no useful method of checking this pest has been
found, sprays that kill the Capsid also injuring the plant.

Brethes (J.), La Babosita de los Perales : Caliroa {Eriocampoides)
limacina, Retz. [The Pear Slug, Eriocampoides liniacina]. —
Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Aires, liii, no. 1, January
1919, pp. 15-17, 2 figs.

Pear trees in Argentina are considerably damaged by this sawfly,
which also attacks cherry, plum, rose, Crataegus and other allied
plants. The larval stage lasts about three weeks, during .which four
moults occur. The damage is done by the larvae in Argentina during
December and January, pupation taking place in the ground and the
adults beginning to appear in October.* Spraying with 4 lb. lead arsen-
ate to 40 gallons of water kills upwards of 90 per cent, of the larvae.
Dusting with sulphur has also been found an effective remedy.

(C566) b2

252

Porter (C. E.). Notas breves de Entomologia agrfcola. [Brief Notes

regarding Agricultural Entomology. ] — Anales Zool. ApUcada,

Santiago de Chile, iv, no. 4, 31st December 1917, pp. 53-54.

[Received 12th April 1919.]

Orgyia (Notolophus) antiqua is recorded as doing considerable damage

to the leaves and young fruit of apples. The Ptinid beetle, Calym-

moderus capucinus, Sol., is recorded in oak furniture, the wood being

perforated with its galleries.

FiGUEROA (C. S.). La Macromphalia dedecora y sus Parasites.
[Macromphalia dedecora and its Parasites.]— r^^m^s Zool. ApUcada,
Santiago de Chile, iv, no. 4, 31st December 1917, pp. 55-71, 4
plates, 6 figs. [Received 12th April 1919.]

The caterpillars of the Lasiocampid moth, Macromphalia dedecora,
are abundant on cypresses, casuarinas and pimento in the public parks
of Santiago, and in smaller numbers on other garden and orchard
plants, such as lilies and damsons, and if it were not for certain parasitic
enemies, would undoubtedly become a serious pest.

The parasites that limit the abundance of M. dedecora include the
Ichneumonid, Cnjptns horsti, Brethes, which is a formidable enemy of
the larvae. Another larval parasite here described is Apanteles
macromphaliae, sp .n. This is an even mora important parasite than
C. horsti, and has two generations a year ; the first appears about
the end of April, issuing from larvae of M. dedecora, and the second
emerges about the end of October from cocoons of M. dedecora and
parasitises the larvae of Dirphia amphimone, being thus enabled
to survive until the spring, when it can again attack M. dedecora.

Parasites of the eggs of M. dedecora include the Chalcidids, Calosoter
silvai, Brethes, Aprostocerus worax, Wlk., and Dirjjhiphagus a«ci7/a,"Wlk.

LizER (C). Sobre la Presencia en Argentina de un Psflido ex6tico

[Trioza alacris, F.). [The Presence in Argentina of an exotic

Psyllid {Trioza alacris, ¥.).] — Anales Zool. ApUcada, Santiago de

Chile, V, no. 1, 30th April 1918, pp. 16-21, 1 plate, 3 figs.

[Received 12th April 1919.]

Investigations are being made on Trioza alacris, F., which was

observed in February in the town of Buenos Aires on laurel {Lauriis

nohilis), this being apparently its only food-plant. _ The life-history of

the insect has not yet been worked out, but descriptions are given of

the various stages to assist in its identification. The larvae and

nymphs make numerous punctures in the laurel leaves and cause them

to curl and turn yellow, the insects sheltering in the curled leaves

under a sticky, wax-like secretion. The larvae of a Dipteron, probably

a Syrphid, have been observed in company with the early stages of

T. alacris.

Bruch (C). Notas Biologicas sobre Endoxi/la strigillata, Feld.

[Biological Notes on Endoxyla strigillata, Feld.]— ^naZes Zool,

ApUcada, Santiago de Chile, v, no. 1. 30th April 1918, pp. 21-30,

3 plates, 3 figs. [Received 12th April 1919.]

The caterpillars of this Cossid moth are recorded as tunnelling in

willows in La Plata. They infest -the trunks and main branches.

253

in which they construct longitudinal galleries. The eggs are laid in
crevices in the bark, generally in the axils of the branches. The larvae
hatch in 15 days and at once begin to produce small cavities which
they extend into the wood and prolong into galleries running upwards
and then outwards again to the bark. The length of the larval stage
is not definitely known, but in all probability the entire life-cycle is
completed within a year. Pupation occurs in the upper part of the
gallery, which u previoush'' plugged up with sawdust and larval excre-
ment, and the pupa is pushed halfway out of the trunk before the adult
makes its escape.

Porter (0. E.). Materiales para la Entomologia Econ6mica de Chile.
— Anales Zool. A-plicada, 'Santiago de Chile, v, no. 1, 30th April
1918, pp. 31-33, 3 figs.

Heliothis {CJiloridea) ohsolela is recorded as infesting pea-pods
{Pisum sativum) ; this is the first time this moth has been reported
from the south of Chile.

Apanteles riverae. Porter, previously described as a parasite of
Orgyia (Notolophis) antiqua, is now recorded as parasitic upon the
larvae of the Sphingid, ProtojMrce sexta caestri.

DE LA EscALERA (M. M). Ipldos (Scolytidos) observados en la
Peninsula Ib^rica, Maruecos y Canarias. [Ipids (Scolytids)
observed in the Spanish Peninsula, Morocco and the Canary
Islands.] — Bol. R. Soc. Espa~ola Hist. Nat., Madrid, xix, no. 2,
February 1919, pp. 103-108.

Among the 63 species of Scolytids recorded in this list is Myelophilus
piniperda, L., var. pallidus, nov., which is distinguished as a
sub-species largely on its uniform yellow colour. It has been taken
on Pinus halepensis in Cuenca and other localities in Spain.

Aull6 (M.). Observaciones sobre la Variedad pallidus, establecida por
D. M. M. de la Escalera en la especie MyelopJiilus 2}inipe'rda, L.
[Observations on the Variety piallidus of Myslophilus piniperda
established bv Don M. M. de la Escalera.]— J5o/. R. Soc. Espanola
Hist. Nat., Madrid, xix, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 146-147.

Referring to the variety recorded in the preceding paper, the author
points out that observation of this beetle in Murcia and elsewhere,
where it occurs on Pinus halepensis, shows that yellow-coloured
individuals are always found under the bark while those captured
in the buds after hibernating and shortly before reproduction, as well
as in the egg-galleries, always exhibit the dark coloration of the adult
stage. The same observation applies to individuals taken on Pinus
pinaster in Asturias. It is not considered therefore that the character-
istic of the yellow colouring upon which the new variety is chiefly
based is sufficient to justify its establishment.

254

DE Meijere (J. L. F.). Welk Voedsel eet de Roek het liefst? [What
is the favourite Food of the Rook ?] — Tijdschr. Plantenziekten,
Wageningen, xxv, no. 2, March 1919, pp. 53-62.

The conchisioii is reached that on the whole the rook must be held
to be a useful bird and should be protected, as is indeed required by
law in Holland.

In a criticism of this paper Dr. J. Ritzema Bos differs from the
author on many points, but agrees that the balance must be struck
in favour of the rook. In certain cases, however, it is very necessary
that crops should be protected against this bird.

RuGGLES (A. Gr.) & Graham (S. A.). Garden and Small Fruit Insects
with Notes on Spraying in general.— ilfiwnesoto Univ. Farm, St.
Paul, Spec. Bull. no. 29.. July 1918, 31 pp., 50 figs. [Received
16th April 1919.]

The information contained in this bulletin has already been noticed
[see this Revietv, Ser. A, vi, p. 370].

Matz (J.). Diseases and Insect Pests of the Pecan. — Florida Univ.
Agric Expt. Sta., Gainesville, Bull. no. 147, May 1918, pp. 135-163,
28 figs. [Received 15th April 1919.]

The insect pests of pecan mentioned in this bulletin have already
been noticed at length [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp. 168, 226].

Garman (P.). A Comparison of Several Species of Lepidoptera infest-
ing Peach and Apple in Maryland, with Additional Notes on the
Oriental Peach Moth. — Maryland Agric. Expt. Sta., College Park,
Bull. no. 223, October 1918, pp. 103-126, 35 figs. [Received
16th April 1919.]

In consequence of many enquiries regarding Cydia (Laspeyresia)
molesta, Busck (oriental peach moth), it has been thought advisable
to make a comparison of that imported and little known pest with
the native, more widely distributed and better known Lepidopterous
pests. A table is given comparing the life-history, habits, nature
of injury and food-plants of C. molesta, C. p)07nonella, C. pnmivora,
Enarmonia pyricolana, Eucosma {Tmetocera) ocellana and Anarsia
lineatella, with a key differentiating the larvae, pupae and adults of
each species. Detailed notes on the life-history and habits of
C. molesta are added.

Headlee (T. J.). Some Important Orchard Plant Lice. — New Jersey
Agric. Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, Bull. no. 328, 15th February
1918, 27 pp., 6 figs.

The conclusions drawn from a number of experiments with insecti-
cides against Aphis pomi, De G., A. sorbi, Kalt., A. bakeri, Cow., and
SipJionaphis padi, L. {Siphocoryne avenae, F. ) are that the most practical
treatment is the application of winter strength lime-sulphur, with
the addition of 40 per cent, nicotine at the rate of 1 : 500, during
the stage when the buds are green. At that time the maximum num-
ber of Aphids will be hatched and will be killed by the nicotine, and

255

the unhatched eggs will be in their most sensitive state and will also
be destroyed. Preparations should be made for treatment if any
eggs are seen, even though weather or natural enemies may prove
sufficient to check an outbreak. The destruction of returning migrants
and egg-laying individuals is considered impracticable owing to the
number of sprayings that would be necessary. Destruction of the
eggs in the dormant season cannot in the present state of knowledge
be relied upon, while treatment is difficult after the leaves have
unfolded owing to the shelter they afford to the Aphids.

Weiss (H. B.). Some New Insect Enemies of Greenhouse and
Ornamental Plants in New Jersey. ^ — New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta.,
Neiv Brunswick, Circ. no. 100, 1st November 1918, 19 pp., 32 figs.
[Received 16th April 1919.]

Neoborus amoenus, Reut. (ash leaf bug) has a wide distribution
in New Jersey, where it is found on white ash {Fraxinus americana),
green ash {F. lanceolata), red ash {F. pennsylvanica) and the English
ash {F. excelsior var. pendula). The eggs, laid on the underside of
young leaves, hatch in from 10 to 14 days and there are 5 nymphal
stages. Adults appear about mid- July and a second generation in the
latter part of August. Both adults and n}Tnphs feed on the underside
of the leaves, on which white spots appear, the foliage becoming
somewhat dry and curled. Apparently no attempts have been made
in New Jersey to control the species by insecticides.

Leptohyrsa rJiododendri, Horv. {explanata, Heid.) (rhododendron lace
bug) occurs on Rhododendron n/mximum and mountain laurel {Kahnia
latifolia). There are probably two generations in New Jersey. Hiber-
nation occurs in the egg-stage, nymphs appearing in early May and
adults by mid- June. Eggs of the next generation are laid in June
and July, the second generation of adults appearing in August.
Mottling of the leaves is caused by the feeding of the nymphs and
adults. These may be controlled by a spray of 6 or 7 lb. whale-oil
soap to 50 U.S. gals, water, directed against the underside of the
leaves and applied as soon as the nymphs are noticed.

A number of other recent nursery pests in New Jersey are also
mentioned [see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. MO, 221, 238, etc.].

Headlee (T. J.). The Angoumois Grain Moth. — Neio Jersey Agric.
Expt. Sta., New Brunswick, Circ. no. 92, 20th October 1917, 3 pp.,
1 fig. [Received 16th April 1919.]

An account is given of the Angoumois grain moth [Sitotroga cerealella]
with its life-history, depredations, and the usual methods for its
destruction in stored grain, including fumigation, heat and removal of
moisture.

Headlee (T. J.). The Bean Weevils. — New Jersey Agric. Expt. Sta.,
New Brunswick, Circ. no. 91, 20th October 1917, 6 pp., 3 figs.
[Received 16th April 1919.]

The bean Bruchids, Bruchus obtectus, Say, B. chinensis, L., B. quadri-
macidatus, F. and B. rufimanns, Boh., are briefly described and their
life-history is outlined. The usual remedial measures are advocated.

256

Headlee (T. J.)- The Strawberry Weevil {Anthonomus signatus, Say).
— New Jerseif Agric. Expt. Sta., Neiv Brunswick, Bull. no. 324,
1st January 1918, 19 pp., 10 figs. [Received 19th April 1919.]
The bulk of the information contained in this bulletin has previously
been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 189]. The repellent
mixture described consists of 1 part powdered lead arsenate and
5 parts finely ground sulphur. A simple screen wire sifter is recom-
mended for small areas, and power machines for use on large acreages
are described and ilkistrated.

Davis (J. J.). Contributions to a Knowledge of the Natural Enemies of

PhyllopJiaga. — State of Illinois Natural Histoiy Survey Bulletin,
Urbana, xiii. Article v, February 1919, pp. 53-133, 13 plates,
46 figs.

Life-histories are given of the various parasitic and predaceous
insects attacking the Melolonthid beetles of the genus Lachnosterna
(PhyllopJiaga). Parasites of the larvae include : Tiphkt punctata, Rob. ,
T. transversa, Say, T. inornata, Say, and T. vulgaris, Rob. These
wasps are themselves parasitised by the Bombyliid flies, Exoprosopa
fascipennis, Say, E. puehlensis, Jaenn. , Anthrax iMrvicornis, Coq. , and
a Rhipiphorid beetle, Macrosiagon jyectinatus, F.

Other Hymenopterous parasites of Lachnosterna are : Elis quinque-
cincta, F., E. atriventris, Gah., E. interrupta, Say, E. obscura, F., and
E. illinoisensis, D.T.

Tachinid and Dexiid parasites include Microphthalma disjuncta,
Wied., M. pruinosa, Coq., Ptilodexia harpasa, Wlk., P. dbd.ominalis,
Desv., Myocera cremides, Wlk. ? and Prosena (Mochlosoma) lacertosa,
Wulp. Predaceous insect enemies of the larva comprise the larvae
of a number of Asilids : Promachus vertebratus, Say, P. fitchi, 0. S.,
P. bastardi, Macq., Erax maculatus, Macq., E. aestuans, L., E. cinera-
scens, Bell, Deromyia winthemi, Wied., D. discolor, Lw., D. umbrina,
Lw., Asilus paropus, Wlk., A. lecythus, Wlk., Ceraturgus cruciatus.
Say, Proclacanthus milberti, Macq., and Coenomyia pallida, Say, and
two Tabanid larvae, Tabanus atratus, F., and T. sulcifrons, Macq.

Among Coleoptera the larvae of the Carabids, Harpalus pennsyl-
vanicus, Dej., H. caliginosus, F., Calosoma calidum, F., C. scrutator, F.,
C. lugubre and Chlaenius tomentosus, Say, probably all prey upon
white grubs. A number of occasional predaceous enemies such as
ants, mites and crickets are also mentioned.

Parasites of the beetle are the Ortalid flies, Pyrgota undata, Wied.,
and P. valida, Harr., both bred from a large number of species ; the
Tachinid flies, Cryptomeigenia thelitis, Wlk., C. aurifacies, Walt.,
Eutrixoides jonesi, Walt., Eutrixa masuria, Wlk. [exilis, Coq.) and
Biomyia lachnosternae, Towns.

The following have also been recorded, but their value as enemies
is doubtful : Sarcophaga prohibita. Aid., S. tuberosa Pand., var.
sarracenioides, Aid., S. cimbicis, Towns., S. helicis, Towns., S. utilis.
Aid., S. falculata, Pand., and possibly Fannia canicularis, L. Spider
enemies include Lycosa helluo, Wakn., Xysticus gulosus, Keys, and
Plectana stellata, Hentz.

Particulars are also given of diseases caused in white grubs by
Nematodes, Protozoa, bacteria and fungi, with a list of the birds,
mammals and Amphibia that prey upon them.

257

Ballou (H. a.). Miscellaneous Insects. — Agric. Netos, Barbados,
xviii, no. 440, 8th March 1919, p. 74.

Insect pests from the West Indies, recently identified, include a
grasshopper, Turpilia punctata, from St. Lucia, reported to eat the
leaves of citrus trees ; a Capsid bug, Paracarmis sp., a natural enemy
of the cacao thrips [Heliothrijjs rubrocinctus], although there is so far
no evidence of its value as such ; another bug, Anasa scorbutica, from
St. Vincent and Grenada on Momordica charantia ; the Membracid,
Euckenopa auropicta, taken in St. Vincent on Tephrosia Candida ;
and a beetle, Araecerus fasciciilatus, de G., found in abundance in the
hold of a ship laden with cassava and cotton seed. During November
1918, there were severe attacks of caterpillars on cowpeas and pigeon
peas in Antigua and St. Kitts, but these outbreaks were materially
checked by a parasite, since identified as Coelichnemnon serricorne.
Cress.

Skaife (S. H.). Pea and Bean Weevils. — Union of S. Africa Dept.
Agric, Pretoria, Bull. no. 12, 13th September 1918, 32 pp., 17
figs. [Received 10th April 1919.]

There are five species of Bruchids infesting cultivated peas and beans
in South Africa, all of them having been introduced, viz. : — Bruchus
pisorum (pea weevil), B. rufimanus (red-footed bean weevil), B. obtectus
(bean weevil), B. chinensis (cowpea weevil) and B. quadrimaculatus
(four-spotted weevil). In addition to these, Spermophagus pectoralis
(Mexican bean weevil) has been found in beans from Mozambique
and B. rufipes has occurred in vetch seed imported from Europe.

B. pisorum, L., is at presejit limited in South Africa to the south-
western districts of the Cape Province, where, in some places, its
depredations are extremely severe. The adiilts appear during spring
and the females oviposit on the exterior of the green pods. The eggs
hatch in about 3 weeks during spring, but take nearly twice as long
during the cold winter months, whilst in November and December
they take only 16-18 days. The adults remain inside the peas for
an indefinite period. It was found that beetles began to emerge in
January from some peas collected at the end of the previous November,
and removed from their pods ; emergence continued at intervals
until the following September, the great majority emerging during
June, July and August. Another lot of peas, gathered at the same time
were left in their pods and the majority of these did not open spon-
taneously. Between January and August pods contained adults that
had made no attempt to bore their w^ay out, while from August onwards
dead as well as living weevils were found when the pods were opened.
Infested peas intended for. planting may be soaked for 5 minutes
in a mixture of 2 parts of boiling water to 1 of cold without being
injured, the resulting temperature of the mixture being about 75° C.
(167° F.). These proportions must be strictly adhered to, and the
quantity of water used must be considerably in excess of the bulk
of the seed treated. The exposure of infested peas to the heat of the
sun is a useless measure under the conditions prevailing at the Cape
in early summer. By covering the trays with sheets of glass, however,
a maximum temperature of 63° C. (145° F.) may be reached, and this

258

is sufficient to kill all the larvae after an exposure of one day. Other
means of destroying this pest with carbon bisulphide or exposure to
dry heat have already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp.
329, 465]. Late planting with a view to preventing infestation has
not been found successful, the greater freedom from weevils being
counteracted by the fact that the crop gets rapidly poorer as the
summer advances, as well as being severely damaged by the caterpillars
of small Lycaenid butterflies.

B. ntfimanus, Boh., has hitherto been recorded in South Africa only
from the Cape Peninsula, breeding in broad beans, tick beans and horse
beans. The adults appear in September and may be found up to the
middle of December. The eggs are deposited on the green pods and take
from 16 to 24 days to hatch. The larva takes 5 or 6 months to develop,
and more than one can reach maturity in a single seed. The adults
begin to emerge towards the end of February and continue to do so
at intervals until September ; the majority appear on warm days
in autumn and winter, this species being more intolerant of cold
than B. pisorum. Measures recommended for B. pisorum apply equally
well to B. rufimanus, but in using the hot-water remedy beans must
be immersed for 10 minutes owing to the thickness of their integument.

B. obtectus, Say, has a wide distribution in South Africa, infestation
being heaviest in the Eastern Province. The adults appear during
January and are found throughout the rest of the summer. The
eggs are not deposited, as has been stated, inside the green pods, but
inside the dry, ripe pods. The eggs hatch in from 10-13 days in the
height of summer, and in from 20-24 during winter. More than one
larva can reach maturity in a single bean, the process occupying
3-4 weeks during summer, and 6-8 weeks in winter. The pupal stage
lasts some 8-11 days in summer and some 18-25 days in winter. The
adults remain in their cells only a few days in summer, but the dormant
period in the winter depends largely on the weather. Varieties of
beans immune to attack by this species are :■ — Phaseolus hinatvs
(Lima bean), Vicia faba (broad bean), Muciina pruriens var. idihs
(velvet bean) and Glycine hispida (soya bean), while P. vulgaris (French
or kidney bean) and P. ynultiflonis (runner bean) are only injured to
a slight extent. B. obtectus has some 4 generations a year,
that in winter occupying about 4 months, that in summer 2
months, while in spring and autumn a generation takes about 3 months.
Since breeding takes place in dry, stored beans, the necessity for
treating them as soon as possible after harvesting is obvious. The
remedies advised against B. pisorum are equally efficacious against
B. obtecins, and an additional measure, useful in some cases, consists
in mixing the beans with an equal volume of dry, finely pulveri&ed
soil, ground limestone rock, or air-slaked lime. Beans kept for seed
may be protected by soaking them in paraffin for an hour and then
spreading them in the sun to dry, 93 per cent, of such seeds germmatirig
after a lapse of 10 months.

B. chinensis, Thunb., is widely spread in South Africa, and is quite
common at the Cape, where it appears among cowpeas during February.
The eggs are deposited on the outside of the dry. ripe pods and hatch
in from 10-21 days, the larval stage lasting some 4 or 5 months during
the cold season, but only about 5 weeks in summer. The adults do
not lie dormant in their cells for any length of time, but at the Cape

259

they are active and freely ovipositing all through the winter. All
the varieties of cowpeas grown are liable to attack. No Chalcid
parasites have been reared from examples bred at the Cape, but
the mite, Pediculo ides ventricos)(sJNew\i., attacks the larvae and pupae,
as well as those of B. jtisorum, B. obtectus, and to a small extent of
B. rufimamis. The adults may be controlled by the use of lime [see
this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 208].

B. quadrimaculatus, F., has been received from Mozambique,
Rhodesia, Johannesburg and Durban, but does not appear to occur
at the Cape, being apparently not so common or so hardy as B. chinen-
sis. It seems to be able to breed only in seed that is comparatively
fresh and that contains a certain amount of moisture. Three different
species of Chalcid parasites have been reared from infested cowpeas
from Mozambique.

The bulletin concludes with detailed instructions for carbon
bisulphide fumigation.

GowDEY (C. C). Annual Report of the Government Entomologist. —

Uganda Dejpl. Agric. Ann. Rept. for the Year ending 31st March
1918, Kampala, 1918, pp. 42-51. [Received 19th April 1919.]

A list of scale-insects attacking coffee is given, together with their
other food-plants, Ceroplastes destructor, Newst., being the only one
to be added to those mentioned in the previous report [see this Review,
Ser. A, vi, p. 51]. Among Aphids on coffee only Toxoptera coffeae,
Nietn., was reported ; it also occurred on the shade tree Gliricidia
maculata. The coffee plant bugs include Lycidocoris mimeticus, R.
& P., reported from two estates only, and Piezodorus pallescens, Germ.,
which cause? injuries similar to those of Antestia lineaticollis, Stal
{orbitalis, Westw., var. faccta, Germ.). The latter bug did not
make its presence felt in Uganda until 1915 since when serious
outbreaks have been reported, chiefly on Coffea arabica. Eggs are
laid on any part of the plant or on fallen leaves, prunings and fruit.
Soon after their appearance the nymphs disperse in search of food ;
they are very rapid in their movements and at the slightest disturbance
hide in the axils of the leaves or branches or inside the clusters of
berries and curled leaves. As soon as the flowers or fruit are available,
the nymphs cluster on them, but they also readily attack the new
leaves as they appear, the adults exhibiting the same preference.
The eggs are laid in clusters of 7 to 30 ; these take about 8-12 days
to hatch ; the first moult takes place in from ten to fourteen days,
and there are 5 moults altogether. The complete cycle from egg to
death of adidt takes 100 days on an average. A table is given showing
the duration of the various stages. This bug kills the tender leaves
of the tips of the terminal shoots and sucks the newly set as well as
the well developed berries, causing them to fall. Other food-plants
are Gliricidia maculata and the fruit of custard apple and sugar apple.
Experiments have been made with various sprays, the formulae for
which are given, with the results obtained. Resin wash proved
the most effective and was prepared as follows : — 6 lb. of resin and
4 lb. caustic soda 92 per cent, are powdered and boiled in 2 gals.
w\ater until dissolved, and while still boiling, the mixture is made
up slowly to 5 gals, with water ; 10 lb. of whale oil soap is dissolved

260

in 5 gals, hot water, and the two sohitions are then mixed and dikited
to 45 gals. A Chalcid has been found parasitic on the eggs of
A. lineaticoUis.

No damage has been reported by the caterpillars of Parasa, and the
decrease of Metadrejpana glauca, Hmps., was probably due to the
unusually prolonged drought from October to March. Diarthrothrips
coffeae, Will. , was reported for the first time as causing serious damage ;
spraying with kerosene emulsion and destruction of the fallen leaves
are recommended as the best remedial measures ; 'another thrips, as
yet unidentified, will probably prove difficult to control owing to its
habit of concealing itself under the curled margins of the leaves.
Ceratitis capitata, Wied. (Mediterranean fruit-fly) is decreasing in
numbers. The stem borers, Apate monacha, F., A. indistincta, Murr.,
and Dirphya (Nitocris) princeps, Jord., were reported, a Braconid
parasite of the latter being more in evidence than usual. The following
bait proved efficacious in combating Gryllus bimaculatus, de G., and
Gryllotalpa africana, P. de B. ; 1 lb. Paris Green, 14 lb. flour, 3 lb.
jaggery, the juice of 6 lemons and 3 gals, water. Baits proved useless
against millipedes attacking newly planted-out coffee, and collecting
had to be resorted to.

\ Among the cacao pests no additions are made to the list of scale-
insects ; Toxoptera coffeae, Nietn. {theobromae, Schout.) attacked the
flower clusters and under-surface of the young leaves. Over-ripe pods
were found infested with larvae of Ceratitis punctata, Wied. Xyleborus
camerumis, Hag., attacks cacao, but causes death only in those
plants already infested with the fungus, Diplodia. The beetle, Adoretus
hirtellus, Castn., retards the growth and the caterpillars of the Lima-
codid, Parasa vivida, Wlk., feed on the under-surface of the leaves
in colonies ; when mature the cocoons of the latter are formed on
the trunks of the tree. Diacrisia macidosa, Cram., attacks the foliage
and Euproctis mediosqnamosa, B. Bak., the parenchyma of well
developed pods, forming corky scars. The Pentatomid bug, Libijaspis
(Plataspis) vermicellaris, Stal, attacks cacao twigs as well as Erythrina.
A table is given showing the duration of the stages of Helopeltis bergrothi,
Rent., var. (cacao mosquito).

Pests of rubber include Aspidiotus destructor. Sign. (Bourbon scale),
which also occurs on banana, screw-pine, guava and mango ; and
the Scolytids, Xyleborus affinis, Eich., X. confusus. Eich., and X. per-
fofans, WoU., which attack trees already weakened from some other
cause.

Tea suffered from Aspidiotus transparens, Green, Coccus discrepans,
Green, Helopeltis bergrothi, Eeut., var. and Gryllotalpa africcma, P. de
B., the latter feeding on the roots in the nursery. Cotton was infested
by the usual pests including : — Dysdercus spp. , Oxycarenus spp. ,
bollworms and Leptoglossiis membranaceus, F. (leaf-footed plant bug).
The Cetoniid beetle, GnatJiocera trivittata, Swed., and Macrosiphum
granarium, Kirby, attacked flowers of wheat, and Aphis maidis, Fitch,
those of maize. Gliricidia maculata, used for shading cacao, was
attacked by Pseudococcus citri, Eisso, Coccus longulus, Dougl, and
Toxoptera coffeae, Nietn., and Erythrina by Aidacaspis chionaspis.
Green,

'ihere were more locust swarms than in the previous year, and
they appeared to be much larger.

261

Speyer (E. R). Committee of Agricultural Experiments. Shot-hole
Borer of Tea. — Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, lii, no 2, February
1919, pp. 65-69.

As a remedy against the shot- hole borer of tea [Xyleborus fornicathis]
an experiment was tried in painting bushes immediately after pruning
with the following mixtures :■ — (a) resin-soap fish-oil emulsion, with
excess of resin ; (b) resin-soap fish-oil emulsion ; (c) resin-soap fish-oil
kerosene emulsion ; (d) resin-soap kerosene emulsion. An equal number
of trees were treated with each mixture between 4th and 10th December
1918 ; when examined a month later the galleries in the areas treated
with (a) and (b) were vacant ; in the galleries of plants treated with
(c) and (d) a few living beetles were found, but no young stages.
The untreated areas contained all stages as well as beetles commencing
new galleries. In both areas a number of galleries had been vacated
naturally, but among the treated plants even those in process of
construction were found empty, so that the insecticidal properties
of (a) and (b) are evident. The excess of resin was found unnecessary.
The only detrimental effect noticed on the plants was that the growth
of new shoots is retarded for about 7-14 days. The efficacy of the
mixture as a preventive measure was confirmed by an experiment in
the laboratory. It was also ascertained that fish oil, but not kerosene,
acts as a definite deterrent. The quantities advised per acre of tea
are 27 lb. of the solid emulsion dissolved in 8 gallons of water. When
the fields are again in flush the insects, once treated by the above
method, may be easily controlled by cutting out the infested branches,
but this should not continue after 6 months before the following
pruning.

Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control. — Imp.
Dept. Agric. West Indies, Report Agri'c. Dept. Dominica, 1917-1918,
Barbados, 1919, pp. 11-17. [Received 21st April 1919.]

At the beginning of 1915 spraying of young lime trees was discon-
tinued to judge the efficacy of natural methods of control ; as a result
several species of scale-insects became very abundant and checked
the development of the trees ; though spraying was not resumed,
the loss occasioned was replaced by the rapid growth due to the
remedial measures employed in the form of thorough draining and
cultivation and the application of a small quantity of lime and then
of organic manure at the rate of 2 lb. per tree. It is considered, there-
fore, that these measures, accompanied by the provision of a shelter
crop such as Tephrosia Candida, are the best means of protecting
young lime trees from infestation by scale-insects.

Puncheons and other packages used for exporting lime juice have
been severely attacked by borers belonging to the genus Xyleborus
and allied genera. Infested timber may be treated by placing it in
an air-tight chamber into which steam is forced until a temperature
of 118° to 125° F. is reached or by fumigation with carbon bisulphide ;
to prevent reinfestation naphthaline should be scattered around the
material ; carbolineum should not be used for this purpose as it is
liable to taint the lime juice.

The mango crop during 1917 suffered from an abnormal outbreak
of a species of fruit-fly not yet identified. The eggs are inserted

262

into the fruit and the larvae burrow and feed on the interior causing
it to drop prematurely ; in order to pupate the larvae abandon the
fruit and enter the ground near the tree. The only fruit fly so far
recorded from Dominica is AnastrepJia acidusa, which appeared in
oranges, mangos and guavas in 1909. As a remedial measure a
poisoned bait spray consisting of a mixture of 2| lb. sugar, 3 to 5 oz.
lead arsenate and 4 gals, of water is suggested. This spray would only
be practicable on small, grafted mango or guava trees, when the
flies are abundant.

Hood (J. D.). On some new Idolothripidae (Thysanoptera). — Insecuior
Inscitiae Menstnms, Washington, D.C., vii, no. 4-6, April-June
1919, pp. 66-74, 2 plates.

The species dealt with are : — OjMhalmotlwi'ps pomeroyi, gen. et
sp. n., and Kleothrips atralus, sp. n., from East Africa ; Gigantothrips
crawfordi, sp. n., from the Philippine Islands; and Acanthmothrips
nigrodentatus, Karny, inhabiting galls on Planchonia valida in Java,
for which a new genus, Cercothrips, is erected.

Hood (J. D.). On some new Thysanoptera from Southern India.—

Insecuior Inscitiae Menstnms, Washington, D.C., vii, no. 4-6,
April-June 1919, pp. 90-103, 4 plates.

The material dealt with in this paper was collected at Coimbatore,
and includes : — Scirtothrips dorsalis, sp. n. , on castor and chillies ;
Perissothrips parviceps, gen. et. sp. n. , on Ailanthus excelsa ; Rhipi-
phorothrips cnientatus, s^^. n., on grape vine and Careya arborea ;
Neoheegeria indica, sp. n., on Ailanthus excelsa; Arrhenothrij)s rama-
hrishnae, gen. et sp. n., on Mimusops elengi ; and Liothrips ordinarius,
sp. n., on Sesbania grandiflora.

GuRNEY (W. B.)- Maize Pests. — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.; Sydney, xxx
no. 2, 3rd February 1919, pp. 111-112.

A cutworm is recorded as damaging maize and castor oil seedlings.
Experiments were made with four different mixtures for which the
formulae are given ; the most successful was made as foflows :■ —
24 lb. bran were mixed with 1 lb. of Paris green while dry ; 1 pint
of salt water (3 oz. salt to 3 quarts water) was then added to every
4 lb. of bran to make a slightly damp crumbly mash. After one
night's treatment with this, 79 per cent, of the caterpillars were killed.
The mash should be distributed in small handfuls at the base of each
cluster of seedlings late in the afternoon. The above formula mixed
with treacle and water is practically as effective, but seems to dry
more rapidly ; greater proportions of Paris green were less effective.
These quantities are sufficient for half an acre of maize.

GuRNEY (W. B.). Control of Grasshopper (Locust) Swarms.— ^^nc.

Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 2, 3rd February 1919, pp. 113-120,

3 figs.
The grasshopper, Chortoicetes terminifera, Wlk., is generafly destruc-
tive for two successive seasons and then may not appear in large
numbers for from 6 to 10 years ; it is also known from Queensland,

263

Victoria and South Australia. There are two generations each summer,
sometimes three, the overwintering eggs usually hatching in September.
The eggs are laid in the ground ; for this purpose a swarm masses
together and settles for a day or two on a bare or thinly grass-covered
area. In the summer the eggs hatch in 3 weeks. A description of
the immature stage is given ; this lasts about seven weeks and during
that time there are five moults ; the adult lives for several weeks.

Fields were sprayed with sodium arsenite at various strengths,
and it was fovmd that this poison with a 75 per cent, arsenious acid
content used at the strength of 1 lb. to 16 gallons of water and 3 lb.
of treacle killed about 70 per cent, of the insects, whilst an 80 per
cent, arsenious acid content killed 75-80 per cent. The evidence
also showed that the stronger arsenite might be used on the younger
grasshoppers at the rate of 1 lb. to 20 gallons of water. It is also
suggested that 4 lb. of treacle instead of 3 lb. would spread better
and be more adhesive as well as more attractive to the insects. For
young insects the spray should be applied to strips of grass about
30 feet wide, but for older insects these should be as much as 50 feet ; it
should be applied directly on to the insects as well as on the surrounding
grass. The scorching of the grass as a result of the spray is superficial
and quite temporary. Sheep kept in enclosed areas where the grass
had been thoroughly sprayed with the above mixture received some
injury which occasionally proved fatal, but its use is considered
practically harmless in the fields where the sprayed area is small
in proportion to the whole. Starlings and the wood swallow {Artamus
superciliosus) feed on these grasshoppers.

Froggatt (W. W.). a Vine-destroying Longicorn Beetle {Monohammvs
sp.). — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 2, 3rd Februarv 1919,
pp. 129-131, 1 plate.

An attack by a species of Monocliamus [Monohaninius) on grape-
vines is recorded but is considered possibly a casual one, the grape-
vine not being a suitable food-plant for the larvae of so large a species
of Longicorn. On the vines examined the eggs were found on the
outer surface of the bark on the main stem about 4 or 5 inches above
ground, the larva sometimes feeding under the bark up one side of
the stem, but more frequently boring straight up the centre. Pupation
takes place in any part of the stem, just under the bark in the end
of a burrow. The life-cycle probably takes a year. The larva and
pupa are described. The beetle is closely allied to the passion-vine
l)orer [M. fistidator] and may be only a variety of that species.

HoLLiNGER (A. H.) & Parks (H. B.). Euclemensia bassettella (Clemens),
the Kermes Parasite (Micro-lepidoptera, Tineoidea, Oecophoridae).

— Entom. News, Philadelphia, Pa., xxx, no. 4, April 1919, pp. 91-
100, 1 plate.

The conclusion is arrived at both from the authors' own investiga-
tions and those of others that the moth Euclemensia bassettella is a
parasite of Kermes and not a gall-feeder. Blasfobasis coccivorella,
Chamb. (which has not since been recorded) and Laetilia (DaJcriwia)
coccidivora, Comst., are the only previously known Lepidopterous
larvae infesting these scale-insects. A number of records are given

264

from various localities, especially Missouri and Texas, of E. bassettella
parasitising Kermes petliti, Ehrh., and K. galUformis, Eiley, infesting
several species of Quercus. All the early stages of the parasite, which
are described, are spent in the body of the host. The larva, before
pupating, cuts a hole in the hard wall, which is then closed firmly
with tough silken threads, and through this the adult ultimately
emerges. Descriptions of the adult and larva are given. E. bassettella
appears to have only one annual generation, and is undoubtedly more
widely distributed than its records show ; in a few cases it has been
abundant enough materially to reduce the numbers of the Cocpid.

Feeris (G. F.). Two Species of Phylloxera from California (Hemiptera ;
Aphidae).— ^'ntom. News, Philadelphia, Pa., xxx, no. 4, April
1919, pp. 103-105, 2 figs.

Only two species of Phylloxera have hitherto been recorded from
California, P. popularia, Perg., on poplars, and P. salicola, Perg., on
willow. To these are now added Phylloxera stanfordiana, sp. n., on
oak {Quercus douglasi). Some notes are also given on a species doubt-
fully identified with P. salicola, Perg., found exposed on the bark
of Populus trichocarpa and Salix sp. in California and on Popidus
candicans in Utah.

MuiR (F.). The Use of Insecticides against Leaf hoppers.— Hawauan
Planters Record Honolulu, xx, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 171-172.

As natural enemies destroy 90 per cent, of sugar-cane leaf -hoppers
[Perkinsiella saccharicida], it has been suggested that the remaining
10 per cent, should be eradicated by means of insecticides. The
author considers this a mistake until every possible use has been
made of natural enemies. Insecticides would not only destroy the
leaf-hoppers, but also greatly reduce the number of parasites, thus
allowing the surviving leaf-hoppers every chance of increase.

Lewis (A. C), Chase (W. W.) & Turner fW. F.). Spray Calendar.—
Georgia State Bd. Entom., Atlanta, Bull. 53, March 1919, pp. 5-39,
2 plates, 1 fig.

This bulletin contams the usual information concerning plant pests
and the best methods for their control, with a diagram showing which
sprays can be effectively mixed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 465].
Special tables are given for spraying apples, peaches, and pecan
nuts and for dusting peaches in Georgia.

Felt (E. P.). New Philippine Gall Midges, with a Key to the
Itonididae. — Philippine Jl. Science, Manilu, xiii, Sec. D, no. 6,
November 1918, pp. 281-325, 1 plate. [Received 23rd April
1919.]

Descriptions are given of fourteen new species of gall-midges with
a key to the sub-families, tribes and genera of the Itonididae.

NOTICES,

8«erttar!M of Soetotiei and Edlton of Jounuls wUHng to oioluuiff*
their pubUeatlons with thoso of the Bureau, ut reqiiMted to eooa*
mnnieate with the Afiistant Director.

The Subseriptloii to the Reriew If 12s. per annum, pott troe; or
the two leries may be taken loparately. Series A (Afrieultoral)
being 8s., and Series B (Medieal and Veterinary), 6s. per annuou

All orders anJ subscriptions should be sent direel to the Assistant
Direetor, Imperial Bureau of Entomology* S9. Queen's Oate, London,
8.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

m

New Diptera from Java . .

Canthand Beetles predaceous on Locust Eggs in Java

A Lycaenid Butterfly associated with the Black Cacao Ant in Java

New Aphids from Singapore and Hongkong . .

Hy^menopterous Parasites of Bhyacionia buoliana in Holland

Miscellaneous Pests in Switzerland . . . . . . . .

The Presence of Tetrastichus asparagi on the Borders of Switzerland
The Outbreaks of Pieris brassicae in Switzerland in 1^17 . .
Report on an Inquiry into the Silk Industry in India
A New Bruchid infesting Cowpeas in Timbuctoo
Biological Notes on Braoonids in France . . . , . .

The Establishment and Distribution of Beneficial Insects

California

Insects affecting the Fall of Immature Citrus Fruits in California
Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California
The Economic Importance of Birds in Britain
A New Fruit-fly infesting Oranges in Japan . .
Insect Enemies of Silkworms in Japan
The Varieties of the San Jos6 Scale and their Food-piaius m japan

Insect Pests in Maryland in 1917 . .

Two New Microlepidopterous Pests of Strawberries in British

Columbia . . . . . . ....

Avocado Se^d Weevils and other Pests in North and South America

New Ethiopian Fruit-flies

Notes on the Natural Enemies '>f tbp. OvRt^r.RhpIl Scale in North

America
The CocoiDAE of South Africa
Notes on Ethiopian Lonchaeidae
Studies on the Harlequin Bug in Texas
Notes on Prodphilus spp. in U.S.A. . .
Insect Pests in South Africa 1917-18 . .
An Improved Method of Cultivating the Lac Insect in India
The Passion Vine Lougicom Beetle (Monochamus fiMul-ator)

Victoria
Insect Pests of Vegetables in Porto Rico
Insect Pests in Ceylon . .

The Effect of Severe Winters on Insect Pests in France
?*leasure8 against the Tobacco Aphis in Sumatra
Pests of Stored Tobacco in Sumatra . .
Gallobelicits nicoiianae, a Capsid pest of Tobacco in Sumatra
Measures against Eriocampoides Ivmacina in Argentina
Notes on Insect Pests in Chile . . . .
MacromphaUa dedecora and its Parasites in Ch
The Pre^sence of Trioza alaerit in Ai^ijentina . .
Biological Notes on Endoxyla strigulata infesting Willows

Plata . . ....

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CONTENTS— cont.

Contributions to the Economic Entomology bf Chili

A supposed new Variety of Myelophilus jpi/nvperda in Spam

The Economic Importance of the Kook m Holland

Garden apd Orchard Insects in Minnesota

Insect Pests of the Pecan in Florida

A Comparison of Lepidoptera infesting Peach and Apple in Maryland

Measures against Aphllfis infesting Orchards in New Jersey

Insect Enemies of Greenhouse and Ornamental Plants in New Jersey

Measures against Sitotroga cerealella in New Jersey . .

Bruohids infesting Stored Beans, etc., in New Jersey

Measures against the Strawberry Weevil in New Jersey

The Natural Enemies of Lachnosterna in North America

Recently identified Insect Pests in the West Indies

Brucliids infesting Peas and Beans in South Africa

Insect Pests in Uganda in 1917-18

Measures against XyUhorus fomioatVrS in Ceylon

Insect Pests in Dominica in 1917-18 . .

Notes on new Tropical Thysanoptera

A Successful Poison-bait for Cutworms in New South Wales

The Use of Sodium Arsenite against Grasshoppers in New South

Wales ....

A Vine-destroying Longicom in "New South Wales . .
BucUmensia bassetkUa, a Lepidopterous Parasite of Kermes spp. in

U.S.A

Notes on Species of Phylloxera from California
The Use of Insecticides against Leafhoppers in Hawaii
A Spray Calendar for Use in Georgia , .
New Philippine Gall Midges

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Registered at the Q.P.O. for Transmlaalon to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post,

VOL. VII. Ser. A. Part 7.— pp. 265-312.

JULY, 1919.

THE REVIE

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VISCOUITT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lietttenaut Colonel A. W. AioooK, CLE., F.R^., London School ol

Tropical Medicine.
Mnjor E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museam (Natural History).
Dr. A. 6. BAG8HAWE, C.M.6., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, KLC.B., F.R.S., A.M.3.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

FiBheries.
Dr. S. F. Habmbr, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

Hietory).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Dr. R> Stewart MaoDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Bit Patrick Manson, 6.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.Q., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, KC.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Soott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. SpERLmG, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, "Wye.
Mr. C. Waeburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
tft an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretary,
Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

H>{rector anD EOltot.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall,

assistant 2>itcctoc.
Dr. S. A. Neave.

Secbd Ojji-ct. — British Museum (Natural History), C5romweli R')ad,

London, S.W.7.
PubUeaiion Offim.—SQ, Queeo's Gate, London, 8.W. 7.

265

Snyder (T. E.). Injury to Casuarina Trees in Southern\Florida vy mi ^ ^^ ^
Mangrove Borer. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washimjton, A^^vi, no.
6, 10th February 1919, pp. 155-164, 4 plates, 2 figs. \^a/ M use^i

As a result of reported serious injury to Australian pine {Casuarina
equisetifolia) in Florida by the Buprestid, Chrysobothris tranquebarica,
Gmel., investigations were made leading to the discovery that this
beetle is a common enemy of the red mangrove {Rhizophora mangle),
on which it has been known since 1886. All stages of the insect are
described ; the adults feed on the tender bark of the trees ; the eggs
are inserted under the thin outer layer of loose bark either singly or
two or three together, each female being responsible for about 23.
The period of incubation was not ascertained, but is probably one
week. The emerging larvae bore through the cambium, on which
they feed, to the surface, extending the burrows horizontally, spirally
or longitudinally. The larval stage lasts nearly one year, at the end
of which the pupal cell is excavated at a considerable depth in the wood
with a hole for the exit of the adult beetle. The beetles begin to
emerge about 1st April, the period of maximum activity being from
April to 1st of June. Eggs are probably laid from middle of April to
June, and the majority of pupal cells are formed before the winter.

Predaceous enemies are the flicker (Colaptes auratus) and the
red-headed woodpecker {Melanerpes erythrocephalus). The larvae of
a Trogositid beetle, Tenebroides sp., and of an Elaterid, Adelocera sp.,
were found under the bark of mangroves and may prey on this pest.
Hymenopterous parasites are Atanycolus rugosiventris, Ashm., and
A. labena, Kohw.

As remedial measures, all badly damaged trees should be cut and
burnt between September and March ; Casuarina trees between 1|-
and 6 inches in diameter, growing in the vicinity of mangrove swamps
or other infested trees, should be examined in September and March
and if infested should be sprayed with | lb. sodium arsenate dissolved
in 5 U.S. gallons of water to which 1 pint of standard miscible oil
has been added. This mixture may also be used to kill the adult
beetles flying in April and August. As the presence of sap attracts
the beetles, it is advisable not to prune the trees during these months,

Ukbahns (T. D.). Life-history Observations on four recently described
Parasites of BrucJiophagus funebris. — Jl. Agric. Research, Washing-
ton, D.C., xvi, no. 6, 10th February 1919, pp. 165-174, 2 plates,
8 figs.

The Chalcidoid, Liodontomerus perplexus, Gahan, of which the pupa
and larva are described, feeds externally on the larva of B. funebris
and only in exceptional cases is found attacking the pupa. Hibernation
of the parasitic larvae takes place in the lucerne seed infested by
the host. The parasite becomes active in April, slowly increasing to
full activity in August. The eggs are inserted through the seed-pod
and deposited on or near the host larva inside the green seed. The
larvae develop very quickly, requiring only about 8-12 days to mature,
when they may pupate at once ; though should the seed be exposed
to dry climatic conditions a dormant stage is entered upon which may
last right into hibernation, thus delaying pupation until the following

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266

spring. The longest pupal stage observed in the laboratory under
natural temperatures was 45 days, the shortest 8 days. The adult
escapes by gnawing its way through the seed-pod. Under favourable
conditions about 30 days are required for the complete development of
each generation, of which in California there are probably three in one
season. Liodontomerus secundus, Gah., another parasite of the larvae
of B. funebris, has been previously described [see this Review, Ser. A,
V, p. 405]. The parasitic larvae hibernate within the seed destroyed
by their host. The pupal stage lasts 24-40 days in April, May and
June, and the adults emerge in the spring, some having been noticed
as late as July. There are probably two or more generations in a
season.

The Pteromalid, Eutelus brucJiojjliagi, Gah., hibernates in the larval
stage. In the spring pupation is short, and the adults escape by
gnawing through the seed wall, their life lasting one or two months.
There are probably at least two generations in one season.

The larva and pupa of another Pteromalid, T rimer omicrus maculatus,
Gah., are described, this parasite hibernating as early as September
in the larval stage within the lucerne seed. Pupation takes place in
the spring, the adults emerging from the seeds by the time the new
pods are forming. The larva attaches itself to that of its host, which
dies in the course of a few days, the parasite growing rapidly while
feeding on the dead host. The longest pupal period observed was
15 days and the shortest 6 days.

Frost (S. W.). Two Species of Pegomyia mining the Leaves of Dock.
— Jl. Agric. Research, Washington, D.G., xvi, no. 9, 3rd March
1919, pp. 229-244, 3 plates, 1 fig.

Pegomyia calyjitrata, Zett., is a common leaf-mining Anthomyid in
America, but is very rare in Europe. It is believed that this fly feeds
solely on Rumex spp., as attempts to rear the larvae on any other
food-plant all failed. The eggs are laid in nature in groups of 3-5
or more on the under-surface of the leaf. The incubation period
varies from 2 to 6 days, the young larvae immediately entering the
leaf. The larval stage depends greatly on weather conditions, but
averages from 9 to 15 days. On reaching maturity the lar\^ae fall to
the ground and penetrate the soil to a depth of 2 or 3 inches, where they
pupate ; if the soil is too hard, pupation takes place under fallen
leaves or rubbish. The duration of the adult life is uncertain, as also
is the number of generations in the year. From the puparia of
P. calyptrata the parasites, Opius quebecensis, Prov., and Dacnusa
scaptomyzae, Gah., were reared, and the eggs were found parasitised
by Trichogramma minuium, Kiley. An adult and nymph of the bug,
Nabis ferus, L. , were seen attacking the larva.

Pegomyia affinis, Stein, is much less common than P. calyptrata.
The eggs are laid in the same way, but are less abundant. The incuba-
tion period is 3-7 days, and the larval stage varies from 12 to 18 days.
This species also feeds exclusively on Rumex spp. There are probably
only two generations a year, pupation taking place as in P. calyptrata.
The early stages are described, and a comparative table of the
characters of the two species is given.

207

Brann (F. R.)- Spray versus Fumigation in the Control of Gray Scale
on Citrus Trees in Tulare County. — Mthlij. Bull. Cat. State
Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, viii, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 104-
107, 1 fig.

As a result of various experiments the author advises fumigation
(especially with liquid hydrocyanic acid) in preference to sprapng, as
a remedial measure against Coccus citricola, Camp, (grey scale) on
Citrus. Arsenate sprays not only exterminate the Coccinellid enemies
of the scale, but also cause the leaves to drop.

Phillips (E. F.). The Control of European Foulbrood. — V.S. Bepi.
Agric. Washington, D.G., Farmers' Bull. no. 975, 16 p., 1 fig.

Less drastic methods are required for dealing with European than
with American foulbrood in bees. In this bulletin the symptoms of
the disease are described and special paragraphs are devoted to
the basis of treatment, preventive and remedial measures.

Theobald (F. V.). Apple Aphides. — Jl. Bd. Agric., London, xx\"i, no.
1, April 1919, pp. 63-71.

Of the eight Aphids known to attack apples in Great Britain, the
three dealt with in this apper are : Aphis malifoliae, Fitch (blue or
rosy apple aphis), Aphis pomi, De G. (green apple aphis) and Siphon-
aphis padi, L. {Siphocoryne avenae F.) (oat apple aphis). All three
the spend winter in the egg-stage on apples or pears, and these hatch
about April ; Aphis pomi has been known to hibernate on thistles
{Garduus).

The young of A. malifoliae live in the tops of bursting buds, and as
they mature the leaves may curl up and protect them and their
progeny. As their numbers increase, they pass to the shoots, stopping
the growth and causing deformity of the internodes. These apterous
females give rise to a winged generation about June and July ; most of
these die but some migrate, though to what plant has not yet been
ascertained. In America it is believed they fly to plantains. Alate
females return to the apple in September to November and produce
the apterous egg -laying females and some alate males. This Aphid
has been known to ruin the crop completely and cause a serious
set back to the trees for the next season or even longer.

Aphis pomi is found densely packed beneath the leaves or in
scattered groups, but the leaves are never curled to the same extent
as by A. malifoliae. About June and July this Aphid multiplies
very rapidly, the winged individuals, which are found from June
to August, migrating to other apple and pear trees. The sexual
forms appear in October.

The young of S. padi are found on the first leaves, alate females
appearing about mid-June and migrating to cereals, especially oats,
but sometimes also barley, wheat and grasses. In October winged
females return to the apple and pear and produce the ovipositing
individuals, eggs being laid on the trees as late as November.

Autumnal spraying to kill the egg-laying insects seems to be the
most effective means of eradication ; the spray should be applied
heavily, more as a wash, and if possible after rain ; if dusting is resorted

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268

to, it should be applied in dry weather. A very satisfactory wash
for A. malifoliae is : 1 to 1| cwt. of lime slowly slaked and run through
coarse sacking into 100 gals, water in which 5 lb. of salt have been
dissolved. For killing Aphids in the spring the greatest success has
been obtained with a heavy spray consisting of 10 lb. of soft soap
to 100 gal. of soft water ; if the leaves are well open 8 oz. of nicotine
should be added to every 100 gals, of wash, or in place of this 40 oz.
of Pyridine may be used. Ants play a great part in spreading A. mali-
foliae over a plantation. Natural enemies of these Aphids are not of
very much use as a means of control ; they include parasitic Chalcids
and predaceous insects such as Coccinellid, Chrysopid, Syrphid and
Cecidomyid larvae. The latter are most abundant in North Britain.
Many fungous diseases also attack these Aphids.

PiCARD (F.). Sur un Ichneumonide {Sycophrurus hesperophanis, n. g.

et sp.) Parasite de VHesperophanes griseus F. dans les Branches de

Figuier. — Bull. Soc. Eniom. France, Paris, 1919, no. 3, 12th

February 1919, pp. 77-80.

Sycophrurus hesperophanis, gen. et sp. n., is described. This

Ichneumonid emerges at Montpellier in June, occasionally in May,

from branches of fig-trees attacked by Hesperojjhanes griseus. This

Longicorn beetle is also parasitised by a Braconid, Iphiaulax Jiavatory

F., and by Xylonomus propinquus, Tsch., which had previously been

recorded only from Austria, but is now known to be common in

Herault.

Baerlioz (J.). Description d'une Espece nouvelle d'Eumolpide (Col.
Chrysomel.) nuisible aux Cacaoyers de I'lle San Thom6. [Descrip-
tion of a new Species of Eumolpid injurious to Cacao-trees in the
Isle of San Thome.] — Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris^ 1919, no.
4, 26th February 1919, pp. 88-89.

Lymidus variicolor, sp. n., is described from San Thome in the
Gulf of Guinea, where it feeds on the foliage of cacao-trees, the cultiva-
tion of which is one of the principal industries in the Island. The
economic importance of this beetle has not been investigated ; allied
species, such as Syagrus costatipennis, Jac, have been reported on
cacao from Nossi-Be (Madagascar).

Reports on the State of the Crops in each Province of Spain on the 20th
March 1919. — Bol. Agric. Tecnica y Economica, Madrid, xi, no.
123, March 1919, pp. 260-276.
As a result of the winter campaign against locusts, it Is reported

that in the province of Madrid, out of some 7j square miles invaded,

approximately 5| have been cleared.

Bezzi (M.). Una nuova Specie brasiliana del Genere Anastrepha (Dipt.).
[A new Brazilian Species of Anastrepha.] — Separate, dated 20th
March 1919, from Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup.
Agric, Portici, xiii, 14 pp., 1 fig.
A new Brazilian fruit-fly, Anastrepha bistrigata, is described and a
key is given to this and the following species, which are briefly dis-
cussed : A. daciformis, Bezzi, A. grandis, Macq., A. serpentina, Wied.,

269

A. soluta, Bezzi, A. obliqua, Macq.,^. fraterculus, Wied., A. pseudo-
farallela, Lw., A. distans, Hend., and A. suspensa, Lw. The remaining
Brazilian species are : A. integm, Lw., A. parallela, Wied., A. conso-
hrina, Lw., A. ethalea, Wlk., A. xanthochaeta, Hend., A. hamata, Lw.,
and A. hivittaia, Macq. Thus there occur in Brazil 17 species of
this genus, which in the tropical regions of America plays the same
role as Daciis in the Old World.

Williams (C. B.). The Food of the Mongoose in Trinidad. — Bull. Dept.
Agric. Trinidad & Tobago, Trinidad, xvii, no. 4, 1918, pp. 167-
186. [Received 28th April 1919.]

In the course of investigations that have been carried on in Trinidad
during recent years upon the control of Tojnaspis saccharina (sugar-
cane froghopper), the question of the influence of the mongoose on
the abundance of this insect has frequently been raised, it being held
by some that the advent of the series of froghopper plagues has
closely followed the spread of the mongoose.

Examination of the stomach contents of the mongoose carried out
from October 1917 to September 1918 led to the conclusion that the
destruction of lizards, frogs and toads is only partly offset by the
numbers of injurious insects destroyed, and there is little doubt that
the presence of the mongoose in large numbers in a district will in
this way have an unwelcome effect on the numbers of insects present.
The chief insects taken as food in order of abundance were : — Grass-
hoppers, cockroaches, miscellaneous beetles,|Carabid larvae, Lamellicorn
adults and larvae, fly larvae and adult and larval weevils.

DuPORT (M.). Rapport sur le Fonctionnement de la Station entomolo-
gique de Cho-ganh (Juin t Octobre 1918.) [Report of the
Entomological Station of Cho-ganh (June to October 1918).]^
Supplement to Bidl. no. 119, Chambre Agric. Tonkin et Nord-
Annam, Hanoi, 1918, 7 pp. [Received 29th April 1919.]

The continuation of the investigations on Xylotrechiis quadripes,
Chevr. (coffee borer) begun in 1914 is recorded [see this Review, Ser. A,
vii, p. 50-54.] There are still many points to be elucidated in the
life-history of this Longicorn beetle. The length of the life-cycle
has not been determined ; eggs are laid on the stems more or less
actively throughout the year, and the author is convinced that the
duration of the life-cycle varies according the date of oviposition.
Other points as yet undetermined are the natural enemies of the
species, the plants other than coffee on which it lives, its geographical
distribution, the relative importance of the damage caused by it in
various countries of the Far East, the factors which render it unequally
injurious in the various regions in which it occurs, etc. The principal
experiments carried out are recorded. The life-cycles at various
seasons are being determined by placing fresh coffee-plants each month
in a cage with adults. Many attempts have been made to discover
the various plants and dead wood attractive to the borer. In addition
to those mentioned in the previous report, many native plants were
tried, but most of them, including bamboo, do not seem suitable
for oviposition by X. quadripes. Teak, however, appeared to be as

270

attractive as coffee, females ovipositing freely even on trunks 6 to 8 ins.
in diameter. Larvae hatching from eggs deposited on teak between
20th and 25th September developed normally and constructed large
galleries. It was not thought probable that X. quadripes could breed
in dead wood, but it has been found to breed normally in very dry
wood of coffee, both of C. arabica and C. liberica, and in both fresh
and dry stems of teak and Gardeyiia. Smooth, glossy stems such as
those of bamboo seem unattractive to the females. No insects other
than Xylotrechns have been taken on C. arabica. Certain ants and
spiders prey upon adults of the borer.

Experiments with various substances to coat the stems have been
continued ; the difficulty is to find an elastic substance that is not
too costly for practical use. Besides the development of the stems
rendering an elastic substance necessary, the action of rain, wind, sun
and ants are all factors to be reckoned with. Tar and coal-tar are
efficient, but cannot be used without injury to the tree. At Cho-ganh,
when the coffee plants begin to dry off, from June to September, the
stems contain only larvae and a few pupae. There may be a few
adults present, but these are in a very small proportion, considerably
less than 1 per cent. From stems cut and placed under observation
adults began to emerge about one month after their removal. Experi-
ments are being continued with various toxic substances applied to
the roots of coffee plants, but the results with these have as yet been
negative. The plants treated dry up or lose their foliage, while the
larvae continue to develop.

In India, where X. quadripes has caused very little damage during
the last 50 years, it has again become a most serious pest of coffee.
In the districts of Coorg and Mysore great loss has occurred, the native
plants, Olea divica and Wendlandia sp., serving as food-plants of the
borer.

The pests attacking rice at Tonkin are also being made the subject
of an investigation.

GuiTEL (F.). La Station entomologique de la Faculty des Sciences de
Rennes en 1917.— Insecta, Rennes, viii, no. 85-96, 1918, pp. 177-
181. [Received 29th April 1919.]

The establishment of war-time vegetable gardens has led to many
enquiries concerning the commoner vegetable pests. Among the
less known, the Microlepidopteron, Acrolepia assectella, is a serious
pest of leeks in many widely-scattered localities in France, the larvae
mining in the plants. The best remedy is to cut the leeks before the
damage has been done. The beetle, Cassida inquinata, is local and
not very abundant, but has done important damage to chamomile
{Anthemis nobilis) in the Maine-et-Loire district.

DuFRENOY (J.). Les Formes de D6g6n6rescenee des Chenilles de

Cnethocampa pityocampa parasit6es. [The Forms of Degeneration
of parasitised Larvae of Cnethocampa pityocampa.'] — C.R. Soc.
Biol. Paris, Ixxxii. no. 9, 29th March 1919, pp. 288-289.

The various bacilli that are liable to infect larvae of Cnethocampa
pityocampa and the manner of their attack are described. These
include Bacterium pityocampae, Streptococcus pityocampae and a

271

fungus apparently of the genus Beauveria. While bacterial affections
produce a general liquefaction of the body cells, mycosis produces
a mummification that preserves in a remarkable degree the morphology
of the organs.

Shinsuke Ito (G.). El Arroz. [Eice.]— 5oZ. Minisl. Agric, Buenos
Aires, xxiii, no. 1, January-December 1918, pp. 3-123, 47 figs.
[Received 30th April 1919.]

Locusts are not as a rule injurious to rice cultivation in Argentina,
their invasions generally occurring either at the time of sowing or
of gathering the crop. Occasionally, however, an invasion occurs
during the period of growth ; in this case, the rice-fields are flooded
in order to check the attack A bug, Nepa cinerea, is said to cut
through the base of the young rice-plant. The measures adopted
against this pest is the drying of the rice-fields. Gryllotalpa gryllo-
talpa (vulgaris) constructs galleries about the rice-fields ; Thrips
oryzae and T. oryzophaga in their larval stages cause more or less
serious damage to the plants.

Stored rice is liable to attack by a moth and a weevil [Calandra
oryzae ? ]. The best preventives of such attack are cleanliness, thorough
ventilation of the storehouses and the isolation of infested rice. Before
use, the storehouse should be thoroughly disinfected with a 20 per
cent. " acaroina " solution or a 5 per cent, to 10 per cent, formalin
solution ; this treatment should be given twice wuth a few days'
interval. Before storage, the grain should be fumigated with carbon
bisulphide at the rate of about 5^- oz. per 35 cub. ft., the process
lasting from 24 to 48 hours. Bags should not be piled one above
the other but should be placed separately for thorough ventilation.

MuELLo (A. C). Instrucciones prdcticas sobre el Cultivo del Algodonero.

[Practical Instructions on the Growing of Cotton.] — Bol. Minist.
Agric, Buenos Aires, xxiii, no. 1, January-December 1918, pp.
148-155. [Received 30th April 1919.]

In the cotton-growing district of Argentina known as the Chaco,
besides the usual depredations of locusts and ants, the cotton fields
are infested every year by Alabama (Aletia) argillacea. This moth
pupates in the curled leaves, this stage lasting from a week to a month,
and there may be as many as seven generations in a season. The
caterpillars generally appear when the plants begin to flower and
form squares, but occasionally they infest and destroy quite young
plants. They mainly occur in February and March, continuing
sometimes as late as October. Warm, humid weather encourages
the development of this pest. The only measure against the adults
is the use of light-traps. For the larvae, white arsenic or Paris green
are used, generally the latter, either in the proportion of 2 to 5 lb.
in 100 gals, water, with a little carpenters' glue or molasses to act as
an adhesive, or in powder form, using 1 to 2 lb. per acre, applied while
the dew is on the plants. Another pest is an unidentified caterpillar
that cuts through the young plants at the root. Cabbage leaves are
suggested as a trap for these.

272

RiVEROS (E.). Citrus cultivados en el Chaco. [Citrus Culture in the
Chaco Region.] — Bol. Minist. Agric, Buenos Aires, xxiii, no. 1,
January-December 1918, pp. 156-160. [Received 30th April
1919.]

The cultivation of citrus in the Chaco district is not affected by
many insect pests. Two species of scale-insects occur throughout
the citrus plantations, the commonest being Lepidosajjhes heckii
{Mytilaspis citricola) ; these, however, do not cause serious damage
and measures against them are very seldom adopted, though it is
possible that they may develop into a serious menace to the industry.

Saalas (U.). Die Fichtenkafer Finnlands. Studien uber die
Entwieklungsstadien, Lebensweise und geographisclie Verbreitung
der an Picea excelsa, Link., lebenden Coleopteren nebst einer
Larvenbestimmungstabelle. [The Spruce Beetles of Finland.
Studies on the Developmental Stages, Life-History and Distribu-
tion of the Coleoptera living on Picea excelsa^ Link. , with a Key to
the Larvae. J — Annates Acadetniae Scientiarmn Fennicae, Helsing-
fors, Ser. A, viii, no. 1, 1917, 547 pp., 9 plates, 1 map.

The Coleopterous fauna of Finland has been relatively well worked
from a systematic point of view, though biological data are almost
entirely lacking. In this volume, which is the outcome of investiga-
tions carried on from 1912 to 1915, the term " spruce beetle " is
used in a wide sense, and includes such species as only occasionally
occur on Picea excelsa. On the other hand those beetles are excluded
that are not truly arboreal, but shelter beneath the spruce bark
more or less by chance. For instance, Pyrochroa pectinicornis, a
typical birch insect, has been included because the larvae that w^ere
examined had apparently spent the entire larval stage under the
spruce bark, whereas certain Chrysomelid, Curculionid and other
beetles that are found under the bark, especially in autumn and
spring, have been omitted because their true halDitat is elsewhere.
The exceptions to this last rule are justified in the second part of this
volume, in which, under an arrangement according to families, the
species are dealt with singly, many details of the life-history, distribu-
tion and habitat being recorded in each case.

The first part, covering 276 pages, deals generally with these
beetles, their economic importance, distribution, food and occurrence
on various parts of the spruce, and contains many tables. In a
number of cases the existing literature does not afford adequate
means for identification and in many of them the adult had to be
bred out. The key at the end of this work is intended to enable
the larvae of all the species known to the author to be identified.
Of those that he is unacquainted with only a few are included owing
to the difficulty in finding satisfactory characters for comparison.
The number of species fully dealt is 341 of w^hich 289 were actually
observed to occur in more or less abundance on spruce. This last
figure represents 9*9 per cent, of the 2,927 species of Coleoptera
recorded in Finland up to 1900 according to the " Catalogus Coleop-
terorum Faunae Fennicae " of J. Sahlberg, the author's father.

273

Harukawa (T.)- Momo-Habachi ni tsuite. [Oa the Peach Sawfly.]
— Byochugai-Zasahi [Journal of Plant Protection], Tokyo, vi, no. 1,
5th January 1919, pp. 51-59, 1 plate.

A new sawfly, Eriocampoides matsumotonis, is described. It is
closely allied to E. limacina, Retz., of Europe and America, from which
it may be distinguished by the sooty tint of the wings. Its broods
appear to be very irregular, but from breeding experiments three
generations per annum appear to be the usual number. Winter is
passed in the larval state within cells in the ground, and it is note-
worthy that, as in E. limacina, some mature larvae of the second brood
hibernate in that stage. The egg is laid singly beneath the epidermis
of the upper surface of the leaf, oviposition being effected by the
female insect from the under-side. The blisters thus caused are
transparent in the case of the peach and of a brownish colour in the
cherry. Thfe number of eggs laid by a single female is 22 or 23 on
an average, and parthenogenesis may occur. The peach, pear,
cherry (both the flowering and fruiting varieties) and plum are attacked,
especially the first two. An Ichneumonid parasite of the larva was
discovered in 1918. As preventive measures emulsions of soap or
kerosene are efficacious, as well as collection of the pupae in winter.
Lead arsenate is also recommended.

Sangyo Torishimari Seiseki. [Results of Silk Industry Control in 1917.]
— Agricriltnral Bureau. Bepariment of Agriculture and Commerce,
Tokyo, 25th March 1919, 226 pp., 2 maps, 1 table.
This is a statistical summary of results from reports from the
prefectural Governments during 1917, relating to the application of
regulations respecting the silk industry. It describes the results of
measures for the prevention of disease in silkworms and for the cold-
storage of broods.

Gaichu ni kwansuru Chosa. [Researches on Injurious Insects.]^
Kwangyo Mohanjo Kenkyu Hokoku [Btdletin of Industry Model
Statiori], Suwon, Korea, March 31st 1919, 82 pp., 13 plates.

In this report, the life-histories of, and preventive measures for
dealing with the following insects are described. The ChrysomeHd
beetle, Donacia aeraria, Baly, has one annual generation and hiber-
nates in the larval stage in the earth, where it attacks the roots of
rice. The eggs require to be in water and die if exposed to the air.
They are usually laid on the under-side of the floating leaf of Potamo-
geton polygonifolius at the end of July, so that removal of this plant
proves to be an effective preventive measure. A weevil, Echinocnemus
bipunctatus, Roel., also has one annual generation ; it hibernates in the
larval stage under ground the adults appearing in July. It attacks
the roots of rice in considerable numbers. The Noctuid, Cirphis
unipuncta. Haw., passes the winter in the pupal stage, the adults of
the first generation appearing in June and those of the second in
July. It attacks rice, Bengal grass, oats, wheat, Panicum friimen-
taceum and sorghum. Serica sp. occurs once a year, the adult beetles
occurring from April to June. It hibernates in the larval stage or
occasionally as an imago. It attacks barley, tobacco, cotton, hemp,
SO] a bean, cabbage, peach and mulberry.

274

The sawfly, Athalia colibri, Christ., appears twice a year, first in.
May and secondly in July ; it hibernates in the larval stage and attacks
raddish, turnip, etc. Eriosoma lanigerum. Haw. (woolly aphis) may have
as many as 10 annual generations. The sawfly, Hylotoma mali, Mots.,
has three annual generations, hibernating in the larval stage, and is a
serious pest of apple foliage. The moth, Phyllorycter {LitJiocoUetis)
malivorella, Mots., has six generations and hibernates in the adult
or pupal stage under fallen leaves. It chiefly attacks young apple
foliage. Another undetermined Microlepidopteron is injurious to
apple leaves. The Lamellicorn beetle, Lachnosterna diomphalia,
Butl, appears in July and August, and hibernates in the larval stage ;
it feeds on roots of both living and decaying plants. Metzencria sp.
appears once a year and hibernates in pupal stage. This moth pro-
duces galls on pear branches. An undetermined Chrysomelid beetle
also infests pear leaves. The Limacodid moth, Parasa sinica, Moore,
appears twice a year and hibernates in the larval stage ; it attacks-
the foliage of pear, apple, peach, plum, cherry, apricot, etc. An
undetermined Aphid infests peach, plum, apricot, etc. The weevil,
BycHscus lacunipennis, Jekel, hibernates as an adult which becomes
active in May and attacks young vine leaves. The moth, Dendro-
limus remota, Wlk., which passes the winter in the larval state, attacks
pine. The sawfly, Diprion basalis, Mots., passes the winter in the egg
stage, the larva appearing at the end of April and attacking pine.
Porthetria {Lymantria) dispar, L. (gipsy moth) winters in the egg
stage, the caterpillars appearing at the end of April and attacking
black alder, apple, Quercus senata, etc. A species of Nematus winteri
in the larval state within the cocoon and attacks black alder. The
Chrysomelid beetle, Plagiodera distinda, Baly, which attacks willow,
has two annual generations and winters in the adult stage. Drymonia
(?) manleyi coreana, Nag., passes the winter as an egg, and the larva
attacks Quercus senata. All the above insects are described and
figured in detail.

In the second part of this report the life-history of Chilo simplex,
Butl., is described. The moths of the first brood appear in large
numbers at the beginning of May, and those of the second brood
in August. The first brood adults do not lay eggs on the apex of the
rice leaf, as is the case in Japan, and oviposition mostly occurs in
the leaf-sheath or on the under-side of the leaf. Unlike the Japanese
race, Korean individuals chiefly hibernate in the rice stubble, so that
the burning of it is an effective measure. Leaf-hoppers and locusts
are also abundant and do some damage to rice.

Other pests recorded include a Nematode infesting wheat, Phylloxera
on vines, and an undetermined Buprestid boring in apple trees.

Kawamorita (R.). Fusan-Sanga no Yobo ni (suite. [The Prevention
of Inferti'ity in Silkworms.] — Sangyo-Shimpo [Journal of the Silk
Industry], Tokyo, Year xxvii, no. 313, 1st April 1919, pp. 221-224.

Infertile individuals among silkworms are usually more common
in the introduced European race and its hybrids. This may be
prevented by feeding with mature foliage only and ensuring that
the mulberry plantations are fully exposed to air and sunshine, and
not too heavily manured.

275

Hata (S.)- Sanji no Shiryo to shiteno Shaku to Kenshitsu tono Kankei.

[On the Relation of the Quality of Silk to the Feeding of Silkworms
on Cudrania triloba]. — Sanr/yo-Shimpo [Journal of the Silk
Industry], Tokyo, Year xxvii, no. 313, 1st April 1919, pp. 316-320.

It is a well known fact that silkworms fed on Cudrania triloba
produce a more elastic silk than those reared on mulberry leaves.
The Cudrania leaf contains more tannin (7 "9 per cent.) than that
of the mulberry (6*5 per cent.), and the author found that by the
addition of the requisite quantity of tannin to the mulberry leaf,
he was successful in obtaining increased elasticity in the silk. On
the other hand Cudrania contains less lime (3 '5 per cent.) than the
mulberry (4:'5 per cent.), and this is in opposition to the known fact
that mulberry foliage containing more lune produces a more elastic
silk. Further investigation on this point is therefore required.

MiTSUHASHi(S.). Nihonsan Kitteichu-rui ni tsuite. [On the Japanese

Buprestidae.] — Bipclmgai Zasshi [Journal of Plant Protection],
Tokyo, vl no. 4, 5th April 1919, pp. 272-277.

The author enumerates 69 species of Buprestidae known to occur
in Japan, with particulars of their food-plants. Attention is called
to the fact that Buprestis japonensis, Saund., according to Prof.
Sasaki, has been recorded as injuring lead-piping. Other species of
economic importance are : Chrysochroa elegans, Thunb., in Quercus
acuta and Pinus thunbergii ; Chrysodema amabilis, Voll., in Pinus
thunbergii ; Chalcophora japonica, Gory, in Pinus and Quercus ;
Chrysobothris succedanea, Saund., in broad-leaved trees ; Dicera aino,
Lewis, in Abies sachalinensis ; Agrilus spinipennis in Zelkowa acumi-
nata and Ulmus parvifolia ; and Trachys griseofasciata, Saund., in
Z. acuminata.

Miller (D.). Injurious Insects in New Zealand. — New Zealand Jl.
Agric, Wellington, xviii, no. 2, 20th February 1919, p. 101.
[Received 5th May 1919.]

Of all the injurious insects in New Zealand only 18 per cent, are
indigenous, the remaining 82 per cent, originating chiefly from Europe.
Although the pests attacking field and vegetable crops constitute
the smallest group, the greatest losses occur amongst these crops.
This is probably due to the absence of legislation and the scarcity
of information regarding them.

Ritchie (W.). The Structure, Bionomics and Forest Importance of

Cryphahis abietis, Ratz. — Ann. App. Biol., Cambridge, v, nos. 3-4,
April 1919, pp. 171-199, 15 figs.

Owing to the increasing number of records of Cryphalus abietis,
Ratz., in Scotland, this Scolytid beetle can no longer be counted as
a rare species in Britain. A description is given of all its stages.
The period of the life-cycle from egg to adult varies under different
conditions, the average being from 93 to 108 days. The eggs, which
take about 10 days to hatch, are laid irregularly in batches along
the brood gallery. The female does not necessarily complete the
gallery before commencing oviposition ; 5 to 7 weeks are required

276

to complete the gallery and each female lays about 14 to 24 eggs.
The mother gallery usually takes the form of a circular burrow round
the base of a branch or twig, and weak branches may be completely
girdled. The larval galleries run almost at right angles to the mother
gallery, the larvae boring alongside the mother gallery at first and
separating later to gnaw the inner bark layers. The mother galleries
never penetrate the sap-wood, and the larval galleries as a rule do not
groove the sap-wood until the insects are just about to pupate. If
the branch is very thick pupation may take place in the bark. The
larvae feed for about 69 days before pupation, the pupal stage lasting
about 22 to 29 days. The young beetles feed on the bark surrounding
their pupal bed, gradually boring through it to effect an exit. The
length of the adult stage and number of generations in the year has
not been definitely ascertained. It is probable that after oviposition
the female enters another period of feeding and a second pairing and
egg-laying take place. Sometimes the females die after oviposition.
In Scotland C. abietis usually breeds in the stems, branches and
twigs of unhealthy, dying or dead trees of Abies, Picea and Pseudotsuga.
Trees of the genus Abies, especially A. pectinata, seem to be preferred,
the others only being normally attacked in their absence. On the
continent of Europe C. abietis seems to prefer Picea spp., although it
is known to attack other genera of conifers. So far this beetle has
not proved destructive to living trees. Attention is called to the fact
that the adult beetles, being negatively heliotropic, prefer for brood
purposes twigs of branches in shady places. The natural enemies
of the larvae include a Chalcid that has been known to destroy 75
per cent, of them. Only one parasitic larva is found on each host.

Green (E. E.). A list of Coccidae affecting various Genera of Plants.

— Ann. Ajp'p. Biol., Cambridge, v, nos. 3 and 4. April 1919. pp.
261-273.

This paper forms the concluding part of the author's list of Coccids
and their food-plants [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 70, etc.].

It is noted that the Gramineae, including the bamboos, have a
special Coccid fauna comprising such genera as Antonina, Aclerda,
Eriopeltis, Lecanopsis and Odonaspis. The Coniferae have a monopoly
of the genus Physokermes, while Kermes is confined to species of
Quercus.

Among those Coccids that have the largest number of food-plants
are Pseudococcus citri, Coccus {Lecanium) hesperidum, Lepidosaphes
idmi and Aspidiotus hederae.

Chittenden (F. H.). The Sweet Potato Weevil and its Control.— ?7./S.

Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 1020, January
1919, 24 pp., 13 figs. [Received 6th May 1919.]

Cylas formicarius, F., is becoming very destructive and threatens
to invade all States where sweet potatoes are grown. The importance
of this crop may be gauged from the fact that the value of that for
1918 was estimated at over £23,000,000, while the loss in several States
has amounted to from 10 to 20 per cent. The life-history and the
usual measures against this weevil are discussed [see this Review,
Ser. A, vii, p. 21, etc.].

277

Though it has a wide distribution in the tropics, evidence points
to Cuba as the source of introduction into the United States and
that this originally occurred prior to 1875. Some localities erroneously-
attributed to this species refer to C. turcipennis, Boh., from India,
Java and Borneo, which has similar habits, and another related
species C. femoralis, Faust, infests sweet potatoes in Liberia.

Dudley (F. H.). Four of the most injurious Corn Pests. — Bull. Maine
Dept. Agric, Avgusta, xviii, no. 1, March 1919, pp. 27-30.
[Received 7th May 1919. J

Important Lepidopterous pests of maize include : — Pyrausta tmbilalis
(European corn borer) which has become a serious problem in
Massachusetts [see this Review, Ser, A, vii, p. 224] ; Heliothis obsoleta,
F. (corn ear -worm) ; Papaipema nebris {nitela) (corn-stalk borer),
which feeds in the spring on grasses and weeds and later attacks
maize and potatoes, usually about July ; there is only one brood
a year and the eggs are generally laid in the grass lands in the autumn
and hatch the following spring ; to control it all grass adjoining maize
fields should be mown and immediately burnt ; and Estigmene acraea
(salt-marsh caterpillar), which by feeding on the silk of maize prevents
pollination of the ears ; other food-plants include various garden
vegetables and weeds ; hand-picking is recommended as a remedial
measure.

Sasscer (E. R.). Important Foreign Insect Pests collected on imported
Nursery Stock in 1918. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no.
2, April 1919, pp. 133-136.

The insects collected from nursery stock offered for entry into the
United States during 1918 included: — Pectinophora gossypiella,
Saund. (pink bollworm) on cotton from Brazil ; Acronycfa rumicis, L.
(sorrel cutworm), in the pupal stage on miscellaneous plants from
France ; caterpillars of Diurnea {Chimabacche) fagella, F., on rhodo-
dendrons from Holland and reported to be injurious in Ireland to
the foliage of oak, beech and birch ; larvae of Arctornis chrysorrJioea,
L. {Porthesia similis, Fuessl.) (gold-tail moth) on Japanese maple
from Holland and on Cerasus avium from France ; 194 nests of the
butterfly, Aporia crataegi, L., on decidrous fruit-tree seedlings from
France ; Gracilaria zachrysa, Meyr. (azalea leaf-miner) on azaleas from
Holland ; Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Don. {Euproctis chrysorrhoea, auctt.)
(brown-tail moth) and Porihetria dispar, L. (gipsy moth) on miscel-
laneous plants from France ; the Syrphid flies, Eumerus strigalus,
Fall., and Merodon equestris, F., in narcissus bulbs from Holland,
the former having been known to destroy a whole crop of onions ;
dead adults of Anthonomus rectirosiris, L., in seeds of the wild cherry
{Cerasus avium) from France ; Rhabdocnemis {Sphenophorus) obscura,
Boisd., in sugar-cane from the Hawaiian Islands ; an undescribed
species of Conotrachelus and an unrecognised Stenoma in avocado
seeds from Guatemala.

The most important scale-insects intercepted were Eulecanium
{Lecanium) persicae (European peach scale) on Fontanesia and Berberis
purpurea from France and on peach from England ; an undescribed

278

species of Solenococcus on avocado from Guatemala ; Parlatoria
chinensis, Marl., on two species of Pyrus from China ; and Eulecanium
{Lecanium) coryli, L., on an undetermined plant from England.

Ball (E. D.). The Potato Leafhopper and its Relation to the Hopper-
burn. — Jl. Eco7i. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919,
pp. 149-155, 1 plate, 5 figs.

This is an ampUfication of a previous article [see this Revieiv, Ser. A,
vi, p. 489]. In the summer of 1918 scorching of potato foUage occurred
in difTerent parts of the Northern United States, receiving a different
name in each locality. All injured leaves examined showed signs
of the presence of Emjpoasm mali, Le B. (potato leaf -hopper). This
fact combined with cage experiments has led to the conclusion that
this insect is directly responsible for the scorched appearance on
potato leaves as well as on dahlias, box elder, apple and raspberry.
It is not yet proved whether the relation of the disease to the insect
is specific or not. The appearance of the disease varies according
to temperature and moisture. The burned margin increases until
the leaf dies and eventually the W'hole plant succumbs. Rapid
growing varieties of potato suffer the least. Probably the disease
referred to in the past as " tipbum " was due to this leaf -hopper.

Empoasca mali produces two generations on potatoes ; the adults
appear when the early potatoes come up and lay their eggs on the
stems and midribs of the leaves. The nymphs feed on the under-
surface of the leaf and only migrate to other leaves when the first
one is dead. In July and August the adults of the first generation
either oviposit on the plants on which they themselves have been
bred or migrate to late potatoes, on which they give rise to the second
generation.

Affected plants should be sprayed every 8-10 days with strong
kerosene emulsion or Black-Leaf 40 ; one pint to 100 U.S. gals, should
be used, with the addition of 5 lb. of soap. The spray must be applied
to the under-surface of the leaves and will kill both nymphs and
adults.

Burgess (A. F.). Organisation for Insect Suppression. — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 136-141.

Insect suppression falls into two classes ; the control of widely
distributed insects and the control of newly established pests in a
limited area. It is suggested that closer relations should be established
between the State and Federal Authorities to facilitate the efforts
of the officials engaged in this work.

As regards the problem of introduced pests the Federal Government
has recognised its responsibility, but the work of the entomologist
has often to suffer from incompleteness owing to want of funds.
The successful organisation of insect suppression involves good business
management as well as entomological knowledge.

O'Kane (W. C.). Limitations in Insect Suppression.— JZ. Econ. Entom.
Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 155-162.
Some of the problems and difficulties arising when starting a cam-
paign against new and serious insect outbreaks are discussed. One

279

of the chief difficulties is the lack of accurate knowledge concerning
the pest under consideration. It is suggested that the work to be
undertaken in the case of important pests should devolve upon the
Federal Bureau of Entomology as well as the States immediately
concerned. Should the Government undertake the task, the execution
of it could be placed in the hands of trained men who would be in a
position to carry out the work completely and at the proper time.

Where complete eradication is impossible and the pest can only
be kept well in check, there is every reason why the property owner
should undertake his share of the burden. If the support of farmers
is to be obtained, a definite plan of education, with regard to insect
control, wall have to be adopted. Though posters and bulletins are
of great value for this purpose, verbal explanations reinforced by cir-
culars distributed at the same time are considered to be the most
effectual means of educating the public.

Another important factor that has to be considered is the limitation
of human capabilities, it being almost impossible to combine in one
individual a perfect administrator and a successful scientific
investigator.

GuYTON (T. L.). Nicotine Sulphate Solution as a Control for the
Chrysanthemum Gall Midge, Diarthronomyia hypogaea, H, Lw. —
Jl. Econ. Enfom., Concord, N.H., xn, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 162-
165, 1 plate.

Cage and greenhouse tests were made with a view to controlling
the emerging midges by means of 1 volume nicotine sulphate containing
40 per cent, nicotine to 500 volumes of water, with the addition of
one ounce of fish-oil soap to every gallon of solution. A table is given
showing the results ; these were successful provided that the plant was
completely covered with the solution and the spray repeated every
4 or 5 days as long as any living forms of the midge remained in the
galls. This spray does no damage to the plant.

Hunter (W. D.). The Work in the United States against the Pink
Bollworm.— JL Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April
1919, pp. 166-175.

The bulk of the information contained in this paper has been
previously dealt with [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 543]. Although
Pectinophora gossypiella, Saund., has not been completely eradicated
in the United States, it has been reduced very nearly to vanishing
point. Owing to this fact and the present methods of control adopted,
a fresh infestation recorded in Texas does not detract from the hopeful
outlook.

HoLLowAY (T. E.). Parasite Introduction as a Means of saving Sugar.
—Jl. Econ. Entom., Comord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp.
175-178. ^^

Investigations for the control of Diatraea saccharalis (sugar-cane
moth borer) have been carried on for many years in Louisiana, but
the work was interrupted owing to the war and to lack of funds. In
1918 funds were raised by the planters, and the author proceeded to

280

Cuba to collect parasites, where lie found four species. The egg-
parasite, Trichogramma minuUmi, Riley, already occurs in Louisiana.
The Tachinid fly, Euzenilliopsis diatrame, Towns., usually emerges
from the larvae, but sometimes also from the pupae of this moth.
The puparia of this parasite were shipped in tin boxes containing
damp sphagnum moss and cotton, and these were packed in card-
board cases. About 33 per cent, arrived in New Orleans alive. They
travelled better when ventilation holes were made in the boxes.
In New Orleans the parasites passed through two, possibly three,
generations. As they pass the winter in a dormant state the attempt
to breed them all the year round in heated greenhouses was not
successful. Should this Tachinid become established in Louisiana,
it will prove a very valuable asset to the control of D. saccharalis.

The other two parasites found were the Hymenoptera, Bassus
(Microdus) stigmatenis, Cress., and Apanteles sp., but as these were
very rare, it was decided not to attempt to introduce them without
further study.

Fl NT (W. P.), Turner (C. F.) & Davis (J. J.). Methods in Entomo-
logical Field Experimentation. — J I Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.^
xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 178-183, 1 plate.

Various methods are described that were tested in Illinois to obtain
accurate records of infestation of wheat fields by Hessian fly [Mayetiola
destructor] ; these included the picking method, the method of selecting
• — at haphazard— five Hnear yards and examining all the plants in each
yard, and the similar selection and examination of half a square
yard. Tables show the results of the counts made by the different
methods both in 1917 and 1918. These indicate that the above-
ground appearance of plants should be used only in generalising infesta-
tion, such as heavy, medium or light. The picking method is useful
in autumn scouting work, when estimating Hessian fly infestations,
but is practically useless in the spring and also in the autumn, if the
wheat-plants have tillered abundantly. For experimental plots where
simplicity, accuracy and comparison of results are essential, the linear
foot method is undoubtedly the most satisfactory, and at least ten
linear feet should be taken from each plot where counts are required.

In the matter of estimating yields various methods have also been
studied. It is the opinion of some agronomists that reliable records
can be obtained only by harvesting the entire plots. Others hold
that accurate yields can be obtained by harvesting such small areas
as one-thousandth of an acre. It is hoped to obtain the use of a
portable threshing outfit in order to make a comparison of the different
methods. In the meantime, the method used to obtain the yields
in wheat-sowing experiments in connection with Hessian fly is to
select five typical square yards from each plot. The wheat from
this area is bagged, transported to a central point and there threshed,
weighed and graded, the grain being tested and its quality recorded.
It is not claimed that this method is the best possible, and in point
of fact it seems to give records above the actual yields, but it provides
a fair method of comparison, which is the main consideration.

Estimates of injury by insects are frequently difficult to determine.
Where large areas are completely destroyed by such insects as white

281

grubs [Laclinostema spp.], army worms, grasshoppers or chinch bug
[Blissus leucopferus], the estimation of damage is comparatively simple ;
but where injury is inconspicuous, as in the case of scale-insects, corn
root aphis [Aphis maidiradicis], Hessian fly, chinch bug in wheat,
and the joint worm [Isosoma tritici], it is far more difficult to calculate.
In some cases, where the damage is restricted to a definite area, it
is possible to obtain an accurate estimate of injury by comparing
yields of that area with a similar uninfested area in previous years
as well as the year of injury, consideration being given to the dimatic
conditions in the two areas. Where the injury is widespread, the only
known method is to compare the yields during the season of injury
with previous seasons' yields, taking into consideration the insect
injuries of previous years and comparableness of climatic conditions
and acreage. In the case of injury by Hessian fly and joint- worm,
comparison can be made with previous years, but there is no basis
to compute accurately the injury in individual fields, since there is
no reliable comparison between infestation and injury. It is pro-
posed to obtain positive data another year concerning these insects
by enclosing large areas during their oviposition period, two to be
kept free from infestation and two to be infested by introduction
of the respective insects. It is hoped that others may make similar
tests with other insects. In order to obtain reliable results it is
essential to continue the experiments over a period of years. If,
for example, recommendations for sowing wheat with regard to
Hessian fly infestation had been based on the 1918 experiments
only, they would have been inaccurate, since the fly-free date in
1918 was earlier than the normal. Continuity of observation is also
very necessary in assisting the entomologist to predict the likelihood
of an insect outbreak in a succeeding year and to determine the
seriousness of such a possible outbreak. Thus a study of the likely
hibernating quarters of the chinch bug in a certain section of the
country extending over a large area for several consecutive years
is necessary to enable the entomologist, by surveys each autumn,
to determine with reasonable accuracy the probabilities of an outbreak
of the insect and the extent and degree of the probable infestation
in the following season.

McCoLLocK (J. W.). Eleodes opaca, Say, an important Enemy of
Wheat in the Great Plains Area. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,
xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 183-194, 1 plate.

The Tenebrionid beetle, Eleodes opaca, Say, caused considerable
injury in Western Kansas in 1908, since when several well-marked
outbreaks have been reported. This " false wireworm " has a wide
distribution throughout the Great Plains area, the most severe out-
break occurring in the autumn of 1917, when whole fields were
destroyed. The reason that no previous records of injury are available
is probably due to the fact that the larvae of this beetle have been
mistaken for true wireworms [Elateridae]. The larvae destroy the
wheat seed before germination, usually in the autumn, although
damage has also been reported in the spring to wheat several inches
high. Other food-plants of E. opaca are oats, barley, sorghum and
maize. It is believed that the adult beetles feed on the wheat heads
and grain.

(C671) B

282

All stages of the insect are described. The duration of the egg-
stage varies according to climatic conditions, the average being 9 or
10 days. The larvae moult eleven times. Their habits are subter-
ranean, and they show a preference for dry soil. In the autumn they
are found at the bottom of the drill rows and in the spring just beneath
the surface of the ground. They also feed on roots and seeds of
grasses and on decaying matter and occasionally prey on each other.
By October they are practically full-grown and hibernate in this
stage. Early in the spring they moult again, and prior to pupation
they enter a quiescent state lasting about a week. The total length
of the larval stage averages about 317 days.

Pupation occurs in the field during April, May and June, lasting
on an average almost 14 days.

The first adults emerge in May and are found in the field until
the middle of October, reaching a maximum in August. The normal
duration of life is from 2 to 4 months. Pairing usually takes place
early in July, followed in a few days by oviposition, the last occasion
on which this was observed being in October. The beetle is nocturnal
in habits and feeds in the field on evening primrose, Russian thistle
and lucerne, and like the larvae they are sometimes cannibals.

A Hymenopterous parasite, Perilitus eleodis, Vier., has been reared
from Eleodes opaca, but the percentage of parasitism has never been
high. A Gregarine, Stylocephalus giganteiis, was found in the alimen-
tary tract of the beetles. In the cages a great many larvae succumbed
to a bacterial disease, and the fungi, SporotricJmm globulifervm and
Metanhizium sp., have been found to attack them.

The cultural methods to control this pest include rotation of crops,
summer fallow and delayed planting. A large number of pupae
may be destroyed by spring ploughing, thus exposing them to natural
enemies and climatic conditions. A poison bran-mash may prove
beneficial against the beetles, but all attempts at poisoning the larvae
have been unsuccessful.

RiCKER (D. A.). Experiments with Poison-Baits against Grasshoppers.

— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp.
194-200.

Climatic conditions play an important part in the efficacy of poison-
baits against grasshoppers, and as a result of experiments made in
Wisconsin the most favourable conditions appear to be a rather
low temperature and high humidity. Various baits were tried, and
a table showing their respective efficacy is given. Apples and bananas
when used alone or with molasses are sUghtly more attractive than
lemon fruit or lemon extract. A distinct advantage of fruits other
than those of Citrus is that their odour lasts longer and even increases
as fermentation progresses. This fact is of special value with regard
to young grasshoppers, as they respond better to a strong -smelling bait.

Paris green, crude arsenious oxide and calcium arsenate were the
three poisons tried, the mortality resulting from each of these being
nearly the same. In treating tobacco, Paris green caused scorching,
but calcium arsenate did not.

The rate of application should depend upon the infestation and the
attractiveness of the bait ; standard bait used at the rate of 6 to 8 lb.
to the acre gave efiective results.

283

Davis (J. J.). The Value of crude Arsenious Oxide in Poison Bait for
Cutworms and Grasshoppers. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,
xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 200-203.

A summary is given of a number of tests made in difierent States
both in the laboratory and the field demonstrating that crude arsenious
oxide is just as efficacious, but much cheaper, in poison-baits than
Paris green, provided that it is used in a very finely powdered form
[see also this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 396].

Hawley (.J. M.). Some Notes on Phorbia fusciceps as a Bean Pest. —

Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 203-
205, 1 plate.

In 1917 the bean crop in New York State was greatly damaged by
Phorbia fusciceps, Zett. (seed corn maggot). These Dipterous larvae
attack the beans when planted, eating off the plumule or tunnelling
in the cotyledons, causing stunted growth and preventing the develop-
ment of pods.

The eggs are laid on moist, freshly ploughed ground, and on decayed
clover and cabbage stems. There are two broods in New York,
and sometimes a third. The flies of the first brood appear in May
and those of the second at the end of June and beginning of July.
The time from egg to adult varies from 25 to 47 days.

Insecticides are useless against this fly as they are harmful to the
germinating seeds, but cultural methods ofler some prospect of success,
especially shallow planting combined with the judicious use of a quick
acting fertiliser.

Heertck (G. W.) & Detwiler (J. D.). Notes on some little known
Pests of Red-clover.— JZ. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2,
April 1919, pp. 206-209, 3 figs.

Weevils that occur abundantly in clover fields in New York are : —
Hypera {Phytonomus) nigrirostris, F. (lesser clover-leaf weevil),
H. (P.) meles, F. (clover-head weevil) and TycJiius picirostris, F.

The larvae of H. nigrirostris five in the heads of clover, into which
they tunnel, eating the florets and devouring the ovaries. They
sometimes infest the axils of the clover stems also. In these cases
the larva eats into the sheath surrounding the bud in the axil, severs
the bud from the stem and grooves the side of the main stem. The
larvae become full-grown at the end of June and beginning of July,
the duration of the pupal stage being from 13 to 16 days.

H. meles has apparently been introduced from Europe ; it was
first noted in New York in 1907. The eggs are found on and in the
stems and leaf-petioles of clover and lucerne, and also on blossoms
of clover. The larvae are abundant in the heads of clover, in which
the pupae are also found, as well as in the axils of the branches. The
pupal stage lasts 12 to 19 days.

Tychius picirostris is also widely distributed in New York State.
In Ithaca as many as 19 adults were found in a newly opening head
of red clover, apparently feeding on the pollen. This weevil has
also been found on pear trees. The larvae feed on the florets, and
when fuU grown, descend into the soil to pupate. The sunmier brood
of adults began to appear about the middle of August.
(C671) B2

284

Dean (G. A.), Kelly (E. G.) & Ford (A. L.)- Grasshopper Control in
Kansas. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., sii, no. 2, April 1919,
pp. 213-217, 1 plate.

A campaign organised to protect the country in the summer and
autumn of 1918 from a threatened serious outbreak of grasshoppers
is described. The methods adopted included personal visits to the
farms and demonstration meetings. At each demonstration the
life-history of the grasshopper was explained and bran mash was
mixed and distributed with a device for sowing it. In some districts
the ingredients for it were supplied from county funds ; in others
the farmers bought them themselves. The results were very successful
in nearly every case. The presence of a large number of eggs of
Melanojjlus atlantis warranted a second campaign in the autumn to
protect the wheat crop. It was carried out on similar lines and it
was also decided to combine poisoning and autumn disking to destroy
the eggs.

The campaign proved a complete success. The value of co-operation
was emphasised as much as possible, and many townships decided
to carry on the disking as a unit, a special day being set aside
for the purpose.

Riley (W. A.). A Use of Galls by the Chippewa Indians. — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 217-218.

In addition to the uses of insect galls, already recorded [see this
Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 244], those produced on Rhus glabra by an
undetermined mite, a species of Eriophyes, are stated to be used
by the Chippewa Indians in the form of an infusion as a remedy for
diarrhoea. This mite is the cause of stunted heads and curled leaves
in the food-plant, and is very common in Minnesota.

Britton (W. E.). European Corn Borer in Connecticut. — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, p. 218.

Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb., was found in Connecticut in March. Its
limits have not yet been ascertained, but prompt measures are being
taken to suppress it.

Van Dyke (E. C). A Correction. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,
xii, no. 2, April 1919, p. 219.

It is now stated that the beetle found feeding on Azalea [see this
Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 37] is Galerucella rufosanguinea, Say, and not
G. cavicollis, Lee.

Stookey (E. B.). a New Root Maggot Treatment. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 219-220.

In the course of some experiments for the control of Phorbia
brassicae, Bch., treatment with green tar oil proved the most efiective.
Anthracene oil was mixed at the rate of 1 part to 80 parts of soil and
scattered as a protecting collar round the base of the plant as soon
as it was transplanted. A weaker mixture would probably suffice,

285

whereas 1 to 20 proved injurious to the plants. One U.S. gall, of the
mixture is required for 200 plants. A solution of borax, based on the
measures recommended with this substance to kill house-fly larvae,
proved useless against those of P. brassicae.

Henke (L. a.). Corn at the College of Hawaii Farm. — Hawaiian
Forester & Agriculturist, Honolulu, xvi, no. 2, February 1919, pp.
40-45. [Received 7th May 1919.]

It is believed that leaf-hoppers [Peregrinus maidisl are an important
factor in causing stunted growth of maize plants in lower ground in
Hawaii, and experiments made to ascertain the relative immunity
of certain species of maize to attacks of this kind are described. Cuban
maize, although not absolutely immune, offered most resistance to
attack. June and Guam maize proved fairly free from leaf -hoppers,
but owing to the tendency in these varieties for the husks to open
before the harvest, the ears become infested with larvae of the grain
weevil, which is very abundant in Hawaii, and the exposed tips are
attacked by birds. On Laguna maize, leaf-hoppers were present
in great numbers, but did not completely destroy the crop.

Chaine (J.). Destruction du Puceron du Rosier par les grandes
Chaleurs de I'Ete. [Destruction of the Rose Aphis by the Intense
Heat of Summer.] — Bull. Sac. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux,
xviii, nos. 3-4, March-April 1919, pp. 23-25.

It is stated that a sudden spell of heat is fatal to Aphids on rose
trees. In 1911, a single day of excessive heat resulted in the death
of all rose Aphids, and these remained on the trees in a scorched
condition. In 1918, the same phenomenon was observed as a result
of a long period of high temperature accompanied by excessive drought.
In this case the Aphids died off gradually.

Vayssiere (P.). L'Acclimatation des Insectes auxiliaires et son
Importance au Point de Vue agricole. — Bidl. Soc. Nat. AccUmat.,
Paris, Ixvii, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 137-141.

In discussing the natural methods of control of insect pests, the
view is expressed that the method of disseminating parasitic fimgi
among them, while excellent in theory, leaves much to be desired
in practice [see this Revietv, Ser. A, vii, p. 199]. The introduction
and propagation of insect parasites has yielded far greater success.
Some account is given in the present paper of well-known examples
of the successful establishment of such parasites, and the author
hopes to encourage further sunilar introductions into France and
her colonies,

Bertrand (G.). Sur la haute Toxicity de la Chloropicrine vis-a-vls de
certains Animaux inf6rieurs et sur la Possibility d'Eraploi de cette
Substance comme Parasiticide. — C.R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris,
clxviii, no. 14, 7th April 1919, pp. 742-744.

The idea of utihsing as insecticides some of the poison gases
employed in the War led the author to experiment with chlorpicrin.
This is a mobile liquid that evaporates rapidly and is non-inflammable,

286

sligMly soluble in water, and wlien mixed with air extremely irritating
to the eyes and respiratory organs. When very largely diluted
with air it has merely a slightly aromatic and bitter smell. Caution
is necessary in its use, but it is less dangerous than hydrocyanic acid
gas, which it is possible that it may replace. It is prepared by the
action of picric acid on calcium chloride.

In testing its value as an insecticide, a weighed quantity was intro-
duced into a 1 or 2 litre wide-necked flask by means of a capillary
pipette delivery in small drops, the flask being then corked and
thoroughly shaken to ensure the even distribution of the vapour
through the contained air. After a quarter of an hour, the insects
to be tested, enclosed in a piece of gauze, were lowered into the middle
of the flask, by means of a thread the other end of which was held
between the neck and the cork. After a certain exposure, the insects
were withdrawn, and, if not dead, were kept under observation upon
the foliage of their usual food-plant. In tests with Aphids, a piece
of a twig of the food-plant bearing the insects was placed in a tiny
flask containing water and the whole was lowered by a thread into the
flask.

The insects experimented with included the larvae of such Lepidop-
tera as Sparganothis fillefriana and Polychrosis botrana, sawfly larvae and
Aphids. The results showed that exposure for from 5-10 minutes
in an atmosphere containiug 1 to 2 centigrammes of chlorpicrin to the
litre was sufficient to kill insect larvae and Aphids either immediately
or in the course of a few hours. Larvae exposed to a concentration
of half this strength ceased to feed and finally died in 24 to 48 hours.
There is thus reason to suppose that chlorpicrin might be used with
advantage either as a fumigant, or as a spray in the form of an aqueous
solution or emulsion against certain pests of cultivated plants.

Jensen (H.). Control of Lasioderma serricorne and Setomorpha
margalaestriata, injurious to Tobacco in Java. — Proefstation voar
Vorstenlandsche Tabak, Semarang, 1917, Mededeeling, no. 30, pp.
1-29. (Abstract in Mihly. Bull. Agric. Ititell. PI Dis., Rome, x,
no. 1, January 1919, p. 127.)

The position of the tobacco plantations in Vorstenlanden is not
favourable to the beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, and the moth, Setomor-
pha margalaestriata, the crop in normal times being kept only for
six months or less in sheds that are very clean. Eecently the period
of storage has been longer owing to lack of shipping, and consequently
there has been some danger of infestation. Investigation has shown
that carbon bisulphide at the rate of approximately | pint per 35
cub. ft. is sufficient to disinfect the sheds, or benzine may be used,
provided that the air is thoroughly saturated with it for 5 or 6 days.
The fumes of sulphur dioxide or formalin have no effect upon L. serri-
corne. The tobacco sheds should be protected by mosquito nets.

Mackenna (J.). Report on the Progress of Agriculture in India for
1916-17, Calcutta, 1918, pp. 72-84. [Eeceived 9th May 1919.]

The breeding of parasites of cotton boll-worms {Farias spp.) was
continued [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 316], the opinion now
being held that_these belong to the genus Microbracon and not to

287

Rhogas. A weevil, Myllocerus hlandus, which is a serious pest in
young cotton in the Punjab, was successfully dealt with by sowing
cotton with maize as a trap-crop. The attacks of a Buprestid beetle,
Sphenoptera gossypii (cotton stem-borer) have been much lessened
by constant destruction of attacked plants.

Among rice pests, Schoenobius incertellus {bipunctifer) (rice stem-
borer) was checked by removal and destruction of plants infested
with this moth. The application of oilcakes as a top-dressing in
affected fields is recommended. Spodoptera mauritia was controlled
by pouring kerosene in the water of paddy fields and then dislodging
the caterpillars. To destroy Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (rice leaf -roller),,
another Lepidopterous pest of rice, the tips of the plants rolled by it
were beaten briskly with a stout cane, thus dislodging and exposing
the insects. The crop then received a mulch of a mixture of lime
and ashes in the proportion 1:4, after draining away the water
wherever possible.

Lepidopterous sugar-cane borers, among which only CJiilo simplex
had hitherto been identified, are now found to include three distinct
species of Diatraea, others being Papua depressella, Scirpophaga
xantJiogastrella {auriflua) and Sesamia inferens. Of the last two species
the former is most injurious to the young stages of sugar-cane, while
the second is active throughout the year.

Among miscellaneous pests, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm
weevil) did considerable damage to date plantations. The building
of mud enclosures round the trunks of the plants and keepiag them
filled with water proved quite successful. Dropping of oranges was
found to be caused by a moth, Ophideres fullonica, which also punct-
ures pomelo fruits. Fermenting sugar syrup and lantern traps
have been used to attract these moths, but only the latter are of any
value.

Some account is also given of the conditions of sericulture and
apiculture during the year.

Mackenna (J.). Report on the Progress of Agriculture in India for
1917-18, Calcutta, 1919, pp. 85-99. [Received 9th May 1919.J

Investigation into the pests of cotton has shown that Farias fabia
and E. insulana are the most prevalent bollworms at the beginning
of the cotton season (July to mid-October), but later on (from October
to the end of January) Pectinophora gossypiella is most abundant and
damages the crop considerably, being at its worst during the picking
season. The species of Microbracon that parasitises Farias spp. is
also able to attack the larvae of P. gossypiella while these are in
the shoots, etc., but seems unable to attack them when they have
reached the cotton seeds. It is thought that the control of this
pest could best be accomplished by some natural parasite, and since
P. gossypiella is apparently endemic to India it seems probable that
the required parasite, if such exists, might be found there. The best
trap-crop for bollworm larvae is Hibiscus abehnoschus. Three new
parasites of Farias spp. have been discovered, a Tachinid attacking
the larvae, and a Braconid and a Chalcid infesting the pupae. A
serious pest of Cambodia cotton, the stem weevil {Pempheres sp.)
has recently been recorded in several new localities [see this Review,

288

Ser. A, vii, p. 114]. The method by which infestation is carried
over from season to season is not known, nor have preventive measures
been discovered.

Most of the stem-borers in rice hibernate in the stubble, while
ScJwenobius incertellus {bijmnctifer) can be destroyed in the larval
stage by ploughing the stubble early in March. Spodoptera mauritia
was completely checked in many localities by the kerosene method
described in the preceding report [see above]. A widespread attack
of a beetle, Hispa sp., was successfully checked by the use of bags.

In addition to the sugar-cane pests mentioned in the last repoii;,
nine other borers not yet known to occur in sugar-cane have been
found in wild grasses and are considered to be potential pests of it.
Thick canes are more liable to attack by borers than thin ones.
Experiments at Pusa show that the cutting away of dead heai'ts and
dry plants with insects in them, which is the treatment usually
recommended, retards the proper growth of the cane and is therefore
useless.

The Longicorn beetle, Xylotrechus quadripes (coffee borer), is being
controlled in Mysore by scrubbing the plants twice during the period
of emergence of the beetle. In the course of experiments to find a
simpler remedy, applications of Brunolinum, a crude distillate from
coal-tar, as late as two months after hatching, have been entirely
successful, and no injury to the trees has been noticed. Applications
made only to the ridges round the stem by means of cotton-wool
soaked in this substance also proved quite successful. Experiments
will be made to determine whether its application before the emergence
of the adult beetles will kill them.

In Mysore, mango hoppers [Idiocerus] were found to be largely
influenced by temperature, and it is hoped that this discovery may
be of practical value in their control, especially as the cost of spraying
is excessive. In the Punjab, a Coccid, Monoplilehus sp., is a serious
pest on mango blossoms ; bands of cotton wool or grease bands of
crude vaseline and rape oil on the trunks have been found effective
against it. In Bengal it has been discovered that the mango weevil
[Sternochetus mangiferae] lays its eggs singly in small depressions
on the half -grown fruit, covering them with a black substance. This
knowledge, combined with the evidence that the oviposition period
is limited to a week or two, ought to render remedial measures
practicable. A Psyllid, Euphalerus citri, was controlled on citrus
trees by regular spraying from March to June with crude oil emulsion
and tobacco decoction.

The method of storing grain under a layer of sand was found to
be efficacious in protecting it from insect pests. Tribolium castaneum
is found to do no injury to sound wheat, but breeds profusely in
the dust produced in wheat already affected by Caiaiidra sp. and
Wiizopertha sp. Bruchus chinensis, which is a pest of stored pulse,
is able to breed in the field at Pusa in cow-pea pods. B. affinis
infesting pea seeds has been considerably checked by drying the
seeds in the sun for seven days, even if they are stored for a year
afterwards. The treatment of wood infested with termites by soaking
in arsenicals or creosote or wood-tar is described.

The condition of the silk and lac industries during the year is also
reported on.

289

Butler (E. J.). The Rice Worm {Tylenchus angustus) and its Control.

— Memoirs Dept. Agric. India {Agric. Research Institute, Pusa),
Bot. Ser,, X, no. 1, January 1919, 37 pp., 4 figs.

A very serious disease of rice, locally called " ufra," is widely
distributed throughout the great rice-growing tract at the head of the
Bay of Bengal. It is probable that no other plant disease hitherto
observed in India, except the cereal rusts that periodically damage
wheat, possesses such potentialities for harm. A map shows roughly
the limits of the disease as at present known, but its presence is very
difficult to detect, as it occurs while the fields are submerged and
is at its earliest stage in the winter crop during the time that boat
traffic is possible, while the harvest is over when the ground is dry
enough to walk on. This disease was discovered in 1912 to be due
to a Nematode, Tylenchus angustus, which has some similarity of
habits with T. ribes that causes a serious disease of black currants
in England. T. angustus apparently feeds exclusively upon living
rice. Under normal conditions the worms are active on the plants
from June to November in the southern part of the infested tract
and rather later in the northern, reproduction being vigorous and all
stages of the worm occurring on the plant. The length of the larval
stag^ has not been worked out, nor the rate of reproduction determined
but it is undoubtedly high. In swampy ground, where a second
growth takes place from the stubble after harvest, this period may
be extended to February. In the majority of cases, the host-plant
dries up when ripe in late November or early December ; the worms
then cease feeding, coil up and pass into a resting condition. The
influences of such factors as moisture, temperature and light on the
longevity and motility of the worms are discussed. Early studies
of T. angustus led to the conclusion that free liquid was necessary to
enable it to wander, but it has now been proved that the worms
can move slowly for considerable distances in a saturated or very
damp atmosphere.

Observations and experiments have shown that at whatever time
rice is sown at Pusa between the beginning of December and the end
of March, infestation develops from worms left in the stubble from
the previous crop only when the air humidity rises after the rains
break in June. When sown early, there is little growth before March
or April in Pusa, but the worm is not able to affect appreciably even
small plants until the air humidity rises enough to allow it to climb
up to the parts above-ground. There is evidently no mherent
inability in the worms to attack rice during this period, since infestation
has been secured in the laboratory by keeping the plants covered
with a bell-jar. It is practically certain that the worms occur in the
water of low-lying areas in the eariy months of the year and probably
a number of them reach the growing spring paddy and get carried
up or climb up above the water during the heavy night-dews of
January and February. Those that do not leave the water are prob-
ably all dead a month or two after the fields are flooded. While in
the water they do not multiply, and after they leave it multiplication,
can probably only proceed to a limited extent before the air becomes
too dry to allow of pairing. After February or March no further
migration of T. angustus is possible and the spring paddy, though

2G0

the plants may bear desiccated worms in the lower parts, escapes
the injury to the ears and upper part of the stem that causes such
losses in the later crops, and is harvested before the break of the rains
would allow of further infestation. In the same way, the autumn
paddy does not become severely attacked until June (infestation
probably taking place in May), though worms must be present in
the water of the lower-lying tracts from the first flooding of the fields.
The winter paddy (the main crop) is doubtless attacked at the same
time, but the attack escapes notice as the crop is still very immature.
That the damage to the winter crop is so much greater than to the
autumn one is probably due to reproduction only being possible after
the rains break, that is, shortly before the autumn crop is harvested,
while it continues for several months during the maturing of the
winter one.

T. angustus can only feed on certain parts of the plant ; these
include the young ear, the peduncle, the part of the stem just above
the upper nodes, the leaf-sheath and the young leaf-blades inrolled
towards the centre of the bud above the growing point. It is not
until the ear is forming and the worms collect at its base and above
the top nodes of the stem that the strain becomes more than the plant
can meet. It is quite possible to keep even severely infested young
plants growing, but often impossible to get them to bear mature ears.

Many inoculation experiments carried out at Pusa are described.
These indicate that the disease only develops during the monsoon,
unless the plants are covered so that they grow in a saturated atmos-
phere. The question of soil and seed infestation are discussed ; it
is considered that infested matter does not remain in the soil if all
the stubble be removed ; infestation may under certain conditions
be carried by the seed, though this is unusual. The relative immunity
of transplanted paddy is chiefly because transplantation is made
on to high ground that is dry during the greater part of the year.
There is as yet no indication that any variety of paddy is naturally
resistant to the attacks of this Nematode, though some varieties do
not give sufficient time between infestation and harvest to allow of
much multiplication of the worms, while other early maturing varieties
are well advanced before the disease usually begins. Unless there
exists a variety with such thickened or hardened outer cell-walls
that the mouth-parts of the worm cannot pierce them, it is unlikely
that immune varieties will be found.

Suggestions for improvement in rice-growing include the intro-
duction of early maturing kinds, and the re- arrangement of the levels
of particular fields so that transplanted winter or spring crops can
be grown in place of long-stemmed winter ones. The growing of
jute in some classes of infested land has been advocated with the
idea that if the paddy crop could be replaced even for a year the
worms would die out. Another practice is to take first a crop of
jute and follow it by a crop of transplanted winter rice put in in
August. This cannot be done on the lowest land. The problem is
more an agricultural than a pathological one. It has been conclu-
sively proved that the destruction of the stubble of the winter rice
will alone effect a great improvement, while if this can be followed
by ploughing and keeping the field dry for two or three months the
worms can be completely destroyed. The methods must vary in

291

each locality according to the conditions, and anyone who is acquainted
with those of rice cultivation in Eastern Bengal, the enormous area
concerned, the lethargy of the cultivators, the difficulties of communi-
cation and other factors, will realise that progress is bound to be
slow, particularly while the numbers of trained assistants are so
inadequate.

Beeson (C. F. C). The Food Plants of Indian Forest Insects. Parts
I and II. — Indian Forester, Allahabad, xlv, nos. 2-3, February
and March 1919, pp. 49-56 and 139-153.

These lists of food-plants of Indian forest insects form part of a
series of annotated lists of those species of which the food-plants
are known, with their distribution and feeding habits. The data
obtained are largely incidental to investigations carried out on a few
of the principal timber trees, the records being for the most part new.

Some of the more important Coleopterous insects dealt with include
the Anthribids, Araecerus fasciculatus, De G., in Areca catechu and
in Papilionaceae ; Eucorynus crassicornis, F., in Shorea robusta and
Terminalia tomentosa ; Phloeobius apicalis, Wlk., in Xylia dolabri-
formis ; Physopterus agrestis, Boh., in S. robusta ; Xylinades plagiatus,
Jord., in S. robusta and X. dolabriformis ; the Bostrychids, Apate
submedia, Wlk., in Casuarina equisetifolia ; Bostrychopsis parallela,
Lesne, in Dendrocalamus strictus ; Dinoderus brevis, Horn, in D. strictus
and S. robusta ; D. distinctus, Lesne, in Mangifera indica ; D. minutus,
F., and D. joilifrons, Lesne, in D. strictus and bamboos ; Heterobostry-
chus aeqiialis, Waterh., in Bombax malabaricum, D. strictus, S. robusta
and other plants ; H. pileatus, Lesne, and H. unicornis, Lesne, in
S. robusta ; Sinoxylon anale, Lesne, in Acacia catechu, M. indica,
S. robusta and other plants ; S. atratum, Lesne, in A . catechu and
Anogeissus lati folia ; S. capillatum, Lesne, in Albizzia lebbeh, S. robusta
and other plants ; S. crassum, Lesne, in A. catechu and Albizzia
procera ; Xylodectes ornatus, Lesne, in Acacia catechu and Terminalia
belerica ; Xylopsocus capucinus, F., in M. indica ; Xylothrips Jlavipes,
111., in M. indica, S. robusta and Theobroma cacao ; the Brenthid,
Hormocerus reticulatus, Lund, in Bombax malabaricum and Casta-
nopsis tribuloides ; the Bruchid, Caryoborus [Pachymerus) gonager,
F., in Bauhinia malabarica, B. racemosa. Cassia spp., Casua-
rina equisetifolia, Prosopis juliflora and Tamarindus indica ; the
Buprestids, Acmaeodera kerremansi, Stebb., in Dalbergia sissoo ;
A. stictipennis, C. & G., in Bauhinia vahlii and S. robusta; Agrilus
birmanicus, Kerr., in D. sissoo ; Ancylocheira geometrica, C. & G.,
n Pinus longifolia ; A. kashmirensis, Fahm., in Cedrus deodara ;
Anthaxia notaticollis, Chevr., and A. osmastoni, Stebb., in Pinus
longifolia ; Belionota prasina, Thunb., in Mangifera indica, Psidium
guyava and other plants ; Capnodis indica. Thorns., in Eugenia
jambolana and Pinus longifolia ; Chrysochroa {Megaloxantha) bicolor,
F., in Theobroma cacao and Xylia dolabriformis ; Chrysobothris indica,
C. & G., ia Shorea robusta and Terminalia tomentosa ; C. quadrati-
collis, K#rr., in T. tomentosa ; C. sexnotata. Gory, in S. robusta ;
Psiloptera {Lampetis) fastuosa, ¥., in Acacia arabica and Tectorw,
grandis ; P. {L.) viridans, Kerr., in Shorea robusta and T. tomentosa ;
Sphenoptera aterrima, Kerr., and S. lafertii, Thorns., in Cedrus deodara;

292

the Cerambycids, Acanthophorus serraticornis, Oliv., in Mangifem indica
and S. robusia ; Aegosoma costi'penne, White, in Tedona grandis ;
Aeolesthes Jiolosericea, ¥., in Acacia arabica, Butea frondosa, Cedrela
toona, Pinus longifolia, S. rohusta and other plants ; Aeolesthes sarta,
Solsky, in Platanus orientaUs and other plants ; Ceresium nilgiriense,
Gahan, in Shorea rohusta ; C. zeylanicimi, White, in Heritierafomes and
S. rohusta ; Criocephalus tihetanus, Sharp, in Cedrus deodara and
Pinus gerardiana ; Derolus volvulus, F., in Bomhax malaharicum,
S. rohusta and Xylia dolabriformis ; Dialeges paiiper, F., in Milletia
auriculata and S. rohusta ; Diorthus cinereus, \Vhite, in Bauhinia
vahlii, Heritiera fomes and S. rohusta ; Euryphagus lundi, F., in
S. rohusta ; Gelonaetha Jiirta, Fairm., in H. fomes and Tedona grandis ;
Hoploceramhyx spitiicornis, Newm., in Shorea ohtusa, S. rohusta and
other plants ; Hypoeschrus indicus, Gahan, in S. rohusta ; Lophosternus
hugelii, Redt., in Pyrus malus, Quercus ilex and Q. incana ; Leptura
ruhriola, Bates, in Cedrus deodara and Picea morinda ; Macrotoma
crenata, F., in Quercus dilatata and Bomhax malaharicum ; M. plagiata,
Waterh., in Heritiera fomes ; Nothorhina muricata, Dalm., in Pinus
longifolia ; Nypiliasia apicalis, Gahan, in S. rohusta ; Perissus muta-
bilis, Gahan, in S. rohusta ; Plocaederus ohesus, Gahan, in B. mala-
haricum, Butea frondosa and S. rohusta ; Purpuricenus ynontanus.
White, in Pinus excelsa ; Rhytidodera rohusta, Gahan, in S. rohusta ;
Stromatium barhatum, F., from a large number of food-plants ;
S. longicorne, Newm., in Tedona grandis ; Tetropium oreinum, Gahan,
in C^rus deodara ; XylotrecMis huqueti, C. & G., in Shorea rohusta ;
X. gahani, Steb., in Ficus elastica ; X. smei, C. & G., in Butea
frondosa, Shorea rohusta and other plants ; X. quadripes, Chevr., in
Tectona grandis and Coffea rohusta ; Xystrocera glohosa, Oliv., in
Alhizzia lehhek, Bomhax malaharicum and other plants.

De (R. N.). Simul Plantations in Jhums in Assam. — Indian Forester,
Allahabad, xlv, no. 3, March 1919, p. 156.

In a recent paper on the cultivation of simul {Bomhax malaharicum)
in Assam, the only damage recorded as being caused by any insect
pest was that by an unidentified Longicorn larva. This has subse-
quently been identified as a Lamiid, Glenea sjnlota, Thorns.

Chase (W. W.). Common Insects and Diseases of the Apple — Georgia
State Bd. Entom., Atlanta, Bull. no. 54, March 1919, 51 pp., 12
plates. [Received 12th May 1919.]

This bulletin is a revision of a previous one [see this Revieiv, Ser. A,
i, p. 451]. Improvements on the older methods and modifications
of spraying practices and materials are incorporated in the present
issue. A condensed spray-schedule for apples is given.

CossETTE (J. R,). Two Years of Success with Busting.— Canadian
Hortic. and Beekeeper, Toronto, xxvii, no. 4, April 1919, p. 101.

Dusting has been practised for two years at an agricultural institute
in Quebec, and is pronounced a success. Details of the sprayings
and the results obtained are given. The treatment was chiefly for
the bud-worm [Eucosma ocellana] and for apple-scab, the powders

293

used being lead arsenate, sulphur and talcum. While easier to apply
than lime-sulphur wash, and giving at least equally good results,
the dusting method has the disadvantage of being expensive. It
has been decided to continue dusting at the institute, and it is hoped
to demonstrate the ultimate economy of this method.

Weiss (H. B) & Nicolay (A. S.). Notes on Zeugoplwra scutellaris,
Suflr., a European Poplar Leaf-miner, in New Jersey (Col). — Entom.
News, Philadelphia, Pa., sxx, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 124-127, 1 fig.

This Chrysomelid beetle was found in a New Jersey nursery on
Populus deUoides. The different stages are described. The eggs are
deposited on the leaves, of which the emerging larvae mine the tissues
in July ; they are full-grown by August and drop to the ground to
pupate, though this probably does not take place until the following
spring. The adults appear early in the summer and feed on the
poplar leaves, the terminal ones being preferred and becoming com-
pletely skeletonised. This combined mining and feeding results in
complete destruction of the foliage.

Gage (J. H.). The Staining of Coccids (Homop.). — Entom. Neivs,
Philadelphia Pa., xxx, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 142-143.

As a result of experiments with various stains for Coccidae and
allied insects, saurefuchsin 0'5 gram., 10 per cent, hydrochloric acid,
25 cc. and distilled water 300 cc. is recommended. Full particulars
of the methods of procedure are given.

Davis (J. J.). Grasshopper Control in Indiana. — Purdue Univ. Agric.
Expt. Sta. , Lafayette, Ind., Circ. no. 88. January 1919, 8 pp., 9 figs. ^
[Keceived 15th May 1919.]

The measures against grasshoppers suggested as suitable for the
conditions in Indiana are egg destruction in the autumn and winter
by ploughing to a depth of 6 inches, and the use of poisoned
bran or sawdust baits for killing the adults and young hoppers. The
following formula is given. Bran, bran and sawdust in equal propor-
tions, or sawdust alone 25 lb., Paris green, crude arsenious oxide
or white arsenic 1 lb., molasses 2 U.S. qts., 6 lemons, bananas or oranges
or one ounce of lemon extract, water 1 to 2 U.S. gals. ; from seven to
ten pounds of this bait are required per acre.

The grasshoppers may also be collected by means of grasshopper
catchers, and in this case they can be utilised as food for poultry.
This method is described.

Reports on the State of the Crops in each Province of Spain on the
20th April 1919. — Bol. Agric. Tecnica y Economica, Madrid, xi,
no. 124, April 1919, pp. 341-356.

In Cordova oaks are already showing infestation with Tortrix
viridana, and it is feared that the acorn crop, as in previous years,
will be almost completely destroyed. In Huelva, spring-sown vege-
table crops are being somewhat damaged by Aphis fabae. Oak
trees are being attacked by Porthetria {Liparis) dispar. Locusts
are causing considerable damage, although occurring within a limited

294

area ; it is hoped that sufficient insecticides will soon be received to
deal successfully with this outbreak. Olive trees in Malaga are
attacked by various pests, including Phheotribus scarabaeoides (oleae)
and Saissetia oleae.

GuENEY (W. B.). The Insect Pests of Maize.— Agric. Gaz. N.S.W.,
Sydney, xxx, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 196-202, 1 plate, 4 figs.

The formula here recommended against cutworms has aheady
been given [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 262]. The substitution of
9 oz. of white arsenic for 1 lb. of Paris green has been suggested ;
six lemons or oranges chopped finely and added to the mixture increase
its attractiveness for cutworms. Maize tops, potato haulms, turnip
tops etc. soaked for about 5 minutes in 1 lb. of Paris green to 10 gals,
water, have proved successful as baits in South Africa.

The following additional maize pests [see this Review, Ser. A, vii,
p. 84] are recorded. Euxoa {Agrotis) radians, Gi.cn., also occurriug on
lucerne, vegetables, and other crops ; Prodenia litura, F., attacking all
the above as well as weeds and Lantana ; and the pumpkin beetle,
Aidacophora olivieri, which attacks the leaves and silks of maize.
In the north coast river districts one of the most serious pests is a
Chrysomelid, Monolejjta rosae, Blackb., which attacks the silk of the
maize cob as well as citrus and many other fruits of which the blooms
and young foliage are injured. During the winter these beetles have
been known to swarm on Acacia spp. The pepper tree is attacked
both in winter and summer. A list is given of dates of appearances
on different food-plants from March 1918 to February 1919.

Various remedial measures have been tried and so far as the present
experiments go, a spray that quickly dislodges the beetles and enables
them to be further sprayed on the ground seems likely to be the
most satisfactory.

Froggatt (W. W.). The Seedling-gum Moth {Nola metallopa, Wlk.).
Extensive Damage to Red Gum Forests.— ^^'nc. Gaz. N.S.W.,
Sydney, xxx, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 203-206, 5 figs.

The caterpillars of a Lithosiid, Nola metallopa, are reported to have
been causing severe damage to Eucalyptus rostrata. They feed on
the green leaves and cause withering of the branches and twigs. A
description is given of the various stages.

Feoggatt (W. W.). Notes on Australian Sawflies (Tenthredinidae). —

Proc. Lin. Soc. New South Wales, xliii, no. 3, 30th October 1918,
pp. 668-672.

In AustraUa the gregarious larvae of several species of the genus
Perga are common at certain seasons, especially March and April,
feeding on the foliage of young Eucalyptus trees, but the perfect
iusects are comparatively rare, since the larvae are attacked by
many Dipterous and Hymenopterous parasites. Perga dorsalis,
Leach, has an extended range round the coast and is common in
Victoria and New South Wales. The gregarious larvae feed at night
and rest during the day, those that pupate in the soil in the middle
of April having been found to produce adults ia the early part of

295

October. PterygopJiorus bifasciatus, Brulle, is described from speci-
mens bred from cocoons that were imbedded in the soft wood of the
stem of an undetermined tree, the adults emerging early in September.
The larva of Philoniastix macleayi, Westw., occurs on wild raspberry
plants. Pterygojjhorus analis, Costa, appears in early summer in
the open forest country in enormous numbers, the eggs being deposited
on the foliage of iron bark-trees. The resultant larvae completely
defoliate the trees, and when fully fed, they crawl or fall to the ground
and congregate at the base of the tree-trunks in regular heaps in
the month of August. Cattle running in infested country have
acquired the habit of licking up these larvae with the result that as
many as 20 per cent, of a herd have died within a week from what
appears to be acute intestinal inflarmnation.

Brues (C. T.). a new Chalcid-Fly parasitic on the Australian Bull-
dog Ant. — Annals Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xii, no.
1, March 1919, pp. 13-21, 2 plates. [Received 15th May 1919.]

Psilogaster faxiiventris, sp. n., a parasite of Myrmecia forficata, F.
(Australian bull-dog ant) is described.

Illingworth (J. F.). Monthly Notes on Grubs and other Cane Pests.

— Queensland Bur. Sugar Expt. Stns., Brisbane, Div. Entom. Bull,
no. 7, 1917-1918, 29 pp. [Received 16th May 1919.]

This bulletin comprises a resume of various reports that have
already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp. 495, 526, etc.].

Illingworth (J. F.). The Sugar-Cane Beetle. — Queensland Agric. Jl.
Brisbane, xi, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 120-121. [Received 19th
May 19 19. J

A large emergence of Lepidiota albohirta and L. frenchi occurred
in December. Observation showed that numerous species of birds
are of assistance in keeping these beetles in check. The Noctuid,
Phragmatiphila truncata, Wlk., is reported on sugar-cane in great
numbers on one estate. In many cases the galleries of the borer
were cleared by an ant, Plieidole megacephala.

Teyon (H.). The St. Johns' Wort Pest. Proposal to utilise Insect
Enemies for its Eradication. — Queensland Agric. Jl. Brisbane, xi,
no. 3, March 1919, pp. 122-123. [Received 19th May 1919.]

The suggestion that Chrysomela Jiyperici, Forst., should be introduced
into Australia to control this weed {Hypericum) has met with
strong opposition from the agricultural authorities in Victoria and
experts in South and Western Australia. The author is however
in favour of its introduction.

Watts (F.). Concerning Cotton in St. Vincent and the Steps which
must be taken to safeguard the Industry.— If es« Indian Bull,
Barbados, xvii, no 3, 1919, pp. 167-176.

One of the principal diseases causmg the loss of cotton in St. Vincent
is that known as internal boll rot, which is conveyed to and disseminated

296

among the cotton plants by cotton stainers [Dysdercus'] and also by
bush-bugs such as Nezara viridula. Further investigations are
necessary in connection with N. viridula and other insects causing
indirect attacks of disease on cotton and it is hoped that, as investi-
gations proceed, means for combating the attacks will be found.
Steps have already been taken to control by legislation and inspection
the times of sowing of cotton seed and the destruction of the old cotton
bushes at the end of each season, so that there shall be a period in
each year during which no cotton plants exist, thus depriving both
insect and fungus enemies of the means of surviving from one season
to another. Many leguminous crops are preferred food-plants of
these bugs, and, if these are abruptly destroyed, the insects then
invade the cotton in large numbers, probably carrying the disease with
them. Leguminous crops should therefore be so timed that they
may not have to be removed at a period when there is cotton that
might become infected.

Haeland (S. C). The Inheritance of Immunity to Leaf-Blister Mite
{Eriophyes gossypii, Banks) in Cotton. — West Indian Bull,
Barbados, xvii, no. 3, 1919, pp. 162-166. [Received 19th May
1919.]

The question of the immunity of certain types of cotton to Eriophyes
gossypii has been discussed in a previous paper and some account
has been given of crossing immune and susceptible varieties [see this
Review, Ser. A, v, p. 109]. The present paper contains an account of
the results of the F/1, F/2 and F/3 generations of a cross between
the immune type, St. Vincent native, and the susceptible type, Southern
Cross Upland. The F/1 was intermediate, though inclining towards
the susceptible parent. In F/2, segregation occurred into immune
and non-immune. In F/3 immune bred true, while non-immune
segregated into immune and non-immune. The economic importance
of the discovery that strains of cotton immune to the attacks of
E. gossypii can be obtained is obvious, as it opens up the way to the
production of immune strains of Sea Island cotton. The nature of
this immunity is briefly discussed.

Ballou (H. a.). The Poisoning of the Boll Weevil. — Agric. News,
Barbados, xviii, no. 443, 19th April 1919, pp. 122-123.

Owing to the success of experiments in the United States to control
the Mexican boll-weevil [Anthonomus grandis] on a large scale by
means of poisons, particulars are given as to the method adopted and
machinery used.

The poison recommended is a calcium arsenate containing not less
than 40 per cent, arsenic pentoxide and not more than 0*75 per cent,
of water-soluble arsenic, and of a density not less than 80 cubic inches
per lb. The poison is applied in the form of a dust, 6 lb. being required
per acre for each apphcation. The fields should be sprayed from two
to four times during the season ; in the event of heavy rain within
24 hours, the dusting should be repeated. The best time to apply

297

tlie poison is when the leaves are damp and the air cahn. The powei
duster recommended should be able to cover at least 6 acres an hour,
whereas the capacity of each hand dust-gun is about 5 acres per day.

Davidson (W. M.). Life History and Habits of the Mealy Plum Aphis.

—U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 774, 28th April
1919, 16 pp., 2 plates.

Hyahpterus arundinis, F. (mealy plum aphis) in Cahfornia is injurious
to plums, prunes and, in a lesser degree, to apricots, causing early
dropping and small-sized fruits and probably, to some extent, the
apical cracking of prunes. The winter eggs hatch in early March and
stem-mothers begin reproduction about 20th March. There are
normally from 3 to 5 spring generations, the earlier ones being wingless,
while practically all produced after mid-June develop wings, though
wingless generations have been known to persist until the autumn.
Migration to the summer food-plants, Phragmites sp. (reed grass) and
Typlia latifolia (cat-tail rush) continues from April till August [see this
Review, Ser. A, v, p. 229, etc.]. About the middle of October winged
sexuparous migrants are produced ; these fly to the fruit-trees where
sexual females are deposited. Oviposition occurs in November and
December.

Internal parasites of H. arundinis seem to be very rare, but there
are many natural enemies. Eggs of Syrphids and Chrysopids were
observed as early as 17th March deposited near the stem-mothers on
plums. Lamp}Tid beetles appeared locally throughout April, while
in May Syrphid larvae, especially those of Lasiophthicus {Catabomba)
pyrastri, L., and Coccinellids, chiefly Hippodamia convergens, Guer.,
were abundant, and a few Hemerobiid larvae were observed. The
colonies on Typlia were preyed upon by Syrphid larvae, and those on
Phragmites by Coccinellid beetles and by larvae of Leucopis sp. ; in
lite autumn the sexual females were attacked by Syrphids and by
Triphleps.

The use of contact insecticides against the growing stem-mothers
in early spring and against the sexual females developing on the winter
hosts in late autumn should be effective, though they are of little use
against the indiviudals of the intermediate generations.

Whiting (P. AV.). Sex-determination and Biology of a Parasitic Wasp,

Hadrobracon brevicornis (Wesmael). — Biol. Bidl. Marine Biol. Lab.
Woods Hole, Mass. ; Lancaster, Pa., xxxiv, no. 4, April 1918. pp.
250-256, 1 fig. [Received 20th May 1919.J

The individuals of the Braconid, Hadrobracon brevicornis, mate
readily as soon as they emerge from the cocoon, and the females
oviposit upon the bodies of mature caterpillars of Ephestia kiihniella,
Z., (Mediterranean flour-moth), and probably also upon other cater-
pillars infesting flour, etc. Several eggs are laid upon one caterpillar
and as many as 10 or 12 parasites may sometimes develop from it,
though the number is usually smaller. At a high temperature the
length of a generation is 10 days or less. The adult females may live
as long as 6 weeks.

Sex-determination experiments showed that in H. brevicornis
fertilised eggs produce females and unfertilised eggs produce males,

(C571) o

298

not a single female having been produced from a virgin female. In
the case of Lysiphlebus tritici virgin females occasionally produce a
few females in addition to males.

Investigations at the United States Parasite Laboratory indicate
that males are usually produced from virgin females of Braconids
and Ichneumonids, but that in the case of Hemiteles, an Ichneumonid
hyperparasite, both sexes are produced parthenogenetically.

Patterson (J. T.). Studies on the Biology of Paracojyidosofnojjsis.
IV. The Asexual Larvae. — Biol. Bull. Marine Biol. Lab., Woods
Hole, Mass.; Lancaster, Pa., xxxv, no. 6, December 1918, pp.
362-371. [Received 20th May 1919.]

Silvestri reported in 1906 the discovery of a peculiar type of larva
in the Chalcid, Lito7nastix truncatellus , Dalm., which he regards as
asexual. According to him the egg of Litomastix produces a thousand
or more sexual larvae and a variable number of so-called asexual larvae.
The former undergo metamorphosis and produce adult insects of both
sexes, and the latter, which are characterised by the absence of certain
important organs, including the reproductive system, die without
undergoing metamorphosis. It has been suggested that these two
forms really belong to two very different parasites, as the asexual
larvae closely resemble certain very young Ichneumonid larvae.
Further, it has been argued that as in many Chalcids larvae of the
sexual type are able to break down and assimilate the tissues of
their host, it is improbable that a single species should have
developed a peculiar sexless and moribund larva for this particular
purpose.

Paracopidosomopsis floridanus, Ashm., which is very similar to
L. tninca,tellus, oviposits in the egg of Phytometra {Avtographa) brassicae
(cabbage looper), the parasitic egg developing in the body cavity or
tissues of the host caterpillar. By the time this is ready for pupation
the larval parasites have consumed its entire contents, leaving only the
skin of the host. In studying the development of the larvae of
P. floridanus only those host caterpillars were used that had been
reared under experimental control in the laboratory to ensure their
freedom from other parasites. Under these conditions it was found that
the parasitic egg produces asexual as well as sexual larvae, irrespective
of whether or not the female parent has paired. The time that elapses
between the laying of the egg and the emergence of the adults is about
28 to 30 days in August and September, and about 40 to 45 in
the cooler months of October and November.

Dissections of a large number of infected caterpillars 12-15 days old,
revealed the presence of asexual larvae in nearly every case. It
is probable that in a few cases no asexual larvae are developed, and
it is difficult to determine the exact number produced by a given
egg since they are formed continuously from the 3rd to the 15th day,
and those first developed degenerate before the last ones appear.
Apparently they do not live more than a very few days after being
set free in the body cavity, and seem to perform no function, there
being no evidence that they break down the tissues of the host and
thus prepare it for assimilation by the sexual larvae.

299

Shinji (G. 0.). A Contribution to the Physiology of Wing Development
in Aphids. — Biol. Bull. Marine Biol. Lab., Woods Hole, Mass. ;
Lancaster, Pa., xxxv, no. 2, August 1918, pp. 95-116. [Received
20th May 1919.]

The author's summary of this paper is as follows . — (1) Either an
apterous or an alate parthenogenetic female may bear young larvae,
some of which may finally attain the winged condition, while others
may remain wingless throughout life. (2) When newly born Aphids
were reared on rose twigs planted in tumblers containing washed and
sterilised sand that had previously been saturated with the solution
of a certain substance, nearly 100 per cent, of winged individuals
appeared on the twigs, while either none or few winged forms developed
on the twigs charged wdth any one of another set of chemicals. (3) As
far as the tests go, the salts of the allcalis and alkaline earths with
the exception of magnesium, distilled w^ater, urea, alum and others
were shown to belong to the non-wing-developing substances, while
the salts of the heavy metals and of magnesium, sugar and perhaps
some others, belong to the category of wing-developing substances.
(4) The wing-developing substances were only effective when applied
within a certain period after birth. This period varied with tempera-
ture and also with the species, e.g., the maximum time for the rose
aphis, Macrosiphum rosae, L., during the early summer was found
to be from 2-3 days, while under the same conditions from 5-7 days
was the maximum in the case of M. solanifolii, Ashm., Ajjhis brassicae,
L., etc. (5) The amount of magnesium salts and also of other wing-
developing substances needed to produce winged Aphids was very
small. Subjection to a m/100 solution of magnesium sulphate for
12-24 hours produced nearly 100 per cent, of winged Aphids, so far
as M. rosae was concerned. (6) WTien twigs planted in the sand
saturated with distilled water and calcium chloride were subjected to
a drying process, the young Aphids born on these twigs remained
apterous, whereas on those that had been charged with solutions of
magnesium salts or some other wing-developing substances, the
greatest number of the winged Aphids appeared. (7) \\'Tien newly
born Aphids are subjected to a mixed solution of wing-developing and
non-wing-developing substances, winged Aphids may or may not
appear, according to whether or not the solution contains an excess
of the wing-developing over the non-wing-developing substances.
(8) Variation in temperature, or a sudden change from as high as
100° F. to as low as 35° F., failed to produce winged Aphids on the
twigs charged with non-wing-developing substances.

The popular conception that the approach of cold weather makes
winged Aphids appear may be explained by the fact that plants
mature at this time and in so doing manufacture starch which is
changed into sugar for transference to storage organs, and this sugar
is the most common wing-developitig substance.

SwAiNE (J. M.). The Balsam Injury in Quebec and its Control.—

Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vi, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 227-233,
3 figs. [Received 21st May 1919.]

About 10 years ago, an outbreak of the spruce bud-worm [Tortrix
fumiferana] developed in the province of Quebec, affecting the spruce
(0571) ci

300

and balsam forests, and lasting for 3 or 4 years. The caterpillars
fed chiefly upon the buds and outer foliage of spruce, especially upon
the upper part of the crown, making the trees appear scorched, but
usually leaving enough foliage to carry the trees over the outbreak.
The results were almost complete cessation of annual growth during
the outbreak, the death of many tops, and attacks by bark-beetles.

The injury to balsams was much more severe, thousands of trees
being killed outright as a direct result of defoliation, and other
weakened balsams being attacked by parasitic fungi and two bark-
boring beetles. The more destructive of these is the Eastern balsam
bark-beetle [Ips balsamcus, Lee], the adults and larvae of which
tunnel between the bark and the sap wood, checking the flow of sap
and killing dying and weakened trees. When very abundant, it
may even attack green timber, though it mainly breeds in slash and
fire-killed trees. The other is the Eastern balsam weevil ['^.Pissodes
duhius, Rand.] which oviposits in the green or dying bark, the eggs
being laid singly in punctures made in groups. It is a pest new to
the Province, but since it has been spreading rapidly, it w^ill doubtless
prove a serious enemy to balsam.

Suggested remedial measures consist in utilising the threatened
balsam, since the dying trees are riddled by large boring grubs which
results in their death by the end of the second season ; and chiefly
in burning the balsam slash, which wall not only check the injury in
and near the infested areas, but will greatly improve the conditions
for the next crop. It has been discovered that in mixed sections
of spruce and balsam, the higher the percentage of balsam, the heavier
the budworm injury to both balsam and spruce ; therefore if the
percentage of spruce can be increased two most important results,
the production of more valuable wood and more healthy trees, will
be attained.

Chrystal (R. N.). The Poplar Borer {Saperda calcarata, Sa,y).— Agric.
Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vi, no. 4, April 1919, pp. 333-337, 4 figs.

Saperda calcarata has been reported from many parts of the United
States as a serious pest of many species of poplar, and in Canada
occurs all across the continent from Nova Scotia to Vancouver. An
outbreak recorded in 1912 in S. Carolina resulted in the destruction
of several hundreds of Carolina poplars, the damage being discovered
only after several of the affected trees had been broken off by the wind
7 to 9 feet above the ground.

The adult beetles occur on the trunks and branches of poplars
during August and September, the eggs being laid in crevices of the
bark. The young larvae feed for a short time between the inner bark
and outer sap-wood, tunnelling into the wood on the approach of
cold weather. The life-cycle probably requires 3 years for its comple-
tion during which time large irregular galleries are excavated in the
heart-wood. The pupal stage, which lasts several weeks, is passed near
the centre of the trunk or branch. The outward evidence of damage
consists in scars on the trunk and branches, sometimes black and
swollen, and sometimes exuding a quantity of sap, which attracts
butterflies, wasps, bees and other insects.

301

In dealing with outbreaks of S. calcarata on a large scale, the only
practical method is the cutting out and burning of more than 75 per
cent, of the worst affected trees, which should be done in winter
when the wood may be used for fuel. Dead trees are a menace only
in so far as they afford a breeding-ground for other harmful wood-
boring insects. If not finished during the winter, this work should
be completed by July to ensure the destruction of pupae and adults.

In order to protect valuable ornamental trees in parks and gardens
a repellent wash to prevent oviposition should be used, the best
consisting of 1 gal. soft soap dissolved in 6 gals, saturated solution
of washing soda, 1 pint of carbolic acid being added and thoroughly
mixed ; enough lime slaked in 4 gals, water should be added to form
a thick whitewash and -} lb. Paris green should be mixed in thoroughly.
Young larvae burrowing in the cambium can be mechanically removed
by a sharp knife or bent wire, or carbon bisulphide may be sprayed
into the burrows by an atomizer, the holes being immediately lightly
sealed with putty.

ToTHiLL (J.D.). The Meaning of Natural Control.— Proc. Entom. Soc.
Nova Scotia for 19 IS, Truro, February 1919, pp. 10-14. ^Received

21st May 1919.]

The influence of natural control in the case of a few well-known
insects is discussed. The factors of control are divided into two
classes, those that restrict an animal or plant to certain geographical
ranges, such as oceans, deserts, mountains, climate, etc., and those
that effect the increase or decrease of an organism within its natural
range ; the latter group comprise such factors as are dealt with in
the present paper. A table shows the chief of these as concerning
Lepidopterous insects. Parasites that limit insect abundance are
of various kinds and include protozoal and bacterial diseases, fungous
epidemics, Nematodes, predaceous mammals, birds and insects and
insect parasites. Typical instances are given of outbreaks of
Malacosoma disstria (forest tent caterpillar) and HypJiantria sp.
(fall webworm) and of the various factors that influence their control.
It is pointed out that insect parasites and predators occupv a somewhat
peculiar position in that they can ovei-take a numerically increasing
host and so have a regulative effect not possessed by any other factors.
They are also the only factors that can be manipulated by human
beings, and therein lies the possibility of preventing outbreaks of
certain injurious insects. The present outbreak of HypJiantria sp. in
Nova Scotia is undoubtedly due to a scarcity of the two chief parasites,
Varichaeta sp. and Limnerium sp., and might have been prevented by
the introduction of large numbers of these four or five years ago
from New Brunswick, where they could have been collected in large
numbers. In Alberta M. disstria has been occurring in great abun-
dance for three years and no parasite could be found in either larvae
or pupae during last year or the present year ; these outbreaks might
have been prevented by introducing about four years ago numbers
of Limnerium sp. or Blephari'peza sp. from either the Atlantic or
Pacific provinces , where they are abundant. Lepidosaphes idmi (oyster-
shell scale) is largely controlled in North America by a mite, Hemi-
sarcoptes. This scale reached British Columbia many years ago, but

302

tte mite was left behind. It has consequently been increasing steadily
and in some localities is very abundant ; had the mite been liberated
in the early centres of infestation, the present situation with regard
to the scale would probably be much less serious than is actually the
case.

Bbittain (W. H.). Further Notes on the Apple Maggot (1918),

Rhaqohtis pomonella, Walsh.- — Proc. Eniom. Soc. Nova Scotia for
WIS, Truro, February 1919, pp. 15-23. [Received 21st May
1919.]

Observations on Rhagoletis pomonelh, Walsh (apple maggot) made
during 1918 are recorded, supplementing the work of previous years
[see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 177]. A table shows the emergence of
adult flies from out-of-door cages. The date of the first emergence
was 14th July, approximately the same as in previous years, and it
is evident that whether the season be early or late the time of emergence
is practically the same ; this fact should have an important beaiing
on the control of the pest.

Another table shows the emergence of adults according to the variety
of fruit from which they were derived. Observations on the pre-
oviposition period indicate that there is not much difference between
free and captive flies in this respect. Oviposition begins in from one
to two w^eeks after emergence and continues for about one month.
Flies kept in captivity have lived as long as six weeks, though the
average was much less. They survive longer in cooler weather.
The foregoing data all indicate the necessity when spraying of having
the fruit thoroughly coated with the poison when the flies first appear
and of keeping them so covered during the period of maximum
emergence.

Payne (H. G.). The Salt Marsh Caterpillar {Esligmene acraea, Drury).
• — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia for 1918, Truro, February 1919,
pp. 24-31, 1 plate. [Received 21st IVLay 1919.]

Estigmene acraea, Drury, is a moth that is widely distributed over the
greater part of Canada, the United States and IVIexico, and its popular
name is misleading, since it attacks many crops and is by no means
confined to salt marshes. In Nova Scotia, as in other parts, reports
indicate that outbreaks of it are generally local in character, and
rarely serious. During the last two years frequent complaints have
been received from various parts of the Province of damage to all
kinds of garden and field crops. Females have been found depositing
large masses of eggs on potato, sunflower, apple, nasturtium, onion
and many other plants. This occurs from 1st to 10th July, and the
young larvae emerge about fifteen days later and feed at first on
the tenderest parts and later often consume the whole leaf. After
the sixth moult the caterpillars feed ravenously for a time and then
scatter, generally pupating under loose bark, fences, boards of buildings,
etc. The winter is passed in the pupal stage, the adult moths emerging
during the early part of the following July. The stages of the insect
are described. While no natural enemies have been obtained in the

303

course of these observations, it is hoped to secure some parasites
from material now in hand. A bug, Podisus spinosus, DalL, has been
recorded as vigorously attacking the larvae of E. acraea, and Apanteles
rileyanus, Ashm., is parasitic on them. Collections of the caterpillars
in the field showed that large numbers are killed by fungous and
bacterial diseases.

Sandees (G. E.) & Kelsall (A.). A Copper Dust. — Proc. Entom. Soc.
Nova Scotia for 1918, Truro, February 19 19 , pp. 32-37. [Received
21st May 1919.J

During the summer of 1918, extensive tests were made with a
dust mixture of 5 per cent, metallic copper and 2 per cent, metallic
arsenic as a substitute for liquid Bordeaux spray. For these experi-
ments, 20 lb. of crystal copper sulphate were roasted until dry and
white and then ground finely enough to pass a screen of 100 meshes
to the inch. This gave 12^ lb. of white powdered de-hydrated copper
sulphate, to which were added 7^ lb. dry calcium arsenate (40 per cent.
AS^Oj,) and 80 lb. hydrated lime. This mixture was thoroughly stirred
and apphed with a dust blower. For apples the formula was halved,
making 2| per cent, metallic copper to 1 per cent metalhc arsenic.
It is hoped that this mixture may be further improved by grinding
the copper more finely and by the use of a better dusting arsenate,
such as is being developed for use on cotton. The results of the use
of the dust on potato and apple are given and are considered to show
a decided advantage over Bordeaux mixture. The dust adheres well
to the foliage even when dry, and as soon as dew has fallen or if the
leaves were damp at the time of application, the foKage at once has
the appearance of having been drenched with Bordeaux mixture.
The dust can be stored for some months without deterioration. The
question of the cost of the two methods is discussed, and it is pointed
out that while the completed dust mixture would probably cost
about 60 per cent, more than liquid material necessary to spray the
same area, the cost of application is so much less that the dust method
should prove on the whole considerably less expensive.

It is not considered that this dust has yet reached the standard to
be recommended to the practical grower. The formulae have yet
to be worked out for use on various plants. It is unhkely that the
dust can be used for the first application after blossoming on the
apple because of the danger of russeting the fruit. It will probably
be several years before the various formulae have been satisfactorily
worked out, and their relative efiiciency as compared with liquid
Bordeaux mixture thoroughly tested.

Whitehead (W. E.). Notes on the Life History and Immature Stages
of Three Common Chrysomelids.— Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia
for 1918, Truro, February 1919, pp. 38-50, 2 plates. [Received
21st May 1919.]

Larvae of DisonycJia qiiinquevittata, Say, were reared from golden
rod {Solidago squarrosa), which is apparently their exclusive food.

304

Chrysomelu scalaris, Lee, was abundant during the summer of
1918 and eggs brought into the laboratory were reared to maturity.
While the beetles have been recorded from other localities on alder
{Alnus glutinosa), basswood, elm, linden and willow, during the present
observations in Nova Scotia they were found only on alder.

Gastroidea polygoni, L., was reared from eggs taken on wild buck-
wheat {Polygonum convolvulus) during early August.

Descriptions are given of the various stages of these beetles and
their life-histories are summarised in tables.

Sanders (G. E.) & Brittain (W. H.)- A Modified Bordeaux Mixture
for Use in Apple Spraying. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia for
1918, Tmro, February 1919, pp. 51-61.

The literature dealing with the question of the correct proportion
of lime to use in the manufacture of Bordeaux mixture is briefly
reviewed ; the principal changes that have been made in the
formulae employed are discussed and the reasons for these explained.
While further experiments are considered necessary to elucidate
certain points, the authors draw attention to the value of Bordeaux
mixture formulae with a much higher excess of lime than have
ordinarily been employed in apple spraying, and offer the following
provisional conclusions, which they believe to be correct for Nova
Scotia conditions, at least during the period studied by them.

Neutral Bordeaux mixtures, such as Woburn Bordeaux, are not
superior as fungicides under actual field conditions to ordinary
Bordeaux made with equal parts of lime and copper sulphate, and such
neutral Bordeaux causes very much more injury to apple foliage.
Bordeaux mixture made up to the formula of 3-10-40 or 2-10-40 has
a higher fungicidal value than sulphide sprays in safe dilutions. Leaf
yellowing and other Bordeaux leaf-injury is reduced to a minimum, if
not entirely eliminated, by the use of such formulae. The benefits
in the form of freedom from injury produced by excess of lime, appar-
ently cease at about five parts of lime to one of copper sulphate. For
all practical purposes, fruit russeting, in the varieties tested, is
eliminated by substituting a spray of sodium polysulphide for the
application immediately following the dropping of the blossom petals
in carrying out the regular orchard spraying programme. As a
"carrier" for arsenicals, Bordeaux mixtures containing a high excass
of lime, such as 2-10-40 and 3-10-40 formulae, render all arseni-
cal poisons tested remarkably safe for use on foliage, but on the other
hand, they render them very low in killing value. Not less than 1 lb.
to 40 gals, of calcium-arsenate, analysing from 40-44 per cent AS^O^,
should therefore be used in these mixtures. During the period it
has been under observation, excess lime Bordeaux of either the 3-10-40
or 2-10-40 formula has given, on the whole, better results with less
injury than the mixtures commonly in use. In Nova Scotia and New
Brunswick it is growing rajjidly in favour, and many growers will use
it in future for three sprays, and many more for at least the fourth
spray. Fruit sprayed entirely with this compound, does not have the
smooth waxy finish obtained from the use of sulphide sprays.

305

Brittain (W. H.) & Payne (H. G.). Some Notes on Olene vagans, B.
& McD., in Nova Scotia. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia for
1918, Truro, February 1919, pp. 62-68, 1 plate. [Received 21st
May 1919.]

In June 1917, a number of caterpillars of the genus Olene were
collected beneath tanglefoot bands in orchards and were reared to
maturity. Dr. J. McDunnough, to whom larvae and adult moths
were sent for identification, believes them to be 0. vagans. The
caterpillars were found only on apple in Nova Scotia, though they
have previously been recorded on beech and poplar. Particulars
of the life -history are shown in a table and the various stages are
described. The only parasite discovered during these laboratory
investigations was Tachina meUa, Wlk, It is thought that further
observations in the field will reveal other natural enemies, especially
as the scarcity of the moths indicates the probability of their being
held in check by parasitic or predaceous foes.

Sanders (G. E.) & Kelsall (A.). Some Miscellaneous Observations
on the Origin and Present Use of some Insecticides and Fungicides.

—Proc. Entom. Sue. Nova Scotia for WIS, Truro, February 1919,
pp. 69-75. [Received 21st May 1919.]

The chief insecticides and fungicides at present in use are dealt
with in this paper, namely, Paris green, lead arsenate, calcium arsenate
sodium arsenate, sodium arsenite, white arsenic, Bordeaux mixture-
lime-sulphur and sodium sulphide. The history of their adoption
in entomological work and the characteristic advantages of each are
discussed. It is remarked that in Nova Scotia calcium arsenate is
probably used proportionately more than in any other place. In
orchards it is being used with Bordeaux mixture and sulphide sprays
almost to the exclusion of other insecticides, and to some extent also
on potatoes. Paris green has been largely replaced by cheaper or safer
arsenicals. Lead arsenate is used for cankerworms and for sporadic
outbreaks of such insects as the tussock caterpillar [Hemerocampa].
Sodium arsenate is but little used, being no cheaper than the calcium
arsenate which is preferred. White arsenic is scarcely used at all,
though it may possibly prove of value in a modified Bordeaux mixture.
The latter is used with equal parts of copper sulphate and lime on
potatoes. For apples, a mixture of three to five times as much lime
as copper sulphate is in general use in orchards. This controls fungi
w^ell, and is the least injurious mixture for apple foliage. Lime-
sulphur, which is used as a dormant spray wherever San Jose scale
[Aspidiotus perniciosus] is prevalent, was largely used for some years
in Nova Scotia as a light summer spray, but when the coarser driving
sprays became general, it was found to cause considerable leaf injury
when applied in that form, and is now being rapidly replaced by
Bordeaux mixture containing lime in excess. Sodium sulphide is
more u&ed in Nova Scotia as a summer spray than in most orchard
districts. It is found to produce less injury, and almost the same
fungus control, as lime-sulphur, and is becoming increasingly used as
the spray immediately following the blossoms, replacing for this
particular spray the excess lime Bordeaux mixture.

306

Brittain (W. H.). Notes on Lygus campestris, L., in Nova Scotia. —

Proc. Enlom. Soc. Nova Scotia for 1918, Trvro, February 1919,
pp. 76-81, 1 plate. [Received 21st May 1919.J

Lygus camjpestris, L., is widely distributed in North America, and is
common in Nova Scotia. It has been recorded from Europe and
America on Umbelliferae, and in New York on the poison hemlock
{Conimn maculatum). At Truro, Nova Scotia, it has been found on
wild parsnip [Heracleum lanatum) and the cultivated parsnip {Pastinaea
saliva). The adults first appear in late June and throughout July,
and oviposition begins about a week after emergence, the eggs generally
being laid in the grooves of the small stalks bearing the flower-heads.
Hatching occurs within a few days and the nymphal stage lasts between
four and five weeks, during which five moults occur. The adults,
after a short period of activity, seek a suitable shelter for winter
quarters, where they remain until the following spring. Details of
the life-history are given in a table and the various stages are described.

The injury to the plant is of two kinds, the oviposition punctures
on the small stalks bearing the umbels causing the flower-heads to
droop, and secondly there is the damage resulting from the feeding
punctures of both adults and nymphs, both on the flower-heads and
on various other parts of the plant, including the kaf-petioles. In several
cases the death of the plants may be caused in this way. While the
insect is capable of doing considerable damage under certain con-
ditions, it is evident from the scant attention that has been paid to
it in the literature of economic entomology that this rarely occurs.
The best remedy is a strong spray of Black -leaf 40, 1 pint to 100 gals.,
to which 4 lb. of soap have been added. This should be applied soon
after the insects hatch and with as high a pressure as possible.

Payne (H. G.). Life History and Immature Stages of Abhotana
clemataria, Smith 6c Abbot. — Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia for
1918, Truro, February 1919, pp. 82-85, 1 plate. [Received 21st
May 1919.]

The Geometrid moth, Abhotana. clemataria, S. & A., is recorded on
apple and elm in Nova Scotia. Descriptions of the various stages are
given and the life-history is summarised in a table.

Allen (E. C). Key for determining the Crambinae of Nova Scotia. —
Proc. Entom. Soc. Nova Scotia for 1918, Truro, February 1919,
pp. 86-88, 1 plate. [Received 21st May 1919.]

The contents of this paper are indicated by its title.

Brittain (W. H.). A Tree Hopper new to our List, — Proc. Entom.

Soc. Nova Scotia for 1918, Truro, February 1919, p. 89. [Received

21st May 1919.J
Another species is added to the Membracidae of Nova Scotia pre-
viously recorded [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 177]. This is Enchenopa
binotata, Say, found on climbing bittersweet, locust and butternut ; on
the first-named plants eggs are deposited in the stems and covered
with a frothy secretion ; on butternut they are laid in the buds and
are not covered with froth.

307

Morrison (H.). U.S. Bur. Entom. A Report on a Collection of
Coceidae from Argentina, with Descriptions of apparently New
Species (Horn.)- — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, B.C., xxi, no. 4,
April 1919, pp. 63-91, 4 plates.

The new Coccids described include Icerya minima ; Eriococcus
mendozae ; E. leguminicola on Mimosa, Caesaljpinia and other Legu-
minosae ; E. jorgenseni on Myricia apiculata ; Ceroplastes deciduosus
on Lapiuni biglandulosum ; Ceroplastodes tnisiones probably on a
Composite ; and Saissetia argentina.

Notes on some previously described species are also given, with
a key to the South American species of Eriococcus.

Fisher (W. S.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Descriptions of a new Genus and
Species of Buprestidae from Arizona (Col.). — Proc. Entom. Soc.
Washington, D.C., xxi, no. i, April 1919, pp. 91-93.

A key is given to the North American genera of Buprestids
that are comprised in the group Acmaeoderini. Paratyndaris
coursetiae, gen. et sp. n., reared from pupae collected in June from dead
stems of Coursetia microphylla is described.

Baker (A. C). U.S. Bur. Entom. An Undescribed Species of Dryopea
injurious to PhyUostachys (Aphididae — Hom.). — Proc. Entom. Soc.
Washington, B.C., xxi, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 104-106, 1 fig.

Dryopea morrisoni, sp. n., is described from Phyllnstachys in pots,
where it was detected on the roots by means of the white wax secreted.
Only apterous forms were taken ; these had the appearance cf stem-
mothers, but no eggs were obtained and all reared individuals of the
next generation proved to be winged .

CusHMAN (R. A.). New Genera and Species of Ichneumon Flies (Hym.).
— Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, xxi, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 112-
120, 1 fig.

Descriptions are given of three new genera, three new species and a
new variety of Ichnenmonids and one new Braconid : these
include Labrossyta rnficoxalis, sp. n., a parasite of the spruce sawfly
IDijmon ahietis] in Manitoba ; Hyposoter fugitivus var. pacificus, n.,
from Washington, parasitising Malacosoma pluvialis and M. ambisimilis ;
and Apanteles iselyi, sp. n., a parasite of Canar.sia hammondi, Riley,
in Arkansas.

BuscK (A.). A New Species of Bucculatrix injurious to Hollyhock

(Lep.). — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, xxi, no. 5, May 1919, pp.
109-110.

Bucculatrix althaeae, sp. n., is described from California, where it
is doing considerable damage to hollyhocks by skeletonising the leaves.
As hollyhock is not a native plant, the normal food-plant of this moth
will probably prove to be some other Malvaceous plant.

308

Orchard Pests and Diseases : Directions for Control. — iV.Z. Jl. Agric,
Wellington, xviii, no. 3, 20th March 1919, pp. 182-185.

This paper, which is to be issued in the form of a bulletin, contains
directions and formulae for spraying for the commoner pests of orchards.
A reference table is given standardising home-made lime-sulphur
solution based on a 33° Be. standard.

Eoss (W. A.). Occurrence of the Pear Thrips in Ontario. — Canadian
Entomologist, Londoti, Onl., U, no. 4, April 1919, p. 85.

Taeniothri'ps inconsequens, Uzel (pear thrips) was taken by the
author in the spring of 1918 on pear trees in Ontario, this being the
first record of its occurrence in that Province. It was present in small
numbers and was not causing any appreciable injury.

Weiss (H. B.) & Nicolay (A. S.). Notes on the Life-History and Early
Stages of Brachys ovatus, Web., and Brachijs aerosus, Melsh. —
Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., li, no. 4, April 1919, pp.
86-88, 2 plates.

Former records of the Biiprestid beetles, Brachys ovatus and
B. aerosus, in the United States are briefly referred to. In New^ Jersey
adults of B. ovatus have been observed feeding on the foliage of elm
{Ulmus amefricana), sugar maple {Acer saccharmn), white oak {Quercus
alba), chestnut oak(Q. primis), pin oak{Q. folustris), chestnut {Castanea
dentata), scrub oak {Q. ilicifolia), black oak {Q. velutina), pest oak
{Q. minor), beech {Fagus ferruginea) and hickory {Hicoria glabra),
the various species of oaks being the preferred food-plants ; B. aerosus
occurs on beech {F. ferruginea), linden {Tilia americana), witch hazel
{Hamamelis virginiana), elm, chestnut, sugar maple, red maple
(A. rubrum) and several spe:ies of oak?. The adult beetles of both
species feed on the upper leaf-surfaces, usually near the edges,
consuming the tissue between the larger veins ; the remaining tissue
generally withers away, leaving large, irregular holes. The life-histories
are very similiar. Adults appear about mid-May, are most plentiful
during June and early July, and disappear early in August. The eggs
are laid on the upper surface of the leaves, generally near the edges.
The larvae mine the leaves during August and September, generally
only one larvae being found in a mine, those of B. ovatus being much
longer than those of B. aerosus. Not all the food-plants chosen by
the adults are mined by the larvae, oaks being decidedly preferred
for the purpose. Pupation generally occurs in October, probably on
the surface of the soil, in rubbish, or just under the ground surface,
and in this stage the winter is passed.

Practically all the eggs of B. ovatus in cages and many in the field,
as well as many of the larvae that started mines, were parasited by a
Chalcid, Closterocerus cinctipennis, Ashm.

Hathaway (J. E.). Nut Weevil. — Gardeners' Chronicle, London, Ixv,
no. 1691, 24th May 1919, p. 253.

The nut weevil [Balaninus nucum] is often allowed to increase
through neglect, but may be kept in check by clean cultivation, and
where possible, spraying the trees with an insecticide. The female

309

oviposits in the young nut?, in most localities in May, and crawls
along the shoots to do this. A good dressing of soot and lime applied
to the soil before the female climbs the tree acts as a deterrent. The
eggs hatch in about a fortnight, and the larvae feed on the young nut,
but without destroying its vitality until they are fully grown. The
larva eats its way out of the nut at the end of the season. The most
effective measure consists in shaking the trees well in August, when
the fallen infested nuts should be gathered and burnt. If this pre-
caution is carried out each season, the trees will soon be rid of the pest.

Rao (Y. R.). Notes on some South Indian Cecidomyiids causing Galls
in Grasses. — Jl. & Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Calcutta, xiii, no. 5,
December 1917, pp. 299-306, 1 plate. [Received 26th May 1919.]

Rice is subject to a disease known as " Silver- shoots," which is
characterised by the development of a long hollow shoot instead of the
normal ear-head. This is caused by a Cecidomyid, Pachydiplosis
oryzae, which oviposits on the plant, the larvae causing the formation
of the tube-like gall inside which they pupate. The pupal stage lasts
about six days, and the adult flies emerge through a hole bored at
the tip. Galls have been examined and flies reared from the following
grasses in the attempt to find the wild food-plant of P. oryzae : —
Panicum fluitans, P. punctatum, P. stagninum, Ischaemum ciliare,
J. pihsum, Andropogon annulatus. The flies bred out, except in the
case of P. stagninum., however proved to be distinct species, each
restricted to a single grass.

Numerous parasites attack these gall-insects and fall into two
groups, Chalcids that oviposit on or near the larvae of the host, and
Proctotrupids, that hunt for and oviposit in the eggs of the host,
e.g., Platyogaster oryzae.

Sanders (G. E.) & Dustan (A. G.). The Apple Bud Moths and their
Control in Nova Scotia. — Canada Dept. Agric. Entom. Branch,
Ottawa, Bull. no. 16 (Technical Edition), 1st March 1919, 39 pp.,
14 figs.

The specif s of bud -moth destructive to the apple that have been
found in Nova Scotia are Eucosma {Tmetocera) ocellana, Schiff. (eye-
spotted bud moth), the most important from an economic standpoint
[see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 258, etc.] ; Tortrix {Cacoecia) rosacmna,
Harr. (oblique-banded leaf roller), which has a large number of native
food-plants but does a small amount of injury to apple tiees almost
every year ; Recurvaria nanella, Hb. (lesser bud -moth), of European
origin and of comparatively recent introduction into North America ;
Argyroploce consanguinana, Wlsm. (green bud-w^orm), only regarded
as of economic importance since 1913. All four species fly
during June and July and oviposit on the leaves of apple, their
life-histories and the injuries inflicted by them being similar. They
hibernate as partly grown larvae under bark or in crevices about the
fruit spurs. In the spring the larvae emerge and eat into the opening
buds, thus affecting the set of the fruit.

310

It is estimated that these bud -moths reduce the crop by about
30 per cent, in unsprayed or poorly sprayed apple orchards in Nova
Scotia. About 75 per cent, of the insects can be destroyed and the
crops increased about 22*5 per cent, by two thorough applications of
poisoned spray applied before the blossoms open, with a nozzle throwing
a coarse driving spray. Open planting and thorough pruning help in
the control by allowing the wind to blow away and destroy many of
the adults when they are on the wdng in June and July. Damage to
fruit is caused in the autumn by the larvae attaching the leaf on which
it is feeding to the fruit, eating through the skin and injuring its
8 ppearance and keeping qualities. A spray that has proved one of the
best combinations tested, and particularly harmless to foliage when
applied as a drenching spray, is composed of sodium sulphide (either
soluble sulphur 2| lb. or sulfocide 2i quarts) and calcium arsenate 1 J lb.
with freshly slaked stone hme or hydrated lime 12 lb. to 100 gals, water.
This combination is one of the cheapest and most effective for biting
insects. Probably one of the most satisfactory sprays in the control
of serious infestations is straight paste lead arsenate, 10 to 15 lb.
to 100 gals, water, to which from 5 to 10 lb. water- slaked or hydrated
lime has been added to prevent yellowing by absorbing the free
arsenic. At these strengths lead arsenate is as good a fungicide as
lime-sulphur. A contact-spray consisting of soluble sulphur 21b.,
nicotine sulphate 1 pint, fishoil soap 4 lb. and water 100 gals.,
applied as a drenching spray immediately before the blossoms has given
almost perfect control of bud-moths as well as canker-worms, fruit
worms and many other Lepidopterous larvae.

Recorded parasites of E. ocellana include : — Microdus ocellatiae, Rich..
M. latuinctus, Cr., Anomalon sp., Chelonus sp., Trichogramma
{Pentarthron) minutimi, Riley, Phytodietus vulgaris, Cr., Pimpla sp.,
near P. alborida, Cr., Pimjjla conquisitor, Say, and Mkrodus {Bassus)
earinoides, Cr.

Pimpla alboricta, Cr., Meteorus communis, Cr., and three other
species of undetermined Hymenopterous parasites have been reared
from 0. consanguinana.

Bodkin (G. E.). Report of the Economic Biologist. — Brit. Guiana
Dept. Sci. & Agric, Re pi. for the Year 1917, Georgetown, 8th May
1918, 14 pp. [Received 24th May 1919.]

In spite of the continued application of the usual remedial measures
sugar-cane pests did not show any decrease in the year under review.

Rubber {Hevea hrasiliensis) suffered chiefly from attacks of the
Venezuelan locust.

Brassolis sophorae, L., made its appearance on coconuts, but owing
to timely warnings a repetition of the outbreak of this butterfly in
1913-14 was prevented, although several areas had to be quarantined.
Other coconut pests reported were the moth, Castnia licus, Drury,
the giant locust, Tropidacris latreillei, Perty, and the Venezuelan
locust.

The only infestation of Citrus trees of importance was that by Atta
cephalotes, L. Details of the destruction of this ant by means of
carbon bisulphide are given.

311

The Coccid, Coccus (Lecanium) viridis, Green, was the principal pest
of coffee and cacao, and was attended by various species of ants. A
few cases of attack by termites were recorded. An account is also
given of the locust invasion [see Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 335].

The new and other Coccidae of British Guiana mentioned in this
report have been previously dealt with [see this Review, Ser, A,
V, p. 503].

Knowles (C. H.). Division of Entomology. — Fiji Dept. Agric, Ann.

Rej)t. for Year 1917, Svva, Council Paper no. 60, 16th August /
1918, pp. 8-12. [Received 27th May, 1919.] /

Cosmopolites sordidus (banana borer) was prevalent in all banana
districts during the year, doing considerable damage in many localities.
More than half the damage done by the larvae is situated in the outer
edge of the bulb, and since this is the zone within which many of the
fibro-vascular bundles that convey nourishment to the growing parts
of the plant are localised, it is clear that the damage done is more tHan
the mere removal of a certain amount of the plant-tissue, while the
injuries also encourage the growth of fungous and bacterial diseases.
Trapping with pieces of split banana stems or bulbs is advised as a
means of reducing the number of weevils, but proper cultivation as
a means of preventing breeding of the insects is still more important.
A weevil similar to C. sordidus but smaller has again been found
attacking bananas, chiefly the outer leaf-stalks. The amount of
damage is not yet precisely known. Coccidae have been found in all
banana districts, the most common being Aspidiotus destructor {trans-
jjarens). Spraying with lime-sulphur or kerosene emulsion is carried
out on well-kept estates, and an addition has recently been made to
the Regulations under the Diseases of Plants Ordinance requiring
cultivators of plants attacked by or liable to be attacked by the declared
diseases to keep their plantations in a suitable state of cultivation,
and this greatly increases the effectiveness of the spraying. Mites
have caused some damage to banana leaves when present in great
numbers. The caterpillars of the banana scab moth [Nacoleia octosema]
which attack the very young fruit are still plentiful, their attacks being
kept down by dusting the young bun';hes with pyrethrum powder or
the ground leaves of a native plant at as early a stage as possible.

On coconuts, Levuana iridescens (coconut leaf moth) was present,
and generally occurs in more than one stage throughout the year.
This pest appears to be spreading westward along the north coast of the
island. A bug, Canthecona cyanocantJia, preys upon these caterpillars,
The infestation varies considerably in different blocks. In some trees
of considerable age the tops gradually grow smaller and at last die
and fall off, no insect other than L. iridescens being found on the trees.

Trachycentra calamias, Meyr. (leaf -stalk borer) was found only
in one locality boring into the bases of coconut leaf stalks. A stick
insect, LopapJms cocophagus, New., defoliated some of the trees in one
plantation. These insects are controlled to a certain extent by birds. ^
The best method of dealing with them is to make smudge fires, which
stupify them and cause them to fall from the trees, when they can be
collected and destroyed. The Hispid beetle, Promecotheca reichii

312

(coconut leaf -miner), has been effectively kept in check during the year
by its Chalcid parasite. A Pyralid moth, Harpagoneura complena, was
active in several places and was the cause of the destruction of many
young nuts.

Adoretus tenuimaculatus (Japanese rose beetle) considerably damages
cacao leaves in newly planted areas. The remedy is to surround the
plants with a fence of split bamboo battens about an inch apart. A
Scoliid wasp has been introduced from Hawaii to destroy the larvae
of this beetle.

On rubber, a bark-boring beetle was found in two districts, but is
not of much importance. Scale -insects were nowhere very abundant.
A leaf -miner was found on the leaves, but the damage was not serious ;
many larvae found dead within their mines seemed to have been killed
by some parasite.

Phytomyza sp. (leaf-miner) attacked maize in several localities,
the larvae eating away the cells immediately beneath the upper
epidermis of the leaves in a more or less straight track ; owing
to. the unusual scarcity of two Chalcid parasites this pest was able
to do considerable damage.

On Citrus, Chionaspis ciiri (orange snow scale) is present without
causing much injury.

Potatoes were grown on an unusually large scale during the year.
An unidentified Lepidopterous larva bored into the stems of full-
grown plants, causing the upper portion to wilt. The mature larv^a
pupates in the ground near the base of the plant. Epilachna viginti-
octopunctata (potato ladybird) was numerous, both larvae and adults
feeding on the leaves. If necessary, dusting with Paris green or
spraying with lead arsenate will control this C( ccinellid beetle.

On ornamental plants, a mite, Eriophyes hibisci, has been numerous
during the year, and it is suggested that hedges of Hibiscus should be
trimmed at a time when the attack of the mites is most pronounced.

The lantana fly {Agromyza sp.), introduced from Hawaii in 1911,
continues to check the increase of this weed. The larva of a butterfly,
Anosia sp., feeds upon milk-weed {Asclepias sp.), which is regarded as
poisonous to stock.

LEGISLATION.

Amendments to the Regulations under the Destructive Insect and Pest
Act. — Leaflet from Canada Dept. Agric. Ottawa, Entomological
Branch. [Received 24th June 1919.]

By an Order-in-Council passed 19th May 1919, the importation into
Canada is prohibited of all maize fodder or maize stalks, whether used
for packing or otherwise, green sweet maize, roasting ears, maize on the
cob or maize cobs from certain counties of the States of Massachusetts
and New York. This prohibition does not extend to shipments of
maize transported through the qi arantined areas on a through bill of
lading. To Section 18 of the Act, which contains a list of the de-
structive insect pests and diseases, Pyrausta nubikilis, Hbn. (European
corn borer) is added.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com*
munieate with the Assistant Director.

The Suhserlptloii to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free ; or
the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural)
being 8f., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum.

All orders ani subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen's Gate, London.
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

The Mangrove Borer infesting Ca^uarina equisetifoUa in Florida . . 265

Four recently described Parasites of Bmchophagus Junebris in U.S.A. 26.5

Two Species of Pegomyia mining the Leaves of Dock in U.S.A. . , 266

The Advantages of Fumigation against Gocous cUrioola in California 267

The Control of EuropeanFoulbrood in Bees in U.S.A. , . . . 267

Aphids infesting Apples in Britain . . . . . . . . . , 267

Hymenopterous Parasites of TTe.-iperopJicmes griseus in France . . 268

A New Eumolpid attach ■ ' o in San Thome .. .. .. 268

Measures against Locu.^ a . . . . . . . . . . 268

Notes on Fruit-flies of 1 : ' ■'■-pha in Brazil . . 268

The Eolation of the Mo i a Trinidad ,, 26')

'Notes on Xylotrechus qu'i' i, ■ yrr, ,,^ ,-,.,^iu, .. .. .. .. 26i)

Vegetable Pests in France in 1917 .. .. .. .. .. 270

Bacterial and Fungus Diseases of (' n . ihm^ampa pityocamjxt in Franco 270

Insect Pests of Rice in Argentina .. .. .. .. 271

Cotton Pests in Argentina . , . . . . . . . . 27 1

Citrus Pests in Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . 27:^

Coleopterous Pests of Spruce in Finland .. .. ,. .. 272

A New Sawfly infesting Fruit Trees in Japan . . . . . . 27.1

A Report on Regulations respecting Sericulture in Japan . . 27;>

Miscellaneous Insect Pests in Korea , . . . . . . . . , 27:5

Infertility in Silkworms in .Tapau . . . . . . . . . . 274

The Effect of feeding Silkwociin on Oudrania triloba in Japan . . 27.5

Notes on the Buprestidak oi Tapan . . . , . . . . . . 275

Injurious Insects in New Zealand . . .... . . . . 275

The Bionomics and Forest Importance of Gryphakis abietis in

Britain . . 275

A List of CocciDAE affecting various Cxenera of Plants . . 27i;

The Sweet Potato Weevil ,n,i ]t< r'on irol in U.S.A 276

Lepidopterous Pests of ' -. .. .. .^ .. 277

Insect Pests intercepted'- , I Nursery Stock in 1918 in

U.S.A 277

The Potato Leaf -hopper and its Relation to Scorching of Potato

Foliage in U.S.A. . . . . . . 278

The Organization of Measures against Insect Pests in U.S.A. . . 278
Experiments mth Nicotine Sulphate against Diarthronomyia

hypogaea in U.S.A, . . .• %^ ^ •. • . • • • • ■ • 279

Measures against the Pi 1 . ^. -. . ^^ ^^ ^^ 279

The Introduction of Pa tralis into Louisiana 273

Methods of Estimating .S.A. . . , . 280

The Bionomics of EUo:: it in Kansas . . 281

Experiments with "^'^' l v.,xcvooaoppers in U.S.A. 282 & 283

Notes on Phorbia j ^eans in New York . . . . 283

Weevils infesting I ^.. ^-..k .. .. .. ., 2S3

A Successful Cam; iist Grasshoppers in Kan-,;,- , . . . 2~> I-

The Use of Insect i_ _ U.S.A. , -'-^^^

The Presence of Pyrausta nubilalia in Connecticut . , , . . . 28 i

CONTENTS— co«f.

PAGE.

The Tdf-ntity of the Bpecies of OaUruceUa feeding on Azalea in

I' s \ ' . . . . . . 284

A Xi r,]Iing Phorbia brassicae in U.S.A. . , , , 284
') h( (' of Varieties of Maize to Leaf -hoppers in

285

' [feat and Drought on Aphidei in France . . . . 285

t> of the Introduction of Beneficial Insects into France 285

ith Chlorpicrin as an Insecticide . , . . . . 285

'■' ■ ■ - injurious to Stored Tobacco in .Java . . 286
uire in India in 1916-1918 .. .. 286 & 287

iiH; lace w oriji, ii/icnchus angusius, and its Control in Bengal .. 289

Coleopterous I^ests of Forests in India . . . . . . . . 291

'' 'lota inie^ting Bombax malaharicum in AsBam .. .. 292

figainst Orchard Pests in Georgia" . . . . . . . . 292

. -jul i xi>eriments in Dusting against Orchard Pests in Canada 292

\ ; i rt; on Zevgophora scutellaris infesting Poplars in New Jersey . . 293

■ , ,v Afpihod of Staining Coccids . . . . . . . . . . 293

ivist Grasshoppers in Indiana . , > . . . . . 293

it. Spain 293

"t Maize in New South Wales 294

. '^-f infesting ^McaZi/pt-ws in Australia .. .. .. 294

Kotos on Australian Sawflies . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

A New Chalcid parasitic on the Australian Bulldog Ant . . . . 295

T -cane Pests in Queensland .. <. .. .. .. 295

i^roposal to introduce Insect Pests of Hypericum into Australia 295

.Measure-s against Cotton Pests in St. Vincent . . . . . . 295

The Inheriiance of Immunity to Leaf-Blister Mite in Cotton in the

^Vest Indies < 296

Mctliods of poisoning Anthonomus grandis in U.S.A. . . . . 290

The Bionomics of the Mealy Plum Aphis in U.S.A. . . . . 297
Sex- determination and Biology of Hadrobracon hrevicornis in

U.S.A . . . . 297

The Biolos^ oi Paracopidosomopsis floridensis in TJ.S.A. .. .. 298

'flic Pliysiology of Wing Development in Aphids . . . . . . 299

Insert f'ests of Balsam Fir in Quebec .. .. .. .. 299

Notes on the Poplar Borer {Saperda calcarata) in Canada . . . . 300

The Importance of Natural Control of Insects in Canada . . . , 301

Notes on the Apple Maggot {Bhagohtis jyomonella) in Nova Scotia 302

The Bionomics of Estiqmsne aeraea in Nova Scotia . . . . . . 302

Experiments with a Copper Dust as a Substitute for Bordeaux

Mixture in Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . . . . . 303

Notes on the Life- History of Three Common Chrysomelids in Nova

Scotia . . .' 303

A Modified Bordeaux Mixture for Use in Apple Spraying in Nova

Scotia 304

N ote^? on OZ«n.c r'o^mis on Apple in Nova Scotia .. .. .. 305

Insecticides used m Orchards in Nova Scotia .. .. .. 305

Notes on Lygws campestris in Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . 306

'J'ho Life-History of Abbotana clemataria in Nova Scotia . . . . 306

A Key to the Crambinae of Nova Scotia . . . . . . . . 306

A Tree Hopper new to Nova Scotia . . . . . • . . . • 306

New Coccids from Argentina . . . . • . • • 307

A New Biiprestid from Ari>:ona . . . . . . . . 307

A Kcvv- Aphid injurious to Phyllostaehys in U.S.A. . . . , . , 307

New parasitic Ichneumonids in U.S.A. . . . . • • • • 307

,\ Xew Species of Bucmlairix injurious to Hollyhock in California 307

■.!(a>,ur<s for spraying Orchard Posts in New Zealand .. .. 303

The Occurrence of the Pear Thrips in Ontario . . . . , . 308

Noies on Brachys spp. infesting Oaks etc. in New Jersey . . . . 308

against Bnlaninus mtcuvi infesting Nuts in Britain . . 308

Cecidomyiids causing Galls in Rice etc. in India . . . . 309

"■^idMoths and their Control in Nova Scotia .. .. 309

!H;; 1 British Guiana in 1917 310

lus.Gv, ...:.,. in Fiji in 1917 311

Legislation against Pi/mt<sto mtbiiali« in Canada t. .. .. 312

Registered at the 6.P.O. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VII. Sep. A. Part 8— pp. 313-360. AUGUST, 1919.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

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VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.

Lieutenant-Colonel A. VV. Alcock, CJ.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General 8ir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S , Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruoe, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fifiheries.
Or S. F. Habmbr, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Dr. R. Stewart MaoDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to th«

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Offloe

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nottall, F.R.S. , Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Podlton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology. Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, CLE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Dir«ctoi,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild. '
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr C, Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society oi

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions
!» an ex officio member of the Committee.

©eneral Secretary.
Capt. A. C- C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director an& BOitor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

assistant Director.
Dr. S A. Neave.

iJmd Office. — British Museum (Natural History), Cromwsli Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Publication Offir^.—S^, Queen's Gate. London, S.W. 7.

313

Sanders (G. E.) & Dustan (A. G.). The Fruit Worms of the Apple
in Nova Scotia. — Canada Dept. Agric. Entom. Brarich, Ottawa,
Bull. no. 17 (Technical Edition), 1st March 1919, 28 pp., 9 figs.

The species of fruit -worms attacking the apple in Nova Scotia and
dealt with in this bulletin are: — Graptolitha bethunei, G. & R.,
G. laficinerea, Grt., G. antennata, Wlk., G. georgii, Grt., G. baileyi, Grt.,
Conistra walkeri, Grt., Xylina niipera, Lint., X. cineritia, Grt., and
X. curvimacula, Morr. [see also this Review, Ser. A, iv-, pp. 120, 371],

Control measures against these moths by thorough cultivation
during July and August, though recommended by several writers, .
has never been proved to be of value in destroying the pupae. In
spraying, since the effect is largely mechanical, the pre-blossom spray
should be applied at a high velocity in serious outbreaks, and as
near the lime of blossoming as possible. Drenching sprays should
not be applied immediately before and after blossoming on account of
mechanical injury to the blossoms. Efficient control may be exercised
by the application of two sprays, the pre-blossom and another im-
mediately after the blossoms fall, which in severe outbreaks may have
to be a drenching or driving spray. For this latter the best combination
is : — lead arsenate, 10 to 15 lb. to 100 gals, water, to which 10 lb.
hydrated or water-slaked lime is added to prevent yellowing of the
foliage.

Meteorus communis, Cr., has been bred from the larva of Graptolitha
bethunei and Tricliogramma (Pentarthron) minutum from the egg, but the
latter parasite is never abundant enough to effect control.

Paerott (P. J.). The Spray Gun: Its Use and Abuse. — Canadian
Horticulturist, Toronto, xlii, no. 5, May 1919, p. 136.

Attention is drawn to the fact that though the introduction of the
spray-gun has marked an epoch in the development of spraying and
is an undoubted economy in time, labour and materials, a tendency is
shown to exaggerate its importance and to undervalue the teaching
of long-established spraying practices. In particular, the question
of safety to fruit and foliage should be considered. The volume of
liquid discharged from a spray-gun under high pressure is large and
it is an easy matter to over- spray certain portions of a tree. Care
should be taken to direct the spray as a fine mist and from all angles.
Spraying should be done on days when the material will dry quickly
on the foliage and the approved spraying schedule should be followed.
Applications of lime-sulphur and lead arsenate should not be made
during periods of high temperature.

SwEZEY (0. H.). Notes on the Chinese Dryinid Parasite of the Sugar-
cane Leafhopper. — Hawaiian Planters Record [sine locol, xx, no.
4, April 1919, pp. 239-242, 3 figs.

Pseudogonatopushospes, the large black Dryinid parasite of the sugar-
cane leaf-hopper [Perkinsiella saccharicida^ was discovered in Canton,
China, in 1906. Colonies were liberated in Hawaii in 1907, but it was not
till 1916 that any of them were seen, being so scarce in the meantime

(C677) Wt. P] 921/144. 1,500. 8.19. B.&F.Ltd. G.11/3. v

3U

that none happened to be observed. Usually not more than about 1 per
cent, of the adult leaf -hoppers are found to be parasitised, and when
cocoons of the parasite are collected in the field, hyp^erparasites issue
from a large proportion of them, thus reducing the efficiency of the
parasite. This Dryinid attacks the adult J,eaf-hoppers, immature
individuals being only rarely parasitised by it ; in this respect it
differs from Echthrodelphax fairchildi and Haplogonatopus vitiensis,
both of which attack the young leaf -hoppers and only rarely an adult.
The egg is inserted in the dorsal part of the abdomen. The leaf-
hopper dies when the parasite becomes full-grow^n, and the latter
spins a cocoon on a leaf or on the sugar-cane stalk itself, about 3 or 4
Aveeks being spent in this stage ; the whole hfe-cycle occupies 4 to 6
weeks. In the laboratory a female Dryinid lived 37 days and parasitised
153 leaf -hoppers, showiag how great would be its value if it were not
hyperparasitised.

Jack (R. W.). Maize Culture on Red Soil : Value of Poisoned Bait as
an Aid to good Stands. — Rhodesia Agric. Jl., SqlishHry, x.yi, no. 2,
April 1919, pp. 107-112, 1 fig. Also issued as Rhodesia Dept.
Agric, Salisbury, Bull. no. 317, April 1919, 8 pp., 1 fig.

It is estimated that the average stand of vigorous maize plants on
red soil in Rhodesia is 60 to 70 per cent. , the greater part of the des-
truction of the remainder being due to insect pests. The soil within
a few inches of the surface supports a good deal of insect life in an
immature condition during the dry season, and the adults, many of
which are plant -feeders, emerge just about the conunencement of the
rains. As soon as the plants begin to appear they are attacked eagerly
by these insects, the seed, the shoot before it reaches the surface,
or the young plant, all being Hable to attack. The insects that affect
the stand of maize, apart from those that attack the plant after it
has become established, such as maize stalk borer [Busseola fusca],
include two species of surface beetles, Gonocephalum aequale and
Emyon tristis. The eggs of these beetles are laid loosely in the soil
from late March throughout the dry season and in greatly reduced
numbers after July. The larvae feed upon dry vegetable matter in
the soil, but will eat into dry seeds if these are available. The majority
have completed their gro\\i:h by November and pupate in the soil, the
adults emerging in two or three weeks. The adults five until late
March before beginning oviposition, and in this stage only are des-
tructive to the maize crop. Two species of weevils occur, namely
Systates sp. and Tanymecus sp. The life-histories of these are not
accurately known, but the larvae seem to five in the soil and feed upon
the roots of certain weeds or native plants. The adults are active
in. late November and are often present about the soil before the crop
is planted. Field crickets, grasshoppers, cutworms and wire worms
{Trachynotus sp.) are also injurious to the stand of maize. None of
these insects are specific maize pests, but with the exception of grass-
hoppers and possibly crickets, they seem to flourish better under
conditions of cultivation than under natural ones. This is due to
the greater looseness or penetrabihty of cultivated soils and the fact
that cultivation encourages the growth of weeds other than grasses.

315

The effect of the activities of these insects on the maize plants is
discussed.

The greater part of the loss may be avoided at comparatively little
cost by the use of a poisoned bait consisting of 1 lb. sodium arsenite
or Paris green, 8 lb. crude sugar or 2 lb. molasses, to 10 gals, water.
A quantity of green vegetation should be chopped up finely, dipped in
the hquid, drained and distributed broadcast over the soil, particularly
towards evening, as most of the insects feed at night. The larvae of
wireworms are not, however, attracted by this bait, but the adult beetles
have been poisoned by it under favourable conditions. The bait should
be applied just before the appearance of the crop above ground, though
the weather must be taken into consideration, a favourable time being
an interlude after the first heavy showers have fallen. There is also
some benefit from baits laid any time between December and the
beginning of March, though the beetles at this time are sheltering
within the plants. It must not be expected that a single application
of bait will rid the land of these pests, and it must be remembered
that it is no remedy for such enemies as Busseola fusca or Heteronychus
mashunus (maize beetle).

Bentley (G. M.). Pruning and Spraying the Home Orchard ani
Vineyard. — Tennessee State Bd. Entom., Knoxville, Bull. no. 27
(vii, no. 4), December 1918, 31 pp., 49 figs. [Received 21st May
1919.]

This profusely illustrated bulletin has been prepared for the guidance
of prospective fruit-growers, and deals with pruning methods and
implements, spray tables for apples, peaches and plums, formulae for
the usual spray solutions, and descriptions of the most modern
sprapng appliances.

CooLEY (R. A.). 16th Annual Report of the State Entomologist of
Montana.^ — Univ. Montana Agric. Expt. Sta,, Bozefnan, Bull. no.
126, December 1918, pp. 23-44. [Received 21st May 1919.]

A list is given of the commoner insect pests of 1918. Grasshoppers
were less numerous than in the previous year, and were kept in check
to a great extent by parasitic flies, Sarcophaga spp., and the energetic
efforts of the farmers. Those recorded include Camnula pellucida,
Scud., Melanoplus bivittatus, Say (two-striped locust) and Aulocara
elliotti, Thom. (big-headed grasshopper).

Cutworms were very abundant during the year, especially Euxoa
ochrogaster, Gn., a species that cuts the plants off below the surface.

Extensive damage was caused to the stems of young winter wheat
by a maggot found in May and subsequently identified as Hylemyia
cerealis, Gillette.

Loxosiege sticticalis, L. (sugar-beet web-worm) caused great anxiety
owing to its presence in vast numbers, but no great damage was
done in spite of the fact that it is a very general feeder.

The bug, Nysius ericae, Schill., was mainly injurious to garden plants.

Details are given of the quarantine measures in force with regard to
Hypera variabilis {Phytonomus posticus) (alfalfa weevil).

(C577) a2

316

Severin (H. C). The Buffalo Tree Hopper, the Plum Tree Borer,
the Leaf Grumpier, the Plum Web-Spinning Sawfly, the Mealy
and Rusty Brown Plum Lice, the Plum Cureulio and the Plum
Gouger, and Scale Insects. — Office of State Entomologist S. Dakota,
Brookings, Circulars 2-8, November 1918. [Received 28th May
1919.]

The bulk of the imformation contained in these circulars has already-
been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A. vii, p. 183.]. Chionaspis salicis-
nigroe, Walsh (poplar and willow scale) is one of the principal insect
pests of these trees in South Dakota, whether growing wild, or in parks,
streets, etc. When the insects are very abundant the tree may be
dwarfed or even killed. Remedial measures are the same as for the
oyster-shell scale [Lepidosaphes ulmi].

EwiNG (H. E.). New Acarina. PartlL — Descriptions of New Species
and Varieties from Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio. —

Bull. Amer. Museum Nat. Hist., New York, xxxvii, 1917, pp.
149-168, 4 plates. [Received 18th June 1919.]

Among the mites dealt with in this paper is Eupalus parvus, sp. n.,
a natural enemy of Lepidosaphes vlmi, L. (oyster-shell scale), from
which it was taken at Ames, Iowa, in which locality, however, it is not
very numerous.

Elwyn (A.). Effect of Humidity on Pupal Duration and on Pupal
Mortality of Drosophila ampdophila, Loew. — Bull. Amer. MuseHui
Nat. Hist., New York, xxxvii, 1917, pp. 347-353. [Received 18th
June 1919.]

The author's summary of this paper is as follows : — Changes in
relative humidity have no marked effect on the length of pupal period
of Droso])hila ampelophila. Changes in relative humidity produced
striking changes in the mortality of Drosophila, the mortality in-
creasing with a decrease of humidity and the optimum humidity being
100 per cent. The eiTects of low humidity on mortality are most
marled with very young pupae, whose covering permits a rapid
evaporation of body moisture. After a few hours, when integumental
changes making evaporation more difficult have set in, the effects of
low humidity are correspondingly decreased.

Shull (A. F.). Genetic Relations of the Winged and Wingless Forms
to each other and to the Sexes in the kT^\ii^,Macrosiphum solanifolii.
—American Naturalist, Lancaster, Pa., lii, uos. 622-G23, October-
November 1918, pp. 507-520.

Of Macrosiphum solanifolii there are four kinds of individuals, the
apterous viviparous female, which is green ; the alate viviparous female,
also green ; the oviparous wingless female, which is yellowish green till
late in life ; and the male, which is winged and of a brown or brown
and green colour, but pink or grey at birth.

Experiments have shown that winged viviparous females produce
mostly wingless females in the parthenogenetic portion of the cycle,
and sexual females in the sexual portion, whereas the wingless vivi-
parous females produce chiefly winged females in the parthenogenetic

317

phase and males in the sexual. Thus there is a transition from a
preponderance of apterous females early in the cycle to a preponderance
of winged females later, and in the sexual part of the cycle, a
transition from males to sexual females, these transitions implying
a gradual change of some sort, probably in the metabolism of the
insects.

It may be that the metabolic change that causes the transition from
wingless to winged females is different from that causing the transition
from males to sexual females, and these may be more or less inde-
pendent of each other, and capable of being separated experimentally.

YoTHERS (W. W.). The Mixing of Oil Emulsions with Lime-sulphur
Solutions. — Florida Grower, xviii, no. 18, 1918, p. 4. (Abstract
in U.S. Dept. Agric. Expt. Sta. Record, Washington, D.C., xl, no.
5, April 1919, pp. 454-455.)

The use of oil emulsions mixed with lime-sulphur solution [see this
Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 449] is reported on.

In following the directions given it was found that a granular scum
was formed when the glue and misoible oil combination was added to
the lime-sulphur solution, and though on stirring a fairly good mixture
was formed, the use of an agitator was necessary when applying it, in
order to prevent the scum settling to the bottom and forming a
concentrated solution that is injurious.

The results of spraying tests indicate that glue must be added to
the oil emulsion when it is being made, whereas it can be added after-
wards to a miscible oil. With a view to determining the effect upon
w'hiteHyl Ale urodes]a.nd purple scale [Lepidosaphes beckii], experiments
were made in which miscible oil was stabilised with (i) glue solution
and (ii) milk powder. A stabilised emulsion was also used in place
of the miscible oil, and the glue solution was used for a binder.
It was found later that the addition of glue to a stabilised emulsion was
unnecessary. Whitefly pupae were killed perfectly, and the sooty
mould was loosened and fell oil after the first rain. At the time of
writing the sprayed trees were free from sooty mould and purple scale
and had a much better appearance than a control row of unsprayed
trees in the same grove. It is pointed out that while the mixture
seems to be satisfactory as an insecticide, it may injure the trees and
fruit.

There is no evidence to show that the combination of oil emulsions
and lime-sulphur is superior to a combination of the emulsion and
soda-sulphur solutions. Until further knowledge has been obtained,
it would therefore be well to try the former combination experimentally
only.

Smith (R. E.). Walnut Worm threatens Industry. — Cat Cult. \i, no.
18, 1918, pp. 441, 442, 447, 6 figs. (Abstract in U.S. Dept. Agric.
Expt. Sla. Record, Washington, B.C., xl, no. 5, April 1919, pp.
456-457.)

The author calls attention to the fact that a biological variety of the
codling moth [Cydia pomanella] is seriously injuring walnuts in certain
parts of California, and that the immediate inauguration of remedial

318

measures is necessary to keep it from spreading all over the southern
part of the State. In some orchards where it has been present for
several years, fully 50 per cent, of the crop is affected, and the
damage is gradually increasing and spreading. Infested nuts are not
only a total loss but are very hard to detect, a large amount of extra
labour being required, and even then some are included in the
picking.

While the insect in all its stages closely resembles the codling moth,
its occurrence in walnuts shows no connection with apple and. pear trees,
and judging from its feeding habits it is a different form from that
which ordinarily attacks those fruits. Its dissemination has been
largely due to sacks from infested orchards being taken into uninfested
places.

LizER (C). La Icerya brasiliensis, nueva para la Fauna argentina.—
Physis, Buenos Aires, iv, no. 17, 20th December 1918, pp. 331-
332. [Received 28th May 1919.]

The Coccid, Icerya brasiliensis, found early in May on _^acaranda
[rosewood], is recorded from Argentina.

Frees (A. G.). Metamorfosis de la LetJia bilineata, Germ.— Physis,
Buenos Aires, iv, no. 17, 20th December 1918, pp. 336-339, 12 figs.
[Received 28th May 1919.J

Observations are recorded from various localities in the Province
of Buenos Aires on the Chrysomelid, beetle, Lejna bilineata, Germ.,
which was found in all stages from November to April feeding on the
leaves of Sal/pichroa rhomboidea. The various stages are described.
The eggs are laid on the under-side of the leaves in masses of 20 to 30
or more. The larvae feed on the leaves until mature and in captivity
pupated between the leaves on which they were fed, though in nature
it is probable that they descend to the ground for pupation, as no pupae
could be found upon the food-plants. The pupal stage lasts 15 to
20 days. Adults were observed at the end of IVIay under the bark
of trees, especially of Eucalyptus.

Blanchard (E. E.). Una nueva Especie de Aleurotlirixus (Homoptera,
Aleurodidae). — P7i^sr5, Buenos Aires, iv, no. 17, 20th December
1918, pp. 344-347, 6 figs. [Received 28th May 1919.]

Aleurothrixus graneli, sp. n., is described from leaves of Ipomaea
sp. and from jasmine leaves that were completely withered by the
attacks of this species.

Beethes (J.). Un Bemb^cido Cazador de Hemipteros. [A Bembecid
predaceous upon Hemiptera.]^P/«?/st5, Buenos Aires, iv, no. 17,
20th December 1918, pp. 348-349. [Received 28th May 1919.]

Larvae of Rhynchota found in the nest of the Bembecid wasp,
Bembidula discisa, Tasch., included Edessa meditabunda, L., Spartocerus
brevicornis, Stal, and Pachylis argentinus. Berg.

319

Bruch (C). Captura de Cerambicidos. — Physis, Buenos Aires, iv, no.
17, 20th December 1918, 354-355, 1 fig. [Received 28th May
1919.]

In view of the quantities of wood and timber that have been brought
down from the northern forests, many Lonoicorn beetles have been intro-
duced during the last few years that were formerly unknown or very rare
in the Pro^dnce of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Hamaticherus lacordairei
Gah.,for example, is frequently observed in the heart of the capital,
while other introduced species characteristic of the northern provinces
are Calocomus desmaresti, Guer., 3Iacroeme priapica, Thorns., Chlorida
f estiva, L., Eburia sordida, Burm.,. Orion patagonus, Guer., Neoclytus
famelicus, Burm., Trachyderes sidcatus, Burm., and Basipterus
castaneipennis, Thorns. A more interesting discovery is that of
Phoracantha semipunctata, ¥., a native of Australia. The first
individual of this species was captured in Belgrano in January 1917,
^ince when several have been taken in various localities. It has been
previously recorded from Brazil, and is now perhaps acclimatised
on some native plant and probably also attacks Eucalyptus, which
has been introduced from Australia.

Bertrand (G.) & Rosenblatt (M.). Action toxique compar6e de
quelques Substances volatiles sur divers Insectes. — C.R. liehdom.
Acad. Sci., Paris, clxviii, no. 18, 5th May 1919, 911-913.

Experiments have been carried out to test the comparative values
as insecticides of ordinary anaesthetics, such as ether, chloroform,
carbon bisulphide and carbon tetrachloride ; irritants, such as mono-
chloracetone and benzyl bromide ; substances at the same time
irritating and suffocating, such as nitrochloroform or chlorpicrin ;
and simple poisons, such as hydrocyanic acid. These have been
tested for the most part on a single species, the caterpillars of Mala-
cosoma neustria, L., occurring in large numbers on elms near the
laboratory. As far as material permitted, tests were also made on
Spdrganothis pilleriana, Polychrosis botrana, a Noctuid, and a sawfly.

The insects were subjected to the action of known mixtures of air
and the poison vapour, in the manner already described [see this Revieiv,
Ser. A, vii, p. 285], usually for 10 minutes, though in some cases this
has been extended to half an hour or an hour, and the following
conclusions were reached: — Ether is not very active; exposure to
"5 gm. per litre of air for 10 minutes produces only temporary anaesthesia,
one adult larva recovering within a quarter of an hour, and two others
after half an hour, all of them spinning their cocoons 4, 5 and 7 days
later, respectively ; chloroform is rather more active than ether,
3 larvae subjected to the above strength for 10 minutes all recovering
after 55 minutes, and being alive but rather inactive 2 days later, while
a concentration of 5 to 10 mg. per litre effects a slight anaesthesia ;
carbon bisulphide is clearly more toxic than either of these, exposure
to a strength of "5 gm. per litre for 10 minutes causing 3 larvae to
remain motionless and apparently dead for several days, after which 2
pupated and the third died ; carbon tetrachloride acts very like chloro-
form, but larger doses are always necessary to obtain the same effects ;
monochloracetone is much more active than the preceding substances.

320

exposure for 10 minutes to an atmosphere containing a few centi-
grammes of volatile liquid per litre causing death ; benzyl bromide at a
strength of a few centigrammes a litre causes a passing excitement and
lively contortions, from the point of view of toxicity coming between
carbon bisulphide and monochloracetone ; chlorpicrin is still more
active than monochloracetone, a few milligrammes per litre being
sufficient to cause death sooner or later ; hydrocyanic acid in slight
concentrations causes an anaesthesia or complete paralysis resembling
death, but after a time the larvae revive and slowly recover their
functions, doses larger than those of chlorpicrin being necessary to
cause death.

There does not seem to be any difference in the toxicity of these
substances for the other species experimented upon, the outstanding
fact being the great insecticidal value of chlorpicrin, which is at least
equal in practice to that of hydrocyanic acid.

VuiLi.ET (A.). Note sur Picromerus bidcns, L., H6miptere pr6dateur
des Larves de Chrysomelides.— 5'<Z^. Soc. Entom. France, Paris,
1919, no. 6, 26th March 1919, pp. 118-119. [Received 28th May
1919.]

The bug, Picromerus bidens, L. , has been observed to be predaceous
on the larvae of Melasoma populi, L., and M. tremulae, ¥., infesting
young poplars in the department of Seine-et-Oise in October 1918 ;
dead larvae were only attacked in the absence of living ones.

Williamson (W.). Some Insect Enemies of Corn. — Minnesota Agric.
Exten. Div., Univ. Farm, St. Paul, Spec. Bull. no. 8, July 1916,
14 pp., 11 figs. [Received 28th May 1919.]

This popular bulletin describes the commoner insect pests of maize
and gives the usual remedial measures.

EuGGLES (A. G.) The White-marked Tussock Moth.— Office of State
Entomologist, St. Paul, Minn., Ciic. no. 42, 5th April 1917, 4 pp., 3
figs. [Received 28th May 1919.]

A short life-history of the well-known shade-tree pest, Hemerocampa
leucostigma, S. & A., is given, with particulars of remedial measures
[see this Review, Ser. A. v. p. 174, and vi, p. 330, etc.].

Washburn (F. L.). The Hydrocyanic Acid Gas Treatment for the
Flour Moth. — Office of State Entomologist, St. Paul, Minn. Circ.
no. 46, 15th January 1918, 13 pp.,'l plate, 4 figs. [Received
28th May 1919.]

This circular, which is a reprint of an earlier one, gives detailed
instruction for the fumigation of flour mills with hydrocyanic acid gas
as a remedy for infestation with Ephestia kuhniella (Mediterranean
flour moth). It is considered that control by heating, when all parts
of the mill are maintained at a temperature of from 123° to 125° F. for
several hours, is preferable to any other method when feasible.

321

Gahan (A. B.). New Reared Parasitic Hymenoptera with some Notes
on Synonymy. — Proc. U.S. National Mas., Washington, B.C., Iv,
no. 2261, 1919, pp. 113-128.

The new Hymenopterous parasites dealt with in this paper
include : — Ichneumonidae : Phaeogenes (Centeterus) inep.ifrons, sp. n.,
from Washington, D.C., a parasite of Cydia (Laspeyresia) molesta,
Busck ; Dacnusa iridicola, sp. n., from Pennsylvania, infesting Agromyza
laferella, Zett. , 14 females being reared from puparia of this European
fly infesting Iris.

Braconidae : Trioxys cupressicola, sp. n., from California, reared
from an undescribed Aphid, Cerosipha sp., infesting Cupressus; Chelonus
(Chelonella) proteus, sp. n., from Maryland, reared from larvae of
Stagmatophora gleditschiaeella, Chamb., infesting the spines of the honey
locust tree {Gleditsia triacanthos) ; Bassus immaculatus, sp. n., from
Louisiana, reared in connection with Phthorimaea striatella, Murtf.,
and possibly parasitic on that moth ; B. vsitatus, sp. n., from
Massachusetts, reared in cages containing Mineola vaccinii, Riley
(cranberry fruit-worm), and probably parasitic on it ; Apanteles
stagmatophorae, sp. n., from Maryland, reared from cocoons found in
burrows of the larvae of Stagmatophora gleditschiaeella, Chamb. ;
Orgilus dioryctriae, sp. n., from California, reared from Dioryctria
xanthaenobares, Dyar, on Pinus attenuata ; 0. mellipes, Say, reared
in Louisiana from Phthorimaea glochinella, Z.

Chalcidoidea : Pseuderimerus mayetiolae, gen. et sp. n., from Cali-
fornia, reared from Mayetiola destructor, Say ; Heteroschema prima,
gen. et sp. n., and Habrocytus simillimus, sp. n., from Arizona, reared
from the pupa of Agromyza gibsoni, Mall., there being a possibility that
the latter may prove to be identical with H. languriae, Ashm., reared
from Languria mozardi, which like A. gibsoni is a stem-borer in lucerne
and related plants ; and Eutelus mayetiolae, sp. n., from California,
reared from puparia of Mayetiola destructor, Say.

Fisher (W. S). Five new species of Ptinid Beetles.— Proc. XJ. S.
National Museum, Washington, B.C., Iv, no. 2271, 1919, pp. 295-
299.

A few apparently new Ptinids reared in connection with the work
on insects infesting forest trees are described in order that the names
may be available for use in economic publications. They are : —
Ptinus huesanus, sp. n., from Florida, on Icthyomethia piscipula ; Oligo-
nierus arbuti, sp. n., from California, on dead manzanita {Arbutus sip.) ;
Ernobius conicola, sp. n., from California, reared from larvae feeding
on green and dry cones of Cupressus macrocarpa ; E. californicus,
sp. n., from California, reared from bark and outer wood of branches of
recently killed Pinus jeffreyi; E. champlaini, sp. n., from Colorado,
reared from dead limbs of Pinus fexilis.

Sasscer (E. R.) & Borden (A. D.). The Rose Midge.— C/.aS. Dept.
Agric, Washington, B.C., Bull. no. 778, 3rd May 1919, 8 pp., 2 figs.

Neocerata {Basyneura) rhodophaga, Coq., causes considerable damage
to the flowers and leaf-buds of roses grown under glass. A list of
various roses attacked is given and all stages of this midge are described.

322

The eggs are laid between the sepals of the flower-buds or between the
folded leaves of the leaf -buds. They hatch in two days and the larvae
attack the buds causing them to dry up and die. On reaching maturity
after about 5 to 7 days, they drop to the ground and pupate in silken
cocoons. After 5 to 7 days the adults appear and very soon commence
oviposition, their life lasting only from 1 to 2 days. The total cycle
under greenhouse conditions is from 12 to 16 days. Larvae have been
seen in February but seem to be most abundant from May to July and
September to November. They hibernate in the cocoons.

Experiments with various remedial measures have shown that
Neocerata rhodophaga may be kept in check by applications of tobacco
dust to the soil and persistent, nightly fumigation with tobacco. If
earthen walks are present, they should be sprayed with a 5 per cent, or
10 per cent, kerosene emulsion. One U.S. qt. of soft-soap or | lb. of fish-
oil or laundry soap are dissolved in one U.S. gal. of boiling soft water
to which 2 U.S. gals, of kerosene are added and stirred until a creamy
mixture is obtained. This may be diluted to a 10 per cent, solution
by the addition of 5| U.S. gals, of water.

Weiss (H. B.) & Dickerson (E. L.). Insects of the Swamp Rose-
mallow, Hibiscus moscheutos, L., in New Jersey. — Jl. New York
Entom. Soc, Lancaster, Pa., xxvii, no. 1, March 1919, pp. 39-68,
3 plates.

Hibiscus moscheutos is associated in New Jersey with the following
insects, the life-histories of which are dealt with at length : — Coleoptera:
Rhaeboscelis tenuis, Lee, Conotrachelus fissiunguis, Lee, Apion hibisci,
Fall, Bruchus hibisci, Oliv., and Chaetocnema quadricollis, Schwarz ;
Lepidoptera : Gelechia hibiscella, Busck, Tarache {Acontia) delecta,
Wlk., and Papaipema nebris, Gn. {nitela, Gn.) ; and a Cecidomyiid,
Neolasioptera hibisci, Felt.

Haviland (M. D.). The Bionomics of Aphis grossuJariae, Kalt., and
Aphis viburni, Schr. — Proc. Canib. Phil. Soc, Cambridge, xix, no.
5, pp. 266-269.

Aphis grossulariae, Kalt., is a serious pest of currant and gooseberry
bushes in Britain. It attacks the young shoots in May and when
abundant causes such distortion that growth ceases and a dense cluster
of leaves is formed, under which the Aphids swarm. Its life-history
is not fully known. It remains on currants until the middle or end of
July. The sexviales have never been found. Its resemblance to
A. viburni, found on guelder rose ( Viburnum opulus), is so close that there
appears to be no structural difference between the two species, though
with alcohol stains different properties have been observed. Experi-
ments were made to test how far these food-plants are interchangeable,
and the results of transference of A. viburni from Viburnum opulus to
Ribes rubrum and of A. viburtii, self- established on R. rubrmn, to
Viburnujn are shown in tables. In the first case only two colonies
survived for more than ten days, reproduction being very feeble and
never occurring beyond the third . generation ; an attempt to re-
transfer the third generation back from currant to guelder rose

323

resulted in the death of all the Aphids within 24 hours. In the
second case, no colonies survived more than six days, and repro-
duction was very feeble. Natural colonies on both hosts flourished
meantime from late May to mid-Augast and the end of July
respectively. A. grossulariae has not been recorded from other
food- plants, but during June three instances were observed where
winged migrants established themselves on the flower-heads of
Campanula, the colonies persisting for two or three weeks.

The conclusions suggested by the foregoing observations are that,
as pointed out by Theobald, A. grossulariae is probably identical with
A. viburni. The first migrant from Viburnum can form colonies either
on Viburnum, which is the natural host, or else on Ribes. The de-
scendants of the migrants to Viburnum can with difficulty be established
on currant, though the resulting colonies are not so strong as those
derived from an early migrant. The descendants of the migrants to
currant cannot be re-established on Viburnum. It seems as though
in two or three generations some change takes place in the currant form
which prevents it from flourishmg on guelder rose. One explanation is
that there is some change in the constitution of Viburnum, such as an
increase of tannins, and that the strain on this plant can gradually
adapt itself to altered conditions which the newly transferred currant-
reared stock cannot tolerate. Though Theobald has suggested that
A. grossulariae may be the alternating form of A. viburni, he has twice
failed to transfer the former to Viburnum. It is also possible that
A. grossulariae is not the natural summer form of A. viburni, but is
merely a casual pest of the currant. In the case of Aphids that have
a regular migration between two plants, the change is usually from
a woody-stemmed primary to a herbaceous secondary host, and if in
the case of A. viburni the currant should be found to be the normal
second host, it would be a remarkable exception to this rule. Possibly
the species has not yet adapted itself to the conditions of modern fruit-
growuig. In a natural state the Aphids are probably able to follow
the whole life-cycle on Viburnum, but the spread of the cultivated
currant has presented them with an increasing supply of alternative
food which induces a change that makes a return to Viburnum im-
possible. Whether sex-producing forms can arise from the currant
stock, and thence return to the guelder rose, is not known. Otherwise
the infestation of the currant must be regarded as an unfortunate
accident in the history of the species, which entails a waste of migrating
individuals upon a cultivated plant that might otherwise have
perpetuated themselves on the natural host. It is obvious that infested
Viburnum should not be allowed to exist in the neighbourhood of
currant bushes.

Byars (L. p.) & Gilbert (W. W.). Soil Disinfection by Hot Water to
control the Root-knot Nematode and parasitic Soil Fungi. — Phyto-
patJwlogy, Baltimore, Md., ix, no. 1, January 1919, p. 49.

Experiments made to disinfect small quantities of soil Infested
v.ith Heterodera radicicola by means of hot water are described.
When four-inch pots were immersed for 5 minutes in boiling water
all the Nematodes were killed. The same result was obtained by
the application of about 1 U.S. gal. of boiling water to eight-inch pote

324

or seven U.S. gals, of boiling water per cubic foot of infested soil in
shallow benches. The percentage of germination and the size and
vigour of the plants grown in the treated soil showed a marked increase,

Byars (L. p.). Experiments on the Control of the Root-knot Nematode,
Heterodera radicicola (Greef) Mueller. I. The Use of Hydrocyanic-
Acid Gas in Loam Soil in the Field. — Phytopathology, Baltimore,
Md., ix, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 93-103, 1 plate.

Experiments were made in Florida in 1916 and 1917 to eradicate
Heterodera radicicola from fields by means of the introduction into
the soil of hydrocyanic acid gas. Though apparently more efficient
than most chemicals when used on a small scale this substance failed
on large areas. The experiments were made at the rate of 3,600 lb.
and 5,400 lb. respectively per acre. The same effect is obtained
with both the powdered or liquid form of the poison. Particulars
are given of each experiment.

Byars (L. P. ). The Nematode Disease of Wheat caused by Tylenchus
tritici (Steinbuch) Bastian, and its Control. — Phytopathology,
Baltimore, Md., ix, no. 1, January 1919, p. 51.

Great damage to wheat in 1918 by the eelworm, Tylenchus tritici,
occurred in all parts of the United States, especially Virginia. The
wheat spi'celets developed hard galls filled with larvae of this Nematode.
From these galls they escape to the soil and settle between the leaf
sheaths near the bud of the young seedlings and are thus passively
elevated to the spike. Here they enter the flowers, where they produce
galls in which they remain until they reach maturity when oviposition
takes place in the gall. This pest may be kept in check by the use
of clean seed, crop rotation, etc. The sound grain may be separated
from the galls by A. G. Johnson's salt brine method for removing
ergot from rye.

RuGGLES (A. G.). Life History of an Oak Twig Girdler, Agrilus arcuatus.
Say, and var. torquattis, Lee. — 17th Rept. Minnesota State
Entomologist, Agric. Expt. Sta., Univ. Farm, St. Paul, 1st December
1918, pp. 15-20, 3 figs., 1 plate. [Received 21st May 1919.]

Local damage to oak trees is recorded in Minnesota, due to a small
Buprestid larva identified as Agrilus arcuatus, Say, var. torquatus, Lee,
which burrows beneath the bark at the tip of the twigs. A similar
species, A. bilineatus, Web. [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 331], infests
the same species of oaks, particularly Quercus rubra, L., and attacks
the trunk and larger limbs, while A. arcuatus works downward, often
cutting off branches 8 feet long.

The adults appear throughout July. The eggs are usually laid
singly on the side of the twig near the terminal bud, and hatch in
about 10 days, the larva at once entering the bark and burrowing
in the cambium during July, August and September. In May and
June of the year following oviposition they are still working just
beneath the bark, but in July, August and September they burrow
to the centre of the twig? and work back to the bark during October,
often encircling a main branch, which dies during the following year.

325

Pupation is completed by June of the second year following oviposition.
The only possible remedial measure on large shade-trees would
be to prune all small dead branches and burn them, but the cost of
labour of such a measure is practically prohibitive. It is possible
that spraying the trees with Bordeaux mixture or lime-sulphur might
act as a preventive. A Hymenopterous parasite, a new species of
Tetrastichus, has been reared from larvae and pupae taken in the
burrows of this twig-girdler.

Graham (S A.). Potato Spraying in Minnesota. — 17th Rept. Minnesota
S'ate Entomologist, Agric. Expt. Sia., Univ. Farm, St., Paul, 1st
December 1918, pp. 21-31, 1 fig. [Received 21st May 1919.]

Experiments to test the value of various insecticides for spraying
potatoes were made during the spring of 1918 on a modified co-operative
scheme, all the spraying, mixing of materials and taking of observations
being done by the Experiment Station, and a standard type of spraying
machine being used on land owned by a single person. The pests
present were Leptinofarsa decemlineata. Say (Colorado potato beetle),
Epitrix cucumeris, Harr. (potato flea-beetle), and Empoasca mali,
Le B. (leaf-hopper). In addition to these Lygus pratensis, L. (tarnished
plant-bug) and several other bugs were common.

The stomach poisons tested were lead arsenate, zinc arsenite,
calcium arsenate and Paris green, each of these being applied with and
without Bordeaux mixture. The arsenical sprays were applied to
the early and late potatoes on 13th and 14th June when the plants
were 8 and 6 inches high respectively and infested with L. decemlineata
and E. cucumeris. All four of the poisons tested were equally effective
under ideal conditions against L. decemlineata, the quantities used
being 2 lb. to the acre, or 4 lb. to each 100 U.S. gals, of liquid, except
in the case of Paris green, which was 1 lb. to the acre or 2 lb. to each
100 U.S. gals, of liquid, and each was applied with and without 4-4-50
Bordeaux mixture. All of them, however, appeared ineffective as a
poison or deterrent for the adult flea-beetles. A second spray applied
about 1st July with similar dilutions gave almost perfect control
in each case, the plants then presenting a large unpoisoned surface,
but the beetles being present in only small numbers. On another
block spraying was deferred till 29th June, Paris green, lead arsenate
and zinc arsenite being used at the above dilution. The treatment
was repeated on 23rd July when the infestation was so slight that it
was not commercially profitable. A heavy dose of 2 lb. lead arsenate
and 1 lb. Pans green per acre was used, the beetles being thereby
almost entirely exterminated.

From these experiments it is evident that all four poisons are equally
effective against L. decemlineata imder favourable conditions, and
that the choice of one of them must depend upon its cost and adhesive
power. To determine the latter point a series of experiments with
glass slides and geranium leaves was undertaken, and it was found
that Paris green was the least, and calcium arsenate the most adherent,
zinc arsenite and lead arsenate being intermediate. In computing
the cost of an arsenical the proportion of arsenic present must be
considered, and thus Paris green and lead arsenate cost about the
same, for though the price of the former is double that of the latter.

326

it contains twice as much arsenic. Since calcium arsenate costs
rather less than lead arsenate and also has a higher coefficient of
adhesion, it stands far above all other materials for potato spraying.
The only contact insecticides used against leaf-hoppers were nicotine
compounds applied with and without soap, and only in the latter
case were they effective in destroying the insects. The present
mechanical methods of applying these materials are, however,
faulty, and future efforts should be directed towards improved
methods of application.

Graham (S. A.). The Carpenter Ant as a Destroyer of Sound Wood. —

17t}i Rept. Minnesota State Entomologist, Agric. Expt. Sta., Univ.
Farm, St. Paul, 1st December 1918, pp. 32-40, 8 figs. [Received
21st May 1919.]

The carpenter ant, Camponotus pennsylvanicus, DeG., and its variety
ferrugineus, F., are well known to occur in decaying wood, but have not
been regarded as pests of sound trees or timber. It is now established,
however, that they are doing considerable damage to standing white
cedar in Minnesota, at least 20 per cent, of the trees cut showing
injury by ants to the stump. So far as observed, a perfectly sound tree
is never attacked, but entrance is gained through a wound or a decayed
spot usually near the ground, or even below the ground level. The
ants hollow out a nest in the heart of the tree, sometimes leaving only
a thin shell of wood round it, and thus seriously weaken the tree at
that point. From the nest they cut openings to the outside called
windows, from the presence of which a nest is easily located. The
height at which nests occur varies greatly, but they are usually within
6 feet of the ground. The percentage of ant-infested cedars varies
with the conditions under which the trees are growing, those in the
swamps being much less heavily infested than those growing on
higher ground. This may be due to the fact that the wet condition of
the ground tends to increase the moisture in the nests. The percentage
of trees with heart rot is also greater on the dry ground than in the
swamps and the wood of those grown in the latter situation is much
heavier and closer grained, and these factors may limit the extent of
infestation.

No means of protecting cedar trees in the woods from ant attack
can be recommended at the present time, but intelligent trimming
of poles together with closer utilisation of ant-infested cedar would
result in the saving of an immense amount of merchantable timber.

Oestlund (0. W.). Contribution to Knowledge of the Tribes and
Higher Groups of the Family Aphididae (Homoptera).— i///i Rept.
Minnesota State Entomologist, Aqric. Expl. Sta., Univ. Farm, St.
Paul, 1st December 1918, pp. 46-72. [Received 21st May 1919.]

This systematic paper, which aims at bringing the arrangement
of the tribes and groups of the family Aphididae up to date, attempts
to give proportionate consideration to the historical, morphological
and biological aspects as necessary foundations of a natural classifi-
cation. Keys are given to the sub-families, groups and tribes.

327

Chapman (R. N.). The Confused Flour Beetle {Tribolium confusum,
Duval). — 17th, Rept. Minnesota State Entomologist, Agric. Expt.
Sta., Univ. Farm, St. Paul, 1st December 1918, pp. 73-94, 3 plates,
1 fig. [Received 21st May 1919.]

The subject-matter of this paper has already been noticed from
another source [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 221].

Williamson (W.). The Clover-seed Chalcid, Bruchophagus funebris,
Howard. — 17th Rept. Minnesota State Entomologist, Agric. Expt.
Sta., Univ. Farm, St. Paul, 1st December 1918, pp. 95-110, 10
figs. [Received 21st May 1919.]

The bulk of the subject-matter of this paper has already been noticed
[see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 185]. The three known Chalcid parasites
of this clover pest are Tetrastichus bruchopJiagi, Ashm., Habrocytus
medicaginis, Gah., and Idomacromerus longfellowi, Gir.

The food-plants are red clover, crimson clover, bur clover and
alfalfa ; alsike, white clover and sweet clover are apparently immune
to attack.

Howard (C. W.). A Preliminary Report on the Trombidiidae of
Minnesota. — 17th Rept. Minnesota State Entomologist, Agric. Expt.
Sta., Univ. Farm, St. Paul, 1st December 1918, pp. 111-144, 7
plates. [Received 21st May 1919.]

This paper deals with a number of Trombidiid mites, with keys
to the adults, nymphs and larvae. Among those mentioned are : —
Allothrombium pulvinus, Ewing, which is a species that is very benefi-
cial in the control of Aphids, as every stage feeds on them, even
destroying the winter eggs, while on the other hand it seems to have
few enemies. Eutrombidium locustarum, Walsh, is apparently present
throughout all the grasshopper areas of the State, the adults being
found on or in the soil in open ground during early spring. With the
advent of warm weather they emerge in search of grasshopper eggs,
and in the breeding-grounds they are so abundant as to give the soil
a scarlet appearance. Their distribution is not influenced by the char-
acter of the soil, and they may be found on dry, sandy hillsides or in
low, wet bottom lands, providing grasshopper eggs of some species
are present. This mite has been found to infest the eggs of Melanoplus
bivittatus, M. femur-rubrum, M. atlantis, M. minor and Chorthipjms
{Stenobothrus) curtipennis. In from 9 to 12 days after engorgement
the female oviposits in a smoothed-walled chamber in the soil, |-inch
to 1 inch below the surface, the egg-masses consisting of from 300-700
eggs, Avhich hatch in from 24 to 30 days. As soon as they hatch the
larvae crawl in search of grasshoppers of any stage, to which they
attach themselves between the segments, under or on the wing pads,
or at the joints of the tarsi or near the mouth. They will attack
Tettix sp., Melanoplus bivittatus, M. femur-rubrum, M. gladstoniy
Chorthippus curtipennis, Orphulella speciosa and 0. pelidna, as many as
124 larvae having been counted on a single grasshopper nymph.
The fully engorged larva enters the soil, from which the nymph emerges

328

in about 5 days, beginning at once to feed on grasshopper eggs and be-
coming engorged after 14-20 days. It again enters the soil and passes
through a transformation stage from which the adult emerges during
late August ; it may then begin feeding or go at once into hibernation.
The economic importance of E. locustarum is undoubtedly great,
the nymphs and adults destroying large numbers of grasshopper eggs,
though the larvae, even if present in large numbers, do little more than
weaken the grasshoppers to which they attach themselves.

The adult of Microtrombidium muscarum, Riley, has not been
collected in Minnesota but must occur there, as what is probably the
larva has been found on three occasions, twice on adults of Musca
domestica, and once in a manure heap.

Washburn (F. L.)- The Hymenoptera of Minnesota. — 17th Rept.
Minnesota Slate Entomologist, Agric. Expt. Sta., Univ. Farm, St.
Paul, 1st December 1918, pp. 145-237, 100 figs., 3 coloured plates.
[Received 21st May 1919.]

This important work embodies the results of several years' investi-
gxtion, all species collected and determined up to date being listed and
those of economic importance being emphasised.

Washburn (F. L.) & Howard (C. W.). Household Insects.— O^ce of
Minnesota State Entomologist, Umv. Farm, St. Paul, Circ. no. 44,
15th October 1917, 14 pp., 7 figs., 1 plate. [Received 28th May
1919.]

Among the insects dealt with in this paper, which is compiled from
previous circulars, are Phyllodromia germanica (croton bug), clothes
moths, buffalo carpet beetle [Anthrenus scrophulariae], silver fish
[Lepisma], ants in the house and garden, and bean weevils,

Fullaway (D. T.). Report of the Entomologist. — Rept. for the Bien.
Period ending 31st December 1918, Territory of Hawaii Bd. Agric.
& Forestry, Honolulu, 1919, pp. 54-60. [Received 3rd June
1919.]

The propagation and distribution of beneficial insects have been
continued during the year, the species and localities to which they
were sent being shown in a table. This work might be very profitably
extended, especially for the control of the corn leaf-hopper [Peregrinus
tnaidis] in the lowlands, where maize cultivation is confined to the
winter months and where there is great destruction of the parasite
[Paranagrus] during the off-season. Reports of work done by the
United States Bureau of Entomology in the control of the Mediter-
ranean fruit-fly, which have been noticed in this Revieiv, are quoted at
length. No unusually serious insect menace appeared during the
period under review, with the exception of a heavy infestation of
bananas by mealy-bugs in the summer of 1917. Attention is drawn
to the alarming and increasing ravages of termites. One recently
observed species is becoming very destructive to all kinds of timber
and wood products, and a study of it is being made.

329

Ehrhorn (E. M.). Report of the Chief Plant Inspector. — Ite'pt. for the
Bien. Period ending 31st December 1918, Territory of Hawaii Bd.
Agric. & Forestry, Honolulu, 1919, pp. 61-85, 3 plates. [Received
3rd June 1919.]

An account is given of the work of plant inspection during the period
under review, and is summarised in tables. The new inspection
buildings, and particularly the fumigation huts, have given greatly
improved facilities for this work. Large consignments of wheat from
Australia infested with Rhizojjertha dominica (lesser grain borer) were
cleansed by fumigation.

The following interceptions of insects are among those mentioned : — •

Stigmaeus fioridanus (pineapple mite) from Florida, which, besides
the damage done in feeding, carries dangerous plant diseases that
gain access to the tissues of the leaves of pineapple through its punc-
tures ; Iridomyrmex humilis (Argentine ant), in the soil around
plants from California ; a Curculionid beetle from the roots of potted
plants, and Aleurodes citri on citrus plants from Japan.

A copy is given of the rules and regulations of the Board of Agricul-
ture and Forestry pertaining to the Plant Inspection Division that
have been drawn up during the past two years, as well as all quarantine;
notices and other restrictive orders.

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). The Corn Leaf Hopper {Peregrinua maidis, Ashm.).
— Hawaii Bd. Agric. Forestry, Honolidu, Div. Entom., Bull,
no. 4, 27th December 1918, 16 pp., 18 figs. [Received 3rd June
1919.]

To growers in the Hawaiian Islands the control of the leaf -hopper,
Peregrinus maidis, Ashm., is a serious problem. This insect is closely
related to the sugar-cane leaf-hopper [Perkinsiella saccharicida], but
in Hawaii is found only on maize. In confinement it will oviposit in
stems of sugar-cane and Coix lachryma, but the nymphs apparently can-
not develop on these food-plants. When it is abundant on maize the
plant withers as if suffering from drought. The hoppers are distributed
mainly by flight, and also by hopping from adjacent fields and by
wind-dispersion. The eggs are deposited principally in the midrib on
the upper surface of the leaves, from one to four being loosely packed
in each cavity. These hatch in summer in 9 days, but in cold, dry
weather may take 14 days. The nymphal stage lasts from 15 to 21
days, during which 5 moults occur. Dimorphism is frequently foimd
among the adults, both long and short winged forms occurring. Mating
and oviposition take place as soon as the adult insects appear, each
female depositing an average of 200 eggs. The life-cycle occupies
about one month, and as maize plants require from 100 to 120 days
to mature, it is obvious that several generations of hoppers may be
present on the plants simultaneously. Artificial remedial measures
have not been applied to P. maidis to any great extent. It might be
possible to reach the nymphs, which are the most injurious stage,
with a kerosene or nicotine spray, but it would have to be weak to
avoid injury to the plants and might seriously interfere with the egg-
parasites. Hopperdozers also might be successful. The most effective
checks so far have been insect parasites and judgment on the part of
the grower as to time of planting.

(C577) B

330

Parasites developing in the egg include the two Myrmarids, Parana-
grus osborni and Anagrus frequens, the parasitism averaging about
50 per cent. The latter was introduced from Australia about 1904
to control Perkinsiella saccharicida, and has also been bred from the
eggs of a native species of sweet potato leaf-hopper. Paranagrus
osborni was introduced from the Philippine Islands in 1916 to control
the maize leaf-hopper. Usually one egg only is laid in the host-egg,
and this hatches within 24 hours. The larva grows until it nearly
fills the eggshell ; on the 6th day it pupates within the shell of the
egg it has consumed and 5 days later emerges as an adult. Males are
scarce in these species, a great deal of the reproduction being partheno-
genetic. The short life-cycle (11 to 12 days in summer at sea-level) is
the most important factor in the abundance of this parasite.

Two species of Tetrastichine egg-parasites occur, viz. : — Ootetrasii-
chus beatus, and an undescribed species commonly known as the
Formosan Ootetrastichiis. The former was introduced from Fiji in 1905,
the latter from Formosa in 1916. The egg of 0. beatus hatches in from
2 to 3 days, pupation occurring about 9 days later and the adult
emerging in another 10 days. Males of this species have never been
seen, reproduction being entirely parthenogenetic.

A Dryinid parasite, Haplogonatopus vitiensis, develops on the
nymphs of the leaf-hopper, the larva feeding on the fatty tissues of
the body. This parasitism is indicated externally by a small sac that
usually appears on the host-nymph behind the tegmina about 10 days
after oviposition. When mature, the larva emerges from the sac,
leaving the hopper to its fate, and pupates for a period of several
weeks. This parasite is too rare to be of great value and is abundantly
hyperparasitised. Pipunculid flies and Stylopid beetles also parasitise
P. maidis, although their effect has not been observed. Predaceous
enemies include an ant {Pheidolemegacephah), aCoccinellid {Coleophora
in&jualis), a bug {Zelus peregrinus), an earwig {Chelisoches morio) and
spiders.

Brain (C. K.). A Preliminary Report on the Cotton Pests of South
Africa. — Union S. Africa Deft. Agric, Pretoria, Local Ser. no. 59,
26th August 1918, 29 pp., 24 figs. [Received 3rd June 1919.]

There are many problems to be solved before the cotton-growing
industry can be established in South Africa on as large a scale as is
desirable. As the insect fauna of the country is exceptionally rich,
and as the flora comprises a large number of wild plants more or less
closely related to cotton, the question of insect pests is a most important
one, since it is highly probable that when cotton is grown to any extent,
pests will be discovered that are peculiarly South African. At present,
however, all the insect pests known to cotton growers are well known
in other parts of the world. Little study has been given to them in
South Africa, and the accounts given in this paper are taken from the
records of other cotton-growing countries. It is desirable to obtain
definite information for South African conditions, and much of this
could be supplied by cotton growers. Remedial measures practised
in other countries may not be suitable in South Africa, but the remedies
generally recommended are given for reference and trial. Two of the
most serious cotton pests, the boll- weevil [Anthonomus grandis] and the

331

pink bollworm [Pectinophora gossypiella] have not yet appeared in
the country, and strict quarantine measures in respsct of imported
seed are taken by the Government.

The cotton pests dealt with include Agrotis ypsilon and other cut-
worms ; Aphis gossypii, Glov. ; Prodenia litura, F., which in South Africa
also feeds on sunflowers ; Laphygma exigua, Hbn. , on many food-
plants and chiefly in lawns ; the bollworms, Heliothis {Chloridea)
obsoleta, F., Earias insulana, Boisd., and Diparopsis castanea, Hmps.,
which last is known in S. Africa as the Sudan bollworm and is abun-
dant throughout the greater part of the country, as much as 60 per
cent, of the bolls being damaged in some localities ; and the cotton
stainers, Dysdercus superstitiosus and Oxycarenus albidipennis. Minor
pests that are not likely to require remedial measures include a Nema-
tode, Heterodem radicicola ; the beetles, Strophosomus amplicollis,
Pachnoda carmelita and P. impressa ; the mealy-bugs, Pseudococcus
Jilamentosus and P. virgatus ; and the scales, Saissetia oleae and
Pulvinaria jacksoni.

Brain (C. K.). Pernicious Scale. — Union S. Africa Dept. Agric,
Pretoria, Local Ser. no. 61, 17th July 1918, 4 pp., 2 figs. [Received
3rd June 1919.]

A popixlar account is given of Aspidiotus perniciosus, which was
introduced into South Africa about twelve years ago and has spread to
various centres in the Transvaal, Orange Free State and Natal. Around
Pretoria it has spread rapidly, the mode of transmission apparently
being chiefly on the feet of birds. It is noticed that trees growing in
fowl-runs are very liable to infestation, birds, particularly doves,
being attracted by the poultry food. The large beetles that appear
when fruit is ripening also greatly assist the spread of the scale on
fruit-trees. The usual sprays of miscible oil or lime-sulphur wash are
recommended. Government regulations are now in force prohibiting
the removal of woody plants from an infested property without per-
mission from the Department of Agriculture [see this Review, Ser. A,
V, p. 543].

ScHLUPp W. F.j. Potato Tuber Moth.— C/nion S. Africa Dept. Agric,
Pretoria, Press Circ. no. 46, 23rd November 1918, 2 pp. [Received
3rd June 1919.]

The bulk of the information contained in this circular has already
been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 360]. It is pointed out
that after deep ploughing, planting in ridges is not wise from the
standpoint of control of the potato tuber moth [Phthorimaea operculella].
Deep planting and harrowing the ground level after planting is much
to be preferred. The use of the ridging plough at the first cultivation
is also objectionable ; the earthing up should be a gradual process, a
little soil being added to the tops of the ridges at each cultivation.
About the middle of the growing period the ridging plough should be
used. The time of danger is always the latter part of the season and
all efforts should be directed towards having a good soil covering at
that period.

(C577) b2

332

ScHLUPP (W. F.). The Control of Insects in the Orchard.— Reprint
from S. African Fruit Grower, Cape Town, iv, 1918, 29 pp., 5 figs.
[Received 3rd June 1919.]

This popular paper has been written for the guidance of South
African fruit-growers and gives some account of the commoner insect
pests of the orchard, with instructions for remedial measures. Points
of interest include the spraying of walnuts against Cydia {Carpocapsa)
pomonella (codling moth). The optimum times for this measure seem
to coincide with those for the apple, i.e., just after the fruit sets, fol-
lowed by later sprays. Particular care should be taken w ith all sprays
to cover the stem end of the nuts with poison, as many larvae enter
from that end, and also between any nuts that are in contact. The
cqllection and destruction of fallen nuts twice a week is advocated,
as the larvae remain longer in them than in most fruits. Besides the
well-known fruit-fly, Ceratitis cajntata, there is a native species,
C. cosyra [probably C. roso^^, which has similar life-history and habits,
and for which the same remedies are effective. Frequent applications.
of lead arsenate spray are necessary in the Transvaal owing to the
continued summer rains ; the minimum number for each locality must
be learned by experience. Myzus persicae (green peach aphis) injures
many fruit trees, and, while in cool climates migration back to peach
trees occurs in autumn, in South Africa the females remain on
cabbages and similar plants throughout the winter, reproducing slowly
and migrating back to the peach trees in spring.

Hardenberg (C. B.). Some Insects Injurious to the Black Wattle

{Acacia mollissima, Wild). — Union S. Africa Dept. A gric, Pretoria,
Bull. no. 1, 1918, 41 pp., 36 figs. [Received 5th June 1919.]

The cultivation of the black wattle {Acacia mollissima), for the
sake of its bark for tanning, is of comparatively recent origin and has
greatly increased within the last few years. This has naturally led
to a large increase in the insect pests of this tree, which have hitherto
been but little studied in South Africa. The present bulletin gives
an account of the work at the field station for the study of wattle
insects at New Hanover, Natal. During these investigations over
150 insects have been found injurious to it ; the majority of these are
not doing very serious damage, but all are potential pests. Their
increase is due to the destruction of native food-plants in making the
wattle plantations, to the unlimited food supply afforded by the
plantations, and to the greater safety from enemies compared with the
exposed life on the veld. The insect fauna of the w^attle plantations
is divided into three groups, those that are known to be injurious, those
that are beneficial, and those that have as yet been insufficiently
studied to be classed in either group. The first group includes Gynanisa
maia (peacock moth), which originally lived on thorn-trees and now
prefers wattle ; various Lasiocampids found only on wattle ; bag worms,
which thrive on both thorn and wattle ; and species that only sporadic-
ally attack wattle, such as various Arctiids, Lycaenids, Lymantriids,
wood-boring Cerambycids, etc., and occasionally the Saturniid, MeZawo-
cera menippe. Beneficial insects include Tachinid flies and the larger
parasitic wasps that attack caterpillars. There are also many Chalcid .

333

parasites of the eggs which are of great importance in reducing the
numbers. Mantids, Asilids and Odonata destroy both injurious and
beneficial insects.

The influence of the present methods of wattle cultivation on the
presence, spread and abundance of wattle insects is discussed, and
the best methods of preparing the ground, planting and spacing,
cultivating, felling and stripping, and burning are explained.

A detailed account is given of the wattle bagworm, Chalioides
{Acanthopsyche) junodi, Heylaerts, which is considered the most
dangerous pest of black wattle [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 303, ii, p.
84, V, pp. 378 and 547, etc.]. Various Ichneumonids and parasitic
flies help to check the increase of this bagworm, while predaceous
enemies and a fungus disease also reduce its numbers, but these do
not in themselves constitute a sufficient control. A poison-dust con-
sisting of Paris green and lime (1 : 10), or lead arsenate in the same pro-
portion, kills respectively 76 and 70 per cent, of the bagworms when
evenly applied wnth a dusting machine, about 100 lb. per acre being
used. It is thought that a combination of the trap method, with the
object of slowly reducing the total number of bagworms over a large
area, with dusting to prevent the damage on special plots, will prove
to be the solution of the problem of controlling this pest.

RiGNEY (J. W.) & FiTE (A. B.). Nine Year Band Record of the Codling

Moth. — New Mex'co Agric. Expt. /S7a., State College, Bull. no. 110
(Technical), March 1918, 60 pp., 20 figs. [Received 3rd June 1919.]

The codling moth [Cydia pomonella] continues to be one of the worst
pests of apples in New Mexico, especially in the warm and favourable
conditions in the lower irrigated valleys. As little was known of the
life-history in these localities, investigations have been carried on for a
number of years. In the year 1907, when the work began, an unusually
severe and late frost destroyed almost all the fruit in the valley. An
experiment was then tried of destroying all the apples left in order to
starve the codling moth and ascertain, if possible, whether this would
permanently eradicate the pest in the valley. The result was a very
heavy crop in 1908, and about 90 per cent, of sound fruit in 1909,
but by the end of 1910 the orchards were as badly infested as ever.

Particulars of the banding experiments are given and the results
shown in a series of tables, while charts show the daily morning and
evening life-curves compiled from observation of the larvae under the
bands, daily double-band records and weekly life-curves. The effect
of rain and temperature on the movement of larvae was not very
pronounced, though on the whole fewer larvae were caught imme-
diately following heavy rain or a decided drop in temperature. Bands
of dark-coloured cloth attracted more larvae than light-coloured ones.
About three times as many larvae get under the bands in the night as
in the day-time. The double-band records show that many more
larvae crawl down the trees and under the upper bands than were
caught under the lower ones. In examining windfallen fruit, 55"4
per cent, were found to be infested, 80 per cent, of the larvae having
left the apples before they fell. It is estimated that from the 114

334

trees banded, some 35,000 larvae would have been the progeny of the
larvae caught by the bands and destroyed. During the three years of
weekly banding, it is calculated that about £31 10s. worth of apples
were saved at a total cost, for bands and labour, of £3 10s.

It was found that there were four overlapping generations of the
moth, indicating a different length of life-cycle in dift'erent individuals.
The first larvae were caught on 18th May, with maximum numbers in
July and August. Natural enemies observed during these investiga-
tions were the larvae of a Clerid beetle, which seem to attack those of
C. jpomonella chiefly while they are in shelter or during pupation in
such places as under bark or bands. Lace-wing larvae do not attack
the codling moth so much under the bands as in the open. Small
red ants destroy a good many larvae, especially under bands and
other shelters, and birds, pigs and chickens all prey upon them.

Ball (E. D.) & Walter (E. V.). Injury from White Grubs in Iowa. —

^ Iowa Agric. Expt. Sia., Ames, Circ. no. 60, [n.d.] 4 pp., 2 figs.
[Received 3rd June 1919.]

During the past ten years there have been serious Ipcal infestations
of white grubs [Lachnosterna] in north-eastern Iowa, which are part
of a general outbreak appearing in a number of more or less timbered
areas in a belt running from Minnesota and Iowa east to New York,
Connecticut and New Jersey. The grubs first appeared in unusual
numbers in 1909, increased in 1912 and were most abundant in 1915.
The 1918 outbreak was less severe, and it is probable that parasites
and other enemies of the grubs will reduce them to nearly normal
numbers in 1921 or 1924 at the latest. A map shows the areas that
have been most severely affected. It is observed that bad infestations
seldom occur very far from timber. The grubs are found under
natural conditions only in grass sod, and never travel from one field
to another. When grass land infested with them is ploughed up and
used for other crops, the grubs are compelled to feed upon whatever
they find there. Maize and potatoes suffer most in this way. Small
grains are seldom much injured owing to their abundant root-system
and early maturity. The life-cycle of these beetles is described
and illustrated. Proper crop rotation and autunm ploughing of
infested land are the best measures against increase, and the steps
to be taken are forecasted for the ensuing years. It is known that the
large grubs will come to the surface in the springs of 1919 and 1922
and feed greedily for a short time before they pupate. All sod land
intended for cultivation during the next two years should be broken
in the autumn of 1919 or the spring of 1920 before the adult beetles
emerge. During 1920 and 1923 adults will appear and may defoliate
trees but will not injure crops. Small grain should not be planted on
land intended for maize in the following year. Lucerne or clover may
be broken up in the autumn for maize growing. In 1921 and 1924
maize should not be planted on land that was in grass or grain the
previous year if young grubs were present in the early autumn. An
infested maize-field might be planted with buckwheat, beans or peas,
or possibly millet or sugar-cane if the grubs are not too^abundant.

335

No WELL (W.). Investigation of Froghopper Pest and Diseases of Sugar
Cane. — Trinidad & Tobago Council Paper no. 39 of 1919, Port
of Spain, 20th February 1919, 10 pp. [Received 5th June 1919.]

In consequence of the discovery made by the entomologist in charge
of froghopper investigations in Trinidad, that the prevalence in sugar-
cane fields of the condition known in general terms as blight in many
cases did not correspond with the severity of froghopper infestation,
the conclusion was reached that an additional factor must be involved.
As it was suspected that this factor was a root disease of fungoid
origin, the co-operation of a mycologist with experience of the effects
of root disease in places where no complications with froghoppers
exist was desired, and the present report embodies the results of the
mycologist's observations during the period from December 1918 to
February 1919. When the investigation began, infestation by the
froghopper [Tomaspis saccharina'] was practically over for the duration
of the current crop, while the period covered, namely, the last weeks
of the wet season and the beginning of the dry, was the most suitable
for estimating the position held by root disease in the final condition
of blighted fields. It was evident from the first that to the froghopper
were ascribed practically all the causes that may operate to produce an
unhealthy appearance in standing canes. In many fields other adverse
conditions were present to a degree that would probably be sufficient
to account for the poor state or failure of the yield, but concentration
upon the purely entomological aspect of the subject has not only
failed to bring the hoped-for relief, but has delayed progress in more
promising directions.

Both the onset and persistence of root disease depend on a condition
of weakness or debility in the cane, which may be caused by a variety
of adverse conditions. The general nature of the disease is discussed,
the factors influencing its occurrence and the means that may be
adopted for its reduction. Examination of the work of froghoppers
in infested cane showed that the insects are capable in some instances
of quickly producing severe effects, marked by the drying up of leaves.
In the majority of cases, however, where other conditions are good,
recovery seems to begin as soon as the infestation is over, and, except
for delayed growth, definite recovery generally ensues. It is therefore
concluded that froghopper infestation is not capable alone of producing
the permanently disabled condition that exists on many sugar-cane
areas and this obviously constitutes the really serious feature of the
situation. The severity of froghopper injury on fields affected by
adverse conditions is explained by the plants lacking full vigour,
having an ill-developed root-system, and thus being less able to with-
stand the drain vipon their sap which the feeding of the insects involves.
This might account for the drying up of leaves, but does not by itself
account, in the case of a plant with the powers of recovery charac-
teristic of sugar-cane, for the continuation of the condition after the
infestation has subsided. Nor can anything less than a heavy infesta-
tion produce even this effect, and it remains to be shown how the
attacks of the small numbers of froghoppers sometimes held respon-
sible can affect so hardy a plant, apart from a toxic influence of which
no evidence has been produced. Under the present methods of
Trinidad agriculture, a certain amount of root fimgus is sure to exist

336 .

in the fields, and when such fields are attacked by froghoppers, or
become infested with the fungus in consequence of the effects of
froghopper attack, the permanence of the result is adequately ac-
counted for and such fields pass into the characteristic condition of
blight. It does not follow that all blight is caused in the same way ;
there may be intense infestation with root disease where froghoppers
have never been present.

Remedial measures can only take the form of agricultural practices
that will serve to reduce the injury directly caused by froghoppers
and prevent the infestation of fields with root disease. Each estate
and even each section of each estate will have to be considered separ-
ately in determining the nature and application of remedies. In so
far as general measures can be advocated, they are discussed under
such comprehensive headings as sanitation, rotation of crops and
manuring. Between the reaping of one crop and the planting of the
next, there should be an early ploughing out of the stools, with subse-
quent working of the land so that they are broken up and rotted, or
they may be collected and allowed to rot in heaps. Burning is not
advised owing to the loss of organic matter involved. In the case of
land subject to blight, it is necessary to go further and clean up the
land thoroughly by leaving out a cane crop and alternating with
another, the value of several in this connection being discussed. In
some cases, e.g. , where it is desired to restore quickly a poor soil, it may
be sufficient merely to reduce the number of ratoon crops, without
rotation, the extreme of this policy being the growing of plant canes
only.

Barnes (W.) & McDunnough (J.). Notes on the Genus Olene with
Description of a New Species. — Canadian Entomologist, London,
Out., li, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 102-104.

The two species of larvae of Olene found in Maine have been pre-
viously identified by the authors as 0. vagans and 0. williyigi. It is
now recognised that the identification of the latter moth was incorrect,
and the species concerned is here described from examples from
Ottawa as 0. dorsipennata, sp. n., and a key is given to the larvae of
the five species of Olene now known as feeders on deciduous trees.

Perris (G. F.). Notes on Coccidae. ill. (Hemiptera.). — Canadian
Entomologist, London, Ont., li, no. 5, May 1919, p-p. 108-113, 3 figs.

The species dealt with include : Stigmacoccus asper, Hemp., of
which the penultimate stage is described ; Xylococcus hetulae, Perg., of
which X. alni, Florence, is regarded as a synonym ; Kuivania quercus,
Kuw., of which the penultimate and first larval stage is described ; and
Cissococcus fulleri, Ckll, of which some particulars of the first stage
larva are recorded.

CockERELL (T. D. A.). A New Coccid on the Coconut Palm. — Canadian
Entomologist, London, Ont., li, no. 5, May 1919, p. 116.

Furcaspis haematochroa, sp. n., is described from the island of Bat-
batan, Philippines, the female scales having been taken on leaves of
coco^nut paim.

337

Report on the Agricultural Department, Tortola, 1917-1918. — Barbados,
1919, 12 pp. [Received 5th June 1919.]

During the period under review the cotton crop suffered from
severe attacks of cotton worm [Alabama argillacea] in December,
while internal boll disease appeared later, infection probably being
carried by the bugs, Nezara viridida and Dysdercus andreae (cotton
stainer). Onion seeds were shaken up in red-lead powder before
sowing, and this was found a very effectual method of protecting
them from the depredations of ants. Young bay trees were consider-
ably damaged by Diaprepes abbreviafus spengleri (sugar-cane root-
borer), the larvae attacking the roots and the adults the leaves and
young twigs.

Insects of the Season.— 4tf^/i Ann. Uepl. {1918) Ontario Agric. Coll.,
Toronto, 1919, pp. 15-18. [Received 5th June 1919.]

Owing to the extreme severity and long continuance of the winter
in Ontario, insect life during the summer of 1918 was far less abundant
than usual, and many pests that had threatened in the previous year
to become a serious menace to crops [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 412]
proved to be of comparatively little importance. Aphids, on the
other hand, were more abundant and widely destructive than ever
before. White grubs and wireworms were troublesome, particularly
on land that had been cultivated after being for some years under
grass. Psila rosae (carrot rust-fly) was unusually prevalent ; its
attacks are especially noticeable in early summer, when the leaves of
young carrots turn reddish and on examination the root-s are found
covered with rusty blotches. The eggs are laid on the stem of the
carrot just below the surface of the ground and the larvae make their
way to the root and tear the tissues ; this injury may continue after
the roots are placed in winter storage. Celery and parsnips are liable
to damage in the same way. Sprinkling the rows of young carrots
with sand or plaster mixed with coal-oil, using half a pint to a pailful^
or spraying with kerosene emulsion ^deters the fly from ovipositing
on the plants. This should be done as soon as they are ready for
thinning out and should be repeated weekly until about the end of
June. The parsnip webworm [Depressaria heracleana] has again been
prevalent, destroying the umbels in the second year of growth when
the plant is about to seed. The potato stalk borer [Goriyna micacea]
has appeared in the extreme south-west of Ontario but is not yet
very numerous ; cutting out and destroying infested stems appears to
be the only remedy. Many threatened losses by insect pests were
avoided by timely entomological assistance ; for example, in orchards
where large quantities of sour cherries had been destroyed in the
previous year by fruit-flies, there was very little loss in 1918 owing to
the growers having followed instructions given them.

Experiments have shown that for the control of Rhagoletis pomonella
(apple maggot) the gathering and destruction of fallen fruit is not
the only remedy, but that spraying with lead arsenate and water, if
applied at the proper times, will completely control this fly and in
a couple of years almost annihilate it. A bulletin on this insect is
now being prepared. Tests with spray mixtures showed that Bordeaux
mixture and lead arsenate gave as good results as lime-sulphur and

338

lead arsenate as far as dropping of fruit was concerned, and indicated
that calcium arsenate may be substituted for lead arsenate with
lime-sulphur, and is much cheaper, but cannot be used alone owing to
injury to the foliage. The results with dust sprays were again almost
as good as those from liquid sprays, though in some orchards examined
the liquid spray produced much cleaner fruit. For the control of
Phorbia (Chortophila) brassicae (cabbage root maggot) tarred felt
paper discs are likely to be superseded by the use of corrosive sublimate
applied to the plants at the strength of 1 part to about 1,200 parts
water four days after the plants are set out and again three times
at intervals of seven days, sufi&cient fluid being poured around the
roots to wet the soil thoroughly as deep as the main root, i.e., from
1| to 2 inches. Tobacco dust with sulphur and lime gave promising
results, but requires further tests. Fenusa {Metalh(s) betJiunei (black-
berry leaf-miner) caused great losses in the blackberry industry.
In spite of many experiments no satisfactory remedial measure has
yet been discovered. Nursery inspection has greatly improved the
position with regard to scale infestation. Though Hemerocampa
leucostigma (tussock moth) laid many egg-masses during the previous
autumn on trees in cities and orchards, careful inspection and removal
of the egg-masses, and the issue of instructions to fruit-growers in the
Province have done much to reduce its numbers, while natural enemies
have controlled it to such an extent that it is not expected to be a
menace next year.

Gibson (E. H.). The Genera Corythaica, Stal, and Dolichocysta,
Champion. (Tingidae : Heteroptera.) — Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington,
Washington, B.C., xxxii, no. 17, 20th May 1919, pp. 97-104.

This paper gives keys to the species of the genera Corythaica and
Dolichocysta, including the following : — Corythaica monacha, Stal,
which is of considerable economic importance, being a recognised
pest of the egg-plant in the West Indies, where it has also been collected
from Ricintis comniimis ; C. rostata, sp. n., from Peru, collected from
cotton ; and C. carinata, Uhler, on egg-plant from West Indies,
Texas and Central America.

Britton (W. E.). Insects attacking the Potato Crop in Connecticut —

Connecticut Agric. Expt. Sta., New Haven, Bull. no. 208 (Entom.
Ser. no. 26), October 1918, pp. 103-119, 8 plates, 6 figs. [Received
5th June 1919]

The insects dealt with include Epitrix cucumeris (potato flea -beetle) ;
Leptinotarsa (Doryphora) decemlimeata, Say (Colorado potato beetle),
parasitised by the Tachinids, Doryphorophaga doryphorae, Riley, and

D. aberrans, Towns. ; Lema trilineata, Oliv. (three-lined beetle) ; the
tortoise beetles, Coptocycla bicolor, C. rlavata, F. and C. guttata, Oliv. ;
the blister beetles, Epicauta pennsylvanica, DeG. E. marginata, F.,

E. vittata, F., and Macrobasis unicolor, Kirby, all of which can be
controlled by lead arsenate sprays ; Papaipema nebris, Guen. (nitela)
(stalk borer), cutworms, wireworms and white grubs. Macrosiphnm
solanifolii, Ashm. (potato Aphis) and Poecilocapsus lineatus, F. (four-
lined leaf-bug) may be controlled with nicotine and soap solution or
kerosene emulsion.

339

Britton (W. E.). Eighteenth Report of the State Entomologist of
Connecticut for 1918.— ^Con/i. Agric. Expt. Sta., New Haven, Bull,
no. 211, 1919, pp. 249-352, 16 plates. [Received 5th June 1919.]

This report includes brief accounts of the various branches of
entomological work undertaken during the year under review. The
86 nurseries of Connecticut were all inspected during August to October.
Attention is called to the great prevalence during 1917 and 1918 of
Lejndosa'plies ulmi, L. (oyster-shell scale), which caused the destruction
of much nursery stock, though Aspidiotvs pemiciosus (San Jose scale)
was less numerous. A list of the certified nurseries is published.

The following pests were found on imported nursery stock during
1917-1918 • a cocoon of Acronyda sp. on rose stock from France ;
Alphitophagns hifasdaius, Say, on rose stock from England ; Aniso-
dadylus binotatus, F., among evergreens from England and in moss
around roses from Ireland ; Chionaspis salicis, L., in packing from
Scotland ; cocoons of Diprion, probably D. similis, on rose stock from
France ; Emphytus cinctus on fruit-tree stocks from France and on
rose stocks from England, Holland and France ; a leaf- miner on box-
wood from England; Ofhins fulvipennis, F., among evergreens from
England ; Lcpidosaphes vlmi on boxwood from Holland ; Pieris
(Pontia) rapae, L., on rose stock from France ; soft scale on boxwood
from Holland ; Stenolophus skrimshiramts, Schrank, among evergreens
from England ; woolly aphis \Eriosoma lamgermn] on apple roots from
France ; and Coleopterous larva in soil around rhododendrons from
Holland.

The inspection of apiaries was continued and records are given of
the occurrence of European foul-brood and American foul-brood in
the State.

Cydia (Laspeyresia) mohs!-a, Busck (oriental peach moth) was
recorded from Connecticut in the report for 1917 [see this Review, Ser.
A. , vi, p. 456], and as a result of scouting throughout the State, larvae
were found only in the one locality in which they were discovered
in 1917, though twig injury that might be due either to this pest or to
Anarsia llneatdla (peach-twig borer) was found in each of the four
southern or shore counties. The information concerning the life-
history, habits and remedial measures against this moth have already
been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A., \i, p. 373, and vii, p. 254].
Anarsia lineatella, Z. (peach twig-borer) has been discovered during
these investigations to occur in Connecticut to an extent not previously
realised, being more abundant along the coast than iiiland. In
California, where extensive tests have been made, it is found that
A. lineatella may be controlled by spraying with lime-sulphur or
miscible oils just after the buds begin to swell, and this treatment
may be continued until the first blossoms appear. Pyrausta nuhilalis,
Hbn. (European corn borer) had not, at the time of writing this report,
yet appeared in Connecticut [see however this Review, Ser. A, vii, p.
284], but quarantine regulations have been issued against it. Cerotoma
trifurcata, Forst. (bean leaf beetle) was recorded in 1918, for the first
time in many years, as injuring beans in Connecticut. In cases of
severe infestation 1 oz. lead-arsenate paste or |- oz. dry powder in
1 U.S. gal. water should be sprayed on the plants, but care must be
taken not to spray the beans if nearly ready for harvest. Monophadnus
{Monophadnoides) rubi, Harr. (raspberry sawfly) has been collected

340

in many localities and probably occurs throughout the State. In a
few cases raspberry fields were very badly damaged. The eggs are
laid on the under-eide of the leaves and hatch in 7 to 10 days, the young
larvae at first eating only the epidermal layer and later destroying
the entire leaf. After feeding for about 10 days they become mature
and enter the ground, where they remain in pupal cells from June until
the following spring, though they do not actually transform into pupae
until March or April. The true pupal stage lasts only a few days
and the adults emerge in May. It is essential for successful control
to discover the presence of the insects in time, as the feeding period
is short and the bushes may be stripped during May before the larvae
are observed. The presence of the eggs can be detected by the yellow-
ing of the tissue above the spots where they are deposited. Fresh
hellebore dusted on the wet leaves or 1 oz. in 2 U.S. gals, water sprayed
on the leaves when dry is an effective poison, or 2 lb. lead-arsenate
paste or 1 lb. dry powder to 50 U.S. gals, water may be substituted.
This should be applied soon after the plants bloom, or even before,
to prevent defoliation. Macronoctua onusta, Grote (iiis root-borer)
has from time to time been reported in Connecticut and in 1918 caused
damage in several localities. The life-history of this moth is not
apparently very well known ; it seems probable that the adults emerge
and oviposit in the autumn, the eggs hatching in the following spring.
It has been suggested that the iris leaves should be removed and
burned, or the beds burned over in spring to destroy the eggs, but more
definite knowledge of the life-history is required before remedial
measures can be undertaken with any hope of success.

The insects attacking the potato crop have already been dealt with
[see preceding paper]. In orchards the false red-bug [Lygidea niendax.
Rent.] caused damage in some localities. The squash bug [Anasa
iristis] was present in usual numbers ; the elm leaf beetle [h'alerucella
luteola] is apparently increasing, and tussock moths [Hemerocampa]
were abundant on fruit and shade-trees throughout the State.

Miscellaneous insects include Macrodactylus siibspinosus, F. (rose
chafer), which was somewhat less troublesome than in 1917, though
it did considerable damage. Bucculatrix canadensisella, Chamb.
(birch-leaf skeletoniser) has not been noticeable in Connecticut for
the last 5 or 6 years, but in 1918 the larvae were observed in New
Haven feeding upon the leaves of paper birch ; it is expected that
this moth will increase in abundance for the next few years, and all
valuable shade-trees should be sprayed with lead arsenate to preserve
their foliage. Tortrix albicomarw., Clem., has been very abundant on
rose bushes in some localities, the larvae tying together nearly all the
leaves during May. Heterocamjja guttivitta, Wlk., which was well
distributed in 1917, was even more abundant in 1918, attacking
maple, beach and birch. Malacosoma mnericana (tent caterpillar),
after being abundant in 1913, 1914 and 1915, gradually decreased in
numbers and was almost entirely absent in 1918. It will probably
be abundant again in a few years. Diarthronomyia liyjwgaea, Lw.
(chrysanthemum gall midge) is found in many greenhouses, the larvae
forming galls on the leaf, flower sepal or shoot. Several generations
may occur in a season. Thorough spmying every few days with
nicotine sulphate solution (1 : 50U) and soap is said to kill the emerging
adults and many of the eggs. Further tests with remedial measures

341

are being undertaken. The large European Carabid beetle, Calomyna
sycophanta, has been introduced into the State to destroy gipsy moth
caterpillars, and appears to have become established and well dis-
tributed. Saperda concclor, Lee, var. nnicolor, Joutel, has long been
known as a borer in the small stems and branches of poplar and certain
willows. The eggs of this beetle are laid in May in an incision in the
bark ; the larvae at first eat out a cavity under the bark and then
construct a transverse tunnel, partially girdling the twig or branch,
galls frequently forming at the injured points. There is only one
generation in a year, the insect pupating and wintering in the burrows
inside the twigs. A Phycitid moth, Tetralopha robusfella, Z., was
observed in October feeding on white pine. The larvae live in silken
tubes extending through a globular mass formed of excrement. The
life-history has not been worked out.

Brixton (W. E.), Davis (I. W.) & Ashworth (J. T.). Suppressing
the Gipsy and Brown-taii Moths. — 18lh Rept. Connecticut State
Entomologist for 1918, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta., New Haven, Bull,
no. 211, 1919, pp. 272-290, 1 fig. [Received 5th June 1919.]

The work of previous years has been continued [see this Review,
»Ser. A, vi, p. 458], except that on account of scarcity of labour it has
been found necessary to rely more upon spraying and to curtail some-
what the scouting operations. During the year, seven new towns
have been found slightly infested and a map of the State shows the
areas infested by the gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar] and the brown- tail
moth [Nyginia phaeorrhoea^ and the areas quarantined on account of
these infestations. The details of work in various towns are given and
are summarised in a table. The brown-tail moth has been remarkably
.scarce during the past year, so that control measures have been unneces-
sary. An appeal is made for further appropriations for future work.
It is pointed out that extermination of these pests is extremely impro-
bable, if not impossible, with" the present scale of appropriations, and
that the successful work already accomplished would not have been
possible without the hearty co-operation of the Federal Bureau of
Entomology, which has expended in Connecticut each year an amount
approximating to that expended by the State. It is needless to remark
that the whole of the State would soon become thickly infested if
provision were not made for holding the pests in check.

Britton (W. E.) & Zappe (M. P.). Record of Treatments in an
Attempt to control the Striped Cucumber Beetle, Diahroiica vittaiay
Fabr. — ISth Rept. Connecticut State Entomologist for 1918, Conn.
Agric. Expt. Sta., New Haven, Bull. no. 211, 1919, pp. 290-292.
[Received 5th June 1919.]

Treatments in continuation of the tests made in previous years
[see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 459] are summarised in a table ; of the
substances tested the following were effective in controlling Diabrotica
vittata, F., and are given in the order of their effectiveness. Lead
arsenate and powdered sulphur in ccjual parts dusted on both sides of
the leaves caused no injury and very few beetles were found after
treatment. Lead arsenate alone was fairly effective. Dry Bordeaux
mixture, where it did not wash off, seemed to prevent injury by the

342

beetles, presumably acting as a repellent. Gypsum and ground lime-
stone were less effective owing to being less adherent than finer and
lighter powders. Air-slaked lime was effective, but caused some scorch-
ing of the leaves. Fish-oil and sawdust mixed together and sprinkled
on the ground around the plants seemed to repel the beetles until the
plants Avere out of danger. All dry powders are best applied when the
foliage is wet.

Brittox (W. E.) & Zappe (M. P.). Tests of Sprays to control the
Potato Aphid.— i(S//i Rept. Connecticut State Entomologist for 1918,
Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta., New Haven, Bull. no. 211, 1919, pp. 294-
297. [Received 5th June 1919.]

The difficulty of using soap in a nicotine solution in combination
with arsenical poisons, on account of its liability to unite with the
arsenate and injure the plant tissues, has led the authors to make
tests with several spraying materials, using potato plants infested
with Aphids for the experiments. Blackleaf 40, with sufficient soap
to cause suds to appear when the mixture is shaken, killed a large
percentage of Aphids when sprayed upon them. Common salt and
water, commercial lime-sulphur, both with water and combined
with nicotine solution, nicotine solution and molasses, were all tried
with very little success, though none of them injured the plants.
Casein, 1'5 grams, with quicklime, 3'5 grams, mixed and added at the
rate of 4 oz. to 50 U.S. gals, of Blackleaf 40 and lead arsenate spray, was
of questionable value as a spreader and did not apparently render
the nicotine solution any more effective in killing Aphids. Nicotine
oleate alone, with soap bark [Saponaria bark] and with glycerine killed
many Aphids, but did not seem any more effective than Blackleaf 40 and
soap. The best formula for kerosene emulsion proved to be 3 U.S. gals,
kerosene, 4 cakes soap (about 40 oz.) in enough water to make 50 U.S.
gals, spray. This mixture was very effective in killing Aphids.
Nicotine solution and soap at current prices were more than twice as
expensive besides being difficult to obtain, but required less
labour to prepare.

Zappe (M. P.). Life History and Development of the Greenhouse
Cockroach, Pycnoscelus siirinamensis, L. — 18th Rept. Connecticut
State Entomologist for 1918, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta.. New Haven,
Bull. no. 211, 1919, pp. 311-313. [Received 5th June 1919.]

These further studies on Pycnoscelus sumiamensis, L. (greenhouse
cockroach) [see this Review. Ser. A, vi, p. 460] deal with the immature
•stages and life- history. This insect evidently requires a hot, moist
atmosphere for development, and shows a decided preference for
greenhouses where the temperature is between 70° and 80° F.
during the day and never lower than 60° at night. In the laboratory,
at a temperature of 36° to 40° F., 95 per cent, died within a week and
a temperature of 1° F. for 10 minutes proved fatal to them all. Indivi-
duals kept in test-tubes in dry sand or in dry boxes also died in a few
days, though the presence of a small quantity of moisture was sufficient
to keep them alive. No natural enemies have been observed in
Connecticut with the exception of a mite. P. siirinamensis undergoes
,six moults from the egg to the winged stage, the average length of

343

time taken being 7| months. As from 50 to 100 days are required
after maturity is reached before oviposition begins, the total time
from one generation to another is approximately 10 months.

Zappe (M. p. ). Occurrence of the European House Cricket in Connecticut

{Gryllus domesLicus., L.).—18th Rept. Connecticut State Entomologist

for 1918, Conn. Aqric. Expf. Sfa., New -Haven, Bull. no. 211, 1919,

pp. 313-316. [Received 5th Jane 1919.]

A case is recorded of a house in Connecticut, the attics of which

■were infested with Gryllus domesticus, L. (European house cricket),

which attacked the rafters and boarding, clothing and any food they

could reach. Two kinds of poison-bait were tried ; the first consisted

of h lb. potato flour, h lb. borax and one mashed ripe banana, all

mixed with enough water to make a thin paste ; the second was

1 tablet of bichloride of mercury dissolved in ^ cup of water, to which

was added a cupful of flour and the chopped skin of a banana. When

the house was visited two days later the majority of the crickets were

dead, and as all the bait was eaten it was impossible to tell which was

the more effective. The treatment was continued for another 9 days,

after which the crickets were reported to have all disappeared.

Kelly (E. 0. G.) & Wilson (T. S.). Controlling the Garden Web-
worm in Alfalfa Fields. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C.,
Farmers' Bull. no. 944, August 1918, 7 pp., 3 figs. [Received
10th June 1919.]
The bulk of the information for combating Loxostege similalis con-
tained in this bulletin has previously been noticed [see this Review,
Ser. A, V, p. 397]. The use of brush drags is advocated after the
cutting of infested fields. Such a drag can be easily made by attaching
short tough branches of trees to one side of a strong pole, 10 or 12
feet long, to the other side of which a team can be harnessed. A
large field may be treated in this way in a short time and can be
dragged twice without injury to the lucerne plants.

Chittenden (F. H.). Control of the Onion Thrips {TJirips tabaci,
Lind.). — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no.
1007, 16 pp., 11 figs. [Received 10th June 1919.]

Thrips tabaci, Lind. (onion thrips) is the most serious menace to
the onion-growing industry in the United States, causing a loss of
some £450,000 annually, while the total damage by this species, which
also attacks cabbage, cauliflower, cucumber, melon and many vege-
table crops, amounts to about £600,000 annually. As this thrips
breeds upon a large variety of weeds, clean farming and proper crop
rotation help to keep it in check. Directions are given for spraying
with nicotine sulphate [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 186], with illustra-
tions of the apparatus most effective under various conditions.

Kyle (C. H.). Shuck Protection for Ear Corn. — U.S. Dept. Agric. ^
Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 708, 18th September 1918, 16 pp., 3
figs. [Received 10th June 1919.]

Details are given of investigations to determine the most important
facts regarding the merits of shucks as a means of preventing damage

344

to maize in the ear by weevils and other Coleopterous pests of stored
grain. The results obtained confirm the conclusions already arrived
at on this subject and justify the recommendations previously given
[see this Beview, Ser. A, vii, p. 3].

Becker (G. G.)- Control of the Round-headed Apple-tree Borer.—

Univ. Arkansas Agric. Expt. Sta., FayettevWe, Circ. no. 42, Julv
1918, 4 pp., 2 figs. [Received 10th June 1919.]

The information contained in this circular concerning Saperda
Candida, F. (round-headed apple-tree borer) has previously been noticed
[see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 447].

UvAEov (B. p.). 063op-b BpeflMTenew cenbCKoxoaniiCTBeHHbix-b
pacieHiii TM(})nMccHoft m 3pMBaHCK0M ry6epHiM. [Review of
Agricultural Pests of the Tiflis and Erivan Governments for the Year
1916-1917.] «Tii(J)nMCCKoe SeMCKoe Biopo 6opb6bi Cb BpeAMTenflMM
ceilbCKaro X03flMCTBa.» [Tiflis Bureau for Control of Agrindtural
Pests], 58 pp., 1 plate, 1 map. [Received 9th June 1919.]

" The list of the insect pests here given comprises : — 17 Arachnoidea,
10 Orthoptera, 84 Rhynchota, 61 Lepidoptera, 53 Coleoptera, 13
Diptera, and 16 Hymenoptera.

The characteristics of the different localities are described, with the
pests occurring in them. Lists of the pests arranged according to
.their food-plants, as well as alphabetically under their scientific
names, are appended.

The pests recorded include Rhynchota : — Stephanitis pyri, F.,
which is widely distributed and causes most damage in dry districts,
being especially numerous in April. Eriosoma {Schizoneura) lanigerum,
Hausm. (woolly aphis) is one of the most serious pest in the Caucasus ;
the damage caused varies in different districts, damp localities suffering
most. Pterochloroide^s persicae, Cholodk., is found everywhere on
peaches, ultimately causing the death of the trees in about 10 to 15
years ; the chief damage is done in hot and dry districts. Almonds
and Primus divaricata are also attacked. Myzodes tabaci, Mordv.,
is a very serious tobacco pest, and much reduces the value of the crop.
Brachycolus noxius, Mordv., Maerosiphum granarium, and Aphis
maidis are the chief Aphid pests of cereals. Aspidiotus ostreaeiformis.
Curt., infesting pear and apple trees, is one of the most important
Coccids.

Lepidopterous pests include : — Orgyia antiqua, Hb., which infests
apples and has two generations a year, hibernation occurring in
the egg-stage of the second generation. Nygmia phaeorrhoea
occurs chiefly on Mespilus oxyacantha, more rarely on apples, pears
and plums. Pyrausta mibilalis, Hb., causes great damage to maize
and has two generations in the Caucasus. Cydia {Carpocapsa) pomonella,
L., is chiefly found in the higher districts attacking apples, plums,
pears, apricots, quinces, pomegranates, peaches and cherries, but does
not appear in great numbers probably owing to the activity of para-
sites and fungus diseases. Hyponomeuta ynalinellus, Z., and H. varia-
bilis, Z., which may become very serious pests, are unequally
distributed in the different districts, depending on climatic conditions.

345

Tischeria complanella, Hb., multiplied in 1917 to such an extent as to
cause a general infestation of oak trees. It also attacks chestnuts.
There are 3 generations, the caterpillars of the third generation hiber-
nating in the larval mines.

Coleoptera include : Hypera (Phyfotoomus) variabilis, Hbst., which
is very destructive to lucerne, the adult weevils appearing at the
beginning of May. Anthonomus pomorum, L., was especially destruc-
tive in 1916, when three-fourths of the apple crop was injured.
The numbers have since considerably decreased owing to the presence
of numerous parasites of this weevil. Polyphylki olivieri, Lap. , caused
very serious damage to roots of vines and apple trees, especially to
seedlings. Mulberry trees also suffered very much, but whether from
P. olivieri or P. adspersa has not been ascertained. Epicometis
(Tropinota) Tiirta, Poda, E. (T.) seniculu, Men., and E. (T.) sutumlis,
Rttr., are not very serious pests of fruit trees, as the time of their
maximum appearance is not until blossoming is over. Several species
of Anisoplia are recorded, but the damage to grain is comparatively
slight. A table is given of the seasonal occurrence and numbers
collected of each species in each district.

Diptera include : Chlorops taeniopus, Meig., which caused serious
damage to wheat and oats in 1916.

Among Hymenopterous pests Cephus pygmaeus, L., has a wide
distribution, but its numbers are checked by its parasite, Collyria sp.
It appears as early as April and is chiefly found on wheat.

UvARov (B. p.). noKaaaiejibHbm Mtponpifliifl fio 6opb6t ctj

BpeAMTenflMM M 60Jlt3HflMH paCTBHiM Bli 1917 rOAy. [Demonstra-
tions in Control of Pests and Diseases of Plants in 1917.] —
«M3BtcTifl T.-3.-K. Biopo 6opb6bi cb epeAMTejiflMM cenbcnaro
X03fl(iCTBa.» [Bull, of the Bureau for Control of Agricultural
Pests], Tiflis, no. 3, September 1917, 46 pp. [Received 9th June
1919.]

Demonstrations of the usual remedial measures for garden pests
were carried out in various districts of the Caucasus by the staff of
the Bureau. Hyponoineuta malinellus, Z., and H. variabilis, Z., were
very numerous during 1916, but their numbers were greatly diminished
in 1917 by spraying with Bordeaux mixture and Paris green.

ArkHANGELSKY (P. p.). OnblTbl HO 6opb6t CT> KpOBflHOM M flpyrHMM

TJIflMM. [Observations on the Control of Eriosonm lanigerum,
Hausm., and other Aphids.] — «kl3B'bCTifl T.-3.-K. Biopo 6opb6bl
CT. BpeAHTeJlflMM cenbCKaro X08flMCTBa.» [Bull, of the Bureau for
Control of Agricultural Pests], Tiflis, no. 5, October 1917, 23 pp.
[Received 9th June 1919.]

Experiments made in Transcaucasia to ascertain the efficacy of
various insecticides as a remedial measure for Aphids are described.

A mLxture of naptha-lysol and cresol as prepared by Nobel Bros.
as an insecticide is of no use against Eriosoma lanigerum, Hausm., if
made weaker than a 2| per cent, solution, but if used stronger than 3|
per cent, it is injurious to apple foliage. For Hyalopterus arundinis
{pruni F.) on peaches the only effective solution was 2| per cent., but

(C577) c

346

this scorched the leaves to such an extent that its use is not advocated.
This mixture is most useful for Aphis pomi, DeG., for which it may-
be used at 1| to 2 per cent, strength, also for Pterochloroides perswae,
Choi, as a 3| per cent, solution. This strength does not damage
peaches, as these Aphids congregate on the bark.

Kerosene-lime emulsion proved the most effective for E lanigerum,
used at the strength of 13|-18 lb. of kerosene to 9 12 oz. of
unslaked lime and 27 gals, of water. A weaker emulsion is sufficient to
kill Hyalopterus arundinis. Crude oil is not recommended, as although
it will kill the Aphids it has too many other disadvantages.

Tables are given of the various experiments made.

UvABov (B. p.). KaKi» 6opOTbCfl c-b kpobahom TJieti. [Tie Control of
Eriosomu lanigerum, Hausm.] — «06meflOCTynHblll COOfimeHifl 0
BpeflMTejiflXTj M 6ont3HflX"b HyjibTypHbixTi pacTeHiM.» Popular
Information of Pests and Diseases of Cvltivated Plants], Tifl.is, no.
6, December 1917, 7 pp., 4 figs. [Received 9th June 1919.]

The woolly aphis, Eriosoma lanigerum, Hausm., is described and the
usual remedial measures are advocated.

UvAROv (B. p.). Maiepianbi wh nosHaHiio npniiOKpbmbix-b KasKaaa
M COnpefltnbHWXTj CipaHlj. [Contributions to the Knowledge
of Orthoptera of the Caucasus and adjoining Regions.]
I. ripflMOKpbinbm, coOpaHHbm n. B. HecTepoBbiM-b bo epemfl
nyTeiuecTBifl sflonb nepcHACKO-rypeuKOM rpaHMUbi. [1. Orthop-
tera collected l3y P. V. Nesterov on his Journey along the
Perso-Turkish frontier.] — Separate, dated August 1916, from
«M3BtCTifl KaBKaaOKaro My3efl.» [Bull of the Caucasian
Museum], Tifiis, x^ 14 pp., 9 figs. [Received 9th June 1919.]

A list is given of Orthoptera of the Caucasus, including Kurdia
nesterovi, gen. et sp. n., Drymadusa curvicerch, sp. n., Olynthoscelis
zebra, sp. n., and 0. h<rda, sp. n all from Ivurdistan, which are
described in Latin.

UvABov(B. p.). Marepianbi kij nosHaHiio npfjMOKpbmbix-b KasaKasa

M COnpeAtnbHblXTj CTpaHl>. [Contributions to the Knowledge of
Orthoptera of the Caucasus and adjoining Regions.] 1 1 . ^iarHOSbl

HOBbix-b BHAOB-b M pacb MSii KOJineKi^iii KasKascKaro Mysen.

[2. Determination of new Species and Subspecies in the Collection of
the Caucasus Museum.] — Separate from ttHsBtciifl KaBKasCKaro
IVIy3efl.» [Bull, of the Caucasian Museum], xi, 18 pp., 15 figs.
[Received 9th June 1919.]

The following new species and subspecies of Orthoptera are de .cribed
in Latin : Arcyptera flavicosta transcaucasica, Celes variabilis carbonaria,
Podisma lezgina, Isophya poltoratskii, Paradrymadusa pastuchovi and
P. expugnata from Transcaucasia ; P. bocquilloni, P. persa and Platy-
deis persica from Persia ; P. iljinskii from Transcaucasia ; P. daghe-
stanica, from Daghestan ; P. capitata from Persia ; and Olynthoscelis
kerJceta from Circassia.

347

UVAROV (B. p.). ripflMOKpbmblfl (Oilhoptera genuina) C06paHHblfl
ypMJMCHOM SMCneflimieM I9l6r0fla. [Orthoptera collected on the
Urmi Expedition in 1916.]— Separate, dated November 1918, from
«M3BtCTifl KaSKasCKaro lJ[y3eay> [Bull, of the Caucasian Museum],
xii, 15 pp., 17 figs. [Received 9tli June 1919.]

Among the Orthoptera collected the following new species are
described in Latin : Tmethis saussurei from Transcaucasia, Persia,
Turkish Armenia and Kurdistan ; T. zaitzevi, from Transcaucasia ;
Nocarodes voronovi, from Transcaucasia ; N. rimansonae, from
Transcaucasia ; and N. schelJwvnikovi, from Persia.

Keys to the species of Tmethis and Nocarodes are given in Latin.

UvAROV (B. p.). 0 pyccKMX-b (|)opiviax-b pofla Acrida, L. (Orthoptera,
Acridiodea). [On Russian Forms of the Genus Acrida, L.] —
Separate from «PycCKOe dHTOMOnorMMeCKOe 06o3p%Hie» [Russian
Review of Entomology], xvi, 1916, nos. 1-2, 6 pp., 4 figs.
[Received 9th June 1919.]

The following are described in Latin : Acrida rohusta, sp. n., and
A. turrita deserti, subsp. n., from Transcaucasia. A key is given
to the species of the genus Acrida in Russian.

Arkhangelsky (N. N.). OnMCaHie HMMKHKH Polyphylla oUvieri, Lap,
(Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae). [Description of the Larva of Polyphylla
olivieri, Lap.]— Separate from «M3BtCTm KaBKaSCKaro IViy3efl.»

[Bull, of the Caucasian Museum], xi, 6 pp., 5 figs. [Received 9th
June 1919.]

The larva of the Melolonthid beetle, Polyphylla olivieri, Lap., is
described from specimens collected in the Tiflis-Erivan district. It is
compared with those of P. adspersa, Mot., and P. alba, Pall., which
are also found in the Caucasus, but less frequently.

Zaitzev (Ph.). SaKaOKasOKafl AblHHan Wjm-Carpomyia {Myiopardalis)
caucasica, sp. n. (Diptera, Trypetidae). [The Transcaucasian
Melon Fly.]— Separate from «3an. HayMHO-npMKJl. OTfltnOB-b
TM(t)n. BOT. Cafla.» [Scientific Conclusions Dept. TiflisBot. Gardens],
no. 1, 1919, pp. 4, 1 fig. [Received 9th June 1919.]

Carpomyia (Myiopardalis) caucasica, sp. n., found infesting the
fruit of melons in the Governments of Elisavetpol and Baku, is
described. An abstract in English is appended.

Prtnz (J.). Ki» 6ionoriii saKaeKaacKoii AbiHHOM iwyxM. [Biology of
the Melon Fly, Carpomyia caucasica, Zaitz.] — Separate from
«3an. HayMHO-npMKn. OiAtnoB-b Twcjin. Box. Cafla.» [Scientific
Conclusions Dept. Tiflis Bot. Gardens], no. 1, 1919, 7 pp.
[Received 9th June 1919.]

The fly discovered by the author on melons has been identified
as a new Trypetid, Carpomyia caucasica [see preceding paper]. The
adult flies were observed on the wing among melons from about 10 to
12 a.m. Ihe author was unable to detect the act of oviposition, but
believes that the eggs are laid singly under the skin of the rind. The

(0577) c2

348

larvae on hatching burrow their way to the centre of the fruit, where
pupation takes place in July. If the melon is not very large and the
pulp is soft enough, they bore their way out again and pupate about
I inch under the surface of the soil or under the remains of plants.
Pupation may also take place halfway between the centre and circum-
ference of the melon. Should the larvae not succeed in emerging
from the melon, the fruit does not deteriorate much in value, but once
an exit is made allowing the entrance of bacteria, it rots rapidly.
The thin-skinned early-ripening summer varieties suffer most, the
thick-skinned winter ones being least affected. There are two genera-
tions, one in July, the other in August.

Nothing is so far known of the various stages. In 1917 as much
as 80 per cent, of the melons were injured by this fly, but in 19] 8 it was
not seen at all, probably owing to low temperature during the spring.

The only remedial measure so far adopted is to protect the fruits
from oviposition by covering them with earth, but as this deteriorates
the quality of the fruit, it is not advocated.

Cucumis citrullus (water melon) is also attacked by this fly, but to
a less extent.

An abstract in German is appended.

Cardin (P. G.). El Trips de los Laureles, Gynaikothrips uzeliy
Zimmermann. — Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat. "Feli/pe Poeyj"
Havana, i, no. 6, November and December 1915, pp. 282-284.
[Received 6th June 1919.]

Gynaikothrips uzeli, Zinun., was first observed in Cuba in 1887 and
is now common on many species of Ficus, especially F. retusa,
F. henjamina, and F. niiida.

Cardin (P. G.). Una Plaga de los Citrus nueva en Cuba.— Mew. Soc.
Cubana Hist. Nat. " Felipe FoeyT Havana, ii, no. 1, January and
February 1916, pp. 39^2.

The life-history and damage occasioned by Aleurocantkus woglumi,
Quaint., on citrus in Cuba are described [see this Review, Ser. A, vi,
p. 392]. A certain measure of control is exercised in the Island by
fungus diseases, the chief of which is perhaps the species infesting it
in Florida [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 651], and another that appears
to be Aschersonia aleurodis.

Cardin (P. G.). Notas Entomol6gicas. — Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat.
" Felipe Poey,'' Havana, iii, nos. 2 and 3, 1917-1918, pp. 53-61.

The froghopper, MonecpJiora bicincta. Say, has increased to alarming
numbers in certain parts of Cuba [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 392],
and has completely devastated large areas bearing the grass, Panicum
numidiamim, other food-plants being sugar-cane {Saccharum
off! crnancm), Guinea, gTSiSs {Panicum maximum), Andropogon muricatus.
Sorghum halepense and other Gramineae. *

Injurious species of thrips in Cuba include Diceratothrips picticornis.
Hood, in galls of the fruit of Eugenia sp. ; Frankliniella cephalica,
Cra wf . , in flowers of Citrus and other plants ; F. insularis, Frankl. , in
Citrus flowers ; F. williamsi, Hood, on sugar-cane ; Gynaikothrips

349

uzeli, Zim. ; Haplothrips gowdeyi, Frankl., in flowers of Melanthera
deltoidea, in tobacco seeds and in galleries of Agromyza sp. on tomato
leaves ; Heliothrips liaemorrhoidalis, Bch., on leaves of Per sea gratissima
and mango ; Hoplandrothrips affinis, Hood, and Podothrips semi-
flavus, Hood, on sugar-cane at the base of the leaves ; Heliothrips
{Selenothrips) rubrocinctus, Giard, on leaves of Mangifera indica ;
Thrips ahdominalis, Crawf., in flowers of Bidens leucantha ; Thrips
tabaci, Lind., on leaves of Allium cepa and in flowers of Cruciferae ;
and a new species of Zygothrips at the base of sugar-cane leaves.

Wood damaged by Cryptotermes, should be treated with carbon
bisulphide or bichloride of mercury 20 : 1,000. Other remedies are
arsenic acid distributed about cellars, which is taken on to the feet of
the insects and thus poisons them ; for wooden objects, books, etc.,
1,000 cc. of methylated spirit, bichloride of mercury 20 grms., phenic
acid 25 cc, with sufficient shellac to produce a slightly adhesive
liquid, should be used. This should be brushed lightly over the covers
of books. Other injurious termites are Eutermes sp., in decayed wood,
and a new species of Calotermes, taken in the decayed trunk of Persea
gratissima, together with Arrhinotermes simplex, Hagen.

Johnston (J. R.). Algunos Hongos Entomogenos de Cuba. [Some
Entomogenous Fungi of Cuba.] — Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Nat.
''Felipe Poey,'' Havana, iii, nos. 2 and 3, 1917-1918, pp. 61-82,
2 plates.

The fungi of Cuba that naturally infest injurious insects and exercise
some measure of control over them include : Aegerita webberi, on
Aleurothrixus (Aleurodes) howardi ; Aschersonia aleurodis, on white-
flies ; A. cubensis, on Saissetia hemisphaerica ; A. goldiana, on white-
flies on Citrus ; A. tnrbinafa, on undetermined species of Lecanium ;
A. viridans, on whiteflies ; Aspergillus jlavus, which apparently keeps
in check the sugar-cane mealy-bug [Pseudococcus sacchari] ; Botrytis
rileyi, on the larvae of various Noctuids ; Cephalosporium lecaiiii, on
Saissetia hemisphaerica and Coccus mangiferae ; Cordyceps barberi,
on the larvae of Diatraea sacclmralis ; C. dipterigena, on the common
house-fly I31usca domestica] ; C. sphecophila, on Polistes, lineatus ;
Empusa muscae, on a small Dolichopodid fly ; Entomophthora sphnero-
sperrna, on a species of Heterocoris ; Metarrhizium anisopliae, on the
adult of an Asilid, Plesiomma sp. , and also on a wireworm ; Myriangium
duriaei, on Lepidosaphes beckii {Mytilaspis citricola) and Chionaspis
citri ; Sporotrichum globuliferum, on Xyleborus sp. and Metamasius
hemipteras ; Spicaria aleurodis, on Aleurodes variabilis ; Torrubidla
lecanii, on or accompaning Cephalosporium lecanii on Saissetia hemis-
phaerica ; and Verticillium heterocladum, on Aleurodes sp.

Mercet (R. G.). Revisidn de los Signiforinos de Espana. — Revista R.
Acad. Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales, Madrid, xvi, no. 4,
October 1917, pp. 160-170.

The Encyrtid subfamily Signiphorinae is revised in accordance
with new material that has recently been collected. A key to the
genera is given, and Thysanus ater, Wlk., is redescribed. This species
is abundant in central Spain during July and August on the branches

350

of various pines. A key is also given to the Spanish species of Sign-
phora with notes on S. {Matritia) coitjugalis, Mercet, which is probably
parasitic upon some Coccid, like other members of the genus, and is
found on pines throughout the south and centre of Spain. S. (M.)
simillima, sp. n., taken on branches of Finns silvestris in July 1917 is
described.

MiYAKE (T.). Mikanbai ni kwansuru Chosa. [Studies on the Orange-
Fly.] — ByokirtrGai'Chu Iho [Bulletin of Plant Pathology and
Injurious Insects], Imperial Agricultural Bureau, Tokyo, no. 5,
31st March 1919, 47 pp., 4 plates.

Nearly the same results as already recorded [see this Review, Ser. A,
vii, p. 238] are given ; the author's view that Japan is the original
home of this fruit-fly {Dacus tsuneonis) is withdrawn.

0 JiMA (G. ). Mikan-Mlbai. [Orange Fly. ] — Byochugai-Zasshi [Journal
of Plant Protection], Tokyo, vi, no. 5, 5th IVIay 1919, pp. 319-
344, 1 plate.

The author further describes the morphology and life-history of, and
control measures for, the Japanese orange-fly {Dacus tsuneonis, Miysike).
Among the new data added are the fact that out of 1,000 pupae
buried under the soil about 67 per cent, emerged, the rest being found
to be dead. IVIoles prey extensively upon the pupae of this fly, so that
in this respect they should be looked upon as beneficial.

Nagano (K.) & Yamada (Y.). Budo no Gaichu Tobi-iro-toraga,
Seudyra subflava, no Seikatsushi ni tsukite. [On the Life-history
of the Vine-infesting oVIoth, Seudyra subflava.] — Konchusekai
[Insect World], Gifu, xxiii, no. 5, 15th IVIay 1919, pp. 173-178,
4 plates.

The authors agree with the ^transfer by Hampson of the moth,
Seudyra subflava, Moore, from the Agaristidae to the Acronvctinae.
The total life-cycle is not yet known. It is probably a two-brooded
insect. In Japan the caterpillars appear in May and June, the moths
in July, the caterpillars of the second generation in August, and the
moths in the following May. In Manchuria, the caterpillars appear
in June and July and the moths in August. This species attacks
the leaves of vine and ivy, and in Manchuria does no small damage in
vineyards, especially to young foliage.

TuLLGREN (A.). Om ett for Odiingen av Korgpil viktigt Skadedjur,

Euura laeta, Zadd. [Cryptocampus laetus, an Insect injurious to the
cultivation of Basket Willows.] — Meddelande frdn Centralanstalten
for Fdrsoksvdsendet pa Jordbruksomradet, no. 180 ; Entomologiska
Afdelningen, no. 31, 1919, 12 pp., 9 figs. [With a summary in
German.]

The occurrence of the sawfly, Cryptocampus {Euura) laetus, Zadd.,
is reported from Sweden, where a plantation of Salix viminalis (basket
willow) was seriously injured. The galls produced give rise to small
wounds in the rods, rendering them useless for the finer grades
of basket work and apt to be easily broken. The larva is described

351

and notes on the development and life-history are given. The biology
of C. laetus is very similar to that of the closely-related C. {E.) saliceti,
Fall., but the gall-formations differ widely, those of C. laetus being
always under the buds, while those of C. saliceti include the buds.
The larvae of C. laetus hibernate in the pith of the rod stumps. For
this reason it is advised that when the osiers are being harvested the
stumps should be left of sufficient height to permit of their being
shortened by 3|-4 inches in winter. The pieces cut off at this time
must be burnt. As an alternative to this laborious method, it may be
possible to destroy the hibernating larvae by painting the stumps
with tar containing a proportion of arsenic.

Kemner (N. a.). Hallon- och Vinbarsglasvingarna {Bemhecia hyhei-
formis, Lasp., och Sesia tipuliformis, CI.), tva Skadejur pa
Barbuskarna. [The Raspberry Root Borer, Pennisetia hylaei-
formis, and the Currant Borer, Aegeria tipuliformis, two Insects
injurious to Fruit Bushes.] — Meddelande fran Centralanstalten fdr
Fdrsoksvdsendet pd Jordbruksomradet, no. 181 ; Entomologiska
Avdelningen, no. 32, 1919, 18 pp., 15 figs. [With a summary in
German.]

In Sweden the moth, Pennisetia hylaeiformis, is crepuscular or
nocturnal in habit and flies in July. The eggs are dropped on the
ground around raspberry canes. On hatching the larvae attack the
underground portions of the canes, and the entrance-holes may be
found as deep as 4 inches beneath the surface of the ground. The
larval mine is at first on the surface of the underground stem and often
runs round it so that a gall is formed. The pupal mine, which is often
prepared in autumn, is always made in an old stem. Up to the
present this has been considered the sole form of injury, old canes
that have lost their vigour being affected. Of far greater economic
importance, however, is the earlier mine beneath the pupal mine, as
this weakens or kills all the shoots higher up.

The larva is described, and the characters that differentiate it from
allied species are given. A brief description is also given of the pupa.
P. hylaeiformis appears to have one annual generation in Sweden.
The only recognised insect enemy of this moth is an Ichneumonid,
Mevesia arguta, Wsml. A Cordyceps fungus infests the pupa.

Aegena tipuliformis usually flies in July. There is one generation
a year. The eggs are laid singly on the branches and the larvae fiirst
attack the thin top branches and then hibernate in the stems. The
galleries always have black walls.

The attack results in the withering of the small twigs of the crown.
Mines in older stems do not cause so much harm. Infested bushes
bear scarcely any fruit and do not produce shoots.

Cecconi (G.). Manuale di Entomologia Forestale. — Florence, Fasc. 7,
1919, 64 pp., 69 figs. [Received 30th May 1919.]

The seventh part of this work [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 487]
covering pp. 385-448 concludes the account of Coleopterous pests of
forests and begins the description of carnivorous beetles, some of
which are of considerable economic value.

352

Grandi (G.). Contributo alia Conoscenza degli Agaonini (Hymenoptera,
Chalcididae) dell' America. Agaonini di Costarica. [A Contribu-
tion to the Knowledge of the Agaoninae of America. Agaoninae of
Costa Rica. J — Boll. Lab. Zool. Gen. Agrar. R. Scuola Sup. Agric..
P&rtici xiii, 1919, pp. 15-56, 13 figs.

In this first contribution relating to American Agaoninae, of which
only six species have been hitherto known, the following six new
species from Costa Rica are described and figured : Blastophaga agailari
from Ficus lapaihifolia ; B. estherae from F. costaricana ; B. tristani
and B. silvestrii from F. padifolia ; B. tonduzi from F. hemshyana ;
B. jimenezi from F. jimenezi. For the first-named the new sub-genus
Julianella has been erected, and the other five are placed in the new
sub-genus Valentinella.

LuTZ (A.) & DA Costa Lima (A.). Contribuicao para Estudo das

Tripaneidas (Moscas de Frutas) brazileiras. [A Contribution to

the Study of Brazilian Trypetidae.] — Metn. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz,

Rio de Janeiro, x, no. 1, 1918, pp. 4-16, 2 plates. [With a

summary in English.] [Received 12th June 1919.]

The collections of fruit-flies in the Oswaldo Cruz Institute and in

the Natural History Museum of S. Paulo are discussed and some new

species and varieties are described. The most important is Anastrepha

fraterculus, Wied., which occurs in Mexico, Cuba, Porto Rico, Peru,

Brazil and Paraguay. It is very injurious to guava and peach, and

also attacks Passiflora quadrangular is and Diospyrus kaki. This

species is very variable and several forms described as new species are

thought to be probably only varieties of it, e.g. : -A. suspensa, Lw.,

A. ludens, Lw., A. hamata, Lw., A. integra, Lw., A. consobritui, Lw.,

A. pseado-parallda, Lw., A. obliqua, Macq., and perhaps A. peruviana,

Towns., while even A. parallela, Wied., though apparently differing

in size and venation, is connected by intermediate forms. The only

specimen not connected with the others by intermediate forms is

described under the name of A. fenestrata ; it is found in the Amazon

region and may be either a new species or a rather aberrant variety.

A. serpenthm, Wied., is another indigenous species ; it attacks
Mammea americana, Sapot-a achras, Lucuma cainito and ,Mimusops
coriacea. Of the genus Hexachaeta one species, H. eximia, Wied., was
observed near Rio de Janeiro. The genus Plugiotorua, Lw., is dis-
cussed, and a key is given to the two known Brazilian species,
P. obliqua, Lw., and P. biseriata, Lw., and to three others here described,
P. rudolphi, P. jonasi and P. trivittata. The early stages of the.se flies
are found in galls of Composites of the genus Vernonia. A list is given
of the genus Apyrgota Hendel (1913), sub-family Pyrgottmae, ynd
a new species, A. personata, that might be mistaken for a Trypela, is
described. A list of species of the genus Anastrepha with the
synonymy and literature is also appended.

Bezzi (M.). Descoberta de uma nova Mosca das Fructas no Brazil.

[Discovery of a new Fruit-fly in Brazil.] — Chacaras e Quintaes, S.
Paulo, xix, no. 5, May 1919,' pp. 372-374, 2 figs.

The new Brazilian fruit-fly, .inastrepha bistrigatn [see this Review,
Ser. A, vii, p. 268] was taken from the fruits of " araca " [Psidium

353

<trom]. A parasite, identified by Silvestri as Biosteres hrasiliensis,
may be an enemy either of this fmit-fly or of A. fratereidus, as these
species occur together.

Algumas Pragas do Coqueiro. [Some Coconut Pests.] — Chacaras e
Quintaes, S. Paulo, xix, no. 5, May 1919, p. 403, 1 fig.

Among coconut pests from the State of Maranhao, Brazil, the beetles,
lihynchophorus palmarum and Mecistomela corallma, and the butterfly,
Brassolis astyra, have been identified.

Uzel(H.). Ueber Krankheiten und Schadiger derZucker-undSamenrube
in Bohmen in den Jahren 1916 und 1917. [Diseases and Pests of
Sugar Beet and Seed Beet in Bohemia in 1916 and 1917.] —
Zeitschr. f. Znckerindustrie in Bohmen, 1917-1918. pp. 228-233
and 423-430. (Abstracts in Zeitschr. f. Pflanzenkrankheiten,
Stuttgart, xxviii, no. 8, 15th December 1918, p. 339.)

Nematodes and a beetle, Atoinaria linearis, were found in the earth
clingmg to sugar-beets that had been lifted. Seed-beet suffered
•chiefly, in 1917 especially, fron the black aphis ; the green aphis also
occurred. The flowers were injured by various beetles, usually
Agriotes ustulatus, and occasionally Athous niger and A. vittatus.

2acher (F.). Ein ftir Deutschland neuer Gerstenschadling. [A Barley
Pest new to Germany.] — Deutsche Landwirtschaftl. Presse. Berlin,
xlvi, no. 38, 10th IVIay 1919, p. 275.

From pupae taken in August 1918 from ears of barley near Berlin
a Chloropid fly, Lasionna cinctipes, Meig., was bred. In this case the
injury somewhat resembled that done by the second generation of
Oscinella frit (frit-fly) to barley and oats, the larvae chiefly attacking
the grains and pupating within the empty husks. Another Chloropid,
Elachiptera cornuta, Fall. , was observed on this occasion . This species
does not appear to have been previously recorded in Germany.

BuRKHARDT (F.). UntcFSuchungen tiber die Bekampfung des
Kornkafers {Calandra grannria, L.) mittels Cyanwasssrstoff.

[Investigations on the Use of Hydrocyanic Acid Gas against
C . granaria.^^ — Centralbl. Bakt. Parasit. u. Infektionskr., IP" Aht.,
Jena., xlix, no. 1-4, 22nd January 1919, pp. 77-91, 1 fig.

Laboratory tests with hydrocyanic acid gas made in order to ascer-
tain its effects on Calandra granaria are described. The temperature
was 60°- 68° F. (16°-20° C.) and the humidity within the small gas
chambers, consisting of glass bells, was 65-75 per cent, at first, increased
by 4 or 5 per cent, when 1 volume of hydrocyanic acid gas per 100
volumes of air was present and by abo\it 10 per cent, when 2 volumes
of the gas were present. This increase was due to the steam produced
during the generation of the gas. Under these conditions 1 volume of
igas per cent, killed the weevils in 15 hours, while 2 volumes effected
this result in 6 hours. Practical tests were made in a room of about
3,700 cub. feet space after paper had been pasted over cracks and
other openings. As such sealing was not so complete as that obtain-
able in the laboratory it was necessary to use the higher strength of 2

354

volumes gas to ensure at least 05 per cent, being present. Unsheltered
weevils were then killed in 15 hours, but those covered by a layer
of grain, 10 inches or more in thickness, were more or less protected
from the effects of the gas. As the majority of individuals are found
at some depth or even within the grains of wheat, this fumigant is not
of practical value in combating C. granmia.

Oberstein (— .). Ueber das Auftreten von Thersilochus morionellus,
Holmgren, als natlirlicher Feind des Rapsglanzkafers {Meligethes
aeneus, F.) in Schlesien. [The Occurrence of Thersilochus
morionellus as a Natural Enemy of Meligethes aeneus in Silesia.] —
Centralbl. Bakt., Parasit. u. Infektionskr. IP^ Abt, Jena, xlix, no.
1-4, 22nd January 1919, pp. 91-92.

In the spring of 1918 a field of rape in Silesia was very severely
infested by a beetle, Meligethes aeneus, F. , both the adults and larvae
causing injury. An Ichneumonid parasite, Thersilochus morionellus,
Holmgr., was also observed. This is the first record from Silesia of
the occurrence of this beetle in a field of rape, which is remarkable,
in view of the fact that in 1913 the Province produced one-quarter of
the Prussian rape crop.

Enders (H. E.). Dwarfing Effect of Attacks of Mites of the Genus
Eriophyes upon Norway Maples. — Proc. Indiana Acad. Sai., Fort
Wayne, 1917, pp. 79-84, 4 figs.

Great numbers of a mite, a species of Eriophyes, infest maple leaves
in Pennsylvania and are believed to be the cause of stunted growth.
The infestation is spread over very large areas, indicating that the mite-
is probably distributed by birds.

As a remedial measure spraying the trees in winter with kerosene-
emulsion diluted with 5 to 7 parts of water is suggested, since it is.
probable that the mites hibernate in the buds.

Allan (C. W.). Life History of the Antheraea roylei (Oak Emperor)
Moth. — Jl. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, Bombay, xxvi, no. 1, 20th
December 1918, pp. 300-301.

As Antheraea roylei has three generations in the year and the cater-
pillars are easily reared in captivity, their food consisting of oak
{Quercus semiserrata), it is suggested that this species might be valuable-
in sericulture, the silk produced being of good quality.

McLaine (L. S.). The European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, Hbn. r
a new and most dangerous Pest. — Agric. Gaz. Catiada, Ottawa, vi,
no. 5, May 1919, pp. 443-446, 3 figs.

In view of the recent outbreaks of Pyrausta nubilalis in the United
States a general account of this moth is given, and a warning against
its possible introduction into Canada is issued.

355

Ballou (H. a.). Chinch Bug Fungus.— ^^tc. News, Barbados, xviii,
no. 445, 17th May 1919, p. 154.

The fungus, Sporotrichum globulifemm, already known to attack
BUssus leucopterus in Kansas, is now recorded from Antigua as infesting
cotton-stainers [Dysdercus]. The artificial distribution of this fungus,
which is easily cultivated on an artificial medium such as flour paste
with the addition of a little meat extract, may be advisable under
West Indian conditions, though it has not been successful against
the chinch bug in Kansas.

Sands (W. N.). The Mahoe Cochon Tree in relation to Cotton Stainer
Control in St. Vincent.— ^^rnc. News, Barbados, xviii, no. 445,
17th May 1919, pp. 154-155.

In the course of the campaign in St. Vincent against Dysdercus
delauneyi, Leth. (cotton-stainer), investigations were made to ascertain
the relation of this pest to the Mahoe Cochon tree {Sterculia caribaea).

It has been decided that destruction of these trees shall not be
undertaken until it has been definitely proved that they enable the
cotton-stainer to tide over the critical period from April to July in
each year. It is not improbable that they act as a trap where the
insects become infested by the fungus, Sporotrichum globuliferum.

G. E. The Maize Stem Borer. A Pest on Maize (Idhra) and Juar
(Idhra baidi).— Leaflet from Agricultural Directorate, Baghdad,
15th November 1918, 1 p. [Received 18th June 1919.]

The damage caused by Chilo simple c all over Mesopotamia is so
great that the cultivation of maize has been completely replaced by
that of lukka {Setaria italica) or by the dwarf Arab maize. The
borer attacks the stems and prevents grain formation.

The adult moth flies after dark and deposits eggs on the leaves.
The caterpillar hatches in a week, commences feeding on the leaves
and soon attacks the stem. The attacked shoots wither and dry up.
Pupation takes place after a month in the stem, the moth appearing
about a week later. In warm weather the life-cycle lasts about 6
weeks ; during the cold season the caterpillars and pupae hibernate
in the stumps and stubble until the appearance of the new crop.

All stumps should be ploughed up and burnt as soon as the maize
has been reaped. Any withered shoots appearing in the new crop
should be at once cut out and burnt.

Ramsbottom (J. K.). Experiments on the Control of Narcissus Eelworm
in the Field.— JZ. R. Hortic. Soc. London, xliv, May 1919, pp.
68-72, 1 fig., 1 plate.

Experiments were undertaken on a plot of land that had been
planted with narcissus bulbs in 1915 and in which eelworm disease,
caused by Tylenchus devastatrix, was so prevalent in the spring of 1917
that the cultivation of these bulbs was abandoned. An. onion crop
was planted, and though the seed germinated freely the young plants
wholly disappeared owing to eelworm attack. The first series of
experiments was concerned with the application of manures and
proved that the treatment of infested ground with the fertilisers and

356

combinations of fertilisers experimented with cannot be depended
upon to protect narcissus against infestation by eelworm. Experi-
ments in chemical sterilisation of the soil with such substances as gas-
lime, calcium carbide, naphthaline, carbon-bisulphide, toluol, formalde-
hyde and ammonia, indicate that this treatment cannot be depended
upon to free the soil from eelworm. Finally, experiments were made
to determine whether crops liable to attack by this eelworm could be
sown with safety on land that had carried diseased bulbs. Rye,
winter and -spring oats, clover, lucerne, peas, broad beans, rye-grass,
onions, wheat, chives, buckwheat and potatoes, were all sown on
infested land, Tylenchus devastatrix having been recorded on all these
food-plants. The plants were examined from the seedling stage
onward throughout the growing season, and, except in the case of
onions, the various crops were unaffected. These results clearly
show that onions should not follow in immediate succession on land
that has borne a diseased crop of narcissus. The behaviour of the
other crops confirms the theory previously postulated by Ritzema
Bos [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 441], that T. devastatrix becomes
so adapted to a particular species of food-plant that it will not attack
any other species with any severity. Experiments were also conducted
in which pots of sterilised soil were sown with the above-mentioned
plants, the pots being watered once with water containing eelworms
grown in pure culture. In this case, onions were again the only plants
affected.

Fletcher (T. B.). Agricultural Entomology.— Reprint from Ann.
Rept. Bd. Scientific Advice for India, 1917-18; Calcutta, 26th April
1919, 15 pp. [Received 23rd June 1919.]

The information contained in this report has been*previously noticed
[see this Review, Ser. A, vii , p. 132].

Metcalf (C. L.). Eumerus strigatus again (Dip., Syrphidae). — Entom.
News, Philadelphia, xxx, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 170-174.

Previous records of the occurrence of Eumerus strigatus are reviewed ;
the first published report of this fly from America seems to have been
in 1910. There are said to be two generations in a year ; the food-
plants include onion, iris, shallot, narcissus, hyacinth, and Amaryllis.
It is apparently thoroughly established in widely separated regions of
North America, as is another Syrphid, Merodon equestris (larger
narcissus or daffodil fly). The author considers that it constitutes a
real and unappreciated menace, and that the probability is that there
will be a sudden and severe outbreak of one or both of these pests
when they are more thoroughly acclimatised and experience a period
of conditions favourable to their rapid increase. M. equestris passes
six months hi the larval stage, pupating in the soil in February and
the adults emerging in late March and ovipositing in May. The food-
plants recorded for this species are : arcissus, Amaryllis, Vallota,
Hahranthus, Eurycles, Galtonia, and the wild hyacinth, ScUla nutans.
Remedial measures suggested are the examination of all bulbs to be
planted and the destruction of all infested ones. Bulbs may be partly
freed from infestation by submerging them from two to eight days and

357

then thoroughly drying them. If an attack is noted in the field, the
bulbs should be taken up and burnt and the top soU deeply buried
in September or early October.

Cockayne (A. H.). The Wood-borer and its Control. — New Zealand
Jl. Agric., Wellington, xviii, no. 4, 21st April 1919, pp. 198-199, 1

%•

The boring beetle, Ancbium domesticum, causes great damage in
New Zealand. Although a large variety of timber is attacked, a
preference is shown for white pine and kauri pine [Agathis australis]
of which the heart- wood is usually affected. In other timber it is
generally the sap-wood that suffers.

The life-history of A. domesticum in New Zealand seems to be the
same as in Europe and America.

Removal of infested timber should preferably take place in late
autumn to early spring, infested material being at once destroyed.
Joists, etc., may be sprayed with a solution of lead arsenate at the
rate of 1 lb. to 28 gals, of water.

Where possible in houses the affected timber should be removed ;
if remedial measures have to be resorted to, the affected parts
should be sprayed in November, December and January 3 times,
with a mixture of 5 parts of benzine to 1 part of creosote or a mixture
made by dissolving the equivalent of 2 moth balls of naphthaline to
every J pint of benzine. In treating furniture it is advisable to inject
benzine and creosote into each hole and stop the entrance with a
pellet of soap.

EsAM (G.). Insect Pests in Orchard Nursery Stock. Control of Red
Mite and Woolly Aphis. — -New Zealand Jl. Agric, Wellington,
xviii, no. 4, 21st April 1919, pp. 216-217.

Experiments made on two-year-old apple-trees to control red mite
\T etranyclms] and woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum] showed that
fumigation and also dipping in lime-sulphur (1 to 6) are of no value, but
dipping in oil for 3 minutes at a strength of 1-10 was successful.

VosLER (E. J.). Some Work of the Insectary Division in Connection
with the attempted Introduction of Natural Enemies of the Beet
Leafhopper. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento,
viii, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 231-239, 9 figs.

Since Eutettix tenella, Baker (beet leaf-hopper) is known to be the
agent transmitting curly-leaf disease to sugar-beet, the author under-
took two journeys to Australia with a view to introducing into Cali-
fornia the natural enemies found there. A small leaf-hopper was
found to be parasitised to the extent of 85 to 90 per cent, by two egg-
parasites, Pterogranvma acuminata and a Mymarid ; attention was
therefore concentrated upon these two species, and they were trans-
ferred to California and reared in sufficient numbers to give them a fair
trial. The experiment, however, was a failure, and it must be con-
cluded that E. tenella is an unsuitable host.

358

Some study was made of insects injurious to Citrus in Australia,
and where they were identical with or closely related to those attacking
Citrus in California their parasites were investigated with a view to
introducing them into California.

Saissetia oleae is largely preyed upon in Australia by the larvae of
a Noctuid moth, EiMemma {Thalpochares) cocciphaga, which devours
all stages of the scale, but seems to prefer the eggs. The larva makes a
case of the remains of its host, under which it moves along the twigs in
search of further prey. A new generation of this moth has been
successfully reared in California, and it is hoped shortly to be able
to introduce it into the citrus groves. It is the most promising of the
material brought from Australia.

From various Australian species of Pseudococcus (mealy-bug) two
primary parasites, Leptomastix sp. and Anagrus sp., were transported
to California and liberated on Pseudococcus citri (citrus mealy-bug),
P. gahani (citrophilus mealy-bug) and P. maritimus. Although
Leptomastix sp. oviposited in both P. citri and P. gahani, no parasites
were reared from the material. Pachyneuron sp., a small Encyrtid,
and Tetracnemus sp., all internal parasites of Pseudococcus aurihnatus
fgolden mealy-bug), were introduced from Australia and released upon
P. aurilanatus ; it is too early to know whether this is a successful
importation. Pachyneuron sp. was also released upon Pseudococcus
maritimus and oviposited readily on that species, but did not develop.
A small Coccinellid, Midas pygm'aeus, was also collected on mealy-bugs
in Australia and brought in a living condition to California. It preys
readily on Pseudococcus citri and seems a promising addition to the
imported enemies of mealy-bugs.

De Ong (E. R.). What hinders Dried Fruit Sales.— M^%. Bull. Cat.
State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, viii, no. 5, May 1919, pp.
240-243, 4 figs.

The manner of infestation of dried fruits by such insects as Plodia
inter punctella and Silvanus Surinam ensis . is described. The best
preventives of insect infestation are keeping the packing-house free
from all insect-breeding waste, thorough drying of all new stocks,
clearing out all stocks by the end of winter or early spring, or fumiga-
tion or sterilisation with heat in early spring of any stocks it is desired
to keep through part of the summer. Emphasis is laid on the necessity
for care in sterilising, fumigating or protective operations to secure
the maximum benefit, and in prerenting the access of all insects to
fruit after it has been treated, either while drying, being packed or
after it is in the shipping case.

CocKERELL (T. D. A.). The Girasole or Jerusalem Artichoke. — Mthly.
Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, viii, no. 5, May
1919, pp. 243-250, 7 figs.

Helianthus tuberosus (Jerusalem artichoke) in California suffers from
no serious pests, though a species of cutworm, probably Euxoa agrestis,
destroys a number of the seedlings. In Iowa, however, the plant is
largely damaged by a root Aphid, whUe a mealy-bug, Pseudococcus
trifolii, also infests the tubers.

3J9

Mackie (D. B.). The Status of the Codling Moth in its Relation to the
Walnut Industry. — Mlhh/. Bull. Col. State Commiss. Hortic,
Sacramento, viii, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 250-256, 3 figs.
Infestation of walnuts by Cydia {Laspeyresia) pomonella (codling
moth) has so much increased recently that it appears probable that a
strain of this species has been developed which can complete its life-
cycle on walnut and finds that food-plant congenial. The damage
to this important crop in 1918 shows that the moth has potentialities
for developing into the most serious of walnut pests. It has, however,
been proved that it can be controlled both in the field and through the
channels of the trade, and that it is only necessary that concerted
action be taken by growers and dealers to prevent losses to future
crops. Development on walnuts is not yet fully understood, but the
methods of handling the crop in order to eliminate infestation are
fully dealt with. These include treatment of the sacks with live
steam, hot water, hot air and an electric mangle. [See also this Review,
Ser. A, vii, p. 317.]

Armitage (H. M.). Controlling Mealybugs by the Use of their Natural
Enemies. — Mthly. Bull. Cat. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento,
viii, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 257-260.

The species of citrus-feeding mealy-bugs that occur in Southern
California are Pseudococcus citri, Risso (citrus mealy-bug), P. gahani,
Green (citrophilus mealy-bug) and P. maritimus, Ehrh. ; to these has
been added during the last season P. kraunhiae, Kuw, (Japanese mealy-
bug), which as yet occurs only in one locality, where an attempt is
being made to eradicate it. There are many natural enemies of these
Coccids in California, but they have not all proved suitable for rearing
and distribution on a large scale. Sympherobius barberi and S. cali-
Jornicus (brown lace-wings) are both excellent winter and spring
predators, but are themselves highly parasitised, as is also Chrysopa
sp. (green lace-wing). The Coccinellid, Hyperaspis lateralis, another
native predator, is an efiective check on P. citri, but does not readUy
adapt itself to P. gahani. An Agromyzid fly, Leucopis bella, devours
many egg-masses, but the most promising enemy is apparently the
Coccinellid, Gryptolaemus montrouzieri, originally introduced from
Australia. The manner of rearing and distributing it is described.
Under natural conditions it is able rapidly to clear an infestation of
mealy-bugs from citrus orchards, but appears too late to protect the
tree. By having C. montrouzieri available for liberation in the spring
and distributing it in quantities that will give it an equal start with
the mealy-bug, the latter may increase for a short time but will not
become sufficiently numerous to injure the tree or crop. Dming the
past season 54,330 adults of C. montrouzieri were liberated on 95
properties infested with mealy-bugs, about 60 per cent, of these being
collected in the field and the rest in the insectary . In the present season
the equipment has been doubled and it is hoped that the figures wiU be
increased greatly during the coming year, with corresponding success.
*% Some attempt has also been made to rear Paraleptoinastix abnormis,
Gir., a small Hymenopterous parasite of Pseudococcus citri, which was
introduced from Sicily about 4 years ago. It is hoped to liberate

3G0

this parasite, which readily establishes itself under Californian con-
ditions, in large colonies wherever its host occurs. [See also this
Review, Ser. A, v, p. 266.]

Arens (P.). De BestrijdinK van de Witte Luis met Petroleum-Zeep-
Emulsie. [Combating the White Scale with Petroleum-Soap
Emulsion.] — Meded. Proefstation Malang, Soerabaya, no. 7, 1915^
pp. 20-24. [Received 23rd June 1919.]
A species of Pseudococcus, probably P. {Dactylopius) adonidum, L.,
was one of the insects that became more numerous as a result of the
prolonged dry weather in 1913 and 1914. Another factor favourable
to the increase of this scale is the substitution of lamtoro {Leucaena
glauca) for dadap [Erythrina] as a shade-tree, the former being a.
favoured food-plant. The chief injury to coffee is that done to the
young berry-clusters ; the new tips of the twigs and the roots also
suffer. It has been found that a carefully applied contact-spray con-
taining 4 per cent, of petroleum is efficient against this scale.

LEGISLATION.

Plant Legislation in Montserrat. — Rept. Agric. Dept. Montserrat
1917-18 ; Barbados, 1919, pp. 39-40. [Received 25th June 1919. ]
During 1917-18 a proclamation, dated 24th October 1917, was
issued to prevent the introduction of Pectinophora gossypiella (pink
bollworm) into the Island. The principal provision is as follows :
The importation into the Presidency of seed-cotton or cotton-seed
from all countries outside the colony of the Leeward Islands is pro-
hibited, save and except from some other Presidency of the Colony, or
from the Colony of Trinidad and Tobago and its Dependencies, or
from the Colonies of Grenada, St. Vincent, and St. Lucia, provided that
small quantities of cotton-seed for experimental purposes may be
imported into the Presidency on the written permission of the Curator
of the Botanic Station, on such terms and conditions as he may
prescribe.

The Pest Act. — Planters' Chronicle, Cohnbatore, xiv, no. 21, 24th May
1919, pp. 303-307.
The text is given of the Madras Act, No. iii of 1919, passed 12th
April 1919, for the prevention of the spread of insect pests, plant
diseases and noxious weeds.

Pratt (A. 0). The Pink Bollworm, the Boll Weevil and Lower

California Cotton. — Mthly. Bull. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic,

Sacramento, viii, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 266-267.

The Northern District of Lower California, which is politically a part

of Mexico, but economically a dependency of the United States, is as

yet free from cotton pests, although cotton constitutes the principal

source of the wealth of the district. In order to maintain this immunity

a Quarantine Order has been issued prohibiting the importation into

the district of cotton seed except through the ports of Mexicali and

Los Algodones. The text of the decree is given. Slight modifications

through governmental orders make this decree include cotton as well

as cotton seed.

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

The Fruit Worms of the Apple in Nova Scotia , . . . . . 313

The Use of the Spray-gun in Canada . . . . , . . . . . "M'S
Notes on th(} Chinese Dryinid Parasite of the Sugar-cane Leaf-

hoppor In Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313

Maize P( sts and tlicir Control in S. Rhodesia . . . . . . 314

Spraying Methods against Insect Pests in Tennessee . . . . 315

Insect Pests in Montana in 1918 .. .. .. .. .. 315

Orchard and Shade-tree pests in S. Dakota .. .. .. .. 316

A new Mite predaceous on iepidosop/ies «?mi in Iowa ,. .. 316
The F. fleet of Humidity on the Pupae of Drosophila ampeJophila

in U.S.A 316

Relations of the Winged and Wingless Forms in 3£aerosiphum

solanifolii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316

The Mixing of Oil Emulsion with Ivime-Sulphur Solutions . . ... 317

A Race of the Codling Moth infesting Walnuts in California . . 317

Th(^, Occurrence of Icerya hrasiliensis in Argentina . . . . . . 318

Notes on Lewia bi^iweaf a in Argentina .. .. .. .. 318

A new Aleurodid from Argentina . . . . . . . . . . 318

A Benibecid Wasp predaceous on the Larvae of Rhynchota in

Argentina ., .. .. .. .. .. ., 318

Longicorn Beetles introduced into the Province of Buenos Aires,

Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

The Toxic Action of some VolatUe Substances on Various InRects 319
I'icromerus bidens predaceous on the Larvae of Chrysomelids in

France 320

Maize Pests in Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Notes on Hsmerocampa leucosUgma in Minnesota . . . . . . 320

M<'asures against Epfiestia kiihniella in U.S.A. . . . . . . 320

New Hymcnoptcrous Parasites in U.S.A. . . . . . . . . 321

N«-w Ptinids infestmg Forest Trees in U.S.A. 321

The Rose Midge in U.S.A 321

Insects infesting the Swamp Rose-mallow in New Jersey .. .. 322

The Bionomics of Aphis grossidariae and A. viburni in Britain 322

Measures against Heterodei-a radiclcola in U.S.A. . . . . 323 & 324

Tyhnclms tritici infesting Wheat in U.S.A. . . , . . . . . 324

Agrilus arcuatus var. torquaUib infesting Oaks in Minnesota . . 324

Experiments against Potato Pests in Minnesota . . . . . . 325

Damage to Codar Trees by Ants in Minnesota . . , . . . 326

Notes on the Classification of Aphids . . . . . . . . . . 326

Measures against the Confused Flour Beetle in Miii'i''^'>'i .. ,, 327

Notes on BrucJioplmgua fimebris in Minnesota . . . . 327

Notes on the Trombidtid Mites of Minnesota . . . . , . 327

The Hymenoptera of Minnesota . . . . . , , . 328

Household Insects in Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . 328

Insect Pests in Hawaii in 1918 . . 328

Quarantine Measures against Insect Pests in Hawaii in 1918 . . 329
The Bionomics of the Corn Leaf Hopper {Peregrinua maiffis) ^n

Hawaii 329

A Preliminary Report on the Cotton Pests of S. Africa . . . . 330

'^otvs on Aspidiotus perniciosus in ^. Ahioa .. .. .. 331

Measures against Fhthorimaea o-perctdella in S. Africa . . 331

Orchard Pests in S. Africa . . 332

Insects Injurious to the Black Wattle, .4ca<n« •.w^z/.c..;. ,;..., 332

Not( s on the Codling Moth in New Mexico 333

Measures against White Grubs in Iowa . . . . . . 334

Froglioppcrs and Diseases of Sugar-Cane in Trinidad . . . . 335

A New Speci(^8 of Olene inf( .sting deciduous Trees in North America 336

Xoti s on CocciDAE in North America . . . . . , . , 336

A new Coccid on Coconut Palms in the Philippines . . . . . . 336

Insect Pt sts in Tortola in 1917-18 . . . . 337

IniM ct Pi sts in Ontario in 1918 . . , . . . 337
Notes on Bugs of the G-nus Corylhaica in America aud the West

Indies . . . . .... . . . . . , . . 338

CONTENTS— con(.

Injects attacking Potatoes in Connecticut

Insect Pests in Connecticut in 1918 . .

Measures against the Gipsy and Brown-taii Moths in Connecticut

Dusting Experiments against JDiabrotica tnttat<i in Connecticut

Experiments with Sprays for Aphids in Connecticut

The Bionomics of the Greenhouse Cockroach, Pycnoscelus surina

mensis, in Connecticut
Grylhis domesticus infesting Houses in Connecticut . .
Measures against Loxostege sitmlalis in Lucerne Fields in U.S.A. .
Control of the Onion Thrips, Thrips tabaci, in U.S.A.
The Storage of Maize in U.S.A.

Control of the Round-headed Apple-tree Borer in Arkansas
Insect Pests in 1917 in Transcaucasia
Measures against Pests of Gardens in Transcaucasia
Experiments with Sprays for Aphids in Transcaucasia
The Control of Eriosoma lanigerumin Transcaucasia
New Orthoptera from Transcaucasia, Persia, etc. . . . . 346

Description of the Larvae of Polyphylla oHvieri from Transcaucasia
Carpomyia cmicasiea infesting Melons in Transcaucasia
Gynaihothrtps uzeli infesting Ficus spp. in Cuba
Notes on Aleurocantkus wogh(/mi in Floxida
Thrips and other injurious Insects in Cuba . .
Some Entomogenous Fimgi in Cuba . .
Notes on Signiphorinae in Spain
Further Notes on the Orange-Fly in Japan . .
Notes on Seudyra subflava in Vineyards in Japan and Manchuria
Cryptocartvpus laePus injurious to the Cultivation of Basket Willows

in Sweden . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notes on Pennisetia hylaeiformis and Aegeria tip-idiformis in Rw,*!, n

Forests Pests in Italy . .

New Agaoninae from Costa Rica

Notes on Fruit-flies in Brazil , .

Coconut Pests in Brazil

Beet Pests in Bohemia . .

A Chloropid infestiog Barley in Germany

Experiments with Hydrocyanic Acid Gas against Cdlandra granaria

in Germany . .
^eligethes aeneus infesting Rape in Silesia
Mites infesting Maples- in Pennsylvania .. ..

Proposed Utilisation of Antlieraea roylei for Silk in India . .
Pi'ecautions against Pyraiista mibilalis in Canada . .
Bporotrichum globuUferum infesting Dysdercus in Antigua . .
The Relation of Cotton Stainers to Sterculia caribaea in St. Vincent
Chilo simplex infesting Maize in Mesopotamia
Experiments against TyUnchus devastatrix infesting Onions and

Narcissus
Agricultural Entomology in India

The Spread of Eumems strigatus and Merodon equestris in U.S.A.
Measures against Anobmm domesticum in Timber in New Zealand
Experiments against Orchard Pests in New Zealand
Beneficial Insects introduced from Australia into California
Pests of Dried Fruits in California
Pests of Jerusalem Artichokes in California

Cydia pomonella infesting Walnuts in California
The Utilisation of Natural Enemies of Mealy
Pseudococcus adonidum infesting Coffee in Java
Legislation against Cotton Pests, Montserrat
Plant Pest Legislation, Madras
Legislation against Cotton Pests, Lower California

Bugs in California

PAGE.

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((egltierad at the QJ*A1. for TrMnamiaaloit io Caaaita wmt KemfQaHdtaiict bg Htmiatinv Ptat,

VOL. VII. Ser. A. Part 9.-pp» 861-408. SEPTEMBER, 1919.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

I8BT7SD BY THE IMPBBIAL
BUREAU OF BMTOMOLOQT.

LONDON t

SOLD BT

THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
88, QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7.

Prioe Od. net.

AH Rights Refierved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onordrp Cotnmitlec or mdnadcmctit.

VISCOUMT HARCOURT, Chairman.

Ii«tttenant-Colonel A. W. Aloook, CJ.E., F.BS., London School oi

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museam (Natural History).
Dr. A. 6. Bagshawb, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-G«neral Sir J. Rosb BBADroRD, K.O.M.6., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruob, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. G. F. Fbyeb, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Habiuib, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natura

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lbfboy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Dr. R. Stewart MaoDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
8ii John MoFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrioe Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Ofilioe

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protoioology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Soott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R,S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Wabburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist In each of the Self-governing Dominions

Is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Bcneral Secretary?.
Capt. A. C. C. Pabeinson (Colonial Office).

Director and BOitor.
Dr. Guy A. E. Mabshall.

Bdsidtant Director.
Dr. S. A. Neavb.

Bead Office.— BntiBh Museum (Natural History), Oromwell Road,

London, S.W.7.
PiMicatioH Offio§.—88, Queen's Gate, London, 8.W. T.

361

Maskew (F.). Report for the Months of February and March 1919^-^

Mthly. Bull. Col. State Commiss. Hortic, Sacramento, viii, no. 5,
May 1919, pp. 271-274. M,s'ivi^^

Insect pests intercepted during February and March 1919 included : '
From Central America : Aspidiotus cyanophylli, Pseudococcus spp.,
Chrysomphalus sciitiformis, Ceramidia scintillocollaris, and unidentified
Lepidoptera on bananas ; Chrysomphalus aurantii on oranges. From
China : Cylas formicarivs in sweet potatoes ; Aspidiotus simillimus
translucens and Parlatoria pergandei on oranges ; Aphis spp. on plum
trees ; borers in dry bark and unidentified Lepidopterous larvae in
orange peel. From Florida : Pho?nopsis citri and Lepidosaphes
beckii on grape-fruit. From Hawaii : JDiaspis bromeliae and Pseudo-
coccus hromeliae on pineapples ; Chionaspis inday, Hemichionaspis
minor and Chrysomphalus aonidum on coconuts ; Pseudococcus citri
on pumpkins; and Coccus longulus on betel leaves. From Mexico :
Lepidosaphes gloveri, Chrysomphalus scutiformis and Parlutoria cinerea
on limes ; Lepidosaphes beckii on lemons, limes and oranges ; Chry-
somphalus aurantii and C. aurantii citrinus on lemons ; Heliothis
(Chloridea) obsoleta on tomatoes ; Chrysomphalus aonidum on pot
plants ; and Coleopterous larvae in sweet potatoes. From Australia :
Calandra gra'naria in wheat. From Cuba : Pseudococcus spp. on
pineapples. From Japan : Pseudococcus sp., P. comstocki, and
Cicada eggs on persimmon ; T^ecanium hinoensis{1) on plums ; Pseudao-
nidia duplex on plums, azaleas and camellias ; Hemichionaspis
aipidistrae on Aspidistra lurida and oranges ; H. minor on tangerines
and oranges ; Lepidosaphes beckii on oranges ; Leucaspis japonica on
persimmon ; Agromyza schineri and Pseudococcus sp. on Wistaria ;
Parlatoria sp. on camellias ; Thyridopteryx ephenieraeformis on
Daphne ; and Lepidopterous larvae in dry wood. From Holland :
Lepidosaphes ulmi and Saissetia hemisphaerica on boxwood. From
Oregon : Cydia pomonella on apples. From Pennyslvania : Tetrany-
chus mijtilaspidis on rose plants ; Diaspis boisduvali on variegated
pineapple ; Cerataphis lataniae and Pseudococcus nipae on Cocas
iveddelliana. From New York : Green aphis on Hibiscus ; Pseudo-
coccus sp. on Cape jasmine. From North Carolina : Aleurodes citri,
Pseudococcus sp. and Tetratiychus mylilaspidis on Cape jasmine.
From Nevada : Heterodera radicicola in potatoes. From Connecticut :
Pseudococcus sp. on Gardenia. From Texas : Mantid eggs and
unidentified Lepidopterous larvae on persimmon trees ; Parlatoria
pergaiidei on grape-fruit. From Utah : Aegeria {Sanninoidea) spp.
in peach tree. From Kansas : Nematodes on apple and pear seedlings.
From Louisiana : Aleurodes sp. on jasmine. From Washington :
Cydia poinonella and Eriosoma lanigerum on apple. From Wisconsin :
Pseudococcus citri and Chrysomphalus aonidum on lemon. From
France : Diaspis carueli and Coccus hesperidlim on Thuya. From
Argentina : Lepidoptera in potatoes.

Gahan (A. B.). Notes on some Genera and Species of Chalcid Flies

belonging to the Aphelininae with Description of a New Species.—

Proc. U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C., Iv, 1919, pp.

403-407, 5 figs.

Since the description of the genus Centrodora in 1878 with C. amoetia,

Forst., as the type, both genus and species have remained um^ecognised.

(C588) Wt. P1921/144. 1,500. 9.19. B.&F.,Ltd. Gp.11/3. A

c

362

Paraphelinus speciosissimus, Girault, belongs to this genus, and is
probably the same species. Agonioneurus locustarum, Giraud, is
a synonym of C. nmoena. Paraphelinus, Perkins, thus becomes a
synonym of Centrodora, Forster. C. speciosissimus has been found
parasitic in the puparia of Mayetiola destructor, Say, and in the eggs of
Xiphidium sp.

Tumidiscapus orthopferae, sp. n., which is here described, has been
reared from eggs of an Orthopteron, deposited in the stems of a grass,'
Andropogon glomeratus.

GossARD (H. A.). Preparing for Apple Aphid Outbreak.— Mf/i^y. Bull
Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, iv, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 89-91,
Ifig. [Received 24th June, 1919 ]

Owing to the increased numbers of Aphid eggs, chiefly of Siphona-
phis padi {Aphis avenae) (European grain aphis) noticed in orchards,
timely spraying is suggested. For this purpose various sprays have
been tried. Lime-sulphur solution (33° Be.), diluted 1 to 8 or 1 to 9,
killed from 85 to 100 per cent, of the living eggs ; lime-sulphur, 1 to 8,
plus Blackleaf 40, 1-500, killed 97 per cent. Blackleaf 40 diluted
with water, 1-500, plus laundry soap 2 lb. to 50 U.S. gals., killed 45
per cent. ; when Fels Naptha was substituted for laundry soap only
5 to 33 per cent, were killed. Scalecide diluted with 15 parts of water
killed 25-65 per cent. Crude carbolic acid, 2 per cent, solution, plus
2 lb. of soap to 50 U.S. gals, of water, killed from 93 to 100 per cent,
without injuring the trees. Sodium hydroxide 2 pints in 98 c.c. of
water {^sicl kUled 85 to 95 per cent. The efTect on young Aphids is the
same as on the eggs. The best time for spraying is when the buds begin
to swell and the first young Aphids are seen. Should the presence of
Aphids coincide with that of codling moth larvae [Cydia pomonella^
the trees may be sprayed as soon as the petals fall with 1 U.S. gal.
lime-sulp^hur solution to 40 U.S. gals, water and 2| lb. of arsenate of
lead paste or 1\ lb. of powder plus \ pint of nicotine sulphate solution
(40 per cent.). The spraying should be repeated in 8-10 days.

Abbott (W. S.). A Study of the Effect of Storage, Heat, and Moisture
on Pyrethrum. — V.S. Dept. Agric. Washington, B.C., Bull. no.
771, 21st February 1919, 6 pp. [Received 21th June 1919.]

Various experiments made with whole and ground flower-heads of
pvrethrum to test its efficacy as an insecticide after exposure to
moisture, heat and weather are described. Two methods of testing
were used. For the dusting method, small potted nasturtium plants
infested with Ap)his rumicis, L., were thoroughly dusted by means
of a hand dust-gun. For the dipping tests large specimens of the
cockroach, Phyllodromia {Blattelh) germanica, L., were dropped into
a vessel, containing the powder, and well shaken. They were then
placed in bottles for observation.

Exposure to the weather for 12 weeks does not noticeably reduce
the potency of the ground or whole flower-heads, but after 21 weeks
only 60-70 per cent, of the cockroaches were killed in 120 hours.
Whole flower-heads may be kept in tightly closed glass containers for
f>^ years without losing their efficiency, Mier6as ground flower-heads,
become useless after that lapse of time, but are practically unaffected

363

after 150 weeks of similar treatment. After 34 weeks of exposure in
a room the ground flower-heads were not injured, after 136 weeks
their value was greatly reduced and they were worthless after 150
weeks. The whole flower-heads were unaffected after the same ex-
posure. Ground flower-heads may be safely heated for 18 hours to a
temperature of 120° C, but 130°-140° C. will completely destroy their
effectiveness. Soaking in hot water for 24 hours reduces the potency
of ground flower-heads to a greater extent than the same time in cold
water.

GiROLA (C. D.). Mejores Sistemas para combatir las siguientes
Plagas : Diaspis pentagona, Aspidiotns, Pulgones, Taladrillos,
Bicho de Cesto, etc. Conveniencia de combatir las Plagas de las
Plantas por Medio de Ids Enemigos naturales (entam6fagos).

[The best Methods of combating Aulacaspis pentagona, Aspidiotus,
Aphids, Borers, Bagworms, etc. The Advantage of controlling
Plant Pests by Means of Natural Enemies.] — Anales Soc. Rural
Argentina, Buenos Aires, liii, no. 4, 1919, 149-151. [Received
19th June 1919.]

The method of introduction of Prospaltella berlesei, How., for tjhe
control of Atdacaspis [Diasjns) p)entagona, Targ., is described, and it is
stated that 3,000,000 twigs bearing this parasite were distributed
during 1914-1916 ainong the plantations infested with A. pentagona,
this method having given better results than any previously tried,.
Mention is made of similar introductions of other enemies, such as
Novius cardinalis for the control of the scale, Icerya purchasi, and the
Hymenopterous parasites, Eurytoma caridei, Bret., Perissocentrus
argentinae var. caridei, Bret., Lindesonius caridei, Bret., and Parexo-
rista caridei, Bret., to destroy Oeceticus platensis, Berg (Argentine
bag worm).

Senstius (M. W.). Over eene recente Insectenplaag op Koffiezaadbedden.

[An Insect Pest of recent Occurrence in Coffee Seed-beds.] —
Meded. Proefstation Malang, Soerabaya, no. 7, 1915, pp. 5-19,
3 plates. [Received 23rd June 1919.]

Intensive injury to seed-beds of various varieties of coffee in Java
was found to be due to insect larvae. About 206,000 of these were
collected in 5 days from an area of about 7,500 square feet, i.e., about
28 per square foot. Wireworms, probably the Tenebrionid, Opatrum
depress urn, were the most abundant ; they attack the roots of young
coffee plants. Though the adult beetle has been recorded in Java
as injuring tobacco above ground, no injury of this type was noticed
in the present case. Tipulid larvae, which were next in order of
abundance, feed on the inner bark of the coffee plants just above the
root-collar. Small numbers of Agrotis sp., May-beetle larvae and
Elaterids were also found. The wireworms and Tipulids appear to be
widely distributed, though little noticed, in Java. The adults of
0. depressum may be captured by spreading on the seed-beds some
light-coloured material under which the beetles will shelter. ^Vhen
this is watered some days later they immediately emerge and being'
clearly visible against the light background, their capture is easy. The'
Tipulids may be combated by covering the beds with alang-alang

(C588) ^. ■ ^2

364

grass wLicli must be removed, bm-nt and replaced at regular intervals
during the flight period, thus destroying the eggs. Collection of the
larvae is also necessary. A measure recommended against the larvae
of both -pests is watering the beds, 3-4 months before the seed is
planted, wth a weak solution of carbolineum, 1 part to 250 of water.
If this insecticide is used when the beds have already been sown, a
solution of 1 in 500 must be used at the rate of 3|-7 oz. per 11 square
feet.

WiERENGA (0. M.). Waarschuwing tegen de Anggrang (Roode Mier).
[A Warning against the Red Ant, Oecophylla smaragdinu.] —
Meded. Proefstation Malang, Soerabaya, no. 13 [1916], pp. 15-16.
[Received 23rd June 1919.]

As it is very difficult to work in plantations that are severely infested
by Oecophylla smaragdina, the eradication of this ant is very necessary.
Of all the methods tried the only one of real value is the destruction
of the nests, which must be collected, and the ants and their eggs
thrown into hot water. As attempts will be made to form new nests
these must be looked for and burnt out by means of a gasolene torch,
which should be fastened to a 6-foot stick in order to prevent the
operator from being bitten. For some time after the nests have been
dealt with the ground will swarm with ants and the only means of
protecting the workers consists in rubbing the legs with rice powder.
As the powder is applied wet the surface becomes so smooth that the
ants are unable to climb up it.

ScHENK (P. J.). In en op den Bodem levende Plantenvijanden. II.

[Plant Enemies living in or on the Ground.] — Tijdschr. Planten-
ziekten, Wageningen, xxv, no. 3, May 1919, pp. 101-125, 8 figs.

The first portion of this paper on plant pests in Holland has already
been noticed [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 498]. Some species of
Elaterid beetles, including Lacon murinus and Agriotes lineatus, are
injurious to vegetables and fruits ; bait- traps or poison-baits are
advocated against them. Tipulid larvae caused extremely severe and
wide-spread damage to vegetable and fruit crops planted on grassland
during the War. In one instance 300 strawberry plants only remained
out of 25,000. Against Euxoa (Agrotis) segetum and other cutworms,
benzine is recommended in preference to carbon bisuljjhide. Small
holes are made in the ground and a thimbleful of benzine is poured
into each. The holes must be immediately closed. The adults ma_y be
captured in light-traps. In Holland Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa occurs chiefly
in peat soil, but this mole-cricket may be found in sandy and clay soils
provided their character is not too pronounced. Trap-trenches are used
against this pest, the life-history of which is still obscure on many points.
About 300-400 individuals were securely confined together and the
number gradually decreased until the sole survivor was ultimately
found dead of starvation. This proves G. gryllotalpa to be cannibalistic
when other food is not available. Blaniulus guttulatus appears
to be the most harmful millipede. Bait-traps are recommended
against it.

365

Maarschalk (H.). Pestrijding van de Bessenbastaardrups. [Measures
against the Larvae of Pteronus ribesU.] — Tijdschr. Plantenziekten,
Wageningen, xxv, no. 3, May 1919, Bijblad pp. 13-16.
Experiments with barium chloride have shown that a solution with
a strength of 1^^- per cent, destroys the larvae of the currant sawfly,
Pteronus rihesii. Scop., while doing no injury to the bushes. It is
however dearer than Paris green, easily washed ofi by rain, and
colourless, so that it is not possible to see where the spray has been
applied. This last disadvantage can be obviated by adding about
^ part of lime to 100 parts by weight of water to the spray applied
when the bushes are in blossom. Against the second generation of
larvae the solution should be used without lime, as the fruit is then
on the bushes ; this application should be made at least one week
before gathering the fruit. The danger of poisoning is very remote,
barium chloride being far less toxic than arsenicals.

RoLET (A.). Traitement simultan§ de la Cochenille, de la Fumagine et

du Cycloconium des Oliviers. — Jl. d'Agric. Pratique, Paris, xxxii,

no. 20, 19th June 1919, pp. 413-415.

The various sulphur sprays for simultaneous treatment of the

insects producing honey-dew, such as Saissetia {Lecanium) oleae, etc.,

and of the fungus diseases encom'aged by its presence, as well as Daciis

ol?ae which is attracted by it, are reviewed. The formulae preferred

in various countries are discussed and the recommendations for the

use of polysulphides by del Guercio [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 430]

and by Savastano [he. cit., ii, p. 412] are given.

Reports on the State of the Crops in each Province of Spain on the 20th
May 1919. — Bol. Agric. Tecnica y Economica. Madrid, xi, no. 125,
May 1919, pp. 426-442.
Aphids have done much damage to vegetable crops, particularly
in bean-fields in Castellon, and also to almonds in certain localities ;
for the latter a spray is recommended of 1^ per cent, each of soft soap
and petroleum in water. The caterpillars of Tortrix viridana have
attacked oaks in Cordoba, but the damage is decreasing and it is
hoped that the acorn crop will be normal ; in Huelva, however, oak
pests have been more severe and it is feared that the acorn-crop, which
is locally valuable for feeding pigs, will be worthless. Barley and
wheat in Cordoba have suffered from the attacks of a bug, Aelia
rostrata. Locusts have also appeared in some localities of this Province,
and in Huelva, where materials for remedial measures are lacking.
In the Province of Madrid locusts have invaded certain districts in
large numbers and a campaign has been undertaken by the military
authorities under the direction of the Board of Agriculture, with the
small allowance of materials available. In Lerida Aphids have been
extraordinarily abundant in bean-fields and orchards, probably
owing to the unusually mild winter.

SiE^LER (E. H.). A Brief Analysis of the Dusting Method. — Bept.

Maryland Agric. Soc, College Park, Md., ii (1917), 1st March

1918, pp. 86-98. [Received 25th June 1919.]
Experiments made in the United States to control pests of apples
and peaches by means of the dusting method are still being continued.

366

So far the results obtained show that the codling moth [Cydia jMmonelki]
and curculio [Conotrachelus nenuphar] can only be controlled by this
method when the infestation is very slight. Several formulae that
have been tested are given and the mode of application described.

Bryan (C. E.). How many Applications of Spray Material can be
applied profitably in developing a Peach Crop. — Rept. Maryland
Agric. Soc, College Park, Md., ii (1917), 1st March 1918, pp.
98-102. [Received 25th June 1919.]

The following method has proved successful in the author's personal
experience. A dormant spray of 10 per cent, lime-sulphur is applied
3 to 4 weeks before the blossoms open. As soon as the fruit is set a
spray of 20 lb. of atomic sulphur, 20 lb. of hydrated lime made into
milk, and 5 lb. of dry arsenate of lead to 200 U.S. gals, of water should
be applied and repeated in about 3 to 4 weeks time. The fourth and
subsequent sprays should be of atomic sulphur only and applied every
3 to 4 weeks until within 4 weeks of harvest. During rainy weather
the spraying should be repeated every 3 weeks.

Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control. — Rept.
Agric. Dept. Montserrat 1917-18; Barbados, 1919, pp. 29-30.
[Received 25th June 1919.]

The extent of attacks of cotton-stainers [^Dysdercus] in 1917 was
similar to that in previous years. Owing to the results obtained in
St. Vincent from the destruction of the silk-cotton and mahoe trees,
the community have expressed the desire that a similar ordinance be
put into force in Montserrat.

It is expected that this pest will be still more prevalent in 1918
owing to the increased proportion of silk-cotton trees bearing fruit
during the year. A small Malvaceous plant {Sida acuminata) has also
been definitely connected with supporting the existence of cotton-
stainers from one season to another.

Runner (G. A.). The Tobacco Beetle : An Important Pest in Tobacco
Products. — TJ.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 737.
17th March 1919, 77 pp., 4 plates, 16 figs. [Received 24th June
1919.]

This bulletin describes the character and extent of damage done by
Lasioderma serricorne, F., chiefly to stored tobacco. All stages of the
beetle are described. There are usually 3 generations in the year, but
under warm conditions there may be as many as 5 or 6. The complete
life-cycle varies from 45 to 70 days according to the temperature.
Eggs are deposited in the food substance. The larvae appear in 6 to
10 days and pupate after 30 to 50 days. The pupal stage lasts 5 to 10
days and the adults live 3 to 6 weeks. Hibernation usually occurs in
the larval stage.

The erroneous belief that L. serricorne attacks growing tobacco is
probably due to confusion with other tobacco pests, such as Epitrix
parimla, F. (tobacco flea-beetle) ; Catorama tabaci, Guer. (larger
tobacco beetle) ; Silvanus surinamensis, L. ; and Cathartus advena,
Walt.

367

Other stored tobacco pests that have been recorded are : Sitodrepa
panicea, L., Calandra onjzae, L., Dermesfes vulpinus, F., Trogoderma
tarsale, Melsh., Tenebroides mauritanicus, L., Mezmm americamim,
Lap., Attagenus piceus, Oliv., and Catorama impressifrons, Fall, the
last two as infesting the seed.

Frost exercises a great check on L. serricorne, the rapid increase
of which is also prevented where the tobacco is allowed to become dry.
Its most important predatory enemy is a Clerid beetle, Thaneroclerus
girodi, Chevr., which is described in detail. The eggs are usually laid
in groups of 2 or 3 in the burrows of the tobacco beetle, the incubation
period generally lasting about 9 days. Each female lays about 18
eggs. The larval period corresponds closely to that of its host, lasting
42 to 62 days according to temperature and abundance of food. The
pupal stage occupies about 7 days. The larvae feed on the eggs,
larvae and pupae of L. serricorne, the adults on the larvae, pupae
and adults, but both larvae and adults become cannibals when deprived
of other food.

Hymenopterous parasites of L. serricorne include Aplestomorpha
pratti, Crawf., A. vandinei, Tucker, the larva of which feeds externally
on the larva and pupa of the tobacco beetle, and a species of Norbanus.
A Solpugid spider does considerable damage to cigars in its attempt
to reach the eggs and larvae of the tobacco beetle. Mites known to
■ attack the eggs include species of Cheyhtus, TyroglypJms and Rhagidia,
the latter having been recorded from the Philippines. *

The usual remedial measures are described and include freezing,
sterilisation by dry heat or steam, trapping by mechanical means,
fumigation with carbon bisulphide, hydrocyanic-acid or other gasses
and exposure to X-rays.

Severin (H. C.)- Injurious Corn Insects. — South Dakota Agric. Expt.

Sta., Brookings, Bull. no. 178, March 1918, pp. 780-813, 16 figs.

[Received 23rd June 1919.]
The life-cycle and remedial measures for the most unportant maize
pests in Dakota are described, including : Cirphis unijjiincta, Haw.
(army- worm) ; the grasshopper, Melanoplus differ ent iaUs ; Aphis
maidiradicis, Forbes (corn-root aphis) ; white grubs [Lachnosterna] and
wire worms.

Beeson (C. F. C). Forest Entomology. — Reprint from Ann. Rept.
Bd. Scientific Advice for India, 7917-18; Calcutta, 26th April
1919, 4 pp. [Received 30th June 1919.]

A continuation of the previous year's work is described [see this
Review, Ser. A, vi, pp. 519, 521]. An additional ten thousand sal
trees \Shorea robusta] were attacked by the Longicorn beetle, Hop-
locerambyx spinicornis. With regard to the Cossid moth, Duomitus
ceramicus, observations show that this beehole borer appears at an
earlier stage and its incidence rises more rapidly in plantations made
since 1900 than in older ones. A method was devised for determining
the age of beeholes, and it is estimated that each tree in the final crop
of an average teak plantation will contain a sufficient number of

368

beeholes to render it useless for timber. The effect of a dense under-
growth apparently delays the appearance of the borer and reduces the
incidence, but not to a very great extent [see this Review, Ser. A, vii,
p. 135].

The moths, Hyhlaea puera and Pyrausla machaefralis, have been
less numerous, and have been replaced by Noctuid pests to some extent.

Beguet (M.). Tableau synoptique de Determination des Stades
evolutifs de la Schistocerca peregrina, 01. — Bull Soc. Hist. Nat.
Afr. Nord, Algiers, x, no. 6, 15th June 1919, p. 129, 4 figs.

This chart shows the various stages of development of the locust,
Schistocerca peregrina, 01., with sufficient description to serve for the
recognition of each, and gives some indication of the amount of damage
to be expected from each stage.

Neave (S. a.). The Use of Scientific and Popular Names in Economic
Biology. — Ann. Applied Biol., Cambridge, v, nos. 3-4, April 1919,
pp. 274-275.

Lack of uniformity in nomenclature with regard to both popular
and scientific names is the frequent cause of one or the other being
omitted in works on economic biology. To alleviate this difficulty
it is suggested that a central body be formed, the duty of which
would be to collect data as to all recognised popular names throughout
the Enghsh-speaking world. A list, reducing these names to a minimum,
should be compiled, to which as far as possible all authors should
agree to adhere.

To make comparisons of results possible between those who speak
different languages the use of scientific names as well as popular
ones is essential. If objected to in the text they may be given as
a footnote, as is done in some of the publications of the United States
Department of Agriculture.

An appeal is made for final decision as to the accepted scientific
names of the principal animals and plants of economic value, and
this would remove one of the chief objections to their use. Care
should also be taken in the selection of popular names, and these
should be as informative as possible.

Okamoto (H). Honpo-San Kusa-Kagero-Kwa ni Kwansuru Kenkyu.

[Studies on the Chrysopidae of Japan.] — Hokkaido-Noji-Shikenjo
Hokoku [Report of the Hokkaido Agricultural Experiment Station],
Sapqioro, no. 9, 30th March 1919, 76 pp., 7 plates.

The morphology, habits and life-history, together with the characters
of all the genera and species of Chrysopids that are known to occur
in Japan, are described. Records of distribution and importance
from the agricultural point of view are added. As regards life-histories,
Chrysopa japana, sp. n., has two generations a year, the adults appear-
ing in June and August ; hibernation occurs in the larval state within
a cocoon. Chrysopa nipjwnensis, Okam., passes the winter in the
adult stage. This species devours on an average about 100 Aphids
a day, and a single female lays as many as 580 eggs.

369

Descriptions are given of 35 species, including four new ones viz. :—
Chi/sojKi japana, C. parabola, C. suzuJcii and C. hintoki.

As regards those of economic value, Chrysotrojna japonica and
Chrysopa sachalinensis prey on Phorodon humuli ; C. japana and
C. sapporensis on Brevicoryne {Aphis) bmssicae ; C. matsimiurae and
C. honiensis on Pseudococcus {Dactylopius) citri, Icerya seychellanim and
I. jmrchasi ; G. cognata on Hyalojiferus anmdinis {pruni) and Prociphilus
humeliae. It was found experimentally that a larva of Chrysopa japana
ate on an average over 2,000 individuals of Brevicoryne hrassicae during
that stage and an adult over 4,000 individuals, and this is therefore
a highly beneficial species.

Ojima (G.). Ichijiku Mimumushi [Fig-boring insect]. — Byochugai
Zasshi [Joimial of Plant Protection], Tokyo, vi, no, 6, 5th June
1919, pp. 427-430.

The larva of a fig-infesting moth, Cirrhochrista brizoalis, Moore,
appears in May and June, and bores the stalk of the fig, whence it
penetrates into the fruit, which consequently becomes deformed and
ultimately falls. This attack by the larva is repeated in other sound
fruit at intervals of about five days. About the middle or end
of July, it becomes full-grown and leaves the fruit, pupating within
a silken cocoon in crevices of the bark. At the end of August or
in September the adult emerges and lays eggs that soon hatch. The
young larvae pass the winter in a silken web. Such larvae pupate
at the end of April and give rise to another generation of adults in
May and June.

This moth also attacks the fruit of Ficus refusa. The best remedial
measure is the removal of early infested fruits, which are characterised
by the presence of brownish spots on the skin.

Takenouchi (K.). Honposan Kichi Habachi-kwa Mokuroku. [List
of the known Tenthredinidae of Japan.] — Konchusekai [Insect
World], Gifu, xxiii, no. 61, 15th May 1919, pp. 182-188.

In this list 142 species of Tenthredinidae hitherto described
from Japan are recorded.

KiTAJiMA (Y.). Futatsunoshinkui Sinoxylon japonicum, Lesne. [The
Two-horned Boxer, Sinoxylon japonicum, Lesne. ] — SangyoShimp)on
[Journal of the Silk Industry], Tokyo, no. 316, 1st Julv 1919, pp.
631-633, 7 figs.

The Bostrychid beetle, Sinoxylon japonicum, Lesne, has not hitherto
been recorded as injurious to the mulberry tree. In 1919, however,
it has done no small damage to mulberry plantations in Nagano.
The adult bores just beneath the bud in late spring and burrows
into the stem, usually making a tunnel about one inch in length.
This seems to be repeated several times by the same individual ;
the affected buds fall and die and often the stem itself tends to break.
The author was unable to ascertain where the early stages had been
passed, but this beetle is known to infest both persimmon (Diospyros)
and Quercus, and both of these trees occur in the same plantations.

370

Yano (M.). Jural Honpo ni oite Daihassei o naseru Shinrin-Gaichu n-

tsuite. [Injurious Forest Insects that have hitherto occurred in
great abundance in Japan.] — Sanrin-Koho [Public Forestry
Report], Imperial Forestry Bureau, Tokyo, no. 6, 15th June 1919,
pp. 453-470.

Neither of the two books deahng with insects in Japanese forests,
one by Professor Sasaki recording about 160 species and the other
by Professor Niishima deahng with nearly 280, records more than
half of the injurious species that occur in large numbers in Japanese
forests.

These include : — Hymenoptera. Tenthredinidae : Nesodiprion
basalis, the larvae of which appear in April and August and attack
the leaves of Finns densiflora ; Diprion nipponica, the larvae of which
occur from August to November and attack Finns densiflora and
Larix lejjtolepis ; 3Ionoctenus crypfonieriae, the larvae of which attack
Cryptomeria japonica in June and July ; and Cephaleia koehelei, the
larvae of which appear in July and attack Larix leptolepis.

Coleoptera. Scolytidae : Myelop)hilus minor, the adults of which
appear in May and infest the bark oiPinus thunbergii, quickly causing
the death of these trees ; Crossotarsus sp. damaging Quercus crispula.
CuRCULiONiDAE : Htjlobius macilentus, the adults of which oviposit
on the roots of the camphor tree, which is killed by the larvae eating
the inner layer of the bark ; Rhynchaenus {Orchestes) excellens attacking
the leaves of Quercus glandulifera and other trees ; Fhyllobius japonicas ,
the adults of which attack the buds of Cryptomeria in April. Scara-
BAEiDAE : Anomala costata, the adult of which appears in July and
attacks Cryptomeria japonica, Chamaecyparis obtusa, Finns densiflora,
Larix leptolepis, Abies firma, etc. ; about ten species of root-infesting
grubs, mostly those of Melolontha japonica and Heptophylla picea,
attack seed-beds. Chrysomelidae : Nodostoma sp. attacking leaves
of Cryptomeria japonica, Finns spp., Chamaecyparis obtusa, Larix
leptolepis, etc.

Lepidoptera. Lasiocampidae : Dendrolimus remota, the caterpillars
of which appear in August and feed until October, hibernating in
this stage ; liunugia yamadai, Nagano, the caterpillars of which occur
in April and attack Quercus serrata, Q. glandulifera, etc., this species
occasionally appearing in immense numbers in Central Japan. Lyman-
TRiiDAE : PortJietria {Lymantria) fumida, the larvae of which appear
in May and June and attack Tsuga sieboldi and Abies firma ; P. {Lyman-
tria) dispar, the caterpillars appearing in April, May and June and
attacking many trees, including Finns densiflora and P. thunbergii ;
Euproctis flava, the caterpillars of which appear in September on
many trees ; Dasychira obietis, the caterpillars of which attack Cryp-
tomeria in August. NoTODONTiDAE : Egonokia derdix, attacking
beeches in July and August and the cause of severe injury to forests
in 1917. Saturniidae : Caligula japonica, the caterpillars occurring
from April to June and attacking chestnut, camphor and many other
trees. Geometric ae : Zethenia rufescentaria, of which there are one
or two generations in spring and summer, sometimes seriously damaging
Cryptomeria forests. Psychidae : Clania minuscula, the larvae of
which attack the foliage of many trees from August till October.
Elachistidae : Coleophora laricetla, the larvae attacking the fohage
of Larix leptolepis in July and the buds in the following spring.

371

The fluctuating occurrence of these injurious insects, due to the
quantity and quality of food present, meteorological conditions and
the presence of natural enemies, is discussed, many examples being
quoted. In forests composed of a single species of tree, the parasites
of injurious insects may continue to increase while the host remains
numerous, but decrease to such an extent when there is a reduction
in number of the host that they are often incapable of effecting
anything against the next generation ; in a mixed forest on the
other hand some parasites may find another host that is infesting
another species of tree. For example, in 1917 the author observed
that in a pure pine-forest there were only 10 per cent, of parasitised
eggs of Dendrolimus remota, while in a mixed one there were 68 per
cent., the count being made from 6,000 eggs in each case. In another
investigation the percentage of parasitism in 1,000 eggs of Dendrolimus
remota was 24-37 and of D. superans 61, and in 1,000 pupae of
Dendrolimus remota 41, of Zethenia rufescentaria 31, and of Caligula
japonica 21.

Haviland (M. D.). On the Life-History and Bionomics of Myzus ribis,
Linn. (Red-Currant Aphis). — Proc. R. Soc. Edinburgh, xxxix, no.
1, 1918-1919, pp. 78-112, 9 figs. [Received 1st July 1919.]

The red blisters found on red currants {Ribes rubrum) are probably
caused by the fundatrix stage of Myzus ribis. The dimorphic characters
of the antenna and of the abdominal and wing dimensions of this
Aphid are probably determined by the nature of the food, whether
healthy or bhstered ; the forms from healthy leaves are therefore
probably those that have been recognised as M. whitei, Theo., and
M. dispar, Patch, in England and America respectively.

Observations have led to the conclusion that certain Labiatae and
other weeds form the summer food-plants of M. ribis, this form having
been previously described as Phorodon galeopsidis, Kalt. The entire
life-Cycle may be passed on the currant, but if transferred from the
summer food-plant back to currant, the Aphids die. The disappearance
of the Aphid in the late sunmaer is partly due to the diminished birth-
rate and partly to the increase of insect enemies. In the open 4
and 5 generations have been noticed ; in laboratories as many as 7.

The principal natural enemy of M. ribis is a Braconid, Aphidius
ribis, Hal., but it does not attack the alate forms. Other enemies
are Cecidomyiids, Chrysopa, a mite, Anystis cornigera, Koch, and
a fungus, Empusa aphidis.

Spraying as soon as the buds open in April with nicotine solution,
paraffin emulsion or soft-soap is advised. All bhstered leaves should
be picked off where possible and the spray repeated in May. Spraying
in October with paraffin jelly is suggested to destroy the sexuales.
All weeds such as Lamium, Polygonum and Veronica should be
removed from the vicinity of currant bushes.

Lees (A. H.). Phyllopertha horticola, Linn. — Gardeners^ Chronicle,.
London, hxv, no. 1699, 19th July 1919, p. 36, 1 fig.

Phyllopertha horticola, L. (June bug) has been causing great damage
to many crops, including wheat, in the neighbourhood of Wisley.
The eggs are laid in the ground and the larvae feed on roots of grasses.

372

The larvae remain 3 years underground causing great damage to
turf. Rooks and starlings are predaceous on them. Shaking infested
plants in dull weather where possible, when the beetles will readily
drop, and spraying with lead arsenate are suggested as remedial
measures.

Arrow (G, J.). Systematic Notes on a few Meiolonthine Coleoptera.

— Annals Mag. Nat. Hist., London, iv. no. 19, July 1919, pp.
21-29, 1 plate.

These notes include descriptions of Rhizotrogus gravis, sp. n., of
which larvae were found feeding at the roots of sugar-cane in
Mauritius, and R. rvfus, sp. n., from the Nilgiri Hills, India, in
plantations of cinchona seedhngs.

Ballou (H. a.). The Cotton Woim.—Agric. News, Barbados, xviii,
no. 446, 31st May 1919, pp. 170-171.

In consequence of severe attacks of Alabama argillacea (cotton
worm) in Nevis during the cotton-growing season of 1918, an entomo-
logist visited that Island from the Imperial Department of Agriculture.
There was an impression that this moth lives over from one season
to another and could be dealt with like the cotton stainer [Dysdercus].
It is evident, however, that fresh invasions occur each year from
sources outside the Islands, and it has therefore been decided that
every effort should be made to induce all growers to provide sufficient
insecticides at the beginning of the cotton-growing season and that
some method should be devised to compel the application of those
measures of control that have been found effective elsewhere in the
West Indies.

Ceouzat (L.). La Pyrale. Sa Destruction. [The Destruction of
Sjxirganothis pilleriana.] — Rev. Viticulture, Paris, xlix, no. 1261,
29th August 1918, pp. 131-133. [Received 3rd July 1919.]

The life-history of SparganotJds jnlleriana on vines in France is
summarised and the treatments necessary for its control are reviewed.
These include winter treatments with hot water, fumigation with
sulphur under a bell-jar of zinc, iron sheeting or tinplates, arsenical
sprays and scraping of the bark. The soil about the vines should
be well worked in winter to destroy the young larvae that shelter
there. Just before blossoming, any leaves that will touch the grapes
should be removed, as these afford shelter to the insects before they
attack the fruit. In the spring, arsenical sprays should be applied
when the larvae ascend the vines and before they have folded over
the leaves and taken shelter in them. Heavy dustings with lime
have also proved beneficial at this time.

Vayssiere (P.). Ravages causes par le Labidostomis hordei, F. (Col.
Chrysomelidae) dans un Vignoble du Maroc. [Damage done by
Labidostomis hordei, F., in a Moroccan Vineyard.] — Bull. Soc.
Entom. France, Paris, 1919, no. 10, 28th May 1919, pp. 190-191.

On examining a two-year old vineyard in Morocco in April 1919,
it was found that the new shoots of the native vines were all damaged

373

to such an extent that few were likely to recover, while the varieties
imported from France, constituting about half the vineyard, were
at the time entirely free from attack. It was discovered that the
damage was due to the presence in large numbers of a small Chry-
somehd beetle, Labidostomis hordei. F., the strong mandibles of which
are capable of doing great damage to the newly budding shoots.
The habits of this species are not well known ; it is usually found in
pastureland or along the edges of cultivated fields on low-growing
plants. It has been recorded previously on Hordeum murinum in
Barbary and on Chrysanthemum growing beside wheat fields in
Andalusia, but has never hitherto been observed on vines. Of the nine
Moroccan species of Labidostomis that have been recorded, L. taxicornis
is the only one known to damage vines, and then only in Italy and
Sicily, where Salix purpurea is its usual food-plant. It seems quite
possible that L. hordei may become one of the most dangerous vine
pests in Africa. Arsenical sprays on the young vine shoots are
recommended against it.

DE Crombrugghe de Picquendaele (G.). Note sur Pyrausta
nubilalis dans la Banheue de Bruxelles. — Rev. Mens. Soc. Entom.,
Namur, xix, no. 4, April 1919, pp. 17-19. [Received 4th Julv
1919.]

Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb. , is abundant in and around Brussels wherever
its chief food-plant {Artemisia vulgaris) occurs, in spite of remedial
measures and cultivation of the soil. The moths are so seldom seen
that their appearance was supposed to be merely accidental, but
examination has shown that the larvae are widely distributed. The
moths generally remain hidden, flying late in the evening and not
being attracted to hght. As however the larvae are frequently
found in the stalks of isolated plants of Artemisia, it is probable that
they fly freely at night. Another factor that has delayed the discovery
of the abundance of this species in the neighbourhood of Brussels
is the erroneous opinion that P. nubilalis is confined to locahties where
hops are grown. Various food-plants have been recorded, including
hops, maize, hemp, millet. Inula conyza and Phragmites communis,
but few authors have mentioned Artemisia. The larvae of P. nubilalis
have been observed in Bavaria up till April, but in the colder climate
of Belgium they occur until early June, pupation then taking place
in the stalk or the root of Artemisia vulgaris, which seems to be the
chief food-plant in that country. In the Netherlands the larva hiber-
nates when mature ; in Belgium this occurs.before maturity is reached ;
by mid-August the larva is only half grown, is two-thirds grown by
April, and is not mature until the beginning of June. A similar delay
in development occurs in other species of the genus Pyrausta {Botys).

Froggatt (W. W.). Some Plant Bugs that infest Citrus Trees.— Agric.
Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 5, 2nd May 1919, pp. 325-330, 8
figs.

A short account is given of the hfe-history and food-plants of
various bugs infesting Citrus in'^ew South Wales, including Biprorulus
bibax (green-spined orange bug), which has a marked preference for
lemon trees, its probable food-plant in the northern districts being

* 374

the finger lime {Citrus austmlasica) ; it is kept in check by a Chalcid
parasite. Stenozygum personatum (painted capparis bug) is found in
all stages among the foliage of wild pomegranate {Capparis mitchelli)
and also does considerable damage to orange trees. Agonoscelis
nitila (painted horehound bug) occurs on horehound {Manubium),
and although found on orange trees no damage by it has been recorded.
Kerosene or oil emulsion sprayed among the foliage will kill the
soft nymphs of these bugs, but for the adults it is suggested to shake
the branches, causing the bugs to fall on to a sheet spread out beneath
the tree; they can then be easily collected and destroyed.

HuTsoN (J: C). Quarterly Report of the Entomologist. January-
March, 1919. — Trop. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, lii, no. 5, May
1919, pp. 276-277.

Several outbreaks of Icerya pvrchasi (fluted scale) have been
reported ; the remedial measures advocated were the lopping and burn-
ing of heavily infested branches, the removal of old and large acacias
and encouragement of the local Coccinnellid beetle. The following
are among other important pests for which recommendations for
control were given : Zeuzera coffeae (cofEee borer) in tea stems ;
Spodoptera mauritia (paddy cutworm) ; and an ant, Dorylns orientalis,
boring in potatoes.

DoTEN (S. B.). Report of the Department of Entomology.— ^ww. Rept.
Board of Control for the Fiscal Year ending 30th June 1918, Agric.
Expt. Sta., Nevada Univ., Reno, 1919, pp. 16-18, 2 figs. [Received
7th July 1919.]

Great damage is caused to lucerne in Nevada by the Aphid, Macro-
siphum creeli. Little is yet known of its life-history. Owing to the
honeydew excreted by these insects the leaves become gummed to-
gether, which seriously interferes with mowing operations, besides
stunting the growth of the crop.

Corn-root Web-worm. — Wkly. Press Bull, Pennsylvania Dept. Agric,
Harrisburg, iv, no. 24, 19th June 1919, 1 p.

The corn-root web-worm [Crambus vulvivagellus] has been reported
from various parts of Pennsylvania, causing severe damage to maize
when it follows grass in the rotation.

Watch] for the new Insect Pest. — Wkly. Press Bull., ^Pennsylvania
Dept. Agric, Harrisburg, iv, no. 25, 26th June 1919, 1 p.

The pubhc of Pennsylvania have been, warned by means of large
posters to keep a careful look out for the European corn borer
[Pyrausta nubilalis]. Although of wide distribution this moth has
not yet been seen in this State, and any suspicious material should
be^at once reported and sent to the Department of Agriculture.

375

Cucumber Beetle. — Wkly. Press Bull, Pennsylvania Dept. Agric,
Harrisburg, iv, no. 25, 26th June 1919, 1 p.

The striped cucumber beetle [Diabrotica vittatu] has been causing
great damage to young cucumber and melon plants in Pennsylvania.
Covering the small vines with 2 teaspoonfuls of lead arsenate to
1 U.S. gal. of Bordeaux mixture is suggested as a possible remedial
niBasure. Young plants should be covered with cheese cloth.

Troup (R. S.). Experiments in the Pollarding of Butea frondosa for
Lac Cultivation. — Indian Forester, Allahabad, xlv. no. 5, 15th
May 1919, pp. 223-33, 2 plates. [Received 7th July 1919.]

This paper, which is written from the point of view of the lac
cultivator, describes the best methods of pollarding Butea frondosa,
in order to obtain good broods of this scale-insect [Tachardia lacca].

Andrews (E. A.). Insect Pests of Tea. — Qtrly. Jl. Scient. Dept. Ind.
Tea Assoc, Calcutta, 1919, part 1, 1919, pp. 22-25. [Received
11th July 1919.]

The pests reported on tea during 1918 included Lachnosferna
imryressa (white grub), which attacks the plants in nurseries and to
a less degree in the field by cutting the roots. The adults emerge
in April and may attack the leaves. As they are attracted by Hght
they may be collected by means of lamps suspended over trays of
water or some sticky solution. A smaller cockchafer, Serica assa-
mensis, appears about the same time, but the damage it does is
confined to a few bushes. Another beetle appearing in April is the
orange beetle, Diapromorpha melanopus.

Lepidopterous pests include Andraca bipunctata (bunch caterpillar)
occurring from April to July. Heterusia magnifica (red slug) is
present in February, March and April, and the female moths can
be collected at light in May, June and July. Clania spp., Psyche spp.
and AcanthojysycJie spp. (bagworms) are active from January to May ;
the cases should be collected during the cold weather before the
contained eggs have hatched. Sprays are of most value from March
to April. Zeuzera cojfeae (red borer) makes its appearance as an
adult in May ; affected shoots should be cut out in April and imme-
diately burnt. Thosea cervina (nettle grub) appears in the adult
stage in March and April and the caterpillars in June, and those of
the Lymantriids, Orgyia, Olene and Etiproctis from March to May
and the moths from May to June. Arbela spp. (bark-eating borers)
are most easily destroyed during March and April, when they remain
3 or 4 weeks in the pupal stage in the larval boring. Comocritis pieria
is best dealt with by the destruction of the larval webbing in April.
Gracilaria theivora (tea leaf -roller) and Homona menciana (tea tortrix)
are found in the curled tips of the leaves in March, and Agriophora
rhombota (sandwich caterpillar) occurs from March to May.

Other pests include a cricket {Brachytrypes portentosus), against
which poisoned bait is the most useful remedy. For Helopeltis
theivora (tea mosquito) the drenching of tea bushes with lime-sulphur or
liver of sulphur solution is suggested. Empoasca flavescens is present
in all stages by April. Toxopt^ra Coffeae [Ceylonia theaenola)- (tea a{)his)

376

should be treated with soap sokition or oil emulsion sprayed from
below. Tetranychus bioculatus (red spider) and Eriophyes {Phyloptus)
theae (pink mite) should be dealt with by spraying with lime-sulphur
solution.

CusHMAN (R. A.). Descriptions of new North American Ichneumon-
Flies.— Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. Washington, D.C., Iv, no. 2284,
1919, pp. 517-543. [Received 8th July 1919.]

The new parasitic Hymenoptera described in this paper include
the Braconid : Habrobracon politiventris, sp. n., parasitic on Polychrosis
viteana, Clem. ; and the Ichneumonids : Chrysopoctonus patruelis, sp. n. ,
on Chrysopa sp. ; Aenoplex polychrosidis, sp. n., and Spilocryptus
exannulatus, sp. n., on Polychrosis viteana ; Helcostizus rufiscutum.,
sp. n., on Phloeosinns sp. ; Cryptohelcostizus rufigaster, gen. et sp. n.,
on Chrysohothris mali and Agrilus angelicus ; Glypta mutica, sp. n. ,
on Polychrosis viteana ; Mesoleius balteatus, sp. n., on Taxonus
(Amestastegia) glabratus, Fall.

White (G. F.). Nosema-Disease.— Z7. S. Dept. Agric, Washington
D.C., Bull. no. 780, 12th June 1919, 59 pp., 4 plates, 7 figs.

Full particulars are given concerning the cause, symptoms, modes
of transmission, diagnosis and prognosis of Nosema disease in bees,
wdth the results of experiments made to determine the resistance of
Nosema apis to heating, drying, fermentation, putrefaction, direct
sunlight and carbolic acid.

The following is the author's summary : (1) Nosema-disease is
an infectious disorder of adult bees caused by Nosema apis. (2) The
disease is not particularly malignant in character, being in this respect
more Uke sacbrood than the foulbroods. (3) Adult workers, drones,
and queens are susceptible to infection, but the brood is not. (4) The
infecting agent, Nosema apis, is a Protozoan that attacks the walls
of the stomach and occasionally those of the Malpighian tubules.
(5) A colony can be inoculated by feeding it with syrup containing
the crushed stomachs of infected bees. (6) One-tenth of the germs
present in a single stomach are sufficient to produce marked infection
in a colony. (7) Within a week following the inoculation, the parasite
can be found within the walls of the stomach. (8) Before the close
of the second week infection can be determined by the gross appear-
ance of the organ. (9) The disease can be produced at any season
of the year by feeding inoculations. (10) Infected bees may be
found at all seasons of the year, the highest percentage of infection
occurring in the spring. (11) Nosema infection among bees occurs
at least in Australia, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, England,
Canada and the United States. This distribution shows that the occur-
rence of the disease is not dependent altogether upon climatic condi-
tions. (12) The course of the disease is not affected directly by the
character or quantity of food obtained and used by the bees. (13) A
sluggish body of water, if near an apiary and used by bees as a water
supply, and the robbing of diseased colonies, must be considered
for the present as two probable sources of infection. (14) The
transmission of the disease through the medium of flowers is not to-
be feared. (15) The hands and clothing of the apiarist, the tools

377

used about the apiary, and winds need not be feared as means by
which the disease is spread. (16) Hives which have housed infected
colonies need not be disinfected and combs from such colonies are
not a Hkely means for the transmission of the disease. (17) Bees dead
of the disease about the apiary are not likely to cause infection unless
they serve to contaminate the water supply. (18) Nosema apis sus-
pended in water is destroyed by heating for 10 minutes at about
136° F. (58° C). (19) Suspended in honey, Nosema apis is destroyed
by heating at about 138° F. (59° C). (20) Nosema apis, drying at
room and outdoor temperatures, respectively, remained virulent for
about 2 months, at incubator temperature about 3 weeks, and in a
refrigerator about 7| months. (21) Nosema apis was destroyed in
the presence of fermentative processes in a 20 per cent, honey solution
in 3 days at incubator temperature and in 9 days at outdoor tempera-
ture. In a 10 per cent, sugar solution it was destroyed in from 7
to 11 days at room temperature. (22) Nosema apis resisted putre-
factive processes for 5 days at incubator temperature, for 2 weeks
at room temperature, and for more than 3 weeks at outdoor tem-
perature. (23) Nosema apis when dry was destroyed in from 15
to 32 hours by direct exposure to the sun's rays. (24) Nosema apis
suspended in water was destroyed by exposure to the sun's rays
in from 37 to 51 hours. (25) Nosema apis if suspended in honey and
exposed to the sun's rays frequently will be destroyed on account of
the temperature of the honey which results from the exposure.
(26) Nosema apis remained virulent in honey for from 2 to 4 months
at room temperature. (27) Nosema apis in the bodies of dead bees
ceased to be virulent in one week at incubator temperature, in 4
weeks at room temperature, in 6 weeks at outdoor temperature, and
in 4 months in a refrigerator. (28) Nosema apis in the bodies of dead
bees lying on the soil ceased to be virulent in from 44 to 71 days.
(29) Nosema ajns is readily destroyed by carbolic acid, a 1 per cent,
aqueous solution destroying it in less than 10 minutes. (30) The
time element which by the experiments is shown to be sufficient
for the destruction of Nosema apis should be increased somewhat
to insure their destruction in practical apiculture. (31) The prognosis
in Nosema-disease varies markedly from excellent, in case of strong
colonies with a comparatively small percentage of Nosema-infected
bees, to very grave, in case of weak ones with a high percentage of
infected bees. (32) From a technical point of view the results here
given must be considered as being approximate only. They are,
however, in most instances sufficient for practical purposes.

Craighead (F. C). Protection from the Locust Borer. — U.S. Dept.
Agric. Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 787, 9tb June 1919, 12 pp., 3
plates.

Instructions are given for the prevention of attacks on locust
trees [Rohinia pseudacacia) by the Longicorn beetle, Cyllene robiniae,
Forst. (locust borer).

Details are also given to aid in the determination of infested trees.
As a remedial measure the following spray is advocated : i lb. of
either sodium arsenite or sodium arsenate dissolved in 5 U.S. gals, of
water, to which 1 U.S. qt. of miscible oil is added, the whole being well

(C688) B

378

mixed. An alternative spray is i lb. of the arsenical in 4 U.S. gals,
of water with the addition of 1 U.S. gal. of stock solution of kerosene
emulsion.

Particulars of various investigations are given, during which it was
found that the denser the growth, particularly weeds and undergrowth
round the stem of the tree, the less was the amount of infestation.

Satterthw^mt (A. F.). How to control Billbugs destructive to Cereal
and Forage Crops. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, B.C., Farmers'
Bull. 1003, January 1919, 23 pp.. 24 figs. [Received 8th July
1919.]

A great deal of damage is done to cultivated grasses and cereals
in the United States by various weevils of the genus Sphenojjhorus.
The damage is most marked in fields nearest to reclaimed swamp
land and marshes. Deformity is caused to the plants in two ways ;
either the punctured leaves interfere with the growth of the succeeding
ones, or when the injury is low down in the stalk sprouting or suckering
may be the result. The young grubs may also cause injury by feedmg
on the roots.

The following species are dealt with : Sjyhenophorus jJarmdiis, Gyll.
(blue-grass billbug) injures timothy, blue grass, wheat, oats, barley
and rye. The grub excavates the stem for about 3 inches at the
base or it may eat the root and fibres. Pupation takes place in the
corms of timothy grass or in the soil. AVhen attacking rye the grub
eats the substance of the stem up to the seco2id joint, passing from
there to the roots. The larval and pupal stages average about 23 and
8 days respectively. The entire period from egg to adult is about
45 days. Submergence for several days in water does not injure this
species.

Sphenophonis zeae, Walsh (corn billbug) very much resembles
8. jiarvulns in its habits and life-history. The whole cycle from the
egg to the adult is about 52 days, the egg-stage lasting about 9 days,
the larval stage 3S, and the pupal about a. week.

S. aequalis, Gyll. (clay- coloured billbug) is a swamp-inhabiting
species. In Illinois and Indiana eggs are laid in the stalk about
4 inches above the young bulb, from May to August. The grubs
bore doxvTi the stem to the old bulbs, where pupation takes place
within the larval excavation, the adults emerging about 21st August,
but remaining in the pupal cell during the winter and appearing above
ground in the spring. Injury by this species generally results in
death of the plant. Adults have been found feeding on maize,
millet, foxtail {Chaetochloa spp.), the bullrushes (Scirpiis atrovirens
and S. fluviatilis), Cyjyerus strigosr.s and Phragmites.

S. maidis, Chitt. (maize billbug) injures maize by piercing the stem
and eating the tissue and also by excavating the stalk at or below
the soil surface for oviposition. After 7 to 12 days the grubs appear
feeding on the stalk and main root, in the upper part of which they
pupate after about 40 to 50 days. The pupal period lasts about
10 to 12 days. The injury dwarfs and sometimes kills the plant.
This pest is active from June to September, oviposition taking place
in June. The early developing adults migrate for hibernation else-
where, but those maturing later remain in the larval excavations,

379

where they may be destroyed by carefully puUing up and burning
the plant, roots and all.

S. caUosus, 01. (curlew bug) sometimes causes the destruction of
entire maize fields, most of the injury being caused by the feeding
of the grubs in the base of the stalk and tap-root. Eggs are laid
in maize, Cijperus escitlentus, C. strigosus, C. rotundus and probably
in a good many other plants. They are laid in the stalk either under
the soil or within an inch above the surface. During the egg-laying
season the adults rest under clods of earth. The egg-stage lasts 4
to 12 days, the larval stage from less than 39 days in midsummer
to more than 71 days in the autumn, development being quicker
with abundance of food. Pupation requires about 6 to 8 days. Hand
pulling is useless as a remedial measure as the tip of the root containing
the beetle often breaks off and remains in the ground.

S. discolor, Mann., is not very destructive unless barley, oats or
wheat are planted very near marshes containing tule {Scirpus occiden-
talis). The damage is caused by the adults in the spring. It is not
known to breed in cultivated crops, and as only one season is required
for its development, clean cultivation for one year will eliminate it.

S. pertinax, 01. (cat-tail billbug) is extensively destructive to
growing maize, of which it attacks the stalk from below the ground
surface, causing dwarfing of the plant. The adults are active from
April to August and hide in the soil. Eggs are laid in June about
cat-tail and other reeds. Hibernation probably takes place in the
pupal stage.

S. destructor, Chitt., the adults of which are known to Hve nearly
a year, one female laying at least 30 eggs, is frequently found in
the same field as S. ccdlosus, its food-plants being similar,

S. venatus. Say, is destructive to timothy and maize. The habits
of the grub are little known, but it develops in wheat and timothy.
The adult injures wheat and maize, its activity lasting from April
to August or later.

S. phoeniciensis, Chitt., attacks the tender stools of wheat and
barley in the spring, the injury not being noticed until it is too late
to restore the crop, but prompt irrigation may save a part by stimu-
lating growth. The damage continues until June and may even
occur in the warm winter months, Oviposition takes place in the
punctured tips of plants. The injury caused by this pest in wheat
or barley may amount to 100 per cent. The life-cycle from
egg to adult requires about 2 months ; the eggs laid in March and
April hatch in about 8 to 12 days ; those laid in May in 6 to 8 days.
Pupation takes place in earthern cells in the soil.

S. minimus, Hart (httle billbug) works beneath the surface, the
damage done being consequently difficult to ascertain. Its food-
plants include timothy, quick grass and wild rye {Elymus virginicus).
The egg -period is less than 8 days, the larval stage 27-33 days and
the pupal 7 or more days. The entire development requires from
60 to 70 days.

The natural enemies of these weevils include fungus parasites,
toads, insectivorous birds, etc. A Hymenopterous parasite, Zavipio
belfragei, Cress., has been bred from S. ccdlosus.

Clean cultivation, autumn ploughing, rotation of crops and improved
drainage are suggested as the best remedial measures. In the case

(C588) b2

380

of S. phoeniciensis, "which cannot complete its life-cycle on wheat or
barley, the removal of all grasses from the neighbourhood of these
fields will reduce its numbers, or potatoes or cotton are suggested as
alternative crops.

AiNSLiE (G. G.). The larger Corn-Stalk Borer.— Z7.>S. Dept. Agric,
Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 1025, February 1919, 12 pp.,
8 figs. [Received 8th July 1919.]

Much of the damage due to Diatraea zeacolella, Dyar, was pre\iously
attributed to D. saccharalis cramhidoides, F., which it greatly resembles
in Hfe-history and habits, except that the latter feeds on maize and
sugar-cane indiscriminately, whereas D. zeacolella rarely attacks
sugar-cane [see this Review, Ser, A, iii, p. 184]. The eggs hatch
in about 7 to 10 days and give rise to the larvae of the first
generation of the season, being laid in batches of 2 to 25 about May
on the under-side of leaves. The larvae begin feeding on the leaves,
descending later to the stalk, where they attain full growth and pupate
usually in the second or third joint from the ground. The larval
stage lasts 20 to 30 days, pupation requiring from 7 to 10 days. The
second generation, of which the eggs are laid in similar positions on
the lower leaves or stem, hibernates in the larval stage in the extreme
lower tip of the tap-root below the ground.

The natural enemies of this moth include an egg parasite, Tricho-
gramma minutum {pretioswn, Riley), and ChaaUognathus pennsyl-
vanicus, De G., as well as an undetermined fungus. Remedial measures
suggested are crop rotation and clean cultivation, including the
destruction or ploughing under deeply of the maize roots containing
the hibernating larvae.

Byars (L. p.). The Eelworm Disease of Wheat and its Control— U.S.

Dept. Agric., Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. 1041, March 1919,
10 pp., 10 figs. [Received 8th July 1919.]

The disease caused by the Nematode, Tylenckus tritici, has been
causing a great deal of damage to wheat in the United States, especially
in Virginia [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 324]. Diseased plants are
recognised by a marked wrinkling, rolhng and distortion of the upper
leaves. The plants either die or produce dwarfed, diseased heads.
As the plant becomes ripe, the larvae become dried out and motion-
less, in which condition they can remain ahve for many years.

This eelworm was probably introduced with imported seed from
foreign countries, and can easily be spread by the interchange of
seed ; it can also be carried by means of infested soil clinging to the
feet of men and animals or to farm implements. Surface waters
that may carry galls or free Nematodes should not be allowed to
pass from infested territory to uninfested areas. All infested land
should be planted with crops other than wheat for 2 or 3 years ; by
this time the Nematode should be starved out, as it is not known
to attack seriously any other crop.

Seed can be rendered free from galls by pouring it slowly into a
solution of 40 lb. of common salt dissolved in 25 U.S. gals, of water,
making a 20 per cent, salt solution ; this should be vigorously stirred,
when the sound grain will sink and the galls, light kernels and trash

381

can be easily skimmed off. The galls after rinsing and plunging into
hot water may be given to poultry, and even if thrown away must
be treated with hot water to ensure the death of the Nematodes.
The sound grain should be well rinsed immediately to prevent injury
to germination, and then spread on canvas to dry. Care must be
taken to prevent freezing of the wet grain. The salt solution may
be used again, but should be kept well away from stock and poultry.

The "17-Year Locust" in 1919.— -U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington,
D.C., Giro. 127, 5th April 1919, 11 pp. [Received 8th July 1919.]

It is believed that the swarm of the 17-year locusts [Tibicen septem-
decim] predicted to appear from the last week in May to the first week
in June of 1919 will be unusually large, its range including the whole
or portions of 20 States. Brood 18 of the race with a 13-year cycle
is expected to be smaller, only 5 States being affected. The damage
caused by this cicada is comparatively small, as it eats very little,
its principal food consisting of small quantities of plant juices. The
chief damage is done by the sUts made by the female in the tender
branches of trees for oviposition. Of forest trees, oak and hickory
seem to be preferred for this purpose ; pines, cedars and other species
that exude gummy substances are avoided. In orchards, apples,
peaches and pears are preferred, but all other trees may be attacked.
The injury is only serious where young trees are concerned, for which
preventive measures are suggested [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, p. 369].

Burke (H. E.). Notes on a Cocoon-making Colydiid (Coleopt.). — Proc.
Entom. Soc. Washington, B.C., xxi, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 123-124.

Deretaphrus oregonensis, Horn, which is parasitic on a number of
wood-boring beetles, probably has a life-cycle of two or more years
and hibernates in the adult form in a cocoon. It has been recorded
from various districts in California parasitising TrachyJcele opulenfa,
Fall, in living incense cedar [Libocedrus decurrens) and T. nimbosa in
red fir [Abies magnifica), Dendroctonus jejfreyi, Hopk., in dead Jeffrey
pine (Pinus Jeffrey i), D. moyiticolae, Hopk., Buprestis laeviventris, Lee,
and B. aurulenta, L., on dead sugar pine (P. lambertiana), and in the
pupal cell of a Cerambycid in lodge-pole pine (P. murrayana).

Burke (H. E.). Notes on the California Oak Worm, Phryganidia
calif ornica (Lepid.). — Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, B.C., xxi,
no. 6, June 1919, pp. 124-125.

Phryganidia californica lays its eggs partly on deciduous oak
(Quercus lobata) and partly on the live oak (Quercns agrifolia). Those
laid on the former rarely reach maturity owing to the leaves falUng
and becoming unfit for food unless the winter is very mild.

The principal natural enemies of this moth are a wilt disease ;
Podisus maculiventris, Say (spined soldier bug), which sucks the eggs
as well as both the larval and pupal stages ; a small fly, Thryptocera
jlavipes, Coq., which attacks the large larvae ; and the Hymenopterous
parasites, Chalets abiesiae, Gir., and Itoplectis behrensi. Cress., which
infest the pupae.

382

BuscK (A.). A Microlepidopteron injurious to Avocado. — Proc. Entoni.
Soc. Washington, D.C., xxi, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 125-126.

The larva of Stenoma catenifer, Wlsm., is described. This moth is
reported to be injurious to avocado fruit and seed in Guatemala and
Ecuador. The galleries made by the caterpillar in the seed are
similar to those made by the large avocado weevils. The eggs are laid
on the surface of the nearly ripe fruit of Persea spp. and the emerging
larvae eat through to the seed where they remain 3 or 4 weeks, when
they again eat their way through the flesh to pupate.

In Ecuador it is almost impossible to buy uninfested fruit, and
this moth might become a dangerous pest if introduced into the
United States.

Stearns (L. A.). The Oriental Fruit Moth in Virginia : A Preliminary

Report. — Separate from Qtrh/. Bull. Virginia State Crop Pest
Commiss., Blacksburg, i, no. 1 [n. d.], 5 pp., 1 plate. [Received
9th July 1919.]

The bulk of the information contained in this paper on Cydia
molesta has previously been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vii,
p. 207, etc.].

Mitchell (J. D.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes on Diacrisia virginica,
(Lep.) — Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxx, no. 7, July 1919, pp.
191-194.

Larvae of Diacrisia virginica were observed in July 1917 in Texas
in limited numbers, feeding on various species of weeds. In one
locality, cotton fields were attacked and the plants were defoliated,
leaving the green bolls on the stalks. These larvae pupated in
August, and during the autumn passed unnoticed owing to extreme
drought and the presence of Alabama argillacea (cotton leafworm).
In May of 1918 severe infestations appeared in several counties, much
damage being done to cotton. A list of food-plants on which the
larvae were found is given ; this includes many weeds, as well as
cultivated crops such as cotton, mai^e, cantaloup, lucerne and
peanut. Many garden plants are also attacked. The cultivated
fields appeared to be attacked only when weeds were scarce. When
the caterpillars are very young, 3 lb. of Paris green and 5 lb. lime
made into 50 U.S. gals, of spray will kill them; but when they are
large, no poisons or repellents seem to have any effect upon them.
Various remedial measures have been reported to give some success :
dusting the fields with pure Paris green before the caterpillars reached
them is said to act as a deterrent ; hand-picking and kilhng the
caterpillars along the side of the field nearest to infestation proved
practicable until August and was of some value ; the caterpillars do
not feed fast nor do they travel all in the same direction as most army
worms do.

From May until mid-October five fairly well-marked generations
were observed, although from August on to the end of the season all
sizes of caterpillars could be found. During early November a great
number of caterpillars died of a fungus disease due to Entomophthora
aniicae, Reich. Those that survived spun cocoons under rubbish,

383

dead leaves or clumps of earth, frequently 20 or 30 together. The
adults generally emerge in the night, and sometimes pair on the
following day and oviposit on the 2nd or 3rd day. The usual length
of life of captive moths is about five days.

The damage done by D. virginica in some locaHties was claimed
by farmers to be from 25 per cent, to total destruction. The only
parasite bred from this moth is an Ichneumonid, Ere)iiotylus arctiae^
Ashm.

Baker (A. C). U.S. Bur. Entom. A Melaphis from Moss (Horn.).— •
Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxx, no. 7, July 1919, pp. 191-196, 1

The only American species hitherto recorded in the genus Melaphis
is the type species, 31. rhois, Fitch, which produces galls on sumach.
Certain closely related species, forming galls on sumach in other
countries, have been referred to the genus Schlectendalia, which is
considered a synonym. The galls formed by these species are autumn
galls, not spring ones like those usually produced on poplar, etc.,
by species of Pemphigus and other Aphids. In April 1916, moss was
found in Vii'ginia infested with young apterous forms of an Aphid.
It is probable that these were produced by stem-mothers originally
present, but no such forms were found. The moss was placed in
breeding-cages and the young insects reared to maturity. All the
mature insects were winged and were unable to live upon the moss.
Upon careful examination, these seemed to belong to the genus
Melaphis. Had this been discovered in time, transfers to sumach
would have been made to determine whether these might be the long
missing spring migrants of M. rhois, but by the time the examination
was made all the alate insects were dead. They differed distinctly
from M. rhois, but a connection with that species is possible and
would have been worthy of a trial. The insect is here described
under the name Melaphis minutus, sp. n., and it is hoped that further
opportunities for studying its hfe-history may occur.

SwAiNE (J. M.). Tent Caterpillars.— Z)ej?i!. Agric. Domin. Canada,
Entom. Branch, Circ. no. 1 (Revised Edition), 21st September
1918, 12 pp., 8 figs. [Received 15th July 1919.]

The bulk of the information in this circular on Malacosoma spp.
has previously been noted [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 231]. In
1912 outbreaks of bacterial and fungous diseases were noticed which
later proved effective in controlhng the caterpillars.

Lead arsenate may be used as a spray at the rate of 3 lb. to 10 U.S.
gals, of water, but if used in the powdered form only half as nuich
of the poison is needed.

Dendy (A.). Report on the Effect of Air-tight Storage upon Grain
Insects. Part I. — Rept. Grain Pests {War) Committee, Royal
Societij, London, no. 1, 1919, pp. 6-24.

It is concluded from experiments described in this paper with
regard to Calandra granaria, C. oryzae and Silvamts surinamensis

384

that liermetical sealing will probably prove to be effective on a large
scale as a remedy for badly weeviled grain, as well as a preventive
measure.

This has subsequently been confirmed [see this Review, Ser. A,
vii, p. 94]. The carbon dioxide given of! by the grain as well as by
the weevils themselves acts as a narcotic on the weevils, eventually
kilhng them, but exercises no detrimental efi'ect on the grain unless
it is stored for longer than two years, when its germinating power
becomes affected. The time taken to bring about the complete
destruction of the insects seems to depend chiefly upon the relative
volume of air present.

Edkins (J. S.) & Tweedy (N.). Report on the Effect of various
Gaseous Reagents upon the Flour Moth {Ephestia kuhnieUa) and
other Pests found in Flour. — Rept. Grain Pest ( War) Comtnittee,
Royal Society, London, no. 4, April 1919, pp. 3-13. [Received
17th July 1919.]

Experiments, directed chiefly against Ephestia huhniella, but
including Tribolium castaneum, T. coyifusum, Gnathocerus cormitus,
Laemophloeus pvsillus and Tenebroides mauretanicus, were made
with various gaseous reagents, of which formaldehyde was not efiective;
1 per cent, sidphur dioxide killed all stages of Ephestia in half an hour,
but rendered the flour useless for bread-making ; 5 per cent, ammonia
had no effect on beetles or larvae ; ether sprayed by an atomizer
anaesthetised the insects ; methylated spirit did not give immediate
results, but all life was extinct by the next day.

Ozonised air containing 100 parts of ozone per million killed the
moths after two exposures of from 7 to 8 hours each, 50 parts per
million in dry air tended to destroy the moths but not the larvae.
Although these are not destroyed, they are unable to continue develop-
ment. The apparatus used for this experiment is described. As
5 parts of ozone per million is injurious to human life this treatment
would have to be carried out in closed circuits.

Dendy (A.) & Elkington (H. D.). On the Phenomenon known as
"Webbing" in stored Grain. — Rept. Grain Pest (War) Committee,
Royal Society, London, no. 4, April 1919, pp. 14-17. [Received
:17th July 1919.]

This phenomenon which was formerly considered to be to some extent
evidence that the grain beneath it was in good condition has now
been proved to be the result of the wanderings of thousands of larvae
of the flour moth, Ephestia elutella. over the grain. As Ephestia elutella,
is only one of many insects capable of producing such a web, all
similar conditions cannot however be attributed to this pest. The
damage done by the larvae consists in eating out the germ from the
stored grain and fouling it by faecal products and other debris. The
former injury is not very serious, as it takes place almost entirely
within 12 inches of the surface of the heap, and the latter would be
removed in the ordinary cleaning process to which all wheat is subjected.
There is slight evidence of the web serving as a trap for weevils.

385

Dendy (A.). Note on the Occurrence of live Insects in Tins supposed
to be hermetically sea\ed.~RepL Grain Pest (War) Committee,
Royal Society, London, no. 4. April 1919, pp. 18-20. [Received
17th July 1919.]

It has now been definitely proved by experiments that no insects
can remain alive in really air-tight tins after the oxygen, originally
present, has been used up. The apparent failure of this treatment
with regard to army biscuits [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 292 and
vii, p. 94] was probably due to some slight leakage of the tin. This
should be guarded against by careful testing of the tins before they
are put into storage, which in the case of small tins can be done by
the hot water method.

FuLLAWAY (D.). Division of Entomology. — Hawaiian Forester <&
Agriculturist, Honolulu, xvi, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 132-133.

During April the insectary handled 7,500 pupae of the melon fly
[Dacifs cucurbitae], from which were bred 495 females and 300 males
of Opius fletclieri.

The parasites distributed were : — Opius fletcheri, 1,120 ; 0. humilis,
845 ; Diachasma tryoni, 295 ; D. Jullawayi, 160 ; Tetrastickus giffar-
dianus, 1,750 ; Dirhinus gijfardi, 230 ; Galesus silvesfrii, 400 ; Spalan-
gia cameroni, 950 ; and Paranagrus osborni, 22,500.

DuFRENOY (J.). Sur les Maladies parasitaires des Chenilles
processionnaires des Pins d'Arcachon. [Parasitic Diseases of the
Processionary Caterpillars of Pines in Arcachon.] — G.R. hebdom.
Acad. Scl, Paris, clxviii, no. 26, 30th June 1919, pp. 1345-1346.

As the result of observations made with destructive bacteria and
muscardine fungi on Cnethocampa pityocampa, Beauveria spp. were
found to have the most virulent effect on this moth. After contact
with culture spores the caterpillars of C. pityocampa and the adults
and eggs of Melolontha mehlontlia {vulgaris) mummified in a few days,
but the caterpillars of Cossus cossus ijigniperda) remained alive for 3
weeks.

Marre (F.). Les Animaux nuisibles au Ble en Cours de Vegetation.

[Animals injurious to growing Wheat.] — JL d'Agric. Pratique,
Paris, xxxii, nos. 22 and 24, 3rd and 17th July 1919, pp. 450-
451 and 493-494.

Among the insects recorded as injurious to growing wheat in France
is the beetle, Saperda marginella, which oviposits at the base of the
spikes, where the larva constructs a circular gallery, the head being
thus cut off. The larvae then descend to within about 2 inches of
the ground, where they hibernate as pupae. The wheat should there-
fore be cut very low and the stubble torn up or burnt directly after
the harvest. Zabrus sp. appears in summer and attacks the young
tender grain. Eggs are laid at the base of the wheat between lumps
of earth and the larvae live for 2 or 3 years, attacking the green stalks
and leaves. The only remedy against this beetle, which is found
chiefly in the north and east of France, is rotation of crops ; oats
are not attacked by it. The Elaterid, Agriofes Uneatus [Elafer segetis)

386

attacks the crown of the plant and mines the interior. Injections
of carbon bisulphide have been recommended, but this treatment is
not very practicable. Eotation of crops is almost useless, as this
wireworm attacks nearly all plants. The use of cakes of rape-oil
dug into the ground in autumn has been advocated, but birds and
moles seem to be the only effective check. Macrosiphmn (Aphis)
granarium feeds on the stalks and thrips appear on wheat in June,
but neither of these is an important pest.

The Hessian fly [Mayetiolu destructor] is a dangerous pest from
April onwards ; from three to six generations occur in a season. The
early destruction of stubble that harbours many pupae is advised ;
rotation of crops has not given good results, but bearded varieties
of wheat are more resistant to attack. A smaller Cecidomyid, Conta-
rinia {Diphsis) tritici, appears at the moment of blossoming and
oviposits on the spilvcs. The larvae enter the glumes and devour
the blossoms, preventing the formation of the grain. In July the
larvae descend to the ground, where they pupate and pass the winter,
the adults emerging in the following June. Eemedial measures are
almost unknown ; the lighting at night of fires into which the adults
fly, and the turning over of the top soil to expose the nymphs have
been advocated. Bearded varieties are some protection against
oviposition ; rotation of crops should be successful, as this species
seldom attacks anything but wheat.

Chlorops lineola is another harmful Dipteron, oviposition occurring
at the base of the spikes towards the end of May. The larvae hatch
in a fortnight and descend by mining the stalks to the first node, where
they pupate. Adults emerge in September and oviposit on the stalks,
and the larvae descend down the stem of the plant, causing swelhngs
at the base of the stalks, and finally hibernate in the nymphal stage.
In infested wheat, the ear seldom succeeds in extricating itself from
the leaves and remains green longer than the healthy plants. Such
plants are easily detected and should be uprooted and destroyed.
Eotation of crops is recommended. An alHed species, Chlorops
herpini, only attacks barley.

Hjonenopterous pests include Cephus pygmaeus, which oviposits
below the spike, the larva descending to a few inches above the ground,
where it constructs a circular gallery, weakening the plant and hinder-
ing its nutrition so that very few ears mature. Pupation occurs
below ground, where the winter is passed. Burning the stubble is
the only efiicacious remedy.

Theobald (F. V.). New and little known British Aphides. — Entomolo-
gist, London, lii, no. 674, July 1919, pp. 157-161.

The following species are dealt with : — Myzus gei, sp. n., alate
females of which were found under leaves of Gemn urbanum, sur-
rounded by small green larvae ; Myzus mercurialis, sp. n., found
in abundance on Mercurialis officinalis in the spring ; M. galiifolium,
sp. n., living in dense clusters on the top shoots of bedstraw {Galium
cruciatum)' Aphis ahrotaniella, sp. n., taken on Artemisia abrotani;
Macrosiphum solanifolii, Ashm., which oviposits on roses in the
autumn, the alate forms migrating to potatoes in June and July ;
and Myzus solani, Kalt., very abundant and causing damage to

387.

potatoes. Other Aphids occurring in England on potatoes are :—
Rhopalosiphum dianlhi, Schr., R. tuberosellae, Theo., and Aphis
solanina. Pass. Aphis silybi. Pass., has been reported once from
Cornwall.

Aphids taken on Douglas fir in Surrey are probably referable to
Chermes cooleyi var. coivani, Gill., but were too much damaged for
definite identification.

Swain (A. F.). New Aphididae from California.— Trans. Amer.
Entom. Soc, Philadelphia, xliv, no. 1, March 1918, pp. 1-23,
2 plates. [Keceived 4th June 1919.]

The following new species are described from California : Myzo-
callis davidsoni, previously considered to be Calaphis castaneae, Fitch,
but now proved to be distinct from this species, was found on Quercus
pedimculata and various species of chestnut. The alate stem-mothers
appear in the late spring and give rise, parthenogenetically, to alate
and apterous oviparous females throughout the summer. The sexual
forms appear in October and November, the males being alate and the
oviparous females apterous. The eggs are laid in October and
November on the bases of the buds, roughened parts of the bark of
branches and on the trunks of the trees.

Myzocallis maureri was taken from the under-side of leaves of the
coast live oak {Quercus agrifolia) in June and July ; it has also been
found in March and April. Only oviparous females and nymphs have
so far been taken. In certain districts this species is only found on
black oak {Quercus helloggi), although Quercus agrifolia may be growing
side by side with it.

Symydobius chrysolepis was found in April encircHng a terminal
twig and leaf-petiole of maul oak {Quercus chrysolepis), on which only
apterous oviparous females were noticed, though several alate indi-
viduals appeared later in the colonies removed to the laboratory.
This species has only been placed in this genus provisionally owing
to its resemblance to S. albisiphus, Davis, the main points of difference
being given in a table. A considerable number of Chalcid parasites,
Closterocerus utahensis, Craw., var. calif ornicus, Gir., emerged from
the apterous individuals.

Alate and apterous oiviparous females of Nectarosiphoii morrison
were taken from twigs of Monterey cjrpress {Cupressus macrocarp)a)
in May ; in August apterous forms were also found on blue cypress
(C. guadalupensis).

Lachmis ferrisi, previously recorded as L. abietis, Fitch, was found
infesting trunks of young pine trees {Pimis sp.) in September.

L. taxifolia is a bark feeder and is found on the older growths of
the small limbs and on trunks of young trees in the spring, early
summer and also in August, its food-plant being Douglas fir {Pseudo-
tsuga taxifolia). A table is given showing the characters distinguishing
this species and L. pseudotsugae, Wilson.

Aphis ramona, found in April and August attacldng black sage
{Ramona stachyoides), is more or less heavily parasitised and is attended
by ants to a considerable extent.

Aphis senecio attacks a great variety of food-plants, a list of which is
given, the majority being composites. In the winter in Southern

388

California it is chiefly found on asters and marigolds, but disappears
during the hot weather until the autumn. The alate forms are in
the majority in January and February, the apterous forms appearing
later.

Cerosipha cupressi was found infesting blue cypress {Cupressus
guadalupensis) in April and in August, also Monterey cypress (C macro-
carpa). The apterous forms were found singly at the base of terminal
leaves. Alate forms could only be obtained by placing branches in
closed receptacles, a fact that suggests migration to some other host.

VAN Hall (C. J. J.). Ziekten en Plagen der Cultuurgewassen in
Nederlandsch-Indie in 1918. [Diseases and Pests of Cultivated
Plants in the Dutch East Indies in 1918.] — Meded. Laboratorium
voor PJantenziekten, Buitenzorg, no. 36, February 1919, 49 pp.
[Received 16th June 1919.]

On the whole, insect injury was not considerable in 1918. As in
previous years a Coccinellid, Epilachna sp., sometimes did much damage
to potatoes. On the west coast of Sumatra this pest was of less
general occurrence at altitudes of and above 6,000 feet. Arachis
[hjpogaea] was again attacked in certain localities by a Typhlocybid
leaf-hopper and sweet potatoes were infested with a weevil, Cylas
tufciqjennis. Teak was damaged by a termite, Calotermes tectonae,
and a Cossid borer, Duomitus ceramicus ; the latter was originally
called the teak canker caterpillar because the more widely known
injury caused by it occurs on small stems and gives rise to a swelling.
The mines are also found, however, in thick trunks. The actual
boring appears to take place in the cambium and outer sap-wood,
and there is a very short gallery in the wood itself. In Java, wood-
peckers and a Tachinid fly are the natural enemies of this borer.

Zeuzem coffeae attacked mahogany, Cedrela sinensis, C. febrifvga,
Schleichera trijuga, Phyllanthus e?nblica, Adenanthera microsjjerma,
Vitex pubescens and teak. The larva of Z. postexcisa was found in
wild trees. An apparently unknown species of Xyleborus was found
in teak. The injury done to mahogany by a small species of Xyleborus
is becoming serious ; the parts affected are the main root and the lower
part of the stem. The chief damage is done in nurseries, but many
one-year-old plants also are destroyed. Many complaints were also
received about the mahogany twig borer. The ring borer, Phassus
damor, which injured cinchona in 1917, has now attacked other plants.
Cinnamon was injured by a leaf-mining caterpillar. Leaf caterpillars
also attacked Cassia fistula, C. javanica and C. siamea. The cater-
pillars of Trabala vishnu and Ophiusa coronata infested Terminalia
belerica. A weevil, RhinoscapJia ainicta, destroyed 20 per cent, of
the cultivated Cupressus trees in one district by gnawing the bark.
Pseudococcus virgatus and other scales were favoured by the dry
East Monsoon.

Cacao was rather severely attacked by the cacao moth [Acrocercops
cramerelki], but injury by Helopeltis decreased. Zeuzera coffeae and
other borers occurred in cacao.

Cassava was injured by mites, chiefly in dry districts. During
the prolonged dry weather gambir [Uncaria] was severely attacked
by plant-bugs and caterpillars. On one estate in West Java Hevea

389

rubber was infested with Coptotermes gestroi. Kedele [Glycine sojaj
was attacked by Agromyzid borers, 70 per cent, of the crop being
lost in one case, and by EpilacJma sp., which has not been recorded
hitherto from this plant.

Cinchona pests included Helopeltis antonii, Euproctis jiexuosa and
Miresa nitens. In the previous report [see this Review, Ser. A, vi,
p. 349] it was stated that Tetranychus telarius was more dangerous
than the other two mites, Tarsonemus translucens and Brevipalpus
obovatus, infesting cinchona. This is confirmed and the further
spread of T. telarius is recorded. Dusting with sulphur is said to be
entirely efficacious provided applications are made early and continued
regularly.

Coconuts still suffered from the infestation with Brachartona cato-
xantha which began in 1917, The measures against Oryctes [rhinoceros]
gave good results. Other beetle pests were Rhynchophorus [fernigineus]^
Mellisoblaptes [rvfovenalis], Hispids and Brontispa. Owing to the
dry weather the Hesperid butterfly, Hidari irava, did much harm,
especially in young plantations. A scale-insect also occurred on
coconut.

Coffee was infested by Pseudococcus virgatus, and on a few estates
an attempt was made to combat it "with the help of the Coccinellid,
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, imported from Hawaii by van der Goot,
whose trapping system was employed with great success against
the gramang ant [Plagiolepis longipes], thus reducing the green scale
[Coccus viridis] in many plantations. Other coffee pests included
Tylenckus sp., Xyleborus cojfeae and StepTianoderes Jianipei. Some
stored coffee of the 1916 crop was infested with Araecerus sp. ;
this coffee had a water-content of 10 '5 per cent.

Pepper was attacked less seriously than in former years by Elas-
mognaihus greeni. Rice was infested with cutworms, Cirphis {Sideridis)
unipuncta, leaf-eating caterpillars, a Cecidomyid midge, Schoenobius
incertellus {bipunctifer), Chilo sp., and mole-crickets.

Tobacco pests included Seiomorpha margalaestriata, Prodenia sp.,
Phthorimaea {Gnorinioschema) heliopa and Heliothis sp. Owing to the
constant precautions employed, Lasioder ma .[serricorne] did compara-
tively little damage, though tobacco from the 1916, 1917 and 1918
crops were in storage.

Tea suffered less than in 1917 from Helopeltis. H. antonii was
noted on Melia azedarach. The orange mite, Brevipalpus [obovatus '(\
caused much loss on some estates. The leaf-rollers, Homona (Capua)
coffearia and Gracilaria theivora, decreased and in some cases were
entirely absent. Young tea-plants from nurseries were found on two
occasions to be infested with a species of Xijleborus.

Leefmans (S.). De tweekleurige Klapperbladkever {Brontispa {froggatti.

Sharp?)). [The Two-coloured Coconut Leaf-Beetle.]— MedefZ.

Laboratorium voor Plantenziekten, Buitenzorg, no. 35, 1919,

pp. 1-14, 3 plates.

A note attached to this paper states that the Hispid beetle here

discussed, has now been identified as Plesispa reichei, Chap., of which

there does not appear to be any previous record from the Dutch East

Indies. On the West Coast of Sumatra very young coconut plants,

either in the nurseries or newly planted out, are chiefly attacked, but

390

plants up to 3 or 4 years old may also suffer ; important damage to
older palms has not been noticed. P. reichei develops between the
folds of the opening fronds, where the larvae and adults feed upon
the leaf-tissue, neglecting the veins running to the top of the leaf and
eating the cross veins, so that a striped effect results which is very
different from the window-like appearance of injury due to Brachartona
catoxantha, which leaves the cross veins. The leaves become reddish
brown, black spots appear and severe infestation results in the leaf
turning entirely brown ; in many cases the young shoots decay and
the plant dies. The damage done by the larvae and adults of
P. reichei appears to be increased by a fungus, Pestalozzia palmarmn,
which seems to penetrate the leaf-tissue at the injured spot.

Descriptions are given of the egg, larva, pupa and adult of thLs
beetle. The egg-stage lasts 7-10 days. The young larva measures
about 2 mm. in length and is white ; it begins to feed immediately
and reaches its maximum growth in 31-38 days. When full-grown,
it measm-es 8-9 mm. in length, is dirty \A^hite or yellow in colour, very
flat, slow-moving, and nearly always hides between the folds of the
fronds. The pupa is of a butter-yellow colour. The pupal stage
lasts 7-9 days. The adult beetles are long-Uved, a period of 6-^
months being observed in the laboratory. The largest number of
eggs laid by one female was 93.

Experiments with insecticides showed that tobacco-soap solution
or a plain 3 per cent, soap solution were not effective against the eggs,
though fairly so against the adults and larvae. These were, however,
best dealt with by using a 2 per cent, solution of lead arsenate. As
a preventive measure it is well to spray young infested plants in the
nursery before planting them out.

Leefmans (S.). De gestreepte Dikkoprups van den Klapper (Hidari
irava, Moore). [The Striped Skipper Caterpillar of the Coconut.]
— Meded. Laboratorium voor Plantenziekten, Buitenzorg, no. 35,
1919, pp. 15-31, 4 plates.

The Hesperid butterfly, Hidari irava, Moore, has been several
times recorded on sago and cocoiuit palms in the Dutch East Indies,
but its life-history and parasites have not been studied hitherto. The
author has found it on coconut and Livistona sp. In the laboratory
the caterpillars also fed on the leaves of sago and Arenga palms.
"\^Tien given the choice between coconut, Arenga and sago they fed
to about the same degree on the two first-named and almost neglected
sago.

The egg, caterpillar, pupa and adult butterfly are described. The
egg-stage lasts 8-9 days. On the coast of Sumatra the entire life-
cycle requires 50-57 days, so that 6 or 7 generations may occur in a
year. Two other Hesperids, Erionota thrax, L., and Gangara thyrsis,
F., may be mistaken for H. irava, but their caterpillars are very
different, being covered — even in the active period — with a thick,
white, waxy coating. H. irava is crepuscular in habit and seldom flies
by day. It is but little attracted by light. The caterpiUars were
found to be parasitised by a Tachinid, a Braconid and by an Ichneu-
monid (Ophionid). The pupae are parasitised by a Chalcid. An
egg-parasite was also observed. These parasites have been submitted

391

for identification. The two first-named are the only ones of economic
importance. Figures and details of these parasites are given.

Hand-picking and spraying are the measures advised ; the parasites
should Jae protected and allowed to escape. Solutions of 1 per thousand
Paris green or 5 per cent, lead arsenate proved suitable and did no
injury to young coconut plants.

Piers (H.). The Orthoptera (Cockroaches, Locusts, Grasshoppers and
Crickets) of Nova Scotia ; with Descriptions of the Species and
Notes on their Occurrence and Habits. — Proc. & Trans. Nova
Scot. Inst. Sci, Halifax, xiv, no. 3, 1916-1917, pp. 201-354, 4

plates.

^^ery little is known of the Orthopterous fauna of Nova Scotia, where,
as elsewhere, considerable damage is caused to crops by the various
species, especially during a succession of dry seasons. An outUne of
the hfe-history of Orthoptera in general is given. The chief natural
enemies are a mite, Tronibidium locustarum, a worm, Gordius sp.,
and a fungus, Empusa grylli. The usual means of control are advo-
cated.

A large number of species are described, with keys to assist in their
identification ajid notes on their distribution, including : — The cock-
roaches, Phyllodronim (BkMella) germanica, L. (croton bug) and
Blatta orienialis, L. ; Chorthippus curtipennis, Harris (short-winged
brown locust) ; Camnula pellucida, Scudder (clear-winged locust) ;
Dissosteira Carolina, L. (black-winged locust) ; Melanopilus atlantis,
Riley (lesser migratory locust) and 31. femur-rubrum, De G. (red-
legged locust). For the latter the following remedial measures are
advocated : early spring ploughing to a depth of at least 6 inches and
the use of a poison-bait consisting of 20 lb. of bran mixed with 1 lb.
of white arsenic or Paris green and added to a mixture of 2 qts.
molasses, the juice and finely chopped peel and pulp of 3 oranges
or lemons and oh gals, of water. This is sufficient for 5 acres.
M. hivittatus, Say (yellow-striped locust) is attacked by fungi and many
parasites including Tromhidium locustarum, Riley. Scudderia pistil-
lata, Brun., is found chiefly on speckled alders {Alnus incana), on
which it feeds, the eggs being laid on the outer surface of slender
twigs or inserted in the edges of leaves.

Crickets include Nemobms fasciatus, De G. (striped ground cricket),
which does considerable damage owing to its very large numbers,
and Gryllus pemisylvanicus, Burm. (Pennsylvanian field cricket). -

Hardenberg (C. B.). South African Bagworms : their Transformations
Life-history and Economic Importance. Part IL— Annals Natal
Museum, London, iv, no. 1, May 1919, pp. 143-227, 25 figs., 1
plate. [Received 2nd July 1919.]

This is a continuation of a previous paper [see this Revieiv, Ser. A,
V, p. 378]. Among the species described are Acanthopsyche tristis,
Janse (thatched bagworm), which has been found in abundance on
asparagus and occasionally also on the lower branches of wattle,
though no serious damage is recorded. A. alba, Janse, feeds on
wattle and has occasionally been found on Cupressus macrocarpa,
privet {Ligustrum vulgare) and Stigmaphyllon ciliatum. It probably

392

has two generations a year. Clania moddermanni, Heyl., feeds on
a variety of fruit and other trees. Each female lays 2,000-4,000 eggs or
more, which hatch in about 54 days. The caterpillars feed until May
or June, pupation taking place in June and July and lasting probably
2 months. The ravages of this species, which might become very
serious, especially in the case of fruit trees, are kept in check by
numerous Tachinid and other parasites. Other species are Manatha
aethiojjs, Hmp. , found on silver wattle {Acacia dealhata) ; M. subhyalina,
Janse, oh Brachylaena discolor ; Semimanallia fumosa, Janse, found
on oak {Quercus pedunculata) and very heavily parasitised by a small
Hymenopteron and a fungus disease ; Monda delicatissima, Wlk.^
on Desmodium incanum ; M. major, Heyl., on Helichrysum parvi-
florum ; M. rogenhofferi, Heyl. (turret bagworm) ; and M. Jieylaertsi^
Junod.

EoKUSABURO Kudo. Contributions to the Study of Parasitic Protozoa.
I. On the Structure and Life-history of Nosema homhycis, Nageli.
— Bull. Imperial Sericultural Expt. Sia. Japan, Tokyo, i, no. 1,
May 1916, pp. 31-51, 2 plates. [Received 9th July 1919.]

The contents of this technical paper are indicated by its title.

Smith (R. C). Ear Worm Injuries to Corn and Resulting Losses. — JL
Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, pp. 229-233,
1 plate.

The various types of injury to maize caused by Heliolhis iCliloridea)
ohsoleta, ¥., are briefly discussed. The first generation of moths usually
oviposits in the unfolding leaves in the heart of young plants, in which
the larvae, on hatching, eat large, irregular holes. This injury
apparently does not necessarily interfere with the production of ears.
The larvae may also enter the stalk, but usually next attack the
tassels, causing considerable damage to the staminate flowers in the
course of a few days. The most important loss is due however to the
attack on the ears. As is well known, the moths frequently oviposit
on the fresh silk, on which the larvae feed after devouring the empty
egg-shells. The larvae may crawl along the silk to the tip of the
ear or remain exposed on the silk for seA^eral instars, but the most
common form of injury involves the severing of the strands below
the ends of the husks. When this occurs prior to fertilisation, it
results in the absence of kernels on that part of the ear. When the
larvae enter the ear, it is usually through the centre of the silk mass.
The loss due to the destruction of the kernels themselves is yet another
source of loss and has been estimated in various places from a fraction
of 1 per cent, to 25 per cent., although in the Southern States as
much as 100 per cent, has been recorded.

The damaged ears may be used as food for stock unless the attacks
of ear-worms are followed by the appearance of mould, which fre-
c[uently causes the death of stock, especially horses. The larvae may
also continue feeding on the kernels after they harden, in which case
only the germ is eaten out.

The damage caused to maize by H. obsoleta is aggravated by the
fact that the holes made in the husks afford easy access to many
other insect pests of maize, especially grain weevils.

393

Hartzell (A.). Notes on the Life History of the Pine Tube Moth
{Enlia pinatubana, Kearfott). — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.,
xii, no. 3, June 1919, pp. 233-237.

Eidia pinatubana, Kearf. (pine tube moth) up to 1905 was confused
with the European species, E. politana, Haw. ; it probably occurs
throughout the white pine district of southern Canada and the
eastern United States, but its exact distribution is not known.

The white pine {Pinus strobiis) is the only food-plant recorded.
The moths have been taken on this tree in April, June and July.
They are crepuscular in their habits and are very sluggish during
the day, only flying when disturbed. The larvae are very active
and when disturbed, if unable to return to their tubes built of leaves
drawn together with silk, they let themselves down by means of a
thread. The original tube, each containing one larva, is constructed
from five leaves, but, as the larva grows, more are drawn into it
for food. The first larvae were noticed in the field on the 20th July ;
pupation occurs in October and hibernation usually takes place in
this stage, although in one case a caterpillar was found in a tube in
December. There are probably two generations a year, but this
has not yet been proved.

The natural enemies of E. pinatubana include the following parasites :
Eurytoma sp., Elachistus sp., Epiurus indagator, Walsh, Eclytus
pleitmlis, Prov., and Itoplectis conquisitor, Say, reared from the pupae,
Hemiteles sp., reared from the larvae, and Epiurus alborictvs, Cress.,
and Phytodieti'.s phuralis, Cress., reared from both of these stages.

VicKERY (R. A.) & Wilson (T. S.). Observations on wingless May
Beetles. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919,
pp. 238-247, 2 plates.

The ravages caused by Lachnosterna farcta in Texas in 1918 were
so great that gardens had to be replanted several times. The food-
plants of this May beetle are numerous, including a variety of crops
and garden plants. In the field, cotton is preferred and has been
destroyed in areas of from 5 to 20 acres. Beans seem to be the
favourite garden crop. The beetles were observed from the latter
part of March untU about the middle of July ; during this time plants
are completely defoliated and the younger ones killed. During the
day the beetles hide in the ground, emerging after dark to attack
almost any plant in their vicinity ; their ravages on old plants are
limited to the lower leaves, as they are unable to chmb to any height.
In the ground they may burrow from 4 to 6 inches, usually near the
base of the plant. The remedial measures that were tried are described.
The most successful for garden purposes was the erection of barriers
made of boards surrounding patches of plants. At intervals along
the side of these, vessels with smooth walls should be buried level
with the soil surface to act as traps. By this method 102 beetles
were caught inside a barrier round a plot 20 feet scjuare and 953
outside in about 53 days. The beetles may be used as food for
poultry. Bran mash is suggested for field control.

L. cribrosa, which has very similar habits to, but a much wider
distribution than L. farcta, was reported in April 1918, and occurred
in very large numbers over a limited area of about 70 acres^ some

(C588) c

394

40 acres of cotton being destroyed, involving a loss of about £400. The
food-plants include Russian sunflower, A)itaranthus, lucerne, sorghum,
maize, beans and cotton, the latter being preferred in the field. For
outbreaks in the field the follo\A'ing bran mash proved to be the most
successful : 20 lb. wheat bran, 1 lb. Paris green, 1 qt. of syrup and
the juice of 3 lemons or one teaspoonful of anise oil. For large plants
a spray of 2 oz. lead arsenate to 3 U.S. gals, of water is recommended,
and would protect the crop at the same time from Lepidopterous
pests such as Loxostege similalis, Feltia spp. and Prodenia spp.

Goodwin (W. H.). Japanese Flower Beetle. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, pp. 247-252.

Owing to the establishment of the Japanese flower beetle [Adorefus
umhrosus tenuimaculatus] in New Jersey over an area of from 4 to 5
thousand acres of productive sandy loam farms, active steps for its
eradication were taken in 1918, the plans for which and the subsequent
work are here described. Various experiments were made, during
which 1 oz. of sodium cyanide to 15 U.S. gals, of water distributed
over 25 square feet of ground gave the best results as a soil f umigant,
Idlhng 65 to 80 per cent, of the larvae in 3 days. Trap -lanterns
proved a complete failure. Dusting was also tried with from 15 to
24 lb. of lead arsenate to 100 lb. of lime, but the value of the result
was difiicult to ascertain. In the autumn the soil was treated with
1 oz. of sodium cyanide to 12 U.S. gals, of water, using from 15,000
to 25,000 U.S. gals, to the acre.

The pest has certainly been reduced in luimbers as a result of these
measures, but for its successful eradication the work will have to be
continued in 1919, for which purpose new equipment is being secured.

McCoLLocH (J. W.). Variations in the Length of the Flaxseed Stage of
the Hessian Fly. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3,
June 1919, pp. 252-255.

Investigations to determine the duration of the life-cycle of the
Hessian fly [Mayetiola destructor] show that all stages are Hable to
vary in duration and that the maximum fluctuation is exhibited by
the flax-seed [pupal] stage. A table is given showing the extremes
of the different stages of the life-cycle, those for the pupal stage being
a minimum of 7 and maximum of 1,083 days.

A great mmiber of pupae were collected, from which 7,461 adult
flies were reared ; the time between their collection and emergence
varied greatly, the two extremes being 2 and 1,083 days. Further
experiments are being made to determine whether the results are
similar under field conditions. The pupal stage certainly withstands
extreme weather conditions better than any other.

Fluke (C. L.). Does Bordeaux Mixture repel the Potato Leaf-hopper ?

—Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, pp.
256-257.

A short account is given of experiments made with sprays consisting
of zinc arsenate and Bordeaux mixture against tip burn of potatoes

395

associated with leaf- hoppers [Empoasca mali]. In all cases Bordeaux
mixture gave better results than Black Leaf 40 and seems to act as a
decided repellent to leaf-hoppers, though further investigations are
required to prove this.

MosHER (E.). Notes on Lepidopterous Borers found in Plants, with
special Reference to the European Corn Borer. — Jl. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, pp. 2.58-268, 4 figs.

This paper is intended to aid in the determination of the European
Corn Borer [Pyrausta nubilalis] and includes keys to, and descriptions
of the larvae of the Lepidopterous families likely to be found in
searching for it,

Zetek (J.). Notes on some Insect Pests of Costa Rica. — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, p. 269.

The insect pests of Costa Rica include several species not yet
recorded from the United States, and it is urged that all possible
precautions should be taken to avoid their importation. Especial
attention is directed to Aleurocanthus woglumi, Ashby (spring citrus
whitefly), which probably occurs all through Central America and
Tropical South America and is found in great abundance on various
species of Citrus in Costa Rica, where it is believed to be an imported
pest from the Caribbean Islands. Its food-plants are very numerous
and include various species of Citrus, mango, star-apple, cashew apple,
papaya, chirimoya, mamniee, plantain and coffee. Lepidosaphes heckii,
Newm. (purple scale) and sooty mould are also extremely abundant
on leaves and fruit of citrus.

RJiabdocnemis obscura, Boisd. (Hawaiian sugar-cane borer) is found
in abundance on banana stumps and cuttings, and might be very
easily introduced into the United States among banana leaves used
for packing.

A number of Lepidopterous larvae and pupae were found under the
bark of logs stacked ready for shipment. The majority of this timber
was infested with several species of borers, but as these have not yet
been identified, their importation may not necessarily mean the
estabhshment of a pest new to the United States.

Sturtevant (A. P.)- U.S. Bur. Entom. A Source of Confusion in
Diagnosis of the Nosetna apis in Adult Bees.— J?. Econ. Entom.,
Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, pp. 269-270.

Attention is called to the fact that all material intended for diagnosis
of diseases in adult bees should be treated with iodine solution after a
prehminary microscopic examination in order to prevent confusion in
identification between Nosema apis and starch grains found in the
intestinal contents of bees.

Hawley (I. M.). A Note on Temperature in Relation to Sciara copro-
phila, Lintner. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June
1919, p. 271.

Experiments made to test the relative growth of beans at different
temperatures were interfered with by an outbreak of Sciara coprophila,
(C588) 02

396

Lintn., and it was discovered that above 76° F. and below 91° F. is
the most favourable temperature for the reproduction of this fly.
Infestation may take place at 60°-65° F., but at this temperature the
increase of the insect is slow.

CocKERELL (T. D. A.). A ncw Monophlebine Coccid from Borneo. —

Jl. Econ. Entom. Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, p. 272.

Llaveia haematoptera, sp. n., from Borneo is described and compared
with L. raddoni, Westw., and L. sanguinea, Ckll.

CocKERELL (T. D. A.). The San Jos§ Scale in the Argentine Republic.
— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, p. 272.

Attention is drawn to the fact that the San Jose Scale, Aspidiotus
pemiciosus, has now been recorded for the first time from Argentina.

Felt (E. P.). Army Worm [HeliopMla unipuncta, Haw.). — Jl. Econ.
Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919, p. 272.

The army worm, Cirphis (Heliophila) unipuncta,, is reported for the
first time from New York State, where it is infesting maize in large
numbers. The appearance of this moth so far north leads to the
behef that it can withstand cold more successfully than has previously
been supposed [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 683].

Felt (E. P.). Anihrenus verhasci, Linn., a Seventeen-Year Breeding
Record. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 3, June 1919,
p. 273.

In ears of maize infested with Anthremis verhasci.^ L., that were
placed in tightly closed jars in April 1902, this beetle has apparently
been breeding without interruption for 17 years.

Paillot (A.). Contribution a I'Etude des Parasites microbiens des
Insectes. Etude de Bacillus hoplosternus (Paillot). — Ann. Inst.
Pasteur, Paris, xxxiii, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 403-419, 8 figs.

Experiments made to test the pathogenic action of Bacillus hoplo-
sternus upon various injects are described. The larvae of Porthetria
(Lymantria) dispar show a decided imnumity, and the mechanism of
this immunity is discussed at length. In the case of Nygmia phaeorrhoea
{Euproctis chrysorrhoea) the larvae are very susceptible, and died
within 24 hours when inoculated. Larvae of Vanessa urticae and of
Arctia (Chelonia) caja are equally susceptible, being killed in 20 to 24
hours from the first passage of the bacillus. At the moment of
death, the blood is relatively poor in microbes, and it would seem,
therefore, that the bacillus is chiefly pathogenic owing to a toxin that
it secretes. After the death of the insect, it continues to multiply
in the blood. The larvae of Malacosoma neustria perish in 15 to 18
hours after inoculation.

397

The only Coleoptera experimented with were the common cock-
chafer {Melolontha melolontha) and RMzotrogus solstitialis. Neither
of these re-acts on the introduction of the bacillus into the general
body cavity ; inoculated beetles die in 20 to 24 hours after inoculation.
It would seem that the bacillus multipUes less actively in beetles
than in the bodies of Lepidopterous larvae, but it must be remembered
that the mean temperature during the time of experiments upon
cockchafers was not very high.

Porthetria dispar is therefore the only species examined that offered
any resistance to the multiplication of B. hoplosternus in the blood.
As a general rule, the larvae of this moth are only slightly susceptible
to the inoculation of parasitic microbes, with the exception of Cocco-
bacilli. Few larvae are found to be infected under natural conditions,
especially during the first stage of invasion ; towards the end of
the period of infestation among belated and weakened individuals
the bacilli are more common and cases of immunity less frequent.

Gautier (CI.). Recherches physiologiques et parasitologiques sur les
Larves de L§pidopt6res nuisibles. — C.R. Soc. Biol, Paris, Ixxxii,
no. 19, 21st June 1919, pp. 720-721.

The Braconid, Apanteles glomeratus, L., is a well-known internal
parasite of Pieris brassicae, and has also been known to parasitise
P. rapae and other Pierines. Out of a hundred individuals of P. rapae,
taken from a cabbage field in which 95 per cent, of the individuals
of P. brassicae were parasitised by A. glomeratus, only two parasites
emerged, the others all reaching maturity. The cocoons of A. glome-
ratus obtained from either host were coloured sulphur yellow, indicating
that the yellow pigment is furnished by the larvae of the Braconids,
for the blood of P. rapae is bright green. In the author's opinion
it is only by chance that larvae of P. rapae are parasitised by A. glome-
ratus, and generally on account of their proximity to P. brassicae ;
further investigations on this point are being made, and also on the
possibility of parthenogenesis in A. glomeratus. Hyperparasites of
A. glotneraius include Pteronnalus puparuyyi, Hemiteles fulvipes, Tetra-
stichus rape and Dibrachys boucheanus.

Feytaud (J.). Moyens de Lutte centre TEud^mis et la Cochylis.

[Remedial Measures against Polychrosis botrana and Clysia
ambiguella.] — Bull. Soc. Elude. Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xviii,
nos. 3-4, 5 & 6, March-June, pp. 17-23, 33-42 and 49-54, 4 figs.

The various remedial measures against the vine moths, Polychrosis
botrana and Clysia ambiguella, that have previously been noticed in
this Review are discussed. A chart is given of the life-histories of
these moths, and the usual winter treatments, including hot water
spraying, scraping or removing the bark, and washes are reviewed.
The author considers that a rational winter treatment would include
the removal of bark over about one-third of the vineyard and washes
over the other two-thirds that had been scraped one or two years
previously. Insecticides for the spring and summer include lead
arsenate, nicotine and pyrethrum, and general recommendations for the
use of these are given. Bordeaux mixture with the addition of nicotine
is said to increase the crop by one-third to one-half. Many kinds of

398

bait-traps are described with some illustrations. The vakie of these
various treatments in vineyards of different characters is discussed
and the conchision is reached that while each has its own value,
insecticide sprays are the most generally applicable and on the whole
the most unportant remedial measure against these pests.

MuiR (F.). Leafhopper Infestation in Plant Cane. — Hawaiian Planters'
Record, Honolulu, xx, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 380-381.
Attention is drawn to the danger of using seed-cane from fields,
or portions of fields, in which leaf-hoppers [Perkinsiella saccJiaricida]
are mmaerous. It is evident that seed-cane taken from an average
plantation field contains a high percentage of hopper eggs, and such
cane is immediately bagged and transported to the new field and the
cuttings planted in the same row, or in adjacent rows. Thus seed
cane from an infested area would all be planted within a few square
yards. Some pieces of infested seed-cane were planted in a glass jar
in sand, one inch below the surface, and the sand well watered and
pressed down. The young shoots were not more than haK an inch
above the surface when young hoppers appeared on them. Soaking
the seed-cane in water for 24 hours does not kill the leaf- hopper eggs,
and experiments are now in progress to determine how long the
eggs can withstand immersion in water without being killed. A
ratoon crop generally comes up free from hoppers after the processes
of harvesting and burning, and is only infested by immigrant adults ;
these facts are considered to account in some degree for the more
frequent outbreaks of leaf- hoppers in young plant cane than in a
young ratoon crop.

Caffrey (D. J.) & Barber (G. W.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Grain
Bug. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washiyigton, DC.., Bull. no. 779, 24:th
June 1919, 35 pp., 13 figs.

Chlorochroa (Pentatoma) sayi, Stal (grain bug) during the past few
years has become a serious pest of wheat and other small grain crops
of the inter-mountain and south-western States. This is largely due
to the cultivation of large areas formerly devoted to grazing, thus
causing the insect to change its food-plants from native weeds to
succulent crops, which, with better facihties for hibernation, has
resulted in a marked increase in the pest.

The life-history, distribution and all stages of the bug are described.
The adults appear during the first warm days of late April or early
May and oviposit within a few days on the underside of the rubbish
or other material composing the hibernating quarters. The average
length of incubation throughout the season is 9 days. The nymphal
period covers an average of about 43 days, during which four moults
occur. Tables show the duration of the stages at various seasons.
The young njrmphs feed and develop on the young shoots of Russian
thistle or other early developing plants. Upon reaching maturity,
about the last week in June, the adults of the first generation migrate
to fields of grain and feed on the tender stems and heads until the grain
ripens. It is during this period that most of the economic loss occurs,
the hquid contents of the newly-formed heads being extracted, thus
preventing formation of the grain or greatly reducing its weight.
Wheat, barley and rye are the preferred food-plants among cultivated

399

crops, but other cereals are also attacked, as well as lucerne, cotton,
peas, beans, cabbage, tomato and lettuce, in addition to many native
plants. The eggs of the second generation are usually laid on the
under-side of rubbish in the field or on Kussian thistle and occasionally
on different parts of the cultivated crop. The nymphs from these
eggs have not been observed to feed upon' cultivated crops, but live
upon weeds until reaching the third or fourth instar. The second
generation is completed about the same time that the majority of
grain crops are harvested, during early August. The surviving adults
and large nymphs of the first two generations then migrate to fields
of late grain, milo maize, Sudan grass, self-sown wheat, etc., or any
native food-plant in the vicinity. Individuals of the third generation
feed upon late grain crops or on native food-plants and reach maturity
about mid-September. Occasionally a partial fourth generation may
develop, though most of the nymphs do not reach maturity. In
October or November all adults seek hibernation quarters ; many
nymphs also enter hibernation but do not survive the winter. The
generations overlap considerably and all stages of the insect are
found from the middle of May until the hibernation period. There
is sometimes a high percentage of mortality during hibernation ;
the adults apparently lack the power of burrowing beneath the surface
of the soil and this exposes them to extreme cold and to their natural
enemies.

Parasites of C. sayi include the egg-parasite, Telenomus ashmeadi,
Morrill, which is widely distributed through the area infested by its
host, and constitutes one of its most effective natural checks. The
short life-cycle of this species (about 20 days in the height of summer)
enables it to complete several generations each year and greatly
increases its value as a parasite. About 60 per cent, of eggs collected
in badly infested fields were found parasitised by this species. A
Tachinid, Gymnosoma fuligmosa, Desv., parasitises the adults and
nymphs in their last instar. The fact that the parasitised insect
retains its activity and powers of destructiveness up to within a short
time before the parasite is due to emerge, detracts somewhat from the
value of this fly, though its seasonal history is very similar to that of
its host and there are the same number of generations annually.
This parasite hibernates in some instances as a larva within the body
of its host, and probably also in the pupal stage beneath the surface
of the groimd. Ocypterodes eucJienor, Wlk., is a parasite of minor
importance, vnth a life-history and habits very similar to those of
G. fuliginosa.

Predatory enemies include the Malachiid beetle, CoUops bipunctalm,
Say, which devours the eggs, and adults of Sinea spinipes, H.S., and
of Phymata erosa, Stal, which feed upon nymphs of C. sayi in the
field. Several species of birds and toads, as well as poultry, assist in
checking the numbers of this bug.

The most effective and practical remedial measure is the destruction
of the adults in their winter quarters, by ploughing under or burning
all rubbish and weeds, particularly Russian thistle, in and abont culti-
vated fields. , Trap-crops, such as Russian thistle, might be sprayed
with a strong insecticide or chemical while the bugs are on them
thus destroying the weed and the insects together. Hand-picking,
and hopperdozers might also prove of value under special conditions.

400

Cobb (N. A.). Telradonema 'plicans, nov. gen. et spec, representing a
new Family, Tetradonematidae, as now found parasitic in Larvae
of the Midge-insect, Sciara coprophila, Lintner. — Jl. Parasitology,
Urhana, III., v, no. 4, June 1919, pp. 176-185, 8 figs.

The Nematode, Tetradonema jMcans, gen. et sp. n., here described,
was found parasitic in the larvae of Sciara coprophila, Lint., as many
as 6 to 12 parasites occupying the body of the host. The mature
females contain thousands of eggs and it is believed that at least one
moult takes place after the parasites enter the host.

HuNGERFORD (H. B.). Biological Notes on Tetradonema plicans, Cobb,
a Nematode Parasite of Sciara c9pro2)hila,L\ntnev. — Jl.Parasitology,
Urbami, III, v, no. 4, June 1919, pp. 186-192, 1 plate, 2 figs.

So far Sciara coprophila. Lint., is the only known host of Tetra-
donema plicans, Cobb, and any number from 2 to 20 of these parasitic
Nematodes may be found in a single host. Both sexes are present,
the males slightly predominating. The worms are usually found in
the larvae, causing their death and disintegration, but if owing to
sUght or late infestation the larvae should pupate, the fly may emerge,
but the reproductive organs are replaced by numerous parasites.
These parasites may be distributed by means of migration of infested
larvae or through infested flies or the eggs exposed after the dis-
integration of the dead larva may be eaten by other larvae or carried
away by the air or water.

The life-cycle from egg to maturity requires about 3 weeks and
takes place entirely in the body of the host. The eggs, of which each
female contains thousands, hatch within 24 hours if from young
females ; from older ones they may hatch in a few minutes. Normally
these eggs are not expelled until the death of the female.

Knight (H. H.). Notes on Species of Miridae inhabiting Ash Trees
(Fraxinus) with the Description of a new Species (Hemip.). —

Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc, BrooJdyn, N.Y., xii, no. 4, October
1917, pp. 80-82. [Received 21st July 1919.]

These notes have been coUected during three seasons' work on the
Capsid bugs occurring in New York. AU the species dealt with are
confined to ash trees, so far as can be determined. Tropidosteptes
cardinalis, Uhler, was found breeding only on white ash (Fraxinus
armricana), chiefly on the tender and succulent growth. The adults
soon leave the place where they were reared and scatter to more
favourable growth for oviposition. Neohorus canadensis, Van Duzee,
was taken on F. americana in company with T. cardinalis and
N. tricolor, the life-cycle corresponding very closely with that of
T. cardinalis. N. geminus, Say, may prove to be only a variety of
N. atnoenus with which it occurs on F. americana, but is found only
during June and early July. N. amoenus, Reut., is most abundant
on F. americana and F. pemisylvanica and occurs rarely on F. nigra.
There are two generations, the first adults maturing about 20th June
and the insects continuing on the trees until frost occurs, or about the
middle of September. N. palmeri, Reut., has been regarded as a
variety of N. amoenus but is undoubtedly a good species. The author
has found it only on black ash {F. nigra).

401

N. jmbescens, sp. n., is described, being found only on very young
plants of white ash in shady and damp places. Xenoborus pettiti,
Rent., breeds on F. americana in company with T. cardinalis and
N. canadensis. X. neglectus, sp. n., is described ; this species has not
been found abundantly, but probably occurs in numbers on black ash
in June. X. plagifer, Reut., breeds only on black ash growing in
dense swampy woods. X. commissuralis, Reut., was found abundantly
on F. nigra in company with X. plagifer.

GiRAULT (A. A.). Three New Chalcid Flies from North America.—

Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Sac, Brooklyn, N.Y., xii, no. 4, October
1917, pp. 85-86. [Received 21st July 1919.]

The species dealt with include Elachistus sanninoideae, sp. n.,
reared from the pupae of Aegeria {Sanninoidea) exitiosa in i^kansas ;
Seeodes muUilineatus, sp. n. ; and Ootetrastichus gibboni, sp. n., taken
in association with Languria mozardi in Arizona.

OiRAULT (A. A.). New Chalcid Flies, with Uotes.— Bull. Brooklyn
Entom. Soc, Brooklyn, N.Y., xii, no. 4, October 1917, pp. 86-89.

Among the species described are : — Eurydinota lividicorpus, sp. n.,
reared from Coleophora malivorella in Cahfornia ; Telenomusfuscicornis,
Ashm., from the eggs of a moth which feeds upon Crotolana retusa in
St. Vincent, and Eurytonia pissodis, sp. n., taken from the pupal
chambers of Pissodes strobi in September, in Minnesota.

Gahan (A. B.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Some Chalcid-wasps reared
from Cecidomyiid Galls.— ^ww. Entom. Soc. America, Columbus,
Ohio, xii, no. 2, June 1919, pp. 159-170.

The new Chalcids reared from galls of Aspiliondylia websteri. Felt,
here described, include Eurytoma medicaginis ; Callitnome asphon-
dyliae, which may be a secondary parasite ; Syntomaspis medicaginis ;
Pseudocatolaccus americanus, which is a true parasite ; Tetrastichus
sobrius, which maybe a primary or secondary parasite and may also
have been parasitic on Bruchophagus funebris ; and Galeopsomopsis
transcarinatus, which may be a primary or secondary parasite.

Syntomaspis umbilicata was reared from a Cecidomyiid on Suaeda
sp., and the Eulophid, Paragaleopsomyia gallicola, from Cecidomyid
stem-galls on Pluchea borealis.

Specimens of Bruchophagm funebris, How., were reared from galls
of Asphondylia websteri, but may have developed in the lucerne seeds
present. The Pteromalid, Trimeromicrus maculates, Gahan, was
reared from galls of A. websteri in conjunction with B. funebris, of
which it is a true parasite ; this, as well as the Eulophid, Tetrastichus
bruchophagi, Gahan, reared under similar conditions, may prove to be
secondary parasites of A. websteri.

MuiR (F.). The Progress of Scolia manilae, Ashm., in Hawaii. — Ann.
Entom. Soc. America, Columbus, Ohio, xii, no. 2, June 1919, p. 171.

Anomala orientalis, at one time a very serious pest in Hawaii, where
as many as 3,500 grubs could be collected from Jjy of an acre in 1917,

402

is being so successfully controlled by the Hymenopterous parasite,
Scolia manilae, which has been introduced into Hawaii [see this
Review, Ser. A, v, p. 426], that now over a much larger area careful
searching only revealed 4 grubs.

The parasite seems firmly established and promises to be the
eventual cause of extinction of this pest.

Another beetle, Adoretus tenuimaculatus, is also attacked by it.

Ramakrishna Ayyar (T. V.). Some South Indian Coccids of Economic

Importance (a). — Jl. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc, Bombay, xxvi, no.
2, 20th May 1919, pp. 621-628, 4 plates.

This list of Coccids includes the following : Chionaspis vitis. Green,
on Vitis lanceolaria, Elaeagmis latifolia and Loranthus ; Diaspis
echinocacti, Bch. (prickly-pear scale) ; Hemichionaspis aspidisfrae,
Sign., on pepper, Ceara rubber [Manihot glaziovii]. Citrus, jak, Ficus
and coconut, and also causing serious damage to areca palms ; H. theae,
Mask., on tea in Assam ; Aspidiotus destructor. Sign., on coconut,
pepper. Para rubber [Hevea brasiliensis] and Lorcmthus, etc. ; A. rapax,
Comst. {camelliae. Sign.), on elm, Grevillea, Cinchona and Miclielia,
and also causing serious damage to tea ; Chrysomphalus aurantii.
Mask., on rose, jasmine, agave, pomelo and orange in Ceylon ;
C. aonidum,, L. (A. ficus, Ashm.), on citrus, Ficus and mango ;
Mytilaspis jnperis, Green, on black pepper ; Pulvinaria psidii. Mask.,
damaging coffee, tea, mango. Citrus and Morinda ; P. maxima, Green,
found on Margossa trees and mulberry plants and attacked by the black
ant, Camponotus compressus, and a Coccinellid ; P. thespesiae. Green,
on Thespesia populnea ; Ceroplastes actiniformis. Green, on coconut,
mango, canna, Ficus, Calophyllum and Loranthus ; Ceroplastodes
cajani, Mark, on red gram, Dolichos lablab, Zizyphus jujuba and
Ocimum sanctum, a moth, a species of Eublemma, being predaceous on
it ; Saissetia {Lecanium) nigra, Nietn. (black scale) on cotton, Thespesia
po'pulnca, Hygrophila spinosa, sandalwood, garden crotons and
Hibiscus esculentus, and in some parts of India on coffee, tea, rubber,
etc. ; S. (L.) hemisphaerica, Targ., on tea, coffee, guava, cinchona
etc. ; S. (L.) oleae, Bern., on tamarind, Hygrophila spinosa, coffee,
Sesbania and Thespesia. Coccus (L.) viridis, Green, on coffee, tea,
Aegle, Carissa, guava. Citrus and Plumeria acutifolia ; Hemilecanium
imbricans, Green, on Jatropha muUifida, Ailanthus excelsa, cedar and
Ficus sp. ; Dactylopius coiifusus indicus. Green, effectively destroying
Opuntia monacantha ; Pseudococcus citri, Risso, on a variety of food-
plants, including cacao and coffee ; P. virgatus on garden plants such as
croton, tomato," Sesbania, Hibiscus and Cambodia cotton ; P. sacchari,
Ckll., infesting the leaf-sheaths of rice and causing a disease called
" choorai " ; P. corymbatus. Green, on jak. Citrus and cotton plants ;
Phenacoccus insolitus. Green, on egg-plant and Sida cordifolia ; P. icery-
oides. Green, on Citrus, mango, Odina wodier, Boswellia, Capparis
and mango ; Ripersia sacchari. Green, on sugar-cane ; Anomalococcvs
indicus, Green, a specific pest of Acacia arabica, its natural enemies
being Eublemma scitula and a black ant, Camponotus compressus ;
Cerococcus hibisci, Green, found on cotton but not a serious pest ;
Tachardia lacca, Kerr, on mango, Dalbergia lanceolaria, rain tree and
SJiorea, and also cultivated on Acacia, Ficus, Zizyphus and red gram,

403.

etc. ; Monophlebus tamarindus, Green, on garden crotons ; Walkeriana
cinerea, Green, on Laivsonia alba, sandalwood and Thespesia populnea ;
Icerya aegypttiaca, Dougl., on the bread-fruit tree {Artocarpus incisa),
jak and Ficus.

Beeson (C. F. C). The Food Plants of Indian Forest Insects. Part
iii — Indian Forester, Allahabad, slv, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 312-
323.

This paper is a continuation of lists previously noticed [see this
Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 291]. Among the Coleopterous pests dealt
with are the Chrysomelids, Aspidomorpha sanctaecrucis, F., on Tectona
grandis ; Clitea picta, Baly, on Aegle marmelos ; Colasposoma semi-
costatum, Jac, on Citrus aurantium and Vitex negundo ; Crioceris
impressa, ¥., on Ficus elastica and Holarrhena antidysenterica ;
C. quadripusttdata, ¥., on Terminalia tomentosa and Trewia nudiflora ;
Diapromorpha turcica, F., on Acacia catechu ; Estigmena chinensis,
Hope, on Dendrocalamus strictus and Cephalostachyum pergradle ;
Melasoma populi, L., on Salix elegans, S. bahylonica and Populus
ciliata ; Minmstra cyanea, Hope, on Grewia asiatica, Pyrus communis
and P. pashia ; Platypria andrewesi, Weise, on Zizyphus jujuba ;
P. hystrix, Jac, on Erythrina indica and Sesbania grandiflora ;
Podontia quatuordecimpunctata, L., on Spondias mangifera and Ficus
elastica ; Sagra longicollis, Lac, and S. jansoni, Baly, on Tectona
grandis.

The Cistelids, Cistelomorpha andrewesi, Fairm., on Pinus excelsa,
and C. annuligera, Fairm., on Cedrus deodar a and Pinus excelsa.

The Curculionids, Alcides frenatus, Fst., on Mangifera indica ;
A. ludificator, Fst., on Tectona grandis ; A. porrectirostris, Mshl., on
Juglans regia ; Apoderus blandus, Fst., and A. sissu, Mshl., on
Dalbergia sissoo ; A. tranquebaricus, F., on Terminalia catappa ;
Astycus aurovittatus, HeU., on Tectona grandis ; A. chrysochlorus,
Wied., on Hevea brasiliensis and Pithecolobimn saman ; A. lateralis,
F., on Camellia thea and Tectona grandis ; Atmetonychtis peregrines,
Oliv., on Prunus communis, P. persica, Mangifera indica and Zizyphus
jujvha ; Brachyxystus subsignatus, Fst., on Abies webbiana, Cedrus
deodara and Picea morinda ; Cercidocerus bimaculatus. Boh., on
Dalbergia latifolia ; Conarthrus jansoni, Woll., on Shorea robusta ;
Cryptorrhynchus brandisi, Steb., on Pinus khasya, P. longi folia and
Tectona grandis ; Cyrtotrachelus longipes, ¥., on Dendrocalamus strictus
and Melocanna bambusoides ; Dereodus pollinosus, Redt., on Pyrus
malus, Shorea robusta and Zizyphus jujuba ; Emperorrhinus defoliator,
Mshl., on Alnus nitida, Prunus armeniaca, Pyrus communis and
P. malus ; Eu^nathus curvus, Fst., on Butea frondosa ; Himatium
asperum, Mshl., on Shorea robusta ; Hypomeces squamosus, F., on Bom-
bax malabaricum, Hevea brasiliensis and Hibiscus rosa- sinensis ;
Myllocerus discolor. Boh., on Aegle marmelos, Eriobotrya japonica,
Mangifera indica, Psidium guyava and Zizyphus jujuba ; M. sabidosus,
Mshl., on Casuarina equisetifolia, Mangifera indica, Psidium guyava
and Zizyp>hus jujuba ; M. viridanus, F., on Psidium guyava and
Tectona grandis ; Phaenomerus brevirostris, Mshl., on Shorea robusta ;
P. sundewalli, Boh., on Butea frondosa, Dalbergia sissoo, Heritiera
fom£s and S. robusta ; Rhyncholus himalayensis, Steb., on Cedrus

404

deodara, Picea morinda and Pinus excelsa ; Rhyncho'phoms ferrugineus,
Oliv., on Cocos nucifera, Phoenix dactylifera and P. sylvesfris ; Sipalus
hypocrita, Boh., on Aesculus pundaana, Bombax malabaricum, Dalbergia
cultrata, Pinus khasya and Pterocarpus dalbergioides ; Trigonocolus
brachmanae, Fst., on Butea frondoso, Ougeinia dalbergioides and
Pterocarpus dalbergioides.

Smulyan (M. T.). U.S. Eur. Entom. Some Observations on the
Webbing Clothes Moth {Tineola biselliella, Hum.). — Psyche,
Boston, Mass, xxvi, no. 3, June 1919, pp. 71-73.

Observations made on Tineola biselliella, Hum., kept in glass jars
lined with felt, are recorded. This species of clothes moth seems
to be more common than Tinea pellionella (case-making clothes moth)
in the northern States. A marked variation was observed in the
degree of activity and sensitiveness among the larvae but whether
this is a question of individuality or of sex has not yet been determined.

Teaver (J. R.). Ecological Relations of the Lepidopterous Genus
Depressaria (Oecophoridae). — Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxvi, no. 3,
June 1919, pp. 73-80.

The species of Depressaria vary greatly in their life-habits. Their
ecological relations are discussed and a table showing their world-wide
distribution is given. Of the 249 knowTi species of this genus, the only
ones that are of economic importance in the United States are :
D. groteella on hazel, D. robiniella on locust trees, and D. heracleana
on parsnip.

Weiss (H. B). The More Important Nursery Insects in New Jersey.—

New Jersey Bept. Agric, Bur. Statistics & Inspec, Trenton, N.J.,
Circ. no. 26, April 1919, 47 pp., 44 figs. [Received 22nd July
1919.]

This circular has been compiled for the use of nurserymen. iVs 90
per cent, of the nursery area in New Jersey is devoted to ornamental
plants, only those insects injurious to such plants are dealt with.
Descriptions are given of the general appearance, life-history, food-
plants and remedial measures for each species, much of the information
having been previously recorded [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 514 ;
vi, p. 204, etc.].

J.ARDiNE (N. K.). Tea Tortrix. Preliminary Report on the Spraying
Experiments.— Tro^. Agriculturist, Peradeniya, Iii, no. 6, June
1919, pp. 336-338.

An investigation has been carried on for five months with the object
of finding a practicable wash that will kill the tea tortrix [Homona
coffearia] and render the tea bushes distasteful to this moth. It is
proposed to use such a wash on the rows of old tea bushes to be left
as wind-belts or flight breaks on the ridges exposed to the south-west
monsoon [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 112].

405

The experiments were carried out on old and large bushes and under
conditions of the greatest difficulties as regards water transport, etc.
Two washes gave good results ; the sprayed bushes were free from
insects without injury to them or to the flavour of the tea, and yielded
a larger crop than the untreated ones. No. 1 wash was composed
of 1 oz. lead cliromate per 4 gals, of water ; No. 2 was the same with
the addition of 1 pint of resin compound (2 lb. resin and 1 lb. sodium
carbonate in 3 gals, of water). The cost of spraying was high under
the conditions obtaining ; for practical purposes the estimated cost
for spraying bushes 6 or 8 months from pruning is 6s. 8d. per acre for
No. 1 wash and 85. 8d. per acre for No. 2, inclusive of materials, labour
and water transport ; this cost could probably be reduced considerably
in practice by ordering larger quantities of the material at a time.
No. 2 wash was considered to improve the flavour of the tea ; neither
wash is affected by rain when once it has dried on the leaves. Diffi-
culties of water transport may be materially lessened by sinking a
small reservoir in the area to be treated,

Arce (B.). Instructions for the Control of Rice Worms {Prodenia
litura, Fabr,, and Spodopteramauritia, Boisd.). — Trop. Agricultvrist,
Peradeniya, Hi, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 347-348.

In the Philippines, the cutworms, Prodenia litura, F., and Spodoptera
mauritia, Boisd., damage rice almost every year when the seedlings in
the seed-bed are vigorously growing and about to be transplanted,
and injury is also done to cabbages, tomatoes, tobacco and other plants.
The stages in the life-cycle of these moths are described and tabulated,
that of P. litura occupying 33-50 days and that of S. mauritia 31-66
days. Rice plants should be sprayed with 1 lb. lead arsenate to 10 gals,
water, preferably in the evening. Sweeping with a net is also practical
and successful. When there is plenty of water, after the dykes are
repaired, the seed-beds may be submerged ; the caterpillars then
float on the surface and can be collected or skimmed off.

Anderson (T. J.). The Coffee Bug, Antestia lineaticollis, Stal. — Brit.
East Africa, Dept. Agric, Nairobi, Div. Entom., Bull. no. 1 [n.d.],
53 pp., 7 figs. [Received 23rd July 1919. j

The species of Antestia found in Africa include A. falsa, Sch.,
A. transvaalia, Sch., A. usambarica, Sch, and A. lineaticollis, Stal, the
latter being the only one so far recorded from the East African Pro-
tectorate, where it is present in great numbers as a coffee pest. The
bugs are most numerous from January and February to July and
August. The life-cycle, of which all stages including egg, 5 nymphal
instars and adult are described, varies greatly in duration according
to the seasons. Tables are given showing this variation. The adults,
although winged, are seldom seen to fly, and the possibility of flight
from one bush to another has not yet been proved. They feed on the
green berries, buds, green twigs and even leaves of the coffee plant,
but a marked preference is shown for the berries, which may shrivel
and drop off. If the buds are punctured, development is retarded,
with the result that fewer flowers develop with a corresponding
reduction in the amount of berries produced. The average length of
life of the adult female is 131 days, that of the male 106 days.

406

The eggs, which are usually deposited in batches of twelve, may
be found on the upper surface of the leaves, the berries and their
pedicles, the stem, dry leaves or stones beneath the bushes, but the
favourite place is the under-surface of the leaves ; they are fixed at
the point of attachment and to each other by a gummy secretion.
Oviposition generally takes place at night, each female laying on
average 126 eggs, though the numbers vary greatly. The duration of
the egg-stage varies from 8 to 15 days, being shortest from. January
to April.

The average duration of the first instar of eggs hatched in June,
July and August is from 14 to 15 days, and for those hatched from
December to January from 9 to 13 days. During this period the
insects seldom wander far from the egg-shells, but after the first
moult they become very active and feed voraciously. The average
duration of the second instar in July to September is from 32 to 67 and
in October to February from 13 to 20 days. The next two instars
have approximately the same duration, averaging about from 22 to
50 days for the earlier broods, the later ones being comparatively
shorter, whereas the 5th instar has an average duration of 22 to 32
days. After the 5th moult the insect acquires wings.

There are about five species of Chalcids parasitic on^l. lineaticollis of
which two, though not yet identified, are here described and referred
to as " A " and " B." Experiments were made to determine the
length of life of these parasites, records of which are given in a table ;
that of " A " averages 6 days for males and 5 days for females, and of
" B " 3 days for males and 4 for females. These parasites also repro-
duce parthenogenetically, but in these cases all the offspring are males.
Under field conditions the numbers of females greatly exceeds that of
males so that parthenogenesis is comparatively rare. Both " A "
and " B " are foimd together in the field, but the proportion of one
to the other seems to depend on climatic conditions. Abundance of
the host-eggs and a high temperature seem to be more advantageous
to " A " than to " B," and further investigations are being made to
determine this point. There is every reason to believe that these .
parasites may prove a successful means of controlHng the insect as
the duration of their life-cycle is about \ that of their host.

Owing to the affinity of this bug for sunshine, shade -trees may
prove of value as a means of control. The chief remedial measures
advocated are cultural methods, including immediate removal and
burning of all prunings and the stimulation of growth by manuring
and irrigation ; hand-picking is also recommended. Stomach poisons
have been tried, but without success, and experiments are now being
made to determine the efiiciency of contact-sprays.

A comparison is drawn between some small differences in the
habits, etc., of this bug in British East Africa and Uganda.

Washburn (F. L.). Some Useful Birds found in Minnesota: Their
Economic Relations to the Agriculturist. — Minnesota State Ento-
mologist, St. Paul, Minn., Circ. no. 43, 1st May 1917, 47 pp., 3
plates, 25 figs. [Received 26th July 1919.]

This circular is a reprint of information that has already been
noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 161 and v, p. 465].

407

RoHWER (S. A.). Descriptions of four new parasitic HymenDptera. —

Canadian Entomologist, Lnndod. Ont., li, no. 6-7, June-Julv 1919,
pp. 160-162.

The new species of Hymenopterous parasites here described are :
Tetrastichus rugglesi bred from Agrilus arcuatus in Minnesota, and
Trigonura hicoriae, Ecphylus hicoriae and Heterosjnlus hlackmanni,
all bred from Hicoria glabra in New York.

Treherne (R, C). Wireworm Control, with special Reference to a
Method practised by Japanese Growers. — Agric. Gaz. Canada,
Ottawa, vi, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 528-530.

The usual remedial measures against wireworms practised in Europe
and America are reviewed, including seed treatments, soil fumigation,
soil treatments, soil handling, trapping and baiting. As the onion-
growing industry in British Colmnbia is largely in the hands of the
Japanese, it was a matter of interest to observe the methods employed
by them. These comprised the use of baits made of rice shorts- or
rice bran roasted dry in pans or on sheets of tin over a fire. These
have a strong odour which is said to be attractive to wireworms.
The roasted substance is moistened with a little water and moulded
by hand into small compact balls, which are then placed in the ground
in holes about ten feet apart between the rows of onions. In about
a week or ten days the baits are taken up, broken open, and the
wireworms removed by hand and destroyed. The baits can then
be re-moulded and re-set. An experiment was tried with these baits
on 4 acres of ground on 25th April, the cost being nearly £3. A
table shows the records of captures examined on 2nd May, when the
onion plants were about 1 in. above the ground. Those on land
previously baited yielded an average of from 1*9 to 3' 9 wireworms
per bait, while on land not previously baited the average was from
20"2 to 22"6 per bait. From the remainder of the plantation 5,755
baits captured 24,869 wireworms ; this is not a very high average,
but in view of the large acreage and the variability of infestation the
results were considered to show that this method has a distinct value
in wireworm control. A single bait, used twice on a heavily infested
spot, yielded 90 \\dre worms, so that the statement of Japanese growers,
that over 100 individuals may be taken in a single bait, seems quite
possible.

HoLLowAY (T. E.) & LoFTiN (U. C). The Sugar-Cane Moth Borer. —
U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Bull. no. 746, 18th April
1919, 74 pp., 9 plates, 12 figs. [Received 26th July 1919.]

This bulletin deals at length with Diatraea saccharalis cramhidoides,
Grote (sugar-cane moth borer), and its economic importance as a
pest of sugar-cane. The history and distribution of the various
species of Diatraea and their native food-plants are given. The various
stages of D. saccharalis cramhidoides are described and its life-history
and seasonal occurrence discussed.

408

Natural control is exercised to some extent by a number of factors.
Experiments in Porto Rico indicate that tliis borer is adversely affected
by rainfall [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 115 etc.], but in Louisiana
this does not seem to be the case ; a series of graphs illustrates the
absence of relation between rainfall and infestation in that State.
Flooding the cane-fields apparently reduces the numbers considerably,
but in the following year the borers occur as abundantly as ever.
Irrigation seems to have no effect upon infestation. A fungous
disease has been observed to infest the larvae, but its occurrence
under natural conditions is very rare.

Parasites and predaceous enemies of the borer include a Chalcid,
Trichogramma minutum, Riley, which is well known as an important
factor in control in Louisiana and Texas. A similar parasite, Ufens
niger, Ashm., was found in Texas in 1912, but has not been observed
since. Microgaster sp. and another Braconid have been reared from
the larvae of other species of Diatraea. A Telephorid beetle, Chaulio-
gnathus marginatus, ¥., has been recorded as feeding on the larvae,
and is occasionally found in considerable numbers in sugar-cane fields
in Louisiana. Earwigs and the Argentine ant {Iridomyrmex humilis,
Mayr) are predators, but cannot be considered of any importance.
The natural enemies of D. saccharalis in foreign countries are reviewed.

The methods of diposing of cane trash left in the fields after the crop
has been gathered are dealt with. These include burning with oil,
the efiicacy of which, as compared with ploughing imder, has been
much discussed [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 279 & iv, p. 114]. Cutting
out the dead hearts of infested plants and burning them in the spring,
when the larvae are still within them^ is theoretically a sound practice,
and where labour is abundant and cheap, has proved successful.
This practice should be carried out three times early in the growing
season. Arsenical poisons on the cane plants are of no value, probably
because the poison does not enter the central whorl where the young
larvae are feeding. Experiments with honey and other baits and also
with light-traps were tried without success.

Seed should be planted in autumn, if possible, and kept as deeply
covered as is practicable. Very deep planting is not advocated, but
as the moths can emerge from cane under |--inch of either clay soil
or sand (though larger numbers emerge from sand), a good covering
of soil should be maintained and replaced if washed away by rain.
Canes for planting in uninfested areas should be obtained free from
borers if possible, otherwise they should be soaked for at least an hour
in nicotine sulphate or Bordeaux mixture, which prevents the eggs
from hatching.

The ploughing in of the stubble and rubbish left in the fields after
gathering the crop is described. Experiments over a number of
years tend to show that burning is unnecessary, but that the trash
should be lightly covered with soU in the autumn and ploughed under
in the spring ; in this way very valuable fertilising matter is
added to the soil and its mechanical condition greatly improved. The
authors are of opinion that burning or not burning trash will be found
to be a matter for the judgment of the plantation manager, in Louisiana
as well as in other countries. The introduction of parasites of the
moth borer from Cuba and other tropical countries is recommended
[see also this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 279].

NOTICES.

Seerataries of Sooietiei and Editon of Journals willing to exehangi
their publleatlons with those of the Bureau, are requested to eom»
municate with the Assistant Director.

The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; ot
the two series may be taken separately. Series A (Agricultural)
being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum.

All orders ani subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate, London.
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Borneo
Britain
Britain
Britain

Africa, British East : The Bionomics of Antestia lineaticollis

Africa, South : The Bionomica of Bagworms

Algeria : The Stages of ScMstocerca peregrina

Argentina : The Utilisation of Natural Enemies of Insect Pests

Argentina : The Presence of the San Jos^ Scale . .

Belgium : The Occurrence of Pyrausta rmbilalis near Brussels

A New Monophlebine Coccid

The Bionomics and Control of Myzus ribis

Phyllopertha horticola infesting Wheat

Report on the effect of Air-tight storage upon Grain
Insects
Britain : Report on the Effect of various Gaseous Reagents upon

Ephestia Jciiliniella
Britain : The Relation of Ephestia elutella to the Phenomenon

known as " Webbing " in Stored Grain. .
Britain : The Effect of Air-tight Storage on Grain Insects

New and Little Known Aphids . .

Measiu-es against Tent Caterpillars

The Orthoptera of Nova Scotia , .

Measures against Wireworms in Br. Columbia . .
Miscellaneous Insect Pests. . .

Spraying Experiments against Eomona coffearia
Costa Rica : Insect Pests of, likely to be introduced into U.S.A
Dutch East Indies : Miscellaneous Peats in 1918 . .
Dutch East Indies : Coconut Pests

Britain
Canada
Canada
Canada
Ceylon
Cetlon

PAQB
406
396
368
363
396
373
396
371
371

388

384

384
386
386
383
391
407
374
404
395
388
389, 390

France
France
France
France
France

Measures for dealing with Insects excreting Honey-dew 366
Measures against Vine Moths . . ... . . 372, 397

Parasitic Diseases of Onethocam/pa pityoeampa . .

Insect Pests of Wheat

Experiments in the Effects of Bacillus hoplosternus on

Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

France : The Bionomics of Apcmteles glomeratus infesting Pierines

Guatemala : A Microlepidopteron injurious to Avocado . .

Hawaii : The Distribution of Beneficial Parasites . .

Hawaii : Precautions against Leaf hoppers infesting Sugar-cane

Haw An : The Successfixl Establishment of ScoUa ma/nilae . .

Holland : Fruit and Vegetable Pests

Holland : The Use of Barium Chloride against Pteronus riheeii

India : Forest Pests in 1917-18

India & Mauritius : New Melolonthid Beetles of Economic

Importance . .
India : Experiments in the Pollarding of Buiea frondosa for Lao

Cultivation , .
India : Insect Pests of Tea in 1918 . .
India, South : Coccids of Economic Importance . ,
India : Coleopterous Forest Pests
Japan : Studies on Chrysopidab
Japan : A Lepidopterous Pest of Figs
Japan : A List of Tenthredinidae

386
386

396
397
382
386
398
401
364
366
367

373

376
376

402
408
368
369
369

CONTENTS— cont.

PAGE.

Japan : Sinoxylon japonicum attacking Mulberries . . . . 369

Japan : Insect Pests of Forests 370

Japan : The Structure and Life-History of Nosema bomhycia . . 392

Java : Coffee Pests • . • 363

Java : Measures against the Red Ant, Oecophylla amaragdina , . 364

MoNTSEERAT : Cottou stalners and their Control . . . . . . 366

Morocco : Lahidostomis Jiordei infesting Vines . . . . . . 372

Nevis : An Outbreak of Alabama a/rgillacea. . . . . . . . 372

New South Wales : Bugs infesting Citrus . . . . .. 373

Philippines : Measures against Cutworms infesting Rice . . . . 406

Spain : Agricultural Pests . . 365

U.S.A. : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California . . . . 361

U.S.A. : Notes on Chalcids 361, 401

U.S.A. : Sprays for Aphids in Orchards in Ohio . . . . . . 363

U.S.A. : The Effect of Storage, Heat and Moisture on Pyrethrum

as an Insecticide . . . . . . . . . • • • • • 363

U.S.A. : Methods of dusting against Orchard Pests in Maryland. . 365

U.S.A. : Sprays for Peaches in Maryland 366

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of Lasioderma serricorne . . 366

U.S.A. : Maize Pests in South Dakota 367

U.S.A. : Macrosiphuvi creeli infesting Lucerne in Nevada . . . . 374

U.S.A. : Ora/mbus vulvivagellus infesting Maize in Pennsylvania , . 374

U.S.A. : Precautions against Pyrausta nubilalis in Pennsylvania . . 374

U.S.A. : Measures against Diabrotica vittata in Pennsylvania . . 376
U.S.A.: New Parasitic Hymenoptera .. .. .. 376,407

U.S.A : Noscma-Disease of Bees 376

USA.: The Protection of Locust Trees from Cyllene robiniae . . 377

U.S.A. : Sphenophorus spp. infesting Cereals . . . . , . 378

U.S.A.-: Diatraea zeacolella inieBting Msiize .. .. .. .. 380

U.S.A. : Tylenchus tritici infesting Wheat and its Control . . . . 380

U.S.A. : Expected Outbreaks of Tibicen septemdedm . . . . 381

U.S.A. : A Colydiid parasitising Wood-bonng Beetles in California 381

U.S.A. : The Bionomics of Phryqanidia calif ornica. . . . . • 381

U.S.A. : The Oriental Fruit Moth in Virginia 382

U.S.A. : A Melaphis from Moss in Virginia , . 383

U.S.A. : An Outbreak of Biacrisia virginica in Texas . . . . 382

U.S.A. : New Aphididae from California 387

U.S.A. : Eeliothis obsoleta infesting Maize . . . . . . . . 392

U.S.A. : The Bionomics of the Pine Tube Moth, Eulia pinatubana 393

U.S.A. : An Outbreak of Lachnosterna in Texas . . . . . . 398

U.S.A. : Measures against the Japanese Flower Beetle in New

Jersey . . . . ... . • • • • • • • • • 894

U.S.A. : Variations in the Length of the Pupal Stage of the Hessian

Fly . . 394

U.S.A. : Experiments with Bordeaux Mixture against the Potato

Leafhopper 394

U.S.A. : Notes on Lepidopterous Borers 395

U.S.A. : A Source of Confusion in the Diagnosis of Nosema apis in

Adult Bees 396

U.S.A. : Temperature in Relation to Sciara copropMla . . , , 398

U.S.A. : Girphis unipuneta in New York . . . . . . . . 396

U.S.A. : The Breeding of Anthreivus verbasei under artificial

Conditions . . . . . . . . • • . • • • • ' 396

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of Ohlorochroa sayi . . . . 398

U.S.A. : A New Nematode parasitic in Sciara copropMla . . . . 400

U.S.A. : Notes on Capsids infesting Ash Trees in New York , . 400

U.S.A. i Chalcids reared from Cecidomyid GaUs . . . . 401

U.S.A. : Notes on the Webbing Clothes Moth {Tineola biselliella). . 404
U.S.A. : Ecological Relations of the Lepidopterous Genus

Depressaria . . . . . . . . • ■ • • 404

U;S.A. : Nursery Insects in New Jersey . . . . 404

U.S.A. : Useful Birds in Minnesota . . 406

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of the Sugar-Cane Moth

Borer .. .. 407

The Use of Solentiflo and Popular Names in Economic Biology . . 368

Heglitered at the Q.P.O. for Transmlsalon to Canada and Newfoundland by Maga^ne Post,

VOL. VII. Ser. A. Part 10.— pp. 409-440. OCTOBER, 1919.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

r .^ovu

ISBUSD BY THB IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

LONDON :

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THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
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Ail Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

l>onorarp Commime or n^atiademctit.

VISCOUNT HARCOURTi Ohairman.
Ueutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcook, CJ.E., F.R^., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museam (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.Q., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureaa.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.8., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruoe, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mi. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmsr, F.R.S., Director, British Museam (j^atural

History).
Professor 'H. Maxwell LBrRdY^ Imperial College oi Scienci and

Technology.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University*
Six John MoFadyban, Principal, Boyal Vstdrinaiy Cotlege, Camdta

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson. Q.C.M.G., F.R.S.. Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Ofl&ce.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Oflfee

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. NEWsTfiAD, F.It.S., t)uttofl MeEaoria) Prdfeileor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Ndttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.I.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Diraotor

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Kr H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. RoTHSOfflLD.
Dr. Hugh Soott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology.

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ftr officio member of the Committee.

©enccal Secretary.
Oapt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office),

director an& BDltor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall ^

aeslsfant Director.
Dr. Si Ak Nbavb^

BMd Oj^.— British Museum (Natural History), Oromwall Road,

London, S.W.7.
PubUcatioH Office.— 88, Oueen*B (Jate, London, B.W. 7.

409

Drake (C. J.). On some Tingidae new to the Fauna of Canada
(Hemip.). — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., li, no. 6-7, June-
July 1919, p. 159.

This list includes Gorythucha salicis, Osborn & Drake, found on
Salix discolor and other species of willow, as well as on Ribes spp. ;
C. elegans, Drake, on poplar {Populus balsamifera) and willow ;
C. padi, Drake, on choke cherry {Primus demissa) ; C. parshleyi,
Gibson, on walnut {Juglans nigra), butternut (J. cinerea), Japanese
walnut {J. sibboldiana) and Juneberry {Amelanchier intermedia), its
range extending from Canada to North Carolina ; C heidemanni,
Drake, on birch ; C. betulae, Drake, on yellow birch {Betula lenta) ;
G. immaculata, Osborn & Drake, on balsam root {Balsamorrhiza
sagittata) ; and G. hewitti, sp. n., on hazelnut {Corylus americana).

YoTHERS (W. W.). The Woolly White Fly in Florida Citrus Groves.

— U.S. Dept. Agric, Washimjton, D.C., Farmers' Bull. no. 1011,
February 1919, 14 pp., 8 figs. [Received 26th July 1919.]

Aleurothrixus howardi, Quaint, (woolly whitefly), recently introduced
into Florida citrus groves, while not as injurious as Dialeurodes citri,
Ashm. (citrus whitefly) or D. citrifolii, Morg. (cloudy- winged whitefly),
sometimes causes considerable loss to growers. The favourite food-
plant is grape-fruit, but tangerine, lemon and kumquat trees are also
attacked, as well as sea- grape, common guava, mango, and a species
of rubber. There are four generations in a year, adults being most
abundant in December and January, the latter part of May, the latter
part of July, and October and November. If spraying is found neces-
sary, this should be done about one week after the flies have disap-
peared, when the eggs have hatched and the young larvae have not
developed the thick woolly covering that protects them from sprays.
The methods of control of this pest, both by natural and artificial means
have previously been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 49, etc.].

Back (E. A.). Conserving Corn from Weevils in the Gulf Coast States.
— U.S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.G., Farmers' Bull. no. 1029.
February 1919, 35 pp. 21 figs. [Received 26th July 1919.]

The average loss of maize from weevil attack in the southern United
States is estimated at not less than 10 per cent. ; in many instances
it is much greater. The majority of the damage is done by Galandra
oryzae, L. (rice weevil), and Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv. (Angoumejis
grain-moth) ; the injury to the kernels is described. Helioiliis
(Ghloridea) obsoleta, F. (corn ear worm) greatly assists the weevils by
making punctures in the shuck and silk through which the weevils can
enter. Pyroderces rileyi, Wals. (pink cornworm) feeds on the kernel
and cob and also on the husk covering, thus reducing its value as a
protection from the weevils. A Bostrychid beetle, Dinoderus truncatus,
Horn (larger grain borer), also perforates the husk.

The control of weevils is considered a simple matter if given a proper
place in farm economy. The greater resistance to weevil attack of
maize with a good shuck covering is pointed out and illustrated, and
the methods of dealing with different ears according to their shuck
protection is fully discussed [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 3]. Only
those ears with the best shuck protection should be used for ."^eed.

(C596) P19:i/144 1,500. 10.19. B.&F.Ltd., Gp.11/11. A

410

The fact tliat a field is generally most heavily infested in the outer
rows next to the woods has led to the planting on that side of a few
trap-rows of early-sown or more rapidly maturing seed, on which the
weevils concentrate. These rows should be gathered and the ears
fumigated before the main crop is harvested. The crop should be
gathered as soon as possible and no rubbish should be left in the field
in which the weevils can breed during the winter. It must be remem-
bered that nothing can be done to kill weevils while the maize is in the
field. The methods of dealing with the gathered crop have already
been described [loc. cit.]. When stored, fumigation with carbon
bisulphide should be practised for any infested maize, or as soon as
any weevils or moths appear in the bin. If they are numerous, a second
fumigation should follow 2 or 3 weeks after the first, and if weevils
begin to appear during the warm days of spring the maize should be
fumigated a third time. Some farmers have lately begun the practice
of shucking all maize before it goes into storage and then fumigating
clean and infested seed together. The method and cost of fumigation
is discussed and types of fumigating sheds are described and illustrated.

HoRTON (J. R.). Insect Pests of Figs. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington,
B.C., Farmers' BuU. no. 1031, March 1919, pp. 28-34.
[Received 26th July 1919.]

This paper forms a section of a bulletin by H. P. Gould, entitled
" i''ig Growing in the South Atlantic and Gulf States." Well-kept
fig orchards in these States are not very susceptible to the attacks
of insects of serious economic importance. By far the most injurious
are three or four species of wood-boring beetles, of which the chief
is Ptycliodes vitfatus (three-lined fig-tree borer). This Longicorn appears
about March and continues to oviposit throughout the summer, in
the bark of the trunk or larger branches, generally in the neighbourhood
of a wound or diseased portion of the tree. The females live from
three to eight or nine months and deposit from 130 to 260 eggs each.

The young larvae feed along the bark near the surface for two or
three weeks and then work into the wood, sometimes going to the
heart of the branch or trunk. After mining for two or three months
the larvae pupate. A perfectly sound tree is seldom attacked, except
when the borers are excessively numerous. The insects thrive in either
living or dead wood, but prefer wood that is dying and has lost a
portion of its sap. Preventive measures against the borer are better
than remedies. The young trees should be pruned to the best shape for
withstanding heavy winds. Accidental w^ounding of the bark should
be avoided, and where a branch is broken off the wound should be
painted with a mixture of 5 parts of coal-tar and one part of creosote
or crude carbolic acid, applied in two or three coats. Trees that have
become thoroughly infested should be cut down and burnt, as the
insects survive in dead wood. If infestation is only slight and its
area limited the eggs may be destroyed with a sharp knife, but all
cuts made in removing eggs or larvae should be carefully dressed and
treated. Oviposition may be prevented to a considerable extent
by ensheathing the trunk and larger branches in wire netting practi-
cally throughout the year.

The mealy-bug, Pseudococciis citri, Risso, frequently infests the
branches and leaves of fig trees, and where the Argentine ant,

411

Iridomyrtnex humilis, occurs and protects it from its enemies, is some-
times very abundant in April, May and June, and may continue until
mid- August. Where the Argentine ant is not present, these scales usually
disappear during May. Coccus hesperidum, L. (soft brown scale) is
sometimes found in groups on certain branches of fig-trees and along
the lower surface of the leaves near the midrib. This scale has as yet
been kept in check by natural agencies. In Smyrna, the larvae of
Ephestia cautella, Wlk. (fig moth) bore into the figs, but this pest is
not found in the United States and in consequence of inspection
regulations is unlikely to be introduced. June bugs, bees and wasps,
are frequently seen on figs, apparently eating the fruit, but the damage
from these insects is comparatively sKght.

Caffrey (D. J.). The European Corn Borer : A Menace to the

Country's Corn Crop. — C7./S. Dept. Agric, Washitigton, D.C.,

Farmers' Bull. no. 1046, April 1919, 28 pp., 17 figs. [Received
26th July 19 19. J

An account is given of the Ufe-history and habits of Pyrausta nubi-
lalis, Hb. (European corn borer), the injury to maize being described
in detail [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 224]. Natural enemies in
Massachusetts are very few and cannot be reUed upon to hold the pest
in check. A small percentage of the caterpillars are destroyed by the
Tachinids, Masicera myoidea, Desv., Exorista pyste, Wlk., E. nigri-
palpis, Towns., and Phorocera erecta, Coq., which pupate within the
tunnels of the borer. The Hymenopterous parasites, Epiurus (Pimpla)
pterophori, Ashm., and Anihlyteles brevicinctor, Say, also destroy a
small number, but none of these enemies is sufficiently numerous to
be an effective check on the pest.

While the chief danger to maize-growing lies in the introduction
of infested plants, which can only be met by stringent quarantine
measures, infestation may also spread by flight of the adults and by
old plant material harbouring the borers through the winter. The
best method of destruction of infested material is by burning [loc. cit.],
but under certain conditions infested plants may be used as food for
stock, either direct from the field or as ensilage. It is also possible
to bury infested plants in manure or compost piles, in which ease care
must be taken that there is sufiicient manure to ensure thorough
heating and early decomposition of the material. The practice of
ploughing under infested material is not recommended, as the rubbish
cannot be covered deeply enough to prevent the borers from coming
to the surface. Damage by borers can be lessened to some extent
by regulating the time of planting. This will naturally vary each
year with weather conditions, but as the moths prefer to oviposit
on maize in which the tassel has already developed, it is well to plant
the maize somewhat late so that the tassel stage may be reached
about 1st July, when most of the moths have already oviposited.
Arsenical poisons are not successful against P. nvbilalis.

Illingworth (J. F.). Cane Grub lnwestiga,i\on.— Queensland Agric.
Jl., Brisbam, xi, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 258-261.

Sugar-cane seems to have suffered much less in the past year from
the attacks of grubs [Lepidiotd] ; this was partly due to the continuous
cultivation which was rendered possible owing to the dry weather.

(C596) a2

412

Arsenic at the rate of 10 lb. per acre was tried without success,
both as a spray and in the form of dust at the time of ploughing.
A marked difference was however noticed between the fields where —
owing to late planting — cultivation had continued throughout the flight
of the beetles and those where these measures had not been taken.

Owing to the attraction that meatworks manure has for the grubs
it was mixed with 10 lb. of white arsenic per acre : this considerably
reduced the injury, and on plots where 20 lb. of arsenic was used
with 5 cwt.. of manure per acre the grubs have so far not appeared
at all.

Agee (H. p.) & SwEZEY (0. H.). Director's Report. — Proc. 3Sth
Ann. Meeting Hawaiian Sugar Planters^ Assoc, HonohiJu,
December 2, 3 and 4, 1918 ; 1919, pp. 153-216.

The conditions in Hawaii in 1918 with regard to insect pests were
more favourable than during the previous years. This was chiefly
due to the effectiveness of imported parasites, of which Scolia manilae
is now well established in the fields and has considerably checked
the ravages of the larvae of Anomala. Three colonies numbering a
total of 19,833 adults of this parasite have been liberated during
the year. The species of Tiphia, Prosena and Dexia liberated in 1916
and 1917 do not show any signs of becoming established, and the
same may be said of a large Carabid beetle from Japan and of Tiphia
lucida from the Philippines. Dolichunts stantoni, of which about
a dozen pairs were liberated in July and September 1917 to destroy
cockroaches, is now found in abundance on cane trash and it is
thought to be breeding on Phyllodromia Jiieroglyphica and Loboptera
extranea.

With the exception of a few plantations the damage from
leaf-hoppers [Perkinsiella saccharicida] has also been greatly
reduced. Observations were made to estimate the percentage of
parasitism in different regions, and the results were very variable
A high percentage of parasitism does not necessarily mean
successful control of the pest, as it usually occurs w^hen, owing to
favourable conditions, the numbers of eggs laid by the leaf-hoppers is
greatly increased. The artificial distribution of Paranagrus [optabilis]
and the Formosan species of Ootetrastichus is being continued on a large
scale, amounting during the year to 78 colonies with a total of 29,010
adults of the latter. Owing to the establishment of OotetrasticJms
in the field, rearing of this egg-parasite in cages has been discontinued.
Other leaf -hopper enemies include a fungus, Entomopthora sp., which
is responsible for the destruction of great numbers, but is unfortunately
very difficult to handle in culture, and attem])ts to grow it artificially
have failed.

In the course of the discussion following the reading of this report,
it was stated that the cultivation of the variety of sugar-cane known
as H109 is largely replacing that of other varieties on the Island, but its
chief disadvantage is the attraction it has for leaf -hoppers, although
these insects do not cause serious damage unless their attack is
combined with eye-spot disease. To increase the resisting power
of the cane, Mr. Swezey suggested planting as early as July, and it
is probable that fertilisers are better withheld during the first summer,
especially if early planting has not been possible.

413

The damage from cane-borer [Rkabdocneinis obscura] was very small
in comparison with previous years, the Tachinid parasite [Ceromasia
sphenophori] now being well established.

The cane aphis appeared as usual in many places, and although its
ravages are not to be compared with a leaf-hopper outbreak, it is
strongly recommended to attempt the introduction of more natural
enemies of this pest.

Nematodes do not cause serious damage to sugar-cane, although
the stunted growth of the Lahaina variety may be partly due to their
action, but they have been found infesting other crops such as potatoes,
beet, etc., in much greater numbers than in previous years. The
Italian lupin and a variety of beans greatly encourage the spread
of this pest.

Savastano (L.). Talune Notizie sul Novius e I'lceria riguardanti
I'Arboricoltore. [Some Notes for the Fruit-grower relating to
Novius cardinalis and Icerya purchasi.] — Boll. R. Staz. Speriment.
Agrum. Fruttic, Acireale, no. 32, April 1918, 2 pp., 2 figs., 1 plate
[Received 30th July 1919.]

This bulletin supplies the fruit-grower with the elementary informa-
tion required for employing the Coccinellid, Novius cardinalis, against
the scale, Icerya purchasi.

DE Stefani (T.). Interna agli Insetti che frequentano i Fichi ammalati
di Seccume nella Provincia di Palermo. [The Insects found on
Fig-Trees suffering from Withering in the Province of Palermo.]
— Annali R. Staz. Speriment. Agrum. Fruttic., Acireale, iv, 1916-
1918, pp. 1-5. [Received 30th July 1919.]

Investigations were made to ascertain whether the bacteria causing
a withering disease of fig-trees in the Province of Palermo are distri-
buted by insects. The following species were observed : Coleoptera : —
Sinoxylon sexdentatum, Oliv., and Denops albofasciatus, Charp., both
very common ; Hymenoptera : — VesjJa crabro, L., and V. germanica,
F. ; Lepidoptera : — Cossus cossus, L. ; Diptera : — Musca domestica
and Platystoma umbrarum, F. ; Rhynchota : — Piezodoru^ incarnatus.
Germ., P. incarnatus var. alliaceus, Germ., and Ceroplastes rusci, F.
It would appear that the two last-named and especially the wasps
and flies are capable of disseminating the disease, but this is still
open to question.

DE Stefani (T.). I Zoocecidii del Nocciuolo {Corylus avellana, L.) in
Sieilia. [The Insect-galls of the Hazel in Sicily.] — Annali R. Staz.
Speriment. Agrum. Fruttic, Acireale, iv, 1916-1918, pp. 171-186,
1 plate.

The damage done to the hazel by gall-forming insects is increasing
in Sicily. The injury consists in a deformation of the buds which
either prevents or modifies the development of leaves and flowers.
A mite, Eriophyes coryligallarum, Can., is responsible for this injury.
Among its natural enemies are Arthrocnodax spp., Tyroglyphus minutus,
Targ., Caligonus virescens, Targ., and Gamasus vepallidus, Koch,
These natural checks have not however proved sufficient, and spraying

414

with the Savastano formula for lime-sulphur [see this Review, Ser. A,
ii, p. 412] is advised. At the strength of 1-5 per cent, it was found
to be harmless to the plants and very efficacious against the Eriophyes
if applied three times, at the beginning, middle and end of May. A
4 per cent, solution is the best. Spraying must be done for 2 or 3
consecutive years and the affected buds must be collected and
destroyed during the autumn and up to the following April.

Ballou (H. a.). Report by the Entomologist on a Visit to the Northern
Islands (St. Kitts-Nevis, Antigua, Montserrat). — MS. received
from Colonial Office 6th August 1919.

Hardback grubs still continue to be a serious pest of sugar-cane
and other crops in Antigua. The grubs feed most actively from
July or August to January and February, pupate about March or
April, and emerge as adults with the early rains of April or May.
Oviposition probably occurs from May or June to July or August.
The preferred food-plants are newly- planted sugar-cane, maize,
onions, sweet potatoes and yams. The insects do not remain in the
same field year after year, but migrate to others ; as a rule ratoon
crops are more severely attacked than plant canes. The beetles
upon emerging from the soil appear to be attracted to trees or bushy
plants where feeding and mating take place at night, and if they
emerge in a field from which the canes have been cut, they will fly
off to another field, while if canes are stiU standing they may stay
and reinfest the same field again. This would explain why the attack
is experienced in different fields in different seasons, and also why
certain fields from which canes have been reaped are so badly infested
that it is most difficult to establish the next crop, whether of cane,
maize or onions. The numbers of grubs in the soil can be much
reduced at this time by hand-collection, which may be greatly
facilitated by the use of a trap-crop, such as maize, that will attract
them to its roots which lie near the surface.

In Mauritius Phytalus [smithi] is captured by means of traps
consisting of leafy branches of bushes or trees stuck in the soil from
which the beetles are emerging. Having climbed up on these branches
to feed at night, the beetles can be searched for with lights and
captured in enormous numbers. P. smithi is also collected in
Barbados in very large numbers on canes, pigeon peas and other
plants.

In Antigua, the scarcity of bush would render this practice difficult,
but if maize were planted in an infested field as soon as the canes
were cut and early enough to be well estabhshed by mid- April many
beetles might be collected on the plants. Beetles emerging from
early-cut fields, reaped about April, generally fly away from that
field, and crops planted in the following months should be free from
infestation ; while if the canes are reaped in June or later, the crops
following them will be liable to attack. If this proves to be correct,
it would be a good practice to aUow canes to stand until after
emergence of the beetles, so that they may deposit eggs in the same
field. The canes might then be cut and the land worked and planted
with maize ; when this is attacked it should be pulled up, the grubs
collected from the soil and maize planted again. If the second crop
is attacked the pulling up and collecting should be repeated. These

415

reconimendations are given from the point of view of grub control ;
practical financial considerations may require the early harvesting
and milling of badly attacked canes in order to avoid loss in weight
and quality of the cane. The planter must decide which course to
follow. Maize grown as a trap-crop for grubs should not be expected
to yield grain, and all the plants, not only the obviously injured ones,
should be pulled up.

Although wild birds feed upon the grubs, they are not likely to be
present in Antigua in suJSicient abundance to exert much influence on
their numbers ; the common Gaulding is however abundant in certain
localities and is worthy of protection. Parasites in Antigua seem
to be of little value, but even when present in abundance the control
exerted by natural enemies is only partial. In Barbados, Pliytahis
Ysmithi] is parasitised by Tiphia \^Mmllela\, but the control is so
incomplete that the pest is spreading and the damage increasing
year by year.

The influence of root disease in cane injury is discussed [see this
Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 335] and the crop system practised in Antigua
is described. The importance of drainage as a fundamental in
agricultural practice for the production of vigorous, healthy plants
is also insisted upon.

Cotton in Antigua has been seriously attacked by cotton-stainers
[Bysdercus] during the past season and in many localities by the
flower-bud maggot \Contarinia gossypH], which appeared about
October and seriously aflected the production of flowers and bolls
for some time. The stainers induced serious attacks of internal
boll disease during the latter months of the year. The campaign
against the wild food-plants of the stainer is being carried on. In
St. Kitts and in Nevis the cotton-stainers left the cotton fields in
swarms, flying to the mountains. When followed up they were
found in only one locality, at an elevation of 800 ft., where small
colonies occurred among grass and other plants. These were found
near to two silk cotton trees, which however had no pods. The
fields that the stainers had left were very hot and dry and it seems
probable that they had migrated in search of cooler and more moist
conditions. In the case described the small number of stainers
found would have little bearing on the infestation of fields in the
coming season, but if the silk-cotton trees on the mountains produced
seeds in abundance and the weather conditions were suitable for
the stainers to breed, a very large number might develop. These
observations indicate that careful watch will have to be kept on these
haunts of Dysdercus in the mountains in connection with the attempt
to control the pest by the destruction of the wild food-plants.

The attacks of the cotton worm [Alabama argillacea] in Nevis were
sufficiently serious to necessitate a special investigation [see this
Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 372]. An attempt was made to introduce
Polistes annularis (Barbados wild bee) into Antigua and Nevis to
destroy the caterpillars of this moth, but the experiment was not
satisfactorily carried out and cannot be considered conclusive. It
will probably be repeated, but it is evident that precautions will
have to be taken against introducing with these wasps a Pyralid
moth, Dicymolomia pegasalis, that infests their nests [see this Review,
Ser. A, iii, p. 736].

416

Till YARD (R. J,). Studies in Australian Neuroptera No. 7. The Life
History of Psychopsis elegans (Gu6rin). — Proc. Linnean Soc.
N.S.W., Sydney, xlii, part 4, no. 172, 26th Match 1919, pp. 787-
818, 1 plate, 12 figs.

The complete life-cycle of Psychopsis elegans, (liier., occupies about
two years. The eggs are laid in January or February in clusters
upon the bark of Myrtaceous trees, especially Eucalyptus. The
larvae hatch in about 12 days and at once hide in cracks of the bark.
They have 3 instars lasting 8 months, 4 or 5 months and 9 months
respectively. During the first instar hibernation occurs from February
to September, and during the third, from March to November. The
food of the larvae consists of the various insects that appear at night
to feed on the gum of the tree. In captivity they thrive best during
the first instar on termites and later on larvae of the codling moth
[Cydia pomonella]. Pupation occurs in a cocoon and lasts about
3 weeks, the imago emerging about December.

If it were possible to transfer these insects to apple, pear or quince
orchards, they should prove a most valuable asset in the control
of Lepidopterous pests. Further investigations as to this possibility
are advised.

Hay WARD (H. C). Sesia asiliformis feeding in the Wood of Birch in
company with S. culiciformis. — Entomologist, London, lii, no. 675,
August 1919, p. 190.

Aegeria {Sesia) asiliformis is recorded in June as feeding not only
in the bark but also in the wood of a birch log.

Lees (A. H.). The Buff-tip Moth, Pygaem (Phalera) bucephala. —
Gardeners' Chronicle, London, Ixvi, no. 1703, 16th August 1919,
pp. 96-97, 1 fig.

A brief and popular account is given of the life-history and habits
of Pygaera (Phalera) bucephala, which may be found on elm, lime,
hazel, willow, oak, birch, beech, alder, sycamore and sometimes
on roses. It is easily controlled by hand-picking or spraying with
lead arsenate.

Shufeldt (R. W.). Insects in their Relation to Forestry. — American

Forestry, Washington, B.C., xxv, no. 307, July 1919, pp. 1221-

1225, 6 figs.

A general outUne is given of injury to forest trees by insects, those

dealt with including : -Ciiheronia regalis, F. (royal walnut moth),

the caterpillar of which feeds on the leaves of butternut, hickory,

persimmon, sumach (Rhfs), sycamore and walnut ; and a Cerambycid

beetle, Prionus laticollis, infesting the trunks and roots of poplar

and black oak trees.

Watson (J. R.). New Thysanoptera from Florida,-!^ .—Florida
Buggist, Gainesville, ii, no. 3, December 1918, pp. 97-102.
[Received 6th August 1919.]

Additions to the Hst of Thysanoptera recorded from Florida [see
this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 505] include Trichothrips brevitubus, sp. n,.

417

and Megalotnerothrips eupatorii, gen. et sp. n., which are here described.
Keys to the North American species of Trichothrips and the genera
of Phloeothripidae are also given.

Watson (J. R.) & Osborn (E.). Additions to the Thysanoptera of
Florida,-V. — Flwida Bvggist, Gainesville, ii, no. 4, March 1919,
pp. 116-119. [Received 6th August 1919.]

The additional species recorded are Haplothrips orlando, sp. n.,
here described, and Frankliniella insularis, Frankl., on flowers of
Citrus and Carissa grandiflora. A key is also given to the North
American species of Haplothrips.

Attention is called to the fact that AntJiothrips niger, Osb., is a
synonym of Haplolkrips statices, Hal.

Watson (J. R.). Additions to the Thysanoptera of Florida,-VI.—

Florida Buggist, Gainesville, iii, no. 1, June 1919, pp. 2-7.
[Received 26th August 1919.]

The species described include : — Dictyothrips floridensis, sp. n.,
taken on guava plants, and Cephalotlirips elongata, sp. n., taken from
a barnacle scale [Ceroplastes cirripediformis).

A key is also given to the American species of Frankliniella.

Watson (J. R.). Onion Thrips. — Florida Univ. Agric. Expt. Sia.,
Gainesville, Press. Bull. no. 290, 4th April 1918, 2 pp. [Received
6th August 1919.]

This bulletin, the bulk of the matter of which has been previously
noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 186] gives a brief description
of the damage caused by Thrips tabaci (onion thrips) in Florida.
Various sprays as well as crop rotation are advocated as remedial
measures.

Watson (J. R.). The Fall Army Worm, or Grass }fJoYm.~Florida

Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Gainesville, Press Bull. no. 293, 25th
July 1918, 2 pp. [Received 6th August 1919.]

A brief description is given of the fall army worm [Laphygma
Jrugiperda] and its life-history.

The remedial measures advocated are the use of poison-baits,
sprays or dust. The poison-bait, which should be made fresh each
day, consists of 20 lb. of bran, 5 lb. of cottonseed meal and 1 lb. of
Paris green mixed with 3 or 4 finely chopped lemons and 2| U.S. gals,
of water to which 2 U.S. qts. of molasses or s}T:up should be added,
the whole being well mixed to a consistency which will fall in fine
flakes when scattered. Oranges or grapefruit may be used, but lemons
or limes are preferable. Additional bran may also be substituted
for the cottonseed meal. This quantity is sufficient for 4 to 5 acres.
The sprays recommended are 1 lb. of Paris green, 2 lb. of lime and
150 U.S. gals, of water, or 3 or 4 lb. of lead arsenate paste to 100 U.S.
gals, of water. Half this quantity will be required if the powdered
form is used. A% a dusting powder 1 lb. of Paris green may be used
with 50 lb. of flour or lime.

418

Watson (J. R.). Sweet-Potato Caterpillars. — Florida Univ. Agric.
Expt. Sta., Gainesville, Press Bull. no. 304, 22nd February 1919.
2 pp. [Received 6tli August 1919.]

Many caterpillars, including the semi-tropical army worm [Xylo-
myges eridania], are injurious to sweet potato plants in Florida in
July, August and September. The remedial measures advocated,
including poison-baits, spraying and dusting, are practically the same
as those for Laphygmn friigiperda (fall army worm) [see preceding
paper].

Watson (J. R.). Florida Truck and Garden Insects. — Florida Univ.
Agric. Expt. Sta., Gainesville, Bull. 151, February 1919, 211 pp.,
57 figs. [Received 6th August 1919.]

The bulk of the matter contained in this bulletin, which is a revision
of an earlier one, has previously been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A,
v, p. 305]. Further experiments made with regard to remedial
measures for root knot disease show that complete fallowing during
one summer will exterminate the Nematode [Heterodera radicicola].
Other measures advocated are sprinkling with sodium cyanide,
dissolved in water, at the rate of 600 lb. per acre, after which the
soil should be well saturated with water to a depth of at least 18
inches ; this is followed by a sprinkling of ammonium sulphate at
the rate of 900 lb. per acre and applied in the same manner. Carbon
bisulphide has proved efl&cacious when applied at the rate of one
oimce poured into holes 12 to 18 inches deep near the base of the plants
and immediately covered to prevent the escape of gas. One side
of the plant should be treated first, and the other side a week or two
later.

The insect pests dealt with include : — Stictocephala festina (three-
cornered alfalfa hopper), which infests beans, tomatoes, watermelons,
cowpeas and many other plants ; Peregrinus maidis (corn leaf-hopper),
which becomes very abundant in the latter part of August, causing
the death of young maize and may be controlled by sprays of tobacco
extracts and early planting ; Leptocorisa tipuloides (crane-fly bug)
which attacks egg-plants and may be killed by a solution of 5 lb.
of soap, I pt. of Blackleaf 40 to 50 U.S. gals, of water ; Geocoris
punctipes, a bug that attacks lettuce in the winter, the spray advocated
for it being 2 lb. of lead arsenate and f of a pint of Blackleaf 40
in 50 U.S. gals, of Bordeaux mixture ; Pseudococcus citri attacking
potatoes stored in dry places ; and Termes flavipes infesting sweet
potatoes.

Sunflowers have been used successfully as a trap-crop round potatoes
for the bug, Leptoglossus phyllopus. Strawberries have been attacked
by the strawberry flea-beetle {Haltica ignita), and planting crape
myrtle [Lagerotroemia indica] as a trap -crop is suggested, this being its
favourite food-plant.

Watson (J. R.). Report of Entomologist.^ — Rept. for the Fiscal Year
ending 30th June, 1918 Florida Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Gaines-
ville, May 1919, pp. 56R.— 61R. [Received 6th August 1919.]

The insects pests reared include a bug, Adelphocoris rapidns,
puncturing squares and young bolls of cotton in July, causing them

419

to drop ; Epicaerus formidulosus (broad-nosed weevil), specially
abundant and attacking foliage of cotton and tobacco and also
injuring beans; a large yellow bug, Spartocera (Corecoris) conflueiita,
causing severe injury to tomatoes ; Leptinotarsa decemlineala
(Colorado potato beetle), reported for the first time from the Gulf
Coast of Florida and apparently spreading southward ; a Membracid,
Platycorus quadrivittata, which was more common than usual,
mainly infesting oalcs ; and Derelomxs basalts (papaw weevil), injuring
cotton squares in June and also taken on beans.

Several hundred individuals of the CoccinelUd, Delphastus catalinae,
were imported from California and liberated in different parts of the
State, where it seems likely that they will become established.

Nezara viridula (pumpkin bug) was less destructive during the
autumn of 1917 than during 1916. It has been ascertained that
hibernation is incomplete. Some indivi(^uals can be found under
loose bark of dead trees, but others remain all the winter on green
plants feeding actively, although quiescent during the coldest months.
The nymphs become adults about the middle of November, and no
breeding takes place until late in the following February. The radish
is the preferred food-plant, especially when seed pods are present,
but serious damage is also caused to tomatoes. The planting of
radishes as a trap- crop round the edges of tomato fields is suggested.
Experiments to control Nematodes, by means of the application
of calcium cyanamide to the soil, have been continued. Complete
eradication was not effected, but the numbers were greatly reduced.
For reasons as yet unexplained, the application of one ton per acre
caused scorching of the crops in some cases, whereas on other plots 3 tons
per acre were used without any ill effects. With cyanide-ammonium
sulphate there is less danger of injury to crops, and the effect on
Nematodes is practically the same. Experiments were, made using
100 to 800 lb. per acre in solution or powder form over the entire
surface of the soil. With the use of 300 lb. or less there was no
appreciable decrease in the mmibers of Nematodes, but the growth
of plants on lots thus treated was considerably increased.

Summer fallow resulted in the same reduction of Nematodes ae
when 600 lb. of cyanide or one ton of cyanamide was used per acre,
and it would seem that better results would be obtained from the
growing of resistant plants on infested soil if the surface was frequently
stirred. For this reason it is suggested that cowpeas and velvet
beans should be planted in rows, and experiments are now being
conducted on these lines.

ScHoYEN (T. H.). Beretning om Skadeinsekter i Land- og Havebruget

i 1917. [Report on Agricultural Insect Pests in 1917.] -
Christiania, 1918, 73 pp.

Of the numerous insects recorded in this paper the following are
the principal ones of economic importance. In Hedemarken numerous
barley fields were completely devastated owing to a combined attack
of Oscinella frit, L., Miris dolahratus, L., Pediculoides graminum,
E. Rent., and a fungus, Pleospora teres. M. dolahratus is a new pest
to Norway. Anthonomus pomorum was very common in 1917, and
it was proved by experiments that the greater part of the weevils

420

could be collected by banding the trees in July, showing that they
retire to their hibernating quarters early in the season. The investiga-
tions on Taeniothrips inconsequens, Uzel, were continued, the English
" XL All " insecticide paste being very effective against this thrips.

ScHoYEN (T. H.). Kornsygdome paa Hedemarken. [The Diseases of
Barley in Hedemarken, Norway.] — Tidens Tegn, Christiania,
1918," nos. 232, 235,269.

The devastation of the barley fields recorded from Hedemarken
in 1917 continued and increased in 1918. About 75 per cent, of the
injury was caused by Oscinella (Oscmis) frit. Late sowing of spring
barley has been found an advantage, and the author recommends the
sowing of trap-crops in strips in order to collect the larvae of the
second generation.

Boas (J. E. V.). Aedelgranslusene. [The Aphids of the Silver Fir.]
— Dansk Skovforenings Tidskrift, Cajpenhagen, iii, 1918, pp. 191-
276, 51 figs.

This paper deals with Chermes piceae and Mindarus abielitius, with
special regard to the injuries caused by them. Regarding C. piceae
the author is of opinion, contrary to Borner, Marchal and Niisslin,
that C. piceae and C. nusslini are not distinct, but only biological
races of the same species.

In Denmark C. piceae is to a great extent an enemy of young silver
fir trees, killing them or impairing their vitality. In many instances
it only kills the terminal shoots, thus reducing the quality of the
timber. Its attacks frequently diminish gradually, the insect becoming
scarcer from year to year ; but in localities where the soil is not
favourable to the cultivation of the silver fir, the attacks may continue
to such an extent that the plantations suffer seriously.

Mindarus abietinus does not affect the general health of the trees
to the same extent as G. piceae, confining its attacks chiefly to the
terminal shoots, which break off. This injury occurs on old as well
as on young trees and is often repeated, causing the trees to bend
and reducing the value of the timber.

As remedial measures spraying with lysol solution or quassia and
thorough thinning of the plantations are suggested.

Ljungdahl (D.). Lepidopterologiska Anteckningar. [Notes on
Lepidoptera.] — Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm, xxxix, no. 1,
1918, pp. 82-91, 4 figs.

This paper contains the following records of Ichneumonidae and
Tachinid flies reared from Lepidoptera : Trogus exaltatorius, Panz.,
from the pupa of Dendrolimus pini, L. ; Ichneumon extensorius, L.,
from pupae of Polia {Mamestra) advena, Schiff. ; Bucentes cristata, F.,
from the larvae of Polia suasa, Schiff. {Mamestra dissimilis, Knoch),
and Exorista vulgaris, Fall., from cocoons of the same species ;
Banchus volutatorius, L., and Exetasfes cinctipes, Retz., from the
pupae of Polia suasa and P. {M.) contigua, Schiff. ; Ichneumon exten-
sorius, L., Campoplex remotus, Frst., and Platylabus dohrosus, Wsm.,
from Lygris testata, L. ; Microgaster calceatus, Hal., from Larentia

421

juniperata, L. ; Cryptopimpla errabunda, Grav., from Larentia cucullata,
Hiifn. ; Pimpla ardica, Zett., and Ichneumon captorius, Thorns.,
from the pupae of Gnophos myrtillata, Thunb.

Ahlberg (0.). Beitrag zur Deutung der Zetterstedtschen Thrips-Arten.

[Contributions towards the Interpretation of the Thysanoptera
described by Zetterstedt.] — ■ Entomologisk Tidskrift, Stockholm,.
xxxix, no. 2, 1918, pp. 140-142.

Examination of the type of Thrips picipes, Zett., described by
Zetterstedt in " Insecta Lapponica," and still preserved in the
entomological collections at Lund, has elicited the fact that this
species is identical with Taeniothrips primulae, Hal.

Wahlgren (E.). Ueber Musca pumilionis, Bierkander. — Entomologisk
Tidskrift, Stockholm, xxxix, no. 2, 1918, pp. 134-139.

In modern entomological literature this species is referred to the
genus Siphonella, while in the earlier Swedish literature on economic
entomology it is referred to the genus Chlorops. The author expresses
the opinion that it is identical with Chlorops taeniopus, Meig., while
Oscinis pumilionis, Fall., and Zett., which was wrongly supposed
by these authors to be identical with Musca pumilionis, Bierk., is
a Siphonella, which must bear the name S. pumilionis, Zett.

TuLLGREN (A.). Nagra ord om Forodelse pa Vetefalten inom Gotaland.

[Some Remarks on the Devastation of the Wheat-fields irL
Gotland.] — Tidskrift for Landtman, 1918, nos. 24, 31, 33, pp.
397-398, 504-507, 4 figs.

An account is given of an outbreak of Cicadula sexnotata, with
illustrations of the developmental stages and the injury caused.
The insects were so numerous that a net, moved ten times
to and fro in a field, collected 7,000 individuals. The leaves of the
wheat were at this time, the end of June, quite withered. In July
the insects migrated to late sown oats and barley. Their local
occurrence was very remarkable, one field being frequently completely
devastated, while another close by escaped injury, the field which
escaped being as a rule that which had been sown late, while early
sown fields were attacked. This is explained by the assumption
that the oviposition period of the insect coincided with the time
when the wheat appeared above the ground in the previous autumn.

The remedial measure suggested is the collection of the larvae
and nymphs by means of nets.

Akerman (A.). Angrepp av Vetemygglarver pa Varvete Sommaren

1917. [Injuries caused by the Wheat Midge on Spring Wheat
during the Summer of 1917.] — Sveriges Vtsddesforenings Tidskrift,

1918, pp. 90-93.

This investigation on Contarinia tritici is a continuation of researches
on this pest published in 1917 [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 151].
As already observed by the author in the case of autumn wheat, the
spikes that are most dangerous are those that are bursting when

422

the midges are swarming in the greatest numbers. This depends
on the fact that the insects preferably oviposit on the spikes when
they are bursting, whereas fully developed spikes are seldom attacked.
On an average 5 per cent, of the flowers were destroyed by this pest.

Teagardh (I.). Redogorelse for det Entomologiska Laboratoriets
Verksamhet under 1915-1917, [Report on the Investigation of
Forest Insects during 1915-1917 at the Entomological Laboratory
of the Swedish State Institute of Experimental Forestry.] —
Meddelande frdn Statens Skogsforsoksanstalt, Stockholm, Hafte 15,
1919, pp. 154-174, 5 figs.

In investigations on the pine beetles {Myelojyhilus piniperda and
M. minor), the problems that have been studied include the
influence of the size of the felled trees on the development of the brood,
the ability of the beetles to disperse, the influence of the time when the
trees are cut and the consequent injury to the trees caused by the beetles
when feeding. It was found to be correct that the beetles will oviposit
on trees measuring less than \\ inches at the base, but that the larvae
are unable to complete their metamorphosis owing probably either to
the small space at their disposal, or to the too rapid drying of such
slender stems. In larger trunks, however, the number of imagines
that develop rapidly increases, being about 15 per each egg-gaUery in
trees of a diameter of 2f inches. Consequently, when thinning the
forest, the smaller trunks may be left without any danger of the
beetles increasing in number. When the beetles leave the trunks
in order to feed on the shoots, they invariably choose the nearest trees.
The damage to the crowns of pine trees is therefore usually concentrated
round the localities where the beetles have bred. As regards the
effect of the date of cutting the trees, it was found that there is a
period of at least two months during the summer when the pine trees
may be felled and left in the forest without any protective measures
being taken, such as removal of the bark. This is due on the one
hand to the fact that the pine beetles swarm early in the spring and
only have one generation a year, the trees feUed after the swarming is
over consequently escaping oviposition, and on the other hand to
the fact that trees felled during the earlier half of the summer do not
attract ovipositing beetles in the following spring. The measurements
taken in order to ascertain whether the injury caused to the shoots
results in reduction of the growth of the trees failed to show any
decrease. In the cases investigated, however, the attack had only
taken place during one year. Investigations on the spruce bark-beetle
{Ips ty2Jographus) and on the enemies of spruce-cones have already
been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, pp. 90, 287].

Tragardh (I.). Skogsinsekternas Skadegbrelse under Ar 1917. [The
Injuries caused by Insects to Swedish Forests in 1917.] —
Meddelanden frhn Statens Skogsforsoksanstalt, Stockhohn, Hafte 16,
no. 4, 1919, pp. 67-114, 14 figs.

The birch bark-beetle {Scolytus ratzehurgi, Jans.) does not seem to
play any important part in Sweden, as a rule attacking only isolated
trees. At Vaesby in Oland, however, in 1915, about 500 birches were
so severely injured that they had to be cut down. An investigation

423

made in 1917 failed to elucidate the cause of the outbreak, but revealed
the fact that in many instances the attack had failed owing to the
resistance offered by the trees, the larval galleries being only very
short. Another bark-beetle [Ips acuminatus, Gyll.) is one of the
commonest species in the north of Sweden, occurring in trees with thin
bark, and seems in this part of the country to replace Myelophilus minor,
which also prefers the thin-barked portions of pine trees. There is,
however, a great difference between the two species in so far that
Ips acummatus oviposits in branches measuring as little as |— f inches in
diameter, whereas Myelophilus does not do so in branches of less than
about 1^ inches. The practical consequence of this is that the increase
of the former species is favoured by the smaller branches being left
on the ground.

The adult moths of Bupcdus piniarius L., are very susceptible to _
rain, being often drowned in great numbers. An example of this
occurred at Tuna in 1916. In the beginning of July enormous numbers
of the moths were noticed. An investigation made at the end of
July, however, elicited the fact that hardly any eggs had been laid,
which was explained by the torrential rain on the 6th July,
when nearly 2| inches fell in a single shower. The number of eggs
laid on each needle is said generally to be about 7, larger mmabers up
to 30 having also been found. An investigation made at Sorby in
Sodermanland showed that on most needles only 2-4 eggs occurred,
7 or more being very seldom found, though it is impossible to say
whether this is the rule in Sweden, the number of eggs laid on
each needle being probably influenced by climatic conditions. The
larvae always begin feeding at the top of the trees, probably because
the eggs are chiefly deposited there, and therefore, at least during the
first year of an outbreak, it is easy to discern a very badly defohated
upper part of the crown, whereas in the lower parts there is hardly any
damage at all. As a rule an outbreak reaches its climax in the second
year and ceases during the third year, and it is the general opinion of
entomologists that parasites are the controlling factor. Even if this
may be to some extent an exaggeration, in so far that climatic condi-
tions may also play a part, a study of the parasites during an outbreak
is of very great interest both from a theoretical and a practical point
of view. The outbreaks in different parts of Sweden have therefore
during the last years been studied with special regard to parasites,
the time permitting only the investigation of those species that are
found in the pupae in the spring. In Sorby in 1917 nearly 100 pupae
were found per square metre, 18 per cent, of which were parasitised.
In 1918 only 8-8 pupae were found per square metre, 60 per cent, of
which were parasitised, which shows the important part played by
the parasites. Both flies and Ichnemnonids were reared from the
pupae. Besides Barichneumon locutor, Thunb., and Cratichneumon
nigritarius, Grav., which were reared from the pupae, Plectocryptus
arrogans, Grav., a species reared in north Germany from pupae of
Bupalus piniarius was taken in one of the forests where an outbreak
occurred.

In order to study the effect of the injury on the trees several plots
were laid out, the trees on which were repeatedly examined. At
Sorby in the spring of 1918 no pine tree had succumbed to the attacks
of the two previous years, in 4 per cent, of the trees Myelophilus

424

piniperda was breeding, and in 10 per cent, it had tried in vain to ovi-
posit. This seemed to indicate that these trees had suffered to such
an extent from B. piniarius that they had become attractive to the
pine beetle. A closer investigation however showed that this was
not the case, only 1 of the 14 trees most seriously defoliated by
Bupalus piniarius having been attacked by the pine beetle, and
that in vain. Furthermore, one of the trees which in 1918 was attacked
by the pine beetle had during the two previous years escaped the attack
of Bupalus jnniarius. As a matter of fact the moth concentrates
on the largest trees, whereas the pine beetle prefers the smaller ones.
The results obtained during recent years in Sweden regarding
B. piniarius seem to make it clear that no precipitate measures, such as
cutting the timber, should be taken, as it often happens that the trees
do not succumb to the attack.

Although there are four species of the genus Cephaleia, in Sweden
no records of any damage by these sawflies has previously been
recorded. In the summer 1916, however, at Dalby near Lund an attack
on spruce trees due to C. signata, ¥., was observed, the area in which the
injury occurred being 12^ acres, and the following year increasing to
about 185 acres. An investigation made in the autumn of 1917 showed
that 300-400 larvae were to be found in the ground. In 1917 the
swarming took place in the end of May. The eggs are deposited
singly on the old needles and are of a grey-green colour. The young
larvae emerged in the middle of June, but a large number of the eggs
(about one-third) were parasitised by a Chalcid, probably Entedon
ovulorum, a species reared by Ratzeburg from the egg of Lyda pratensis.

Tragardh (I.). Barrtr&dskvalstret en Fiende i vara Plantskolor.

[The Pine-tree Spinning Mite, Paratetranychus ununguis, Jac,
an Enemy in our Nurseries.] — Statens SkogsforsoksanstaU, Stock-
holm, Flygblad no. 14, 1919.

Attention is called to the injury caused by this mite in nurseries.
The damage done as a rule passes unnoticed, the mite being too
small to be recognised as the cause. Near Vastervik, in Sweden, an
attack on 3-4 year old spruce trees was noticed in May 1918, which
would doubtless have caused the death of the plants unless the pest
had been detected and measures taken against it. The plants at this
time were of a red colour and covered with hibernating eggs. They
were sprayed with lime-sulphur, with the result that the mites were
killed and the plants saved.

Friederichs (K.). Konnen schadliche Insekten durch parasitische
Pilze bekampft werden? [Can harmful Insects be combated by
Fungus Parasites ?] — Mitt. Naturf. Ges. in Bern, 1918, pp. xv-xvi,
(1919).

After recording some of the more successful instances of attempts
to control insect pests by means of fungi, the author describes his
own experiments with Melarrhizium anisopliae in Samoa, where
the imported beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros, does tremendous damage to
coconut palms. Heaps of decomposing vegetation, treated with the
fungus, were placed so that the beetles should lay their eggs there,
with the result that all the larvae hatching out were destroyed. He

425

also succeeded in infecting, in the laboratory, many other insects
besides 0. rhinoceros with M. anisopliae, whence it might be inferred
that this fungus should be useful against other pests, but only in
countries with a warm, damp climate.

Baker (C. F.). Mango Pests in Singapore. — The Gardens^ Bull, Straits
Settlements, Singapore, ii, no. 4, 4th July 1919, pp. 115-116.

The inferior quality and quantity of Singapore mangos is partly
due to the ravages of a Psyllid which produces numerous galls on
the leaves. The honey-dew secreted by these insects probably
accounts for the growth on the foliage of a sooty black fungus
{Meliola fnangiferae).

CoRPORAAL (J. B.). Notiz ubBi die beiden Roepke' schen Gambirschad-
lichen Capsiden. [A Note on the Gambir-infesting Capsids
described by Roepke.] — Tijdschr. Entoniologie, The Hague, Ixii,
no. 1-2, 15th July 1919, pp. 107-108.

This note supplements Roepke' s description of Hehpeltis suma-
tranus and Hyalojpejplus uncariae [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 481]
injuring Uncaria gamhir in Sumatra. H. sumatranus is the more
important species [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 38].

Velu (H.). La Lutte contre les Acridiens au Maroc. Troisieme
Campagne d'Exp6rimentation de la M6thode biologique. — Bull.

Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 7, 9th July 1919, pp. 362-364.

Further experiments made to control Schistocerca peregrina, 01.,
by the biological method confirm the results obtained in 1916 [see
this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 99] viz. : — That the end of the 3rd instar
is the most favourable time for contamination and practically the
only susceptible period. This method is still in the experimental
stage and can certainly not be considered of any great economic
importance at present, as its application is too restricted. It is
suggested that the State should undertake measures to insure the
destruction of locusts immediately upon the appearance of invading
swarms in the South, as one individual destroyed then implies the
suppression of 500 to 1,000 later. This may be done by various
methods, all of which should be employed at night.

DuFRENOY (J.). Les Mycoses momiflantes de Chenilles processionnaires
des Pins d'Arcachon. — C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxii, no. 24, 26th
July 1919, pp. 962-963.

The action of Beauveria spp. on Cnethocampa pityocampa [see this
Revieiv, Ser. A, vii, p. 385] is further dealt with and the process of
mummification is described.

(0596) B

426

Gautier (C). Recherches physiologiques et parasitologiques sur les

L6pidopt^res nuisibles. Parth6nogen6se chez Apanteles glomeratus.

Linn^. — C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxii, no. 24, 26th July 1919, pp.

1000-1002.

The author has established, by experiments described in detail,

the existence of parthenogenesis in Apanteles glomeratus, L., the

Braconid parasite of Pieris brassicae [see this Review, Ser. A, vii,

p. 397]. This probably occurs but rarely under natural conditions,

but it is phenomenon that might be of great importance in some

cases.

PiCARD (F.). Sur deux Cecidomyies du Midi de la France. [Diptera.]
—Bull. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, 1919, no. 11, 11th June 1919,
pp. 207-208. [Received 8th August 1919.]

The galls formed by Putoniella marsupialis, F. Low, on the under-side
of leaves of Primus spinosa, P. insititia and P. domestica are described.
The insects occur abundantly but only in certain localities. They
are not found on blackthorn in roadside hedges, probably on account
of the dust, but only at some distance from any highroad. P. marsu-
jyialis is highly parasitised by a number of Chalcids, the chief of
which is Torymus exilis, Wlk., which also parasitises Perrisia asperulae
and Rhopalomyia artemisiae.

Galls are produced on the leaves of the cultivated violet by Perrisia
affi7iis, Kieff. Similar galls have been observed on several species
of Viola in Europe and Northern Africa, but do not seem to have
been noticed hitherto in France. In some cases all the leaves are
rolled and the flowers do not develop. Transformation takes place
within the gall. Another Cecidomyid, Contarinia vioUcola, Coq.,
attacks violets in North America, rolling the leaves in exactly the
same way. This species is treated with sprays of freshly-slaked lime,
a remedy that might be tried against the species occurring in France.

Gabotto (L.). La Tignuola della Patata. [The Potato Moth.]—
Riv. Agric, Parma, xxv, no. 32, 8th August 1919, pp. 304-305.

The potato moth, Phthorimaea operculella, Zell., has appeared in
the Province of Palermo, Sicily, probably omng to the removal of
import restrictions. This article of a popular character gives an
account of the pest and of the methods of combating it, stress being
laid on the danger of delay.

Pettit (R. H.). New Pests which have established themselves in the
United States and for which we should be on the lookout. — Qrtrly.
Bull. Michigan Agric. Expt. Sta., East Lansing, i, no. 3, Februa y
1919, p. 109. [Received 11th August, 1919.]

Attention is drawn to the importation into the United States of
the eelworm, Tylenchus tritici, and the European corn borer, Pyrausta
nubilalis, which have so far not been reported from Michigan, where
however their appearance should be carefully looked for and
immediately reported.

427

Pettit (R. H.). Periodical Cicada. — Qrtrly. Bull. Michigan Agric.
Expt. Sta., East Lansing, i, no. 4, May 1919, pp. 167-168.

The 17-year locust [Tibicen septetndecim], which has been predicted
to appear in May and June 1919 [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 381],
is not expected to be seen in any new localities of Michigan, as its
numbers have decreased at each appearance, in view of which fact
the swarms for that State should be smaller than ever.

Report of Committee on uniform Rules and Regulations to govern
Certification of Seed Potatoes. — Mthly. Bull. Gal. State Gommiss.
Horlic, Sacramento, viii, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 304-307.
[Received 11th August 1919.]

It is notified that the presence of the eelworm, Heterodera radicicola,
Greef., and the potato tuber moth, Plithorimaea operculella, Z., as
well as of certain specified fungus diseases, will prevent certification
of seed potatoes in California.

Maskew (F.). Report for the Month of April 1919.— Mthly. Bull. Gal.
State Gommiss. Horfic, Sacramento, viii, no. 6, June 1919, pp.
309-311.

Insect i^ests intercepted during April 1919 included : — From
Borneo : Araecerus fasciculatus, Cryptophagid beetles, Lasiodernui
serricorne and Lepidopterous larvae in nutmeg and various spices.
From Central America : Saissetia oleae, Aspidiotus lataniae and
Ghrysomphalus dicfyos2)ermi on assorted plants ; G. scutiformis and
Aspidiotus cyanophylli on bananas ; Gamponotus maculatus and
Prenolepis sp. on tree fern ; Pseudococcus virgatus and Parlatoria
pioteus var. crotonis on croton ; Pseudococcus sp. and Aspidiotus sp.
on bananas. From Chile : Phthorimaea operculella in potatoes.
From Connecticut : Pseudococcus citri on Gardenia. From Florida :
Lepidosaphes beckii and Phomopsis citri on grapefruit. From Hawaii :
Hemichionaspis minor, Ripersia palmarum and Ghrysomphalus aonidum
on coconuts ; Lecanium sp. on a pot-plant ; Diaspis bromeliae and
Pseudococcus bromeliae on pineapples ; Goccus longulus on betel leaves ;
Aspidiotus lataniae and Phenacaspis eugeniae on mangos ; Lepidosaphes
beckii, Pseudococcus citri and ants on croton cuttings ; weevils in
seed-pods. From Japan : Xyleborus sp., Eulecanium sp. and cicada
eggs on Wistaria ; Otiorrhynchid weevils and ants in packing of
nursery stock ; Pseudococcus sp. on cedars ; Aphids and Gicada
eggs on persimmons ; an Aegeriid borer in Gamellia japonica. From
Mexico : an undetermined weevil in sweet potatoes ; Heliothis
(Ghloridea) obsoleta in tomatoes and Ghrysomphalus aurantii on
lemons. From Nevada : Heterodera radicicola on potatoes. From
Pennsylvania : Aphis sp. on rose plants. From the Philippines :
Pseudococcus virgatus on croton ; Pseudococcus crotonis, Parlatoria
pseudaspidiotus and Pseudaonidia cureuliginis on orchids. From
Tonga : Ripersia palmarum on coconut palm. From Washington :
Lepidosaphes uhiii on apples.

(C596) ii2

428

Ramsay (A. A.). The Mixing of Sprays.— J^-nc Gaz. N.S. W., Sydney,
XXX, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 428-429.
Owing to the efficacy of combined insecticides and fungicides
becoming more and more established, a diagram and table of compatible
and non- compatible mixtures are given to assist the fruit-grower in
mixing such sprays.

Terry (H. B.) & Schlupp (W. F.). Tests of Lead Arsenate.
Effectiveness of different Brands in controlling Codling Moth — A
Progress Report. — Reprint from S. African Fruit Grower, Cape
Town, May 1919, 8 pp. [Received 13th August 1919.]

Tables are given showing the comparative efficacy against Cydiu
fomonella of the different brands of lead arsenate tested in 1917-18
and 1918-19 in areas of summer rainfall in South Africa.

The conclusion arrived at is that no one of the proprietary brands
tested is markedly inferior to the others. Zinc arsenite also gave
good results, but caused serious scorching of the fruit and foliage.

Chittenden (F. H.). The Rice Moth. — U.S. Dept. Agric, Washington,
D.C., Bull. 783, 14th July 1919, 15 pp., 5 plates, 2 figs.

Corcyra cepJmlonica, Staint., has been known in the United States
since 1911, but was not definitely identified until 1916. It causes
serious damage to stored rice and all forms of cocoa and chocolate,
whether sweetened or not. It also breeds in ships' biscuits and
sesame seeds. Its habit of feeding on cacao beans is probably an
acquired one.

All stages of the moth are described. Little is known of its life-
history, in which it seems greatly to resemble the Indian meal moth,
Plodia interpunctella, Hbn., and the fig moth, Ephestia cautella, Wlk.
It has been found associated with Silvanus surinamensis, L. (saw-
toothed grain beetle), Tribolium castaneum, Hbst. (ferrugineum, F.)
(rust-red flour beetle), Rhizopertha dominica, F. (lesser grain borer),
Lophocateres pusillus, Oliv. (Siamese grain beetle) and Calandra
oryzae, L. (rice weevil).

The moths disappear during the cold weather, but seem to breed
continuously at room temperature, although under laboratory
conditions only two generations could be obtained in a single rearing
jar. The insect requires a very short time for development, which
varies according to climatic conditions. The cycle in the summer
from egg to egg occupies about 28 to 42 days.

The remedial measures advocated are thorough cleaning and
fumigation of all infested store rooms, sacks etc. by means of hydro-
cyanic acid gas, sulphur dioxide, carbon bisulphide, or by heat, the
temperature required being from 120°-130°F. Rice and cacao
beans are however damaged by exposure to the latter temperature
for more than an hour.

Culver (J. J.). A Study of Campsilura concinnata, an imported
Tachinid Parasite of the Gipsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth. —

U. S. Dept. Agric, Washingtofi, D.C., Bull. 766, 10th July 1919,
27 pp., 1 plate, 1 map, 10 figs.

The Tachinid fly, Compsilura concinnata, Meig., was imported
into the United States in 1906 from various European countries as

429

a parasite of the gipsy moth [Porthetria dispar] and the brown-tail
moth [Nygmia phaeorrhoea], in the control of which it has now become
one of the chief factors. The history of importation and colonisation
of this parasite, as well as the method of handling and life-history
under laboratory conditions are reviewed. C. concinnata has a very
wide distribution in Europe and attacks 58 different species of
Lepidoptera, a list of which is given. In America, where this parasite
is comparatively new, the number of hosts has increased to 33.
Reproduction in the laboratory was studied on Callosamia fromdhea,
Bomhyx mori, Hemerocampa leucostigma and Pieris (Pontia) rapae.
Under laboratory conditions temperature exercises very little effect
on the larvae, of which each female is capable of producing from
90 to 100, but the length of the adult stage varies greatly according
to the temperature and method of handling. The mode of larviposition
and subsequent development i^ discussed [see this Review, Ser. A,
ii, p. 136]. All attempts to prove parthenogenesis in this parasite
have failed. The extreme dates of collection of adults of this insect
recorded in the field are 1st May and 29th October, those for puparia
are 16th June and 30th September. The life-cycle occupies about
28-30 days, thus allowing the completion of 3 full generations during
the season. Full details as to hibernation have not yet been worked
out, but it is definitely recorded as taking place in PapiUo polyxenes,
F., Diacrisia virginica,, F., Deilephila galii, Rott., Deidamia inscriptum,
Harr., Callosamia promethea, Drury, and an unidentified Geometrid
from which larvae of C. concinnata emerged for pupation in the
spring. A single case of hibernation in Pieris rapae is recorded.
Attempts to carry the parasite through the winter in the adult and
pupal stages were not successful. Secondary parasites are known to
attack the larvae and puparia of C. concinnata, but only when these
are found above-ground. Supernumerary parasitism has also been
noticed in Nygmia j}haeorrhoea, from larvae of which examples of
C. concinnata have been observed to emerge after the Hymenopterous
parasite, Meteorus versicolor, Vier., had already done so.

Since the establishment of this parasite in the United States,
Hemerocampa leucostigma, which was formerly a serious pest in New
England, has practically disappeared ; the Saturniid, Callosamia
promethea, has become rare ; Pieris rapae, though stUl a serious pest,
has been materially reduced in numbers in some areas ; the celery
caterpillar, Papilio polyxenes, is less common ; and the fall webworm,
Hyphantria ciinea, which was abundant in Eastern Massachusetts
in 1910, is now scarcely noticeable. Though it is not claimed that
this parasite is the sole cause of this reduction, its value in this respect
has been considerable, apart from its beneficial effect on the outbreaks
of gipsy and brown-tail moths.

Clemens (W. A.). The Pine Bark Beetle {Ips pini, Say). — Cornell
Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Ithaca, N.Y., Bull. no. 383, October
1916, pp. 385-398, 2 plates, 4 figs. [Received 15th August
1919.]

All stages of Ips pini, Say, are described and the history and
synonomy are reviewed. The distribution of this bark-beetle

430

includes twelve American States and two provinces of Canada.
It probably attacks all species of pine in the Canadian and
transitional zones, and also black spruce, Norway spruce, Abies
menziesii and larch. Normally only dying or recently dead trees
are attacked. The beetles have never been seen in flight or
leaving a tree, but are probably attracted by the resinous odour of
injured trees. Infestation may be very severe, 125 to 150 beetles
having been found in a white pine log 7 feet long and about 4 inches
in diameter. The upper part of the tree, where the bark is not too
thick, or the larger limbs are usually selected for attack. The entrance
hole is perfectly round and is usually made by the male closely followed
by a female ; when the sap-wood is reached a chamber is excavated,
between it and the outer bark, where pairing takes place.

From this chamber the female makes a longitudinal, primary gallery
from 4 to 6 inches long. The egg-laying period extends from 25 to 35
days, and at a temperature of 69° F. the eggs take about 5 days to
hatch. The larvae on emerging burrow into the cambium at right
angles to the primary gallery. In cases of severe infestation, the larval
galleries form a mass of interwinding mines. The pupal period lasts
about 5 days. The adult beetle remains in the pupal chamber 4 or 5
days and then works in the cambium some time before emerging.
At Ithaca two generations have been recorded ; under favourable
conditions a third is possible. The beetles of the late brood gradually
become dormant as winter sets in and remain in the bark.

Wet seasons are detrimental to the development of the larvae and
cause the beetle to be attacked in all stages by fungi. Predaceous
enemies include the Clerid beetles, TTianasimus dnbius, F., and Enoclerus
quadriguttatus, Oliv., a Histerid, Cylistix cylindrica, Payk., the Staphy
linids, Xantholinus ce'phalus, Say, Quedius laevigatus, Gyll., and
Homolota sp., a Tenebrionid, Hypophloeus parallelus, Melsh., and
probably also the Clerids, Trichodes simulator and Clems quadriguttatus,
Oliv. The following species have been taken in burrows, but may only
be associates : the Histerid, Platysoma coarctatum, Lee, the Curcu-
lionids, Dryophthorus corticalis, Say, and Cossonus sp., the Cucujid,
Brontes dubius, F., the Eucnemid, Deltometopus amoenicornis, Say,
the Staphy linid, Anthophagus {Geodromicus) strictus, Fair., and an
Anthocorid bug, Dufouriellus ater, Dufour. Mites and Nematodes
have been found on the beetles, but the efiect of their presence is not
known. Black carpenter ants readily devour the beetles. Parasites
include : Hymenoptera, Roptrocerus eccoptogaster, Ratz., Spaihius sp.,
Microbracon sp. and a Chalcid ; Diptera, an Agromyzid and
Phyllomyza sp.

Removal of the bark will cause the death of all pupae and larvae,
and if done carefully, will destroy a great nimiber of adults and thus
lessen the severity of future attacks. The attacks may also be pre-
vented by placing the newly felled logs in water. The following
beetles are often found in the part of the tree infested by Ips-pini :
Monochamus {MonoJiamynus) scutellatus, Say, Rhagium lineatum, Oliv.,
Pytho americanus, Kirby, Ips longidens, Swaine, Pityogenes sp., and a
Buprestid. In other parts of the tree the following may be found in
addition : Ips caelatus, Eich., /. calligraphus, Germ., Gnathotrichus
materiarius, Fitch, Hylastes {Hylurgops) 2nnifex, Fitch, and Mono-
chamus {Monohammus) confusor, Kirby.

431

RiTZEMA Bos (J.). Bestrijding van de Boonenbladluis. [Measures
against the Bean Aphis.] — Tijdschr. Plantenziekten, Wageningen,
XXV, no. 4, July 1919, pp 129-144.
The common bean aphis, Aphis rumicis, L., infests a large number
of shrubs and woody plants, of which a list is given. It has been
recorded under various synonyms, including Aphis papaveris, F.,
A. atriplicis, ¥., A. genistae, Scop., and A. euonymi, F. Theoretically,
the fifth generation of descendants of one female should number
3,270,800 individuals, and the importance of early measures is there-
fore apparent. Though there are many methods of destroying this
Aphid, they are usually difficult to apply in practice. A preventive
recommended by Dr. Feldt of Koenigsberg is based on the fact that a
field of beans is first attacked at the edges, the insects subsequently
spreading to the centre, when it is too late to do anything except to
plough up the field. Such infestation, which occurs in May or .June,
starts from the woody plants on which the eggs have remained during
the winter. The first signs of the pest in bean fields are noticed at
the side removed from the prevalent winds. The plants should either
be removed and burnt or sprayed with a spirit-soap solution. Spraying
must be repeated if all the Aphids are not killed by the first application.
Wherever possible beans should be planted in exposed situations and
the rows should be arranged in the direction of the prevalent wind.
Early sowing is desirable, and varieties should be chosen that soon
form pods low down on the stalk. The seed should be soaked before
planting to promote germination. Feldt states that when the rows
run from east to west the plants are 50-100 per cent, taller than those
in rows running from north to south, and as there is more shadow
among the tall plants less fertilisation by insects takes place. Tall
plants also interfere with the free passage of wind, so that Aphid injmy
is more probable. A space of about 2 feet should be allowed between
the rows, but the plants can be close together in a row. Feldt also
states that garden peas growing in a field of parsley were not attacked
by Aphids, whereas a few yards away a field containing peas only was
very heavily infested. Parsley, sununer root crops and potatoes
may be planted for this purpose, and a border of potatoes or tomatoes
along the edges of a field of beans will protect the crop. The author
remarks in this connection that in the Ukraine hemp planted among
other crops is found to drive away many insect pests [see this Review,
Ser. A, i, pp. 68, 191].

ScHOEVERS (T. A. C). Het Spint. [Mite Inji\ry.]--Tijdschr. Planten-
ziekten, Wageningen, xxv, no. 4, July 1919, pp. 145-155.
During the dry weather in June 1919 mite injury, due to Tetranychus
spp., was very much in evidence at Wageningen. Descriptions of the
injury and of the life-history of these mites are given. Some injury
was also caused by mites of the genus Bryohia. Spraying with
a 6-8 per cent, solution of carbolineum is recommended. Dusting
with sulphur or the use of a sulphur-soap solution also give good results,
and a 0-4 per cent, solution of liver of sulphur was found to be excellent.
Sulphur should not be used on gooseberry bushes as it causes defolia-
tion. A powerful stream of cold water will wash away the mites, and
heavy showers of rain cause a reduction of infestation for this reason.
A species of Scymnus is predaceous on these mites.

432

Onrust (K.). Ritnaalden en Boonen. [Wireworms and Beans.] —
Tijdschr. Phntenziekten, Wageningen, xxv, no. 4, July 1919,
Bijblad pp. 17-19.

Serious injury to beans by wireworms was checked by placing slices
of potato in the ground as traps. Skewers stuck through the slices
fnade them easy to find. A useful preventive measure consists in
damping the seed with petroleum before planting.

Marchal (P.). Le Cycle ^volutif du Pueeron lanigere du Pommier
{Eriosoma lanigerum, Hausmann). — C.R. hehdom. Acad. Sd.,
Paris, clxix, no. 5, 4th August 1919, pp. 211-216.

The life- history of Enoso7nalamgerum, Hausm., as recorded in North
America, is reviewed and compared with results obtained in France
where this Aphid seems to have altered its habits since its importation
about 100 years ago. In France the entire life-cycle is spent on
the apple tree, propagation being maintained by means of the
parthenogenetic reproduction of the hibernating forms. All attempts
to induce the insect to return to its American food-plant, JJlmus
americana, have proved unsuccessful. This is probably accounted
for by the scarcity and occasional total absence of this food-plant
in France, resulting in such changes in the plasma of the insect as to
make its maintenance on U. americana impossible. An allied species,
here described as Eriosoma uhnosedens, sp. n., does exist in France,
on elm trees, but is morphologically and biologically distinct from
E. lanigerum. This species lives in the spring in colonies on JJlmus
campestris only, never on U. americana, and does not require migration
to another plant to complete its life-cycle. The winged forms appear
in the deformed buds of the elm in the summer and produce a mixed
generation, composed both of sexual and asexual individuals, as in
the case of E. lanigerum.

Vayssiere (P.). Quelques Proc6d6s de Destruction des Acridiens et
leur Application. — C.R. hehdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxix, no. 5,
4th August 1919, pp. 245-248.

Owing to recent ravages by the locusts, Dociostaurus ynaroccanus,
Calliptamus italicus and Schistocerca tatarica, official missions were
organised to conduct experiments with a view to controlling these
pests of agriculture. The work was carried out in Morocco and
the South-East of France and various methods were tried, of which
full details are given.

The conclusions arrived at are that the best means of preventing
invasion is to use flamethrowers over the whole infested area the
moment the young hoppers are formed, provided there is no danger
of fire. Alternative methods are the use of a spray consisting of
a solution of 50 per cent, chlorpicrin and the use of arsenical poison-
baits in places where animals are not likely to graze.

It is suggested that systematic scientific control measures on these
lines should be undertaken ; for this purpose a Committee should
be organised by the various countries likely to be most interested,
similar to the already existing South African Central Locust Bureau
or the Defensa Agricola of Montevideo.

433

Gibson (A.). The Greenhouse Leaf-Tyer {Phlyctaenia ferrugalis,
Wan.).—Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vi, no. 7, July 1919, pp.
626-629, 2 figs.

The Pyralid moth, Phlyctaenia ferrugalis, Hbn., of which all
stages are described, was imported from the United States into
Canada, where it has recently increased and caused much damage
in greenhouses. It feeds on nearly all soft-leaved greenhouse plants
and also on celery, tobacco, cabbage, sugar-beet, spinach, nasturtium,
begonia and carnations in the field. The eggs are laid singly or in
a mass on the under-side of the leaves. They hatch in about 14 days.
As the generations overlap, larvae of all stages may be found at
various seasons. All five instars of the larva feed on the leaves ;
sometimes two leaves are spun together by silken threads, the larvae
then feeding on the under- side of the upper leaf. Pupation occurs
in a folded-over portion of the leaf and lasts from 17 to 20 days.
The moths rest during the day-time on the under-side of the leaves
or in sheltered places in the greenhouse, and become active at night.
The life-cycle from egg to the emergence of the moth occupies about
70 to 75 days in the winter. Under greenhouse conditions 3 or 4
generations may occur from September to May.

The natural enemies recorded from the United States include a
Braconid, Apanteles glmneratus, L., an Ichneumonid, Synetaeris sp.,
and a Tachinid, Phorocera parva, Big. No parasites have yet been
reared in Canada.

The following spray is advocated as a remedial measure : 1 oz.
by weight of soluble sulphur, 1 fluid oz. of Black-leaf 40 and 6 gals,
of water. This mixture applied three times at intervals of one week
has proved successful, but care should be taken to spray the plants
well from below at the first appearance of the pest.

Russell (E. J.). The Work of the Rothamsted Experimental Station
from 1914 to 1919. Control of Soil Organisms and Pests. — Jl

Bd. Agric, London, xxvi, no. 5, August 1919, pp. 504-506.

Owing to the importance of wireworms in view of their destructive-
ness to crops much attention has been paid to all possible means of
control, including the effect of poisons applied to the soil. Ammonia
has proved distinctly harmful to wireworms, and attention is called
to the fact that it may be produced by the application of liquid
manure or by folding sheep on the land. Other effective poisons
tried were chlorphenol, which is about four times as toxic as phenol,
and di-chlorcresol, which is about five times as effective as cresol.

Ramakrishna Ayyar (T. V,). Some Foreign Insect Pests which we
do not want in India.— ^^^nc. J I. India, Calcutta, xiv, no. 3,
1919, pp. 500-511, 3 plates.

In view of the recent Pests Act passed in India as a protection
against the introduction of insect pests from other countries, a list
is given of the most dangerous insects not yet found in India, as well
as their most likely mode of entry into the country.

434

Powell (T.). Black Fly of Citrus trees. — Jl. Jamaica Agric. Soc,
Kingston, xxiii, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 16-17. [Received 26th
August 1919.]

In addition to ants a brown fungus has been noticed destroying
the eggs of the black fly [Aleurocanthus woglumi] on Citrus. It has
apparently greatly reduced the numbers of this Aleurodid, and will
spread naturally, as the spores are carried by the wind, thus proving
a valuable factor in control. Artificial transportation of the fungus
has so far been unsuccessful.

Banana Borer.— JZ. Jamaica, Agric. Soc, Kingston, xxiii, no. 4, April
1919, p. 137. [Received 26th August 1919.]

The attention of growers is called to the spread of the banana
borer [Cosmopolites sordidus] to localities previously unaffected.
Owing to the favourable conditions which deserted plantations offer
this pest, it is suggested that they should be sown with some hardy
crop such as beans or peas. Additional care should be taken in the
selection of banana plants when setting out the fields and all bulbs
should be soaked in pure water for 24 hours. Traps should be set
in already infested fields.

Hood (J.D.). New fcSenera and Species of Australian Thysanoptera.—

Memoirs of Queensland Mus., Brisbane, vi, 19th December 1918,
pp. 121-150. [Received 26th August 1919.]

Descriptions of 24 new species of thrips from Austraha are given,
but no mention is made of any specific food-plants. The following
new genera are erected and described : Pterothrips, Phihalothrips,
Euoplothrips and Phaulothrips. Keys are also given to the Austrahan
species of Haplothrips, Liothrips and Cryptothrips.

Bridwell (J. C). Some additional Notes on Bruchidae and their
Parasites in the Hawaiian Islands. — Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc,
Honohdu, iv, no. 1, June 1919, pp. 15-20.

In connection with a previous paper [see this Review, Ser. A, vi,
p. 352] the following notes are of interest : In addition to the moth.<;
Cryptophlehia illepida and Myelois ceratomiae, and the Bruchid,
Pachymerus {Caryoborus) gonagra, pods of Acacia farnesiana have been
found to contain Bruchus sallaei, Sharp, which greatly resembles
B: prosopis, Lee. A. farnesiana is an imported shrub that has become
a troublesome weed, and these insects are therefore beneficial in this
respect. In Texas B. sallaei has been recorded as also breeding in Acacia
amentacea and Gleditsia triacant'hos. The eggs are laid in groups of
2 to 5 on the pods and seeds. The larvae each feed on one seed and
enter it for pupation. Adults have fed and oviposited in confinement
on pods of Prosopis julijiora. The eggs are parasitised by a Chalcid,
Uscana semifumipennis.

The Dolichos weevil recorded in the previous report \loc. cit.'\ has
now been identified as B. pJiaseoli, Gyll., which also occurs in Brazil,
France and Italy.

435

B. pmininus, Horn, has been bred experimentally from the following
additional food-plants : Cassia siamea, Sarnanea saman (monkey pod)
not previously known to be attacked by Bruchids, Acacia decurrens,
Seshania coccinea and Cassia grandis.

B. quadrimaculatus, so far only known as a serious pest of pigeon
peas and cowpeas in storage, is now reported on the latter in the field.
It is parasitised, as is also Calandra oryzae, by Chaetospila elegans,
Westw., but this parasite is practically of no use in controlling these
pests.

Pachymerus gonagra was successful in completing its growth in a
pod of Cassia nodosa in February 1918, by proceeding from one
withered seed to another. Its apparent low parasitisation in certain
districts by Uscana semifwnipennis, Gir., is probably accounted for
by the presence of only two food-plants. Acacia farnesiana and Prosopis
jidifora, of which the seeds only ripen in particular seasons so that
the insects do not breed continuously through the year thus limiting
the opportunity of the parasites for multiplication. The two-spotted
bean weevil has been identified as Spermophagus pectoralis, Sharp.

Bkidwell (J. C). Some Notes on Hawaiian and other Bethylida§
(Hymenoptera) with Descriptions of New Species. — Proc. Hawaiian
Entom. Soc, Honolulu, iv, no. 1, June 1919, pp. 21-38.

The species dealt with include Perisierola emigrata, Rohw., 'hitherto
only known as a predator upon the pink bollworm {Pectinophora
gossypiella). It was found in May attacking the larvae of CryptopMehia
illepida and Myelois ceratoniae feeding on Acacia farnesiana. In
confinement it will also attack Pyroderces rileyi, Ephestia elutella,
Crocidosema lantanae, Tortrix (Archips) postvittana, and other moths,
as well as the grubs of the Anthribid, Araecerus fasciculafus, and the
Bruchid, Pachymerus gonagra. When the host has succumbed to
attack, P. emigrata feeds on its juices at the point of the sting and
commences oviposition on its surface about one or two hours later.
The number of eggs deposited varies according to the size of the
larval host.

The endemic Hawaiian species of Sclerodermus are also discussed.
Among these S. immigrans, Bridwell, and S. manoa, sp. n., were
found experimentally to attack Bruchid larvae.

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Description of Paranagrus osbor?ii, sp. n.
(Hymenoptera, Mymaridae). — Proc. HaivaUan Entom. Soc,
Honolulu, iv, no. 1, June 1919, p. 53.

Paranagrus osborni, sp. n., is described from the Philippine Islands
where it was bred from eggs of Peregrinus niaidis.

Williams (F. X.). Epyris extraneus, Bridwell (Bethylidae), a Fossorial
Wasp that preys on the Larva of the Tenebrionid Beetle,
Gonocephalum seriatum (Boisdnval). — Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc,
Honolulu, iv, no. 1, June 1919, pp. 55-63, 7 figs.

Epyris extraneus may be found in Hawaii at all seasons of the year.
It preys under natural conditions on the larva of Gonocephalum seriaimii,
which may be found under cane trash and other rubbish, on which

436

it probably feeds, as it does not appear to be injurious in the cane
fields. The larval stage of this wasp requires about 4| days, and
the pupal stage during August and September was about 23 days,
making the life-cycle from egg to adult about one month.

Williams (F. X.). Some Observations on the Leaf-hopper Wasp,
Nesomimesa hauaiiensis, Perkins, at Pahala, Hawaii, Feb. 11-
April 25, 1918. — Proc. Haivaiian Entom. Soc, Honohilu, iv, no. 1,
June 1919, pp. 63-68, 3 figs.

The hunting and nesting habits of Nesomimesa hawaiiensis, Perk.,
are described. This wasp has not been found below an elevation of
about 1,000 feet, but is met as high up as 3,500 feet. Its chief prey
is the sugar-cane leaf -hopper, Perkinsiella saccharicida, Kirk., and
it may prove very useful in controlling this pest, as one female may
capture as many as 100 hoppers and cloudy weather, or even rain,
does not apparently affect its activity.

Williams (F. X.). Some Observations on Pipunculus Flies which
parasitize the Cane Leaf-hopper, at Pahala, Hawaii, Feb. 11-April
25, 1918. — Proc. Hmvaiian Entom. Soc, Honolulu, iv, no. 1, June
1919, pp. 68-71, 1 fig.

The habits of some Pipunculid flies, including Pipunculus juvator,
Perk., P. hawaiiensis, Perk., and an undescribed species, are recorded.
These flies have transferred their attention from native leaf-hoppers
to the sugar-cane leaf-hopper [Perkinsiella saccharicida]. When the
prey is secured, young or half-grown individuals being preferred, it
is born up in to the air and an egg is deposited on it, after which
the host is dropped, apparently unhurt. The egg and larval stage
of the parasite extend over approximately 40 days. The mature
grubs kiU the already sluggish host as they emerge ; after emergence
they very soon pupate, this stage lasting from 28 to 34 days in
February and March. The pupa may frequently be found at the base
of, or on sugar-cane leaves.

Bridwell (J. C). Miscellaneous Notes on Hymenoptera with
Descriptions of New Genera and Species. — Proc. Haivaiian Entom.
Soc. Honolulu, iv, no. 1, June 1919, pp. 109-165.

The large number of Hymenoptera here described include the
Ichneumonid, Ambly teles koebelei, Swez., attacking cutworms, and the
Braconid, Microbracon j)emhertoni, sp. n., bred from Pectinopliora
gossypiella, Myelois ceratoniae and Cryptophlehia iUepida.

Bridwell (J. C). Descriptions of New Species of Hymenopterous
Parasites of Muscoid Diptera with Notes on their Habits.— Proc.
Hawaiian Entom. Soc, Honolidu, iv, no. 1, June 1919, pp. 166-
179.

The new species described include : Ichneumonidae : Afractodes
muiri from Sarcophaga sp. living in decaying fish in Japan ; A. mallyi
from Sarcophaga sp. in human excrement in South Africa.

437

Braconidae : Microbracon terryi from Tephrites crassipes breeding
in heads of Bidens in Hawaii, and doubtless an immigrant ; Opius
lantanae from the undetermined Agromyzid fly of lantana-seed in
Hawaii ; Hedylus desideratus from various species of Dacus and
Ceratitis in Nigeria ; both these species and 0. lantanae may remain
for a considerable time dormant during the larval stage ; H. clypeatus
from the fruit of an unknown vine containing fruit-fly larvae in
Nigeria ; Alysia lusoriae from Musca lusoria breeding in cow-dung
near Cape Town ; Aphaereta sarcophagae from an undetermined
Sarcophaga breeding in human excrement near Cape Town.

Cynipidae : Bofhrodiacis stercoraria from Musca lusoria and Lasio-
pyrellia cyanea near Cape Town,

In the case of all these parasites the egg is deposited in the larva
and the adult emerges from the puparium of the host.

TiMBERLAKE (P. H.). Obscrvations on the Sources of Hawaiian
Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera). — Proc. Hawaiian Entom. Soc,
Honolulu, iv, no. 1, June 1919, pp. 183-196.

The endemic Encyrtid fauna of Hawaii is represented by five genera
with about twenty to twenty -five species. In addition to these about
eighteen genera have been introduced, probably from North America,
Australia, Polynesia and Oriental regions. Their exact source is not
known, as the majority have been unintentionally imported and pro-
bably gained entrance with their hosts. Their possible means of
introduction and aids to their establishment are discussed, the species
under review including : Blepyrus mexicanus, How., parasitic on
Pseudococcus virgatus, Ckll. : Tanaomastix abnormis, Gir., on Pseudo-
coccus krauhniae, Kuw., and P. virgatus ; Encyrtus infelix, Emb., on
Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ. ; Aphycus alherti, How., on Coccus
hesperidum, L., and C. longulus, Dougl. ; Pseudococcobius terryi.
Full., on Pseudococcus saccharifolii, Green ; and Adelencyrtus odonas-
pidis, Full., on Odonaspis ruthae, Kotinsky.

TiMBERLAKE (P. H.). DescriptiOHs of New Genera and Species of
Hawaiian Encyrtidae (Hymenoptera). — Proc. Hawaiian Entom.
See., Honolulu, iv, no. 1, June 1919, pp. 197-231.

The new species described include : Anagyrus nigricornis from
Pseudococcus lounsburyi. Brain, P. montanus, Ehrh., P. gallicola, Ehrh.,
Ripersia palmarum, Ehrh., and experimentally from P. longispinus,
Targ. ; A. swezeyi from Trionymus insularis, Ehrh. ; Xanthoencyrtus
apterus probably parasitic on Trionymus insularis ; X. fullawayi from
Pseudococcus saccharifolii, Green ; Pauridia peregrina, gen. et sp. n.,
from Pseudococcus krauhniae, Kuw. ; Encyrtus barbatus from Saissetici
hemisphaerica, Targ., and/S. m^rra, Nietn. ; Quaylea aliena, gen. et sp. n.,
from Saissetia nigra, Asterolecanium pustulans, Ckll., and Coccus viridis.
Green, this species though parasitising various Coccids, being probably
a secondary parasite ; in Asterolecanium it probably attacks Tomocera
calif ornica, How., and in Saissetia and Coccus the attacked insect
may be Microterys kotinskyi, Full, and other primary parasites ;
Aphycamorpha araucariae, gen. et sp. n., from Eriococcus araucariae.
Mask. ; Anicetus annulaius from Eucalymnatus tessellatus, Sign., and
Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ.

438

FuLLAWAY (D. T.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Hawaiian Forester
& Agriculturist, Honolulu., xvi, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 157-
159.

Pests intercepted during May 1919 included : From Japan : A
caterpillar found on leaves of Cryptomeria ; a Dipterous maggot on
leaves of palms ; scale-insects ; and tlie ants, Monomorium pharaonis
and Prenolepis longicornis, in soil and packing ; from San Francisco :
Bruchids infesting carob beans ; from Manila : Anthribid beetles in
yams ; from California : mealy bugs on dahlia bulbs.

Hakukawa (C.) & Yagi (N.). On the Life-History and JIabits of a
Peach Leaf-Miner, Ornix sp. — Berichte Ohara Inst, landwirtschftl.
Forschiingen, Kuraschiki, i, no. 3, 1918, pp. 325-333, 1 plate.
[Received 21st August 1919.]

The leaf-miner of the peach dealt with in this paper belongs to the
genus Parornix (Ornix) and may possibly become of economic import-
ance under conditions favourable to it. Breeding experiments show
that there are 4 complete and 1 partial generation in a year. The first
covers about 50 days, the third about 26 and the second and fourth
about 30 each. The winter generation is the longest, owing to the pupae
hibernating and the adults emerging in the spring. The generations
overlap, so that individuals of different stages of growth occur together.
The adult, egg and larva are described. The adult is rather sluggish,
and unless carried by a strong wind migration to another orchard is
not probable.

The eggs are laid singly on the under- side of the leaf, mostly close
to the mid-rib. The number of eggs per female varies ; in one case
70 eggs were laid, and 58 in another. The egg-stage lasted from 3
days to about 2 weeks in the breeding experiments. The newly-
hatched larva immediately begins mining the epidermis of the under-
side of the leaf at the point where the egg is cemented to it. This
blotch-mine cannot at first be detected from the upper leaf-surface.
At the end of the third larval stage the blotch-mine becomes almost
elliptical in outline and its upper side becomes slightly projected
upwards, so that ^a cavity is formed between the lower epidermis
and the roof of the mine. Near the middle of the fourth stage the
larva leaves its original mine and bmlds a new completely closed cell
within the leaf, in which it conceals itself and continues feeding.
When full-grown the larva either spins a yellowish cocoon at one end
of the mine or it leaves the mine, folds over the edge of the leaf and
fastens the edge to the leaf-surface and builds its cocoon in the recess.
The cocoons of the last brood are formed on leaves that later fall to
the ground, or on curled strips of the bark.

The peach is the favourite food-plant, but several other E-osaceae
are attacked, including the plum, cherry, Japanese flowering cherry,
apple and apricot, especially the first two.

To combat this insect it is advisable to remove all fallen leaves and
rubbish and to scrape the rough outer bark of the trees. A pyrethrum
decoction spray is said to be effective against the adults.

439

Harukawa (C.) & Yagi (N.). The Serpentine Leaf-Miner of the
Peach, a species of Lyonetia. — Berichte Ohara Inst, landwirtschftl,
Forsclmngen, Kuraschiki, i, no. 3, 1918, pp. 335-;548, 1 plate.
[Received 21st August 1919.]

One of the important peach pests in Japan is a leaf-miner first
described by Sasalci in 1903, of which the complete life-history
was worked out in 1909 by Kuwana and Takachiho, the name, Lyonetia
chrkella, L., being used in their results published in 1911. The
Japanese serpentine leaf-miner does not, however, seem to be the same
species as that described by European authors, though it is very
closely allied to it.

Observations on it made since the summer of 1915 are here recorded.
This moth occurs in various provinces, but its presence in Hokkaido is
doubtful, although an apple pest occurs there which is probably
identical with L. clerkella. There appear to be 7 generations a year,
the last probably being a partial one. The length of the life-cycle
varies from 16 to 32 days according to the season. The length of the
egg-stage is 2-8 days, of the larval 7-16, of the pupal 3-9, and of the
adult 4-7. The egg, larva, pupa and adult are described. The
moth rests on the under-surface of the leaf during the day, and its
flight is so slow that it can be captured by hand. Oviposition takes
place at night, the egg being laid in the leaf-tissue. The number of
eggfci varied from 37 to 132 in the experiments. The food-plants of
the larva are the peach and sand-cherry, the former being preferred.
It has not been observed on apple or cherr3\ The eggs are laid singly.
The full-grown larva is 5-6 mm. in length and remains until mature
in the mine, where it moults twice. On leaving the mine it begins to
spin its cocoon. Though the egg is introduced into the leaf-tissue
from the lower surface of the leaf it is laid just under the upper epider-
mis. The mine is serpentine in outline. The mature larva leaves the
mine by cutting open the upper epidermis, and usually spins its cocoon
on the under-side of the leaf. The structure of the cocoon and the
method of spinning are as in L. clerkella. This miner hibernates in
Japan in the adult stage, passing the winter in warm, protected
places. A very brief description is given of four Chalcid parasites of
the larva reared in August and September. A Braconid was reared
from the pupae.

The paper concludes with a comparison of the characters, habits,
food-plants, etc., of this species and of L. clerkella.

Yagi (N.). Preliminary Note on the Lif^-Period of the Bulb Mite,

Rhizoglyphus echinopus. — Berichte Ohara Inst, latidwirtschftl.
Forschungen, Kuraschiki, i, no. 3, 1918, pp. 349-360, 8 figs, 1
plate. [Received 21st August 1919.]

The present paper deals principally with the external morphology
of each stage found during the summer of the l^ulb-mite, Rhizoglyphus
echinopus. This mite moults twice, and the duration of one generation
is about 10 days in August, 15 in July, and 20 in June. Temperature
is the chief factor in this variation and has an important effect on the
embryonic development. The experiments made seem to show that

440

at least 10 annual generations may occur. The number of eggs laid
by one female varied from 9 to 59, each being dropped singly on the
surface of the bulb. The larva is sluggish and bores in the tissue of
bulbs or through the roots of the grape-vine. The first pupa, nymph
and second pupa are found in depressions in injured tissue or between
the scales of a bulb. The adults mate within 2-8 hours of reaching
maturity and oviposition begins on the day of mating. The life of the
female is about 2-4 weeks in summer while that of the male is shorter.
In the root of the grape-vine Phylloxera larvae are found accompanying
this and other mites. A Fiisarium fungus has been found to infest
E. echinojms.

A list of the recorded food-plants is given, including a variety of
bulbs, potato, cereals and orchids, the grape-vine being the cliief one
in the green-houses of the Ohara Institute.

Yamamoto (R.). On the Insecticidal Principle of Chrysanthemum
cinerariifolium, Bocc. (Insect Powder). Part I.—Berichte Ohara
Inst, landwirtschftl. Forschungcn, Kuraschiki, i. no. 3, 1918, pp.
389-398. [Received 21st August 1919.]

From the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, widely culti-
vated in Japan, the author has isolated a yellow, transparent neutral
syrup which has the characteristic smell of insect powder. This
substance, called pyrethron by the author, controls the development of
bacteria in addition to possessing strong insecticidal properties. Its
power is reduced by heating or exposure to air for a long period.

Webster (R. L.). The Strawberry Leaf-roller {Ancylis comptana,
Frohl.).- — Iowa Agric. Expt. Sta., Ames, Bull. no. 179, November
1918, pp. 233-256, 9 figs. [Received 28th August 1919.]

This account of Ancylis comptana, Frohl., much of which has been
previously noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 196] gives descrip-
tions of the bionomics of this moth and of the damage caused by it.
These observations were made in Iowa and a comparison is made of
its appearance and abundance in other parts of the United States.
Ancylis conflexana, Wlk., and A.fragariae, Walsh & Riley, are treated
as synonyms.

The recorded natural enemies include the Hymenopterous para-
sites, Iseropus alboricta, Cress., Cremastus cookii, Weed, and Glypta
phaxopteridis, Weed. The first of these was the only parasite deter-
mined of several found in the present investigation. The remedial
measures advocated are the mowing over of the foliage and burning it
immediately after the crop is off, and the use of arsenical sprays.
The formula recommended is 3 lb. of lead arsenate paste to 50 U.S.
gals, of water, or half this amount of powder.

A list of the European food- plants recorded for this species is
given. In North America it is only known to attack blackberries
and raspberries, besides strawberries.

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S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

AI^RICA : New Parasitic Hymenoptera . . 436

Africa, South : Tests of Brands bf Lead Alienate agkinst Cydia

pomonellOi > > > « : . . . . . . . . . . . 4^8

Ai&sTRALiA : Measures against SUgftf =Canc5 Beetles in Qtifefeneland . . 411
Australia i Pnyah^peis eUgtmiii a possible Enemy of Cyditt

pomonella . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .•. 416

Australia ( JJ^W Gehera and SpfeCit fe Of ThygaflOpteta . . . ^ 434

British Isles : Aegeria UHliformU infrsling the Timbol' of Birch 416

British Isles : Notts oti Fygmra bucephaln .. ,. .. 416

British Isleb : Measures against Wii^ewofms . . . . . . 438

Canada : New Tinoidae . . . . . . . . s . . . 409

Canada: The Bionoraics and Control df i'idttM/erfK-g'alife » . .. 433

1>i:\-mark: Aphids infesting the Silvef Fif .. .. .. 420

France : A Fungus destroying Cneihodcmj)'"^^ piiydMnipd . . . . 425

France : Parthenogenesis in Apcmteles glomendus . . . . . . 426

France : Notes on Cecidomyids infesting Cultivated Plants . . 426
France : The Bionomics of Eriosoma lanigerum and of a new

Species allied to it . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432

France : The Organisation of Measures against Locusts . . . . 432

Hawaii : Progress of Measures against Sugar-Cane Pests . . 412

Hawaii : Notes on Bruchidae and their Parasites. . . . . . 434

Hawaii : Notes on Bethylidae . . . . . . . . . . 435

Hawaii : A Bethylid Enemy of Gonocephalum seriaium . . . . 435

Hawaii : Notes on Natural Enemies of Perkinsiella saceharicida . . 436

Hawaii : New Parasitic Hymenoptera . . . . . . . . 436

Hawaii : Notes on Encyrtidae . . . . . . . . . . 437

Hawaii : Pests intercepted in Quarantine .' . . . . . . . 438

Holland : Measures against ^p/iisr«micie infesting Beans and Peas 431

Holland : Measures against TeiranycMis . . . . '. . . . 431

Holland : Measur« s against Wireworms . . . . . . . . 432

India : Precautions against the Introduction of Insect Pests . . 433

Italy : The Utilisation of Novius cardinaUs against Tceryapurchasi 413

Italy: Insects concern'^d in conveying Disease to Fig Trees .. 413

Jamaica : A Fungus infesting AleurocantJius woglumi . . . . 434

Jamaica : The Spread of CosmopoUtus sordidus . . . . . . 434

JxVPAN : New LepidopteroiisLeaf-minera infesting Peaches. . 438,439

Japan : The Bionomics of the Bulb Mite, BUzeglyphus echinopus . . 439

Morocco: Measures against Locusts. . .. .. .. .. 425

New South Wales : The Use of Mixed Spi-ays 428

Norway: Agricultural Pests in 1917. . .. .. .. •• 419

Norway : An Outbreak of Oscinella frit . . . , . . . . 420

PHU.IPPINES : A new Parasite of Pcre^rmMS ?nat<ZiS. . .. .. 435

Samoa : Experiments with Metmrhizmm anisopliae against Oryctes

t'ln ^if^ifpyoii , , . , . . . . . . • • • • • • 44--*

CONTENTS— cone.

PAQB.
413

426
425
425
420
421
421
422
424
409

SiciLT : Measures against Mites infesting Hazel

Sicily : An Outbreak of Phthori/maea operculella . .

Singapore : A Psyllid attacking Mangos

Sumatra : A Note on the Capsids infesting Gambir. .

Sweden : Ichneumonid and Tachinid Parasites of Lepidoptera . .

Sweden : An Outbreak of Oicadula sexnotata on Wheat ...

Sweden : Notes on Oontarinia tritici infesting Wheat . .

Sweden : Insect Pests of Forests

Sweden : Paratetrcmychus ununguis infesting Spruce

U.S.A.: The Woolly White fly in Florida

U.S.A. : The Preservation of Maize from Weevils in the Gulf Coaat

States 409

U.S.A. : Fig Pests in the Southern States . . . . . . . . 410

U.S.A. : Measures against Pyrausta nubilaUa . . . . . . 411

U.S.A. : Insect Pests of Forests . . . . . . . . . . 416

U.S.A. : Notes on Thrips from Florida 416, 417

U.S.A.: Measures against iajj^grma/ritgriperda in Florida. . .. 417
U.S.A. : Lepidopterous Pests of Sweet Potatoes in Florida. . . . 418
U.S.A. : Insect Pests of Vegetables in Florida . . . . . . 418

U.S.A.: Insect Pests in Florida in 1918 418

U.S.A. : Precautions against the Introduction of Insect Pests into

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426

U.S.A. : Tibicen septemdecim in Michigan . . . . . . . . 427

U.S.A. : Precautions against Pests of Potatoes in California . . 427
U.S.A. : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California . . . . 427

U.S.A. : Measures against Oorcyra cephalonioa infesting stored

Eice, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428

U.S.A. : A Study of Oompsilura concinnata, an imported Tachinid

Parasite of the Gipsy and Brown-Tail Moths . . . . . . 428

U.S.A. : The Bionomics oi Ips pini infesting Conifers in New York 429
U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of Ancylis comptcma . . . . 440

West Indies : Sugar-cane and Cotton Pests . . . . . . 414

The Identity of Thrips picipes, Zett. . . . . . , . . . . 421

The Identity of Musoa pumiUonis, Bierk. . . . . . . . . 421

The Insscticidal Principle of Ohrysanthemum ciiMra/riifoUum . . 440

Reglttered at tfie Q.P.O. for TrwiamiMlOH to CanaOa and Neu/foumiland by Magazine Post.

VOL. VII. Sep. A. Part il.—pp. 441-504. NOVEMBER, 1919

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOQT.

LONDON :

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THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY,
88 QUEEN'S GATE, S.W. 7.

Prie« Od. net.

All Rights Reserved,

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

l>onorarp Committee or rnanaflcmetin

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent- General for South Australia.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Ofl&ce.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Ofl&ce

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

General Secretary.

Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

2)lrectoc anD JEDitcr.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

asslBtant 35)(rector.
Dr. S. a. Neave.

Head Office. — ^British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Pvblication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

441 V.

8wENK (M. H.). The Western Wheat-head Army- worm.— /Sito?^

Entomologist Nebraska, Lincoln, Bull. no. 8, 12th October 1918,
3 pp., 1 fig. [Received 27tli August 1919.]

Great damage was caused in 1918 in the United States to spring
wheat, Durum wheat and to a lesser extent to oats by the ravages of
Meliana (Neleucania) albilinea limitata (wheat-head army-worm).
The injury was first noticed at the beginning of September, but had
completely ceased by the end of the month, during which time the
damage caused varied from 50 to 70 per cent, in some fields, and in one
case 300 acres of spring-wheat were completely destroyed. The
caterpillars eat the kernels, commencing at the bottom of the head and
gradually working their way up, and not infrequently cut the head
completely off. As a rule only standing grain is attacked, but wheat in
stock is by no means immune, and in one case caterpillars were even
found eating the grain in the bins after it had been threshed.

The moths are on the wing in May and lay their eggs in clusters of
25 to 150 on grasses and grains. The larvae hatch after 3 to 10 days,
and become fully grown in about one month. About June or early
July they enter the soil for pupation, which takes place in a loose
cocoon of earth spun together with silk. The second generation of
^^oths generally appears after about a month, although some individuals
xAaj not emerge until the following spring. The moths on the wing
during August and early September oviposit between the sheath and
stalk of grasses or grain immediately below the upper blades. These
eggs give rise to the brood of caterpillars so injurious to cereals in
September. When fully grown they drop to the ground and enter the
soil as deep as six inches for pupation, in which state they hibernate
until the following May. The parasites of this pest include several
Tachinid flies and Hymenoptera.

The remedial measures advocated are the use of poison-baits to be
spread across the line of march of the caterpillars, the following formula
being recommended : — 25 lb. of wheat-bran, 1 lb. of Paris green,
the juice, pulp, and peel of six lemons or oranges groimd finely and I
U.S. gal. of molasses or syrup mixed with sufiicient water to make a
stiff dough. This bait may also be used in fields already infested, in
which case it should be sown broadcast in the late afternoon or night.
Care must be taken to keep all stock away from the bait. As most of
the injury arises from caterpillars that have migrated from neigh-
bouring grasslands, infestation of fields may be prevented by the use
of furrows or ditches in which pits are dug at intervals. To prevent
reinfestation in the following year the pupae should be destroyed by
deep ploughing ; when standing small gram is attacked, it should be
cut as soon as possible and immediately threshed or stacked.
Infestation in granaries may be dealt with by fumigation with carbon
bisulphide.

Amos (A.). The Difficulties of growing Red Clover — Clover Sickness
and other Causes of Failure. — Jl. R. Agric. Soc. England, Lotulon,
Ixxix, 1918, pp. 68-88, 5 figs. [Received 29th August 1919.]

The disease caused by the eelworm, Tylenchus devastatrix, presents
one of the chief difficulties in red clover cultivation. The plants may
be attacked in any stage, but the pest is most fatal to seedlings. The

(604) Wt.1921/144. 2. 11.19. B.&F.,Ltd., G.11/14. a

442

dry conditions of spring and summer are not favourable to the spread
of this eehvorm, but under suitable moist conditions the eggs, de-
posited in the tissues of the plant or in the soil, hatch very rapidly.
The damage caused to plants and the mode of infestation is similar
to that of T. tritici [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, pp.. 324, 380]. Ex-
periments were made to ascertain the susceptibility of various plants,
details of which are given and which also confirm the statement of
Ritzema Bos that T. devastatrix does not readily change its food-plant
[see this Review, Ser, A, v, p. 441 and vii, p. 356]. In view of this fact
the remedial measure advocated is to starve out the eelworms by
avoiding the planting of red clover or other susceptible crops for at
least 8 to 10 years ; the alternative crops suggested are sainfoin,
lucerne, trefoil and white clover, either alone or mixed with Italian
rye-grass.

Warburton (C). Annual Report for 1918 of the Zoologist.— JL R.

Agric. Soc. England, London, Ixxix, 1918, pp. 258-263, [Received
29th August 1919.]

During 1918 many crops were seriously damaged by insect pests,
including the wheat bulb-fly [Hylemyia coarctata], which was not
quite so widely distributed as in previous years but caused severe
damage in some places. The wetness of the season proved fatal to
the mature insects, in consequence of which it is hoped that future
attacks will be less serious, A flea-beetle, Phyllotreta vittula, much
reduced the yield of barley crops by damaging the leaf-blades, and
attention is also called to the recurrence of caterpillars of Trachea
{Hadena) hasilinea attacking the grain of wheat,

Charaeas graminis (antler moth) was very abundant and damaged
pastures. Mangels suffered greatly from the mangel fly [Pegomyia
Jiyoscyami] where they were planted alone, but escaped entirely when
interplanted with swedes. This crop was also heavily infested ])y the
l)lack bean aphis {^A'phis rumicis]. Turnips were attacked l)y the
Inirnip-seed weevil [Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis] and gall weevil
[C. sulcicollis], the latter being also reported on cabbages.

This crop suffered from the usual cabbage caterpillars as well as
those of Pionea forficalis, against which, besides hand-picking, salt
solution and " Belumnite " proved useful.

Peas and beans suffered from pests rather less than m previous
years, except from the ravages of the bean aphis {Aphis rumicis).
Wireworms and leather- jackets were extremely abundant ; in certain
fields examined in Shropshire the minimum number per acre was
estimated respectively at 215,000 and 13,000, and the highest counts
per acre were 510,000 and 220,000. Even in cold weather they were all
found within 1| inches of the soil surface. Paring and burning the
surface soil where possible and thorough rolling and consolidation
of it after seeding greatly reduced the damage to the crop.

RoHWER (S. A.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Descriptions of three Parasites

of Agrilus angelicus (Hym.). — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washitigton,

D.C., xxi, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 4-8, 1 fig. [Received 12th

September 1919.]

The parasites of Agrilus angelicus, Horn, infesting Querc^is agrifolia,

here described are : Ptinohius agrili, Dinotus agrili and Doryctes

443

maculipenn.is, all from California. The last-named is also recorded as
parasitic on a species of Chramesus mining in Robinia neomexicana and
on a species of Anthaxia infesting redbud {Celtis reniformis). A key-
to the species of Ptinobius is given.

Baker (A. C). U.S. Bur. Entom. The Identity of Smynthumdes
betae, Westwood (Horn.). — Proc. Entom. Soc, Washington, B.C.,
xxi, no. 2, February 1919, pp. 36-38. [Received 12th September
1919.]

Smynthurodes betae, Westw., here described is distinct from the
American beet Aphid, Pemjjhigus betae, Doan, but as the difference in
the character of the antennae, on the strength of which it was separated
from Forda, Heyd., is so small, it is suggested that it should be placed
in that genus.

RiTZEMA Bos (J.). Verslag over Onderzoekingen, gedaan in-, en over
Inlichtingen, gegeven van het Instituut voor Phytopathologie te
Wageningen, in het Jaar 1915. [Report on Researches made
and Advice given during the Year 1915 by the Institute for
Phytopathology at Wageningen.] — Meded. LajidbouwJwogescJiool,
Wageningen, xvi, 1919. pp. 105-157. [Received 21st August
1919.]

Pests of grain included the Nematodes, Tylenchus devastatrix and
Heterodera schachtii, on rye and oats respectively. Oscinella [Oscinis)
frit, L., and 0. pusilla, Meig., did much damage, especially to oats,
which were also attacked — for the first time in Holland — ^by the
mite, Tarsonemus spirifex. Sugar-beet and clover were also injured
by Tylenchus devastatrix. In a series of spraying experiments against
the widely- spread scale, Eulecanium (Lecanium) corni, Bch., the
best, though limited, result was obtained with a 5 per cent, solution
of carbolineum used in January. This insecticide, at a percentage
of 3-8, proved efficient against the mite, Bryobia ribis, Thom., infesting
gooseberry ; for practical work a strength of 5 per cent, is advised.
Incur varia (Lanipronia) rubiella, Bjerk., was successfully combated
on raspberry bushes with carbolineum [see this Review, Ser. A, iv,
p. 89]. Garden peas were again attacked by Heterodera schachtii.
The larvae of a beetle, Phaedon cochleariae, injured cauliflowers,
and maggots indistinguishable from those of Phorbia (Chortophila)
brassicae attacked Brussels sprouts. Heterodera radicicola did serious
damage to tomatoes.

Coleopterous pests of kitchen gardens included Apian sp., Crioceris
asparagi, L., and Gastroidea viridula, DeG. The first-named was
checked by spraying with 6-10 per cent, solutions of naphthaline
soap, naphthol soap and benzol soap. C. asparagi was checked
with a 3 per cent, solution of benzol soap, though the same strength
of ordinary soft soap was equally effective, and for G. viridula ^
2 per cent, solution of common soap proved sufficient.

Experiments were conducted with a view to ascertaining if heat
could be safely used for killing Tylenchus devastatrix infesting narcissus
bulbs, but no definite result was reached. Other experiments are

(604) a2

444

mentioned which warrant the hope that hot-air treatment may prove
effective against this Nematode in these bulbs. Tulip bulbs infested
with Aphis tuliqxte, Boy., were treated by fumigation for half an
hour with carbon bisulphide at the rate of 500 c.c. per cubic metre
of space. Liothrips setinodis, Renter, infested the bulbs of LUium
IMrdalinum as in the preceding year ; two hours' treatment with
a 2 per cent, solution of naphthaline soap killed all individuals.
Sprinkling the bulbs with naphthaline also gave good results.

Willows were attacked by beetles, especially Phyllodecta vulga-
tissima. In former years spraying with Paris green or lead arsenate
gave very irregular results, and investigation has shown these to be
due to the actual leaf-surface being protected from the insecticide
by the hairs found on the under-side of the foliage of many species
of willow. Spra3^ing with these poisons is however useful in the case
of M^illows with smooth leaves. Infestation on other wUlows may be
checked by very early spring spraying of the twigs and young leaves,
on which the beetles that have hibernated feed prior to ovipositing.
Collection of these beetles may also be resorted to. The infestation
with Diprion {Lophyms) sp. of Pinus cembra that had been sprayed
with carbolineum in winter showed that the cocoons of this sawfly
are impenetrable to this insecticide ; the larvae may be combated
by spraying with Paris green during the summer.

The Chalcid parasite, Monodontomenis dentijoes, Boh., was bred
from cocoons of Diprion (Lophyrus) pini. The Ichneumonid, Hemiteles
hicolorinus, was liberated m a forage store infested by meal moths
and it is estimated that the pests were reduced by 80 per cent, in
consequence. Larvae of the rose sawfly, Emphytus cinctiis, that were
hibernating in rose stems, were foimd to be parasitised by Monoblastus
neustriae, Rtz., Hemiteles castaneus, Tasch., Microcryjotus erythrinus,
Grv., and Cratocryptus {Cuhoceplialus) oviventris, Grv. Contarinia
(Diplosis) pyrivora was found to be parasitised by Inostemma piricola.
Among the parasites bred in the laboratory were Litvs nigriceps, sp. n.,
from a Homopteron ; Aspidiotiphagus scJioeversi, sp. n., from the
scale, Chionaspis aspidistrae ; and Chiloneurus vanpoetereni, Smits
van Burgst, and a species of Encyrtus or Eucomys, from Shissetia
{Lecanium) hemisphaerica,

A brief report by Smits van Burgst is appended regarding work
at the entomological laboratory of the Institute of Phytopathology
at Ginneken, which has a very rich collection of Ichneumonidae.

Theobald (F. V.) Insects on the Sea Buckthorn. — The Entomologist,
London, Hi, no. 675, August 1919, pp. 169-171, 1 fig.

In searching for Rhopalosiphum hip)p)op)haes, Koch, on sea buckthorn
(Hippophae rhamnoides) countless nymphs of Psylla hippophaes,
Forst., were found in company with it. The brown-tail moth, Nygmia
phaeorrhoea {Eujwoctis chrysorrhoea) was also found in very large
munbers, and had completely defohated one patch of this plant.
Larvae have been collected to ascertain the presence of any parasites.
The Tachinid fly, Thelymorpha vertiginosa, Fin., is the only parasite
of this moth so far recorded. Other insects collected included the
gold-tail moth, Arctornis chrysorrhoea {Porthesia similis).

445

Speare (A. T.). The Fungus Parasite of the Periodical Cicada. —

Science, Lancaster, Pa. \, no. 1238, 1st August 1919, pp. 116-117.

The fungus, Massos'pora cicadina, is reported as having been very-
prevalent during the recent reappearance of brood x of Cicada
septemdecim.

LiND (J.), RosTRUp (Sofia) & Kolpin Ravn (F). Oversigt over
Landbrugsplanternes Sygdomme i 1 915. [Report on Agricultural
Pests in Denmark in 1915.] — 105 Beretninq fra Statens Forsog-
svirksomhed i Plantekultiir, Copenhagen, 1916, pp. 397-423.

Among pests of cereals, Heterodera schachtii var. avenue occurred
as usual in many localities. The injury was most severe in places
where oats, or oats mixed with other plants, had been cultivated
previously, but, on the other hand, the non-cultivation of oats even
for a period of many years does not ensure protection against this
eelworm. Besides oats, winter barley was injured in one locahty
and spring barley and wheat in another. Hylemyia coarctata, Fin.,
was considerably less numerous than in previous years. A flea-
beetle, Phyllotreta vittula, Redt., occurred in many localities in great
numbers, especially on spring barley in April and May.

Oscinella (Oscinis) frit, L., was less troublesome than in 1914, owing
to cold weather in the spring. The barley-fly, Chlorops taeniopus,
Meig. {pumilionis, Bierk.), was very rare. The larvae of Cephus
pygmaeus, L., occurred in unusually large numbers in barley in July,
the attack being remarkable owing to its apparent occurrence only in
certain varieties. The caterpillars of Trachea (Hadena) secalis, Schifi.,
occurred as usual in rye in May and June, and those of T.{H.) basilinea
in August and September. A severe attack of Luperina {Apamea)
testacea, Hb,, occurred on oats sown after timothy and meadow-
fescue. The Cecidomyids, Contarinia tritici, Kirb., and Sitodiplosis
mosellana, Gehin, (C aurantiaca, Wagn.) were present only in
smaU numbers. The Aphids, Siphonaphis padi, L., and Macrosiphum
granarium, Kirb. [cereale, Kalt.) occurred in June and July on rye and
wheat and especially oats. Limothrips denticornis, Hal., L. {Thrips)
cerealium, Hal., Haplothrips (Anthothrips) aculeatus. Fin., and a
mite, Tarsonemus spirifex, March., occurred in several locaUties.

Sitones lineatus, L., damaged peas, especially where mixed crops
were cultivated, and attacks of Cydia [Grapiholitha) sp. were observed
in some locahties in July and August, and of Aphis rumicis,
L. {papaveris, F.) on horsebeans in July. Beets and sugar-beets were
attacked by Heterodera schachtii, Sch., Gortyna {Hydroecia) micacea Esp.,
Pegomyia hyoscyami, Pz., Sminthurus viridis, L., Forficula auricularia,
L., and Aphis rmnicis. The larvae of Blitophaga (Silpha) opaca, L.,
were exceptionally numerous in many parts of the country, the
attack occurring chiefly in June.

Pests of cabbages, swedes, turnips, etc., included Phorhia (Chortophila)
brassicae, Bch. ; Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens, Pz. ; Phyllotreta nemorum,
L., which injured swedes throughout the summer, especially late-
sown plants ; Plutella maculipennis, Curt. ; Pieris rapae, L. ;
Eurydema oleraceum, L., in July and August on swedes, turnips and
curly kale, the attack being chiefly confined to fields in sheltered
places ; the locusts, Stauroderus (Stenobothrus) bicolor, Charp., and

446

Omocestus ventralis, Zett. {S. rufipes, Fisch.), which occurred in
unusually large numbers and completely devoured the outer rows
in turnip fields adjacent to ditches or road- sides ; Brevicoryne
{Aphis) hrassicae, L., seriously infesting swedes, turnips and cabbage
cultivated for seed at the end of June ; Meligethes aeneus, F., in great
numbers in seed-turnip fields ; and the larvae of Psylliodes chrysocephala,
L., causing some injury in April and May.

Carrots were attacked by Trioza viridula, Zett., and Psila rosae,
¥., and potatoes by Calocoris norvegicus, Gmel, which did considerable
injury in June and July.

Pests of lucerne and clover included Hypera (Phytonomus) nigrirostris,
F., and Eurydema oleraceum, L. Tylenchus devastratrix, Kiihn, as usual
did great damage in many places, chiefly in fields where clover had
been cultivated after a short interval in the rotation ; but even in fields
where clover had not been cultivated for 12 years, the rotation being
fallow, wheat, swedes, barley, severe attacks occurred on red clover.

The larvae of Luperina (Apamea) testacea, Hb., did great damage to
cocksfoot grass, timothy and meadow fescue cultivated for seed in
many locahties. The moth emerges from July to September and
oviposits at the base of tufts of grass. The larvae hatch in the autmnn
and enter the shoots ; they continue feeding throughout the winter
until June or July of the following year. No effective measures of
control have yet been found, even deep ploughing of the grass faihng
to kill the larvae.

Wireworms {Agriotes lineatus, L.) in May and June damaged spring
barley after swedes, and some attacks on wheat were so severe that it
was necessary to replough the fields. Tipula pcdudosa, Meig., in some
localities severely injured spring grain.

LiND (J.), RosTRUP (Sofie) & KoLPiN Ravn (F.) Oversigt over
Landbrugsplanternes Sygdomme i 1916. [Report on Agricultural
Pests in Denmark in 1916]. — 114 Beretning fra Statens Forsog-
svirksomhedi Plantekultur, Copenhagen, 1917, pp. 229-254.

The bulk of the pests recorded in this report are the same as those
mentioned in the previous one [see preceding paper].

Bibio hortulanus, L. is recorded for the first time as a pest in Demnark.
The outbreak occurred in a barley field at the end of April and beginning
of May, the larvae being present in thousands in the upper layers of
the soil to a depth of about 2 inches. These flies oviposit during the
summer in the ground, the newly hatched larvae appearing in the
autumn, but doing very little damage at that time. Trachea (Hadena)
secalis, Schiff., and Tortrix paleana, Hb., were comparatively scarce.

Pests of Legmiiinous plants included Apion apricans, Hbst. ;
Macrosiphon j^i^h Kalt. ; Eurydema (Sfrachia) oleraceum, L. ; and
Tylenchus devastatrix, Kiihn, which was rather less injurious than in
previous years.

Beet and sugar-beet were attacked by Blitophaga opaca, L., and
Pegcmyia hyoscyami, Pz. The latter was exceptionally abundant and
in June and July caused considerable damage in many localities,
only the very young leaves escaping injury. The larvae of the second
generation appeared in the middle of July, but the plants were then
too big to suffer to any great extent. Aphis rumicis, L., appeared at

447

the beginning of July, but the outbreaks were easily checked with
nicotine sprays, and at the end of July were stopped altogether by
rain and a fungus, Empusa fresenii.

As regards pests of swedes and turnips the attacks of the flea-beetles,
PhylJotreta nemorum, L., and P. atra, F., were of shorter duration
than during the previous years, probably owing to cold and wet
weather in May.

Lucerne pests included Hypera {Phytonomits) variabilis, Hbst., the
larvae of which were very common in June and July in some localities
and did serious damage. A fungus, Entomophthora ijhytonoyni, however
killed a great number of them. Cneorrhinus exaratus, Marsh.,
perforated the leaves of lucerne at the Studsgaard experiment station
in June. The outbreak of Luperina (Apamea) testacea, Hb., seems to
have ceased quite as suddenly as it began in the autumn of 1914.
Ajytinothrips rufus, Gmel., has been noticed on fox-tail grass in May
and June, and in one locahty an attack of Amaurosoma flavipes, Fin.,
was noticed.

Ferdinandsen (C), Rostrup (Sofie) and Kolpin Ravn (F.).
Oversigt over Landbrugslanternes Sygdomme i 1917. [Report
on Agricultural Pests in Denmark in 1917.] — 129 Beretning fm
Statens Forsogsvirksomhed i Plantekultur, Copenhagen, 1918,
pp. 313-340.

Comparatively few additional pests are recorded during the year
under review.

At the end of May an attack of Atomaria linearis, Steph., occurred
in ■ one locality, many plants being cut in two. The postponement of
thinning, however, had the effect of saving the plants. Phorbia
{Cliortophila) brassicae, Bch., was exceptionally numerous in June
and July, turnips suffering less than swedes. In one locality, where
no extensive outbreaks had previously occurred, in many fields
25 per cent, of the crop was destroyed.

Meligethes aeneus, ¥., did great damage to seed turnips from the
beginning of May until July, other turnip pests being Ceuthorrhynchus
assimilis, Payk., C. pleurostigma, Maxsh.., and Psylliodes chrysocephala, L

Ferdixandsen (C), Lind (J.) & Rostrup (Sofie). Oversigt over
Havebrugplanternes Sygdomme i 1916 og 1917. [Report on Insect
Pests and Diseases of the Orchard in 1916 and 1917.] — Tidskrift
for PlanteavL, Copenhagen, xxvi, 1919, pp. 297-334.

The apple and pear pests recorded include : — Lepidoptera,
Cheimatobia brumata, L., C. boreata, Hb., in some locahties, and Hybernia
defoliaria, CI., which appeared in May and at the beginning of June all
over the country. The injury was especially marked in 1916,
particularly in sheltered orchards near woods. In 1917 the attack was
considerably less severe. Apples were as a rule more damaged than
pears, but some varieties of apples, such as Beauty of Kent, Reinette de
France and Pederstrup Reinette, were much less injured than others.

The larvae of Chloroclystis rectangulata, L., often occurred in company
with Cheimatobia. Argyroploce {Olethreutes) variegana, Hb., occurred
in 1916 in great numbers in the buds of various fruit-trees, Eiicosnui
(Tortrix) ocellana, F., in 1917 destroyed the buds of young apple-trees

448

planted in nurseries in 1916. Blastodacna atra, Haw. (putripenella, Z.)
injured the buds of apples and was so numerous in places as to cause
complete defoliation. Other Lepidopterous pests included : —
ArgyresthiaconjvLgeUa, 7d., Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella, L., Malacosoma
neustria, L., Hyponomeuta sp., Episema {Diloba) coeruleocepJiala,
L., Vanessa polychloros, L., and Orgyia antiqua, L.

The sawflies reported were Eriocampoides limacina, L., and Hoplo-
campa testitdinea, Klg.

Anthonomus ponwrmn, L., was very common in 1916, causing severe
injury in May in some localities ; in others where the flowers were
abundant the thinning effected by this weevil was rather beneficial
than otherwise. Otiorrhynchus picipes, F., was also reported in one
locahty in May 1917.

Penisia pyri, Bch., occurred in July on 1-3 year-old trees, the growth
of which was greatly retarded. Contarinia pyrivora, Ril., was as
usual common on young pear fruits in May and June.

Among Rhynchota, Calocoris norvegicus, Gmel., Lygus pratensis,
L., L. kalmi, L., and Oriliotylus marginalis, Rent, {nassatus, Fin.) in
many locahties attacked apple-trees, in some places pears also. Psylla
nudi, Schmbg., was a serious pest in 1916. Apihis p)omi, DeG., and
other Aphids were present in exceptionally great numbers in spite of the
cold and rainy weather. LepidosapJies idmi was very common in 1916
on apple and pear trees, especially on espaliers and on trees growing
in sheltered places.

The mites recorded include Eriophyes pyri, Pgst., in many locahties,
especially on pear trees. Tetranychus sp., which during the dry and
warm summer of 1917 was exceptionally common, especially on
espahers, the injured trees being easily recognised by the grey colour
of the foliage.

Pests of stone-fruits included Cheimatobia brumata, L., and
C. boreata, Hb., on mirabel, plums and cherries : Argyroploce variegana,
Hb., on morello cherries ; Tortrix funebrana, Tr., on plums ; Argyresthia
ephippiella, F., on cherries. Hoplocampa fulvicornis, Kl., greatly
diminished the plum crop in 1916. Plum trees also suffered heavily
from the attacks of Aphids, especially Hyalopterus arimdinis, F. {pruni
F.). Lecanium sp. and Aspidiotus sp. were recorded on peaches, and
apricots.

Pests of gooseberries and currants included Abraxas grossulariata,
L., and Pteronus ribesii, Scop. ; ApJiis grossulariae, Kalt., and Myzus
ribis L., injuring red currants in some locahties ; Schizoneura fodiens,
Buckt., found on the roots of red currants ; and the mite, Bryobia
praetiosa, Koch, which is widely spread and especially attacks old
gooseberry bushes. Eriophyes ribis, Nal., was very common on black
currants, though the injury does not always diminish the crop.

Raspberries and blackberries were attacked by Byturus tomentosus,
F., Anthonomus riibi, Hbst., Otiorrhynchus sp., Incurvaria rubiella,
Bjerk., and Pennisetia (Bembecia) hylaeiformis.

Miscellaneous pests included Balaninus nucum, L., common in
many localities on hazel nuts ; Aphis sambuci, L., on elder ; Eriophyes
avellanae, Nal., common on hazel both wild and cultivated ; Crioceris
asparagi, L., and Calocoris norvegicus, Gmel., on asparagus ; Hylemyia
antiqua, Meig., on onions and leeks all over the country ; and Acrolepia
assectella, Z., on leeks in some locahties.

449

Cabbage and other cruciferous plants were attacked by flea-beetles
[Phyllotreta nemorum, L., P. atra, F., and other species) which did great
damage, especially at the end of April and the beginning of May to
cabbage, radish, horse-radish, kohlrabi and ornamental plants such as
Iberis and Alyssum. A Carabid, Bembidion {Bembidium) celer, F.,
occurred in company with the flea-beetles in one locality and did some
damage. Other pests included Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis, Payk.,
C. assimilis, Payk., and Meligethes aeneus, F., on turnips, radishes, etc.
The larvae of Pieris sp. were much less numerous than usual in 1916,
but in 1917 occurred in enormous numbers in July and August. The
infestation ceased rather suddenly at the end of August owing to the
presence of a fungus {EntomojMhora sjjhaerospewia) and a
Hymenopterous parasite, AjJanteles {Microgaster) glomeratus. PluteUa
maculi'pennis, Curt., was less numerous in 1916 than is usually the case,
but in 1917 the larvae contributed to the damage caused to cabbage by
Pieris. Barathra {Mamestra) brassicae, L., was especially injurious in
1917 to cauliflowers and Acronycta rmnicis was also recorded on the
same crop. Phorbia brassicae was also very injurious in 1916,
especially to cauhflowers. Brevicoryne (Aphis) brassicae, Kalt., in July
and August appeared in enormous nmnbers and was the most
destructive of all the cabbage pests. At the end of August its attacks
were reduced by Hymenopterous parasites and a fungus, Empusa
aphidis, but too late to save the crop.

Leguminous plants were attacked by Sitoms lineatus, L., Cydia
(Grapholitha) sp., Cecidomyia sp., Phytomyza aJbiceps, Meig. (jyisi,
Kalt.), Kakothrips pisivora, Westw. (Physopus robustus, Uzel) and
Tetranychus telarius, L. Carrots, celery and other Umbellatae
were attacked by Psila rosae, F. (especially early-sown carrots,
parsley, celery and parsnips), Acidia heraclei, L., and Trioza
viridula, Zett. Strawberry pests included Anthonomus rubi, Hbst.,
which in many localities did considerable injury in May and June ;
Oxygrapha (Acalla) comariana, Z., the caterpillars of which spin
together the leaves and flower-stalks and feed on them, there being
two generations, in June and September ; Blennocampa genicidaia,
Stph. ; and Tarsonemus fragariae, Zimm., which is widely spread all
over the country. Other miscellaneous pests were Calocoris norvegicus,
Gmel., Gortyna {Hydroecia) micacea, Esp., Sphinx atropos, L., Aphids
and mites on potatoes and tomatoes ; Tetranychus sp. and Sminthurus
cucumeris on cucumber and pumpkins ; Pegomyia hyoscyami, Panz.,
mining the leaves of spinach ; Gastroidea (Gastrophysa) viridida, DeG.,
on beans and rhubarb ; Agriotes lineatus, L., and other wire worms
injuring many vegetables ; Meloe proscarabaeus, L., which appeared
in the spring o? 1917 in enormous nmnbers in one orchard ; Euxoa
(Agrotis) tritici, L., the caterpillars of which are much earUer than those
of E. {A.) segetum, Schiff., and devour all kinds of vegetables ;
Forficula auricularia, L., and Blaniidm guttulatus, Gerv.

A number of remedial measures are described. Psila rosae has been
controlled with naphthahne and soot ; the larvae of Hylemyia antiqua
were driven away with naphthahne and by watering repeatedly with
soapy water ; Byturus tomentosus in one orchard has been collected
with great success for several years in glasses containing a little
water and a few drops of oil, the operation in the fourth year being
completed in four hours.

450

In experimenrs conducted by the Government Experiment Station
the measures that proved effective against the larvae of Pieris included
Dufour's mixture (6 lb. soap, 3 lb. insect powder in 20 gals, water) and
dusting with insect powder and lime (1 : 4) or tobacco dust.

Hammarlund (C). Blandade Besprutningsvatskor for samtidigt

Bekampande av Skorv och Skadeinsekter pa Appletrad. [Mixed

Sprays against Fungi and Insects on Apple Trees.] — Meddelande

fran Centrahnstalten for Fdrsdksvdsendet pa J ordhruksomrddet,

Stockholm, no. 134, Botaiska avdel. no. 12, 18 pp., 4 figs., 1916.

The results are given of a series of experiments with mixed sprays

carried out in the years 1914-1915 against the fungus, Venturica

dendritica, and the moths, Cijdia (Carpocapsa) pomonella, L., and

Argyresthia conjiigeUa, Z., the object being to find a combination which

could be used simultaneously against both fungi and insects.

The following mixtures were tried : lead arsenate and Bordeaux
mixture, copper arsenate and Bordeaux mixture, lead arsenate and
lime-sulphur, and copper arsenate and lime-sulphur. It was found
that the percentage of fruit infested by C. pomonella and A. conjugella
was reduced from 7-65% to 2-3% on the sprayed trees, the lowest
percentage arrived at being 1'18 when the trees had been sprayed with
lead arsenate and Bordeaux mixture on the first of June and on the 7th
of July. The author is however of opinion that the general infestation
was too small for any positive conclusions to be arrived at.

Nielsen (J. C.) Tachin-Studier [Tachinid Studies]. — Videnskabelige
Meddel., Co2JenJiagen, Ixix, 1918, pp. 247-262.
This paper contains a review of the author's investigations on the
biology of the Tachinids, especially as regards their relation to their
hosts and their life-cycle. The geographical distribution of these
parasitic flies may be smaller than that of the host, e.g., Carcelia gnava
a parasite of Stilpnotia salicis. The opposite also occurs, and a given
species of Tachinid may be dependant on different hosts in various
parts of the world, e.g., Rhacodineura antiqua, parasitic in Russia on
Forficula tomis and in western Europe on F. auricularia. The hosts to
which a given Tachinid is adapted are in some cases only few species
or those within a single genus, e.g., Exorista hlepharipoda, which is
only^ found in larvae of Acronycta. Others will only infest insects
within a single family, e.g., Viviania cinerea, only attacking Carabids.
Many Tachinids can however be reared from insects quite different
from their principal host, e.g., Pelatachina from larvae of Vanessa, as
well as from those of Folia (Mamestra) oleracea. Most Tachinids
are polyphagous and can, for instance, attack Tenthredinid or
Chrysomelid larvae as well Lepidopterous ones. Tachinid eggs may
sometimes be found on unsuitable hosts. The suitability of a
given host is not connected with its systematic position but with
external conditions, e.g., the tender larvae of Tachina mella, though
normally parasitising Lepidopterous larvae, cannot pierce the skin
of those of Porthetria disjjar ; or with internal ones, the body fluid of
certain unsuitable hosts having specific properties that have a poisonous
effect on the parasite. Individual larvae of the same species of
Tachinid living in different hosts increase in size at varying rates

451

according to the development of the host, the growth being slow
when the host is hibernating. When solitary, Tachinid larvae are
able to Hve equally well in small hosts as in large ones. The nmnber of
individuals occurring in the same host depends on the size of the host,
e.g., ten Viviania cinerea may occur in Procrustes coriacem, and only
one in Pterostichus niger ; but this is only seldom decided by the parent,
and Winihemia will deposit up to 100 eggs on one Sphingid larva.

The number of generations a year in Denmark is one or two, possibly
more in certain cases, the number being always constant in a given
species. Some species exhibit the same number everywhere within
their geographical range, but others have more in the south than the
north ; thus Tachinafasciata has one generation in Greenland, and two
in Denmark. In an Indian species there are 8 or 9 generations a year.
The number of generations does not always conform to that of the host,
e.g., Pelatachina tibialis infesting larvae of Vanessa has only one
generation a year, and the majority of Tachinids that have more than
one generation will live in hosts having only one, and thus must
change their host. Certain species having two generations however do
infest hosts having the same number, and do not change their hosts
e.g., Meigenia floralis infesting Gastroidea (Gastrophysa) viridula.

Tachinids that have one generation emerge in the spring ; their
larval stage is very short, and they spend ten months in the puparimn.
Viviania cinerea, however, hibernates as a second-stage larva.
Tachinids having more than one generation may be met with through
the whole summer, and individuals belonging to different generations
occur at the same time.

Most of them hibernate as a puparium, but Subclytia rotundiventris
hibernates as a second-stage larva.

Nielsen (J. C). Undersogelser over entoparasitiske Muscidelarver
hos Arthropoder VII. [Researches on endoparasitic IMuscid
Larvae in Arthropods]. — Videnskabelige Meddel., Coj^enhagen,
Ixx, 1919, pp. 1-3.

The Tachinid, Plagia ruralis, Fin., has been reared from the cater-
pillars of Phytometra (Plusia) gamma, L., and P. iota, L. j ^ j

Bahk (L.). Paratyfus hos Honningbien [Paratyphus in Honey Bees].
— Skandinavisk Veterindr-Tidsskrift, ix, 1919, pp. 25-40, 45-60.

An acute enteritis of bees in the vicinity of Copenhagen has been
found to be due to Bacillus paratyphi-alvei, the bees showing symptQpis
of debility, inability to fly and sometimes diarrhoea, and dying in from
24 hours to a few days. The disease was introduced with purchased
infected bees, and in eight bee-hives 50 per cent, of the bees
succumbed in a fortnight. Bacillus paratyphi-alvei was found in
great numbers in the gut of all the infected bees, often almost as a
pure culture, and was also found in the blood. It is not identical
with the forms of B. imratyphi found in man and domestic animals.

The feeding of healthy bees and of Vespa with pure cultures dissolved
in 5 per cent, sugar solution showed positive results, but mice, guinea-
pigs and rats were not susceptible. While the organism is not normally

452

found in healthy bees, it has occurred exceptionally. In these cases
the infection has possibly been present earUer in such hives, and it
is certain that many cases of paralysis and dysentery recorded in bees
have been due to para typhus.

This somewhat infectious and mahgnant disease can be spread
(1) by purchase of infected bees and of apparently healthy bees that
originate from a hive that some time previously has been attacked by
the disease ; (2) through foreign infected males ; (3) through beekeepers
carrying the infection from attacked apiaries to healthy ones ;
(4) through infected frames, tools or hives. The author therefore
proposes measures controlhng the purchase of bees and the prohibition
of the importation of foreign bees and queens.

Geschwind (A.). Die der Omorikafichte {Picea omorica, Pane.)
schadliehen Tiere und parasitisehen Pilze. [The Animals and
parasitic Fungi injurious to the Spruce, Picea omorica.]— Naturwiss.
Zeitschr. Forst- n.. Landwirtschaft, Stuttgart, xvi, no. 11-12,
November-December 1918, pp. 387-395.

Picea omorica may still be found in a few areas in the Balkan Pen-
insula. This species of spruce is one that is dying out and in spite
of its good quaUties is only planted for ornamental purposes in central
and southern Europe. The conclusion reached is that injurious
insects and fungi have played an important part in hastening its
extinction. The following insects have been observed on P. omorica : — -
Coleoptera, Anobium abietis, F., Ijjs typographus, L., /. amitinus,
Eich., Pityogenes chalcograjjhus, L., Hylastes {Hylurgops) paUiatus,
Gyll., Xyloterus lineatus, 01., Cerambyx luridus, L., and C. bajulus, L. ;
Hymenoptera, Lygaeonematus (Nematus) abietinus, Christ., and
Sirex gigas, L. ; Lepidoptera, Cydia {Grapholitlia) strobilella, L. ; and
a scale-insect, Physokermes piceae, Schr. {Coccus racemosus, Ratz.).

ScHEiDTER (F.). Ueber die Feststellung des Parasitenbesatzes bei
Forstschadlingen. [The Determination of the Degree of
Parasitisation in Forest Vests.]— Forstwissenschftl. Centralblatt,
Berlin, xh, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 1-15.

In view of the important role played by the natural enemies of forest
pests this paper describes methods for determining the extent of
parasitism present by examination of the larvae and pupae of the hosts.
Attention is drawn to the importance of distinguishing between
Tachinid and Ichneumonid larvae, and their respective appearance is
carefidly described. The host larvae or pupae must be gently handled,
anS as large a number must be collected as can be examined not later
than within the next few days. There are some exceptions to this rule.
For instance, in the pupae of Biqjalus piniarius collected in autumn
the parasitic larvae are so small as to be easily overlooked, so that the
pupae must be kept for some time in a warm room under suitable
conditions of humidity. It is necessary to know which stage or stages
of the host must be examined. In some species the eggs and in others
the larvae or pupae contain the important parasites. In Lymantria
monacha (nun moth) Tachinids, especially Parasetigena segregata, Rond.,
must be looked for in the older larvae and also in the pupae. The
mature larvae and pupae of Dendrolimus pini, L., harbour both

453

Ichneumonids and Tachinids. As however some Ichneumonids leave
the half-grown larvae and an egg-parasite also occurs, the best plan
is to examine the larvae in spring and the eggs in smnmer about 2 or 3
weeks after oviposition. This can be done at leisure, for measures
against D. pini are applied in the following spring when the larvae
that have hibernated on the ground begin to ascend the trees. Bwpalus
piniarius, L.,is parasitised by Ichneumonids and Tachinids, which may
be searched for as soon as all the larvae descend from the trees and
begin to pupate, usually in early December. If the formation is
urgently required, the pupae should be kept moist in a warm room for
2 or 3 weeks before examination, but it is usually better to delay
investigation until the spring. The chief enemy of Panolis flammea is
a Tachinid, Panzeria rudis, and an examination of the full-grown larvae
could be made ; but as at that time the Ichneumonid parasites are
very minute, it is better to postpone operations until autumn, with the
further advantage that parasitised pupae are then easily recognised
so that the tedious internal examination is unnecessary. Care must be
taken, however, to include the Tachinids that have emerged and are
present as puparia. Dr. Wolff, of Eberswalde, has recorded an
egg-parasite, Trichogramma piniperda, in P. flammea. Sawflies are much
parasitised by Tachinids and Ichneumonids and these may be found
in the larvae within their cocoons. Where there are two generations
the cocoons may be collected in summer from the branches, bark, etc.,
and in winter under leaves, etc., on the ground. In the case of a single
generation collection must take place in winter. The cocoons may be
stored and the parasites coimted after thej^ emerge, and the apparently
sound cocoons may then be opened. As the sawfly, Diprion
(Lophyrus) pini, is sometimes highly infested with an egg-parasite,
Teleas sp., it is necessary to examine the eggs as well. Cej^haleia
ahietis {Lyda hypotropkica) and Acantholyda {L.) stellata appear to suffer
little from parasites, so that natural control is slow in their case.
During the winter an examination must be made of the larvae
hibernating in the ground. For some time previously they should be
kept in a warm room, on a bed of sand and covered with moss damped
periodically, in order to hasten the development of the parasites.

Full directions, quoted from existing literature, are given on the
methods of conducting the internal examination of larvae and pupae.

Peteaschek (K.). Einiges uber die angewandte Entomologie in
Amerika und ihren Einfluss auf die entomologischen Reform-
bestrebungen in Deutschland und Deutsch-Oesterreich. [A few

Notes on Applied Entomology in the United States and its
influence on the Attempts at Entomological Reform in Germany
and German Austria.] — Forstwissenschaftl. Centralhlatt, Berlin, xli,
no. 5, May 1919, pp. 161-173.

A brief review is given of the position of apphed entomology in
the United States due to the ample funds at the disposal of the
entomological authorities and to excellent organisation, and the
attempts made in recent years to model entomology in Germany on
these lines are described. To pave the way for this reform Prof.
Escherich and others founded in 1913 the " German Society for Apphed
Entomology " and arranged the pubhcation of the " Zeitschrift fur

454

angewandte Entomologie." He also took the first steps to found in
Munich a Research Institute for combating Animal Pests and a sum of
£25,000 has been contributed towards the cost by private individuals
and by a business corporation. This Institute will investigate insects
injurious to crops, stored products, man and animals and will
endeavour to ascertain the best means of combating them, special
attention being devoted to insecticides. Prof. Escherich regards the
diffusion of knowledge relating to pests as the best method of promoting
co-operation in the apphcation of preventive and remedial measures
and more effective than attempting to deal with the matter by means
of legislation. The teachers at the agricultural winter schools and the
travelling instructors should be those chiefly responsible for this side
of the work. Insect pest inspectors would form the link between the
research institute and the government on one side and the pubhc on the
other, and would be charged wdth the duty of carrying out demon-
strations in remedial measures. In order to ensure that the
Government's policy should be intelligent, the ministry concerned
should have an expert consultant.

Prof. Escherich's initiative has found a response not only in Germany
but also in German Austria, and Prof. Seitner of Vienna has suggested
the formation of a central institute staffed with zoologists and other
specialists, the Plant Protection Station in Vienna and the Zoological
Department of the Forestry Experiment Institute at Mariabrunn,
which deal with applied entomology, being incapable of coping with
this additional work. Even if such a central institute is not provided,
Prof. Seitner considers temporary observation stations to be very
necessary, either in threatened areas or in their immediate vicinity.
The appointment of state entomologists, chosen among those graduates
of agricultural high schools who show a special leaning towards
entomology, is necessary. Their duties would include inter alia the
making of reports to the central institute and the directing of remedial
measures. The education of young entomologists by means of tours
of instruction at the expense of the State and a system of exchanges
among entomologists are also desirable.

Krausse (A.). Beobachtungen an Dasychira pidibunda, L., gelegentlich
des Eberswalder Frasses 1917. [Observations on D. pudibimda
during the Eberswald Outbreak in 1917.] — Zeitschr. Forst- u.
Jagdwesen, Berlin, li, no 5, May 1919, pp. 265-272, 9 figs.

During 1915 and 1916 there was only a slight infestation at'Ebers-
w'alde of Dasychira pudibunda, L. The severe outbreak of 1917 was
therefore unexpected and has not been explained. All the caterpillars
examined were infected with a polyhedral disease. Cases of severe
urtication were recorded, and in some localities the collection of resin
had to be interrupted owing to the number of caterpillars that dropped
on the workers and their utensils. Early in September the beeches
in the forest near Eberswalde were found to be badly defoliated.
The caterpillars were also swarming on pine trees, but did not feed on
the needles. Few Ichneumonid parasites w^ere seen, but the Carabid
beetles, Calosoma sycopJianfa and Carabus glabratus, preyed on the
caterpillars to a considerable extent. No birds were observed to attack
them.

455

Zacher (F.). Die Weissahrigkeit der Wiesengraser. [The White-
Ear Disease of Meadow Grasses.] — Deutsche LandivirtscliHl.
Presse, Berlin, xha, no. 59, 23rd July 1919, pp. 445-446, 7 figs.

The flowers of many meadow grasses are prematurely yellowed
and withered by the attacks of various insects and mites. These
include flies of the genera Oscinella, Meromyza, Elachiptera, Chlorops
and Cecidomyia. Some caterpillars injurious to wheat that also
attack grasses are Trachea (Hadena) secalis, L., Anerastia lotella,
Hb., and Ochsenheimeria taurella, Schifl. In Finland Tortrix paleana,
Hb., occasionally injures Phleum pratense in this manner. Cephus
pygmaeus, L., damages meadow grasses in the same way, and the
following thrips have also been recorded in this connection : — AiJiino-
thrips rufus, Gmel., Limofhrips denticornis, Hal., Chirothrips hamatus,
Tryb., and Haplothrips (Anthothrips) aculeatus, F.

In cases where the presence of insects is not apparent the injury is
often believed to be due to mites, which escape notice owing to their
minute size. Of these, Pediculoides grammum, E. Reut., does the
chief damage in Finland ; it attacks a great variety of grasses. Tarsone-
mus cidmicolus, E. Reut., is a less common species ; and is responsible
for about 18 per cent, of this kind of injury. Tarsonemus spirifex,
March,, has been found on grasses (Avena elatior, Dactylis glomerata,
Festuca pratensis and Poa pratensis) in North Germany ; this appears
to be the first record of such infestation, this mite being hitherto
known on oats and barley only. As the result of his observations in
Finland Renter advises early mowing and speedy harvesting of grasses
showing signs of attack. Attention is drawn to the fact that grasses
growing alongside paths, etc., may prove a source of infestation for
neighbouring meadows.

Marchal (P.) & FoEx (E.). Rapport Phytopathologique pour I'Ann^e
1915. — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, iv (1915), 1917,
pp. 21-44. [Received 1st September 1919.]

A general review is given of the insects injuring cereals, vegetable
crops, fruit and grape-vines, trees and ornamental shrubs and of the
work of the entomological and phytopathological stations in various
parts of France during 1915.

Latiere (H.). La Lutte centre les Maladies des Plantes en Italie. —
Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, iv (1915), 1917, pp. 76-144.
[Received 1st September 1919.]

An account is given of the history and work of the various stations
and laboratories for studying diseases and parasites of plants. The most
injurious insects in Italy include Phylloxera, the ohve fly [Daats oleae],
the scale-insects infesting Citrus, particularly Chrysomphalus dictyo-
spermi pinnulifera {minor) and Icerya jJurcJiasi, the mulberry scale
{Aulacaspis (Diaspis) pentagona) and the vine moths [Clysia ambigueUa,
Polychrosis botrana and Sparganothis pilleriana]. Minor pests that
also cause serious damage are the ohve thrips {Phloeothrips oleae)
Psylla oleae and the olive moth [Prays oleellus], the woolly apple aphis
[Eriosoma lanigerum], Cydia (Carjjocapsa) jtomonella and Mayetiola
{Cecidomyia) destructor.

456

The existing legislation against pests of plants is reviewed in detail ;
this covers all the known pests in Italy and prohibits the introduction
of those from abroad. Sections are devoted to remedial measures
against special pests, the bulk of which have already been noticed
in this Review, and to an account of the introduction of the better
known enemies of common pests, such as ProspalteUa berlesei against
Auhcaspis pentagona [see this Review, Ser. A, i, p. 189, etc.].

The question of introducing the African parasites of Dacus oleae
has been under consideration for some time and some attempt has been
made in this direction [see this Review, Ser, A. vi, p. 256]. A difficulty
arises in the fact that the wild olives of Eritrea have a skin of only
0"3 to 0'6 mm. thickness, whilst that of the cultivated Itahan ohves
is generally at least 1 mm. Those African parasites that have a short
ovipositor cannot therefore be useful in Italy. The species rehed
upon for control are Opius africanus, 0. dacicida, Bracon celer, Halticop-
tera daci and AUomphalus cavasolae. If these Hymenoptera become
estabhshed in Italy, they should prove a very efficient control for
D. oleae ; the development of B. celer and A. cavasolae is nearly twice
as rapid as that of their host, and that of the two species of Opius is
scarcely less so, these parasites also having a long adult hfe. It is
proposed to estabMsh a temporary laboratory in Eritrea for the study
of D. oleae and its parasites, with the intention of extending this
research into Abyssinia, south-eastern Africa and Asia. Experiments
have also been made in the colonisation of H. daci and 0. concolor in
France. Rhizobius lophantae has been colonised in southern Italy
to destroy various scale-insects. The importance of another CoccineUid,
Novius cardinalis, which was introduced into Italy nearly 20 years
ago against Icenja piurcliasi and has subsequently been used with
great success in other countries, has frequently been noticed [see this
Review, Ser. A, i, p. 171, etc.].

Lecaillon (A.). N6gril et Gal6ruque. Notes sur la Biologie du
N6gril de la Luzerne [Colaspidema atra, Latr.) de la Gal^ruque de
rOrme [Galerucella luteola, F. Muller) et de la Gal6ruque de I'Aulne

{Agdastica alni, L.). — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, iv (1915),
1917, pp. 145-161. [Received 1st September 1919.]

The habits of these three beetles being similar, they are considered
together, and it is hoped that these notes, although incomplete, may
be of some assistance in arriving at a rational method for their destruc-
tion. The seasonal history of Galerucella luteola on ehns is discussed
[see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 223], two generations being observed
in a year. Agelastica alni is universally admitted to have only one
generation annually.

In the case of Colaspidema atrum only one generation has been
recorded by any observer, but the author questions whether there m.ay
not be two. This would explain the presence of adults reproducing
as late as September. In the neighbourhood of Toulouse both
larvae and adults of C. atrum may be found in the lucerne fields
from mid-April to mid-September. Many records of oviposition of
this species are given and show that after a single fertihsation the
females can continue to o\aposit for a long period. The duration of

457

the various stages of the Ufe-history of all three species is discussed.
It has been thought that larvae or adults of G. atrum quickly die when
deprived of nourishment ; the author's experiments, however, have
proved that young larvae, at least, can exist for several days without
food. The general manner of feeding in the case of both larvae and
adults is to attack the tender parts of the plant. Observations are
recorded on the feeding of 17 larvae on lucerne from the time of
hatching to the inactive period before transformation. It is evident
from these that during the first half of its existence the larva eats much
less than the adult, but later, and particularly during the last few days
of its development, it eats considerably larger quantities. On the
whole, the adult insect is the greater feeder, its period of activity being
longer than that of the larvae. The method of feeding and the amount
of nourishment required by adults of G. luteola and A. cdni are very
similar ; each hves for two months or more and eats a considerable
quantity per diem throughout this period.

Some account is also given of Meigeniafloralis, the Tachinid parasite
of C. atrum [see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 171].

Feytaud (J.). Recherches sur TEudemis et la Cochylis dans le
Bordelais en 1914. — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, iv (1915),
1917, pp. 218-265, 4 figs. [Received 1st September 1919.]

From a series of observations on Clysia ambiguella and Polyckrosis
hotrana in the Bordeaux region in 1914 it was ascertained that
mortahty was high in the winter 1913-1914, varying between 75% and
93% in 'different locahties. The principal factor was the presence
of fungus diseases, which were encouraged by the autumn rains and
which killed some 46 to 58% of P. hotrana. Another factor was the
activity of Ichnemnonid parasites, causing the death of 13 to 22% of
C. ambiguella. The action of cold on hibernating individuals of
P. hotrana is discussed. The author is convinced that in Gironde
the abnormal cold of the winter 1913-1914 did not diminish the
numbers of this moth, but rather encouraged its increase by kiUing
off many of its natural enemies. C. ambiguella is known to be
naturally more resistant to cold than P. hotrana.

The value of various insecticide treatments is discussed, the formulae
for these being given. Tests made in May and June 1914 on eggs of
P. hotrana confirm former results as regards the action of nicotine
[see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 72]. Positive results were obtained
with quinohne 1%, phenic acid 1% and potassiimi sulphocarbonate
1%. Pyrethrum powder 2% gave poor results ; sodium sulphoricinate
1% and permanganate of potassium 1% gave negative ones.
The successful substances apparently killed the eggs immediately by
directly arresting the development of the embryo ; pyrethrum, which
only prevented development of one-sixth of the eggs, had the same
action as nicotine, the larva becoming poisoned at the moment of
eating its way out of the egg. The results of various experiments in
the field are given. Details of the poison-baits and shelter-traps have
already been noticed [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, i, p. 415, iv, pp. 309, 492,
V, p. 136, vii, p. 90, etc.].

(604) ■

458

Feytaud (J.). Recherches sur TEudemis et la Cochylis dans le
Bordelais en 1915. — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, iv (1915),
1917, pp. 266-276. [Received 1st September 1919.]

The invasion of Clysia ambiguella and Polychrosis hotrana in 1915
in the Bordeaux region is reviewed, with a further account of bait-traps
and records of the results obtained by their use. [See preceding
paper.]

Peneau (J.). Notes sur les Aphides radicicoles. — Ann. Service des
Epiphyties, Paris, iv (1915), 1917, pp. 277-285, 13 figs. [Received
1st September 1919.]

A series of observations are recorded on certain species of root-
feeding Aphids occurring in France. Keys are given to the genera, both
of the apterous and winged forms, and a key to the species of the genus
Trama. T. caudata, del Guerc, which is recorded for the first time
in France, is described. It was observed at Nantes in 1913 on chicory
roots. Aphids of this genus are found on lettuce, chicory, cardoons,
artichokes and other Composite plants, causing considerable damage,
particularly to young plants, the development of which is arrested.
As is the case with most subterranean Aphids, they are accompanied
and protected by ants, and the primary remedial measure against the
former is the removal of the latter. This is done by destroying the ant-
nests in the spring by pouring in an emulsion of coal-oil, coal-tar or
creosote. Without the ants the Aphids soon die, as they cannot travel
far to seek food and are quickly attacked by fungous diseases.

KowALSKi (J.). Un Ennemi du Cocotier aux Nouvelles-H6brides :

le Promecotheca opacicollis, Gestro. — Ann. Service des Epiphyties,
Paris, iv (1915), 1917, pp. 286-327, 2 plates, 8 figs. [Received
1st September 1919.]

The Hispid beetle, Promecotheca opacicollis, Gestro, has been known
since 1909 as a pest of coconut palms in the New Hebrides. In 1913
the author was appointed to undertake a through investigation of
this insect and of its natural enemies. The original description of the
beetle is quoted. The adults are almost invariably found on the
underside of the leaves, where they rest, feed, and oviposit. The
beetles seldom fly, and if disturbed, frequently drop to the ground.
The injury to the leaf takes the form of longitudinal shts in the tissue
of the underside, following the veins. Other palms similarly injured
by the adults are Areca catechu, Phytelephas macrocarpa, a species
of Phoenix and Ravenala madagascariensis. The larvae, however,
do not attack these trees, perhaps owing to the hardness of the tissues.

The eggs of P. opacicollis are protected by a sort of shield constructed
by the female from particles of the epidermis of the leaf cemented
together by a viscid substance. This is carefully built up over the
eggs as they he on the underside of the leaf. The capsules are generally
isolated, but may occur in groups of two ; they measure from 2" 5 to
4 mm. and contain from 2 to 5 eggs. In this respect the species differs
from that occurring in the Phihppines (P. cumingi), the eggs of which
are laid singly. After an incubation period of about 18 days the larvae
hatch and pierce holes in the lower epidermis of the leaf and attack

459

the chlorophyll of the parenchyma. The female of P. cumingi in
the Phihppines pierces this hole before laying the egg. The
larva continues to extract chlorophyll from the leaf within which it
hves and develops, causing a drying up and blistering which are
the characteristic signs of its presence. There are at least two larval
moults ; on examination of imagines that had died without being
able to effect their exit, shed skins were found indicating three larval
moults, and this may be the correct nmnber. Owing to the larva
living within the leaf the length of the various larval stages has not been
ascertained, but the total larval hfe is probably from 35 to 37 days.
Pupation occurs within the leaf and lasts from 8 to 10 days, the imago
emerging by piercing a hole in the upper epidermis. The length
of the various stages of P. opacicoUis in the New Hebrides and of
P. cumingi in the Phihppines are compared. In the Phihppines the
adult remains from two to four days within the leaf before emerging,
and the same probably occurs in the New Hebrides.

The damage caused by the adults is more restricted and would
seem less serious than that by the larvae, but the continual laceration
caused by the repeated nibbhng finally results in ahnost equal damage.
The yoimg leaves at the head of the tree are generally the first attacked,
palms of less than three years old being seldom injured.

A Hymenopterous parasite of the eggs of P. opacicoUis was collected
by the author and is described as Oligosita utilis, sp. n. The method
of parasitising the eggs, which occurs after the construction of the
capsule, is described, the ovipositor of the parasite being sufficiently
long to penetrate the eggs within. Oviposition is, however, a difficult
matter, requiring from six to fifteen minutes, or even longer. During
a three hours' observation the parasite was seen to parasitise at least
16 eggs. It is evident that the parasite is common, and should be
of great value to planters. At the time of these observations the
number of parasitised eggs of P. opacicoUis was about 40 per cent.,
but this figure varies considerably in different locahties. It is suggested
that efforts should be made to equahse the nrnnbers of the parasite
by transporting it from locahties where it is abundant to others where
the pest is far in excess of the parasite. Another Hymenopteron,
Closterocerus splendens, sp. n., is described as parasitic upon the larvae
of P. opacicoUis. This species is alhed to C. insignis, Waterst., from
Ceylon. The method of parasitisation is described, the eggs of the
parasite being inserted into its victim through the epidermis of the
leaf that shelters it. Only the third-stage larvae are attacked, the
individuals of the previous stages probably being too small to provide
nourishment for the development of the parasite. Whether the pupae
also are attacked, as is the case with thePhihppine species, is not known.
C. splendens appears to be disseminated throughout the Archipelago,
but less abundantly than 0. utilis, and is very easy to breed. The
larva when fully developed leaves its host and pupates in about four
days, the adult emerging about 15 days later. Other Hymenopterous
parasites of Promecotheca exist, but cannot yet be identified, though
two have been recognised as belonging to the Entedon group, while
another is probably a Proctotrupid.

Predaceous enemies of P. opacicoUis include ants, which destroy
many of the larvae and are always abundant on coconut palms,
and certain birds. It is suggested that the latter should be encouraged

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460

in every way by making shelters for them, particularly among cotton
trees, which are preferred for nesting. On some coconut palms as many
as 50 per cent, of the capsules were found broken open either by a
bird, by hzards or by snakes.

Artificial remedies against Promecotheca include the shaking down
and collecting of the adults, which is an easy matter owing to their
sluggishness ; this can be most successfully done in the early morning.
If the insects are on low trees a sheet laid on the ground is sufficient
to catch them, but on high palms large nets raised on bamboo poles
must be used. Torches have been used with good results, but smoke
fires only drive the insects further afield. The use of insecticides
does not seem very promising owing to the situation of the larva
within the leaf. Fumigation with hydrocyanic acid gas would give
excellent results in plantations of three - or four-year-old palms, but
cannot be used on older and taller ones.

The geographical distribution of this beetle, the history of its
occurrence and the manner of its spread are discussed and illustrated
by a map. Outbreaks are generally locahsed, although the insect
occurs more or less numerously throughout the New Hebrides. When
the supply of food becomes exhausted in one spot, swarming takes
place to some fresh area, for the females do not care to oviposit upon
leaves that have already been severely attacked. This explains the
sudden disappearance of the insect from a formerly heavily-infested
spot and its sudden outbreak in a fresh direction. A table shows the
spread of Proinecotheca in various locahties and during various periods
in the archipelago. While a good deal of damage may be caused to
coconut palms if many of the leaves are attacked, P. opacicoUis has
only been known in a very few instances to cause the actual death
of the plant, and in those cases the palms were of the native variety
and old. In every case of severe attack however there is a considerable
diminution in vigour, the blossoming is poor and the crop scanty.
The exact extent of loss due to the pest has not been definitely ascer-
tained, but in both Vate and Epi it has been estimated at about
I of the total crop of copra.

In view of the fact that outbreaks are locahsed, that the greatest
damage is done during the first invasion of the insect in a given locahty
and that the beetles move slowly from place to place, it is evident that
co-operation is necessary among planters in combating this pest.
One infested area can soon infect a whole region if prompt action
be not taken. Besides the remedial measures indicated above, the
vitality of the palms should be augmented in every way, by suitable
and active manures, by constant cultivation of the ground and by
the sowing of plants that will serve as green manure.

Paillot (A.). Observations et Experiences sur les Champignons
parasites des Insectes. — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, iv
(1915), 1917, pp. 329-334. [Received 1st September 1919.]

In March 1914 a fungous disease was found to be very prevalent
among Hylesinus on ash-trees and was identified as Beauveria glob iilif era .
The disease took a somewhat different form from that caused by the
same fungus on Haliica amphehphaga, probably owing to the differen
method of hibernation, the latter beetles congregating in great number

461

near the ground and consequently living in a moist atmosphere, while-
the former do not congregate closely and are found higher up the tree.
About the same time a severe attack of Beauveria densa was raging
among the caterpillars of Hepialus feeding underground in a nursery
near Paris and destroying the roots of garden plants. This disease has
previously been noticed chiefly among white grubs, which have similar
habits to Hepialus. In 1911 larvae of Glysia amhiguella and Poly-
chrosis hotrana in a vineyard at GermoUes (Saone et Loire) were found
infected to the extent of some 80 per cent, by Spicaria farinosa var.
verticillo'ides, and in 1913 the disease was again prevalent. In the course
of this investigation a weevil of. the genus Rhynchites was found
which was attacked by a different fungus that proved to be
B.ghhulifera, and it would therefore appear that these vine-moths
possess a certain immunity to this disease. In the Jura, under the
bark of pines infested with Bostrychids, a number of larvae of Tomicus
and some large Scolytid larvae were found mmnmified owing to
the attacks of Spicaria farinosa and of Botrytis hassiana, known as a
silkworm parasite.

The method of producing large quantities of spores of S. farinosa
adopted in 1913, and the trial of the verticillo'ides variety by means of
an emulsion sprayed upon vines against C. amhiguella and P. hotrana
are described. The experiment gave negative results, none of the
caterpillars showing any signfe of the disease. A second experiment
with fungi, especially Sporotrichum globuliferum, against Eriosoma
lanigerum proved equally unsuccessful, although the conditions were
all favourable to the fungus. It is thought that possibly better results
might be obtained with spores of greater virulence, but the point is
doubtful.

Paillot (A.). Note sur le Criocere de I'Asperge et ses Parasites. —
Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, iv (1915), 1917, pp. 335-336.
[Received 1st September 1919.]

During 1914 the asparagus beetle [Crioceris asparagi] was very
abundant about Auxonne and Dijon, but its activities were limited
by the presence of two parasites, Tetrastichus asparagi, Crawf., found
only in the Auxonne district, and a Tachinid, Meigenia floralis, which
does not seem to occur in the Auxonne plantations, but is frequently
found at Dijon. T. asparagi pierces the eggs of the asparagus beetle
with its ovipositor and then sucks all the contents of the egg through
the hole thus made. The number of empty, flattened eggs found on the
plants testifies to the value of this enemy. In some of the eggs that
appear intact eggs of T. asparagi have been laid ; this does not prevent
hatching, and the larvae harbour from three to as many as nine
parasites within their body-cavity until the moment of pupation;
they then die and the parasitic larvae pupate. It would be interesting
to chscover more of the biology of this Chalcid and the manner in which
it subsists from one year to another, with a view to increasing its
numbers and introducing it where necessary. The species has been
studied in the United States, but has not previously been recorded in
Europe [see however this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 171]. The other
parasite, M. floralis, is much better known ; in asparagus plantations
at Dijon the majority of larvae of G. asparagi carried 3 or 4 eggs of this
flv on the outside of their bodies.

462

Maechal (P.) & FoEX (E.). Rapport Phytopathologique pour les
Annies 1916 et 1917. — Ann. Service des EpijjJiyties, Paris, v
(1916-1917), 1918, pp. 1-35. [Received 1st September 1919.]

The administrative measures for the protection of cultivated plants
and the organisation of campaigns against insect pests and diseases
are re\dewed. The insects reported during 1916-1917 include pests
of cereals, vegetables, fruit-trees, grape-vines, forest and shade-trees,
and ohves and other crops confined to the south of France.

Hyponomeuta malinellus was abundant on apple trees and H. fodellus
on plums, blackthorn and hawthorn. In view of the serious damage
caused by the former moth, and the fact that it was recently introduced
into Canada on apple-trees [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 447], the
importance of horticultural inspection during May and the destruction
of larvae and pupal masses before July is urged. This is done by cUp-
ping the trees and burning the cuttings ; lead arsenate sprays are
also beneficial. Caterpillars of Hepialus Iwpulinus damaged the roots
of gooseberry, privet and other bushes in late autumn, kilUng off any
young trees. Carbon bisulphide injections are the best remedy,
and in nurseries rows of salad plants, lucerne, etc., may be grown
as trap-crops, Sitotroga cerealella and larvae of Pyrausta nuhilalis
damaged mai^e in the Pyrenees. A good remedy against Pieris
hrassicae, which was one of the worst cabbage pests in 1917, was to
plant at intervals thick rows of Jerusalem artichokes or hemp as
though for shelter. The butterflies did not oviposit on cabbages
so protected. A parasite, Apanteles glomeratus, was fortunately
abundant, as well as Pteromalus. Agromyza ahiens is increasing
rapidly and has greatly injured artichokes in the eastern Pyrenees,
where they are an important crop ; Cassida viridis also attacked
them. Nursery pine-trees were attacked by Myelophilus piniperda
and by a species of Dioryctria, probably D. mutatella, Fuchs, about
which httle is known, its depredations frequently being attributed
to M. piniperda. Elms were largely infested with Galerucella luteola
in 1917, an egg-parasite of this beetle, Tetrastichus xanthomelaenaei
being very much in evidence.

Feytaud (J.). fEssais d' Application du Traitement arsenical contre
le Ver des Pommes (Carpocapsa pjomonella, L.). — Ann. Service
des Epiphyties, Paris, v (1916-1917), 1918, pp. 36-48. [Received
1st September 1919.]

Experiments with various arsenical mixtures are described, and
their efiect on Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella is discussed. The question
of the most economical method of treatment is raised, and it is demon-
strated that the amount expended in controUing an insect pest, when
the treatment is efficient and opportune, is an investment returning
a high rate of interest. In the case outlined the return was 700 per
cent, after adequate treatment. ^ "While remedial measures are always
an expensive matter and labour is often scarce, it is very difficult
to induce a trial of new methods, and the author contrasts the French
attitude with that of the United States, where cultural methods
follow the dictates of science with beneficial results to the cultivator.
The treatment of apples against C. pomonella should become as much
a current agricultural practice as that of vines against the vine -moths.

463

The formulae used all contained the proprietary brand of lead
arsenate known as BouiUie Billault, which consists of about half
its weight of lead arsenate, 100 parts by weight of the powder
corresponding to 48 of triplumbic arsenate, to 20 of disodic ortho-
arsenate or to 12 of arsenic acid. This, mixed with water alone, gave
some measure of success, but any of the following showed far greater
efficacy : — 15 parts Billault mixture, 1 part sodium carbonate, 6 parts
oleine white soap, 1,000 parts water ; or 15 parts Billault mixture,
2'5 parts adhesol to 1,000 parts water ; or 15 parts Billault mixture
with 10 parts copper acetate to 1,000 parts water. Probably the
spreading properties of these were an advantage, while the copper
in the last-named would add to its efficiency. Tables are given
showing the results of sprays with these mixtures, both as regards
the growing trees and the fruit crops ; the quantity of sound fruit
gathered was found to be doubled by the less efficacious treatment
given on the 26th May, ahnost five-fold after the treatment on 8th
May only, and nearly six-fold after the combined sprayings.

Lecaillon (A.). Sur I'Emploi des Insecticides arsenieaux pour
combattre la Pyrale des Pommes et des Poires {Oarpocapsa
pomonella, L.). — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, v (1916-1917),
1918, pp. 49-53. [Received 1st September 1919.]

In consequence of the success of arsenicals against Gi/dia pomonella
in the United States, the author, made a trial of the same method
in 1917 on apple and pear trees in Haute Garonne. On account of
unfavourable cUmatic conditions, the state of the trees left much
to be desired, but the results were sufficient to confirm the efficacy of
arsenical treatment. For apples the treatment should be begun
as soon as the petals have fallen, but for pears it should be later,
when the moths first appear. For early-maturing pears a single
spraying is generally sufficient. Lack of success on apple-trees in
France is probably frequently due to the difficulty of making the
material generally used penetrate the eye of the fruit.

Massonnat (E.). Applications de la M^thode arsenieale a la Culture
fruiti^re de la Region lyonnaise. — Ann. Service des Epiphyties,
Paris, V (1^16-1917) 1918, pp. 54-59. [Received 1st September
1919.]

Experiments are described that were undertaken in three different
locahties of the Lyons region to test the value of arsenicals against
Cydia pomonella. These confirm the fact that such measures can be
completely efficacious and indicate the value of popularising the
use of these insecticides in that region.

Peneau (J.). Emploi des Arsenieaux centre les Inseetes des Arbres
fruitiers, en particulier centre le Ver des Pommes et des Poires

(Carpocapsa pomonella, L.). — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris,
V (1916-1917), 1918, pp. 60-68. [Received 1st September 1919.]

A series of experiments are described in which eight different
arsenical mixtures were tested against fruit-tree pests. Excellent
resultSjWere obtained with two sprayings, the first after the dropping

464

of the petals and the second 5 to 6 weeks later. The most convenient
mixture proved to be 15 lb, of Billault mixtm^e of lead arsenate to
100 gals, water. As a result of these measures, the insect pests
attacking the fohage and young fruits practically disappeared ;
these include Hyponomeuta spp,, Malacosoma (Bombyx) neustria, saw-
flies, etc. The percentage of fruit infested by Cydia fomonella was
reduced to almost nil and the crop increased, in spite of the fact that
the treatments were unavoidably begun rather late.

Eabate (E.). Essais d'Insecticides arsenicaux. — Ann. Service des
Epiphyties, Paris, v (1916-1917), 1918, pp. 69-73. [Received
1st September 1919.]

The results are given of several years' study in the preparation of
various arsem'cal insecticides. Their action upon fru^t pests, including
Hyponomeuta padelhis, H. malineUus, CJieimatobia brumata, and
Cydia pomonella, is discussed, and the conclusion is reached that a
copper-lead-arsenate solution gives results that ordinary Bordeaux
mixture cannot, and that the use of arsenicals should become general
in orchard worki

Maechal (P.). La Lutte hivernale centre la Pyrale de la Vigne
{Oenophthira pilleriana, Schifl.) par I'Emploi des Arsenicaux. —

Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, v (1916-1917), 1918, pp. 74-82,
4 figs. [Received 1st September 1919.]

The emergence of the young caterpillars of Sparganothis {Oenoph-
thira) pilleriana from their winter quarters covers a long period,
being dependent upon the depth to which they have penetrated.
This fact, and the difficulty of treating the insects during their injurious
period, renders most important the winter measure for destruction
of the young larvae while still under the bark by means of hot water
or fumigation under a bell-jar. For some years a tendency has been
growing in many southern vineyards to adopt as an alternative the
apphcation of insecticides in the form of sprays or washes towards
the end of the hibernation period. Soluble arsenicals have given the
greatest success, and have been used by special permit for winter
treatment of vines. The results of experiments described in this
paper indicate that arsenical soap solutions, containing on an average
3'5 per cent, of sodium arsenite and used towards the end of winter
in sufficient quantities to moisten completely the stems and branches,
are a certain remedy for S. pilleriana, and give as good results as the
hot-water treatment with less expense and less labour. The imme-
diate death of a certain number of larvae is the result of this measure,
followed some weeks later by a secondary toxicity causing a far greater
mortality. This is explained by the slow penetration of the insecticide
through the bark and the faculty possessed by the larvae of absorbing
the atmospheric moisture surrounding them through the mouth.

MiEGE (E.). La Disinfection du Sol. — Ann. Service des Epip)hyties,
Paris, V (1916-1917), 1918, pp. 83-144, 3 figs, [Received
1st September 1919.]

The various processes of soil disinfection are reviewed and recent
experiments^ in this method of controlling insect and fungous pests

465

are described. The methods of contamination and constant re-
infestation of the soil are also discussed.

The treatment of the soil with carbon bisulphide proved of value
against Loxostege (Phlyctaenodes) sticticalis, injurious to tobacco,
beetroot, etc., while as many as 94 per cent, of Acarids present have
been destroyed by the same means. Injections at a depth of about
10 in. destroys the larvae of the beetle, Leucopliolis rorida, which in
Java destroys the roots of cassava [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 82].
Carbon bisulphide and sulphur vapour are also recommended against
the eggs of Tachycines and Diestrammena mannorata, crickets that
infest greenhouses. The weevil, Tychius quinquepujicfatus, which
was very injurious in 1915 in Italy, should also be controlled by this
method.

Sulphocarbonate of potassium has the same effect but is more
expensive and more troublesome to use. Toxic substances in less
common use for injections are toluine and benzine, which have been
used with success against turnip pests, and benzol and calcium
bisulphide against certain thrips. It has been proposed as a remedy
against Lejndiota alholiirta infesting sugar-cane in Australia that
toxic substances should be mixed with the soil with the object of
poisoning the larvae which are accustomed to ingurgitate a quantity
of soil as they eat. The Ministry of Agriculture in Italy has tried
various antiseptic substances against locusts, of which a solution
of soap and coal-tar has given the best results.

Measures complementary to the antiseptic treatment of the soil
are disinfection of seeds, protection from other sources of contamina-
tion and the use of resistant varieties. It is hoped that soil disinfection
will become one of the regular agricultural practices in France, as
is already the case to some extent in the United States and in England.

Peytaud (J.). Etude sur I'Otiorhynque sillonn6 (Otiorrhynchus
sulcatus, F.). — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, v (1916-1917),
1918, pp. 145-192, 17 figs. [Received 1st September 1919.]

The various stages of Otiorrhynchiis sulcatus are described, with the
life-cycle and seasonal history [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 340].
Studies on the parthenogenesis of this species are also recorded in
detail [op. cit., vi, p. 72].

The weevils attack the tender vine shoots and feed during the night,
cutting away and destroying the leaf-buds. Later they attack the
branches, eating away the bark and leaving large scars. The leaves
are eagerly devoured in captivity, but at Saint- Pierre d'Oleron,
where the author's investigations were made, this rarely occurs in
nature, at least before the middle of August. The larvae Uve in the
soil during the winter, cutting through the smaller vine roots and
attacking the larger ones more or less severely, and wounding the trunk,
weakening it until it eventually dies. Severe outbreaks of this pest
have been recorded in Belgium, Germany, Italy and France. A list
is given of other weevils of the same genus, to the number of about
30, attacking vines in Europe [op. cit., vi, p. 172], with many records
of their attacks on other food-plants, including strawberries, raspberries,
apples and peaches. The natural enemies of 0. sulcatus are dealt
with at some length ; these include moles, shrews, hedgehogs, birds,
reptiles, toads, Carabid beetles and Gerceris arenma, L. [op. cit..

466

vi, p. 172]. [Certain parasites of Otiorrhynchus spp., such as the
Braconid, Blacus tuberculatus, are less well-known, as weU as some
Diptera. It is also suggested that attempts might be made to infect
these weevils with certain fungi that are known to develop readily
on other Curcuhonids, or some bacteria may be discovered that
are virulent to them. The natural enemies of 0. sulcatus should
be encouraged. After ploughing, when the larvae and pupae are
exposed, poultry and especially turkeys should be turned into the
vineyards ; hedgehogs also should be introduced into infested land,
the damage they may do to the vines being more than compensated
for by their value in controlling 0. sulcatus.

Against the larvae, submersion, where practicable, is a successful
remedy. Liquid insecticides have not proved very beneficial as a
wash on the vines, the larvae being too widely disseminated in the
ground. Insecticides in the form of gas are better, especially carbon
bisulphide injected into the ground. From May to September,
while the adults are on the trees, solutions such as Bordeaux mixture,
nicotine-sulphur sprays, Bordeaux mixture with nicotine or aloes,
etc., act as repellents and stop the spread of infestation ; these need
renewing every 8 or 10 days during June, July and August. Arsenical
or other poison sprays appUed to the foHage also require constant
renewal. The latter treatments are not of much use except in con-
junction with the repellent sprays, otherwise the insects are simply
driven away from one centre of infestation to form another. The
destruction of other food-plants has not much effect as the wee\'ils
can live on the vine throughout the year. The most successful and
practical control of the adults has proved to be hand-collection. This
must be done at night, when the weevils are on the vines and they
can be picked off one by one, or, better, shaken off into a sheet or
basin of hquid.

An account is given of the invasions of 0. sulcatus in Saint-Pierre
d'Oleron which the author has studied since 1913, and of the
work of the syndicate formed in 1914 to combat it [op. cit., ii, p. 229
and V, p. 40]. Owing to the energetic measures carried out, the infesta-
tion in 1915 and 1916 was of diminishing extent. The cost of the
three years' campaign was approximately £93 over an area of about
150 acres. The result of these campaigns was the almost total
disappearance of the pest in 1917, and it is urged that in the case of
similar outbreaks in other locahties the same measures should be
taken, i.e., the estabhshment of a syndicate to organise co-operative
collections encouraged by rewards.

Paeis (P.). Recherches sur la Bionomie des Oiseaux des Vignes. —

Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, v (1916-1917), 1918, pp. 210-
229. [Received 1st September 1919.]

Among the birds frequenting vineyards, some are distinctly
beneficial, a few are definitely noxious and the majority are sometimes
useful and sometimes harmful, the balance being very difficult to
determine in some cases. A complete Hst is given of birds that nest
in vineyards and feed largely upon injurious insects, the most useful
in this respect being a bunting {Emberiza hortulana), which is the
greatest enemy of Clysia ambiguella both in the larval and adult
stage. The only bird causing any serious injury to vines is the starling

467

(Stumus vulgaris), which attacks the mature fruit, but even this
bird has a beneficial effect on the vines at any other season. These
beneficial birds should be protected whenever possible from predaceous
animals, especially as many of them nest on the ground ; in cultivating
the vineyards also care should be taken not to destroy the nests.
The construction of special shelters for these birds and the planting
of suitable trees about the vineyards are the best means of encouraging
these most efiicient enemies of vine pests.

Feytaud (J.). Notes sur I'Eud^mis et la Cochylis dans le Bordelais

en 1916 et 1917. — Ami. Service des Epiphjties, Paris, v (1916-
1917), 1918, pp. 230-237. [Received 1st September 1919.]

This paper gives an account of the occurrence of Clysia ambiguella
and Polychrosis hotrana in vineyards around Bordeaux during 1916
and 1917, mth notes on the use and efficacy of bait-traps.

Capus (J.). Invasion des Cultures de Pols en Gironde par Heterodera
schacMii, Schmidt. — Ann. Service des Epiphyties, Paris, v (1916-
1917), 1918, pp. 239-244. [Received 1st September 1919.]

An account of the damage to peas in Gironde by the Nematode,
Heterodera schachtii, and the subsequent infestation of the plants
by the fungus, Fusarium vasinfectum, has previously been described
[see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 471]. As a remedial measure it is
suggested that the pea crop should be alternated with one that is
not attacked by this Nematode. When peas are infested, the plants
should be pulled up immediately after the crop is gathered, and burnt.
The ground should then be dug up and dried as much as possible ;
if peas or some other susceptible crop, such as beets, oats, turnips,
cabbages, must then be grown, they should not be sown until late
in January.

Rapports sommaires sur les Travaux accomplis dans les Laboratolres
et Comptes Rendus des Missions d'Etudes. — Ann. Service des
Epiphyties, Paris, v (1916-1917), 1918, pp. 253-272. [Received
1st September 1919.]

The work of the various entomological and pathological stations
at Paris, Blois, Bordeaux, Montpellier, Saint-Genis-Laval and Cadillac
during 1916 and 1917 is here reviewed, as well as the special investiga-
tions undertaken under the direction of the sanitary and scientific
services. Almost every station was badly handicapped by shortage
of staff owing to the War and by the mobihsation of the directors.
In 1917, a new insectarium was estabHshed at Mentone, chiefly on
the initiative of the syndicate of olive-growers of Nice and Provence,
for the study of remedial measures against the insect pests of southern
crops and the acclimatisation of their natural enemies. Colonies of
Novius cardinalis were bred as a control for Icerya sp. and the African
parasites of Dacus oleae were dealt with, but the season was unfavour-
able for rearing Opius concolor. Investigations were undertaken at
Cannes for remedial measures against Chrysomphalus dictyospermi on
oranges. A mixture of 8 lb. hme and 16 lb. sulphur with sufficient
water to make 10 gals, was sprayed on the trees in February-March,

4e8

on 11th April and in the latter half of June. In July, August and
September further treatments were given wherever the scale was
present. One month after the spraying of 11th April the condition
of the trees was decidedly better and many dead scales were found.
By the autumn, the treated trees (to the nmnber of 600) showed very
few scales, while an untreated orchard, separated from them by a
road onlv, was at the maximum of infestation just as in the spring of
1916.

LiNNANiEMi (W. M.). Applespinnmalen {Hyponmneuta malinellus,
Zell.). [The Apple Ermine Moth.] — Meddelanden till Landtman,
Helsingfors, no. 49, 1917, 8 pp., 5 figs.

The paper gives a short account of the biology economic importance
and enemies of the apple ermine moth and of the methods of controlling
it. Until 1896, this moth was only recorded from the south-western
districts of Finland, but after 1911 it seems to have been gradually
spreading to other parts of the country as far as 63° N. Lat. The
outbreak seems to have reached its height in 1915, the moth having
disappeared in the following year in many locahties. As remedial
measures the author suggests spraying the eggs or the young larvae
with 8 per cent, carbolineum emulsion in early spring or spraying
the larger larvae later with lead arsenate.

HuKKiNEN (Y.) Blasfotingar (Thysanoptera), hvilka i vart land
angripa Akervaxter. [Thysanoptera that attack Agricultural
Plants.] — Meddelanden till Landtman, Helsingfors, no. 50, 1917.

After a short introduction dealing with the general characteristics
of thrips and their development, biology and distribution, the author
deals with the following species : Aptinotkrips riifus, Gmel., Limothrips
denticornis, Hal., Frankliniella (Physapus) tenuicornis, Uzel, Pliysapus
vulgatissimus, Hal., Chirothrips manicatus, Hal., C. mamatus, Tryb.,
Haplothrips (Anthothrips) aculeatus, F., H. {A.) statices, Hal., and
Kakothrips pisivorus, Westw. {Physapus robustus, Uzel.).

As remedial measures against those species that cause withering of
the heads of the cereals, harrowing and burning the stubble immediately
after the harvest or early in the following spring are suggested. Against
Aptinothrips rvfus it is advisable not to have meadows on the same
ground for too many years in succession. Against Limothrips denti-
cornis the growing of oats is suggested instead of barley, rye or wheat
in the rotation of crops, since this insect does not seem to thrive on
this cereal. Frankliniella tenuicornis has repeatedly been ascertained
to prefer 6-rowed barley to the 2-rowed variety.

Eeuter (E.). Den biologiska Metoden vid Bekampandet av
Skadeinsekter. [The Biological Method of controlling noxious
Insects.] — Foredrag och Uppsatser utgivna av Nylands Fruktodlare-
Jorening, Helsingfors, no. 7, 1919,* 59 pp., 43 text figs.

The author gives a summary of the different biological methods
of dealing with insect pests, and suggests the following way of combating
the apple ermine moth {Hyponomeuta malinellus) in Finland. As
the larvae of this moth and those of H. euonymellus have the same

469

parasites, those of the latter should be utilised against the former.
The cocoons of M. euonymellus should therefore be collected and
kept in the orchards in boxes closed by wire netting of such mesh
as to permit the escape of the parasites but preventing that of the
moths.

Mgkk-Hansent (K.). Bekaempning av Geometra-Iarver paa
Begekimplanter ved Sprojtning med Fluegift. [Combating Moth-
larvae on Beech Seedlings by spraying with Quassia-Extract.] —
Fm Skoven og Traetnaredet, Goj)en1^gen, i, no. 13, 1919, 2 pp.

The caterpillars of moths such as Hybernia defoliaria and allied
species, which were defoliating beech-seedlings, have been successfully
combated by spraying with quassia extract. This method was
employed because it was impossible at the time to procure arsenical
■sprays. The extract was made from 10 lb. quassia shavings in 2 gals.
l)oiling water, the fluid after about one hour being passed through a
sieve and mixed with lime-water.

TragIrdh (Ivar). Nagra allmanna men hittills foga uppmarksam-
made Barkborrar och deras Gangystem. [Some common, but
hitherto very little known Bark-beetles and their Galleries.] — •
Statens Skogsfdrsoksanstalt, Stockholm, Flyghlad no. 17, 1919,
pp. 237-248,' 8 figs.

This leaflet is a supplement to an earlier one [see this Review, Ser. A,
vi, p. 89] and deals with the following bark-beetles : Hylastes glahratus,
Zett., H. cimicularius, Er., Cryphalus obietis, Rtzb., PJdoeophtJioriis
spinulosus, Rey, Ijps proximus, F., Dryocoetes autographus, Rtzb.,
and PityophtJwrus micrographus, (ryll.

H. glahratus occurs only in northern Sweden, not being found south
of Dalecarlia. It attacks spruce trees felled during the winter. The
brood-gallery is straight, longitudinal, 3 mm. wide and 4-6 cm. long,
and the egg-galleries are only found near its point of origin.
H. cunicidarius has not previously been recorded as harmful in Sweden,
the injury caused by it having to all appearances been overlooked.
In the published catalogue of the Coleoptera of Sweden it is only
recorded from the south, but the author has found it as far north as
in Jamtland. C. ahietis was previously only recorded from
Vastergotland, but has been found by the author all over Sweden.
It attacks as a rule only stunted trees, belonging to the so-called fourth
stratum, according to the Swedish forest terminology. As examples
of this, two horizontal sections of trees killed by this beetle are figured,
one, measuring about If inches at breast height, being 70 years old,
and the other, measuring about 1|- inches, being 80 years old. In
the south of Sweden this species has probably two generations a year.

P. spinulosus confines its attacks to the lower branches of old
spruce trees or to branches that owing to insufficient light and air
succumb in the struggle with others. Ips laricis has, as previously
pointed out, been confused with /. jyroximus, and therefore no rehable
data exist regarding its geographical distribution. It attacks both
spruce and pine trees and seems to be one of the most important
secondary pests known in Sweden, as it was found ovipositing on trees

470

felled during July and August in the previous summer. The author
suggests that the very irregular shape of the egg-galleries is due to
the fact that the beetles, as the latest to arrive, are forced to make
use of the limited space left between those of the other species.

Dryocoetes autograpJius is also decidedly a secondary pest, being
found ovipositing in trees felled during July- November in the previous
year, and often making use of the entrance holes of other species.
PityophtJiorus micrographus, Gyll., is found in the smallest twigs of
spruce trees, its galleries being characterised by their great depth.

Chrystal (K. N.). The European Elm Sawfly Leaf-miner. — Agri'^.
Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vi, no. 8, August 1919, pp. 725-728, 1 fig.

Kaliosysphinga ulmi, Sund., recently reported on elm trees in Canada,
is described. About the middle of May the eggs are inserted into
the leaves and here hatch after about a week. The young larvae
immediately commence burrowing in the leaves, as many as 25 mines
having been noticed in one leaf ; they continue to be destructive for
about three weeks. When full-grown they pierce the wall of the
mine and drop to the ground. Hibernation in this stage occurs at
a depth of about one inch in a Light cocoon and continues imtil the
following April, pupation occurring about the beginning of May.
The Scotch and English ehns seem to be the favourite food-plants.

The remedial measures advocated are spraying both sides of the
leaves, as soon as the slightest injury is noticed, with one of the
following solutions : 1 pint of 40 per cent, nicotine sulphate, 100 gals,
of water and 5 lb. of soap ; 1 pint of Black-leaf 40, 100 gals, of water
and 9 lb, of laundry soap ; or 1 part stock kerosene solution to seven
parts of water. As the adults do not emerge from pupae buried deeper
than one inch ; the removal of a thin layer of soil covering an area
exceeding by a foot or two the greatest expanse overshadowed by the
trees and burying it at a depth exceeding 6 inches is suggested.
To be effectual this must be completed before 1st of May.

Caesar (L.) & Ross (W. A.). The Apple Maggot. — Ontario Dept.
Agric., Toronto, Bull, no, 271, May 1919, 32 pp, 17 figs.

The bulk of the information contained in this bulletin on Rhagoletis
pomonella has been noticed elsewhere [see this Review, Ser, A. vii,
p, 212, etc,].

Phillips (W. J,) & Emery (W. T.). A Revision of the Chalcid FUes
of the Genus Harmolita of America North of Mexico. — Proc.
U.S. National Mus., Washington, Iv, 1919, pp. 433-471, 9 plates.

This paper, written with a view to facilitating the identification of
Chalcids belonging to the genus Harmolita {Isosoma), inoiiides separate
keys to the sexes. The species described include : H. grandis Riley,
infesting the centre of the stems of wheat and found wherever this food-
plant is grown ; H. tritici, Fitch, forming galls at the second or third
internode of wheat-stems from the base ; H. vaginicola, Doane, forming
galls in the sheath surrounding the head of wheat and preventing
grain formation ; H. websteri, How., infesting the centre of rye stems
and found in Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, California and Illinois ;

471

H. secalis, Fitch, attacking rye and forming galls about the second
or third internodes from the base ; H. Jiordei, Harris, forming galls
above the second to fourth internodes in barley ; H. albomaculata,
Ashm., breeding in the centre of the stems of timothy grass {Phleum
pmtense) ; H. captiva, How., forming galls near the base of the seed
stalk, and H. poae, sp. n., living in the centre of the stem of blue grass
{Poa pmtensis) ; H. dactylicola, sp. n., inhabiting the stem of cock's-foot
grass {Dactylis glomerata).

The following species were reared from Elymus : H. elymi, French,
which inhabits the stems and breeds in the spurs, and H. rufipes, sp. n.,
H. hesperus, sp. n., H. ovata, sp. n., H. elymoxena, sp. n., H. elymicola,
sp. n., H. elymophila, sp. n., H. elymivora, sp. n., and H. elymophthora,
sp. n., all of which are gall formers. H. maculuta, How., breeds in the
stem of cheat {Bromus secalinus) and other species of Bromus. Species
reared from Agropyron are : H. agropyrophila, sp. n., which inhabits the
stems ; H. agropyrocola, sp. n., which lives in the stems and forms galls ;
H. atlantica, sp. n., which forms galls, sometimes occurring in the sheath
surrounding the head ; H. occidentalis, sp. n., which forms galls near
the head of the plant and inhabits the stem. H.festucae, sp. n., forms
galls in the second to fourth internode from the base of Festuca ; and
H. poophila, sp. n., has been reared from galls on Poa lucida.

Gillette (C. P.). Eighth and Ninth Annual Reports of the State
Entomologist of Colorado for the Years 1916 and 1917. — Office
of the State Entomologist, Fort Collins, Circ. nos 21 and 26, June
1917 and May 1918, 31 and 52 pp. [Received 3rd September
1919.]

These reports include those of various county horticultural inspections
and record the following pests : Aspidiotus perniciosus (San Jose
scale), which is becoming less abundant ; A. ancylus (Putnam scale),
which has appeared in certain districts on cherries ; A. howardi, which
is fairly common on pears, though the damage caused is not very great ;
Cydia (Oarpocapsa) pomonella (codling moth), which is still one of
the most serious pests in orchards ; and lortrix (Archips) argyrospila
(fruit-tree leaf-roller), which has proved very troublesome. Experi-
ments show that spraying with insecticides is not to be depended on
for killing the eggs of this moth. The most efEectual treatment was
the use of hot water at a temperature of 140°F. applied for about
10 seconds.

Eriophyes pyri (pear-leaf blister-mite) has shown a preference for
apples in certain locaUties, the fruit being either blemished or reduced in
size owing to leaf injury. The adults hibernate under and about the
bud scales. It can be easily controlled by using lime-sulphur as a
dormant spray each second or third year. Gossyparia spuria (ehn scale)
is still spreading, but its ravages may be checked by the use of soluble
oil as a dormant spray ; a strong stream of water has also been efEectual
on low trees. Prionoxystus robiniae (black locust borer) is gradually
destroying aU the black locust trees {Robinia pseudacacia). Pulvinaria
innumerabilis (cottony maple scale) is best controlled by spraying
with 15 to 18 per cent, kerosene emulsion before the buds open in the
spring. Experiments made with nicotine sulphate show that all nymphs

472

of A])Jiis pomi were killed at a strength of 1 to 800 and over, but
even the weakest solution used, 1 to 1,500, was effective, the fact that
a few individuals escaped being probably due to lack of thoroughness
in application ; to avoid this, soap at the rate of 3 lb. to 100 gals, of
solution was added to ensure more even distribution. This addition
proved to be of considerable benefit in aiding the liquid to penetrate
the curled leaves. The same solutions were used against the mealy
plum aphis, Hyalopterus arundinis, F., but the results were less
satisfactory, though its numbers were sufficiently reduced to prevent
injury to plum and prune trees before the migration of the Aphids
to other food-plants. Sprays of lime-sulphur (1 to 40 or 45) proved
effective in checking Paratrioza cockerelli, Sulc, on tomatoes.
Although the growth of the plant was temporarily checked, no vital
injury was caused by this appHcation and the insects were reduced to
a neghgible number. Nicotine sulphate, even at a strength of 1 to
200, proved useless against this Psyllid.

Campbell (E. E.). U. S. Bur. Entom. A Suggestion of a possible
Control of Pea and Bean Weevils. — JL Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., xii, no. 4, August 1919, pp. 284-288.

Observations show that late planting is an efficient measure against
infestation by the horse-bean Bruchid, Bruchus rufimanus, in
California. Provided there is plenty of moisture in the soil and water
for irrigation and the spring weather is not too hot and dry, this
method of planting after the oviposition period is over will prove
successful. It is suggested that owing to the similarity of the life-
history this measure might also be applicable against the pea weevil,
Bruchus pisorum, and possibly other allied Bruchids.

The eggs of Bruchus rufimanus are laid from the middle of March
to the middle of May on the surface of green pods. They hatch
in 9 to 18 days and the larvae at once bore into the pod where they feed
for about 10 to 15 weeks. Pupation occurs in the eaten out cell of
the bean and lasts from 7 to 16 days. The adults live from 1 to 8
months. They may leave the bean at once or remain in it for several
months. They may be seen as early as August, but in storage 90 per
cent, are dead by the first of April.

Smith (H. S.). On some Phases of Insect Control by the Biological
Method.— J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4, August
1919, pp. 288-292.

The biological control of insect pests, involving the increase by
artificial manipulation of already existing entomophagous insects
in infested regions is discussed. The chief points to be considered in
work undertaken on these fines are : the comparative reproductive
capacity of the host and the available entomophagous insects ; the
powers of locomotion both of the pests and their natural enemies ;
the sequence of available entomophagous insects ; the possibifity of
rearing or obtaining these insects in sufficient quantities ; the cost of
producing natural enemies in comparison with the value of the crop
and any known artificial control ; the presence of secondary parasites

473

in the local fauna and iinfaiourable agricultural practices. That
this method may be successful in some cases is proved by the complete
(:*6rit'rol obtained over the citrus mealy-bug [Pseudococcns citn\ in
some orchards in Cahfornia by the continued liberation of large mmibers
of enemies, chiefly the Coccinellid, Cryptohemus montrouzieri.

Ferris (G. F.). Observations on some Mealy-bugs (Hemiptera;
Coccidae). — Jl. Eean. Entom., Concord, N.II., xii, no. 4, August
1919, pp. 292-299, 3 figs.

Attention is drawn to the fact that Pseudococcus citrophilus, Claussen,
is a synonym of P. gaJiani, Green," described from England on Ribes
sanguinea. Tins species has undoubtedly been introduced into
California and England, but its original home is not yet known.

P. maritimus, Ehrh. {bal'eri, Essig), is recorded for the first time
from England, where it occurs on various plants in green-houses, and
from Florida on sweet potato, tomato and avocado. Other species
are P. pint, Kuw., which is reported for the first tnne from California,
and is redescribed ; P. hromeliae, Bch., reported from Florida on
roots of bananas, pineapples and citrus, and redescribed ; P. virgatus,
Ckll., also redescribed, is recorded on Magnolia, mulberry, oleander
and an xmdetermined weed from Florida ; and P. comdocki, Kuw., for
which a nmnber of food-plants are recorded, seems to have a Avide
distribution in the United States and its introduction into California
is to be feared. A species already existing in California on Monterey
pine very much resembles P. comHochi and is probably a monophagous
strain of it.

The synomymy of other species is discussed. P. guercus, Ehrh.,
previously erroneously treated as a synonym of P. crawii, proves to
be a good species, P. quercicolus, Ferris, being a synonym of it.
Lachnodms salicis, Ferris, is a synonym of L. phoradendri, Ckll. ;
and Riper sia trichura, Ckll., and Eriococcus salinus, Ehrh., of
Cryploripersia arizonensis, Ehrh.

WoGLUM (R. S.) & Rounds (M. B.). U.S. Bur. Entom. The
Stratification of Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid as related to Orchard
Fumigation. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4, August
1919, pp. 300-303, 1 plate.

The fact that water and hydrocyanic acid have been drawn from
the same drmii led to numerous experiments the object of which was
to determine whether or not stratification occurs when the two liquids
are mixed. Observations of which details are given show tliat this
phenomenon always occurs where one Uquid is added slowly to the
other irrespective of the order in which they are mixed. The same
results were obtained with distilled water as with tap water.

When hydrocyanic acid was kept in galvanised iron drums and
mixed with water, a white precipitate was noticed at the junction
of the two fluids, which on examination was found to contain zinc in
solution. To avoid stratification only liquids of uniformly high
purity should be mixed. It has also been shown that stratification
hastens decomposition.

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474

Sevekin (H. H. p.). Notes on the Behaviour of the Beet Leafhopper

{Eutettix tenella, Baker). — //. Econ. Entont., Concord, N.H.,
xii, no. 4, August 1919, pp. 303-308.

The behaviour of Eutettix tenella during the period of swarming and
mating is described. This insect appears to be most active at night
and is occasionally attracted to light.

DoANE (R. W.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Weevils in Australian Wheat in
California. — //. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4, August
1919, pp. 308-312.

Owing to shipping difficulties arising out of war conditions, wheat
has had to be stored for an unusual length of time in Australia. No
provisions had been made for the accumulation of such large quantities,
and ample opportunities were thus afforded for infestation by weevils
and other insects. In grain eventually shipped to California the
following beetles were found : Calandra oryzae, C. granaria, Tribolium
confusum (confused flour beetle), T. castaneum {ferrugineum),
Silvanvs surinamensis (saw-toothed grain beetle), Rhizoperthadominica
(lesser grain borer), Laemophloeits tnimituff (flat grain beetle),
and Tenehroides mauritanicus. The cosmopolitan parasite of grain
weevils, Mesaporus calandrae, How., was also very abundant. On
arrival at San Francisco some of the sacks had as much as 80 to 90
per cent, of their contents injured by weevils. The grain was taken
straight from the docks to the mills M'here it passed through the usual
screens to remove the straw, unthreshed heads and other rubbish.
Before use it passed through suction cleaners that draw off the light
grain, weed seeds, weevils, etc. These screenings, if containing very
many beetles, were burned, but if a good deal of grain was retained,
were used as food for pigs, sheep or poultry. All mills handling this
infested wheat were urged to malce some provision for the destruction
of the insects. Experiments made show that exposure to heat, with a
steam pressure of 80 to 1-50 pounds for twelve hours, killed all the
beetles. Various kinds of boxes and rooms were equipped for this
pu.rpose, details of which are given. In some cases the wheat was
sprayed by means of hand-pumps with carbon tetrachloride at the
rate'of 2 tF.S. gals, of liquid to 30 tons of the grain. Wheat treated
in this way is not injured, and if the bins are tightly closed for at least
two or three days, all weevils in them will be found dead.

Severin (H. H. P.). Investigations of the Beet Leafhopper {Eutettix
tenella, Baker) in California. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H.^
xii, no. 4, August 1919, pp. 312-326, 1 jilate.

Many food-plants have been recorded for the beet leaf-hopper,
Eutettix tenella, Baker, the majority belonging to the saltbush family
(Chenapodiaceae), especially species of Atriplex. A Ust of plants is
given on which eggs have been deposited. These include Atriplex
expansa, A. rosea, A. semibaccata (Austrahan saltbush), Salsola kaH
var. tenuijolia (Russian thistle), and Erodium cicutarium (stork's-biU).

As the food-plants in the cultivated area become dry the adults leave
them. The earliest record of their disappearance is between 25th

475

September and 10th October. Adults have been taken on Erodium
cicutarium growing in the foothills about 4 miles from the cultivated
area. During the winter they seek the hills that are sparsely covered
with this plant and are exposed to the sun in the morning and afternoon.
The invasion of the cultivated area begins about 24th April and
continues to 21st May. No adults were seen in the cultivated area from
7tli to 22nd April, but nymphs were found on beets showing symptoms
of curly leaf. These probably hatched from eggs deposited by a few
adults that hibernated in the cultivated area and died after oviposition.
This species does not undergo complete hibernation. Under experi-
mental conditions the longest period during which adults survived
without food was 29 days. Under field conditions the egg-period
varied from 16 to 38 days during September to February. In cages
the first nymphs hatched 15th April, and 22 adults were reared
between 15th June and 27th June, the nymphal instars covering about
30 days. The second brood began to hatch on 10th September, the
first adult appearing 21st October. In another experiment 12 adults
were reared between 17th June and 4th July from eggs deposited on
14th March. The adults of the second brood appeared from 5th to
15tli November. In view of the winter migration of the insects from
cultivated areas, it is suggested that beet should be planted early if
weather conditions render it at all possible. In certain districts
E. tenella was found to remain on Australian saltbush all the year.
As the seed is distributed by birds, there is danger of this plant
spreading to beet fields, in which case even early planted beets may
become infested.

Observations made to determine how curly leaf is transmitted to
sugar-beet show that the insects cannot produce the disease unless they
have fed on diseased plants. Thus adults feeding on beets in the
cultivated area which harbour the disease transmit it to Erodium to
which they migrate in the autumn. The nymphs that have already
hatched from eggs deposited on this plant thus become virulent, and
the adults to which they give rise transmit the disease again to the
cultivated area. Lists are given of plants from which E. tenella was
collected and those from which it was bred and transmitted curly leaf
to sugar-beets.

Burke (H. E.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Biological Notes on the Flat-
headed Apple Tree Borer [Ckrysohothris feinomta, Fab.) and the
Pacifle Flatheaded Apple Tree Borer {Chrysohothris mall, Horn).
— Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4. August 1919, pp.
326-330.

The Buprestid beetle, Chrysohothris mali, Horn, is much more
common in the Pacific States than C.Jemorata, F., and it is believed
that a great deal of the damage ascribed to the latter in these States
and the Rocky Mountains is really caused by C. mali. Both species do
a considerable amount of damage to fruit and shade-trees and resemble
each other closely in habits, seasonal history and nature of injury.
A list is given of the food-plants recorded for the two species and those
from which they have been bred, including a great variety of orchard
and forest trees.

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476

The different stages are described and compared. Tlie eggs are laid
singly on the bark during June and July. As soon as they are hatched
the young larvae bore into the bark and mine down to the wood, where
they tunnel backwards and forwards through the outer wood and inner
bark until they are full grown. The pupal cell is formed in the outer
w^ocd or bark. Observations indicate that in California both species
pass the vnnter as prepupal larvae in the cells. Some individuals pass
through two winters in this stage. The pupal stage lasts from 2 to 8
weeks according to climatic conditions, and the adults remain in the
pupal cell from one to several weeks. Young beetles of C. femorafa
have been found in the cells from 28th March to 9th August, those of
C. maU from 16th April to 7th August. In the field the beetles have
been taken from 15th May to Uth August and 24th April to 7th August
respectively.

The remedial measures advocated include the cutting away of the
dead bark and covering the wound, after killing the borer, wnth a
dressing of coal-tar or liquid asphalt. Any kind of protection that
keeps the sun from the exposed bark is also desirable.

Ferris (G. F.). Lac-producing Insects in the United States (Hemiptera,.
Coccidae). — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4, August
1919, pp. 330-333.

It having been thought that a lac insect, Tachardia larreae, Comst.,.
occurred in sufficient abundance in the south-western parts of th&
United States on the creosote bush {CoviUea glutinosa) to make the-
commercial recovery of the lac possible, investigations on the point
were undertaken and are here described. The results show^ that lac
cultivation under natural conditions cannot be adopted as a successful
commercial enterprise. Artificial propagation of the insect has not
been tried, as the expense would be great and would probably only-
yield negative results.

Herbert (F. B.). Insect Problems of Western Shade Trees. — Jl:.
Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4, August 1919, pp. 333-337.

The necessity for controlling shade-tree pests from the point of view
of the value of these plants as well as the probability of their spread to-
fruit trees is discussed. Remedial measures suggested include planting
the trees further apart to allow the sun to penetrate and the use of
Dower- sprays.

The most important shade- tree pests include : — Gossyparia spuria, L..
(European elm scale) ; Ehrhornia cupressi, Ehrh. (cypress bark scale) ;
Saisseiia oleae, Bern, (black scale) ; Pseudococcus citri, Risso (citrus
mealy bug); P. longispinns, Targ. (long-tailed mealy bug);
P. maritimus, Ehrh. {bakeri, Essig) ; P. gahatii, Green {citrophilus,
Claussen) ; P. aurilanatus, Mask, (golden mealy bug), which is especially
harmful to Araucaria bidwilli, A. excelsa and A. imbricata ; Stomacoccus.
platani, Ferris (sycamore scale) ; Phjsolermes insignicola, Craw^
(Monterey pine scale) ; Toumeyclla sp. ; Aspidiotus pini, Comst..
{californicus, Coleman) (California pine-leaf scale) ; Icerya purchasi,.
Mask, (cottony cushion scale), which causes particular damage tc\

477

boxwood and acacias ; Aulacaspis rosae, Bch. (rose scale) ; Epidiaspis
'piricola, del Guerc. (Italian pear scale), which attacks the Christmas
berry ; Aspidiotus jjerniciosus, Comst. ; and Eulecanium (Lecanium)
corni, Bch.

In addition to the above scale- insects the following pests are of
importance : Phrycjanidia californica, Pack. (California oak worm) ;
Therina somniaria, Hulst (oak worm looper) ; Phloeosinus cupressi,
Hopk., and P. cristatiis, Lee. (cypress bark-beetles) ; Agrilus angelicus,
Horn (oak twig-girdler) ; Prionoxystus robiniae, Peck, (carpenter
worm), which injures oaks, elms and cottonwoods ; Chrysobothris
femorata, F., and C. mail, Horn (flat- headed borers), which destroy the
cambium of many shade as well as fruit trees ; and the bark-beetles,
Pityophthorus pubipennis, Lee, destroying oaks, and Dendroctonus
valens, Lee, IjJS radiatae, Hopk., and /. flastographus, Lee, destructive
to pines.

Morrill (A. W.). The Value of Molasses and Syrups in Poisoned
Baits for Grasshoppers and Cutworms. — //. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., xii, no. 4, August 1919, pp. 337-343.

The history of poison-baits with reference to molasses is reviewed
and recent observations made by the author on baits for Melanoplus
differentialis and Fellia annexa are described. Results show that in most
cases the addition of molasses or syrups to baits for grasshoppers and
cutworms is unnecessary.

DE Ong (E. R.). Effect of excessive Sterilization Measures on the
Germination of Seeds. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii,
no. 4, August 1919, pp. 343-345.

In experiments made to ascertain whether the germination of seeds
is affected by fumigation or heat, various crops were tested o§ which
a list is given, comprising 58 varieties. The results all show that the
method is safe both for grains and legumes at the dosages commonly
used, provided that the proper precautions as to length of exposure and
ventilation afterwards are taken. The details of the effects on beans
of exposure to heat, hydrocyanic gas and carbon bisulphide are given.
The most striking variation was noticed in beans, showing a range of
germination from 22 to 100 per cent., though the average of the
whole group proved only 5 per cent, less than that of the control.

CocKERELL (T. D. A.). On the Absence of Insect Pests in certain
Localities and on certain Plants. — Jl. Econ. Entom. ^ Concord,
N.H., xii, no. 4, August 1919, pp. 345-347.

Observations show that in certain localities some crops are free
from particular pests. It is therefore pointed out that it is an important
function of entomologists to ascertain the optinmm regions for given
crops, and maps sliould be prepared to indicate these.

478

Stearns (L. A.). Some recently recorded Parasites of the Oriental
Peach Moth. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4,
August 1919, pp. 347-348.

In the course of investigations on the Oriental peach moth, Cydia
(Laspeyresia) molesta. Busck, an average of 35 per cent, of the larvae
and pupae were found to be parasitised. The parasites reared included
the Tachinid, Eazenillia variabilis, Coq., which was the only Dipterous
parasite secured. It probably attacks the larvae prior to pupating.
Macrocentrus sp., which also infests Cydia pomotieUa, attacks the
larvae and spins its cocoon within that of the host. A secondary
parasite, Dihrachys houcheanus, Ratz., was taken from cocoons of
Macrocentrus within which it had pupated. Rhogas platypterigis,
Ashm., Habrobracon gelechiae, Ashm., Eubadizon gracilis, Prov.,
Gmiiozus sp. and Leucodesmia nigriventris, Gir., attack the larval
stage ; whereas Itoplectis conquisiior. Say, Pimplidea aequahs, Yvov.,
and Phaeogenes {Centelerus) sp. attack the prepupal or pupal stages.

Safro (V. I.). The Strength of Nicotine Solutions. — /'. Econ,
Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4, August 1919, pp. 349-351.

It is pointed out that the only accurate method of judging the
nicotine content of nicotine solutions is to indicate also the specific
gravity of the solution. The inaccuracy of judging the strength
by odour, colour or percentage by weight, without taking into considera-
tion the specific gravity, is emphasised. In three commercial
preparations all labelled 40 per cent, nicotine, the weight of nicotine
per gallon varied from 2'97 lb. to 4 lb.

Hart7ell (A.). European Elm Scale. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., xii, no. 4, August 1919, p. 351.

Att^tion is drawn to the appearance of the European elm scale,
Gossyparia spuria, on American elm in Iowa.

Felt (E. P.). European Corn Borer {Pyrauda nubilalis, Hubn.)
in New York. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4, August
1919, p. 351.

Recent determinations have positively established the occurrence
of Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb., in New York State. In certain districts
what was thought to be the same pest has now been identified as
Pyrausta penitalis, Grote.

Britton (W. E.). Corn Borer in Connecticut not the European
Species. — Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 4, August
1919, p. 351.

Adult moths reared from material collected in Connecticut in
March, and thought to be Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb. [see this Review,
Ser. A, vii, p. 284], have been now identified as P. penitalis, Grote.

479

Britton (W. E.). Swarms of Aphids. — Jh Econ. Entom., Concord,
N.H., xii, no. 4, August 1919, p. 351.

On 23rd and 24th June Aphids, subsequently identified as Calaphis
betulaecolens, Fitch, appeared in New Haven, Connecticut, in such
numbers as to be a nuisance to pedestrians and vehicles. They
had probably migrated from birch trees on the outskirts of the town.

WoDSEDALEK (J. E.) & Smith (R. H.), Zoology and Entomology. —
Univ. Idaho Agric. Expt. Sta., Moscow, Bull. 113, December
1918, pp. 32-34. [Received 3rd September 1919.]

Observations continued in 1918 with regard to the clover aphis
[Aphin bakeri, Cowen] show that it survives the winter in various
stages of development in the clover crowns. Except during a few
weeks in October and November, parthenogenesis is the normal
method of increase. The reproductive period of each individual
lasts about nineteen days, an average of 81 young being produced.
About October and November certain winged forms migrate to apple
and other fruit trees. They feed on the leaves of these trees and
give rise to sexual individuals. After mating each female lays two
eggs on the young twigs. These hatch early in the spring and feed
and multiply on the leaves. Winged forms return to the clover.
The majority of the Aphids, however, continue to multiply partheno-
genetically during the winter on clover.

The remedial measures advocated are the destruction of hibernatirg
places by close grazing, using sheep on clover fields, orchards, ditch
banks and waste places, late spring grazing by sheep of both red and
alsike clover, flooding infested clover fields with irrigation water
and spraying alsike clover,

Ritchie (A. H.). Potatoes attacked by Insects. — Jl. Jamaica Agric.
Soc, Kingston, xxiii, no. 7, July 1919, p. 221.

An outbreak of Laphygma frugiperda (fall army worm) is reported
on potatoes. Dusting with lead arsenate diluted with two or three
times its volume of ashes or lime is advised against it.

Blackmore (E. H.). Entomology. — Rept. British Columbia Provin-
cial Mus. Nat. Hist., 1918, Victoria, 7th March 1919, pp.
T.6-T.13, 2 plates.

A very heavy infestation of tent caterpillars, Malacosoma pluvialis,
Dyar, occurred during the year in British Columbia. All kinds of
fruit and shade-trees were attacked. The butterflies, Aglais cali-
fornica, Bdv., and Vanessa calijornica, were also present in large
numbers, as well as the alfalfa-looper Phytometra (Aiitographa) cali-
fornica, Edw.

Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa, Hy. Edw., is recorded for the first
time from British Columbia. This moth caused serious damage to
Douglas fir, on which both full-fed larvae and imagines were taken
on 6th August, proving it to be double-brooded.

The apple-maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomoneUa, has been found, but
so far there is no evidence of it attacking the apple in British Columbia,

480

its food-plant being the common snowberry {Syinphoricarptts race-
mosus). A list is also given of the mere uncommon insects taken in
British Columbia during the vear under review.

Gibson (E. H.)- A Review of the Leafhoppers of the Genus Gypona
North of MexicOc — Proc. U.S. National Mas., Washington, Ivi,
1919, pp. 87-100.

A key to the Genus Gypona is given, with descriptions of eight
new species. These leaf-ho])pers often occur in considerable numbers
in limited areas, assuming the proportions of a concentrated outbreak.

Eegan (W. S.). Late Dormant versus Delayed Dormant or Green
Tip Treatment for the Control of Apple Aphids. — Massachusetts
Agric. Expt. Sfa., Amherst, Bull. no. 18-J, July 1918, pp. 47-57.
[Received 3rd September 1919.]

The results obtained in these experiments are summarised by the
author as follows : — The delayed dormant period is usually indicative
of the complete hatching of apple Aphid eggs. At this time the
buds have expanded from a quarter to half an inch. Lime-sulphur
solution at full dormant-season strength is less than 10 per cent,
effective against the living Aphids when applied at the delayed dormant
period. Lune-sulphur applied at the late dormant period, before
the buds split open and just before the hatching of the eggs, appears
to be highly effective under favourable conditions in destroying the
eggs, but the elements of thoroughness of application and unfavourable
meteorological conditions present such uncertainty as to results that
this treatment can hardly be recommended as an effective control.
If lime-sulphur is to be used as a control for San Jose scale [Aspidiotus
pcrniciosvs] and no special treatment for ap])le Aphids is to be made
later, the best results against Aphids are likely to be obtained by a
late dormant-season ap])lication just before the eggs hatch. Treat-
ment at this time should also be thoroughly effective against the
scale. The application of lime-sulphur (1 to 8) and nicotine sulphur
(1 to 800) combination applied at the delayed dormant period gives
practically a perfect control for apple Aphids and makes unnecessary
a separate earlier application of lime-sulphur for San Jose Scale.
The percentage of efficiency will depend mainly upon thoroughness
of application. The ordinary dormant-season treatment of apple
orchards with miscible oil against San Jose scale, if aj)plied thoroughly
at the delayed dormant period, should result in practically a perfect
control of apple Aphids also. Delayed dormant applications of full
dormant-season strength lime-sulphur, lime-sulphur and nicotine
sulphate combined and miscible oils, if perfect, can be made without
material injury to apple foliage. Even when the foliage is considerably
more advanced, little severe injury usually results. This fact, if
taken into account, might make unnecessary separate applications
for early and late-budding varieties. As the foliage becomes more
advanced, however, the success of the treatment involves greater
difficulty, since the Aphids are very hard to reach when they have
the spreading leaves for protection. The action of lime-sulphur in

481

destroying both the Aphid eggs and living insects appears to be
mainly mechanical, by sticking them to the twigs. The action of
nicotine-sulphate in killing the living Aphids is slow, requiring from
about half an hour to twenty four hours or more for different individuals.
Death appears to be due to paralysis. Miscible oils are practically
instantaneous in their killing action against the living Aphids, the
effect being probably of a chemical nature.

ViNAL (S. C.) & Caffrey (D. J.). The European Corn Borer and its

Control. — Massachusetts Agric. Expt. Sia., Amherst, Bull. no. 189,
March 1919, 71 pp., 2 plates, 1 map. [Received 3rd tSeptember
1919.]

This bulletin deals at length with the life-history, distribution and
control of the European corn borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, in Massa-
chusetts. A list of food-plants is given. Parasites include the
Tachinids, Masicera nyoidea, Desv., Exorista pyste, Wlk., E. nigri-
'palpis, Tns., and Phorocera erecta, Coq., which attack the larvae.
Hymenoptera attacking the pupa are Epiurus ])^^fophori, Ashm.,
and Amhlyteles hrevicinctor, Say, At present these parasites are not
of much use in the control of P. nubilalis.

Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control. —

Repi. Agric. Dept., St. Kitts-Nevis, 1917-18 ; Barbados, 14th
July 1919, pp. 15-16 & 39-40.

The cotton worm, Alabama argillncea, appeared in very much smaller
numbers during the year under review, but cotton-stainers [Dysdercus]
were much more prevalent. Owing to indiscriminate planting of
cotton the leaf blister mite [Eriophyes gossyjni] appeared in greater
abundance in certain localities.

Alexander (W. B.). The Prickly Pear in Australia. — Inst. Science
and Industry, Melbourne, Bull. no. 12, 1919, 48 pp., 16 figs, 1
map.

Some 20,000,000 acres of land in Queensland and 2,750,000 acres
in New South Wales are at present infested with prickly pear, and it is
estimated that the pest is spreading in Queensland at the rate of
1 ^000,000 acres a year. Prickly pears have also established themselves
in various localities in Victoria, South Au^tralin, and Western Australia,
bat are not at present rerious pests in these three States. Eleven
species of prickly pear have become naturalised in Australia, but
Opuntia inerniis is the species whose spread has been so serious and
which occupies the great bulk of the pear-infested land.

This bulletin deals with the uses and extermination of these plants,
and in connection with the latter, attempts have been made to utilise
the services of several insects. So far, Dactylopius {Coccus) confusus
indicus and D. {C.) confusus cajiensis have been introduced into the
country and have proved successful in combating the tree pear
{Opuntia monocantha), but these cochineal insects die as soon as they
are transferred to other species.

Theie are many insects known to be destructive to prickly pears,
but their introduction into Australia is not advisable owing to their

482

omnivorous habits. The following species, the food-plants of which
are believed to be confined to cactus, have been suggested for intro-
duction into Australia : — Moneilema crassum and Caenopaeus palmeriy
two Longicorn beetles from the United States, the larvae of which
bore in the stems and joints of the plant and the adults feed
gregariously on the young segments ; a weevil, Gerstaeckeria huhbardi,
from Florida, which produces cavities facilitating secondary infection
by micro-organisms and scavenging flies ; a Phycitid moth, Melitara
frodenialis, from the United States, Mexico and West Indies ; Mimorista
flavidissimalis, a Pyralid moth from Texas, West Indies and Brazil ;
Cactohlastis {Zophodia) cacforum, a Phycitid moth from Argentina ;
Coreid bugs of the genera Cheliniden and Narnia ; Itonida opuntiac,
a gall -midge that is found in the United States to attack cactus under
hot-house conditions ; and another Cecidomyid, Asphondylia ojmntiaey
also from the United States, the larva of which lives in the fruit,
preventing the development of seed and consequent spread of the
pest [see also this Review, Ser. A, iii, pp. 125-127].

The following recommendations adopted by the Executive Committer
of the Commonwealth Advisory Council of Science and Indvistry in
December 1916 are appended.

That investigations should be carried out as to the suitability of
insects and fungi known to be inimical to prickly pear for acclimati-
sation in Australia, as to the method of action of such insects or fungi
on the pear, and as to such other matters as may arise in connection
with any biological or chemical researches found necessary.

That the work should be placed under the authority of a biological
expert, who should be responsible to the Executive Committee of the
Advisory Council of Science and Industry, and who should receive
a salary of £1,200 per annmn.

That three laboratories, comprising one central laboratory and two^
subsidiary laboratories, should be established and maintained in
Queensland and New South Wales.

That the central laboratory should be established at Brisbane,
where the insects would be received immediately they reached
Australia, and where the staff would have access to literature and
facilities for the use, for special investigations, of University and
Government laboratories.

That the two subsidiary laboratories should be established in counf.rjr
infested with prickly pear. One of these should be in New South
Wales, whilst for the other the Queensland Government's offer of
the Dulacca Experiment Station should be accepted. These stations
would carry out the work of breeding and testing the introduced
insects, and should be in charge of thoroughly qualified entomologists,.
at salaries of £750 per annum.

That field laboratories should be established, at such places and at
such times as may be deemed necessary by the biologist in charge,
for the purpose of introducing such insects as are found suitable into,
particular areas, or for other special purposes.

That the sum of £8,000 per annum for a period of five years should
be made available for this work, of which sum £4,000 should be
contributed by the Commonwealth Government and £2,000 each
by the Governments of New South Whales and Queensland.

483

Cleghorn (M. L.). a Note on the Vitality and Longevity of Silkworm
Moths during the Cold and Rainy Seasons in Bengal. — Jl. ^- Proc.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Calcutta, xv, no. 2, June 1919, pp. 101-105,
2 plates.

Observations made in Bengal to ascertain the time of maximum
vitality and longevity of silkworms show that the moths stand changes
of temperature better than rises of humidity. For this reason vitality
was lowest in the rainy season in August and September, almost
stationary in April, May and June, and highest in December.

The moths used for these experiments, which are being continued,
are now in their 5Gth generation.

A table is given showing the exact length of life of all individuals
and the duration of the respective larval and pupal stages. In
December the length of life of the moths was 19 days and over, whereas
in August the average was only 3 days.

Notes on Insects in Seychelles. — MS. received from the Colonial
Office on 6th September 1919.

In consequence of the continued depredations of Oryctes rhinoceros
(rhinoceros beetle) a bill has been prepared giving power to the
Agricultural Department to eradicate the beetle at the expense of
the owner from plantations that are not properly looked after, and
also to deal with accumulations of rubbish in which the beetle breeds.
Tcclinomyrmex albipcs, the small black ant that has been a very
troublesome household pest in the low country at Mahe for the past
ten years, has gradually disappeared, perhaps owing to the gradual
reduction in the numbers of scale-insects, Coccus [Lecanium) vindis,
Eucahjmnatus (L.) (esscllatus, Ceroplastes rubens, etc., which have
been largely controlled by the fungus, Cephalosporium lecanii, intro-
duced from Ceylon in 1911. This fungus, has spread all over the
colony in a short time ; its spread is dependent upon rainfall, the
spores being more actively disseminated during the rainy season.
It is proposed to introduce from South India another fungus, Empusa
lecanii, which destroys the green scales even during cold weather.
Spraying should be continued against the scae-insects that still
remain in sufficient numbers to cause a fresh outbreak of infestation
if dry weather should prevail for a long time. In the Praslin group
of islands the fungus disease has not succeeded in controlling the
scale-insects, which are causing severe damage, but the new 'species
will be tried in these localities.

Among the insects identified during the year are Argijroploce
aprobola, Meyr., a moth that oviposits on leaves of Hibiscus
abelmoschwi and greatly interferes with the culture of this plant
except in places 'where the soil is so rich that its growth is
vigorous enough to outgrow the attaclcs. The caterpillars may be
killed by spraying every fortnight with lead arsenate. The Gracilariid,
Acrocercops angelica, Meyr., was found in the Praslin islands attacking
leaves of Calophgllum inophyUum, Sideroxylon attenuatum and other
plants. As many as 50 eggs may be laid on one leaf, and as the
caterpillars eat out large holes in them the trees become rapidly
defohated. This moth is indigenous and is giving considerable trouble

484

at Felicite Island ; wet weather towards the end of the year con-
siderably reduced its numbers. The Cerambycid, Macrotoma wrighii,
was taken from a cedar tree on Praslin, where it has developed to such
an extent as to have become a pest. Stromatium barbatum, ¥., another
beetle of the same family, has been found attacking furniture. The
larvae bore into all sorts of wood, including rose-wood, teak, etc.

Many Coccids occurred, including Aspidiotus trilobitiformis on
Passijlora foetida and Anacardium occidentale ; Pulvinaria antigoni
and Asterolecanium pustulans var. scycheUaruin on Lantana ;
Pinnaspis buxi, Bch., P. buxi var. alba, Ckll., and Poliaspis sp. on
leaves of areca nut palm {Areca catechu) ; and Ceroplastes rubens,
Mask., on Aci'ostichum aureum.

MoRiCE (F. D.). Lygaeonematus iccsmaeli., Tischb., a hitherto
unrecorded British Sawfly (from Yorkshire). — Entomologists'
MthJy. Mag., London, September 1919, pp. 204-206.

Attention is drawn to the occurrence of the larch sawdfly,
Lygaeonematus ivesmaeU, Tischb., on young larch trees in Yorkshire.
It has so far only been recorded from Germany and Holland where it
is considered a rare species.

Bodkin (G. E.). Notes on the Coleoptera of British Guiana. —
Entomologists' Mthly. Mag., Lomlon, September 1919, pp.
210-216.

This list includes the Histerid, Lioderma quadridentatum, F.,
predaceous on other insects, especially the larvae of the sugar-cane
borer, Diatraea saccharalis, F. ; the Coccinellids, Megilla macidata,
De G., predaceous on larvae of Laphygma frugiperda, S. & A. (rice-
caterpillar) ; Hyperaspis f estiva, Muls., on Pseudococcus sacckari, Ckll.,
which is also attacked by ^. octopustulata, F., and //. trilineata, Muls. ;
Azya trinitatis, Mshl., and Neda dilychnis, Muls., on Aspidiotus
destructor, Sign. ; A. pontbrianti, Muls., on Saissetia hemisphaerica,
Targ. ; Cryptognatha nodiceps, Mshl., on Aspidiotus destructor, Sign.,
and the early stages of Aleurodicus cocois, Curt. ; and Pentilia
insidiosa, Muls., on Asterolecanium bambusae, Bdv., and Pseiulococcus
citri, Risso.

The Dynastid beetle, Strategus aloeus, F., is a pest of young coconut
palms. The adults bore into the soil near the root, which they
gradually destroy, and also attack the heart of the palm itself. The
larvae are found in small colonies in decaying stmnps of trees. Ligyrus
ebenus, De G., is occasionally found in stems of full-grown sugar-cane.
Dyscinetus bidentatus, Burm., of which the adult beetles bore into
the stems of sugar cane is a serious pest. As many as 38,000 beetles
have been collected by one gang on one estate in a single year. The
life-history occupies about 100 days. The eggs are laid in the earth
at a depth of about 2 to 5 or 6 inches, near the cane stools. The
duration of the larval stage is not known, but probably covers several
months.

485

Froggatt (W. W.). Insects and St. John's Wort. — Acpic. Go-.
N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 7, 2nd July 1919, pp. 470-472, 6 figs.

The recently discovered native scale-insect attacking St. John's
wort, here described as leery a hyjjerici, sp. n., should prove to be an
efEective agent in destroying this weed. The larvae are reproduced in
hundreds, and the Coccid lives on the roots under the shelter of the
soil.

Froggatt (W. W.). The White Grub or Grass Root Beetle {Scitala
pruinosa, Dalm.). — Agric. Gaz. N.S.W., Sydney, xxx, no. 7,
2nd July 1919, pp. 505-508, 2 figs.

The white grub, Scitala pruinosa, Dalm., is very destructive to
grass plots in New South Wales. The chief damage is caused by the
larvae attacking the roots. The beetles congregate on the foliage
of small trees, where they might be poisoned and trapped before they
burrow in the earth for oviposition. Natural enemies include birds,
of which starlings are the most effective. The spread of the beetles
to non-infested areas may be prevented by sinking hardwood boards
into the soil to prevent migration of the grubs. If at all possible,
the land should be turned over at the first appearance of the pest,
this being a sure method of eradication. Where this is not practicable,.,
a long-toothed rake might be drawn through the soil and the grubs
collected.

Ehrhorn (E. M.). Division of Plant Inspection. — Hawaiian Forester
(£• Agriculturist, Honolulu, xvi, no. 7. July 1919, pp. 183-184.

The pests intercepted during the month of June included purple
scale [Lppidosaphes beckii] on orange plants from the United States.

L' Arboriculture fruitiere dans le Nord de I'Afrique. Cerisier. — Rev.
Horiic. de VAlgerie, Algiers, xxiii, nos. G-7, June- July 1919,
pp. 261-273.

Cherry trees in Algeria are attacked by practically the same pests
as those injuring plums. The most important of these is the
Buprestid, Capnodis tenehrionis, L. (tenebrioides, Pall.) frequentlv
occurring on wild pears. The eggs of this beetle are laid at the base
of tlie trunks and the larvae descend to the roots, where they often
cause tlie death of the tree. The adults should be destroyed when
possible, but the best remedy is to protect the trunks by a coating
of lime mixed with sulphur, arsenic and copper sulphate, bearing
in mind that oviposition begins in May. An affected tree can sometimes
be saved by collecting and destroying the larvae. Injections "of
carbon bisulphide are suggested as for Phylloxera, or calcimn carbide
might be tried, a small quantity being placed at the level of the
deepest roots, and watered if the weather is dry. In many of the
coast localities this Buprestid is the principal obstacle to the cultivation
of plum-trees.

The plum Scolytid [? Scolytus jiruni] is also a pest of peaches and
cherries. Oviposition occurs in the spring in tunnels in the bark

486

and the larvae mine in the cambium, causing an exudation of gum.
Sickly trees are most usually attacked, and these should he taken
np and burnt. Healthy trees should be protected by a coating of
lime on the trunks and main branches.

PouTiERS (R.). Le Teigne de la Pomme de Terre. — Rev. flortic.
de VAIgerie, Algiers, xxiii, nos. 6-7, June-July 1919, pp. 285-287.

Phthoriynaea operniMla (potato tuber moth) has recently been
found to occur in a very limited area in the Department of Yar
(France), where it principally attacks stored potatoes. It has, however,
also been found on the plants, as well as on other Solanaceae, such as
tomatoes, nightshade, egg-plant, pimento, tobacco, etc. A general
account is given of the habits of the moth and the known methods
of control. As fumigation is not always feasible, it is hoped to
establish colonies of a small Braconid, which is a parasite of
P. operculeUa in the United States, as a natural means of control.

Paillot (A.). La Karyokynetose, nouvelle Reaction d'Immunite
naturelle observee chez les Chenilles de Macrolepidopteres. —

C. E. hebdom., Acad. Set., Paris, clxix. no. 8, 25th August 1919,
pp. 396-398.

Further experiments with Bacillus melnlonthae nonliquefaciens on
caterpillars of Nygmia phaeorrhoea {Euproctis chrtjsorrlioea) and
Lymantria dispar are described [see this Revietv, Ser. A, vi, p. 131
& vii, p. 217]. These moths appear to be immune to this infection.
The resulting cellular reaction is described. Bacillus liparis and
B. Jioplosternus give rise to similar conditions.

MoREiRA (C). Les Pucerons et leur Oeuf d'Hiver. (Hem. Aphididae).

[Aphids and their Winter Eggs.] — Bull. Soc. Eniom. France,
Paris,. 1919, no. 13, 9th July 1919, pp. 236-238.

It has been known for many years that Aphids lay winter-eggs
in order to ensure the maintenance of the species in climates where
the winters are severe. When individuals of Aphis rosae were kept
for four years in a warm room during winter and out of doors in
summer, parthenogenetic, viviparous reproduction was continuous;
while others, kept out of doors and without shelter produced, at
the approach of winter, sexual individuals that mated and deposited
winter-eggs. It was therefore concluded that in regions where there
is no severe weather Aphids would not produce sexual individuals
or winter-eggs. The author's observations on A. nerii, Boy.
{Julescens, Mon.), carried out during four years in Eio de Janeiro,
where it lives on Asclepias currassavica and on Nerium oleander, have
demonstrated that the reproduction of this species is always partheno-
genetic and less lengthy observations on other Aphids have confirmed
this. WTien the munber of Aphids on A. currassavica is sufiicient
to cover all the jjranches and leaves, so that the plant dies and the
food fails, while at the same time the attacks of insect enemies begin,
the winged forms begin to appear and fly or are blown to another

487

food-plant. The winged parthenogenetic individual alighting on
either food-plant can give rise to winged individuals and later to
apterous ones that form a new colony, as many as 1,600 individuals
being produced within twenty days after its arrival.

The enemies attacking these Aphids include a Syrphid, Baccha
<lnvata, one larva of which devours about ten Aphids daily. The
life-cycle of this fly occupies 18 to 20 days. The larvae of the
€occine]lid, Neda sanguinea, are also predaceous upon Aphids. The
most important insect enemy is a Braconid, Aphidius testaceipes,
the female of which deposits nearly 100 eggs and may parasitise as
many as 20 Aphids. This parasite causes such depredations among
Aphids that the appearance of winged forms soon becomes necessary
for the continuation of the species.

PiCARD (F.). Description d'un Cynipide aphidiphage nouveau
{AlJoxysta kiefferi, sp. n.), Parasite du Pueeron de la Betterave. —
BuU. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, 1919, no. 13, 9th Julv 1919,
pp. 238-240.

While studying the parasites of Aphis rumicis {euonynii) (beet
aphis), the winter-eggs of which are laid on spindle-wood {Euonymns
spp.), the author discovered a new parasitic Cynipid taken at Mont-
pellier, which is described under the name, Alloxysta kiefferi, sp. n.
The female only has been found, although in the case of other species
of this genus males appear to predominate. All the individuals found
were taken within a few days at the end of May and beginning of
June. At the same time a Braconid of the genus Trioxys, allied
to T. heraclei, Hal., was found in great abundance, and also a
predaceous Chalcid, Asaphes {Isocratus) vulgaris, Wlk.

The inter-relations of these various Hymenoptera are not definitely
known. Many authors have considered the Cynipids to be true
primary parasites of the Aphids ; others consider them to be hyper-
parasites, A third hypothesis, that of hyperparasitism by the
Braconids at the expense of the Cynipids, is hardly tenable in view
of the fact that the Braconid parasite of a given Aphid is always more
iibundant than the Cynipid. The truth can only be discovered by
the study in captivity of Aphids reared from eggs, and this is rather
a difficult matter. Asaphes vulgaris has also been considered to be
a hyperparasite, but there is no definite proof of this.

Dubois (P.). Centre l8 Pueeron lanigere du Pommier. — La Vie
Agric. et Rur., Paris, xv, no. 37, 13th September 1919, pp.
197-198.

Besides the usual petroleum emulsion against woolly aphis of
apple [Eriosoma lanigerum] successful results have been obtained
by spraying all crevices and cavities of the trunk and branches with
5 oz. of sodium sulphoricinate and 35 oz. of soft soap dissolved in
-5 pints of rain water in the autmnn, and watering the roots with
f oz. of potassium carbonate dissolved in 5 pints of water to which
have been added 3 oz. of sodium sulphoricinate, 2 oz. of methylated
spirit and 1 oz. of titrated nicotine (2 oz. to 1 pint). This may also
be aj)plied in the spring as a spray.

488

GoDET (C). Rapport sur I'Activit^ de la Station d'Essais viticoks i
Auvernier, Anrea 1917-1918. — Anmmire Agric. Suisse, Berne,
XX, no. 1, 1919, pp. 1-55, 4 figs.
The relatively slight injury caused by Clysia amhiguella to vines-
during the year under review may possibly be attributed to climatic
conditions, the very dry summer doubtless affecting the development
of the caterpillars of the second generation. Parasites were alsO'
very numerous during the year. Experiments with various insecti-
cides were continued and confirm previous observations [see thia
Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 46]. The sprays were applied by means of
a revolving jet which proved very much more efficacious than the
ordinary one. At light-traps a great number of Spargcmothis pilleriana
{Pyralis vitana) were caught, as well as C. ambigitella. Although no
damage has been so far recorded in Switzerland by tliis moth, it
may prove a serious pest at any time and its occurrence should therefore
be guarded against.

Leefmans (S.). Een uitheemsch Gevaar voor d9 Oliepalmcultuur
(de Palmpitboorder) ; eene Waarschuwing voor de Planters.

[The Palm Kernel Borer, a foreign Insect dangerous to Oil Palm

Cultivation in Java : A Warning to Planters.] — Meded. Lab.

voor PlantenzieJcten, Buitenzorg, no. 37, 1919, 8 pp, 1 plate.

[Received 18th September 19i9.]
Mites, Xylehoms cofjeae, a Forficulid and Bruchid beetles of the
genus Pachymcrus have been found in a parcel of seed from British
Guiana. The Bruchid is considered to be Pachymerus nudeorum or
a closely allied species. All stages were found in the seed of the oil
palms, Attalea sfectahilis and A. coJmne. The mites and Xylehorus
eoffeae were found in the seed of Thrinax jparviflora and Borassus
flahelliformis. All these pests were killed by fumigating for 24 hours
with carbon bisulphide, about 5.^ oz. per 3G cub. feet. Of a total of
25 palm nuts, 24 were attacked by the Bruchid, and as 17 of the
infested nuts looked quite sound externally, it is obvious that the
importation of seed is hkely to be dangerous, and all parcels should
be submitted by the receiver to expert examination before opening.

0 Gurgulho da Batata doce. [The Sweet Potato Weevil] — Chacams
e Quintaes, S. Paido, xx, no. 2, 15th August 1919, pp. 100-101, 3 figs.
The w^eevil, Euscepes batatae, Waterh., appears to be the only pest
of sweet potatoes known in Brazil. An appeal is made to growers
to send in for identification specimens of any Coleoptera that may
be found attacking these tubers. In the case of E. batatae a knowledge
of the Brazilian States where it occurs would enable the others to
establish quarantine measures against it.

DA Costa Lima (A.). Principaes Caracteres differenciaes c-ntre a
Lagarta rosea da PectinopJiora gossgpieUa, Saunders, e a falsa
Lagarta rosea do Pyroderces rileyi, Walsingham. [The Principal
Characters differentiating the Ymk BoUworm {Pectinophora
gossypiella) from the False Pink Bollworm {Pyroderces rileyi.)]—
Chacaras e Quintaes, S. Paulo, xx, no. 2, 15th August 1919,
pp. 102-103, 1 fig.
The title of this paper fully indicates its contents, the author being

the chief of the organisation deahng with the pink bollworm in Brazil.

4S9

AsHCROFT (K. W.). Allotment Pests. — S. E. Nat., London, 1918,
pp. 73-87. [Received 12th September 1919.]

This paper intended as a guide to allotment holders gives a brief
and popular accoimt of the life-history of, and remedial measures
for the pests most hkely to occur. These include the bean aphis,
Aphis rumicis ; wireworms such as Agriotes lineatus, A. obscurus
and Athens haemorrhoidalis ; Tipula oleracea ; Pieris brassicae,
P. rapae and P. napi ; the turnip flea-beetle, Phyllotreta (Haltica)
nemorum ; the cabbage-root fly, Phorhia {Chortophila) brassicae ;
the carrot fly, Psila rosae ; and the onion fly, Hylemia antiqua
{Phoibia cepetorum).

Marshall (G. A. K.). Some new Injurious Weevils from Asia. —

Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix, no. 4, July 1919, pp. 273-277,
1 plate.

The new species described are Antinia theivora, taken in Java
feeding on tea plants ; Dyscerus fletcheri, from Assam at an elevation
of 5,000 feet, where the weevils were boring into growing apple fruits,
and from the United Provinces, where they were breeding in logs of
Pinus longifolia ; D. malignus, adults of which were observed punc-
turing apple fruits in Assam ; and Alcides mali, from Assam at an
elevation of 5,000 feet, boring into the shoots of apple trees. The
latter species is closely alKed to A. liulificator, which attacks teak
in Burma.

Gouc4H (L. H.). On the Effects produced by the Attacks of the
Pink BoUworm on the Yield of Cotton Seed and Lint in Egypt. —
Bidl. Entom. Research, London, ix, no. 4, July 1919, pp. 279-324,
1 plate, 26 tables.

A short summary is given of the known facts concerning the life-
history of Pectinophora (Gelechia) gossypiella, particularly as regards
Egypt, the food-plants, distribution and habits being briefly discussed,
also the rate of increase of the pest since its first appearance in
Egypt in 1911. The rest of the paper explains the nature of the damage
to cotton, as far as has been ascertained up to the present, and
examines the possibihty of estimating its extent. No attempt is
made to show the damage to the quaUty of the lint or seed ; only
the total quantities lost have been traced. The calculations for
estimating the loss of crop, which are described and illustrated by
tables, include an examination into the weight of sound seed from
attacked bolls, from which it is found that the average weight of
seeds falls steadily as the percentage of infestation rises ; the germina-
tion of sound seed from attacked bolls, which is indirectly affected
by P. gossypiella ; the number of seeds, sound or attacked, that
develop in attacked bolls ; the effect of infestation on the amount
of hnt produced, and an estimation of the damage done. It does
not appear that the percentage of lint is greatly altered on account
of the attack. Damaged seeds seem to produce lint on an average
in the same proportion to their remaining seed weight as sound seeds
from the same samples do. The damage done to attacked seeds

(604) D

490

is only about one-half or less of the total damage, and this is often
equalled, and sometimes exceeded, by the loss caused by the diminu-
tion of weight of the sound seeds or the non-development of other
seeds. In the samples examined the average damage done has been
roughly proportionate to the percentage of bolls attacked, the loss
being somewhere about one-fifth of the total amount that could
have been produced by the infested bolls. This would give about
20 per cent, loss if all the bolls in a sample were attacked. In an
experimental field the damage done was between 11 and 16 per cent,
of the first picking and between 17 and 20 per cent, of the second
picking.

Since the appearance of P. gossypiella it is noticeable that Earias
insulana (spiny boUworm) has almost disappeared as a major pest,
probably owing to legislation that has made conditions unfavourable
to its development. The bolls that were previously attacked by it
were destroyed to a much greater extent than those now infested by
P. gossypiella. It is true that the latter pest has compelled earher
cleaning up of the fields and has nearly done away with the possibiHty
of a third picking. This however was bound to follow the introduction
of early maturing varieties, which was necessitated owing to former
boUworm attacks being chiefly on the second and third picking.
The presence of P. gossyjneUa has accentuated this demand, and if
a still earlier maturing cotton can be developed, it will compete advan-
tageously with all later maturing varieties.

From observations made in 1917-1918 the rate of increase of
P. gossypiella is shown for the various provinces. An attempt has been
made to solve the problem whether resting larvae feed. From a table
showing successive weighings of hibernating larvae a decided loss in
weight is noticeable ; this does not necessarily prove that the larvae
were fasting, but lends a measure of probability to the theory that
they do so.

An examination of seed stores in Alexandria showed very few
moths flying in the day-time, though many were found hidden in dark
crevices. In a trapping experiment in a store a 25-candle-power
electric lamp was suspended about 6 in. above a basin of water with a
small quantity of paraffin oil on the surface. The fact that 54,000
moths were thus caught by trap -lights during the year sufficiently
disproves the statements that have been made that the adults are not
attracted to light. The largest nimibers were taken in September,
October and November, while from December to April very few were
observed.

The results of treating the seed by heat have been observed in six
ginneries in Upper Egypt, and the germination records of seed so
treated are shown in a table. In view of the perfect results obtained
with seed treated at 150° to 157° F. as to germination and more especially
as to the greater safety in worm killing, it is considered advisable in
future for ginners employing heat treatment to work their machines
for temperatures of 140° to 150° F. rather than for 132° to 140° F.
The undesirabihty of exporting large quantities of treated seed to
countries where P. gossypiella is not yet established is commented
upon. Such cotton ought to be exported in small quantities only
and consigned in such a way that subsequent re-infestation of the seed
is made impossible. For instance, properly fumigated postal samples

491

are probably quite safe, as are larger quantities if sealed in tin boxes,
but the danger of re-infestation after treatment is too great in the
case of very large consignments.

Bodkin (Gr. E.)- An Invasion of British Guiana by Locusts in 1917.

Cleare (L. D.). With a complete Illustrated Account of the Life-
history of the Species. — Bull. Entom. Research, London, ix, no. 4,
July 1919, pp. 341-357, 8 figs.

An accoimt of the invasion of locusts in British Guiana from
Venezuela in 1917 has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A,
vi, p. 335]. The species in question has not been definitely determined.
In appearance the locusts were similar to specimens of migratory
locusts that visited Trinidad and were identified as Schistocerca
paranensis. Specimens from British Guiana were however identified
in London as S. vicaria, Wlk., and in the United Stated as S. ainericana,
Drury. It is thought that the darker individuals agree with
S. jyiceifrons, Wlk., and that the type of S. vicaria may be merely a pale
form of that species. S. piceifrons may be only a northern representa-
tive of S. paranensis but presents some constant differences.

A sketch-map shows the area on the north-west coast infested by
the swarm. A full account is given of the life-history of the insects,
with a description of the various stages. The campaign of 1917
proved that the previously described mechanical methods of control
[lac. cit.], combined with a judicious administration of the Plant
Diseases and Pests (Prevention) Ordinance, were adequate to deal
with such an invasion. Tarpaulin sheets smeared with molasses,
when used under favourable conditions, gave better results than any
other method. The destruction of eggs, when practised on a large
scale, gave excellent results, but was not widely utilised, as farmers had
scarcely begun to reaUse the gravity of the situation before the eggs
had already hatched. A httle experience was necessary to discover the
hkely spots for the deposition of eggs ; when they were located it was
only necessary to fork up the soil to the depth of a few inches to
secure the egg-masses. A figure is given of Scelio venezuelensis, Marsh.,
a parasite of the eggs of Schistocerca.

Entomology. — Arkansas Univ. Agric. Expt. Sta., Fayetteville, Bull,
no. 158, December 1918, pp. 45-49. [Received 12th September
1919.]

The work of the year included experiments to prevent the round-
headed apple-tree borer [Saperda Candida] from depositing eggs in
the trees, for which purpose a mixture of asphaltum and raw linseed
oil was found to be the most successful. Worming the trees in August
and April and spraying so as to poison the adults are also recommended.

Experiments were also carried out against the peach-tree borer
[Aegeria exitiosa] [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 448] and the wooUy
aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum] in the Ozarks \loc. cit., p. 311].

Further investigations are being made with regard to the lesser
apple worm [Enarmonia prunivora], codling moth [Cydia pomonella]
and other apple pests. Damage to crops reported in July was probably
due to the fall army worm [Laphygnm fncgiperda] or the grass vrorni ;
the latter was seriously injurious to rice. A serious outbreak of

(604) d2

•192

wireworms occurred in July. The cotton boll weevil [AntJionomus
grandis] was present in great numbers. In certain localities sowings
of wheat made prior to 7th October were infested with the Hessian
fly [Mayetiola destructor'].

McSwiNEY (J.). Report of the Agricultural Department, Assam,
for the Period from 1st July 1918 to 31st March 1919, Shillong,
1919, pp. 6-8. [Received 12th September 1919.]

Rice was attacked by Hispa armigera (rice Hispid) ; ScJioenobius
incertellus {bipunctifer) (rice-stem borer) ; Leptocorisa varicornis
(rice bug), which was checked by bagging ; Spodoptera mauritia and
Prodenia sp. (swarming caterpillars) and Cirphis sp. (army worm), the
former being controlled by means of nets dragged over the field, the
latter by dragging ropes over the crops and trapping with heaps of
grass. Another moth, NympJmla depunctalis, was dealt with by
dragging ropes across the field, the water having been covered with a
thin layer of kerosene oil, or where convenient, run off altogether.
The removal and burning of infested patches was recommended for
the scale, Ripersia sacchari. The mustard sawfly, AtJialia p)roxima,
was checked by dusting the plants whilst still wet with dew with a
mixture of powdered soil and lime sprinkled with kerosene oil.
Diatraea sp. is stiU active among sugar-cane, and the Arctiid moth,
Diacrisia obliqua, against which hand-picking of the egg-masses is
recommended, caused severe damage to jute, which was also attacked
by crickets. Potatoes and other vegetables were attacked by cut-
worms and red ants. A Pentatomid bug, Rhynchocoris sp., caused
much damage by sucking the juice of the green fruit of orange trees
causing them to drop or the pulp to become hard and dry ; the tree
ants, Oecophylla STnaragdina, were noticed preying on this pest, which
was also caught by means of sticks coated with gum. A scale,
Monopldebus sp., was greatly reduced on orange trees by clearing the
base and immediate surroundings of the tree.

ZiMMERLEY (H. H.). Grcenhouse Tomato Growing in Virginia. —

Virginia Truck Expt. Sta., Norfolk, Bull. 26, 1st January 1919,
23 pp., 2 figs.

Pests of tomatoes grown under glass include Aleurodes vaporariorum
(greenhouse whitefly), which is found principally on the under-side of
the leaves. A combined fumigation of tobacco and hydrocyanic
acid gas has given satisfactory results against it.

The Nematode, Heterodera radicicola, enters the roots and causes the
formation of galls, resulting in weak, stunted growth and even death
of the plant. Soil sterilisation by means of steam is the only remedial
measure known.

Smith (L. B.). The Life History and Biology of the Pink and Green
Aphid {Macrosiphum solanifolii, Ashmead). — Virginia Truck Expt.
Sta., Norfolk, BuU. 27, 1st April 1919, 79 pp., 11 figs. [Received
12th September 1919.]

A detailed account is given of the life-history of and methods of
dealing with Macrosiphum solanifolii, Ashm. [see this Review, Ser. A,
iv, p. 133 and vi, p. 455].

493

A fungus, Empusa aphidis, is one of its most important natural
enemies, and a Braconid, Aphidius (Diaeretus) rapae, Curt., has
occasionally been reared from it in June.

The damage caused to various plants including potatoes, egg-plants,
tomatoes and spinach, is described, and a list of 60 other plants on
which this Aphid will feed is given. In addition to the direct injury
to spinach, which is usually attacked during the autumn and winter
months, this pest is responsible for the transmission of spinach blight.

In Norfolk this species apparently passes the year as a viviparous
female and does not produce true sexes. Migration from the winter
food-plants begins about March and the general migration ceases
about 1st May. Intermittent migration to various weeds occurs
in the autumn, lasting until about 15th November, but the majority
of individuals settle on spinach. One variety of this plant from
Manchuria is only attacked when other food is scarce. Experimentally
an average of 13| generations was produced between 1st May and 20th
November 1915. The maximum number of young produced during
the life of one female was 87, with an average of 43'3 in 1915 and 46*7
in 1916, the average life of a female for those years being 29*2 and 32*6
days.

OsBORN (H.). The Meadow Plant Bug. — Maine Agric. Expt. Sta.,
Orono, Bull. 276, March 1919, 16 pp., 7 figs. [Received 12th
September 1919.]

The bulk of the information contained in this bulletin on Miris
dolahratus, L., has been noticed elsewhere [see this Review, Ser.
A, vii, p. 77.]

Seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Agriculture. Pest Control
Section. — Philippine Agric. Review, Manila, xii, no. 2, 1919,
pp. 84-95, 8 plates, 1 fig. [Received 13th September 1919.]

This paper forms part of the report for the year ended December
1917. The Islands are now quite free of locusts.

The chief coconut pests are the rhinoceros beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros,
and the palm weevils, Rhynchophorus pascha and R. ferrugineus.
The Limacodid, Thosea cinereomarginata, was reported as defoliating
plants, but Aleurodicus cocois destructor (coconut whitefly) has
apparently entirely disappeared. Further investigations are being
made with regard to the role of insects in the distribution of bud-rot
[see this Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 24]. In connection with control
measures for the cigarette beetle, Lasioderma serricorne, the amount
of cigars treated during the year under review exceeds by over 100
per cent, that in any previous year. It is considered advisable that
the Government should make the treatment of all cigars for export
compulsory.

Experiments to control the rice bug, Leptocorisa varicornis, show
that these insects are greatly attracted by the odour of putrid meat,
and this, if saturated with a 3 per cent, solution of sodimn arsenate
and himg in bags at intervals in the fields, has proved to be a successful
poison-bait. The best time for placing the bait has not yet been
decided.

494

Pests collected on Citrus include a hitherto unreported Aleurodid
closely resembling Aleurodes citri, with which it may prove to be
identical.

Ball (E. D.) & Fracker (S. B.). Division of Entomology.— Bienn.
Rept. Wisconsin Dept. Agric. 1917-1918, Madison, Bull. 20, 31st
December 1918, pp. 37-39 & 60-66. [Received 15th September
1919.]

The most serious pest of the year, the poplar weevil, CryptorrhjncJms
lapathi, was successfully controlled by the application of " carbolineum
Avenarius " which is sold imder the name of Protexol. The variety
known as " Vogel's poplar " is still apparently immune to atttacks
by this pest.

The pests intercepted during the years under review included :
Aphids on Viburnum ; Asjndiotus rapax (greedy scale) on apple from
France ; Gracilaria zaclirysa, Meyr., on Azalea ; an egg-mass of
Malacosoma sp. (tent caterpillar) on Crataegus ; and eggs and cocoons
of Orgijia (Notolophus) antiqua (vapourer moth) on Spiraea and Azalea.

The use of lime-sulphur against the San Jose scale has been aban-
doned, especially in towTis and near houses, in favour of a mixture of
1 U.S. gal. of best miscible oil to 12 U.S. gals, of water. This mixture
appears to be completely effective and does not discolour white paint
like lime-sulphur.

Parrott (P. J.), HoDGKiss (H. E.) & Hartzell (F. Z.). The Rosy
Aphis in relation to abnormal Apple Structures. — New York
Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva, Tech. Bull. 66, January 1919, 29 pp.,
8 plates, 6 figs. [Received 15th September 1919.]

The effects of attacks by Aphis sorhi, Kalt. (rosy aphis) on the
development and conformation of apples are described in detail.
The eggs of this aphis hatch during the period of swelling and breaking
of the apple buds, and most of the nymphs have emerged by the time
that the tips of the leaves have projected as much as one-fourth to
half an inch from the ends of the more advanced buds. The nymphs
crawl down among the young, tender leaves as they unfold, generally
remaining about the leaves they first attack and not advancing to the
tips of the shoots, as many allied species of Aphids do. Just about
the time the pink colour begins to show in the unopened blossoms
the Aphids of the first generation begin to mature and give rise to the
second generation. At the time of dropping of the petals some
individuals of the second generation reach maturity and enter on a
period of reproductive activity. Although the first external evidences
of injiu-y are indicated by the curling of the leaves before blossoming,
the greatest injury occurs with the maturing of the second and appear-
ance of the third generation, when there is generally a marked invasion
of leaf and fruit clusters around the primary centres of infestation.
With the rapid multiplication of the insects the leaves that are most
heavily infested become discoloured and may drop to the ground,
while the vitality of the fruit spurs is weakened by loss of sap. The
efiect of a serious infestation is usually manifested by lower yields of
fruit and sometimes the trees do not regain their normal condition until

495

several years have passed. Apples that have been subjected to
attack by A. sorbi are usually checked in development, especially in
the dimensions of the transverse diameter. The conformation and
colour of the fruit is also affected.

The efiects of Aphid infestation on the structure of apples, production
of seed, weight, etc., are discussed at length with illustrations and
tables, as well as their influence on the fibro-vascular system.

Fulton (B. B.). Insect Injuries of Apple Fruit. — New York Agric.
Expt. Sta., Geneva, Circ. 57, 20th February 1918, 15 pp., 14 figs.,
1 table. [Received 15th September 1919.]

This circular has been compiled for the purpose of helping fruit
growers to distinguish the different kinds of insect injuries that appear
on apple fruits at picking time. A key is given for the identification
of such injuries, though it is pointed out that there are other insect
injuries that are not apparent on the mature fruit, and a short account
is given of the insects causing the damage. A spraying schedule
for apples is given, with formulae for the usual sprays, including
a dilution table for lime- sulphur wash, and a table showing the periods
during which the various insects are actively injurious to the fruit,
though this is not necessarily the proper time for combating them.

Hartzell (F. Z.). Experiments for the Control of the Grape Root-
Worm. — New York Agric. Expt. Sta., Geneva, Bull. 453,
December 1918, pp. 255-332, 10 plates, 8 figs. [Received 15th
September 1919.]

The life-history and habits of and damage caused by Fidia viticida,
Walsh (grape root-worm) are described [see this Review, Ser. A, vi,
p. 163]. Previous remedial measures against this pest aimed at
the destruction of adults by arsenical sprays alone or in combination
with Bordeaux mixture. This treatment, however, did not give
very good results, and the present bulletin describes in detail tests
made to determine its value, and also to develop a method of adding
sweetened poison to make a more efficient insecticide. It was found
that for general vineyard spraying, when the beetles are not abundant,
two applications of Bordeaux mixture (8:8: 100) with 6 lb. lead
arsenate, at an interval of about ten days, were effective ; but the
treatment must be thoroughly done, at the proper moment, and in
favourable weather, to ensure success, and is more effectual when
continued over several seasons. When the beetles occur in excessive
numbers, a more efEective remedy is a spray of 2 gals, molasses,
6 lb. lead arsenate and 100 gals, water, followed in about a week
by one application of the other mixture described. As the addition
of molasses destroys the adhesiveness of lead arsenate [see this Review,
Ser. A, vi, p. 198], the material must be applied at a time when no
rain is expected for several days. Glucose proved less effective than
molasses ; zinc arsenite, either alone or with molasses, severely injured
grape foliage. Testing of the flight of the adults of F. viticida showed
that they usually fly with the wind, but do not migrate to any extent
when the wind is strong.

496

Since 1912 there has been a steady decline in the numbers of the
pest in vineyards in Chautauqua, and while all the factors causing
this reduction are not known, it is believed that several species of
Carabid beetles have exerted an important influence, the adults
as well as the larvae being predaceous.

McIndoo (N. E.), Sievers (A. F.) & Abbott (W. S.). Derris as an
Insecticide. — Jl. Agric, Research, Washington, D.C., xvii, no. 5,
15th August 1919, pp. 177-200.

Experiments on the properties of derris as an insecticide are
described. Though commonly known as Derris the correct botanical
name of plants of this genus, which belongs to the Papilionaceae, is
Deguelia. They are found throughout the tropics, but are more
abundant in the Old World than in tropical America. These plants
have long been known as fish poisons, for which purpose the roots
are pounded into a pulp. Although derris may prove useful as a
contact insecticide and as a stomach poison, it is of no value as a
fumigant. As the material must be imported, only dried roots and
stems are available.

Tests were made with petrolemn ether, ether, chloroform, alcohol
and water as solvents, and the results show that petrolemn ether
is a poor solvent, while the others may be considered good, though
only alcohol and water can be regarded as economically useful, the
best results being obtained with denatured alcohol.

Details are given of the experiments made with various species
of Deguelia. Alcoholic extracts of D. elliptica, D. uliginosa and
D. koolgibberah were generally efficient, while those of D. oligosperma,
D. scandens and D. robusta were only seldom so ; the powder of an
unidentified species mixed with water or soap solution was usually
efficient, while the other powders tested by this method were found
ineffective ; of 8 powders used as dusts, only D. elliptica and
D. uliginosa and an unidentified species were found efficient.

Used as a powder derris was found to be equally effective against
Ctenocephalus canis. Curt, (dog flea), Mallophaga on poultry, and
Musca domestica, L. Dermanyssus gallinae, Redi (chicken mite)
was killed in 24 hours when confined in jars, but under natural condi-
tions all the mites were not killed. It is of very Uttle value against
Cimex lectularius, L. (bed-bugs), Phijllodromia {Blattella) germanica,
L., Pseudococcus cilri, Risso (mealy bug), Orthezia insignis, Doug.,
Tetranychus telarius, L. {bimaculatus, Harv.) (red spider) and the
crawUng young of the oyster-shell scale, Lepidosaphes idmi, L., but
was effective against Aphis rumicis, L. (bean aphis) and Aphis j^omi,
De G. (green apple aphis).

Used as a spray it proved effective against Aphis pomi under natural
conditions. The sprays were appHed with and without soap at strength
varying from 1 lb, of powder in 25 gals, of water to 1 lb. of powder
in 200 gals, of water. Even the weakest solution resulted in the
death of 98-100 per cent, of the Aphids. The soap does not
increase the effectiveness. Under greenhouse conditions it proved
effective against A. rumicis at the rate of 1 lb. of powder to 400 gals,
of water with the addition of soap at the rate of 1 lb. to 100 gals, of
water.

497

Used as a stomach poison against Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say
(potato beetle) at strengths ranging from 1 lb. of powder to 16 gals,
of water up to 1 lb. to 128 gals, it killed all larvae within 48 hours.
Other insects against which it proved effective include Malacosoma
americana, F. (tent caterpillar), Hyphantria cunea, Dru. (fall web-
worm), Anisota senatoria, S. & A. (oak worm), Datana ministra, Dru.,
and Phytometra {Autographa) hrassicae, Eiley (cabbage looper). Some
insects are more easily affected than others, but apparently death
eventually occurs in all cases through motor paralysis. The toxic
principle is probably a resin.

Lewis (A. C). Annual Report of the State Entomologist for 1918. —
Georgia State Bd. Entom., Atlanta, Bull. 55, May 1919, 31 pp.
2 maps. [Received 16th September 1919.]

The damage caused by the cotton boll weevil [Anthonofnus grandis]
in Georgia during the year under review resulted in the reduction
of the crop by as much as 50 per cent, in some counties. Maps are
given shomng the extent of the territory covered by this pest. Various
experiments were made during the year to control the weevil by means
of dusting with lead arsenate, calcium arsenate and Lazal, together
with sulphur and Imie in each case. The results obtained seem to
indicate that late dustings are preferable to early ones, but more
extensive experiments, for which plans have already been made, are
needed to confirm these observations.

New pests recorded during the year included a species of Margarodes
and the chrysanthemum midge {Diarthronomyia hypogaea) which was
apparently introduced with chrysanthemums from Indiana.

Boll Weevil Quarantine Regulations. — Georgia State Bd. Entom.,
Altanta, Circ. 25, January 1918, 11 pp., 1 map. [Received
16th September 1919.]

In 1917 the damage caused by the boll weevil [Anthonomus grandis]
in Georgia amounted to from 25 per cent, to 75 per cent, of the crop.
A map showing the infested area and the determination of the 20
mile safety line is given. The regulations governing transportation
of cotton seed, seed cotton, hulls, seed cotton and cotton pickers'
sacks, etc., directed against the spread of this pest are recapitulated
and brought up to date [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 435].

Speyer (E. R.). Report on the Work of the Entomological Division
including Special Investigations into Shot-hole Borer of Tea. —
Kept. Ceylon Dept. Agric, 1918, 12th February 1919, pp. C. 11-12.
[Received 12th September 1919.]

Owing to severe drought in January, tea pests, especially Calotermes
militaris and various mites, appeared in great abundance ; the latter
were dealt with by spraying with Ume- sulphur. The fluted scale
[I eery a purchasi] was kept in check by the fungus Cephalosporium.
Consignments of the Coccinelhd enemy of this scale [Novius cardinalis]
have been received, but have not yet become estabUshed. The
experiments to deal with the rice pest, S'podoptera mauritia, with kerosene

498

failed, this moth being chiefly kept in check by crows. Experiments
not yet completed show that petrol used in small quantities would be
a very satisfactory fumigant for Bruchids and other beetles infesting
grain.

Other pests were Agrotis ypsilon on vegetables and Zeuzera cqffeae
and Xylehorus compaclus on tea.

Against shot-hole borer of tea [Xijleborus fornicatus] various insecti-
cides were tested immediately after pruning, the most effective mixture
being made of 10 lb. of Tennant's yellow bar soap, 5 lb. of resin and
1 gal. of fish-oil, used as a 30 per cent, solution.

Jardine (N. K.). Special Investigation into Tea ToTtrix.—Rept.
Ceylon Dept, Agric, 1918, 12th February 1919, pp. C. 12-13.

The work on Homona cqffearia has been continued, especially with
regard to natural means of control. No egg-parasites have yet been
found. Birds devour the caterpillars to some extent, but also destroy
the larval parasites. Bats, Uzards and mason wasps are of little or
no value in controlling this moth. Endeavours to propagate poly-
hedral disease among healthy larvae have failed, and the organism
does not appear to spread among them unless there is overcrowding
and lack of food.

Loos (K.). Einige Beobachtungen, Versuche und Untersuchungen
uber die Lebensweise der Tachine, Parcifietigena segregata, Rdi.,
auf dem Libocher Herrsehaftsgebiet. [Some Observations,
Experiments and Researches on the Life-History of the Tachinid,
Parasetigena segregata, Rdi., in the Liboch Territory.] — Vereins-
schr. Forst-, Joi^d- u. Naturkunde, Prague, 1915-16. no. 12, pp.
537-563. [Received 9th September 1919.]

This is a full account of the author's investigations on Parasetigena
segregata, Rond,, a Tachinid parasite of the nun moth, Porthetria
{Lymantria) monacha. The influence of dry, warm, sunny weather
on this fly is very marked, and it is quite possible that oviposition
may be temporarily suspended during continued cold, wet weather.
In the warm year 1911 oviposition was at its height between 14th
and 24th June, 50 per cent, of the host eggs being parasitised, whereas
in the cold year 1909 oviposition only reached that height at the end
of June and immediately decreased. Of 284 caterpillars collected
on 24th June 1911 those harbouring Tachinid eggs amounted to 143,
of which 93 contained one egg, 31 two eggs and 19 three eggs. Oviposi-
tion is usually effected in the crowns of the trees, this being the
situation where P. monacha is chiefly found. As a general rule few
caterpillars are found to be parasitised beneath the sticky bands in
forests where banding is practised. Moreover, banding is usually
done in forests that have been thinned, and thinning exposes the
crowns to more light and renders them more attractive. The
Tachinid eggs required about 6 days for development in 1911, though
according to Escherich at least 8| days are necessary. Owing to the
comparatively long development period of these Tachinid eggs, it
occasionally happens that when the nun moth larvae moult some
unhatched eggs are cast off with the skin and it is estimated that from

499

30 to 40 per cent, of the eggs are thus destroyed. The Tachinid
larva requires 19-22 days to attain maturity. This slow development
is due to the fact that P. segregata does not find in the small body
of the host caterpillar a store of food sufficient for. rapid growth.
The Tachinid larva pupates 12-16 hours after emerging from its host.
The infested caterpillar shows a decided tendency to pupate and
seeks a suitable shelter for the purpose, so that the parasitic larvae
in the last days of their development are protected against unfavourable
conditions and natural enemies to the same extent as if in a host
pupa. Caterpillars in which eggs have been laid early in the season
seek a pupal shelter early but are unable to pupate, while those in
which eggs have been deposited much later become apparently normal
pupae, but at an earUer date than if they were uninfested. It is
therefore a mistake to destroy the caterpillars that are ready to pupate
early in the season on the lower parts of trees.

Prell (H.). Zur Biologie der Nonnentachine. [Notes on the Biology
of the Nun Moth Tachinid.] — Vereinsschr. Forst-, Jagd- u. Natur-
kunde, Prague, 1916-17, no. 3-4, pp. 168-178. [Received 9th
September 1919.]

This paper contains further details on Parasetigena segregata and
discusses the difEerences between the author's observations and those
of Loos [see preceding paper] ; such difEerences may be due to varia-
tion in the value attached to the temperature factor.

Loos (K.). Xyleborus saxeseni, Ratz. — Vereinsschr. Forst-, Jagd- u.
NaturJcunde, Prague, 1917-1918, no. 10-12, pp. 372-377, 6 figs.
[Received 9th September 1919.]

This article describes the mines of Xyleborus xylographus, Say
{saxeseni, Ratz.), which — as^^found in an apple tree — ^present many differ-
ences from EichofE's description of them.

SiAHAjA (E. L.). HelopeUis-BestTi]dmg op de Onderneming Leuwi-
manggoe. [Anti-Helopeltis Work on the Leuwimanggoe Estate.]
— Meded. Proefstation voor Thee, Buitenzorg, Ixiv, 1919, pp. 4-9.
[Received 12th September 1919.]

From July to December 1918 experiments were made in capturing
Helopelfis on an area of 88 acres in order to ascertain the extent
to which infestation could be checked at a cost of 35s. per acre,
this figure being based on the average price and average yield of leaf,
and being one that would be remunerative and become more so as
the price of tea increased. Both the direct and indirect loss due
to Helopeltis was calculated. The average cost per acre per month
was 4s. 3d., and it should be noted that the six months chosen were
those in which Helopeltis is most dangerous. On the 40 acres in which
pruning was done earhest, the danger period was over by the end
of December, in which month the cost was 3s. per acre, while
on the remaining area the December cost was 6s. Id. per acre

500

Up to January 1919, the total area was practically free from
infestation and in better condition than others where Helopeltis was
not collected.

VAN Vloten (0.). Helopeltis-Bestriidmg. [Anti-Helopeltis Work.]
— Meded. Proef station voor Thee, Buitenzorg, Ixiv, 1919, pp. 10-11.
[Received 12th September 1919.]

The Tjigombong estate, which is situated in a Helopeltis belt, was
kept practically free from infestation by systematic collection. The
cost of searching for newly-started infestations and their immediate
destruction worked out at from Is. 6d. to 4s. per acre per
month for the 1,575 acres. The view that Helopeltis increases
rapidly was disproved and it was surprising how the pest was
kept down. On another estate the adults were captured in tents
[see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 31], and were seen to fly vertically
upwards and to settle on the roof. As the adults fly away when
pruning, which kills most of the larvae, is carried out, it is advisable
to use the tents before this operation. Any surviving larvae must be
looked for after pruning. A careful record of the captures and of the
dates of infestation is necessary. Whenever the number of insects
captured exceeds 15 per cooUe per day this is a sign of danger and the
workers must be reinforced.

Chaine (J.). La Foret de la Mamora (Maroc) et la Processionaire du
Chene {Cnethocampa processionea, Dup.). — Bull. Soc. Etude Vidg.
Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xviii, no. 7, July 1919, pp. 65-67.

Very serious damage by Cnethocampa processionea, Dup., was
noticed in June 1918 in a large forest of cork oaks [Quercus suber] in
Morocco. Wild pear trees in the immediate vicinity of the infested
zone seemed entirely immune to attack. This moth frequently occurs
in different regions, completely defoUating every tree attacked. The
economic importance of such an outbreak may be judged from the
fact that the forest in question covers an area of about 300,000 acres
and suppHes at least half of the total production of cork oak of Morocco.

Lecaillon (A.). Sur la Biologic du Tigre du Poirier {Tingis piri,
Geoffrey). — Bull. Soc. Etude Vulg. Zool. Agric, Bordeaux, xviii,
no. 7, July 1919, pp. 73-77.

In 1918 severe attacks of Stephanitis (Tingis) pyri, Geofir., in orchards
were reported from the department of Haute Garonne, pears and
apples being equally attacked. The trees growing against walls are
more Hable to infestation than those exposed to the north or east.
These bugs were found in abundance from the 19th May to 4th
December. The injury is partly caused by the excrement deposited
on the leaves and partly by the pimctures made in sucking. Though
only the leaves are attacked, the injury is often so severe in the south
of France as to prevent the formation of fruit.

Pruning of affected leaves or stomach poisons are useless, the only
possible remedy being the use of sprays that will kill the insect by
simple contact or by fumigation with nicotine or hydrocyanic acid
Ras.

501

MoREAU (L.). Les Traitements contra la Cochylis. — G.R. de VAssem-

blee Gen. 1919, Bull. Soc. AgricuUeurs France, Paris, Supplement

Bull. July 1919, pp. 129-137.

As very little progress has been made in the study of control measures

against Chjsia ambiguella and other vine pests during the war, the

author reviews the work done in Anjou during the years 1907-1911

[see this Review, Ser. A, i, pp. 220, 337 and ii, pp. 16, 550, etc.].

Brethes (J.). Secci6n Entomologfa. — Mem. Trabajos realizados
por el Inst. Biologico, Soc. Rural Argentina {May 1917 to 30th
April 1919), Buenos Aires, 1919, pp. 32-35. [Received 10th
September 1919.]

The work of the entomological section for 1917-1919 is reviewed.
This has chiefly taken the form of the study of the natural parasites
of agricultural pests and their practical application in remedial measures.
It is pointed out that several years' observation is necessary before
the efficacy of various insect enemies can be accurately estimated,
while another difficulty that exists in the Argentina and other South
American countries is the lack of exact identij& cation of many insects.

Many enquiries have also been dealt with concerning various pests,
including Eriopliyes pyri, Pgst., causing withering of pear-tree leaves ;
Leucasfis fini, Hart., on pines ; Dyscinetus gagates, Burm., which
attacks wheat at the ground level and totally destroys large areas ;
various caterpillars about which little is at present known under
South American conditions, such as Rachiplusia nu, Gn. ; various
Aphids ; Aspidiotus (Aonidiella) perniciosus, Comst. (San Jose scale) ;
Aulacaspis (Diaspis) pentagona ; Pulvinaria platensis, Breth.,
P.flavescens, Breth., and P. 7ninuta, Breth., on quince, Eugenia, lemons,
etc., of which various natural enemies have been discovered ; Papilio
thoasthoantiades,l^nTm., on oranges; Malacosoma {Clisiocampa) brissotti
on peaches; Colias lesbia, F., on lucerne ; Tatochila autodice, H. S., on
white cabbage ; Sitotroga cerealella, Oliv., damaging wheat, maize, etc.,
both stored and in the field ; and a CoccinelUd, Epilachna (SolanopJiila)
paenulata, Germ., which injures the leaves of melons and other
Cucurbitaceae.

Particular attention has been given to the study of Hymenoptera.
The results of m^any observations have already been noticed in this
Revieiv, but many years must elapse before even an approximate
knowledge is reached of the parasitic fauna of Argentina.

Merrill (G. B.). Host List of the Fluted or Cottony Cushion Scale. —

Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant Bd., Gainesville, iii, no. 4, July
1919, pp. 125-133.
An extensive Hst of the food-plants of the cottony cushion scale,
Icerya purcJiasi, Mask., is here given.

Bee Disease Eradication. — Qtrly. Bull. Florida State Plant Bd.,
Gainesville, iii, no. 4, July 1919, p. 136.

The bill providing for the prevention and eradication of diseases
of honey bees in Florida has now became law. The State Plant Board
is responsible for the execution of the law, and work for the eradication
•of American foul brood has already been undertaken.

502

Ritchie (A. H.). Annual Report of the Government Entomologist
for 1918-1919. — Jamaica Dept. Agric. Ann. Rep. Jor Year ended
31st March 1919, Kingston, 1919, pp. 26-30.

Sugar-cane cultivation was greatly interfered with and in certain
districts proved a complete failure owing to the ravages of Elaterid
grubs. As lengthy ratooning is the chief cause of insect trouble,
resting the land or rotation of crops is advised as the best remedial
measure, together with the burning of infested stools. If immediate
replanting should be essential, all measures should be taken to ensure
rapid estabhshment of the canes so as to resist wire-worm attacks.
A serious outbreak of white grubs occurred, but their abmidance
depends on the weather and the humidity of the soil. During the
autumn rains a large number of grubs were attacked by a fungus,
Isaria ritcliiei.

Two consignments of the Histerid beetle, Plaesius javanus, were
imported from Java to combat the banana root weevil. Cosmopolites
sordidus, Germ., but as most of the beetles died on the way further
shipments will have to be made to ensure their estabhshment.

The coconut scale [Asjndiotus destructor] was prevalent during the
year ; lime- sulphur 1 part to 15 parts of water is advocated against it.
An ant, Cremastogaster hrevispinosa, was responsible for the colonising
1 of mealy bugs on cacao, necessitating systematic gathering of the
nests. Other pests included : Saissetia Jiemisphaerica on Citrus ;
Aleurocanthus woglumi (black-fly) on limes ; a fruit-fly, Anastrepha
fraterculus, Wied., on mangos ; and Pidvinaria pyrifarmis on avocado
pear. Cajanus indicus (pigeon pea) was severely damaged by
Macraspis tetradactyla, which destroys the blossoms, the larvae of
this beetle being found in decaying coconut stems. C. indicus was
also attacked by Hemicliionaspis minor, but this scale is seldom seen
if the crop is treated as an annual.

Yams {Dioscorea sp.) were severely infested with a weevil, Palaeopus
costicollis, Mshl. {dioscoreae. Pierce). The only preventive measure
known is the careful selection of yam heads at planting time. AU
infested tubers should be destroyed when the crop is gathered. The
treatment of young yam heads, prior to planting, with hme-sulphur
against Aspidiotus hartii, Ckll. [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 56]
has proved most efficacious. Potatoes from Canada were infested
with pupae of a Drosopkila.

Other miscellaneous pests included an imdetermiued Scolytid
attacking maize cobs in the field ; Peregrinus maidis (corn leaf-hopper)
attacking maize in large numbers ; Eudamus proteus (bean leaf-roller)
attacking Jerusalem peas {Phaseolus mungo, var. radiatus) ; and Dia-
pliania hyalinata and D. nitidalis on cucumber and pumpkins. Flour
was heavily infested with Silvanus surinamensis and Tribolium
confusum.

Fernald (H. T.). Report of the Entomologist for 1918.~31assa-
chusetts State Dept. Agric., Bostmi, Department Circ. 3 (November
1918), 1919, 8 pp. [Received 23rd September 1919.]

The apparent decrease of injury by Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comst.
(San Jose scale) was probably due to the severity of the winter, as the

503

parasite, Prospaltella perniciosi, Tower, is becoming less effective.
Pyrausta nubilalis, Hb., is gradually spreading in the State, although
several reports of injury attributed to this pest were on investigation
found to be caused by PajMiperna nebris, Gn. {nitela, Gn.),

Other insects recorded are : Cofiotrachelus nenuphar, Hbst. (plimi
curculio) causing severe damage to plimis and apples ; Heterocordylus
malinus, Rent., and Lygidea mendax, Reut. (red bugs) ; Macrodactylus
subspinosus, F. (rose chafer), which was imusually abundant on
grapes, roses and other plants. Galerucella luteola, Mull, (ehii-leaf
beetle) and Malacosoma americana, F. (apple-tree tent-caterpillar)
were almost absent during the year. Diabrotica vittata, F. (cucumber
beetle) and Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say (Colorado potato beetle)
were very abundant, as well as Lenm trilineata, Oliv. (three-Uned potato
beetle). Macrosipkum solanifolii, Ashm. (potato aphis) was extremely
abundant and appeared about 10 days earher than in the previous
year, but had practically disappeared early in August. Beeches and
maples were defohated by Heterocampa guttivitta, Wlk., which in the
absence of its natural food-plant ' will apparently attack any tree,,
including apples, except evergreens and moosewood {Acer penn-
lysvanicum) ; a Carabid beetle, Calosoma frigidum, Kiihy, and a bug,
Podisus modestus, Dall., were observed feeding on the caterpillars of
this moth.

Anisota rubicunda, F. (striped maple worm) was very numerous, and
Pieris {Pontia) rapae, L., was more abundant than usual in September,
as also were the squash vine-borer, Melittia satyriniformis, Hb., and
Hyphantria cunea, Dru. (fall web-worm) during August.

Maskew (F.). Reports for the Months of May and June 1919. — Mthly.
Bidl. Cal. State Commiss. Hortic., Sacramento, viii, no. 7, July
1919, pp. 429-432.

Insect pests intercepted during May and June included : From
Central America : Aspidiotus cyanx)phylli and leery a sp., on bananas ;
Pseudococciis sp., on bananas and Hibiscus ; Ceroputo sp., and an
ant on orchids. From China : Lepidosaphes gloveri, Parlatoria
pergandei and HemicJiionaspis asjndistrae on pomelos ; Araecerus
fasciculatus in dried vegetables; Cylas formicarius in sweet potatoes; and
Lepidopterous larvae in dry beans and dry roots. From Florida :
Lepidosaphes beckii on grape-fruit. From Hawaii : Coleopterous
larvae on silver sword ; Pseudococcus bromeliae and Diaspis bromeliae
on pineapples ; and Coccus longulus on betel leaves. From Japan :
Lepidosaphes ficus on pears ; Pseudococcus eomstocki, Lecanium sp.,
Pidvinaria sp. and Eulecaniiim cerasorum on wistaria ; mites, Thyri-
dopteryx sp. and Lepidopterous pupae on Daphne ; larvae of borers in
Japanese cherry ; Coleopterous borers in dead twigs of Acer sp. ;
Pseudococcus sp., on Retinospora obtusa and pot plants ; Lepidopterous
larvae on cedars, Euonymus and Retinosjyora obtusa ; larvae and
pupae of Lepidojjtera on nursery stock ; undetermined Lepidoptera
in rice straw used as packing ; Bruchus p)isorum in peas ; Parlatoria
piergandei var. camelliae on camelhas ; Pseudaonidia duplex on azaleas
and camellias ; Aphids and thrips on maple ; an Aphid on juniper ;

504

Lecanium sp. on Ncmdina ; a fJat-headed borer in Photinia ;
Aspidiotus sp. on pot-plants ; Thyridopteryx ejjhemeraeformis on
cedars ; Coccus hesperidwn on mokkoku shrubs ; millipedes, Droso-
philids and Lepidopterous pupae in packing. From Mexico : Heliothis
{Cliloridea) obsoleta in tomatoes ; an undetermined weevil in beans ;
LepidosapJies gloveri, Chrysomphalus scutiformis and Parlatoria cinerea
on limes ; Carpophilus hemipterus in dried bananas ; ChrysompJialus
sp. and an ant on orchids. From Ohio : Aphis on roses ; LepidosapJies
ulmi on lilacs. From Oregon : Epochra canadensis in gooseberries.
From Tahiti : Chrysomphalus aurantii on lemons. From Texas :
Calandra granaria in sorghum grain ; Aleurodes sp., on Gardenia.
From Wisconsin : Pseudococcus longispinus on Dracaena. From
England : Pseudococcus sp., on heather. From Illinois : Tortrix
{Archips) ohsoletana, Aphis sp., and a Dipterous pupa on roses. From
Pennsylvania : Saissetia oleae, S. hemisphaerica and Pseudococcus
sp., on crotons. From Belgiimi : Coccus hesperidum and Aspidiotus
britannicus on bay trees.

SwAiNE (J. M.). A new Forest Insect Enemy of the White Birch. —

Canadian Forestry Jl., Woodstock, Ont., xiv, no. 10, November

1918, pp. 1928-1929, 1 fig. [Received 22nd September 1919,]

Attention is drawn to the appearance in large numbers of the
bronze beetle, Agrilus anxius, on white birch in the forests of Quebec,
The bulk of the information given has been noticed elsewhere [see
this Review, Ser, A, vi, p. 62],

Miller (D.). The Status of Entomology in the Economy of the
Dominion. — N.Z. Jl. Sci. & Technol., Wellington, ii, no, 4-5, July

1919, pp, 269-273, 1 fig. [Received 23rd September 1919.]

Comparison is made between the numbers of indigenous and exotic
insect pests in New Zealand. Of the noxious fauna the indigenous
species only amount to 18 per cent., but unless precautionary measures
are taken, this number is likely to increase owing to the insects
changing their food-plant when their natural one has been destroyed.
Very little is yet known of the destructive insects of New Zealand
and special work is being undertaken to increase this knowledge
with a view to pubUshing a comprehensive work dealing with the
matter. General co-operation of the farming community is essential
in order to carry out the undertaking successfully.

GossARD (H. A.). Seventeen-Year Locusts due in Western Ohio.
Appearance of Insects makes planting of New Trees dangerous. —

Mthly. Bull. Ohio Agric. Expt. Sta., Wooster, iv, no. 4, April
1919, pp. 124-128, 1 map.

A list is given of the counties in which the 1919 brood of the
seventeen-year locusts [Tibicen septemdecim] are expected to be
most prevalent in Ohio. A brief account is given of the life-history
and habits [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, v, p. 403] and the usual remedial
measures are advocated [loc. cit., pp. 328 and 369].

CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Algeria : Fruit Tree Pests . . . . . . . . . . . • 485

America, North : The Leaf -hoppers of the Genus Gypona . . 480

Argentina: Insect Pests in 1917-18. . .. .. .. .. 501

Asia : New Weevils of Economic Importance . . . . . . 489

Australia: The Problem of eradicating the Prickly Pear .. 481

Australia : A New Scale-Insect attacking St. Johns Wort . . 485

Balkans : Insects infesting Picea omorica . . . . . . . . 452

Bohemia : The Life- History of Parasetigena segregata . . 498, 499

Bohemia : Xyleborus xylographus infesting Apples . . . . 499

Brazil : Notes on the Bionomics of Aphids . . . . . • 486

Brazil : Euscepes batatae infesting Sweet Potatoes . . . . . . 488

Brazil : The Pink Bollworm 488

Britain : Measures against TyUnchus devastatrix infesting Red

Clover 441

Britain: Agricultural Pests in 1918 442

Britain : Insect Pests found on the Sea Buckthorn . . • . 444

Britain : The Presence of Lygaeonematus wesmaeli in Yorkshire . . 484

Britain : Pests of Common Vegetables . . . . . . . ■ 489

British Guiana : Notes on Coleoptera of Economic Importance. . 484

British Guiana : An Invasion of Locusts in 1917 . . . . . . 491

Canada : Kaliosysphinga ulmi and its Control . . . . . . 470

Canada : Notes on Bhagoletis pomonella . . . . . . . . 470

Canada : Insect Pests in British Columbia in 1918 . . . . 479

Canada : Agrihis anxius infesting Birches in Quebec . . . . 504

Ceylon: Insect Pests in 1918 497,498

Denmark : Agricultural Pests in 1915-1917 . . 445, 446, 447

Denmark : Insect Pests of Gardens and Orchards in 1916-17 . . 447
Denmark : The Relation of Tachinids to their Hosts . . 450, 451

Denmark : Paratyphus in Honey Bees . . . . . . . • 451

Denmark : The Use of Quassia against Eybernia defoliaria . . 469
Egypt : The Effects of the Pink BoUworm on the Yield of Cotton

Seed and Lint 489

Finland : Measures against Hyponomeuta maUnellus . . . . 468

I INLAND : Notes on Thrips injurious to Cereals, etc. . . . . 468

France : Miscellaneous Insect Pests in 1916 & 1917 . . 455, 462, 467

France : Notes on Coleopterous Pests . . . . . . • • 456

France : Experiments against Vine-moths . . . . 457, 453, 467, 501

France : Notes on Root- infesting Aphids . . . . . . . ■ 458

France : Notes on Fungi infesting Insects . . . . . . . • 460

France : Notes on Crioceris asparagi and its Parasites . . . . 461

France : Experiments with Arsenicals against Cydia pomonella

462, 463, 464

France : The Use of Arsenicals against SparganoiMs pilleriana. . 464
France: The Bionomics and Control of Oiiorrhyvr^^^'- --'■I'^atus

in Vineyards . . . . . • • • • • ■ • 465

France : Notes on Birds Beneficial in Vineyards . . . . 466

France : Infestation of Peas by Heterodera schachtii . ■ ■ ■ 467

France : The Occurrence of PhtJiorimaea operculella . . . ■ 486

France : Experiments with Bacteria on Lepidopterous Larvae . . 486

France : A New Cynipid Parasite of Aphids . . . . . • 487

France : Measures against Eriosoma lanigerum . . . . 487

France: StephcmitispyriinicstingFTmt Trees .. 500

Germany : Parasites of Forest Pests . . . . 452

Germany : The Organisation of Applied Entomology 453

Germany : An Outbreak of BasyrUra pvdibunda 454

Germany : Pests of Forage Grasses . . . • 455

Hawaii : Pests intercepted in Quarantine .... 485
Holland: Insect Pests in 1915 .. •• ..443
India: The Effect of Meteorological Condi -.i.n .. ov,... ,„

Bengal .. *83

India : Insect Pests in Assam in 1918-19 . . 492

Italy : Measxires against the Principal Inseot Pests 455

CONTENTS— co7i«.

PAGE.

Jamaica: Laphygma frugiperda a,tia,cking Fota.toe» .. .. 479

Jamaica: Insect Pests in 1918-19 502

Java : Measures against Helopeltis . . . . . . . . 499, 600

Java : Insect Pests found in Imported Palm Seeds . . , . 488

MOBOGCO : An Outbreak of Gneihocampa prooessionea on Cork Oaks 500
New Hebrides : The Bionomics and Control of Promecotheea

opacicollis infesting Coconuts . . . . . . . . . . 468

New South Wales : Seitala pruinosa infesting Grasses . . . . 485

New Zealand : The Importance of Economic Entomology . . 504

Philippines : Insect Pests in 1917 . . . . . . . . . . 493

Seychelles : Insect Pests in 1918 . . . . . . , , , . 483

St. KiTxs- Nevis : Cotton Pests in 1917-18 481

Sweden : Experiments with Mixed Orchard Sprays . . . . 450

Sweden : Notes on Bark- beetles . . . . . . . . , , 469

Switzerland : Measures against Vino- Moths . . . . . , 488

U.S.A. : The Bionomics and Control of Meliana albilinea limitata

in Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441

U.S.A. : New Parasites of Agrilus angelicus . . . . . . . . 442

U.S.A. : A Fungus infesting Tibicen septemdecim . . . . . . 445

U.S.A. : narmolita spp. infesting Cereals and Grasses . . . . 470

U.S.A.: Insect Pests in Colorado in 1916-17 471

U.S.A. ; Measures against Bruchus mfimanus in California . . 472

U.S.A. : Some Phases of Insect Control by the Biological Method 472

U.S.A. : Notes on Mealy Bugs 473

U.S.A. : Notes on the Habits of the Beet Leaf -hopper, Eutettix

tenella . . . . • . . . . . . . .... 474

U.S.A. : Weevils in Australian Wheat in California. . . , . . 474

U.S.A. : Biological Notes on Ohrysobothris femorata and 0. mali 475

U.S.A. : Experiments with Lac-producing Insects . . . . . . 476

U.S.A. : Insect Pests of Shade-Trees 476

U.S.A. : The Value of Molasses and Syrups in Poisoned Baits for

Grasshoppers and Cutworms . . . . . . . . . . 477

U.S.A. : The local Distribution of Insect Pesta . . . . . . 477

U.S.A.: The Parasites of Cwdia moZesia .. .. .. .. 478

U.S.A. : European Elm Scale in Iowa . . . . . . . . 478

U.S.A. : The European Corn Borer, Pyrausta nubilalis, in New York 478
U.S.A. : The Presence of Pyrausta penitalis in Connecticut and New

York 478

U.S.A. : A Swarm of Oalaphis hetulaecolens . . . . . . , . 479

U.S.A. : Measures against Aphis baheri in Idaho . . . . . . 479

U.S.A. : Sprays for the Control of Apple Aphids . . . . . . 480

U S.A. : The European Corn Borer and its Control in Massachusetts 481

U.S.A. : Insect Pests in Arkansas in 1918 . . . . . . , . 491

U.S.A. : Pests of Tomatoes under Glass in Virginia . . . . 492

U.S.A. : The Bionomics of Macrosiphum solanifoln in Virginia . . 492

U.S.A. : Notes on Miris dolabratus , . . . . . . . . . 493

U.S.A. : Insect Pests in 1917-18 in Wisconsin 494

U.S.A. : The Rosy Apliis in Relation to abnormal Apple Structures 494
U.S.A. : Experiments for the Control of the Grape Root-worm in

New York . . 495

U.S.A. : Measures against Anthonomus ^randis in Georgia . . 497

U.S.A. : Insect Injuries of Apple Fruit m New York . . . . 495

U.S.A.: The Food- plants of Iceryo^ttrcAasi .. .. .. 501

U.S.A. : Legislation against Bee Diseases in Florida . . . . 501

U.S.A. : Insect Pests in Massachusetts in 1918 . . . . . . 502

U.S.A. : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in California . . . . 503

U.S.A. : The Periodical Cicada in Ohio 504

The Identity of Smynthurodes betae, Westwood . . . . . . 443

Methods for destroying Underground Insects . . . . * . 464

The Stratification of Liquid Hydrocyanic Acid as related to Orchard

Fumigation . . . . , . , . . . , . . . 473

Effect of excessive Sterilisation Measures on the Germination of

Seeds . . . 477

The Estimation of Nicotine in Insecticides . . . . 478

The Properties of Derris as an Insecticide . . , . . . . . 496

Registered at the QJ'.O. for Transmlaalon to Canada and Newfoundland by Magatint Post..

VOL. VII. Ser. A. Part 12.— pp. 505-544. DECEMBER, 191 ft.

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

SERIES a: agricultural.

ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL
BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY.

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Ail Rights Reserved.

IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY

l>onorarp Commtttee of rnanadenietir.

VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman.
Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural

History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Austraha.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E. B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David Prain, C.M.G., C.I.E., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Dr. A. E. Shipley, F.R.S., Master of Christ's College, Cambridge.
Mr. R. Sperling, Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.
The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.
(Bcncral Secretary.
Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office).

Director anO EMtor.
Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall.

Ss6l6tant Director.
Dr. S. a. Neave.

Head Office. — ^British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road,

London, S.W. 7.
Publication Office. — 88, Queen's Gate, London, S.W. 7.

505

Blackman (M. W.). Notes on Forest Insects. "1. On two Bark-
Beetles attacking the trunks of White Pine Trees. — Psyche,
Boston, Mass., xxvi, no. 4, August 1919, pp. 85-96, 1 p'ate, 1 fig.

Ips longidens, Swaine, has been found in large numbers infesting
white pine {Pinus strobus) in New York. It may be a primary or
secondary pest, and is usually found in the middle region of trees
measuring 4-8 inches in diameter. In larger trees it may be found
higher up, the character of the bark being the factor determining the
choice of position. Though the beetles usually attack diseased or
dying trees, they may become the actual cause of death. The method
of working, which is described, is similar to that of Pityogenes hopkinsi,.
Swaine [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 234].

Ips longidens has been found associated in the same tree with
I. pini, Say, Pityogenes hopkinsi, Swaine, Crypturgus atomis, Lee,
Graphisurus fasciatus, De G., Monochamus (Monohammus) scutellatuSy
Say, Dendroctonus valens, Hopk., Orthofomicus (Ips) caelatus, Eich.,
Dryocoetes aniericanus, Ho^k., Hylastes (Hylurgops) pinifex, Fitch,
Gnathotrichus materiarius, Fitch, Cossonus corticola. Say, Monochamus
confitsor, Kirby, M. titillator, ¥., Rhagium lineatum, Oliv., and Pytho
americanus, Kirby, occurring chiefly in the lower region of the trunk.
Pityophthorus granulatus, Swaine, Chrysobothris femorata, ¥., C. dentipes
Germ., and Pogonochaerus mixtus. Say, are occasionally associated
with it in the tops and limbs. Predaceous beetles associated with
Ips longidens include Phylloboenus dislocatus, Say, and Hypophloeus
tenuis, Lee. A parasitic Hymenopteron, Goelopisthus sp., was taken,
from a pupal chamber.

Hylastes pinifex. Fitch, attacks white pines by preference, but
is also recorded on spruce and Eastern larch. The burrows are
usually in the lower part of the trunks and frequently in stumps
of recently cut trees. They may extend to the main roots, 6 or 8
inches underground. The egg-gallery is a simple cylindrical mine
extending longitudinally and the eggs are laid along the sides in
niches or longitudinal grooves. The larval burrows are exceptionally"
long, measuring 10 to 12 inches. They commence at right angles
to the egg-gallery but soon become tortuous. Pupation takes place
in a carefully constructed pupation chamber in both bark and sapwood.
The beetles emerge about a week after pupation has occurred. Nor-
mally there is only one generation a year in New York State, but if
young adults that remain in their larval food-plants from the late
summer until the following June are removed to another food-plant
they immediately commence fresh burrows. Insects associated with
H. pinifex include many of those mentioned above as well as Ip»
calligraphus, Germ., and Ips longidens. Say. Glischrochilus sanguino-
lentus, Oliv., and several unidentified Nitidulids and Staphylinids occur
in the feeding burrows of the young adults.

Anstead (D. R.). The Coffee Planting Industry in Southern India. —

Agric. Jl. India, Calcutta, xiv, no. 4, July 1919, pp. 578-585,
[Received 22nd September 1919.]

The history of cofiee cultivation in Southern India is reviewed.
The chief insect pests include the scales, Coccus viridis and Coccus
colemani, o\vdng to which coffee has had to be replaced by tea in

(C618) Wt.P192l/Ul. 1,500. 12.19. B.&P.,Ltd. Gp.ll/3. ▲

506

certain districts. Where this was not possible, prompt spraying with
fish-oil or resin soap was resorted to and the fungi, Cephalosporium
lecanii and Emjpusa lecanii, were propagated in places where they
did not already occur by tying up fungus-attacked scales in the trees.
Ants, especially Cremastogaster, are largely responsible for the spread
of these scales, for which reason their nests should be destroyed.

Pseudococcus (Dactylopius) citri was very destructive in the past
to the roots of young plants, but is now successfully kept in check
by a soil disinfectant consisting of naphthaline and crude carbolic acid.

KuNjAN PiLLAi (N.). Coconut I The Wealth of Travancore. —
Agric. Jl. India, Calcutta, xiv, no. 4, July 1919, pp. 608-628.
[Received 22nd September 1919.]

This paper, deahng with the uses and possibilities of coconut
cultivation, mentions the following pests as occurring in Travancore :
Oryctes rhinoceros (rhinoceros beetle).. RhyncJiophorus ferrugineus
(palm weevil) and a Limacodid moth, Contheyla rotunda, Hmps.

Madhvan Pillai (R.). An Attack of Nephantis serinopa on Coconut
Palm in Travancore. — Agric. Jl. India, Calcutta, xiv, no. 4,
July 1919, pp. 668-669, 2 plates. [Received 22nd September
1919.]

A Microlepidopteron, Nephantis serinopa, Meyr., is reported to
have caused great injury to coconut palms in Travancore since the
beginning of 1917, although the damage was not definitely attributed
to it until May 1918. During that tune about 9,000 j)alms have
been attacked. The affected trees have a faded appearance and
take about a year to recover their normal condition ; if the injury
is great, it not infrequently causes the death of the palm. The
whole life-cycle is completed on the food-plant. The larvae miue
the under-siu-face of the leaf and eat away the green tissue of the leaf
blade. Pupation occurs in the damaged leaves. Larvae may be
found at all times of the year.

Spraying with contact and stomach poisons is of value in the case
of yoimg trees, but cutting and burning the affected leaves is recom-
mended as the best means of keeping the pest in check.

Gibson (A.). The Corn Ear-Worm in Consignments of imported
Tomatoes. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vi, no. 9, September
1919, pp. 797-799, 3 figs.

Attention is called to the fact that the corn ear-worm, Heliothis
obsoleta, has been found ia tomatoes imported into Canada from
Tennessee.

Brittain (W. H.). An Infestation of Apple Sucker, Psylla mali,
Schmidb., in Nova Scotia. — Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, vi, no. 9,
September 1919, pp. 823-827, 5 figs.

The apple sucker, Psylla mali, Schmidb., is recorded for the first
time from Nova Scotia, and this is probably its first occurrence in

507

North America. Remedial measures advocated are spraying with
nicotine sulphate as for Aphis jpomi or A. malifoliae. Should a second
application be necessary, it may be made just before the blossoms
open so as also to be useful against the green apple bug, Lygus com-
munis var, novascotiensis, Knight. Experiments were made with
various dusts, which are apparently less efficacious than liquid sprays,
but definite conclusions could not be obtained owing to the advanced
development of insects and trees at the time of appUcation.

European Corn Borer the most dangerous Pest to American Agriculture.

— Wkly. Press Bull., Pennsylvania Dept. Agric, Harrisburg, iv,
no. 37, 18th September 1919.

Every possible effort is being made by the State and Federal
Government to eradicate the European Corn Borer [Pyrausta nitbilalis].
Complete destruction of the maize stalks is necessary, as the borer
hibernates in them. Experiments are being made with Hquid fire
and crushing machines for this purpose. This pest has not as yet
been reported from Pennsylvania, but careful watch is being maintained
against its introduction.

Lyne (W. H.). Report of Inspector of Imported Fruit and Nursery
Stock.— 13th Ann. Kept. Dept. Agric. 1918, Victoria, B.C., 26th
March 1919, pp. W36-41.

Wheat offered for entry into British Columbia from Australia was
found to be heavily infested with weevils, as well as Plodia sp. and
Tribolium sp. Owing to the large bulk of the consignments, complete
fumigation was impossible, but prior to shipment to England, the
wheat was passed through a fanning machine by which means nearly
all the insects were separated from the wheat and subsequently disposed
of by fumigation with carbon bisulphide. Wheat thus treated was
examined on 18th September, when no adult weevils were found, but
they began to appear after about four weeks, and by 31st December 588
individuals were recorded to the pound. Various experiments were
made during the year to ascertain the best method of dealing with
infested stored products. These included cold storage, by which means
all insects infesting rice were killed after an exposure of 14 days to
10° below freezing. Exposure to 130° F. for 3 hours gave the same
result, but the heat is supposed to spoil the rice for milling, as it
cracks the enamel.

Pests responsible for condemnation of imported nursery stock
included Phylloxera on vines ; woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum]
on apple roots ; Eriosoma pyricola attacking roots of young pear
trees ; codling moth [Cydia pomonella] on apples and pears ; peach
worm on peaches and apricots ; and Bruchids in nutmegs from
Singapore. Products requiring fumigation included peas and beans
infested with Bruchus pisorum or B. fabae ; Oriental rice infested
with rice weevil [Calandra oryzae], Plodia sp. and other Lepidopterous
larvae ; peanuts infested with Plodia ; and rabbit skins infested
with Dermestid beetles from Australia.
(C618) a2

508

Holder (C. H.). Report of the Fruit Experiment Station, Shillong,
for nine Months ending the 31st March 1919. — Rep. Agric.
Expts. & Demonstrations in Assam for nine Months ended the
31st March 1919, Shillong, 1919, pp. 45-73.

Cockchafer grubs were very numerous in light soil, necessitating
its removal in the immediate neighbourhood of fruit trees. Thousands
of beetles were caught by means of light-traps in May and June.
Injury to apples is attributed to the larva of a weevil which eats
small patches in the fruit and oviposits in excavations along the edges
of such patches. Calyx spraying with lead arsenate solution was
carried out, but it is uncertain whether this will prove successful against
this pest. A brown weevil is also reported attacking apple shoots
and another species is very destructive to fig trees.

DEN Doop (J. E. A.). Levensgeschiedenis van Epilachna dodecastigma,
Mulsant, in Deli. [The Life-History of E. dodecastigma in Deh.] —
Teysmannia, Batavia, xxx, no. 6, 1919, pp. 243-253, 1 plate.

The CoccinelHd beetle, Epilachna dodecastigma, Muls., occurs in
Deli, Sumatra, on Datura fastuosa and Physalis minima. Jn
captivity it feeds on potato leaves. In DeU it may be counted among
the beneficial insects, for P. minima is a weed in tobacco plantations,
its fruits being the preferred food (next to tobacco) of Heliothis
obsoleta, F., one of the two most dangerous pests of tobacco. In
the laboratory about 70 per cent, of the eggs hatched out. The
egg-stage lasted 4-5 days, the larval stage 14-19 days, and the
pupal stage 4-5 days. The complete life-cycle, from oviposition
to emergence of the adult, occupied 24 days on an average. The
adults are parasitised by Acarines and there is a Chalcid egg-parasite
larger in size and fighter in colour than the species of Trichogramma
infesting H. obsoleta, in the eggs of which it could not be bred. The
incubation period of this parasite is about 10 days.

Feytaud (J.).^~ Action de la Chaleur et de la S6cheresse sur la
Cochylis. — Jl. Agric. Pratique, Paris, xxxii, no. 34, 25th September
1919, pp. 690-692, 1 fig. ■

Observations on Clysia {Cochylis) ambiguella, Hb., during the
last ten years show that this moth is greatly influenced by atmospheric
conditions. Details are given of the weather conditions and the
counts made for each year. Hot, dry weather kills aU the stages
of this moth.

Lees (A. H.). Two Pests of the Rose. — Gardeners' Chronicle, London,
Ixvi, no. 1707, 13th September 1919, p. 139, 1 fig.

The rose-leaf miner, Nepticula anomalella, has two generations a
year. The larvae are found in July, September and October, the
adult Tineids appearing in May and August. The infested leaves
should be removed and destroyed or else the larvae crushed in their
galleries, thus allowing the leaves to continue their function.

A description is also given of Tortrix hergmanniana, which is found
all over the United Kingdom, but chiefly in the south. The larvae,.

509

found in May and June, spin the edges of young leaves together in
which they live for some time ; later they may be seen among the
shoots feeding on the foliage. They pupate amongst the twisted
leaves and the adults may be seen on the wing from the end of June
to July. Remedial measures advocated are hand-picking and spraying
with lead arsenate.

J, F. Onion Fly on Leeks. — Gardeners' Chronicle, London, Ixvi,
no. 1709, 27th September 1919, p. 168.

Attention is drawn to the occurrence of Hylemyia antiqua {Antho-
myia ceparum) at the base of leek seedlings of the Champion and
National varieties, whilst Musselburgh leeks were untouched.

Teeherne (R. C). Notes on Thysanoptera from British Columbia. —

Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., li, no. 8-9, August-
September 1919, pp. 181-190, 3 plates.

The thripe here recorded include Orothrips kelloggi yosemitii, Moult.,
on Amelanchier in July; Aeohthrips fasciatus, L., on Lithospermum
pilosum, Elymus condensatus, clover, Crataegus, cherry, Prunus
demissa and Amelanchier, during May, June and July, and also found
in association with Thrips tabaci (onion thrips) on which it is probably
predaceous. It is recorded as predaceous on Kakothrips pisivortts,
Westw., in Europe, although it also feeds on the pollen and juices
of plants. Aeohthrips annectans. Hood, has been taken during May,
June and July on a variety of plants, including Acer glahrum, Ribes
viscosissimum, Sambucus racemosa, Ilex europaeus, apple, alder,
Lithospermum pilosum and Amelanchier florida. It is associated with,
and probably predaceous on Thrips tabaci. Aeohthrips auricestus,
sp. n., was found on western wild rye grass {Elymus condensatus).
Taeniothrips inconsequens, Uzel (pear thrips) is also described, and
other species mentioned are : Thrips physapus, L., on dandelion in
April and May and Rubus parviflorus during June ; Thrips tabaci,
Lind. (onion thrips), of which the larvae of the first generation appear
early in June ; Haphthrips statices, Hal,, found on apple, plum. Spiraea
discolor and other native shrubs, and possibly also injuring red clover ;
Leptothrips mali, Fitch, taken during May, June and July from the
foHage and branches of Acer glabrum, alder, Amelanchier, apple,
peach and Crataegus ; and Chirothrips manicatus, Hal., on many
roadside grasses.

Matheson (R.). Notes on Pelenomus sulcicollis, Fahrs. (Curcu-
lionidae). — Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., li, no. 8-9,
Augus1>-September 1919, pp. 199-201, 1 plate, 1 fig.

Pelenomus sulcicollis, Fhs., of which all stages are described, was
foimd in large numbers infesting fringed loosestrife {Steironema
ciliatum) in New York State. The eggs are laid singly beneath the
lower epidermis of the leaves near the veins as a result of which that
area dies and becomes brown. The larvae feed on the lower surface
of the leaves and when mature spin a small cocoon on the imder
surface or axil of the leaf, in which they pupate. The weevils emerge

510

after about two weeks and feed extensively on the tissue, stems
and midribs of the leaves. They are most abundant during August
and early September and probably hibernate amongst fallen leaves
and rubbish.

Grasshoppers in Okanogan County. — Washington State Dept. Agric.
Mthly. News Letter, Olympia, i, no. i, July 1919, p. 1. [Received
20th October 1919.]

An account is given of a campaign for poisoning grasshoppers in
Okanogan County, Washington, carried out under the direction of
Mr. A. C. Burrell, upon whose research w^ork the campaign was based.
It was estimated that seven biUion eggs were laid in 1918. During
May and June, 1919, some three biUion of these have hatched over
an area of about 400 acres stretching into British Columbia, the
species concerned being Camnula pellucida. The breeding-places
were covered with numbers of small black hoppers, wliich were treated
with coal-oil, as many as 200 being frequently killed per square foot.
Those that survived marched in hordes into the winter and spring
wheat and were treated with the Government poison-bait of Paris
green in a salty mixture of mill feed and sugar-beet molasses flavoured
with imitation lemon extract. As many as four milhon hoppers per
acre were killed by this means, about ten pounds (5 lb. dry) of the bait
being used to the acre. Up to the time of WTiting, about £160 has
been expended on the campaign, practically the whole of the three
billion hoppers having been destroyed. The rapid action of the bait
enabled the wheat to spring up again and renew its growth, so that
the loss amounted to practically nothing, except in a few cases owing
to farmers' carelessness. The loss from grasshoppers in the same
district the previous year was computed at about £16,000 ; it is
impossible to forecast the damage that might have occurred in 1918,
if prompt action had not been taken at the time of hatching.

Ball (E. D.). The Potato Leafhopper and the Hopperburn that it
causes. — Bienn. Rept. Wisconsin Dept. Agric. 1917-1918, Madison,
Bull. 20, 31st December 1918, pp. 76-102, 5 plates, 2 figs.
[Received 15th September 1919.]

The bulk of the information here given on Empoasca mali has
previously been noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 278].

The remedial measures advocated are the use of a spray of Black-
leaf 40 at the rate of 1 part to 800 of water and 5 parts of soap.
Poisons may be added so as also to kill the potato beetle [Leptinotarsa
decemlineata] or the mixture without the soap may be added to Bor-
deaux mixture. Kerosene emulsion should be used as strong as
possible, so long as it does not cause scorching of the fohage ; 7-8
per cent, of kerosene or 1 part of stock emulsion to 8 parts of water
was found satisfactory. It is imperative that the under-sides of the
leaves should be reached with the spray.

In Wisconsin about 5 to 10 per cent, of the eggs were found parasitised,
probably by a Dryinid, as yet unidentified. The only other natural
enemy is the fungus, Entomophthora sphaerosperma, which however does
not materially reduce the numbers of this pest.

511

SwEZEY (0. H.). Cause of Scarcity of Seeds of the Koa Tree. —

Haivaiian Planters' Record, Honolulu, xxi, no. 2, August 1919,
pp. 102-105, 6 figs.

Acacia koa, one of the most important of the Hawaiian forest trees,
has become greatly reduced in numbers, and, while easy to propagate,
cannot rapidly be reproduced owing to the difficulty of obtaining seeds.
The trees blossom profusely, but the growing pods are attacked by
the larvae of four species of Tortricids, namely, Adenoneura rufipennis,
Enarmonia walsinghami, Cryptophlebia vulpes and G. illepida, which
travel from seed to seed devouring them as they go. Observations
on pods from various locahties show a very low percentage (0 to 13
per cent.) of sound seeds. Several Hymenopterous parasites are
known to attack the larvae, but at the present time are not sufficiently
numerous to be effective.

TiMBEKLAKE (P. H.). PopUia japouictt, a serious Pest recently
introduced into New Jersey from Japan. — Hawaiian Planters'
Record, Honolulu, xxi, no. 2, August 1919, pp. 106-109, 5 figs.

PopiUia japonica, Newm., recently introduced from Japan, is at
present confined to a relatively small area in New Jersey [see this
Revieiv, Ser. A, vii, p. 394, where it is recorded in error as Adoretus'],
but it has shown adaptabiUty to its environment and a tendency
to spread with considerable rapidity, and unless promptly exterminated
it will unquestionably spread over a great part of the United States.
The life-history and habits of this Scarabaeid beetle have been
previously discussed [see this Revieiv, Ser. A, vi, p. 440]. A great
many plants are attacked, including apple, peach, grape, raspberry,
watermelon, asparagus, sweet potato, lima beans and the ears of
maize, and ornamental trees and shrubs such as rose, Spiraea, holly-
hock, ferns, iris, elm, willow and birch. Many weeds are also attacked
including elderberry, morning-glory, dock, etc.

For preventing the spread of infestation the following measures
are proposed by the Federal and State authorities for 1919. The
establishment and maintenance of a band ^ mile wide around the
infested area throughout which all non-economic plants attacked by
the beetle should be kept covered with a film of poison during the
period of ffight. The destruction of all non-economic food-plants
along roadsides in the infested area and the provision of a poisonous
coating on all economic food-plants ; the removal of farm products
from the infested area to be permitted only during the warm parts
of the day, and the restriction as far as possible of persons going
among infested plants during the evening or early morning. All
green sweet maize within the infested district to be removed only
under quarantine regulations.

For the destruction of the beetle within the infested district it is
proposed to estabhsh and maintain a poisonous coating on all economic
food- plants, except in certain areas where they are to serve as traps
and in which the beetles will be collected by hand. In the spring
the soil will be treated with sodium cyanide in solution, and the ground
kept well cultivated so that the ovipositing beetles will not be
encomaged. All waste land about cultivated places will be eliminated
as far as possible, thus reducing the area on which attractive food-
plants may grow and in the soil of which the beetles may oviposit.

512

Lyon (H. L.)- Notes on Sugar Cane Culture in Java. — Hawaiian
Planters' Record, Honolulu, xxi, no. 2, August 1919, pp. 109-128,
12 figs.

In the course of this paper it is remarked that Java planters do
not advocate the stripping of their cane as a cultural practice, but
they find it necessary in certain cases in order to stop the ravages
•of the stem shield-scale, Chionaspis madiunensis, Zehnt. This Coccid
attaches itself to the surface of the internodes and, when sufficiently
numerous, causes considerable injury to the canes.

HuMSEY (W. E.). Peach Tree Borer. — Canadian Horticulturist,
Toronto, xlii, no. 9, September 1919, p. 222.

Experiments made in West Virginia with sprays of miscible oil or
an emulsion of Avenarius carbohneum and soap appeared to be effective
against the peach-tree borer [Aegeria exitiosa], though further results are
necessary to prove their efficacy against this pest. The best time for
spraying is the end of September or beginning of October when the young
caterpillars are just beneath the bark. After removal of the soil
jound the base of the tree the bark should be allowed to dry and then
sprayed with the oil at the rate of one part to eight parts of water
at a pressure of at least 100 lb. to about 6 or 8 inches above the general
surface level, the soil being then replaced.

Work in Connection with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control.

— Rept. Agric. Dep)t. Antigua, 1917-18 ; Barbados, 1919, pp. IS-
IS. [Received 4th October 1919.]

Grubs of the brown hardback beetle (Lachnosterna sp.) caused great
damage to sugar-cane during the year under review. The planting
of maize as a trap-crop has been suggested and has proved useful on
the few estates where it was tried.

Pests attacking cotton included : Alabama argillacea, against which
regular applications of Paris green and lime were of little or no avail
owing to continued rain. Dysdercus sp. (cotton-stainers) were abundant
and HeliotJiis obsoleta {armigera) (boUworm), Saissetia nigra (black
scale), HemicJiionaspis minor (white sCale) and Eriophyes gossypii
(leaf-blister mite) were also reported. The flower-bud maggot,
Contarinia gossypii, has not been noticed for several years in Antigua.
Early planting is suggested as the best remedial measure should this
midge make its appearance.

Lepidosaphes beckii (purple scale). Coccus viridis (green scale),
ChrysompJialus aurantii (red scale), Chionaspis citri (white scale) and
Diaprepes (ExopJithalmus) esuriens were reported on limes, the
weevil being particularly abundant. The infestation of sweet
potatoes by the weevil, Euscepes {Cryp)torrhynchus) batatae, has increased
during the year.

Jegen (G.). Beitrage zur Kohlweisslingsbekampfung. [Contribu-
tions to the Work of combating the Cabbage Butterfly.] —
Landwirtschftl. JaJirbuch d. Schweiz, Berne, xxxii, no. 4, 1918,
pp. 524-550. [Received 4th October 1919.]

The role played by the parasites of Pieris brassicae, which caused
severe loss in Switzerland in 1917, has been investigated at the

513

Experimental Institute at Wadenswil. Examinations of the hiber-
nating pupae showed that those found in exposed situations were
of a dark colour and never yielded adults ; these emerged only from
the bright green pupae taken from sheltered positions. The cater-
pillars of the summer generation usually pupate on the food-plant,
but cold weather causes those of the autumn generation to seek more
elevated situations that protect them against damp and cold. Mild
weather in autumn may sometimes lead to this migration not taking
place and in these cases the cold weather later on destroys the
unprotected pupae. Parasitised larvae pupate earlier than others and
are unable to reach suitable shelters ; the collection of the winter
pupae of P. brassicae therefore has little value and may even be
harmful.

As the pupal stage of the parasites lasts longer than that of the host,
the host-larvae are already present when the parasites begin to
oviposit. Ichneumonid and Braconid parasites are more numerous
than Tachinids. The Hymenoptera chiefly concerned are Apanteles
(Microgaster) glomeratus, Pimpla instigator, and Pteromalus puparum,
the last-named being the most numerous. In autumn Pteromalus
appear to parasitise female pupae by preference.

Experiments were made to ascertain where the eggs of the first
generation of P. brassicae are laid. There does not seem to be any
preferred food-plant. The eggs were found, singly, on Brassica
oleracea (cabbage), Knautia arvensis, Plantago minor, Taraxacum
officinale (dandelion), Heracleum sphondylium, Trifolium pratense and
other plants. No eggs were laid on meadow grasses or on Caltha
palustris. The egg-stage lasts 10-12 days, the larval 34-38 and the
the pupal 14-18 in summer and up to 5 months in winter. The entire
life-cycle occupies 58-68 days in summer. In the present case the
first generation appeared in April and May and the second from the
end of Jmie to the end of July. The second did comparatively little
damage as a result of the extensive parasitisation of the first. This
occurred chiefly on the first day of the larval stage, so that it appears
that the Hymenoptera concerned, Pimpla and Pteromalus, mainly
attack the younger stages. In these experiments Tachinids, which
are frequently found in winter pupae, were not observed, but the
larvae examined were not more than 8 days old, and Tachinids appear
to oviposit in older ones. Other experiments are described in which
the parasites were placed near eggs about to hatch. The short
(3-4 day) egg-stage of Apanteles glomeratus appears to be due to the
fact that this Braconid oviposits on the skin of the larva and a long
egg-stage might entail the destruction of the egg when the host-larva
moults. Loos has calculated this loss at 40 per cent, in the case of
Tachinid parasites [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 499]. The eggs
of Pimpla investigator are laid within the body of the larva and ovi-
position is not conflned to young individuals, being carried on for a
fortnight. From 14 to over 100 eggs are laid in one host. As
Pteromalus puparum deposits eggs from the beginning to the end of
the larval stage of the host it necessarily happens that some of the
adult parasites emerge at a time when no larvae of P. brassicae are
available. This is no disadvantage as P. puparum attacks other
larvae, such as those of Hyponomeuta malinellus. More than 100 eggs
may be laid in one host.

514

Fungus diseases may kill from 16 to 35 per cent, of the larvae,
especially in wet weather, and a second generation, reduced by these
agencies, provides less breeding facilities for the parasites with the
result that in the following year their position becomes very
unfavourable, and a fresh outbreak of P. brassicae occurs later on.

The best direct artificial measure against P. brassicae consists in
crushing the eggs and collecting the larvae. This may be supple-
mented by the capture of the butterflies, especially those of the first
generation. Preventive measures include the collection of non-
infested pupae, and the spraying of cabbage seedlings with a 2 per cent,
nicotine solution to repel the ovipositing butterflies. Spraying must
be repeated from time to time, as the repellent efiect has been found
to disappear in about 9 days.

Smyth (E. G.). Report of the Division of Entomology. — Ann. Rept.
Porto Rico Insular Expt. Sta., Rio Piedras, 1st July 1917 to
30th June 1918, 1919, pp. 109-129. [Received 6th Oct. 1919.]

Insect pests intercepted during 1917-1918 include: — Various Aphids
on flowering greenhouse plants from the United States, such as
Macrosipkum (SiphonopJiora) sp. on roses ; Pseudococcus spp. on
ornamental plants ; TetranycJms quadrimaculatus (red spider) ; the
leaf-tyers, Phlyctaenia fernigalis, Hb., and Tortrix {Archips) parallela,
Rob. ; Aleurodes vaporariorum, Westw. (greenhouse whitefly) ; fern
scales ; palm scales ; and mites. Thrips tabaci was intercepted on
onion seedhngs and a Psocid on pineapple seedlings from Hawaii.
Most of the species that are greenhouse pests in the United States are
capable of becoming very dangerous outdoor pests in Porto Rico ;
this has already happened in the case of the Nematode, Heterodera
radicicola. Interceptions from foreign ports included a Capsid,
probably Tenthecoris bicolor, on orchids from Venezuela ; a large
cockroach, perhaps Leucophaea sp., in the packing with orchids from
Santo Domingo ; the mite, Stigmaeus floridanus, Banks, in pineapples
from Cuba ; a new mealy bug, Pseudococcus sp., on carnations and
sunflowers from Santo Domingo ; a Ptinid beetle in cacao beans and
a Bruchid in Cassia beans from Santo Domingo ; many grain weevils,
Calandra oryzae and Spermophagus pectoralis, in maize and beans from
Venezuela and Santo Domingo. It is suggested that a regulation
should be promulgated requiring the fumigation of every load or
shipment of grain entering the Island from a foreign port. Rigid
quarantine measures have been maintained against importations of
Citrus, and were extended in February 1918 to pineapple fruits or
plants.

A series of experiments is to be undertaken to determine the
possibility of dissemination by insects of the motthng disease of sugar-
cane. Possible factors in this respect are Tettigonia similis, Wlk.,
a green leaf- hopper found on Para grass in the vicinity of canefields,
or Xyleborus sp. (cane shot-hole borer), which was abundant in
decaying cane seed stalks in a field that was badly infested and where
the disease was spreading rapidly.

The damage by white-grubs [Lachnosterna] to sugar-cane is increasing.
In some localities where they have not been very abundant in previous
years it is now necessary to resort to hand-picking. There is great
need of some cheaper and more efficient remedy for white-grubs in

515

sugar plantations. It is suggested that skunks and toads, which
eat large numbers of them and of the adult May-beetles, should be
introduced from the mainland. The hard-back beetle, Dyscinetus
trachyjyygus, Burm., was reported as greatly injuring sugar-cane on
the north coast. This Dynastid is very common in Porto Rico, the
larvae feeding upon decaying ratoons of sugar-cane and other grasses
and upon organic matter in the soil, but not apparently attacking
healthy roots. The life-histories of this and other species have been
worked out [see this Review, Ser. A, iv, p. 356]. The beetles were found
in great numbers feeding on the roots and underground stems of the
young cane, causing it to turn yellow and in some cases to die. They
had probably bred in grass lands in the vicinity or in the decaying
stools of the previous crop in the same field. Their presence constitutes
one objection to the practice of not burning cane-trash after cutting
the cane. It is suggested that trap- lanterns, placed over pans of water
and kerosene, should be used during the flight of the beetles, and
that night collections with lanterns should be made. A poison-bait
consisting of lib. white arsenic or Paris green and two quarts of cheap
molasses, mixed with a bushel of bran or lucerne meal and water
to moisten it, might be effective if scattered around the infested canes
after sundown.

An important discovery during the year was that of a species of
Tetranychus (red-spider) attacking the foliage of sugar-cane. It was
first noticed on cane growing in pots in the latter part of April 1918,
on both surfaces of the leaf, forming a light webbing over the surface
and causing a mottled appearance of the leaves. The same pest was
observed in rearing cages on the south side of the Island four years
ago, but was not identified. The only previous report of a red-spider
attacking sugar-cane seems to be of T. exsiccator, Zehnt., occurring
in Java, but this is obviously a different species, being red in colour
while the Porto Rican species is a yellowish white. There is a possi-
bility of severe injury to cane by this species during periods of unusually
high temperature.

A severe outbreak of Siphaflava (yellow cane aphis) occurred during
March and April on young seed- cane. These outbreaks are not
uncommon and are generally controlled by natural enemies before
severe injury results. Similar attacks have been recorded on older
cane but do not seem to cause the death of the plants. Experiments
showed spraying with contact insecticides to be unnecessary as in
untreated plots natural enemies proved equally efiicacious.

Strategus quadrifoveatus, Beauv. (larger rhinoceros beetle) has been
recorded as causing severe injury to young coconuts and to mature
sugar-cane, some palms being killed by their attacks. It is proposed
to carry out experiments to determine suitable methods of controlling
the beetle ; in the meantime the following remedies are suggested
for trial. The coconut in the husk might be dipped, before planting,
into a repellent Hquid such as tar-oil or carbolineum, which retains
its odour for a long time. It is believed that it is the rotting wood
that attracts the beetles to oviposit and on which the larvae feed.
Another method, used with success in Samoa, is to collect the rubbish,
dead logs and stumps into piles in the coconut plantations. These
attract the ovipositing beetles and should be examined monthly
and all grubs and beetles in them destroyed.

516

The worst garden pests were Pieris (Pontia) monuste, L., and Plutella
maciilipennis, Curtis, attacking cabbages, radishes and turnips.
Hedges of orange- jasmine. {Murraya exotica) were injured by the
scales, Chrysomphalus aurantii, Mask., Lepidosaphes beckii, Newm.,
and Saissetia hemisphaerica, Targ., and required spraying with paraffin
oil and soap emulsion. An undetermined species of Pseudococcus
was a new pest on peanuts, being abundant on the roots and pods of
the plants and reducing the crop by 50 per cent, or more. These
mealy-bugs were attended by large numbers of the dark-brown ant,
Prenolepis sp. The Termite, Eutermes morio, Lath., has been reported
as injuring sugar-cane seeds, i.e., sections of stalk, after planting in
the fields ; this probably occurs when the cane seed has been allowed
to lie about and become infested before planting. Damage to buildings
and furniture by this termite is much more common. Timbers of
houses or flooring should be soaked or painted with carboUneum or a
similar fluid before use ; furniture when attacked should be well
soaked with kerosene. The investigations and insect-control work
for the coming year are outHned.

Gibson (E. H.). Relation of the Systematist to the Economic Worker.

— Bidl. BrooMyn Entoni. Soc., Brooklyn, N.Y., xiv, no. 1, February
1919, pp. 1-3. [Received 6th October, 1919.]
Stress is laid upon the importance of co-operation between the
systematist and the economic worker in entomology. It is considered
that mutual assistance might be rendered by prompt determination
and return of specimens, by supplying references and bibliographies
of insects that are being studied by economic workers and by Umiting
monographic work to groups that are of economic importance. On
the other hand, full data should be sent when submitting specimens
for identification and a reasonable time should be allowed for deter-
mination. The ignorance of each other's work that exists between
these two groups of entomologists is deplored, and it is suggested
that young men starting as economic entomologists should choose some
small and well defined group of insects for taxonomic study and that
those who contemplate systematic work should spend at least a part of
two years doing biological and economic field work.

Knight (H. H.). The' Male of Lygus univittatus with the Description

of a new Lygus (Hemip., Miridae.) . — Bidl. BrooMyn Entoni. Soc,

Brooklyn, N.Y., xiv, no. 1, February 1919, pp. 21-22, 1 fig.

It is considered that Lygus univittatus. Knight, which has been

described from the female only, and of which both sexes have now

been taken on Crataegus, may probably become an apple pest, since

apple red bugs now established as pests of cultivated apples came

from Crataegus. Lygus (Neolygus) parrotti, sp. n., is described, having

been found breeding on Viburnum sterilis and V. opulus in New York.

Eustace (H. J.) & Pettit (R. H.). Spray and Practice Outline for

Fruit Growers. — Michigan Agric. Expt. Sta., East Lansing, Spec.

Bull. 93, February 1919, 32 pp., 6 figs. [Received 6th October

1919.]

General directions are given for spraying for the use of fruit and

vegetable growers, and are particularly applicable to the average

517

conditions existing in Michigan, Various formulae are discussed and
directions for making home-made solutions are given with a table of
dilutions for concentrated hme-sulphur wash. A comparison is made
between dusting and spraying in orchards, the former procedure
being considered to be still in the experimental stage.

Ckespo (M. a.). Dominio del jGorgojo 6 Piche de la Batata {Cylas
formicarius). [Economic Importance of the Sweet Potato Weevil.]
— Rev. Agricultura, Santo Domingo, R.D., xv, no. 5, 31st August
1919, pp. 152-157, 2 figs.

In the Dominican Republic, Cylas formicarius (sweet potato weevil)
is responsible for the loss of some 60 to 90 per cent, of the sweet potato
crop, many fields having been abandoned owing to its depredations.
Sweet potatoes and related native plants only are attacked, the eggs
being laid on the roots. The larvae upon hatching penetrate into
the tubers, giving them an unpleasant taste, so that even pigs refuse
to eat them. A description of the insect is given, with its distribution
and the usual remedial measures. Late varieties have proved on the
whole more resistant than early ones. It is considered that quarantine
laws should be passed with a view to Hmiting the spread of the insect,
and the importance of co-operation in carrying out remedial measures
is emphasised.

Woodkuffe-Peacock (B. A.). Two Phytophagous Chalcids. —
Naturalist, London, no. 753, October 1919, pp. 329-330.

A Chalcid provisionally identified as Syntomaspis druparum, Boh.,
and previously erroneously recorded as Tomyrus elegans, was found
emerging from seeds of Crataegus oxyacantha (hawthorn), which had
passed through the ahmentary canal of a blackbird and were kept
in a tube from 30th March to 29th June, when the adult appeared.
This species is phytophagous and also feeds on seeds of apples. The
larvae were found by the author in March 1918 in seeds of Pyrus
syJvestris (acerba) in fruits that showed no external opening. Another
phytophagous Chalcid was found in tubes containing seeds of rough
chervil {Chaerophyllum temulum).

Champion (H. G.). A Cerambycid infesting Pine Cones in India,

Chlorophorus strohilicola, n. sp. — Entomologist'' s Mthly. Mag.,
London, no. 58, October 1919, pp. 219-224, 2 plates, 1 fig.

The different stages of Chlorophorus strohilicola, sp. n., are described.
The eggs of this Cerambycid are laid at the end of June and beginning
of July in the crevices between the scales of the full-sized green cones
of Pinus longifolia, usually on trees about 15 months old. The shaded
concave side of the cone is chosen and about 15 to 20 eggs deposited
in each. These hatch in about two weeks and the young larvae bore
immediately into the cone feeding on the internal wood tissues but
avoiding the strongly lignified vascular tracts. Infested cones are usually
broken off by the wind, but the fall does not injure the larvae and they
complete their metamor^^ rsis inside the fallen cone. Badly infested
cones are easily recognised by their arrested development. Should
only a few larvae be present in the cone, development is not hindered^

/

518

though no fertile seeds are formed. Pupation occurs about April
and lasts about two weeks. The earliest and latest dates of emergence
of adults are recorded as 14th April and 15th May, but this may depend
on altitude, etc. The adults emerge through oval holes in the scale-
head. The life-history is subject to variations, the chief of these
being that some larvae take two years to become mature. Natural
enemies were not found, although several larvae were attacked by a
fungus. This is not however an important factor in the check of
this pest, as larvae found in the same cone as those infested with the
fungus proved not to be diseased. This beetle is distributed through-
out the chir {Pinus longijolia) forests of the W. Almora Forest Division
and probably of Kumaon and is found at an altitude range of from
3,500 to 6,500 feet. It is most common in open sunny stands. In
these districts the damage caused in 1918 and 1919 probably amounted
to 40 per cent, or more.

Laing (F.). a Note on four British Coccids. — Entomologist's Mihly.
Mag., London, no. 58, October 1919, pp. 233-234.

An outbreak oiKermes quercus, L., on oak trees is recorded in Rich-
mond Park and at Wnnbledon. Many individuals were heavily
parasitised, but the parasite was not identified.

Orthezia urticae, L., was found on Artemisia maritima at Shoebury-
ness, 0. cataphracta, Shaw, amongst beech leaves imder stones near
Aberdeen, and Eriopeltis festucae. Boy. , on Festuca ovina.

DuPOET (M.). Rapports du Sous-Inspecteur des Services Agricoles
de rindochine. — Station Entom. de Cho-ganh, nos. 2 & 3, October-
December 1918 & January-March 1919 ; Supplements to Bull.
Chamhre d'Agric. du Tonkin ei du Nord-Annam, Hanoi, nos. 120
& 121, 1918 & 1919, 4 & 7 pp. [Received 7th October 1919.]

During 1918 further experiments were made with a view to dis-
covering other food-plants of the coffee borer, Xylotrechus [quadripes]
[see this Review, Ser. A, vii, pp. 50 and 269]. They are apparently
not very numerous, but when tests were made with newly- felled or
dry logs of some thirty other plants, these were readily chosen by the
borers for oviposition, even when placed in the same cage with coffee
plants. Teak is undoubtedly a preferred food-plant, quite large
trees being attacked. Teak logs are chosen in preference to all others ;
living teak is also attacked, but the larvae apparently cannot develop in
it. Evidently the borer breeds more rapidly in dead or newly-felled
trunks than in living plants, and therefore many other centres of
contamination occur besides diseased cofEee plants. Of some hundred
trees and shrubs examined, about a dozen can be classed as very
favourable to the multiplication of the borer, while another 20 are
chosen in the absence of preferred food-plants. Further examinations
will be made. Bamboos are seldom attacked when green, and when
dry are rejected in most cases for other plants. Teak and Gardenia
seem to be the favourite cultivated plants. Pending the completion
of a list of food-plants, it is considered unwise to make fences, etc.,
of wood that might be infested by this borer, or even to keep such
wood in bundles, without treating it with Stockholm tar or coal-tar. As
regards the various trees used to provide shade for cofEee bushes in

519

Tonkin, the tree known as "soan" and the "bancoulier" [Aleurites
moluccana (candle-nut)] do not seem at all attractive to the borer. A
coating of resin, oil and starch, mixed while hot, shouldgive good results.
It is inexpensive, and three months after application is still sufficiently
viscid to act as a repellent.

In January the adult borers began to emerge from the experimental
branches and were examined. The teak branches were riddled with
emergence- holes, the adults appearing barely 3| months after oviposi-
tion. They were apparently a little smaller than the average size ;
this may have been due to crowding among the larvae. From freshly-
cut Gardenia used in the same experiments the adults were also a
little smaller than those emerging from cofiee. In AJbizzia, which
was suspected of being a favourite food-plant, no galleries have
appeared. Among newly tested living plants, Randia dumetorum
was attacked by X. quadrijpes, and produced two normal adults, 7|-
months after oviposition. This plant is largely grown, the fruit being
eaten by the natives. Another native tree, Oroxylon indicus, was
chosen for oviposition, sometimes in preference to cofiee, and galleries
were observed in the wood, but the experiments with this tree were
not completed. If these conditions are reproduced naturally in the
field, it is hoped that the branches of these plants may be utilised as
traps ; teak logs placed at the foot of cofiee bushes are already being
tested in this way.

Washes and bands have not been very successful ; the former have
proved either inefiective or noxious to the trees, though possibly
in the case of quite old trunks a coating of bird-l ime might not be inj urious.
Bands are more expensive and only drive the beetles to oviposit above
them and on the branches, whence the larvae descend to the trunk.
The Hfe-cycle varies according to the severity of the winter, being
proportionately longer for those insects that hibernate as larvae in the
trunks. Examples are quoted that indicate a shorter larval stage on
newly-felled logs than on Uving plants.

Other insect pests of cofiee plants include an unidentified white
scale that lives on the underground part of the plant and encourages
a disease that quickly spreads aU over the roots and causes the death
of the plant by sufiocation, in much the same way that Pseudococcus
(Dactylopius) vitis, Nied., infests vines in Palestine. The only remedy
as yet known is to pull up and burn immediately all plants so afiected.

Rice pests in Tonkin include Schoenobius incertellus, Wlk., the
larvae and pupae of which pass the winter in rice stubble left in the
fields. The obvious remedy is to destroy the stubble, but it is doubtful
whether growers will do this. Parasites' of the larvae are numerous,
but do not prove an efiective check. Young rice plants are also
considerably injured by the caterpillars of another moth, Sesamia
inferens, Wlk., which mine the stalks and also live and pupate outside
at the base of the plants. As the rice-growers object to destroying
the infested stubble the damage is spreading.

HuTSON (J. C). Some Minor Insect Pests in Ceylon in 1919. — Trop.

Agriculturist, Peradeniya, liii, no. 2, August 1919, pp. 139-141.

[Received 8th October 1919.]
The insect pests reported for the first half of 1919 include : Saissetia
hemisphaerica on twigs and leaves of tea, giving rise to the development

520

of a black fungus upon them. A Fulgorid, Ricania fenestrata, was
found on tea at the end of March and Ricanoptera opaca in May. This
is probably the first record of Ricania in Ceylon. The insects in all
stages cluster on the small twigs and leaf -stalks and feed by sucking the
plant juices. Severe infestation may cause withering of the leaves and
twigs. Both species may be destroyed by collecting the young stages
or cutting and burning the infested twigs. Other tea pests include a
Limacodid moth.,S]mtulicraspeda castaneiceps, and a midge, Oscinis theae.
The larvae of the latter feed inside the leaf under the upper epidermis
and should be at once destroyed by picking and burning the leaves.

Owing to the late planting of cotton there was a severe outbreak
of Dysdercus cingulatus (cotton-stainer), which apparently has similar
habits to allied species in the West Indies. The local food-plants
include the silk cotton tree {Eriodendron anfractuosum), the red cotton
tree {Bombax malabaricum), okra {Hibiscus escidentus) and H. rosa-
sinensis. Remedial measures advocated are shaking of all stages from
the bushes into tins of kerosene and water or the use of traps consisting
of damaged. bolls and cotton refuse, etc., in which the bugs should be
destroyed with boiling water or by burning with torches. The Pyralid,
Sylepta derogata, on cotton may be destroyed by collecting or crushing
the caterpillars on the leaves. They are heavily parasitised by a small
brown Hymenopteron, as yet unidentified. Another Pyralid, Terastia
meticidosalis, was found tunnelling in the ends of young shoots of
dadap [Erythrina lithosperma) causing dropping of the terminal leaves.
In young plants the afiected shoots should be cut off and destroyed.

Ellis (A. G. G.). Notes on the Work of the Inspection Staff during

1918. — Agric. Bull. Fed. Malay States, Kuala Lumpur, vii, no. 3,
May-June 1919, pp. 144-150. [Received 8th October 1919.]

Termites continued to be seriously injurious to rubber during 1918, ■
especially in peat soil. Leaf- mites were plentiful and are believed to do
much more damage than is generally recognised. Trees damaged by
fire are liable to attack by stem borers, and those that have been
thinned out should be removed as soon as possible.

Leaf-hoppers infested rice to a serious extent in January, but
remedial measures proved unnecessary owing to the activities of
natural enemies and the occurrence of heavy rains. Stem-boring
caterpillars and sucking insects also caused some injury to growing rice.

Rhinoceros beetles [Oryctes rhinoceros'] and red weevils [Rhynchophorus
ferrugineus] do considerable damage to coconut trees ; any substance
in which they are likely to breed should be promptly destroyed. An
unusually bad outbreak of Brachartona catoxantha occurred in Perak
and lasted from February to September. The palms, however,
recovered remarkably quickly towards the end of the year. Locusts
have not caused much trouble during the year ; swarms appeared in
various districts, but no extensive oviposition seems to have occurred.

Snyder (T. E.). " White Ants " as Pests in the United States and
Methods of Preventing their Damage.— C/.5. Dept. Agric.^
Washington, B.C., Farmers' Bull. 1037, June 1919, 16 pp., 11 figs.
[Received 9th October'1919].
The bulk of the information in this bulletin on termites has been

previously noticed [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 147].

521

Insect Enemies and Diseases of the Tomato. — U.S. Dept. Agric,
Washington, D.C., Dept. Circ. 40, June 1919, 18 pp. [Received
9th October 1919].
Popular information is given with regard to damage by, and remedial
measures against the most common tomato pests and diseases.

Chittenden (F. H.) The Striped Cucumber Beetle and its Control.—

U. S. Dept. Agric, Washington, D.C., Farmers' Bull. 1038, May
1919, 19 pp., 15 figs. [Received 9th October 1919.]

Diabrotica vittaia, F. (striped cucumber beetle) is one of the most
serious pests of Cucurbitaceae in the United States. In addition to the
direct injury to the plants caused by the larvae and adults, the beetles
are responsible for the spread of Bacillus tracheiphilus, the bacterial
Avilt infesting these plants.

The bulk of the information here given Avith regard to D. vittata
has been noticed elsewhere [see this Review, Ser. A, v, pp. 370, 529
and vi, p. 459.].

Its natural enemies include the Tachinid flies, Celatoria diabroticae,
Shimer, and Chaetophleps setosa, Coq. ; the predatory bugs, Sinea
diadema, F., Perilhis biocidatus, F., &ndNabis ferus, L. ; and a Carabid
beetle, Pferostichus hicublandus, Say. A mite, Vropoda sp., especially
infests this beetle on plants grown under glass. A fungus, Meta-
rrhizium anisopliae, attacks the adults and Beauveria globulifera the
larvae. A list of birds that devour these beetles is also given.

Jarvis (E.). Insect Pests of the Rosella. — Queensland Agric. JL,
Brisbane, xii, no. 2, August 1919, pp. 69-74, 1 plate.

The Chrysomelid beetle, Nisotra breweri, of which the native food-
plant in Queensland is Commersonia echinata, has now become a pest
of the imported Jamaica sorrel or roselle {Hibiscus sabdarijfa). The
eggs are deposited in damp soil at a depth varying from \ to | an inch
either singly or in batches of from two to eight. These hatched in
about eight or ten days in cages. If exposed to the air they shrivel
after seven days, and in direct sunlight at a temperature of about 106° F.
they are killed in about 3 hours. The adults oviposit freely when
placed in cages. Under field conditions an average of about 5 eggs
a day are deposited during April, but during the cooler weather of May
only half this number is laid. Each beetle deposits about 270 eggs.
In captivity the oviposition period covered 68 days. The larvae and
pupae may be found in the soil close to the infested plants ; the former
probably subsist on the roots. This pest damages the plant by eating
the bark of the young shoots, sometimes completely girdhng the stem.
The injury thus caused encourages the growth of fungoid diseases.
Leaves of the plant are also attacked by the adults.

The beetles may be collected by shaking the bushes over tarred
screens. The ground around the plants should be hoed at intervals
to a depth of about 2 in. to expose the eggs and larvae to the air and
to predaceous enemies such as Pheidole megacephala and other ants.

Other insect pests of H. sabdariffa in Queensland include : a Lagriid,
Lagria cyanea, Macl., a Chrysomelid, Rlujparida disco punclulata. Lea,
a Lymantriid, Euproctis sj)., a Pyrrhocorid, Dgsdercus sp., and a
Pentatomid, Agonoscclis rutilia, F.

(C618) B

522

Wilson (H. F.)- Common Insecticides ; their practical Value. —

Wisconsm Univ. Agric. Eayt. Sta., Madison, Bull. 303. June 1919,
15 pp., 4 figs.

Recent experiments carried out to ascertain the relative value of
various insecticides as such, and not as a control of any particular pest,
were made on the Colorado potato beetle [Leptinotarsa decemlinecda],
sawfly larvae on willows and blister beetles. Both under field and
laboratory conditions potato plants were chiefly used, as they are the
main crop in Wisconsin.

Magnesium arsenate is mentioned as a new insecticide, but was not
included in these tests.

Paris green apparently kills quickest, but it also has a tendency to
injure foliage and to settle quickly, and its adhesive qualities are not as
good as those of other insecticides. The amount recommmended is
1| to 2 lb. to 50 U.S. gals, of water.

Hydrogen lead arsenate is the most desirable poison, as although it
does not kill quite as quickly as Paris green, it adheres and spreads
well on plants, causing practically no injury to the foliage. Basic
lead arsenate is the safer form to use on tender plants in certain
climates, but it is undesirable as a spray against insects that are not
quickly affected by poison. From 2 to 2i lb. of powder to 50 U.S. gals,
of water or Bordeaux mixture is recommended against L. decemlineata.
For codling moth [Cydia poDiooiella] and leaf-feeding insects 1 lb. to
the same amount of water may be used ; this proportion with the
addition of 1 lb. of laundry soap to increase its adhesiveness may also
be used against cabbage caterpillars and other chewing insects.

Although zinc arsenite has a toxic power nearly equal to Paris green
it cannot be used for fruit trees owing to the damage caused to foliage,
but it is an efficient spray for L. decemlineafa. Used at a strength of
2 lb. of powder to 50 U.S. gals, of water or Bordeaux mixture
apparently no injury is caused to potato plants.

Calcium arsenate remains in suspension nearly as well as hydrogen
lead arsenate and adheres equally well under favourable conditions.
In certain forms its killing power is also nearly as good as that of lead
arsenate and it may be used with safety if hydrated or unslaked lime
is added in equal amounts. These experiments also included the testing
of several proprietary insecticides and these are classified according
to their efficiency.

Gentner (L. Ct.). Control the Cabbage Worm. — Wisconsin Agric.
Expt. Sta., Madison, Circ. 115, May 1919, 4 pp., 3 figs. [Received
9th October 1919.]

The use of lead arsenate and calcium arsenate sprays against the
cabbage butterfly [Pieris rapae] is advocated [see this Review, Ser. A,
vi, p. 201]. When used in the form of a dust these poisons may be
diluted with from 5 to 10 parts by weight of air-slaked lime.

Hinds (W. E.). Cotton Worm Control. — Alabama Agric. Expt. Sta.,
Auburn, Circ. 42, August 1919, pp. 63-67, 2 plates.

Attention is drawn to a probable outbreak of the cotton worm
[Alabatna argillacea] on cotton in Alabama during 1919. The remedial
measures advocated are the use of calcium arsenate and lead arsenate

523

sprays, of which two or three applications for the season should
completely protect the crop. [See also this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 694.]
The boll weevil [Anthonomus grandis] may be controlled with calcium
arsenate applied by means of a dust gun so as to drive the poison well
through the plants. This treatment should be applied weekly and
maintained as long as the cotton continues to grow and set bolls. This
measure is equally effective against A. argillacea.

Thomas (F. L.). The Argentine Ant and how to control it.—Alahama
Agric. Exp. Sta., Auburn, Circ. 39, December 1918, pp. 55-58
[Received 10th October 1919].

The bulk of the information contained in this popular bulletin
on the Argentine ant [Iridomyrmex humilis, Mayr] has already been
noticed, especially in respect of the methods of trapping [see this
Review, Ser. A, vi, p. 313].

The poison-bait recommended is composed of sugar 15 lb., water 7
U.S. pints, and tartaric acid ^ oz., boiled for 30 minutes and allowed to
cool. To this sodium arsenate | oz., dissolved in 1 U.S. pint of hot
water and well stirred, is added. This bait is rendered more attractive
by the addition of 1| lb. of honey and should remain effective for
several months.

Hinds (W. E.). Sweet Potato Root Borer {Cylas fonnicarius, 01.). —
Alabama Agric. Expt. Sta., Auburn, Circ. 37, February 1918,
8 pp., 1 plate. [Received 10th October 1919.]

This deals in a popular manner with the bionomics and control of
Cylas for micarius, 01. (sweet potato weevil).

The rules and regulations of the Alabama State Board of Horticulture
for preventing the introduction of this pest are given. The quarantined
area is defined and includes any area where sweet potatoes are grown
within five miles of any known point of infestation. Sweet potato
plants or other food-plants oW.formicarius may not be transferred from
infested territory to non- infested areas except when specially author-
ised ; this apphes also to nursery stock. These regulations took effect
from 1st February 1918 and replaced those dated 8th December 1917.

TiMBEELAKE (P. H.). Revlsion of the Parasitic Chalcidoid Flies of the
Genera Homalotylus, Mayr, and Isodromus, Howard, with
Descriptions of two closely related Genera. — Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.,
Washington, Ivi, pp. 133-191, 4 plates.

The members of the genus Homalotylus are of economic interest in
that they parasitise Coccinellid larvae, and two are known to attack
Chrysomelid larvae.

The new species described include : Homalotylus mexicanus reared
from material of Cerojmto yuccae, Coq., on agave in Mexico ; H. quaylei
reared from a CoccineUid associated with Pseudococcus citri, Risso,
in Sicily ; H. ofricanus, from Coccinellid larvae in South Africa ;
H. cocker elli, from Hyperasjns trimaculata, L., associated with
Dactylopius confusiis, Ckll., on Opuntia in Texas ; H. affinis, from
Hyperaspisosculans, Lee, in colonies of D. confusus, Ckll., in California ;

(C618) b2

524

H. brevicauda from a Scymnine larva associated with Orfhezia sp. on
HymenocJea monogijro in Mexico ; and H. hyperaspidis, from Hyper-
aspis undulata, Say, in Utah and California.

A new genus, Anisotyhis, is erected with A. {Homalotylus) similis as
the type, and A. similis fexanus, subsp. n., from Hyperaspis bigetninata,
Eand, and an undetermined Coccinellid larva in Texas, and A. similisr
utahensis, subsp. n., from Scymnns americanus, Muls., and *S. lacustris^
Lee, in Utah are described.

The species of the genus Isodromiis all parasitise Chrysopid larvae,^
and at least two of them, /. iceryoe, How., and /. niyer, Ashm., are also
known to attack Hemerobiids in the United States.

BretJiesia latifrons, gen. et sp. n., was reared from material of Icerya
purchasi, Mask., in Argentina. The actual host was probably a
Chrysopid or Hemerobiid predaceous on this scale.

Sanders (J. G.). General Information for Nurserymen and Shippers
concerning the Inspection and Transportation of Nursery Stock
in the United States and Canada. — Pennsylvania Depf. Agric.y
Bar. Econ. ZooJ.. Harrisburg, Circ. 7, January 1919, 22 pp.
[Received 13th October 1919.]

Short summaries are here given of the laws of different States in
North America, governing tlie inspection and transjjortation. etc., of
nursery stock, compiled under the name of each State as an easy
reference for nurserymen and shippers.

Maheux (G.). De la Protection des Plantes. — Minist. Agric. Proi\
Quebec, Bull. 42. Mav 1918, 30 pp., 36 figs. [Received 14th
October 1919.]

A brief and popular account is given of the most common pests
of Quebec, arranged under the headings of crops attacked. The usual
remedial measures are described and formulae for various insecticides
and fungicides are given. The text of the law of 1914 for the protection
of plants against noxious insects and diseases is appended. This
includes the prohibition during blossoming of the use of poison-sprays
that are toxic to bees.

Maheux (G.). Rapport de la Section Entomologique. — Rapport
Ministre Agric. Prov. Quebec, Quebec, 1917, pp. 141-144.
[Received 14th October 1919.]

During nursery inspections in the year ended 30th June 1917, few
insect attacks of importance were observed. Erlosoma {Schizoneura)
lanigerum (woolly apple aphis) occurred abundantly in a few localities
and threatened to become unusually plentiful in the following summer.
Great efforts have been made to keep the Province free from invasion
by Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Don. {Euproctis chrysorroea, L.) (brown-tail
moth) which causes such ravages in the United States. Each year
thousands of parasitic and predaceous insects are liberated along the
frontier, thus forming a natural barrier between the infested and
non-infested regions. A severe infestation of Agrotis {Noctua)fennica,
Tausch., occurred in one locality, all vegetation within an area of
about 15 acres being devoured by this cutworm.

t)2o

The organisation of the entomologi(;al section is explained.
Attempts have been made to popularise scientific knowledge for
the use of agriculturalists and growers by means of articles in the daily
papers and by the publication of special bulletins.

Maheux (G.). Report of the Provincial Entomologist. — Report
Minist, Agric. Prov. Quebec, Quebec, 1918, pp. 86-90. [Received
14th October 1919.]

Insect pests of vegetables during the year 1917-1918 included the
usual enemies of kitchen-gardens. Isolated attacks occurred of
Phorbia Jusciceps, Zett., on young beans, Bniclius pisorum, L. (pea
weevil), Psila rosae, L. (carrot fly), Ceramica {Mamestra) picla, Harr.
(zebra caterpillar) and Crioceris asparagi, L. (asparagus beetle).
Measures were taken against Agrotis {Noctua) fennica, Tausch. (black
army worm), mentioned in the preceding report as having done
considerable damage, and another cutworm, Hadena devastatrm,
Brace, which destroyed large fields of cereals in another locality.

Fruit pests included Aphis mali, F. (green aphis), Cydia (Carpocapsa)
pomonella, L. (codling moth), and Hemerocampa leucostigma, S. & A.
(white-marked tussock moth). Gooseberry and currant bushes Avere
attacked by Pteronua ribesii, Scop, (currant sawfly) and an Aphid,
Mgzus ribis, L.

Chapais (J. C). The Pepper and Salt Moth, Amphidasis cognafaria,
Gn. — 11th Ann. Kept. Quebec Soc. Prot. Plants from Insects and
Fungous Diseases, 1918-1919 ; Quebec, 1919, pp. 25-26. [Received
14th October 1919.]

Some account is given of the Geometrid, Amphidasis cognataria,
Gn., which the author has found feeding on plum trees, currant bushes
and on sweet clover, Melilotus alba. Slingerland and Crosby's descrip-
tion of the insect and its life-history are quoted. Arsenical poisons are
successful in keeping this moth in check.

Fetch (C. E.). Dusting and Spraying Suggestions for Quebec. — 11th
Ami. Rept. Quebec. Soc. Prot. Plants Jrom Insects and Fungous
Diseases, 1918-1919 ; Quebec, 1919, pp. 27-28. [Received 'Uth
October 1919.]

There is considerable difference of opinion as to whether calcium
arsenate is a safe insecticide to use with lime-sulphur. The author's
experience has been that f lb. used with 40 gals, diluted lime-sulphur
does not cause any injury. It has also been used at a strength of 10
per cent, as a dust mixture with equal parts of sulphur and talc.
With Bordeaux mixture on potatoes it is superior to Paris green or
lead arsenate. It cannot, however, be used alone. It is proposed
to test this substance over a period of five years and compare it with
lead arsenate. High grade calcium hydrated lime is recommended
as superior to stone or quick lime for insecticidal purposes.

Dust spraying proved almost doubly as expensive as the use of
liquids, but both methods have produced perfect fruit and foUage.
It is thought that when the cost of dusting has been reduced and
experience has produced better mixtures, dusting will become far

526

more popular. The folly of adopting spray calendars drawn up for
use in other locahties is pointed out ; local conditions should be studied
and the most suitable spraying system should then be developed,
since insects and diseases vary with the season and the locality.

McLaine (L. S.). The Present Situation of the Brown-tail Moth in
Eastern Canada. — 11th A^m. Bept. Quebec Soc. Prot. Plants jrom
Insects and Funguos Diseases, 191S-1919 ; Quebec, 1919, pp. 29-32,
4 figs. [Received 14th October 1919.]

While the province of Quebec has not yet been invaded by the
brown-tail moth [Nygmia phaeorrhoea, Don.], it is necessary to scout
and inspect the localities in close proximity to infested areas, the
insect being in some case no more than 20 miles from Quebec. An
open country such as Quebec, which contains many favourite food-
plants of this moth, such as cultivated and wild apple, wild cherry,
thorns and Amelanchier, would offer every encouragement to its spread.

In New Brunswick, no nests of N . phaeorrhoea were discovered in
1918-1919, this being the first time the province has been free from the
pest since 1910. The outbreaks are, however, more or less epidemic
in character and, under favourable meteorological conditions, are
likely to recur. Nests undoubtedly remain undiscovered under the
snow throughout the winter, the mortality in these being very low,
and these are responsible for maintaining an infestation which other-
wise would be exterminated.

In Nova Scotia, the pest was already established and spreading
before the Canadian Government took over the control work. The
climate is mild and favourable, and food-plants are much more
abundant, with the result that three examinations are necessary in
some localities, while in New Brunswick only one is made. In two
localities where thorn was heavily infested, hand-picking Avas
impracticable ; these areas were sprayed with oil and burned over.
The results were excellent in both cases. Although there has been a.
\ gradual reduction in the number of nests collected in Nova Scotia

-^ during the past few years, the brown-tail moth is still breeding

extensively, and vigorous campaigns are necessary to keep it in check.

The work of rearing parasites at Massachusetts has continued for
four years, over 100,000 parasites being imported into Canada. The
Braconid, Apanteles lacteicolor, Vier., has been recovered in New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia. The Tachinid, Co)npsilura eoncinnata,
Meig., has been liberated in Quebec, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia,
where its hosts are Hemerocampa leucostigma, Vanessa {Euvanessa)
antiopa, Datana minisira and Pieris [Pontia) rapae. The predaceous
beetle, Calosoma sycophanta, has also been liberated in Quebec, New
Brunswick, and Nova Scotia.

HuTCHiNGS (C. B.). The Imported Leaf Miner. — 11th Ann. Repf.
Quebec Soc. Prot. Plants Jrom Insects and Fungous Diseases,
1918-1919; Quebec, 1919. pp. 35-37, 6 figs. [Received 14th
October 1919.]

Kaliosysphinga dohrni, Tischb. (alder leaf-miner) has been causing
severe damage at the experiment farm at Ottawa to a fine collection
of alder trees, the leaves of which are disfigured by large brown

527

blisters. This sawfly appears in late May or early June and oviposits
through slits in the upper surface of the leaf. The eggs hatch in about
8 days and the young larvae begin to construct individual mines in
the leaves ; these later become joined up with other mines until the
entire parenchyma of the leaf is eaten out and the upper surface is
brown and badly blistered. After feeding for about three weeks
the mature larva drops to the ground, enters the soil to the depth of
about one inch and there constructs a cocoon in which it pupates,
the adult emerging about 3 weeks later. There are two generations
in a year, with sometimes a partial third, the broods overlapping.

Natural control seems to be exercised to a certain extent by a species
of mite and by a Hymenopterous parasite. Many of the adults have
been observed caught in spider webs, while many appear to become
imprisoned in their cocoons and never reach the surface of the ground.
Artificial control has been tried by means of several contact insecticides,
the best of which was 1 part kerosene emulsion to o parts v;ater, which
killed practically all the larvae if applied when they were young ;
when they have just hatched, 1 part kerosene emulsion to 7 of water
is effective. Certain species of alder seem to be immune to attack
by K. dohrni, probably owing to the thick and hard texture of the
leaves.

SwAiNE (J. M.). Some Insect Injuries in Woodlots. — lltli Ann. Rept.
Quebec Soc. Prot. Plants Jrom Insects and Fungous Diseases, 1918-
1919 ; Quebec, 1919, pp. 46-48. 6 figs. [Received 14th October
1919.]

Insect injuries to balsam and spruce in Quebec are described,
])articularly in regard to the insects infesting farm wood-lots. These
have undoubtedly arisen largely in consequence of the great outbreak
of the spruce bud-worm [Tortrix fumiferana] that occurred in the
western half of the Province several years ago [see this Review, Ser. A,
vii, p. 299]. Particular injuries dealt with are those caused by the
eastern balsam bark-beetle, PiiyoUeines spars us, Lee, erroneously
referred to in a previous notice [loc. cit.] as Ips bcdsameus, Lee, and
by the eastern balsam bark- weevil, Pissodes dubius. Rand. The eggs
of the latter are laid in early summer in small punctures cut in the
bark of the trunk of healthy or weakened balsams. The egg-punctures
are arranged in groups and form conspicuous patches owing to the
dried balsam that exudes from the tree. The larvae excavate long
winding mines between the bark and wood. The young beetles,
after maturing in the end of the larval mines, emerge through the bark
early in the following season. The injury to young balsam has been
extensive and spruce is suffering in a less degree from similar causes.

The bronze birch borer [Agrilus anxius] caused the death of many
white and yellow birches in the summer of 1918. The infested trees-
die gradually from the top downwards. By the time the top of the
tree is dead, the grubs are constructing their tunnels in the apparently
healthy bark below, and cutting of! the tree top generally only checks
the attack temporarily. All trees found infested should be cut and
utilised the same winter. Destruction of infested trees before June
will check the spread of the beetles.

528

Du Porte (E. M.). Insect Carriers of Plant Diseases. — lltli Ann.
Rept. Quebec Soc. Prot. Plants Jrom Insects and Fungmis Dise/ises,
1918-1919; Quebec, 1919, pp. 59-65.

There are many ways in which disease may be spread among plants
through the agency of insects, and there is a general similarity between
these and those by which disease is carried by insects among men and
animals. This paper summarises much of the present knowledge
on this subject. The question is raised whether the same organism
can normally attack both an animal and a vegetable host ; investiga-
tions up to the present have given mostly negative results. An
exception, however, is the causal organism of the bud-rot disease of
the coconut, a bacillus indistinguishable from Bacillus coli, which
lives in the intestines of man and other animals. OpJiionectria coccicola,
a fungus infesting scale-insects, has been known to pass from scales
to orange twigs, causing gummosis. A case in which the evidence
indicates that an insect may serve as host of an organism normally
parasitic on plants is that of the beet leaf-hopper, Euttelix teneJhi,
which spreads curly-leaf disease of beets in the south-western states.
Investigations have shown the necessity of an incubation period in
the body of the insects before they can transmit the disease [see this
Review, Ser. A, v, p. 492], and they are therefore not merely mechanical
inoculators.

Among the insects that have been proved responsible for the spread
of fire-blight {BaciUus amylovonis) are various Rhynchota, such as
Aphis pomi, deG., Lygus pratensis, L., Adelphocoris rapidus, Say, Ca)ii-
pylommaverbasci, H.S., Orthotylusflavosparsus, Sahib., and Poeciloscytus
basalis, Rent., while any sucking insect feeding on infected trees is a
potential carrier. The European apple-tree canker {Nectria ditissima)
is often spread by means of Aphids. Boring insects that transmit
disease include the fruit bark-beetle, Scolytus {Eccopiogaster) rugidosii.i.
which is a carrier of fire-blight, and the Longicorn, Leptoslylus macula,
which carries the chestnut blight fungus, EndotJda parasitica. Leaf-
eating insects may convey disease organisms on their bodies and intro-
duce them into the tissues on which they feed. In this way Diabroiicn
vittata (striped cucumber beetle) causes the spread of bacterial wilt
of cucurbits {Bacillus tracheiphilus), D. duodecimpunctata being a
carrier of secondary importance. The larvae of Phytometm (Plusia)
sp. disseminates black rot of crucifers, and Leptinoiarsa decemlineala
(potato beetle) the brown rot of Solanaceous plants.

Indirect inoculation may take place, owing to the presence of
wounds on the trees, depending largely on the ability of the virus
to enter through stomata or water-pores or to pierce the epidermis ;
such a case is instanced in the spread of fireblight by bees and flies.
The numerous wounds made by insects in plants greatly increase the
chances of infection, e.g., egg-punctures of Oecanthus nigricornis
(striped tree-cricket) in raspberry canes encourage the growth of the
bUght, Leptosphaeria coniothyrium, while in apple the punctures of
0. niveus (snowy tree-cricket) encourage the same disease. Curcu-
Uonids make j^unctures through which brown rot fungus can enter,
and various cane borers encourage the Trichosphaeria disease of
sugar-cane.

The possibility of hibernating insects remaining infective throughout
the winter has received considerable attention, and it has been found

529

that Diabrotica vitiata retains the organism of cucurbit wilt in a viable
condition for at least six weeks when the insect is placed in cold storage.
Attempts to recover the spores of late blight from hibernated indivi-
duals of L. decemlineata have not as yet been successful.

A consideration of these facts makes it evident that many fungous
diseases can be more effectively controlled by insecticides than by
fungicides. For example, young apple seedlings in one nursery that
were constantly dipped in kerosene emulsion and thus kept free
from Aphids were free from blight disease, while in surrounding nurseries
it was very prevalent.

LocHHEAD (W.). Some Common Things on the Farm. — 11th Ann.

Kept. Quebec Soc. Prot. Plants from Insects and Fungous Diseases,
1918-1919; Quebec, 1919, pp. 66-71, 9 figs. [Received J ith
October 1919.]

This paper is a synopsis of an illustrated address given to teachers,
children and parents, dealing with the more common insect pests,
fungous diseases, weeds, etc.

Dendy (A.) & Elkington (H. D.). On the Prevention of Heating in
Wheat by Means of Air-tight Storage. — Kept. Grain Pests (War)
Committee, Royal Society, London, no. 5, July 1919, 10 pp., 2 figs.
[Received 15th October 1919.]

With reference to the efficacy of airtight storage for dealing with
infested grain [see this Review, Ser. A, vii, p. 94] the possibility of the
process known as '' heating " under these circumstances has been the
object of recent experiments. Previous literature on the same subject
is reviewed.

These observations show that not only does " heating " not take
place under airtight conditions, but this treatment also prevents the
growth of moulds, even in the presence of excess of moisture. The
experiments were carried out on small quantities in thermos flasks, and
owing to the purposely exaggerated moisture the wheat became acid.
This may impair its milling value, but there are no grounds for believing
that this acidity could develop in normally dry wheat under similar
conditions. The limit of safety as regards moisture for wheat intended
for prolonged treatment requires further investigation on a larger scale.
The temperature charts given present two distinct maxima, suggesting
the presence of two distinct processes of fermentation. The first is due
to enzymes in the grain itself, whilst the second may be due to microbic
fermentation resulting in the rotting of the wheat.

Deslandes (E. a.). Entomologia para Uso das Escolas Agricolas do

Brazil. — Lairas, Minas, 1919, 2nd edition, 66 pp.

This little book aims at giving elementary instruction in entomology.
The first part deals with the anatomy and physiology of insects, and
the second with taxonomy. The collection and destruction of
injurious insects is the subject of a special chapter.

530

Gang und Stand der Schweizerischen Landwirtschaft im Erntejahr

1917. — [Swiss Agriculture in 1917 .}—Landivir(schftl. JaJirbmh d.
Schiveiz, Berne, xxxiii, no. 2, 1919, pp. 82-99.

Apple trees were injured by Anthonomiis [pomorum] and stone-fruits
by Hyponomeuta. Injury by Cheimatobia [brumata] was less pro-
nounced. The vine-moths [Clysia ambiguella and Polychrosis botrana]
appeared later than in other years and were not very harmful. Owing
jjartly to comparatively late sowing, oats suffered considerably from
the attacks of the frit-fly [OscineUa frit], so that in some localities the
fields had to be ploughed up.

B.4LL0U (H. A.). Report on Cacao Thrips, etc. in Grenada. — Bepr. to
the Governor of the Windivard h-lands, Grenada, 7th Februarv 1919,
pp. 2-14. [Received 15th October 1919.]

The object of the investigations recorded in this paper was to
examine cacao ])lantations in Grenada suffering from attacks of the
cacao thrips \Heliothrip)S rubrocinctus] with special reference to the
value of spraying. The conditions with regard to thrips were much
the same as in previous years, though there has been some change in
the local incidence of this pest. On the whole, the south and west of
Grenada appear to offer the most favourable conditions for thrips. It
is expected that the cacao crop of 1919 will be a small one, which is only
to be expected after the unusually large crops of the previous years.
The lack of commercial fertilisers is also considered to be to
some extent responsible for the shortage of the present crop.

The cultivation practised on cacao estates in Grenada is on the whole
very good, and still improving, more attention being given to the
construction of drains, and to the extensive use of manure, mulch and
soil covers. The connection between shade and drainage is discussed,
the cacao plants as a rule requiring more drainage when provided with
less shade, for if the growing roots are exposed under a thin covering of
soil to the hot sun without a sufficient supply of moisture, serious injury
will result. Probably this is the explanation of the frequently expressed
opinion that attacks of thri})s occur only in cacao with a western
aspect. Plantains, beans and other cover plants are frequently used
on exposed patches of soil.

The practice of spraying cacao has been revived only since 1910.
Bordeaux mixture with Blackleaf 40 is considered more lasting in its
effect than soap and nicotine ; both mixtures kill a high percentage
of the thrips, but re-infestation occurs within a short time. There
are at present no figures available to show the amount of damage done
by thrips, but in some cases there is undoubtedly a considerable loss
of crop and some trees have died.

It is considered very desirable that experiments should be under-
taken to determine the conditions that lead to outbreaks of thrips in
certain localities. In the author's opinion, injurious attacks of thrips
are entirely secondary and dependent upon some entirely physiological
condition in the plant [see this Review, Ser. A, iii, p. 582]. This would
explain the fact that many trees remain perfectly healthy although
thrips are present all the time. It is recognised by most cacao
planters that cultural methods are necessary in every attack of thrips ;

531

in fact by many, such remedies are considered more valuable than
spraying. It would be a great advantage if certain thrips- infested
areas of cacao could be kept under observation for a period of years
and experiments made to comj^are the value of certain cultural methods
and of spraying.

Weather conditions appear to have a considerable influence on the
abundance of thrips. If during the normally dry season (February to
May or June) there are frequent showers, thrips are likely to be more
numerous ; the reason for this is not definitely known. The processes of
draining, bedding, forking and the use of mulches and manures are
discussed. It is suggested that in certain localities where drainage is
ample and yet thrips persist, a few, perhaj^s one in four, of these drains
should be filled in by making a layer of stones 6 to 8 in. deep at the
bottom and then filling up to the ground level with leaves, bush,
manure, and any organic matter that would rot and assist the growth
of the roots. These would continue their function as drains for some
time, and before they became useless as drains the trees should have
made such vigorous growth and increased their yield sufficiently to pay
for the construction of new drains if necessary. On estates where the
soil is thin a constant cover of mulch should be maintained, composed
of any organic matter and laid perhaps half knee deep.

The cacao beetle [Stirastoma depressum, L.] is confined almost
entirely to the leeward side of the Island. It is suggested that trapping
the beetles, which has proved successful in Trinidad [see this Review,
Ser. A. i, p. 122, etc.]. should be more generally practised. The mealy
bug [Pseudococcus cifri] and the black or acrobat ant [Cremastogaster
sp.] are still prevalent in some localities [see this Review, Ser. A, iii,
p. 583] ; for the former, a wash containing 5 lb. Scalo and | lb. Blackleaf
10 to 100 gals, water is a satisfactory insecticide, and should also be
effective against the ants, provided that all the nests on the trees are
exposed before spraying.

Williams (C. B.). Sugar-Cane Varieties and Froghopper Blight in

Trinidad. — Bull Depf. Jgric. Trinidad and Tobago, Port-oJ-Spain,
xviii, no. 2, 8th September 1919, pp. 70-83.

The different varieties of sugar-cane grown in Trinidad are discussed
as regards their relative immunity to frog- hopper blight. Although
no variety was found to be totally immune, resistance varies
considerably and is also influenced by the soil and climatic conditions.

Urich (F. W.). Control of the Cacao Thrips in Trinidad and Tobago. —
BidL Dcpf. Agric. Trinidad and Tobago. Port-oJ-Spain, xviii, no. 2,
8th September 1919, pp. 8^97, 16 figs.

A popular description is given of the life-history, damage by and
remedial measures against the cacao thrips [Helioihrips rubrocinctu^].
The bulk of the information given has been noticed elsewhere [see this
Rerieiv, Ser. A, vi. p. 496, etc.].

532

Work connected with Insect and Fungus Pests and their Control.—

Rejpt. Agric. Dept. Dominica 1918-19, Barbados, 30th August 1919,
.. pp. 13-15.

A Longicorn, Leptosfylus praemarsus (lime-tree bark-borer), has
been found in freshly killed lime trees in Dominica. This beetle
apparently completes its life-cycle in dead wood, and although it has
little influence on healthy tissue, it hastens the death of diseased trees.
Clean cultivation is the most important remedial measure. Dead
patches should be cleaned and smeared with tar.

Attention is called to the fact that though Aleurocantkus ivoglumi
(black fly of citrus) is not present on the island, it may be introduced
at any time in spite of the precautions taken to prevent this.

Vayssiere (P,). La Lutte centre le Criquet p61erin en Afrique. —

Jl. d^ Agric. Trap., Paris, xix, no. 161, 30th September 1919. pp.
305-307,

Much of the information contained in this paper on locusts has
already been noticed [see this Review, Ser., A, vii, p. 432].

Vayssiere (P.). L'Etude des Ennemis des Plantes aux Colonies. —

JL d' Agric. Trop., Paris, xix. no. 161, 30th September 1919, pp.
320-321.

Attention is drawn to the necessity of forming some organisation
throughout the French colonies to deal with the insect and fungus
pests affecting economic plants. Similar organisations existing in
other countries are quoted as examples.

Bazile (G.). Nouveaux Precedes de Destruction des Acridiens. —

C. R. Hebdoni. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxix, no. 12, 22nd September
1919, pp. 547-549.

The campaign against locusts in question has been previously
noticed [see this Review, Ser, A, vii, p. 432]. Similar experiments were
carried out in Algeria, where the value of flame-throwers as a means of
destroying Schistocerca fatarica was confirmed. Spraying with 25 lb.
heavy coal- oil to 5 lb. of black soap and 47 gals, of water is recommended
where the burning of trees is not advisable. Carbon oxychloride and
tin chloride were tested but did not prove successful.

Froggatt (W. W.). The Native Lime Tree Borer {Citriphaga
mixta, Lea). — Agric. Gaz. N. S. W., Sydney, xxx, no. 4, 2nd April
1919, pp. 261-267, 4 figs. [Received 20th October 1919.]

During 1918 a Longicorn beetle was found attacking "native
lime " trees {Atlantia glauca) in New South Wales. A new genus,
Citriphaga, has been erected for its reception by Lea, whose description
of the species is appended.

The eggs of C mixta are laid in the bark a few inches above the
ground. The larvae bore up the stem for about 4 or 5 feet, causing
gumming of the damaged wood. Several larvae may work side by
side, thus riddling the w^hole stem. The duration of the larval stage
is about 10 months and that of the pupa from 4 to 6 weeks. It is not
unlikelv that C. mixta mav attack cultivated Citrus trees.

533

EsAM (G.). Control of Red Mite and Woolly Aphis in Nursery Stock.—

New Zealand Jl. Agric, Wellington, xix, no. 2, 20th August 1919,
pp. 94-96.

Experiments made to ascertain a cheap but efltective spray against
red mite [Tetranychus] and woolly aphis [Eriosoma lanigerum] are
here described, and the results show that lime-sulphur is as effective
against Tetranychus as Blackleaf 40, but that the latter is essential
where woolly aphis is present. Spraying lor red mite should be carried
out soon after the first mites hatch from the summer eggs and before
the winter eggs are laid. For this purpose three applications in October
have proved efficacious in New Zealand, but further observations are
being made to confirm this. This treatment is equally well suited to
orchard and nursery stock.

Weiss (H. B.). Notes on Gargaphia iiliae, Walsh, the Linden Lace-Bug,
— Proc. Biol. Sac. Washington, D.C., xxxii, no. 33, 30th September
1919, pp. 165-168.

During 1918 and 1919 the lace-bug, Gargaphia iiliae, Walsh, was very
abundant in Philadelphia. The egg and 5 nymphal stages are des-
cribed. The eggs are inserted in clusters in the lower leaf surface of
limes about the end of May or beginning of June, soon after the appear-
ance of the adults. They hatch in about a week and the nymphs, which
feed on any part of the leaf, are carefully guarded by the female. The
combined nymphal stages last about 3 weeks. The adults of the first
brood aj)pear during the end of June and beginning of July, after which
eggs are again laid ; the second generation hibernates in the adult form
and reappears in the following spring.

RuMSEY (W. E.). Biennial Report of the State Entomologist, July
1st 1916-June 30th 1918. — 3;(/ Bienn. Rept. W. Virginia Dept.
Agric, Charleston, 1917-18, pp. 43-56, 5 figs. [Received 21st
October 1919.]

In the southern counties of West Virginia the San Jose scale [Asjiidio-
tus perniciosus] caused considerable damage to peach trees in 1917.
Instructions were given with regard to spraying against this pest, and
spraying demonstrations also included measures against codling moth
[Cydia pomoneUa] and plum curculio [Conotrachelus nenuphar].

A scale, Chionasjns salicis, was intercepted on lilac from Holland.

RuMSEY (W. E.). The Periodical Cicada or so-called Seventeen-year
Locust in West Virginia 1919. — West Virginia Dept. Agric,
Charleston, November 1918. Bull. 37, 8 pp., 1 plate. 3 figs.
[Received 2 1 st October 1919.1

A fist is given of the counties in West Virginia in which brcod x of
the periodical cicada [Tibicen se/ptemdecini] was expected to appjar in
the spring of 1919. The life-history and remedial measures are
described [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 369, and vii, p. 381]. The
natural enemies include a large digger wasp, pigs, poultry, birds and
various wild animals, which devour both the mature nymphs and
adults. The next brood is expected in 1923.

534

Destruction of Agricultural Pests. — Ann. Rept. Director oj Agric.
1918-19, Nicosia, Ci/prus, 1919, pp. 16-17. [Received '21st
October 1919.]

Although attacks by the vme sirividhi [Zygaena cunpclophagci] were
lefis numerous than in the previous year, the campaigns against this
pest and also against codling moth [Cydia ponionella] were continued
in 1918. Systematic measures against Eurytoma amygdali, a Chalcid in-
festing almonds, were undertaken during July, August and September,
including the collection of fallen infested almonds and their destruction.
Phthorimaea opercidella {Lita solaneUa) was found damaging potatoes.
Over 8,000 apricot and Kaisha trees were attacked by larvae of an
unidentified Tineid moth.

Carpenter (P. H.) & Andrews (E. A.). Report on Tea Mosquito
Blight. — Planters' Chronicle, Bangalore, xiv, no. 38, 20th Septem-
ber 1919, pp. 634-639.

Further investigations have been made with regard to the determina-
tion of the factors governing infestation of tea in India by the tea
mosquito [Helopeltis theivora], [see this Review, Ser. A, ii, p. 430].
All observations show that healthy plants suffer comparatively little,
and as their vigour depends chiefly on soil conditions [loc. cit., vi, p.
314], these and climatic conditions are indirectly responsible for the
amount of infestation. Various suggestions are made for improving
water-logged soil, as excess of soil humidity encourages infestation
by impoverishing the plants. The numerous sprays tried have not
proved successful, but these experiments are being continued. For-
malin has been found effective, but only at a strength that causes
scorching of the foliage.

El Algodonero en Colombia. — Revista Agricola, Bogota, iv, nos.
5, 8 & 9, May, August & September 1918, pp. 263-270, 503-512
& 551-567, 6 figs. [Received 21st October 1919.]

In the course of this paper on cotton cultivation in Colombia, some
account is given of the insect pests of this plant, including Anthononms
qrandis, which has not yet appeared in Colombia ; Heliothis varia
[? obsoleta], a Noctuid commonly found in all cotton-growing regions,
including Colombia, and causing much damage in the larval stage ;
Alabama (Aletia) argillacea, which is found in most Colombian planta-
tions of tobacco, cotton, maize and tomatoes, the larvae eating the
young, tender leaves and flowers.

Minor pests include a beetle, Ataxia crypta, which oviposits in the
young shoots, and a cotton-stainer, Dysdercus suturellus, which is
abundant in cotton plantations in low-lying districts. General
methods of control are discussed for these insects, and the importance
of protecting insectivorous birds and mammals is emphasised.

Beeson (C. F. C). The Food Plants of Indian Forest Insects. Part
IV. — Indian Forester, Allahabad, xlv, no. 9, 15th September
1919, pp. 488-495.

This continuation of lists previously noticed [see this Review, Ser.
A, vii, p. 403] includes the Lamiids : Apriona cinerea, Che v., on

535

Morus indica ; A. gerniari, Hope, on Ficus infedoria. Moms indica,
M. alba and Broussonelia papi/nfeta ; A. rugicoUis, Chev., on Moras
uJba ; Balocera albofasciata, DeG., on Castilloa elastica, Erythrina
indica, Ficus elastica and F. hispida ; B. roylei, Hope, on Mangifera
indica ; B. rubus, L., on Albizzia lebbek, Hevea braziliensis, Moringa
'pterygosperma, Bonibax malabaricuni, Erythrina indica, Ficus carica,
F. elastica, F. glomerata and Mangifera indica ; B. tiiana, Thorns., on
Mangifera indica ; Coelosterna, scahrator, F., on Casuarina equisefifolia ,
Shorea robusta and Acacia arabica ; C. spinator, ¥., on Pyrus mains,
Rosa sp., Acacia arabica, Casuarina equisetifolia and Zizyphus jujuba ;
Dihammus fistulator , Germ., on Coffea sp., Ficus elastica and Theobroma
cacao ; Epepeotes lusctis, ¥., on Artocarpus integrifolia, Castilloa
elastica, Ficus hispida, Mangifera indica and Theobroma cacao ; 1
E. uncinatus, Gah., on Ficus elastica ; Glenea galathea, Thorns., on
Gmelina arbarea and Tectona grandis ; G. indiana. Thorns., on Tectona
grandis ; G. quatuordecim-maculata, Hope, on Pinus excelsa and P. longi-
folia ; G. spilota. Thorns., on Bond)ax malabaricum ; Haplohammus
cervinus, Hope, on Tectona grandis ; H. punctifrons, Gah., on Ficus
elastica ; Mecotagus tigrinus, OKv., on Ficus elastica ; Moechotypa
verrucicollis, Gah., on Hevea braziliensis ; Monochamus bimaculatus,
Gah., on Dalbergia sissoo ; Nupserha variabilis, Gah., on Tectona
grandis ; Sthenias grisator, F., on Chloroxylon sivietenia, Erythrina
indica. Moras alba, Nerium odorum, Rosa spp., Tabernaemontana alba
and Vitis vinifera.

The Lucanids : Cladognathus giraffa, F., on Picea morinda and
Qu^'.rcus sp. ; Dorcus antaeus, Hope, on Quercus iyicana ; Hemisodorcus
nepcdensis, Hope, on Cedrus deodora and Quercus sp. ; Lucanus lunifer,
Hope, on Machylus sp., Quercus dilafata and Q. incana ; Prosopocoelus
budda, Hope, on Picea ynorinda.

The PassaUds : Leptaulax dentatus, F., on Bombax malabaricum,
Ficus elastica and Shorea robusta ; Tiberioides kuwerti, Arrow, on
Juglans regia.

Paoli (G.). Notizie sulla Lotta contro le Cavallette nella Provincia
di Foggia nel 1919 e su Proposte di nuovi Metodi. [Notes on

anti-Locust Work in the Province of Foggia in 1919 and on
Suggestions for new Methods.] — Separate from La Propaganda
agricola e V AgricoUura pugliese, Bari, Ser. 2, xi, no. 15, 15th
August 1919, 5 pp.

In 1919 Dociostaurus maroccanus was again abundant in the province
of Foggia and as in the previous year the measures used were spraying
with sodium arsenite (0'75-2 per cent.) and spreading bran that had
absorbed nearly its own weight of sodium arsenite solution 4-6 per
cent. The bran was treated in an apparatus consisting of a tray
with a perforated bottom through which the bran falls into a truck,
owing to the to-and-fro motion of the tray on rails with a milled surface.
During its fall it is sprayed with the poison from a series of fine jets.
About 70 tons of bran were used. An experiment was made with
zinc phosphide dusted on the grass by means of insecticide bellows as
used in vineyards, and this method appears to be promising, though
the trial was not quite successful owing to the coarseness of the powder
and the late date of application, the grass being withered and no dew

536

being on it in the morning. Zinc phosphide has not been commonly
used as an insecticide ; it is said to give good results against cock-
roaches. A method suggested, but which could not be tested, was
crushing the locusts with a farm tractor with wide-flanged wheels.

GiRAULT (A. A.). Javanese Chalcid-Flies. — Tteubia, Batavia, i^
no. 2, August 1919, pp. 53-59.

The following are among the species recorded : Coccophagus tristis,
Zehnt., reared from pupae of Aleurodes bergi on sugar-cane at
Gordonvale, Queensland, and new to the Australian fauna ; Philo-
trypesis javae, sp. n., from fruits of a wild Ficus in Central Java ;
Ana-status locustac, sp. n., from Locustid eggs in twigs of Coffea robusta
in Eastern Java ; and Neocatolaccus vandinei. Tucker, infesting
Pachymerus sp. in Java.

RoEPKE (W.). Xyleborus destruens, Bldfd. (Col. Ipidae), schadlich

fur Djati (Tectona grandis). {Xyleborus destruens injurious to
Teak.] — Treubia, Batavia, i, no. 2, August 1919, pp. 68-71, 16
figs.

The Scolytid beetle. Xyleborus destruens, Bldfd., is common in Java
in old cacao plantations, where it abounds in old stems attacked
by canker. From the numerous bore-holes in the diseased tissues
cords of whitish, loosely-packed frass protrude. Until recently
diseased cacao trees were the only plants attacked, so that the injury
was of little economic importance, but A', destruens has now been
observed on young teak trees in Central Java, its habits there being
very different from those hitherto recorded. As Blandford's description
is incomplete both sexes of this beetle are re-described.

RoEPKE (W.). HyahpepJus smaragdinus. n. sp., eine neue Thee-
Capside aus Java (Rhynch. : Hem. Heteropt.). — Treubia,
Batavia, i, no. 2, August 1919, pp. 73-81, 5 figs.

A Capsid bug received in August 1918 from a tea estate near Soeka-
boemi, Java, is described as Hyalopeplus smaragdinus, sp. n., and
H. smaragdinus f. rubiniis, n., is described from a female received in
November 1918 from the neighbourhood of Buitenzorg. The
differences between this species and CalUcratides ramah, Kirby, which
occurs on tea in Ceylon and belongs to a genus wliich has been held
to be synonymous with Hyalopeplus by 0. M. Renter, are noted. A
note at the end of this paper states that another female recently
received appears to be H. vitripennis, Stal.

During its entire development the bug lives in the flower-buds of
the tea plant, being found in young buds as well as in those about to
open. It bores with it proboscis into the closed perianth until the
point penetrates one of the pollen sacs, which is sucked out. The
tissue around the puncture is not discoloured and the injury seems
limited to a few anthers, so that the development of the bud should not
be prevented : this point, however, requires further investigation. In '
captivity the bugs refused to feed on any other part of the j^lants,
even very tender tea-shoots being rejected. As tea is not native

537

to Java these Capsids must have wild food-plants, possibly Shima
noronhae, a Ternstroemiaceous plant with leaves resembling those
of tea. The eggs are laid in the tea flower-bud, and this must injure
the bud more than the puncture does. Two parasites, a Chalcid and a
Proctotrupid, were reared from the eggs. The egg-stage probably
lasts 10-14 days. The larvae reach maturity in 9-10 days ; the
first moult taking place a day after hatching, the others following at
intervals of 1 or 2 days. The larvae are sluggish, unlike the adults
which are restless and active flyers.

Leefmans (S.). Levenswijze van een aan Orchideeen schadelijke
Crioceris spec. {suhpoUta, Motsch.?). [The Life-History of a
Crioceris injurious to Orchids.] — Treubia, Batavia, i, no. 2, August
1919, pp. 82-89, 5 figs, 2 plates. [With an EngUsh summary.]

The egg, larva and adult of a Chrysomelid beetle, possibly Crioceris
subpolUa, Motsch., found in Java and Sumatra, are described. Both
larvae and adults injure various kinds of orchids, eating the flowers
by preference, but also the fruits and leaves. The eggs are laid on the
flowers or flower-stems and hatch in 4-5 days. The freshly-hatched
larva bears the egg-shell on its back during the first day, after which
it becomes covered with a thick layer of its own faeces. In 9-10 days
it reaches maturity, loosens the layer of excrement and constructs
a cocoon of a white frothy substance attached to some part of the
plant. Before pupating it remains inactive in the cocoon for 4-6
days. The pupal stage lasts 6-7 days and the beetle remains 2-3
days in the cocoon before emerging. The whole life-cycle thus lasts
from 25 to 31 days.

RoEPKE (W.). Mitteilung uber die javanischen Maulwurfsgrillen
(Orthoptera: fam. Gryllidae [^Achetidaej, subfam. Gryllotal-
pinen [Curtillinen]). [A Communication on the Javanese Mole-
Crickets.] — Treubia, Batavia, i, no. 2, August 1919, pp. 90^-97,
1 fig., 1 plate.

The conclusion is arrived at that there are two species of mole-
crickets in Java, Gryllotalpa hirsuta, Burm., and G. africana, P. B.
At Buitenzorg all the males of G. hirsuta proved to be apterous and the
females always macropterous. From Klaten an apterous female of
G. hirsuta was received.

As regards G. africana there is only a small percentage of brachyp-
terous males at Buitenzorg, and the females there are fully winged.
From Klaten brachypterous males were received in comparatively
large numbers and the females also included a small percentage of
brachypterous individuals. There does not appear to be any previous
record of brachypterous examjiles of G. africana or of apterous ones of
G. hirsuta.

ScHENK (P. J.). Vogelcultuur ten Bate van de Fruitteelt. [The
Breeding of Birds in Favour of Fruit Cultivation.] — Tijdschr.
Plantenziekten, Wageningen, xxv, no. 5, September 1919, pp.
161-173.

The best method of fostering birds in fruit-growing districts are
described.
(C618) •

y

t)EN Doop (J. E. A.). Gallobelicus nicotianae, Koningsberger.— £«Z/-.
Deli Proef station, Medau, Sumatra, no. 12, August, 1919, 9 pp.

A preliminary note on Gallobelicus nicotianae, Koningsberger,
a Capsid bug occurring on tobacco in Deli, has been published [see
this Revietv, Ser. A, vii, p. 251]. The female oviposits in the leaves.
The entire life-cycle is estimated to last 25-30 days. Immature
individuals are wingless ; in the last nymphal stage a pair of short wing-
sheaths appear. Mating usually takes place in the morning, the sexes
being about equal in number.

G. nicotianae is injurious in all its stages, the damage done being
due to the punctures produced. In the morning feeding chiefly takes
place on the upper surface of the leaves ; later in the day the bugs
seek shade and are to be found on the lower surface. Young leaves
are preferred. When the leaves grow larger the punctures increase
in size. The upper leaves are those chiefly attacked and it is unusual
for the ten lowest leaves to be injured. Infestation is at its maximum
at the end of May and beginning of June. The capture of these
Capsids with nets has been recommended, but the individuals that
fly up when disturbed represent one-seventh only of the total number.
Furthermore tobacco is a short-lived crop, and by the time G. Jiicotianae
appears in numbers, the plant has suffered permanent injury. This
method may be of use in estates at higher altitudes, where the Capsids
occur yearly and a careful watch is kept for their first appearance.
Contact insecticides are usually employed against sucking insects,
but as G. nicotianae is very mobile in all its stages, a stomach-poison
is required. A number of experiments were made with arsenic acid,
arsenious acid, copper sulphate, nicotine tartrate and strychnine
tartrate, but none of these proved suitable. A fluid stomach-poison
that will not repel the insects but rather attract them is necessary.
It must act quickly and be non-injurious to tobacco.

ScHOYEN (T. H.). Beretning om Skadeinsekter och Plantesykdommer
i Land- og Havebruket 1918. [Report on Insect Pests and
Fungus Diseases of the Field and Orchard in 1918.] — Christiania ,
1919,71pp., 44 figs.

Pests of cereals included wireworms, which did great damage all
over the country ; the larvae of Blitophaga opaca, L., damaging barley ;
Trachea {Hadena) secalis, Bjerk. ; T. (H.) basilinea, F. ; Tipula
oleracea, L. ; Hylemyia coarctata, Fall. ; and Hydrellia griseola, Fall.,
which was very abundant on wheat as well as on barley and oats in
many localities.

Oscinellafrit, L., did very great damage to barley in 1917, its attacks
being associated with a fungus, Pleospora teres, as well as Miris
(lolahratus, L., and Pediculoides graminum, E. Reut. During the
summer of 1918 the devastation became still more widely spread in
Hedmark. The first sign of attack was noticed on the 22nd June,
at exactly the same time as during the previous year, a coincidence
which is explained by almost identical climatic conditions, including
long periods of drought that came to an end on 19th June in 1917
and on 18th June in 1918. Although the outbreak was more wide-
spread in 1918 than in 1917, the injury caused to individual fields was
greater in 1917, which is possibly explained by the fact that both

539

Miris dolabratus and Pediculoides graminum were much I'ess common
in 1918. The scarcity of these pests is probably due to the fact that
both hibernate in the stubble and, as every straw was consumed as
forage in 1917, were killed instead of, as in normal times, being conveyed
with the straw to the fields in the manure. It is probable that the
great extension of the cultivation of barley during the war is partly
responsible for this outbreak, since this involved the ploughing up
of much pasture land inhabited by the frit fly, which was consequently
forced to attack barley. The flies of the first generation appear in
May or June according to the climatic conditions, each female deposit-
ing about 60 eggs on the leaves of the young plants, preferably on
oats and barley, but also on timothy and quickgrass. The young
larvae penetrate into the axis of the plants, cutting off the stalk and
causing the shoots to wither. At the base of these plants new shoots
may appear, which, however, are very often attacked by flies of the
first or the second generation and also succumb. The injury caused
by the first generation is the more serious the more unfavourable the
climatic conditions have been during the spring. The time of sowing
therefore plays a very important part, and in Central Europe experience
goes to show that the earliest sown plants usually escape injury,
whereas the latest sown ones suffer heavily. Experience in Hedmark,
however, is qm'te to the contrary, the latest sown fields as a rule
escaping injury far better than those sown earlier. This depends on
the climatic conditions prevailing during the spring in so far as that
the latest so'wn plants appeared above the ground at exactly the time
when rain set in, which rendered them far more resistant to attack than
the earlier sown ones that had suffered from drought. During this
great outbreak of the frit fly, it has been found that the oviposition
period is comparatively long, the different stages as a consequence
being found together. As a rule the flies of the sgcond generation
appear from the end of June to the beginning of July, attacking the
new shoots or the spikes that have escaped the first generation. The
flies of the third generation appear at the end of August and the
beginning of September, ovipositing on autumn-sown cereals or, in the
absence of these, on grasses. In order to prevent the attack of the
third generation the sowing of autumn cereals as late as possible is
suggested, though this procedure does not kill the fly, but only forces
it to attack grasses. In order to kill a proportion of the hibernating
adults sowing, as traps, strips of barley or rye and barley round the
fields so early that the plants are ready for oviposition at the end of
August is suggested. At the end of September these strips are ploughed
and the larvae thus buried in the ground. Other cereal pests included :
Osci)iella pusilla, Meig., on oats ; Chlorops taeniopus, Meig., on barley;
Aphis avenae, L., Macros ipJium granariinn, L., Lygus pratemis, L.,
Thrips sp., and the mites, Pediculoides graminum, E. Rent., and
Rhizoglyphus echinopus, F. & R.

Grasses were attacked by Charaeas graminis, L., of which there had
not been any outbreak since 1911, but which was very abundant in
many parts of the country and did great injury ; Hepialus lupulinus,
L., ; Amaurosoma flavipes, Fall. ; Hydrellia griseola, Fall. ; Oscinella
frit, L. ; and Philaemi^ spnmarius, L.

Peas and beans were attacked by Sitones lineatus, L., which did great
damage during the dry period at the beginning of the summer and a

540

thrips, probably Kalolhrips pisivorus, Westw. {Thrips fohustus, Uzel),
was recorded from one locality. On potatoes Cetonia aural a, L.,
occurred in two localities, and Gorti/na [Hydroecia) micacea, Esp., in
another.

Pests of Cruciferous plants included Julus londinensis, wireworms,
Blitophaga opaca, L., and Haltica nemorum, L., which last appeared in
enormous numbers during the dry period in May and June. Drought
being very favourable to these flea-beetles, the problem of combating
them is partly one of retaining the moisture in the soil. This may be-
effected by heavy manuring and thorough working of the soil, as well
as by spreading saltpetre on the top of the furrow immediately
after the seed has been sown. In several instances arsenical sprays
have been applied with great success. Ceulhorrhynchus sulcicollis,
Gyll., Pieris brassicae, L., P. napi, L., Polia {Barathra) oleracea, L., and
Barathra brassicae, L., were also recorded on cabbages, etc. Plutella
macidipennis, Curt., appeared in great numbers, and it is considered
likely that an outbreak of this moth will occur in 1919. Eurydema
oleraceum, L., Tipula oleracea, L., and Phorbia {ChortopliUa) brassicae,
Bch., were also reported.

Apple trees were attacked by Xyleborus dispar, F. ; Cantharis obscura,
L., which infested the blossoms ; Anthonomus piomonim, L., which was
present in exceptionally great numbers ; Aporia crataegi, L. ; Hibernia
defoliaria, CI. ; Cheimatobia brumata, L. ; Argyroploce {Olethreutes)
variegana, Hb. ; Cydia pomonella, L. ; Argyresthia conjugeUa, Z. ;
Hyponomeuta variabilis, Z. ; Blastodacna atra. Haw. {putripennella, Z.) ;
Leucoptera (Cemiostofna) scitella, Z. ; Coleophora sp. ; Cossus cossus, L. ;
Aphis pomi, DeG. ; Psylla pyrisuga, Forst. ; F. ; Taeniotlirips incon-
sequens, Uzel ; Euthrips pyri, Dan. ; Thrips flavus, Schr. ; Para-
fetranychus {Tetranychus) pilosus, C. & F. ; and Eriophyes jryri, Pgst.

Pests of pear trees, besides several of the foregoing, included
Melolontha hippocastani, F. ; Capsid bugs ; Eriocampoides limacina,
Retz. ; Contarinia {Diplosis) pyrivora, Ril. ; Perrisia (Dasyneiira) pyri,
Bch. ; and Paratelranyclius pilosus, C. & F.

Plums and cherries were attacked by Cheimatobia. brumata, L. ; Cydia
(Grapholitha) funebrana, Tr. ; Hyalopterus arundinis, F. {primi, F.) ;
Tetranychus telarius, L. ; Luperus rufipes. L. ; Episema {Diloba)
coeruleocephala, L. ; Argyresthia ephippiella, F. ; A. nitidella ; Aphis
cerasi. Gooseberries were injured by Pteronus {Nematus) ribesH, Scop. ;
Vanessa c-album, L. ; Thamnonorna ivavaria, L. ; and Eulecanium
{Lecanium) corni, Bch.

On currants Incurvaria capiteUa, CI., was more numerous than usual.
The larvae of this moth hibernate when half grown and enter the buds
in the spring, completely destroying them and often also excavating
the young shoots. At the end of May they are full grown and pupate
either in the groimd or on the bushes. In June the moths appear and
oviposit on the young berries, the young larvae entering the berries
and destroying the seed. In the middle of July the larvae leave the
berries and spin a white cocoon in which they hibernate. In experi-
ments with a lime-sulphur winter spray-, 82% of the larvae were killed,
with paraffin emulsion 65%, and with nicotine 22%. When the attack
is discovered in the spring, cutting off and burning the attacked buds
and shoots is recommended. Leaves of black and red currants mined
by the larvae of Incurvaria pectineci, Hb., weje sent from one locality.

541

Other currant pests inoluded : RhopalosipJmm lactucae, Kalt., and
Myzus ribis, L. Raspberries were injured by Byturus tomentosus F.,
Haltica rubi, Payk., and Lasioptera rubi, Heeg. ; and strawberries by
Jidus londinensis, Otiorrhynchus sulcalus, F„ Dolycoris baccarum,L., and
Tarsonemus fragariae, Zimm.

RosTRUP (Sofie). Jordlopperna. [Flea-Beetles.] — Vort Landbrug,
Copenhagen, xxxviii, no. 17, 1919.

On account of tbe serious devastation caused by flea-beetles in
Denmark an investigation was made by sending inquiries to farmers
in July 1918, and the following is a condensed report of the answers
received with regard to the circumstances under which the outbreaks
took place. The attacks occurred all over the islands and in the eastern
and northern part of Jylland, the middle and western part escaping.
The injury was most severe on the islands, especially on Sjaelland,
where 50% of the fields mentioned in the reports were completely
devastated, whereas on Jylland the corresponding nimiber was only
sixteen. All cruciferous plants were attacked, and resowing had to be
resorted to over a large area. The attack often originated in fields
with cruciferous weeds. In about 40% of the fields the attack started
during the germination period, in the rest after the plants had appeared
above the ground. The degree of injury decreised with the nature of
the soil in the following order : — clay, heavy loam, sandy loam and
sand. In Jylland ploughing took place to the same extent both in
autumn and spring ; on the islands, on the other hand, more than half
of the fields were ploughed in the autumn and only a few both in autumn
and spring. On the islands the attack was a little more serious on the
fields ploughed in spring, while in Jylland there was very little
difterence between the fields ploughed at different times, infestation
being less in fields ploughed both in autumn and in spring.

The moisture in the soil on the islands was greatest in the fields
ploughed during winter and least in those ploughed both in autumn
and spring. As was expected, the attack proved least severe where
the moisture was greatest. On Jylland no connection between the
degree of injury and the time of ploughing or the amount of moisture in
the soil could be detected. Spring manuring on Jylland did not
increase the injury caused by flea-beetles, whereas on the islands
greater damage was done where this was carried out. The condition
of the soil was found greatly to influence the degree of injury, more so
on the islands than on Jylland. When the soil was finely pulverised
and contained a suitable amount of moisture, the injury was far less
than when it was lumpy and dry. As regards the influence of the time
of sowing, it was found that on the islands the attack was a little more
severe on those fields sown in May than on those sown in April ; on
Jylland the injury increased as the date of somng advanced from the
end of April to the 20th May but, remarkably enough, decreased when
the sowing took place during the last 10 days of May. Most of the
answers emphasise the fact that in 1918 the sowing took place too late,
and early sowing or, in the case of turnips, very late sowing in June,
is strongly recommended.

On Jylland 59*^,', of the fields were rolled, on the islands only 33%.
When they were not rolled, the attack was much more serious, and

142

this was especially the case on light soils, where the percentage of
infestation was twice as high when they had not })een rolled. Many
farmers also favour rolling the fields because hoeing the weeds then
can begin before the plants appear above the ground, and because
germination is furthered by this method and the drying up of the soil
prevented. Hoeing the weeds before the i)lants appear has proved a
very good measure for controlUng flea-beetles.

Jackson (Miss D. J.). Further Notes on Aphides collected principally in
the Scottish Highlands. — Scot. Naturalist, Edinburgh, no. 93-91,
September-October 1919, pp. 157-165, 2 figs.

This list of Aphids includes : Macrosiphum dirhodum, Wlk., on
roses under glass in September ; M. epilobii, Theo., on terminal shoots
of willow herb {Epilobiiim) in August ; M. (jranarium, Kirby, on oats
in September ; M. lactucae, Schr., on currant and gooseberry in
September ; M. milJefolii, ¥., on Achillea millefolium in August ;
Acyrthosiphon (M.) pisi, Kalt., on broad beans and clover from June to
July and on beans and vetch in September ; M. rosae, L., on roses
under glass in September ; Amphorophora ampullata, Buckt., on the
undersurface of fern leaves in September ; Drepanosiphum platanoides,
Schr., on the undersurface of leaves of sycamore (Acer) in September
and preyed upon by Cecidomyid larvae ; RJwpalosiphum britteni, Theo.,
on gooseberry and currant in September ; Rhopalosiphum lactucae,
Kalt., on gooseberry in August, many individuals having been killed
by the fungi Empusa {Entomophthora) aphidis, and E. {Triplosporium)
Jresenii ; R. persicae, Sulz., on the undersurface of potato leaves in
September, many being killed by Empusa Jresenii ; Hyalopterus flavus,
Kittel (aquilegiae, Koch, trirhodus, Wlk.), on columbine {Aquilegia) in
July and September and preyed upon by Syrphid and Cecidomyid
larvae ; Aphis adjecta, Wlk., on chrysanthenum in July, parasitised by
a Chalcid, and also on Eryngium cdpinum. in September ; A. cardui,
L., on thistle {Cnicus arvensis'i) in August ; A. grossulariae, Kalt., on
gooseberry in September; A. ilicis, Kalt., on holly in September:
A. myosotidis, Koch, on Myosotis in July ; A. pnmi, Reaumur, on plum
in July; A. rumicis, L., on leeks in August; A. viburni, Scop., on
Viburnum in September ; A. achilkae, F., redescribed from examples
taken on Achillea millefolium in August ; Myzus crataegi, Wlk., on
hawthorn in July, many being killed by Cecidomyid larvae ;
M. Jcaltenbachi, Schon., on grass in July ; M. lactucae, L., on currant in
July ; M. solani, Kalt., on potato leaves in September ; M. whitei,
Theo., on gooseberry in August, when it was attacked by Empusa
fresenii, and also on currant in September ; Ccdlipterus quercus, Kalt.,
on oak in September ; Eucallipterus tiliae, L., on lime in September ;
Chaitophorus aceris, L., on sycamore in September ; Lachnus costata,
Zett., {fasciatus, Burm.) on spruce {Picea excelsa) in July ; Lachniella
cilicica, Del G., on silver fir {Abies pectinata)^ in September ;
L. juniperi, Y., on juniper in Kent in July.; L. laricis, Wlk., on larch
in June, July and September ; L. pichtae, Mordw., on Abies pectinafa
in September ; L. pini, L., on Scotch fir {Pimis sylvestris) in July ;
L. piinicola, Kalt. {ahietis, Wlk.) on Picea excelsa in July ; L. pini-
hahitans, Mordw., on Pinus sylvestris in September ; EidacJmiis az/ilis,
Kalt., on needles of Austrian pine {Pinus laricio var. austriaca) in July

543

and on P. sylvestris in August aud September ; Eriosotna lanigerum,
Haus., on elm in September; and Thecabius nffinis, Kalt., on
buttercup {Ranunculus) in July.

Bagnall (R. S.). Brief Descriptions of new Thysanoptera. X.~Ann.
& Mag. Nat. Hist., London, iv, no. 22, October 1919, pp. 253-277.
The new thrips described include : Aeolothrips fulvicollis on flowers
of Verbascum in India ; Ceratothrips gowdeyi on flowers of Solanum sp.
in Uganda ; Tryphactothrips roboris on flowers of Thunbergia laurifolia
in the Gold Coast ; Heliothrips bicinctus associated with H.femoralis on
various plants in hot-houses in England and Belgium, and also with
H. haemorrhoidalis on bananas in Spain; H. patter soni on Granadilla
leaves in the Gold Coast ; H. m inntissimus on violets in India ;
Dendrothrips indicus on leaves of arrowroot in India ; Frankliniella
raricornis on Petalostemon purpurenm in Canada ; Euthrips citricinctus
on arrowroot leaves in India ; E. cameroni on injured wheat stems in
Canada ; Haplothrips pictipes on diseased pepper berries in India ;
and Padothrips varicornis on flowers of sugar-bush (Protea) in South
Africa.

RoARK (R. C). Plants used as Insecticides. — Amer. Jl. Pharmacy,
Philadelphia, xci, nos. 1 & 2, January and February, 1919, pp.
25-37 and 91-107.

This annotated list, representing 135 genera, calls attention to
promising insecticidal plants for further investigations. The desir-
ability of finding new insecticides is pointed out, especially as the
present prices of arsenicals, pyrethrum, etc., are so high. The majority
of the plants listed probably have no commercial value at present, and
many are troublesome or dangerous weeds, and if they could be used for
insecticidal purposes, a market would be found for material that is at
present valueless or even the cause of direct loss, e.g., from stock
poisoning.

It is stated that tons of roots of Veratrum viride are used annually in
preparing hellebore, and that during the fiscal year 1916-17 more than
£40,000 worth of the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium were
imported into the United States.

Baker (A. C). Fitch's Thorn Leaf Aphis.— Proc. Biol. Soc. Washing-
ton, D. C, xxxii, no. 37, 30th September 1919, pp. 185-186.
The mention of Aphis crataegifoliae, Fitch [see this Review, Ser. A, vi'
pp. 212, 420] has resulted in many enquiries by entomologists in regard
to this name and that of A. brevis, Sanderson. Recent comparisons
show that A. brevis is a synonym of A. crataegifoliae, which is a distinct
species from A. bakeri, Cow. A. crataegifoliae should further be placed
in the genus Anuraphis, as also its close relative A. bakeri, both these
species living on rosaceous plants and migrating to clover during the
summer.

The Angoumois Grain Moth Poster. — Wkly. Press Bull., Pennsylvania
Dept. Agric, Harrisburg, iv, no. 41, 16th October 1919, 1 p.

As the Angoumois grain moth [Sitotroga cerealella] causes an annual
damage of over £200,000 in Pennsylvania, large posters are being

544

distributed in the infested counties describing its life-history. The
remedial measures advocated are the early threshing of grain, which
should be stored in deep tight bins in a granary away from the bam.
Threshed grain should be fumigated with carbon bisulphide at the rate
of one pint (1 pound) to each 100 bushels of grain or from 6 to 8 lb. to
each 1,000 cubic feet of space occupied by the grain. To prevent the
adults emerging and returning to the fields all infested grain should be
disposed of before 15th May and the barns thoroughly cleaned out.

Whitehouse (F. C). Entomological Report.— ^/i«. Rept. Dept.
Agric. Alberta 1918, Edmonton, 1919, pp. 152-153. [Received
28th October 1919.]

Grain Aphids and cutworms were very abundant on field crops
during 1918 in Alberta. Garden pests included : Euxoa ochrogasler
(red-backed cutworm) ; Hylemyia antiqua (onion maggot) ; Aphids ;
a spruce mite, which may be controlled by spraying with summer
strength lime-sulphur or with water under pressure ; Haltiai
himarginata (alder flea-beetle) ; Malacosoma disstria (forest tent
caterpillar) ; Western wheat-stem sawfly [Cephus occidentalis] ; sugar
beet webworm [Loxostege sticticalis], which caused serious damage to
cabbage, beets, peas, etc. ; and the red turnip beetle [Entomoscelis adoni-
dis], which did serious injury to cauliflowers, cabbages, turnips and
radishes.

Caesar (L.). Orchard Insects in Ontario in 1919.— Canadian
Horticultiirist, Toronto, xlii, no. 10, October 1919, pp. 241-242.

The codling moth [Cydia pomonella] was very abundant during the
year under review ; even in well-sprayed orchards the damage amounted
to 50% of the crop. The cherry and pear slug [Eriocampokles
limacina] was also very numerous. Other pests included the cigar
case-bearer [ColeopJiora fletcherella], against which sprays are most
satisfactory if applied before the blossoms burst; the pear psylla
[Psylh, pijncoW], agamst which a delayed dormant spray, containing
1 gal. of lime-sulphur to 8 or 9 gals, of water followed by the codling
moth spray containing 40% nicotire sulphate, proved most effective.

LEGISLATION.

Loi du 25 Septembre 1919 instituant des Syndicats obligatoires pour la
Defense contre les Sauterelles en Alg6rie.- JL d' Agric. Pratique,
Paris, xxxii, no. 36, 9th October 1919, pp. 725-726.

By an amendment of the law of 24th December 1888, concerning the
destruction of insects, fungi, etc., the extermination of locusts in
Algeria will be carried out in conformity with a new law which provides
for the est-ihli^-liment of local syndicates, of which all cultivators of the
soil will be compulsory members, to ensure the universal execution of
proper remedial measures. The cost of such measures is to be provided
for by the State.

NOTICES.

Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange
their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com-
municate with the Assistant Director.

The annual Subscription in advance to the Review, Series A
(Agricultural) is 12s. per annum, post free ; Series B (Medical and
Veterinary), 6s. per annum.

Orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant
Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 88, Queen's Gate, London,
S.W.7, or through any bookseller.

CONTENTS.

Page.

Africa, North : Measures against Locusts. . . . . . . . 532

Algeria : Legislative Measures against Locusts . . . . . . 644

Assam : Fruit Tree Pests 508

Australia : Insect Pests of Hibiscus sahdariffa in Queensland . . 521
Australia : . A new Longicorn, Citriphaga mixta, infesting Atlantia

glauca in N.S.W 532

Brazil : A Textbook of Agricultural Entomology . . . . . . 529

British Isles : Lepidopterous Pests of Roses . . . . . . 508

British Isles : Hylemyia antiqua miesting heeks . . .. .. 509

British Isles : Notes on Phytophagous Chalcids . . . . . . 517

British Isles : Notes on Coccids .. .. .. .. .. 518

British Isles : Notes on Aphids . . . . . . . . . . 542

Canada : The Com Ear- Worm in Consignments of imported

Tomatoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50(5

Canada : The Presence of Psylla mali in Nova Scotia . . . . 506

Canada : Pests intercepted in Quarantine in British Columbia . . 507

Canada : Notes on Thysanoptera from British Columbia . . . . 509

Canada : Regulations respecting the Inspection and Transporta-
tion of Nursery Stock . . . . . . . . . . . • 524

Canada : Insect Pests in Quebec in 1917 and 1918. . 524, 525, 529

Canada : Dusting against Orchard Pests . . . . . . . • 525

Canada : Measures against the Brown-tail Moth . . . . . . 526

Canada : Kaliosysphinga dohrni infesting Alders in Quebec . . 626

Canada : Pests of Balsam and Spruce in Quebec . . . . . • 52"

Canada : Insect Pests in Alberta in 1918 .
Canada : Orchard Pests in Ontario . .
Cetlon : Minor Insect Pests in 1919. .
Colombia : Notes on Cotton Pests
Cyprus : Insect Pests in 1918-19
Denmark : Measures against Flea -beetles

Crops..

France : The Effect of Heat on Clysia amhiguella . . . . . . 508

French Colonies : The Necessity for the better Organisation of

Economic Entomology ?^* . . i'^ . .■** .. .. •• 632

Hawaii : Lepidopterous Pests of Acacia koa . . . • 511

Holland : The Protection of Birds in Orchards 537

India : Notes on Coffee Pests S ^JJ

India : Coconut Pests in Travancore 506

India: A new Cerambycid infesting Pine Cones .. .. •• 517

India : Notes on Eelopeltis mfesting Tea 634

India : Coleopterous Pests of Forests 534

Italy : Measures against Locusts . . . . . ■ • • • • 535

Java : A Coccid infesting Sugar-cane . . 512

Java : New Chalcids 5.)b

infesting Cruciferous

544
544
519
534
634

541

CONTENTS— C07H.

PA6S

Java:'* Xyleborus destruens m]unou& to Tesik .. .. .. 536

Java : Hyalopeplnis smaragdinus, a new Capsid infesting Tea \ \ 536

Java : " A Species of Grioceris injurious to Orchids . . . . . , 537

Java : Notes on Mole-Crickets . . . . . . ] . ][ 537

Malata : Insect Pests in 1918 . . . . . . [[ [[ 520

Nevt Zealand : Measures against Orchard Pests . . . . . . 533

Norway : Insect Pests in 1918 . . . . . . . . [] 533

POETO Rico : Miscellaneous Insect Pests in 1917-18 *. . .. 514

Santo Domingo : Oi/Zas/ormieanM8 infesting Sweet Potatoes '. . 517

Switzerland : The Bionomics of Pieris brassicae . . . . . . 512

Switzerland : Insect Pests in 1917 53O

Sumatra : Notes on Epilachna dodecastigma . . . . . . 508

Sumatra : Notes on Gallohelicus nicotianae infesting Tobacco . . 538

Tonkin : Coffee and Rice Pests . . , . . . . . . . 518

Trinidad : Resistance of Sugar-cane Varieties to Froghopper

Blight 531

Trinidad : Control of the Cacao Thrips ... . . . . . . 53 1

U.S.A. : Notes on Bark-beetles . . . . . . . . ' , 605

U.S.A.: Measures against Pi/rattsfa wit&iZaHs .. .. .. 509

U.S.A. : Notes on Pelenomus sulcicollis in New York . . . . 507

U.S.A.: A Campaign against Grasshoppers in Okanogan . . .. 510

U.S.A.: Measures against i!/mpoasca maZi in Wisconsin .. .. 610

U.S.A. : PopilUa japoniea, introduced into New Jersey from Japan 511

U.S.A. : Measures against Aegeria exitiosa in West Virginia . . 512

U.S.A. : Notes on Lygus spp. in New York . . . . . . . . 516

U.S.A. : Spraying for Fruit Growers in Michigan 516

U.S.A. : Measures against Termites . , . . . . . . . . 520

U.S.A.: Tomato Pests 521

U.S.A.: The Striped Cucumber Beetle and its Control .. .. 521

U.S.A. : Measures against Pieris rapae in Wisconsin . . . . 522

U.S.A. : Cotton Pests in Alabama . . . . . . . . . . 522

U.S.A. : Baits for the Argentine Ant. . . . . . . . . . 523

U.S.A.: Measures against Ct/Zas /ormicari-MS in Alabama .. .. 523

U.S.A. : Notes on Chalcids of the Genera Homalotylus and

Isodromus . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523

U.S.A. Regulations respecting the Inspection and Transportation

of Nursery Stock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 524

U.S.A. : Oargaphia tiliae infesting Limes in Philadelphia . . . . 533

U.S.A. : Insect Pests in West Virginia in 1916-18 533

U.S.A. : The Periodical Cicada in West Virginia 533

U.S.A. : Measures against Sitotroga cerealella in Pennsylvania . . 543

West Indies : Insect Pests in Antigua in 1917-18. . .. .. 512

West Indies : Cacao Pests in Grenada . . . . . . . . 530

West Indies : Pests of CiMis in Dominica. . . . . . . . 532

The Relation of the Systematist to the Economic Worker in

Entomology .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 516

Comparisons of the Value of Insecticides . . . . . . . . 522

The Transmission of Plant Diseases by Insects . . . . . . 528

The Prevention of Heating'in Wheat by Means of Air-tight Storage 529
Descriptions of new Thysanoptera . . . . . . . . . • 534

Plants used for Insecticides . . . . . . . . . . . . 543

The Identity of Aphis crataegifoliae . . . . . • 543

VOL VII. Ser. A. Title-page and Index. [Issued July, 1920.]

THE REVIEW
OF APPLIED
ENTOMOLOGY

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Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Alcock, C.I.E., F.K.S., London School of

Tropical Medicine.
Major E. E. Austen, D.S.O., Entomological Department, British

Museum (Natural History).
Dr. A. G. Bagshawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau.
Major-General Sir J. Rose Bradford, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary,

Royal Society.
Major-General Sir David Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., Chairman of the

Governing Body, Lister Institute.
Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and

Fisheries.
Sir Sidney F. Harmer, K.B.E., F.R.S., Director, British Museum

(Natural History).
Professor H. Maxwell Lefroy, Imperial College of Science and

.Technology.
Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Austraha.
Dr. R. Stewart MacDougall, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology,

Edinburgh University.
Sir John McFadyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden

Town.
Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S.^ Late Medical Adviser to the

Colonial Office.
Sir Daniel Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office

in Tropical Agriculture.
Professor R. Newstead, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of

Medical Entomology, Liverpool University.
Professor G. H. F. Nuttall, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology,

Cambridge.
Professor E, B. Poulton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford.
Lieutenant-Colonel Sir David'Train, C.M.G., CLE., F.R.S., Director,

Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
Sir H. J. Read, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office.
The Honourable N. C. Rothschild.
Dr. Hugh Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology,

Cambridge.
Sir Arthur E. Shipley, G.B.E., F.R.S., Master of Christ's College.

Cambridge.
Mr. R. A. C. Sperling, C.M.G., Foreign Office.

Sir Stewart STOCKMAN,Chief Veterinary Officer, Ministry of Agriculture.
Mr. F. V. Theobald, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural

College, Wye.
Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of

England.

The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions

is an ex officio member of the Committee.

(Benecal Secretarie.

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^Director an& EDltoi.

Dr. Guy A. K. Marshall, C.M.G.

assistant 2)irectoc.

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545

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

A reference in heavy type indicates that a paper by the author has

been abstracted.

Abbot, W. S., 362, 496.

Adair, E. W., 164.

Agee, H. P., 312.

Ahlberg, 0., 421.

AinsHe, C. N., 80.

AinsUe, G. G., 380.

Akerman, A., 193, 421.

Alexander, W. B., 48L.

Allan, C. W., 354.

Allen, E. C, 306.

Amari, S., 152, 153.

Amos, A., 441.

Anderson, T. J., 405.

Anderson, W. B., 212.

Andres, A., 160.

Andrews, E. A., 54, 56, 375, 534.

Ansorge, E. C, 235.

Anstead, E. D., 135, 505.

Arce, B., 405.

Arens, P., 360.

Arkhangelsky, N. N., 347.

Arkhangelsky, P. P., 345.

Armitage, H. M., 61, 359.

Arrow, G. J., 372.

Ashcroft, R. W., 489.

Ashlev, K., 209.

Ashworth, J. T., 341.

Aullo, M., 89, 209, 253.

Back, E. A., 18, 34, 102, 229, 409.

Baerlioz, J., 268.

Bagnall, R. S., 543.

Bahr, L., 451.

Baker, A. C, 6, 24, 307, 383, 443,

543
Baker, C. F., 425.
Ball, E. D., 220, 278, 334, 494, *

510.
Ballon, H. A., 257, 296, 355, 372,

414, 530.

(679) Wt.P1921/l.il, 1,500. 7.20. B

Barber, G. W., 398.

Barber, H. S., 240.

Barbey, 97.

Barnes, W., 336.

Bazile, G., 532.

Beattie, J. M., 93.

Becker, G. G., 36, 95, 137, 344?

Beeson, C. F. C, 135, 190, 291,

367, 403, 534.
Beguet, M., 368.
Bentley, G. M., 148, 315.
Berger, E. W., 17, 19, 22, 81.
Berlese, A., 66.
Bernard, C, 31, 41.
Bernard, U., 192.
Bertrand, G., 285, 319.
Bevan, W., 70, 71.
Bezzi, M., 241, 243, 268, 352.
Blackman, M. W., 37, 505.
Blackmore, E. H., 180, 479.
Blanchard, E. E., 318.
Blandford, 536.
Boas, J. E. v., 420.
Bodkin, G. E., 310, 484, 491.
BoUe, J., 160.
Bollow, 162.
Bonet, J., 45.
Borden, A. D., 321.
Borner, 420.
Bos, J. Ritzema, 30, 132, 254,

356, 431, 442, 443.
Bourgoin, 51.
Bourne, A. I., 179.
Bragdon, K. E.,81,215.
Brain, C. K., 138, 242, 330, 331.
Brann, F. R., 237, 267.
Brethes, J., 125, 126, 251, 318,

501.
Bridwell, J. C, 434, 435, 436.
Brittain, W. H., 29, 168, 176, 177,

179, 302, 304, 305, 306, 506.

&F.,Ltd. A

546

INDEX OF AUTHOES.

Britton, W. E., 222, 284, 338, 339,

341, 342, 478, 479.
Brooks, F. E., 150, 151.
Bruch, C, 252, 319.
Brues, C. T., 295.
Bryan, C. E., 366.
Bryce, P. I.. 43.
Biicher, 161.
Burgess, A. F., 278.
Burgst, Smits van, C. A. L., 234,

444.
Burke, H. E., 226, 381, 475.
Burkhardt, F., 353.
Burrill, A. C, 35, 510.
Burt, B. C, 71, 72.
Busck, A.,*240, 307, 382.
Bussy, L. P. de, 30, 250.
Butler, E. J., 289.
Bu5^ton, P. A.. 189.
Byars, L. P., 323, 324, 380.

Caesar. L., 10, 27, 28, 212, 470,

544.
CafErev, D. J., 224, 398, 411, 481.
Caillol, H., 236.
Campbell, K. E., 472.
Capus. J., 467.
Cardin, P. G., 348.
Carpenter, C. W., 196.
Carpenter, P. 'H., 534.
Cartwright, W., 164.
Cecconi, G., 351.
Chaine, J., 285, 500.
Chalot, C, 192.
Champion, H. G., 517.
Chapais, J. C, 43, 525.
Chapman, K. N., 221, 327.
Charmoy, D. d'Emmerez de, 4, 7.
Chase, W. W., 264, 292.
Chino, M., 153.
Chittenden, F. H., 2, 102, 116,

276, 343, 428, 521.
Chrystal, R. N., 300, 470.
Chukichi Harukawa, 108, 438,

439.
Cleare, L. D., 491.
Cleghorne, M. L., 483.
Coad, B. R., 74.
Cobb, N. A., 400.
Cockayne, A. H., 357.
CockereU, T. D. A., 240, 336, 358,

396, 477.

Collard, J. W., 49.

Collin, J. E., 68.

Collinge, W. E., 238.

Condit, I. J., 198.

Cooley, R. A., 140, 315.

Coproraal, J. B., 425.

Cory, E. N., 223, 240.

Cosens, A., 25.

Cossette, J. R., 292.

Costa Lima, A. da, 352, 488.

Cotton, R. T., 248.

Coulondre, E., 191.

Clemens, W. A., 429.

Craighead, F. C, 377.

Creel, C. W., 4.

Crespo, M. A.. 517.

Criddle, N., 73.

Crombrugghe de Picquendaele, G.

de, 373.
Crosby, C. R., 67, 525.
Crouzat, L., 191, 372.
Culver, J. J., 428.
Cushman, R. A., 22, 24, 80, 307,

376.

da Costa Lima, A., 352, 488.

Dash, J. S., 229.

Davidson, J. H., 83.

Davidson, W. M., 116, 197, 297.

Davis, I. W., 341.

Davis, J. J., 34, 46, 67, 256, 280,

283, 293.
De, R. N., 292.
de Bussy, L. P., 30, 250.
de Crombrugghe de Picquendeale,

G., 373.
de Joannis, J., 122.
de la Escalera, M. M., 253.
de Meijere, J. C. H., 233.
de Meijere, J. L. F., 254.
de Ong, E. R., 37, 121, 358, 477.
de Seabra, A. F., 6.
de Stefani, T., 66, 87, 413.
Dean, G. A., 47, 284.
del Guercio, G., 16, 112, 125, 193,

365.
d'Emmerez de Charmoy, D., 4, 7.
den Doop, J. E. A., 250, 251, 508,

538.
Dendy, A., 94, 95, 219, 383, 384,

385. 529.
Deslandes, E. A., 529.

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

547

Detwiler, J. D., 283.

Deutrom, H. A., 83.

Dickerson, E. L., 156, 169, 322.

Dietz, H. F., 130.

Doane, R. W., 474.

Dobson, R. D., 105.

Doop, J. E. A. den, 250, 251, 508,

538.
Doten, S. B., 22, 374.
Downes, W., 186.
Drake, C. J., 197, 409.
du Porte, E. M., 528.
Dubois, P., 487.
Duckett, A. B., 229.
Dudley, F. H., 5, 175, 277.
Dufrenoy, J., 270, 385, 425.
Duport, M., 50, 269, 518.
Dustan, A. G., 309, 313.
Duvall, H. M., 91.
Dyke, E. C. van, 37, 284.

Edkins, J. S., 384.

EglofEstein, H. A. C. F. E. von

und zu, 32.
Ehrhorn, E. M., 33, 38, 188, 208,

329, 485.
Eichofi, 499.

Elkington, H. D., 94, 384, 529.
EUinger, T., 193.
Ellis, A. G. G., 520.
Elwyn, A., 316.
Emery, W. T., 470.
Enders, H. E., 354.
Esam, G., 357, 583.
Escalera, M. M. de la, 253.
Escherich, K., 159, 453, 454.
Essig, E. 0., 39, 61.
Eustace, H. J., 516.
Evans, L. H., 4.
Ewing, H. E., 316.

Fabre, 96.

Fairmaire, 51.

Faust, E. C, 38.

Felt, E. P., 27, 96, 137, 264, 396,

478.
Fenton, F. A., 197.
Ferdinandsen, C, 447.
Fernald, H. T., 502.
Ferriere, C, 234.
Ferris, G. F., 11, 38, 136, 264,

336, 473, 476.

(676)

Fevtaud, J., 90, 249, 397, 457,

458, 462, 465, 467, 508.
Figueroa, C. S., 252.
Fischer, C. E. C, 162.
Fisher, W. S., 307, 321.
Fite, A. B., 333.
Fletcher, T. B., 132, 356.
Fhnt, W. P., 34, 280.
Fluke, C. L., 394.
Foex, E., 455, 462.
Fontanel, P., 44, 230.
Ford, A. L., 284.
Fracker, S. B., 494.
Fraymouth, W. A., 247.
Freeman, W. G., 181.
French, Junr., C, 199, 248.
Frers, A. G., 318.
Friederichs, K., 424.
Froggatt, W. W., 32, 132, 201,

263, 294, 373, 485, 532.
Fromme, F. D., 207.
Frost, S. W., 266.
Fryer, J. C. F., 208.
FuUawav, D. T., 33, 328, 329,

385, 435, 438.
Fulmek, L., 195.
Fulton, B. B., 495.

Gabotto, L., 426.
Gage, J. H., 293.
Gahan, A. B., 23, 104, 321, 361,

401.
Garman, P., 254.
Gatenby, J. B., 144.
Gautier, C, 96, 397, 426.
Gentner, L. G., 522.
Geschwind, A., 452.
Gianetti, E., 31.
Gibson, A., 24, 26, 433, 506.
Gibson, E. H., 338, 480, 516.
Gilbert, W. W., 323.
Gillette, C. P., 42, 43, 471.
Girault, A. A., 401, 536.
Girola, C. D., 363.
Godet, C, 46, 488.
Goodwin, W. II., 144, 394.
Goot, P. van der, 107, 112, 164,

233, 389, 398.
Gossard, II. A., 80, 95, 145, 146,

221, 362, 504.
Gough, L. H., 489.
Gould, H. P., 410.

548

INDEX OF AUTHORS,

Gowdey, C. C, 259.

Graham, S. A., 254, 325, 326.

Grandi, G., 352.

Green, E. E., 70, 276.

Greene, C. T., 23.

Guereio, G. del, 16, 112, 135, 193,

365.
Guifcel, F., 270.
Gunn, D., 165, 166.
Gurney, W. B., 84, 262, 294.
Guy ton, T. L., 147, 279.

Hagan, J., 63.
Hall, C. J. J.fvan, 388.
Haramarlund, C, 450.
Hampson, Sir G., 350.
Hardenburg, C. B., 332, 391.
Ilarland, S. C, 296.
Hartzell, A., 393, 478.
Hartzell, F. Z., 182, 494, 495.
Harukawa, C, 108, 438, 439.
Harukawa, T., 273.
Hata, S., 275.
Hathaway, J. E., 308.
Haviland, M. D., 143, 322, 371.
Hawlev, I. M., 173, 283, 395.
Hayes", W. P., 227.
Hayward, H. C, 416.
Haywood, J. K., 183.
Headlee, T. J., 254,^255, 256.
Henke, L. A., 285.
Henry, G. M., 17.
Herbert, F. B., 476.
Herrick, G. W., 288.
Hill, C. C, 201.
Hill, G. F., 201.
Hinds, W. E., 522, 523.
Hodgkiss, H. E., 494.
Hoffman, 158.
Holder, V. H., 508.
Hollinger, A. H., 263.
HoUowav, T. E., 279, 407.
Hood, J. D., 262, 434.
Hopkins, A. D., 103.
Horton, J. R. 410.
Houser, J. S., 144.
Howard, C. W., 327, 328.
Howard, L. 0., 100, 122, 228.
Hovt, A. S., 21.
Hudson, H. F., 130.
Hukkinen, Y., 468.
Humphries, A. E., 93.

Hungerford, H. B., 400.
Hunter, S. J., 48.
Hunter, W. D., 22, 102, 279.
Hutchinors, C. B., 526.
Hutson, J. C, 374, 519.

Hlingworth, J. F., 80, 109, 167,

200, 295, 411.
Imms, A. D., 194.
Ito, G. Shinsuke, 271.

Jack, E. W., 66, 314.

Jackson, D. J., 542.

Jardine, N. K., 112, 404, 498.

Jardine, W. M., 40.

Jarvis, E., 521.

Jegen, G., 512.

Jensen, H., 286.

Johnson, W. H., 185.

Johnston, J. R., 349.

Jolyet, A., 17.

Jones, T. H., 42, 78.

Kalmbach, E. "R., 202.

Karny, H., 195.

Kawamorita, R., 274.

Keilin, D., 196.

Keller, G. N., 62.

Kelly, E. G., 284.

Kelly, E. 0. G., 343.

Kelsall, A., 178, 303, 305.

Kemner, N. A., 97, 351.

Kerbosch, M., 41.

Kerle, W. D., 50.

Keuchenius, P. E., 41.

King, 39.

King, J. L., 95.

Kitajima, Y., 369.

Knight, H. H., 172, 179. 400,

516.
Knowles, C. H., 311.
Kolpin Ravn, F., 445, 446, 447.
Koningsberger, J. C, 30.
Kornauth, K., 160.
Kowalski, J., 458.
Krause, F., 161.
Krausse, A., 454.
Kryger, J. P., 231.
Kudo, R., 392.
Kunjan Pillai, N., 506.

INDEX OF AUTHOKS.

549

Kuwana, 439.
Kuwana, I., 100, 240.
Kyle, C. H., 3, 343.

Lagerberg, 97.

Laing, F., 518.

Lamb, C. G., 139.

Lathrop, F. H., 182.

Latiere, H., 455.

Lea, 532.

Leach, B. K., 151.

Lecaillon, A., 456, 463, 500.

Leefmans, S., 31, 389, 390, 488,

537.
Lees, A. H., 371, 416, 508.
Lefroy, H. M., 235.
Leonard, M. D., 67.
Leonard!, G., 141.
Lewis, A. C, 229, 264, 497.
Lichtenstein, J. L., 236.
Lima, A. da Costa, 352, 488.
Lind, J., 445, 446, 447.
Linnaniemi, W. M., 468.
Linsbauer, L., 161.
Littler, F. M., 120.
Lizer, C, 252, 318.
Ljungdahl, D., 420.
Lochhead, W., 29, 45, 529.
Loftin, U. C, 407.
Loos, K., 498, 499, 513.
Lotrionte, 66.
Lounsbury, C. P., 166, 243.
Luginbill, P., 3.
Lunardoni, 86.
Lutz, A., 352.
Lyle, G. T., 143.
Lvne, W. H., 507.
Lyon, H. L., 512.

Maarschalk, H., 365.
Mackenna, J., 286, 287.
Mackie, D. B., 60, 183, 359.
Madhvan Pillai, R., 506.
Maheux, G., 27, 524, 525.
Maki, M., 111.
Malenotti, E., 42.
Malloch, J. R., 33.
Marchal, P., 420, 432, 455, 462,

463, 464.
Marlatt, C. L., 103.
Marras, F. M., 89.

Marre, F., 385.

Marshall, G. A. K., 489.

Martin, W. H., 7.

Maskew, F., 59, 62, 126, 198, 237,

361, 427, 503.
Massini, P. C, 125.
Massonnat, E., 463.
Matheson, R., 509.
Matsumoto, 108.
Matsumara, S., Ill, 211.
Matz, J., 254.
McAtee, W. L., 76.
McCall, J. S. J., 138.
McCoUoch, J. W., 281, 394.
McDunnough, J., 305, 336.
McGregor, E. A., 23.
Mclndoo, N. E., 496.
McKay, J. W., 204.
McLaine, L. S., 178, 354, 526.
McLendon, C. A., 229.
McSwiney, J., 114, 492.
Meijere, J. C. H. de, 233.
Meijere, J. L. F. de, 254.
Mercet, R. G., 229, 249.
Merrill, G. B., 501.
Mctcalf, C. L., 356.
Metcalf, Z. P., 208.
Miege, E., 464.

Miller, D., 49, 82, 275, 504. I —
Mitchell, J. D., 382.
Mitsuhashi, S., 275.
Miyake, T., 238, 350.
Molz, E., 195.
Montgomery. J. H., 215.
Moore, W.,"ll5.
Moreau, L., 501.
Moreira, C., 486.
Morice, F. D., 484.
Mork-Hansen, K., 469.
Morrill, A. W., 204, 477.
Morris, F. J. A., 26.
Morris, H. E., 141.
Morris, H. M., 70.
Morrison, H., 307.
Mosher, E., 395.
MueUo, A. C, 271.
Mair, F., 264, 398, 401.
MuUer, H. C., 195.
Miiramatsu, S., 155.
Murata, 109.

Nagano, K., 350.

Naito, M., 154. j

550

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Neave, S. A., 368.

Newell, W., 21, 213.

Newstead, E., 91, 93.

Nicholls, H. M., 48.

Nicolay, A. S., 119, 138, 156, 169,

293, 308.
Nielsen, J. C, 450, 451.
Niishima, 370.
Niisima, Y., 110.
Nishikawa, I., 99, 239.
Noble, J. W., 26.
Nobumasa Yagi, 108, 438, 439.
Nodzu, 109.
Noiigaret, R. L., 58.
Nowell, W., 335.
Niisslin, 420.

Oberstein, 354.
Oestlund, 0. W., 112, 326.
O'Gara, P. J., 36.
Ojima, G., 350, 369.
Okada, T., 154.
Okamoto, H., 368.
O'Kane, W. C, 278.
Ong, E. R. de, 358, 477.
Onrust, K., 432.
Ormerod, 95.
Osborn, E., 417.
Osborn, H., 77, 493.
Oshima, M., 111.
Otanes y Quesales, F. 15.

Paddock, F. B., 243.

Paillot, A., 217, 396, 460, 461,

486.
Pantanelli, 195.
Pantanelli, E., 86.
PaoH, G., 535.
Paris, P., 466.
Parks, H. B., 263.
Parks, T. H., 148, 221.
Parrott, P. J., 313, 494.
Parshley, H. M., 120.
Patch, E. M.. 243.
Patterson, J. T., 298.
Payne, H. G., 177, 302, 305,

306.
Pemberton, C. E., 43, 149.
Peneau, J., 458, 463.
Petch, C. E., 525.
Petraschek, K., 453.

Pettey, F. W., 35.

Pettit, R. H., 38, 68, 426,' 427,

516.
Philbrook, E. E., 176.
Phillips, E. F., 267.
Phillips, W. J., 202, 470.
Picard, F., 236, 268, 426,''487.
Picquendaele, G. de Crombrugghe

de, 373.
Pictet, A.. 235.
Piers, H., 391.
Pillai, N. Kunjan, 506.
Pillai, R. Madhvan, 506.
Porte, E. M. dii, 528.
Porter, C. E., 252, 253.
Portier, P., 191.
Poutiers, R., 486.
Powell, T., 434.
Pratt, A. 0., 360.
PreU, H., 499.
Prinz, J., 347.

Quaintance, A. L., 100.
Quesales, F. Otanes v, 15.

Rabate, E., 464.

Ramakrishna Ayyar, T. V., 114,

402, 433.
Ramsay, A. A., 428.
Ramsbottom, J. K., 355.
Rao, Y. R., 309.
Ratzeburg, 234, 424.
Ravn, F. Kelpin, 445, 446, 447.
Reddick. D., 5.
Regan, W. S., 480.
Reh, L., 158.
Renter, E., 455, 468.
Renter, 0. M., 536.
Richards, P. B., 127,
Richter, H., 1.
Ricker, D. A., 282.
Rigney, J. W., 333.
Rijn, W. van, 29.
Riley, W. A.. 284.
Ritchie, A. H., 56, 479, 502.
Ritchie, W., 275.
Ritzema, Bos, J., 30, 123, 254,

356, 431, 442, 443.
Riveros, E., 272.
Roark, R. C, 543.
Robinson, E., 74.

INDEX OF AUTHOKS.

551

Rock wood, L. P.,- 4.

Roepke, W., 30, 39, 107, 231, 232,

233. 425, 536, 537.
Rohwer, S. A., 24, 104, 407, 442.
Rokusaburo Kudo, 392.
Rolet, A., 365.
Roman, A., 96.
Rorer, J. B., 210.
Rosenblatt, M., 319.
Ross, W. A., 26, 28, 129, 170, 187,

211, 212, 308, 470.
Rostrup, S., 98, 445, 446, 447,

541.
Rounds, M. B., 473.
Ruggles, A. G., 254, 320, 324.
Rumsey, W. E., 512, 533.
Runner, G. A., 366.
Russell, E. J., 433.
Rust, E. W., 117.
Rutgers, A. A. L., 64.

Saalas, U., 272.

Safro, V. I., 478.

Sahlberg, J., 272.

Sanborn, C. E., 140.

Sanders, G. E., 178, 303, 304,

305, 309, 313.
Sanders, J. G., 224, 524.
Sands, W. N., 355.
Sarra, R.. 142.
Sasaki, 108, 275, 370, 439.
Sasaki, C, 12.

Sasscer, E. R., 76, 130, 277, 321.
Satterthwait, A. F., 378.
Saunders, L. G., 176, 179.
Savastano, L., 413, 365, 414.
Scheidter, F., 158, 452.
Schenk, P. J., 364, 537.
Schlupp, W. F., 331, 332, 428.
Schmitz, H., 232.
Schneider-Orelli, 0., 234.
Schoene, W. J., 207.
Schoevers, T. A. C, 124, 230, 431.
Schoyen, T. H., 419, 420, 538.
Scott, H., 143.
Seitner, 454.
Senior -White, R., 165.
Sentius, M. W., 363.
Severin, H. C, 183, 316, 367.
Severin, H. H. P., 474.
Shander, 161.
Sherman, F., 208.

Shinji, G. 0., 299.

Shinsuke Ito, G., 271.

Shufeldt, R. W., 416.

Shull, A. F., 316.

Siahaja, E. L., 499.

Sieglej, E. H., 365.

Sievers, A. F., 496.

Silvestri, F., 65, 66, 142, 143, 218,

298, 353.
Skaife, S. K, 257.
SHngerland, 525.
Smith, H. S., 236, 472.
Smith, L. B., 62, 492.
Smith, R. C., 392.
Smith, R. E., 317.
Smith,- R. H., 479.
Smits van Burgst, C. A. L., 234,

444.
Smulyan, M. T., 207, 404.
Smyth, E. G., 514.
Snapp, I., 122.
Snyder, T. E., 265, 520.
Sorauer, 30.
Speare, A. T., 445.
Speight, R., 141.

Speyer, E. R., 181, 196, 261, 497.
Stafford, E. W., 122.
Stahel, G., 125.
Stanford, H. L., 76.
Stear, J. R., 146, 147.
Stearns, L. A., 382, 478.
Stefani, T. de, 413.
Stevens, V. G., 61.
Stookey, E. B., 284.
Sturtevant, A. P., 395.
Suda, K., 98.
Swain, A. F., 112, 387.
Swaine, J. M., 44, 67, 299,'' 383,

504, 527.
Swenk, M. H., 9, 10, 441.
Swezey, 0. H., 313, 412, 511.
Swingle, D. B., 141.

Takachiho, 108, 439.

Takahashi, R., 211.

Takahashi, S., 99, 154, 155.

Takenouchi, K., 369.

Tempany, H. A., 4.

Terry, H. B., 428.

Theobald, F. V,, 267, 323, 386,

444. .
Thomas, F. L., 523.

552

INDEX OF AUTHORS.

Tijmstra, S., 217.

Tillyard, R. J., 416.

Timberlake, P. H., 423, 437, 511.

Tothill, J. D., 242, 301.

Tragardh, I., 97, 422, 424, 469.

Traver, J. R., 404.

Treherne, R. C, 128, 170', 187,

407, 509.
Troup, R. S., 375.
Trybom, F., 96.
Try on, H., 295.
Tullgren, A., 96, 350, 421.
Tiinstall, A. C, 55.
Turner, C. F., 280.
Tiu-ner, W. F., 264.
Tweedy, N., 384.

Ultee, A. J., 41.

Urbahns, T. D., 265.

Uricb, F. W., 531.

Uvarov, B. P., 344, 345, 348, 347.

Uzel, H., 353.

van Burgst, C. A. L., Smits 234,

444.
van der Goot, P., 107, 112, 184,

233, 389, 398.
van Dyke, E. C, 37, 284.
van Hall, C. J. J., 388.
van Rijn, W., 29.
van Aloten, 0., 500.
van Zwaluwenburg, R. ,H., 131,
Vayssiere, P., 123, 199, 231, 285,

372, 432, 532.
Velu, IL, 425.
Veth, n. J., 29.
Vickery, R. A., 393.
Vidal, G., 45.
Vinal, S. C, 183, 481.
Vloten, 0. van, 500.
Voglino, P., 87, 106.
von und zu Egloffstein, H. A. C.

F. E., 32.
Vosler, E. J., 357.
Vuillet, A., 320.

Wahlgren, E., 421.
Wallace, E., 4.
Walter, E. V., 334.

Walton, W. R., 101.
Warburton, C, 442.
Washburn, F. L., 86, 320, 328,

406.
Watson, J. R., 106, 416, 417, 418.
Watts, Sir F., 80, 295.
Webster, R. L., 83, 440.
Weiss, H. B., 119, 138, 156, 169,

215, 255, 293, 308, 322, 404,

533.
Weiss, J. E., 160.
Wester, P. J., 14.
White, G. F., 376.
Whitehead, W. E., 303.
Wliitehouse, F. C, 544.
Whiting, P. W., 297.
Wierenga, 0. M., 364.
Willard, H. F., 43, 149.
Willcocks, F. C, 162.
Willcox, E. M., 10.
Wilhams, C. B., 139, 185, 269,

531.
WilUams F. X., 435, 436.
Wilhamson, W., 320, 327.
AVilson, C. E., 19.
Wilson, H. F., 112, 137, 188, 522.
Wilson, T. S., 343, 393.
Wodsedalek, J. E., 479.
Woglum, R. S., 228, 473.
Wolff, 453.
Wood, W. B., 60.
Woodruffe-Peacock, E. A., 517.
Woods, W. C, 58.

Yagi, N., 108, 438, 439.

Yamada, Y., 11, 350.

Yamamoto, R., 440.

Yano, M., 370.

Yothers, W. W., 20, 106, 317, 409.

Young, A. W., 121.

Zacher, F., 159, 353, 455.

Zaitzev, P., 347.

Zappe, M. P., 222, 341, 342, 343.

Zetek, J., 395.

Zetterstedt, 421.

Zimmerley, H. H., 492.

Zwaluwenburg, R. H., van 131.

S53

GENERAL INDEX.

In the case of scientific names the page reference is cited only under
the heading of the generic name.

When a generic name is printed in brackets it signifies that the name

is not adopted.

A.

Ahbella perditrix, sp. n., parasite of

Sticiocephala festina in Arizona,

23.
Abbotana clemataria, on apple and

elm in Nova Scotia, 308.
■abbreviatus, Diaprepes ; Gryllus.
cbdominalis, Ptilodexia ; Thrips.
aberrans, Doryphorophaga ; Pyrilla.
■abiens, Agromyza.
Abies, Cryphal'us abietis breeding in,

in Britain, 276.
Abies amabilis (Lovely Fir), Mela-

nophila drummondi in, in U.S.A.,

226.
Abies arizonica, Ghermes piceae on,

in Germany, 159.
Abies balsamea (Balsam Fir), pests

of, in North America, 156, 243,

299, 527.
Abies concolor (White Fir), Chermes

piceae on, in Germany, 159 ;

pests of, in U.S.A., 23, 226.
Abies Jirnia, pests of, in Japan, 370.
Abies fraseri, Chermes piceae on, in

Germany, 159.
Abies grandis (Lowland Fir), Mela-

Tiophila acuminata in, in U.S.A.,

226.
Abies lasiocarpa (Alpine Fir), Mela-

nophila drummoiidi in, in U.S.A.,

226.
Abies magnifica (Red Fir), pests of,

in U.S.A., 226, 381.
Abies menziesii, Ijis pini on, in

N. America, 430.
Abies nobilis (Noble Fir), Mela-

nophila drummondi in, in U.S.A.,

226.
Abief nobilis glauca, Chermes piceae

on, in Germany, 159.
Abies pectinata (Silver Fir), pests of,

in Britain, 276, 542 ; Chermes

piceae on, in Germany, 159.
Abies picea (Silver Fir), i^ieasures

against Aphids infesting, in

Denmark. 420.

Abies- sachalinensis, pests of, in
Japan, 211, 275.

Abies sibirica, Chermes piceae on,
in Germany, 159.

Abies webbiana, Brachyxystus sub-
signatus on, in India, 403.

abiesiae, Chalets.

abietella, Dioryctria (Phycis).

abietinus, Lygaeonematus (Nemahis) ;
Mindarus.

abietis, Anobium ; Cephaleia ; Cher-
mes ; Gryphalus ; Dasychira ; Dip-
rion ; Lachniella (see Ij. pinicola) ;
Lachnus ; Mesosyrphus.

abietum, Nematus (see Lygaeone-
matus pini),

ablutella, Anerastia.

abnormis, Aphelinus ; Paralepto-
mastix {Tanaomastix).

Abraxas grossulariata (Gooseberry
Moth), on currants and goose-
berries in Denmark, 448.

abrotaniella, Aphis.

absinthii, Macrosiphoniella (8ipho-
nophora).

Abyssinia, proposed study of para-
sites of Dacus oleae in, 456.
■ Acacia, Coccids on, in S. Africa,
138, 242 ; Icerya purcliasi on,
in Ceylon, 374 ; Epicalotermes
aethiopicus on dried branch of,
in Eritrea, 143 ; Tachardia lacca
cultivated on, in India, 402 ;
Aphis laburni on, in S. Russia,
143 ; Icerya purchasi on, in
U.S.A., 477 ; Monolepta rosae
on, in New South Wale<, 294.

Acacia amentacea, food-plant of
Bruchus sallaei in Texas, 434.

Acacia arnbica, pests of, in India,
291, 292, 402, 535.

Acacta caffra, food-plant of Tlip-
j)otion celerio in S. Africa, 166.

Acacia catechu, pests of, iu India,
291, 403.

Acacia dealbata (Silver Wattle),
Manatha aethiops on, in S. Africa,
392.

55i

INDEX.

Acacia decurrens, food-plant of

Bruchus pruiriinns iu Hawaii,

435 ; not attacked by Ilelopeliis

in Dutch E. Ii die-, 31.
Acacia farnesiana, food -plant of

Bruchid^ in Hawaii, 434, 435.
Acacia horrida, Asjndiotus furciUae

on, in S. Africa, 138.
Acacia karroo, food plant of Hip-
potion celerio in !S. Africa, 166.
Acacia koa (Koa Tree), Lepidop-

terous pests of, in Hawaii, 511.
Acacia melanoxylon, Pseudaonidia

laciniae probably on, in S. Afiica,

242.
Acacia mollissima (Black Wattle),

insects injuiious and beneficial to.

in S. Africa, 332.
acaciae, Amorphococcus.
Acalla comariana (see Oxygrapha).
AcaJypha, food-plant of Zeuzera

coffeae in Tonkin, 54.
A cantliinotlirip s n Igrodentatus, placed

in genus Cercothrips, 262.
Acanthocinus aedilis, in pines in

Spain, 210.
Acantholyda stellata, i,i forests in

Germany, 453.
Acanthophorus serraticornis, food-

plants of, in India, 292.
Acanthopsyche, on tea in Irdia, 375.
Acanthopsyche cdba, food-plants of,

in S. Africa, 391. •
Acanthopsyche tristis (Thatched Bag-
worm), on asparagus and wattle

in S. Africa, 391.
AcanthoHcelides (see BrucJiMs).
Acaroina Solution, for disinfecting

storehouses against insect pests,

271.
Acarophe/nax triboUi, gen. et sp. n.,

parasite of grain beetles in Britain ,

92.
Acer (see Maple).
Acer campestris, cicadas ovipositing

on, in Italy, 65.
Acer glabrum, thrips on, in Br.

Columbia, 509.
Acer macrophyllum (Broad-leaved

Maple), Taeniothrips inconsequens

on, in Vancouver Island, 13.
Acer pennsylvanicuni (Moosewood),

not attacked by Heterocampa

guttivitta in INIassachusetts, 503.
Acer rubrum (Red Maple), Brachys

aerosus on, in U.S.A., 308.
Acer saccharum (Sugar Maple),

pests of, in U.S.A., 308.
acericola, Phenacoccus.
aeeris, Chaitophorus.
Acetylene Gas, 156.
Acetylene Lamp, experiments with,

for trapping vine moths, 46.
Achaea melicerta, on castor-oil in

Ceylon, 113, 135.

Achillea miUefoUum, Aphid ^ on,,
in Britain, 542.

achilleae. Aphis.

Acid Phosphate, as a ground ferti-
liser against wheat pests, 47, 81.

Acidiz heraclei (Celery Fly), on
parsnips in Britain, 209 ; oa
vegetables in Denmark, 449 ;
on celery in Italy, 157.

Acidia kagoshimensis, in Japan, 239.

Acidia marumoi, in Japan, 239.

acidusa, Anastrepha.

Aclerda, on Gramineae, 276.

Acmaeodera kerremansi, in Dalhergia
sissoo in Ii dia, 291.

Acmaeodera stictipennis, food-plants
of, in India, 291.

Acoritia delecia (see Tarache).

acraea, Estigmene.

Acrida, notice of key to species of,.
347.

Acrida robusta, sp. n., in Trans-
caucasia, 347.

Acrida turrita deserii, subsp. n., ia
Transcaucasia, 347.

Acrobat Ant (see Cremastogaster).

Acrocercops angelica, food-plants of,,
in Seychelles, 483.

Acrocercops cramereUa (Caca.oMoth),
on cacao in Dutch E. Ii dies, 107,
388.

Acrocercops hierocosma, on litchi in
India, 134.

Acrocercops sarHciaecrucis (Egg-
plant Leaf-miner), in Porto Rico,.
249.

Acrolepia assectella, on leeks in
France, 270 ; on leeks in Den-
mark, 448.

Acronycta, intercepted on rose in
Connecticut, 339 ; parasitised by
Exorista blepharipoda, 450.

Acronycta americana, on elm in
Canada, 25.

Acronycta consanguis, on hemp in
Japan, 155.

Acronycta rumicis (Sorrel Cut-
worm), on cauliflowers in Den-
mark, 449 ; intercepted in U.S.A.,.
277.

Acrostichum aiireum, Ceroplastes
rubens on, in Seychelles, 484.

actiniformis, Ceroplastes.
aculeatus, Haplothrips (Anthothrips)^

acuminata, Melanophila ; Plero-

gramma ; Sida.
acuminatus, Ips.

acutisshii us. Coccus.
Acyrthosiphon [Macrosiphum) pisi
(Pea Aphis), effect of ether on,.
115; food-plants of, in Britain,
542 ; Hippodamia convergens^
predaceous on, in Californis, 198 ;,
on leguminous plants in Den-
mark, 446.

INDEX.

555

adala, Altlia.

Adalia {Coccinella) bipunclata, pre-

daceous on Aphid? in Canada

and U.S. A. ,28, 175 ;predaceouson

Phorodon huTnuliin Germany, 159.
Adelencyrtus odonaspidis, parasite

of Odonaspis ruthae, 437.
Adelocera, possibly prediceous on

Chrysobothris iranqueharica in

Florida, 265.
Adelphocoris rapidus, on cotton in

Florida, 418 ; transmitting Bacil-
lus ami/loi'orus, 528.
Adennnthera microsperma, Zenzera

coffeae on, in Dutch E. Indie?.

388.
Adenoneura rufipennis, on Acacia

hoa in Hawaii, 511.
Adhesive?, banding with, 74, 89,

288, 305, 498 ; formula for, 89 ;

in inseoticides, 271, 317, 342, 463 ;

banding with, ineffective against

Duomitus ceramicua, 135.
Adhesol, and lead ai'senate, against

Cydia pomonella, 463.
adjecta, Aphi-> : Buprestis.
adonidis, Eniomoscelis.
adonidum, Pseudococcus {Dactylo-

pius).
ador, Erythroneura.
Adoreius, Popillia japonica recorded

in error, as 511.
Adoretus caliginosus, on sugar-cane,

etc., in India, 133, 190."
Adoretus hirtellus, on cacao in

Uganda, 260.
Adoretus tenuimacnlatus (Japanese

Rose Beetle), measure? against,

on cacao in Fiji, 312 ; Scolia

manilae predaceous on, 402.
Adoretus umhrosus (Japanese Bee-
tle), prevention of introduction

of, into California, 59.
adspersa. Polyphylla.
advena, Carthartus : Polia {Mames-

tra).
aedilis, Acanthocinns.
Aegeria, intercepted on peache? in

California, 361.
Aegeria apiformis, on poplar in

Italy, 157.
Aegeria asiliformis, infesting birch

in Britain, 416.
Aegeria (Sesia) cuUciformis, 416.
Aegeria exitiosa (Peach tree Borer),

intercepted on peach in California,

238 ; bionomics and control of,

in U.S.A., 95, 101, 240. 401, 491,

512.
Aegeria pictipes (Plum tree Borer),

in S. Dakota, 183, 316.
Aegeria rutilans (Strawberry Crown

Moth), on strawberry in Br.

Columbia, 171 ; intercepted on

strawberry in California, 199.

Aegeria tipuUformis (Currant Borer),
a minor fruit pest in Canadi, 44 :
in Sweden, 351 ; bionomics and
control of, in Tasmania, 48, 120.

Aegerita webberi, infesting Alenro-
thrixiis howardi in Cuba, 349._

Aegle, Coccus viridis on, in S. India,
402.

Aegle marmelos, pe?ts of, in India,
403.

Aegosoma costipenne, in Tectona
grandis in India, 292.

asgyptiaca, Icerya.

Aelia rostrata, on cereals in Spain,
365.

Aenaria lewisi, not damaging rice
in Japan in 1918, 100.

aeneola, Melanophila.

aeneus, Meligethes.

Aenoplex, parasite of Gortyna
immanis in U.S.A., 174. -

Aenoplex polychrosidis, sp. n., para-
site of Polyehrosis viteana in N.
America, 376.

Aeolesthes holosericea, food-plants of,
in India, 190, 292.

Aeolesthes sarta, in Platanus orien-
talis in India, 292.

Aeoloihrips annectans, associated
with Thrips tabaei in Br. Colum-
bia, 509.

Aeoloihrips auricestus, sp. n., on
Elymus condensatus in Br. Colum-
bia, 509.

Aeolothrips fnsciatus, predaceous on
other thrips in Br. Columbia
and Europe, 509.

Aeolothrips fulvicollis, sp. n., on
Verbascum in India, 543.

aequale, Gonocephalum.

aequalis, Heterobostrychus ; Pimp-
lidea ; Sphenophorus.

aeraria, Donaoia.

aerosus, Brachys.

aesGuli, Zeuzera (see Z. pyrina).

Aesculus punduan.a, Sipalus hypo-
crita on, in Ii dia, 401.

a3Stuans, Erac.

aethiopicus, Epicalotermes.

aethiops, Manalha.

affinis, Bruchus ; Homalotylus ;
Hoplandrothrips ; Neodiprion ;
Pegomyia : Pempheres ; Perrisia;
Thecabius ; Xyleborus.

Africa, Antestia spp. i:i, 405 ;
proposed introduction of para-
sites of Da'jus oleae i ito Italy
from, 456 ; locusts invading Asia
Minor and Pale?ti!ie from, 161 ;
new Microgasteriae Hyme.ioptera
from, 104.

Africa, East, measures against coffee
pests in, 39, 405 ; new fruit-fly
from, 241 ; new Thysanoptera
from, 252.

556

INDEX.

Africa, North, measures afjainst
lociists in, 532 ; (see Algeria).

Africa, South, bionomics and con-
trol of Bagrada hiJaris in, 165 ;
bionomics of bagworms on, 332,
391 ; bionomics and control of
Bruchids infesting beans and
peas in, 257-259 ; pests of
cereals in, 246, 247 ; Calandra
orysae from intercepted in
California, 238 ; Coccidae of,
138, 242, 331 ; preliminary report
on cotton pests in, 330 ; baits
for cutworms in, 294 ; proposed
study of parasites of Dacus oleae
in, 456 ; presence of European
foulbrood in bees in, 166 ; biono-
mics and control of Uippotion
celerio on vines in, 166 ; parasitic
Hymenoptera in, 436, 437, 523 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 243-247,
332 ; orchard pests and their
control in, 332, 428 ; measures
against Phthorimaea operculella
on potatoes in, 331 ; new thrips
from, 543 ; wattle pests in, 332.

Africa, West, food-plants of Lon-
chaea plumosissima in, 243 ; list
of termites from, 142.

africana, Gryllotalpa.

ajricamis, Homalotylus ; Optus.

Agaoninae new species of, from
Costa Rica, 352.

Agathis australis (Kauri Pine),
Anobium domesticum in, in New
Zealand, 357.

Agave, Chrysomphalns auranfii on,
in S. India, 4C2 ; Ceroputo yucc.ae
on, in Mexico, 523.

Agelastica (dni, bionomics of, in
France, 456.

agilis, Eulachmis {Lachnus), Meso-
chorus.

Aglaifi californica, in Br. Columbia,
479.

Aglaope infausta, food-plants of,
in Spain, 210.

Aglossa dimidiata, enemy of silk-
worms in Japan, 99.

A gonioneurus locustarum, synonym
of Centrodora amoena, 362.

Agonoderus pcdlipes, feeding on
dead chinch-bugs in U.S.A., 34, 35.

Agonoscelis rutila (Painted Hore-
hound Bug), measures against
on Citrus, etc., in Australia, 374,
521.

agresiis, Euxoa ; Physopterus.

agrifoliae, Pseudococcus.

agrili, DinoUis ; Plinohius.

Agrilus angelicus (Oak Twig-gird-
ler), bionomics of, in U.S.A.,
376, 442, 477.

Agrilus anxms (Bronze Beetle), on
birch m Quebec, 504, 527.

Agrilus arcuains, parasitised by
Teirostichus rugglesi in Minne-
sota, 407.

Agrilus arcuatns var. torguatus
(Oak Twig-girdler), bionomics and
control of, in Minnesota, 324.

Agrilus bilineatus, on oaks in
ATinnesota, 324.

Agrilus hirmanicus, in Dalbergia
sissoo in India, 291.

Agrilus svnuatus (Sinuate Pear
Borer), in New Jersey, 216.

Agrilus spinipennis, in forests in
Japan, 275.

Agriophora rhoniboia (Sandwich
Cateri)iUar), on tea in India,
375.

Agriotes lineatus in Britain, 489 ;
measures against, on wheat in
France, 385 ; on cereals, etc., in
Denmark, 446, 449 ; measures
against, in gardens in Holland,
364 ; food-plants of, in Italy,
157 ; (see Wireworms).

Agriotes mancus (Wheat Wireworm),
effect of hydrocyanic-acid gas
under vacuum conditions on,
in U.S.A., 76, 77.

Agriotes obseurus, in Britain, 489.

Agriotes ustulaius, on beet in Bohe-
"mia, 353.

Agromyza, on tomato in Cuba,
349 ; destroying lantana in Fiji,
312 ; on peas, etc., in India, 15,
55, 134 ; a minor pest of hops in
U.S.A., 175.

Agromyza ohicns, on artichokes in
France, 462.

Agromyza destructor (Bean Fly),
bionomics and control of, in
Philippines, 15.

Agromyza gibsoni, on lucerne, etc.,
new parasites of, in U.S.A., 321.

Agromyza, laterella (Iris Leaf -miner),
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 215, 321.

Agromyza. parvicornis, on maize
in Porto Rico, 249.

Agromyza phaseoli (French Bean
Fly), measures against, in Aus-
tralia, 15, 16 ; in Ceylon, 15.

Agromyza platyptera var. jucunda
(Bean Leaf-Miner), on Cynara
scolymus in Louisiana, 79 ; a
minor pest in Porto Rico, 248.

Agromyza srMneri. intercepted on
Wistaria in California, 361.

Agromyza siraplex, on asparagus in
U.S.A., 15, 180.

Agromyza sojae, food-plants of,
in Java, 15.

Agromyza strigata, on hemp in
Germany, 161.

Agromyza tephrosiae, sp. n., on
Tephrosia in Java, 233.

INDEX.

557

agropyrocola, HarmoUta.
Agropyron, food-plant of cereal

pests in U.S.A., 23, 471.
agropyrophila, HarmoUta.
AgroUs, on coffee and tobacco in

Dutch E. Indies, 41, 363.
Agrotis exclamationis (see Feltia).

Agrotis fennica, (Black Army Worm)
in Quebec, 524, 525.

Agrotis radians (see Euxoa).

Agrotis segetum (see Euxoa).

Agrotis toJcionis, on beet in S.
Manchuria, 11.

Agrotis tritici (see Euocoa).

Agrotis ypsilon (Greasy Cutworm),
on cotton in S. Africa, 331 ;
on vegetables in Ceylon, 498 ;
on potato and tobacco in India,
73, 134 ; control of, on vegetables
in Louisiana, 79 ; measures
against, on beet in S. Manchuria,
11.

aguilari, Blastophaga.

Ailanthus excelsa, pests of, in India,
262, 402.

aino, Dicera.

Air-tight Storage, effect of, on
insects infesting stored cereals,
93, 94, 168, 219, 383, 385, 529.

Alabama, cotton pests in, 149, 522 ;
quarantine measures against Cy-
las formicarius in, 523.

AJahayna argillacea (Cotton Worm),
bionomics and control of, on
cotton in Argentina, 271 ; food-
plants of, in Colombia, 534 ;
bionomics and control of, in
West Indies, 337, 372, 415, 481,
512 ; bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 203, 382, 522.

alacris, Trioza,

alba, Acanthopsyche ; Pinnaspis
buxi ; Polyphylla.

Alberta, miscellaneous pests in,
544.

alberti, Aphycus.

albiceps, Phytomyza.

alhicomana Tortrix.

albidipennis, Oxycarenus.

albimacula, Dianthoecia.

albipes, Technomyrmex.

albisiphus, Symydobius.

Albizzia, affecting presence of Helo-
peltis on tea in Dutch E. Indies,
32 ; not attacked by Xylotrechus
quadripes in Tonkin, 519.

Albizzia lebbek, pests of, in India,
291, 292, 535.

Albizzia procera, Sinoxylon crassum
in, in India, 291.

albofasciata, Batocera.

albofasciatus, Denops.

alboguttatus, Autoniahis.

albohirta, Lepidiota,

albomaculata, HarmoUta.

albopunctatiis, Aspidiottis perniciosus.

alboricta, Pimpla (Epiurus, Isero-
pus).

Alcides frenatus, on mango in India,
134, 403.

Alcides ludificator, sp. n., on teak
in India, 403, 489.

Alcides mail, sp. n., on apple in
Assam, 489.

Alcides porreetirostris, on Juglans
regia in India, 403.

Alcohol, experiments with, as a
solvent for derris, 496 ; ineffective
in baits for tobacco moths, 41.

Alder (Alnus), Pygaera bucephala
on, in Britain, 416 ; bionomics
and control of Kaliosysphinga
dohrni On, in Canada, 526 ;
thrips on, in Br. Columbia, 509 ;
Phyllobius psittacinus on, in Ger-
many, 159 ; pests of, in Korea,
274.

Alder Flea-beetle (see Haltica bi-
marginata).

Aletia argillacea (see Alabama).

Aleiirites cordatn, Liraacodid pest
of, in Japan, 99.

Aleurites moluccana (Candle-nut),
not attractive to Xylotrechus
quadripes in Tonkin, 54, 519.

Aletorobiiis farina (see Tyrogly-
phus).

Aleurocanthus woglumi (Black Fly
of Citrus, Spiny Citrus White-
fly), food-plants of, in Central and
S. America, 395 ; danger of intro-
duction of, into Dominica, 532 ;
quarantine measures against,
in Florida, 18, 213, 214; in
West Indies, 213, 348, 434, 502 ;
in Panama Canal Zone, 213 ;
danger of introduction of, into
U.S.A., from Costa Rica, 395 ;
fungi infesting, 348, 434.

Aleurodes, intercepted in California,
62, 199, 361, 504 ; fungi infesting,
in Cuba, 349 ; Delphastus cata-
linae predaceous ou, in Florida,
106 ; intercepted on azaleas in
Nebraska, 9 ; measures against in
U.S.A., 317.

Aleurodes bergi, on sugar-cane in
Queensland, 536.

Aleurodes citri (see Dialeurodes).

Aleurodes howardi (see Aleuro-
thrixus).

Aleurodes nubifera (Cloudy-winged
Whitefiy), establishment of As-
chersonia Jlavocitrina against, in
Florida, 215.

Aleurodes vaporariorum (Green-
house Whitefiy), intercepted in
Porto Eico, 514 ; measures
against, on tomatos in Virginia,
492.

558

INDEX.

Aleurodes variabilis, infested with
Spicaria aleurodis in Cuba, 349.

Aleurodicus eoeois [destructor) (Co-
conut Whitefly), on coconuts in
the Far East, 14 ; CryptognatJia
nodiceps prtdaceous on, in Br.
Guiana, 484; apparent disap-
pearance of, in Philippines, 493.

Aleurodicus destructor (see A. cocois).

Aleurothrixus graneli, sp. n., focd-
plants of, in Argentina, 318.

Aletirothrixus hourirdi (Woolly
Whitefly), infested with Aegerita
u-ehberi in Cuba, 349 ; food-
plants of, ard measures against,
. in Florida, 409.

Alfalfa (see Lucerne).

Alfalfa Butterfly (see Colias enry-
theme).

A^lfalfa Looper (see Phytometra
californica).

Alfalfa Weevil (see Hypera varia-
bilis).

Algeria, measures against locusts in,
368, 544 ; orchaid pests ard their
control in, 485 ; Parlatoria blan-
chardi on date palms from,
intercepted in S. Africa, 244.

aliena, Quaylea.

Alissonotum piceum, on sugar-cane
in Ii dia, 133.

Alissonotum simile, on sugar-cane
in Irdia. 133.

Alkaline Earths, effect of salts of,
on wing development of Aphids,
299.

alliaceus, Piezodorus incarnatus.

Allium cepa (see Onion).

Allograpta obliqua, predaceous on
Aphids in Canada and U.S.A.,
28, 78, 175.

Allomphalus cavasolae, proposed
establishment of, against Dacus
oleae in Italy, 456.

Allorrkina nitida (Green June
Beetle), effect of hydrocvanic-
acid gas urder vacuum corditions
on, in U.S.A., 76, 77 ; destroyed
by crows in U.S!A., 203.

Allothromhium pulvinus, predaceous
on Aphids in Minnesota, 327.

Alloxysta kiejferi, sp. n., parasite of
Aphis rumicis in France, 487.

Almond [Amygdalus cowinwrnis), 244;
Eurytoma amygdali on, in Cyprus,
71, 534 ; pests of, in Italy, 123,
142 ; Oncideres cingulattis on,
in Jamaica, 58 ; pests of, in
Spain, 210, 365 ; PterocJiloroides
persicae on, in Transcaucasia,

. 344 ; Anarsia lineatella on, in
U.S.A., 204.

Almond, African (see Terminalia
catappa).

alni Agelastica ; Xylococcus.

Alnus (see A'dar).

Alnus gluiinosa, Chrysomela scalans

on, in Nova Scotia, 304.
Alnus incana (Speckled Alder),
Scuddcria pistillata on, in Nova
Scotia, 391.
Alnus nitida, Emperorrhinus defoli-
ator on, in India, 403.
Aloe, scale-insects on, in S. Africa,

139, 242.
Aloes, and Bordeaux mixture,
spraying with, against Otiorrliyn-
chus sulcatus, 466.
aloeus, Strategus.

Alphito-phagus bifasciatus, inter-
cepted on rose stock in Connecti-
cut, 339.
Alpine Fir (see Abies lasiocarpa).
Alpine Hemlock (see Tsiiga mer-

tensiana).
Alpiinia, Parlatoo-ia intercepted on,

in California, 238.
Alsike, pests of, in Canada, 26.
Alsophila pomctaria (Fall Canker

Worm), food-plants of, in Nova

Scotia, 177.
alternans, Pimpla.
Alternaria solani (Early Tomato

Blight), spread by flea-beetles

in U.S.A., 7.
alternata, Serica.
Altha adala, on coffee in Tonkin,

54.
althaeae, Bucculatrix.
Altica (see Haltica).
Alum, effect of, on wing develop-
ment of Aphids, 299.
Alypia octomaculata (Eight-spotted

Forester), on vines in Canada, 27.
Alysia lusoriae, sp. n., parasite of

Musca lusoria in S. Africa, 437.
Alyssum, flea-beetles on, in Den-
mark, 449.
amabilis, Chrysodema.
Amara, destroyed by crows in

U.S.A., 208.
Amara impuncticollis, predaceous

on Gortyna irfimanis in U.S.A.,

174.
Amarantus, Ceroplastes sinensis on,

in Italy, 218 ; Pachyzanela bi-

punctalis on, in Porto Rico, 248 ;

food-jjlant of insect pests in

U.S.A., 9, 189, 394.
Amaryllis, pests of, in N. America,

356.
Amaurosoma flavipes, in Denmark,

447 ; on grasses in Norway, 539.
ambiguella, Clysia (Conchylis).
ambisimilis, 2Ialacosoma.
Amhlyteles brevicinctor, parasite of

Pyrausta nubilalis in U.S.A., 411,

481.
Amblyteles Icoehelei, parasite of cut-
worms in Hawaii, 436.

INDEX.

559

Amhhjleles nonagriae, pa.rasite of
Nonagria typha in Sweden, 98.

Amelanchier (Service-berry, Shad-
bush), pe^ts of, in Canada, 44,
509, 526 ; food-plant of Ghalepus
rubra in U.S.A., 169.

Am.elanchier jlorida, thrips on, in
Br. Columbia, 13, 509.

Amelanchier intermedia ( Juneberry),
Corijlhuca parshleyi on, in Canada,
409 ; not attacked by Gorythuca
parshleyi in New Jersey, 169.

America, Ic.erya purehasi imported
into Portugal from, 6 ; notice
of key to insect galls in, 96.

America, Central, Aleurocanthus
woglumi in, 395 ; Anastrepha
fraterculus indigenous to, 117 ;
Gorythaica carinafa on egg-plant
in, 338 ; Euscepes porceUus in,
56 ; probably the original habitat
of Jlurgantia histrionica, 243 ;
thrips in, 185, 186 ; pe<ts from,
intercepted in California, 62,
126, 198, 237, 361, 427, 503;
precautions against introduction
of pests from, into U.S.A., 18,
21, 241, 395.

America, North, Buprestidae of,
156, 307 ; danger of spread of
Geratitis eapilata into, 18 ;
Encyrtidae probably introduced
into Hawaii from, 437 ; spread of
Eiimerus sirigatus and Merodon
equeslris in, 356 ; notice of key
to species of Oypona in, 480 ;
parasitic Hymenoptera of, 242,
376 ; parasites of leaf -hoppers of,
197; scale-insects of, 11, 336;
parasites of Lachnostema in, 33,
256; (see Canada and U.S.A.).

America, South, Aleurocanthus
woglunii in, 395 ; Anastrepha
fraterculus indigenous to, 117 ;
longevity of Margarodes vitium
in, 136; Murgantia histrionica in,
243 ; measures against Sitotroga
cerealella on cereals in, 126.

americana, Acronycta ; Malaco-
soma ; Meromyza ; Periplaneta ;
Schistocerca.

(imericanum, Mezium.

americanus, Dryoccetes ; Lasius
niger ; Pseiidocatolaccus ; Pytho ;
Scymnus ; 8yrphu,s.

Ametastegia glabrata (see Taxonus).

amicta, Bhinoscapha.

Amitermes tuhiformans, control of,
on citrus in Arizona, 205.

amitinus, Ips.

Ammonia, 219 ; sterilisation of
sou with, 356, 433 ; ineffective
against pests in flour, 384.

Ammonium Sulphate, against Os-
cinellafrit, 70 ; experiments with,

against Heterodera radicicola, 124,

418.
amoena, Gentodora.
amoen icornis, Deltometopus.
amoenus, Neoborns.
Amomum, Aphid i on, in Singapore,

233.
Amorphococcus acaciae, sp. n., on

Acacia in S. Africa, 138.
ampelophaga, Haltica ; Zygaena.
amjyelophila, Drosophila.
Ampelopsis (Virginia Creei)er),

Diacrisia virginica on, in Canada,

26 ; food-piant of Eulecanium

persicae in France, 90.
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, food-plant

of Hippotion celerio in S. Africa,

166.
Ampelop'^is veitchi, food-plant of

Hippotion celerio in S. Africa,

166.
Amphiacusta caribbea (Sick Cricket),

on vegetables in Porto Rico, 248.
Amphidasis cognataria (Pepper ar.d

Salt Moth), food-plants and con-
trol of, in Quebec, 525.
Amphimallus {Rhizotrogus) sohtitia-

lis, in grassland in Britain, 209 ;

effect of Bacillus hoplosternus on,

in France, 397.
amphimone, Dirphia.
Amphorophora ampullata, on ferns

in Britain, 542.
ampla, Lymantria.
amplicollis, Strophosomuj.
ampullata, Amphorophora.
Amsacta moorei sara, in India, 134.
amygdali, Eurytoma.
Amygdalus (see Almond).
Amyosoma zeuzerae, sp. n., parasite

of Zeuzera coffeae in Java, 104.
Amystax maculatus, a minor pest of

beet in S. Manchuria, 12.
Anabrus simplex (Western Cricket),

destroyed by crows in U.S.A.,

203.
Anacardium occidentale (Cashew),

Aspidiotus trilobitiformis on, in

Seychelles, 484 ; Heliothrips

rubrocinetus on, in West Indies,

185.
anachoreta, Strategus.
Anagrus, introduction of, into Cali-
fornia from Australia, 358.
Anagrus armatus, parasite of Empoa

rosae in New York, 183.
4-nagrus frequens, parasite of leaf-
hoppers in Hawaii, 330.
Anagrus niqricornis, sp. n., parasite

of Coccids in Hawaii, 437.
Anagrus swezeyi, sp. n., parasite of

Trionymus insularis in Hawaii,

437,
anale, Sinoxylon.
analia, PterygophGrus.

560

INDEX.

Anaphes gracilis, parasite of Lepido-
saphes uimi in N. America,
242.

Anaphoidea conotracheli, parasite of
Codiodes inaeqvalis and Cono-
trachelus nenuphar in U.S.A., 150.

Anarsia ephippios, on Phaseolus
mungo, in India, 134.

Anarsia lineateUa (Peach Twig-
borer, Peach Worm), 224; mea-
sures against, in Br. Columbia..
13, 171 ; intercepted in peaches
in California, 199 ; food-plants
and control of, in U.S.A., 60,
204, 254, 339.

Anasa armigera, measures against,
on cuciimbers in U.S.A., 120.

Anasa repeiita, measures against, on
cucumbers in U.S.A., 120.

Anasa scorbutica, on Momordica
charantia in West Indies, 257.

Anasa •tristis (Squash Bug), on
cucumber, etc., in U.S.A., 120,
340.

Anastatus bifasciahis, parasite of
Torthelria dispar in Spain, 230 ;
liberation of, in U.S.A., 104.

Anastatus locustae, sp. n., parasite of
Locustid eggs in Java, 536.

Anastrepha, key to Brazilian spp.
of, 268.

Anastrepha acidusa, food-plants of
and measiu-es against, in Domi-
nica, 262.

Anastrepha bistrigata, sp. n., in
Brazil, 268, 352.

Anastrepha bivittata, in Brazil, 269.

Anastrepha consobrina, in Brazil,
269, 352 ; probably a variety of
A.fraterculus, 352.

Anastrepha daciformis, in Brazil,
268.

Anastrepha distans, in Brazil, 269.

Anastrepha ethalea, in Brazil, 269.

Anastrepha fenestraia, in Brazil, 352.

Anastrepha fraterculus (Mango
Fruit-fly), food-plants and dis-
tribution of, in America and West
Indies, 354 ; bionomics of, in
Argentina, 117-119 ; in Brazil,
269, 352, 353 ; food-plants of,
in Jamaica, 57, 5C2 ; in Porto
Rico, 131 ; varieties of, 352.

Anastrepha grandis, in Brazil, 268.

Anastrepha haviata, in Brazil, 269,
352 ; probably a variety of
A. fraterculus, 352.

Anastrepha inteqra, in Brazil, 269,
352 ; probably a variety of
A. fraterculus, 352.

Anastrepha (Trypeta) ludens (Mexi-
can Fruit-fly), prevention of in-
troduction of, into U.S.A., 59,
215 ; probably a variety of A.
fraterculus, 352.

Anastrepha obliqua, in Brazil, 269,

352 ; probably a variety of

A. fraterculus, 352.
Anastrepha ^9«rra??pZcf, in Brazil^

269, 352 ; possibly a variety of

A. fraterculus, 352.
Anastrepha peruviana, possibly a

variety of A. fraterculus, 352.
Anastrepha pseudoparallela, in Bra-
zil, 269, 352 ; probably a variety

of A. fraterculus, 352.
Anastrepha serpentina, food-plants

of, in Brazil, 268, 352.
Anastrepha soluta, in Brazil, 269.
Anastrepha suspensa, in Brazil, 269.

352 ; probably a variety of

A. fraier cuius, 352.
Anastrepha xanthochaeta, in Brazil.

269.
Anatis quinquedecimpunctata, pre-

daceous on A^jhids in Canada and

U.S.A., 28, 175.
ancilla, IHrphiph agus.
Ancylis comptana (Strawberry Leaf-

roller), bionomics and control of,

in U.S.A., 440.
Ancylis conflexana, synonym of A.

comptana, 440.
Ancylis fragariae, synonym of A.

comptana, 440.
Ancylocheira flavomaculata, in pines

in Spain, 210.
Ancylocheira geometrica, in Pinus

longifolia in India, 291.
Ancylocheira kashmirensis, in Cedrus

deodara in India, 291.
ancylus. Aspidiotus.
Andraca bipunctata (Bunch Cater-
pillar), on tea in India, 375.
andreae, Dysdercus.
andrewesi, Cistelomorpha : Platypria,
andromelas, Aspidiotus perniciosus.
Andropogon amplectens, Aspidiotus

Tcellyi on, in S. Africa, 139.
Andropogon annulatus, Cecidomyid

forming galls on, in India, 309.
Andropogon glomeratus, Orthop-

teron on, in U.S.A., 362.
Andropogon muricatus, Ilonecphora

bicincta on, in Cuba, 348.
Anerastia ablutella, on sugar-cane

in India, 133.
Anerastia lotella, on grasses and

wheat in Germany, 455.
Angelica, Tetranychus telarius on,

in Italy, 157.
angelica, Acrocercops.
angelicus, Agrilus.
Angoumois Grain Moth (see Sito-

troga cereaiella).
angraeci, Conchaspis.
angusta, Monieziclla.
angustatus, Nysius ; Tylenchus.
Anicetus annulatus, sp. n., parasite

of scale-insects in Hawaii, 437.

INDEX.

561

Anhobas platy stylus, parasite of

Thccla rubi in Sweden, 96.
Aiiisodactijlus, destroyed bv crows

in U.S.A., 203.
Anisodactylus binotatus, intercepted

in Conuecticnt, 339.
AnisodacfylKs harpaloides, natural

euMiiv of Blissus leucopteriis in

U.S.A., 34.
AniKoplia, a minor pest of cereals

in Transcaucasia, 345.
Anisota rubiciinda (Striped Maple

AVorm), in Massachusetts, 503.
Anisota senator ia (Oak Worm),

effect of darris on, 497.
Anisotylus, gen. nov., 524.
Anisotyliis siniilis, 524.
Anisotylus siviilis texanus, siibsp.

n., hosts of, in Tf^as, 524.
Anisotylus similic Atahensis, subsY>.

n., parasite of Scymniis spp. in

Utah, 524.
a,nnectj,)is, Aeoloihrips.
annexa, Feltia.
anHidaris, Chlorophorus (Xylotre-

chi(s) ; Polistes.
anuK Jatus, Anicetits.
aimxUgera, Cistelomorpha.
annuUpes, Leucopis ; Pimpla (see

PimpUdea aequalis).
Anobiuni abietis, on Picea omorica

in Balkan-!, 452.
Anobium domesticmn, measures

against in New Zealand, 141, 357.
Anobiuni, striatum, parasitised by

Spathius pedestris in France, 236.
AnogeissHS latifolia, Sinoxylon

airatum in, in India, 291.
Anomala, destroyed by crows in

U.S.A., 203.
Anomala bengalensis, on sugar-cane

in India. 133.
Anomala biharensis, on sugar-cane

in India, 133.
Anomala costata, in forests in Japan,

370.
Anomala. orientalis, successful estab-
lishment of Scolia manilae against,

in Hawaii, 401, 412.
xtnomalella, Nepticula.
Anomalococcus indicus, natural

enemies of, on Acacia arabica in

S. India, 402.
Anomalon, parasite of Eucosma

ocellana in Nova Scotia, 310.
J- wow is erosa, on cotton in India,

72.
Anomis (CosmopMla) sabuUfera, on

jute in Assam, 115.
Anona cherimola (Chirimoya),

Anastrepha fraterculus on, in

Argentina, il8; Alenrocanthus

ivogliimi on, in Costa Rica, 395 ;

Scolvtid boring in seeds of, in

Florida, 241.

<67-2)

Anona glabra, Seolytid boring in
seeds of, in Florida, 241.

Anona humboldtiana, Anastrepha
fraterculiis on, in Argentina, 118.

Anona muricata (Sour Sop), pests
intercepted on, in Florida, 82.

Anona reticulata (Custard Apple),
Antestia lineaticollis ou, in
Uganda, 259.

Anona squamosa (Sweet Sop),
Bephrata cubensis on, in Florida
and West Indies, 58.

Anoplocnetnis phasiana, on indigo
in India. 72.

Anosia, on Asclepias in Fiji, 312.

Anosia 2)lS''^ippus (see Danais).

antaeus, Dorcas.

antennata, Oraptolitha.

Antestia falsa, in Africa, 405.

Antestia lineaticollis (Coffee Bug),
bionomics and control of, in
East Africa and Uganda, 39, 259,
405.

A.htestia orbitalis var. faceta (see
A. lineaticollis).

Antestia tfransvaalia, in Africa, 405.

Antestia usambarica, in Africa, 405.

Antestia variegata (Coffee Bug),
food-plants of, in S. Africa, 247.

Anthaxia, in Celtis reniformis in
U.S.A., 443.

Anthaxia manca, in elms in Spain,
210.

Anthaxia notaticollis, in Pinus
longifolia in India, 291.

Anthaxia osmastoni, in Pinus
longifoliahx India, 291.

Anthaxia praticola, in pines in
Spain, 210.

Antliemis nobilis (Chamomile),
Cassida inquinata on, in France,
270.

Antheraea roylei (Oak Emperor
Moth), proposed utiUsation of,
for silk in India, 354.

Anthomyia betae (see Pegomyia
hyoscyami).

Anthomyia brassicae (see Phorbia).

Anthomyia ceparum (see Hylemyia
antiqua).

Anthomyia cilicrura (see Phorbia).

Anthomyia funesta (see Phorbia).

Anthomyia platura (see Phorbia).

Anthomyia radicum, on radishes iu
Britain, 209.

Anthonomus grandis (Mexican Cot-
ton Boll Weevil), not present
in S. Africa, 331 ; measures
against introduction of, into Cali-
fornia, 59 ; not present in Colom-
bia, 534 ; quarantine measures
against, in Florida, 214 ; quar-
antine against, in St. Vincent,
213 ; bionomics and control of
in U.S.A., 74-76, 102, 149, 220,

562

INDEX.

221, 225, 229, 296, 492, 497,
523 ; varieties of cotton suitable
for avoiding infestation by, 229.

Anthononms grandis var. thurberiae,
new food-plant of, in Mexico, 23.

Anthononms poniorum (Apple Blos-
som Weevil), in orchards in
Denmark, 448 ; in Holland, 124 ;
on pear in Italy, 157 ; measures
against, in Norway, 419, 540;
on fruit-trees in Switzerland,
126, 530; on apple in Trans-
caucasia, 345.

Anthonomus pwlicarius, on egg-
plant in Porto Kico, 249.

Anthonomus pijri, on pear in Hol-
land, 124.

Anthononms qnadrigibbus (Apple
Curculio), measures against, in
Maine, 175.

Anthononms rectirostris, intercepts d
in seeds of Cerasus avium in
U.S.A., 277.

Anthonomus rubi, on raspberries,
etc., in Denmark, 448, 449.

Anthononms signatus (Strawberiy
Weevil), measures against, in
New Jersey, 256.

Anthophagus str ictus, in burrows of
Ips piniin N. America, 430.

Anthothrips aculeatus (see Haplo-
thrips).

Anthothrips niger, synonym of Hap-
lothrips statices, 417.

Anthothrips statices (see Haplo-
thrips).

Anthracene Oil, use of, against
Phorbia brassicae, 284.

Anthracnose, varieties of cotton
resistant to, in Georgia, 229.

Anthrax, infesting grasshoppers in
California, 121.

Anthrax parvicornis, parasite of
Tiphia spp. in N. America, 256.

AntJirenus scrophulariae (Buffalo
Carpet Beetle), in Minnesota, 328.

Anthrenus verbasci, breeding of, in
maize under artificial conditions
in U.S.A., 396.

antigoni, Pulvinaria.

Antigua, cotton and sugar-cane
pests in, 355, 414 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 512.

Antinia theivora, sp. n., on tea in
Java, 489.

antiopa, Vanessa (Euvanessa).

antiqua, Hylemyia ; Orgyia {Noto-
lophus) ; Bhacodineura.

Antler Moth (see Charaeas grami-
nis).

antonii, Helopeltis.

Antonina, on Gramineae, 276.

Ants, on cotton in Argentina, 271 ;
measures against, on cacao in
Ecuador, 210; associated with

Aphids and Coccids, 44, 54, 57,
67, 78, 103, 142, 164, 165, 175,
178, 233, 268, 311, 387, 389, 411,
458, 483, 502, 506, 516 ; attack-
ing other insects, 34, 139, 150,
151, 163, 240, 243, 246, 270, 330,
334, 430, 434, 459, 492, 521 ;
intercepted in quarantine, 33,
131, 427, 438, 503, 504 ; red-lead
powder for protecting onion
seeds against, 337.

Ants, Acrobat (see Cremastogaster).

Ants, Argentine (see Iridomyrmex
humilis).

Ants, Black (see Technomyrmex
albipes).

Ants, Black Cacao (see Dolicho-
derus bituberculatus).

Ants, Carpenter (see Camponotus
pennsylvanicus).

Ants, Fire (see Solenopsis geminata).

Ants, Gramang (see Plagiolepis
longipes).

Ants, White (see Termites).

Anuraphis (Aphis) bakeri (Clover
Aphis), bionomics anel control of,
in U.S.A., 35, 254, 479; distinct
from A. crataegifoUae, 543.

Anuraphis {Aphis) crataegifoUae
(Thorn-leaf Aphis), synonymy of,
543.

Anuraphis persicae-niger (Black
Peach Aphis), on peach in Italy,
157.

anxius, Agrilus.

Anystis cornigera, natural enemy of
Myzus ribis in Britain, 371.

aomoriensis, Nishiyana.

Aonidia badia, sp. n., on Rhus in
S. Africa, 242.

Aonidia chaetacJmieae, sp. n., on
Chaetachme aristata in S. Africa,
242.

Aonidia juniperi (Cedar Scale),
parasites of, in Kansas, 40.

Aonidia lauri, on laurel in Italy,
157.

Aonidia marginalis, sp. n., on Ith^^s
in S. Africa, 242.

Aonidia mesembryanthemae, sp. n.,
on Mesembryanthemum edule in
S. Africa, 242.

Aonidia rhusae, sp. n., on Rhus in,
S. Africa, 242.

Aonidiella perniciosus (see Aspidio-
tus).

Aonidiella taxus, on Podocarpus in
Italy, 157.

aonidum, Chrysomphalus.

Apamea testacea (see Luperina).

Apanteles, parasite of Diatraea
saecharalis in Cuba, 280 ; para-
site of Pieris brassicae in France,
96.

INDEX.

563

Apanteles haiaviensis, sp. n., para-
site of Odonestis plagifera in Java,
104.

Apanteles belippae, sp. n., parasite
of Belippa bohor in Java, 1 04.

Apanteles congregatus, parasite of
Ceratomia catalpae in U.S.A., 80.

Apanteles glomeratus, bionomics of,
parasitising Pieris in Europe,
96, 144, 397, 426, 449, 462, 513 ;
parasite of Phlyctaenia ferrugalis
in U.S.A., 433.

Apanteles isehji, sp. n., parasite of
Canarsia hammondi in U. S. A. , 3 07,

Apanteles javensis, sp. n., parasite
of Hesperia conjundain Java, 1 04.

Apanteles lacteicolor, introduction
of, into Canada against brown -
tail and gipsy moths, 178, 526.

Apanteles macrompTialiae, sj). n.,
hosts of, in Cliile, 252.

Apanteles ynelanoscelus, establish-
ment of, against Porthetria dispar
in U.S.A., 104.

Apanteles pallidocinctus, sp. n.,
parasite of Papilio demodocus in
Africa, 104.

Apanteles rileyanus, parasite of
Estigmene acraea in Nova Scotia,
303.

Apanteles riverae, hosts of, in Cliile,
253.

Apanteles sicarius, parasite of
Polychrosis liitoralis in Britain,
236 ; parasite of IlemeropMla
nemorana in France, 236.

Apanteles stagmatophorae, sp. n.,
probably a parasite of Stagmato-
pliora gleditschiaeella in U.S.A.,
321. .

Apanteles ugandensis, sp. n., para-
site of a Pyralid in Africa, 105.

Apate indistincta, in coffee in Ugan-
da, 260.

Apate monacha, in coffee in Uganda,
260.

Apate suhmedia, in 'Casuarina
equisetifolia in India, 291 ; in
orange and pomegranate in
JajUiaica, 58.

Apate terebrans, in Jamaica, 58.

Aphaereta sarcophagae, sp. n.,
parasite of Sarcophaga in S.
Africa, 437.

Aphelinus abnormis, parasite of
Lepidosaplies ulmi in N. America,
242.

Aphelinus fuscipennis, parasite of
Lepidosaplies ulmi in N. America,
242.

Aphelinus lapisligni, parasite of
Aphis bal-eri in U.S.A., 36.

Aphelinus mytilaspidis, parasite of
Lepidosaphes idmi in Britain
and N. America, 194, 242.
(672)

Aphelopus, parasite of leaf-hoppers
in N. America, 197.

Aphidius brasiliensis, sp. n., para-
site of Aphids in Brazil, 125.

Aphidius rapae, parasite of Macro-
siphum solanifolii in Virginia,
493.

Aphidius ribis, parasite of Myzu,s
rihis in Britain, 371.

Aphidius testaceipes (see Lysi-
phlebus).

Aphidoletes meridionalis, predaceous
on Myzus cerasi in Canada, 28.

Apliids, measures against, 8, 68, 71,
135, 146, 286, 342, 362, 365, 480 ;
natural enemies of, 2, 28, 34, 36,
49, 68, 78, 125, 153, 159, 162,
175, 197, 198, 237, 297, 327, 359,
368, 369, 371, 426, 447, 449. 487,
493, 542 ; classification and new-
species of, 24, 107, 111, 112, 122,
137, 164, 186, 211, 233, 326, 371,
383, 386, 387, 432, 458, 473, 542,
543 ; ants associated with, 44,
67, 78, 164, 165, 175, 233, 268,
387, 458 ; plant diseases spread
by, 40, 528, 529, food-plants of,
in N. America, 45 ; in Argentina,
501 ; Hew and little known
British species of, 386 ; Cahfor-
nian species of, 112, 387; list
of, from Ceylon, 164 ; on melon
in Cyprus, 71 ; on beans in
Holland, 124; in Japan, 100,
111, 153, 368, 369; monograph
of Javanese species of, 1 07 ;
food-plants of, in South-eastern
Kussia, 143 ; list of, from Singa-
pore and Hongkong, 233 ; effect
of contact insecticides on, 'll5 ;
physiology of wing development
in, 299 ; specialised method of
obtaining nutriment in, 1 92 ;
intercepted in quarantine, 9,
62, 199, 361, 427, 494, 503,
504, 514.

Aphis, on hemp in Japan, 155.

Aphis abrotaniella, sp. n., on
Artemisia abrotani in France, 286.

Aphis achilleae, on Achillea mille-
folium in Britain, 542.

Aphis adjecta, food-plants of, in
Britain, 542.

Aphis atriplicis, synonym of A.
rumicis, 431.

Aphis avenae (see Siphonaphis padi).

Aphis balceri (see Anuraphis).

Aphis brassicae (see Brevicoryne).

Aphis brevis (see Anuraphis cratae-
gifolio,e).

Aphis campanulae (see Macrosi-
phoniella).

Aphis cardui, on thistle in Britain,
542 ; on thistle in S. Eastern
Russia, 143.

b2

564

INDEX.

Ai^liis cerasi, on fruit-trees in
Norway, 540.

Apliis circesandis, synonymous with
A. gossyjni, 24.

Aphis crataegifoliae (see Anur aphis).

Aphis cucurbitae, on pumpkin in
Italy, 157.

A2^his euonymi (see A. rum ids).

Apihisfabae, on vegetables in Spain,
293.

Aphis genisiae, synonym of
^1. rumicis, 431.

Aphis gossypii (Cotton Apliis, Melon
Aphis), on cotton in S. Africa,
331 ; food-plants of, in Ceylon,
164; danoer of introduction of,
into Turkey from Egypt, 160;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A.. 2, 240; A. circezandis
identical with, 24.

Aphis granarium {seellacrosiphum).

Aphis grossulariae (Gooseberry
Apliis), bionomics and control of,
in Britain. 64, 322, 542 ; on red
currants in Denmark, 448 ;
possibly a form of A. I'ibiirni,
323.

A2^his ilieis. on holly in Britain,
542.

Aj^his labvrni, food-plants of, in
S. Eastern Russia, 143.

Aphis maidifadicis (Corn Root
Apliis), 281 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 67, 240, 367.

Aphis maidis (Corn Aphis), on
maize in New South Wales, 85 ;
on cereals in Transcaucasia. 344 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A.. 197, 204, 205; on maize
in Uganda, 260.

Aphis tnali (see A. pomi).

Aphis tnalifoliae (Blue or Rosy
Apple Aphis), bionomics and
control of, in Britain, 267 ;
spraying with nicotine sulphate
against, 507.

Ajihis malvoides, in Singapore, 233.

Aphis medicaginis (Cowpea Aphis),
on Crotalaria siriaia in Ceylon,
164 ; food-plants of, and measures
against, iji Oklahoma, 140.

Aphis miUefolii (see Macrosi-
phoniella).

Aphis myosoHdis, on Ilyosotis in
Britain, 542.

Aphis nerii, bionomics of, in Brazil,
486.

Aphis j)opaveris (see A. rumicis).

Aphis persicae, on peach in Italv,
157.

Aphis pomi (mali) (Grreen Apple
Aphis), measures against, in
Britain. 64, 267 ; in orchards in
Denmark, 448 ; on fruit-trees
in Norway, 540 ; in Quebec, 525 ;

experiments against, on peaches
in Transcaucasia, 346 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 254, 472, 507 ;
transmitting Bacillus aniylororus,
528 ; effect of derris on, 496 ;
nicotine against, 64, 507.

Ajdiis pruni, on plum in Britain,
542.

Aj^his pseudobrassicae, Hippodamia
convergens predaceous on, in cap-
tivity in California, 198; asso-
ciated with tomato leaf-spot in
U.S.A., 7.

Aphis ramona, sp. n., on Famona
stachyoides in California, 387.

Aphis ribis, on currant in Italy, 157.

Aphis rosae (Rose Aphis), spraying
experiments against, in Britain.
64 ; effect of meteorological
conditions on, in France, 285 ;
bionomics of, 486.

Ajihis rumicis (Beet Aphis, Black
Bean Apliis), on beet in Bohemia,
353 ; food-plants of, in Britain,
209, 442, 489, 542; food-plants
of, and measures against, in
Denmark, 445, 446 ; parasites
of, in France, 487 ; measures
against, on beans and peas in
Holland, 431 ; on chrysanthe-
mum and beans in Italy, 157 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 78, 240, 362; effect of
derris on, 496.

Aphis sacchari (Sugar-cane Aphis),
suggested introduction of natural
enemies of, into Hawaii, 413.

Ajihis safnbuci, on elder in Denmark,
448.

Aphis senecio, sp. n., bionomics of,
in California, 387.

Ajihis setariae (Rusty Brown Plum
Apliis), on plums, etc., in
S. Dakota, 183, 316.

Aphis silybi, in Britain, 387.

Aphis solani (see Macrosiphoniella).

Aphis solanina, on potatoes in
Britain, 387.

Aphis sorbi (Rosy Aphis), bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 172,
254, 494.

Ajihis stellariae (see Brochycolus).

Aphis iavaresi, on citrus in Cevlon,
164.

Aphis tulipae, measures against, in
tulip bulbs in Holland, 444.

Aphis viburni, bionomics of, in
Britain, 322, 542; A. grossu-
lariae possibly a form of, 323.

Aphis viciae (see Macrosiphoniella).

Aphis, American Beet (see PempM-
gus betae).

Aphis, Artichoke (see Myzus braggi).

Aphis, Bean (see Aphis rumicis).

Aphis, Beet (see Aphis rumicis).

INDEX.

565

Apliis, Black Bean (see Aphi>>

Tiimicis).
Aphis, Black Cherry (see Myzus

cerasi).
Aphis, Black Citrus (see Toxoptera

aurantii).
Aphis, Black Peach (see Anuraphis

persicae-niger).
Aphis, Blue (see Aphis malifoliae).
Apliis, Cabbage (see Brecicoryne

hrassieae).
Apliis, Clover (see Anuraphis ha-

keri).
Aphis, Corn (see Aphis maidis).
Aphis, Corn-root (see Aphis maidi-

radicis).
Aphis, Cotton (see AjMs gossijpii).
Aphis, Cowpea (see Aphis medi-

caginis).
Aplus, European Grain (see Sipho-

naphis padi).
Apliis, Gooseberry (see Aphis gros-

sulariae).
Apliis, Gra'n (see Macrosiphum

granarium).
Apliis, Green Apple (see Aphis

pomi).
Aphis, Green Corn (see Aphis

maidis).
Aphis, (jreen Peach (see Myzus

persicae).
Aphis, Hop (see Phorodon humuli).
Aphis, Mealy Plum (see Hyalopterus

arundinis).
Aphis, Melon (see Aphis gossypii).
Apliis, Oat (see Siphonaphis padi).
Aphis, Oat Apple (see Siphonaphis

padi).
Aphis, Pea (see Acyrthosiphon pisi).
Aphis, Pear Root (sec Eriosoma

pyricola).
Aplus, Potato (see Macrosiphum,

solanifoUi).
Aphis, Red Currant (see Myzus

rib is).
Aplus, Rose (see Aphis rosae and

Macrosiphum rosae).
Aphis, Rosy (see Aphis sorbi).
Aphis, Rosy Apple (see Aphis

malifoliae).
Apliis, Rusty Brown Plum (see

Aphis setariae).
Aphis, Spruce Gall (see Chermes

a,bietis).
Aphis, Sugar-cane (see Aphis sac-

chari).
Aphis, Tea (see Toxoptera coffea.e).
Aphis, Thorn-leaf (see Anuraphis

crataeqifoliae).
Aphis, Tobacco (see Myzus persi-
cae).
Aphis, Woolly Apple (see Eriosoma

lanigerum).
Aphis, Woolly Pear (see Eriosoma

pyricola).

Aphis, Yellow Sugar-cane (see Sijjha
flava).

Aphodius granarius, destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 203.

Aphrophora, measures against, on
roses in Britain, 209.

Aphycomorpha araucariae, gen. et.
sp. n., parasite of Eriococcus
araucariae in Hawaii, 437.

Aphycus alberti, parasite of scale-
insects, 437.

Aphycus melanostomatus, xiarasite of
Eulecanium capreae in Britain,
194.

Aphycus punctipes, parasite of Eule-
canium capreae in Britain, 194.

apicalis, Deilemera ; Nyphasia ;
Phloeobius ; TeHigoniaferruginea.

apicella, Depressaria.

Apiculture, in Ceylon, 249 ; in
India, 287 ; (see Bees).

apiformis, Aegcria {Sesia).

Apion, measures against, in Holland,
443.

Apion apricans, on leguminous
plants in Denmark, 446.

Apion hibisci. on Hibiscus moscheu-
tos in New Jersey, 322.

Aplestomorpha pratti, parasite of
Lasioderma serricorne in U.S.A.,
367.

Aplestomorpha vandinei, parasite
of Lasioderma seiricorne in U.S.A.,
367.

Apocynum, food-plant of Pyrausta
penitalis in U.S.A., 117.

Apoderus blandus, on Dalbergia
sissoo in India, 403.

Apoderus sissu, on Dalbergia sissoo
in India, 403.

Apoderus iranquebaricus, on Ter-
minalia catappa in India, 403.

Apodytes dimidiata, Calycicoccus
merwei on, in S. Africa, 138.

Apogonia, on sugar-cane in India,
133.

Aporia crataegi, on apples in
Norway, 540; intercepted in
U.S.A.; 277.

Apple (Pyrus malus), Chrysompha-
lus corticosus on, in S. Africa,
242 ; Aveovils on, in Assam, 508 ;
Empoasca auslralis on, in Austra-
lia, 32 ; Xyleborus xylographus
in, in Bohemia, 499 ; measures
against y)ests of, in Britain, 62,
267, 517 ; pests of iji Canada, 25,
26, 27, 28, 44, 168, 176, 178, 179,
187, 212, 302, 305, 306, 309,
313, 337, 509, 526, 544; Orgyia
antiqua on, in Chile, 252 ; not
attacked by Rhagoletis pomonella
in Br. Columbia, 172, 479;
pests of, in Cyprus, 71 ; pests of,
in Denmark, 447, 448 ; pests of,

566

INDEX,

lu France, 432, 462, 463, 464,
487, 500; pests of, iu Holland,
124 ; pests of, in India, 122, 133,
226, 292, 403, 489, 535 ; pests of,
in Italy, 157, 218 ; pests of, in
Japan, 109, 111, 154, 240, 438,
439; pests of, in Korea, 274;
pests of, in Norway, 540 ; experi-
ments against pests of, in Sweden,
450; pests of, in Switzerland,
234, 530; Dindymus versicolor
on, in Tasmania, 121 ; pests of,
in Transcaucasia, 344, 345 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 101, 116, 137,
148, 152, 169, 172, 174, 175,
176, 182, 207, 223, 224, 254,
278, 292, 333, 339, 365, 381,
471, 479, 480, 491, 494, 495, 503,
511, 516, 528, 529; experiments
against pests of, in New Zealand,
357 ; pests intercepted on, in Br.
Columbia, 507 ; pests intercepted
on, in U.S.A., 127, 199, 238, 361,
427, 494 ; formula for Bordeaux
mixture for spraying, 304 ; effect
of spraying with lime-sulphur on,
178.
Apple, Cashew, AleurocantJins
u'oglumi on, in Costa Rica, 395.
Apple, Custard (see Anona reti-
culata).
Apple, Sugar, Antestia lineaticoUis

on, in Uganda, 259.
Apple, Wild, food-plant of Nygmia
phaeorrhoea in Eastern Canada,
526.
Apple Aphis, Green (see Aphis

pomi).
Apple Aphis, Rosy (see Aphis

malifoliae).
Apple Aphis, Woolly (see Eriosonia

lanigerum).
Apple Blossom Weevil (see An-

thonomus pomorum).
Apple Curcidio (see Anthonomus

quadrigibbus).
Apple Ermine Moth (see Bypono-

meuta malinellus).
Apple Leafhopper (see Empoasca

mali).
Apple Leaf Jassid (see Empoasca

australis).
Apple Maggot (see Ehagoletis

pomonella).
Apple Red Bugs, migrating from
Crataegus to apple in New York,
516 ; (see Eeterocordylus and
Lygidea).
Apple Scab, measures against, in

Canada and U.S.A., 5, 207, 292.
Apple Seed Chaleid (see Syntomaspis

druparum).
Apple Sucker (see Psylla mali).
Apple Tent Caterpillar (see Mala-
cosoma americana).

Apple Tree Canker (see Nectria

ditissima).
Apple-bhght, Apliids associated

with, in Kansas, 40.
Apples, more attactive than lemons

in baits for grasshoppers, 282.
approximatus, Prociphilus.
a pr leans, Apion ; Buprestis.
Apricot {Prunus armeniaca),
Anastrepha fraterculus on, in
Argentina, 118; pests of, in Br.
Columbia, 13, 507 ; imidentifled
Tineid moth on, in Cyi^rus,
534 ; pests of, in Denmark^ 448 ;
Emjierorrhimis defoliator on, in
India, 403 ; food-plant of Axila-
caspis pentagona in Italy, 123 ;
food-plant of Parornix in Japan,
438 ; pests of, in Korea, 274 ;
Cydia pomonella on, in Trans-
caucasia, 344 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
116, 204, 205, 224, 297.
A2niona cinerea, on forest trees in

India, 534.
Apriona germari, on forest trees in

India, 535.
Ajvi'iona rugicollis on forest trees
in India, 535 ; on apple and
mulberry in Japan, 154.
aprobola, Argyroploce.
Aprostocetais norax, parasite of
Macromphalia dedecora in Chile,
252.
apterus, Xanthoencyrtus.
Aj)tinothrips rufus, on fox-tail grass
in Denmark, 447 ; in Finland,
468 ; on grasses in Germany, 445.
Apyrgota persoiiata, sp. n., possible
confusion of, with Trypeta sp.
in Brazil, 352.
aquilegiae, Hyalopterus (see E.

flavus).
Arabis albida, Dasyneura on, in

Switzerland, 234.
Arachis hypogaea (Peanut), not
attacked by insect pests in
Australia, 50 ; Lepidopterous
larvae intercepted in, in Cali-
fornia, 62 ; Plodia intercepted in,
in Br. Columbia, 507 ; Typhlocy-
bid leafhopper on, in Dutch E.
Indies, 388 ; food-plant of
Diacrisia virginica in Texas, 382 ;
Pseudococcus on, in Porto Rico,
516.
Araecerus, in stored coffee in Dutch

E. Indies, 107, 389.
Araecerus fasciculatHS (Coffee Bee-
tle, Coffee-bean Weevil), attacked
by Perisierola emigrata in cap-
tivity in Hawaii, 435 ; food-
plants of, in India, 291 ; on coffee
in Sumatra, 64 ; intercepted in
W^est Indies, 257 ; intercepted in
U.S.A., 21, 427, 503.

INDEX.

567

arator, Heteronyclms.

Araucaria, Eriococcus araucariae ou,
iu Austria, 161.

Araucaria bidwilU, Pseudococciis
aurilanatus on, in U.S.A., 476.

Araucaria excelsa, Pseudococciis
aurilanatus on, in U.S.A., 476.

Araucaria imbricata, Pseudococcus
aurilanatus on, in U.S.A., 476.

araucariae, Aphycomorpha ; Erio-
coccus.

Arbela (Bark-eating Boivr), on tea
in India, 375.

arbuti, OUgomerus.

Arbutus (Manzanita), OUgomerus
arbuti on, in California, 321.

Archips (see Torlrix).

Arctia caja, susceptible to Bacillus
lioplosterniis, 396.

arctica, Pimpla.

arcticae, Eremotylus.

Arctornis chrysorrhoea (Gold -tail
Moth), on Hippopliae rliamnoides
in Britain, 444 ; intercepted in
U.S.A., 277.

arcuatus, Agrilus ; Chortoglyphus.

Arcyptera flavicosta transcaucasica,
subsp. n., in Transcaucasia, 346.

Ardea caerulea, destroying- mole-
crickets in St. Vincent, 188.

Areca catechu (Areca Nut Palm),
Cerataphis lataniae on, in Ceylon,
165 ; attacked by Promecotheca
opacicollis in New Hebrides, 458 ;
pests of, in India, 291, 402 ; scale-
insects on, in Philippines, 74 ;
scale-insects on, in Seychelles,
484.

Areca Nut Palm (see Areca catechu).

arenaria, Gerceris.

Arenga, Hidari irava on, in Dutch
E. Indies, 390.

Argentina, citrus pests in, 272 ;
cotton pests in, 271 ; forest pests
in, 319; miscellaneous pests in,
19, 218, 252, 318, 396, 501 ; rice
pests in, 271 ; new Coccidae from
307 ; bionomics of Anastrepha
fraterculus in, 1 1 7-1 1 9 ; Bembidia
discisa predaceous on Rhynchota
in, 318 ; Brethesia latifrons reared
from Icerya purchasi in, 524 ;
food-plants of and measures
against Eriocampoides limacina
in, 251 ; iitilisation of beneficial
insects in, 363; Lepidoptera in-
tercepted in California in potatoes
from, 361.

argeniina, Saissetia.

Argentine Ant (see Iridomyrmex
humilis).

Argentine Bagworm (see Oeceticus
platensis).

argentinus, Pachylis.

argillacea, Alabama (Aletia).

Argina argus, food-plants of, in
Assam, 54.

Argina cribraria, on Crotalaria seri-
cea in Assam, 55.

argus, Argina.

arguta, Mevesia.

Argyresthia conjugella, in orchards
in Denmark, 448 ; on apples in
Norway, 540; experiments
against, in Sweden, 450.

Argyresthia ephipjiiella, on cherries
in Denmark, 448 ; on fruit-trees
in Norway, 540.

Argyresthia nitidella, on fruit-trees
in Norway, 540.

Argyroploce aprobola, measures
against, on Hibiscus abelmoschus
in Seychelles, 483.

Argyroploce consanguinana (Green
Bud Worm), parasites and con-
trol of, on apple in Nova Scotia,
309,310.

Argyroploce duplex, bionomics and
control of, in Canada, 74.

Argyroploce leucaspis, on litchi in
India, 134.

Argyroploce leucotreta (False Cod-
ling Moth), in S. Africa, 247.

Argyroploce paragramma, on bam-
boo in India, 134.

Argyroploce variegana, in orchards
in Denmark, 447, 448 ; on ajjples
in Norway, 540.

argyrospila, Tortrix (Archips).

Aristolochia indica, Ajthis gossypii
on, in Ceylon, 164.

Aristotelia fragariae, sp. n. (Straw-
berry Crown Borer), on straw-
berry in Br. Columbia, 171, 240.

Arizona, new Buprestid on Cour-
setia microphylla in, 307 ; new
Chalcids from, 23, 401 ; miscel-
laneous pests in, 204-206 ; in-
troduction of beneficial insects
into, 237.

arizonensis, Cryptoripersia ; Thrips.

Arkansas, miscellaneous pests in,
36, 344, 401, 491.

armatus, Anagrus.

Armenia, Turkish, Tmethis saus-
surei from, 347.

armigera, Anasa ; Heliothis (see
H. obsoleta) ; Hispa.

armoraciae, Phyllotreta.

Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Oscinella
frit on, in Britain, 69.

Arrhenothrips ranialrishnae, gen.
et sp. n., on ILimusops elengiin
India, 262.

Arrhinotermes simplex, on Persea
gratissima in Cuba, 349 ; damag-
ing stored timber in Jamaica, 58.

arrogans, Pleciocryptus.

Arrowroot, new thrips on, in India,
543.

568

INDEX.

Arsenate of ('opper (see Copper
Arsenate).

Arsenate of Iron (see Iron Arsenate).

Arsenate of Lead (see Lead Arsenate)

Arsenate of Lime (see Calcium
Arsenate).

Arsenic, against Alabama. argiUacea,
271 ; required percentage of, in
calcium -arsenate against Aniho-
nomus grandis, 296 ; in mixture
for protecting fruit-trees from
Capnodis tenebrionis, 485 ; ex-
periments with, against Lepidioia,
412 ; in solutions against vine
pests, 191 ; in poison-baits, 9,
38, 85, 141, 156, 162, 293, 294,
391, 515 ; possible value of, in
Bordeaux mixture, 305.

Arsenic Acid, and lime, calcium
arsenate prepared from, 188 ;
in formula for lead arsenate,
463 ; ineft'ective against Gallobe-
licus nicotianae, 538 ; use of,
against termites, 349.

Arsenic Pentoxide, required per-
centage of, for poisoning cotton -
boll weevils, 75, 296.

Arsenical Sprays, 237 ; less satis-
factory than fumigation against
Coccus citricola, 267.

Arsenicals, 372, 373 ; dusting with,
against Ch alio ides junodi, 246;
experiments in poisoning cotton -
boll weevils with, 75 ; exprri-
ments with, against Cydia porno-
nella and other orchard pests,
462, 463, 464; experiments with,
against Fidia viticida. 495 ; for
trapping fruit-flies, 33 ; quassia
extract as a substitute for,
against Hibernia defoliaria, 469 ;
in baits for locusts, 432 ; elfect
of, on OUorrhyncJms sulcatiis, 466 ;
use of, against Sparganoihis piUer-
iana, 464 ; for treating wood
against termites, 135 ; ineffective
against Diatraea saccharalis cram-
bidoides, 408 ; ineffective against
Pyrausia. nnbilaUs, 411 ; barium
chloride less toxic than, 365 ;
effect of using soap with nicotine
when combined with, 342; (see
Lead Arsenate).

Arsenious Acid, presence of, in
Paris green causing scorcliing
of foliage, 217 ; method of deter-
mining amount of, in Paris
green, 218 ; ineft'ective against
Gallobelicus nicotianae, 538.

Arsenious Acid Emulsion, spraying
with, against Sparganoihis piller-
iana, 191.

Arsenious Oxide, experiments with,
in baits for grasshoppers and
cutworms, 282, 283, 293.

Arscnite of Copper (see Copper

Arsenite).
Arsenite of Lime (see Calcium

Arsenite).
Arsenite of Soda (see Sodium

Arsenite).
Artamus sHperciliosus (Wood

Swallow), destroying grass-
hoppers in Australia, 263.
Artemisia, MacrosipTionielht. arle-

misiae on, in Oregon, 112 ;

Cryptosiplium artemisiae on, in

S. L astern Kussia, 143.
Artemisia abrotani, Aphis ahro-

taniella on, in Britain, 386.
Artemisia maritimci, Orthezia. urlicae

on, in Britain, 518.
Artemisia vulgaris, food-plant of

Pyrausta nubilalis in Belgium,

373.
artemisiae, Cryptosiphum ; Macrosi-

phoniella (Siphonophora) ; Pseudo-
coccus ; Bhopalomyia.
Arthrocnodax, enemy of Eriophyes

cor yli gall arum in Sicily, 413.
Arthrosolen polycephalus, Aspidio-

tus griqua on, in S. Africa,

139.
Artichoke, pests of, in Francs,

458, 462 ; Dindymus versicolor on,

in Tasmania, 121.
Artichoke, Jerusalem, planting of,

between cabbages against Pieris

brassicae, 462.
Artichoke Aphis (see Myzus braggi).
articulatus, Sele^iaspidus {Aspidio-

tus).
artocarp i. Green idea.
Artocarpus, Cryptoparlatoria uberi-

fera on, in Philippines, 74.
Artocarpus incisa (Bread fruit

Tree), Icerya aegyptiaca on, in

S. India, 403.
Artocarpus integrifolia (Jak)

Greenidea artocarpi on, in Ceylon,

165 ; pests of, in India, 134,^402,

403, 535.
arundinis, Ilyalopterus.
Arundo pliniana, cicadas oviposit-
ing on, in Italy, 65.
Arytaina isitis (Indigo Psyllid).

parasites of, in India, 133.
Asaphes vulgaris, parasite of Aphis

rumicis in France, 487.
Aschersonia, infesting scale-insects

in Florida, 19.
Aschersonia aleurodis {Tied Fungus),

infesting wliiteflies in Cuba, 384,

349; establishment of against

Dialeurodes citri in Florida,

215.
Aschersonia cubensis, infesting

Saissetia hemisphaerica in Cuba,

349 ; infesting scale-insects in

Florida, 19, 20.

INDEX.

569

AscJiersoma flavocitrina (Yellow

Fungus), establishment of,

against Aleurodes nubifera in

Florida, 215.
Aschersonia goldiana, infesting

whiteflies in Cuba, 349.
Aschersonia turbinata (Turbinate

Fungus), infesting Lecanvmn iai

Cuba, 349 ; infesting scale-insects

in Florida, 19, 20.
Aschersonia viridans, infesting

wliiteflies in Cuba, 349.
Asclepias (Milk-weed), Anosia on,

in Fiji, 312.
Asclepias currassavica, A2}his nerii

on, in Brazil, 486.
Aserica orientalis, on beet in S.

Manchuria, 11.
Ash (Fraxinus), Ilyphantria cunea

on, in Canada, 44 ; Hylesinus

on, in France, 460; pests of,

in U.S.A., 103, 205, 206, 243,

400.
Ash, Black (see Fraxinus nigra).
Ash, Green (see Fraxinus lanceolaia)
Ash, Moreton Bay, destruction

of, against siigar-cane grubs in

Queensland, 110.
Ash, Mountain, pests of, in U.S.A.,

28, 176, 243.
Ash, Red (see Fraxinus pennsyl-

vanica).
Ash,White (see Fraxinus americana).
Ashes, mixed with insecticides for

dusting, 57, 113, 287, 479.
ashmeadi. Meniscus (see Pimplidea

tenuieornis) ; Telenoinus.
Asia, Cirphis unipuncta in, 84 ;

proposed study of parasites of

Dacus oleae in, 456 ; new weevils

from, 489.
Asia Minor, Cimbex quadrimacu-

lata in, 142 ; campaign against

locusts in, 161.
asiliformis, Aegeria (Sesia).
Asilus lecythus, predaceous on

Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.
Asilus paropus, predaceous on

Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.
Asiphonaphis pruni, gen. et sp. n.,

on Primus serotina in U.S.A.,

186.
asparagi, Crioceris ; Tetrastichus.
Asparagus, Acanthopsyche tristis on,

in S. Africa, 291 ; pests of, in

Denmark, 448 ; Crioceris aspar-
agi on, in Europe, 234, 461 ;

Platyparea poeciloptera on, in

Italy, 157 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,

2, 15, 511.
Asparagus Beetle (see Crioceris

asparagi).
Asparagus Miner (see Agromyza

simplex),
asper, Stigmacoceiis.

Aspergillus flavus, infesting Pseudo-
coccus sacchari in Cuba, 349.

asperulae, Perrisia.

asperiim, Himatiuni.

Asphaltimi, for protecting trees
from insects, 476, 491.

Asphondylia opuntiae, suggested in-
troduction of, into Australia from
U.S.A. to destroy prickly pear,
482.

Asphondijlia wehsteri, new Chalcids
reared from galls of, in U.S.A.,
401.

asphondyliae, Callimome.

Aspidiotiphagus citrinus, parasite
of Lepidosaphes ulmi in N.
America, 242.

Aspidiotiphagus schoeversi, sp. n.,
parasite of Chionaspis aspidis-
tras in HoUand, 444.

Aspidiotus, on peaches and apricots
in Denmark, 448 ; on Quercus
robur in Italy, 66 ; in Portugal,,
6 ; on Hevea in Sumatra, 64 ;
intercepted in U.S.A., 81, 199,
215, 238, 427, 504.

Aspidiotus ancylus (Putnam Scale),
on cherries, etc., in U.S.A., 183,
471.

Aspidiotus articulatus (see Selen-
aspidus).

Aspidiotus aurantii (see Chrysom-
phalus).

Aspidiotus britannieus, intercepted
on bay trees in California, 504.

Aspidiotus califoniicus (see A.
pini).

Aspidiotus camelliae (see A. rapax).

Aspidiotus coccineus (see Chrysoni,-
phalus aurantii).

Aspidiotus cocotiphagus, on coco-
nuts in the Far East, 14 ; inter-
cepted on coconut in Florida,
215.

Aspidiotus cyanophylli, intercepted
on bananas, etc., in California, 62,
126, 198, 237, 367, 427, 503.

Aspidiotus cydoniae, intercepted on
bananas in California, 127 ; on
Samanea saman in Philippines,
74 ; in Portugal, 6.

Aspidiotus cydoniae punicae, on
coconuts in the Far East, 14.

Aspidiotus destructor (Bourbon
Scale, Coconut Scale), on coco-
nuts in the Far East, 14 ; on
banana in Fiji, 311 ; beetles pre-
daceous on, in Br. Guiana, 484 ;
food-j)lants of, in 8. India, 402 ;
use of lime-sulphur against, in
Jamaica, 502 ; food-plants of,
in Nigeria, 185 ; food-plants of,
in Uganda, 260.

Aspidiotus dictyospermi (see Chry-
somphalus).

570

INDEX.

Asj)idiottis ehreiiae, sp. n., on Ehre-
tia hottentottica in S. Africa, 139.

Aspidiotus ficus (see Chrysomphalus
aonidum).

Aspidiohis furcillae, sp. n., on
Acacia horrida in S. Africa, 138.

Aspidiotus griqua, sp. n., on Arth-
rosolen polyceplialus in S. Africa,
139.

Aspidiotus harlii (Yam Scale), con-
trol of, on yams in Jamaica, 56,
502.

Aspidiotus hederae (01eander,Cliina-
berry Scale), 276 ; on Aucuha
japonica in Austria, 161 ; in-
fested with Sphaerostilhe cocco-
2)hiJa in Florida, 20 ; on oleander
and mandarin in Italy, 157 ;
intercepted on palms in Nebraska,
9 ; on olive trees in Portugal, 6.

Aspidiotus Jiowardi, on jjears in
Colorado, 471.

Aspidiotus kellyi, sp. n., on Andro-
pogon amplectens in S. Africa,
139.

Aspidiotus lataniae (Latania Scale),
intercepted in California, 427 ;
on coconut in Far East, 14; in-
fested with Sphaerostilhe cocco-
phila in Florida, 20.

Aspidiotus ligusticus, sp. n., on \-ines
in Italy, 142.

Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, food-
plants of, in Italy, 66 ; in Por-
tugal, 7 ; on apple and pear in
Transcaucasia, 344.

Asjyidiotus palmoe, on coconuts in
Far East, 14 ; in Portugal, 6.

Aspidiotus perniciosus (Pernicious
Scale, San Jose Scale), 204 ;
quarantine measures against, in
S. Africa, 244, 331 ; in Argen-
tina, 396, 501 ; varieties of, and
their food-plants in Japan, 240 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Canada and U.S.A., 8, 20, 29,
47, 126, 220, 305, 339, 471, 477,
480, 494, 502, 533 ; intercepted
in U.S.A., 199, 213, 238.

Aspidiotus perniciosus var. alho-
punctatus, food-plants of, in
Japan, 240.

Aspidiotus perniciosus var. andro-
melas, food-plants of, in Japan,
240.

Aspidiotus 2)^''' tit sits, sp. n., food-
plants of, in S. Africa, 139.

Aspidiotus pini (California Pine
Leaf Scale), on shade-trees in
U.S.A., 476.

Aspidiotus pumilus, sp. n., on
Phormium tenax in S. Africa,
139.

Aspidiotus pyri, intercepted in S.
Africa, 244.

Aspidiotus rapax (Greedy Scale),
intercepted on avocado in Cali-
fornia, 1 99 ; food-plants of, in
India, 402 ; in Portugal, 6 ; in-
tercepted on apple in Wisconsin,
494.

Aspidiottis regius, sp. n., on aloe in
S. Africa, 138.

Aspidiotus rossi (see Chrysomphalus)

Aspidiotus simillimus translucens,
intercepted on oranges in Cali-
fornia, 361.

Aspidiotus transparens (see A. des-
tructor).

Aspidiotus trilobitiformis, food-
plants of, in Seychelles, 484.

Aspidistra lurida, Hemiehionaspis
aspidistrae intercepted on, in
California, 361.

aspidistrae, Hemiehionaspis { Chion-
aspis).

Aspidomorpha sanctaecrucis, on Tec-
tona grandis in India, 403.

Assam, miscellaneous pests in. 54,
114, 204, 292, 492; orchard
pests and their control in, 508 ;
new weevils from, 489.

assamensis, Serica.

assectella, Acrolepia.

assimilis, CeutJiorrhynchus ; Gryllus.

Astegopteryx styraci, sp. n., on
Styrax ohassia in Japan, 111.

Aster, insect pests on, in Canada
and U.S.A., 25, 179, 388.

Aster formosissima, food-plant of
Ceroplastes sinensis in Italy,
218.

Aster olecani'um, on Quercus robur
in Italy, 66.

Asterolecanium bambusae, Pentilia
insidiosa predaceous on, in Br.
Guiana, 484.

Asterolecanium lineare, on coconuts
in the Far East, 14.

Asterolecanium pustulans, parasites
of, in Hawaii, 437.

Asterolecanium pustulans var. sey-
chellarum. on Lantana in Sey-
chelles, 484.

Asterolecanium quercicola (see A.
variolosum).

Asterolecanium variolosum (Pustu-
lar Oak Scale), in S. Africa, 247 ;
measures against, in Germany,
159.

Astycus aurorittatus, on Tectona
grandis in India, 403.

Astycus chrysochlorus, food-plants
of, in India, 403.

Astycus lateralis, food-plants of, in
liidia, 403.

astyra, Brassolis.

Atanycolus labena, parasite of Chry-
sobothris tranqueharica in Florida,
265.

INDEX.

571

Atanycolus rugosiventris, parasite of

Chrysobothris tranquebarica in

Florida, 265.
Ataxia crijpta, on cotton iu Colombia,

534.
ater, Dufouriellus ; Hylastes ; Tliae-

ogenes ; Thysanus.
aterrima, Sphenopiera.
Athalia colibri, on vegetables in

Korea, 274.
Athalia proxima (Mustard Sawfly),

measures against, in Assam, 492.
Atherix, parasitised by Trichogram-

ma evanescens in Europe, 231.
Athous liaemorrhoidalis, in Britain,

489.
Athous niger, occasionally attacking

beet in Bohemia, 353.
Athous vittatus, occasionally at-
tacking beet in Bohemia, 353.
Atlantia glauca, attacked by Citri-

pthaga mixta in New South Wales,

532.
atlantica, Harmolita.
atlantis, Ilelanoplus.
Atmetonychus peregrinus, food-
plants of, in India, 403.
Atomaria linearis, on beet in Bohe-
mia, 353 ; in Denmark, 447.
atomis, Crypt/urgus.
Atomizer, ether sprayed with, 384.
Atoposomoidea ogimae, parasite of

Porthetria dispar in Spain, 230.
atra, Blastodacna ; Macrosiphoniella

{Macrosiphmn) ; Phyllotreta.
Atractodes molly i, sp. n., parasite

of Sarcophaga in S. Africa, 436.
Atractodes miiiri, sp. n., parasite of

Sarcophaga in Japan, 436.
Atractomorpha, on tobacco in

Kamerun, 160.
atrata, Silpha.

atratum, Monalonion ; Sinoxylon.
atratus, Kleothrips ; Tabanus.
AtripUx, Eutettix tenella ovipositing

on, in U.S.A., 474.
atriplicis, Aphis (see A. rumicis).
atriventris, Elis.
atropos. Sphinx,
atropurpurea, Melanophila.
atriim, Colaspidema.
Atta cephalotes, control of, on

citrus in Br. Guiana, 310.
Attacus ricini (Eri Silkworm),

failure of introduction of, into

Mauritius from India, 7.
Attaqenus piceus, in stored tobacco

seed in U.S.A., 367.
J.fta?ea (Oil Palm), PachymerusinteT-

cepted in seeds of, in Java, 488.
Aucuba japonica, Aspidiotus hederae

on, in Austria, 161.
Augomonoctenus libocedri, gen. et

sp. n., in cones of Libocedrus

decurrens in U.S.A., 24.

Anlacaspis, sub-genus of Diaspis,
242.

Aulacaspis chionaspis,^ on Erylhrina
in Uganda, 260.

Aulacaspis ^>eMto.gro?irt. (Mulberry
Scale), establishment of Pros-
paltella berlesei against, in Argen-
tina, 363, 501 ; associated with
Eulecanium jwunastri on plum
in China, 224 ; successfully
controlled by Prospaltella berlesei,
160; spread of, into France
from Italy, 123 ; introduction
of Prospaltella berlesei into Italy
against, 157, 455, 456.

Aulacaspis rosae (Rose Scale), in
Italy, 157; in Portugal, 7; on
shade-trees in U.S.A., 477.

Aulacophora olivieri (Pumpkin
Beetle), on maize in New South
Wales, 294.

Aulai-ches, on sal seedlings in India,
191.

Aulocara elliotti (Big-headed Grass-
hopper), in Montana, 315.

aurantiaca, Contarinia (see Sitodi-
plosis mosellana).

aurantii, Chrysomphalus (Aspidi-
otus) ; Toxoptera.

aurata, Cetonia.

auricestus, Aeolothrips.

auricilia, Diatraea.

aiiricularia, Forficula.

aurifacies, Cryptome igenia.

aurifera, Phytometra (Plusia).

auriflua, Scirpophaga (see S. xantho-
gastrella).

aurilanatus, Pseudococcus.

auropicta, Euchenopa.

auropmictata, Wasmannia.

auroviljtatus, Astycus.

aurulenta, Buprestis.

australe. Pentodon.

Australia, prospects of cultivating
Arachis hypogaea in, 50; pro-
posed introduction of Chrysomela
hyperici into, to destroy Hyperi-
cum, 295 ; measures against
pests of stored cereals in, 167,
200; pests of maize in, 84, 85;
miscellaneous pests in, 15, 16,
186, 262, 294, 295, 416, 465 ;
orchard pests in, 19, 32, 201 ;
sugar-cane jiests in, 109, 167,
200, 295, 411, 465; notes on
sawflies of, 294 ; new genera and
species of Thysanoptera in, 434 ;
repeal of proclamation prohibi-
ting importation of citrus into,
40 ; Nosema apis infecting bees
with Isle of Wight disease in,
376 ; problem of eradicating
prickly pear in. 481 ; new scale-
insect attacking St. John's wort
in, 485 ; introduction of beneficial

572

INDEX.

ijisect.s, from into other coiuitries,

20, 236, 330, 357, 359, 437 ;
pests from, intercepted iti Br.
Columbia, 507 ; pests from, in-
tercepted in California, 237, 361,
474 ; pests from, intercepted in
Hawaii, 188, 329.

Australian Pine (see Casuarina
equisetifolia).

ausiralis, Empoasca.

Austria, miscellaneous pests in,
122, 160, 161 ; Hesperofhanes
griseus parasitised by Xylono-
mus propinquus in, 268 ; or-
ganisation of economic ento-
mology in, 454.

autodice, Taloch ila.

Aiitographa (see Phytomeira).

autographus, Bryocoeies.

Automalus alboguttatus, parasite of
Dasychira pudihunda in Sweden,
96.

Autoserieo., on sugar-cane in India,
133.

arellanae, Eriophyes.

Arena eJatior, Tarsonenius spirifex
on, in Germany, 455.

Avena flarescens, Oscinella frit on,
in Britain, 69.

avenae. Aphis, Siphocoryne (see
SiphonaphiK pmli) ; Heterodera
schachtii.

Avocado Pear {Persea gratissima),
bionomics of Stenoma catenifer
on, in Ecuador and Guatemala,
382 ; pests of, in Hawaii, 241 ;
pests of, in West Indies, 349,
502 ; Trioza loebelei on, in
Mexico, 241 ; pests of. in U.S.A.,

21, 106, 198, 241, 473; pests
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 199,
277, 278 ; prohibition against
importation of seeds of, into
U.S.A. from Central America and
Mexico, 21.

Avocado Weevil (see Heilipus lauri).
Axiagasius fambeUi, on coconuts in

Solomon Islands, 14.
axyridis, Plych an atis.
Azalea, Stephanitis pyrioides on, in

Switzerland, 234 ; identity of

Galerucella sp. on, in U.S.A., 37,

284 ; pests intercepted on. in

U.S.A., 9,122,277,361,494, 503.
Azalea Leaf-miner (see Gra^cilaria

za.clirysa).
azaleae, Gracilaria.
Azya pontbrianti, predaceous on

Saissetia hemispha.eriea in Br.

Guiana, 484.
Azya trinHatis, predaceous on ^4.s-

pidiotus destructor in Br. Guiana,

484.
AzygopMepa scalaris, in Sesbania in

India, 134.

B.

baccarum , Dolycoris.

Baccha clarata, predaceous on

Aphids in Brazil, 487.
Bacillus amylororus (Fire-blight),

experiments to determine relation

of leaf-hojipers to, in NeAv York,

183 ; insects transmitting, 528.
Bacillus coli, infesting man and

animals, 528.
Bacillus hopdosternus, experiments

in the effects of, on insects, 396,

486.
Bacillus lij^aris, experiments with,

on Lepielopterous larvae, 486.
Bacillus melolonthae liquefasciens,

causing elisease in cockchafers in

France, 217.
Bacillus meloloniha-e nonliquefasciens,

causing elisease in cockchafers in

France^ 217, 486.
Bacillus paratyplii-alvei, infecting

bees in Denmark, 451.
Bacillus pini, Dioryclria associated

with, on puies in Spain, 90.
Bacillus irachei])hilus (Bacterial

Wilt of Cucurbits), transmitted

by Diabroticn spp., 521, 528.
Bacteria, Beneficial, 256, 270, 282,

301, 303, 383, 385, 396, 486.
Bacteria, Injurious. 90, 311, 348,

413, 451, 521, 528.
Bacteriuni pityocantpae, infecting

Cnetliocampa pityocampa in

France, 270.
Bactrocera cucurbitae (see Dacus).
badia, Aonidia.

baeiica, Lampides {Polyommatus).
Bagrada hilaris (Bagrada Bug),

bionomics and control of, in S.

Africa, 165.
Bagworms, bionomics of, in S. Africa,

332, 391 ; on tea in Inelia, 375 ;

on coconut anel rubber in Malaya,

128, 129.
Bagworm, Argentine (see Oeceticus

platens is).
Bagworm, Evergreen (see Thyridop-

teryx ephemeraeform is).
Bagworm, Thatched (see Acantho-

psyche tristis).
Bagworm, Turret (see 2Ionda rogen-

hofferi).
Bagworm, Wattle (sec Chalioides

junodi).
Bahamas, Aleurocanthus woglumi

in, 213 ; danger of introduction

of A. woglumi into Florida from,

18.
baileyi, Grapiolitha.
Baits, for Agromyza, 16 ; for ants,

103, 523 ; formulae for, for various

beetles, 315, 394, 515; for cock-
roaches, 135, 230; for Cosmo-

INDEX.

573

poliies sonlidiis, 86, 181, 182; '
for cutvvoniis and annv worms.
57, 61, 79, 85, 105, 171,205, 206,
262, 283, 294, 417, 418, 441, 477 ; \
ex]) riincjits with, for fruit-flies,
33, 66, 262 ; for Hyleniyia antiqiia,
171 ; formula? for, for locusts,
•grasshoppers and crickets, 9, 13,
87, 141, 156, 162, 181, 182, 205,
206, 260, 282, 283, 293, 343, 376,
391, 432, 477, 510; for various
Rhynchota, 39, 493 ; experiments
with, for vine moths, 90, 107, 398,
457, 458, 467 ; for wireworms,
13, 171, 364, 407; formulae for,
39, 41, 79, 105, 205, 206, 230,
260, 262, 293, 343, 391, 394,
417, 418, 523 ; iueli'ective against
iJiairaea saccharalis erambidoides,
408; inetfective against milli-
pedes, 260; ineffective against
Ophideres fiillonica, 287.

bajuliis, Cerambyx.

baker i, Anuraphis {Ajihis) ; Fseii-
dococeus.

Balamnus c-album, in Eugenia jam-
bolanain India, 134.

Balaninus caryatrypes. intercepted
in chestnuts in California, 199.

BaJaniniis nucum (Nut Weevil),
measures against, in Britain.
308 ; in hazel nuts in Denmark,
448.

halestrerii, Megastigvms {Trogocar-
pus).

Balkans, pests of Picca omoriea
in, 452.

Ballovia cistipennis (see Fundella).

Balsam Fir (see Abies balsamea).

balsameus, Ipi^.

Balsamorrhiza sagitiala (Balsam
Root), Corythuca immaculata on
in Canada, 409 ; Bhizoglyphus
sagittatae on, in Montana, i38.

halieaius, Mesoleins.

Bamboo {Bambnsa) pests of, in
India, 134, 291 ; varieties of,
attacked by Polydesma vulgaris
in Japan, 155 ; food-plant of
Aphids in Java, 108 ; Aphids on,
in Singapore and Hong Kong,
233, 234 ; Xyjotrechns spp.
infesting, in Tonkin, 50, 269, 518 ;
list of Coccids attacking, 276.

Bamboo Shoot Borer (see Polydesma
vulgaris).

Bambusa nana, Melanaphis bam-
busae on, in Singapore, 233.

Bambusa vulgaris, Franklinothrips
vespiformis on, in Central
America and West Indies, 185 ;
Leptodictya bambusae on, in Porto
Rico, 197.

bambusae, Asterolecanium ; Glyphin-
aphis ; Leptodictya ; MeJanaphis.

Banana {3Iusa), Aspidiotus des-
tructor on, in Tropical Africa,
185, 260; Rhabdocnemis obscura
on, in Costa Rica, 295 ; pests of,
and their control in Fiji, 311 ;
Pseudococcus bromeliae on, in
Florida, 473 ; mealy-bugs on,
in Hawaii, 328 ; termites inter-
cepted in, in Hawaii, 33 ; thrips
on, in Spain, 543 ; pests inter-
cepted on, in U.S.A., 62, 127,
198, 213, 214, 237, 361, 427,
503, 504; measures against pests
of, in West Indies, 57,87,181, 434.

Banana Root Weevil (see Cos-
mopolites sordidus).

Banana Scab Moth (see Sacoleio
octosema).

Bananas, use of, in baits, 86, 181,
282,293,311,343.

Banchtis rolutatorius, parasite of "
Lepidoptera in Sweden, 420.

Bandicoot, destroying sugar-cane
grubs in Queensland, 110.

Barathra brassicae, on caulifloAvers
in Denmark, 449 ; on hemp in
Japan, 155 ; on cabbages in
Norway, 540.

Barathra oleracea (see Polia).

Barbados, Heliothrips liaemorrhoi-
dalis on Phoenix dactyUfera in,
186 ; legislation against Pecti-
nophora gossypiella in, 113;
parasites and food-plants of
Phytalus smithi in, 414, 415 ;
importation of Tiphia parallela
from, into Mauritius, 4.

Barbados Blackbird (see Quiscahis
fortirostris).

Barbary, Lebidostomis hordei on
Hordeum murinuni in, 373.

bnrbaMi7n, StromaAmrn .

barbatus, Encyrtus.

bnrberi, Sympherobius.

Barichneumon locutor, parasite of
Bupalus piniarius in Sweden,
423.

Bar is tor quota, on egg-plants in
Porto Rico, 249.

Barium Chloride, and soap, spray-
ing with, against Aphids, 159 ;
experiments with, against Ptero-
nus ribesii, 365.

Bark-eating Borer of Tea (Arbela),
in India, 375.

Barley, Blissus diplopterus on, in
S. Africa, 246 ; pests of, in
Britain, 68, 69, 267, 442 ; pt^sts
of, in Canada and U.S.A., 43,
197, 205, 281, 378, 379, 398,
471 ; pests of, in Denmark, 445,
446 ; pests of, in Finland, 468 ;
attacked by ('hlorops herpini
in France, 386 ; pests of,
in Germany, 353, 455 ; Elaterid

574

INDEX.

larvae on, in Holland, 124 ;
mites infesting, in Japan, 153 ;
Serica on, in Korea, 273 ; pests
of, in Norway, 419, 420, 538,
539; Aelia rostrata on, in 8pain,
365 ; Cicodula sexnotata on, in
Sweden, 193, 421.

Barley (Stored), infested with
Calandra oryzae in Arizona, 206.

Barnacle Scale (see Ceroplastes cir-
ripedifoimis).

Baryscapus, Heieroscaptui related
to, 125.

basalis, Derelomus ; Dijrrion {Neso-
diprion) ; Poccilocyhis ; Systena.

basilinea, Trachea {Hadena).

Basipterus castaneipennis, intro-
duced into Buenos Aires in tim-
ber, 319.

bassetiella, Euclemensia.

Bassus cylindricus, Prov., synonym
of Iseropus coelehs, 23.

Bassus earinoides (see JlicrodMs).

Bassus inmiaculatus, sp. n., pro-
bably a parasite of Phtliorimaea
striaiella in U.S.A., 321.

Bassus stigmaterus, parasite of Bia-
traea saceharalis in Cuba, 280.

Bassus usitatws, sp. n., probably a
parasite of Mineola raccinii in
U.S.A., 321.

Basswood (Tilia americana), food-
plant of insect pests in Canada
and U.S.A., 25, 169, 304, 308.

bastardi, Promachus.

batatae, Euscepes (CryptorrJiyncJiMs).

bataviensis, Apantetes (Protapan-
teles).

batavtts, Perilampits.

Batocera albofasciata, in forest trees
in India, 535.

Batocera roylei, in forest trees in
India, 535.

Batocera rubus, in forest trees in
India, 191, 535.

Batocera titana, in forest trees in
India, 535.

Batrachedra rileyi (see Pyroderces).

Bats, destroying Homona coffearia
in Ceylon, 498 ; suggested use of,
for controlling injurious insects
in France, 17.

Bauhinia malabarica, Caryoborus
qonagra in, in India, 291.

Bauhinia racemosa, Caryoborus gon-
agra in, in India, 291.

Bauhinia vahlii, pests of, in India,
291, 292.

Bavaria, Pyrausta mibilalis in, 373 ;
measures against Xyloterus linea-
tus in forests in, 1.

Bay Tree (Laurus nobilis), scale-
insects intercepted on, in Cali-
fornia, 504 ; Diaprepes abbrevia-
tus spengleri on, in Tortola, 337.

Bdella breviiarsis, associated with
Lepidosaphes ulmi in N. America,
242.

Bean Aphis (see Aphis rumicis).

Bean Bruchus (see Bruchus obtectus).

Bean Fly (see Agromyza destructor).

Bean Leaf Beetle (see Cerotoma spp. ).

Bean Leaf-miner (see Agromyza
platyptera var. jucunda and A.
phaseoli).

Bean Leaf-roller (see Eudamus
proteus).

Bean Leaf-webber (see Nacoleia
indie ata).

Bean Thrips (see Heliothrips fascia-
tus).

Bean Weevil (see Bruchus).

Beans, pests of, in S. Africa, 165,
257-259; pests of, in Australia,
15 ; Phorbia trichodactyla infes-
ting, in Austria, 161 ; pests of,
in Britain, 442, 542 ; quarantine
against insects infesting, in Br.
Columbia, 13, 507; j)ests inter-
cepted on, in California, 199,
238, 503, 504; pests of, in
Canada, 26, 525 ; Gastroidea viri-
dula on, in Denmark, 449 ;
not attacked by Oaleruca tana-
ceti in Germany, 1 95 ; as a cover
crop against HeUotlirips rubro-
cinctus in Grenada, 530; spread
of Nematodes encouraged by,
in Hawaii, 413 ; pests of, in
Holland, 124, 431, 432 ; pests of,
in India and Ceylon, 15, 134 ;
Aphis rumicis on, in Italy, 157 ;
suggested planting of, against
Cosmopolites sordidus in Jamaica,
434 ; pests of, in Norway, 539 ; bio-
nomics and control of Agromyza
destructor on, in Philippines, 15 ;
pests of, in Porto Rico. 248 ;
suggested as a trap-crop for Phraa-
matiphila truncata in Queensland,
167 ; Aphids on, in Spain, 365 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 2, 61, 145,
189, 205, 206, 224, 283, 339, 393,
394, 395, 399, 418, 419, 472.

Beans (Stored), Bruchus obtectus
infesting, in S. Africa, 258 ;
measures against Bruchids in-
festing, in N. America, 229 ;
pests intercepted in, in Porto
Eico, 514 ; effect of excessive
sterilisation measures on germin-
ation of, 477.

Beans, Broad ( Vicia faba), Bruchus
rufimanus in, in S. Africa, 258 ;
immime to attack of Bruchus
obtectus, in S. Africa, 258 ; Aphis
rumicis on, in Britain, 209;
experiments to determine sus-
ceptibility of, to Tylenchus devas-
tatrioc, 356.

INDEX.

575

Beans, Carob, pests of, in Cypruss,
71 ; Brucliids interceiDted in, in
Hawaii, 438.

Beans, French, Cneorrhinus plagin-
ttis on, in Holland, 124.

Beans, Horse (see Canavalia ensi-
f or mis).

Beans, Kidney (see Phaseolus vul-
garis).

Beans, Lima (see Phaseolus lunatus).

Beans, Soja (see Glycine soja).

Beans, Tick, Bruchus riifimanus in,
in S. Africa, 228.

Beans, Velvet {Stisolobiuni), Qiaura
sceptica on, in India, 134 ; not
attacked hj Agromyza destructor in
Philippines, 15 ; suggested plant-
ing of, against Nematodes, 41 9.

bcatus, Ootetrastichus.

Beauveria, infesting Coleoptera and
Lepidoptera in France, 271, 385,
425.

Beauveria densa, infesting Hepialus
and Lachnosterna in France, 461.

Beauveria globulifera, infesting
noxious insects in France, 460,
461 ; vine moths probably im-
mune to, in France, 461 ; infes-
ting Diabrotica vittata \n U.S.A.,
521.

becMi, Lepidosaphes.

Bee-hole Borer of Teak (see Duo-
mitus cer amicus).

Beech (Fagus), pests of, in N.
America, 157, 178, 305, 308, 340,
503 ; pests of, in Britain, 277,
416, 518 ; Drepanothrips reuteri
on, in Central Europe, 195;
measures against Hybernia defol-
iaria on, in Denmark, 469 ;
Dasychira pudibtinda on, in
Germany, 454 ; Egonolcia derdix
on, in Japan, 370.
Bees, diseases of, 166, 244, 267,
339, 376, 395, 451 ; Bacillus
amylovorus indirectly sj^read by,
528 ; legislation against diseases
of, in Florida, 501 ; restrictions
against use of sprays toxic to,
in Quebec, 524 ; figs slightly
damaged by, in LF.S.A., 411.
Beet, pests of, in Bohemia, 353 ;
Pegom.yia hyoscyami on, in, Brit-
ain, 209 ; pests of, in Canada, 179,
433, 544; pests of, in Denmark,
445, 446 ; pests intercepted on,
in Florida, 82 ; attacked by
Heterodera scTiachtii in France,
467 ; Nematodes on, in Hawaii,
413; pests of, in Holland, 124,
443; pests of, in Italy, 193;
pests of, in Manchuria, 11, 12 ;
pests of, in Porto Kico, 248 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 2, 9, 148, 189,
224, 465, 475.

Beet Aphis (see Apliis rwrnicis).

Beet Leaf-hopper (see Eutettix).

Begonia, food-plant of Phlyctaenia
ferrugalis in Canada, 433 ; Lyman-
tria ampla on, in Ceylon, 165.

behrensi, Conozoa ; Itoplectis.

belfragei, Zavipio.

Belgium, Otiorrhynchus sulcatus on
vines in, 465 ; bionomics of
Pyrausta nubilalis in, 373 ; new
thrips in hot-houses in, 543 ;
pests from, intercepted in U.S.A.,
9, 504.

Belionota prasina, food-plants of,
in India, 134, 291.

Belippa bohor, parasitised by
Apanteles belippae in Java, 1 04.

belippae, Apanteles.

bella, Leucopis.

bellicosus, Termes.

Belumnite, use of, against cater-
pillars, 442.

Bembecia hylaeiformis (see Pen-
nisetia).

BembidioniBemhidium) celer, accom-
panying flea-beetles on vegetables
in Denmark, 449.

Bembidula discisa, predaceous on
Ehynchota in Argentina, 318.

benefica, Eumicrosoma.

Bengal, effect of meteorological
conditions on silkworms in, 483.

bengalensis, Anomala.

Benzine, for treating timber and
furniture against Anobium
domesticum, 357 ; fumigation of
soil with, against cutworms, 364 ;
injection of, into soil against
underground insects, 465 ; use of,
against pests of stored tobacco,
286.

Benzol, injection of, into soil against

underground insects, 465.
Benzole Emulsion, spraying with,
against Coleoptera, 443 ; sug-
gested use of, against Nysius
vinitor, 200.
Benzyl Bromide, effect of, on

Lepidoptera, 319, 320.
Bephrata cubensis, on Anona
squamosa in Florida and West
Indies, 58 ; intercepted on sour-
sop in Florida, 82.
Berberis, Aphids intercepted on,

in Nebraska, 9.
Berberis purpurea. Eulecaniuin per*
sicae intercepted on, in U. S. A. , 277.
bergi, Aleurodes.
bergmanniana, Tortrix.
berqrothi, Helopeltis.
berlesei, Prospaltella.
Bermuda Grass, 205.
betae, Anthomyia (see Pegomyia
hyoscyami) ; Pemphigus ; Smyn-
thurodes.

re

INDEX.

Betel, Coccus longulus intercepted

on. in California, 199, 238, 361,
427, 503.
beihnuei, Fenusa ( Mef alius) ; Grap-

ioUtha.
Bel 111 a (see Birch).
Betula lenta (Yellow Bircli), pests

of, in Canada, 409, 527.
betidae, Byctiscus ; Corytlmca ;

Pulvinaria ; Ithyncliites ; Xylo-

cocrus.
hetnlaecolens, Calajihis.
beluleii, Bhynchites (see Byctiscus

betnlae).
hezzii. Dacus, {Chaclodacus).
Bliindi (see Hibiscus esculentus).
liib(i.i\ Biprorulus.
Bibio horhilanus, outbreak of, on

barley in Denmark, 446.
bicincta, Monecplwra ; Fentato-

mophaga.
bid net us, Heliothrips.
h icla v is, Houarcl ia.
bicolor. Chrysochroa ; Coptocycla ;

Stauroderus (Stenobotlirus) ; Ten-
th ecor is.
bicolorinus. Hem iteles.
Bidens, Tephrites crassipes breeding

in, in Hawaii, 437.
Bidens leucantha, Thrips ahdomi-

nalis on, in Cuba, 349.
bidens, Ficromerus.
bidentatus, Dyscinetus.
bifasciatus, jilphitophagus ; Anasta-

tus ; Fterygophoras.
b ifenestral is, L onsdoivn ia.
b iqem inata. Hyper asp is.
Bignonia, food-plant of Aidacaspis

penta^onahi Italy, 123.
biliarensis, Anomala.
bilineata, Lema.
bilineatus, Agrilus.
bimaculata, Oberea.
bimamdatug, Cercidocerus ; Gryllus ;

Monocliamus ; Tetranychus (see

T. telarius).
b im arq inata, Haltica.
binotata, Enchenopa.
binotatus, Anisodactylus,
bioculatus, Ferillns ; Tetranyclms.
Biomyia lachnosternae, parasite of

Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.
Biosteres brasiliensis. possibly a

parasite of Anastrepha spp. in

Brazil, 353.
Biprorulus bibax (Green Spined

Orange Biig), measures against,

on citriLs in New South Wales,

373.
b ipu nctalis, Fachyzancla.
bipunctata, Adalia {Coccimella) ',

Andraca.
bipunctatus, Collops ; Echinocnemus.
bipunctifer, Schoenobius (see S.

incertellus).

Birch (Betula), pests of, in N.
America, 25, 28, 60, 174, 177,
340. 409, 479, 511 ; pests of,
m Britain, 277, 416 ; Fulvinaria
betulae on, in Holland, 124 ;
Cass us cosstis in, in Italy, 157 ;
Scolytus ratzeburgi in, in Sweden,
422.
Birch, Paper, Bucculairix canaden-

sisella on, in Connecticut, 340.

Birch, White, Agrilus anxins on,

in Quebec, 504, 527 ; food-plant

of Chalepus rubra in U.S.A., 169.

Birch, Yellow (see Betula Unta).

Birch Bark-beetle (see Scolytus

ratzeburgi).
Bircli Leaf Skeletoniser (see Buc-
cu lair ix can adens isella ) .

Bird Cheriy, food-plant of Galeru-
cella cavicollis in New Y'ork, 182.
Bird-lime, a possible remedy for
XylotrecJius quadripes, 519.

birdi, Empoasca flavescens.

Birds, protection and economic im-
portance of, 29, 188, 238, 406,
466, 534, 537 ; destroying noxious
insects, 37, 74, 84, 110, 117,
140, 145, 151, 159, 163, 182, 188,
237, 245, 256, 263, 265, 295, 301,
311, 334, 372, 379, 386, 388, 399,
415, 459, 465, 466, 485, 498, 521,
533 ; parasites of Homona coffearia
destroyed by, in Ceylon, 498 ;
spreading Atriplex semibaccata
in beet fields in U.S.A., 475 ; mites
probably distributed by, 354 ;
scale-insects distributed by, 56,
244, 331 ; damaging willow-trees
in Germany. 159 ; damaging
maize in U.S.A., 285.

birmanicus, Agrilus.

Biscuits, infested with Ephestia
kuhniella in Britain, 94, 385 ;
Coreyra cephalonica infesting, in
U.S.A., 428.

biselliella, Tineola.

biseriata, Flagiotoma.

b istrigata, A nasirepha.

Bittersweet, Enchenopa binotata on,
in Nova Scotia, 306.

b itubercu latus, Dolichoderus.

b i V ittata, A nastrepha.

bivittatus, Melanoplus.

Black Army Worm (see Agrotis
fennica).

Black Banana Weevil (see Cos-
mopolites sordidus).

Black Bean Aphis (see Aphis
rumicis).

Black Cacao Ant (see Dolichoderus
bituberculatus).

Black Cherry Aphis (see Myzus
cerasi).

Black Ciirus Aphis (see Toxoptera
aurantii).

INDEX.

577

Black Fly of Citrus (see Aleurocan-
thus woglumi).

Black Leaf 40, against Agromyza
laterelJa, 215 ; in sprays against
Aphids and Coccids, 25, 68, 222,
342, 362, 470, 531, 533 ; against
various other Rhyncliota, 44, 169,
173, 278, 306, 395, 418, 510;
and sulphur against Phlyctaenia
ferrugalis, 433 ; against termites,
205 ; Bordeaux mixture more
effective than, against Empoasca
mali, 395 ; and lead arsenate, 40,
169; (see Nicotine Sulphate).

Black Locust Borer (see Prionoxy-
stus Tobiniae).

Black Locust Tree (see Bobinia
pseudacacia). ■

Black Oak (see Quercus kelloggi
and Q. velutina).

Black Peach Aphis (see Anuraphis
persicae-niger).

Black Scale (see Clirysompliahis
rossi, Saissetia nigra and S.
oleae).

Black Scale Fimgus (see Myrian-
gi'um duriaei).

Black Rot of Crucifers, trans-
mitted by Phytometra, 528.

Black Vine Weevil (see Otiorrhyn-
chus sulcatus).

Black Walnut Caterpillar (see
Datana iniegerrima).

Black Wattle (see Acacia mollis-
sima).

Blackberry {Biibus fruticosus), pests
of, in Canada, 27, 338, 440;
pests of, in Denmark, 448 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 5, 117, 201, 440.

lilackberry Leaf-miner (see Fenusa
bethunei).

Blackbirds, Syntomaspis druparuni
in seeds of Crataegus oxyacantha
eaten by, in Britain, 517 ; des-
troying insects in U.S.A., 22, 117.

Blackhead Fireworm (see Mhopo-
bota vacciniana).

iblaclcmani, Heterospilus.

Blackthorn, insect pests on, in
France, 426, 462.

JBlacus tuberculatus, parasite of
OtiorrliyncTius in Europe, 466.

hlanchardi, Parlatoria.

hlanda, Systena.

bJandus, Apoderiis ; Myllocerus.

Blaniulus guUulatus, in Denmark,
449 ; use of bait-traps for, in
Holland, 364.

Blapstirms, food-plants of, in
California, 121.

Blastobasis coccivorella, parasite of
Eennes in U.S.A., 263.

Blastodacna atra, on apple in Den-
mark, 448 ; on apple in Norway,
540.
(672)

Blastodacna puiripenella (see B.
atra).

Blastophaga, new species of, infesting
Ficus in Costa Rica, 352.

Blastothrix spp., parasitising Etilec-
anium capreae in Britain, 194.

Blatta or ientalis, in "ii ova, Scotia, 391.

Blattella germanica (see Pliyllo-
droniia).

Blechrus glabratus, natural enemy
of Blissus leucopterus in U. S. A. , 35.

Blennocampa geniculata, on straw-
berry in Denmark, 449.

Blennocampa pusilla, on rose in
Holland, 124.

Blepharipa scutellata, parasite of
Borthetria dispar in LT.S.A., 104.

Blepharipeza, possible prevention
of outbreak of Malacosoma
disstria by liberation of, in Can-
ada, 301.

blepliaripoda, Exorista.

Blepyrus mexicanus, parasite of
Bseudococcus vir gains, 437.

Blissus diplopterus (South African
Grain Bug), bionomics of, in S.
Africa, 246.

Blissus leucopterus (Chinch Bug),
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 34, 81, 102, 140, 148, 281,
355.

Blister Beetles, in Iowa, 83 ; experi-
ments with insecticides against,
522 ; (see Epicauta).

Blitophaga opaca, on beet in Den-
mark, 445, 446 ; on cereals, etc.,
in Norway, 538, 540.

Blue Aphis (see Aphis malifoliae).

Blue Grass (see Poa pratensis).

Blue Grass Bill-bug (see Spheno-
phorus parvulus).

Blueberry, 186.

Blueberry Flea-beetle (see Haltica
torquata).

bocquilloni, Paradrymadusa.

Bohemia, beet pests in, 353 ; biono-
mics of Parasetiqena segregata
in, 498, 499 ; Xyleborns xylo-
graphus in apple in, 499.

bohor, Belippa.

boisduvali, Diaspis ; Gerydus.

Bollworm, Common (see Heliothis
obsoleta).

Bollworm, Pink (see Pectinophora
gossypiella).

Bollworm, Red (see Diparopsis
castanea).

Bollworm, Spiny (see Earias
insulana).

Bombax malabaricum (Red Cotton
Tree, Simul), Olenea spilota in, in
Assam, 292 ; food-plant of Dys-
dercus cingulatus in Ceylon, 520;
pests of, in India, 291, 292, 403,
404, 535.

578

INDEX.

BomhyceUa cedorum (Cedar Wax-
wing), destroying Galerucella cavi-
coJlis in New York, 182.

Bombyx mori, parasitised by Comp-
silura coneinnata in U.S.A., 429 ;
(see Silkworms).

Bombyx neustria (see Malacosoma).

boniensis, Chrysopa.

Books, measures against termites
damaging, in Cuba, 349.

Boracic Acid, in bait for Peri-
planeta americana, 135.

Borassus flabelliformis, pests inter-
cepted in seeds of, in Java, 488.

Borax, in formulae for baits for
cockroaches, 230; in formula for
bait for crickets, 343 ; ineffective
against Phorbia brasskae, 285.

Bordeaux Mixture, against cacao
thrips, 530; against Diairaea
saccJiaralis, 408 ; experiments
with, against Monalonion aira-
titm. 211 ; against orchard pests,
222, 304, 305, 325, 337, 345, 394,
418, 450, 464, 495, 510; aoainst
vegetable pests. 25, 43, 148, 325,
341, 375, 522, 525 ; acainst vine-
moths, 46, 191, 397, 466; dust-
ing with, 341 ; and calcium
arsenate, 525 ; experiments with
copper dust as a substitute for,
303; copper-lead-arsenate com-
pared with, 464 ; and lead
arsenate, 148, 337, 375, 450, 495,
522, 525 ; and lime-sulphur, 305 ;
and nicotine, 46, 397, 466, 510,
530; and zinc arsenate, 394;
commercial, method of calculat-
ing value of, 4.

borealis, Ctenichneumon melanocas-
taneus ; Epilachna.

Borneo, CJylds turcipennis in, 277 ;
new Monophlebine Coccid from,
396 ; pests from, intercepted in
California, 427.

Bostrychus sexdentoius (see Ips).

Bostrychopsis parallela, in Dendro-
calamus str ictus in India, 291.

Boswellia, Pseudococcus iceryoides
on, in S. India, 402.

Bothrochaleis stercoraria, sp. n.,
hosts of, in S. Africa, 437.

botrana, Polychrosis.

Boirytis, infesting BracJiartona
caioxaniha in Malaya, 129.

Botrytis bassiana (Muscardine Fun-
gi;s), experiments with, against
vine moths in France, 123 ;
infesting Scolytid larvae in
France, 461 ; attacking silk-
worms in India, 235.

Botrytis rileyi, infesting Noctuids in
Cuba, 349.

Botys (see Pyrausta).

boucheanus, Dibrachys.

Bouillie Billaiit, brand of lead arse-
nate used in experiments against
orchard pests, 463, 464.

Bourbon Scale (see Aspidiotus de-
structor).

Box Elder, insect pests on, in
U.S.A., 80, 278.

Boxwood, Icerya piircJiasi on, in
U.S.A., 477 ; pests intercepted
on, in U.S.A., 339, 361.

Bracliarlona catoxaiitha, 390; on
coconuts in Dutch E. Indies,
64, 389 ; bionomics of, on coco-
nut in Malaya, 129, 520.

brachm anae, Trigonocolus.

Brachycchudus helichrysi, in Ceylon,
165.

Brachycolus, key differentiating
Cryptosiphum and Siphonatropliia
from, 112.

Brachycohts noxius, on cereals in
Transcaucasia, 344.

Brachycolus (Aphis) steUariae, 112.

Brachyderes siUundis, on pines in
Spain, 90.

Bracliylaena discolor, Manatlia sub-
hyalina on, in S. Africa, 392.

Brachys aerosols, bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 308.

Brachys ovafus, bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 308.

Brachystola maqna, destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 203.

Brachytrypes portentosus, measures
against, on tea, in India, 375.

Brachyxystus subsignatus, food-
plants of, in India, 403.

Br aeon celer, proposed establish-
ment of, against Dacus oleae in
Italy, 456.

Bracon micropictus, parasite of
Aegeria exitiosa in U.S.A., 95.

Bracon xanthostigmus, on black-
berry in U.S.A., 117.

braggi, Myziis.

Bran, in poison-baits, 38, 61, 79,
85, 87, 105, 141, 205, 206, 262,
282, 284, 293, 391, 393, 394, 417,
441, 515, 535 ; method of mixing
sodium arscnite with, against
locusts, 535 ; infested with Tri-
boliuvi confusum, 222.

brandisi, Cryptorrhynchus.

brasiliensis, Aphidius ; Biosteres ;
Heptasmicra ; Icerya.

Brassica oleracea (see Cabbage).

brassicae, Barathra {Mamestra) ;
Brevicoryne {Afhis) ; Phorbia
(Anthomyia, Chortophila) ; Phy-
tometra (Aiitographa) ; Pieris.

Brassolis astyra, on coconuts in
Brazil, 353.

Brassolis soph or ae (Coconut Butter-
fly), in Br. Guiana, 310; de-
clared a pest in Trinidad, 181.

INDEX.

579

Brazil, bionomics of Apliids in,
486 ; Bruchus phaseoU in, 434 ;
coconut pests in, 353 ; cotton
pests in, 488 ; fruit-flies in,
19, 268, 352 ; Euscepes batatae in
sweet potatoes in, 488 ; new and
beneficial Hymenopterous para-
sites from, 125 ; bionomics of
Papilio thoas thoantiades on citrus
in, 125 ; suggested introduction
of Mimorista flavidissinialis into
Australia from, 482 ; Pectino-
phora gossypiella intercepted in
quarantine in, 113 ; Pectino-
phora gossypiella intercepted in
U.S.A. in cotton from, 277 ;
Phoracantha semipundata recor-
ded from, 319; review of text-
book on agricultural entomology
in, 529,

Brethesia laMfrons, gen. et sp. n.,
reared from Icerya purcliasi in
Argentina, 524.

brevicauda, Homalotylus.

breincincfor, Amblyteles.

brevicornis Habrobracon ; Motilla;
Pimpla ; Spartocerus.

Brevicoryne {Aphis) brassicae (Cab-
bage Aphis), in Britain, 209 ;
bionomics of, in Denmark, 446,
449 ; Chrysopids predaceous on,
in Japan, 369 ; factors affecting
wing development in, 299.

Brevipalpiis obovatus (Orange Mite),
on cinchona, etc., in Dutch
E. Indies, 41, 389.

brevirostris, Phaenomeriis.

brevis. Aphis {see Anurophis crataegi-
foliae) ; Dinodenis ; Hoplocampa.

brevispinosa, Cremastog aster.

brevitarsis, Bdella.

brevitubtis, Trichothrips.

breweri, Nisotra.

Bridelia stipularis, Pseudococcus
virgatus on, in Philippines, 74.

brissotti, Malacosoma (Clisiocampa).

britannica, Blastothrix.

britannieus, Aspidiotus.

British Columbia, cutworms in,
180; miscellaneoixs pests in, 12-
14, 170-172, 180, 212, 479, 510;
new Microlepidopterous pests of
strawberry in, 240; measures
against orchard pests in, 126,
187 ; bionomics of Bhagoletis
pomonella in, 186 ; notes on
Thysanoptera of, 509 ; measures
against wireworms in, 407; pests
intercepted in quarantine in,
507.

British Guiana, beneficial and in-
jurious Coleoptera of, 484 ; mis-
cellaneous pests in, 310; biono-
mics and control of Tomaspis
JIavilatera on sugar- cane in, 139 ;
(G7-2)

locusts from Venezuela invading,
491 ; pests intercepted in Java
in palm seeds from, 488.

British Isles, cereal pests and their
control in, 68-70, 371, 442;
forest p-sts in, 275, 277, 416, 484,
578; miscellan ous pests in, 70,
122, 144, 209, 277, 308, 444 ;
orchard pests in, 267, 289, 322,
371 ; rose pests in, 508 ; measures
against pests of stored grain in,
91-94, 95, 219, 383, 384, 385, 529 ;
vegetable pests in, 489, 509;
btneficial parasites and fungi
in, 143, 194, 236; bionomics of
Aphid^ in, 267, 322, 371, 386,
444, 542 ; economic importance
of birds in, 238 ; notes on
phytophagous Chalcids in, 517 ;
Coccids and their food-plants in,
473, 518 ; Eulecanium capreae
and its parasites in, 194; Isle of
Wight bee disease in, 376 ;
swarming of Pteronudus deplana-
tus in houses in, 143 ; new thrips
in hot-houses in, 543 ; bionomics
of Tylenchus devastatrix in, 355,
441 ; measures against wireworms
in, 208, 433, 442 ; soil disinfection
in, 465 ; restrictions on the use
of tobacco for insecticides in,
62, 63 ; pests from, intercepted in
U.S.A., 77, 277, 278, 339, 504.

britteni, Bhopalosiphuni.

brizoalis, Cinhochrista.

Broad Beans (see Beans, Broad).

Broad Bean Bruchus (see Bruchus
rufimanus).

Broad-nosed Grain Weevil (see
Caulophilus latinasus ) .

Brochymena, destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

bromeliae, Diaspis ; Pseudococcus.

Bromus, food-plant of insect pests
in U.S.A., 23, 471.

Bromus secalinus (Cheat), Hchrmoliia
inaculaia on, in U.S.A., 471.

Brontes dubius, in burrows of Ips
pini in N. America, 430.

Broniispa, on coconuts in Dutch
E. Indies, 389.

Brontispa froggatti, Plesispa reichei
erroneously identified as, 389.

Bronze Beetle (see Agrilus anxiiis
and Euchrolaspis brunnea).

brooksi, Stiboscopus.

Broussonetia papyrifera, Coleop-
terous pests of, in India, 535.

Brown Bast of Rubber, Copio-
termes gestroi associated with,
in Malaya, 127.

Brown Day Moth (see Pseudohazis
eglanterina).

Brown Lace-wing (see Symphero-
bius californicus).

c2

580

INDEX.

Brown Rot, measures against, on
clierries and plums in Canada,
29 ; relation of Cydia molesta to,
in U.S.A., 207 ; of Solanaceous
plants, transmitted by Leptino-
tarsa deeemUneata, 528.

Brown-tail Moth (see Nygmia
phaeorrhoea).

brucJiophar/i, Eutelus ; Tetrastichus.

Bruchophagus funebris (Clover-seed
Clialcid), bionomics and control
of, in N. America, 145, 171, 205,
265, 327, 401.

Bruchus, in beans in S. Africa, 246 ;
in cowpeas and Sesbania in India,
134 ; in Minnesota, 328 ; infest-
ino- stored cowpeas in U.S.A.,
208.

Bruchus affinis, in LatJiyrus silves-
tris in France, 236 ; in peas in
India, 134, 388. >

Bruchus chinensis (Cow\)eii,~BruGh.ufi) ,
bionomics and control of, in
S. Africa, 257, 258 ; measures
against, in N. America, 229, 255 ;
in cowpeas and stored pulse in
India, 134, 288.

Bruchus fabae (see B. obtectus).

Bruchus hibisci, on Hibiscus mos-
cheutos in New Jersey, 322.

Bruchus lentis (Lentil Bruchus),
measures against, in N. America,
229; in Italy, 157.

Bruchus obtectus (Bean Bruchus),
bionomics and control of, in S.
Africa, 257, 258, 259 ; measures
against, in N. America, 228, 229,
255 ; quarantine against in Br.
Columbia, 13, 507, intercepted
in beans in California, 199.

Bruchus phaseoli (DolichosBruGhus),
infesting peas in Jamaica, 57 ;
distribution of, 434.

Bruchus pisorum (Pea Bruchus),
bionomics and control of, in S.
Africa, 257, 259 ; measures
against, in N. America, 229, 472,
525 ; quarantine against, in Br.
Columbia, 13, 507; intercepted
in peas in California, 503 ; in
peas in Italy, 157.

Bruchus prosopis, in stored mes-
quite beans in Arizona, 206 ;
B. sallaei resembling, 434.

Bruchus pruininus, food-plants of,
in Hawaii, 435.

Bruchus quadrimaculatus (Four-
spotted Bean Bruchus), in S.
Africa, 257, 259 ; measures
against, in N. America, 229, 255 ;
in Hawaii, 435 ; infesting peas
in Jamaica, 57.

Bruclius rufimanus (Broad Bean
Bruchus, Red-footed Bean Bru-
chus), measures against, in N.

America, 229, 255, 472 ; biono-
mics and control of, in S. Africa,
257, 258.

Bruchus rufipes, imported into S.
Africa in vetch seed from Europe,
257.

Bruchus sallaei, bionomics of, in
Hawaii, 434.

Bruchus trabuti, sp. n., in cowpeas
in Timbuctoo, 236.

brumata, Cheimatobia.

bruneifrons, Pinipla (see Iseropus
eoelebs).

brurmea, Eucolaspis.

brunnipalpis, Wohlfahrtia.

Brunolinum, use of, against Xylo-
trechus quodripes, 288.

Brussels Sprouts, attacked by mag-
gots resembling Phorbia brassicae
in Holland, 443 ; Pemphigus
popuU-transversus on, in U.S.A.,
42.

Bryobia, measures against, in Hol-
land, 431.

Bryobia praetiosa (Clover Mite), on
plum and sand cherry in S.
Dakota, 183 ; on gooseberry in
Denmark, 448.

Bryobia prcUensis (see B. praetiosa).

Bryobia ribis, control of, on goose-
berry in Holland, 443.

bubalus, Geresa.

Bucculatrlx althaeae, sp. n., on
hollyhock in California, 307.

Bucculatrix canadensisella (Birch
Leaf Skeletoniser), measures
against, in Connecticut, 340.

Bucentes cristata, parasite of Polia
suasa in Sweden, 420.

bucephala, Pygaera {Phalera).

Buckwheat, experiments to deter-
mine susceptibility of, to Tylen-
chus devastatrix in Britain, 356 ;
Popillia japonica on, in U.S.A.,
101.

Bud-rot Disease of Coconut, trans-
mitted by Bacillus indistinguish-
able from B. coli, 528.

budda, Prosopocoelus.

Buenos Aires, Longicorn beetles
introduced into, in timber, 319.

Buffalo Carpet Beetle (see Anth-
renus scrophulariae).

Buffalo Tree-hopper (see Ceresa bu-
balus).

Bulb Mite (see Bhizoglyphus echi-
nopus).

bumeliae, Prociphilus.

Bimting, destroying Clysia ambi-
guella in vineyards in France,
466.

Bunting, Yellow, a beneficial bird
in Britain, 238.

buoliana, Ehyacionia {Evetria, Tor-
trix).

INDEX.

581

huolianae, Lissonota ; Phnpla.
Bupalus 2)iniarkis, in forests in

Germany, 423, 452, 453 ; bio-
nomics of, on pines in Sweden, 423.
Buprestidae, review of, in N.

America, 156, 307; notes on, in

Japan, 275.
BwpresUs adjeda, in pines in N.

America, 156.
Buprestis apricans, in N. America,

156.
Buprestis aurulenia, in conifers in

N. America, 156, 381.
Buprestis confluenta, in cottonwood

in N. America, 157.
Buprestis decora, in N. America,

156.
Buprestis flavomaculata (see Ancy-

locheira).
Buprestis gihbsi, in oak and poplar

in N. America, 157.
Buprestis japonensis, injuring lead-
piping in Japan, 275.
Buprestis laeviventris, in pines in

N. America, 157, 381.
Buprestis Uneata, in Pinus spp. in

N. America, 157.
Buptrestis maculipennis, in N.

America, 156.
Buprestis maciiUventris, in balsam

and spruce in N. America, 156.
Buprestis nuttalU, in pine in N.

America, 157.
Buprestis rufipes, food-plants of,

in N. America, 157.
Buprestis salisburyensis, in Pinus

rigidain N. America, 156.
Buprestis striata, in pines in N.

America, 156.
Buprestis sulcicolUs, in pines in N.

America, 156.
Buprestis viridisuturalis, sp. n.,

in N. America, 157.
buqueti, XylotrecJius.
Burdock Borer (see Papaipema cata-

phracta).
Burlap, banding with, against

biown-tail moths, 176.
Burma, Alcides ludifieator on teak

in, 489 ; spread of Duomitus

cer amicus in teak forests in, 135 ;

Lymantria ampla in, 165.
bussei, Trioza.
Busseola fusca (Maize Stalk Borer),

in S. Africa, 246 ; measures

against, in Rhodesia, 66, 314.
Butea frondosa, pests of, in India,

292, 403, 404 ; experiments in

the pollarding of, for cultivating

lac in India, 375.
Buttercup (see Panunculus).
Butternut (see Juqlans cinerea).
buxi, Monarthropalpus ; Pinnaspis.
Buxus, Lepidosaphes ulmi inter-
cepted on, in Nebraska, 9.

Buxus sempervirens, Monarthropal-
pus buxi on, in Switzerland, 234.

Byctiscus betulae, on vine in Italy,
157.

Byctiscus lacunipennis, on vines in
Korea, 274.

Byturus fumatus ( Raspberry Beetle),
on raspberries in Holland, 124.

Byturus tomentosus (Raspberry
Beetle), food-plants of and
measures against, in Denmark,
448, 449 ; in Holland, 124 ; in
Norway, 541.

Byturus unicolor, in orchards in
New York, 137.

o.

c- album, Balaninus ; Vanessa.

Cabbage (Brassica oleracea), pests
of, in S. Africa, 165, 332 ; Tato-
chila autodice on, in Argentina,
501 ; pests of, in Britain, 122,
209, 442 ; pests of, in Canada,
25, 27, 338, 433, 544; pests of,
in Denmark, 98, 445, 446, 449 ;
pests of in France, 397, 462, 467 ;
pests of, in Holland, 124, 230;
pests of, in Italy, 157 ; Pier is on,
in Jamaica, 58 ; Serica on, in
Italy, 273 ; pests of, in Norway,
540 ; cutworms on, in Pliilippines,
405 ; pests of, in Porto Rico,
248, 516 ; bionomics and control
of Pieris brassicae oia, in Switzer-
land, 235, 512-514; pests of,
in U.S.A., 42, 81, 148, 343, 399.

Cabbage Aphis (see Brevicoryne
brassicae).

Cabbage Butterfly (see Pieris bras-
sicae).

Cabbage Fly (see PJiorbia brassicae).

Cabbage Gall Wee\'il (see CeutJio-
rrhyncJius sulcicolUs).

Cabbage Looper (see Phytometra
brassicae).

Cabbage Root Maggot (see Phorbia
brassicae).

Cacao {Theobroma cacao), thrips on,
in Central America, 185, 186 ;
Coccus viridis on, in Br. Guiana,
310; Lymantria ampla on, in
Ceylon, 165 ; pests of, in Ecuador,
210; measures against Adoretus
temiimaculafus on, in Fiji, 312 ;
pests of, in India, 291, 402, 535;
pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 64,
107, 233, 388, 536 ; measures
against pests of, in West Indies,
181, 185, 186, 502, 530, 531 ;
Syaqrus costatipennis on, in
Madagascar, 268 ; Lymidus varii'

582

INDEX.

color oil, in San Thome, 268 ;
pests of, in Uganda, 260 ; (see
Cocoa).
Cacao Beans, Ptiuid beetle inter-
cepted in, in Porto Rico, 514 ;
attacked by Corcyra cephalonica
in U.S.A., 428.

Cacao Beetle (see Stirasioma de'pres-
sum).

Cacao Mosquito (see EelojieUis berg-
rothi).

Cacao Moth (see Acrocercops cram-
erella).

Cacao Thrips (see Helioihrips rubro-
cinctus).

Cacoecia (see Torlrix).

cactearum, Eriococcus.

Cactoblastis cadoriim, suggcste el
introduction of, into Australia
to destroy prickly pear, 482.

cadorum, CacioblasUs (Zophodia).

Cactus, insects feeding on, 482.

cadaver mn, Glyciphagus.

eaelatus. Orlhotomicus (Ips).

•Cae^wpaeus palmeri, suggested in-
troduction of, into Australia to
destroy prickly pear, 482.

caesalis, Glypliodes.

Caesalpmia, new scale-insect on, in
Argentina, 307.

caesiri, Proloparce sexta.

Cages, use of, in life-history studies
of insects, 24.

caja, Arctia {Chelonia).

cajani, Ceroplasiodes.

Cajanus indicus (Pigeon Pea, Red
Gram), Tachardia lacca cultivated
on, 402 ; Bruclms quadrimaculaius
in stor>;d, in Hawaii, 435 ; pests
of, in Inelia, 54, 55, 402 ; planting
of, aganist cotton boll worms,
unsuitable in Inelia. 132; pi sts
of, in West Indies, 257, 414, 502 ;
not attacked by Agrowyza des-
tructor in Philippines, 15 ;
planting of, as a protection
against Sirategvs quadrifoveains
on coconuts in Porto Rico,
132.

calacladopMliora, Eriophyes {Phy-
toptiis).

calami as, Trach ycevira.

Calandra, 134 ; influence of har-
vesting methods on, in Australia,
200 ; in wheat in India, 288.

Calandra granaria (Granary Weevil,
Wheat Weevil), measures against
in stored wheat in Australia,
132, 167 ; measures against in
stored wheat in Britain, 94, 95,
219, 383; introduced into Br.
Columbia in stored rice, etc., 13;
intercepted in grain in California,
361, 504; in stori el grain in
Germany, 353 ; measures against,

in U.S.A., 228, 474 ; fumigation
experiments with hyeliocyanic-
acid gas against, 228, 353.
Calandra oryzae (Rice Weevil),
infesting stored rice in Argentina,
271 ; measures against, in storeel
wheat in Britain, 94, 95, 219,
383; intercepted in maize in
California, 199, 238; introeluced
into Br. Columbia in storeel rice,
etc., 13, 507; parasitised by
Chaetospila elegans in Hawaii,
435 ; intercepteel in maize and
beans in Porto Rico, 514;
measures against, in stored grain,
etc., in U.S.A., 206, 367," 409,
428, 474 ; in cereals in New South
Wales, 85, 132.
Calandra. stigmaticollis (see Dio-
calandra fr u menti).

calandrae, Mesaporus.

Calaphis betulaecolens, swarm of,
in Connecticut, 479.

Ccdaphis castaneae, 3I)/zocallis darid-
soni formerly consider^el identical
with, 387.

calcarata, Saperda.

calceatus, Microgaster.

Calcium Arsenate, 304 ; aga'nst
Anthonomus grandis, 75, 102, 296,
497 ; in baits for grasshopptrs,
282 ; in orchard sprays, 169, 305,
310, 525; against Polychrosis
viteana, 100; spraying experi-
ments with, against potato pests,
325 ; and Blackleaf 40, 169 ;
as a substitute for leael arsenate or
Paris green. 101, 188, 338, 525;
and lime-sulphur, 223, 338, 525 ;
compared with sodium arsenate,
305; and soelium sulphiel-^, 310;
elusting with, 75, 100, 102, 296,
497, 523, 525 ; preparation of,
188 ; cost of. in sprays, 326, 338 ;
value of, as an insecticide, 522 ; not
causing scorching of tobacco, 282.

Calcium Carbide, suggested in-
jections of, into soil agamst Cap-
nodis tenebrionis, 485 ; experi-
ments with, against mole-
crickets, 156 ; experiments in
sterilising soil with, against
Tylenchus derastatrix, 356.

Calcium Caseinate, and lime-
sulj)hur, against Cydia niolesta,
223.

Calcium Chloride, and picric acid,
chloropicrin prepared from, 286 ;
effect of, on wing development in
Aphids, 299.

Calcium Cyanamide, elisinfection of
soil with, against Nematodes, 419.

Calcium Hydrated Lime, superior
to stone or quick lime for in-
secticidal purposes, 525.

INDEX.

583

Calcium Polysulphidp, formulae for
spraying with, against scale-
insects, 42, 219.

■cal idmn , Caloso ma.

California, measures against Anar-
sia lineatella in, 339 ; notes on
Apliids of, 112, 387; variety of
Cyclia po)noneUa attacking wal-
nuts in, 317, 359; ijitroduction
of DelpJiastus catalirid'e into
Florida from, 419; financial loss
due to EutetUx tenella in. 236 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 37, 58, 61,
116, 121, 244, 264, 307, 470, 472 ;
new" Ptinid-^ and their food-plants
in, 321 ; parasitic insects in, 381,
401, 443 ; new scale-insects on
grasses in, 11 ; pests of avocado
pear in, 198 ; citrus pests in, 237,
267, 473 ; measures against pests
■of dried fruit in, 358 ; establish-
nifnt of beneficial insects in, 20,
61, 197, 236, 357, 359; measures
against introduction of insect
pests into, 21, 59, 61, 232, 360,
427, 473, 474; pests int-rc^pti d
in quarantine in, 62, 126, 198,
237, 361, 427, 503 ; pests from,
intercepted in Hawaii, 329, 438 ;
proliibition against importation
of potatoes from, into Canada,
13.

California Oak Moth (see Phry-
ganidia calif orniea).

californica, Aglais ; Melanophila ;
Phryganidia ; Phytomeira {Auto-
grapha) ; Tomocera ; Vanessa.

calif ornicus, Aspidiotus {s,eeA.pini);
Callipterus (Monellia) ; Clostero-
cerus utahensis ; Ernobius ; Sym-
pherobius.

■caliginoselhis, Crambus.

caliginosus, Adoretus ; Harpalus.

Caligoniis virescens, natural enemy
of Eriophyes coryligallarmn in
Sicily, 413.

Caligula japonica, percentage of
parasitism in, in forests in Japan,
370, 371.

■Caliroa cerasi (see Eriocampoides
liviacina).

Caliroa liinar:ina[see Eriocampoides).

€allicratides ramali, on tta in Cey-
lon, 536.

€alligrapha scalar is (Birch Chry-
somelid), on willow in Canada,
44.

■calUqrctphus, Ips.

Callimerus, prcdaceous on Brachar-
tona catoxantha in Sumatra,
64.

Callimome asphondyliae, sp. n.,
possibly a secondary parasite of
AspJiondylia tvebsteri in U.S.A.,
401.

Calliptamus italicus, outbreak of,
in Asia Minor and Palestine, 161 ;
organisation of measures against,
in France, 432.

Callipterus (Monellia) calif ornicus,
112.

Callipterus caryae, 112.

Callipterus caryella, 112.

Callipterus costalis, 112.

Callipterus quercus, on oak in
Britain, 542.

Callococcus, gtn. no v., 11.

CaUoeoccus pulchelliis, in N. America
11.

Callodea punctulata, in Queensland,
200.

Callosamia prometJiea, parasitised by
Compsilura concinnata, in U.S.A.,
429.

callosus, Sphenophorus.

calmariensis, Galeruca.

Calocomus desviaresti, introduced
into Buenos Aires in timber, 319.

Calocoris norvegiciis, food-plants of,
in Denmark, 446, 448, 449.

Calophya nigripennis (Sumac Psyl-
lid), measures against, on sumac
in U.S.A., 119, 216.

Calophyllum, Ceroplastes actinifor-
mis on, in S. India, 402.

Calophyllum inophyllum, Acrocer-
cops angelicaon, in Seychelles, 483.

Caloptenus italicths (see Calliptamus).

Calosoma calidtim, probably pre-
daceous on Lachnosterna and
Lepidoptera in N. America, 174,
256 ; destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Calosoma externum, destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 203,

Calosoma frigidum, predaceous on
Heterocampa guttivitia in Mas-
sachusetts, 503.

Calosoma lugubre, probably pre-
daceous on Lachnosterna in N.
America, 256.

Calosoma scrutator, probably pre-
daceous on Lachnosterna in N.
America, 256 ; destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 203.

Calosoma sycophanta, introduction
of, into Canada against browia-
tail and gipsy moths, 178, 526 ;
predaceous on Dasychira. pudi-
bunda in Germany, 454 ; estab-
lishment of, against gipsv nu)ths,
etc., in U.S.A., 104, 237, 341.

Calosoma tvillcoxi, destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 203,

Calosoter silrai, parasite of 3Iacrom-
phalia dedecora in Chile, 252.

Calotermes, new species of, on Persea
gratissima in Cuba, 349.

Calotermes militaris, on tea in
Ceylon, 497.

584

INDEX. .

CaJotermes tedonae, on tea in Dutch
E. Indies, 388.

Caltha pahisiris, Pieris brassicae
not ovipositing on, in Switzer-
land, 513.

Calycicoccus merwei, gen. et sp. n.,
on Apodytes dimidiata in S.
Africa, 138.

Calyrnmoderus eapucinus, in oak
furniture in Chile, 252.

calypirata, Pegomyia.

cambelli, Axiagastus.

camelicola, Pulvinaria.

Camellia, pests intercepted on, in
California, 361, 503 ; Pulvinaria
camelicola on, in Italy, 157.

Camellia japonica, Aegeriid borer
in, in California, 427.

Camellia thea, Astycus lateralis on,
in India, 403.

camelliae, Aspidiotus (see A. rapax) ;
Parlatoria pergandei.

camerotii, Eutlirips ; Spalangia.

camerunus, Xyleborus.

Camnula pellucida (Clear-winged
Locust), spread of, from Washing-
ton into Br. Columbia, 510; in
Montana, 315 ; in Nova Scotia,
391.

Campanula, winged migrants of
Aphis grossulariae on, in Britain,
323.

campanulae, Macrosiplioniella
(Aphis).

campesiris, Lygus.

Camphor, measures against Cryp-
toilirips floridensis on, in Florida,
18; pests of, in Japan, 370;
thrips on, in West Indies, 185, 186.

Camphor, in solution for preserv-
ing timber against Anobium
domesticnm, 141.

Camphor Thrips (see Cryptoihrips
floridensis).

Camponotus, associated with
Oregmarhapidis in Singapore, 233.

Camponotus compressvs (Black Ant),
destroying scale-insects in S.
India, 402.

Camponotus maculatus, intercepted
on tree fern in California, 427.

Camponotus pennsylranicus (Car-
penter Ant), bionomics of, in
sound cedar in Minnesota, 326 ;
predaceous on Coeliodes inaequalis
in U.S.A., 150.

Camponotus pennsylranicus var.
ferrugineus, bionomics of, in
cedar in Minnesota, 326.

Campoplex frumentarius, parasite
of Ephestia hiihniella in Austria,
161.

Campoplex lineolatus, Eulimneria
crassifemur probably identical
with, 234.

Campoplex remotus, parasite of
Lygris testata in Sweden, 420.

Campsomeris, artificial breeding of,
against sugar-cane grubs in
Queensland, 200.

Campsomeris radula (Digger Wasp),
destroying sugar-cane grubs in
Queensland, 110.

Campsomeris tasmaniensis (Digger
Wasp), destroying sugar-cane
grubs in Queenslaml, 110.

Campylomma verbasci, transmitting
Bacillus amylovorus, 528.

Canada, Aphids in, 44, 78, cereal
pests in, 25, 26, 43, 45, 525 ;
forest and shade-tree pests in,
25, 26, 43, 44, 45, 67, 76, 156, 157,
178, 212, 299, 300, 304, 305, 306,
308, 383, 393, 430, 470, 504, 526 ;
pests of hops and their control in,
173, 174; miscellaneous pests in,
24, 25, 26, 27, 43, 44, 68, 73, 147,
211, 302, 433, 544; measures
against orchard pests in, 27, 28,
44, 129, 168, 170, 176, 178, 179,
187, 212, 292, 305, 306, 309, 313,
462, 470, 509, 525, 544 ; financial
loss due to Bruclius pisorum in,
229 ; bee diseases in, 376 ; mea-
sures against cockroaches in,
230; Heliothis obsoleta in import-
ed tomatos in, 506 ; introduction
of parasites of gipsy and brown-
tail moths into, 178, 526 ; danger
of introduction of Pyrausta
nubilalis into, 354 ; new thrips
from, 543 ; Tingidae of, 409 ;
organisation of economic entomo-
logy in, 27, 130, 525 ; importance
of natural control of insects in,
301 ; value of rotation of crops
against insect pests in, 130;
notes on the ecology of insects
in, 29 ; potatoes from, infested
with Drosophila in Jamaica, 502 ;
plant pest legislation in, 13, 126,
187, 312, 354, 524.

canadensis, Epochra ; Neoborus.

canadensisella, Bucculairix.

Canarsia hammondi, parasitised by
Apanteles iselyi in U.S.A., 307.

Canavalia ensiformis (Horse Bean),
Bruchus rufimamts in, in S. Africa,
258 ; Aphis ru7nicis on, in Den-
mark, 445; not attacked by Agro-
myza destructor h\ Philippines, 15.

Candida, Ghionaspis ; Saperda.

Candle-nut (see A leurites moluccana).

canicularis, Fannia.

canis, Ctenocepholus.

Canker, of fruit-trees, eiJect of
manuring on, in Germany, 158.

Canker-worm, on shade-trees in
Kansas, 40; control of, in Nova
Scotia, 305, 310.

INDEX.

585

Canker-worm, Fall (see AlsopMla
pometaria).

Canker-worm, Spring (see Palaea-
cfita vernata).

Canna, Ceroplastes actiniformis on,
in S. India, 402.

Cannabis sativa (see Hemp).

cannabisi, Mordellistena.

Cantaloup, food-x^lant of Diacrisia
virginica in Texas, 382 ; as a
substitute for lemons in baits for
grasshoppers, 206.

Cantharis obscura, on apples in
Norway, 540.

Canthecona cyanocantha, predaceous
on Levuana iridescens in Fiji, 311.

Canthon, destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

capensis, Dadylopius (Coccus) con-
fusiis ; Pseudococcus.

capillatum, Sinoxylon.

capitaia, Ceratitis ; Platycleis.

capitella, Incurvaria,

Capnodis indica, food-plants of, in
India, 291.

Capnodis tenebrioides (see C. tene-
brionis).

Capnodis tenebrionis, food-plants of
and measures against, in Algeria,
485 ; on Prunus spinosa in Italy,
157.

Capparis, Pseudococcus iceryoides
on, in S. India, 402.

Capparis albitrunca, Chionaspis
capparisi on, in S. Africa, 242.

Capparis mitchelU (Wild Pomegra-
nate), Stenozygtim personatum
on, in New South. Wales, 374.

capparisi, CMonaspis.

capreae, Eulecanium (Lecanium).

captiva, Harmolita.

captorius. Ichneumon,

Capua coffearia (see Homona).

capucinus, Calymmoderus ; Xylo-
psocus.

Carabus qlabratus, predaceous on
Dasychira pudibiotida in Germany,
454.

Carabus granulatus, intercepted in
Kansas, 48.

Caraway (see Carum carui).

Carbolic Acid, for preserving timber
against Anobium domesticum,
141 ; and soap, against Aphids,
362 ; effect of, on Nosema apis,
377 ; and naphthaline, as a soil
disinfectant against Pseudococcus
citri, 506 ; in formula for wash
for Saperda calcarata, 301.

Carbolic Acid Emulsion, again^
Bagrada hilaris, 166 ; ineffective
against PJiorbia brassicae, 98.

Carbolineum, use of, against Cryp-
torrhynchus lapathi, 494 ; experi-
ments with, against Heterodera

radicicola, 124; spraying with,
against mites, etc., 431, 443 ;
for watering coffee seed-beds
against Opatrum depressum, etc.,
383, 384 ; as a repellent for
Strategus quadrifoveatus, 515 ; for
treating timber against termites,
516 ; ineffective against Diprion,
444 ; unsuitable against Xyle-
borUs, 261.

Carbohneum Avenarius, 494, 512.

Carbolineum Emulsion, spraying
with, against Aegeria exitiosa,
512 ; against Hyponomeuta mali-
nellus, 468.

Carbon Bisulpliide, for destroying
ants, 210, 310; against j)ests
of stored grain and other food-
stuffs, 57, 107, 126, 144, 167, 206,
229, 258, 259, 271, 320, 410,
428, 441, 474, 488, 507, 544 ;
injection of, against timber-in-
festing insects, 44, 147, 261, 301,
349, 462, 485 ; against tobacco
pests, 29, 41, 251, 286, 367 ;
injection of, against underground
insects, 8, 151, 210, 356, 386,
418, 465, 466, 485 ; fumigation
with, 3, 21, 29, 41, 57, 84, 107,
126, 206, 229, 251, 261, 271, 320,
367, 410, 428, 441, 444, 488, 507 ;
effect of, on germination of beans,
477 ; benzine preferred to,
against cutworms, 364 ; effect
of, on Lepidoptera, 319; fumi-
gation with siilphur as a substi-
tute for, 65 ; not recommended
against Cosmopolites sordidus, 85,
86 ; ineffective against Heilipus
lauri, 21.

Carbon Dioxide, experiments with,
against weevils in stored grain,
167, 168, 219, 384.

Carbon Monoxide, experiments
with, against weevils in stored
grain, 167.

Carbon Oxychloride, experiments
with, against locusts, 532.

Carbon Tetrachlorid^, fumigation
with, against pests of stored
cereals, peas, etc., 126, 229 ;
effect of, on Lepidoptera, 319.

carbonaria, Celes variabilis.

CarceUa gnava, parasite of Stilp-
notia salicis, 450.

carcharias, Saperda.

cardinalis, Novius ; Tropidosiepies.

Cardoon, Trama caudaia on, in
France, 458.

cardui, Aphis.

Cardxms (see Tliistle).

Carex, Thripsaphis caricicola on, in
California, 112.

Carey a arborea, Phipiphoroihrips
cruentatus on, in India, 262.

586

INDEX,

carihhea, Amjihiaciista.

Caribbean Islands, AleurocantJms
woglumi probably introducad into
Costa Rica from, 395.

Carica papaya (see Papaw).

earicicola, Thripsaphis.

caridei, Eiirytoma ; Lindesonius ;
Parexorista ; Perissocentrus argen-
tinae ; Pteromalus.

carinata, Corythaica.

Carissa, Coccus viridis on, in S.
India, 402.

Carissa qrandiflora, FranldinieUa
insular is on, in Florida, 417.

carmeliia, Pachnoda.

Carnation, food-plant of Phlyciaenia
ferriigalis in Canada, 433 ;
Pseudococcus intercepted on, in
Porto Rico, 514.

carnifex, Phanaens.

Carolina, North, range of CorytMica
parsJileyi extending to, 409 ; ex-
periments in spraying peaches in,
208 ; pests from, intercepted
in California, 361.

Carolina, South, csreal and forage
pests in, 105.

Carolina, Dissosteira ; Protoparce.

Carpenter Ant (see Camponoius
pennsylvanicus).

Carpenter Worm (see Prionoxysius
robinae).

Carpocapsa (see Cydia).

Carpomyia caucasiea (see 2[yiopar-
dalis).

Carpopliilus, measures against, in
cacao in Java, 107 ; Phorid fly
associated with, on maize in
Porto Rico, 131 ; infesting copra
in Sumatra, 64.

Carpophilus heviApterus (Dry Fig
Beetle), in peaches in Arizona,
204 ; intercepted in dried bana-
nas in California, 504 ; in stored
maize in New South Wales, 85.

Carrot, pests of, in Denmark, 446,
449 ; measures against Psila
Tosae on, in Ontario, 337 ; Systena
basalis on, in Porto Rico, 248.

Carrot Fly (see Psila rosae).

cariieli, Diasjiis.

Car urn carui (Caraway), Lasioderma
serricorne erroneously recorded
as infesting, in Sumatra, 251.

Carya (see Hickory).

Carya olivaeformis (see Pecan).

caryae, Callipterus [Monellia) ;
Halisidofa.

caryairypes, Balaninus.

caryella, Callipterus {Monellia).

Caryohorus (see Paehymerus).

Case-making Clothes Moth (see
Tinea pellioneUa).

Casein, and lime, experiments with,
as a sj)reader for sprays against
Aphids, 342.

Cashew (see Anacardium occiden-
tale).

Casnonia pennsylvanica, natural
enemy of Blissus leucopterus in
U.S.A., 35.

Cassava {Maniliot utilissima), Cory-
nothrips stenopterus on, in West
Indies, 186 ; pests intercepted on,
in Florida, 82, 215 ; pests of, in
Dutch E. Indies, 41, 388, 465.

Cassia, Franklinielht. insularis on,
in Central America and West
Indies, 186 ; Caryohorus gonagra
in, in India. 291 ; Bruchid inter-
cepted in beans of, in Porto Rico,
514.

Cassia fistula, Euproctis scintillans
on, in Assam, 55 ; caterpillars
on, in Dutch E. Indies, 388.

Cassia grandis, food-plant of Bru-
chus piuininus in Hawaii, 435.

Cassia javanica, caterpillars on, in
Dutch E. Indies, 388.

Cassia nodosa, Coccus hesperidum
intercepted on, in California,
62 ; Pachymerus gonagra on, in
Hawaii, 435.

Cassia siamea, food-plant of Bru-
clius pruininus in Hawaii, 435 ;
caterpillars on, in Dutch E.
Indies, 388.

Cassida inquinata, on Anthemis
nobilis in France, 270.

Cassida viridis, on artichokes in
France, 462.

Cassinia aeuleata, Monocliamus
fistulator on, in Victoria, 248.

Castanea dent at a, Br achy s o vat us,
on, in U.S.A., 308.

castanea, Dip,aropsis.

castaneae, Calaphis.

castaneiccps, Spatulicraspeda.

castaneipennis, Basipterus.

castaneum, Tribolium.

castaneus, Hemiteles.

Castenopsis tribuloides. Hormocerus
reticulatus in, in India, 291.

Castilloa elastica. Coleopterous pests
of, in India, 535.

Castnia licus, on coconut in Br.
Guiana, 310.

Castor Butterfly (see Ergolis tapro-
bana).

Castor-oil Plant (see Bicinus com-
munis).

Casuarina, M aero mpTi alia dedecora
on, in Chile, 252 ; Clastoptera on,
in Trinidad, 139.

Casuarina equisetifolia (Australian
Pine), attacked by Chrysobothris
tranquebarica in Florid.a, 265 ;
pests of, in India, 291, 403, 535.

INDEX.

587

Cat-tail Bill-bug (see Splienophorus

perlinax).
•Cat- tail Rush (see Typha latifolia).
Catabomha excad-(i.ia, sp. n., on

Abies sachalinensis in Japan,

211.
Caiaboniha pyrasiri (see LasiopJithi-

C'llS).

catalinae, Delphastus.

CaUilpo; Pseudococcus ciiri in, in
Maryland, 240.

catalpae, Ceromaaia.

cataphrada, Orthezia ; Papaipema.

eatenifer, Stenovia.

Cathartvs acliena, oil tobacco, in
U.S.A., 366.

Cathartus gemellatus ( Square -nf eked
Grain Beetle), measures against,
in stored grain in Arizona, 206.

CaiocJirysops oiejus, on Phaseolus
tnungo in India, 134.

Caforama impressifrons in stored
tobacco seed in U.S.A., 367.

Catorarna tabaci (Larger Tobacco
Beetle), in U.S.A., 366.

catoxantha, Bracharlona.

Cattle, Asclepias poisonous to, 312 ;
poisoned by eating Pterygophorus
analis in Australia, 295 ; precau-
tions against poisoning, with
baits for locusts, 246.

Caitleya, experime nts in fumigating,
with hydrocyanic-acid gas in
U.S.A., 130; Phyf^othrips xanthiiis
on, in West Indies, 186 ; (see
Orchids).

caucasica, 3Iyiopardalis (Cktrpo-
tnyia).

Caucasus, miscellaneous pests in,
344, 345, 346, 347.

caudata, Lepidioia ; Trama.

caudatus, Sigalphus.

CauUflower, pests of, in Canada, 544 ;
pests of, in Denmark, 449 ;
Phaedon coclileariae on, in Hol-
land, 443 ; Cydia leplastriana
on, in Italy, 123 ; Thrips tabaci
on, in U.S.A., 343.

■CaiilopMlus latinasus (Broad-nosed
Grain Weevil ), intercepted in
U.S.A., 21 ; Bhyncolus Zawrrallied
to, 241.
Caustic Soda, in formula for resin
wash, 15 ; in formula for spray
against Antestia lineaticollis, 259.
cauteUa, EphesUa.
(■(iidsolae, A llomphahis.
(■(iricollis, Galerueella.
Cecidoviyia, on leguminous plants
in Dtnmark, 449; on grasses in
Germany, 455.
Cecidomyia ceratoniae, measures
against, on carob in Cyprus, 71.
Cecidomyia deslrucior (see 3Iaye-
tiola).

Cecidomyia leUtieri, oji larch in

Germany, 159.
CedidoTuyia saliciperda (see Bhab-

dophaga).
cecropia, Samia.
Cedar, pests intercepted on, in

California, 427, 503,504; Hemile-

caninm i'mbricans on, in S. India,

402 ; Matroioma icrighU on, in

Stychelks, 484; pests of, in

U.S.A., 40, 326 ; Tibicen septem-

decim not ovipositing on, in

U.S.A., 381.
Cedar, Incense (seeLibocedrus deciir-

rens).
Cedar, Western Red (sec Thuja

plica'.a).
Cedar Scale (see Aonidia juniperi).
cedoruni, Bombycella.
Gedrela febrifuga, Zeuzera coffeae

on, in Dutch E. Indies, 388.
Gedrela sinensis, Zeuzera coffeae

on, in Dutch E. Inelies, 388.
Gedrela toona, Aeolesthes liolosericea

in, in Inelia, 292.
Cedrits deodara, pests of, in India,

291, 292, 403, 535.
Gelaslriis, Ghrysomphalus corlicosus

on, in S. Africa, 242.
Gelatoria diabroticae, parasite of

Diabroiica vittata in U.S.A., 521.
celer, Bembidion (Benibidium) ;

Bracon.
celer io, Hippotion.
Celery, pests of, in Canada, 337,

433 ; pests of, in Denmark, 449 ;

Acidia heraclei on, in Italv, 157 ;

pests of, in U.S.A., 189, 224.
Celery Caterpillar (see Papilio

polyxenes).
Celery Fly (see Acidia heraclei).
Geles variabilis carbonaria, subsp.

n., in Transcaucasia, 346.
celti, Shivaphis.
celtidis, Diaspis.

Geltis australis, Aulacaspis pen-
tag ona on, in Italy, 157.
Geltis cinnamomea, Shivaphis celti

on, in Ceylon, 165.

Geltis reniforrnis (Redbud), An-

thaxia infesting, in U.S.A., 443.

Cemiostoma scitella (see Leucoptera).

Centaurea, Macrosiphum sonchi on,

in Russia, 143.
Genteterus (see Phaeogenes).
Gentrodora, Paraphclinus id:ntical

with, 361.
Gentrodora amoena, synonymy of,

361.
Gentrodora cicadae, sp. n., parasite

of cicadas in Italy, 65.
Gentrodora speciosissimus, parasite
of Mayetiola destructor and Xiphi-
dimii in U.S.A., 362.

)88

INDEX.

Cenifosema plumieri, not attacked
by Agromyza destructor in Pliilip-
pines, 15.

ceparum, Anthomyia, Pliorhia (see
Hylemyia antiqua).

Cephaleia, in Sweden, 424.

Cephaleia abietis, in forests in
Germany, 453.

Cephaleia koehelei, on Larix lepto-
lepis in Japan, 370.

Cephaleia signa^a, bionomics of,
on spruce in Sweden, 424.

ceph alica, Frankliniella.

cejjhalonica, Corcyra.

Cephalosporium., infesting Icerya
purcJiasi in Ceylon, 497.

Cephalosporium lecanii, infesting
scale-insects in Ceylon, 84 ; in-
festing scale-insects in Cuba, 349 ;
establishment of, against scale -
insects in S. India, 506 ; intro-
duced into Seychelles from Cey-
lon, 483.

Cephalostachyum pergracile, Estig-
mene chinensis on, in India, 403.

eephalotes, Atta.

Cephalothrips elongaia, sp. n., as-
sociated with Ceroplastes cirri-
pediformis in Florida, 417.

cephalus, Xantholinus.

eephi, Microhracon.

Cephonodes hylas (Coffee Clearwing
Moth), food-plants of, in Malaya,
129.

Cephus, on raspberry in Holland,
124.

Cephns cinctus, bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 23.

Cephns occidenialis (Western Wheat-
stem Sawfly), in Canada, 544.

Cephas pygmaens, on barley in
Denmark, 445 ; bionomics of,
on wheat in France, 386 ; on
grasses in Germany, 455 ; parasi-
tised by Collyria in Transcau-
casia, 345.

Cerambycobiiis cicadae, parasite of
cicadas in Italy, 65.

Ceramhyx hajuhis, on Picea omorica
in Balkans, 452.

Ceramhyx luridus, on Picea omorica
in Balkans, 452.

Ceram/ica picta (Zebra Caterpillar),
bionomics and control of, in
Canada, 25, 27, 29, 43, 177, 525.

ceramicus, Duomitus.

Ceramidia scintillocoUaris, inter-
cepted on banana in California,
361.

cerasi. Aphis ; Caliroa (see Erio-
campoides limacina) ; 3Iyztis.

cerasivorana, Toririx (Cacoecia).

cerasorum, Eiilecaninm.
Cerasus avium (Wild Cherry), pests
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 277.

Cerataphis lataniae, intercepted on
Cocos weddelliana, etc., in Cali-
fornia, 62, 361 ; on areca palm in
Ceylon, 165.

CercUaphis saccharivora, sp. n., on
Saccharum officinarum in For-
mosa, 111.

Ceratitis, parasitised by Iledylus
desiderat'us in Nigeria, 437.

Ceratitis capitata (Mediterranean
Fruit-fly), 119, 328 ; in S. Africa,,
332 ; precautions against intro-
duction of, into Br. Columbia,.
13 ; intercepted in coffee berries
in California, 199; measures
against, in Cyprus, 71 ; natural
enemies of, in Hawaii, 43, 149,.
150; not occurring in Jamaica,
57 ; experiments in control of,,
in New South Wales, 32 ; de-
crease of, in Uganda, 260; pre-
cautions against spread of, intO'
U.S.A., 18,59, 103,214.

Ceratitis cosy r a, 332 ; in Sarcoce-
phalus esciilentus in W. Africa,
243.

Ceratitis punctata, on cacao in
Uganda, 260.

Ceratitis rosa, probably recorded in
error as G. cosyra in S. Africa,.
332.

Ceratonia siliqua, Ptinids inter-
cepted in seeds of, in California,
237.

ceratoniae, Cecidomyia ; Myelois.

Ceratothrips goivdeyi, sp. n., on
Solanum in Uganda, 543.

Ceraturgus cruciatiis, predaceous on
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

Cereeris arenaria, predaceous on
Otiorrhynchus sulcatus in Europe,.
465.

Cercidocerus himaculatus, on Dal-
bergia latifolia in India, 403.

Cercosfora beticola, injuring beet in
Italy, 193.

Cercothrips (Acanthinothrips) nigro-
dentatus, gen. nov., on Planchonia
valida in Java, 262.

cereale, Macrosiphum (see M. gran-
arium,).

cerealella, Sitotroga.

cerealis, Hylemyia.

cerealium, Limothrips {Thrips).

Cereals, pests of, in S. Africa, 246,
247 ; measures against Sitotroga
cerealella on, in S. America, 126 ;
pests of, in Britain, 68-70, 371,
442 ; pests of, in Canada, 25,
26, 43, 45, 525 ; pests of, in
Denmark, 445, 446 ; Oscinella
frit on, in Europe, 68, 69 ; locusts
attacking, in the Far East, 14 ;
measures against thrips on, in
Finland, 468 ; notices of pests of.

INDEX.

589

in France, 455, 462 ; pests of, in
Germany, 353, 455, pests of, in
Holland, 443 ; infested with
mites in Japan, 153, 440; pests
of, in Norway, 538, 539 ; pests of,
in Sweden, 193, 421 ; pests of,
in Transcaucasia, 344, 345 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 3, 34, 40, 45, 67, 68,
101, 102, 105, 137, 140, 148, 183,
189, 202, 277, 281, 324, 378-380,
392, 394, 398, 411, 426, 441, 470,
471, 507 ; pests of, in New South
Wales, 84, 85.

Cereals (Stored), pests of, and
their control in Britain, 91-94,
95, 219, 383, 384, 385, 529;
petrol suggested as a fumigant
against pests of, in Ceylon,
498 ; experiments against Cal-
andra granaria infesting, in
Germany, 353 ; measures against
pests of, in India, 134, 219, 288 ;
measures against pests of, in
U.S.A., 144, 206, 255, 441, 544;
pests of, in New South Wales,
84, 85, 132 ; eSect of excessive
sterilisation measures on ger-
mination of, 477.

Ceresa bubalus (Buffalo Tree-hop-
per), on shade and fruit-trees in
Canada, 44 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 40, 183, 316.

Ceresium nilgirlense, in Shorea
rohusta in India, 292.

Ceresium zeylanicum, food-plants of,
in India, 292.

Cereus, Eriococcus cactearum on,
in Italy, 142.

Cerococcus corticis{see Mycetococcus).

Cerococcus ehrJiorni (see Mycetococ-
cus).

Cerococcus hibisci, on cotton in S.
India, 402.

Cerococcus (PolUnia) ovoides, in
N. America, 11.

Cerodonta dorsalis, on maize in
Porto Rico, 249.

Ceroniasia catalpae, parasitised by
Apanteles congregatus in U.S.A.,
80.

Ceroniasia spJienophorl, establish-
ment of, against Ehabdocnemis
obscura in Hawaii and Queens-
land, 80, 110, 167, 413.

Ceroplastes actiniformis, on coco-
nuts in Far East, 14 ; food-plants
of, in S. India, 402.

Ceroplastes cajani, food-plants of,
in S. India, 402.

Ceroplastes cirripediformis (Barnacle
Scale), Ceplialotlirips elongata a
natural enemy of, in Florida, 417.

Ceroplastes deciduosus, sp. u., on
Lapidium biglandulosuvi in
Argentina, 307.

Ceroplastes destructor, on coffee in
Uganda, 259.

Ceroplastes floridensis (Florida Wax
Scale), infested with Aschersonia
turbinata in Florida, 20.

Ceroplastes misiories, sp. n., in
Argentina, 307.

Ceroplastes rubens, infested with
Cephalosporium lecanii in Sey-
chelles, 483, 484.

Ceroplastes rusci, on fig in Italy,
157, 413 ; on fig in Portugal, 6.

Ceroplastes sinensis (Citrus Scale),
bionomics and control of, in
Italy, 157, 218.

Ceroputo, intercepted on orchids in
California, 503 ; associated with
Pseudococcus agrifoliae in U.S.A.,
38.

Ceroputo yuccae, on Agave, parasi-
tised by Hovialotylus mexicanus
in Mexico, 523.

Cerosipha, on Gupressus, parasitised
by Trioxys cupressicola in U.S.A.,
321.

Cerosipha cupressi (see Siphonatro-
pliia).

Cerostoma xylostella (see Pluiella
maculipennis).

Cerotoma ruficornis (Bean Leaf
Beetle), in Porto Rico, 248.

Cerotoma trifurcata (Bean Leaf
Beetle), measures against in Con-
necticut, 339.

Cervaphis quercus, sp. n., on Quercus
serrata in Japan, 211.

Cervaphis schouteniae, C. quercus
resembling, 211.

cervina, Thosea.

cervinus, Haplohammus.

Cetonia aurata, on potatoes in
Norway, 540.

Ceuthorrhynchus assimilis (Turnip
Seed Weevil), on turnips in
Britain, 442 ; on turnips, etc., in
Denmark, 447, 449.

Ceuthorrhynchus pleurostigma, on
turnips in Denmark, 447.

Ceuthorrhynchus quadridens, on
vegetables in Denmark, 445.

Ceuthorrhynchus sulcicollis (Cab-
bage Gall Weevil), in Britain,
209, 442 ; on vegetables in Den-
mark, 449 ; effect of meteorolo-
gical conditions on, in Germany,
160; in Italy, 157; in Norway,
540.

Ceylon, Aphids of, 111, 164; pests
of castor-oil plants in, 113;
introduction of Cephalosporium
lecanii from, into Seychelles,
483 ; measures against coffee pests
in, 48, 83 ; miscellaneous pests
in, 15, 113, 165, 249, 251, 374,
402, 459, 497, 498, 519 ; measures

590

INDEX.

against tea pests in, 112, 135,
I'SI, 196, 261, 374, 404, 497, 498,
519, 536.

Ceylonia theaecola (see Toxoptera

cojfeae).
ceyloniae, Greenideoida.
Chaerophyllmn temuhmi (Rough

Chervil), phytophagous Chalcid

on, in Britain, 517.
chchetachmae, Chionaspis.
Chaetachme aristata, iibw scale-
insects on, in S. Africa, 242.
chaetachme ae, Aonidia.
Chaetochloa (Foxtail), Sphenophorus

aequalis on, in U.S.A., 378.
Chaetocnema confinis, on swett

potato in Ohio, 148.
Chaetocnema denticulata, on maize

in Ohio, 148.
Chaetocnema pulicaria, on maize

in Ohio, 148.
Chaetocnema quadricollis, on Hibis-
cus moscheutos in New Jersey,

322.
Chaetodacus beszii (see Dacus).
Chaetophleps setosa, natural enemy

of I)ia,brotica vittata in U.S.A.,

521.
Chaetopsis debilis, intercepted on

beet in Florida, 82.
Chaetospila elegans, parasite of

Bruchus quadrimaculatus and

Calandra oryzae in Hawaii, 435.
Chaff' Scale (see Parlatoria pergan-

dei).
Chaffinch, economic importance of,

in Britain, 238.
Chaitophorus aceris, on sycamore in

Britain, 542.
Chalcis ahiesiae, parasite of Phry-

ganidia ealifornica in U.S.A.,

381.
Chalcis mytilaspidis (see Aphelinus).
Chalcodermus ebeninus (Cowpea Pod

Weevil), on cowpeas in Porto

Rico, 249.
ehalcographus, Pityogenes.
Chalcophora japonica, in forests in

Japan, 275.
Chalcophora. mariana, on pines in

Spain, 90, 210.
chalcostomus, M icroterys.
Chalepus rubra, food-plants of, in

U.S.A., 169.
Ch alio ides junodi ( Wattle B agworm ) ,

bionomics and control of, in S.

Africa, 246, 333.
chalybea, Ualtica.
Chamaecy parts obtusa, pests of, in

Japan, 370.
Chamaedorea oblongata, Pseudococ-

cus longispinus on, in Italy, 157.
Chamomile (see Anthemis nobilis).
cham-plaini, Ernobius.
Changa (see Scapteriscus vicinus).

Charaeas graminis (Antler Moth),
damaging pastiires in Britain,
442 ; outbreak of, in Norway,
539 ; parasitised by Coelichneu-
mon impressor in Sweden, 96.

Chard, pests of, in Porto Rico, 248.

ChanUognathus marginaius, prcda-
ceous on Diatraea saccharalis
crambidoides in U.S.A., 408.

ChauUognathus jiennsylvanicus, pre-
daceous on Diatraea zeacolella
in U.S.A., 380.

Chaux-magnesie, dusting with,
against vine moths, 191.

Cheese, Tyroglyphus farinae infes-
ting, in Britain, 91.

Cheese-cloth, for protecting plants
from insects, 166, 375.

Cheimatobia boreata, food-plants of,
in Denmark, 447, 448.

Cheimatobia briimata (Winter Moth),
measures against, on apples in
Britain, 63 ; food-plants of, in
Denmark, 447, 448 ; in orchards
ill France, 464 ; on apples in
Norway, 540; on fruit-trees in
Switzerland. 126, 530.

Chelinidea, suggested introduction
of, into Australia to destroy
prickly pear, 482.

Chelisoches morio, predaceoiis on
Peregrinus maidis in Hawaii.
330.

Chelogynns, parasite of leaf-hoppers
in N. America, 197.

Chelonella proteus (see Chelonus).

Chelonella sulcata, parasite of Pec-
tinophora gossypiella in Egypt,
163.

Chelonia. caja (see Arctia).

Chelonus, parasite of Eucosma ocel-
lana in Nova Scotia, 310.

Chelonus proteus, sp. n., parasite of
Stagmatophora gleditschiaeella in
U.S.A., 321.

Chermes abietis (Spruce Gall Aphis),
in Canada, 26.

Chermes cooleyi var. coxoeni, pro-
bably attacking Douglas fir in
Britain, 387.

Chermes nusslini, not considered
distinct from C. piceae, 420.

Chermes piceae, measures against,
on silver fir in Denmark, 420;
measures against on Abies in
Germany, 159.

Chermes (Pineus) jtini, on Pinus in
Hongkong, 234.

Chermes pinicorticis, on white pine
in Canada, 26.

Chermes strobi, on Pinus strobus in
Italy, 157.

Cherry (Prunus cerasus), pests of,
in Algeria, 485 ; Eriocampoides
limaeina on, in Argentina, 251 ;

INDEX,

591

pests of, in Canada, 29, 337, 509,
544 ; pests of, in Denmark, 448 ;
Dorcatoma sj^p. associated with
a fungus on, in France, 236 ;
pests of, in Italy, 123, 142, 157 ;
Parasa sinica on, in Korea, 274 ;
pests of, in Japan, 109, 273, 438 ;
pests of, in Norway, 540; Cydia
povionella on, in Transcaucasia,
344; pests of, in U.S.A., 101,
116, 169, 175, 182, 224, 471.

Cherry, Choke (see Primus dcmissa
and P. seroUna).

Cherry, Japanese, borers inter-
cepted iji, in California, 503.

Cherry, Pin (sec Prunus pennsyl-
vanica).

Cherry, Sand, pests of, in S. Dakota,
183 ; serpentine leaf-miner on,
in Japan, 439.

Cherry, Wild, food-plant of Nygmia
phaeorrhoea in Eastern Canada,
526 ; Myzus cerasi on, in S.
Eastern Russia, 143 ; Malaco-
soma americana on, in U.S.A., 37.

Cherry Leaf Beetle (see Galerucella
cavicolUs).

Cherry Slug (see Eriocampoides
Innacina).

Cherry-laurel, food-plant of Aula-
caspis pentagona in Italy, 123.

Cherry-tree Ugly Nest Tortricid
(see Tortrix cerasivorana).

Chestniit, weevils intercepted in, in
California, 199, 238; weevils
intercepted in, in Hawaii, 188 ;
pests of, in Italy, 16, 157 ;
Caligula japonica on, in Japan,
370 ; Tischeria complanella on, in
Transcaucasia, 345 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 308, 387.

Chestnut Blight Fungus (see Endo-
thia pa^rasitica,).

Chestnut Oak (see Quercus prinus).

chevrleri, Scobicia.

Cheyletiis, predaceous on Lasio-
derina serrieome in U.S.A., 367.

Cheyletus eruditvs, predaceous on
Tyroglyphids in stored cereals
in Britain, 91, 92.

Chicory, Trama caudaia on, iji
France, 458.

Chile, food-plants aiid parasites of
Macrompholia dedecora in, 252 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 241, 252,
253 ; pests from, intercepted in
California, 198. 427.

Chillies, Scirtothrips dorsalis on, in
India, 262.

CMlo, in Saccliarum spp. in India,
133 ; infesting rice in Dutch E.
Indies, 389.

Chilo simplex (Maize Stem Borer,
Two-brooded Rice Borer), food-
plants of, in India, 72, 73, 133,

287; in Japan, 100; bionomics
of, on rice in Kor. a. 274 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in Meso-
potamia, 355.

Cliilocorus, pr.'dac?ous on Cero-
plastes sinensis in Italy, 219.

Chilocorus renipusiulatus. preda-
ceous on Ceroplastes rusci in
Portugal, 6.

Chiloneurus diaspidinaruni, para-
site of Lepidosaphes ulmi in N.
America, 242.

Chiloneurus vanpoetereni, parasite
of Snissetia hetnisphaerica in
Holland, 444.

Chimabacche fagella (see Diurnea).

Chimaphila menziesii, Aleurodes
intercepted on, in California^
199.

Cliina, citrus canker probably in-
troduced into Australia irom,
201 ; Eulecanium prunastri pro-
bably a native of, 224; intro-
duction of Pseudogonatopus
liospes into Hawaii from, 313 ;
Pyrausta nubilalis in, 61 ; ter-
mites infesting buildings in. 111 ;
pests from, intercepted in U.S.A.,
62, 199, 238, 278, 361, 503.

Chinch Bug (see Blissus leucopterus).

chinensis, Bruchus ; Estigniene ;
Melanauster ; Parlatoria ; Schlec-
tendalia.

Cliionaspis, sub-genera of, in S.
Africa, 242.

Cliionaspis aspidistrae (see Eemi-
cMonaspis).

Chionaspis Candida, on coconuts in
the Far East, 14.

Chionaspis capparisi, sp. n., on Cap-
paris albitrunca in S. Africa,
242.

Chionaspis chaetachmae, sp. n., on
Chaetachme aristata in S. Africa,
242.

Chionaspis citri (Citrus Snow Scale,
Orange Snow Scale, White Scale),
on limes in Antigua, 512 ; infested
with Myriangium duriaeiin Cuba,
349 ; on citrus in Fiji, 312 ;
infested with Myriangium duriaei
in Florida, 20.

Chionaspis euphorbiae, sp. n., on
Euphorbia in S. Africa, 242.

Chionaspis furfura (Scurfy Scale),
control and food-plants of, in
Maine, 176.

Chionaspis globostis, sp. n., on
Euphorbia in S. Africa, 242.

Chionaspis humilis, sp. n., on aloe
in S. Africa, 242.

Chionaspis inday, intercepted on
coconuts in California, 361.

Chionaspis higgelariae, sp. n., food-
plants of, in S. Africa, 242.

592

INDEX.

Chionaspis madiunensis (Stem
Shield Scale), measures against,
on sugar-cane in Java, 512.

CMonaspis margaritae, sp. n,, on
aloe in S. Africa, 242.

CMonaspis salicis, intercepted in
Connecticut, 339; intercepted on
lilac in W. Virginia, 533.

CMonaspis salicisnigrae (Poplar
and Willow Scale), food-plants of,
in S. Dakota, 316.

CMonasjiis visci, sp. n., on mistletoe
in S. Africa, 242.

CMonaspis vitis, food-plants of, in
S. India, 402.

cliionaspis, Aulacaspis.

Chippewa Indians, galls of Blms
glabra used by, as a remedy for
diarrhoea, 284.

Cliirimoya (see Anona cherimola).

Chirothrips hamatus. in Finland,
468 ; on grasses in Germany, 455.

CMrotlirips manicatus, on grasses in
Br. Columbia, 509; in Finland,
468.

Chives, experiments to determine
susceptibility of, to Tylenchus
devastairix in Britain, 356.

Chlaenius, destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Chlaenius pictus, predaceous on
Qlypliodes pyloaUs in Japan, 239.

Chlaenius iomentosus, probably
predaceous on Lachnosterna in
N. America, 256.

Chlorida festiva. introduced into
Buenos Aires in timber, 319.

Chloridea obsoleta (see HeliotMs).

Clilorine, use of, against cock-
roaches 230.

ChloTochroa sayi (Grain Bug),
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 398.

Chlorochroa uhleri (Juniper Bug),
in New York, 137.

Chloroclystis rectangulata, in or-
chards in Denmark, 447.

Chloroform, experiments with, as
a solvent for derris, 496 ; effect
of, on Lepidoptera, 319.

CWoropthorus annularis, considered
identical with C. tonhinensis,
50.

Chlorophorus strohilicola, sp. n.,
bionomics of, in pine forests
in India, 517.

Chlorophorus tonlcinensis, 51.

Chloropicrin, effect of, on Lepidop-
tera, 319; spraying with, against
locusts, 432 ; experiments with,
as an insecticide, 285 ; toxicity
of, equal to that of hydrocyanic-
acid, 320.

Chlorops, 421 ; on grasses in Ger-
many, 455.

Chlorops herpini, on barley in
France, 386.

Chlorops lineola, bionomics of, on
wheat in France, 386.

Chlorops pumilionis (see C. taenio-
2) us).

Chlorops iaeniopus, rarity of, in
Denmark in 1915, 445 ; on barley
in Norway, 539; on cereals in
Transcaucasia, 345 ; Musca
pumilionis considered identical
with, 421.

Chloroxylon swietenia, Coleopterous
I)ests of, in India, 535.

Chlorplienol, applied to soil against
wircworms, 433.

Chlumetia transversa, in mango in
India, 134.

Chnaunanthus discolor, on citrus
in Arizona, 205.

Chocolate, in formula for bait for
cockroaches, 230; Corcyra cepha-
lonica infesting, in U.S.A., 428.

Choke Cherry (see Prunus demissa
and P. serotina).

Cholcos, Ischnaspis longirostris
intercepted on, in California, 238.

Chorthippus curtipennis (Short-
winged Brown Locust), Eutrom-
hidium locustarutn a natural
enemy of, in Minnesota, 327 ; in
Nova Scotia, 391.

ChortoglypMis arcuatus, rarely
found in stored cereals in Britain,
91.

Chortoicetes terminifera, bionomics
and control of, in Australia,
262.

Chortophila (see Phorhia).

Chramesus, in Bobinia neomexicana
in U.S.A., 443.

Ghreonoma fortunei, in Japan, 154.

Christmas Berry, Epidiaspispiricola
on, in U.S.A., 477.

Chroiogonus, on sal seedings in
India, 190.

chrysanthemi. Macros ip honiella.

Chrysanthemum, Labidostomis hor-
dei on, rn Andalusia, 373 ; pests
of, in Britain, 542 ; Aphis
Tumicis on, in Italv, 157 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 112, 224, 279, 340,
497.

Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium,
insecticidal principle of, 440;
quantity of, imported into U.S.A.,
543.

Chrysanthemum frutescens, food-
plant of Ceroplastes sinensis in
Italy, 218.

Chrysanthemum grandiflora, food-
plant of Ceroplastes sinensis in
Italy, 218.

Chrysanthemum Gall Midge (see
Diadhronomyia hypogaea).

INDEX.

593

Chrysohotlms dentipes, occasionally
associated with Ips longidens in
Pinus strohus in U.S.A., 505.

Chrysoboihris femoraia (Flat-headed
Apple Tree Borer), bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 475,
477, 505.

Chrysoboihris indica, food-plants of,
in India, 291.

Chrysoboihris maJi (Pacific Flat-
headed Apple Tree Borer), biono-
mics and control of, in U.S.A.,
376, 475, 477.

Chrysoboihris quadraticollis, in
Terminalia iomeniosa in India,
291.

Chrysoboihris sexnoiata, in Shorea
robusia in India, 291 ; probably
parasitised by Plaiybracon juven-
sis in Java, 104.

Chrysoboihris succedanea, in Japan,
275.

Chrysoboihris iranquebarica (Man-
grove Borer), bionomics and
control of, in Florida, 265.

chrysocephala, Psylliodes.

chrysochlorus, Astycus.

Chrysochroa bicolor, food-plants of,
ill India, 291.

Chrysochroa elegans, in forests in
Japan, 275.

Chrysodema amabilis, in Pinus
thiinbergii in Japan, 275.

chrysolepis, Symydobius.

Chrysomela hyperici, proposed intro-
duction of, into Australia to
destroy Hypericum, 295.

Chrysomela scalaris, food-plants of,
in Xova Scotia, 304.

Chrysomphalns, in S. Africa, 242 ;
intercepted on orchids in Cali-
fornia, 504.

Chrysomphalus aonidum (Florida
Red Scale), intercepted on citrus,
etc., in California, 238, 361, 427 ;
on coconuts in the Far East, 14 ;
infested with Microcera fujiJcuroi
in Florida, 20; food-plants of,
in S. India, 402.

Chrysomphalus auraniii (Red Scale),
quarantine measures against, in
S. Africa, 243 ; on limes in
Antigua, 512 ; intercepted on
citrus in California, 199, 238,
361, 427, 504; legislation against,
on citrus in Cyprus, 88 ; on
coconuts in the Far East, 14 ;
Sphaerosiilbe coccophila infesting,
in Florida, 20 ; food-plants of, in
S. India, 402 ; measures against,
on Murraya exoiica in Porto Rico,
516 ; liquid hydrocyanic acid
against, in U.S.A., 228 ; control
of, on citrus in New Zealand,
49.
(672)

Chrysomphalus auraniii citrinus,
intercepted on lemons in Cali-
fornia, 361.

Chrysomphalus corticosus, sp. n.,
food-plants of, in S. Africa, 242.

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi, inter-
cepted in CaUfornia, 427 ; mea-
sures against, on oranges in
France, 467 ; in Portugal, 7 ;
control of, on oranges in Sicily,
42.

Chrysomphalus dictyospermi pinnu-
lifera, on citrus in Italy, 455.

Chrysomphalus minor (see C. dicty-
ospermi pinnulifera).

Chrysomphalus personatus, on coco-
nuts in the Far East, 14.

Chrysomphalus propsimus, on
coconuts in the Far East, 14.

Chrysomphalus rossi (Black Scale),
on Phalaenopsis in Philippines,
74 ; control of, on citrus in
New Zealand, 50.

Chrysomphalus scutiformis, inter-
cepted on bananas, etc., in Cali-
fornia, 198, 361, 427, 504.

Chrysopa, parasitised by Chryso-
poctonus pairuelis in N. America,
376 ; predaceous on Myzus ribis
in Britain, 371 ; predaceous on
Aphid 5 and Coccids in Canada
and U.S.A., 28, 359.

Chrysopa boniensis, predaceous on
Coccids in Japan, 369.

Chrysopa cognata, predaceous on
Aphids in Japan, 369.

Chrysopa illinoiensis, predaceous
on Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A.,
34.

Chrysopa japana, sp. n., bionomics
of, in .tapan. 368, 369.

Chrysopa kinioJci, sp. n., in Japan,
369.

Chrysopa matsumurae, predaceous
on Coccids in Japan, 369.

Chrysopa nipponensis, predaceous
on Apliids in Japan, 368.

Chrysopa oculaia, predaceous on
Aphids, etc., in U.S.A., 34, 175.

Chrysopa parabola, sp. n., in Japan,
369.

Chrysopa rufilabris, predaceous on
Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A., 34.

Chrysopa sachalinensis, predaceous
on Phorodon humuliin Japan, 369.

Chrysopa sapporensis, predaceous
on Brevicoryne brassicae in Japan,
369.

Chrysopa suzulcii, sp. n., in Japan,
369.

Chrysopidae, notes on Japanese
species of, 368.

Chrysopoetonus pairuelis, sp. n.,
parasite of Chrysopa in N.
America, 376.

594

INDEX.

Chrysops, parasitised by Tricho-

graramaevamescews in Europe, 231.
ehrysorrhoea, Arctornis ; Euproctis

(see Nygmla phaeorrhoea).
Chrysotropia japonica, predaceous

on Phorodon humiili in Japan,

369.
Cicada, eggs of, intercepted on

persimmon in California, 361,

427.
Cicada cinctifera (Cit^'us Cicada),

on citrus in Arizona, 205.
Cicada j^iebejrt, bionomics of, in

Italy, 65.
cicadae, Centrodora ; Ceramhycohius.
Cicadula sexnotata, on cereals in

Sweden, 193, 421.
CicJiorium, Macrosiphuvi sonchi on,

in S. Eastern Russia, 143.
C icindela sexpunctata, natural enemy

of Leptocorisa raricornis in Cevlon,

249.
Cigar Case-bearer (see Coleophora

fl etcher ella).
Cigarette Beetle (see Lasioderma

serricorne).
cilicica, Lachniella.
cilicrura, Phorbia (Anthomyia).
Cimbex quadriviaculata, bionomics

of ,- on almond in Italy, 142.
eimbicis, Sarcophaga.
Ciniex lectularius (Bed-bug), effect

of derris on, 496.
Cinchona, pests of, in Dutch E.

Indies, 31, 41, 388, 389 ; pests

of, in India, 372, 402.
cinctifera. Cicada,
cinctipennis, Closterocerus.
cinctipes, Exetastes ; Lasiosina.
ciiictus, Cephus ; Emphytus ; Milyas.
cinerascens, Erax.
citierea, Apriona ; Nepa ; Parla-

toria ; Viviania ; Walkeriana.
cinereomarginata, Thosea.
cinereus, Diorthus.
cineritia, Xylina.

cingidatus, Dysdercus ; Oneideres.
Cinnamon {Cinnamomum), Micro-

myzus nigrum, on, in Ceylon,

164 ; leaf-mining caterpillars on,

in Dutch E. Indies, 388 ; Macro-

sijyhoniella citricola on, in Singa-
pore, 233.
circezandis. Aphis (see A gossypii.)
Cirphis, measures against, on rice

in Assam, 492.
Cirphis loreyi, in India, 73.
Cirphis imipuncta (Army Worm),

measures against, in Australia,

84, 110, 167 ; infesting rice,

etc., in Dutch E. Indies, 30, 389 ;
, food-plants of, in Korea, 273 ;

bionomics and control of, in

U.S.A., 68, 105, 203, 367, 396.
Cirphis zeae, on maize in Italy, 157.

Cirrhochrista brizoalis, bionomics
of, on figs in Japan, 369.

cirripediform is, Ceroplastes.

Cirsium arvense (Canada Thistle),
Myzus braggi on, in Canada, 78.

Cirsium horridulum ( Yellow Thistle),
insects on, in Louisiana, 78, 79.

Cissococciis fulleri, in N. America,
336.

Cistelomorpha andreiresi, on Pinus
excelsa in India, 403.

Cistelomorpha annuligera, food-
plants of, in India, 403.

cistipennis, Fnndella {Ballovia).

Citharexylum fruticosum (Fiddle-
wood), Heliothrips haemorrhoi-
dalis on, in West Indies, 186.

Citheronia reqalis (Royal Walnut
Moth), food-plants of, in U.S.A.,
416.

citrella, Phyllocnistis.

ciiri, Chionaspis ; Dialeurodes
{Aleurodes) ; Euphalerus ; Halti-
cus ; Psendococcus (Dactylopius);
Scirtothrips.

citricinctus, Euthrips.

citricola. Coccus ; Macrosiphoniella ;
Mytilaspis (see Lepidosaphes
beckii).

citrifolii, Dialeurodes.

citrinus, A spidiotiphagus ; Chrysom -
phalus aurantii.

Citriphaga mixta, gen. et sp. n.,
attacking Atlantia glauca in New
South Wales, 532.

citrophilus, Pseudococcus (see
P. gahani).

Citrus, scale-insects on, in Argentina,
272; pests of, in Assam, 115 ;
pests of, in Australia, 294, 358,
373, 532 ; repeal of proclamation
prohibiting importation of, into
Australia, 40 ; Papilio thoas
thoantiades on, in Brazil, 126 ;
Aphis tavaresi on, in Ceylon,
164 ; pests of, in Costa Rica,
395 ; legislation against Chry-
somphalus aurantii on, in Cyprus,
88 ; Chionaspis citri on, in Fiji,
312 ; measures against Atta
cephalotes on, in Br. Guiana,
310; Aleurodes citri intercepted
on, in Hawaii, 329; pests of,
in India, 288, 402 ; pests of, in
West Indies, 34, 257, 348, 349,
434, 502 ; scale-insects infesting,
in Italy, 218, 455 ; Aspidiotus
perniciosus var. albopunctatus
migrating to pear from, in Japan,
240 ; unidentified Aleurodid on,
in Philippines, 494 ; legislation
against importation of, into
Porto Rico, 514; pests of, and
their control in U.S.A., 2, 18,
20, 34, 58, 61, 105, 106, 205, 228,

INDEX.

595

237, 267, 358, 359, 409, 417, 473 ;

pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,

81, 82, 199, 238; pests of, and

their control in New Zealand,

49, 50.
C'itra>f aurantiurn, Colasposoma

semicostatum on, in India, 403.
Citrus australasica (Finger Lime).

food-plant of Biprorulus bibar

in New South Wales, 373.
Citrus japonica (Kumquat), Ana-

strepha fratercuhis on, in Argen-
tina, 118; food-plant of ^Jeitro-

thrixus howardi in Florida,

409.
Citrus nobilis (see Mandarin

Orange)
Citrus trifoliata, Aspidiotus perni-

ciosus migrating from apple to,

in Japan, 240.
Citrus Aphis, Black (see Toxoptera

aurantii).
Citrus Black Fly (see Aleurn-

canthus woglumi).
Citrus Canker, distribution of,

201.
(vitrus Cicada (see Cicada cinctifera).
Citrus Leaf-miner (see Phyllocnistis

ciirella).
Citrus Snow Scale (see Chionaspis

citri).
Citrus Thrips (see Scirtothrips citri).
Citrus Whitefly (see Dialeurodes

citri).
Citrus Wlutefly, Spiny (see Aleuro-

canthns woglumi).
Cladognathus giraffa, on forest trees

iir India, 535.
Cladosporiuvi, attacking hops in

U.S.A., 175.
Clania, on tea in India, 375.
Clania minuscula, in forests in

Japan, 370.
Clania moddermanni, bionomics of,

in S. Africa, 392.
Clastoptera, on Casuarina, parasi-
tised by Drosophila in Trinidad,

139.
clavata, Baccha ; Coptocycla.
Clay-coloured Bill-bug (see Spheno-

phorus aegualis).
clemataria, Abbotana.
clerJcella, Lyonetia.
Clerus (Enoclerus) quadriguttatus,

predaceous on Ips |ji?iJ in N.

America, 430.
Clisiocampa brissotti (see Mala-

cosoma).
Clitea picta, on Aegle marmelos in

India, 403.
Clitoria, Tetranychus ielarius on,

in Java, 41.
Clivina (Slender Seed-corn Beetle),
attacking maize in New South
Wales, 85.

(672)

Chslerocerus cinctipennis, parasite
of Brachys ovatus in LT.S.A., 308.
Closterocerus insiguis, in Ceylon, 459.
Closterocerus splendens, sp. n., para-
site of Promecotheca opacicollis in
New Hebrides, 459.
Closterocerus utahensis var. cali-
fornicus, parasite of Symydobius
chrysolepis in California, 387.
Clothes Moths, in Minnesota, 328 ;

(see Tineola biselliella).
Cloudy-winged W^hitefly (see Dia-
leurodes citrifolii).
Clover, pests of, in Britain, 356, 441,
442, 542 ; pests of, in Canada,
26, 509 ; pests of, in Denmark,
446 ; pests of, in Holland, 124,
443 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 4, 35,
36, 77, 145, 146, 227, 283, 327,
479, 543 ; varieties of, immune to
attacks of Bruchophagus funebris,
327.
Clover Aphis (see Anuraphis bakeri).
Clover Head Weevil (see Hypera

meles).
Clover Leaf Weevil (see Hypera

punctata).
Clover Mite (see Bryobia praetiosa).
Clover Root Borer (see Hylastinus

obscurus).
Clover Seed Caterpillar (see Cydia

interstinctana).
Clover Seed Clialcid (see Brucho-
phagus funebris).
Clover Seed Midge (see Perrisia

leguminicola).
Clover Worm, Green (see Plathypena

scabra).
clypeatus, Hedylus.
Clysia ambiguella (Vine Moth),
bionomics and control of, in
France, 46, 90, 123, 191, 397, 457,
458, 461, 466, 467, 501, 508; in
Italy, 108, 157, 194, 455; in
Switzerland, 46, 126, 488, 530 ;
baits for. 90 ; beneficial fimgi
against, 123, 461.
Clyius devastator, bionomics of, in

Cuba and Florida, 34.
Clytus glabromaculatus (see C. pilo-

sus).
Clytus jjilosus, parasitised by Doryc-

tes leucogaster in France, 236.
Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Rice Leaf -
roller), measures against, in India,
287.
cnejus, Catochrysops.
Cneorrhinus exaratus, on lucerne in

Denmark, 447.
Cneorrhinus geminatus (see C.plagia-

tus).
Cneorrhinus globatus, on beet in S.

Manchuria, 12.
Cneorrhinus plagiatus, on French
beans in Holland, 124.

d2

596

INDEX.

Cnethocanipa pityocampa, bacterial
and fungus diseases of, in France,
270, 385, 425 ; on pine in Italy,
157 ; control of, in forests in
Spain, 90.

Cnethocampa processionea, out-
break of, on Qiiercus siiber in
Morocco, 500.

Cnicus arvensis, Aphis cardui on,
in Britain, 542.

Coal-oil, against grasshoppers and
locusts, 510, 532; and sand,
against Psila rosae, 337.

Coal -oil Emulsion, for destroying-
ants, 458.

Coal-tar, against locusts, 465 ; for
barriers against Nysiiis vinitor,
120; for protecting trees from
insects, 53, 90, 125, 248, 270, 476 ;
Brunolinum prepared from, 288 ;
in formula for adhesive bands, 89.

Coal-tar Emulsion, for destroying-
ants, 458.

coarctata, Hylemyia.

coar datum, Platysoma.

coarctatus, Dermesies.

Coast Live Oak (see Quercus agrl-
folia).

coccidivora, Laetilia {Dakruma).

Coccinella bipunctaia (see Adalia).

Coccinella novemnotata, predaceous
on Apliids in Canada and U.S.A.,
28, 175.

Coccinella quinquepunctata, pre>
daceous on PJiorodon humuli
in Germany, 159.

Coccinella sanguinea, predaceous
on Aphids in Canada and U.S.A.,
28, 175.

Coccinella transversoguitata, pre-
daceous on Myzus eerasi in
Canada, 28.

Coccinella trifaseiaia, predaceous
on Aphids in Canada and U.S.A.,
28, 36, 175.

coccineus, Aspidiotus (see Cliry-
somphalus aurantii).

cocciphaga, Euhlemma (Thal-
pocJiares).

coccivorella, Blastobasis.

Coccobacilli, causing disease in
cockchafers and Lepidoptera m
France, 217, 397.

Coccobacillus acridiorum, experi-
ments with, against locusts in
Italy, 87, 89.

Coccodiplosis, attacking Pseudo-
coccus in India, 133.

Coccodiplosis pseudococci, gen. et
sp. n., natural enemy of scale-
insects in Java, 233.

Coccophagus lecanii, parasite of
Coccus hesperidum in Florida, 1 9.

Coccophagus tristis, parasite of
Aleurodesbergi in Queensland, 536

coccophagus, Tydeus.

Coccotorus scutellaris (Plum Gouger),
on plums and sand cherries in
S.' Dakota, 183, 316.

Coccus, non-resistant to ether, 115.

Coccus acutissimus, on coconuts in
the Far East, 14.

Coccus citricola (Grey Scale), on
citrus in California, 237, 267.

Coccus colemani, measures against,
on coffee in S. India, 505.

Coccus confusus capensis (see
Dactylopius).

Coccus confusus indieus (see Dacty-
lopius).

Coccus discrepans, on tea in Uganda,
260.

Coccus hesperidum (Soft Brown
Scale), 276 ; parasitised by
Aphycus alberti in Hawaii, 437 ;
on lemon in Italy, 157 ; in
Portugal, 6 ; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 19, 411 ;
intercepted on citrus, etc., in
U.S.A., 62, 199, 339, 361, 504.

Coccus lonqulus, intercepted on
betel in ' Cahfornia, 199, 238,
361, 427, 503 ; parasitised Ijy
Aphycus albertiin Hawaii, 437 ; on
Oliricidiamaculatain Uganda, 260

Coccus mangiferae, infested with
Cephalosporium lecanii in Cuba,
349.

Coccus racemosus (see Physokermes
piceae).

Coccus viridis (Green Scale, Green
Bug), on limes in Antigua, 512 ;
measures against, on coffee in
Ceylon, 83 ; on coffee and cacao
in Br. Guiana, 311 ; parasites
of, in Hawaii, 437 ; bionomics
and control of, on coffee in
S. India, 402, 505 ; Plagiolepis
longipes associated with, in Dutch
E. Indies, 389; fvmgi introduced
into Seychelles against, 483.

Cochineal Insect (see Dactylopius
confusus).

cochleariae, Phaedon.

Cockchafers, measures against, in
orchards in Assam, 508 ; (see
Melolontha).

coclcerelli, Homalotylus ; Paratriosa.

Cockroaches, measures against, in
houses in Canada, 230 ; establish-
ment of Dolichurus stantoni
against, in Hawaii, 412 ; inter-
cepted in packing of orchids in
Porto Eico, 514 ; destroyed by
mongoose in Trinidad, 269 ; zinc
phosphide against, 536.

Cocoa, in formula for bait for
cockroaches, 230; Corcyra
cephalonica infesting, in U.S.A.,
428 ; (see Cacao).

INDEX.

597

cocois, Aleurodicus ; Diasiiis hok-
duvali.

Coconut {Cocos nucifera), pests of,
in Brazil, 353 ; pests of, in Br.
Guiana, 310, 484; jiests inter-
cepted on, in California, 127, 361,
427 ; pests of, and their control
in the Far East, 14, 233 ; pests
of, in Fiji, 311 ; Aspkliotus
cocotiphagus on, in Florida, 215 ;
bionomics and control of Pro^ne-
cotheca opacicolUs on, in New
Hebrides, 458-460; pests of,
in India, 133, 402, 404, 506 ; pests
of, in Dutch E. Indies, 64, 389,
390; pests of, in West Indies,
57, 132, 186, 502, 515; pests
of, in Malaya, 128, 129, 520;
Aspidiotus destrador on, in
Nigeria, 185 ; pests of, in
Pliilippines, 336, 493 ; Oryctes
rhinoceros on, iu Samoa, 424 ;
measures against Oryctes rhino-
ceros on, in Seychelles, 483.

Coconut Beetle (see Sternodontis
damicornis).

Coconut Butterfly (see Brassolis
sophorae).

Coconut Leaf-miner (see Frome-
cotheca spp.).

Coconut Leaf Moth (see Brachartona
catoxantha and Levuana iridescens)

Coconut Pollen Mite, measures
against, in Malaya, 128.

Coconut Red Weevil (see Bhyncho-
phorus ferrugineus).

Coconut Scale (see Aspidiotus
destructor).

Coconut Spike Caterpillar, in
Malaya, 128.

Coconut Whitefly (see Aleurodicus
cocois).

cocophagus, Lopaphus.

Cocos nucifera (see Coconut).

Cocos weddelUana, pests inter-
cepted on, in California, 361.

cocotiphagus, Aspidiotus.

cocotis, Bseudococcus.

Codiaeum variegatum (Croton),
Heliothrips ruhrocinctus on, in
West Indies, 185.

Codling Moth (see Cydia pomonella).

Codling Moth, False (see Argyro-
ploce leucotreta).

coele'ys, Iseropus.

Coelichneumonimpressor, parasite of
Charaeas graminis in Sweden, 96.

Coelichneumon serricorne, a bene-
ficial insect in West Indies, 257.

Coeliodes inaequalis (Grape Cur-
culio), bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 150.

Coelophora inequalis, predaceous
on Peregrinus maidis in Hawaii,
330.

Coelopisthus, parasite of Ips longi-
dens in U.S.A., 505.

Coelosterna scahrator, on forest
trees in India, 535.

Coelosterna spinator, on forest
trees in India, 535.

Coenomyia pallida, predaceous on
Lachnosterna in N. America,
256.

coeruleocephala, Episema {Diloba).

Coffea (see Coffee).

Coffea arabica, Xylotrechus spp.
on, in Java and Tonkin, 51,
270; Antestia lineaticollis on, in
Uganda, 259.

Coffea liberica, pests of, in Tonkin,
51, 54, 270; measures against
Araecerus infesting, in Java,
107.

Coffea robusta, Xylotrechus quadripes
in, in India, 292 ; pests of, in
Java, 107, 536; scarcity of, in
Tonkin, 51.

coffeae, Diarihrothrips ; Toxoptera ;
Xyleborus ; Zeuzera.

eoffearia, Homona (Capua).

Coffee, pests of, in East Africa and
Uganda, 259, 260, 405 ; Anastre-
pha fraterculus attacking, in Ar-
gentina, 118 ; Ceratitis capitata
intercepted in berries of, in
California, 199; pests of, and
their control in Ceylon, 48, 83,
84 ; Aleurocanthus woglunii on,
in Costa Rica, 395 ; Coccus
viridis on, in Br. Guiana, 310;
measures against Xyleborus per-
forans on, in Dutch Guiana, 125 ;
pests of, in Dutch E. Indies,
31, 41, 64, 360, 363, 389, 536 ;
measures against pests of, in
India, 270, 288, 402, 505, 535 ;
jiot damaged by Ormenis per-
pusillus in Jamaica, 58 ; Cepho-
nodes hylas on, in Malaya, 129 ;
pests of, in Tonkin, 50, 51, 54,
269, 518 ; Heliothrips haemo-
rrhoidalis on, in Trinidad, 186 ;
(stored), pests of, in Dutch E.
Indies, 107, 389.

Coft'ee Beetle (see Araecerus faseieu-
latus).

Coffee Borers (see Xylotrechus quad-
ripes and Zeuzera coffeae).

Coft'ee Bug (see Antestia lineati-
collis).

Coffee Clearwing Moth (see Cepho-
nodes hylas).

cognata, Chrysopa.

cognataria, Amphidasis.

cognatus, Idiocerus.

Coix lachryma, Peregrinus maidis
ovipositing on, in Hawaii, 329.

Cola acuminata (Kola), thrips on,
in West Indies, 185, 186.

598

INDEX.

Colaptes auratus, destroying Chry-
sobothris tranquebarica in Florida,
265.

Colaspidema airum, bionomics of,
on lucerne in France, 456.

Colo.sposoma semicostattim, food-
plants of, in India, 403.

colemani. Coccus.

ColeopJiora, on fruit-trees in Nor-
way, 540.

Coleophora fletchereUa (Cigar Case-
bearer), on apple in Canada, 44,
544 ; C. sacramenta allied to,
116.

Coleophora IfiriceUa, on larch in
Germany, 159; on larch in
Holland, 124 ; on Larix leptoJepis
in Japan, 370.

Coleophora maUrorella (Eastern
Pistol Case-bearer), parasitised
by Eurijdinoia Uridicorpus in
California, 401 ; on fruit-trees
in U.S.A., 116.

Coleophora sacramenia (California
Pistol Case-bearer), bionomics of,
on fruit-trees in California, 116.

Coleophora volckei (Western Cigar
Case-bearer), allied to C. sacra-
menia, 116.

Colias eurytheme (Alfalfa Biitterfly),
on lucerne in U.S.A., 61, 205.

Colias leshia, on lucerne in Argen-
tina, 501 ; possibly parasiti.^ed
by Lytopilus melanocephalns in
Brazil, 125.

colibri, Athalia.

collaris, Scyninus.

Colletoirichwni, attacking fruit in-
fested with Anastrephafraterculus
in Argentina, 119.

Collops bipunctatus, predaceous on
Chlorochroa sayi in U.S.A., 399.

Collyria, parasite of Cephus pyq-
maeus in Transcaucasia, 345.

Colombia, cotton pests in, 534 ;
orchid pests from, intercepted in
U.S.A., 130.

Colorado, miscellaneous pests in,
321, 471.

Colorado Potato Beetle (see Lep-
tinotarsa decern lineaia).

Columbine (Aqiiileqia), Hyalopterus
flavus on, in Britain, 542.

comariana, O.rygrapha (AcaJIa).

comes, Typhlocyba.

comma, Polygonia.

Commersonia echinata, food-plant
of Nisotra breweri in Queensland.
521.

commissuralis, Xenoboras.

comm,unis, Meieorus.

ComocrHis pieria, on tea in India.
375.

compactvs, XyUborus.

compar, Harpalus,

complanella, Tischeria.

complena, Harpagoneura.

compressus, Camponotus.

Compsilura concinnata, introduction
of, into Canada against brown-
tail and gipsy moths, 178, 526;
imported into U.S.A., 104, 429.

comptana, Ancylis.

com stock i, Phenacoccus ; Phorocera ;
Psendococctis.

comta, Linnaemyia.

Conarlhrus jansoni, on Shorea ro-
busta in India, 403.

concava, Publilia.

Conchaspis angraeci, on vanilla in
Porto Rico, 131.

Conchaspis euphorbiae, sp. n., on
Euphorbia in S. Africa, 138.

Conchylis ambiguella (see Clysia).

Conchylis epilinana (see PhaJonia).

Conchylis ramllana, on vanilla in
Madagascar and Eeunion, 192.

concinna, Schizura.

concinnata, Compsilura.

concolor, Opius ; Suana.

confertus, Polycaon.

confinis, Chaetocnema.

conftexana, Ancylis (see A. comp-
tana).

conflictana, Tortrix (CacoecAa).

confluens, Cremastus.

conjluenta, Buprestis ; Spartocera
{Corecoris).

Confiised Flour Beetle (see Tribo-
linm confusum).

confusor, Monochamus ( Mnn oh am -
mns).

confwsnm, Tribolium.

confusus, Dactylopius ; Xyleborus.

Congo, Belgian, new termites from,
232.

congregatus, Apanteles.

conicoia, Ernobius ; Madiza.

Conisira iralkeri, control of, on
apples in Nova Scotia, 313.

Conium rnaculatum (Poison Hem-
lock), Lygus campesiris on, in
New York, 306.

conjngalis, Signiphora (Matritia).

conjugella, A rgyresthia.

conjuncta, Uesperia.

Connecticut, miscellaneous pests in,
339-341, 342, 343, 479 ; potato
pests and their control in, 222,

338 ; Pyrausta nubilalis errone-
ously recorded in, instead of
P. 'penitalis, 284, 478 ; pests
intercepted in quarantine in,

339 ; pests from, intercepted in
Cabfornia, 361, 427.

Conocephalus fasciatiis (Slender
Meadow Grasshopper), on maize
in Canada, 25.

Conogethes punctifcraUs (see Dicho-
crocis).

INDEX.

>99

ConoteJus inexicanus, on cotton and
cucumber in Arizona, 205.

conoiracheli, Anaphoidea.

Conotrachelus, intercepted in avo-
cado seed in U.S.A., 277.

Conotrachelus fissitinguis, on
Hibiscus moscheutos in New
Jersey, 322.

(Jonotrachelns nenuphar (Plum Cur-
culio), precautions against intro-
duction of, into California, 59 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 150, 172, 183, 208, 316,
366, 503, 533.

Vonoirachelus perseae, sp. n., in
imported avocado seed in Florida,
241.

Conotrachelus serpentinus, C. perseae
closely related to, 241.

Conotrachelus veniralis, considered
a synonym of (J. serpentinus,
241.

Conozoa behrensi, on barley in
Arizona, 205.

conquisitor, Pimpla {Itoplectis).

consanguinana, Argyroploce.

consanguis, Acronycta.

eonsobrina, Anastrepha.

conspicua, Diaspis {Epidiaspis).

eonsputa, Melanophila.

Contarinia aurantiaca (see Sitodi-
plosis 7)iosellana).

Contarinia gossypii (Cotton Flower-
bud Maggot), in Antigua, 415,
5l5.

( 'ontarinia pyrivora (Pear Gall
Midge), in Austria, 161; in
Denmark, 448 ; parasitised by
Inostemma piricola in Holland,
444; in Italy, 157; in Norway,
540.

Contarinia tritici (Wheat Midge),
on cereals in Canada, 26 ; in
Denmark, 445 ; measures against,
on wheat in France, 386 ; Theco-
diplosis mosellana erroneously
recorded as, in Ontario, 187 ;
in Sweden, 193, 421 ; bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 46, 47,
81.

( 'ontheyla rotunda, on coconut in
Travancore, 506.

(ontigua. Folia (Mamestra).

convergens, Hippodamia.

coohii, Cremastus.

Copper Arsenate, experiments with,
against orchard pests, 450, 463.

Copper Dust, preparation of, 303.

( 'opper-lead-arsenate, compared
with Bordeaux mixture against
orchard pests, 464.

Copper Sulphate, for protecting
fruit-trees from Capnodis tene-
brionis, 485 ; experiments with,
against Xylotrechus quadripes, 53 ;

ineffective against Gallobelicus

nicotianae, 538 ; in formula for

Bordeaux mixture, 4, 304.
Copra, attacked by Promecotheca

opacicollis in New Hebrides, 460 ;

pests of, in Sumatra, 64, 65 ;

(see Coconut).
Copris, destroyed by crows i*i

U.S.A., 203.
coprophila, Sciara.
Coptocycla bicolor, on potatoes in

Connecticut, 338.
Coptocycla clavata, on potatoes in

Connecticut, 338.
Coptocycla flavolineata, in Jamaica,

56.
Coptocycla guttata, on potatoes in

Connecticut, 338.
Coptocycla. signifera, on sweet pota-
toes in Porto Rico, 249.
Coptodisca splendor if erella, effect of

meteorological conditions on, in

Germany, 160.
Coptotermes formosanus, infesting

buildings in China, 111.
Coptotermes gestroi, on Hevea in

•Java, 389 ; measures against, on

rubber and coconut in Malaya,

127, 128.
Coptotermes sjostedti, in W. Africa,

142.
Coptotermes tr avians, on coconut in

Malaya, 128.
corallina, Mecistomela.
Corcyra cephalonica (Rice Moth),

bionomics and control of. in

U.S.A., 428.
Cordia interrupta, essential food-
plant of Tiphia parallela and

Scolia rufa in Mauritius, 5.
Cordyceps, infesting Pennisetia hy-

laeiformis in Sweden, 351.
Cordyceps barberi, infesting Diairaea

saccharalis in Cuba, 349.
Cordyceps dipterigena, infesting
Musca domestica in Cuba,
349.
Cordyceps myrmecophila, infesting

an Ichneumonid in Britain, 143.
Cordyceps sphecophila, infesting

Polistes lineatus in Cuba, 349.
Cordyline indivisa (Cabbage-tree),
Venusia verriculata on, in New

Zealand, 49.
coreana, Drymonia manleyi.
Corecoris confluenta (see Spartocera).
coriaceus, Procrustes.
Cork Oak (see Quercus suber).
Corn Apliis (see Aphis maidis).
Corn Bill-bug (see Sphenophorus

inaequalis and S. zeae).
Corn Ear Worm (see Heliothis

obsoleta).
Corn Leaf-hopper (see Peregrinus
maidis).

600

INDEX.

Corn Root Aphis (see Ai^Ms maidi-

radicis).
Corn Root Webworm (see Cramhus

vulvivagellus).
Corn Stalk Borer (see Papaipema

nebris).
Corn Webworm (see Cramhus cali-

ginosellus).
corni, Euleeanium (Lecanium) ;

Haltica.
cornicularia, Tetranetira.
cornigera, Anystis.
cornuta, Elachiptera.
cornutus, Gnathocerus {Echocerus).
Coronopus didymus. Pemphigus

populitransversus on, in U.S.A.,

42.
coronota, Ophiusa.
corporis, Pediculus (see P. humamis).
Corrosive Sublimate, against Phor-

bia brassicae, 338.
corrupta, Epilachna.
corticalis, Dryophthorus.
coriicis, Mycetococcus (Cerococcus).
corticola, Cossonus.
corticosus, Chrysomphalus.
Corvus brachyrhyncJios, economic

importance of, in U.S.A., 202-

204.
coryli, Euleeanium. {Lecanium).
coryUgallarum, Eriophyes.
Corylus americana, Corythuca hewitti

on, in Canada, 409.
Corylus aiwllana (see Hazel).
corymbatus, Pseudococcus.
Corynoihrips stenopterus, on Mani-

hot utilissima in West Indies, 186.
Coryihaica carinata, on egg-plant in

America and West Indies, 338.
Coryihaica costata, sp. n., on cotton

in Peru, 338.
Coryihaica monacha, food-plants of,

in West Indies, 338.
Coryihuca betulae, on Betula lenta in

Canada, 409.
Coryilxuca elegans, food-plants of,

in Canada, 409.
Coryiliuca heidemanni, on birch in

Canada, 409.
Coryihuca hewitti, sp. n., on Corylus

americanain Canada, 409.
Coryihuca immaculata, on Balsa-

morrhiza sagittata in Canada, 409.
Coryihuca juglandis, food-plants of,

in U.S.A., 170.
Coryihuca padi, on Prunus demissa

in Canada, 409.
Coryihuca parshleyi, food-plants of,

in Canada, 409 ; bionomics of,

on walnut in U.S.A., 169, 409.
Coryihuca salicis, food-plants of, in

Canada, 409.
Cosmophila (see Anomis).
Cosmopolites sordidus ( Black Banana

Weevil, Banana Root Borer),

quarantine measures against, in
Florida, 213, 214; measures
against, in Fiji, 311 ; measures
against spread of, in Jamaica,
85, 434, 502 ; measures against,
in Trinidad, 181 ; attemjited
establishment of Plaesius javanus
against, 502.

Cosmopteryx manipularis, C. phaeo-
gasira erroiieously recorded as,
134.

Cosmopteryx phaeogasira, mining in
beau leaves in India, 134.

Cossonus, in burrows of Ips pini in
N. America, 430.

Cossonus corticola, Ij)s longidens
associated with, in Pinus sirobi
in U.S.A., 505.

Cossus cossus, effect of Beauveria
on. in France. 385 ; food-jjlants
of, in Italy, 157, 413 ; in fruit-
trees m Norway, 540.

Cossus ligniperda (see C. cossus).

Costa Rica, new Agaoninae from,
352 ; Heilipus pittieri introduced
into Florida in Persea j^^^ieri
from. 241 ; insect pests of, likely
to be introduced into U.S.A.,
395.

costalis, Callipierns {Monellia).

costata, Anomala ; Coryihaica ;
Lachnus.

costaUpennis, Syagrus.

costicollis, Palaeopus.

costipenne, Aegosoma.

cosyra, Ceratiiis.

Coialpa lanigera, destroved bv crows
in U.S.A., 203.

Cotinus nitida (see Allorrhina).

Cotton (Gossypium), pests of, in
S. Africa, 247, 330; pests of, in
Argentina, 271 ; pests of, in
Brazil, 488 ; legislation restrict-
ing importation of, into Lower
California. 360 ; pests of, in
Ceylon, 520; pests of, in Colom-
bia, 534 ; bionomics and control
of pests of, in Egypt, 162-164,
489-491 ; jjests of, in India,
71, 72, 73, 114, 132, 286, 287,
402 ; pests of, in West Indies,
113, 186, 213, 295, 296, 337, 372,
414, 415, 481, 512, 520; legisla-
tion against pests of, in West
Indies, 113, 360; Serica on, in
Korea, 273 ; Corythaica costata
on, in Peru, 338 ; Oxycarenus
hyalinipennis infesting, in Italian
Somaliland. 125 ; pests of, in
Uganda, 260; danger of intro-
duction of Egyptian pests of,
into Turkev, 160 ; pests of, in
U.S.A.. 2, 3, 23, 74-76, 106, 122,
149, 180, 199, 205, 206, 214, 220,
221, 229, 277, 296, 380, 382, 393,

INDEX.

601

394, 399, 418, 419, 497, 522;

precautions against Peciinophora

goHsyplellaow, in U.S.A., 180, 277.
Cotton Aphis (see Aphis gossypii).
Cotton Boll Weevil (see Anthono-

mus grandis).
Cotton Flower-bud Maggot (see

Contarinia gossypii).
Cotton Leaf Blister Mite (see

Eriophyes gossypii).
Cotton Leaf-roller (.see Sylepta dero-

gata).
Cotton Stainers (see Dysdercus and

Oxycarenus).
Cotton Stem Borer (see Sphenoptera

gossypii).
.Cotton Stem Weevil (see Pempheres

affinis).
Cotton Worm (see Alahmna argilla-

ceo.).
Cottonseed, in bait for Laphygma

frugiperda, 417.
Cottonwood (see Poplar).
Cottony Cushion Scale (see Icerya

purchasi).
Cottony Maple Scale (see Pul-

vinaria innumerabilis).
Coursetia microphyUa, new Bup-

restid on, in Arizona, 307.
coursetiae, Paratyndaris.
Covillea glutinosa (Creosote Bush),

Tachardia larreae on, in U.S.A.,

476.
eoweni, Chermes cooleyi.
Cowpea Aphis (see Aphis medica-

ginis).
Cowpea Bruchus (see Bruchus

cliinensis).
Cowpea Pod Weevil (see Chalco-

dermus ebeninus).
Cowpeas (Vigfia), Bruchids in, in

S. Africa, 258, 259; Bruchids in,

in Hawaii, 435 ; Bruchids in, in

India, 134, 288 ; Agromyza sojae

on, in Java, 15 ; pests of, in West

Indies, 58, 249, 257 ; Agromyza

destructor on, in Philippines, 15 ;

pests of, in U.S.A., 105, 208, 418 ;

suggested planting of, against

Nematodes, 419.
crahro, Vespa.

crambidoides, Diatraea saccJiaralis.
Crambinae, notice of key to, in

Nova Scotia. 306.
Cranibus caliginosellus (Corn Web-
worm), in Maryland, 240.
Cr ambus luteoleUus (Grass Web-

worm), in New York, 137.
Crambus vulvivagelhis (Corn Root

Web-worm), on maize in

Pennsylvania, 374.
cramerella, Acrocercops.
Cranberry, pests of, in U.S.A., 101.
Cranberry Fruit Worm (see Mineola

vaccinii).

Crane-flies, destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 204.

Crape Myrtle (see Lagersiroeniia
indica).

crassicornis, Eucorynus.

crassifemur, Eulimneria.

crassipes, Tephritis.

crassum, Moneileina ; Sinoxylon.

Cratacanihus , destroyed by crows
in U.S.A., 203.

crataegi, Apioria ; Myzus.

crataegifoliae, Anuraphis [Aphis).

Crataegus, Eriocampoides limadna
on, in Argentina, 251 ; thrii)s on,
in Br. Columbia, 509 ; Malaco-
so/» a intercepted on, in Wisconsin,
494 ; pests of, in New York, 516.

Crataegus oxyacantha (Hawthorn),
Syntomaspis driiparmn in seeds
of, in Britain, 517 ; food-plant of
Euleeanium capreae, 1 94.

Cratichneumon nigritarius, parasite
of Bupalus piniarius in Sweden,
423.

Cratocryptus oviventris, parasite of
Emphytus cinctus in Holland, 444.

Cratopus punctum, on vanilla in
Reunion, 192.

(jvatotechus orgyiae, parasite of
Orgyia antiqua in Nova Scotia,
178.

crawfordi, Gigantothrips.

cram, Pseudococcus.

creeli, 3Iacrosiphum.

Cremastog aster (Acrobat Ant), as-
sociated with Oregma tninuta in
Ceylon, 165 ; measures against,
on cacao in Grenada, 531 ;
associated with scale-insects on
coffee in S. India, 506.

Cremastog aster brevispinosa, asso-
ciated with mealy-bugs on cacao
in Jamaica, 502.

Cremastog aster lineolata, predaceous
on Coeliodes inaequalis in U.S.A.,
150.

Cremastus confluens, parasite of
Fhi/acionia buoliana in Holland,
234,

Cremastus coolii, parasite of Ancylis
comptana in U.S.A., 440.

Cremastus interruptor, probably
identical with C. confluens, 234.

eremides, Myocera.

Cremnops vulgaris, parasite of
Loxostege sticticalis in Nebraska,
10.

crenata, Macrotoma.

crenatus, Hylesinus.

Creosote, for painting egg-clusters
of gipsy moths, 176 ; for treating
timber against insects, 135, 288,
357.

Creosote Emulsion, for destroying
ants, 458.

602

INDEX.

Crepidodera helxines, on willow in
Canada, 43.

Cresol, spraying experiments with,
against Aphids, 345 ; efficacy of
di-chlorcresol compared with,
against wireworms, 433.

cressoni, Hartigia.

cretaceus, Eunotus.

cribraria, Argina.

eribrosa, Lachnosterna.

Cricket, Sick (see Amphiacusta
caribbea).

Cricket, Western (see Anabrus
simplex).

Crickets, occasionally predaceous
on Lachnosterna in N. America.
256 ; on jute in Assam, 492 ; on
sal i^eedlings in India, 191 ; in
Jamaica, 57 ; on maize in S.
Rhodesia, 314; destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 203; (see
Grylloialpa and Scapterisctis).

Cricula irifenestrata, parasitised by
Theronia zebra in Java. 104.

Criocephalus tibetanus, food-plants
of, in India, 292.

Crioeer is asparagii AH\)a,ragnsBeetle).
in Canada, 44, 525; in Denmark,
448 ; parasites of, in France, 234,
461 ; measures against, in
Holland, 443.

Crioceris duodecimpunciaia, in
Canada, 44.

Crioceris impressa, food-plants of,
in India, 403.

Crioceris quadripustulata. food-
plants, of, in India, 403.

Crioceris subpoUta, on orchids in
Dutch E. Indies, 537.

cristata, Bucentes.

cristatus, Phloeosinus ; Trichomnnus.

croaticus, Dryobius.

Crocidosema lantanae, attacked by
Perisierola emigraia in captivity
in Hawaii, 435.

Crocidosema plebiana (Hollyhock
Moth), possibly confused with
Pectinophora gossypieUa in Egypt,
164.

Crocus, legislation restricting im-
portation of, into U.S.A., 184.

Crops, value of rotation of, against
insect pests, 130, 227 ; rotation
of, ineffective against Tylerichus
devasiatrix in Denmark, 446.

Crossocosniia sericariae, infesting
silkworms in Japan, 12.

Crossoglossa. latecincta, natural
enemy of silkworms in Japan, 99.

Crossotarsus, attacking Quercus cris-
pula in Japan, 370.

Crossotars^is externedentatus, in
avocado in Hawaii, 241.

Crolalaria, attacked by Araecerus
in Sumatra, 64.

Crolalaria juncea (Sunn Hemp),
pests of, in India, 54, 55.

Crolalaria sericea, pests of, in
Assam, 55.

Crolalaria striata, pests of, in
Assam, 55 ; Aphis medicaginis
on, izi Ceylon, 164.

Crotolana retusa, pest of, in St.
Vincent, 401.

Croton, scale-insects intercepted on,
in CaUfornia, 127, 238, 427, 504;
scale-insects on, in S. India,
402, 403.

Croton Bug (see Phyllodroviia ger-
manica).

crotonis,Parlatoriaproteus ; Pseudo-
coccus.

Crotophaga ani (Tick Bird), protec-
tion of, in St. Vincent, 188.

Crow, destroying Spodopfera mauri-
tia in Ceylon, 498 ; economic
importance of, in U.S.A., 202-
204.

cruciatus, Ceraturgus.

cruentatus, Rhipiphorothrips.

Cryphalus abietis, bionomics of,
in forests in Britain, 275 ; in
forests in Sweden, 469.

crypta. Ataxia.

Cryptaspidiotus, in S. Africa, 242,

Cryptoblabes gnidiella, possibly con-
fused with Pectinophora gossy-
pieUa, in Egypt, 164.

Cryplocanipus laetus, bionomics of,
on Salix viminalis in Sw^eden,
350.

Cryptocampus saliceti, closely related
to C. laetus, 350.

Crifptochaetum iceryae, introdiiction
of, into U.S.A., 237.

Cryptocliaetuvi monophlebi, parasite
of Icerya purchasi in Florida, 20.

Cryptognatha nodiceps, predaceous
on Aspidiotus destructor and
Aleurodicus cocois in Br. Guiana,
484.

Cryptohelcostizns rufigaster, gen. et
sp. n., parasite of Chrysobothris
mail and Agrilus angelicus in
N. America, 376.

Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, estab-
lishment of, against mealy-bugs
in California, 61, 359,' 473;
introduced into Dutch E. Indies,
against Pseudococcus virgatus,
389 ; introduction of, into U.S.A.,
237.

Cryptomeigenia aurifacies, parasite
of Lachnosterna in N. America,
256.

Cryptomeigenia theutis, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

Cryptomeria, caterpillars intercepted
on, in Hawaii, 438 ; pests of,
in Japan, 370.

INDEX.

603

Crypiomeria japonica, pests of, in
Japan, 370.

cryptomerlae, Monoctenus.

L'ryptoparlatoria uberifera, food-
plants of, in Philippines, 74.

Cryptophlebia illepida, on Acacia
in Hawaii, 434, 435, 511 ; para-
sites of, in Hawaii, 435, 436,

Cryptophlebia vulpes, on Acacia
koa in Hawaii, 511.

Gryptopinipla errabunda, parasite
of Larentia cucullata in Sweden,
421.

Cryptoripersia arizonensis, syno-
nyms of, 473.

Cryptorrhynchus batatae (see Eus-
cepes).

Cryptorrhynchus brandisi, food
plants of, in India, 403.

Cryptorrhynchus ferratus, on avocado
and Persea car olinens is inFlorlda,
241.

Cryptorrhynchus gravis, on mango
in India, 134.

Cryptorrhynchus lapathi (Poplar
Weevil), food-plants of, in Hol-
land, 124 ; control of, in Wis-
consin, 494.

Gryptosiphum, key difi'erentiatino
Brachycolus and Siphonatrophia
from, 112,

Cryptosiphum artemisiae, typo
species of genus, 112 ; on
Artemisia in S. Eastern Russia,
143.

Cryptotermes, measures against, in
wood and books in Cuba, 349.

Cryptotermes havilandi, in W.
Africa, 142.

Cryptothrips, notice of key to
Australian species of, 434.

Cryptothrips floridensis (Camphor
Thrips), measures against, in
Florida, 18, 213, 215.

Crypturgtis atomis, Ips longidens
associated with, in Pinus strobus
in U.S.A., 505.

Cryptus horsti, parasite of Macrom-
phalia dedecora in Chile, 252.

Ctenichneumon melanocastaneus var.
borealis, parasite of Panolis
flammea in Sweden, 96.

Ctenocephalus canis (Dog Flea),
effect of ether on, 115 ; effect
of derris on, 496.

Cuba, Aleurocanthus woglumi on
citrus in, 213, 348 ; Cylas formi-
carius probably introdueed into
U.S.A. from, 277 ; introduction
of parasites of Diatraea sacchara-
lis into Louisiana from, 280, 408 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 34, 56,
58, 213, 241, 348, 352 ; Stigmaeus
floridanus intercepted in Porto
Rico in pineapples from, 514;

pests from, intercepted in U.S.A., ■
82, 215, 361 ; list of beneficial
fungi infesting noxioiis insects
in, 349.

cubensis, Bephrata.

Cubitermes oculatus, in W. Africa,
142.

Cubocephalus oviventris (see Crato-
cryptus).

cucullata, Larentia.

Cucumber, Dacus cucurbUac inter-
cepted in, in California, 62, 127 ;
pests of, in Canada, 24, 25 ;
pests of, in Denmark, 449 ;
Phyllotreta on, in Holland, 124 ;
Diaphania spp. on, in Jamaica,
58, 502 ; Diabrotica innuba on,
in Porto Rico, 249 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 2, 120, 148, 205, 341,
343, 375, 521.

Cucumber Beetle, (see Diabrotica
duodecinipunctata).

Cticumber Beetle, Striped (see Dia-
brotica vittata).

cuciimeris, Epitrix ; Smynthurus.

Cucumis citrullus (see Water Melon).

cucurbitae. Aphis ; Dacus (Bactro-
cera).

Cudrania triloba, effect of feeding
silkworms on, in Japan, 275.

culiciforniis, Aegeria {Sesia).

culmicolus, Tarsonemus.

cumingi, Promecotheca.

Cuminum cyminum (Cummin), in-
fested with Lasioderma serricorne
in Sumatra, 251.

cunea, Hyphantria.

cuneattis, Helopeltis.

cunicularius, Hylastes.

cupressi, Ehrhornia {Sphaerococ-
cus); Phloeosinus; Siphonatrophia
(Cerosipha).

cupressicola, Trioxys.

Cupressus, Bhinoscapha amicta on,
in Dutch E. Indies, 388 ; Cero-
sipha on, in U.S.A., 321.

Cupressus guadalupensis (Blue
Cypress), new Aphids on, in
California, 387, 388.

Cupressus macrocarpa (Monterey
Cypress), occasionally attacked
by Acanthopsyche alba in S.
Africa, 391 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
226, 321, 387, 388.

eurculiginis, Pseudoonidia.

curcuUonis, Triaspis.

Curlew Bug (see Sphenophoriis cal-
losus).

Curly Leaf Disease, of beet, relation
f)i Euteitix tenella to, in U.S.A.,
236, 475, 528.

Currant (Fibes), pests of, in Britain,
322, 542 ; pests of, in Canada,
13, 525 ; pests of, in Denmark,
448 ; measures against Pieronus

604

INDEX.

ribesii on, in Holland, 365 ;
ApJiis ribis on, in Italy, 157 ;
pests of, in Norway, 540 ; Bhopa-
losiphum ribis on, in Russia, 143 ;
Aegeria tipuliformis on, in Sweden,
351 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 174.

Currant, Black {Bibes nigrum),
Tylenchus ribes causing disease
of, in Britain, 289 ; Eriophyes
ribis on, in Br. Columbia, 13 ;
E. ribis on, in Denmark, 448 ;
pests of, in Tasmania, 48, 120, 121.

Currant, Flowering (see Bibes
cereufu).

Currant, Red {Bibes ritbrum), pests
of, in Britain, 322, 371 ; pests of,
in Denmark, 448 ; pests of, in
Tasmania, 48, 120, 121.

Currant, Red Flowering (see Bibes
sanguineum).

Currant, White, pests of, in Tas-
mania, 48, 120, 121.

Currant Borer (see Aegeria tipuli-
formis).

Currant Bud Gall Mite (see Erio-
phyes ribis).

Currant Sawfly (see Pteromis
ribesii).

Currant Spanworm (see Cymato-
phora ribearia).

curtipennis, CJiortMppus {Steno-
bothrus).

curvicaudis, Spathius.

curvicercis, Drymadusa.

curvimaeula, Xylina.

currus. Eiignathus.

Custard Apple (see Ajiona reticu-
lata).

Cutworms, on cotton in S. Africa,
331 ; on vegetables in Assam,
492; in Br. Columbia, 171, 180;
parasitised by Amblyteles koebelei
in Hawaii, 436 ; measures against
in Holland, 364 ; infesting rice
in Dutcb E. Indies, 389; on
maize in S. Rhodesia, 314 ;
measures against, in U.S.A., 22,
79, 83, 121, 148, 203, 205, 315,
338 ; on maize in Xew South
Wales, 85, 262, 294 ; poison-
baits for. 57, 61, 79, 85, 105,
171, 205, 206, 262, 283, 294, 417,
418, 441, 477 ; destroyed by
crows, 203.

Cutworm, Desert (see Euxoa riding-
si ana).

Cutworm, Dingy (see Feltia ducens).

Cutw^orm, Glassy (see Sidemia
devastatrix).

Cutworm, Granulated (see Feltia
annexa).

Cutworm, Greasy (see Agroiis
ypsilon).

Cutworm, Paddy ^see Spodoplera
mauritia).

Cutworm, Pale Western (see Poros-
agrotis orthogonia).

Cutworm, Red-backed (see Euxoa
ochrogaster).

Cutworm, Sorrel (see Acronycta
rumicis).

Cutworm, Variegated (see Lyco-
pliotia niargaritosa).

Gyamopsis jjsoraleoides, not
attacked by Agromyza destructor
in Philippines, 15.

Cyanamide, experiments with, as
a soil fumigant agamst Lach-
nosterna, 132.

eyanea, Lagria ; Lasiopyrellia ;
Mimastra.

C'yanide Ammonium Sulphate,
applied to soil against Nematodes,
419.

cyanoeanth a, Canthecon a.

Cyanogen, percentage of, in sodium
cyanide, 77.

cyanopliylli, A spidiotus.

Cycloconium, encouraged by
presence of honey-dew, due to
insects in France, 365.

Cycloneda (Neda) sanguinea, pre-
daceous on Myzus braggi in
Louisiana, 78 ; predaceous on
Aphids in Brazil, 487.

Cyclophora, Micromyzus varicolor
on, in Singapore, 233.

Cyclotermes formosanus (see Odonto-
termes).

Cydia, on leguminous i^lants in
Denmark, 445, 449.

Cydia funebrana, on prune in
Italy, 157 ; on fruit-trees in
Norway, 540.

Cydia interstinctana (Clover-seed
Caterpillar), on alsike and red
clover in Canada, 26 ; bionomics
and control of, in Oliio, 145.

Cydia leplastriana, on cabbages and
cauliflowers in Europe, 122.

Cydia molesta (Oriental Peach Moth,
Peach Shoot Borer), prevention
of introduction of, into Cali-
fornia, 59 ; bionomics of, in
Japan. 108 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A.. 59, 60, 101,
137, 207, 223, 240, 254, 321, 339,
382, 478 ; probably introduced
into U.S.A., from Japan, 60;
parasites of, 321, 478.

Cydia persicana, on peach in
Japan, 108.

Cydia pomonella (Codling Moth),
measures against, in S. Africa,
332. 428 ; Psychopsis elegans
predaceous on, in captivity in
Australia, 416 ; intercepted on
apples and pears in Br. Columbia,
507 ; intercepted on apples and
pears in California, 62, 127, 199,

INDEX.

605

238, 361 ; variety of, attackiut;;
walnuts iu California, 317, 359 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Canada, 12, 27, 28, 44, 126, 172,
187, 525, 544 ; in orchards in
Denmark, 448 ; food-plants of
and measures against, in Cyprus,
71, 534; experiments with arseni-
cals again-it, in France, 462, 463,
464 ; intercepted on pears in
Hawaii, 33 ; damage by Hoplo-
campa testudinea confused with
that by, in Holland. 124; on
pear in Italy, 157, 455 ; on
peach in Japan, 108 ; on apples
in Norway, 540; on apple-;,
experiments Avith mixed sprays
against, in Sweden, 450; control
of, in Tasmania, 120; food-
plants of, iu Transcaucasia, 344 ;
bionomics and control of, iu
U.S.A., 8, 23, 100, 101, 137, 148,
207, 220, 223, 254, 317, 333, 359,
362, 366, 471, 478, 491, 522, 533 ;
correct names for Ichneumonid
parasites of, in U.S.A., 23.

Cydia prmiivora (see Enarmonia).

Cydia splendana, measures against
on chestnuts, etc., in Italy, 16,
157.

Cydia strobilella, on Picea omorica
in Balkans, 452.

Cydonia vulgaris (see Quince).

cydoniae, Aspidiotus.

Cylas femoralis, in sweet potatoes
in Liberia, 277.

Cylas formicarius (Sweet Potato
Weevil), intercepted in sweet
potatoes, etc., in California, 59,
199, 238, 361, 503; measures
against, in Ceylon, 17 ; in
Dominica, 517 ; quarantine
measures against, in Florida,
214, 215 ; measures against, in
Jamaica, 56 ; in Queensland,
17 ; measures against, in U.S.A.,
17, 21, 22, 102, 214, 215, 276,
523.

Cylas tarcipennis, from the Far
East, 277 ; in sweet potatoes in
Dutch E. Indies, 388.

cylindrica, Cylistix.

cylindricus, Bassus (see Iseropus
coelebs).

Cylistix cylindrica, predaceous on
Ips pini in N. America, 430.

Cyllene rohiniae (Black Locust
Borer), bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 34, 103, 376.

Cytnatophora rtbearia( Currant Span-
worm), on RiftescereitHiin Canada,
44.

cymba, Typhlocyba.

Cynara scolymus (Globe Artichoke),
pests of, in Louisiana, 78, 79.

Cynips terminalis, Leucopis annu-

lipes bred from gall of, in Germany,

162.
Cyperus esculentus, Sphenophorus

callosus on, in U.S.A., 379.
Cyperus rotundus, Sphenoplioriis

callosus on, in U.S.A., 379.
Cyperus strigosus, billbugs on, in

U.S.A., 378, 379.
Cypress, Macromphalia dedecora on,

in Chile, 252.
Cypress Bark-beetle (see Phloeo-

sinus cupressi).
Cypi'us, miscellaneous pests in, 71,

534 ; plant pest legislation in,

71, 88.
Cyrtacanthacris nigricomis, enemies

of, in Java, 233.
Cyrtotrachelus longipes, food-plants

of, in India, 403.

D.

daci, Halticoptera.

dacicida, Opius.

daciformis, Anastreplia.

Dacnusa iridicola, sp. n., parasite
of Agromyza laterella in U.S.A.,
321.

Dacnusa scaptomyzae, parasite of
Pegomyia calyptrata in U.S.A.,
266.

dactylicola, Harinolita.

Dactylis glomerata (Cock's-foot
Grass), Tarsonemus spirifex on,
in Germany, 455 ; Harmolita
dactylicola on, in U.S.A., 471.

Dactylopius, on maize in New
South Wales, 85.

Dactylopius adonidmn (see Pseudo-
coccus).

Dactylopius citri (see Pseudococcus).

Dactylopius confusus, Hyperaspis
spp. associated with, in U.S.A.,
423.

Dactylopius confusus capensis
(Cochineal Insect), attempted
utilisation of, to destroy Opuntia
monocantha in Australia, 481.

Dactylopius confusus indicus
(Cochineal Insect), attempted
utilisation of, to destroy Opuntia
monocantha in Australia, 481 ;
destroying Opuntia monocantha
in S. India, 402.

Dactylopius longispinus (see Pseudo-
coccus adonidum).

Dactylopius vitis (see Pseudococcus).

Dacus, 269 ; parasitised by Hedylus
desideratus in Nigeria, 437.

Dacus bezzii, in Japan, 239.

606

IXDE.V.

Dacus cueurbitae (Melon Fly), inter-
cepted in cucumbers in Cali-
fornia, 62, 127 ; establishment
of i^arasites of, in Hawaii, 33,
149, 385 ; not found in Japan in
1918, 100; quarantine against,
in U.S.A., 59, 103.
Dacus dorsalis (Forniosan Orange

Fly), in Japan, 100.
Dacus ferrugineus (Mango Fruit-
fly), intercepted on guava in
Florida, 82 ; experiments against,
in New South Wales, 32.

Dacus macer, sp. n., in Uganda, 241.

Dacus oleae (Olive Fly), lecfislation
against, in Cyprus, 88 ; bio-
nomics and control of, in France,
231, 365, 467 ; measures against,
in Italy, 66, 455, 466 ; proposed
iixtroduction of African parasites
of, 455, 456.

Dacus trigonus, sp. n., in Nigeria,
241.

Dacus iryoni (see D. ferrugineus).

Dacus tsuneonis (Japanese Orange
Fly), bionomics of, in Japan,
238, 350.

Dadap (see Erythrina).

Daffodil, Merodon equestris in bulbs
of, in New Zealand, 49.

daghestanica, Platycleis.

Dahlia, pests of, in Canada, 25,
179 ; mealy-bugs intercej)ted on,
in Hawaii, 438 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 189, 224, 240, 278.

Dahlia variabilis, food-plant of
Ceroplastes sinensis in Italy,
218.

Dakota, North, food-plants of Cep-
hus cinctus in, 23.

Dakota^ South, maize pests in,
367 ; orchard and shade-tree
pests in, 183, 315.

Dakruma coccidivora (see Laetilia).

Dalbergia cuUrata, Sijjalus hypocrita
on, in India, 404.

Dalbergia lanceolaria, food-plant of
Tachardia lacca in S. India, 402.

Dalbergia lati folia, Cercidocercus
bimaculalus on, in India, 403.

Dalbergia sissoo, pests of, in India,
291, 403, 535; not attacked by
Microternies obesus, 135.

daniicornis, Sternodontis.

dammerm ani, Eripternimorpha.

damor, Phassus.

Damsel Bug (see Nabis ferus).

Damson (Prunns insititia), Macrom-
phalia dedecora on, in Chile, 252 ;
Putoniella marsupialis forming
galls on, in France, 426.

Danais plexippns (Monarch Butter-
fly), in Canada, 26.

Dandelion, Thrips physapus on, in
Br. Columbia, 509.

Daphne, insect pests intercepted

on, in California, 62, 361, 503.
Dasychira abietis, on Cryptomeria
in Japan, 370.

Dasychira pudibunda, natural ene-
mies of, on pine and beech in
Germany, 454 ; parasitised by
Automalus alboguttatus in Sweden,
96.

Dasyneura, new specie> of, on
Arabis alhida in Switzerland, 234.

Dasyneura* leguniinicola (see Per-
risia).

Dasyneura pyri (see Perrisia).

Dasyneura rhodophaga (see Neo-
cerafa).

Datana integerrima (Black Walnut
Caterpillar), in Canada, 27 ; ex-
periments with hydrocyanic-acid
gas against, in U.S.A., 131.

Datana ministra (Yellow-neeked
Caterpillar), bionomics of, in
Canada, 44, 526 ; in orchards in
New York, 137 ; effect of derris
on, 497.

Date Palm {Phoenix dactylifera),
Parlatoria blanchardi intercepted
on, in S. Africa, 244 ; Heliothrips
haemorrhoidalis on, in Barbados,
186 ; Rhynchophorus ferrugineus
on, in India, 287, 404 ; pests of,
in Mesopotamia, 189, 190.

Datura fastuosa, food-plant of
Epilachna dodecastigma in Suma-
tra, 508.

davidson i, Myzocallis.

debilis, Solenopsis.

decemlineata, Leptinotarsa (Dory-
phora) ; Polyphylla.

deciduosus, Ceroplastes.

decorct; Buprestis.

dedecora, Macromphalia.

defoliaria, Hibernia.

defoliator, Emperorrhinus.

Deguelia, correct botanical name
for plants of the genus known as
Derris, 496 ; experiments with
extracts of, as insecticides, 496.

Deidamia inscriptum, parasitised
by Compsilura concinnata in
U.S.A., 429.

Deilemera apicalis, parasitised by
M icrog aster fasciipennis in Africa,
104.

Dcilephila galii, parasitised by
Compsilura concinnata in U.S.A.,
429.

delauneyi, Dysdercus.

delecta, Tarache (Acontia).

delicatissima, Monda.

Delphastus catalinae, successful
establishment of, against white-
flies in Florida, 106, 237, 419.

Delphinium, Papaipema cctta-
phracta on, in Canada, 25.

INDEX.

COT

Deltonietopus amoenicornis, in bur-
rows of Ips 2)ini in X. America,
430.

demodocus, Papilio.

Dendrocalamus sirictus, Oregvia spp.
on, in Ceylon, 165 ; pests of,
in India, 291, 403.

Dendroetonus jefj'reyi, in Pimts
jeffreyi in California, 381.

Dendroetonus monUcolae, parasitised
by Derelaphrus oregonensis in
California, 381.

Dendroetonus ra-lens, in pines in
U.S.A., 477, 505.

Dendrolimus jji/it, in forests in
Grermany, 452 ; bionomics and
control of, on pines in Spain, 89,
209 ; parasitised by Tragus ex-
alt atorius in Sweden, 420.

Dendrolimus remota, in forests in
Japan, 370, 371 ; on pine in
Korea, 274.

Dendrolivms superans, in forests in
Japan, 371.

Dendrosoter ferrugineiis, hosts of,
in France, 236.

Dendrosoter jyrotuberans, hosts of,
in France, 236.

Dendrothrips indieus, sp. n., on
arrowroot in India, 543.

Denmark, bee diseases in, 376,
451 ; orchard and vegetable
pests in, 98, 447-450, 541 ; forest
pests in, 420, 469 ; agricultural
pests in, 445, 446, 447 ; relation
of Tachinids to their hosts in,
450, 451.

Denops albofasciatus, relation of,
to withering disease of fig in
Italy, 413.

dentatus, Leptaulax.

denticornis, Limothrips.

denticulata, Chaetocnema.

dentipes, Chrijsobothris ; Mono-
dontomerus.

deplanatus, Pterom ahis.

Depressaria apicella, parasitised by
Phaeogenes stipatorin Sweden, 97.

Depressaria discipuncteUa, on
par.^nip in Britain, 209.

Depressaria grateeUa, on hazel in
U.S.A., 404.

Depressaria heracleana (Parsnip
Webworm), in Canada, 43, 337 ;
in Holland, 124; in U.S.A., 180,
404.

Depressaria nervosa (see D. apicella).

Depressaria pastinacella (see D.
discipuncteUa).

Depressaria. robin iella, on locust
trees in U.S.A., 404.

depressella, Papua.

depressum, Opatrum ; Stirastoma.

depunctalis, Nymphula.

derbesi, Tetraneura.

derdix, Egonokia.

Derelomus basalis (Papaw Weevil),
on beans and cotton in Florida,
419.

Dereodus pollinosus, food-plants of,
in India, 403.

Deretaphrus oregonensis, parasitic
on wood-boring beetles in Cali-
fornia, 381.

Dermanyssus gallinae (Chicken
Mite), effect oif derris on, 496.

Dermatosis, in man, caused by
Pediculoides in Japan, 153.

Dermestes coarctatus, destroying silk-
worms in Japan, 240,

Dermestes vulpinus, in stored to-
bacco in -U.S.A., 367.

derogata, Sylepta.

Derolus volvulus, food-plants of, in
India, 292.

Deromyia discolor, predaceous on
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

Deromyia umbrina, predaceous on
Lachnosterna in N. America,
256.

Deromyia winthemi, predaceous on
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

Derris, experiments with, as an
insecticide, 101, 496.

Desert Cutworm (see Euxoa riding-
siana).

deserti, Acrida turrita.

desideratus, Hedylus.

desmaresti, Calocomus.

Desmodium incanuyn, Monda delica-
tissima on, in S. Africa, 392.

Desmodium tortuosum, Tetranychus
telarius on, in Java, 41.

destructor, Agromyza ; Aleurodicus
{see A. coco is); Aspidiotus; Cero-
])lastes ; Mayetiola (Cecidomyia) ;
Merisus ; Sphenophorus.

destruens, Xyleborus.

devastator, Clytus.

devastatrix, Sidemia (Hadena) ;
Tylenchus.

Dexia, apparent failure to establish,
in Hawaii, 412.

Diabrotica duodecimpuncata (Cu-
cumber Beetle, Southern Corn
Rootworm), measures against,
in U.S.A., 3, 79, 240; transmitting
Bacillus tracheiphilus, 528.

Diabrotica graminea, on vegetables
in Porto Rico, 249.

Diabrotica innuba (Large Striped
Cucumber Beetle), on vegetables
in Porto Rico, 249.

Diabrotica littata (Striped Cucumber
Beetle), bionomics and control
of, in Canada, 24, 44 ; on vegeta-
bles in U.S.A.. 83, 206, 240, 341,
375, 503, 521 ; transmitting
Bacillus tracheiphilus, 528, 529.

diabroticae, Celatoria.

608

INDEX.

Diachasma fullawmji, parasite of
CeratUis capitata ill Hawaii, 149,
385.

Diachasma iri/oni, establisliment of,
in Hawaii, 33, 149, 385.

Diacrisia maculosa, on cacao in
Uganda, 260.

Diacrisia obliqua, on jute in Assam,
115, 492.

Diacrisia virginica (Yellow Woolly-
bear Caterpillar), food-plants of,
in Canada, 25 ; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 382, 429.

diadem a, Sinea.

Diadromus varicolorvar. intermedius,
parasite of Plutella maculipennis
in Sweden, 97.

Diner etus rapae (see ApMdius).

Dialeges pauper, food-plants of,
in India, 190, 292.

Dialeurodes (Aleurodes) citri (Citrus
Wliitefly), intercepted on Cape
jasmine in California, 361 ; inter-
cepted on citrus in Hawaii, 329 ;
Aleurodid resembling-, on citrus
in Philippines, 494 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 215, 228,
409.

Dialeurodes citrifoUi (Cloudy-winged
Whitefly ), A leurothrixus howardi
less injurious to citrus than, in
Florida, 409.

Diamond-back Moth (see Plutella
maculipennis).

dianthi, Bhopalosiphuvi.

Dianthoecia albimacula, parasitised
bv Eurylabrus tristis in Sweden,
96.

Diaphania Jiyalinata, on cucumbers
and pumpkins in Jamaica, 502.

Diaphania nitidalis, on cucumbers
and pumpkins in Jamaica, 58,
502.

Diaprepes abbreviatus, on sugar-cane
in Guadeloupe, 229.

Diaprepes abbreviatus spengleri
(Sugar-cane Root Borer), on bay
trees in Tortola, 337.

Diaprepes esuriens, on limes in
Antigua, 512.

Diaprepes famelicus, on sugar-cane
in Guadeloupe, 229.

Diaprofnorpha melanoplus (Orange
Beetle), on tea in India. 375.

Diapromorpha turcica, on Acacia
catechu in India, 403.

Diapus furtivus, in sal in India, 190.

Diarrhoea, in bees, 451 ; galls on
Ehus glabra used by Chippewa
Indians as a remedy for, in
U.S.A.. 284.

Diarthronomyia hypogaea (Chry-
santhemum Gall Midge), measures
against, in U.S.A., 179, 279, 340,
497.

Diarthrothrips coffeae, measures
against, in Uganda, 260.

diaspidinarmn, Chiloneurus.

Diaspidiotus ehretiae (see Aspi-
diotus).

Diaspis, sub-genera of, in S. Africa,
242.

Diaspis boisdurali, intercepted on
pineapples, etc., in California, 127,
361 ; in Portugal, 7.

Diaspis boisdurali cocois, on coco-
nuts in the Far East, 14.

Diaspis bromeliae, intercepted on
pineapples in California, 62, 199,
238, 361, 427, 503.

Diaspis carueli, intercepted on
Thuya in California, 361.

Diaspis celtidis, on ash and olive
in Arizona, 205.

Diaspis conspicua, sp. n., food-
plants of, in S. Africa, 242.

Diaspis echinocacti (Prickly-pear
Scale), in S. India, 402.

Diaspis ostreaeformis (see Aspi-
diotus).

Diaspis pentagona (see Aulacaspis).

Diaspis rhusae, sj). n., on Ehus
in S. Africa, 242.

Diaspis santali, control of, on
citrus in New Zealand, 50.

Diatraea, on sugar-cane in Assam,
492 ; on sugar-cane in India,
287 ; parasites of, in U.S.A., 408.

Diairaea auricilia, on Graminaceous
plants in India, 133.

Diatraea saccharalis (Larger Corn-
stalk Borer, Sugar-cane Moth
Borer), infested with Cordyceps
barberi in Cuba, 349 ; inter-
cepted on sugar-cane in Cali-
fornia, 238 ; on sugar-cane in
Guadeloupe, 229 ; Lioderma
quadridentatum predaceous on,
in Br. Guiana, 484 ; measures
against, on maize in Oluo, 147 ;
introduction of para'sites of, into
Louisiana, 279.

Diatraea saccharalis crambidoides
(Sugar-cane Moth Borer), biono-
mics and control of, in U.S.A.,
407 ; damage by D. zeacolella
erroneously attributed to, 380.

Diatraea venosata, on graminaceous
plants in India, 133.

Diatraea zeacolella (Larger Corn-
stalk Borer), bionomics and
control of, on maize in U.S.A.,
205, 380.

diatraeae, Euzenilliopsis.

Dibra^liys boucheanus, hyperparasite
of Apanteles glom,eratus in France,
397 ; secondary parasite of Gydia
molesta in U.S.A., 478.

Dicera aino, in Abies sachalinen.sis
m Japan, 275.

INDEX.

609

Diceratothrijys liicticoTnis, on Eih-

genia iu Cuba, 348.
Diclilorcresol, applied to soil against

wireworms, 433.
Dichocrocis ptonctiferalis (Yellow

Peach Moth, Maize Moth), food-
plants of, in Australia, 85 ; on

castor-oil in Ceylon, 113.
Dicranura vinula, parasitised by

Megaplecies monticola in Sweden,

96.
dlctyospermi, Chrysomphahis {As2)i-

diotiis).
DidyotJirips floridensis, sp. n., on

guava in Florida, 417.
Dicymolomia pegasalis, infesting

nests of PoUstes annularis, 415.
Dicyplms prasinus, on tomatoes in

Porto Eico, 249.
■didactylus, Scapteriscus.
Diestrammena marmorata, natural

enemy of silkworms in Japan,

99 ; measures against, in green-
houses, 465.
differentiaUs, Melanopliis .
Dihammns Jistulator, on forest trees

in India, 535.
Dlloba coeriileocepliala (see Episema).
dilychnis, Neda.
dimidiata, Aglossa.
,diminutus, Pseudococcus.
Dinaspis, sub-genus of Ghionaspis,

242.
Dindymus versicolor (Harlequin

Fruit-bug), food-plants of and

measures against, in Tasmania,

121.
Dingy Cutworm (see Feltia ducens).
Di)ioderns brevis, food-plants of,

in India, 291.
Dinoderiis distinctus, in 3Iarigifera

indica in India, 291.
DinodefHS minutus, food-plants of,

in India, 291.
Dinoderiis pilifrons, food-plants of,

in India, 291.
Dinoderiis triincatus (Larger Grain

Borer), measures against, in field

and stored maize in U.S.A., 409.
Dinotus agrili, sj). n., parasite of

Agrilus angelicus in California,

442.
Diocalandra frumenti, in coconut

and sugar-cane in India, 133.
Diodes obliteratus, parasite of

HemeropMla pariana in America,

28.
■diomphalia, Lachnosterna.
Diorthus cinereus, food-i)lants of,

in India, 292.
Dioryctria, measures against, on

pines in Spain, 90.
Dioryctria abietella, D. niendacella

erroneously recorded as, in Spain,

210.
(672)

Dioryctria mendacella, on pines in
Spain, 210.

Dioryctria midatella, probably on
pines in France, 462.

Dioryctria silvestrella, on pines in
Spain, 210.

Dioryctria xanthaenobares, on Pinus
attenuata, in U.S.A., 321.

dioryctriae, Orgilus.

Dioscorea (see Yam).

dioscoreae, Palaeopus (see P. costi-
collis).

Diospyros (see Persimmon).

Diospyros kaki, Anastrepha frater-
culus on, in Brazil, 352.

Diparopsis castanea (Red Boll-
worm), on cotton in S. Africa,
331.

Diplodia, infesting cacao in Uganda,
260.

diplopterus, Blissus.

Diplosis (see Gontarinia).

Diplosis morivorella, sp. n., biono-
mics of, on mulberry in Japan,
154.

Diprion, 24 ; measures against,
in Pinns cembra in Holland, 444.

Diprion abietis (Spruce Sawfly),
parasitised by Labrossyta rufi-
coxalis in Manitoba, 307.

Diprion (Nesodiprion) basalis, on
pine in Korea, 274 ; on Pinus
densiflora in Japan, 370.

Diprion nipponica, in forests in
Japan, 370.

Diprion pini, in forests in Germany,
453 ; parasitised by 3Ionodonto-
merus dentipes in Holland, 444.

Diprion similis, probably inter-
cepted on rose stock in Connecti-
cut, 339.

Dirhinus giffardi, establishment of,
in Hawaii, 385.

d irJwdiim, llacrosipJmm.

Dirphia amphimone, parasitised by
Apanteles macromphaliae in Chile,
252.

Dirpliipliagus ancilla, parasite of
Ilacromphalia dedecora in Chile,
252.

Dirphya jjrinceps, on coffee in
Uganda, 260.

discipunctella, Depressaria.

discisa, Bembidula.

discolor, Ghnaunanthus ; Deromyia ;
Myllocerus ; Sphenophorus.

discopunctulata, Bhyparida.

discrepans, Gocciis.
disjuncta, Microphthalma.
dislocatus, Phylloboenus.
Disonycha quinqiievittata, on Soli-
dago squarrosa in Nova Scotia,
30i3.
Disonycha triangularis, on beet and
spinach in Oliio, 148.

610

INDEX.

Disonycha xanthomelaena, ou beet

and spinacli in Ohio, 148.
Disophrys vulgaris (see Cremnops).
dispar, Myzus ; Porthetria {Liparis,

Lymantria) ; Xylehorus.
dissimilis, Mamestra (see Folia

suasa).
dissimulatum, Monalonion (see M.

atratum).
Dissosteira Carolina (Black -winged

Locust), in Nova Scotia, 391.
disstria, Malacosoma.
distans, Anastrepha.
disticlium, Paludicoccus {Sphaero-

coccus),
distincta, Plagiodera.
distinctissima, Geisha,
distinctus, Dinoderus.
DistycJdum racemosum, NipponapMs

yanonis on, in Japan, 111.
Diurnea fagella, food-plants of,

in Ireland, 277 ; intercepted

on rhododendrons in U.S.A.,

277.
Djaran, Pachypeltis vittiscutus on,

in DTitch E. Indies, 31.
Doeiostaurus maroccanus, outbreak

of, in Asia Minor and Palestine,

161 ; organisation of measures

against, in France and Morocco,

432 ; measures against, in Italy,

87, 535.
Dock (ceeEumex).
dodecastiqma, Epilachna.
Dogwood, Haltica corni on, in

Maine, 58.
dohrni, Kaliosysphinga.
dolahratus, Miris.
Dolichocysta, 338.
DolicJioderus bituberculattis (Black

Cacao Ant), in Java, 233.
Dolicbos Brucbus (see Bruchus

phaseoli).
DolicJios lablab, Geroplastodes cajani

on, in S. India, 402 ; resistance

of, to attacks of Agrotnyza des-

/rttctor in Philippines, 15.
dolicJios, Prodenia.
DoUchurus stantoni, establishment

of, against cockroaches in Hawaii,

412.
dolorosus, Platylabrus.
Dolycoris baccarum, on strawberries

in Norway, 541.
domestica, Musca.
domesticum, Anobium.
domesticus, Gryllus.
Dominica, danger of introduction

of AleurocantJius woglumi into,

532 ; miscellaneous pests in, 261,

517, 532.
dominica, BMzopertha.
Donacia aeraria, on rice and Pota-

moqeton polygonijolius in Korea,

273.

Dorcas aniaeus, in forest trees in
India, 535.

Dorcatoma dresdensis, Doryctes stria-
tellus associated with, on fruit-
trees in France, 236.

Dorcatoma setosella, Doryctes stria-
tellus associated with, on fruit-
trees in France, 236.

dorocola, Pemptliigus.

dorsalis, Cerodonta ; Dacus ; Perga ;
Sciriothrips.

dorsator, Microbracon.

dorsipennata, Olene.

Doryctes leucogaster, parasite of
(Jlytus jiilosus in France, 236.

Doryctes maculijiennis, sp. n., hosts
of, in U.S.A., 442.

Doryctes pomarius, parasite of Ips
laricis in France, 236.

Doryctes striatellus, associated with
Dorcatoma spp. in France, 236.

Dorylus orientalis, on potatoes in
Ceylon, 374.

Dorypliora decemlineata (see Lep-
tinotarsa).

dorypliorae, Doryphorophaga.

DoryphoropJiaga aberrans, parasite
of Leptinotarsa decemlineata in
Connecticut, 338.

Doryphorophaga doryphorae, para-
site of Leptinotarsa decemlineata
in Connecticut, 338.

Douglas Fir (see Pseudotsuga taxi-
folia).

Doves, Aspidiotus perniciosus dis-
seminated by, in S. Africa, 331.

Dracaena, Pseudococcus longis-
pinus intercepted on, in Cali-
fornia, 504.

Dragonflies, predaceous on Tomas-
pis flavilatera in Br. Guiana, 139 ;
probably predaceous on Dacus
tsuneonis in Japan, 239.

Drepanosiphumplata7ioides, on Acer
in Britain, 542.

Drepanothrips reuteri, identity of,
on vines in Central Europe,
195.

Drepanothrips viticola, identity of,
on vines in Central Europe and
Russia, 195.

dresdensis, Dorcatoma.

DrosophiJa, potatoes from Canada
infested with, in Jamaica, 502.

Drosophila ampelophila, effect of
meteorological conditions on, in
U.S.A., 316.

Drosophila inversa, in Minnesota,
139.

Drosophila paradoxa, sp. n., para-
site of Clastoptera in Trinidad,
139.

Drosophila sigmoides, D. inversa
erroneously recorded as, in
Minnesota, 139.

INDEX.

611

drumniondi, MelanopTiila.

druparum,, Syntomaspis.

drupiferarmn, Sphinx.

Dryaphis longipes, on cliestiiut in
Italy, 157.

Drymadusa curvicercis, sp. n., in
Kurdistan, 346.

Drymonia manleyi coreana, on
Quercus serrata in Korea, 274.

Dryohius croaticus, on oak in S.
Eastern Russia, 143.

Dryocoetes americantis, Ips longidens
associated with, in Pinus strobus
in U.S.A., 505.

Dryocoetes auiographus, in forests
in Sweden, 469, 470.

Dryopea morrisoni, sp. n., on
Phyllosiachys in U.S.A., 307.

Dryophthorus corticalis, in burrows
of Ips pini in N. America, 430.

dubia, LacJinosterna.

dubius, Brontes ; PacJiycrepoideus ;
Pissodes ; Thanasimus.

ducens, Feltia.

Dufour's Mixture, formula for dust-
ing with, against Pierls, 450.

Du.fouriellus ater, in burrows of
Ips pini in N. America, 430.

duodecimpunctata, Crioceris ; Dia-
brotica.

Diiomitus cer amicus (Bee-hole Borer
of Teak), in forests in Burma
and India, 135, 367 ; ziatural
enemies of, in Dutch E. Indies,
388.

duplana, Bhyacionia (Tortrix).

duplex, Argyroploce ; Pseudaonidia.

Dust Sprays, 9, 40, 296, 303, 338,
507 ; compared with liquid
sprays, 5, 28, 292, 517, 525.

Dutch East Indies, cacao pests in
64, 107, 233, 388, 536 ; cinchona
pests in, 31, 41, 388, 389; coconut
pests in, 64, 389, 390 ; coffee
pests in, 31, 41, 64, 360, 363, 389 ;
measures against Helopeltis on
tea in, 31, 32, 39, 64, 107, 388,
499 ; miscellaneous pests in, 388 ;
orchid pests in, 39, 537 ; sugar-
cane pests in, 31, 108, 512, 515 ;
measures against Lasioderma
serricorne infesting dried tobacco
in, 29 ; ineffective experiments
with bait for tobacco moths in,
41 ; (see Java and Sumatra).

Dutch Guiana, measures against
Xyleborus perforans on coffee
in, 125.

dyari, Neodiprion.

Dyscerus fleteheri, sp. n., on apple
and Pinus longifoliain India, 489.

Dyscerus malignus, sp. n., on apple
in Assam, 489.

Dyscinetus bidentatus, bionomics of,
in sugar-cane in Br. Guiana, 484.

(672)

Dyscinetus gagaies, on wheat in
Argentina, 501.

Dyscinetus tracliypygus (Hard-
back Beetle), bionomics and
control of. on sugar-cane in
Porto Rico, 515 ; destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 203.

Dysdercus (Cotton Stainers), in
West Indies, 182, 296, 355, 366,
372, 415, 481, 512 ; on Ilibiscus
sabdariffa in Queensland, 521 ;
on cotton in Uganda, 260.

Dysdercus andreae, a probable
carrier of internal boll disease
of cotton in Tortola, 337.

Dysdercus cingulatus, food-plants
of and measures against, in
Ceylon, 520 ; on cotton in India,
72, 73.

Dysdercus delauneyi, bionomics and
control of, in St. Vincent, 106,
188, 213, 355.

Dysdercus superstitiosus, on cotton
'in S. Africa, 331.

Dysdercys suturcllus, on cotton in
Colombia, 534 ; food-plants of
and measures against, in Florida,
106.

Dysentery, in bees, due to para-
typhus, 452.

E.

Farias (Cotton BoUworm), para-
sites of, in India, 72, 73, 132,
286, 287.

Earias fabia, on cotton, etc., in
India, 71, 72, 73, 132, 287.

Earias insulana (Spiny Boll worm),
on cotton in S. Africa, 331 ;
decrease of, on cotton in Egypt,
490 ; in India, 72, 132, 287 ;
danger of introduction of, into
Turkey from Egypt, 160.

earinoides, Microdus (Bassus).

Earwigs, predaceous on Peregrinus
maidis in Hawaii, 330 ; preda-
ceous on Diatraea saccharalis
crambidoides in U.S.A., 408.

Eastern Balsam Bark-beetle (see
Pissodes dubius and Pityokteines
sparsus).

ebeninus, Ghalcodermus.

ebenus, Li gyrus.

Eburia sordida, introduced into
Buenos Aires in timber, 319.

Eccoptogaster (see Scolytus).

eccoptogaster, Eoptroceras.

echinocacti, Diaspis.

Echinot^nermis bipunctatus, on rice
in Korea, 273.

£2

612

INDEX.

Echinopsis, Eriococcus cactearum
on, iu Italy, 142.

eGkinoiius, Ehizoglyphus.

Echocerus cormitus (see Gnathocerus).

Echthrodelphax faircMldi, parasite
of PerJcinsiella saccliaricida in
Hawaii, 314.

Echthromorpha notulatoria, parasite
of Ocinara signifera in Java,
104.

Eclytus pleuralis, i^arasite of Eulia
jrinatubanain Canada and U.S.A.,
393.

Economic Biology, tlie use of
scientific and popular names in,
368.

Economic Entomology, organisa-
tion of, in Canada, 27, 130, 525 ;
necessity of organisation of, in
French Colonies, 532 ; organisa-
tion of, in Germany and German
Austria, 158, 453 ; in India, 356 ;
development and organisation of,
in U.S.A., 34, 220, 278, 453, 462 ;
importance of, in New Zealand,
504.

EcpJiylHS hicoriae, sp. n., bred from
Hicoria glabra in New York, 407.

Ecuador, pests of cacao in, 210;
bionomics of Stenoma catenifer
on avocado in, 382.

Edessa meditabunda, Betnbidula dis-
cisa predaceous on, in Argentina,
318.

Eelworm (see Tylenchus).

Egg-plant {Solamom melongena),
Gorythaica spp. on, in America
and West Indies, 338 ; Phthori-
maea operculella on, in France,
486 ; Phenacoccus insolitus on, in
S. India, 402 ; E pilachna niponica
on, in Korea, 155 ; pests of, in
Porto Kico, 249 ; pests of, iu
U.S.A., 148, 418, 493.

Egg-plant Leaf-miner (see Acrocer-
cops sanctaecTucis).

■cgialealis, Terastia.

■eglanterina, Pseudohazis.

EgonoJcia derdix, in forests in Japan,
370.

Egypt, bionomics and control of
Pectinopliora gossypieUa on cotton
in, 162-164, 489-491 ; danger
of introduction of cotton pests
into Turkey from, 160.

Ehretia hottentottica, Aspidiotus
ehretiae on, in S. Africa, 139.

ehretiae, Aspidiotus {Diaspidiotus).

ehrhomi, Mycetococcus (Gerococcus).

Ehrhornia, gen. no v., 11.

Ehrhornia cupressi (Cypress Bark
Scale), on shade-trees in U.S.A.,
11, 476.

Ehrhornia graminis, sp. n., on
grasses in CaUfornia, 11.

Elachiptera, on grasses in Germany,

455.
Elachiptera cornuta, in Germany,

353.
Elachistus, parasite of Eulia pinatu-

bana in Canada and U.S.A.,

393.
Elachistus sanninoideae, sp. n.,

parasite of Aegeria exiiiosa in

Arkansas, 401.
Elaeagnus angtistifoUa, Eule-

caniuni persicae on, in Italy, 157.
Elaeagnus latifolia, Ghionaspis

vitis on, iu S. India, 402.
Elainea martinica, protection of,

in St. Vincent, 188.
Elasnwgnaihus greeni, pepper little

damaged by, in Dutch E. Indies,

389.
Elasmopalpus lignosellus (Lesser

Corn-stalk Borer), bionomics and

control of, in U.S.A., 105, 147,

204, 205.
Elater segetis (see Agriotes Uneatus).
Elderberry, PopiUia japonica on, in

New Jersey, 511.
elegans, Chaetospila ; Ghrysochroa ;

Gorythuca ; Psychopsis ; Tornyrus.
Eleodes opaca, bionomics and con-
trol of, on wheat in Kansas, 281.
eleodis, Perilitus.
Elis spp., parasites of Lachnosterna

in N. America, 256.
elliotti, Aulocara.
Elm (Ulmus), pests of, in Britain,

416, 543 ; pests of, in Canada,

25, 76, 178, 304, 306, 470; pests

of, in France, 319, 432, 456, 462 ;

Aspidiotus rapax on, in India,

402 ; pests of, in Italy, 157 ;

Pseudococcus adonidum on, in

Portugal, 6 ; pests of, in Spain,

90, 210; Aphids on, in S.E.

Russia, 143 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,

58, 204, 308, 471, 477, 478,511;

(see Ulmus).
Elm Leaf Beetle (see Galerucella

luteola).
Elm Scale (see Gossyparia spuria),
elongata, Gephalothrips.
elutella, Ephestia.
elymi, Harmoliia.
elymicola, Harmolita.
elymivora, Haimolita.
elymophila, Harmolita.
elymophthora, Harniolita.
elymoxena, Harmolita.
Elymus, food-plant of cereal pests

in U.S.A., 23, 471 ; Harmolita

spp. forming galls on, 471.
Elymus canadensis, food-plant of

Gephus cinctus in Manitoba, 23.
Elymus condensatus (Western Wild

Rye Grass), thrips on, in Br.

Columbia, 509.

INDEX.

Qll

Elymus virginicus (Wild Rye),
SphenophoTus minimus on, in
U.S.A., 379.

Em,beriza hortulana, destroyino^
Clysia ambiguella in vineyards
in France, 466.

Emperor rhinus defoliator, food-
plants of, in India, 403.

Emphytus cinctus (Rose Sawfly),
intercepted in Connecticut, 339 ;
parasites of, in Holland, 444.

emigrata, Perisierola.

Empoa rosae (Rose Leaf-liopper),
on apple in Nova Scotia, 176 ;
measures against, on apple in
New York, 183.

Empoasca australis, sp. n. (Apple
Leaf Jassid), in Australia, 32.

Empoasca flavescens (Green Fly),
on castor-oil plant in Ceylon,
113; on tea in India, 375;
a minor pest of hops in U.S.A.,
175.

Empoasca flavescens birdi, a minor
pest of hops in U.S.A., 175.

Empoasca gossypii, on cotton in
India, 72.

Empoasca mali (Apple Leaf-hopper,
Potato Leaf-hopper), bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 182,
183, 278, 325, 395, 510 ; relation
of, to Bacillus amylovorus, 183 ;
E. australis possibly identical
with, 32.

Empoasca unicolor, measures against
on apj)le in Nova Scotia, 176 ;
measures against, on apple in
New York, 182.

Empusa aphidis, infesting Aphids in
Europe, 371, 449, 542 ; infesting
MacrosipJmm solanifoUi in Vir-
ginia, 493.

Empusa (Entomoplithora) fresenii,
infesting Aphids in Britain and
Denmark, 447, 542 ; infesting
Mysus braggi in Louisiana, 78.

Empusa gryUi, infesting Orthoptera
in Nova Scotia, 391.

Empusa lecanii, establishment of,
against scale-insects in S. India,
506 ; suggested introduction of,
from India into Seychelles against
scale-insects, 483.

Empusa muscae, infesting Doli-
chopodid fly in Cuba, 349.

Empusa sphaerosperma., infesting
Hypera punctata in Ohio, 145.

Emyon iristis, bionomics of, on
maize in S. Rhodesia, 314.

Enarmonia interstinetana (see
Cydia).

Enarmonia prunivora (Lesser Apple
Worm), in U.S.A., 176, 254, 491.

Enarmonia pyricolana, in Mary-
land, 254.

Enarmonia walsinghami, on Acacia
koa in Hawaii, 511.

Enchenopa auropicta, on TepJirosia
Candida in St. Vincent, 257.

Enchenopa binotata, food-plants of,
in Nova Scotia, 306.

Encyrlus, possibly a parasite of
Saisseiia hemisphaerica in Hol-
land, 444.

Encyrlus barbatus, sp. n., parasite
of Saisseiia hemisphaerica in
Hawaii, 437.

Encyrlus infelix, parasite of Sais-
seiia hemisphaerica, 437.

Endothia jtarasitica (Chestnut Blight
Fungus), Leptostylus macula feed-
ing on, in U.S.A., 7, 528.

Endoxyla strigillata, bionomics of,
in willows in Argentina, 252.

Endrosis fenestrella, parasitised by
Leidyana tinei in Britain, 196.

Engelmann Spruce (see Picea engel-
manni).

Enoclerus quadriguitatus (see Clerus)

Entedon, parasite of Promecotheci
opacicollis in New Hebrides, 459.

Entedon ovulorum, probably para-
sitic on Cephaleia signata in
Sweden, 424.

Enteritis, of bees, due to Bacillus
paratyphi-alvei in Denmark, 451.

Entomological Notices, 40, 136.

Entomological Problems, value of
co-operation in agricultural and,
34.

Entomology, the relation of the
systematist to the economic
worker in, 516.

Entomology, Agricultural, textbook
on, 529.

Entomology, Applied (see Econo-
mic Entomology).

Entomophtlw) a, infesting II iris dola-
bratus in U.S.A., 78 ; infesting
PerJcinsiella saccharicida in Ha-
waii, 412.

Entomophthora anticae, infesting
Diacrisia virginica in Texas,
382.

Entomophthora aphidis (see Em-
pusa).

Entomoplithora fresenii (see Em-
fiisa).

Entomophthora grylli, infesting Sa-
perda carcharias, in Spain, 66.

Entomophthora phytonomi, infesting
Hypera variabilis in Denmark,
447.

Eniomophihofa sphaeroweima, in-
f editing JJeterocoi is in Cuba, 349 ;
infesting Pieris in Denmark, 449;
infesting Empoasca mali in Wis-
consin, 510.

Entomophthora virescens, infesting
Feliia annexa in Louisiana, 79.

614

INDEX.

Eniomoscelis adonidis (Red Turnip
Beetle), on vegetables in Alberta,
544.

Entylia sinuata, on Cynara scolymus
etc., in U.S.A., 79,240.

Epepeotes luscus, on forest trees in
India, 535.

Epepeotes uncinaius, on forest trees
in India, 535.

epkemeraeformis, Thyridopteryx.

Ephestia cautella (Fig Motb), in
Smyrna, 411 ; Corcyra cepha-
lonica resembling, 428.

Ephestia elutella " (Flour Motli),
relation of, to web))ing in stored
grain in Britain, 384 ; attacked
by Perisierola emiqrata in caj)-
tivity in Hawaii, 435.

Ep>hestia kuhniella (Mediterraneaji
Flour Motb), parasitised by
Campoplex frumentarms in
Austria, 'l60 ; effect of air-
tight storage, etc., on, in Britain,
94, 384 ; introduced into Br.
Columbia in stored rice, etc.,
13 ; bionomics and control of, in
stored food products in U.S.A.,
206, 297, 320.

ephippias, A narsia.

ephippiella, Argyrestliia.

Epicaerus formididosus (Broad-
nosed Weevil), food-plants of,
in Florida, 419.

Epicaerus imbricatus, destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 203.

Epicaloterntes aethiopicus, gen. et
sp. n., in Eritrea, 143.

Epicauta inarginata, control of, on
potatoes in Connecticut, 338.

Epicauta megalocepliala, on beet in
S. Manchuria, 12.

Ejyicauta, pennsylvanica, control of,
on potatoes in Connecticut. 338.

Epicauta ruficeps, destroying Cyrta-
canthacris nigricornis in Java,
233.

Epicauta vittata, control of, on
potatoes in Connecticut, 338.

Epicometis hirta, a minor pest of
fruit-trees in Transcaucasia, 345.

Epicometis senicula, in Transcau-
casia, 345.

Epicometis suturalis, in Transcau-
casia, 345.

Epidiaspis, sub-genus of Diasjris,
242.

Epidiaspis conspicim (see Diasjris).

Epidiasipis piricola (Italian Pear
Scale), on pear in Italy, 157 ;
on Christmas berrv in U.S.A.,
477.

Epilachna, food-plants of, in Dutch
E. Indies, 388, 389.

Epilachna borealis (Squash Lady-
bird), in Maryland, 240.

Epilachna corrupta, control of, on
beans in Arizona, 206.

Epilachna dodecastigma, bionomics
of, in Sumatra, 508.

Epilachna niponica, bionomics and
control of, in Korea, 155.

Epilachna paenulata, on melons in
Argentina, 501.

Epilachna vigintioctopunctata (Po-
tato Ladybird), measures against,
in Fiji, 312.

epilinana, Phcdonia (Gonchylis).

ep ilobii, Macrosiphum.

Epilobium (Willow-herb), Aphids
on, in Britain, 542.

Episema coeruleocephala, in or-
chards in Denmark, 448 ; on
fruit-trees in Norway, 540.

Epitrix cucumeris (Potato Flea-
beetle), food-plants of, in Canada,
25, 43 ; bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 7, 147, 325, 338;
associated with tomato leaf-spot,
7.

Epitrix fnscula, food-plants of, in
Oliio, 148.

Epitrix parvula (Tobacco Flea-
beetle), food-plants of, in Ohio,
148 ; confused with Lasioderma
serricorne, 336.

Epiurus alborictiis (see Pimpla).

Epiiirus indagator, parasite of Eulia
pinatnbanain Canada and U.S.A.,
393.

Epiurus inquisitorlella, synonymy
of, 23.

Epiurus p>tcrophori, parasite of Ty-
rausta nubilalis in U.S.A., 411,
481.

Epochra canadensis, intercepted on
gooseberries in Cahfornia, 504.

Epyris extraneus, bionomics of, in
Hawaii, 435.

equestris, Merodon.

Erax spp., iDredaceous on Lachno-
sterna in N. America, 256.

erecta, Phorocera.

eremita, Herpysticus.

Eremotylus arcticae, parasite of
Diacrisia virginica in Texas, 382.

Ergolis, in Sumatra, 64.

Ergolis taprobana (Castor Butter-
fly), in Ceylon, 113.

Ergot, of rye, method of removing,
324.

Eri Silkworm (see Attacus ricini).

ericae, Nysius.

eridania, Xylomyges.

erigeronensis, Prociphilus (Trama).

erineus, Eriophyes tristriatus.

Eriobotrya japonica, Myllocerus dis-
color on, in India, 403.

Eriocampoides limacina (Cherry and
Pear Slug), food-plants of, and
measures against, in Argentina,

INDEX.

615

251; ill Canada, 25, 544; in
orchards in Denmark, 448 ; food-
plants of, in Italy, 142, 157 ;
on pears in Norway, 540 ; in
Germany, 160 ; E. matsumotonis
closely allied to, 273.

Eriocampoides matsumotonis (Peach
Sawfly), bionomics and control
of, in Japan, 273.

Eriococctis, notice of key to S.
American species of, 307.

Eriococcus araucariae, on Araucaria
in Austria, 161 ; parasitised by
Aphycoviorpha araucariae in
Hawaii, 437.

Eriococcus cactearum, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Italy, 142.

Eriococcus jorgenseni, sp. n., on
Ilyricia apiculata in Argentina,
307.

Eriococcus leguminicola, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Argentina, 307.

Eriococcus mendozae, sp. n., in
Argentina, 307.

Eriococctis salinus, synonym of
Gryptoripersia arizonensis, 473.

Eriodendron anfractnosura (Silk
Cotton-tree), food-plant of Dys-
dercus cingulatus in Ceylon, 520 ;
destruction of, against cotton-
stainers in West Indies, 366.

Erionota ihrax, Hidari irava con-
fused with, in Dutch E. Indies,
390.

Eriopeltis, on Grramineae, 276.

Eriopeltis festucae, on Festuca ovina
in Britain, 518.

Eriopeltis lichtensteini, parasites of,
on Festuca in Germany, 162.

Eriopliyes, on litclri in Hawaii, 196 ;
on cotton in India, 132 ; measures
against, on maple in Pennsylvania,
354 ; new species of, infesting
Populus wislizeni in Texas, 36 ;
producing galls on Bhus glabra
in U.S.A., 284.

Eriopliyes avellanae, on hazel in
Denmark, 448.

Eriopliyes calacladophthora, on
tomatos ill Florida, 196.

Eriopliyes coryligallarum., natural
enemies of, on hazel in Sicily,
413.

Eriophyes gossypii (Cotton Leaf
Blister Mite), "in West Indies, 213,
296, 481, 512.

Eriopliyes hibisci, on ornamental
plants in Fiji, 312.

Eriopliyes pistaciae, on Pistacia spp.
in Sicily, 87,

Eriophyes jmini (Plum Leaf Gall
Mite), measures against, in Mon-
tana, 141.

Eriopliyes pseudoplatani, in Ger-
many, 160.

Eriophyes pyri (Pear Leaf Blister
Mite), in Argentina, 501 ; in
Denmark, 448 ; in Germany,
160 ; in Italy, 157 ; on fruit-
trees in Norway, 540 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 8, 471.

Eriophyes ribis (Currant Bud Gall
Mite), in Br. Columbia, 13 ; on
black currants in Denmark, 448.

Eriophyes similis, in Germany, 160.

Eriophyes stefanii, on Pistacia spp.
in Sicily, 87.

Eriophyes theae (Pink Mite), mea-
sures against, on tea in India, 376.

Eriophyes tiliae var. liosoma, in
Germany, 160.

Eriophyes trisirlatus, on walnut in
Italy, 157.

Eriophyes tristriatus var. erineus, in
Germany, 160.

Eriophyes vitis, on vines in Austria,
161 ; in Germany, 160 ; on
vines in Italy, 157.

Eriosoma lanigerum (Woolly Apple
Aphis), quarantine measures
against, in S. Africa, 244 ; on
elm in Britain, 543 ; intercepted
on apple roots in Br. Columbia,
507; in Canada, 13, 171, 524;
in the Caucasus, 344 ; bionomics
and control of, in France, 432,
461, 487 ; in Italy, 455 ; in
Korea, 274 ; spraying experi-
ments against, in Transcaucasia,
345, 346 ; bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 9, 95, 151, 240, 491 ;
intercepted in U.S.A., 48, 238,
339, 361 ; measures against, in
New Zealand, 357, 533.

Eriosoma lanuginosum, on elm in
Spain, 90.

Eriosoma pyricola, (Pear Root Aphis,
Woolly Pear Aphis), intercepted
in S. Africa, 244 ; intercepted
on pear roots in Br. Columbia,
507.

Eriosoma ulmi, on elm in S.
Eastern Russia, 143.

Eriosoma ulmosedens, sp. n., bio-
nomics of, in France, 432.

Eriptemimorpha dammermani, sp.
n., parasite of Scirpophaga sericea
in Java, 104.

Eriptemimorpha javensis, sp. n.,
parasite of Scirpophaga intacta
in Java, 104.

Eriptemimorpha scirpophaga^, sp.
n., parasite of Scirpophaga sericea
in Java, 104.

Erisialis tenax, causing myiasis in
man and animals in New Zealand,
49.

Eristalosyrphus griseofasciaius, gen.
et sp. n., on Abies sachalinensis
in Japan, 211.

616

INDEX.

Eritrea, proposed establishment of
laboratory for studyin':>: Dacus
oleae and its parasites in, 456 ;
Lonchaea mochii in, 243 ; new
termites from, 143.
Eriuvi Uchtensioides, associated with

Pseudococcus artemisiae in U.S.A.,
39.
Ermine Moth (see Hyponomeuia).
Ernobms calif ornicus, sp. n., on

Pintis Jeffrey i in California, 321.
Ernobius champlaini, sp. n., on

Pvmis flexilis in Colorado, 321.
Ernobius conicola, sp. n., on Cupres-

sus macrocarpa in California,

321.
Er odium, EutetUx tenella trans-
mitting curly leaf disease to,

in U.S.A., 475.
Erodium cicuiarium (Stork's-bill),

Euttetix tenella on, in U.S.A., 474.
erosa, Anomis (Cosmophila) ; Phy-

mata.
errabunda, Cryptopimpla.
crratica, Leidyana.
eruditus, Cheyletus ; HypotJienemns.
Eryngium alpinus, Aphis adjeda on,

in Britain, 542.
erythraeus, Neotermes.
Erythrina (Bois Immortelle, Dadap),

113, 125 ; Terastia meticulosaUs

on, in India, 55 ; thrips on, in

West Indies, 185 ; substitution

of Leucaena glauca for, favouring

increase of Pseudococcus adoniduni

in Java, 360.
Erythrina caff r a, Chrysomphalus

corticosus on, in S. Africa, 242.
Erythrina glauca, Franldiniella insu-

laris on, in West Indies, 186.
Erythrina indica, Terastia egialealis

on, in Assam, 55 ; pests of, in

India, 403, 535.
Erythrina litliosperma (Dadap),

Terastia meticulosaUs on, in

Ceylon, 520.
erythrinus, Microcryptus.
erythrocephalus, Ilelanerpes.
Erythroneura ador, sp. n., on elm in

Nova Scotia, 76.
Essigella pini, sp. n., on Pinus rir-

giniana in Maryland, 137.
estherae, Blastoph aga.
Estigmene acraea (Salt Marsh Cater-
pillar), on vegetables, etc., in

Canada, 25, 44, 302 ; measures

against, on maize, etc., in U.S.A.,

277.
Estigmene chinensis, food-plants of,

in India, 403.
esuriens, Diaprepes (Exophthalmus).
athalea, Anastrepha.
Ether, effect of, as an insecticide,

115, 319, 384; as a solvent for

derris, 496.

Ethyl Acetate, ineffective in bait
for tobacco moths, 41.

Euarlhrtis, destroyed bv crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Euarthrus sodalis, natural enemy of
Blissus leucopterits in U.S.A., 34.

Eubadizon gracilis, parasite of Vydia
molesta in U.S.A., 478.

Eublemma, predaceous on scale-
in >ects in India, 135, 402.

Eublemma cocclphaga, introduction
of, into California against Sais-
setia oleae, 358.

Eublemma hemirhoda, on Phaseolus
mungo in India, 134.

Eublemma scitula, predaceous on
Anojnalococcus indicus in S. India,
402.

Eucallipterus tiliae, on lime in
Britain, 542.

Eucalymnatus tessellatus (Palm or
Tessellated Scale), infested with
Aschersonia cubensis in Florida,
19, 20 ; parasitised by Anicetus
annulaius in Hawaii, 437 ; inter-
cepted in Porto Rico, 514 ;
infested with Cephalosporiiim le-
canii in Seychelles, 483.

Eucalyptus, pests of, in Argentina,
318, 319; pests of, in Australia,
186, 200, 295, 416.

Eucalyptus rostrata (Red Guni),Nola
rnetallopa on, in Australia, 294.

euchenor, Ocypterodes.

Euclemensia bassettella, parasite of
Kermes spp. in U.S.A., 263.

Eucolaspis brunnea (Bronze Beetle),
control of, on pear in New
Zealand, 167.

Eucomys, posvsibly a parasite of
Saissetia, hemisphaerica in Hol-
land, 444.

Eucomys obscura, parasite of Eule-
caniiim capreae in Britain, 194.

Eucomys scutellata, parasite of Eule-
canium capreae in Britain, 194.

Eucoptolophus subgracilis, on
vegetables in Arizona, 206.

Eucorynus crassicornis, food-plants
of, in India, 291.

Eucosma melanciula, on Phaseolus
mungo in India, 134.

Eucosma ocellana (Eye-spotted Bud
Moth), measures agaiaist, in
orchards in Canada, 25, 292, 309,
310; on apple in Denmark,
447 ; in Maryland, 254.

Eudamus proteus (Bean Leaf-roller),
on Phaseolus mungo in Jamaica,
502.

eufitchiae, Masicera.

Eugenia, pests of, in Argentina,
118, 501 ; Diceratothrips picti-
cornis on, in Cuba, 348 ; Greeniella
jaranensis on, in Philippines, 74.

INDEX.

617

Eugenia jamholana, pests of, ia
India, 134, 291.

Eugenia jambos (Rose Apple), Anas-
trepJia fraterculus on, in Porto
Rico, 131 ; Heliothrips rnbro-
cinctus on, in West Indies, 185.

eugeniae, Phenacaspis.

Eugnamptus marginatus, in India,
134.

Eugnathus curinis, on Buteafrondosa
in India, 403.

Eulachnus [Laclmus) agilis, on coni-
fers in Britain, 542 ; on bamboo
in Hongkong, 233.

Eulachnus thunbergii, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Japan, 137.

Eulecaniiim, intercepted on

Wistaria in California, 427.

Eulecaniuni capreae, parasites of,
in Britain, 194; distribution of,
194.

Eulecaniuni cerasorum., intercepted
on Wistaria in California, 503.

Eulecanium corni, intercepted on
apples in California, 199; para-
sitised by Leucopis annulipes in
Germany, 162 ; spraying experi-
ments against, in Holland, 443 ;
on gooseberries in Norway, 540 ;
on shade-trees in U.S.A., 477.

Eulecaniuni coryli, intercepted in
U.S.A., 278.

Eulecaniuni nigrofasciatum (Terra-
pin Scale), in Maryland, 240.

Eulecanium persicae (European
Peach Scale), new food-plants
of, in France, 90 ; food-plants
of, in Italy, 157 ; intercepted on
Fontanesia in U.S.A., 277.

Eulecaniuni piligerum, sp. u., on
plum in Italy, 142.

Eulecaniuni prunastri, associated
with Aidacaspis peniagona on
plum in Cliina, 224 ; food-plants
of, in Pennsylvania, 224.

Eulia pinatubana (Pine Tube Moth),
bionomics of, on Piniis strobus in
Canada and U.S.A., 393.

Eulia politana, E. pinatubana con-
fused with, in N. America, 393.

Eulimneria crassifemur, parasite of
Fhyacionia buoliana in Holland,
234.

Eumerus strigatus (Lunate Onion
Fly), food-plants and spread of,
in N. America, 356 ; food-plants
of, in Holland, 138, 216 ; in
bulbs, associated with Macronoc-
tua onusta in U.S.A., 138 ; bio-
nomics of, in New Jersey, 216 ;
intercepted in narcissus bulbs
in U.S.A., 277.

Euniicrosoma benefica, parasite of
Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A..
34, 40.

Eunotus cretaceus, parasite of Eule-
caniuni capreae in Britain, 194.

euony melius, Hyponomeuta.

euohymi. Aphis (see A. rumicis).

Euonymus (Spindle-wood), Lepi-
dopterous larvae intercepted in,
in California, 503 ; Aphis rumicis
ovipositing on, in France, 487 ;
Aulacasp is peniagona on, in Italy,
157.

Euonymus japonica, food-plant of
scale-insects in France and
Italy, 90, 218.

Euonymus pulchellus, food-plant of
Eulecanium persicae in France,
90.

Euoplothrips, gen. no v., in Aus-
tralia, 434.

Eupalus parvus, sp. n., predaceous
on Lepidosaphes ulmi in Iowa,
316.

eupatorii, Megalomerothrip s .

Eupatorium, food-plant of Pyrausta
penitalis in U.S.A., 117.

Eupelmus mirabilis, parasite of
katydids in California, 237.

Euphalerus citri, control of, on
citrus in India, 288.

Euphalerus nidifex, on Piscidia
erythrlna in Jamaica, 58.

Etiphorbia, new scale-insects on,
in S. Africa, 138, 139, 242.

Euphorbia characias, Thamnurgus
euphorbiae in, in France, 236.

Euphorbia neriifolia, experiments
with, against termites in Sumatra,
65.

euphorbiae, Chionaspis ; Conchas-
pis ; Thamnurgus.

Euphoria fulgida, destroyed by
crowsintJ.S.A., 203.

Euphoria inda, destroyed by crows
in U.S.A., 202.

Euphoria sepulchralis, on Cynara
scolymus in Louisiana, 79 ; des-
troyed by crows in U.S.A., 203.

Euprepocnemis, on tobacco in
Kamerun, 160.

Euproctis, on tea in India, 375 ;
on nibiscus sahda/riffa in Queens-
land, 521.

Euproctis chrysorrhoea (see Nyg-
mia phaeorrhoea).

Euproctis flava, in forests in Japan,
370.

Euproctis flexuosa, on cinchona in
Dutch E. Indies, 389.

Euproctis f rater na, on coffee in
Tonkin, 54.

Euj>roctis mediosguamosa, on cacao
in Uganda, 260.

Euproctis scintillans, food-plants
of, in Assam, 55.

Europe, miscellaneous pe?ts in,
27, 84, 142, 182, 186, 194, 216,

618

INDEX.

234, 243, 266, 273, 306, 357, 407,
426, 440, 465 ; identity of species
of Drepanothrips infesting vines
in, 1 95 ; Oscinella frit on cereals
in, 68, 69 ; notes on Tricho-
gramminae of, 231 ; beneficial
insects introduced into U.S.A.
from, 102, 341, 428 ; insect pests
imported into other coniitries
from, 60, 183, 257, 283, 309.

European Corn Stalk Borer (see
Pyrausia nubilalis).

European Grain Aphis (see Siphona-
pMs padi).

European Elm Scale (see Gossyparia
spuria).

Eurya, Trichosipthum roephei on, in
Singapore, 233.

Eurycles, food-plant of Merodon
eqiiestris in N. America, 356.

Eurydema oleraceum, food-j»lants
of, in Denmark, 445, 446 ; on
cabbages in Norway, 540.

Eurydinota flavicorpiis, parasite of
(Joleophora sacranienia in Cali-
fornja, 116.

Eurydinota Uvidicorpus, s\}. n.,
parasite of CoJeophora malivorella
in California, 401.

Eurylabus torvus, parasite of Leu-
cania obsoleta in Sweden, 96.

Eurylabus tristis, parasite of Dian-
thoecia albimacula in Sweden, 96.

Eurymus eurytheme (see Colias).

Eurypliagiis lundi, in Shorea robusta
in India, 292.

eurytheme, Colias {Eurymus).

Eihrytoma, parasite of Eulia pinatu-
bana in Canada and U.S.A., 393.

Eurytoma amygdali, measures
against, in almonds in Cyprus,
71, 534.

Eurytoma caridei, introduction of,
into Argentina against Oeceticus
platensis, 363.

Eurytoma medieaginis, sp. n., para-
site of Asphondylia u-ebsteri in
U.S.A., 401.

Eurytoma pissodis, sp. n., parasite
of Pissodes strobiin Minnesota, 401

Eurytoma ptoloni, parasite of Agro-
inyza destructor in Philippines, 16.

Euscepes batatae (Sweet Potato
Weevil), in Brazil, 488 ; in
West Indies, 56, 512 ; inter-
cepted on sweet potatoes in
U.S.A., 59, 199, 214, 215.

Euscepes porcellus, on sweet potatoes
in Central America and West
Indies, 56.

EuscMstus, destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Eutelus bruchopTiagi, parasite of
Bruchophagus funebris in U.S.A.,
266.

Eutelus mayetiolae, sp. n., parasite
of Mayetiola destructor in U.S.A.,
321.

Eutermes, in Cuba, 349.

Eutermes morio, measures against,
in Porto Rico, 516.

Eutettix tenella (Sugar-beet Leaf-
hopper), attempted establish-
ment of natural enemies of, in
California, 236, 357 ; bionomics
of, in U.S.A., 474 ; curly-leaf
disease of beet transmitted by,
236, 475, 528.

Eutlirips cameroni, sp. n., on wheat
in Canada, 543.

Euthrips citricinctus, sp. n. on
arrowroot in India, 543

Euthrips pyri (see Taeniothrips
inconsequens).

Eihthrips tritici (see Frankliniella)

Eutrixa exilis (see E. masuria).

Eutrixa masuria, parasite of Lachno
sterna in N. America, 256.

Eutrixoides jonesi, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

Eutrombidium locustarum, infesting
Orthoptera in N. America, 327,
391.

Euura (see Cryptocamptts).

Euranessa antiopa (see Vanessa).

Euxoa agrestis, on Helianthus
tuberosws in California, 358.

Euxoa excellens, in Br. Columbia,
180.

Euxoa exclamationis (see Feltia).

Euxoa messoria, baits for, in Br.
Columbia, 171, 180.

Euxoa ochrogaster (Red-backed Cut-
worm), in U.S.A.. 315, 544.

Euxoa radians, food-plants of, in
New South Wales, 294.

Euxoa ridingsiana (Desert Cut-
worm), measures against, on
lucerne in Nevada, 22.

Euxoa segetum, on vegetables in
Britain, 209 ; on vegetables in
Denmark, 449 ; measures against
in Holland, 364.

Euxoa spinifera, in India, 73.

Euxoa tritici, on vegetables in
Denmark, 449.

Euzenillia variabilis, parasite of
Cydia molesta in U.S.A., 478.

Euzenilliopsis diatraeae, introduced
into Louisiana from Cuba
against Diatraea saccharalis, 280.

evanescens, Trichogramm a.

Evening Primrose, food-plant of
Eleodes opaca in Kansas, 282.

Evergreen Bagworm (see Thyridop-
teryx ephemeraeformis).

Evetria (see Ehyacionia).

exaltatorius, Tragus.

examinator, Pimpla.

exannulatus, Spilocryptus.

INDEX.

619

exaratus, CneorrMnus.

excavata, Gatabomba.

■excellens, Euxoa ; Bhynchaenus

(Orchestes).
•exclamationis, Feltia (Euxoa).
■excreseens, Hepialus.
Exetastes cinctipes, parasite of

Lepidoptera in Sweden, 420.
exigua, Laphygma.
exilis, Eutrixa (see E. masuria) ;

Torymus.
eximia, Hexachaeta.
■exitiosa, Aegeria {Sanninoidea).
ExocJwmus, predaceous on Cero-

plastes sinensis in Italy, 219.
Exophthalmus esuriens (see Dia-

prepes).
Exoprosopa fascipennis, parasite of

Tiphia spp. in N. America, 256.
Exoprosopa pueblensis, parasite of

Tiphia spp. in N. America, 256.
Exorista hlepharipoda, parasite of

Acronycta, 450.
Exorista hypenae. parasite of

Eypena humuU in U.S.A., 174.
Exorista nigrijtalpis, parasite of

Pyransta nubilalis in U.S.A.,

411, 481.
Exorista pyste, parasite of Pyra/usta

nubilalis in U.S.A., 411, 481.
Exorista vulgaris, parasite of Folia

suasa in Sweden, 420 ; parasite

of Pyrausta penitalis in U.S.A.,

117.
■explanata, Leptohyrsa (see L. rhodo-

dendri).
■expugnata, Paradrymadusa.
exsiccator, Tetranychus.
extensorius. Ichneumon,
externedentatus, Crossotarsus.
■externum, Calosoma.
extranea, Leueania (see Cirphis

unipuncta).
■extraneus, Epyris.
Eye-spot Disease, of sugar-cane

in Hawaii, 412.
Eye-spotted Bud Motli {seeEucosma

ocellana).

F.

fabae. Aphis ; Bruchus (see B.

obtectus).
fabia, Earias.
faceta, Antestia orbiialis (see A.

lineaticollis).
facialis, Zemelucha {Porizon).
fagella, Diurnea (Chimabacche).
Fagus (see Beech).
Fagus ferruginea, pests of, in U.S.A.,

308.
fairchildi, Echthrodelphax.

falculata, Sarcophaga.

Fall Army Worm (see Laphygma
frugiperda).

Fall Canker Worm (see Alsophila
pometaria).

falsa, Antestia.

False Chinch Bug (see Nysius
ericae).

famelicus, Diaprepes ; Neoclytus.

Fannia canicularis, possibly an
enemy of Lachnosterna in N.
America, 256.

Far East, coconut pests and their
control in, 14; Pyrausta vasta-
trix on maize in, 60.

farcta, Lachnosterna.

farinae, Tyroglyphus (Aleurobius).

fascialis, Zinckenia.

fasciata, Tachina.

fasciatum, Melanostoma.

fasciatus, Aeolothrips ; Conocepha-
lus ; Graphisurus ; Heliothrips ;
Lachnus (see L. costata) ; Nemo-
bins.

fascicularis, Pogonochaerus.

fasciculatus, Araecerus.

fasciipennis, Microgaster.

fasciiventris, Psilogaster.

fascipennis, Exoprosopa. ■

fastuosa, Psiloptera {Lnmpetis).

Faurea saligna, Furcaspis proteae
on, in S. Africa, 139.

faurei, Gymnaspis.

Feltia, lead arsenate against, in
Texas, 394.

Feltia annexa (Granulated Cut-
worm), bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 79, 205, 477.

Feltia ducens (Dingy Cutworm), in
Br. Columbia, 180.

Feltia (Euxoa) exclamationis, on
vegetables in Britain, 209.

Feltia malefida, control of, on
vegetables in Louisiana, 79.

Feltia Vancouver ens is, in Br. Colum-
bia, 180.

femoralis, Gylas ; Heliothrips ; Pan-
tania.

femorata, Chrysobothris.

femur-rubrum, Melanoplus.

fenestrata, Anastrepha ; Bicania.

fenestrella, Endrosls.

fennica, Agrotis (Noctua).

Fenusa beihunei (Blackberry Leaf-
niiner), bionomics and control of,
in Canada, 27, 388.

Fenusa rubi, F. bethunei allied to,
27.

Fern Scale, intercepted in Porto
Rico, 514.

Ferns, Amphorophora amptdlata on,
in Britain, 542 ; pests inter-
cepted on, in Califorma, 427 ;
control of scale-insects on, in
Canada, 25 ; Micromyzus nigrum,

620

INDEX.

on, in Ceylon, 164; Eeliothrips
liaemorrlioidalis oai, in European
greenhouses, 186 ; Popillia
japonica on, in New Jersey, 511 ;
Micromyzus varicolor on, in
Singapore, 233.

ferratus, Gryptorrhy nclius.

ferrisi, Laclmus.

ferrugalis, Phlyctaenia.

ferrugineum, Tribolmm (see T. cas-
taneuvi).

ferrugineus, Camponotns pennsyl-
vanicus ; Dacus ; Denclrosoier ;
Bhynchophorus.

ferus, Nahis {Eeduviolus).

festina, Stidocepli ala.

festiva, Chlorida ; Hyperaspis.

Festuca, scale-insects on, in Ger-
many, 162 ; Harmolita festucae
forming galls on, in U.S.A.,
471.

Festuca ovina, Eriopeltis festucae
on, in Britain, 518.

Festuca pratensis, Tarsonemus spiri-
fex on, in Germany, 455.

festucae, Eriopeltis ; Harmolita.

fici, Thoracaphis.

Ficus, Ttichosiphum formosanum
on, in Formosa, 111 ; Greenidea
artocarpi on, in Hong Kong, 234 ;
scale-insects on, in S. India,
402, 403 ; new Chalcid infesting,
in Java, 536 ; (see Fig.)-

Ficus benjaviina, Gynaikothripsuiceli
on, in Cuba, 348 ; TlioiacapMs
fiei on, in Hong Kong, 234.

Ficus carica, Anastreplia fraiercuhis
on, in Argentina, 118 ; Coleop-
terous pests of, in India, 535.

Ficus costaricana, Blastophaga
estherae on, in Costa Rica, 352,

Ficus elastica, pests of, in India,
292, 403, 535.

Ficus glomerata. Coleopterous pests
of, in India, 535.

Ficus hemsleyana, Blastophaga
tonduzi on, in Costa Rica, 352.

Ficus hispida. Coleopterous pests
of, in India, 535 ; Eelopeltis
theivora on, in Sumatra, 64.

Ficus infectoria. Coleopterous pests
of, in India, 535.

Ficus jimenesi, Blaslopliaga jimenezi
on, in Costa Rica, 352.

Ficus lapathifolia, Blastoj^liaga agui-
lari on, in Costa Rica, 352.

Ficus nitida, Gynailcotlirips uzeli
on, in Cuba, 348.

Ficus nota, new scale on, in Pliilip-
pines, 74.

Ficus padifolia. new Agaoninae on,
in Costa Rica, 352.

Ficus retusa, Gynaikothrips tizeli
on, in Cuba, 348 ; Cirriioclirista
brizoalis on, in Japan, 369.

ficus, Aspidiotus (see Chrysompliulus:
aonidum) ; Lepidosaphes {My-
tilaspis).

Fidia viticida (Grape Root Worm),,
experiments in control of, on
vines in New York, 495.

Fieldfare, a beneficial bird in^
Britain, 238.

Fig, weevil on, in Assam, 508 r
pests of, in France, 236, 268 ;
pests of, in Italy, 157, 413;
bionomics of Cirriioclirista bri-
zoalis on, in Japan, 369 ; Cero-
plastes rusci on, in Portugal, 6 ;.
infested with Ephestia cautella-
in Smyrna, 411 ; pests of, in
U.S.A.^ 205, 410 ; Monoclxamus
fistulator on, in New South
Wales, 201 ; (see Ficus).

Fig Moth (see Ephestia cautella).

Fiji, miscellaneous pests in, 133,
311 ; Ootetrastichus beatus from,
introduced into Hawaii against.
Peregrinus maidis, 330 ; weevils
intercepted in California from,.
127.

filarnentosus, Pseudococcus.

Finland, pests of grasses in, 455 ;
measures against Hyponomeuta
ovalinellusixi, 468 ; spruce beetles
of, 272 ; measures against thrips
on cereals in, 468.

Fiorinia, in S. Africa, 242.

Fiorinia fioriniae, on coconut=. itt
the Far East, 14.

fioriniae, Fiorinia.

Fir, Xyloterus lineatusin,m Bavaria,.
1 ; Hemerocampa leucostigma on,,
in Nova Scotia, 178.

Fir, Al]nne (see Abies lasiocarpa).

Fir, Balsam {»ee Abies balsamea).

Fir, Douglas (see Pseudotsuga
taxifolia).

Fir. Lowland (see Abies grandis).

Fir, Noble (see Abies nobilis).

Fir, Red (fiee Abies magnijica).

Fir, Silver (see Abies p)cctinaia and
A. picea).

Fir, White (ser- Abies concolor).

Fire Ant (see Solenopisis geminata).

Fire Azalea (see Ehododendron
calendulaceum).

Fire-blight, 146 ; (see Bacillus
amylororus).

Fish, \Sarcopliaga living in decaying^
in Japan, 436.

Fish-oil. in formula for kerosene
emulsion, 322 ; in formula for
resin wash, 15 ; and sawdust,
experiments with, against Dia-
brotica vittafa, 342 ; in sprays
against Xyleborus fornicatus, 261,
498.

Fish-oil Re>in Emulsion, use of,
against Xyleborus fornicatus, 181..

INDEX.

621

Pisli-oil Soap, in sprays against

Aphids and Coccids, 20, 79, 84,

133, 135, 506 ; formulae for, 20,

84, 310 ; and lead arsenate, 100 ;

and tobacco extract, 79.
Jissiiinguis, Gonotrachelus.
fistulator, Dihammm ; Monocliamus

{ llonohamnms).
Jitchi, Oncopsis ; Prociphilus ; Pro-

maehus.
Flacherie, coccobacilli infecting

Porthetria dispar with, in France,

217 ; attacking silkworms in

India, 235.
Flame-throwers, use of, against

locusts, 532.
Jlammea, PanoUs.
Flat-headed Apple-tree Borers (see

Ghrysobothris femorata and C.

mail.)
jlava, Euproctis ; 8ipha.
Jlavator, Iphiaulax.
flavescens, Empoasca ; Phalera ;

Pulrinaria.
flavicornis, Haltiea.
flavieorpus, Eurydinota.
flavidissimalis, Mimorista.
Jlavilatera, Tomaspis.
fiavimaculata, Laphygm a.
jlavipes, Amaurosoiua ; Petictilo-

termes {Termes) ; TJiry ptocera ;

Xylothrips.
Jlavolineala, Coptocycla.
jlavomaculata, Ancylocheira (Bu-

prestis).
Jlavosparsiis, Orthotylus.
flavus, Hyalopterus ; Thrips.
Flax (Linum), pests of, in Germany,

161.
Plax, New Zealand (see Phormium

tenax).
Flea-beetle, Alder (see Haltiea

himarqinaia).
Flea-beetle, Blueberry (see Haltiea

torquata).
Flea-beetle, Grape- Vine (see Haltiea

ehalybea).
Flea-beetle, Hop (see Psylliodes

punetulata).
Flea-beetle, Horse-radish (see

Phylloireta armoraeiae).
Flea-beetle, Potato (see Epitrix

cucmneris).
Flea-beetle, Strawberry (see Haltiea

iqnita).
Flea-beetle, Tobacco (see Epitrix

parvula).
Flea-beetle, Turnip (see Phylloireta

vittata).
Flea-beetles, bionomics and control

of, in Denmark, 541 ; on hops in

Germany, 159 ; measures against,

in Norway, 540 ; bionomics and

control of ,' in U.S.A., 7, 148, 175 ;

disseminating Alter nariasolani, 7.

fletcherella, Coleophora.

fletcheri, Dy seems ; 0^)1 us.

flexuosa, Euproetis.

floralis, Jleigenia.

Florida, miscellaneous pests in, 18,
34, 58, 105, 106, 185, 196, 254,
265, 321, 348, 409, 417, 418 ;
pests of avocado seeds in, 241 ;
measures against pests of sweet
potatoes in, 17, 21, 22, 418 ;
scale-insects and their control in,
19-21 ; new Thysanoptera from,
416, 417 ; establishment of
beneficial insects in, 19, 20, 106,
237, 240, 419 ; quarantine mea-
sures against insect pests in,
19, 21, 81, 213-215 ; pests from,
intercepted in other countries,
33, 199, 238, 329, 361, 427, 503 ;
legislation against bee diseases
in, 501.

Florida Red Scale (see Chrysom-
phalus aonidurn).

Florida Wax Scale (see Ceroplastes
floridensis).

floridanus, Paracopidosomopsis ;
Stigmaeus.

floridensis, Ceroplastes ; Crypto-
thrips ; Dietyothrips.

Flour, pests of, and their control
in Britain, 91, 93, 94, 384 ; pests
of, in Jamaica, 58, 502 ; Tribo-
lium castaneum infesting, in
India, 134 ; measures against
pests of, in U.S.A., 221, 320 ;
as an adhesive in sprays, 208,
219 ; in formula for bait for
crickets, 260, 343; and potassium
cyanide, dusting with, against
cockroaches in houses, 230.

Fluted Scale (see Icerya purchasi).

fodiens, Schizoneura.

folii, Lissonota (see L. buolianae).

follieiilaria, Tetraneura.

Fontanesia, Eulecanium persieae
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 277.

Forda, suggested placing of Smyn-
thurodes betae in genus, 443.

Forest Tent Caterpillar (see Mala-
cosoma disstria).

Forests, pests • of, in Argentina,
319 ; pests of, in Australia, 294,
295 ; Porthetria vionacha in, in
Bohemia, 498 ; pests of, in
Britain, 275, 277, 416, 484, 518 ;
pests of, in Canada, 25, 26, 43,
44, 45, 67, 156, 157, 178, 212,
299, 300, 305, 308, 383, 393,
430, 470, 504, 527; pests of, in
Denmark, 420, 469 ; pests of, in
France, 17, 319, 432, 456, 462;
pests of, in German v, 1, 158,
234, 423, 452, 454, 484; pests
of, in Hawaii, 511 ; pests of,
in Holland, 124, 444; pests of.

622

INDEX.

ill India, 135, 165, 190, 291, 367,
403, 489, 517, 534, 535 ; pests
of, in Italy, 157, 351 ; pests of,
in Japan, 110, 275, 370; out-
break of Cnethocampa proces-
sionea in, in Morocco, 500 ;
pests of, in Spain, 89, 90, 209, 210,
229, 253, 350 ; pests of, in Sweden,
97, 422-424, 469 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 23, 37, 42, 45, 60, 103,
105, 137, 156, 157, 169, 207,
226, 300, 308, 321, 326, 340, 377,
381, 393, 416, 429, 430, 475, 476,
477, 494, 501, 503, 505, 520 ;
pestsof, InNew^Zealand, 141,357.

forficalis, Pionea.

jorficata, Myrmecia.

Forfbcula, predaceous on Phorodon
humuli in Germany, 159.

Forficula a wricttZa//a (European Ear-
wig), on beet in Denmark, 445,
449 ; parasitised by Bha^odineura
antiqua in Western Europe, 450 ;
in New York, 137 ; predaceous
on Cydia 'pomonella in Tasmania,
121.

Forficula tomis, parasitised by
Bhacodineura antiqua in Kussia,
450.

Formaldehyde, experiments in
sterilising soil with, against Ty-
lenchus devastatrix, 356 ; ineffec-
tive against Ephestia kiihnieUa,
384.

Formalin, effect of, on HelopelUs
tlieivora, 534 ; experiments with,
against Heterodera radicicola, 124 ;
for disinfecting storehouses
against rice pests, 271 ; ineffec-
tive against Lasioderma serri-
corne, 286.

Formica fusca var. subsericea, asso-
ciated with Phorodon humuli in
U.S.A., 175.

formicarius, Cylas.

Formicomus, on sugar-cane in India,
133.

formidulosus, Epicaerus.

Formosa, new Apliids from. 111 ;
Cerataphis saccliarivora on sugar-
cane in. 111 ; Cydia molesta not
occurring in, 108 ; Ootetrastichus
from, introduced into Hawaii,
against Peregrinus maidis, 330,
412.

Formosan Orange Fly (see Dacus
dorsalis).

formosanum, Triehosiphum.

formosanus, Coptotermes ; Odonto-
termes {Cyclotermes).

fornicat'us, Xylehorus.

fortunei, Chreonoma.

Foulbrood, American, in bees, 267,
339 ; legislation against, in
Florida, 501.

Foulbrood, ]^ European, suggested
measures against, in bees in
S. Africa, 166, 244 ; in bees in
U.S.A., 267, 339.

Four-spotted Bean Bruchus (see
Bruchus quadriniaculatus).

Fowls, destroying noxious insects,.
22, 86, 106, 145, 166, 334, 399,
466, 474, 533 ; grasshoppers as
food for, in U.S.A., 141, 293 ;
Mallopliaga on, 496 ; Murgantia-
histrionica not destroyed by, 243.

fragariae, Ancylis (see A. comptana);
Aristotelia ; Tarsonemus.

fragariana, Torlricodes.

France, forest pests in, 17, 319, 432,
456, 462 ; miscellaneous pests
in, 90, 96, 122, 193, 231, 242, 365,
426, 432, 434, 455, 456, 458,
462-464, 465, 467, 486, 487, 500 ;
pests of vegetables in, 270 ;
pests of vines and their control
in, 45, 46, 90, 123, 191, 286, 319,
372, 397, 455, 457, 458, 461, 462,
464, 465, 466, 467, 501, 508 ;.
varieties of vines imported into-
Morocco from, 373 ; measures
against pests of wheat in, 385 ;
spread of Aulaeaspis pentagona
from Italy into, 123; Calosoma-
s?/co|)7io?ifa introduced into U.S.A.
from, 237 ; experiments with
arsenicals against Cydia pomo-
nella and other orchard pests in,
462, 463, 464 ; organisation of
measures against locusts in, 432 ;
bacteria and fungi infesting
insects in, 217, 270, 385, 396, 425,
460, 486 ; Hymenopterous para-
sites in, 236, 268, 426, 461 ;
suggested use of bats for con-
trolling insects injurious to pine*
in, 17 ; effect of meteorological
conditions on insect pests in,
249, 285, 508 ; protection and
economic importance of birds in
vineyards in, 466 ; importance
of introduction of beneficial in-
sects into, 61, 285 ; pests from,
intercepted in U.S.A., 277, 339,
361, 494.

Frankliniella, notice of key to
American species of, 417.

Frankliniella cephalica, on citrus in
Cuba, 348.

Frankliniella insularis, food-plants
of, in Central America and West
Indies, 186 ; food-plants of, in
Florida, 417 ; on citrus in Cuba,
348.

FTankliniella morrilU, control of, on
apricots in Arizona, 205.

Frankliniella tenuicornis, variety of
barley preferred by, in Finland,
468. '

INDEX.

623

FranJcliniella tritici, food-plants of,
in U.S.A., 38.

Frankliniella variconiis, sp. n., on
Petalostemon purpuremn in
Canada, 543.

FranJcliniella ivilliamsi, on sugar-
cane in Cuba, 348.

Franklinothrips tenuicornis, pre-
daceous on Heliothrips rubro-
cinchis in West Indies, 185 ; in
Panama, 185.

Franklinothrips vespiformis, pre-
daceous on Heliothrips rubro-
cinctus in West Indies, 185.

fraterculus, Anastrepha.

fraterna, Euproctis.

fraxini, Hylesinus.

fraxinifolii, Procijihilus.

Fraxinus americana (Wliite Ash),
pests of, in U.S.A., 255, 400, 401.

Fraxinus excelsior var. pendula
(Englisli Ash), Neoborus amoenus
on, in New Jersey, 255.

Fraxinus lanceolata (Green Ash),
Neoborus amoenus on, in New
Jersey, 255.

Fraxinus nigra (Black Ash), Cap-
sids on, in U.S.A., 400, 401.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica (Red Ash),
Neoborus amoenus on, in New
Jersey, 255, 400.

frenatus, Alcides.

French Colonies, necessity of organi-
sation of economic entomology
in, 532.

frenchi, Frontina ; Lepidiota.

frequens, Anagrus.

frigidae, Macrosiphum {Sijihono-
phora).

frigidtim, Calosoma.

Fringed Loosestrife (see Steiro-
nenia ciliatum).

Frit Fly (see Oscinella frit).

frit, Oscinella {Oscinis).

froggatti, Brontispa ; Lepidiota.

Froghopper Blight, variation in
resistance of varieties of sugar-
cane to, in Trinidad, 531.

Froghoppers (see Tomaspis).

Frogs, destroying Pectinophora
gossypiella in Egypt, 163 ; des-
troyed by mongoose in Trinidad,
269.

Frontina frenchi, parasite of Gortyna
immanis in U.S.A., 174.

frugiperda, Laphygma.

Fruit, Dried, Lepidopterous larvae
intercepted in, in California, 199 ;
measures against pests of, in
California, 358.

Fruit-fly, unidentified species of,

on mango in Dominica, 261 ;

(see CeratHis, Dacits, etc.).

Fruit-fly, Mango (see Anastr^^pha

fraterculus and Dacusferrugineus).

Fruit-fly, Mexican (see Anastrepha
ludens).

Fruit-tree Leaf-roUer (see Torlrix
argyrospila).

frumentarius, Campoplex.

frumenti, Diocalandra.

fulgida, Euphoria.

fuliginosa, Gyninosoma.

fullawayi, Diachasma ; Xanthoen-
cyrius.

fulleri, Gissococcus.

fullonica, Othreis (Ophideres).

fulvicollis, Aeolothrips.

fulvicornis, Hoplocampa.

fulvipennis, Othius.

fulvipes, Hemiteles.

fulvoguttata, Melanophila.

fumata, Typhaea.

fumatus, Byturus.

fumida, Porthetria (Lymantria).

fumiferana, Torlrix {Harmologa).

fumosa, Semimanatha.

Fundella cistipennis, on cowpeas in
Porto Rico, 249.

Fundella pellucens, on cowpeas in
Jamaica, 58.

funebrana, Cydia (GraphoUtha) ;
Torlrix.

funebris, Bruchophagus.

funesta, Phorbia (AntJioniyia).

Fungi, Beneficial. 2, 19, 20, 58, 66,
78, 79, 82, 84, 104, 110, 123, 129,
140, 143, 145, 165, 185, 199, 215,
256, 268, 271, 282, 285, 301, 303,
333, 344, 348, 349, 351, 355, 371,
379, 380, 382, 383, 385, 391, 392,
408, 412, 424, 430, 434, 440, 445,
447, 449, 457, 458, 480, 466, 482,
483, 493, 497, 502, 506, 510, 514,
518, 521, 542 ; list of, infesting
noxious insects in Cuba, 349.

Fungi, Injurious, 7, 29, 90, 119, 127,
129, 131, 141, 175, 193, 207, 218,
232, 236, 260, 296, 300, 305, 311,
335, 365, 390, 419, 425, 427, 450,
452, 464, 467, 512, 520, 521, 528 ;
transmission of, by insects, 127,
207, 528.

Fungicides, list of, used in orchards,
305 ; efficacy of, when combined
with insecticides, 428, 450, 529.

Fungus, Black, on tea, caused by
Saissetia hemisphaerica in Ceylon,
520.

Fungus, Black Scale (see Myrian-

gium duriaei).
Fungus, Brown, infesting Aleuro-
canthus wogUimi in Jamaica,
434.
Fungus, Chestnut BUght (see En-

dothia parasitica).
Fungus, Green Muscardine (see

Metarrhizium anisopliae).
Fungus, Pink Scale (see Microcera
fujikuroi).

624

INDEX.

Fungus, Red (see Aschersonia aleu-

rodis).
Fungus, Red-headed Scale (see

Sphaerostilhe coccophila).
Fungus, Wliite-lieaded Scale (see

Ojjhioneciria coccicola).
Fungus, Yellow (see Aschersonia

flavoeitrina).
Furcaspis haemaiochroa, sp. n., on

coconut in Plulij)pines, 336.
Furcaspis oceanica, on coconut in

Far East, 14.
Furcaspis proteae, sp. n., food-
plants of, in S. Africa, 139.
furcillae, Aspidiotus.
furfura, Cliionasj)is.
Furniture, measures against Eu-

terrnes morio attacking, in' Porto

Rico, 516 ; attacked by Strom a-

tium barbatnm in Seychelles, 484.
furtiviis, Diapus.
Fusarium, infesting FJiizoglyplius

echinopiis in Japan, 440.
Fusariutn vasinfectum, infesting peas

in France, 467.
fusca, Busseola ; Lachnosterna

{Phyllophaga) ; Pagasa ; Sparto-

cera.
fusciceps, Phorbia (Pegomyia).
Juscicornis, Telenovius.
fwscipennis, Aplielimis.
fuscula, Epitrix.
Fushia rosea, gen. et sp. n., forming

galls on Ehus semialata in Japan,

111.
fusiform is, Tetraneura.

G.

<jagates, Dyscinetus.

gahani, Pseudococcus ; Xylotrechus.

galathea, Glenea.

galeopsidis, Phorodon.

Galeopsomopsis iranscarinatus, sp.
n., parasite of Asphondylia tveb-
steri in U.S.A., 401.

Galeruca calmariensis, on elm in
Spain, 90.

Galeruca tanaceti, food-plants of, in
Germ any, 195.

Galerucella cavicoUis (Cherry Leaf
Beetle), bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 37, 182, 284.

■Galerucella luteoJa (Elm Leaf
Beetle), bionomics of, in France,
456, 462 ; in U.S.A., 340, 503.

Galeruceila rufosangninea, on
Azalea in U.S.A., 284.

Galesus silvestrii, establishment of,
in Hawaii, 33, 149, 385 ; inter-
relations between parasites of
Ceraiitis capitata and, 149.

gain, DeilepMla.

galiifolium, Myzus.

Galium circaezans. Aphis gossypii
on, in U.S.A., 24.

Galium cruciatum, Myzus galii-
folium, on, in Britain, 386.

Gall-midges, notice of new species
of, from Philippines, 264.

gallicola, Paragaleopsomyia ; Pseu-
dococcus.

galliformis, Kermes.

gallinae, Dermanyssus.

Gallobelictis nicotianae, distribu-
tion of, in the Far East, 251 ;
bionomics of, on tobacco in
Sumatra, 538.

Galtonia, food-plant of Merodon
equesiris in N. America, 356.

Galumna, associated with Lepido-
saphes uhni in N. America, 242.

Gamasus, associated with Lepido-
saphes ulmi in N. America, 242.

Gamasus vepallidus, enemy of Erio-
2)hycs coryligaUarum in Sicily,
413.

Gambir (see Uncaria gambir).

gamma, Phytometra {Phisia).

Gangara thyrsis, Hidari irava con-
fused with, in Dutch E. Indies,
390.

Garden Webworm (see Loxostege
similalis).

Gardenia, pests intercepted on, in
California, 199, 361, 427, 504;
Cephonodes hylas on, in Malaya,
129 ; Xylotrechus quadripes ovi-
positing on, in Tonkin, 51, 270,
518.

Gardenia florida, Ceroplastes sinensis
on, in Italy, 218 ; Helopeltis
tlieivora on, in Sumatra, 31.

Gardenia fort unci, Diaspis conspicua
on, in S. Africa, 242.

Gargaphia tiliae (Linden Lace-bug),
bionomics of, on lime in Phila-
delpliia, 533.

Garlic, Hylemyia antiqua on, m
Italy, 157.

Gas -lime, experiments in sterilising
soil with, against Tylenchus de-
vasiatrix, 356.

Gasoline, for treating soil against
ants, 210.

Gasoline Torch, for destroying nests
of Oecophylla smaragdina, 364.

Gastrallus laevigaius, paras- itised by
Spathius pedestris in France, 236.

gastrica, Sptiodromantis,

Gastroidea polygoni, on Polygonum
convolvulus in Nova Scotia, 304,

Gastroidea tiridula, on beans and
rhubarb in Denmark, 449;
measures against, in Holland,
443; parasitised by Meigenia
Jloralis. 451.

INDEX.

625

of.

c.

Ga^ttropacha ncustria (see Mala-
cosoitia).

Gastrophysa viridula (see Gasiroidea).

Gastrozona japonica, in Japan, 239.

Gaulding, destroying hardbacks in
Antigua, 415.

gebleri, Thyestes.

gei, Myzus.

Geisha distincUssima, on hemj) in
.Japan, 155.

Geleehia gossypielht, (see Pectino-
phora).

Geleehia hibiscella, on Hibiscus mos-
cheutos m New Jersey, 322.

Geleehia ocellata (see Phthorimaec
ocellatella).

geleehiae, Habrobracon.

Gelonaetha hirta, food-plants
in India, 292.

gemellatus, Caihartus.

geminata, Solenopsis.

geminatus, Cneorrhinus (see
plagiatus)-

geminus, Neoborus.

geniculata, Blennocampa.

genistae. Aphis (see ^i. ru7uicis).

gentilis, Melanophila.

Geocorispunctipes, measures against,
on lettuce in Florida, 418.

Geodromiciis sirichis (see Antho-
phagus).

geometfica, Ancylocheira.

Georgia, measures against Anthono-
mus grandis on cotton in, 229,
497 ; notice of apple pests and
their control in, 292 ; HoUicus
ciiri on lucerne in, 105 ; notice of
spray calendar for use in, 264.

georgii, Graptol itha.

Geotrupes, destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Geranium, Aphids intercepted on,
in California, 62 ; Lymantria
ampla on, in Ceylon, 165 ; Termes
flavipes on, in Maryland, 240 ;
method of determining adhesive-
ness of various insecticides with
leaves of, 325.

German Society of Applied Ento-
mology, foundation of, 453.

germanica, Fhyllodroniia (Blaita,
BlatteUa) ; Vespa.

Germany, pests of cereals in, 353,
455 ; pests of forests in, 1, 158,
234, 423, 452, 454, 484 ; mis-
cellaneous pests in, 159, 160, 161,
162, 195, 465, 484; organisation
of economic entoinology in, 158,
453; bee diseases in, 376.

germ ari , A pri ona.

Gersiaeekeria hubbardi, suggested
introduction of, into Australia
to destroy prickly pear, 482.

Gerydus boisduvali, associated with
Pseudococcuscrotonisin Java, 233.

(672)

gestroi, (Jo-ptoterm.es.

Gemn ilrbanum, new Apliid on, in

Britain, 386.
Gliont (see Zizyphus xylopyra).
Giant Arborvitae (see Thuja pli-

cata).
Giant Locust (see Tropidacris

latreillei).
Giaura seepiica, on velvet beans in

India, 134.
gibboni, Ootetrastichus.
gibbosus, lAgyrus.
gibbsi, Buprestis.
gibsoni, Agromyza.
gideon, Xylotrupes.
giffardi, Dirhinus.
giffardianus, Tetrastichus.
giganteus, Stylocephalus.
Gigantothrips crawfordi, sp. n., from

Philippines, 262.
gigas, Sirex.
gilvus, Termes.

Gipsy Moth (see Porthetria dispar).
giraffa, Cladognathus.
giraulti, Oligosita.
girodi, Thaneroelerus.
glabratus, Blechrus ; Carabiis ;

Hylastes; Taxonus (Ametastegia).
glabromaculatus, Clytus (see C. pilo-

sus).
Gladiolus, Pyrausta nubilalis on, in

Massachusetts, 224.
gladstoni, Melanoplus.
Glareola (Small Migratotv Locust

Bird), in S. Africa, 245.
Glassy Cutworm (see Sidemia

devastatrix).
glauca, Metadrepana.
glaucopterus, Opheltes.
gleditsehaeella, Stagmatophora.
Gleditsia triacanthos (Honey Locust

Tree), pests of, in U.S.A., 321,

434.
Glenea galathea, in forest trees in

India, 535.
Glenea indiana, in forest trees in

India, 535.
Glenea guatiiordecim-maculata, in

forest trees in India, 535.
Glenea spilota, in Bombax mala-

baricum in Assam, 292 ; in

forest trees in India, 535.
Gliricidia maculata, pests of, in

Uganda, 259, 260.
Glischrochilus sanguinolentus, in

burrows of Hylastes pinifex in

U.S.A., 505.
qlobalus, ' Cneorrhinus.
(jlobosa, Xystfocera.
globosKS, (■hionaspis.
Globularia. Aspidiotus intercepted

on, in Florida, 81.
gloch inella, Phthorim aea.
glomeratus, Apanteles {Microgaster).
gloveri, Lepidosaphes ; Tydeus.

626

INDEX.

Glucose, less effective than molasses
against Fidia vitieida, 495.

Glue, as an adhesive, in sprays,
271, 317 ; experiments with,
against Xylotrechns quadripes, 53.

Glycerine, and nicotine oleate, spray-
ing with, against Apliids, 342.

Glycine hispida (Soy Bean), immune
to attack of Briichus obtectus in
S. Africa, 258 ; not attacked by
Agromyza destructor in Philip-
pines, 15.

Glycine soja (Kedele), pests of, in
butch E. Indies, 15, 389; Serica
on, in Korea, 273.

Glyciphaaus cadaverum, bionomics
of, in damaged wheat in Britain,
91.

Glyphinaphis banibusae, on bamboo
in Singapore. 233.

Glyphodes caesalis, on jak in India,
134.

Glyphodes pyloalis, Ghlaenius pictus
predaceous on. in Japan, 239.

Glypta tmitica, sp. n., parasite of
Polychrosis inteana in N. America,
376.

Glypta phaxopteridis, parasite of
Ancylis comptana in U.S.A., 440.

Glypta resinana, parasite of Bhya-
cionia bnoliana, in Holland, 234.

Glyptotermes parvidus, from West
Africa, 142.

Gfnelina arborea. Coleopterous pests
of, in India, 535.

Gnathocera trivittata, on cotton in
Uganda, 260.

Gnathocerus cornntus (Broad-horned
Flour Beetle), measures against,
in flour in Britain, 94, 384 ; in
stored maize in New South Wales,
85.

Gnathotrichus materiaritis, in forests
in N. America, 430 ; Ips longidens
associated with, in Pinus strobus
in U.S.A., 505.

gnava, Garcelia.

gnidiella, Crypioblabes.

Gnophos myrliUata, parasites of, in
Sweden, 96, 421.

Gnorimoscliema heliopa (see Phthori-
maea).

Gobaishia japonica, sen. et sp. n.,
on Ulwus spp. in Japan, 111.

Gobaishia nireeola, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Japan, 111.

Golazine, against vine moths, 46.

Gold Coast, new thrips from, 543.

Golden Rod (see Solidago squarrosa).

gonagra, Pachymerus (Caryoborus).

Gonatocerits ornatus, sp. n., parasite
of Stictocephala festina in Arizona,
23.

Gonatopns, parasite of leaf-hoppers
in N. America, 197.

Goniozus, parasite of Cydia molesta
in U.S.A., 478.

Gonocephalum aeqnale, bionomics of,
on maize in S. Rhodesia, 314.

Gonocej^halum seriatum, Epyris
exiraneus predaceous on, in
Hawaii, 435.

Gonocephalum simplex, on tobacco
in Kamerun, 160.

Gonococcus, attacking man, 217.

Gooseberry {Bibes grossularia), pests
of, in Britain, 322, 542 ; Epochra
canadensis intercepted on, in
California, 504 ; pests of, in
Denmark, 448 ; Hepialus lupu-
linus on, in France, 462 ; pests
of, in Holland, 124, 431, 443 ;
pests of, in Norway, 540 ; pests
of, in Quebec, 525 ; Aegeria
tipuliformis on, in Tasmania,
48 ; harmful effect of sulphur
on, 431.

Gooseberry Aphis (see Aphis
grossulariae).

Gooseberry Moth (see Abraxas
grossuloiriata).

Gordius, infesting Orthoptera in
Nova Scotia, 391.

Gortyna immanis (Hop Borer),
bionomics and control of, in
Canada and U.S.A., 173.

Gortyna micacea (Potato Stalk-
Borer), in Canada, 29, 337 ;
on beet in Deiimark, 445, 449 ;
in Norway, 540.

qortynae, Hicroplitis.

Gossyparia spuria (Elm Scale),
measures against, in U.S.A., 471,
476, 478.

gossypiella, Pectinophora (Gelechia,
Platyedra).

gossypii, Ajjhis ; Contarinia ; Em-
ptoasca ; Eriophyes ; Sphenoptera.

Gossypium (see Cotton).

Gossypium davidsoni, food-plant of
Anthonomvs grandis var. thur-
beriae in Mexico, 23.

Gourd, Wild, food-plant of Aphis
gossypiiin U.S.A., 2.

gou'deyi, Ceratothrips ; Haplothrips.

Graciiaria azaleas, erroneously
recorded as identical with
G. zachrifsa, 228 ; on apple in
India, 122, 133, 228.

Graciiaria theivora (Tea Leaf-roller),
in India, 375 ; decrease of,
in Dutch E. Indies in 1918,
389.

Graciiaria zachrysa (Azalea Leaf-
miner), intercepted on azaleas in
U.S.A., 277, 494 ; G. azaleae
erroneously recorded as identical
with, 228.

gracilipes, Proniirotermes.

gracilis, Anaphes ; Eubadizon.

INDEX.

627

Grain Aphis (see Macrosiphum

granarium).
Grain Weevils, in maize in U.S.A.,

285, 392 ; (see Calandra granaria

and C. oryzae).
Gram, pests of, in India, 72.
Gramang- Ant (see Plagiolepis lon-

gipes).
graminea, Diabrotica.
graminis, Charaeas ; Ehrhornia.
granbinum, Pediculopsis (Pedieu-

loides) ; Toxoptera.
Granadilla, new tlirips on, in Gold

Coast, 543,
granaria, Calandra.
granarium, Macrosiphum (Aphis),
granarius, Aphodius.
grandis, Anastrepha ; Anthonomus :

Rarmoliia.
graneli, Aleurothrixus.
graneUa, Tinea.
Granulated Cutworm (see FeUia

annexa).
granulatus, Carabus ; Pityophthorus.
Grape Curculio (see Coeliodes inae-

qualis).
Grape Root Borer (see Paranthrene

polistiformis).
Grape Root Worm (see Fidia

viticida).
Grape-berry Moth (see Polychrosis

viteana).
Grape-fruit (Citrus decumana) (Po-
melo), Anastrepha fraterculus

on, in Argentina, 118; pests

intercepted on. in California,

199, 361, 427, 503 ; food-plant

of Aleurothrixus howardi in

Florida, 409 ; pests of, in India.

287, 402 ; in baits, 417.
Grape-vine (see Vine).
Grape-vine Flea-beetle (see Haltica

chalybea).
Graphisurus fasciatus, Ips longidens

associated with, in Pintis strobus

in U.S.A., 505.
Grapholitha (see Cydia).
Graptolitha spp., on apples in Nova

Scotia, 313.
Grass, Alang-alang, for trapping

Tipulids, 383.
Grass, Bengal, CirpMs wnipuncta

on, in Korea, 273.
Grass, Blue (see Poa praiensis).
Grass, Cocksfoot, Luperina testacea

on, in Denmark, 446.
Grass, Fox-tail, Aptinothrips rufus

on, in Denmark, 447 ; Pyrausta

nubilalis on, in U.S.A., 189.
Grass, Para, leaf-hoppers on, in

Porto Rico, 514.
Grass, Sudan. Chlorochroa sayi mi-
grating to, in U.S.A., 399.
Grass Mite (see Pediculopsis grami-

num).

(672)

Crrass Root Beetle (see Scitala
pruinosa).

Grass Webworm (see Crambus luteo-
lell'us).

Grass Worm, on rice in Arkansas,
491.

Grasserie. coccobacilli infecting
Porthetria dispar with, in France,
217 ; attacking silkworms in
India, 235.

Grasses, Bagrada hilaris on, in S.
Africa, 165 ; insects on, in
Australia, 110, 485; pests of, in
Britain, 267, 371, 542 ; insects
on, in Canada, 178, 509; Lepto-
corisa varicornis on, in Ceylon,
249 ; pests of, in Denmark, 445,
446, 447 ; Oscinella frit on, in
Europe, 68, 69 ; pests of, in
Finland and Germany, 455 ;
Tomaspis flavilatera on, in Br.
Guiana, 139 ; pests of, in India,
288, 309 ; insects on, in West
Indies, 185, 415, 515 ; Spodoptera
on, in Malaya. 128 ; pests of,
in Norwav, 539 ; insects on, in
U.S.A., 11, 77, 137, 147, 173,
189, 224, 227, 277, 282, 378-380,
441, 471.

( rrasshoppers, control of, in Br.
Columbia, 13 ; jjredaceous on
Tomaspis flavilatera in Br.
Guiana, 139 ; in India, 190 ;
on maize in S. Rhodesia, 314 ;
destroyed by mongoose in Trini-
dad. 269 ; on maize in New
South Wales, 85 ; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A.. 9, 22, 36,
83, 102, 121, 137, 140, 141, 148,
203, 206, 282, 283, 284, 293, 315,
327, 510 ; poison-baits for, 206,
282, 283.

gravis, Cryptorrhynchus ; Bhizotro-
gus.

Greater Wheat Stem Maggot (see
Merom,yza americana).

Greedy Scale (see Aspidiotiis rapax).

Green Apple Aphis (see Aphis pomi).

Green Apple Bug (see Lygus com-
munis var. novascotiensis).

frreen Bud Worm (see Argyroploce
consanguinana).

Green Bug (see Toxoptera grami-
num).

Green Corn Aphis (see Aphis maidis).

Green Muscardine Fimgus (see
Metarrhizium a^iisopliae).

Green Peach Aphis (see Myzus
persicae).

Green Scale (see Coccus viridis).

Green Shield Scale (see Pulvinaria
psidii).

Green-spined Orange Bug (see
Biprorulus bibax).

greeni, Elasmognathus.

f2

628

INDEX.

Greenidea artocarpi, on Arlocarpu><

integrifolia in Ceylon, 165 ; on

Ficiis in Hong- Kong, 234.
Greenideoida eeyloniae, sp. n., on

Messua ferrea in Ceylon, 165.
Greeniella javanensis, on Eugenia

in Philippines, 74.
Greenland, number of generations

of Tachina fasciata in, 451.
gregalis, Grewiacocciis.
Grenada, measures against Helio-

thrips rubrocinctus and other

cacao pests in, 530 ; legislation

regarding importation of cotton

into Montserrat from, 360.
Grevillea, 113 ; Aspidiotanrapax on,

in S. India, 402.
Grewia asiatica, Mimmtra eyanea

on, in India, 403.
Grewia occideiitalis, Grewiacocciis

gregalis on, in S. Africa, 138.
Grewiacocciis gregalis, gen. et sp.

n., on Grewia occidentalis in

S. Africa, 138.
Grey Scale (see Coccus citricola).
griqua, Aspidiotus (Selenaspidus).
grisator, Stlienias.
griseofasciafa, Trachys.
gr iseojasciaius, Er istalosyrphus.
griseola, Hydrellia.
griseovariegata, Panolis (see P.

flammea).
griseus, HesperopJianes.
grossulariae. Aphis,
grossvlariata, A braxas.
groteella, Depressaria.
Gryllodes sigillatus (Brown House

Cricket), damaging clothing in

Jamaica, 58.
gryllorum, Leidyana.
Gryllotalpa africana, on sugar-cane

in India, 133 ; in Java, 537 ;

bait for, in Uganda, 260.
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa (European

Mole-cricket), in rice-fields in
■ Argentina, 271 ; measures

against, in Holland, 364 ; on

potato and lettuce in Italy, 157 ;

measures against, in U.S.A..

156.
Gryllotalpa hirsuta, in Java, 537.
Gryllotalpa vulgaris (see G. gryllo-
talpa).
Gryllus abbreviatus, parasitised by

Leidyana erratica in Britain,

196.
Gryllus assimilis, in Jamaica, 57.
Gryllus assimilis var. luctuosus

(Large Black Ground Cricket),

attacking cotton in Mississippi,

122.
Gryllus bimactdatus, bait for, in

Uganda, 260.
Gryllus domesticus (European House

Cricket), parasitised by Leidyana

gryllorum, 196; measures against,
in houses in Connecticut, 343.

&ryllus integer (Field Cricket),
measures against, in orchards
and vineyards in California,
37.

Gryllus pennsylvanicus (Pennsyl-
vanian Field Cricket), parasitised
by Leidyana erratica, 196 ; in
Nova Scotia, 391.

(Tuadeloujie, Wasmamiia auro-
puneiata predaeeous on Ilelio-
thrips rubrocinctus in, 185 ; sugar-
cane pests in, 229.

Guatemala, food-plants of Anlho-
nomus grandisin, 221 ; bionomics
of Stenoma catenifer on avocado
in, 382 ; pests from, intercepted
in U.S.A., 277, 278.

Guava {Psidium guayava), tlirips
on, in Central America and
West Indies, 185, 186 ; fruit-
flies infesting in S. America and
West Indies^ 57, 118, 262, 352;
pests of, in Florida, 409, 417;
Trichosiphum formosanum on, in
Formosa, 111 ; pests of, in India,
291, 402, 403 ; Helopeltis theivora
on, in Sumatra, 31 ; food-plant
of Zeusera coffeae in Tonkin, 54 ;
Aspidiotus destructor on, in
Uganda, 260 ; pests intercepted
on, in U.S.A., 62, 82.

Guava, Chinese (see Psidium luci-
dium).

Guava, Strawberry (see Psidium
cattleyanum).

Guelder Rose (see Viburnum opulus).

Guinea Grass (see Panicum maxi-
mum).

Guinea-pigs, not susceptible to
Bacillus paratyphi-alvei 451.

gulosa, Hemerocampa retusta.

gulosus, Xysticus.

Gum, use of, for trapping Eliyn-
cliocoris, 492.

Gummosis, of orange-trees, trans-
mitted by scale-insects, 528.

guttata, Goptoeycla.

guttivittata, Heterocampa.

guttulatus, Blaniulus.

Gymnaspis faurei, sp. n., on Bhus
in S. Africa, 242.

Gymnosoma fuliginosa, parasite of
CMorocliroa sayi in U.S.A.,
399.

Gynaikotlirips uzeli, on Ficus spp.
"in Cuba, 348.

Gynanisa maia (Peacock Moth), on
Acacia mollissima in S. Africa,
332.

Gypona, notice of key to species
of, in N. America, 480.

Gypsum (Land Plaster), dusting
with, 27, 342.

INDEX.

629

H.

Habranthus, food-plant of Merodon
equestris in N. America, 356.

Habrobracon brevicornis. parasite
of Ejihesiia kiihnieUa in U.S.A.,
297.

Habrobracon gelechiae, parasite of
Cydia molesta in U.S.A., 478.

Habrobracon kitcheneri, parasite of
Pectinophora gossypiella in cap-
tivity in Egypt, 164.

Habrobracon jtoUtiventris, sp. n.,
parasite of Folychrosis viteana in
N. America, 376.

Habrocytus languriae, parasite of
Languria mozardi in U.S.A., 321 ;
H. simiUimns possibly identical
with, 321.

Habrocytus medicaginis, parasite of
BrHcliophagus funebris in Minne-
sota, 327. '

Habrocytus simillimus, sp. n., para-
site of Agromyza gibsoni in
U.S.A., 321.

Hadena, in Ohio, 147.

Hadena basilinea (see Trachea).

Hadena devastairix (see Sideviia).

Hadena secalis (see Trachea).

haem atochroa, Furcaspis.

Haematopinns piliferus (Dog Louse),
effect of laimdry processes on, 1 1 5 .

Haematopinus suis (Hog Louse),
effect of laundry processes on,
115.

haematoptera, Llaveia.

haemorrhoidali s, Athous ; Helio-
thrips.

Halisidota caryae (Hickory Tussock
Moth), food-plants of, in Canada,
25.

Halisidota maculata (Spotted Tus-
sock Moth), food-plants of, in
Canada, 25.

Halisidota tessellaris (Checkered
Tussock Moth), food-plants of.
in Canada, 25.

Haltica ampelophaga, infested with
Beaureria globuUfera in France,
460.

Haltica bimarginata (Alder Flea-
beetle), in Alberta, 544.

Haltica chalybea (Grape-vine Flea-
beetle), in Canada, 43 ; on apple
and pear in Oliio, 148.

Haltica corni, sp. n., control of, on
dogwood in Maine, 58.

Haltica flavicornis, on hemp in
Japan, 155.

Haltica ignita (Strawberry Flea-
beetle), 58 ; food-plants of, in
U.S.A., 148, 418.

Haltica 7iemorum (see Phyllotreta).

Haltica oleracea, on cabbage in
Italy, 157.

Haltica rosae, sp. n., control of, on

wild rose in Maine, 58.
Haltica rubi, on raspberries in

Norway, 541.
Haltica torquata (Blueberry Flea-
beetle), control of, in Maine, 58.
Haltica ulmi, sp. n!, control of, on

elm in Maine, 58.
Halticoptera dad, experiments in

establishment of, in France, 456 ;

proposed establishment of, against

Dacns oleae in Italy, 456.
Halticus citri, on lucerne in U.S.A.,

105.
Halyomorpha picus, natural enemy

of silkworms in Japan, 240.
Hamamelis japonica, Mansaliia

ntiyabei forming galls on, in

Japan, 111.
Hamamelis virginiana(V^ itc\i. Hazel),

Brachys aerosus on, in U.S.A.,

308.
hamata, Anastrepha.
Hamaticherus lacordairei, introduced

into Buenos Aires in timber,

319.
hamatus, Chirothrips.
Hamelia, Howardia biclams inter-
cepted on, in California, 238.
Hamitermes runcornifer. in W.

Africa, 142.
hammondi, Ganarsia.
hampei, Stephanoderes.
Haplogonatopus vitiensis, parasite

of leaf -hoppers in Hawaii, 314,

330.
Haploham^wus eervinus, in forest

trees in India, 535.
Haplohanimus punctifrons, in forest

trees in India, 535.
Haplothrips, notice of key to N.

American species of, 417 ; notice

of key to Australian species of,

434 ; predaceous on Tomaspis

flavilater a in Br. Guiana, 139.
Haplothrips aculeatus, in Denmark,

445 ; in Finland, 468 ; on grasses

in Germany, 455.
Haplothrips gowdeyi, food-plants of,

in Cuba, 349.
Haplothrips orlando, sp. n., in

Florida, 417.
Haplothrips pictipes, sp. n., on

pepper in India, 543.
Haplothrips statices (Black or Red

Thrips), on clover in Canada,

26, 509 ; in Finland, 468 ; on

clover and lucerne in L^.S.A., 36 ;

Anthothrips niger a synonym of,

417.
Hardbacks, bionomics and control

of, in Antigua, 414 ; (see Dyscine-

tus and Ligyrus).
Harlequin Bug (see Murgantia his-

trionica).

630

INDEX.

Harlequin Fruit Bug (see Dindymus

versicolor).
Harmolita (Isosoma) (Joint Worm),

revi8ion of genus, in U.S.A.,

470 ; measures against on wheat

in Ohio. 80.
Harmolita agrojtyrocola, sp. n.,

forming sails on Agropyron in

U.S.A., 471,
Harmoliia agropyrophila, sp. n.,

on Agropyron in U.S.A., 471.
Ilarmoliia alhomacnlaia. on Phleiim

pratensein U.S.A., 471.
Harmoliia atlantica, sp. n.. forming

galls on Agrojjyronin U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita captiva, on Poa pratensis

in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita dactylicoJa, sp. n., on

Dacti/lis glomerata h\ U.S.A.. 471.
Harmolita ehjmi, on Eh/mtis in

U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita elymicola, sp. n., forming

galls on Elymus in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita elymivora, sp. n., forming

galls on Elyvins in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita elymophila, sp. n., form-
ing galls on Elymus in U.S.A.,

471.
Harmoliia ehimophtliora, sp. n.,

forming galls ojiE'/^h;«s in U.S.A.,

471.
Harmolita elymoQcena, sp, n., forming

galls on Elymus in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita Jestucae, sp. n., forming

galls on Festuca in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita grandis, on wheat in

U.S.A., 470.
Harmolita hesperus, sp. n., forming

galls on Elymvs in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita hordei, forming galls on

barley in U.S.A., 471.'
Harmolita maculaia, on Bromus in

U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita oecidentalis, sp. n., form-
ing galls on Agropyron \n U.S.A.,

471.'
Harmolita ovata, sp. n., forming

galls on Elymus in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita poae, sp. n., on Poa

pratensis in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita j>oophila, sp. n., reared

from galls on Poa^ Ivcida in U.S.A.,

471.
Harmolita rufipes, sp. n., foiming

galls on Elymus in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita seca.lis, forming galls on

rye in U.S.A., 471.
Harmolita (Isosoma) tritici (Wheat

Jointworm), measures against,

in U.S.A., 46, 202, 281, 470.
Harmolita raginicola, forming galls

on wheat in U.S.A., 470.
Harmolita websteri, distribution of,

on rye in U.S.A., 470.
Harmologa fumiferana (see Tortrix).

Harpactor segmentarius, predaceous
on Bagrada hilaris in S. Africa,
165.

Harpagoneura comjilena, on coco-
nuts in Fiji, 312.

Jiarpaloides, A nisodactylus.

Harpalus, in Montana, 140 ; des-
troyed by crows in U.S.A., 203.

Earpahis caUginosus, probably pre-
daceous on Lachnosterna in N.
America, 256.

Harpalus compar, natural enemy of
Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A., 34.

Harpalus pennsylvanicus, pre-
daceous on other insects in U.S.A.,
174, 256.

harpasa, Ptilodexia.

Haipyia vinula (see Dicranura).

Hartigia cressoni, intercepted in
raspberry in California, 238.

hartii, A spidiotiis.

h a rilandi , ( 'ryptoterm es.

Hawaii, Lepidopteroi;s pests of
Acacia Icoa in, 511 ; pests of
avocado in, 241 ; notes on
Bethylidae in, 435 ; notes on
Bruchidae and their parasites
in, 434 ; danger of spread of
Ceratitis capitata into U.S.A.
from, 19 ; fruit-flies and their
parasites in, 43, 149 ; new para-
sitic Hymenoptera in, 436, 437 ;
miscellaneoiis pests in, 196, 264,
285, 328, 329, 398 ; measures
against sugar-cane pests in, 314,
329, 398, 412 ; establishment of
beneficial insects in, 33, 237, 313,
385, 401, 435, 436 ; beneficial
insects introduced into other
coim tries from, 312, 389 ; pests
intercepted in quarantine in,
33, 188, 208, 329, 438, 485 ;
pests from, intercepted iji other
countries, 62, 127, 199, 238, 277,
361, 427, 503, 514 ; prohibition
against importation of fruit and
vegetables into Canada from,
13 ; legislation restricting im-
portation of fruit and vegetables
into U.S.A. from, 103.

hawaiiensis, Nesomimcsa ; Pi-
punculus.

hawleyi, Paracalocoris.

Hawk, destroying locusts in S.
Africa, 245.

Hawthorn, Chrysomphalus corti-
cosus on, in S. Africa, 242 ;
Hemerophila pariana on, in
America, 28 ; Aphids on, in
Britain, 542 ; Hyponomeuta
padeUus on, in France, 462 ;
Pulvinaria vitis on, in Italy, 157 ;
Alsophila pometaria on, in Nova
Scotia, 178 ; Hyponomeuta on,
in Spain, 210.

INDEX.

631

Hazel (Corylus avellana), Pygaera
hucephala on, in Britain, 416 ;
pests of, in Denmark, 448 ;
D/epanotJirips reuteri on, in Cen-
tral Europe. 195 ; Aspidiotus
ostreaeformis on, in Italy, 66 ;
measures against Eriophyes cory-
Ugallarum on, in Sicily, 413 ;
pests of, in Spain, 210 ; pests of,
in U.S.A. 174, 404.

Hazel, Witch (see Hamamelis).

Heat, for treatina; walnuts against
(Jydia ponionella, 359 ; effect of
treating cotton seed with, against
Pectinophora gossypiella, 490 ;
eft'ect of, on pyrethnim as an
insecticide, 362, 440 ; effect of
excessive sterilisation with, on
germination of seeds, 477 ; experi-
ments to determine effect of, on
TylencMis derastatrix, 443.

Heather, Pseudococcus intercepted
on, in California, 504.

hebraeus, Polistes.

Tiederae, AspidioUis.

Hedgehogs, destroying (Hiorrhyn-
cMis siilcatus in Europe, 465.

Hedylus clypeatus, sp. n., parasite
of fruit-flies in Nigeria, 437.

Hedylus desideratus, sp. n., parasite
of fruit-flies in Nigeria, 437.

heidemanni, Corythuca.

Heilipus lauri (Avocado Weevil),
measures against introduction
of, into U.S.A., 18, 21, 214, 240.

Heilipus piUieri, sp. n., introduced
uito Florida in Per sea pittieri
from Costa Rica, 241.

Helcostisus mfiscutnm, sp. n., para-
site of PMoeosinus in N. America,
376.

Helianfhus tuherosus (Jerusalem Ar-
tichoke), pests of, in U.S.A., 358.

hel ichrysi, Brachyeawdus.

Heliehrysuni ferriigineum, Mono-
chnmus p,stulator on, in Victoria,
248.

Heliehrysuni parinfloriim, Monda
major on, in S. Africa, 392.

helicis, Sarcophaga.

Jieliopa, PhtJiorimaea (Gnorimo-
schema).

HeUophila unipuncta (see CirpJiis).

Heliothis, on tobacco in Dutch E.
Indies, 41, 389.

Heliothis armigera (see H. ohsoleia).

Heliothis obsoleta (Corn Ear Worm,
Cotton BoUworm), on cotton in
S. Africa, 331 ; on cotton in
Antigua, 512 ; on tomatos in
Canada, 506 ; on Pisum sativum
in Chile, 253 ; on gram in India,
72; measures against, in Jamaica,
57 ; on tobacco in Sumatra,
508 ; intercepted on tomatos.

etc., in U.S.A., 215, 361, 427,
504 ; bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 40, 61, 79, 105, 205,
206, 277, 392, 409 ; on maize
in New South Wales, 84.

Heliothis varia, on cotton in Colom-
bia, 534.

Heliothrips bicinetus, sp. n., in
hot-houses in Britain, 543.

Heliothrips fasciatus (Bean Thrips),
measures against, in U.S.A., 36,
206.

Heliothrips femoralis, in hot-houses
in Britain, 543.

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis, food-
plants of, in Cuba, 349 ; on
avocado in California, 198 ; food-
plants of, in West Indies, 185 ;
on banana in Spain, 543.

Heliothrips minutissimus, sp. n., on
violet in India, 543.

Heliothrips pattersoni, sp. n., on'
granadilla in Gold Coast, 543.

Heliothrips rubrocinctus (Cacao
or Red-banded Thrips), biono-
mics and control of, in West
Indies, 185, 186, 257, 349, 530,
531.

Hellebore, spraying and dusting
with, against Monophadnus rubi,
5, 340; prepared from Veratrum
viride, 543.

helluo, Lycosa.

Helopeltis, measures against, on tea
in Dutch E. Indies, 31, 32, 39,
64, 107, 388, 389, 499, 500.

Helopeltis antoriii, food-plants of, in
Dutch E. Indies, 64, 389.

Helopeltis bergrothi, food-plants of,
in Uganda. 260.

Helopeltis cuneatus, attacking Ara-
ceae in Dutch E. Indies, 31,.

Helopeltis sumatranus, in Sumatra,
64, 425 ; a more important pest
of Uncaria gambir than Hyalope-
plus uncariae in Sumatra, 425.

Helopeltis theivora (Tea Mosquilo),
food-plants of, in Sumatra, 31,
64 ; measures against, in India,
375, 534.

helx ines, Crepidodera.

Hemerobius stigmaterus, predaceous
on Phorodon humuli in U.S.A.,
175.

Hemerocampa (Tiissock Moth), lead
arsenate against, in Nova Scotia,
305 ; in U.S.A., 23, 173, 340.

Hemerocampa leucostigma (White-
marked tussock Moth),in orchards
and forests in Canada, 25, 26,
43, 44, 45, 178, 338, 525, 526;
bionomics of, in U.S.A., 115,
203, 320, 429.

Hemerocampa vetusta gulosa, on
conifers in Br. Columbia, 212, 479.

632

INDEX.

Uemerophila nemorana, parasitised
by Apanteles sicarius in France,
236.
Hemerophila pariana (Apple and
Thorn Skeletoniser), bionomics
of, in America and Europe, 27 ;
in orchards in New York, 137.
Hemichionaspis aspidistrae, on
coconuts in Far Elast, 14 ; para-
sitised by Aspidiotiphngus schoe-
versi in Holland, 444 ; food-
plants of, in S. India, 402 ; on
Areca catechu in Philippines, 74 ;
in Portugal, 7 ; intercepted in
U.S.A., 82, 361, 503.
Hemichionaspis viinor (White
Scale), on cotton in Antigua,
512 ; on coconuts in the Far
East, 14; on Cajamis indicus in
Jamaica, 502 ; intercepted on
coconut and citrus in California,
' 361, 427.
Hemichionaspis thcae. on tea in

Assam, 402.
Hemilecanium imbrieans, food-
plants of, in S. India, 402.
hemipterus, Carpophiins ; Metama-

si7is.
hemirhoda, Eublemma.
Hemdsarcoptes, spread of Lepido-
saphes ulmi probably due to
absence of, in Br. Columbia, 301.
Hemisarcoptes ynalus, natural enemy
of Lepidosaphes ulmi in N.
America, 242 ; in France, 242.
Hemisodorcas nepalensis, on forest

trees in India, 535.

hemisphaerica, Saissetia {Lecanium).

Hemiteles, sex-determination of,

in U.S.A., 298 ; parasite of

Eulia pinatubana in Canada and

U.S.A., 393.

Hemiteles bicolorinns, parasite of

meal moths in Holland, 444.
Hemiteles castaneus, parasite of
Emphytus cinctiis in Holland, 444.
Hemiteles fulvipes, lixp.erparasite of
Apanteles glomeratus in France,
397.
Hemlock (see Tsuga canadensis).
Hemlock, Alpine (see Tsuga mer-

tensiana).
Hemlock, Eastern. Melanophila ful-

voguttata in, in U.S.A.. 226.
Hemlock, Western (see Tsugahetero-

phylla).
Hemp {Cannabis sativa), Pyrausta
nubilalis on, iit Belgium, 373 ;
Pyrajista nubilalis introduced into
California in, 60 ; pests of, in
Germany. 161 ; pests of, in
.Tapan, 155 ; Serica on, in Korea,
273 ; planted among other crops
aoainst insect pests in the
Ukraine, 431 ; planting of,

between cabbages against Pieris
brassicae, 462.
Hemp, Sunn (see Crotalaria jvncea).
Henicospilus purgatus, parasite of

Feltia annexa in Louisiana, 79.
Hepialus, infested with Beaureria

densa in France, 461.
Hepialus excrescens, on hemp in

Japan, 155.
Hepialus lupulinus, measures
against, on gooseberry and privet
iu France, 462 ; on grasses in
Norway, 539.
Heptasmicra brasilicnsis, sp. n..
parasite of Oeceticus in Brazil,
125.
Heptophylla picea, in seed-beds of

forest trees in Japan, 370.
heracleana. Depressaria.
heraclei, Acidia : Trioxys.
Herademn lanatvni (Wild Parsiiip),
Lygus campestris on, in Nova
Scotia, 306.
Heracleum. sphondylium, food-plant
of Pieris brassicae in Switzerland,
513.
Herbs, pests intercepted on, m

California, 238.
Heritiera fomes, pests of, in India.

292, 403.
herpini, Chlorops.
Herpysticus eremita, on fruit-trees

in Spain, 210.
Hesperia conjuncta, parasitised by

Apanteles j are ns is in Java, 104.
hesperidis, Oncophanes.
hesperidum. Coccus {Lecanium).
Hesperophanes griseus, 236 ; para-
sites of, in France, 268.
hesperophanis, Sycophrurus.
hesperus, Harmolita ; Lygus elisus.
Hess Drier and Cooler IMacliine,
for treating stored cereals against
mites, 93.
Hessian Fly (see Mayetiola destruc-

tor).
Heterobostrychus spp., food-plants

of, in India, 291.
Heterocampa gutiivitia,, food-plants

of, in U.S.A., 340, 503.
Heierocordylus malinus, bionomics
of, in orchards in U.S.A., 137,
172, 503.
Heterocoris, infested with Ento-
nwphthora sphaerosperm a in Cuba,
349.
Heterodera radicieola (Root-knot
Nematode), a minor cotton pest
in S. Africa, 331 ; intercepted on
potatoes in California, 361, 427 ;
measures against, in Holland,
124, 443; measures against, in
U.S.A., 323, 324, 418, 427, 492 ;
introduced into Porto Rico from
U.S.A., 514.

INDEX.

633

Heterodera schaditii, on beet in
Denmark, 445 ; measures against,
on peas in France. 467 ; on peas
and oats in Holland, 443.

Heterodera schiicMii var. avenae, on
cereals in Denmark, 445.

Heieronychns arator, in S. Africa,
247.

Heteronyehus viasJinnns (Maize
Beetle), in S. Rhodesia, 314.

Heteropfernis, on tobacco m Kame-
run, 160.

Eeieroscapus ronnai, gen. et sp. n..
parasite of Le]5idopteron in
Brazil. 125.

Heteroschcma prima, gen. et sp. n.,
parasite of Agromyza gibsoni in
U.S.A., 321.

HeterospUiis hlaclmani, sp. n.,
bred from Hieoria glabra in New-
York, 407.

Eeterusia magnifiea (Bed Slug),
measures against, on tea in India.
375.

Hevea, pests of, in Dutch E. Indies,
41, 64, 388.

Hevea brasiliensis (Para Rubber),
locusts on, m Br. Guiana, 310 ;
pests of, in India, 402, 403,
535 ; leaf mite on, in Malavo,
127.

hevntii, (Jorytlmea.

Hexachaela eximia, \n Brazil, 352.

heylaerfsi, Honda.

Heza peraviata, predaceous on Toiv-
aspis flavilaiera in Br. Guiana.
139.

Hibernia defoliaria, on apples and
pears in Denmark, 447, 469 ;
on apples in Norway, 540.

hibiscella, Gelecliia.

Mbisci, Apion ; Bruchiis ; Cero-
C0CCV.S ; Eriophyes ; Neolasi-
optera.

Eibiscus, Pyralid on, in Africa, 105 ;
Euproctis scintillans on, in Assam.
55 ; insects intercepted on, in
California, 199, 238, 361, 503 ;
Eriophyes Mbisci on, in Fiji, 312 ;
Pseudococcus rirgatus oh, in S.
India, 402.

Eibiscns abelvwseJiiis, as a trap-
crop for cotton boUworms in
India, 132, 287 ; measures against
Argyroploce aprobola on, in Sey-
chelles, 483.

Eibiscns cannabiniis (Gogu), Pem-
pheres affinis on, in India, 114.

Eibiscus escrdenhis (Okra, Bhindi),
food-plant of Dysderciis cingu-
latiis in Cevlon. 520 ; pests of, in
India, 71,' 72, 73, 114, 402;
Diabrotiea qraminea on, in Porto
Rico, 249 ; food-plant of Aphis
qossypii in U.S.A., 2.

Eibiscus moscheutos (Swamp Rose-
mallow), pests of, in New Jersey,
322.

Eibisctis rasa- sinensis, food-plant of
Dysdercus cingulatus in Ceylon,
520 ; Eypomeces squamos^lS on,
in India, 403 ; Pseudococcus vir-
gaUts on, in Philippines, 74 ;
Franldinothrips tenuicornis on,
in Trinidad, 185.

Eibiscus sabdariffa (Jamaica Sorrel,
Roselle), pests of, in Queensland,
521.

Hickory, pests of, in U.S.A., 112,
308, 381, 407, 416.

Hickory Tussock Moth (see Ealisi-
doia caryae).

Eicoria glabra (see Hickory).

hicoriae, Ecphylus ; Trigonura.

Eidari irava, on coconuts in Dutch
E. Indies, 64, 389, 390.

hierocosom a, Acrocercops.

hieroglyphica, Noropsis ; Phyllo-
dromia.

hilar is, Bagrada.

himalayensis, Bhyncholus.

Eimaiium asperum, on Shorea ro-
busta in India, 403.

Eippelates pallidus, intercejited on
beet in Florida, 82.

hippocastani , Melolontha. ■>

Eippodam ia convergens, establish-
ment of, in California, 237 ;
predaceous on Aphids in U.S.A.,
2, 36, 78, 175, 197, 237, 297;
• effect of nicotine sulphate on, 36,

Eippodamia lecontei, predaceous on
Aphis bal-eri in U.S.A., 36.

Eippodamia maculata, predaceous
on Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A.,
34.

Eippodamia parenthesis, predaceous
on Phorodon humuli in U.S.A.,
175.

Eippodamia quinquesignata, pre-
daceous on Aphis bakeriin U.S.A..
36.

Eippodamia' iredecimpunctata, pre-
daceous on Myzus cerasi in
Canada, 28.

Eippophae rhamnoides (Russian
Olive, Sea Buckthorn), pests of,
in Britain, 444 ; Myzus hraggi
on, in Louisiana, 78.

hippophaes, Psylla; Ehopalosiphtim,

Eippotion celerio (Silver - striped
Hawk Moth), bionomics and
control of. in S. Africa, 166.

hirsuta, Gryllotalpa.

hirla, Epicometis (Tropinota) ; Gelo-
naetha.

h iriellu s , A doretus.

Eispa, on rice in India, 288.

Eispa armigera (Rice Hispid), in
Assam, 114, 492.

034

INDEX.

hisirlonica, Murgantia.

Hog Plum (see Spondias lutea).

Holarrhena anticlifsenterica, Crio-
ceris impressa on, in India, 403.

Holcocera pulverea, attacking
Tacliardia lacca in India, 135.

Holland, miscellaneous pests in,
123, 230, 364, 365, 431, 432, 443,
484 ; narcissus pests in, 138 ;
pests of stored tobacco in, 29,
30 ; experiments against Retero-
dera radicicola in, 124 ; Hymeno-
pterous parasites of Bhyacionia
bitoliana in, 234 ; pests from,
intercepted in U.S.A., 9, 199,
216, 277, 339, 361, 533 ; pro-
tection and economic importance
of birds in, 254, 537.

Holly, Aphis ilicis on, in Britain,
542 ; Aleurodes intercepted on,
in California, 62.

Hollvhock, pests of, in U.S.A.,
307, 511.

Hollyhock Moth (see Crocidosema
plebiana).

Hologamasuf^ marmaius, on red
clover in U.S.A., 36.

holosericea, Aeolesthes.

HoloiricMa, on sal in India, 190 ;
on beet in S. Manchuria, 11.

Tlomaloiylus, revision of eenus,
523.

IlomaJotylus affinis, sp. n., parasite
of Hyperaspis osculans in Cali-
fornia, 523.

Hom(doiylus afrieanus, sp. n., para-
site of Coccinellid larvae in S.
Africa, 523.

Homalotylns brevicauda, sp. n., para-
site of Scvmnine larva in Mexico,
524.

Homaloiylus cocl.:ereUi, sp. n., para-
site of Hyperaspis trimaci(J(da in
Texas, 523.

Homalotylns hyperaspidis, sp. n.,
parasite of Hyperaspis undulaia
in U.S.A., 524.

Homaloiylus mexicanus, sp. n., para-
site of Ceroputo yuccae in Mexico,
523.

Homalotylns quaylei, sp. n., parasite
of Coccinellid in Sicily, 523.

Homalotylns similis (see Anisoty-
lus).

Homolota, predaceous on Ips pini
in N. America, 430.

Homona coffearia (Tea Tortrix),
measures againf«t, in Ceylon,
112, 404, 498; in Dutch E.
Indies, 389.

Homona menciana, on tea in India,
375.

Honduras, Lepidosaphes feecitn inter-
cepted in Florida on citrus from,
82.

Honey, in baits, 135, 408, 523 ;
virulence of Nosema apis when
kept in, 377.

Honey Locust Tree (see Gleditsia
triacantJws).

Honeysuckle, Diaerisia virfjinica on,
in Canada. 26.

Hong Kong, list of Aphids from, 233.

ho rigkonqens is, Thoracaphis.

Hop Aphis (see Phorodon humuli).

Hop Borer (see Gortyna imvianis).

Hoi) Flea-beetle (see Psylliodes
punctulata).

hopkinsi, Pityogenes.

Hoplandrothrips affinis, on sugar-
cane in Cuba, 349.

Hoplia retusa, on vanilla in Re-
union, 192.

Hoplocampa brevis, on pear in
Italy, 157.

Hoplocampa fnlvicoriiis, on plums
in Denmark, 448.

Hoplocampa testudinea, in orchards
in Denmark, 448 ; on apples in
Holland, 124.

Hoplocerambyx spinicortiis, food-
plants of, in India, 292, 367.

Hoplogonatopns, parasite of leaf-
hoppers in N. America, 197.

Hopperburn, of potato, caused by
Empoasca mcdi in U.S.A., 510.

Hopperdozer, suggested use of,
against ChJorochroa sayi, 399 ;
use of, against grasshoppers, 9 ;
use of machine resembling, against
Loxostege sticticaUs, 10 ; possibly
effective against Pere.gr inns mai-
dis, 329 ; suggested use of, against
Plathypena scabra, 202.

Hops, Pyrausta nnbilalis on, in
Belgium, 373 ; pests of. in
Canada, 173-175 ; pests of, in
Germany, 159 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
2, 148, 173-175.

hordei, Harmolita ; Labidostomis.

Hordenm mnrinnm, Labidostomis
hordei on, in Andalusia, 373.

Hormoceriis reticnlatas, food-plants
of, in India, 291.

Hornbeam, food-plant of Chalepus
rubra in U.S.A., 169.

Horniopterus schoenobivorus, sp.
n., parasite of Schoenobius incer-
tellns in Java, 104.

Horse Bean (see Canavalia ensi-
formis).

Horse-chestnut, Hemerocampa leii-
costigv-ia on, in Canada, 25.

Horse-radish, Phyllotreta armoraciae
on, in Canada, 25 ; flea-beetles
on, in Denmark, 449.

Horse-radish Flea-beetle (see Phyllo-
treta armoraciae).

horsti, Crypttts.

horticola, Phyllopertha.

INDEX.

635

hortulanus, Bibio.

hospes, Pseudogonatopus.

howardi, Aleurothrixus (Aleurodes) ;
Aspidioius.

Hoivardia, in S. Africa, 242.

Howardia biclavis, intercepted on
Hamelia in California, 238.

hubbardi, Gerstaeckeria.

huesanus, Ptinus.

hugelii, Lophosternus.

humanus, Pediculus.

humeralis, Pachypeltis.

humerelln, Lissonota.

humilis, Ghionaspis ; Iridomyrmex ;
Opius.

hiimuli, Hypena ; Phorodon.

Hyacinth, pests of, in N. America,
356 ; Emnerus strigatus on, in
Holland, 216 ; legislation restric-
ting importation of, into U.S.A.,
184.

hyacinthi, Bhizoglyphits.

Tiyalinata, Diapliania.

hyalinipennis, Oxycarenus.

Hyalopeplus sviaragdinus , sp. n.,
infesting tea in Java, 536.

Hyalopeplus smaragdinus f. rubinus,
n.. ill Java, 536.

Hyalopeplus uncariae, a minor pest
of Uncariagambir in Sumatra, 425.

Hyalopeplus vitripennis, in Java, 536

nyalopterusaquilegiae(see H.flavus).

Hyaloptefus aruncUnis (Mealy Plum
Aphis), on plums in Denmark,
448 ; parasitised by Leucopis
annulipes in Germany, 162 ; on
prune and peach in Italy, 157 ;
Clirysopa cognata predaceous on.
in Japan, 369 ; on fruit trees in
Norway, 540 ; spraying experi-
ments against, on peaches in
Transcaucasia, 345, 346 ; bio-
nomics of, in U.S.A., 183, 297,
316, 472.

Hyalopterus flavus, on Aquilegia in
Britain, 542.

Hyalopterus pruni (see H. arundi-
nis).

Hyalopterus trirJiodus (see H. flavus).

Hvblaea puera, in forests in India,
368.

Hydrangea, Aphids intercepted on.
in Nebraska, 9.

Hydrellia griseola, on cereals in
Norway, 538, 539.

Hydrochloric Acid, in formula for
staining Coccids, 293.

Hydrocyanic Acid Gas, against ants,
33 ; against Aleurodes vapor ario-
rum. 492 ; against Coccids, 59,
103; against cockroaches, 230;
experiments in disinfecting soil
with, against Heterodera radici-
cola, 323 ; use of, against Meui,-
mia vicina, 193 ; against Prome-

cotheca opacicollis, 460 ; against
pests of stored grain, etc., 138,
167, 353, 367, 428 ; against
Stephanitis pyri, 500 ; effect of,
under vacuum conditions on
subterranean larvae, 76 ; fumi-
gation with, 18, 33, 59, 103, 107,
130, 138, 230, 244, 353, 367, 428,
460, 492, 500 ; construction of
fumigating boxes for use with,
17 ; chloropicrin compared with,
286, 320 ; effect of, on germina-
tion of beans, 477 ; effect of, on
Lepidoptera, 319 ; liquid, fumi-
gation with, 228, 267, 473.

Hydroecia micama (see Gortyna).

Hygrophila spinosa, scale-insects on,
in S. India, 402.

Jiylaeiformis, Pennisetia (Bembecia).

hylas, Ceplionodes.

Hylastes ater, in pine in Spain, 90.

Hylastes cunieularius, in forests in
Sweden, 469.

Hylastes glabratus, in spruce in
Sweden, 469.

Hylastes palliatus, in Picea nmorlca
in Balkans, 452.

Hylastes pinifex, in forests in N.
America, 430, 505.

Hylastinus obscurus (Clover Root
Borer), bionomics of, in Ohio,
146.

Hylemyia antiqua (Onion Fly, Onion
Maggot), in Britain, 209, 489,
509 ; in Canada, 25, 26, 171, 544 ;
measures against, on onions and
leeks in Denmark, 448, 449 ;
on onions and garlic in Italy,
157.

Hylemyia cerealis, on wheat in
Montana, 315.

Hylemyia coarctata (Wheat Bulb
Fly), in Britain, 70,442 ; decrease
of, in Denmark in 1915, 445 ;
on cereals in Norway, 538.

Hylesinus, on ash, infested with
Beauveria globulifera in France,
460.

Hylesinus crenatus, in forests in
Germany, 159.

Hylesinus fraxini, in forests in
Germanv, 159 ; on cheri-y in
Italy, 157.

Hylesinus oleiperda, in forests in
Germany, 159.

Hylesinus orni, in forests in Ger-
many, 159.

Hylobius maeilentus, in camphor in
Japan, 370.

Hyloicus pinastri, on pine in Spain,
209.

Hylotoma mall, on apple in Korea,
274.

Hylotrupes ligneus, infesting build-
ijigs in Maryland, 240.

636

INDEX.

Hylurgops (see Hylastes).

Hymenoclea monogyra, Scymniiie
larva associated with Orthezia on,
in Mexico, 524.

Jiyoscyami, Peqomyia.

Hypatima ■pulverea (see Holcocera).

Hypena humuli (Hop vSnout Moth),
bionomics and control of, in
Canada and U.S.A., 174.

hypenae, E.rorista.

Hypenidium poJyfasciatmn, in
Japan, 239.

Hypera meles ((Jlover-head AYeevil),
bionomics of, in New York, 283.

Hypera nigrirostris (Leaser Clover-
leaf Weevil), on lucerne and
clover in Denmark, 446 ; bio-
nomics of, in New York, 283.

Hypera posiica (see H. variabilis).

Hypera punciaia (Clover-leaf Wee-
vil), bionomics of, in U.S.A., 145,
203.

Hypera variabilis (Alfalfa Weevil),
precautions against introduction
of, into California, 59, 61, 199,
232 ; fungus infesting, on lucerne
in Denmark, 447 ; quarantine
against, in Montana, 315 ; on
lucerne in Transcaucasia, 345 ;
in U.S.A.. 102.

Jiyperaspidis, Horn aJotylus.

Hyperaspis biqeminata, parasitised
bv Anisotyhis siwilalis texanus
in Texas, 524.

Hyperaspis f estiva, predaceous on
Psei(docoecus sacchari in Br.
Guiana, 484.

Hyperaspis lateralis, predaceous on
Pseiulococcus citri in California,
359.

Hyperaspis octopustulata, pre-
daceous on Pseudoeoccus sacchari
in Br. Guiana, 484.

Hyperaspis osculans, associated with
Daetylojri'us confusus in California,
523 ; parasitised by Homalotylus
affinis in California, 523.

Hyperaspis trilineata, predaceous
on Pseudoeoccus sacchari in Br.
Guiana, 484.

Hyperaspis trimaculata. on Opuntia,
parasitised by Hornalolylus cocke-
relli in Texas", 523.

Hyperaspis undulata, parasitised
by Homalotylus hyperaspidis in
U.S.A.. 524.

hyperici, (Jhrysomela ; I eery a.

Hypericum (St. John's Wort), pro-
posed introduction of Chrysomela
hyperici into Australia to destroy,
295 ; new scale-insect on, 485.

Hyphantria cnnea (Fall Webworm),
in Canada, 44, 301 ; parasites of,
in U.S.A., 80, 429, 503 ; effect of
derris on, 497.

hyphantriae, Meteorus.

hypocrita, Sipalus.

Hypoderma (Warble Flv). in U.S.A.,
220.

Hypopschrus indicus, in Shorea ro-
busta in India; 292.

/* ypogaea, D iarth ro nom y ia.

Hypomeces squamosus, food-plants
of, in India, 403.

Hyponomeuta (Ermine Moth),
measures against, on apple in
Cyprus, 71 ; in orchards in
Denmark, 448 ; on hawthorn in
Spain, 210 ; on stone-fruits in
Switzerland, 530.

Hyponomeuta euony melius, utilisa-
tion of parasities of. against
H. maUnellus in Finland. 468.

Hyponomeuta maUnellus (Apple
Ermine Moth), measures against,
in the Caucasus, 345 ; measures
against, in Finland, 468 ;
measures against, in France,
462, 464 ; in Germany, 158 ;
in Italy, 87, 157 ; on fruit-trees
in Switzerland. 126, 513 ; in
Transcaucasia, 344.

Hyponomeuta padellus, food- plants
of, in France, 462, 464.

Hyponomeuta variabilis, measures
against, in the Caucasus. 345 ;
in Germany, 158 ; on apples in
Norway, 540 ; in Transcaucasia,
344.

Hypophloeus parallelus, predaceous
on Ips pini in N. America. 430.

Hypophloeus tenuis, predaceous on
Ips lonqidens in U.S.A., 505.

Hyposoter fugitivus var. pacificus,
n., parasite of Malacosoma spp.
in U.S.A.. 307.

Hypostena variabilis, parasite of
Pyrausta penitalis in U.S.A.. 117.

Hypothenemns eruditus, in avocado
in Hawaii, 241.

Hypothenemus ritchiei. in sweet
potato chips in Jamaica, 56.

hypotrophica, Lyda (see Cephaleia
abietis).

hystrix, Platypria.

Iberis, flea-beetles on, in Denmark,

449.
Ibis, destroying sugar-cane grubs

in Queensland, 110.
ibofushi, Nurudea.
Icerya, intercepted on bananas in

California, 62, 503 ; establishment

of Novius cardinalis against, in

France, 467.

INDEX.

637

Icerya aegyptiaca, iood-plants of,

iji S. India, 403.
Icerya bras Hie nsin, on rosewood in

Argentina, 318.
Icerya hyperici, sp. n., destroyinir

!^t. John's wort in Australia,

485.
leerifa minima, sp. n., in Argentina,

307.
Icerya 'purcitasi (Cottony Cushion

Scale, Fluted Scale), parasites

of, in Argentina, 363, 524 ;

measures against, in Ceylon,

374, 497 ; on lemon, etc., in Italy,

157, 413, 455, 456 ; bionomics of,

i.n Japan, 100, 369 ; in Portugal.

6 ; introduction of Gryptochaetuni

into Uruguay against, 237 ;

bionomics and control of, in

U.S.A., 18, 20, 103, 215, 476,

501 ; on citrus in New Zealand,

50 ; utilisation of Noinutf

cardinal is' asrainst, 6, 18, 103,

215, 363, 413", 456, 467.
Icerya, seycheJlarnm, Chrysopids

predaceous on. in Japan, 369.
iceryae, Cryptochaetuiu {Lestoplio-

nms) ; Isodromus.
iceryoides, Phe nacoccus.
IcJineumon, parasite of Xanthorhoea

praefectata, in New Zealand.

82, 83.
Ichneumon captorius, hosts of, in

Sweden, 96, 421.
Ichnetimon extensorius, parasite of

Lepidoptera in Sweden, 420.
Ichneumon inquisitor var. a Say,

synonym of Iseropus coelebs, 23.
Ichneumon irritator, parasite of

Aegeria, exitiosa in U.S.A., 95.
Icthyomethia piscipnla, Ptinus

huesanus on, in Florida. 321.
Idaho, bionomics and control of

Aphis baJceri on clover in. 479 ;

pests from, intercepted in

California, 199.
Idiocerus (Mango Hopper), effect

of meteorological conditions on,

in India, 288.
Idiocerus cognahis (White Poplar

Leaf-hopper), bionomics of, on

Populus alba, in New Jersey. 216.
Idomacromerus longfellowi, para-
site of Brnchophagus funehris in

Minnesota. 327.
ignita. Haltica.
ilexeuropaeus. Aeolothrips annectans

on, in Br. Columbia, 509.
ilieis. Aphis,
iljinskii, Platycleis.
iilepida, Crypiophlebia.
illinoiensis, Chrysopa.
Illinois, Harmolifa uebsteri in, 470 ;

pests from. intercepted in

California, 504.

illinoisensis, Elis.

imbricans, Hemilecanium.

imbricaius, Epicaems.

imitatrix, Polynema.

im,maculata, C 'orythuca.

immaculatus, Bassus.

immanis, Gorlyna.

immaturus, Xyleborns.

immigrans, Sclerodermus.

imparls, Prenolepis.

Imperata arundinaeea, 133.

imper ixdis , Pie leo bin s .

im.pressa, Crioceris ; Laclinosterna ;

Pachnoda.
impress ifrons, Catorama.
impressor, Coelichneumon.
ini,puncticollis, Amara.
inaequalis, Coeliodes ; Spheno-

phorus.
inarcualis, SimpUeia.
inarmatus, Hologamasus*
incarnatus, Piezodorus.
incertellus, Schoenobius.
inconsequens, Taeniothrips.
inconspicua, Neurotoma.
Incosopol, against Aphids, Coccids,

etc., 135. "^
Incurvaria capitella, measures

against, on currants in Norway,

540.
Incurvaria pectinea, on currants in

Norway, 540.
Incurvaria rubieUa, on blackberries

and raspberries in Denmark, 448 ;

control of, on raspberries in

Holland, 443.
incur vus, Pycnoderes.
inda. Euphoria,
indagator, Epiurus. .
indagatrix. Scambiis.
inday, Chionaspis.
India, cacao pests in. 291, 402, 535

coffee pests and their control in

505 ; coconut pests in, 133, 402

404, 508 ; cotton pests in. 71

72, 73, 114, 132, 286, 287, 402
forest pests in. 135, 165, 190, 291
367, 403, 489, 517, 534; mis
cellaneous pests in. 15, 54, 55
71, 72, 73, 93, 113, 122, 132-135
165, 228, 251, 277, 286, 287
289-291, 309, 372, 402, 535
pests of stored grain in, 134, 219
288 ; susar-cane pests in. 72

73, 133, 134, 287, 288, 402
measures atrainst tea pests in
31, 55, 56, 375, 402, 505, 534
failure of introduction of Attacus
rieini into Mauritius from, 7
proposed utilisation of Antheraea
roylei for silk in. 354 ; Coccidae
of, 402 ; methods of cultivating
Tachardia lacca in, 247, 375 ;
Thysanoptera from, 262, 543 ;
bionomics and control of Tylen-

638

INDEX.

chus angustus on rice in, 289-291 ;
new weevils from, 489 ; food-
plants of Xyloirechus quadrlpes
in, 270 ; suggested introduction
of Empusa Ucanii from, into
Seychelles, 483 ; mango pests
from, intercepted in Florida,
214 ; report on an inquiry into
the silk industry in, 235 ; plant
pest legislation in, 114, 360, 433 ;
economic entomology in, 356 ;
transmission of sxnke disease of
sandal by insects in, 162.

Indian Meal Moth (see Plodia inter-
punctella).

Indiana, Diarthronomyia hypogaea
probably introduced into Georgia
with chrysanthemums from, 497 ;
measures against grasshoppers in,
293 ; Harmolita websteri in, 470 ;
wheat pests and their control in,
46.

indiana, Glenea.

indica, Gapnodis ; Chrijsoboihris ;
Neoheegeria.

indicata, Nacoleia.

indicus, Anomalococcns ; Dacty-
lopius (Coccus) confusiis ; Dendro-
thrips ; Hypoesrhras.

indiginella, Mineola.

Indigo, pests of, in India, 72.

Indigo Psyllid (see Aryiaina isiiis).

indistincta, A pate.

ineptifrons, Phaeogenes (Centetems).

inequalis, Coelophoro.

infausta, Aglaope.

infelix, Encyrius.

inferens, Sescmi ia.

Inga, thi-ips on, in Central America
and West Indies, 185, 186.

Inga laurina (Guama), Melipotis
januaris on, in Porto Rico, 131.

Tngura subapicalis, on sal in India.
190.

initialis, Tetraneura folUcuIaria.

innuba, Diabrotica.

innumerabilis, Pulvinaria.

inornata, Tiphia.

Inosiemma piricola, parasite of Gon-
tarinia pyrivora in Holland,
444.

inquinata, GassidOi.

inquisitor. Ichneumon (see Iseropus
coelebs) ; Pimpla (Iseropus) (see
Epi u r us inqu isitorieUa) .

inquisitorieUa, Epiurxis.

inquisitor iellus, Scambus.

inscriptutn, Deidamia.

Insect Ecology, notes on, in Canada,
29.

Insect Galls, notice of key to
American species of. 96 ; use of,
in U.S.A., 284.

Insect Infestation, methods of esti-
mating, in U.S.A., 280.

[ Insect Powder, and soap, against
Epilaehna niponica, 155 ; and
lime, diLsting with, against Pieris,
450 ; in formula for Dufour's
mixture, 450; (see Pyrethrum).

Insectary, construction of a porta-
ble, 121.

Insecticides, comparisons of the
value of, 522 ; efficacy of, when
combined with fungicides, 428,
450, 529 ; plants used as, 543 ;
contact, observations on the
mode of action of, 115 ; (see
Bordeaux mixture, Lead Arsen-
ate, Paris Green, etc., etc.).

insidiosa, Pentilia.

insidiosus, Triphleps.

ins ignicola, Physokermes.

insignis, Glosterocerus ; Ortliezia.

insolens, Sedulothrips.

insolitus, Phenacoccus.

instigator, Pimpla.

insulana, Earias.

insnlaris, Franldiniella ; Oregma ;
Trionymns.

intacta, Scvrpoph aga.

integer, Gryllus.

integerrivia, Datana.

Integra, Anastrepha.

intermedia, ScMectendalia.

intermedius, Diadromus varicolor ;
Merisus (see 31. destructor) ;
Bhogas.

Internal Boll Disease, of cotton,
insect carriers of. in W. Indies,
295, 337, 415.
. inter punctella, Plodia.

interrogationis, Polygonia.

interrupta, Elis.

i iterruptor, Cremastus.

interruptmn, Limnerium.

inter stinctana, Cydia (Enarmonia,
Laspeyresia).

i nterstitialis, Scalnius.

intrusa, Melanophila.

Inula conyza, food-plant of Pyrausta
nubilalis in Belgium, 373.

inversa, Drosophila.

iota, Phytometra.

Iowa, Aegeria rutilans intercepted
in California in strawberry from,
199 ; outbreak of Gossyparia
spuria on American elm in,
478 ; garden pests in, 83 ; new
mite predaceous on Lepidosaphes
vhni in, 316.

Iphiaulox flavator, parasite of Hes-
perophanes griseus in France,
268.

Ipomoea (Morning Glory), Aleuro'
thrixus qraneli on, in Argentina,
318 ; Popillia japonira on, in
New Jersey, 511 ; Franklino-
thrips tenuicornis on, in Trinidad,
185.

INDEX.

639

Iponioea batatas (see Sweet Potato).
Ipomoea littoralis, Cylas formicarms

on, in Florida, 214'.
Ipomoea pandurata, Cylas formi-

carius on, in Florida, 214.
Ips acuminaius, iu pine in Sweden,

423.
Ips amitlnus, in Picea omorica in

Balkans. 452.
Ips balsarneus, Pityokteines sparsus

erroneously recorded as, in

Canada, 527.
Ips cadatus (see Orthotomicus).
Ips calligraphus, in fore^its in N.

America, 430, 505.
Ips laricis, parasitised by Doryctes

pomarius in France. 236; in

forests in Sweden, 469.
Ips longidens, iu forests in N.

America, 430, 505.
Ips pini (Pine Bark-beetle),

bionomics of, in forests in N.

America, 429, 505.
Ips plastographus, in pines in

U.S.A., 477.
Ips proximus, in forests in Sweden,

469.
Ips radiatae, in pines in U.S.A.,

477.
Ips sexdentatus, in pines in Spain,

210.
Ips typographus (Sjiruce Bark-

beetle), in Picea omorica in

Balkans, 452 ; in forests in

Sweden, 422.
irava, Hidari.
iridescens, Levuana.
iridicola, Dacnusa.
Iridomyrmex humilis (Argentine

Ant), in S. Africa, 247 ; inter-
cepted in Hawaii, 329 ;

bionomics and* control of, in

U.S.A., 78, 103, 215, 408, 411,

523 ; associated with Aphids and

Coccids, 78, 103, 411 ; formula

for bait for, 523.
Iris, food-plant of Eumerus

strigatus in N. America, 356 ;

pests of, in U.S.A., 138, 321,

340, 511.
Iris kaempferi. (Japanese Iris),

Agromyza laterella on, in New

Jersey, 215, 216 ; Popillia

japoiiica probably introduced

into U.S.A. in roots of, 101.
Iris Leaf-miner (see Agromyza

laterella).
Iris Root Borer (see Macronoctua

onusta).
Iron Sulphate, experiments with,

against Xylotrechus guadripes,

53.
Ironweed (see Vernonia baldwini).
irritator, Ichneumor,
Isabella, Isia.

Isaria, infesting Bngrada hilaris
in S. Africa, 165.

Isaria arachnophila, infesting the
cocoon of a Braconid in Britain,
143.

Isaria ritcMei, infesting white grubs
in Jamaica, 502.

Ischaemum spp., Cecidomyids
forming galls on, in India, 309.

Ischnaspis longirostris, intercepted
on cholcos in California, 238.

iselyi, Apanteles.

Iseropus alboricta (see Pimpla).

Iseropus eoelebs, synonym v of,
23.

Isia isabella, in Canada, 26.

is is, Tetrastichus.

isitis, Arytaina.

Isle of Wight Bee Disease (see
Nosema apis).

Isocratiis vulgaris (see Asaphes).

Isodromus, revision of genus, 523.

Isodromiis iceryae, hosts of, in
U.S.A., 524.

Isodromus niger, hosts of, in
U.S.A., 524.

Isophya poltoratskii, sp. n., in
Transcaucasia, 346.

Tsosoma (see Harmolita).

Isotoma minuta (European Spr.'ng-
tail), in New York, 137.

Italian Pear Scale (see Epidiaspis
piricola).

italicus, Calliptamus {Caloptenus).

Italy, almond and cherry pests in,
142 ; pests of figs in, 413 ; pests
of forests in, 157, 351 ; mea.sures
against locusts in, 86, 89, 465,
535; miscellaneous pests in, 16,
87, 123, 157, 193, 194, 218, 373,
434, 455, 465 ; pests of vines in,
194, 195, 465; spread of Aula-
raspis pentagona into France
from, 123; Chalcid parasites in,
65, 66 ; new Coccids from, 141 ;
measures against Dacus oleae in,
66 ; utilisation of Noinus
cardinalis against Icerya pnrcTiasi
in, 413.

Itonida opuntiae, suggested intro-
duction of, into Australia from
U.S.A. to destroy prickly pear,
482.

Itonida tritici (see Contarinia).

Itoplectis behrensi, parasite of
Phryganidia californica in
U.S.A., 381.

Itoplectis conguisitor (see Pimpla).

Tttys perditrix (see Abbella).

Ivy, Seudyra subflava on, in Japan
and Manchuria, 350.

Ixora, Tetranychus biocvlatus on,
in Java, 41 ; Xylotrechus
quadripes on, in Tonkin, 51.

640

INDEX.

Jacaianda (see Rosewood).

Jackdaw, a beneficial bird in
Britain, 238.

jacksoni, Pulvitiaria.

Jaggery, in formula for bait for
mole-crickets, 260.

Jak {i<ee Arlocarpus integrifolia).

.Jamaica, bionomics of Aleuro-
euiithus woglumi in, 213, 434 ;
measures against Cosmopolites
sordklus on bananas in, 85, 434 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 56-58,
479, 502 ; Cerambycid beetle
intercepted in Florida on citrus
from, 82 ; danger of introduction
of insect pests into Florida from,
18 ; legislatioji against importa-
tion of sweet potatoes and yams
into U. S. A. from, 56.

jansoni, Conarthrus ; Sagra.

januaris, JleJipotis.

Japan, forest pests in, 110, 275,
370 ; hemp pests in, 155 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 99, 100,
153, 154, 240, 273, 350, 369, 438,
439; new Apliids of, 111, 137,
211 ; new bark-beetle from, 110 ;
notes on Buprestidae of, 275 ;
Cerambycids of, 154 ; notes on
Chrysopidae of, 368 ; bionomics
of Cydia molesia in, 108 ;
bionomics of Dacus tsuneonis
infesting oranges in, 238, 350 ;
bacterial disease of gipsy motlis
in. 104; iSiosema homhycis in,
392 ; bionomics and diseases of
silkworms in. 12, 98, 99, 152,
235, 239, 273, 274, 275 ; new
economic ^^yrpliidae of, 211 ;
notice of list of Tentliredinidae
from, 369 ; pests from, imported
into other countries. 49, 60,
62, 101, 122, 199, 201, 207,
208, 238, 329, 361, 427, 438, 503,
511.

japana, (Jhrijsopa.

Japanese Flower Beetle {seePopillia
japonica).

Japanese Orange Fly (see Dacus
tsuneonis).

japonensis, Buprestis.

japonica, Caligula ; Clialcopliora ;
Clirysotropia ; Gastrozona ; Go-
haishia ; Leucaspis ; Melolontha. ;
Oberea ; Popillia ; Ricania ;
Schizoneura.

japonicum, Sinoxylon.

japonicus, Phyllobius.

Jarrah, not attacked by Micro-
termes ohesus in India, 135.

Jasmine, Aleurothrixus graneli on,
in Argentina, 318 ; Clirysom-

phalus aurantii on, in S. India,
402 ; Aulacaspis pentagona on,
in Italy, 157.

Jasmine, Cape, pests intercepted on,
in Califoniia, 361.

Jasminum, Brevipalpus obovatus on,
in Java, 41.

Jatroplia nmltifida, Hemilecanium
imbricans on, in S. India, 402.

Java, cacao and coffee pests in,
51, 107, 233, 360, 363, 364;
miscellaneous pests in, 15, 30,
31, 39, 201, 232, 233, 262, 277,
364, 465 ; sugar-cane pests in,
512, 515 ; tea'pests in. 41, 489 ;
tobacco pests in, 30, 251, 286 ;
monograph of the Aphids of,
107 ; new Chalcids from, 536 ;
new Diptera from, 233 ; cost of
measures against Heloj)eltis in,
499, 500 ; Ichneumonid parasites
and their hosts in. 104 ; notes on
jnole-crickets in, 537 ; Plaesius
javarius imported from, against
Cosmopolites sordidus in Jamaica,
502 ; bionomics of Thamnurgides
myristicae infesting nutmegs in,
231 ; pests from, intercepted in
Hawaii, 208 ; insect pests found
on imported palm seeds in,
488.

javae, Philotrypesis.

javanensis, Greeniella.

ja vanicus, Xylotrechu s.

javanus, Plaesius.

jarcnsis, Apanteles ; Eripternimor-
))ha ; Platyhracon.

Jeffrey i, Dendroctonus.

jimenezi, Blastophaga.

Jimson Weed, Triehobaris mucorea
on, in Arizona, 206.

Jonas i, Plagiotomu.

jonesi, Eutrixoides.

jorgenseni, Eriococciis.

Juar (see Sorghvm vulgar e).

jucunda, Agromyza platyptera.

j iiglandis, Corytliuca.

Juglans (see Walnut).

Juglans cinerea (Butternut), pests
of, in Canada and U.S.A., 170,
308, 409, 416.

Juglans nigra, Corythuca parshleyi
on, in Canada and U.S.A., 170,
409 ; Aulacaspis pentagona on,
in Italy, 157.

Juglans regia. Coleopterous pests
of, in India, 403, 535.

Juglans sibholdiana. (Japanese Wal-
nut), Cori/ihuca parshleyi on, in
Canada and U.S.A., 170, 409.

Julianella, new sub-genus for
Blastophaga aguilari, 352.

Julus londinensis, on vegetables in
Norway, 540, 541.

Jime Beetle (see Serica alternata).

INDEX.

641

Jmieberry, food-plant of Chalepus
rubra in U.S.A., 169 ; (see Ame-
lancliier).

Jmiiper, Lachniella jiiniperi on, in
Britain, 542 ; Aphid intercepted
on, in California, 503.

Juniper Bug (see Chlorochroauhleri).

juniperata, Larentia.

juniperi, Aonidia ; Lachniella.

juniperivora, Lachnus.

Juniperus virginiana, Lachnus juni-
perivora on, in Maryland, 137.

junodi, Chalioides (Acanthopsyche).

Jute, pests of, in Assam, 115, 492 ;
pests of, in India, 134, 290.

juvator, Pipunculus.

juvencus, Sirex.

K.

kagoshimensis, Acidia.

Kaislia Tree, unidentified Tineid
motli on, in Cyprus, 534.

Kalcothrips pisivora, on Leguminous
plants in Denmark, 449 ; Aeolo-
thrips fasciatas predaceous on,
in Europe, 509 ; in Finland, 468 ;
on peas in Norway, 540.

Kaliosysphinga ulmi, bionomics and
control of, in Canada, 470, 526.

Tcalmi, Lygus.

Kalmia latifolia (Mountain Laurel),
Leptobyrsa rhododendri on, in New
Jersey, 255.

Jcaltenbachi, Myzus.

Kamervm, pests of rubber and
tobacco in, 159.

Kansas, bionomics of Eleodes opaca
infesting wheat in, 281 ; success-
ful measures against grasshoppers
in, 284 ; miscellaneous pests in,
40, 47, 355 ; pests intercepted in
quarantine in, 48 ; Nematodes
intercepted in California on apple
and pear from, 361.

Kaolin, in mixtures for dusting
against Heliothis obsoleta, 61.

Icashmirensis, Ancylocheira.

Katakilla, spraying with, against
Bagrada hilaris, 166.

Katydids, natural enemies of, in
CaUfornia, 237.

Kauri Pine (see Agathis australis).

Kei-apple, Chrysomphalus corticosus
on, in S. Africa, 242.

kellneri, Gecidomyia.

Jcellyi, Aspidiotus.

Icerketa, Olynthoscelis.

Kermes, confined to Quercus, 276 ;
parasites of, in U.S.A., 263.
(672)

Kermes galliformis, parasitised by
Eiiclemensia bassettella in U.S.A.,
264.

Kermes pettiti, parasitised by Eucle-
mensia bassettella in U.S.A., 264.

Kermes quercus, on oak in Britain,
518.

Kermes roboris, in Portugal, 6.

Kermes variegatus (see K. roboris).

Kerosene, against various Coleop-
tera, 21, 101, 261 ; against
Lepidoptera, 225, 287, 288, 492,
498 ; against various Rhynchota,
200, 329, 374 ; for trapping
insects, 110, 515, 520; for treat-
ing furniture against termites,
516; (see Paraffin and Petroleum).

Kerosene Emulsion, against Agro-
myza laterella, 215, ; in sprays
against Aphids and Coccids, 3,
14, 15, 84, 152, 222, 311, 338,
342, 346, 471, 529 ; against pests
of stored grain, 144 ; against
Neocerata rhodophaga, 212, 322 ;
against mites, 354 ; against
various Rhynchota, 32, 278, 337,
510; against sawflies, 273, 470,
527 ; against thrips, 260 ; for-
mulae for, 14, 15, 21, 22, 84, 342,
346.

Kerosene Torches, use of, against
insects, 200, 211.

kerremansi, Acniaeodera.

khapra, Trogoderma.

Kicksia, Trioza bussei forming galls
on, in Kamerun, 159.

kiefferi, Alloxysta.

Kiggelaria africana, Chionaspis kig-
gelariae on, in S. Africa, 242.

kiggelariae, Chionaspis (Poliasp)is).

kintoki, Ghrysopa.

kitcheneri, Habrobracon (Bhogas).

Kleothrips atratus, sp. n., from E.
Africa, 262.

Knautia arvensis, food-plant of
Pieris brassicae in Switzerland,
513.

Koa Tree (see Acacia koa).

koebelei, Amblyteles ; Gephaleia ;
Trioza.

Kohlrabi, flea-beetles on, in Den-
mark, 449.

Kola (see Cola acuminata).

Korea, Cydia molesta in, 108 ;
bionomics of Epilachna niponica
in, 155 ; miscellaneous pests in,
273.

kolinsky i, Microterys.

kraunhiae, Pseiidococcus.

kiihniella, Ephestia.

kumamotoensis, Orosiotes.

Kumquat (see Citrus japonica).

kunoensis, Lecanium.

Kunugia yamadai, on oaks in Japan,
370.

642

INDEX.

Tcurda, Olynthoscelis.

Kurdia nesterovi, gen. et sp. n., in

Kurdistan, 346.
Kurdistan, new Ortlioptera from,

346, 347.
huvanae, Schedius.
Jcuwanae, Trichosiphum.
Kiiwania quercus, in N. America,

336.
Kmcanina, erection of new genera

allied to, 11.
huioerti, Tiberioides.

labena, Atanycolus.

Labidostomis Jiordei, on cluysan-
tliemum in Andalusia, 373 ; food-
plants of, in Barbaiy, 372.

Labidostcymis taxicornis, food-plants
of, in Italy and Sicily, 373 ; in
Morocco, 373.

Labrossyia ruficoxalis, sp. n., para-
site of Dijirion abietis in Mani-
toba, 307.

laburni, Aphis.

Lac, metliods of cultivation of,
in India, 135, 247, 288, 375 ;
experiments with Taclianlia lar-
reas in cultivation of, in U.S.A.,
476.

Lac Insect (see TacJiardia lacca).

lacertosa, Prosena (Mochlosoma).

Lachniella abietis (see L. pinicola).

Lachniella cilicica, on silver fir in
Britain, 542.

Lachniella jnniperi, on juniper in
Britain, 542.

Lachniella laricis, on larch in
Britain, 542.

Lachniella pichtae, on Abies pecti-
nata in Britain, 542.

Lachniella pini, on Scotch fir in
Britain, 542.

Lachniella pinicola, on Pinus excelsa
in Britain, 542.

Lachniella pinihabiians, on Scotch
fir in Britain, 542.

Lachnodkis phoradendri, L. salicis a
synonym of, 473.

Lachnodius salicis, synonym of
L. phoradendri, 473.

Lachnosterna (May Beetles, White
Grubs), 281 ; natural enemies of,
in N. America, 33, 256 ; in
Canada, 25, 337 ; infested with
Beauveria densa, 461 ; bionomics
and control of, in West Indies,
132, 229, 502, 512, 514 ; on coffee
in Java, 363 ; intercepted in
Kansas. 48 : on maize in New

South Wales, 85 ; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 34, 76, 77,
148, 202, 331, 338, 367.
Lachnosterna cribrosa, food-plants
of, and measures against, in
Texas, 393.
Lachnosterna diomphalia, in Korea,

274.
Lachnosterna dubia in Canada, 25.
Lachnosterna farcta, food-plants of,
and measures against in Texas,

393.
Lachnosterna fusca (June Beetles),

in New York, 137.
Lachnosterna, impressa, measures

against, on tea in India, 375.
Lachnosterna lanceolata, bionomics

and control of, in U.S.A., 227.
Lachnosterna problematica, on sal

in India, 190.
lachnosternae, B iom yia.
Lachnus abietis, L. ferrisi previously

recorded as, in California, 387.
Lachnus agilis (see Eulachmis),
Lachnus costatus, on spruce in

Britain, 542.
Lachnus fasciatus (see L. costatus).
Lachnus ferrisi, sp. n., on pine in

California, 387.
Lachnus juniperivora, sp. n., on

Juniperus virginianain Maryland,

137.
Lachnus parvus (see Unilachnus).
Lachnus pseudotsugae, L. taxifolia

distinct from, 387.
Lachnus taxifolia, sp. n., on Pseu-

dotsuga taxifolia in California,

387.
Lachnus tomentosus, on Pinus in

Hong Kong, 234.
laciniae, Pseudaonidia.
Lacon murinus, measures against,

in gardens in Holland, 364.
lacordairei, Hamaticherus.
lacteicolor, Apanteles.
lactucae, Macrosiphum ; Myzus j

Bhopalosiphum.
lacunipennis, Byctiscus.
lacustris, Scymnus.
Laemophloeus, in stored maize in

New South Wales, 85 ; infesting

copra in Sumatra, 64 ; effect of

air-tight storage on, 94.
Laemophloeus minutus (Flat Grain:

Beetle), measures against, in

Australian wheat in Cahfornia,

474.
Laemophloeus pusillus, measures

against, in flour in Britain, 384.
Laetilia coccidivora, introduction of,

into California, 237 ; predaceous

on scale-insects in U.S.A., 20,.

237, 263.
laetus, Cryptocampus (Euura) t

Oxycarenus.

INDEX.

643

laeve, Lasioderma.

laevigatus, Gasiralliis ; Quedius.

laeviventris, Buprestis.

lafertii, Sphenoptera.

Lagerstroemia indica (Crape Myrtle) ,
suggested as a trap-crop for
Haltica igniia in Florida, 418.

Lagria cyanea, on Hibiscus
sabdariffa in Queensland, 521.

Lamb's Quarters, Loxostege

sticticalis ovipositing on, in
Nebraska, 9.

Lamium, destruction of, against
Myzus ribis in Britain, 371.

LampeUs (see Psiloptera).

Lampides baetica, food-plants of,
in India, 54.

Lampronia rubiella (see Incurvaria).

Lampronota vialancholica, parasite
of Gimbex quadrimaculata in
Italy, 142.

lanceolata, Lachnosterna.

Land Plaster (see Gypsum).

Languria mozardi, on lucerne, etc.,
parasites of, in U.S.A., 321,
401.

Janguriae, Habrocytus.

lanigera, Cotalpa ; Oregma.

lanigerum, Eriosoma (Schizoneura).

Lansdownia bifenestraUs, on oil
palm in Sumatra, 65.

Laniana, Frankliniella insular is on,
in Central America and West
Indies, 186 ; destroyed by
Agromyza in Fiji, 312; scale-
insects on, in Seychelles, 484 ;
Prodenia litura on, in New South
Wales, 294.

Lantana camara, Frcmklinothrips
vespiformis on, in Central
America and West Indies, 185.

Lantana Seed-fly, parasitised by
Opius lantanae in Hawaii, 437.

lantanae, Crocidosema ; Opius.

lanuginosum, Eriosoma (Schizon-
eura).

lapathi, CryptorrJiyncJius.

Laphygma exigua, on cotton, etc.,
in S. Africa, 331 ; on potato in
India, 73 ; bionomics of, on beet
in S. Manchuria, 11.

Laphygma flavimaculaia (Beet Army
Worm), on castor beans in
California, 122.

Laphygma friigiperda (Corn Worm,
Fail Army Worm, Rice Cater-
pillar), Megilla maculata pre-
daceous on, in Br. Guiana, 484 ;
measures against, in Jamaica,
57, 479 ; bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 105,203,417,418,
491.

lapisligni, Aphelimts.

Lapium biglandulosum, new scale-
insect on, in Argentina, 307.
(672)

Larch (Larix), Ips pini on, in N.

America, 430 ; pests of, in Britain,

484, 542 ; pests of, in Germany,

159 ; Coleophora laricella on, in

Holland, 124 ; Hylastes pinifex

on, in U.S.A., 505.
Larentia cucullata, parasitised by

Cryptopimpla errabunda in

Sweden, 421.
Larentia juniperaia, parasitised by

Microgasier calceatus in Sweden,

420.
Large Aspen Tortrix (see Toririx

confiictana).
Larger Rhinoceros Beetle (see

Siraiegu s qti adrifove atus ) .
Laria pisoruni (see Bruchus).
laricella, Coleophora.
laricis, Ips ; Lachniella.
Larix (see Larch).
Larix leptolepis, pests of, in Japan,

370.
Larix occidentalis (Western Larch),

Melanojjhila drummondi in, in

U.S.A., 226.
larreae, Tachardia.
Lasioderma, measures against, in

cacao in Java, 107.
Lasioderma laeve, infesting cigars

in Holland, 30.
Lasioderma serricorne (Cigarette

Beetle, Tobacco Beetle),

intercepted in spices in California,

427 ; intercepted in cassava in

Florida, 215; measures against,

in dried tobacco in Dutch E.

Indies, 29, 250, 286, 389 ;

measures against, in Nyasaland,

138 ; measures against, in cigars

in Philippines, 493 ; erroneously

recorded as infesting caraway

instead of cummin in Sumatra,

251 ; bionomics and control of,

in stored tobacco in U.S.A.,

366.
Lasiophthicus pyrastri, predaceous

on Hyalopterus arundinis ia

U.S.A., 297.
Lasioptera rubi, on raspberries in

Norway, 541.
Lasiopyrellia cyanea, parasitised by

Bothrochalcis stercoraria in S.

Africa, 437.
Lasiosina cincUpes, on barley in

Germany, 353.
Lasius americamis, predaceous on

Coeliodes inaequalis in U.S.A.,

150.
Lasius niger americanus, associated

with Aphis maidiradicis in

U.S.A., 67.
Laspeyresia (see Cydia).
lataniae, Aspidiotus ; CeratapMs.
latecincta, Crossoglossa.
lateralis, Astycus ; Hyperaspis.

g2

644

INDEX.

laterella, Agromyza.

Lathyrus silvestris, Bruclius affinis
in pods of, in France, 236.

laticinctus, Microdus.

laticinerea, Graptolitha.

laticollis, Prionus.

latifrons, Brethesia.

latinasus, Caulophilus.

latreillei, Tropidacris.

Laurel {Lauriis nohilis), Trioza
alacris on, in Argentina, 252 ;
pests of, in Italy, 157.

lauri, Aonidia ; Heilipus ; Rhyncolus.

Laurus nohilis (see Bay Tree).

Lawns, LapJiygma exigua in, in S.
Africa, 331.

Lawsonia alba, Wallceriana cinerea
on, in S. India, 403.

Lazal, in mixture for dusting
against Anthonomus grandis, 497.

Lead, Buprestis japonensis boring in,
in Japan, 275.

Lead Arsenate, as a powder, 6, 57,
61, 75, 79, 100, 102, 149, 174, 175,
207, 256, 293, 333, 341, 394, 479,
497, 522; in baits, 16, 79, 105;
formulae for, in sprays, 81, 262,
440, 463, 464 ; against coconut
pests, 14, 390, 391 ; against
cotton pests, 75, 102, 149, 497,
522 ; against pests of forest
trees, 60, 176, 357, 383, 416, 444 ;
aoainst orchard pests, 27, 28,
50, 63, 100, 120, 167, 171, 173,
174, 175, 207, 208, 213, 216, 222,
251, 256, 262, 273, 293, 305, 310,
313, 332, 337, 338, 340, 342, 362,
366, 372, 394, 428, 440, 450, 462,
463, 464, 468, 483, 495, 508, 509 ;
against vegetable pests, 8, 56,
57, 58, 61,"79, 81, 84, 105, 117,
148, 151, 166, 208, 312, 325, 338,
339, 341, 375, 394, 405, 417, 418,
444, 479, 522 ; against vine pests,
100, 397; and Bordeaux mix-
ture, 148, 337, 375, 450, 495, 522,
525 ; calcium arsenate as a
substitute for, 101, 188, 338, 525 ;
and lime, 14, 85, 310, 313, 333,
342, 394, 479 ; and lime-sulphur,
146, 171, 173, 207, 208, 337, 366,
45 0 ; effect of addition of molasses
to, 495 ; and Paris green, 16 ;
and sulphur, 6, 174, 175, 256,
341 ; and tobacco extracts, 63,
174, 342 ; value of, as an
insecticide, 522 ; cost of, in
sprays, compared with other
insecticides, 325 ; diluents for
dusting with, 479 ; experiments
with different brands of, 428 ;
effect of freezing on, 83 ; ineffec-
tive against Pempheres affinis,
114 ; ineffective against termites
on sugar-cane, 133.

Lead Chromate, spraying experi-
ments with, against Homona
eoffearia, 405 ; suggested spray-
ing with, against Utetheisa pul-
chella, 55.

Lead Oxide, lime less expensive
than, 188.

Leaf-hoppers, notes on parasites of,
in N. America, 197 ; on rice in
Korea, 274; in Japan, 100;
on rice in Malaya, 520 ; a possible
factor in dissemination of mot-
tUng disease of sugar-cane in
Porto Rico, 514 ; (see Empoasca,
Etitettix, Perkinsiella, etc.).

Leather-] ackets, measui'es against,
in Britain, 442 ; destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 204 ; (see
Tipula).

Lebia ornata, predaceous on Galeru-
cella cavicollis in Xew York, 182.

lecanii, Coccopliagus ; Torrubiella.

Lecaniiim, intercepted in California,
427, 503, 504 ; infested with
Aschersonia turhinata in Cuba,
349 ; on peaches and apricots
in Denmark, 448 ; intercepted
on spruce in Nebraska, 9.

Lecaniuni capreae (see Eulecanium).

Lecanium corni (see Eulecanium).

Lecaniwm coryli (see Eulecanium,).

Lecanium hemisphaerica (see Sais-
setia).

Lecanium hesperidum (see Coccus).

Lecanium hunoensis, intercepted on
plums in California, 361.

Lecanium nigra (see Saissetia).

Lecanium nigrofasciatum (see Eule-
canium).

Jjecanium oleae (see Saissetia).

Ljccanium persicae (see Eulecanium).

Lecanium prunastri{see Eulecanium).

Lecanium signiferum, in Portugal, 6.

Lecanium tessellatum (see Eucalym-
natus).

Lecanium viridis (see Coccus).

Lecanopsis, on Gramineae, 276.

lecontei, H.ippodamia.

lecttilarius, Cimex.

lecythus, Asilus.

Leeks, pests of, in Britain, 509, 542 ;
pests of, in Denmark, 448 ;
Acrolepia assectella on, in France,
270 ; Phorbia platura on, in
Holland, 124.

Legislation, doubt as to value of,
against foulbrood in bees in S.
Africa, 244 ; proposed against
importation of bees into Den-
mark, 452 ; against bee diseases
in Florida, 501 ; (see Plant Pests).

leguminicola, Eriococcus ; Perrisia
(Dasyneura).

Leidyana erratica, parasite of Gryllus
spp., 196.

INDEX.

645

Leidyana gryJlorum, parasite of
Gryllus domesticus, 196.

Leidyana tinei, sp. n., parasite of
Endrosis fenestrella, 196.

Lema bilineaia, bionomics of, in
Argentina, 318.

Lema trilineata (Three-lined Potato
Beetle), in U.S.A., 240, 338,
503.

Lemon {Citrus limonum), pests of,
in Argentina, 118, 501 ; Papilio
thoas thoantiades on, in Brazil,
126 ; pests intercepted on, in
California, 238, 361, 427, 504 ;
food-plant of AleurotJirixus ho-
wardi in Florida, 409; pests of,
in Italy, 157 ; pests of, in
Tonkin, 54 ; food-plant of Bipro-
rulus bibax in New South Wales,
373.

Lemon Extract, in baits for grass-
hoppers, 293, 510.

Lemons, in baits for grasshoppers,
cutworms, etc., 9, 85, 105, 206,
260, 293, 294, 391, 394, 417,
441.

Lentils, Briichus lentis in, in Italy,
157.

lentis, Briichus.

Lepidiota (Sugar-cane Grubs), mea-
sures against, in Queensland,
411.

Lepidiota alboMrta (Greyback
Beetle), bionomics and control
of, in Queensland, 110, 200, 295,
465.

Lepidiota caudata, in Queensland,
200.

Lepidiota frenchi, control of, on
sugar-cane and grasses in Queens-
land, 110, 200, 295.

Lepidiota froggatti, in Queensland,
200.

Lepidiota rothei, control and food-
plants of, in Queensland, 110.

Lepidosaphes, on pine in Portugal,
7.

Lepidosaphes becJcii (Purple Scale),
on limes in Antigua, 512 ; a
minor citrus pest in Argentina,
272 ; on citrus in Costa Rica,
395 ; infested with MyriangiuTti
duriaei in Cuba, 349 ; fungi
infesting, in Florida, 20 ; inter-
cepted on orange in Hawaii, 485 ;
on vine in Italy, 157 ; measures
against, on Murraya exotica in
Porto Rico, 516 ; on oranges in
Portugal, 7 ; measures against,
in U.S.A., 228, 317; intercepted
in U.S.A., 48, 62, 82, 127, 199,
238, 361, 427, 503.

Lepidosaphes ficus, intercepted on
pears in California, 503 ; in
Portugal, 7.

Lepidosaphes gloveri (Glover's
Scale, Long Scale), on coconuts
in the Far East, 14 ; fungi
infesting, in Florida, 20; on
Areca catechu in Philippines, 74 ;
intercepted on citrus in U.S.A.,
81, 361, 503, 504.

Lepidosaphes macgregori, on coco-
nuts in the Far East, 14.

Lepidosaphes ttlmi (Oyster-shell
Scale), 276, 316 ; intercepted in
S. Africa, 244 ; natural enemies
of, in N. America, 242, 301 ;
parasitised by Aphelinus

mytilaspidis in Britain, 194 ;
on apples and pears in Denmark,
448 ; on j^ear and wiUow in
Italy, 157 ; bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 183, 316, 339 ; inter-
cepted on Buxus, etc., in U.S.A.,
9, 48, 62, 199, 238, 339, 361, 427,
504 ; eftect of derris on, 496.

Lepidosaphes unicolor, on coconuts
in the Far East, 14.

Lepisma (Silver Fish), in Minnesota,
328.

leplastriana, Cydia (Laspeyresia).

Leptaulax dentatus, on forest trees
in India, 535.

Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Colorado
Potato Beetle), in Canada, 25,
43 ; prevention of introduction
of, into California, 59, 199 ;
bionomics and control in U.S.A.,
7, 8, 9, 10, 83, 206, 325, 338, 419,
503, 510, 522; effect of derris
on, 497 ; transmitting diseases
of Solanaceous plants, 7, 528,
529.

Leptobyrsa explanata (see L.
rhododendri).

Leptobyrsa rhododendri (Rhododen-
dron Lace Bug), bionomics and
control of, in New Jersey, 255.

Leptocorisa tipidoides (Crane-fly
Bug), control of, on egg-plants
in Florida, 418.

Leptocorisa raricornis (Rice Bug),
in Assam, 114, 204, 492;
bionomics of, in Ceylon, 249 ;
measures against, in Philippines,
493.

Leptodietya bambusae, sp. n., on
Bambusa vulgaris in Porto Rico,
197.

Leptodietya tabida (Sugar-cane
Ting-id), L. bambusae probably
allied to, 197.

Leptoglossiis viembranaceus (Leaf-
footed Plant Bug), on cotton in
Uganda, 260.

LeptogJossus phyllopus, measures
against, on potatoes in Florida,
418 ; food-plants of, in Louisi-
ana, 79.

646

INDEX.

Leptoniastix, introduction of, into

California from Australia against

Pseudococcus, 61, 358.
Leptosphaerla coniothyrlum, spread

of, associated with Oecanthus

spp., 528.
Leptostyla ynacelfresJii, sp. n., in

.Haiti, 197.
Leptostylus macula, transmitting

Endothia parasitica in U.S.A.,

7, 528.
Leptostylus praemorsus (Lime-tree

Bark-borer), measures against

in Dominica, 532.
Leptothrips mail, food-plants of, in

Br. Columbia, 509.
Leptura ruhriola, food-plants of,

in India, 292.
lesbia, Golias.
Lesser Bud Moth (see Becurvaria

nanella).
Lesser Grain Borer (see Bhizopertha

dominica).
Lestophonus (see Cryptochaetum).
Lettuce, Diacrisia virginica on, in

Canada, 26 ; Trama caudata on,

in France, 458 ; Gryllotalpa

gr yllotalp a on, in ItaXy, 157; pests

of, in U.S.A., 399, 418.
Leucaena glauca (Lamtoro), as a

shade plant in Dutch E. Indies,

32, 360.
Leucariia extranea, synonym of

Girphis unipuncta, 30.
Leucania obsoleta, parasitised by
Y-^Eurylabus torvus in Sweden, 96.
Leucania unipuncta (see Girphis).
Jjeucania zeas (see Girphis).
Leucaspis japonica, intercepted on

persimmon in California, 361.
Leucaspis pini, on pines in

Argentina, 501.
leucaspis, Argyroploce.
Leucodesmia nigriventris, parasite of

Gydia molesta in U.S.A., 478.
leucogaster, Doryctes.
Leucoma salicis (see Stilpnotia).
Leucophaea, intercepted in packing

of orchids in Porto Kico, 514.
Leucopholis rorida, measures

against, on cassava in Java, 465.
LeuGopis, parasite of Uyalopterus

arundinis in U.S.A., 297.
Leucopis annulipes, hosts of, in

G-ermany, 162.
Leucopis bella, parasite of mealy-
bugs in California, 359.
Leucopis nigricornis, parasite of

Pulvinaria psidii in Florida, 20 ;

parasite of Eriopeltis lichtensteini

in Germany, 162.
Leucopis pjincticornis, hosts of, in

Germany, 162.
Leucoptera scitella, on apples in

Norway, 540.

leucopterus, Blissus.

leucostigma, Hemerocampa (Noto-
lophus).

leucotreta, Argyroploce.

Levuana iridescens (Coconut Leaf-
Moth), in Fiji, 311.

lewisi, Aenaria.

lezgina, Podisma.

Liberia, Gylas formicarius on sweet
potatoes in, 277.

libericus, Microcerotermes fuseo-
tibialis.

libocedri, Augomonoctenus.

Libocedrus decurrens (Incense
Cedar), pests of, in U.S.A., 24,
381.

Libyaspis vermicellaris, on cacao
and Erythrina in Uganda, 260.

Lice, 115.

Lichtensia vibiirni, in Portugal, 6.

lichtensioides, Eriuvi.

lichtenste ini, Eriopeltis.

licus, Gastnia.

Light Traps, use of, for attracting
insects, 46, 110, 132, 139, 192,
271, 287, 364, 375, 390, 414, 474,
488, 490, 508, 515 ; ineffective
against Diairaea saccharalis crarn-
bidoides, 403 ; ineffective against
mole-crickets, 182 ; ineffective
against Popillia japonica, 394.

ligneus, Hylotrupes.

ligniperda, Gossus (see G. cossus).

lignosellus, Elasmopalpus.

ligusticus, Aspidiotus.

Ligustrum vulgare (see Privet).

Ligyrus ebenus, on sugar-cane in
Br. Guiana, 484.

Ligyrus gibbosus (Carrot Beetle),
destroyed by crows in U.S.A., 203.

Lilac, Ghrysomphalus corlicosus on,
in S. Africa, 242 ; pests of, in
Italy, 123, 157 ; scale-insects
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 504,
533.

Liliuni panZaJimtm, measures against
Liothrips setinodis infesting bulbs
of, in Holland, 444.

Lily, Macromphalia dedeeora on, in
Chile, 252 ; legislation restricting
importation of, into U.S.A., 184.

Lily, Japanese, pests of, in Tonkin,
54.

Lily of the Valley, legislation
restricting importation of, into
U.S.A., 184.

Lima Bean (see Phaseolus lunatus).

limacina, Eriocampoides (Galiroa).

limbata. Nematocampa.

Lime (Gitrus), pests intercepted on,
in California, 199, 361, 504 ;
measures against pests of, in
West Indies, 261, 502, 512, 532.

Lime Tree Bark-borer (see Leptosty-
lus praemorsus).

INDEX.

647

Lime (Tilia), pests of, in Britain,

416, 542 ; Chrysomela scalaris
on, in Canada, 304 ; Cossus
cossus on, in Italy, 157 ; pests
of, in U.S.A., 169, 170, 533.

Lime, dusting with, 27, 46, 57, 61,
75, 81, 148, 207, 246, 333, 342,
372, 394, 417, 418, 450, 479, 492,
497, 522 ; in sprays against
Aphids and Coceids, 14, 15, 261,
268, 342, 346 ; against coconut
pests, 14, 15 ; against orchard
pests, 207, 301, 304, 310, 313,
365, 366, 469, 485, 486 ; against
pests of stored grain, etc., 167,
168, 208, 229, 258, 359 ; against
vegetable pests, 27, 57, 61,
81, 105, 148, 338, 342, 382, 394,

417, 418, 450, 479, 492, 512, 522 ;
against vine moths, 46, 372 ;
formulae containing, 81, 105,
219, 301, 310, 342, 346 ; against
Cecidomyid>, 426 ; against Glial-
ioides jimodi, 246, 333 ; percen-
tage of, in Gudrama and mulberry
leaves, 275 ; effect of manviring
with, on insect pests, 158 ; as a
soil- dressing, 124, 159, 287, 309 ;
effect of addition of, to barium
chloride, 365 ; value of excess
of, in Bordeaux mixture, 304,
305 ; and casein, 342 ; addition
of, to calcium arsenate, 101, 522 ;
and insect powder, 450 ; and
kerosene emuLsion, 346 ; and
lead arsenate, 15, 85, 310, 313,
333, 342, 394, 479 ; and quassia
extract, 469 ; and Paris green,
27, 85, 105, 333, 372, 382, 417,
418.

Lime-snlphur, 313 ; formulae for,
14, 15, 88, 414, 467 ; against
Aphids and Coceids, 8, 21, 56,
88, 176, 224, 254, 305, 311, 331,
342, 357, 362, 467, 480, 494, 502 ;
against Helopeltis theivora, 375,
376 ; against mites, 8, 56, 128,
129, 141, 196, 357, 375, 376, 414,
424, 471, 472, 497, 533 ; suggested
as a wash against Ilonochamus
fistulator, 20i ; ao;ainst orchard
pests, 13, 129, 146, 169, 170, 171,
173, 178, 204, 207, 208, 233, 305,
307, 337, 338, 339, 362, 366, 450,
471, 472, 495, 516, 540, 544 ;
and calcium arsenate, 223, 338,
525 ; and lead arsenate, 146, 171,
173, 207, 208, 337, 366, 450;
lead arsenate equal to, as a
fungicide, 310; miscible oil as a
substitute for, 494 ; and nicotine,
129, 146, 169, 207, 254; experi-
ments in combining oil emulsions
with, 317 ; effect of spraying
with, on foliage, 172, 178, 305 ;

effectof freezing on, 83 ; spraying

with, less expensive than dusting,

293.
Limes, in bait for Lapliygma frugi-

perda, 417.
limitata, Ileliana (Neleucania)

albilinea.
Limnerium, suggested liberation of,

against Malacosoma dissiria and

Hyphantria in Canada, 301.
Limnerium interriipium, possibly

a parasite of Pectinopliora gossy-

piella in Egypt, 164.
Limothrips cerealium, in Denmark,

445.
Limothrips denticornis, in Denmark,

445 ; measures against, on cereals

in Finland, 468 ; on grasses in

Germany, 455.
Lina popidi (see Melasoma).
linariae, Macrosiphoniella (Siphono-

phora).
Linden (see Lime, Tilia).
Linden Lace Bug (see Gargaphia

tiliae).
Lindesonius caridei, introduction

of, into Argentina against Oeceti-

cus platensis, 363.
lineare, Asterolecanium.
linearis, Atomaria ; Oberea.
lineata, Buprestis.
lineatella, Anarsia.
lineaticollis, Antestia.
lineatum, Bhagium.
lineatus, Agriotes ; Poeeilocapsus ;

Polistes ; Sitones ; Xyloterus.
lineola, GJilorops.
lineolata, Gremastogaster.
lineolatus, Gampoplex.
lini, Thrips.
Linnaemyia comta, parasite of Feltia

annexa in Louisiana, 79.
Linseed, Euproctis scintillans on,

in Assam, 55.
Lioderma quadridentatiim, pre-

daceous on Diatraea saccJiaralis

in Br. Guiana, 484.
Liodonlomerus perplexus, parasite

of Bruchophagus funebris in
U.S.A., 265.
Liodontomerus secundus, parasite of

Brtiehophagus funebris in U.S.A.,
266.
liosoma, Eriophyes tiliae.
Liothrips, notice of key to Austra-
lian species of, 434.
Liothrips ordinarius, sp. n., on
Sesbania grandiflora in India,
262.
Liothrips setinodis, control of, in
bulbs of Lilium pardalinum in
Holland, 444.
Liparis dispar (see Porthetria).
liriodendri, Toumeyella.

648

INDEX.

Lissonoia huolianae, parasite of

Hhyacionia buoliana in Holland,

234.
Lissonoia folii, considered identical

with L. huolianae, 234.
Lissonoia liwmerella, parasite of

Bhyacionia buoliana in Holland,

234.
Lissonoia iransversa, considered

identical with L. huoliamae, 234.
Liia solanella (see Phihorimaea oper-

culella).
Litchi, Erlophyes on, in Hawaii,

196 ; pests of, in India, 134 ;

food-plant of Zeuzera coffeae in

Tonkin, 54.
Lithocolletis malivorella (see Phyllo-

rycier).
Liihospernmm, pilosum, thrips on,

in Br. Columbia, 509.
Litomasiix iruncatellus, bionomics

of, in U.S.A., 298.
Liisea laurifolia, food-plant of

Trioza liiseae in Keimion, 192.
litseae, Trioza.
Little Bill-bug (see SpJienophorus

minimus).
litioraUs, Polychrosis (Sericoris) ;

Prodenia (see P. liiura).
litura, Prodenia.
Litus nigriceps, sp. n., parasite of

a Homopteron in Holland, 444.
Live Oak (see Quercus virginiana).
lividicorpus, Eurydinoia.
Livisiona, Hidari irava on, in Dutch

E. Indies, 390.
Lizard, destroying noxious insects,

140, 460, 498; destroyed by

mongoose in Trinidad, 269.
Llaveia haemaioj^iera, sp. n., from

Borneo, 396.
Llaveia raddoni, 396.
Llaveia sanguinea, 396.
Lobopiera extranea, Dolichurus sian-

ioni probably breeding on, in

Hawaii, 412.
Locust, Giant (see Tropidacris

laireiUei).
Locust, Eed (see Schisiocerca sep-

temfasciaia).
Locust Birds, in S. Africa, 245.
Locust Borer (see Cyllene robiniae).
Locust Fly (see WoTilfahrtia brunni-

palpis).
Locust Tree (see Bobinia pseuda-

cacia).
Locusta pardalina (Brown Locust),

bionomics and control of, in S.

Africa, 245.
loeustae, Anasiaius.
locustarum,, Agonioneurus (see Cen-

trodora amoena) ; Eutrombidium

(Trombidium).
Locusts, measures against, in N.

Africa, 532 ; legislation against,

in Algeria, 544 ; in Argentina,
271 ; campaign against, in Asia
Minor and Palestine, 161 ; in
Denmark, 445 ; on coconut and
cereals in the Far East, 14 ;
organisation of measures against,
in France, 432 ; in Br. Guiana,
310, 311, 491 ; measiires against,
in Italy, 86, 89, 465, 535 ; on
rice in Korea, 274 ; not causing
much damage in Malaya in 1918,
520 ; measures against, in
Morocco, 425, 432 ; extermina-
tion of, in Philippines, 122, 493 ;
meastires against, in Spain, 268,
293, 365 ; in Uganda, 260 ;
(see Caloptenus, Dociosiaurus,
Schisiocerca, etc.).

locuior, Barichneumon.

LoncJiaea mochii, sp. n., in Eritrea,
243.

Lonchaea plumosissima, sp. n.,
bred from vegetable marrow, etc.,
in W. Africa, 243.

Lonchaea poliia, intercepted on
beet in Florida, 82.

londinensis, Julus.

Long Scale (see Lepidosaphes glo-
ver i).

longfellowi, Idomacromerus.

longicollis, Sagra.

longicorne , 8iromaiiwm..

longicornis, Prenolepis.

longidens, Ips.

longior, Tyroglyphus.

longipes, Cyrtoirachelus ; Lrya-
phis ; Melanojihila ; Plagiolepis.

longirosiris, Ischnaspis.

longispinus, Daciylopius, Pseudo-
coccus (see P. adonidum).

Longiunguis spa.ihodeae, on Panax
in Ceylon, 164.

longulus. Coccus ; Ilyochrous.

Lopaphus cocophagus, measures
against, on coconut in Fiji,
311.

lophaniae, Rhizobiiis.

Lophocaieres 2:t'?ts?7?'i/s (Siamese
Grain Beetle), Corey ra cephalonica
associated with, in U.S.A., 428.

Lophosiernus huqelii, food-plants
of. in India, 292.

Lophyrus fini (see Diprion).

Lophyrus rufus, increase of, in
Holland, 124; on pine in Spain,
90, 209.

Lopidea media, on Phlox in Arkan-
sas, 36.

Loranihus (see Mistletoe).

loreyi, Cirphis.

lotella, Anerasiia.

Lotus (see Nelumbium).

Lotus Borer (see Pyrausia peniialis).

Louisiana, Aleurodes intercepted in
California on jasmine from, 361 ;

INDEX.

649

introduction of beneficial insects
into, 237, 279 ; vegetable pests
in, 78-80.

lounshnryi, Pseiidococcus.

Lowland Fir (see Abies grandis).

Loxostege siinilalis (Garden Web-
worm), measures against, in lu-
cerne fields in U.S.A., 343, 394.

Loxostege sticticalis (Sugar-beet
Web worm), in Canada, 544 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 9, 315 ; measures against,
465.

Lucanus Umifer, on forest trees in
India, 535.

Lucerne (Medicago saliva), Colias
lesbia on, in Argentina, 501 ;
experiments to determine
susceptibility of, to Tylenchus
devastatrix in Britain, 356 ;
Bruchophagtis funebris on, in Br.
Columbia, 172 ; pests of, in Den-
mark, 446, 447 ; pests of, in
France, 456, 462 ; Aphis laburni
on, in S. Eastern Russia, 143 ;
Hyper a variabilis on, in Trans-
caucasia, 345 ; pests of, and their
control |in U.S.A., 9, 22, 36, 40,
61, 105, 145, 146, 201, 205, 206,
227, 232, 265, 282, 283, 321, 327,
343, 374, 382, 394, 399, 401 ;
pests of, in New South Wales,
294.

Lucerne Meal, in baits, 9, 162, 515.

lucida, Tiphia.

lucifngus, Beticitlotermes.

luctuosus, Gryllus assimilis.

lucublandus, PterosUchus.

Lucuma cainito, Anastrepha ser-
pentina on, in Brazil, 352.

ludens, Anastrepha (Trypeta).

ludifieator, Alcides.

lugubre, Calosoma.

Lukka (see Setaria italica).

lundi, Euryphagus.

lunifer, Lucanus.

Luperina testaeea, bionomics of, in
Denmark, 445, 446, 447.

Luperus rufipes, on fruit-trees in
Norway, 540.

Lupin, Phorbia funesta on, in
Holland, 124.

Lupin, Italian, spread of Nematodes
encouraged by, in Hawaii, 413.

lupulinus, Hepialus.

lurida, Podops.

luridus, Gerambyx.

luscus, Epepeotes.

lusoria, Musca.

lusoriae, Alysia.

lutea, Macrosiphoniella {Siphono-
phora).

luteipes, Sigalphus.

luteola, GalerneeUa.

luteolellus, Crambus.

Lycidocoris mimeticus (Coffee Plant
Bug), in Uganda, 259.

lycii, Pseudaonidia.

Lycium afrmn, Pseudaonidia lycii
on, in S. Africa, 242.

Lycophotia margaritosa (Variegated
Cutworm), measures against, on
lucerne in Nevada, 22.

Lycosa helluo, destroying Lachno-
sterna in N. America, 256.

Lyda hypoirophica (see Cephaleia
abietis).

Lyda pratensis, parasitised by
Entedon ovulorum, 424.

Lyda stellata (see Acantholyda).

Lygaeonematus abietinus, on Picea
omorica in Balkans, 452.

Lygaeonematus pini, food-plants of,
in Holland, 124.

Lygaeonematus wesmaeli, on larches
in Britain, 484.

Lygidea mendax (False Apple Red-
bug), bionomics and control of,
in orchards in U.S.A., 137, 146,
172, 340, 503.

Lygris testata, parasites of, in
Sweden, 97, 420.

Lygus, on vegetables in Arizona,
206.

Lygus campestris, bionomics and
control of, in Nova Scotia, 306.

Lygus communis var. novascotiensis
(Green Apple Bug), experiments
in control of, in orchards in
Canada, 168, 507.

Lygus elisus var. hesperus, on cotton
and lucerne in Arizona, 206.

Lygus Icalmi, on apples and pears in
Denmark, 448.

Lygus parrotti, sp. n., on Viburnum
spp. in New York, 516.

Lygus pratensis (Tarnished Plant
Bug), bionomics of, in Canada,
179 ; on apples and pears in Den-
mark, 448 ; on cereals in Norway,
539 ; bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 115, 224, 325; trans-
mitting BaciUns amylovorus, 528.

Lygus pratensis var. oblineatus,
(Tarnished Plant Bug), in Nova
Scotia, 179; on cotton and lucerne
in Arizona, 206.

Lygus pratensis var. rubidus, in
Nova Scotia, 179.

Lygtis univittatus, on Crataegus in
New York, 516.

Lymantria ampla, food-plants of, in
Ceylon, 165.

Lymantria dispar (see Porthetria).

Lymantria fumida (see Porthetria).

Lymantria monacha (see Porthetria).

Lymidus variicolor, sp. n., on cacao
in San Thome, 268.

Lyonetia, bionomics of unidentified
species of, on peach in Japan, 439.

650

INDEX.

Lyonetia clerkella, effect of meteoro-
logical conditions on, in Germany,
160 ; on peacli in Japan, 439.

Lysiphlehus, parasite of Aphids in
Michigan, 68.

Lysiphlehus testaceipes, parasite of
Apbid^, 487.

Lysiphlehus tritici, sex-determina-
tion of, 298.

Lysol, spraying with, against
Aphid?, 420.

Lytopilus melanocephalus, sp. n.,
parasite of an imdetermined
Lepidopteron in Brazil, 125.

M.

Mace, attacked by Araecerus in

Java, 107.
Tnacelfreshi, Leptostyla.
tnacer, Dacus.
maegregori, Lepidosaphes,
machaeraUs, Pyrausta.
Machaerota planitiae, on cotton in

India, 132.
Machylus, Coleopterous pests of,

in India, 535.
Tnacilentus, Hylohius.
Tnacleayi, Philomastix.
3Iacraspis teiraiactyla, infesting

coconuts in Jamaica, 57, 502.
Macrohasls unicolor (Ash-grey

Blister Beetle), on potatoes in

Canada, 25 ; control of, on

potatoes in Connecticut, 338.
viacrocarpa, Phytelephas.
Macrocenifus, parasite of Cydia

spp. in U.S.A., 478.
Ilacrodadyhis suhspinosus (Rose

Chafer), in U.S.A., 137, 179, 340,

503.
Maeroeme priapica, introduced into

Buenos Aires in timber, 319.
Macromphalia dedecora, food-plants

and parasites of, in Chile, 252.
'macromphaliae, Apanteles.
Ilacronoctua onusta (Iris Eoot

Borer), in U.S.A., 138, 340.
MacTosiagon pectinatus, parasite of

T/j>/tmspp. in N. America, 256.
Macrosiphoniella, key differentiat-
ing Macrosiphum and Megoura

from, 112.
Ilacrosiphoniella (Siphonophora)

ahsinthii, 112.
Macrosiphoniella [Siphonophora)

artemisiae, on Artemisia in

Oregon, 112.
MacTosi/phoniella atra, 112.
Macrosiphoniella (Aphis) cam-

panulae, 112.
Macrosiphoniella chrysanthemi, 112.

Macrosiphoniella citricola, 112 ; on
Ginnamomum in Singapore, 233.

Macrosiphoniella (Siphonophora)
linariae, 112.

Macrosiphoniella (Siphonophora)
lutea, 112.

Macrosiphoniella (Aphis) mille-
folii, 112; on Achillea millefoliuTn
in Britain, 542.

Macrosiphoniella sanhoriii, on
chrysanthemums in California,
112.

Macrosiphoniella (Aphis) solani,
112.

Macrosiphoniella (Ajihis) viciae,
112.

Macrosiphum, key differentiating
Macrosiphoniella irom, 112; in-
tercepted on roses in Porto Rico,
514.

Macrosiphum airum (see Macrosi-
phoniella atra).

Macrosiphuin cereale (see M. grana-
rium).

Macrosiphum creeli, on lucerne in
Nevada, 22, 374.

Macrosiphum dirhodum, on roses
in Britain, 542.

Macrosiphum epilobii, on Epilohium
in Britain, 542.

Macrosiphum (Siphonophora) fri-
gidae, 112.

Macrosiphum granarium (Grain
Aphis), on oats in Canada, 26 ;
on cereals in Britain, 542 ; on
cereals in Denmark, 445 ; a
minor pest of wheat in France,
386 ; on cereals in Norway, 539 ;
on cereals in Transcaucasia, 344 ;
on wheat in Uganda, 260.

Macrosiphum lactucae, food -plants
of, in Britain, 542.

Macrosiphum millefolii (see Macro-
siphoniella).

Macrosiphum minutum, sp. n., on
Vernonia cinerea in Ceylon, 165.

Macrosiphum pisi (see Acyrlhosi-
phon).

Macrosiphum rosae (Rose Aphis), in
Britain, 542 ; in Ceylon, 164 ;
factors affecting wing develop-
ment in, 299.

Macrosiphum solanifolii (Potato
Aphis), on roses and potatoes in
Britain, 386 ; control of, in
Canada, 25 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 68, 137, 144,
180, 222, 240, 338, 492, 503 ;
factors affecting wing develop-
ment in, 299 ; relations of winged
and wingless forms of. 316.

Macrosiphum sonchi, food-plants of,
in S. Eastern Russia, 143.

Macrotoma crenafa, food-plants of,
in India, 292.

INDEX.

651

Macrotoma plajiata, in Heritiera
fomes in India, 292.

Macrotoma ivrighti, in cedar in
Seychelles, 484.

macula, Leptostylus.

^naculata, Halisidota ; IlarmolUa ;
Hippodamia ; Megilla.

maculatus, Amystax ; Camponotus ;
Erax ; Trlmeromicrus.

w,aculipennis, Buprestis ; Doryctes ;
Plutella.

maculiventris, Buprestis ; Podisus.

maculosa, Diacrisia.

7)iaGulosus, Myllocerus.

Madagascar, Syagrus costatipennis
on cacao in, 268 ; pests of vanilla
in, 192 ; introduction of Scoliid
wasps into Maiiritius from, 8.

m,adiunensis, Ghionaspis.

Madiza conicola, sp. n., infesting
Abies concolor in Arizona, 23.

Madras, plant pest legislation in,
360.

miagna, Brachystola.

Magnesium, etfect of, on wing
development in Aphid >, 299.

Magnesium Arsenate, 522.

Magnesium Sulphate, effect of, on
wing development in Aphids, 299.

magnifica, Hetemsia.

Magnolia, pests of, in Florida, 241,
473.

magnoliae, Trioza.

Mahoe Tree (see Sterculia caribaea).

Mahogany, pests of, in Dutch E.
Indies,' 388.

Mahogany, Cuban, Clytus devastator
on, in Florida, 34.

7)iaia, Oynanisa.

maidiradieis. Aphis.

m,aidis. Aphis ; Peregrinus ; Sphen-
ophorus.

Maine, measures against brown-tail
and gipsy moths in, 176 ; new
fiea-beetles from, 58 ; orchard
pests in, 175, 336.

Maize, Strophosonnis ampUcollis on,
in S. Africa, 247 ; as a trap -crop
for hardbacks in Antigua, 414,
512 ; Sitotroga cerealella on, in
Argentina, 501 ; Pyrausta mibil-
alis on, in Belgiimi, 373 ;
Oseinella frit on, 68 ; pests of,
and their control in Canada, 25,
171; prohibition against importa-
tion of, into Canada from
Massachusetts and New York,
312 ; Alabama argillacea on, in
Colombia, 534 ; Phytomyza on,
in Fiji, 312 ; pests of, in France,
462 ; Peregrinus maidis on, in
Hawaii, 328, 329 ; as a trap-crop
for Myllocerns blandus in India,
287 ; Cirphis zeae on, in Italy,
157 ; pests of, and their control

in Jamaica, 57, 507 ; measures
against Chilo simplex infesting,
in Mesopotamia, 355 ; Pyrausta
vastatrix on, in the Orient, 60 ;
pests of, in Porto Rico, 131, 248 ;
pests of, and their control in
S. Rhodesia, 66, 314 ; Pyrausta
nubilalis on, in Transcaucasia,
344 ; pests of, and their control
in U.S.A., 3, 40, 60, 81, 101, 105,
117, 147, 148, 173, 189, 198, 205,
224, 225, 241, 277, 281, 285, 320,
334, 367, 374, 378, 379, 380, 382,
392, 394, 396, 399, 409, 411, 418,
507, 511 ; Ajyhis maidis on, in
Uganda, 260 ; quarantine against
pests of, in U.S.A., 199, 214,
215, 238, 511 ; pests of, and their
control in New South Wales, 84,
85, 262 ; in baits for cutworms,
etc., 57, 294.

Maize (Stored), Sitotroga cerealella
in, in Argentina, 501 ; pests
intercepted in, in Porto Rico,
514 ; measures against weevils
etc., in, in U.S.A., 3, 343, 395
409, 410; pests of, and their con-
trol in New South Wales, 84, 85.

Maize, Dwarf Arab, cultivation of,
as a substitute for maize against
(7^i?osimj>Zea; in Mesopotamia, 355

Maize Bill-bug (see Sphenophorus
maidis).

Maize Stalk Borer (see Busseola
fusca).

Maize Stem Borer (see Chilo simplex).

major, Monda.

Malacosoma (Tent Caterpillar),
measures against, in Canada,
383 ; correct names for Ichneu-
monid parasites of, in U.S.A.,
23 ; intercepted on Crataegus in
Wisconsin, 494.

Malacosoma ambisimilis, parasitised
by Hyposoter fugitivus var.
pacificus in U.S.A., 307.

Malacosoma americana (Apple Tent
Caterpillar), bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 37, 183,
203, 340, 497, 503 ; effect of
derris on, 497.

Malacosoma brissotti, on peaches in
Argentina, 501.

Malacosoma disstria (Forest Tent
Caterpillar), introduction of
Calosoma sycophanta into
California against, 237 ; import-
ance of natural control of, in
Canada, 301, 544.

Malacosoma neustria, experiments
with arsenicals against, in
France, 464 ; in orchards in
Denmark, 448 ; increase of, in
Holland, 124 ; on apple and pear
in Italy, 157 ; food-plants of, in

652

INDEX.

Spain, 210; susceptible to
Bacillus hoplostermis, 396 ; effect
of various volatile subs tances on,
319.

Malacosoma pluvialis, on fiiiit and
shade-trees in Br. Columbia,
479 ; parasitised hy Hyposoter
fugitivus var. pacificus, in
U.S.A., 307.

Malaya, miscellaneous pests in, 127-
129, 520 ; fungus infesting nut-
megs in, 232.

malayensis, Mertilia.

m alefida, Feltia.

mali, Alcides ; Aphis (see A. pomi) ;
Chrysobothris ; Empoasca ; Hylo-
toma ; Leptothrips ; Psylla.

malifoliae, Aphis.

malignus, Dyscerus.

nialinellus, Hyponomeuia.

malinus, Heterocordylus.

malivorella, Coleophora; Phyllorycter
(Lithocolletis).

Mallophaga, on poultry, effect of
derris on, 496.

Mallotus philippinensis, Gfyptopar-
latoria uberifera on, in Philippines
74.

malhji, Atractodes.

Malthoid, use of, for protecting
grain from weevils, 168.

malus, Hemisar copies.

malvoides, Aphis.

Mamestra advena (see Polia).

Maviestra brassicae (see Barathra).

Mamestra contigua (see Polia).

Mam.estra dissimilis (see Polia
suasa).

ILamestra oleracea (see Polia).

Mamesira picta (see Cer arnica).

MamiJlaria, Eriococcus cactearum
on, in Italy, 142.

Mammea americana (Mammee),
Anastrepha serpentina on, in
Brazil, 352 ; Aletirocanihus wog-
lumi on, in Costa Eica, 395.

Man, Bacilhis paratyphi- alvei in
bees distinct from that found in,
451 ; effect of urticating hairs of
Dasychira pudibunda on, 454 ;
protection of, from Oecophylla
smaraqdina in Java, 364;
Eristalis tenax causing myiasis
in, in New Zealand, 49.

Manatlia aetliiops, on Acacia deal-
baia in S. Africa, 392.

Manatlia subhyalina, on BracJiylaena
discolor in S. Africa, 392.

wanca, Anthaxia.

Manchuria, pests of beet in, 11 ;
variety of spinach from, seldom
attacked by Macrosiphum
solanifolii in Virginia, 493 ;
Seudyra subflava in vineyards in,
350.

mancus, Agrlotes.

Mandarin Orange {Citrus nobilis)^
Anastrepha fraterculus on, in
Argentina, 118 ; scale-insects
intercepted on, in California, 238^
361 ; food-plant of Aleurothrixus
hoivardi in Florida, 409 ; pests of,
in Italy, 157.

Mangel, pests of, in Britain, 442 ;
Lygus pratensis on, in Nova
Scotia, 179.

Mangel Fly (see Pegomyia hyos-
cyami).

Mangifera indica (see Mango).

mangiferae. Coccus ; Sternoehetus.

Mango {Mangifera indica), Anas-
trepha fraterculus on, in Argentina,
118 ; Euproctis scintillans on, in
Assam, 55 ; pests intercepted on,
in California, 427 ; Aleurocanthus
u-oglumi on, in Costa Rica, 395 ;
pests of, in Cuba, 349 ; food-
plant of Aleurothrixus howardi
in Florida, 409 ; pests inter-
cepted on, in Florida, 214 ; pests
of, in India, 134, 288, 291, 292,
402, 403, 535 ; pests of, in West
Indies, 57, 185, 186, 261, 262,
502 ; pests of, in Singapore, 425 ;
Aspidiotus destructor on, in
Uganda, 260.

Mango Fruit-fly (see Anastrepha
fraterculus and Dacus ferrugineus).

Mango Hopner (see Idiocerus).

Mango Seed Weevil (see Sterno-
ehetus mangiferae).

manicatus, Chirothrips.

Manihot glaziorii (Ceara Rubber),
Heniichionaspis aspidisirae on,
in S. India, 402.

Manihot utilissima (see Cassava).

Manila, Pseudococcus intercepted
in California from, 199 ; pests
from, intercepted in Hawaii, 33,
438.

manilae, Scolia.

manilensis, Pseudaonidia.

manipularis, Cosmopteryx.

Manitoba, Gephus cinctus infesting
Elymus canadensis in, 23 ;
Diprion abietis parasitised by
Labrossyta ruficoxalis in, 307.

manoa, Sclerodermus.

Mansakia miyabei, gen. et sp. n.,
forming galls on Hamamelis
japonica in Japan, 111.

mantispa, Pfl^igis.

Manuring, effects of, on insect pests,
158.

Maple {Acer), pests intercepted on,
in California. 503 ; pests of, in
Canada, 25, 44, 157, 178; Phyl-
lobiuspsiitacinus on, in Germany,
159 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 39,
157, 169, 340, 354, 503.

INDEX.

653

Maple, Broad-leaved (see Acer

macrophyllum).
Maple, Japanese, Arctornis chry-
sorrhoea intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
277.
Maple, Red (see Acer rubrum).
Maple, Sugar (see Acer saccharum).
•margalaesiriata, Setonwrpha.
•margaritae, Chionaspis.
Tnargaritosa, Lycophoiia (Peridroma).
Ilargarodes, in Georgia, 497.
Margarodes vitkini, on vines,
longevity of, in S. America, 136.
marginalis, Aonidia ; Orlhotylus.
"niarginata, Fhorocera.
noarginatiis, Chauliognathus ; Epi-
cauta ; Eugnamptiis ; Meniscus
(see Tim.'plidca tenuicornis) ;
Scapsipedus.
^lorginello; Saperda.
Margossa Tree, Piilvinaria m.axima

on, in S. India, 402.
mariana, Chalcophora.
Marigold, Aphis senecio on, in

California, 388.
maritim-us, Pseudococcus (see

P. bakeri).
marm orala, Dieslram mena.
maroccanus, Docioslaurus {Siaurono-

ius).
MarruMnm (Horehonnd), Agonos-
celis rutila on, in New South
Wales, 374.
warsupicd is, Puto niella.
Maruca testidalis (Bean Pod-borer),

in Porto Rico, 248.
Tiiarumoi, Acidia.

Maryland, Lepidoptera infesting
apple and peach in, 254 ; list of
miscellaneous pests in, 240.
mashunus, Heteronychus.
Masicera, parasite of PMJiorimaea

ocellatella in Italy, 193.
Masicera eufitcMae, parasite of

Hypena hunuili in U.S.A., 174.
Masicera myoidea, parasite of
Lepidoptera in U.S.A., 174, 411,
481.
Masicera rutila, parasite of Hypena

liumvliin U.S.A., 174.
Tnaskelli, Morganella.
Massachusetts, miscellaneous pests
in, 179, 183, 502 ; cost of
measures against Portheiria
dispar in, 60 ; parasites of
Pyrausta nubilalis in, 481 ; pro-
hibition against importation of
maize into Canada from, 312 ;
parasites of Nygmia phaeorrhoea
imported into Eastern Canada
from, 526 ; Calosonia sycophanta
introduced into California from,
237.
Massospora cicadina, infesting
Tibicen septemdecim in U.S.A., 445

masuria, Eutrixa.
materiarius, Gnatliotriclius.
Matritia (see Signiphora).
matsumotonis, Eriocampoides.
matsumurae, Chrysopa.
Maul Oak (see Quercus clirysolepis).
maura, Neodiprion.
maureri, MyzocalUs.
mauritanicus, Tenebroides.
mauritia, Spodoptera.
Mauritius, failure of introduction
of Attacus ricini from India into,
7 ; establishment of beneficial
insects in, 4, 8 ; measures against
sugar-cane pests in, 372, 414 ;
entomological syllabus of the
School of Agriciilture in, 4.
maxima, Pulvinaria.
May Beetles (see Lachnosterna).
Mayetiola destructor (Hessian Fly),
on wheat in Canada, 43 ;
measures against, on wheat in
France, 386 ; in Italy, 455 ;
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 34, 40, 46, 47, 81, 102,
202, 280, 281, 321, 362, 394, 492 ;
new parasites of, 321 ; methods
of estimating infestation of
wheat by, 280.
mayetiolae, Eutelus ; Pseuderimerus.
Meadow Fescue, Luperina testacea
on, in Denmark, 445, 446 ; food-
plant of Miris dolabratus in
U.S.A., 77.
Meadow Plant Bug (see Miris

dolabratus).
Meal Moths, destroyed by Hemiteles

bicolorinus in Holland, 444.
Meal Worm (see Tenebrio molitor).
Mealy-bug, Citrophilus (see

Pseudococcus gahani).
Mealy-bug, Golden (see Pseudococ-
cus aurilanatus).
Mealy-bug, Grape (see Pseudococcus

bakeri).
Mealy-bug, Long-tailed (see

Pseudococcus adoniduvi).
Mealy-bug, Sugar-cane (see

Pseudococcus sacchari).
Mealy-bugs, introduction of
Scymnus into California against,
237 ; not a serious pestin Florida,
20 ; measures against, in India,
135 ; infesting bananas in Hawaii,
328 ; intercepted on palms, etc.,
in Hawaii, 188, 438 ; ants
associated with, 502, 516 ; (see
Pseudococcus).
Mealy Plum Aphis (see Eyalopterus

arundinis).
Meat, saturated with arsenicals for

baits, 412, 493.
Mecistomela corallina, on coconuts
in Brazil, 353.

654

INDEX.

Mecotagus tigrinus, on forest trees

in India, 535.
media, Lopidea.
medicaginis, Aphis ; Eurytoma ;

Habrocytus ; Syntomaspis.
Medicago saliva (see Lucerne).
medinalis, Gnaplialocrocis.
mediosquamosa, Euproctis.
meditabunda, Edessa.
Mediterranean Flour Moth (see

Ephestia kiihnieUa).
Mediterranean Fruit-fiy (see

Geratitis capitata).
megacephala, Pheidole ; Epicauta.
Megalomerothfips eapatorii, gen. et

sp. n., in Florida, 417.
Megaloxantha bicolor (see Chryso-

chroa).
Ilegaplectes monticola, parasite of

Dicraimra vinula in Sweden, 96.
Megass, against sugar-cane grubs,

109, 110.
Megastigmus halestrerii, bionomics

and control of, on Pistacia spp. in

Sicily, 87.
Megilla maculata, predaceous on

Laphygma frugiperda in Br.

Guiana, 484 ; probably preda-
ceous on Ilyzus braggi in Loui-
siana, 78.
Ifegoura, key differentiating

MacrosipliomeUa from, 112.
Meigenia floralis, parasite of

Coleoptera in France, 457, 461 ;

parasite of Gasiroidea ciridula in

Denmark, 451.
Ilclanaphis bambusae, on bamboo

in Singapore and Hong Kong, 233.
melanatda, Eucosma.
Ilelnnauster ehinensis, in Japan,

154.
m elancliolica, Lampronota.
Ilelanchra deropastis (New Zealand

Flax Grub), parasites of, in New

Zealand, 49, 82.
Melanerpes erythrocephahis (Red-
headed Woodpecker), destroying

Chrysobothris tranguebafica in

Florida, 265.
melanocephalus, Lytopilvs.
Ilelanocera menippe, occasionally

attacking Aeacia mollissima in

S. Africa, 332.
Melanopliila acuminata, in forests

in U.S.A., 226.
Melanophila aencola, in pines in

U.S.A., 226, 227.
Melanophila alropurpnrea, probably

identical with M. acuminata,

226.
Melanophila californica, in pines in

U.S.A., 226.
Melanophila consputa, in forests,

destroyed by termites in U.S.A.,

226.

Melanophila drnmmondi, in forests
in U.S.A., 226.

Melanoj>hila fulvogutiata, in forests
in U.S.A., 226.

Melanophila gentilis, in pines in
U.S.A., 226.

Melanojjhila intrusa, in forests in
U.S.A., 226, 227.

Melanophila, longipes, probably
identical with M. acuminata, 226.

Melanophila pini-edulis, in pines in
U.S.A., 226.

Melanophila tarda, in pines in S])ain,
210.

Melanoplus atlantis (Lesser Migra-
tory Locust), measures against,
in Nova Scotia, 391 ; bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 137,
140, 203, 284, 327.

Melanoplus bivittafus (Two-striped
Locust, Yellow-striped Locust),
natural enemies of, in Nova
Scotia, 391 ; bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 203, 315, 327.

Melanoplus differentialis (Differ-
ential Grasshopper), bionomics
and control of, in U.S.A., 205,
206, 367, 477.

Melanoplus femur-rubruni (Red-
legged Locust), measures against,
in Nova Scotia, 391 ; natural
enemies of, in U.S.A., 203,
327.

Melanoplus gladstoni, infested with
Eutrombidium locustarum. in
Minnesota, 327.

Melanoplus minor, infested with
Eutrombidium, locustarum in
Minnesota, 327.

Melanoplus sjiretus (Rocky Moun-
tain Migratoiy Locust), in Mon-
tana, 140, 141.

melanoplus, Diapromorpha.

melanoscelus, Apanteles.

Melanostoma fasciatum, destroying
other insects in New Zealand,
49.

melanostomatus, A phycus.

Melanihera deltoidea, Haplothrips
gowdeyi on, in Cuba, 349.

Melaphis minuius, sp. n., bionomics
of, on moss in Virginia, 383.

Melaphis rhois, forming galls on
sumac in America, 383.

Melasoma popxdi, Picromerus bidens
predaceous on, in France, 320 ;
food-plants of, in India, 403 ;
on Canadian poplar in Spain,
90.

Melasoma tremulae, Picromerus
bidens predaceous on, in France,
320.

meles, Hypera (Phytonomus).

Melia azedarach, Helopeltis antonii
on, in Dutch E. Indies, 389.

INDEX.

655

Mcliana albilinea limiiata (Western
Wheat-liead Army Worm),
bionomics and control of, in
U.S.A., 441.

melicerta, Achaea {OpMusa).

Meligethes aeneus, on radish in
Holland, 124 ; on rape, parasi-
tised by Thersilochus morionellus
in Silesia, 354 ; on vegetables
in Denmark, 446, 447, 449.

Melilohis alba (Sweet Clover).
AmpMdasis cognataria on, in
Quebec, 525.

Meliola mangifeiae (Sooty Black
Fungus), on mango, encouraged
by presence of Psyllids in Singa-
pore, 425.

Ilelipotis januaris, on Inga laurina
in Porto Rico, 131.

Ilelissoblaptes rufovenalis, on
coconuts in Dutch E. Indies, 389.

Melitara prodenialis, suggested
introduction of, into Australia to
destroy prickly pear, 482.

31elittia saiyriniforviis (Squash Vine
Borer), bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 83, 147,503.

mella, Tachina.

mellipes, Orgilus.

melUior, Ilicrohracon.

Melocanna bambusoides, Cyrloirache-
lus longi/pes on, in India, 403.

3Ieloe proscar abacus, in orchards in
Denmark, 449.

Ilelolontha hippocastani, on pears
in Norway, 540.

Melolontlia japonica, in seed-beds of
forest trees in Japan, 370.

Melolonllia melolontlia, in grassland
in Britain, 209 ; coccobacilli
causing disease in, in France, 217,
385, 397.

Melolontha vulgaris (see 31. melo-
lontlia).

Melon, Epilachna paenulata on, in
Argentina, 501 ; Aphids on, in
Cyprus, 71 ; PJiyllotreta on, in
Holland, 124; pests of, in Porto
Eico, 249 ; bionomics of Carpo-
myia caucasiea on, in Trans-
caucasia, 347; pests of, in U.S.A.,
2, 147, 343, 375.

Melon Aphis (see Aphis gos.sypii).

Melon Fly (see Carpomyia cau-
casiea. and Dacus cucurhitae).

membranaceus, Leptoglossus.

Memmia vicina, measures against,
on vanilla in Madagascar, 192.

Mem-ythrns polistiformis (see
Paranthrene).

menciana, Homona.

mendacella, Dioryctria.

mendax, Lygidea.

mendozae, Eriococcus.

menippe, Melanocera.

Meniscus asJimeadi, Prov., synonym
of PimpUdea tenuicornis, 23.

3feniscus marginaius, Prov., syno-
nym of Pimplideatenuicornis, 23.

Mercurialis officinalis, Myzus
mercurialis on, in Britain, 386.

mercurialis, Myzus.

Mercury Bichloride, in formula for
bait for crickets, 343 ; in formi^Ia
for treating wood against termites,
349.

meridionalis, ApMdoletes.

Merisus destructor (intermedius),
parasite of Oscinella frit in
Britain, 70.

Merodon equestris (Larger Narcissus
or Daffodil Fly), food-plants and
spread of, in N. America, 356 ;
in narcissus bulbs in Holland,
138 ; intercepted in narcissus
bulbs in U.S.A., 199, 277; in
bulbs in New Zealand, 49.

Meromyza, on grasses in Germanv,
455.

Meromyza americana (Greater
Wheat-stem Maggot), on cereals
in Canada, 43, 172.

Mertilia brevicornis, in Java, 39.

Mertilia malayensis, bionomics and
control of, on orchids in Dutch
E. Indies, 39.

3Iertilia ternatensis, in Java, 39.

■merwei, Calycicoccus.

Mesaporiis calandrae, a cosmopoli-
tan parasite of grain weevils,
474,

mesembryanthemae, Aonidia.

Mesembryanthemtim eduJe, Aonidia
mesembryanthemae on, in South
Africa, 242.

Mesochorus agilis, hyperparasite of
Cremnops vulgaris in Nebraska,
10.

Mesograpta polita, on maize in
Porto Rico, 248.

Mesoleius balteatus, sp. n., parasite
of Taoconus glabratus in North
America, 376.

Mesopotamia, pests of dates in,
189 ; measures against Chila
simplex infesting maize in, 355.

Mesostenus, attempted establish-
ment of, against Acrocercops
cramerella in Java, 107.

Mesosyrphus abietis, sp. n., on
Abies safihalinensisin Japan, 211.

Mespilus oxyacantha, Hsygmia phae-
orrhoea on, in Transcaucasia, 344.

Mesquite Beans (Stored), Bruchus
prosopis in, in Arizona, 206.

messoria, Euxoa.

Messua ferrea, Greenideoida ceyloniae
on, in Ceylon, 165.
. Metachroma, control of, on roses-
in Jamaica, 58.

C56

INDEX.

Meiadrepana glauca, decrease of,
in Uganda in 1917-1918, 260.

wetallopa, Nola.

Meiallus (see Fenusa).

Metamasius hemipteriis, infested
with Spnrotrichum globiiUferum
in Cuba, 349.

Iletamasius ritchiei (Pineapple
Weevil), in Jamaica, 57 ; quar-
antine measures against, in
Florida, 18, 215.

Metamasius sericeus (Brown Weevil),
on coconut in .Jamaica, 57, 86.

Ileiarrhiziiim, infesting Eleodes
opaca in Kansas, 282.

Metarrhizium anisopJiae (Green
Muscardine Fungus), infesting
insects, 110, 140, 349, 424, 521.

Meteorological Conditions, effect of,
on insect pests in S. Africa, 165,
244, 245, 257, 258 ; on insect
pests in Argentina, 118, 119,
271 ; on insect pests in Britain,
69 ; on insect pests in Canada,
10, 28, 29, 74, 129, 337; on
insect jjests in Ceylon, 48, 249 ;
on mites in Cyprus, 71 ; on
insect pests in Denmark, 98,
446, 447 ; on insect pests in
France, 46, 249, 285, 457, 508 ;
on natural enemies of Pectino-
pliora gossypiella in Egypt, 163 ;
on insect pests in Germany, 160 ;
on Heliotlirips rubrocinctus in
Grenada, 531 ; on mites on
potatoes in Hawaii, 196 ; on
insect pests in Holland, 123,
124, 431 ; on insect pests in
India, 288, 289, 290 ; on insect
pests in Dutch E. Indies, 29,
32, 108, 250, 360, 388, 389 ; on
insect pests in Italy, 87, 107 ;
on Eliizoglyph'us ecMnopus in
Japan, 439 ; on injurious fimgi
in Malaya, 129 ; on Cliilo sini'plex
in Mesopotamia, 355 ; on Agro-
tnyza destructor in Philippines,
15 ; on sugar-cane grubs in
Queensland, 110, 200; on Den-
drolimus jnni in Spain, 209 ;
on Btipalus piniarius in Sweden,
423 ; on Pieris hrassicae in
Switzerland, 513 ; on insect
pests in Tasmania, 120; on
Xylotreclius quadripes in Tonkin,
50, 51 ; on insect pests in U.S.A.,
35, 37, 38, 42, 59, 75, 79, 101,
102, 104, 105, 122, 170, 179, 225,
237, 265, 278, 297, 316, 333, 366,
408, 428, 430,502; onXarMorhoe
praefectaia in New Zealand, 82 ;
on wing development in Aphids,
299 ; on beneficial fimgi, 199,
425, 483, 484 ; on ef&cacy of
poison-baits, 282.

Ileieorus communis, parasite of
Lepidoptera in Nova Scotia,
310, 313.

Meteorus hyphantriae, parasite of
Hyphantria cunea in U.S.A., 80.

Ileteoriis versicolor, parasite of
Nygmia phaeorrhoea in U.S.A.,
429.

Methylated Spirit, in formula for
spray against Eriosoma lanigeriim,
487 ; in formula for treating
wood and books against ter-
mites, 349 ; effect of, on pests
of stored grain and flour, 168, 384.

meticulosalis, Terastia.

Meiriona propinqua, on sweet
potato in Jamaica, 56.

Metzneria, on pear in Korea, 274.

Mevesia arguia, natural enemy of
Pennisetia hylaeifortnis in
Sweden, 351.

Mexican Bean Weevil (see Spermo-
phagus pectoralis).

Mexican Cotton Boll W^eevil (see
A nthonomns gra nd is ) .

Mexican Fruit-fly (see Anasirepha
ludens).

mexicanus, Blepyrus ; Conoiehis ;
Homaloiylus.

Mexico, avocado pests in, 241 ;
parasitic Chalcids and their
hosts in, 523, 524 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 24, 302, 352 ; new
food-plant of Auihonomus grandis
var. thurberiae in, 23 ; suggested
introduction of 3Ielitara prode-
nialis into Australia from, 482 ;
pests from, intercepted in Cali-
fornia, 62, 199, 238, 361, 427,
504 ; measures against importa-
tion of pests into U.S.A. from,
18, 21, 241.

Meziwm americanum, in stored
tobacco in U.S.A., 367.

micacea, Gortyna (Hydroecia).

Diicans, Pteromalus.

Mice, preservation of stored cereals
from, 94, 168, 219; not sus-
ceptible to Bacillus paratyphi-
alvei, 451.

Ilichelia, Aspidiotus rapax on, in
S. India, 402.

Michigan, miscellaneoiis pests in,
68, 427, 516 ; pests from, inter-
cepted in California, 199; pre-
cautions against introduction of
insect pests into, 426.

MicTobracon, parasite of Ips pini,
in N. America, 430 ; parasite of
cotton boUworms in India, 132,
286, 287.

Microbracon cepJii, sp. n., parasite
of Ceplms cinctus in U.S.A., 23.

Microbracon dorsator, parasite of
Aegeria exitiosa in U.S.A., 95.

INDEX.

657

3Iicrobracon mellitor, parasite of

Coeliodes inaequalis in U.S.A.,

150.
llicrobracon pemberloni, sp. n.,

hosts of, in Hawaii, 436.
Mierohracon terryi, sp. n., parasite

of Teplirites crassipes in Hawaii,

437.
Microcera fujihuroi (Pink Scale

Fungus), infesting {Jhrysomphalus

aonidmn in Florida, 20 ; in

Japan, 20.
Microcerotermes fuscotibialis liberi-

cus, in W. Africa, 142.
Microcerotermes secernens, sp. n., in

Belgian Congo, 232.
Microcryptus erythrinus, parasite

of Emphytus cinctus in Holland,

444.
Microdus earinoides, parasite of

Eucosma ocellana in Nova Scotia,

310.
Microdus laticinctus, parasite of

Eucosma ocellana in Nova Scotia,

310.
Jlicrodus ocellanae, parasite of Eu-

cosma ocellana in Nova Scotia,

310.
3f.icrodus stigmaterns (see Bassus).
Microgaster, parasite of Pieris bras-

sicae in Switzerland, 235 ; para-
site of Lepidoptera in U.S.A.,

95, 408.
Microgaster calceatus, parasite of

Lareniia juniperata in Sweden,

420.
Microgaster fasciipennis, sp. n.,

parasite of Deilemera apicalis in

Africa, 104.
Microgaster glomeratus (see Apante-

les).
mhicrograpJius, PityopMhorus.
Micromyzus nigrum, food plants of,

in Ceylon, 164.
3Iicromyzns varicolor, on ferns in

Singapore, 233.
MicropMTialma disjuncta, parasite of

Lachnosterna in N. America,

256.
3Iicrophthalma pruinosa, parasite

of Lachnosterna in N. America,

256.
■micropictus, Bracon.
Microplitis gorlynae, parasite of

Gorlyna immanis in U.S.A., 174.
Microtermes obesus, experiments on

the protection of wood against,

in India, 135.
Microterys chalcostomus, parasite

of Eulecanium capreae in Britain,

194.
Microterys l-otinslcyi, parasite of

scale-insects in Hawaii, 437.
Microterys sylvius, parasite of Eide-

canium capreae in Britain, 194.

(672)

Microtromhidium, muscarum, pro-
bably infesting Musca domestica
in Minnesota, 328.

Midas pygmaeus, introduction of,
into California from Australia
against Pseudococcus, 358.

milberti, Proctacanthus.

ndlitaris, Calotermes ; Thonalmus.

Milk Powder, use of, for stabilising
miscible oil, 317.

millefolii, Macrosiplioniella {Aphis,
Macrosiphum).

Millet, Pyrausta nubilalis on, in
Belgium, 373 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
105, 378.

Milletia avriculata, Dialeges pauper
in, in India, 292.

Millipedes, intercepted in packing
in California, 504 ; measures
against, on coffee in Uganda, 260.

Milyas cinctus, natural enemy of
Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A.,
34.

Mimaslra cyanea, food-plants of,
in India, 403.

mimeticus, Lycidocoris.

Mimorista flavidissimalis, sug-
gested introduction of, into Aus-
tralia to destroy pricklv pear,
482.

Mimosa, new scale-insect on, in
Argentina, 307.

mimus, Zelus.

Mimusops, Aspidiotus perlusus on,
in S. Africa, 139.

Mimusops coriacea, Anastrepha ser-
pentina, on, in Brazil, 352.

Mimusops elengi, Arrhenothrips ra-
makrishnae on, in India, 262.

Mindarus abietinus, in Japan, 211 ;
measures against, on silver fir
in Denmark, 420.

Mineola indiginella (Leaf Crmnp-
ler), on apple in Canada, 44 ;
on plum and cherry in S. Dakota,
183, 316.

Mineola vaccinii (Cranberry Fruit
Worm), probably parasitised by
Bassus usitntus in U.S.A., 321.

minima, Icerya.

minimum, Monomorium.

minimus, Sphenophorus.

ministra, Datana.

Minnesota, bionomics and control
of Agrilus arcuatus var. torquatus
in, 324 ; notice of beneficial
birds found in, 406 ; food-plants
and parasites of Bruchophagns
fimebris in, 327 ; Eurytoma pis-
sodis parasitic on Pissodes
strobi in, 401 ; Ilymenoptera,
of, 328 ; household insects:
in, 328 ; notice of maize pests
in, 320 ; miscellaneous pests in,
139, 254, 320, 326, 327; esperi-

658

INDEX.

meiits against XJotalo pests in,
325 ; notes on Trombidiid mites
in, 327.

minor, Chrysornphalus (see C. diciy-
os'permi pinmilijera) ; Ue^nichion-
aspis; Melanoplus; MyelopJiilus.

mimiscula, Clania.

minuia, Isoioma ; Oregwa ; Tid-
vinaHa ; Toxoptera.

minuiissimus, Heliothrips.

niinuium, Macrosiphum ; Tricho-
gramni a ( Pentarthron ) .

minutus, Dinodcrus ; Laemophloeiis;
IlelapMs ; Tyroglyphus.

Mirabel, Chehnaiohia on, in Den-
mark, 448.

niirabilis, Fiipelnius.

Miresa niiens, on cinchona in Diitcli
E. Indies, 389.

Miris dolabraius (Meadow Plant
Bug), in Britain, 70 ; associated
with OscineUafritin Norway, 419,
538, 539 ; bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 77, 493.

misiones, Ceroplastes.

Mississippi, Gryllus assimilis var.
luctuosus attacking cotton in,
122.

Missouri, pests intercepted in
California from, 199, 238.

Mistletoe (Loranthus), Chionaspis
visci on, in S. Africa, 242 ; scale
insects on, in S. India, 402.

Mites, measures against, in stored
cereals in Britain, 93, 94 ; inter-
cepted on Daphne in California,
503 ; infesting spruce in Canada,
544 ; measiires against, on tea
in Ceylon, 497 ; measures against,
on pomegranates in Cyprus, 71 ;
on banana in Fiji, 311 ; on
grasses in Finland and Germany,
455 ; measures against, on
potatoes in Hawaii, 196 ; control
of, on jute in India, 134 ; on
cassava and cinchona in Dutch
E. Indies, 41, 388 ; on oranges,
etc., in Japan, 100, 153 ; inter-
cepted in palm seeds in Java,
488 ; on rubber in Malaya, 520 ;
doing little damage to dates in
Mesopotamia, 189 ; probably
distributed by birds in Pennsyl-
vania, 354 ; intercepted in Porto
Rico, 514 ; in stored maize in
New Soiith Wales, 85 ; (see
Bryohia, Eriopliyes, Tetranyclms,
Pediculoides, etc.).

mixta, Citriphaga.

mixtus, Pogonochaerus.

m,iyabei, Mansahia ; ScMectendalia.

mochii, Lonchaea.

Mochlosoma laeertosa (see Prosena).

moddermanni, Clania.

modestus, Podisus.

Moechotypa verrucicollis, on forest
trees in India, 535.

Mokkoku, Coccus hesperiduvi inter-
cepted on, in California, 504.

Molasses, in poison-baits, 9, 39, 79,.
85, 105, 135, 171, 206, 262, 293,
315, 391, 417, 441, 447, 510, 515 ;
as an adhesive in spray for
Alabama argillacea, 271 ; and
arsenicals, spraying experiments
with, 213, 263, 495 ; and nicotine
solution, spraying experiments
with, against Apliids, 342 ; for
trapping locusts, 491.

Mole-crickets, infesting rice in
Dutch E. Indies, 389 ; measures
against, in Trinidad, 181 ; (see
Gryllotalpa and ScapteriscKs).

Moles, destroving noxious insects,
350, 386, 465. '

molesta, Cydia (Laspeyresia) ;
Solenopsis.

molitor, Tenebrio.

Momordica charantia, Anasa
scorbutica on, in West Indies, 257.

monacha, Apate ; Corythaica ;
Portheiria (Lymantria).

Monalonion airatuni (Mosquilla),.
measures against, on cacao in
Ecuador, 211.

Monalonion, dissimulatum, (see
M. airatrim).

MonartJiropalpus buxi, on Buxtis
sempervirens in Switzerland, 234..

Monda delicatissima, on Besmodium
incanum in S. Africa, 392.

Monda heylaertsi, in S. Africa, 392..

Monda major, on Helichrysuni
'parriflorum in S. Africa, 392.

Monda rogenhofferi (Turret Bag-
worm), in S. Africa, 392.

Monecphora bicincta, food-plants of,
in Cuba, 348.

Moneilema crassum, suggested
introduction of, into Australia to
destroy prickly pear, 482.

Monellia (see Callipterus).

Mongoose, scarcity of, in Br. Guiana
140 ; relation of, to insects in
Trinidad, 269.

Monieziella angnsta, natural enemy
of Lejiidosaphes uhni in N.
America, 242.

Monkey Pod (see Samanea saman).

Monoblasius neustriae, parasite of
Emphytus cinctus in Holland, 444.

Monochamus, species of, allied to
31. fistvlator, on vines in New
South Wales, 263.

Monocliamns bimacnlatus, in forests
in India, 535.

Monochcmius confusor, in forests in
N. America, 430, 505.

Monochamus fistulator (Passion-vine
Longicorn), measures against,.

INDEX.

659

in Australia, 201, 248 ; unidenti-
fied species of Monochamus allied

to, on grape-vines in New South

Wales, 263.
Monochamus scuteUatus, in forests

in N. America, 430, 505.
Monochamus sutor, bionomics of,

in conifers in Sweden, 97.
Monochamus titillaior, Ips longidens

associated witli, in Pinus strohns

in U.S.A., 505.
Monocliloracetone, effect of,, on

Lepidoptera, 319.
Monoctenus crypfomeriae, on

Cryptomeria japonica in Japan,

370.
Monodoniomerus denUpes, parasite

of Diprion pini in Holland, 444.
monogyra, Hymenoclea.
Monohammus (see Monochamus).
Monolepta rosae, food-plants of, in

New South Wales, 85, 294.
Monolepta signata, on potato, etc.,

in India, 73, 133.
Monomor'mrti minimum, destroy ino;

Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A., 34.
Monomorium pharaonis, intercepted

in Hawaii, 208, 438.
Monophadnoides rubi (see Mono-

phadnus).
Monophadnus rubi (Raspberry

Sawfly), a minor fruit pest in

Canada, 44 ; bionomics and con-
trol of, in U.S.A., 5,339.
m,onophlebi, Cryptochaetitm.
Monophlebus, on orange in Assam,

492 ; measures against, on mango

in India, 288.
Monophlebus tamarindus, on garden

crotons in S. India, 403.
Montana, outbreak of grasshoppers

in, 140, 141 ; miscellaneous

pests in, 38, 141, 315.
montanus, Pseudococcus ; Pur-

puricenus.
Monterey Pine Scale (see Physolcer-

mes insignicola).
m,onticola, Megaplectes.
monticolae, Dendroctonus.
montrouzieri, Cryptolaemus.
Montserrat, measures against cotton

stainers in, 366 ; legislation

restricting importation of cotton

into, against Pectinophora

gossypiella, 360.
monuste, Pieris (Pontia).
Moosewood (see Acer pennsylrani-

cum).
Mordellistena cannabisi, on hemp in

Japan, 155.
Morelos Fruit Worm, danger of

introdiiction of, into Florida

from Mexico, 18.
Morganella maskelli, intercepted on

oranges in California, 62.
(672)

mori, Bombyx.

Morinda, Pulvinaria psidii on, in
S. India, 402.

Moringa pterygosperma, Coleopter-
ous pests of, in India, 535.

moria, Chelisoches ; Eutermes.

morionellus, Thersilochus.

morivorella, Diplosis.

Morning Glory (see Ipomaea),

Morocco, outbreak of Cnethocampa
p>rocessionea on Quercus suber in,
500 ; Labidostomis hordei infest-
ing vines in, 372 ; measures
against locusts in, 425, 432.

Morongia leptoclada, Noropsis hiero-
glyphica on, in Porto Rico, 131.

morrilli, Frankliniella.

morrisoni, Dryopea ; Nectarosiphon.

Moms (see Mulberry).

Moms alba. Coleopterous pests of,
in India, 535.

Morus indica, Coleopterous pests
of, in India, 535.

Mosaic Disease, of potato, in U.S.A.,
223.

mosellana, Sitodiplosis {Thecodi-
plosis).

Moss, Anisodactylus binotatus inter-
cepted in, in Connecticut, 339 ;
bionomics of Melaphis minuius
on, in Virginia, 383.

Moss, Spanish, legislation restricting
removal of, from boU weevil
area in Florida, 214.

Mottling Disease of Sugar-cane,
experiments to determine rela-
tion of insects to spread of, in
Porto Rico, 514.

mozardi, Languria.

mucorea, Trichobaris.

Mucuna pmriens var. utilis (Velvet
Bean), not attacked by Bruchus-
obtectus in S. Africa, 258.

Muhlenbeclcia platyclados, food-
plant of Ceroplastes sinensis irt
Italy, 218.

m,uiri, Atractodes ; Oregma.

Mulberry (3Ioms), Pseudococcus rir-
gatus on, in Florida, 473 ; pests
of, in India, 133, 402; Aula-
caspis pentagona, on, in Italy,.
123, 157 ; pests of, in Japan,
100, 154, 239, 369 ; food-plant of
silkwormsin Japan, 12, 274, 275;
Serica on, in Korea, 273 ; Poly-
phylla on, in Transcaucasia, 345.

Mulberry Scale (see Aidacaspis-
pentagona).

multilineatus, Secodes.

muUistriatus, Scolytiis {Eecoptogas-
ter).

mvndus, Neodiprion.

Murgantia histrionica (Harleauiii
Rug), natural enemies and dis-
tribution of, in America, 243.

h2

660

INDEX.

murgantiae, Trissolcus.

muricata, Nothorrhina.

mufinus, Lacon.

Murraya exotica (Orange Jasmine),
measures against scale-insects on,
in Porto Rico, 516.

Musca doniesUca (House-fly), in-
fested witli Cordyceps dipterigenu
in Cuba, 349 ; relation of, to
withering disease of fig in
Italy, 413 ; ^licrotrombidium mus-
carwtn probably infesting, in
Minnesota, 328 ; effect of derris
on, 496 ; efi'ect of etlier on,
115.

Musca lusoria, breeding places and
parasites of, in S. Africa, 437.

Musca pumilionis, identity of, 421.

Mustard, Bagrada hilaris on, in S.
Africa, 165 ; pests of, in Assam,
115, 492 ; cidtivation of, against
wireworms in Britain, 208.

Mustard Apliis, measures against, in
Assam, 115.

Mustard Sawfly (see Athalia proxi-
ma).

mutahilis, Perissus.

mutatella, Dioryctria.

mutica, Qlypta.

Mycetococcus, gen. nov., 11.

Mycetococcus corticis, in N. America,
11.

Mycetococcus ehrhorni, in N.America,
11.

Myelois ceratoniae, infesting Acacia
farnesiana in Hawaii, 434, 435 ;
parasites of, 435, 436.

Myelophilus ' minor (Pine Beetle),
in PinustMinbergiiin Japan, 370 ;
bionomics of, in Sweden, 422, 423.

Myelophilus piniperda (Pine
Beetle), in France, 462 ; in
Spain, 90, 210 ; supposed new
variety of, on Pinus lialepensis in
Spain, 253 ; . bionomics of, in
Sweden, 422, 423.

Myiarchus crinitus (Crested Fly-
catcher), destroying Paranthrene
polistiformis in U.S.A., 151.

Myiasis, in man and animals, caused
by Eristalis tenax in New Zea-
land, 49.

Myiopardalis caucasica, sp.n. (Melon
fly), bionomics of, in Trans-
caucasia, 347.

Mylahris pustulata, predaceous on
Gyrtacanthacris nigrieornis in
Java, 233.

Myllocerus, on potato in India, 73.

Myllocerus blandus, on cotton and
sugar-cane in India, 133, 287.

Myllocerus discolor, on sugar- cang,
etc., in India, 133, 403.

Myllocerus maculosiis, on cotton in
India, 72.

Myllocerus sabulosus, food-plants

of, in India, 403.
Myllocerus viridanus, food-plants

of, in India, 403.
Myocera cremides, parasite of Lach-

nosternain N. America, 256.
Myochrous longulus, on cotton in

Arizona, 206.
myoidea, Masicera-
Myoporum, tuberculatttm, Pseudococ-

cus notabilis on, in Italy,- 142.
myosotidis, Aphis.
3Iyosotis, Aphis myosotidis on, in

Britain, 542.
Myriangium, duriaei (Black Scale

Fimgus), infesting scale-insects

in Ciiba, 349 ; infesting scale-
insects in Florida, 20.
Myricia apiculata, new scale-insect

on, in Argentina, 307.
Myristica fragrans (see Nutmeg).
myristicae, Thamnurgides.
Myrmecia forjicata (Australian BuU-

dog Ant), parasitised by Psilogas-

ter fasciiventris in Australia,

295.
Myrmica punctiventris, predaceous

on Goeliodes inaequalis in U.S.A.,

150.
myrtillata, Onophos.
mytilaspidis, Aphelinus (Chalcis) ;

Schizotetranychus ( Tetranychus).
Mytilaspis citricola (see Lepidosa-

phes becJcii).
3Iytilaspis ficus (see Lepidosa/phes).
3Iytilaspis piperis, on black pepper

in S. India, 402.
Mytilaspis pomorum (see Lepidosa-

phes ulmi).
Myzocallis davidsoni, sp. n.,

bionomics of, in California, 387.
Myzocallis maureri, sp. n., biono-
mics of, in California, 387.
3Iyzoides persicae (see Myzus).
3Iyzoides tabaci, on tobacco in

Transcaucasia, 344.
3Iyzus braggi (Artichoke Aphis),

bionomics and control of, in

Louisiana, 78.
3Iyzus cerasi (Black Cherry Aphis),

bionomics of, in Canada, 28 ;

on wild cherry in S. Eastern

Russia, 143.
3Iyzus crataegi, on hawthorn in

Britain, 542.
3Iyzus dispar, on currants in

America, 371.
3Iyzus galiifolium,, sp. n., on Galium

cruciatum. in Britain, 386.
Myzus gei, sp. n., on Geum urbanum

in Britain, 386.
Myzus Icaltenbachi, on grasses in

Britain, 542.
Myzus lactucae, on currants in

Britain, 542.

INDEX.

661

Myzus mercurialis, sp. n., on Mer-
curiaUs officinalis in Britain, 386.

Myzus {Bhopalosiphum) persicae
(Green Peach Aphis, Tobacco
Aphis), migrations of, in S.
Africa, 332 ; fungus infesting, on
potato in Britain, 542 ; Hippo-
damia convergens predaceous on,
in California, 198, 237 ; measures
against, on tobacco in Dutch E.
Indies, 108, 250.

Myzus ribis (Red Currant Aphis),
bionomics and control of, in
Britain, 371 ; in Denmark, 448 ;
on currants in Norway, 541 ; on
currant and gooseberry in Quebec,
525.

Myzus solani, on potatoes in
Britain, 386, 542.

Myzus whiiei, on currants, etc., in
Britain, 371, 542.

N.

Nobis (Beduviolus) ferus (Damsel
Bug), predaceous on other insects
in U.S.A., 34, 78, 266, 521.

Nacoleia indicatu (Bean Leaf-
webber), in Porto Rico, 248.

Nacoleia octosema (Banana Scab
Moth), measures against, in Fiji,
311.

Nandina, Lecanium intercepted on,
in California, 504.

nanella, Recurvaria.

Naphtha, experiments with, against
mole- crickets, 156.

Naphtha-lysol, and cresol, spray-
ing experiments with, against,
Aphids, 345.

Naphthaline, for preserving timber
from Anobium domesticum, 141,
357 ; against Liothrips setinodis
on bulbs, 444 ; against mole-
crickets, 156 ; against Psila
rosae and Hylemyia antiqua, 449 ;
against Xyleborus, 261 ; experi-
ments in sterilising soil with, 124,
356, 506.

Naphthaline Soap, spraying with,
against Apion, 443 ; spraying
with, against Crioceris asparagi,
443 ; use of solution of, against
Liothrips setinodis, 444.

napi, Pieris.

Narcissus, pests of, in N. America,
356 ; experiments against Tylen-
chus devastatrix in, in Britain,
355 ; pests of, in Holland, 138,
216, 443 ; pests intercepted in
bulbs of, in U.S.A., 277 ; legis-

lation restricting importation of,

into U.S.A., 184; Merodon eques-

tris in bulbs of, in New Zealand,

49.
Narcissus Fly (see Merodon eques-

tris).
Narnia, suggested introduction of,

into Australia to destroy prickly

pear, 482.
nassatus, Orthotylus (see 0. margin-

alis).
Nasturtium, insect pests on, in

Canada, 302, 433 ; Aphis rumicis

on, in U.S.A., 362.
Nebraska, measures against grass-
hoppers in, 9 ; bionomics and

control of Loxostege stieticalis in,

9; vegetable pests in, 10 ; pests

intercepted in quarantine in, 9.
nebris, Papaipema.
Necrobia rufipes, infesting copra in

Sumatra, 65.
Nectarine, less severely attacked

than peaches by Cydia molesta in

Japan, 109.
Nectarosiphon morrisoni, sp. n.,

bionomics of, in California, 387.
Nectria ditissima (Apple-tree

Canker), transmitted by Aphids,

528.
Nedadilychnis,-pTedaGeo\is on Aspid-

iotus destructor in Br. Guiana, 484.
Neda sanguinea (see Cycloneda).
neglectus, Xenoborus.
Neleucania albilinea limitata (see

Meliana).
Nelumbium luteum (Lotus), biono-
mics and control of Pyrausta

penitalis on, in U.S.A., 117.
Nematocampa limbata, bionomics

and control of, in U.S.A., 174.
Nematodes, measures against, in

Florida, 419; food-plants of, in

Hawaii, 413 ; associated with

Ips pini in N. America, 430 ;

(see Heterodera, Tylenchus, etc.).
Nematus, on black alder in Korea,

274.
Nematus abietinus (see Lygaeonema-

tus).
Nemattis abietum (see Lygaeonema-

tus pini).
Nematus ribesii (see Pteronus).
Nematus ventricosus (see Pteronus

ribesii).
Nemobius fasciatvs (Striped Ground

Cricket), in Nova Scotia, 291.
nemorana, Hemerophila (Simaethis).
nemorum, Phyllotreta (Raltica).
nenuphar, Conotrachelus.
Neoborus amoenus (Ash Leaf Bug),

bionomics of, in U.S.A., 255, 400.
Neoborus canadensis, on Fraxinus

americana in New York, 400,

401.

662

INDEX.

NeohoTus geminus, possibly a variety

of N. amoenws, 400.
JSfeohorus palmeri, on Fraxinus

nigra in U.S.A., 400.
Neoborus pubescens, sp. n., on

Fraxinus americana in U.S.A., 401
Neoborus tricolor, on Fraxinus ameri-
cana in New York, 400.
N eocatolaccus vandinei, parasite of

Pachymerus in Java, 536.
Neocerata rJiodophaga (Rose Midge),

bionomics and control of, in

Canada and U.S.A., 211, 321.
Neoclytus famelicus, introduced into

Buenos Aires in timber, 319.
Neodiprion, gen. n., 24 ; new species

of, on pines in U.S.A., 24.
Neoheegeria indica, sp. n., on Ailan-

thus excelsa in India, 262.
Neolasioptera hibisci, on Hibiscus

moscheutos in New Jersey, 322.
Neolygus parrotti (see Lygus).
Heotermes erythraeiis, sp. n., in

Eritrea, 143.
Nepa cinerea, on rice in Argentina,

271.
nepalensis, Hemisodorcas.
J^ephantis serinopa, measures

against, on palms in India and

Ceylon, 113, 508.
Neptieula anornalella (Rose Leaf-

miner), measures against, in

Britain, 508.
nerii. Aphis.
Nerium, odorum.. Coleopterous pests

of, in India, 535.
Nerium oleander (see Oleander).
nervosa, Depressaria (see D. api-

cella).
Nesodiprion basalis (see Diprion).
Nesomiviesa hawaiiensis, natural

enemy of Perkinsiella saccharicida

in Hawaii, 436.
nesterovi, Kurdia.
Nettle Grub (see Thosea cervina).
Neuroteriis quercus-baccarum, eifect

of meteorological conditions on,

in Germany, 160.
Neurotoma inconspicua (Web-

spinning Sawfiy), on plum and

sand cherry in S. Dakota, 183,

316.
neustria, Malacosoma {Bombyx, Oas-

tropacha).
neustriae, Monohlastus.
Nevada, pests of lucerne in, 22,

374 ; Heterodera radicicola inter-
cepted in California in potatoes

from, 361, 427.
Nevis, cotton pests in, 372, 415, 481.
New England, financial loss due to

gipsy and brown-tail moths in,

207 ; danger of introduction

of gipsy and brown-tail moths

into Florida from, 18.

New Hebrides, bionomics and con-
trol of Promecotheca opacicollis
on coconuts in, 458-460.

New Jersey, Aspidiotus intercepted
in California on orcliids from,
199; bionomics of Corythuca
parshleyi on walnut in, 169 ;
pests of Hibiscus moscheutos in,
322 ; miscellaneous pests in,
254, 255, 256, 293 ; nursery and
greenhouse pests in, 215, 254,
404 ; measures against Popillia
japonicain, 394, 511.

New Mexico, biouumics and control
of Cydia jmmonella on apj)les in,
333 ; Cydia pomonella inter-
cepted in California from, 199.

New South Wales, Aleurodes inter-
cepted in California on holly
from, 62 ; pests of stored cereals
in, 132 ; Citriphaga mixta at-
tacking Atlantia glauea in, 532 ;
measures against bugs infesting
citrus in, 373 ; experiments in
control of fruit-flies in, 32 ;
maize pests in, 262, 294 ; mea-
sures against Monocliavius fistu-
lator on passion-vines in, 201,
263 ; measures for eradicating
prickly pear in, 482 ; Scitala
pruinosa infesting grasses in,
485 ; mixed sj)rays used in, 428 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 137, 182,
296, 400, 478, 495, 509, 516 ;
orchard pests in, 116, 182, 283,
306, 495 ; proliibition against
importation of maize into Canada
•from, 312 ; pests from, inter-
cepted in California, 199, 361.

New Zealand, measures against
Anobium, domesticuni in, 141,
357 ; pests of citrus and their
control in, 50 ; bionomics and
control of flax-grubs in, 82 ;
orchard pests in," 48, 167, 308,
357, 533 ; pests of Passiflora
edulis in, 83 ; beneficial and
injurious Syrphid flies in, 49 ;
Pseudococcus from, intercepted
in California, 127 ; importance
of economic entomology in, 504 ;
majority of injurious insects in,
imported from Europe, 275.

New Zealand Flax Grub (see
Melanchra steropastis and Xantho-
rhoe praefectata).

Nezara smaragdula (Emerald Bug),
on vanilla in Reunion, 192.

Nezara viridula (Pumpkin Bug),
on indigo in India, 72 ; a pro-
bable carrier of internal boll
disease of cotton in Tortola,
337 ; bionomics of, in U.S.A.,
79, 106, 419; measures against,
on cotton in St. Vincent, 296.

INDEX.

663

Nicaragua, pests from, intercepted
in California, 62, 127, 199, 238.

Nicotiana, Pseudococcus notabilis
on, in Italy, 142 ; (see Tobacco).

■nicotianae, GallobeUcus.

Nicotine, against Apliids, 36, 78,
254, 268, 338, 342, 371, 447, 487 ;
experiments with, against Cijdia
■pomonella, 101 ; experiments
with, against Incurvm la capitella,
540 ; against leaf-hoppers, 8,
183, 326, 329 ; ineffective against
leaf-hoppers when used alone,
326 ; against Otiorrliynchus sul-
eaius, 466 ; effect of spraying
with, on Phorhia brass icae, 98 ;
against Pierls brassieae, 514 ;
effect of spraying with, on Te-
tranyclms biocidatus, 56 ; against
thrips, 36, 171, 530; against
vine moths, 46, 397, 457 ; and
Bordeaux mixture, 46, 397, 466,
510, 530 ; addition of, to lime-
sulphur, 129, 146, 169, 207, 254 ;
and pyrethrum, against Memmia
vicina, 193 ; and soap, 78, 171,
183, 268, 326, 338, 530; fumiga-
tion with, 212, 500 ; effect of,
as an insecticide, 115 ; estima-
tion of, in insecticides, 478.

Nicotine Oleate, spraying experi-
ments with, against Aphids,
342.

NicotineSulphate, against Apliids, 2,
36, 78, 79, 140, 174, 175, 222, 471,
480, 507 ; and soap, experiments
with, against Diarthronomyia
hypogaea, 279, 340 ; against
Diairaea saccharalis crambidoides,
408 ; in orchard sprays, 2, 8, 36,
78, 79, 129, 146, 170, 176, 182,
205, 207, 211, 223, 310, 362, 470,
471, 507, 544; against thrips,
205, 343 ; formulae containing,
2, 310 ; kerosene emulsion com-
pared with, 222 ; addition of, to
lime-sulphur, 129, 146, 170, 480 ;
ineffective against Parairioza
cockerelli, 472,

Nicotine Tartrate, ineffective
against GallobeUcus nicotianae,
538.

nidifex, Euphalerus.

niger, Anthothrips, PMoeothrips (see
Haplothrips statices) ; AtJious ;
Isodromus ; Pterostichus ; Ufens.

Nigeria, food-plants of Aspidiotus
desiriicior in, 185 ; new fruit-fly
from, 241 ; new parasitic Hymen-
optera from, 437.

Nightshade (see Solanum).

nigra, Pseudaonidia ; Salpinqogas-
ter ; 8aissetia{Lecanium); Toxop-
tera.

'nigriceps, Litus.

nigrlcornis, Anagrus ; Cyrlocaniha-

cris ; Leucopis ; Oecanthus.
nigripalpis, Exorista.
nigripennis, Calophya.
nigrlpes, Semiotellus.
nigrirostris, Hypera {Phylonomus).
nigrisigna, Phytomeira (Plusia).
nigritarius, Cratichneunion.
nigriventris, Leucodesmia.
nigrodentatus, Cercothrips {Acan-

thinothrips).
nigrofasciatuni, Eulecanium (Le-

caniuni) ; Trichosiphum.
nigrum, Micromyzus ; Trichosiphum.
n i is imae , Pemp higus .
nilgiriense, Ceresium.
nimbosa, Trachykele.
nipae, Pseudococcus.
niponica, Epilachna.
Nipponaphis yanonis, sp. n., on

Distychium racemosum in Japan,

111.
nipponensis, Chrysopa.
lupponiea, Diprion.
nirecola, Gobaishia.
7iishiyae, Watabura.
Nishiyana aomoriensis, gen. et sp.

n., in Japan, 111.
Nisoira breweri, bionomics and

control of, in Queensland, 521.
nitela, Papaipema (see P. nebris).
nitens, Miresa.
nitida, Allorrhina (Gotinus).
niiidalis, Diaphania.
nitidella, Argyresthia.
Nitocris princeps (see Dirphya).
Nitrochloroform, effect of, on

Lepidoptera, 319.
Nitrogen, effect of manures con-
taining, on insect pests, 158 ;

percentage of, fatal to weevils

infesting stored grain, 219.
niveus, Oecanthus.
Noble Fir (see Abies nobilis).
Nocarodes, notice of key to species

of, 347.
Nocarodes rimansonae, sp. n., in

Transcaucasia, 347.
Nocarodes schelkovnikovi, sp. n., in

Persia, 347.
Nocarodes voronovi, sp. n., in Trans-
caucasia, 347.
Noctua fennica (see Agrotis).
nodiceps, Cryptognatha.
Nodostoma, in forests in Japan, 370.
Nodostoma suhcostatutii, on plantain

and vine in India, 134.
Nola metallopa (Seedling-gum

Moth), on Eucalyptus rosirala in

Australia, 294.
Nonagria, possibly parasitised by

Trichogramma evanescens in

Europe, 231.
Nonagria trimcata (see Phragmati-

phila).

664

INDEX.

Nonagria typJia, parasitised by
Amblyteles nonagriae in Sweden, 96
nonagriae, Amblyteles.
norax, Aprostocetus.

Norhanus, parasite of Lasioderma
serricorne in U.S.A., 367.

Noropsis hieroglyphica, food-plants
of, in Porto Rico, 131.

norvegicus, Calocoris.

Norway, agricultural pests in, 419,
420 ; miscellaneous pests in,
538-541.

Nosema apicis (Pebrine), attacking
silkworms in India, 235.

Nosema apis (Isle of Wight Bee
Disease), distribution of, 376 ;
symptoms caused by, 376 ; source
of confusion in tbe diagnosis of, in
U.S.A., 395.

Nosema bombycis, rmsuccessful
attempts to infect vine moths
with, in France, 123 ; in Japan,
392.

notabilis, Pseudococcus.

notata, Scatopse.

notaticollis, Anthaxia.

notatus, Pissodes.

Nothorrhina muricata, in Pinus
longifolia in India, 292 ; in pines
in Scandinavia, 97.

Notolophus antiqua (see Orgyia).

Notolophus leucostigma (see Hem-
erocampa).

notulatoria, Eclithromorpha.

Nova Scotia, miscellaneous pests in,
29, 177, 179, 302, 303, 306 ;
orchard pests in, 176, 177, 302,
304, 305, 309, 313, 506 ; notice
of key to Crambinae of, 306 ;
Orthoptera of, 391 ; new leaf-
hoppers from, 76 ; notes on tree-
hoppers of, 177.

novascotiensis, Lygus communis.

novemnotata, Coccinella.

Novius cardinalis, introduction of,
into Argentina against Icerya
purchasi, 363 ; attempted estab-
lishment of, in Ceylon, 497 ;
establishment of, against Icerya
purchasi in Europe, 6, 413, 456,
467 ; establishment of, in U.S.A.,
18, 20, 103, 215, 237.

novus-zealandiae, Syrphus.

noxius, Brachycolus.

nu, PacMplusia.

nubifera, Aleurodes.

nubilalis, Pyrausta (Botys).

nucleorum, Pachymerus.

nucum,, Balaninus.

Nun Moth (see Porthetria monacha).

nupera, Xylina.

Nupserha, in Vigna catjang in India,
133.

Nupserha variabilis, in forest trees
in India, 535.

Nurudea ibofushi, gen. et sp. n.,
forming galls on Bhus semialata
in Japan, 111.

Nurudeopsis shiraii, gen. et sp. n.,
forming galls on Blms semialata
in Japan, 111.

Nurudeopsis yanoniella, sp. n.,
forming galls on Ehus semialata
in Japan, 111.

niisslini, Chermes.

Nut Weevil (see Balaninus nucum).

Nutmeg {Myristica fragrans),
Brucliids intercepted in, in Br.
Columbia, 507 ; pests intercepted
in, in California, 427 ; pests of,
in Malaya, 231, 232.

nuttalli, Buprestis.

Nyasaland, measures against Lasi-
oderma serricorne infesting dried
tobacco in, 138.

Nygmia p)haeorrhoea (Brown-tail
Moth), parasitised by Thely-
morpha vertiginosa in Britain,
444 ; food-plants and control of,
in Canada, 178, 492, 526 ; experi-
ments with bacteria on, in France,
217, 396, 486 ; food-plants of, in
Italy, 157 ; on oak, etc., in Spain,
90, 210 ; food-plants of, in Trans-
caucasia, 344 ; measures against,
in U.S.A., 18, 59, 103, 176, 178,.
214, 429; intercepted in U.S.A.,
207, 277.

Nymp)hula depunctalis, measures
against, in Assam, 492.

Nyphasia apicalis, in Shorea robusta
in India, 292.

Nysius angustatus (False Chinch-
bug), predaceous on Blissus
leucopterus in U.S.A., 34.

Nysius ericae (False Chinch-bug),
in Montana, 315 ; measures
against, on vegetables in Okla-
homa, 140.

Nysius vinitor (Rutherglen Bug),
food-plants and control of, in
Australia, 85, 199; on tomatos
in Tasmania, 120.

Oak (Quercus), Asterolecanium
variolosum on, in S. Africa, 247 ;
pests of, in Britain, 277, 416, 518,
542 ; pests of, in Canada, 157 ;
Calymmoderus capucinus boring
in timber of, in Chile, 252 ;
Drepanothrips reuteri on, in Cen-
tral Europe, 195 ; Asterolecanium
variolosum on, in Germany, 159 ;
(acorn), weevils intercepted in.

INDEX.

665

in Hawaii, 188, 208 ; Coleopter-
ous pests of, in India, 535 ; pests
of, in Japan, 275, 369 ; Dryobius
croaticus on, in S. Eastern Russia,
143; pests of, in Spain, 90, 195,
210, 229, 293, 365 ; Tischeria
complanella on, in Transcaucasia,
345 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 38, 60,
157, 169, 174, 204, 264, 276, 308,
324,381,419,479; iiTermecS peculiar
to, 264, 276.

Oak, Black, Prionus laticolUs in, in
U.S.A., 416 ; (see Quercus kelloggi
and Q. velutina).

Oak, Chestnut (see Quercus prinus).

Oak, Coast Live (see Quercus
agrifolia).

Oak, Cork (see Quercus suber).

Oak, Live (see Quercus virginiana).

Oak, Maul (see Qtiercus chrysolepis).

Oak, Pin (see Quercus palustris).

Oak, Post (see Quercus minor).

Oak, Scrub (see Quercus ilicifolia).

Oak, White (see Quercus alba).

Oak Emperor Moth (see AntJieraea
roylei).

Oak Twig-girdler (see Agrilus
angelicus).

Oak Worm (see Anisoia senatoria).

Oak Worm Looper (see Theriiia
somniaria).

Oat Aphis (see SiphonapMs padi).

Oat Apple Aphis (see SiphonapMs
padi).

Oats, Blissus diplopterus on, in S.
Africa, 246 ; pests of, in Britain,
68, 69, 267, 356, 542 ; Macro-
siphuni granarlum on, in Canada,
26 ; pests of, in Denmark, 445 ;
apparently not attacked by Limo-
thrips denticornis in Finland, 468 ;
attacked by Heterodera schachUi
in France, 467 ; pests of, in
Germany, 353, 455 ; pests of, in
Holland, 124, 443 ; Cirphis uni-
punctO' on, in Korea, 273 ; pests
of, in Norway, 538, 539 ; Cicadula
sexnota,ta on, m Sweden, 193, 421 ;
Oscinella frit on, in Switzerland,
530; Chlorops taeniopus on, in
Transcaucasia, 345 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 68, 148, 189, 227, 281, 378,
441.

Oberea, in Phaseohis aconitifoUtis in
India, 134.

Oberea bimaculata (Raspberry Cane-
borer), bionomics and control in
U.S.A., 5.

Oberea japonica, confused with
Apriona ruqicollis in Japan, 154.

Oberea linearis, in hazel in Spain,
210.

obesus, Microtermes ; Plocaederus ;
Syrphus (see 8. viridiceps).

oblineatus, Lygus pratensis.

obliqua, Allograpta ; Anasirepha ;

Diacrisia ; Plagiotoma.
Oblique-banded Leaf-roUer (see

Tortrix rosaceana).
obliteratus. Diodes,
obovatus, Brevipalpus.
obscura, Cantharis ; Elis; Eueomys',

Ehabdocnemis (Sphenopliorus).
obscurator, Orgilus.
obscurus, Agriotes ; Hylastinus.
obsoleta, Heliothis (CMoridea) ;

Leucania.
obsoletana, Tortrix {Archips).
obtectus, Bruehus {AcantJioscelides).
occidentalis, Cephus ; Harmolita.
occidentis, Phorantha.
oceanica, Furcaspis.
ocellana, Eucosma (Tmetocera, Tor-
trix).
ocellanae, Microdus.
ocellata, Gelechia (see PhtTiorimaea

ocellatella).
ocellatella, PhtTiorimaea.
ochrogaster, Euxoa.
Ochsenheimeria taurella, on grasses

and wheat in Germany, 455.
Ocimum basilicum, seeds of, carried

off by Solenopsis geminatain Java,

30.
Ocimum sanctum, Ceroplastodes

cajani on, in S. India, 402.
Ocinaria signifera, parasitised by

Eclithromorphanotulatoriain Java,

104.
octomaculata, Alypia.
octopusttdata, Hyperaspis.
octosema, Nacoleia.
oculata, Chrysopa.
oeulatus, Cubitermes.
Ocypterodes eucJienor, parasite of

Chlorochroa sayi in U.S.A., 399.
Odina wodier, pests of, in India, 191,

402.
odonaspis, Adelencyrtus.
Odonaspis, on Gramineae, 276.
Odonaspis rutliae, parasitised by

Adelencyrtus odonaspidis, 437.
Odonestis plagifera, parasitised by

Apanteles bataviensis in Java, 1 04.
Odontotermes formosanus, infesting-

buildings in China, 111.
Odontria zealandica (Brown Beetle),

control of, on pear in New Zea-
land, 167.
Oecanthus nigricornis (Striped Tree

Cricket), on raspberry, Lepto-

spJiaeria eoniothyrium spread by

punctures of, 528.
Oecanthus niveus (Snowy Tree

Cricket), on apple, Jjeptosphaeria

eoniothyrium. spread bv punctures

of, 528'.
Oeceticus, new parasites of, in

Brazil, 125 ; on coconut in

Jamaica, 57.

666

INDEX.

Oecetieus platensis (Argentine Bag-
worm), introduction of parasites
of, into Argentina, 363.

Oecophoratetnperatella (see Scythris).

Oecophylla smaiagdina (Ked Ant,
Tree Ant), predaceous on Bliyn-
chocoris in Assam, 492 ; asso-
ciated with Apliidij in Ceylon,
164, 165 ; measures against, in
Java, 364 ; associated witli
Oregrna rhapidis in Singapore,
233.

Oedaleus, on sal seedlings in India,
191.

Oenophthira pilleriana (see Sparga-
nothis).

oginiae, Atoposomoidea.

Ohio, experiments against Apliids
in orchards in, 362 ; measures
against cereal pests in, 80, 81,
148, 221, 470; clover pests in,
145, 146 ; measures against pests
of stored cereals in," 144 ; mis-
cellaneous pests in, 144, 146, 147 ;
expected outbreak of Tibicen
septemdecim in, 504 ; notice of
vegetable pests and their control
in, 144 ; pests from, intercepted
in California, 504.

Oiketieiis (see Oecetieus).

Oil, in mixture for repelling Xylo-
trechus quadripes, 519.

Oil, Anise, in formula for baits for
May beetles, 394.

Oil, Dorana, in preparation of resin
emulsion, 181.

Oil, Linseed, and asphaltum,
against Saperda Candida, 491.

Oil, Miscible, in sprays for orchard
pests, 10, 11, 21, 244, 317, 333,
339, 480, 494, 512 ; addition of,
to arsenicals against borers, 265,
377 ; as a substitute for lime-
sulphur, 494 ; not suitable for
spraying Cruciferovis plants, 166.

Oil, Rape, suggested use of cakes of,
against Agriotes lineatus, 386 ;
banding with, against Monophle-
bus, 288.

Oil Emulsion, against army- worms,
84 ; in spravs for orchard pests,
8, 18, 19, 20, 21, 50, 56, 115, 288,
357, 374, 376, 449, 471, 526 ;
experiments in combining lime-
sulphur solutions with, 317.

Oil Palm, Aspidiotus destructor on,
in Nigeria, 185 ; pests of, in
Sumatra, 65.

Oils, effect of, in insecticides, 115 ;
use of, against Phorbia brassieae,
286 ; spraying with, ineffective
against Merlilia malayensis, 39.

Oklahoma, miscellaneous pests in,
140.

Okra (see H^bisc^^s esculentus).

Olea (see Olive).

Olea diviea, food -plant of Xylo-
trechus quadripes in India, 270.

oleae, Dacus ; Phloeothrips ; Phloeo-
tribus (see P. scarabaeoides) ;
Psylla ; Saissetia (Lecanium).

Oleander (Nerium oleander). Aphis
nerii on, in Brazil, 486; Pseu-
dococcus virgatus on, in Florida,
473 ; pests of, in Italy, 157.

Oleander Scale (see Aspidiotus
hederae).

oleellus. Prays.

oleiperda, Hylesinus.

Olene, on tea in India, 375.

Olene dorsipennata, sp. n., on
deciduous trees in N. America,
336.

Olene vagans, on apple, parasitised
by Tachina mella in Nova Scotia,
305 ; in Maine, 336.

Olene wiUingi, O. dorsipennata
erroneously recorded as, 336.

Olene Soap, and sulphur, spraying
with, against mites, 134.

oleracea, Haltica ; Polia (Barathra,
Mamestra) ; Tipula.

oleraceuni, Eurydema (Strachia).

Olethreiites urticana, on strawberries
in Holland, 124.

Olethreutes variegana (see Argyro-
ploce).

Oligomer us arhuti, sp. n., on Arbutiis
in California, 321.

Oligosita giraulti (Vermilion Frog-
hopper Parasite), parasite of
TomaspisflavilaterainBY. Guiana,
139.

Oligosita ntilis, sp. n., parasite of
Promecotheca opacicolUs in New
Hebrides, 458.

Olive (Olea), ChrysompJialus corti-
cosus on, in S. Africa, 242 ;
Diaspis celtidis on, in Arizona,
205 ; Phloeotribus scarabaeoides
on, in Cyprus, 71 ; legislation
against Dacus oleae infesting, in
Cyprus, 88 ; pests of, in France,
231, 462 ; Dacus oleae on, in
Italy, 456 ; Aspidiotus hederae
on, m Portugal, 6 ; pests of, in
Spain, 294.

Olive Fly (see Dacus oleae).

Olive Leaf-beetle (see Pseudococci-
nella sexvittata).

Olive Moth (see Prays oleellus).

Olive Scale (see Saissetia oleae).

Olive Thrips (see Phloeothrips oleae).

olivieri, Aulacophora ; Polyphylla.

Olynthoscelis kerketa, sp. n., in
Circassia, 346.

Olynthoscelis kurda, sp. n., in Kurdi-
stan, 346.

Olynthoscelis sebra, sp. n., in Kurdi-
stan, 346.

INDEX.

667

Omocestus ventralis, destroying
turnips in Denmark, 446.

Omorgus vamidulns, parasite of
Bhyacionia buoliana in Holland,
234.

Oncideres cingulatus, on Terminalia
catappa in Jamaica, 58.

Oncophanes hesperidis, sp. n., reared
from Hesperid larva in Java,
104.

Oncopsis fitchi, on bircli in Nova
Scotia, 177.

Oncopsis sobrius (Yellow • Leaf-
liopper), on birch in Nova Scotia,
177.

Onion (Allium cepa), food-plant of
hardbacks in Antigna, 414 ; pests
of, in Britain, 209, 355 ; pests
of, in Canada, 171, 302, 356,
407 ; thrips on, in Cuba, 349 ;
Hylemyia antiqaa on, in Denmark,
448 ; Galeraca ianaceti on, in
Germany, 195 ; pests of, in
Holland, 124, 216, 277; Hylemyia
nntiqua on, in Italy, 157; Thrips
tabaci intercepted on, in Porto
Rico, 514 ; use of red-lead
powder for protecting seeds of,
against ants in Tortola, 337 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 216, 343, 356,
417.

■Onion Fly (see Hylemyia antiqua).

Onion Maggot (see Hylemyia
antiqua).

Onion Thrips (see Thrips tabaci).

Ontario, miscellaneous pests in,
337 ; orchard pests in, 10, 308,
544 ; identity of wheat midge in,
187.

■Onthophagus, destroyed by crows
in U.S.A., 203.

■onusta, Ilacronoctua.

Ootetrastichus, establishment of,
against leaf-hoppers in Hawaii,
330, 412.

Ootetrastichus beatus, parasite of
Peregrinus maidis in Hawaii, 330.

Ootetrastichus gibboni, sp. n., asso-
ciated with Languria mozardi in
Arizona, 401.

■opaca, Blitophaga (Silpha) ; Eleodes ;
JRicanoptera.

■opacicollis, Promecotheca.

Opatrum depressum., measures
against, on coffee and tobacco in
Java, 363.

■operculella, Phthorimaea.

Opheltes glaucopterus, parasite of
Cimbex quadrimaculata in Italy,
142.

Ophideres fullonica (see Othreis).

Ophionectriacoccicola{White-lie&ded
Scale Fungus), infesting scale-
insects in Florida, 20 ; causing
gummosis of orange-trees, 528.

Ophioneurus signatus, parasite of
Bhynchites betulae in Europe, 231.

Ophiusa eoronat a, on Terminalia
belerica in Dutch E. Indies, 388.

Ophiusa melicer'a (see Achaea).

Ophthalmothrips pomeroyi, gen. et
sp. n., in E. Africa, 262.

Opius, parasite of Bhagoletis
pomonella in Br. Columbia, 186.

Opius africanus, proposed establish-
ment of, against Dacus oleae in
Italy, 456.

Opius concolor, experiments in
establishment of, in France, 456,
467.

Opius daeicida, proposed establish-
ment of, against Dacus oleae in
Italy, 456.

Opius fletcheri, establishment of,
against Dacus cucurbitae in
Hawaii, 33, 149, 385.

Opius humilis, parasite of Ceratitis
capitata in Hawaii, 33, 149, 385 ;
Pachycrepoideus dubius a secon-
dary parasite of, 149.

Opius lantanae, sp. n., parasite of
lantana seed-fly in Hawaii, 437.

Opius quebecensis, parasite of
Pegomyia calypirata in U.S.A.,
266.

Opius tryoni, experiments with,
against fruit-flies in New South
Wales, 33.

optabilis, Paranagrus.

opulenta, Trachykele.

Opuntia, Hyperaspis irimaculata
associated with Dactylopius con-
fusus on, in Texas, 523.

Opuntia inermis (Prickly Pear),
problem of eradicating, in Aus-
tralia, 481.

Opuntia monocantha (Prickly Pear),
attempted utilisation of cochi-
neal insects to destroy, in Aus-
tralia, 481 ; destroyed by Dacty-
lopius conf'iisus indicus in S. India,
402.

optintiae, Asphondylia ; Itonida.

Orange (Citrus aurantium), pests of,
in Assam, 492 ; pests of, in
Argentina, 117, 118, 119, 501;
Papilio tlioas thoantiades on, in
Brazil, 126 ; pests intercepted on,
in California, 62, 127, 199, 238,
361 ; Chrysomphalus auraniii on,
in Ceylon, 402 ; Anasirepha
acidusa on, in Dominica, 262 ;
measures against Chrysomphalus
dictyospermi on, in France, 467 ;
Lepidosaphes beclii intercepted
on, in Hawaii, 485 ; pests of, in
India, 134, 287; A fate submedia
infesting, in Jamaica, 58 ; pests
of, in Japan, 100, 238 ; Lepidosa-
phes beckii on, in Portugal, 7 ;

668

INDEX.

control of Clirysom/plialus dictyo-
spermi on, in Sicily, 42 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 2, 34; Stenozygiivi,
personaimn on, in New South
Wales, 374 ; gummosis of, trans-
mitted by scale-insects, 528.

Orange, Otaheite, scale-insects
intercepted on, in Hawaii, 33.

Orange Bug, Green Spined (see
BiproTulus bibax).

Orange Fly, Formosan (see Dacus
dor sails) .

Orange Fly, Japanese (see Dac^is
tsuneonis).

Orange Fly, Mexican (see Anasire-
pha ludens).

Orange Mite (see Brevipalpus obova-
tus).

Orange Snow Scale (see Chionaspis
citri).

Oranges, in poison-baits for grass-
hoppers, etc., 79, 85, 206, 293,
294, 391, 417, 441.

OrcJiesiesexcellens{seeIihynchaemis).

Orchids, pests intercepted on, in
California, 199, 427, 503, 504;
pests intercepted on, in Hawaii,
33, 208 ; Bhisoghfphus ecMnopus
on, in Japan, 440 ; pests of, in
Dutch E. Indies, 39, 537 ; Physo-
thrips xantMus on, in West Indies,
186 ; pests intercepted on, in
Porto Eico, 514 ; experiments in
fumigating, with hydrocyanic-
acid gas in U.S.A., 130.

ordinarius, LiotJirips.

Oregma insiilaris, on Dendrocalamus
strictus, ants associated with, in
Cevlon, 165 ; on bamboo in Java,
108.

Oregma lanigera, on sugar-cane in
Java, 108.

Oregma Tninuia, on Dendrocalamus
strictus, ants associated with, in
Ceylon, 165 ; on bamboo in Hong
Kong, 234 ; effect of meteoro-
logical conditions on, in Java,
108.

Oregma viuiri, sp. n., in Singapore,
233.

Oregma rhapidis, ants associated
with, on palms in Singapore, 233.

Oregma singaporensis, sp. n., on
bamboo in Singapore, 233.

Oregma striata, on bamboo, effect
of meteorological conditions on,
in Java, 108.

Oregma sundanica, in Singapore,
233.

Oregon, MacrosiphonieUa artemisiae
on Artemisia in, 112 ; pests from,
intercepted in California, 127,
199, 238, 361, 504.

oregonensis, Deretajjhrus.

oreinum, Teir opium.

Orgilus dioryctriae, sp. n., parasite
of Dioryctria xanthaenobares in
U.S.A., 321.

Orgilus mellipes, parasite of
PMhorimaea glochinella in U.S.A.,
321.

Orgilus obscuraior, parasite of
Bhyacionia buoliana in Holland,
234.

Orgyia, on tea in India, 375.

Orgyia antiqua (European Tussock
Moth, Vapourer Moth), on plane
tree^ in Britain, 209 ; on fruit
and shade- trees in Canada, 44,
178 ; in orchards in Denmark,
448 ; on apples in Chile, 252 ; on
apples in Transcaucasia, 344 j
intercepted in U.S.A., 9, 48, 494.

orgyiae, Cratoteclius; Pimpla (Ito-
plectis) (see Iseropus coelebs).

Oriental Peach Moth (see Cydia
molesta).

orientalis, Anomala ; Aserica {Ser-
ica) ; Blatia ; Dorylus.

Orion patagonus, introduced into-
Buenos Aires in timber, 319.

Orlando, EaplotJirips.

Ormenis perpusillus, not damaging^
coffee in Jamaica, 58.

ornata, Lebia.

ornatus, Gonatocerus ; Xylodectes.

orni, Hylesinus ; Tettigia.

Ornix (see Barornix).

Orosiotes kumamotoensis, gen. et sp.
n., in Japan, 110.

OrotJirips kelloggi yosemitii, on
Arnelancliier in By. Columbia, 509.

Oroxylon indicus, Xyloirechus quad-
ripes ovipositing on, in Tonkin,.
519.

Orphnlella pelidna, Euirombidium
locustarum infesting, in Minne-
sota, 327.

Orphnlella speciosa, Euirombidium
locustarum infesting, in Minne-
sota, 327.

ortas, SyrpJius.

Ortliezia, Scymnine larva asso-
ciated with, on Ilymenoclea
monogyra in Mexico, 524.

Ortliezia cataphracta, amongst beech
leaves in Britain, 518.

Ortliezia insignis, effect of derris on,,
496.

Ortliezia urticae, on Artemisia mari-
tima in Britain, 518; in Portugal,
6.

Orfhocraspeda trima, on oil palm in
Sumatra, 65.

orth ogonia, Borosaqrotis.

orthopterae, Tumidiscapus.

Orthotomicus {Ips) caelatus, in
forests in N. America, 430 ; Ips
longidens associated with, in
Binus strobus in U.S.A., 505.

INDEX.

669

Orlliotylus flavosparsus, transmitt-
ing Bacillus amylovorus, 528.

Orthotylus marginalis, on apples and
pears in Denmark, 448.

Orlhotylus nassatus (see O. margin-
alis).

Oryctes rhinoceros (Rliinoceros
Beetle), in Dutch E. Indies, 64,
389 ; on coconut in Malaya, 128,
520 ; on coconut in Philippines,
14, 493 ; experiments with
Metarrhizium anisopliae against,
in Samoa, 424 ; measures against,
on coconut in Seychelles, 483 ;
on coconut in Travancore, 506.

Oryctes tarandus, introduction of
Scoliid wasps into Mauritius
against, 8.

oryctophaga, Scolia.

oryzae, Calandra ; Pachydiplosis ;
Platyogaster ; Thrips.

oryzophaga, Thrips.

osborni, Paranagrus.

Oscinella,on grasses in Germany, 455.

Oscinella frit (Frit Fly), bionomics,
control and distribution of, 68-
70 ; in Denmark, 445 ; on cereals
in Germany, 353 ; on oats in
Holland, 443 ; outbreak of, in
Norway, 419, 420, 538, 539; on
oats in Switzerland, 530.

Oscinella frit var. pus ilia, distinct
from O. frit, Meigen, 70.

Oscinella pusilla, on oats in Holland,
443 ; on oats in Norway, 539.

oscinidis, Polycystus.

Oscinis frit (see Oscinella).

Oscinis pumilionis (see Siphonella).

Oscinis theae, measures against, on
tea in Ceylon, 520.

osculans, Hyperaspis.

Osier (see Willow).

osmastoni, Anthaxia.

ostreaeformis, Aspidiotus (Diaspis).

Othius fiilvipennis, intercepted in
Connecticut, 339.

Othreis (Ophideres) fullonica, meas-
ures against, on oranges and
pomelo in India, 287.

Otiorrhynchus, on blackberries and
raspberries in Denmark, 448.

Otiorrhynchus ovatus (Strawberry
Eoot Weevil), measures against,
in Br. Columbia, 13, 171 ; use of
carbon bisulphide against, in
Washington, 8.

Otiorrhynchus picipes, in orchards in
Denmark, 448.

Otiorrhynchus singularis, food-plants
of, in Holland, 124.

Otiorrhynchus sulcatus (Black Vine
Weevil), bionomics and control
of, in vineyards in Europe, 465 ;
in New York, 137 ; on straw-
berries in Norway, 541.

Otiorrhynchus tenebricosus, on fruit-
trees in Holland, 124.
Ougeinia dalbergioides, Trigonocolus

brachmanae on, in India, 404.
ovata, Harniolita.
ovatus, Brachys ; Otiorrhynchus.
oviventris, Craiocryptus (Cubocepha-

lus).
ovoides, Cerococcus (Pollinia).
ovulorum, Entedon.
Owl, destroying weevils and cane

rats in Queensland, 167.
oxycarenidis, Pissodocystia.
Oxycarenus, on cotton in Uganda,

260.
Oxycarenus albidipennis (Cotton

Stainer), on cotton in S. Africa,

331.
Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, natural

enemies of, on cotton in Italian

Somaliland, 125 ; danger of

introduction of, into Turkey from

Egypt, 160.
Oxycarenus laetus, on cotton in India,

72.
Oxygrapha comariana (Strawberry

Tortrix), in Denmark, 449.
Oxylene, resistance of lice to, 115.
Oyster-shell Scale (see Lepidosaphes

tdmi).
Ozonised Air, effect of, on pests of

flour, 384.

P.

Pachnephorus, on sugar-cane in
India, 133.

Pachnoda carmelita, a minor cotton
pest in S. Africa, 331.

Pachnoda impressa, a minor cotton
pest in S. Africa, 331.

Pachycrepoideus dubius, establish-
ment of, in Hawaii, 33, 149.

Pachydiplosis oryzae, forming galls
on rice in India, 309.

Pachylis arqentinus, Bembidula
discisa predaceous on, in Argen-
tina, 318.

Pachymerus, parasitised by Neocato-
laccus vandinei in Java, 536.

Pachymerus (Cari/oborus) gonagra,
food-plants and parasites of, in
Hawaii, 434, 435 ; food-plants
of, in India, 291 ; infesting
tamarind pods in Jamaica, 58.

Pachymerus nucleorum, intercepted
in oil palm seeds in Java, 488.

Pachyneuron, introduction of, into
California against Pseudococcus,
358.

670

INDEX.

Pachypeltis Jmmeralis, on tea in
Sumatra, 64.

PachifpeUis vittiscntvs, food-plants
6f, in Dutch E. Indies, 31.

Pachyzancla bipundalis (Southern
Beet Webworm), food-plants of,
in Porto Rico, 248.

pacificus, Hyposottr fugitivus.

pactor, Platylabus.

Paddy Cutworm (see Spodopiera
mauritia).

padellus, Hyponomeuia.

padi, Corythuca ; Siphonaphis.

PadotJirips variccrnis, sp. n., on
Protea in S. Africa, 543.

paenulata, EpUachna {SolanophUa).

Pagasa fusca, natural enemy of
Blissus leiicopterus in U.S.A., 35.

Pagioctrus rlmosus, list of serd^
probably attacked by, in Flor da,
241.

Painted Capparis Bug (see Steno-
zygum, personatum).

Painted Horehound Bug (see
Agonoscelis rutila).

Palaeacriia vernata (Spring Canker
Worm), destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Palaeopws costicollis (dioscoreae), on
sweet potatoes and yams in
Jamaica, 56, 502.

paleana, Torlrix.

Palestine, campaign against locusts
in, 161 ; Pseudococcus vitis on
vine in, 519.

pallescens, Piezodoriis.

palliatus, Hylastes (Hylurgops).

pallida, Goenomyia.

pallidoeinctus, Apanteles.

pallidus, nippelates.

palUpes, Agonoderus.

Palm, Areca Nut (see Areca cate-
chu).

Palm, Date (see Phoenix dacUjliffra).

Palm Scale (see Eucalymnatus
tessellatns).

Palm Weevil (see Bhynchophcrns).

palmae, Aspidiotus.

palmarum, Bhynchophorus ; Ei-
persia.

palmerl, Caenopaeus ; Neobcrus.

Palms, Nephantis serinopa on, in
Ceylon, 113; pests intercepted
on, in Hawaii, 188, 208, 438;
Promecotheca opacicollis on, in
New Hebrides, 458 ; Hidori irara
on, in Dutch E. Indies, 390;
insect pests foimd in imported
seeds of, in Java, 488 ; Rhyn-
chophoTus ferrugineus on, in
Philippines, 14; Oregmarhapidis
on, in Singapore, 233 ; pests
intercepted on, in U.S.A., 9, 62 ;
legislation restricting importation
of seeds of, into U.S.A., 184.

PaludicoccHS, gen. nov., 11.

Paludieoccus disticlium, in N.
America, 11.

paludosa, Tipula.

Pammene theristis, in sal in India,
191.

Panama, species oi Prosophilaiound
in, 139 ; Scolytid infesting avo-
cado seed in, 241 ; thrips in, 185 ;
Phomopsis ciiri intercepted in
California on grape-fruit from,
199.

Panama Canal Zone, Aleurocanthus
wogliimi in, 213.

Panax, Longiungiiis spathodeae on,
in Ceylon, 165.

pandani, Pseudococcus.

panicea, Sitodrepa.

Panicum, Gobaishia nirecola on, in
Japan, 111.

Panicum, fluitans, Cecidomyid
forming galls on, in India, 309.

Panicum frumentaceum, Cirphis
unipuncta on, in Korea, 273.

Panicum maximum (Guinea Grass),
Monecphora bicincta on, in Cuba,
348.

Panicum numidianum, Monecphora
bicincta on, in Cuba, 348.

Panicum punctatum, Cecidomyid
forming galls on, in India, 309.

Panicum stagninum, Pachydiplosis
oryzae forming galls on, in India,
309.

Paniscus productus, parasite of
Xanthorhoe praefectata in New
Zealand, 83.

Panolis flammea, in forests in
Germany, 453 ; parasitised by
Gtenichneumon melanocastaneus
var. borealis in Sweden, 96.

Panolis griseovariegata (see P.
flammea).

Panzeria penitalis, parasite of
Pyrausta penitalis in U.S.A.,
117.

Panzeria rudis, parasite of Panolis
flammea in Gei'many, 453.

Papaipema cataphracta (Burdock
Borer), food-plants of, in Canada,
25.

Papaipema nelris (Corn Stalk
Borer), bionomics and control of,
in Canada and U.S.A., 83, 147,
240, 277, 322, 338, 503 ; injurj
due to, confused with that by
Pyrausta nubilalis, 503.

Papaipema nitela (see P. nelris).

papaveris. Aphis (see^l. rumicis).

Papaw (Garica papaya), Aleurocan-
thus tvoglumi on, in Costa Rica,
395 ; rarely attacked by Gory-
nothrips stenopterus in West
Indies, 186; Teiranychus telarius
on, in Java, 41.

INDEX.

671

Papaw Weevil (see Derelomus hasa-

lis).
Papilio clemodocus, parasitised by

Ajjanteles pallidocinctus in Africa,

105.
Papilio polyxenes (Celery Cater-
pillar), parasitised by Compsihoa

concinnata in U.S.A., 429.
Papilio iJwas ihoantiades, on oranges

in Argentina, 501 ; bionomics of,

on citrus in Brazil, 125.
Papua depressella, on sugar-cane in

India, 287.
Para Rubber (seeHevea brasiliensis).
parabola, Chrijsopa.
Paracalocoris hawleyi, on hops in

U.S.A., 174.
Paracarnus, predaceous on Helio-

thrips riibrocinct'us in West Indies,

257.
Paracopidosom ops is floridanu s,

parasite of Phytomeira brassicae

in U.S.A., 298.
Paradichlorobenzine, suggested use

of, against Aegeria exitiosa, 101 ;

use of, against Gortyna immanis,

174.
paradoxa, ProsopJiila.
Paradrymadusa bocqiiilloni, sp. n.,

in Persia, 346.
Paradrymadusa expugnala, sp. n.,

in Transcaucasia, 346.
Paradrymadusa pastuchovi, sp. n.,

in Transcaucasia, 346.
Paradrymadusa persa, sp. n., in

Persia, 346.
Paraffin, against pests of stored

beans, cereals, etc., 222, 258 ;

(see Kerosene and Petroleum).
Paraffin Emulsion, spraying with,

against Apliids and Coccids, 20,

371, 516 ; experiments with,

against Incurvaria capitella, 540 ;

against mites, 189 ; watering

with, against Phorbia brassicae,

98 ; formulae for, 20.
Paraffin Jelly, against Aphids, 371.
Paragaleopsomyia gallicola, sp. u.,

parasite of a Cecidomyid in

U.S.A., 401.
paragram m a, A rgyroploce.
Paraguay, Anasirepha fraterculus

in, 352.
Paraleptomastix, introduction of,

into U.S.A., 237.
Paraleptomastix abnormis (Sicilian

Mealy Bug Parasite), parasite of

Pseudococcus Bj)])., 437 ; attempt-
ed establishment of, against

Pseudococcus eitri in California,

359 ; colonisation of, in Florida,

20.
parallela, Anasirepha; Bostrychopsis;

Tiphia ; Torlrix (Archips).
parallelus, Hypophloeus.

Paranagrus optabilis, establishment
of, against leaf-hoppers in Hawaii,
328, 412.

Paranagrus osborni, sp. n., establish-
ment of, in Hawaii, 33, 330, 385 ;
parasite of Peregrinus maidis in
Philippines, 435.

paranensis, Sehistocerca.

Parantlirene polistiformis (Grape
Root Borer), bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 151.

Paraphelimis speciosissimus (see
Cenirodora).

Parasa, not damaging coffee in
Uganda in 1917-1918, 260.

Parasa sinica, on fruit-trees in
Korea, 274.

Parasa vivida, on cacao in Uganda,
260.

Parasetigena segregata, parasite of
Portheiria monacha in Germany,
452, 497, 499.

Parateiranyclius pilosus, on fruit-
trees in Norway, 540.

Paratetranychus tonunguis (Pine-tree
Spinning Mite), measures against,
on spruce in Sweden, 424.

Paratrigonogasira stella, parasite of
Agromyza destructor in Philip-
. pines, 16.

Paratrioza cockerelli, measures
against, on tomatos in Colorado,
472.

Paratyndaris cotirsetiae, gen. et
sp. n., in Gonrsetia microphylla in
Arizona, 307.

Paratyphus, bees infected with, in
Denmark, 451.

parenthesis, Hippodamia.

Parexorista caridei, introduction of,
into Argentina against Oeceticus
platensis, 363.

pariana, ChaJcophora; Hemerophila.

Paris Green, formulae containing,
9, 79, 81, 85, 260, 262, 293, 294,
301, 315, 391, 394, 417, 441 ; in
baits, 9, 16, 57, 79, 85, 206, 260,
262, 282, 283, 293, 294, 315, 391,
394, 417, 441, 510 ; dusting with,
27, 57, 271, 312, 333, 382, 417 ;
against leaf -eating beetles, 312,
325, 382, 394, 444 ; against
various Lepidoptera, 27, 57, 79,
81, 84, 85, 105, 117, 120, 206, 262,
271, 282, 283, 293, 294, 345, 391,
417, 418, 441, 512; against
locusts and grasshoppers, 9, 162,
206, 260, 282, 283, 293, 294, 391,
510, 515 ; in wash for Saperda
calcarata, 301 ; barium chloride
more expensive than, 365 ; cal-
ciiim arsenate as a substitute for,
101 ; calcium arsenate combined
with Bordeaux mixture superior
to, 525 ; and lead arsenate, 16 ;

672

INDEX.

lead arsenate substituted for,
120; and lime, 27, 85, 105, 333,
372, 382, 417, 418 ; wliite arsenic
as a substitute for, . in baits for
cutworms, 294 ; experiments
with, as a stomach poison, 325 ;
value of, as an insecticide, 522 ;
cost of, in sprays, compared witli
otber insecticides, 325 ; scorch-
ing effects of, on foliage, 217, 282.

Parlatoria, in S. Africa, 242 ; inter-
cepted on camellias, etc., in Cah-
fornia, 238, 361.

Parlatoria blanchardi, intercepted
on date palms in S. Africa, 244 ;
on date palms in Mesopotamia,
189.

Parlatoria cliinensis, intercepted on
Pyrus in U.S.A., 278.

Parlatoria cinerea, intercepted on
limes in California, 361, 504.

Parlatoria pergandei (Chaff Scale),
intercepted on citrus in U.S.A.,
81, 361, 503 ; f\mgi infesting, in
Florida, 20.

Parlatoria pergandei var. camelliae,
intercepted on camellias in Cali-
fornia, 503.

Parlatoriaproteus var. crotonis, inter-
cepted on croton in California,
427.

Parlatoria pseudaspidiotus, inter-
cepted on orchids in California,
427.

paropus, Asilus.

Parornix (Peach Leaf- miner),
bionomics and control of, in
Japan, 438.

parrotti, Lygns (Neolygus).

parshleyi, Corythnca.

Parsley, cutworms on, in Britain,
209 ; Psila rosae on, in Denmark,
449 ; planted to protect peas
from A2)his rumicis in Holland,
431.

Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa), pests of,
in Britain, 209 ; pests of, in
Canada, 43, 306, 337 ; Psila rosae
on, in Denmark, 449 ; Depress-
aria heracleana on, in Holland,
124 ; Depressaria heracleana on,
in U.S.A., 404.

Parsnip Webworm (see Depressaria
heracleana).

parva, Phorocera.

parviceps, Perissothrips.

parvicornis, Agromyza ; Anthrax.

parvula, Epifrix.

parvulus, Glyptotermes ; Spheno-
phorus.

parvus, Eupalus ; TJnilachnus [Lach-
nus).

pascha, Bhynchophorus.

Pasimachus, destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Passiflora (Passion-vine), measures
against 3Lonochamus fistulator on,
in AustraUa, 201, 248.

Passiflora edulis, pests of, in New
Zealand, 83.

Passiflora foetida, Aspidiotus irilo-
bitiformis on, in Seychelles, 484.

Passiflora laurifolia, Heliothrips
haemorrhoidalis on, in West
Indies, 186.

Passiflora quadrangularis, Anas-
trepha fratercuUis on, in Brazil,
352.

Passion-vine (see Passiflora).

Passion-vine Longicorn (see Mono-
chamus fistulator).

Pastinaca sativa (see Parsnip).

pastinacella, Depressaria (see
D. disciptmctella).

pastuchovi, Paradrymadusa.

patagonus, Orion.

patruelis, Chrysopoctonus.

2)atiersoni, Heliothrips.

pauciseta, Sciara.

pauper, Dialeges.

Pauridia persgrina, gen. et sp. n.,
parasite of Pseudococcus kraun-
hiae in Hawaii, 237, 437.

Pea Aphis (see Acyrthosiphon pt'isi).

Pea Bruchus {see Bruchus pisoram).

Pea Weevil (see Bruchus pisoriim).

Peach {Prmius persica), pests of,
in S. Africa, 242, 247, 332;
Scolytus pruni on, in Algeria,
485 ; pests of, in Australia, 85,
199; pests of, in Argentina, 118,
501 ; Anastrepha fraterculus on,
in Brazil, 352 ; pests of, and their
control in Canada, 13, 171, 509 ;
pests intercepted on, in Br,
Columbia, 507 ; pests of, in Den-
mark, 448; Pulvinaria betulae
on, in Holland, 124; Atmetony-
chus jyeregrimis on, in India, 403 ;
pests of, in Italy, 157 ; pests of,
in Japan, 60, 108, 273, 438, 439 ;
pests of, in Korea, 273, 274 ;
pests of, in Transcaucasia, 344,
345, 346 ; pests of, and their con-
trol in U.S.A., 18, 38, 60, 101,
203, 207, 208, 223, 224, 254, 304,
339, 365, 366, 381, 511, 512, 533 ;
pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
199, 238, 277, 361.

Peach Aphis, Black (see Anuraphis
persicae-niger).

Peach Sawfiy (see Eriocampoides
matsumatonis).

Peach Tree Borer (see Aegeria
exitiosa).

Peach Twig Borer (see Anarsia
lineatella).

Peanut (see Arachis hypogaea).

Pear {Pyrus communis), Chrysom-
phalus corticosus on, in S. Africa,

INDEX.

673

242; pests of, in Argentina, 118,
251, 501 ; Aphids on, in Britain,
267 ; pests intercepted on, in Br.
Columbia, 507 ; pests of, and
their control in Canada, 28, 129,
179, 308, 544 ; Cijdia pomonelht,
on, in Cyj)rus, 71 ; pests of, in
Denmark, 447, 448; measures
against pests of, in France, 463,
464, 500 ; Cydia pomoneUa inter-
cepted on, in Hawaii, 33 ; pests
of, in Holland, 124 ; pests of in
India, 403 ; pests of, in Italy,
157, 218; pests of, in Japan, 60,
109, 240, 273 ; pests of, in Korea.
274 ; pests of, in Norway, 540 ;
pests of, in Transcaucasia, 344 ;
Stephanitis pyrl on, in Switzer-
land, 234 ; pests of, and their con-
trol in U.S.A.. 18, 28, 58, 100,
101, 148, 176, 203, 205, 207, 283,
381, 471 ; pests intercepted on,
in U.S.A., 9, 62, 361, 503; pests
of, and their control in New
Zealand, 167.

Pear, Wild, Capnodis tenebrionis on,
in Algeria, 485 ; apparently
immune to attacks of Cnetho-
campa processionea in Morocco,
500.

Pear Aphis, Woolly (see Eriosoma
pyrlcola).

Pear Gall Midje (see Coniarinia
pyrivora).

Pear Leaf Blister Mite (see Erio-
pliyes pyrl).

Pear Psylla (see Psylla pyrlcola).

Pear Root Aphis (see Eriosoma
pyrlcola).

Pear Slug (see Erlocampoides lima-
clna).

Pear Thrips (see Taeniothrlps Incon-
sequens).

Pear Tingid (see Stephanitis pyrl).

Peas, pests of, in S. Africa, 165,
257-259 ; pests of, in Britain,
356, 442; Bruchus pisormn inter-
ceptedin, inCaUfornia, 503; pests
of, in Canada, 544 ; quarantine
against pests of, in Br. Columbia,
13, 507 ; S Hones lineatus on, in
Denmark, 445 ; pests of, in
France, 467 ; not attacked by
Galeruca tanaceti in Germany,
195; pests of, in Holland, 124,
431, 443 ; pests of, in India, 15,
134, 288; Bruclius plsormn in, in
Italy, 157 ; pests of, in Jamaica,
57 ; suggested planting of,
against Cosmopolites sordidus in
Jamaica, 434 ; pests of, in Nor-
way, 539 ; suggested as a trap-
crop for PhragmatipMla triincata
in Queensland, 167 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 146, 399.

(672)

Peas (Stored), measures against
Bruchids infesting, in N. America,
229 ; pests of, in Jamaica, 57.

Peas, Pigeon (see Cajanus indlcits).

Pecan {Gary a olivaeformis), 101,
264 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 170, 254.

pectinatus, Macrosiagon.

pectlnea, Incurvarla.

pectinicomis, Pyrochroa.

Pectinophora gossypiella (Pink Boll-
worm), not present in S. Africa,
331; in Brazil, 488; bionomics
and control of, on cotton in Egypt
162-164, 489-491 ; natural

enemies of, in Hawaii, 435, 436 ;
on cotton in India, 71, 73, 132,
287 ; legislation against, in West
Indies, 113, 213, 360; danger of
introduction of, into Turkey, 160 ;
precautions against introduction
of, into U.S.A., 18, 59, 103, 180,
214, 277, 279, 360.

pectoralis, Spermophagtis.

pedestrls, Spathlus.

Pedlculoides, infesting silkworms in
Japan, 153.

Pedlculoides graminum (see Pedicu-
lopsls).

Pedlculoides ventricosus, attacking
Bruchids in S. Africa, 259 ;
attacking Pectinophora gossy-
piella in Egypt, 163.

Pedlculopsls graminum (Grass Mite},
on grasses in Finland, 455 ; on
cereals in Norway, 419, 538, 539;
in New York, 137.

Pedlcidus corporis (see P. humanus).

Pedlculus humanus (Clothes Louse),
effect of laundry processes on, 115.

pegasalls, Dlcymolomia.

Pegomyia affinls, bionomics of, in
Rumex in U.S.A., 266.

Pegomyia calyptrata, bionomics of,
in Bumex in U.S.A., 266.

Pegomyia fusclceps (see Phorbia).

Pegomyia hyoscyami (Mangel Fly),
in Britain, 209, 442 ; on beet, etc.,
in Denmark, 445, 446, 449.

Pelatachlna, hosts of, 450.

Pelatachina tibialis, parasite of
Vanessa, 451.

Pelenomus sulcicollis, bionomics of,
in Steironevia clliatum in New
York, 509.

pelldna, Orphulella.

pelllonella. Tinea (Tineola).

pellucens, Fundella.

pellucida, Camnula.

pemberloni, Microbracon.

Pempheres affmis (Cotton Stem
Weevil), bionomics and control
of, in India, 114, 132, 287.

Pemphigus, forming galls on poplar
in U.S.A., 383; (see also TeVra-
neura).

074

INDEX.

Pemphigus betae (American Beet
Aphis), control of, in Montana,
141 ; S))i II rithnrodes betae distinct
from, 443.

Pemphigus dorocola, sp. n., forming
galls on Populus balsam if era in
Japan, 111.

Pemphigus niisimae, sp. n., forming-
galls on Populus balsamifera in
Japan, 111.

Pemphigus populi-irans versus, bio-
nomics of, in U.S.A., 42.

penitalis, Panzeria ; Pyrausta.

Pennisetia hylaeiformis ( Raspberry
Root Borer), on blackberries and
ra^ipberries in Denmark, 448 ;
bionomics of, in Sweden, 351.

Pennsylvania, brown-tail and gipsy
moths intercepted in, 207 ; mis-
cellaneous pests in, 224, 354, 374,
375, 470, 543 ; precautions
against introduction of Pyrausta
nubilalis into, 189, 374, 507 ;
pests from, intercepted in Cali-
fornia, 62, 199, 361, 427, 504;
scale-insects from, intercepted in
Hawaii, 33.

pennsylranica, Gasnonia ; Epicauta;
Photuris.

pennsylvayiicus, Camponotus ; Chau-
liognathus ; Gryllus ; Harpalus.

pentagona, Aulacaspis (Diaspis).

Pentarthron niinutum> (see Tricho-
gramma).

Pentatoma j^Zeftem, parasitised by
Pentatomojihaga bicincta in Java,
233.

Pentatoma sayi (see Chlorochroa).

Pentatomophaga bicincta, gen. et sp.
n., parasite of Pentatoma jilebeia
in Java, 233.

Pentilia insidiosa, predaceous on
Coccids in Br. Guiana, 484.

Pentodon australe (Undergroimd
Maize Beetle), in New South
Wales, 85.

Peony, Lygus pratensis on, in Nova
Scotia, 179.

Pepper, Chrysomphalus corticosus
on, in S. Africa, 242; pests of,
in India, 402, 543 ; litle injured
by Elasmognathus g^eeni in Dutch
E. Indies in 1918, 389; Pyrausta
nubilalis on, in U.S.A., 189.

Pepper Tree, Monolepta rosae on, in
New South Wales, 294.

peramata, Heza.

perditrix, Abbella {Ittys).

peregrina, Pauridia ; Schistocerca.

Peregrinus maidis (Corn Leaf-
hopper), control of, on maize in
Florida, 418; bionomics of, on
maize in Hawaii, 285, 328, 329;

on maize in Jamaica, 502 ; new

parasite of, in Philippines, 435 ;

on maize in Porto Rico, 248.
peregrinus, Atmetonychus ; Zelus.
perforans, Xyleborus ; Xylotrechus.
Perga dorsalis, on Eucalyptus in

Australia, 294.
pergandei, Parlatoria.
per icar plus, Rhinonchus.
Peridermium pini-corticola, Dioryc-

tria associated with, on pines in

Spain, 90.
Peridroma margaritosa (see Lyco-

photia).
Per Ham pus batavus, sp. n., parasite

of Bhyacionia buolianain Holland

234.
Perilitus eleodis, parasite of Eleodes

opaea in Kansas, 282.
Perillus, predaceous on Leptinotarsa

decemlineata in Canada, 43.
Perillus bioculatus, predaceous on

Diabrotica vittata in U.S.A., 521.
Periodical Cicada (see Tibicen sep-

temdecim).
Periplaneta americana (Common

Cockroach), measures against, in

India, 135.
Perisierola emigrata, hosts of, in

Hawaii, 435.
Perissocentrus argentinae var. caridei,

introduction of, into Argentina

against Oeceticus platensis, 363.
Perissoderes ruficollis, on vanilla in

Madagascar, 192.
Perissothrips parviceps, gen. et sp.

n., on Ailanthus excelsa in India,

262.
Perissus mutabilis, in Shorea robusta

in India, 292.
PerkinsieUa saccharicida (Sugar-cane

Leaf-hopper), bionomics and

control of, in Hawaii, 264, 313,

329, 330, 398, 412, 436.
pern iciosi, Prospaltella.
pernic'iosus, Aspidiotus (Aonidiella).
Pernicious Scale (see Aspidiotus

perniciosiis).
per plexus, Liodontomerus.
perpusillus, Ormenis.
Perrisia affinis, forming galls on

violets in France, 426.
Perrisia asperulae, parasitised by

Torymus exilis in France, 426.
Perrisia leguminicola (Clover Seed

Midge), in Canada, 26 ; measures

against, in U.S.A., 4.
Perrisia pyri, in orchards in Den-
mark, 448 ; on pear in Italy, 157 ;

on pear in Norway, 540.
persa, Paradrymadusa.
Per sea (Avocado), bionomics of

Stenoma catenifer on, in Ecuador

and Guatemala, 382.

INDEX.

075

Fersea amerieana (Avocado), Anas-
trepha fraterculus on, in Argentina,
118.

Perinea horhonia, pests of, in Florida,
241.

Persea carolinensis, Cryptorrhynchus
ferraUis on, in Florida, 241.

Persea graUssima (see Avocado
Pear).

Persea pittierL Heiliptis pittieri
introduced into Florida in seeds
of, from Costa Rica, 241.

■perseae, Conotrachelu s .

Persia, new Orthoptera from, 346,
347.

jyersica, Platycleis.

persicae, Aphis ; Eulecanium (Le-
canium) ; Myzus (Mysoides,
Bhopalosiphum) ; Pterochloroides.

persicae-niger, Anuraphis.

persicana, Cydia.

Persimmon (Diospyros), Anastrepha
fraterculus on, in Argentina, 118 ;
pests intercepted on, in California,
62, 361, 427 ; pests of, in Japan,
99, 369; Citherofiia regalis on, in
U.S.A., 416.

personata, Apyrgota.

personatum, Stenozygum .

personatus, Chrysomphalus.

pertinax, Sphenophorus.

pertusus, Aspidiotus (Sclenaspidus).

Peru, Anastreplia fraterculus in,
352 ; Gorytliaica costata on cotton
in, 338 ; pests from, intercepted
in California, 62.

peruviana, Anastreplia.

Pestalozzia, Brachartona catoxantha
associated with, in Malaya, 129.

Pestalozzia palmarmn, Plesispa
reichei associated with, on coco-
nuts in Dutch E. Indies, 390.

Petalostemon purpureuni, new thrips
on, in Canada, 543.

Petroleum, for trapping Agrotis
ypsilon, 11 ; for preserving timber
against Anobirim doniesticum,
141 ; for protecting beans against
wireworms, 432 ; as a fumigant
for pests of stored grain, 498 ;
(see Kerosene and Paraffin).

Petroleum Emulsion, against Aphids
and Coccids, 159, 360, 365, 487 ;
experiments with, against mole
crickets, 156.

Petroleum Ether, experiments with,
as a solvent for derris, 496.

Petroleum Soap, spraying with,
against Solenopsis geminata, 30.

pettiti, Kermes ; Xenoborus.

Pewee Larks, destroying sixgar-cane
grubs in Queensland, 110.

Pflugis mantispa, predaceous on
Tomaspisjlavilatera in Br. Guiana,
139.
(672)

Phaedon cochleariae, on cauliflowers
in Holland, 443.

Phaenomerns breviroslris, on Shorea
robusta in India, 403.

Phaenomerns sundeivalli, food-plants
of, in India, 403.

phaeogastra, Cosmopteryx.

Phaeogenes, parasite of Cydia molesta
in U.S.A., 478.

Phaeogenes ater, parasite of Aegeria
exitiosa in U.S.A., 95.

Phaeogenes ineptifrons, sp. n., para-
site of Cydia jnolesta in U.S.A.,
321.

Phaeogenes stipator, parasite of
Depressaria apicella in Sweden,
97.

phaeorrhoea, Nygmia.

Phalaenopsis, Chrysomphalus rossi
on, in Pliilippines, 74.

Phalaenopsis amabilis, attacked by
Mertilia malayensis in Dutch E.
Indies, 39.

Phalera bucephala (see Pygaera).

Phalera flavescens, in Japan, 100.

Phalonia epilinana, on flax in
Germany, 161.

Phanaeus carnifex, destroyed by
crows in U.S.A., 203.

pharaonis, Monomorium.

phaseoli, Agromyza ; Bruchus.

Phaseolus, Agromyza sojae on, in
Java, 15.

Phaseolus aconitifolius, Oberea
boring in, in India, 134.

Phaseolus lunatus (Lima Bean),
immune to attacks of Bruchus
obtectus in S. Africa, 258; Frank-
liniella insularis on, in Central
America and West Indies, 186 ;
resistance of, to attacks of ^Igro-
mi/^'a des^rwcfor in Philippines, 15 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 61, 511.

Phaseolus multijlorus, little injured
by Bruchus obtectus in S. Africa,
258.

Phaseolus mungo (Green Gram),
pests of, in India, 134; resistance
of, to attacks of Agromyza
destructor in Philippines, 15.

Phaseolus mungo var. r«dia/ifs (Jeru-
salem Pea), attacked by Eudamus
proteus in .Tamaica, 502.

Phaseolus vulgaris (Kidney Bean),
little injured by Bruchus obtectus
in S. Africa, 258 ; food-plant of
AgromyzadestructorinPhili])\)ines,
15.

phasiana, Anoplocnemis.

Phassus damor, on cinchona in
Dutch E. Indies, 388.

Phaulothrips, gen. no v., in Australia,
434.

phaxopteridis, Glypta.

i2

676

INDEX.

Pheidole megacephala, destroying
fruit-flies, etc., in Hawaii, 150,
330 ; predaceous on other insects
in Queensland, 80, 295, 521.

Phenacaspis, sub -genus of Chion-
aspis, 242.

Phenacaspis eugeniae, intercepted
on mango in California, 427.

Phenacaspis visci (see Chionaspis).

Phenacoccus, alleged occurrence of
seasonal dimorphism in, in U.S.A.,
39.

Phenacoccus acericola, confusion
of, with P. comstocki in U.S.A.,
39.

Phenacoccus cojnsiocli, on maple in
U.S.A., 39.

Phenacoccus iceryoides, food-plants
of, in S. India, 402.

Phenacoccus insoJiius, food-plants
of, in S. India. 402.

Phenacoccus spinosus, sp. n., on
Ficus nofa in Philippines, 74.

Phenic Acid, in formula for treating
wood and books against termites.
349 ; effect of, on vine moths,
457 ; (see Carbolic Acid).

Phenol, efficacy of chlorphenol
compared with, against wire-
worms, 433.

Phenyl, ineffective against Pemj)-
heres affinis, 114 ; in spray
against Nysins vinitor, 200.

P7iife«?of7irijjs,gen.nov., in Australia.
434.

Phigalia tiiea, on silver maple in

Canada, 44.
Philadelphia, bionomics of Garga-
phia tiliae on lime in, 533.

Philadelphus coronaria, food-plant
of Ceroplasies sinensis in Italv,
218.

Philaenus spumarius, on grasses in
Norway, 539.

Philippines. Agromysa destructor and
its control on beans in, 15 ;
Coccidae of, 74, 336 ; coconut
pests in, 14, 458; notice of new
gall-midges from, 264 ; miscel-
laneous pests in, 61, 201; 262, 367,
405, 493 ; extermination of
locusts in, 122; new parasite of
Peregrinus maidis in, 435 ; bene-
ficial insects introduced into
Hawaii from, 149, 330, 412;
pests from, intercepted in Cali-
fornia, 427.

Philomastix macleayi, on wild
raspberry in Australia, 295.

Philotrypesis javae. sp. n., infesting
Ficus in Java, 536.

Phleum pratense (see Timothy
Grass).

Phloeobius apicaUs, in Xylia dola-
briformis in India, 291.

Phloeophthorus spinulosus, in spruce
in Sweden, 469.

Phloeosinus, parasitised by Helco-
stizus ritfiscutum in N. America,
376.

Phloeosinus cristatus, in shade trees
in U.S.A., 477.

Phloeosinus cupressi (Cypress Bark-
beetle), in shade-trees in U.S.A.,
477.

Phloeothripidae, notice of key to
genera of, 417.

Phloeothrips niger (see Haplothrips
statices).

Phloeotlirips oleae (Olive Thrips),
in Italy, 455.

Phloeotribus scarabaeoides (oleae),
measures against, on olives in
Cyprus, 71; on olives in Spain,
294.

Phlox, Lopidea media on, in Arkan-
sas, 36.

Phlyctaenia ftrrugalis (Grreenhouse
Leaf-tyer), imported into Canada
from U.S.A.. 433 ; intercepted in
Porto Pvico, 514.

Phlyctaenodes sticticalis (see Loxos-
tege).

phoeniciensis, Sphenophorus.

Phoenix, attacked by Prowecotheca
opacicollis in New Hebrides, 458.

Phoenix dactylijera (see Date Palm).

Phoenix sylvesiris, Ehynchophorus
ferrugineus on, in India, 404.

Phomopsis citrL intercepted on
grape-fruit in California, 199, 361,
427.

PhoracamtJia semipunctata, intro-
duced into Buenos Aires in tim-
ber, 319.

ph oradendri, Lachnodius.

Phoranfha occidentis, natural enemy
of Miris dolabratus in U.S.A.,
78.

Phofbia brassicae (Cabbage Root
Fly, Cabbage Root Maggot), in
Britain, 209, 489 ; bionomics and
control of, in Canada, 25, 43, 338 ;
food-plants and control of, in
Denmark, 98, 445, 447, 449 ; in
Holland, 124, 230, 443; in Nor-
wav, 540 ; measures against, in
U.S.A., 284.

Phorbia ceparum (see Hylemyia
antiqua).

Phorbia cilicrura, food-plants of, in
Holland, 124.

Phorbia funest a, on lupin in Holland,
124.

Phorbia (Pegomyia) fitsciceps (Seed-
corn Maggot), on beans in
Canada, 26, 525 ; bionomics of,
on beans in New York, 137, 283.

Phorbia platura, food-plants of in
Holland, 124.

INDEX.

677

Phorbia vuhivora (Raspberry Cane
Maggot), bionomics and control
of, in U.S.A., 5.

Phorbia trichodaciyla, infesting
beans in Austria, 161.

Phormiumtenax (New Zealand Flax),
Aspidiotus p'umihis on, in S.
Africa, 139; Pseudococeus dimi-
diatus on, in Italy, 142 ; pests of,
in New Zealand,' 49, 82.

Phorocera comstocli, parasite of
Pyrausia penitalis in U.S.A., 117.

Phorocera erec/fl, parasite of Pi/rmtsfo
nubilaUs in U.S.A., 411, 481.

Phorocera marginata, parasite of
Melanchra steropastis in New Zea-
land, 82.

Phorocera parva, parasite of Phlyc-
taenia ferrugalis in U.S.A., 433.

Phorodon qaleopsidis, Myzus ribis
previously described as, 371.

Phorodon hurnuli (Hop Aphis). Cliry-
sopids predaceous on, in Japan,
369; natural enemies of, in
Germany, 159; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 174, 175.

Phosphorus, experiments with, in
baits for mole-crickets, 156 ;
effect of manuring with, on insect
pests, 158.

Photinia, flat-headed borer inter-
cepted in, in California, 504.

Photuris pennsylvanica (Fire-fly
Beetle), predaceous on Paran-
threne poUstif or mis in U.S.A., 151.

Phraamatiphila trmicata, on maize
and sugar-cane in Australia, 84,
110, 167, 295.

Phraqmites (Reed Grass). Hyalop-
teriis arundinis migrating to, in
U.S.A., 297; 8 phenophorus aequa-
lis on, in U.S.A., 378.

Phragmites communis, food-plant
of Pyraiista nubilaUs in Belgium,
373.

Phratora vitellinae (see Phyllodecta).

Phryqanidia californica (Californian
Oak Moth), introduction of
Galosoma sycoplianta into Cali-
fornia against, 237 ; bionomics
of, in U.S.A., 381, 477.

Phthorim,aea glochiiiella, parasitised
by Orgilus mdlipes in U.S.A.,
321.

Phthorimoea heliopa, on tobacco in
Dutch E. Indies, 389.

Phthorimaea ocellaieUa. measures
against, on beet in Italy, 193.

Phthorimaea operculella (Potato
Tuber Moth), measures against,
in S. Africa, 331 ; intercepted in
potatoes in California, 62, 427 ;
precautions against importation
of, into Br. Columbia, 13 ; legis-
lation against in Cyprus, 70, 88,

534 ; food-plants and control of,
in France, 486 ; measures against
in stored potatoes in India, 72,
73 ; outbreak of, in Sicily, 426 ;
measures against, in U.S.A., 427 ;
natural enemies of, in New Zea-
land, 49.

Phthorimaea striatella, probably
parasitised by Bassus imviacu-
latus in U.S.A., 321.

Phycis (see Dioryciria).

Phyllanthns embliea, Zeuzera coffeae
on, in Dutch E. Indies, 388.

Phyllobius japonicus, on Cryptom-
eria in Japan, 370.

Phyllobius 2)siitacinus, food-plants
and control of, in Germany, 158.

Phylloboenus dislocatus, predaceous
on Ips longidens in U.S.A., 505.

Phyllocalyx, Anastrepha fratercujus
on, in Argentina, 118.

Phyllocnistis ciirella (Citrus Leaf-
miner), relation of, to spread of
citrus canker in Australia, 201.

Phyllodecta vitellinae, on poplar in
Spain, 90.

Phyllodecta vtilgatissima, measures
against, on willows in Holland,
444.

Phyllodromia (Blattella) germanica
(Croton Bug), measures against,
in Canada, 230, 391 ; measures
against, in U.S.A., 328, 362;
effect of derris on, 496.

Phyllodromia hieroglyphica, DolicJi-
urus stantoni probably breeding
on, in Hawaii, 412.

Phyllomyza, parasite of Ips pini in
N. America, 430.

Phyllopertlia horiicola (June Bug),
bionomics and control of, in
Britain, 371.

Phyllophaga (see Lachnosterna).

phyllopus, Leptoglossus.

Phyllorycter malivorella, on apple
in Korea, 274.

Phyllostachys, new Aphid on, in
U.S.A., 307.

Phr/llotreta, food-plants of, in
Holland, 124.

Phyllotreta armor aciae (Horse-radish
Flea-beetle), in Canada, 25, 43.

Phyllotreta aira, on vegetables in
Denmark, 447, 449.

Phyllotreta (Haltica) nemorum, in
Britain, 489 ; food-plants of, in
Denmark, 445, 447, 449 ; on
vegetables in Norway, 540.

Phyllotreta sinuata, in Canada, 43.

Phyllotreta vittata (Turnip Flea-
beetle), in Canada, 43 ; food-
plants of, in Ohio, 148.

Phyllotreta rUtvla, on barley in
Britain, 442 ; on barley in Den-
mark, 445.

678

INDEX.

Phylloxera, injection of carbon bisul-
phide against, in Algeria, 485 ;

intercepted on vines in Br.

Columbia, 507 ; in Italy, 455 ;

mites accompanying, in Japan,
440 ; on vines in Korea, 274.
Phylloxera popularia, on poplars in

California, 264.
Phylloxera salicola, on willow in

California, 264.
Phylloxera t<ian,fordiana, sp. n., on

Quercus doiiglasi in California,
264.
Phymafa erosa, predaceous on

Chlorochroa sayiin U.S.A.. 399.
Physalis minima, food-plant of

Epilachna dodecastigma and

HeUotJiis obsolefain Sumatra, 508.
Physajms robusUis (see Kaloihrijys

-gisivora).
Physapus tenuicornis (see Frank-

liniella).
Physapus viilgatissimus, in Finland,

468.
physapus, Thrips.
Physokermes, on Coniferae, 276.
Physokermes insiqnicola (Monterey

Pine Scale), on shade-trees in

U.S.A., 476.
Physokermes piceae. on Picea

omorica in Balkans, 452.
Physopterus a'^irestis, in Shorea

robust a in India, 291.
Physothrips xanthius (Yellow Orchid

thrips), in West Indies, 186.
Phytalus smUhi, bionomics of, in

West Indies, 414 ; establishment

of Tiphia parallela against, in

Mauritius, 5, 8, 414.
Phytelephas maerocorpa. attacked by

Promecoiheca opacicollis in New

Hebrides, 458.
Phyiodietus plenralis, parasite of

Eulia pinaiubana in Canada and

U.S.A., 393.
Phytodietus vulgaris, parasite of

Evcosma ocellana in Nova Scotia,

310.
Phytomeira, transmitting black rot

of crucifers. 528.
Phytomeira aurifera, on vanilla in

Madagascar and Reunion, 192.
Phytometra brassicae (Cabbage

Looper), in U.S.A., 79, 298;

effect of derris on, 497.
Phytometra californiea (Alfalfa

Looper), in Br. Columbia, 479.
Phytometra gamma, parasitised by

Plagia rural is in Denmark, 451.
Phytomeira iota, parasitised by

Plagia, ruralis in Denmark, 451.
Phytometra nigrisigna, on gram in

India, 72.
Phytometra rogationis, on tomatos

in Porto Rico, 249.

Phytomyza, on maize in Fiji, 312.
Phytomyza albiceps, on Leguminous

plants in Denmark, 449.
Phytomyza pisi (see P. albiceps).
Phytomyza vi^albae, effect of

meteorological conditions on, in

Germany, 160.
Phytonomus (see IJypera).
Phytoptus (see Eriophyes).
Picea, Cryphalus abietis breeding

in, in Britain, 276 ; 3Ielanophila

fulroguttata in, in U.S.A., 226 ;

(see Fir and Spruce).
Picea engelmanni (Engelmann

Spruce), Melanophila acuminata

on, in U.S.A., 226.
Picea excelsa (Norway Spruce), Ips

pini on, in N. America, 430 ;

Aphids on, in Britain. 542;

Chermes abietis on, in Canada,

26 ; pests of, in Finland, 272 ;

probably attacked by Lygaeone-

matus pini in Holland, 124.
Picea morinda, pests of, in India,

292, 403, 404, 535.
Picea omorica, pests of, in Balkans,

452.
Picea pungens glauca, probably

attacked by Lygaeonematus pini

in Holland,' 124.
Picea rubens (Red Spruce), Melano-
phila fulvoguttata in, in LT.S.A.,

226.
Picea sitchensis (Sitka Spruce),

3Ielanophila spp. in, in U.S.A.,

226.
picea, Heptophylla.
piceae, Chermes ; Physokermes.
p ice ifrons , Sch istocerca.
piceum, AUssonotum.
piceus, Attaqenus.
pichtae, Lachniella.
picipes, Otiorrhynchus ; Thrips (see

Taenioth r ips primvlae ) .
picirostris, Tychius.
Picric Acid, and calcium chloride,

chloropicrin prepared from, 286.
Picromerus bidens, predaceous on

Melasoma spp. in France, 320.
picta, Ceramica (Mamestra) ; Clitea.
picticornis, Diceratothrips.
pictipes, Aegeria {Synanthedon) ;

Haplothrips.
pictus, Ghlaenius.
picus, Halyomorpha.
pieria, Comocritis.
Pieris, on cabbage in Britain. 442 ;

control and para'^ites of, on

cabbage in Denmark, 449, 450 ;

on cabbage in Jamaica, 58 ;

mea'^ures against, on cabbages in

U.S.A., 81 ; experiments with

insecticides against, 522.
Pieris brassicae (Cabbage Butterfly),

parasitised by Apanteles glomer-

INDEX.

679

atus in Britain. 144, 489; cocco-
bacilli causing disease in, in
France, 217 ; parasites of, in
France, 96, 397, 426, 462 ; in
Italy, 157 ; in Norway, 540 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Switzerland, 235, 512-514;
measures against, in Wisconsin,
522.
Pier is monuste, on vegetables in

Porto Rico, 516.
Pieris napi, in Britain, 489; on

cabbage in Norway, 540.
Pieris rapae (Cabbage Worm), in
Britain, 489 ; in Canada, 26, 526 ;
intercepted on rose stock in
Connecticut, 339 ; on vegetables
in Denmark, 445 ; parasitised by
Apanteles glomerulus in France,
397 ; in U.S.A., 83, 429, 503.
Pi'zodorus incarnatus, relation of,

b disease of fig in Italy, 413.
Pie~.odorus incarnatus var. alliaceus,
rdation of, to disease of fig in
laly, 413.
Pie^odorus paUescens (Coffee Plant
Big), on coffee in Uganda, 259.
Pigon Pea (see Cajanus indicus).
Pigs destroying noxious insects, 22,
227, 334', 533 ; sweet potatoes
inested with Cylas formicarius
ditasteful to, 517.
PiffA^eed (see Amaranfus).
pileaus, Hetero hostrychii s.
pilife-us, Haematop inus.
pilifvns, Dinoderus.
p i 1 igerum , Eulecanium .
piUerana, Sparganothis (Oeno])h-

fhia, Tortrix).
Pilococis tripunctaia (Sweet Potato
Woworm ), control of, in Jamaica,
56 in Porto Rico, 249.
pilosis, Clytus ; Parateiranychus.
Pimeito, Phthorimaea operculella
on, in France, 486 ; Marromplia-
lia ledecora on, in Cliile, 252.
Pimpa, parasite of Eueosma ocel-

hm> in Nova Scotia, 310.
Pimpa (Iseropus) alboricta, para-
siteof Lepidoptera in Canada and
U.SA., 310, 393, 440.
Pimpa, alternans, parasite of Phya-
cioiia buoliana in Holland, 234.
Pimpa, annulipes, auct., nee Brulle,
svninym of Pimplidea aequalis,
23.
Pimph arctica, parasite of Gnophos

myvillafa in Sweden, 421.
Pimph brevicornis, parasite of
Rhytcionia buoliana in Holland,
234
Pimph bruneifrons synonym of

Iser<pus coelebs, 23.
Pimph buolianae, parasite of Ehya-
ciona buoliana in Holland, 234.

Pimpla (Itoplectis) eonquisitor,
hosts of, in Canada and U.S.A.,
310, 393, 478.

Pimpla eonquisitor var. rufuscula,
synonym of Pimplidea aequalis, 23

Pimpla examinator, parasite of
Rhyacionia buoliana in Holland,
234.

Pimpla inquisitor, parasite of Rhya-
cionia buoliana in Holland, 234.

Pimpla (Iseropus) inquisitor. Say,
svnonym of Epiurus inquisi-
toriella, 23.

Pimpla instigator, parasite of Pieris
brassicae in Switzerland, 513.

Pimpla {Itoplectis) orgyiae, Ashm.,
synonym of Iseropus coelebs, 23.

Pimpla pterophori (see Epiurus).

Pimpla roborator, parasite of
PectinopJiora gossypiella in Egypt,
163.

Pimpla ruficollis, parasite of Rhya-
cionia buoliana in Holland, 234.

Pimpla sagax, parasite of Rhyaci-
oniabuoiianain Holland, 234.

Pimpla turionellae, parasite of Rhya-
cionia buoliana in Holland, 234.

Pimplidea aequalis, parasite of Cydia
molestain U.S.A., 478 ; synonymy
of, 23.

Pimplidea tenuicornis, synonymy
of, 23.

Pin Oak (see Quercus palusiris).

pinastri, Hyloicus (Sphinx).

pinatubana, Eulia.

Pine (Pinus), Leucaspis pint on, in
Argentina, 501 ; Poliaspis pini
intercepted on, in California, 62 ;
pests of, in Canada, 156, 157,
178, 430 ; pests of, in France, 17,
236, 385, 461, 462 ; Dasychira
ptulibunddr on, in Germanj^, 454 ;
Aphids OU; in Hong Kong, 234;
CnetJiocampa pityocampa on, in
Jtaly, 157 ; pests of, in Japan,
275, 370 ; pests of, in Korea,
274 ; Lepidosaphes on, in Portu-
gal, 7 ; pests of, in Scandinavia,
97, 422, 423, 469 ; pests of, in
Spain, 89, 90, 209, 210, 350;
pests of. in U.S.A., 103, 156, 157,
387, 430, 477.

Pine, Australian (see Casuarina
equisetifolia).

Pine, Austrian (see Pinus laricio
var. austriaca).

Pine, Cliir (see Pinus longifolia).

Pine, Digger (see Pinus sabiniana).

Pine, Jack (see Pinus banksiana).

Pine, Jeffrey (see Pinus jeffreyi).

Pine, Kauri (see Aqathis australis).

Pine, Knob-cone (see Pinus atte-
nuata).

Pine, Lodge-pole (see Pinus murray-
ana).

680

INDEX.

Pine, Monterey (see Pimts radiafa).
Pine, Norway (see Pinus resinosa).
Pine, Red (see Pimis resinosa).
Pine, Rock (see Pinus scopiilormn).
Pine, Scotcli (see Pinus silvesiris).
Pine, Screw, Aspidioius desirucior

on, in Uganda, 260.
Pine, Scrub (see Pinus virginiana).
Pine, Sugar (see Pinus lambertiana).
Pine, White (see Pimts sirobus).
Pine, Yellow (see Pinus ponderosa).
Pine Bark-beetle (see Ips jnni).
Pine Beetle (see Myelopliilus minor

and M. piniperda).
Pine Tree Spinning Mite (see Para-

tetranychus ununguis).
Pine Tube Moth (see Eulia pina-

tuhana).
Pine Weevil (see Pissodes j>ini).
Pine-bud Tortrix (see Bhyacionia

turioniana).
Pine-leaf Scale (see Aspidioius pini).
Pine-shoot Tortrix (see Bhyacionia

buoliana).
Pineapple {Ananassa sativa), pests
intercepted on, in California, 62,
127, 199, 238, 361, 427, 503;
Pseudococcvs bromeliae on, in
Florida, 473 ; Stigmaeafloridanus
intercepted on, in Hawaii, 33,
329 ; pests intercepted on, in
Porto Rico, 514 ; legislation
against importation of, into Porto
Rico, 514.
Pineapple Mite (see Stigmaeus flori-

danus).
Pineapple Weevil (see Meiamasius

ritchiei).
Pineus pini (see Chermes).
pini, Aspidioius ; Dendrolivius ;
Diprion (LopJiyrus) ; Essigella ;
Ips ; Lachniella ; Leucaspis ;
Lygaeonematus ; Chermes (Pin-
eus) ; Pissodes; Poliaspis; Pseu-
dococcus.
pini-edulis, Melanophila. •

pinihabitans, Lachniella.
piniarius, Bupalus.
pinicola, Lachniella.
pinicorticis, Chermes.
pini f ex, Hylastes {Hyhirgops).
piniperda, Myelophilus ; Tricho-

gramma.
Pink Bollworm (see Pectinophora

gossypiella).
Pink Corn Worm (see Pyroderces

rileyi).
Pink Scale- Fungus (see Microcera

fujikuroi).
Pink Tea Mite (see Eriophyes theae).
Pinnaspis, sub-genus of Chionaspis,

242.
Pinnaspis buxi, on coconut in Far
East, 14 1 on Areca catechu in
Seychelles, 484.

Pinnaspis buxi var. alba, on Areca

catechu in Seychelles, 484.
pinnulifera, Chrysomphalus dictyo-

spermi.
Pinus (see Pine).
Pinus attenuaia (Knob-cone Pine),

pests of, in U.S.A., 226, 321.
Pinus banksiana (Jack Pine),
Neodiprion maura on, in U.S.A.,
24.
Pinus cembra (Siberian Cedar),
measures against Diprion on, in
Holland, 444.
Pinus coulteri (Coulter Pine),
Melanophila calijornica in, ir
U.S.A., 226.
Pinus densiflora, pests of, in Japal,

370. /

Pinus edtilis, Melanophila piji-

edulis in, in U.S.A., 226.
Pinus excelsa, pests of, in In^ia,

292, 403, 404, 535. ,

Pimts flexilis. Ernobius champlfini

in, in Colorado, 321. '

Pinus gerardiana, CriocepT^lus

tibetanus on, in India. 292.
Pinus halepensis, supposed new
variety of Myelophilus piniperda
in, in Spain, 253.
Pinus jeffreyi (Jeffrey Pine), l)ests

of, in U.S.A., 226,^321, 381,
Pinus khasya, pests of, in Ildia,

403, 404. I

Pinus lambertiana (Sugar ]£ne),

pests of, in U.S.A., 226, 381

Pimis laricioY&v. austrict,ca (Austrian

Pine), Aphids on, in Britain 542.

Pinus longifolia (Chir Pine), pests

of, in India, 291, 292, 403j 489,

517, 535.

Pinus murrayana (Lodge-pole ^ine),

pests of, in U.S.A., 226, 391
Pinus pinaster, supposed new
variety of Myelophilus pinperda
in, in Spain, 253.
Pinus ponderosa, pests of, n N.

America, 157, 212, 226.
Pinus radiata (Monterey r'ine),

pests of, in U.S.A., 226, 47;.
Pinus resinosa (Red or Norway
Pine), Melanophila acuminda in,
in U.S.A., 226.
Pinus rigida, pests of, in N. Anerica,

137, 156, 157.
Pimis sabiniana (Digger Pine),
Melanophila calijornica ii, in
U.S.A., 226.
Pinus scopulorum (Rock Pine),
Melanophila gentilis in, in LS.A.,
226.
Pinus silvestris (Scotch Pine),iphids
on, in Britain, 542 ; pestslof, in
Spain, 210. I

Pimis sirobus (White Pine), Clermes
sirobi on, in Italy, 157 ; pQts of,

INDEX.

681

in N. America, 26, 156, 157,

341, 393, 430, 505 ; Anobium

domeslicnm in, in New Zealand,

357.
Pinvs ilmnhcrqiL jiests of, in Japan,

137, 275, 370.
rinus virginiana (Scrub Pine), pests

of, in U.S.A., 24, 137, 227.
Pionea forJlcaJif!, measures against,

on cabbages in Britain, 442.
piper is, 3IytUaspis.
Pipunculus hawaiiensis, parasite of

Perlcinsiella saccharicida in

Hawaii, 436.
Pipunculus juvator, parasite of

Perkinsiella saccharicida in

Hawaii, 436.
piricola, Epidiaspis ; Inostemma.
Piscidia eryfhrina (Dogwood), Eii-

j>lialerus nidifex on, in Jamaica,

58.
pisi, Acyrthosiphon { Macrosiphum) ;

Phytomyza (see P. albiceps).
pisivora, Kahofhrips.
pisorum., Bruchus (Laiia).
Pissidocystia oxycarenidis, gen. et

sj). n., parasite of Oxycarenus

hyalinipennis in Italian Somali-
land, 125.
Pissodes dubius (Eastern Balsam

Bark-weevil), bionomics of, in

Quebec, 300, 527.
Pissodes nofatus, infesting jwnes in

Spain, 210.
Pissodes pini (Smaller Pine Weevil),

bionomics of, in Sweden, 97.
Pissodes sirobi (White Pine Weevil),

in U.S.A., 175, 401.
Pissodes validirosiris, on Pinus

silvestris in Spain, 210.
pissodis, Eurytomo.
Pistacia ierebinihus (Terebinth),

pests of, in Sicily, 87.
Pistacia vera (Pistachio), pests of,

in Sicily, 87.
pistaciac, Eriophyes.
pistillata, Scudderia.
Pi Slim arvense, Bruchus offinis in,

in India, 134.
Pisum sativum, Ileliothis obsoleta

infesting, in Chile, 253 ; (see

Peas).
Pithecolobium saman (see Samanea).
pittieri, Heilipus.
pityocampa, Cnethocampa.
Pityogenes, in forests in N. America,

430.
Pityogenes chalcographus, in Pieea

omorica in Balkans, 452.
Pityogenes hopkinsi, Jps longidens

associated with, in Pinus strobus

in U.S.A., 505.
Pityogenes quadridens, parasitised

by Dendrosoter protuberans in

France, 236.

PityoJcteines sparsus (Eastern Bal-
sam Bark-beetle), {I'jjs balsameus
in error), measures against, in-
Canada, 300, 527.

Pityophthorus granulatus, associated
with l2)s longidens in Pinus
strobus in U.S.A., 505.

Pityophthorus micrographus, in
spruce in Sweden, 469, 470.

Pityophthorus pubipennis, in oaks
in U.S.A., 477.

Plaesius javanus, attempted estab-
lishment of, against Cosmopolites
sordidus in Jamaica, 502.

Plagia ruralis, parasite of Phyto-
meira spp. in Denmark, 451.

plagiaia, Macrotoma.

plagiatus, Cneorrhimts ; Xylinades.

plagifer, Xenoborus.

plagifera, Odonestis.

Plaqiodera distinct a, on willow in
Korea, 274.

Plagiolepislongipes (Gramang Ant),
measures against, in Dutch E.
Indies, 30, 389.

Plagiolepis pygmaea, Bipersia silves-
trii associated with, in Italy, 142.

Plagiotoma spp., in galls on Vernonia
in Brazil, 352.

Planchonia valida, Cercothrips nigro-
dentatus on, in Java, 262.

Plane (Platanus), Chrysomphalus
corticosus on, in S. Africa, 242 ;
Orgyia antiqua on, in Britain 209.

planitiae, Macliaerota.

Plant Pest Legislation, in S. Africa,
331 ; in Algeria, 544 ; in Brazil,
113; in Canada. 13, 126, 187,
312, 354, 524 ; in Cyprus, 71, 88 ;
in Fiji, 311 ; in France, 123;
against locusts in Br. Guiana,
491 ; in Hawaii, 329 ; in India,
114, 360, 433; in West Indies,
213, 296, 360; suggested against
Lasioderma serricorne in Nyasa-
land, 138; in U.S.A., 21, 56, 103,
184, 207, 213, 225, 232, 511,
524 ; absence of, in New Zealand,
275.

Plantago minor, food-plant of
Pieris brassicae in Switzerland,
513.

Plantain (Plantago), Aphis mali-
foliae believed to migrate from
apple to, in America, 267.

Plantain (Miisa), Aleurocanthvs
u-oghimi on, in Costa Rica, 395 ;
as a cover crop for cacao against
Heliolhrips ruh'ocincius in Gren-
ada, 530 ; Nodostoma subcostatum
on, in India. 134.

plastographus. Jps.

platani, Stomacoccus.

platanoides, Drepanosiphum:

Platanus (see Plane).

082

INDEX.

Platantis crientoUs, Aeolesthes sarta

in, in India, 292.
Plataspis vermicellaris (see Libyas-

pis):

'phdensis, Oeceiicxs ; Pulvinarift:
Plathypena scahro (Green Clover

Worm), bionomics and control of.

in U.S.A., 201.
phttnra, Phorbia (Anlhoniyia).
Plalybraconjovensis, sp. n.. probably

a parasite of Chrysohotliris sexno-

tatws in Java, 104.
Phifycleis capiiata, sp. n., in Persia,

346.
Phdycleis daghesinnico, S]). n., in

Daghestan, 346.
Ploiycleis iljinslcii, sp. n., in Trans-
caucasia, 346.
Platycleis persiea, sp. n., in Persia.

346.
Platycoriis quadriviiiaia, infesting

oaks in Florida, 419.
Platyedra qossypiella (see Peciino-

phora).
Phdylnbus dolorosus, parasite of

Lygris tesiata in Sweden, 97, 420.
PJntylabus paetor. j)arasite of Tephro-

clysiia sobrinoia in Sweden, 97.
PJfdyogaster oryzae, parasite of gall-

insects in India, 3C9.
Platyporeo, poeciloplera, on aspara-
gus in Italy, 157.
Platyprio. andrewcsi, on Zizyphus

ynjuba in India, 403.
PUdypria hysirijr, food-plants of, in

India, 403.
plaiyplerigis, Phogas.
Platypus sehnlizei, in Jlcrea in

Sumatra, 64.
Phdypvs solidus, in Hevea in Suma-
tra, 64.
Platyscmo coarctatum, in burrows of

Ips pini in N. America, 430.
Platy stoma wmbrarum, relation of,

to disease of fig in Italy, 413.
platy stylus, Anisobas.
plebeia, Pentatoma.
plebeja. Cicada.,
plebiana, Crocidosema.
Plectana steUata, natural enemy of

Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.
Plectoeryptns arrogans, parasite of

Bupalns piniarius in Germany,

423 ; m Sweden, 423.
Pleospora teres, infesting barley in

Norway, 419, 538.
Plesiomma, infested with Metarrhi-

zinvi anisopliae in Cuba, 349.
Plesispa reichei (Two-coloured

Coconut Leaf-beetle), bionomics

and control of, in Dutcli E. Indies,

389 ; increase of, in Malaya, 128.
plenralis, Eclytiis : Phytodietus.
pleurostigma. Centhorrhynclius.
plexippus, Danais {Anosia).

plicans, Teiradonema.

Plocaederus obesus, food-plants of,
in India, 191, 292.

Plodin, intercepted in rice and
wheat in Br. Columbia, 507.

Plodia inter puncteUa (Indian Meal
Moth), introduced into Br.
Columbia in stored rice, etc., 13;
measures against, in dried fruit
in California, 358 ; in Japan,
IOC ; Corey ra eephalonica resem-
bling, 428.

Plotheia seltis, on sal in India, 190.

Plvehea borealis, Cecidomyiid on,
in U.S.A., 401.

Plum [Pranus domestica), CJirysom-
pJifdus corticosus on, in S. Africa,
242 ; pests of, in Algeria, 485 ;
pests of. in Argentina, 118, 251 ;
pests of, in Britain, 542 ; pests
intercepted on, in California,
199, 361 ; measures against pests
of. in Canada, 29, 509, 525 ;
scale-insects on, in China, 224 ;
pests of, in Denmark, 448 ; pests
of, in France, 236, 426, 462 :
Atmclonyclms peregriniis on, in
India, 403 ; pests of, in Italy,
142, 157 ; pests of, in Japan. 109,
438; pests of, in Korea, 274;
pests of, in Norway, 540 ; pests
of, in Transcaucasia, 344 ;
measures asainst pests of, in
U.S.A., 18, 101, 116, 141, 174,
175, 183, 204, 297, 472, 503.

Plum, Hog (see Spondias hitea).

plum Aphis, Mealy (see Hycdop-
terus arandinis).

Plum Aphis. Rusty Brown (see
Aphis setariae).

Plum Curculio (see ConotracJielus
nenuphar).

Plum Gouger (see Coceotoius
seutellaris).

Plum Leaf Gall Mite (see Eriophyes
pruni).

Plum Sphinx (see Sphinx drupi-
ferarum).

Plum Tree Borer (see Aegeria
pictipes).

Plumeria acutifolia. Coccus viridis
on, in S. India. 402.

plumieri, Centrosem a.

plum OS issim a. Lonchaea.

Plusia (see Phytometra).

PluteUa maculipennis (Diamond-
back Moth), on vegetables in
Denmark, 445, 449 ; on cabbages
in Norway, 540 ; on vegetables
in Porto Rico. 248, 516; para-
sitised by Diadrowns varicolor
var. intermedius in Sweden, 97 ;
natural enemies of, in New Zea-
land, 49.

pluvialis, Malacosoma.

INDEX.

683

Poa lucida, HarmolUa poophila
reared from galls on, in U.S.A. ,471

Poa protensis (Bhxe Grass), Tar/^o-
nemns spirifex on, in CTermany.
455 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 148, 378,
471.

poae, Harntolita.

podisi, Trissolcus.

Podisma lezgina, sp. n., in Trans-
caucasia. 346.

Podisus, destroyed bv crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Podisus maeuUventris (Spined Sol-
dier Bug), predaceons on Orgyia
antiqua in Nova Scotia, 178 ;
predaceons on Phryganidia ecdi-
fornica in U.S.A., 381.

Podisus modestus, predaceons on
Heieroeatti pa guttivitta in Massa-
chusetts, 503.

Podisus serieveniris, predaceons on
Orgyia antiqua in Nova Scotia,
178.

Podisus spinos^is, predaceons on
Estigmene acraea in Nova Scotia,
303.

Podocarpus, Aonidiella taxus on, in
Italy. 157.

Podontia quatuordccimpunctata,

food-plants of, in India, 403.

Podops lurida, not damaging rice
in Japan in 1918, 100.

Podothrips semiflavus, on sugar-cane
in Cuba, 349.

Poecilocapsus lineatus (Four-lined
Leaf-bug), food-plants of, in Can-
ada, 25 ; control of, on potatoes
in Connecticut, 383.

Poecilocytus basalts, transmitting
Bacilius aniylovorus, 528.

poeciloptera, Plaiyparea.

Pogonochaerus fascicularis, in silver
pine in Spain, 90.

Pogonochaerus mixtiis, occasionally
associated with Ips longidens in
Pinus sirohus in U.S.A., 505.

PoinseUia, Pseudoeoccus intercepted
on, in California, 62.

Polia adrena, parasitised by
Ichneumon extensorius in Sweden,
420.

Polia coniiqua, parasites of, in
Sweden, 420.

Polia oUracea, on cabbages in
Norway, 540 ; parasitised by
Pelatachina, 450.

Polia suasa, parasites of, in Sweden,
420.

Poliaspis, sub-genus of Chionaspis,
242 ; on Areea catechu in Sey-
chelles, 484.

Poliaspis Iciggelariae (see Chion-
aspis).

Poliaspis pini, intercepted on pine
in California, 62.

Polistes annularis (Barbados AVild

Bee), attempted establishment of,

against Alabama argillacea in

West Indies, 415.
Polistes hebraeiis, natural enemy of

silkworms in Japan, 240.
Polistes lineatus, infested with

Cordyceps sphecophila in Cuba,

349.'
polistiformis, Paranthrene (Memy-

thrus).
polita, Lonchaea ; Mesograpta ( Toxo-

merus).
politana, Eulia.
politiventris, Habrobracon.
Pollinia oroides, placed in genu*

Cerococcus, 11.
pollinosus, Dereodes.
poloni, Eurytoma.
poltoratslii, Isophya.
PolycaoU: confertus, a minor pest of

avocado in California, 198.
polychloros, Vanessa,
polychrosidis, Aenoplex.
Polychrosis botrana (Vine IMoth),

control of. in France. 46, 90, 123,

286, 319, 397, 457, 458, 461, 467 ;

in Italy, 106, 157, 455; in

Switzerland, 530.
Polychrosis littoralis, parasitised by

Apanteles sicarius in Britain, 236.
Polychrosis viteana (Grape-berry

Moth), new parasites of, in N.

America, 376 ; measures against,

in U.S.A., 10.
Polycystus oscinidis, parasite of

OscineUa frit in Britain, 70.
Polydesma vulgaris (Bamboo Shoot

Borer), bionomics of, in Japan,

155.
polyfasciatum , Hypenidium.
polygoni, Gastroidea.
Polygonia comma, a minor pest of

hops in U.S.A., 175.
Polygonia interrogationis, a minor

pest of lions in U.S.A., 175.
Polygonum, destruction of, against

Myzus ribis in Britain, 371 ;

food-plant of Pyrausta penitalis

in U.S.A., 117.
Polygonum convolvulus (Wild Buck-
wheat), Gastroidea polygoni on, in

Nova Scotia, 304.
Polyhedral Disease, failure of spread

of, amongst Tlomona coffeoria in

Ceylon, 498 ; Dasychira pudi-

hunda infected with, in Germany,

454.
Polynema imitairix, sp. n., parasite

of Stictocephala festina in Arizona,

23.
Polynesia, Encyrtidae probably

introduced into Hawaii from, 437.
Polyommatus baeticus (see Lam-

pides).

684

INDEX.

polypliemus, Telea.

Polyphylla adspersa, in the Caucasus,
347 ; possibly attacking mulberry
in Transcaucasia, 345.

Poly pliylla alba, in theCaucasu^s, 347.

PoJyphylla decemlineaia, on straw-
berry in Br. Columbia, 171.

PoJyphylla olivieri, food-plants of,
in Transcavicasia, 345, 347.

Polysulpliide Meter, use of, advis-
able in preparation of calcium
polysulpliide, 219.

polyxenes, Papilio.

pomarius, Doryctes.

Pomegranate (Punica granatum),
mites on, in Cyprus, 71 ; Clytiis
devastator on, in Florida, 34 ;
Apate submedia infesting, in
Jamaica, 58 ; Cydla pomoneUa on,
in Transcaucasia, 344.

Pomegranate, Wild (see Capparis
mitcheUi).

Pomelo (see Grape-fruit).

pomeroyi, Opiifh almotli r ips.

pometaria, A JsophiJa.

pomi. Aphis.

pomonella, Cydia (Carpocapsa,
Laspeyresia) ; Bhagoletis.

pomorum, Anthononrns ; Mytilaspis
(see Lepidosaphes ulmi).

Poncirus trifoliata (see Citrus).

Pontania f em oralis, effect of
meteorological conditions on, in
Germany, 160.

pontbrianti, Asya.

Pontia (see Pieris).

poophila, Harmolita.

Popillia japonica (Japanese Beetle),
food-plants and control of, in
U.S.A., 76, 77, 101, 394, 511 ;
recorded as Adoretus nmbrosus
tenuimaculatns in error, 394.

Poplar (Popiilus), Chrysomphalns
corticosus on, in S. Africa, 242 ;
pests of, in Canada and U.S.A.,
42, 74, 157, 204, 264, 300, 305,
316, 341, 383, 416, 477, 494;
Melasomn spp. on, in France,
320 ; Cryptorrhynchus lapathi
on, in Holland, 124 ; pests of, in
Italv, 157 ; pests of, in Spain,
90,210.

Poplar, Balsam (see Populus
balsamifera).

Poplar, Carolina (see Populus
deUoides).

Poplar, Lombardy (see Populus
nigra YaT. italica).

Poplar, White (see Populus alba).

Poplar Borer (see Saperda cal-
carata).

Poplar Leaf-miner (see Zeugophora
scutellaris).

Poplar Sawfly (see Trichiocampvs
inminalis).

Poplar Scale (see Chionaspis salicis-
nigrae).

Poplar Weevil (see Cryptorrhynchus
lapathi).

popularia. Phylloxera.

populi, Melasoma {Lina).

pojndi-irans versus. Pemphigus.

Pojnilus (see Poplar).

Populus alba (White Poplar),
bionomics of Idiocerus cognaius
on, in New Jersey, 216.

Populus balsamifera (Balsam
Poplar), Corythtica elegans on, in
Canada, 409 ; Pemphigus spp.
on, in Japan, 111.

Populus candicans. Phylloxera on,
in Utah, 264.

Popuhis eiliata, Melasoma j^opuli
on, in India, 403.

Populus deUoides (Carolina Poplar),
Triehiocampus viminalis on, in
Canada, 44 ; pests of, in U.S.A.,
42, 216, 293, 300.

Populus nigra, Saperda carcharias
on, in Spain, 66.

Popuhis nigra var. italica [dilatata)
(Lombardy Poplar), food-plant of
an imdetermined sawfiy in Br.
Columbia, 180.

Populus trichocarpa. Phylloxera on,
in California, 264.

Populus uislizeni (Valley Cotton-
wood), new mite infesting, in
Texas, 36.

porcellus, Euscejies.

Poria, Coptotermes gesiroi probably
associated with, on rubber in
Malaya, 127.

Porison facialis (see Zemelucha).

Porosagrotis orlhogonia (Pale
Western Cutworm), in Canada, 73.

porrectirostris, Aleides.

portentosus, Brachylrypes.

Porthesia similis (see Arctornis
chrysorrhoea).

Porlhetria dispar (Gipsy Moth),
introduction of parasites of, into
Canada, 178; coccobacilli caus-
ing disease in, in France, 217,
396, 486 ; on pear and plum in
Italy, 157; in Japan, 103, 370;
food-plants of, in Korea, 274 ;
on oak in Spain, 210, 229, 293;
measures against in IT.S.A., 18,
59, 60, 103, 104, 137, 176, 178,
214, 225, 237, 341, 429 ; inter-
cepted in U.S.A.. 207, 277 ;
Tachina mella unable to parasitise,
450.

Porthetria fumida, on conifers in
Japan, 370.

Porlhetria (Lymantria) monacha
(Nun Moth), in forests, para-
sitised by Parasetigena segregata
in Germany, 452, 498.

INDEX,

685

Porto Rico, miscellaneous pests in,
56, 131, 352, 408, 514-516;

vegetable i)ests in, 248 ; Euseepes
batatae intercepted in Florida on
sweet potato from, 215.

Portugal, scale-insects from, 6.

Post Oak (see Quercus mmor).

postexcisa, Zeuzera.

postica, Rypera (see R. variabilis).

posticus, Pliytonomus (see Hypera
variabilis).

postvittana, Tortrix {Archips).

Potaniogeton polyqonifolius, Donacia
aeraria on, in Korea, 273.

Potassium Carbonate, in formula
against Eriosoma lanigerum, 487.

Potassivim Cyanide, in preparation
of liydrocyanic-acid gas, 18, 230 ;
and flour, dusting with, against
cockroaches, 230; (see Hydro-
cyanic Acid).

Potassium Permanganate, effect of,
on vine moths, 457.

Potassium Polysulphide, use of,
against Aphids and Coccids,
365.

Potassium Sulphide (Liver of
Sulphur), spraying with, against
Hclopeltis theivora, 375 ; against
mites, 205, 431.

-Potassium Sulphocarbonate, effect
of, on vine moths, 457 ; experi-
ments with, against underground
insects, 465.

Potato (Solanum. tuberosum),
ineasures against PMIiorimaea
operculella on, in S. Africa, 331 ;
pests of, in Assam, 492 ; pests
of, in Britain. 209, 356, 386, 387,
542 ; pests intercepted on, in
California, 62, 199, 361, 427;
pests of, in Canada, 25, 43, 171,
302, 305, 325, 337 ; prohibition
against importation of, from
California into Canada, 13 ;
Dorylus orientalis on, in Ceylon.
374 ; legislation against PMJiori-
maea operculella on, in Cyprus,
70,88,534; pests of, in Denmark,
446, 449 ; measures against
pests of, in Fiji, 312; PWiori-
maea operculella in, in France,
486 ; Oaleruca tanaceti on, in
Germany, 1 95 ; pests of, in
Hawaii, 196, 413; pests of, in
Holland, 124, 431 ; pests of, in
India, 72, 73 ; Epilachna on, in
Dutch E. Indies. 388, 508;
pests of, in Italy. 157 ; pests of,
in Jamaica, 58, 479, 502; Bhizo-
glyphus echinopus on, in Japan,
440 ; Epilachna niponica on, in
Korea, 155 ; pests of, in Norway,

■ 540 ; outbreak of Phthorimaea
operculella on, in Sicily, 426 ;

measures against pests of, in

U.S.A.. 8, lb, 147, 148, 189, 222,

224, 232, 277, 278, 334, 338, 340,

342, 380, 418, 427, 493, 510, 525 ;

Nysius vinitor on, in Victoria,

199; use of, in baits for wire-
worms, etc., 171, 294, 432.
Potato, Sweet (see Sweet Potato).
Potato Aphis (see Macrosiphum

solanifolii).
Potato Beetle, Colorado (see

Leptinotarsa deceml ineata) .
Potato Flea-beetle (see Epitrix

cucumeris).
Potato Leaf-hopper (see Empoasca

mali).
Potato Stalk Borer (see Gortyna

micacea).
Potato Tuber Moth {^ee Phthorimaea

operculella).
praefectata, Xanthorhoe.
praemorsus, Leptostylus.
praetiosa, Bryobia.
Praon. parasite of Phorodon humuli

in U.S.A., 175.
Praon volucre, probably infested

with Isaria arachnophila in

Britain, 143.
prasina, Belionoia.
prasinus, Dicyphus.
Praslin Islands, scale-insects not

controlled by Empusa lecanii in,

483.
praiensis, Bryobia (see B. praetiosa) ;

Lyda ; Lygus.
praticola, Anthaxia.
pratti, Aplestomorpha.
Prays oleellus (Olive Moth), in

Italy, 455.
Prenolepis, intercepted on tree fern

in California, 427 ; associated

with Pseudococcus on peanuts in

Porto Rico, 516.
Prenolepis imparis, associated with

Phorodon humuli in U.S.A., 175.
Prenolepis longicornis, intercepted

in soil and packing in Hawaii,

438.
pretiosum, Trichogramma (see

T. minutum).
priapica, Macroeme.
Prickly Pear, problem of eradicat-
ing, in Australia, 481 ; (see

Opuntia).
Prickly-pear Scale (see Diaspis

echinocacti).
prima, Heteroscliema.
pritnulae, TaeniotJirips.
princeps, Dirphya (Nitocris).
Prionoxysttts robiniae (Black Locust

Borer, Carpenter Worm), in

shade-trees, etc., in U.S.A., 204,

471, 477.
Prionus laticolUs, in poplar and

black oak in U.S.A., 416.

€86

INDEX.

Pristomerus vnlnerator, parasite of

Bhyacionia huoliana in Holland,

234.
Privet (Ligusirum vulgare), pests of,

in S. Africa, 391 ; Hepialus

lujnilinus on, in France, 462.
problemaiica, Lachnosterna.
proccr, Scolia.
processionea, Cnethocampa.
Prociphilus approj-iiuaitis, on ash

in U.S.A., 243.
Prociphilus bumeliae, Chrysopa

coqnata predaceous on, in Japan,

369.
Prociphilus erigeronensis, in U.S.A.,

243.
Prociphilus fitchi, probably on

mountain ash in U.S.A., 243.
ProcipMl'us fraxinifoUi, on ash in

U.S.A., 243.
Prociphilus tessellahis, in New

England, 243.
Prociphilus renafuscus, on balsam

fir in New England, 243.
Prociphilus xylosiei, in Europe and

U.S.A., 243.
Procrustes coriaceus, parasitised by

Viviania cinerea, 451.
Proctacanthus milherli, predaceous

on Lachnosterna in N. America.

256.
Procuhitermes undulans, sp. n., in

Belgian Congo, 232.
Prodenia, measures against, on rice

in Assam, 492 ; on tobacco in

Dutch E. Indies, 41, 64, 389;

lead arsenate against, in Texas,

394.
Prodenia doUehos, on turnips in

Jamaica, 58.
Prodenia littoralis (see P. litura).
Prodenia litura (Eice Worm,

Tobacco Caterpillar), on cotton

and sunflowers in S. Africa, 331 ;

on castor-oil plant in Ceylon,

113; food-plants and control of,

in Philippines, 405 ; danger of

introduction of, into Turkey from

Egypt, 160 ; food-plants of, in

New South Wales, 294.
prodenialis, Melitara.
productus, Panisciis.
prohibita, Sarcophaga.
Promachus spp., predaceous on

Lachnosterna in N. America,

256.
Promecotheca cumingi, in Philip-
pines, 458.
Promecotheca opacieollis, bionomics

and control of, on coconuts in

New Hebrides, 458-460.
Promecotheca reichei (Coconut Leaf-

miner), checked by a parasite in

Fiji, 311.
promethea, Callosamia.

Promirotermes gracilipes, sp. n., in

Belgian Congo, 232.
propinqua, Meiriona.
propinquum, Xiphidium.
jiropinquus, Xylonomus.
l ropsimus, Chrysomphalus.
proscar abacus, Meloe.
Prosena, apparent failure to estab-
lish, in Hawaii, 412.
Prosena lacertosa, parasite of I^ach-

nosterna in N. America, 256.
Prosopis (Mesquite), pests of, in

U.S.A., 103.
Prosopis juliflora, food-plant of

Brucliids in Hawaii, 434, 435 ;

Coryoborus gonagra in, in India,

291.
prosopis, Bruchus.
Prosopocoelus budda, on forest trees

in India, 535.
Prospaltella bcrlesei, establishment

of, against Aulacaspis pentagona

in Argentina, 123, 160, 363, 456.
Prospaltella perniciosi, less effective

than formerly against Aspidiotus

permciosus in Massachusetts, 503.
Protapanteles bataviensis (see

Apanteles).
Protea (Sugar-bush), pests of, in

S. Africari39, 543.
proteae, Furcaspis.
piotens, Chelonus (Chelonella) ;

Eudamus.
Protexol, Carbolineum Avenarius

sold under name of, 494.
Protoparce Carolina {Tomsito Worm ),

associated with tomato leaf-spot

in U.S.A., 7.
Protoparce sexta caestri, parasitised

by Apanteles riverae in Chile, 253.
protuberans, Dendrosoter.
proxima, Athalia.
proximus, lys.
pruininus, Bruchus.
pruinosa, Microphthalma ; Scitala.
prunastri, Eulecanvum (Lecanium,).
Prune, pests of, in Italv, 157 ; pests

of, in U.S.A., 116, 204, 297, 472.
pruni. Aphis ; Asiphonaphis ;

Eriophyes ; Hyalopterus (see H.

arundinis) ; Scolytus.
prunivora, Enarmonia (Cydia).
Prunus, Aspidiotus ostreaeformis on,

in Italy, 66.
Prunus armeniaca (see Apricot).
Prunus cerasus (see Cherry).
Prunus communis (see Plum).
Prunus demissa (Choke Cherry),

pests of, in Canada, 13, 409, 509.
Prunus diraricata, Pterochloroides

persicae on, in Transcaucasia, 344.
Prunus domesticO' (see Plum).
Prunus insititia (see Damson).
Prunus mume, food-plant of Cydia

molesta in Japan, 109.

INDEX.

687

Primus penihst/lranica (Pin Cherry),
food-plant of GakruceUa cavicolUn
in U.S.A., 37.

Prunits persica (see Peach).

Primus puvimtira (Sand Cherry),
focdplant of Cydia molesta in
Japan, 109.

Prunus serotina (Choke Cherry),
pests of, in U.S.A., 169, 175, 186,

Primus spinosa, PulonieUa mar-
siipialis forming galls on, in
France, 426 ; Capnodis tene-
brionis on, in Italy, 157.

Pseudaonidia, in S. Africa, 242.

Pseudaonidia cureuUginis, inter-
cepted on orchid? in California,
427.

Pseudaonidia duplex, intercepted
on azaleas and camellias in
California, 361, 503.

Pseudaonidia laciniae, sp. n., on
Acacia melanoxylon in S. Africa,
242.

Pseudaonidia lycii, sp. n., en Lyciimi
afrum in S. Africa, 242.

Pseudaonidia manilensis, sp. n., on
Samanea saman in Philippines,
74.

Pseudaonidia nigra, sp. n., in S.
Africa, 242.

pseudasp idioius, ParJatoria.

Pseuderimerus mayetiolae, gen. et sp.
n., parasite of Mayetiola destruc-
tor in U.S.A., 321.

pseudohrassicae. Aphis.

Pseudocatolaccus americamis, sp. n.,
parasite of Asphondylia websteri
in U.S.A., 401.

pseudococci, Goccodiplosis.

Pseudoeoccinella sexvittata (Olive
Leaf Beetle), spravins; against, in
S. Africa, 246.

Pseudococcobius terry i, parasite of
Pseudococcus saccharifolii, 437.

Pseudococcus (Mealv-bug), inter
cepted in California, 62, 127, 198,
199, 237,361,427,503,504; intro-
duction of parasites of, into
California, 358; on cotton, etc.,
in India, 132, 133 ; Prenolepis
associated with, on peanuts in
Porto Rico, 516 ; intercepted in
Porto Rico, 514 ; on Coffea
liberica m Tonkin, 54 ; alleged
occurrence of seasonal dimor-
phism in, in U.S.A., 39 ; on Passi-
flora eduUs in New Zealand, 83 ;
effect of ether on, 115.

Pseudococcus adonidum (longispinus)
(Long-tailed Mealy-bug), inter-
cepted on Dracaena in California,
504 ; Anaqrus nigricornis experi-
mentally bred from, in Hawaii,
437 ; intercepted on beet in
Florida, 82 : on Chamaedorea

oblongatain Italy, 157 ; bionomics
of, in Java, 233, 360 ; on elm in
Portugal, 6 ; measures against,
in U.S.A., 61, 476.

Pseudococcus agrifoliae, supposed
dimorphic forms of, in U.S.A., 38.

Pseudococcus arlemisiae, supposed
dimorphic forms of, in U.S.A., 39.

Pseudococcus aurilanatus (Golden
Mealy-bug), introduction of para-
sites of, into California, 358 ; on
Araucaria spp. in U.S.A., 476.

Pseudococcus baJceri {maritimus)
(Grape Mealy-bug), in green-
houses in Britain, 473 ; attempted
establishment of beneficial insects
against, in California, 58, 358,
359; on shade-trees, etc., in
U.S.A., 359, 473, 476 ; confusion
of P. trifolii with, 39.

Pseudococcus bronieliae, intercepted
on pineapple in California, 62,
127, 199, 238, 361, 427, 503;
food-plants of, in Florida, 473.

Pseudococcus capensis (Vine Mealy-
bug), in S. Africa, 247.

Pseudococcus ciiri (Citrus Mealy-
bug), 276 ; attempted establish-
ment of beneficial insects against,
in California, 61, 358, 359, 473 ;
intercepted in California, 361,427;
measures against, on cacao in
Grenada, 531 ; Pentilia insidiosa
predaceous on, in Br. Guiana, 484 ;
measures against, on coffee, etc.,
in India, 402, 506 ; on lemon in
Italy, 157 ; Chrysopids predace-
ous on, in Japan, 369; Coccodi-
plosis pseudococci predaceous on.
in Java, 233 ; in Portugal, 6 ;
Coccinellid associated with, in
Sicily, 523 ; on coffee in Tonkin,
54 ; on Gliricidia maculata in
Uganda, 260; in U.S.A., 61, 101,
198, 240, 358, 401, 418, 476;
effect of derris on, 496.

Pseudococcus citropMlus, synonym
of P. gahani, 473.

Pseudococcus cocotis, on coconuts
in the Far East, 14.

Pseudococcus comstochi (Japanese
Mealy-bug), intercepted on per-
simmon, etc., in California, 361,
503 ; species resembling, on
Monterey pine in California, 473 ;
in U.S.A., 137, 473.

Pseudococcus corymbatus, food-
plants of, in S. India, 402.

Pseudococcus crawii, P. quercus
erroneously recorded as a
synonym of, 473.

Pseudococcus crotonis, Coccidiplosis
pseudococci predaceous on, in
Java, 233 ; intercepted on
orchids in CaUfornia, 427.

688

INDEX.

Pseudococcus diminiUus, sp. B., on
Phormium tenax in Italy, 142.

Pseudococcus filanientosus, a minor
cotton pest in S. Africa, 331.

Pseudococcus gahani {ciiropMlus)
(Citrophilus Mealy-bug), measures
against, in U.S.A., 61, 103, 358,
359, 476 ; synonyms of. 473.

Pseudococcus gallicola, parasitised
by Anagrus nUjricornis in Hawaii,
437.

Pseudococcus kraunhiae (Japanese
Mealy-bug), on citrus, etc., in
U.S.A., 237, 359; parasites of,
in Hawaii, 437.

Pseudococcus lounshuryi, parasitised
by Anagrus nigiicorms in Hawaii,
437.

Pseudococcus maritimus (see P.
hakeri).

Pseudococcus monianus, parasitised
by Anagrus nigricornis in Hawaii,
437.

Pseudococcus nipae, intercepted on
Cocos weddeJliana in California,
361 ; on coconuts in Jamaica, 57.

Pseudococcus noiabilis, sp. n., food-
plants of, in Italy, 142.

Pseudococcus pandani, on coconuts
in the Far East, 14.

Pseudococcus pini, in California,
473.

Pseudococcus quercicolus, n.n., pro-
posed for P. agrifoUae in U.S.A.,
38 ; synonym of P. quercus, 473.

Pseudococcus quercus. erroneously
recorded as a synonym of P.
crawii, 473 ; P. quercicolus a
synonym of, 473.

Pseudococcus sacchari (Sugar-cane
Mealy-bug), infested with
Aspergillus flavus in Ciiba, 349 ;
Hyperaspis spp. predaceous on,
in Br. Guiana, 484 ; on rice in
S. India, 402.

Pseudococcus saccliarifolii, j)ara-
itised by Xanihoencyr'us fuU-
auayi in Hawaii, 437.

Pseudococcus irifolii, confvision of,
with P. baleri (maritimus) in
U.S.A., 39; on HeliantJius
tuberosus in Iowa, 358.

Pseudococcus virgatus, a minor
cotton pest in S. Africa, 331 ;
intercepted on croton in Cali-
fornia, 427 ; on coconuts in the
Far East, 14 ; food-plants of,
in Florida, 473 ; parasitised by
Encyrtids in Hawaii, 437 ; food-
plants of, in S. India," 402 ;
measures against, on coffee in
Dutch E. Indies, 388, 389 ;
food-plants of, in Philippines, 74.

Pseudococcus vitis, on vines in
Palestine,- 519.

Pseudogonatopus hospes, parasite

of Perlcinsiella saccliaricida in

Hawaii, 313.
Pseudograsserie, coccobacilli infect-
ing Lepidoptera with, in France,

217.
Pseudoluhzis eglanierina (Brown Day

Moth), introduction of Calosoma

sycophanta into California

against, 237.
pseudo parallel a, A nasireplia.
pseudoplaiani, EriopJiyes.
Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Douglas Fir),

pests of, in IBritain, 276, 387 ;

pests of, in N. America, 13, 156,

212, 226, 387, 479.
pseudotsugae, I. achnus.
psidii, Pulvinaria.
Psidium oraca, (Araca), Anasireplia

bislrigata on, in Brazil, 352.
Psidium caitleyanum (Strawberry

Guava), AnasirepJia fraterculus

on, in Argentina, 118.
Psidium guayava (see Guava).
Psidium iucidum. (Chinese Guava),

AnasirepJia fraterculus on, in

Argentina, 118.
Psila rosae (Carrot Rust Fly). n\

Britain, 209, 489; food-plants

and control of, in Canada, 25,

337, 525 ; measures against, on

vegetables in Denmark, 446. 449.
Psilogaster fasciveniris, sp. n.,

parasite of Myrmecia forficata in

Australia. 295.
Psiloptera fastuosa, food-plants of,

in India. 291.
Psiloptera viridans, food-plants of,

in India, 291.
psittacinus, Pliyllobius.
Psophocarpus ietragonolobus, not

attacked by Agromyza destructor

in Philippines, 15.
Psorales pinnata, possibly suitable

as a trap for Antestia variegata in

S. Africa, 247.
Psyche, on tea in India, 375.
Psyche snelleni, on Hevea in Suma-
tra, 64.
Psyctwpsis elegans, bionomics of, in

Australia, 416.
Psylla hippophaeSs on Hippophae

rhamnoides in Britain, 444.
Psylla mall (Apple Sucker), spray-
ing experiments Avith tobacco

extracts against, in Britain, 64 ;

in orchards in Denmark, 448 ;

measures against, in Nova Scotia,

508.
Psylla oleae, in Italy, 455.
Psylla pyricola (Pear Psylla),

measures asainst, in Canada, 26,

129, 170, 171, 544.
Psylla pyrisuga, on fruit-trees in

Norway, 540.

INDEX.

689

Psylllocles chrDsocepliala, on vege-
tables in Denmark, 446, 447 ;
reaijpearance of, in Holland,
124.

Psylliodes punctulata (Hop Flea-
beetle), in Canada, 43 ; food-
plants of, in Ohio, 148 ; a minor
pest of hops in U.S.A., 175.

Pteleobius imperialis, in ash in
Arizona, 206.

Pterocarpus dalbergioides, pests of,
in India, 404.

Pterochloroides persicae, food-plants
of, in Transcaucasia, 344, 346.

Pterogramma acuminata, attempted
introduction of, into California
against Eutettix tenella, 357.

Pteromalus, parasite of Pectino-
phora gossypiella in Egypt, 163 ;
parasite of Pleris brassicae in
France, 462.

Pteromalus caridei, parasite of
Papilio tlwas tlioantiades in
Brazil, 126.

Pteromalus deplanatus, parasite of
Tortrix viridana in Britain, 143 ;
swarming of, in buildings, 143.

Pteromalus micans, parasite of
Oscinella frit in Britain, 70.

Pteromalus puparum. parasite of
Oscinella frit in Britain, 70 ;
hyperparasite of Apanteles
giomeratus in France, 397 ;
parasite of Lepidoptera in
Switzerland, 513.

Pteromalus vanessae, para.site of
Polygonia spp. in U.S.A., 175.

Pteronidea ribesii (see Pteronus).

Pteronus ribesii (Currant Sawfly),
in Canada 44, 525 ; on currants
and gooseberries in Denmark,
448; on gooseberries, etc., in
Holland, 124, 365 ; on goose-
berries in Norway, 540 ; study
of life history of, in U.S.A., 24.

■pterophori, Epiurus (Pimpla).

Pterostichus, destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Pterostichus lucublandus, predaceous
on other insects in U.S.A., 174,
521.

Pterostichus niger, parasitised by
Viviania cinerea, 451.

Pterostichus stygicus, predaceous on
Gortyna immanis in U.S.A., 174.

Pterothrips, gen. nov., in Australia,
434.

Pterygophorus analis, in forests in
Australia, 295.

Pterygophorus bifasciatus, in
Australia, 295.

Ptilodexia abdominalis, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

Ptilodexia harpasa, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

'672)

Ptinobius, notice of key to species

of, 443.
Ptinobius agrili, sp. n., parasite of

Agrilus angelicus in California,

442.
Ptinus huesanus, sp. n., on Icthyo-

methia piscipthla in Florida, 321.
Ptychanatis axyridis, bionomics of,

in Japan, 153.
Ptychodes trilineatus (Three-lined

Fig-tree Borer), Cerambycid

allied to, on fig-trees in Arizona,

205 ; in Jamaica, 58.
Ptychodes vittatus, bionomics of, in

U.S.A., 410.
pubescens, Neoborus.
pubipennis, Pityophthorus.
Publilia concava, in Nova Scotia,

177.
pudibunda, Dasychira.
P'ueblensis, Exoprosopa.
puera, Hyblaea.
pulchella, Utetheisa.
pulchellus, Callococcus {Sphaerococ-

cus).
Pulex serraticeps (see Ctenocephalus

canis).
pulicaria, Chaetocnema.
pulicarius, Anthonomus ; Thyreo-

coris.
Pulse, Stored, Bruchus chinensis in,

in India, 134, 288.
pulverea, Holcocera {Hypatima).
Pulvinaria, intercepted on wistaria

in California, 503.
Pulvinaria antigoni, on lautana in

Seychelles, 484.
Pulvinaria beiulae, intercepted in

S. Africa, 244 ; on birch and

peach in Holland, 124.
Pulvinari-a camelicola, in Portugal,

6 ; on camellia in Italy, 157.
Pulvinaria jlavescens, food-plants

of, in Argentina, 501.
Pulvinaria innumerabilis (Cottony

Maple Scale), control of, in

Colorado, 471.
Pulvinaria jacksoni, a minor cotton

pest in S. Africa, 331.
Pulvinaria maxima, natural enemies

and food-plants of, in S. India,

402.
Pulvinaria minuia, food-plants of,

in Argentina, 501.
Pulvinaria platensis, food-plants of,

in Argentina, 501.
Pulvinaria psidii (G-reen Shield

Scale), natural enemies of, in

Florida, 20 ; food-plants of, in

S. India, 402 ; on coffee in

Sumatra, 64.
Pulvinaria pyriformis, on avocado

pear in Jamaica, 502.
Pulvinaria thespesiae, on Thespesia

populnea in S. India, 402.

690

INDEX.

Pulvmaria vitis, on hawthorn and
vine in Italy, 157 ; in Portugal,
6.
pulvinus, Allothrombium.
pumilionis, Chlorops, Musca (see
C. taeniopus); Siphonella (Oscinis)
pumilus, Aspidiotus (Selenaspidus)
Pumpkin, Pseudococcus ciiri inter
cepted on, in California, 361
pests of, in Denmark, 449 ;
Diaphania spp. on, in Jamaica,
58, 502 ; Aphis cucurbitae on, on
Italy, 157 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 2,
147.
Pumpkin Beetle (see AulacopTiora

olivieri).
Pumpkin Bug (see Nezara viridula).
punctata, Ceratitis ; Hypera ; Ti-

pliia ; Turpilia.
puncticollis, Scymnus.
puncticornis, Leucopis.
punctiferalis, Dichocrocis (Cono-

geth.es).
punctifrons, Eaplohammus.
punctipes, Aphycus ; Geocoris.
punctiventris, Myrmica.
punctulata, Psylliodes.
punctulatus, Callodea.
punctum, Cratopus.
Punica granatum (see Pomegranate).
punicae, Aspidiotus eydoniae.
puparum, Ptcromalus.
purchasi, Icerya.
purgatus, Henicospilus.
Purple Scale (see Lepidosaphes

beclcii).
purpurea, Sagra.
Purpuricenus Tnontanus, in Pinus

excelsa in India, 292.
pusilla, Blennocampa ; Oscinella.
pusillus, Laemophloeus ; Lophoca-

teres.
pustulans, Asterolecanium.
Pustular Oak Scale (see Astero-
lecanium variolosum),
pustulaia, Mylabris.
Putnam Scale (see Aspidiotus

ancylus).
Putoniella marst»pialis, on Prunus
spp., parasites of, in France, 426.
putorius, Schedorhinotermes.
putripenella, Blastodacna (see B.

atra).
Putty, for sealing injections of

carbon bisulphide, 44, 301.
Pycnoderes incur vus (Small Black
Squash Bug), food-plants of, in
Porto Eico, 249.
Pycnoscelus surinamensis (Green-
house Cockroach), bionomics of,
in Connecticut, 342.
Pygaera (Phalera) bucephala (Buff-
tip Moth), control and food-plants
of, in Britain, 416 ; on hazel in
Spain, 210.

pygmaea, Plagiolepis.

pygmaeus, Cephus ; Midas.

pyloalis, Glyphodes.

Pyralis vitana (see Sparganothis

pilleriana).
pyrastri, Lasiophthicus (Catabomba).
Pyrausta machaeralis, in forests in

India, 367.
Pyrausta nubilalis (European Com
Stalk Borer), bionomicB of, in
Belgium, 373 ; legislation res-
pecting, in Canada, 312, 354;
on maize in the Caucasus, 344 ;
on hemp in Germany, 161 ; on
maize in France, 462 ; on hemp
in Japan, 155 ; measures against,
on maize, etc., in Eastern U.S.A.,
102, 116, 180, 183, 189, 224-226,
277, 284, 339, 374, 395, 411, 426,
478, 481, 503, 507 ; confused with
P. penitalis in U.S.A., 116, 478;
bionomics and distribution of,
60.
Pyrausta penitalis (Lotus Borer),
bionomics, control and distribu
tion of, in U.S.A., 116; P.
nubilalis confused with, 116, 478.
Pyrausta vastatrix, on maize in the

Orient, 60.
Pyrethron, obtained from flowers
of Chrysanthemum cinerariae-
folium, 440.
Pyrethrum, dusting with, 230, 311 ;
spraying with, against Par or nix
438 ; spraying with, against vine
moths, 397, 457; liigh cost of, as
an insecticide, 543 ; effect of stor-
age, heat and moisture on, 362.
Pyrgota undata, parasite of Lach-

nosterna in N. America, 256.
Pyrgota valida, parasite of Zach-

nosterna in N. America, 256.
pyri, Anthonomus ; Aspidiotus ;
Eriophyes ; Euthrips, Taeniothrips
(see T. inconsequens) ; Perrisia
(Dasyneura) ; Saturnia; Steph-
anitis (Tingis).
pyticola, Eriosoma; Psylla.
fyyrieolana, Enatmonia.
Pyridine, as a substitute for nicotine

against Aphids, 268.
pyriformis, Pulvinar ia.
Pyrilla aberrans (Sugar-cane Leaf-

hopper), in India, 72.
pyrina, Zeuzera.
pyrioides, Stephanitis.
pyrisuga, Psylla.
pyrivora, Contarinia (Diplosis).
Pyrochroa pectinicornis, 272.
Pyroderces rileyi (False Pink Boll-
worm, Pinli Corn Worm), in
Brazil, 488 ; predaceous on scale-
insects in Florida, 20 ; attacked
by Perisierola emigrata in cap-
tivity in Hawaii, 435 ; measures

INDEX.

691

against in field and stored maize
in U.S.A., 84, 409; measures
against, in maize in New South
Wales, 84.

Pyroderces simplex, bionomics of,
on cotton in Eygpt, 164.

Pyrrhia umbra, on roses in Canada,
25.

pyrrhoderus, Xylotrechus.

Pyrus, Prociphilus fitchi probably
on, in U.S.A., 243; Parlatoria
cMnensis intercepted on, in
U.S.A., 278.

Pyrus acerha (see P. sylvestris).

Pyrus arbutifolia, food-plant of
CJialepus rubra in U.S.A., 169.

Pyrus communis (see Pear).

Pyrus malus (see Apple).

Pyrus pasTiia, Mimastra cyanea on,
in India, 403.

Pyrus sinensis (Sand Pear), food-
plant of Cydia molesta in Japan,
108, 109.

Pyrus sylvestris, Syntomaspis dru-
parum in seeds of, in Britain, 517.

pyste, Exorisia.

Pytlio americanus, in forests in N.
America, 430 ; Ips longidens
associated with, in Pinus strobus
in U.S.A., 505.

Q.

quadraticollis, ChrysobotJiris.

quadricollis, Ghaetocnema.

quadridens, Ceuthorrhynchus ; Pityo-
genes.

quadridentatum, Lioderma.

qtiadrifoveatus, Sirategus.

quadrigibbus, Anthonomus.

quadriguttatus, Clerus (Enocletus).

quadrimaculata, Cimbex.

quadrimaculatus, Bruchus; Tetrany-
chus,

quadripes, Xylotrechus.

quadripustulata, Crioceris.

quadrivittata, Plaiycorus.

Quarantine, against insect pests in
S. Africa, 247, 331 ; against
insect pests in Br. Columbia, 12,
13, 187, 507; against Brassolis
sopliorae in Br. Guiana, 310;
suggested against spread of C'ylas
formicarius in Dominica, 517 ;
pests intercepted in, in Hawaii,
33, 188, 208, 329, 438, 485 ; pests
intercepted in, in Porto Rico,
514 ; against insect pests in
U.S.A., 9, 21, 48, 59, 62, 81, 126,
198, 207, 213, 214, 215, 237, 240,
277, 315, 339, 361, 411, 427, 497,
503, 523.

(672)

Quassia, spraying with against
Aphids, 420 ; and lime-water,
spraying with, against Hibernia
defoliaria, 469.

quatuordecim-maculata, Glenea.

quatuordecimpunetata, Podontia.

Quaylea aliena, gen. et sp. n.,
probably a secondary parasite of
scale-insects in Hawaii, 437.

quaylei, Eomalotylus.

Quebec, forest pests in, 299, 504,
527 ; miscellaneous pests and
their control in, 524, 525, 529;
plant pest legislation in, 524;
danger of spread of Nygmia
phaeorrhoea into, 526; organi-
sation of economic entomology
in, 27.

quebecensis, Opius,

Quedius laevigatus, prcdaceous on
Ips pini in N. America, 430.

Queensland, Chalcid parasite of
Aleurodes bcrgi in, 536 ; life-cycle
of Gylas formicarius in, 17 ;
insect pests of Hibiscus sabdariffa
in, 521 ; Bhabdocnemis obscura
parasitised by Geromasia spheno-
phori in, 80 ; sugar-cane pests
and their control in, 109, 167, 200,
295, 411, 465 ; measures for
eradicating prickly pear in, 482.

quercicola, Asterolecanium (see A.
variolosum).

quercicolus, Pseudococcus (see P.
quercus).

Quercus (see Oak).

Quercus acuta, GlirysocMoa elegans
in, in Japan, 275.

Quercus agrifolia (Coast Live Oak),
pests of, in California, 381, 387,442

Quercus alba (White Oak), AlsopMla
pometaria on, in Nova Scotia,
178 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 169, 308.

Quercus chrysolepis (Maul Oak),
Symydobius chrysolepis on^ in
California, 387.

Quercus crispula, Crossotarsus on,
in Japan, 370.

Quercus dilatata. Coleopterous pests
of, in India, 292, 535.

Quercus douglasi. Phylloxera stan-
fordiana on, in California, 264.

Quercus formosana, new Aphids on,
in Formosa, 111.

Quercus glandulifera, pests of, in
Japan, 370.

Quercus ilex, Lophosternus hugelii
in, in India, 292.

Quercus ilicifolia (Scrub Oak),
Brachys ovalus on, in U.S.A., 308.

Quercus incana, pests of, in India,
292, 535.

Quercus Icelloggi (Black Oak),
Myzocallis maureri on, in Cali-
fornia, 387.

k2

692

INDEX.

Quercus lobata, Phrt/ganidia cali-
fornica on, in U.S.A., 381.

Qaercus minor (Post Oak), Br achy s
ovakis on, in U.S.A., 308.

Quercus j^^^'^^^^ris (Pin Oak),
Brachys ovatus on, in U.S.A., 308.

Quercus pedunculata, Semimanatlia
ftiviosa on, in S. Africa, 392 ;
Myzocallis davidsoni on, in Cali-
fornia, 387.

Quercus j)'"'^'"^'^^^ (Chestnut Oak),
Brachys ovatus on, in U.S.A., 308.

Quercus robur, scale-injects on. in
Italy, 66.

Quercus rubra, pests of, in Minne-
sota, 324.

Quercus semiserrata, Antheraea
roylei on, in India, 354.

Quercus serraia, Trichosiphum
nigrofaseiatum on, in Formosa,
111 ; pests of, in Japan, 211,
370 ; pests of, in Korea, 274.

Quercus saber (Cork Oak), outbreak
of Cnethocampa processionea on,
in Morocco, 500; pests of, in
Spain, 210.

Quercus variabilis, Trichosiphum
nigrofaseiatum on, in Formosa, 111.

Quercus velutina (Black Oak),
Brachys ovatus on, in U.S.A., 308.

Quercus virginiana (Live Oak),
Helioihrips rubrocinctus on, in
Florida, 185.

quercus. Callipterus ; Gervaphis ;
Kermes ; Kuwania ; Pseudococcus.

quercusbaccarum, Neuroferus.

Quince (Gydonia vulgaris). Pulvi-
naria spp. on, in Argentina, 501 ;
Cydia 'pomonella on, in Cyprus,
71 ; Watabura nisMyae on, in
Japan, 111; Cydia pomonella on,
in Transcaucasia, 344 ; Cydia
molesta on, in U.S.A., 101.

■Quince, Flowering, CMonaspis
furfura on, in Maine, 176.

Quinoline, effect of, on vine moths,
457.

quinquecincta, Elis.

quinquedecimpunctata, Anatis ; Coc-
cinella.

quinquepunctatiis, Tychius.

quinquesignata, Hippodam ia.

quinquevittata, Disonycha.

Quisealus fortirostris (Barbados
Blackbird), protection of, in St.
Vincent, 188.

R.

racemosus, Coccus (see Physokermes

piceae).
Rachiplusia nu, in Argentina, 501.
raddoni, Llaveia.
radians, Euxoa (Agrotis).

radiatae, Ips.

radicicola, Heterodera.

radicuvi, Anthomyia.

Radish, Bagrada hilaris on, in S.
Africa, 165 ; Anthomyia radieum
on, in Britain, 209 ; pests of, in
Canada, 544 ; pests of, in Den-
mark, 98, 449; Nezara viridula
on, in Florida, 419; Galeruca
tanaceti on, in Germany, 195 ;
pests of, in Holland, 124; pests
of, in Japan, 100 ; Athalia colibri
on, in Korea, 274 ; pests of, in
Porto Rico, 516.

radula, Campsome/) is.

Rain Tree, food-plant of Tachardia
lacca in S. India. 402.

ram all. Gall icratides.

ram akrishnae, Arrhenothrips.

ramidulus, Omorgus.

Bamona stachyoides (Black Sage),
Aphis ramona on, in California,
387.

ramona. Aphis.

Bandia dumetorum, attacked by
Xylotrechus quadripes in Tonkin,
519.

Banuneulus (Buttercup), Thecabius
affinis on, in Britain, 543.

rapae, Aphidius {Diaeretus) ; Pieris
(Pontia).

rapax, Aspidiotus.

Rape, Bagrada hilaris on, in S.
Africa, 165 ; Ileligetlies aeneus
on, in Silesia, 354 ; Pemphigus
populi-transversus on, in U.S.A.,
42.

rapidus, Adelphocoris.

rapo, Tetrastichus.

Raspberry {BuMis idaeus), Eartigia
cressoni intercepted on, in Call
fornia, 238 ; pests of, in Denmark
448 ; Otiorrhynchus on, in Europe
465; i^ests of, in Holland, 124
443 ; pests of, in Norway, 541
bionomics of Pennisetia hylaei
formis on, in Sweden, 351
measures against pests of, in
U.S.A., 5, 117, 278, 340, 440, 511
spread of Leptospliaeria conio-
thyrium on, encouraged by
OecantMis nigricornis, 528.

Raspberry, Wild, Philomastix
macleayi on, in Australia, 295.

Raspberry Beetle (see Byturus
tomentosus).

Raspberry Cane Borer (see Oberea
bimaculata).

Raspberry Cane Maggot (see Phorbia
rubivora).

Raspberry Root Borer (see Pen-
nisetia Jiylaeiformis).

Raspberry Sawfly (see Monophad-
nus rubi).

INDEX.

693

Rats, method of preserving stored

cereals from, in Britain, 94, 219 ;

not susceptible to Bacillus j^ara-

typJii-alvei, 451.
Rats, Cane, destroyed by barn owls

in Queensland, 167.
raize burgi, Scolytus.
Bavenalamadagascariensis, attacked

by Promecoiheca opacicollis in New

Hebrides, 458.
rectangulata, GMoroclystis.
rectirostris, Anthonomus.
Becurvaria nanella (Lesser Bud

Moth), control of, on apples in

Nova Scotia, 309.
Red Bollworm (see Diparopsis

castanea).
Red Currant Aphis (see Mysus

ribis).
Red Fir (see Abies magnifica).
Red Flour Beetle (see Tribolium

castaneutn).
Red Fungus (see Aschersonia

aleurodis).
Red Gram (see Cajanus indicus).
Red Lead, for protecting onion

seeds from ants, 337.
Red Palm Weevil (see Rhyncho-

phorus ferrugineus).
Red Scale (see Chrysomphalus

aurantii).
Red Slug (see Heterusia magnifica).
Red Spider (see TeiranycJms).
Red Spruce (see Picea rubens).
Red Turnip Beetle (see Entomo-

scelis adonidis).
Red-backed Cutworm (see Etixoa

ochrogasfer).
Red-footed Bean Bruchus (see

BrucJiKs rufimanus).
Red-headed Scale Fimgus (see

Sphaerostilbe coccopMla).
Red-humped Apple-tree Caterpillar

(see ScMzura concinna).
Beduviolus ferns (see Nabis).
Beduviolus subcoleoptrottis, preda-

ceous on HypenahumuliinTJ.^.A.,
174.
regalis, CitJieronia.
regius, Aspidiotus.
reichei, Plesispa ; Promeeotheea.
remota, Dendrolimus.
remotus, Campoplex.
renipustulatus, Ghilocorus.
repeUta, Anasa.

Resin, formulae containing, 14, 15,
259, 261, 405, 498 ; in formula
for adhesive bands, 89 ; against
Aniesiialineaticollis, 259; against
Aphids and Coccids, 14, 15, 135,
506 ; against Bagrada hilaris, 166 ;
addition of, to lead chromate
against Hotnona coffearia, 405 ;
against Xyleborus for meatus, 261,

498 ; in mixture for repelling
Xylotrechus quadripes, 519; pro-
bablv the toxic principle in derris,
497."^

resinana, Olypta.
resinella, Bhyacionia (Eveiria).
reticulatus, Hormocerus.
Beticulitermes, on cotton in Arizona,

206.
Beticulitetmes (Termes) flavipes, in
U.S.A., 105, 240, 418.

Beticulitermes lucifugus, imported
into U.S.A., 105.

Betinospora obtusa, pests inter-
cepted on, in California, 503.

retusa, Hoplia.

Reunion, pests of vanilla in, 192.

reuteri, Brepanothrips.

Reviews: — Crosby (C. R.) &
Leonard (M, D.), Manual of
A^egetable- Garden Insects, 67 ;
Washburn (F. L.), Injurious In-
sects and Useful Birds, 86.

Bhabdocnemis obscura (Sugar-cane
Borer), establishment of Cero-
masia sphenopJiori against, in
Australia, 80, 109, 110, 167 ;
intercepted in sugar-cane in
U.S.A., 277; danger of intro-
duction of, into U.S.A., from
Costa Eica, 295 ; establishment
of Ceromasia sphenopJiori against,
in Hawaii, 413.

Bliabdopliaga rosaria, Leucopis
puncticornis bred from galls of,
in Germany, 162.

BJiabdophaga saliciperda, on willow,
destroyed by birds in Germanv,
159. ]

Bhacodineura antiqua, hosts of, in
Russia and Western Europe,
450.

BJiaeboscelis tenuis, on Hibiscus
moscheutos in New Jersey, 322.

Bhagidia, predaceous on Lasioderma
serricorne in Philippines, 367.

Bhagium lineatum, in forests in
N. America, 430, 505.

Bliaqoletis'pomoneJla{A^Y>\e'Mdkg,got),
bionomics and control of, in
Canada, 26, 172, 177, 186, 212,
302, 337, 470, 479; in orchards
in New York, 137.

Bhamnus alatermis, Scolytus multi'
striatus in, in France, 236.

rhapidis, Oregma.

rhinoceros, Oryctes.

Rhinoceros Beetle (see Oryctes
and Strategus).

Bliinonchus pericarpius, on hemp
in Japan, 155.

Bhinoscopha amicta, on Cupressus
in Dutch E. Indies, 388.

Bhipivhorothrips cruentatus, sp. n.,.
food-plants of, in India, 262.

694

INDEX.

Mhizohms lophantae, establishment
of, against scale-insects in Italy,
456.
JShizobius veniralis, liberation of,

in California, 62.
Bhizoglyplius echinopus (Bulb Mite),
bionomics of, in Japan, 439; on
cereals in Norway, 539.
MMzoglyphiis liyacintlii, E. sagittatae

allied to, 38.
BMzoglyplius rhizopJiagus, on red
clover in U.S.A., 36; B. sagit-
tatae allied to, 38.
HMzoglyphus sagittatae, sp. n., on
Balsamorrhiza sagittafa in Mon-
tana, 38.
Ehizopertha, 134; in wheat in India,

288.
Bhizoperiha dominica (Lesser Grain
Weevil), infesting stored food-
products in Arizona, 206 ; effect
of air-tight storage on, in Britain,
94 ; measures against, in Cali-
fornia, 474 ; intercepted in wheat
in Hawaii, 329 ; in stored grain
in India, 219; in stored cereals
in New South Wales, 85, 132 ;
Corcyra ceplialonica associated
with, in U.S.A., 428.
rhizophagus, Bhizoglyphus.
Bhizophora mangle (Mangrove),

pests of, in Florida, 34, 265.
Bhizotrogus gravis, sp. n., on sugar-
cane in Mauritius, 372.
Bhizotrogus rufns, sp. n., on cin-
chona seedlings in India,
372.
Bhizotrogus solstitialis (see Amphi-

m alius).
Rhodesia, Southern, maize pests

and their control in, 66, 314.
rhododendri, Leptohyrsa.
Bhododendron, pests intercepted on,

in U.S.A., 277, 339.
Bhododendron ealendulaceum (Fire
Azalea), food-plant of Oalerucella
cavicollis in U.S.A., 37.
Bhododendron maximum, Leptohyrsa
rhododendrl on, in New Jersey,
255.
Rhododendron Lace-bug (see Lep-
tohyrsa rhododendri).
rhodophaga, Neocerata (Dasyneiira).
Bhogas, parasite of Earias in India,
72, 73 ; parasites of Earias
erroneously recorded as, 287.
Bhogas inter medius, parasite of
Hemerocanipa leucostigma in Nova
Scotia, 178.
Bhogas Jcitcheneri (see Habrobracon).
Bhogas platypterigis, parasite of

Cydiamolestam U.S.A., 478.
rhois, Ilelaphis.
rhombota, Agriophora.
rhopaloides, Valvicystia.

Bhopalomyia arlemisiae, parasitised

by Torymus exilis in France, 426.

Bhopalosiphum britteni, food-plants

of, in Britain, 542.
Bhopalosiphum dianthi, on potatoes

in Britain, 387.
Bhopalosiphum hippophaes, on
Hippophae rhamnoides in Britain,
444.
Bhopalosiphum lactucae, fungi infest-
ing, on gooseberry in Britain, 542;
on currants in Norway, 541.
Bhopalosiphum per sicae (see Myzus).
Bhopalosiphum ribis, on currant in

S. Eastern Russia, 143.
Bhojoalosiphum samhucicola, sp. n.,

in Japan, 211.
Bhopalosiphum tuberosellae, on

potatoes in Britain, 387.
Bhopo bota vacciniana ( Blackhead

Fireworm), in U.S.A., 101.
Bhoptomeris wildhami, parasite of

Oscinella frit in Britain, 70.
Rhubarb, Gastroidea viridula on,
in Denmark, 449 ; Galeruca
tanaceti on, in Germany, 195.
Bhus (see Sumac).
Bhus copallinum, bionomics of
Calophya nigripennis on, in
U.S.A., 119.
Bhus glabra, galls on, used as a
remedy for diarrhoea by Chippewa
Indians in U.S.A., 284.
Bhus semialata, pests of, in Japan,

111.
rhusae, Aonidia ; Diaspis.
Bhyacionia buoliana (Fine-shoot
Tortrix, Pine-shoot Moth),
suggested use of bats against, in
France, 1 7 ; Hymenopterous
parasites of, in Holland, 234 ;
in Spain, 90, 210.
Bhyacionia duplana, on pines in

Spain, 90, 210.
Bhyacionia resinella, suggested use

of bats against, in France, 17.
Bhyacionia turioniana (Pine-bud
Tortrix), suggested use of bats
against, in France, 17.
Bhynchaenus excellens, on Quercus

glandiilifera in Japan, 370.
Bhynchites, infested with Beauveria

globulifera in France, 461.
Bhynchites betulae, parasitised by
Ophioneurus signatus in Europe,
231.
Bhynchites betuleti (see By discus

betulae).
Bhynchocoris, on oranges in Assam,

492.
Bhyncholus himalayensis, food-

plants of, in India, 403.
Bhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coconut
Red Weevil, Red Palm Weevil),
measures against, in India, 287,

INDEX.

695

404, 508 ; on coconuts in Dutch
E. Indies, 389; on coconuts in
Malaya, 520; probably on date
palms in Mesopotamia, 190;
measures against, in Philippines,
14, 493 ; on coconuts in Sumatra,
64.

Mhynchophorus palmarum, on coco-
nuts in Brazil, 353.

Bhynchophorus pascha (Palm
Weevil), on coconut in Philip-
pines, 493.

Bhyncoliis lauri, in avocado seed in
Mexico, 241.

Bhyparida discopunctulata, on
Hibiscus sabdariffain Queensland,
521.

Ehytidodera robusta, in Shorea
Tobusta in India, 292.

rlbearia, Gymatophora.

Mibes, Corythuca salicis on, in
Canada, 409 ; intermediate food-
plant of Schizoneura japonica in
Japan, 111 ; (see Currant).

JRibes cereum (Flowering Currant),
Cyviafophora ribearia on, in
Canada, 44.

Itibes nigrum (see Currant. Black).

Bibes rubrum (see Currant, Red).

Bibes sanguineum (Red Flowering
Currant), Pseudococcus gahani on,
in Britain, 473 ; Taeniothrips
inconsequens on, in Vancouver
Island, 13.

Bibes viseosissimum, Aeolothrips
annectans on, in Br. Columbia,
509.

ribes, Tylenchus.

ribesii, Pteronus {Nematus,Pteroni-
dea) ; Syrphus.

ribis, ApMdius ; Aphis ; Bryobia ;
Eriophyes ; Myzus ; Bhopalosi-
phum.

Picania fenestrata, measures against
on tea in Ceylon, 520.

Bicania japonica, on hemp in Japan,
155.

Bicanoptera opaca, measures
against, on tea in Ceylon, 520.

Rice {Oryza sativa), pests of, in
Argentina, 271 ; pests of, in
Assam, 114, 2C4, 492; grass
worm on, in Arkansas, 491 ;
pests of, in Ceylon, 249, 497 ;
pests intercepted on, in Br.
Columbia, 507 ; pests of, and
their control in India, 132, 133,
287, 288, 289-291, 309, 402;
pests of, in Dutch E. Indies, 30,
389; pests of, in Japan, 100;
pests of, in Korea, 273, 274 ;
pests of, in Malaya, 520 ;
measures against pests of, in
Philippines, 405, 493 ; pests of,
in Tonkin. 519; in baits for

cutworms and wireworms, 12,
171, 407.

Rice (Stored), measures against
pests of, in Argentina, 271 ;
measures against insects infest-
ing, in Br. Columbia, 13, 507 ;
measures against Corcyra cepha-
lonica infesting, in U.S.A., 428.

Rice Borer, Three-brooded (see
Sehoenobiun incertellus).

Rice Borer, Two-brooded (see Chilo
siviflex).

Rice Bug (seeLeptocorisa varicornis).

Rice Caterpillar (see Laphygma
fruqiperda).

Rice Hispid (see Hispa armigera).

Rice Leaf-roUer (see Cnaphalocrocis
medinalis).

Rice Moth (see Corcyra cepJialonica).

Rice Stem-borer (see Schoenobius
incertellus).

Rice Straw, undetermined Lepidop-
tera intercepted in, in California,
503.

Rice Weevil (see Calandra orysae).

Rice Worm (see Spodoptera
mauritia and Tylenchus angustus).

ricini, Attactis.

Bicinus, Euproctis scintillans on,
in Assam, 55 ; Tetranychus
telarius on, in .Tava, 41.

Bicinus communis (Castor-oil Plant),
pests of, in Ceylon, 113 ; import-
ance of destroying, in tea planta-
tions in Ceylon, 135 ; Scirto-
thrips dorsalis on, in India, 282;
Corythaica monacha on, in We&t
Indies, 338; pests of, in U.S.A.,
103, 121.

ridingsiana, Euxoa.

rileyanus, Apanteles.

rileyi, Pyroderces [Batrachedra).

ritnansonae, Nocarodes.

rimosus, Pagiocerus.

Bipersia palmarum, intercepted on
coconuts in California, 427;
parasitised by Anagrus nigricornis
in Hawaii, 437.

Bipersia sacchari, measures against,
in Assam, 492; on sugar-cane in
S. India, 402.

Bipersia silvestrii, sp. n., associated
with Plagiolepis pygmaea in Italy,
142.

Bipersia trichura, synonym of
Cryptoripersia arizonensis, 473.

Bipersia villosa, associated with
Pseudococcus agrifoliae in U.S.A.,
38.

ritchiei, Eypoihenemus ; Metamasius.

riverae, Apanteles.

Bobinia, Chrysomphalus corticosus
on, in S. Africa, 242.

Bobinia neomexicana, Chramestts
mining in, in U.S.A., 443.

696

INDEX.

Bobinia pseudacacia (Black Locust
Tree), Enchenopa hinotata on, in
Nova Scotia, 306 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 103, 140, 169, 204, 376,
404, 471.

robiniae, Cyllene ; Prionoxystus.

roMniella, Depressaria.

rohoraior, Pimpla.

roboris, Kermes ; Tryphactothri'ps.

robusta, Acrida ; Ehytidodera.

robustella, Tetralopha.

robustus, Physapus, Thrips (see
Kakothrips pisivora).

roepkei, Triehosiphum.

Togationis, Phytometra (Plusia).

rogenhojferi, Monda.

ronnai, Heteroscapus.

Books, destroying PhyUopertha
horticola in Britain, 372 ; econ-
omic importance of, in Holland,
254.

Root Knot Disease, relation of
Heterodera radicicola to, in
Florida, 418.

ropalus, Syrphus.

Boptrocerus eceoptogaster, parasite
of Ips pini in N. America,
430.

rorida, Leucopholis.

Boripa, Pemphigus populi-trans-
versus on, in U.S.A., 42.

Bosa, Coleopterous pests of, in
India, 535 ; (see Rose).

Bosa rugosa, legislation restricting
importation of, into U.S.A., 184.

rosa, Ceratitis.

rosaceana, Toririx {ArcMps, Cacoe-
cia).

rosae. Aphis ; Atilacafpis ; Empoa ;
Haltica ; Macrosiplium ; Mono-
lepta ; Psila ; Typhlocyba.

Tosaria, Bhabdophaga.

Rose, Chrysomphalus corticosus on,
in S. Africa, 242 ; Eriocampoides
limacina on, in Argentina, 251 ;
pests of, in Britain, 209, 386, 416,
508, 542 ; pests of, in Canada,
25, 211 ; pests of, in Ceylon, 164,
165 ; ApMds on, in France, 285 ;
pests of, in Holland, 124, 444;
Chrysoviphalus aurantU on, in
S. India, 402 ; scale-insects on,
in Italy, 157, 218; control of
Metachroma on, in Jamaica, 58 ;
Macrosiphum intercepted on, in
Porto Rico, 514 ; Aiilacaspis
rosae on, in Portugal, 7 ; measures
against pests of, in U.S.A.. 18,
182, 211, 321, 340, 503, 511 ;
pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
339, 361, 427, 504 ; legislation
restricting importation of stocks
of, into U.S.A., 184.
Rose, Wild, control of HaUica rosae
on, in Maine, 58.

Rose ApMs (see Aphis rosae and
Macrosiphum rosae).

Rose Chafer (see Macrodactylus
subspinosus).

Rose Leaf-hopper (see Empoasca
rosae and Typhlocyba rosae).

Rose Leaf-miner (see Nepticula
anomaJella).

Rose Midge (see Neoceraia rhodo-
phaga).

Rose Sawfly (see Emphytus cincius).

Rose Scale (see Aulacaspis rosae).

rosea, Fushia.

Roselle (see Hibiscus sabdariffa).

Rosewood (Jacarandd), Icerya
brasiliensis on, in Argentina, 318 ;
Stromatium barbatum boring in,
in Seychelles, 484.

rossi, Chrysomphalus (Aspidiotus).

rostrata, Aelia.

Rosy Aphis (see Aphis sorbi).

Rosy Apple Aphis (see Aphis
malijoliae).

rothei, Lepidiota. ,

rotunda, Contheyla.

rotundiventris, 8u bclytia.

Roimd-headed Apple-tree Borer
(see Saperda Candida).

roylei, Antheraea ; Baiocera.

Rubber, Locusts on, m Br. Guiana,
310; pests of, in Fiji, 312; food-
plant of Aleuroihrixus hou-ardi in
Florida, 409 ; Saisseiia' nigra on,
in S. India, 402 ; Copioiermes
gestroi on, in Dutch E. Indies,
389 ; Trioza bnssei on, in Kam-
erun, 159; pests of, in Malaya,
127, 128, 520; pests of, 'in
Uganda, 260.

Rxibber, Ceara (see Manihot
glaziovii).

Rubber, Para (see Ilevea brasilien-
sis).

Rubber Bark-eating Caterpillar, in
Malaya. 128.

Rubber Leaf Mite, bionomics and
control of, in Malaya, 127.

rubens, Ceroplastes.

rubi,Antlionomns; Fenusa ( Meiallus);
Haltica; Lasioptera; Jlonophad-
nus (Monophadnoides) ; Thecla.

rubicunda, Anisota.

rubidus, Lygus pratensis.

rubiella, Incurvaria {Lampronia).

rubinus, Hyalopeplus smaragdinus.

rubirora, Phorbia.

rubra, Chaleinis.

rubriola, Leptura.

rubrocinctus, Heliothrips {Seleno-
thrips).

Bubus fruticosus (see Blackberry).

Bubus idaeus (see Raspberry).

Bubus parviflorus (Thimbleberry),
Thrips physaptis on, in Br.
Columbia, 509.

INDEX.

69'3

rubus, Batocera.

ruclis, Panseria.

rudolphi, Plagioioma.

riifa, Scolia.

rufescentaria, Zethenia.

rujiceps, Epicauta.

ruficollis, Perissoderes ; Pimpla.

Tiificornis, Ceroioma.

ruficoxaUs, Labrossyia.

rufigaster, Cryptohelcostizus.

rufdabris, Chrysopa.

rufimanus, Bruchus.

rufipennis, Adenonenra.

rufipes, Bruchus ; BupresUs ; Har-
molita; Luperus ; Necrobia; Steno-
bothrus (see Omocestus venirnlis).

rufiscutum, Helcostizus.

rufosanguinea, Galerucella.

Twfovenalis, Melissobla/ptes.

rufus, Apiinothrips ; LopJiyrus ;
Bhisotrogus.

rufuscula, Pimpla conquisitor (see
Pimplidea aequaUs).

rugglesi, Tetrastichus.

rugicollis, Apriona.

rugosiventris, Atanycolus.

rugulosus, Scolytus (Eccopiogasier).

Bumex (Dock), food-plant of insect
pests in U.S.A., 266, 511.

Bumex acetosella (Sheep Sorrel),
Lygus pratensis on, in Nova
Scotia, 179.

rumicis, Acronycta ; Aphis.

runcornifer, Hamitermes.

rwfalis, Plagia.

rusci, Ceroplasies.

Eussia, Apliids and their food-
plants in, 143 ; identity of species
of Dreponothrips on vines in, 195 ;
Forficula tomis parasitised by
Bhacodineura antiqua in, 450 ;
Oscinella frit in, 69.

Russian Tliistle (see Thistle).

Rusty Brown JPham Aphis (see
Aphis setariae).

ruthae, Odonaspis.

Rutherglen Bug (see Nysius ericae).

ridila, Agonoscelis ; Masicera.

rutilans, Aegeria (Sesia, Synanthe-
don).

Rye, experiments to determine
susceptibility of, to Tylenchus
devastairix in Britain, 356 ; pests
of, in Denmark, 445 ; Oscinella
frit on, in Europe, 68, 69 ;
Limothrips denticornis on, in
Finland, 468 ; Tylenchus devasta-
irix on, in Holland, 443 ; mites
infesting, in Japan, 153 ;
suggested planting of, as a sub-
stitute for wheat in Michigan,
202 ; pests of, in Norwav. 539 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 81, 378, 398,
470, 471 ; method of removing
ergot from, 324.

Rye-grass, pests of, in Britain, 69
356.

Rye-grass, Italian, suggested as an
alternative crop against Tylen-
chus devastairix in Britain, 442.

s.

sabulifera, Anomis (Cosmophila).

sabulosus, Myllocerus.

saccharalis, Diairaea.

sacehari, Pseudoeoccus ; Bipersia.

saccharicida, Perkinsiella.

saecharifolii, Pseudoeoccus.

saeeharina, Tomaspis.

saccharivora, Cerataphis.

Saeeharum arundinaceum, Chilo in,
in India, 133.

Saeeharum. fuscum., Chilo in, in India,
133.

Saeeharum officinarum (see Sugar-
cane).

Saeeharum spontaneum, 133.

sachalinensis, Chrysopa.

sacramenta, Coleophora.

sagax, Pimpla.

sagittatae, Bliizoglyphus.

Sago Palm, Eidari irava on, in
Dutch E. Indies, 390.

Sagra jansoni, on Tectona grandis
in India, 403.

Sagra longieollis, on Tectona grandis
in India, 403.

Sagra purpurea, 54.

Sainfoin, suggested as an alternative
crop against Tylenchus devasta-
trix in Britain, 442.

St. John's Wort (see Hypericum).

St. Kitts, cotton pests in, 481 ;
migration of Dysdereus in, 415.

St. Lucia, legislation regarding
importation of cotton into Mont-
serrat from, 360.

St. Vincent, control of cotton pests
in, 106, 213, 295, 355, 366 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 185, 186,
204 ; protection of birds in, 188 ;
legislation regarding importation
of cotton into Montserrat from,
360.

Saissetia argentina, sp. n., in Argen-
tina, 307.

Saissetia hemisphaerica (Hemis-
pherical Scale), on tea in Ceylon,
519; fungi infesting, in Cuba,
349 ; infested with Aschersonia'
in Florida, 19; Azya ponthrianti
predaceous on, in Br. Guiana,
484 ; parasites of, in Holland,
444 ; parasites of, in Hawaii,
437 ; food-plants of, in S. India,
402 ; on citrus in Jamaica, 502 ;

698

INDEX.

measures against, on Ilurraya
exotica in Porto Rico, 516 ; in
Portugal, 6 ; on coffee in Tonkin,
54 ; intercei)ted in U.S.A., 82,
361, 504.
Saissetia nigra (Black Scale), on
cotton in Antigua, 512 ; parasites
of, in Hawaii, 437 ; food-plants
of, in S. India, 402 ; possibly
attacking Eevea in Sumatra, 64.
■Saissetia oleae (Black Scale, Olive
Scale), a minor pest of cotton in
S. Africa, 331 ; introduction of
Eublemma coccvpliora into Cali-
fornia against, 358 ; intercepted
on citrus, etc., in California, 199,
427, 504 ; measures against, in
France, 365 ; food-plants of, in
S. India, 402 ; in Portugal, 6 ;
on olives in Spain, 294; on
shade-trees in U.S.A., 476 ; on
citrus in New Zealand, 50.
Sal (see Shorea robusta).
Sal Bark Beetle (see Sj^haerotrypes

siwalikensis).
Sal Longicorn (see Eoploceramhyx

spinicornts).
■saliceti, Cryptocampxis (Euura).
saliciperda, Bhahdopliaga (Ceci-

domyia).
■salicis, CMonaspis ; Corythuca ;
Lachnodius (see L. phoradendri) ;
Stilpnotia (Leucoma).
salicisnigrae , CMonaspis.
■salicola. Phylloxera,
salinus, Eriococcus (see Cryptori-

persia arisonensis).
■salishuryensis, Buprestis.
Salix (see Willow).
Salix babylonica, Melasoma popuU

on, in India, 403.
■Salix discolor, Corythuca salicis on,

in Canada, 409.
Salix elegans, Melasoma populi on,

in India, 403.
Salix 'purpurea, food-plant of
Labidostomis taxicornis in Italy
and Sicily, 373.
■Salix scouleriana, Taeniothrips
inconsequens on, in Vancouver
Island, 13.
Salix viminalis (Basket Willow),
Cryptocampus laetus on, in
Sweden, 350.
^allaei, Bruchus.
Salpichroa rhomboidea, Lema

bilineata on, in Argentina, 318.
Salpingogaiter nigra, infesting
Tomaspis flavilatera in Br.
Guiana, 139.
Salsola kali var. tenuifolia (see

Thistle, Russian).
Salt (see Sodium Chloride).
Salt-water, effect of, on grain
weevils, 168.

Salt Marsh Caterpillar (see

Estigmene acraea).
Saltpetre, use of, against flea-
beetles, 540 ; effect of manuring
with, on insect pests, 158.
Salvia splendens, food-plant of
Ceroplastes sinensis in Italy,
218.
Sawanea (Pithecolobium) saman
(Monkey Pod), food-plant of
Bruchus pruininus in Hawaii,
435 ; Astycus chrysoclorus on, in
India, 403; scale-insects on, in
Phillpj)ines, 74.
sambuci. Aphis,
sambucicola, Bhopalosiphum.
Sambuctis racemosa, Aeolothrips
annectans on, in Br. Columbia,
509.
Samia cecropia,. in Canada, 26 ;
food-plants of, in U.S.A., 80, 183.
Samoa, experiments with Metarrhi-
zium anisopliae against Oryctes
rhinoceros in, 424 ; Pseudococcus
from, intercepted on coconut in
California, 127.
San Francisco, Brucliids intercepted
in Hawaii in carob beans from,
438.
San Jo*:e Scale (see Aspidiotus

perniciosus).
San Thome, Lymidus variicolor on

cacao in, 268.
sanborni, Macrosiphoniella.
sanctaecrucis, Acrocercops ; Aspido-

morpha.

Sand, cereals stored under, 134 ;

and coal-oil, against Psila rosae,

337.

Sandalwood (see Santalum album).

Sandwich Caterpillar (see Agrio-

j)hora rhombota).
sanguinea, Coccinella ; Cycloneda

(Neda) ; Llaveia.
sanguinolentus, GUschrochilus.
Sanninoidea (see Aegeria).
sanninoideae, Elachistus.
santali, Diaspis.

Santalum album (Sandalwood),
transmission of spike disease of,
by insects in India, 162; scale-
iusects on, in S. India, 402.
Santo Domingo, pests from, inter-
cepted in Porto Rico, 514.
Saperda calcarata (Poplar Borer),
bionomics and control of, in
Canada and U.S.A., 300.
Saperda Candida (Round-headed
Apple-tree Borer), bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 34, 137, 344,
491.
Saperda cnrcharias, on poplar in
Italy, 157 ; infested with Ento-
mophthora grylli on Populus nigra
in Spain, 66.

INDEX.

699

Saperda concolor var. unicolor,
bionomics of, in Connecticut, 341.

Saperda marginella, measures
against, on wheat in France, 385.

Sapindiis raralc, saponin solution
prepared from, 41.

Saponaria Bark (Soap Bark), and
nicotine oleate, spraying experi-
ments with, against Aphids, 342.

Saponin Solution, preparation of,
against mites, 41.

Sapota achras, AnastrepJia serpentina
on, in Brazil, 352.

sapporensis, Chrysopa.

■sara, Amsacta moorei.

Sarcocephalus esculcntus, pests of,
in Eritrea, 243.

Sarcophaga (Flesh-fly), breeding
places and parasites of, in Japan
and S. Africa, 436, 437 ; parasite
of grasshoppers in Montana, 140,
315.

Sarcophaga cimhicis, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

Sarcophaga falculata, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

Sarcophaga helicis, parasite of
Lepidoptera, etc., in U.S.A., 79.
206, 256.

Sarcophaga prohibita, parasite of
Lachnosterna lanceolata in U.S.A.,
227, 256.

Sarcophaga tuberosa var. sarracenioi-
des, parasite of Lachnosterna in
N. America, 256.

Sarcophaga utilis, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.

sareophagae, Aphaereia.

sarta, Aeolesthes.

Saturnia pyri, on pear and poplar
in Italy, 157.

satyriniformis, Ilellitia.

Saurefuchsin, in formula for stain-
ing Coccids, 293.

saussurei, Tmethis.

Saw-toothed Grain Beetle (see
Silvanus siirinamensis).

Sawdust, as a substitute for bran
in baits for locusts and grass-
hoppers, 162, 208, 293 ; and fish-
oil, experiments with, against
Diabrotica vittata, 342 ; infected
with Tribolimn confusum, 222.

saxeseni, Xyleborus (see X. xylo-
graphus).

sayi, Ghlorochroa (Pentatoma).

scabra, Plathypena.

seabrator, Coelosterna.

scalar is, Azygophlep^ ; Calligrapha ;
Chrysomela.

Scale insects, list of, from S. Africa,
138, 242; control of, on ferns in
Canada, 25 ; measures against,
on limes in Dominica, 261 ; list of,
attacking coconuts in the Far

East, 14 ; on rubber in Fiji, 312 ;
bionomics and control of, in
Germany, 158, 162 ; intercepted
in Hawaii, 33, 208, 438; measures
against, in India, 135 ; food^
plants of, in Dutch E. Indies, 389;
list of, from Italy, 141 ; on
mulberries in Japan, 100; list
of, from Pliilippines, 74 ; from
Portugal, 6 ; on coffee in Tonkin,
519; on coffee and cacao in
Uganda, 259, 260; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 6, 19-21,
103, 228, 237, 241 ; intercepted
in U.S.A., 127, 131, 214, 238. 277,
278 ; notice of list of food-plants
of, 70, 276 ; transmission of gum-
mosis by, 528; ants associated
with, 54, 57, 103, 142, 165, 311,
389, 483, 502, 508 ; natural
enemies of, 6, 18, 19-21, 28, 40,
61, 62, 66, 103, 104, 123, 133, 157,
160, 162, 194, 215, 219, 233, 237,
242, 263, 349, 350, 358, 359, 363,
369, 402, 413, 417, 437, 444, 455,
456, 467, 473, 483, 484, 489, 497,
501, 503, 506, 523, 524, 528;
classification and new species of,
11, 38, 39, 74, 138, 139, 141, 242,
307, 336, 396, 473 ; new method
of staining, 293.

Scale, Barnacle (see Ceroplastes
cirripediformis ) .

Scale, Black (see Ghrysomphalus
rossi, Saissetia nigra and S.
oleae).

Scale, Bourbon (see Aspidiotns
destructor).

Scale, Cedar (see Aonidia juniperi).

Scale, Chaff (see Parlatoria per-
gandei).

Scale, Citrus Snow (see Chionaspis
citri).

Scale, Coconut (see Aspidiotus
destructor).

Scale, Cottony Cushion (see Icerya
purchasi).

Scale, Cottony Maple {seePulvinaria
innumerabilis).

Scale, European Elm (see Gossyparia
spuria).

Scale, Florida (see Ghrysomphalus
aonidum).

Scale, Florida Wax (see Geroplastes
floridensis).

Scale, Greedy (see Aspidiotus
rapax).

Scale, Green (see Goccus viridis).

Scale, Green Shield (see Piilvinaria
psidii).

Scale, Grey (see Goccus citricola).

Scale, Hemispherical (see Saissetia
hemisphaerica).

Scale, Italian Pear (see Epidiaspis
piricola).

700

INDEX.

Scale, Long (see LepidosapJies

glover i).
Scale, Monterey Pine (see Physo-

kervies insignicola).
Scale, Mulberry (see Aulacaspis

pentagona).
Scale, Oleander (see Aspidiotus

hederae).
Scale, Olive (see Saissetia oleae).
Scale, Orange Snow (see Chionaspis

citri).
Scale, Oyster-sliell (see Lepidosaphes

ulmi).
Scale, Palm (see Eucalymnatus

tessellatu-^).
Scale, Pernicious (see Aspidiotus

perniciosus).
Scale, Pine-Leaf (see Aspidiotus

pini).
Scale, Poplar (see CMonaspis salicis-

nigrae).
Scale, Prickly-pear (see Diaspis

echinocacti).
Scale, Purple (see LepidosapJies

heckii).
Scale, Pustular Oak (see Asterole-

canium variolosum).
Scale, Putnam (see Aspidiotus

ancylus).
Scale, Red (see ChrysompTialus

aurantii).
Scale, Rose (see Aulaeaspis rosae).
Scale, San Jose (see Aspidiotus

perniciosus).
Scale, Scurfy (see CMonaspis

furfur a).
Scale, Soft Brown (see Coccus

liesperidum).
Scale, Stem Sliield (see CMonaspis

madiunensis).
Scale, Sycamore (see Stomacoccus

platani).
Scale, Terrapin (see Eulecanium

nigrofasciatuni).
Scale, Tessellated [see Eucalymnatus

tessellatus).
Scale, Tvilip-tree (see Toumeyella

liriodendri).
Scale, White (see CMonaspis citri,

Hemicliionaspis minor and

Pseudococcus adonidum).
Scale, Willow (see CMonaspis salicis-

nigrae).
Scalecide, spraying with, against

Apliids, 362 ; experiments with,

against Tortrix argyrospila, 10.
Scalmus interstitialis, on coconut in

Jamaica, 57.
Scalo, and Black-Leaf 40, spraying

with, against mealy-bugs and

ants, 531.
Scamhus indagairix, parasite of

Orgyia antiqua and Eemerocampa

leucostigma in Nova Scotia,

178.

Scambus inquisitor iellus, parasite
of Orgyia antiqua and Hemero-
campa leucostigmain Nova Scotia,
178.

Scandinavia, NothorrMna muricata
in pines in, 97.

Scapsipedus inarginatus, on tobacco
in Kamerun, 160.

Scapteriscus didactylns, destroyed
by Ardea caerulea in St. Vincent,
188.

Scapteriscus vicinus (Changa, West
Indian Mole-cricket), use of light-
traps for, in Porto Rico, 132 ; on
vegetables in Porto Rico,
248.

scaptomyzae, Dacmisa.

scarabaeoides, Phloeotribus.

Scarites, destroyed by crows in
U.S.A., 203.

Scatopse notata, in Britain, 70.

Scelio venezuelensis, parasite of
ScMstocerca, 491.

sceptica, Oiaura.

scJiachtii, Heterodera.

Schedius huvanae, parasite of
Porthetria dispar in Spain, 230 j
liberation of, against Porthetria
dispar in U.S.A., 104.

SchedorMnotermes putorius, in W.
Africa, 142.

schelkovnikovi, Nocarodes.

scMneri, A gromysa.

ScMnus molle, CMysomphalus
corticosus on, in S. Africa, 242 ;
food-plant of Ceroplastes sinensis
in Italy, 218.

ScMstocerca, parasitised by Scelio
venezuelensis, 491.

ScMstocerca americana, locusts
invading Br. Guiana identified
as, 491.

ScMstocerca paranensis, doubt as
to identity of, in Trinidad, 491.

ScMstocerca. peregrina, in Algeria,
368 ; outbreak of, in Asia Minor
and Palestine, 161 ; measures
against, in Morocco, 425 ; danger
of introduction of, into Turkey
from Egypt, 160.

ScMstocerca piceifrons, S. vicaria
possibly identical with, 491.

ScMstocerca septemfasciaia (Red
Locust), not troublesome in S.
Africa in 1917-18, 244.

ScMstocerca tatarica, measures
against, in Algeria, 532; organis-
ation of measures against, in
France and Morocco, 432.

Sehistocerca vicaria, locusts invading
Br. Guiana identified as, 491.

ScMzoneura fodiens, on roots of red
currants in Denmark, 448.

ScMzoneura japonica, sp. n., food
plants of, in Japan, 111.

INDEX.

701

Schizoneura lanigcriim (see Erlo-
soma).

iSehizoneura laniiginosum (see Erio.
soma).

Schizoneura ulnii (see Eriosoma).

Schizotetranych'us viytilaspidis, inter-
cepted on lemons in California,
238, 361.

Schizura concinna (Red-luimped
Apple-tree Caterpillar), in forests
and orchards in Canada, 25 ; in
orchards in New York, 137.

Schlechtendalia, considered a
synonym of Helaphis, 383.

Schlechtendalia chlnensis, S. inter-
media possibly identical with,
111.

Schlechtendalia intermedia, sp. n.,
forming galls on Bhus semialata
in Japan, 111.

Schlechtendalia m,iyabei, sp. n., form-
ing galls on Rhus semialata in
Japan, 111.

Schleichera trijuga, Zeuzera^ coffeae
on, in Dutch E. Indies, 388.

Schoenobius bipunctifer (see 8. incer-
tellus).

Schoenobius incertellus (Rice Stem
Borer, Three-brooded Rice
Borer), in Assam, 114, 492;
measures against, in India, 132,
287, 288; in Dutch E. Indies,
389; in Japan, 100; parasitised
by Horniopterus schoenobivorus
in Java, 104; in Tonkin,
519.

schoenobivoriis, Horniopterus.

schoeversi, Aspidiotiphagus.

schonherri, Blastothrix.

schouteniae, Cervaphis.

schuUzei, Platypus.

Sciadopytis verticillata, Eulachnus
thunbergii on, in Japan, 137.

Sciara coprophila, bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 395, 400.

Sciara pauciseta, S. trifolii closely
related to, 35.

Sciara trifolii, sp. n., on red clover
in U.S.A., 35, 36.

Scilla nutans, food-plant of Merodon
equestris in N. America, 356.

scintillans, Euproctis.

scintillocollaris, Ceramidia.

Scirpophaga, on sugar-cane in India,
72, 73.

Scirjyophaga auriflua (see S. xantho-
gastrella).

Scirpophaga intaeta, parasitised by
Eripternimorpha javensis in Java,
104.

Scirpophaga sericea, new parasites
of, in Java, 104.

Scirpophaga xanthogaslrella, on
sugar-cane in India, 287.

scirpoph agae, Eripternimorpha.

Scirpus atrovirens, Sphenophorus
aequalis on, in U.S.A., 378.

Scirpus fiuviatilis, Sphenophorus
aequalis on, in U.S.A., 378.

Scirpus occidentalis (Tule), Spheno-
phorus discolor on, in U.S.A., 379.

Scirtothrips citri (Citrus Thrips),
in Arizona, 205 ; effect of
meteorological conditions on, in
California, 237.

Scirtothrips dorsalis, sp. n., food-
plants of, in India, 262.

Scitala pruinosa, measures against,
infesting grasses in New South
Wales, 485.

scilella, Leucoptera {Cemiostoma).

scitula, Eublemma.

Sclerodermas immigrans, experi-
mentally attacking Bruchids in
Hawaii, 435.

Sclerodermus manoa, sp. n., experi-
mentally attacking Bruchids in
Hawaii, 435.

Scobicia chevrieri, parasitised by
Dendrosoter ferrugineus in France,
236.

Scolia manilae, successful establish-
ment of, against Anomala
orientalis in Hawaii, 401, 412.

Scolia oryctophaga, introduction of,
into Mauritius against Oryctes
tarandus, 8.

Scolia procer, parasite of Oryctes
rhinoceros in Malaya, 128.

Scolia rufa, Cordia interrupta
necessary to existence of, in
Mauritius, 5.

Scolytus m,ultistriatus, parasitised by
Dendrosoter protuberans in France,
236 ; on elm in Italy, 157 ; on
elm in Spain, 210.

Scolytus oleae (see Phloeotribus seara-
baeoides).

Scolytus pruni, on peaches and
cherries in Algeria, 485.

Scolytus ratzeburgi (Birch Bark-
beetle), in Sweden, 422.

Scolytus rugulosus, transmitting
Bacillus amylovorus, 528.

scorbutica, Anasa.

Screw Pine, Aspidiotus destructor
on, in Uganda, 260.

scrophulariae, Anthrenus.

Scrub Oak (see Quercus ilicifolia).

scrutator, Calosoma.

Scudderia pistillata, on Alnus incana
in Nova Scotia, 391.

Scurfy Scale(see Chionaspisfurftira).

scutellaris, Goccotorus ; Zeugophora.

scutellata, Blepharipa ; Eucomys.

scutellatus, Monochamus (Monoham-
mus) ; Neodiprion.

Scutellista, parasite of Ceroplastes
sinensis in Italy, 219.

scutiformis, Chrysomphalus.

702

INDEX.

Scymnus, introduction of, into Cali-
fornia against mealy-bugs, 237 ;
predaceous on mites in Holland,
431 ; predaceous on Aphids in
Java, 108.
Scymnus americanus, parasitised by
Anisotylus similis utahensis in
Utah, 524.
Scymnus colla/ris, predaceous on

Mysus cerasi in Canada, 28.
Scymnus lacustris, parasitised by
Anisotylus similis utahensis in
Utah, 524.
Scymnus 'puncticollis, predaceous on

Myzus braggi in Louisiana, 78.
Scymnus terminatus, predaceous on

Aphids in U.S.A., 2, 78.

Scythris temperatella (Wheat Siri-

vidhi), increase of, in Cyprus, 71 ;

legislation against, in Cyprus, 88.

Sea Grape, food-plant of Aleuro-

thrixus howardi in Florida, 409.
secalis,Harmolita; TracheaiHadena).
secernens, Microcerotermes.
Secodes multilineatus, sp. n., in

U.S.A., 401.
secundus, Liodontomerus.
Sedge, Toxopteranigra on, inV. 8. A.,

6.
SedulotJirips insolens, on cacao in

Trinidad, 186.
Seed Corn Maggot (see PJiorbia

fusciceps).
segetis, EJatei' (see Agriotes lineatus).
segetum, Euxoa {Agrotis).
segmentarius, Harpactor.
segregata, Parasetigena.
Selenaspidus articulatus, on coco-
nuts in Far East, 14.
Selenaspidus griqua (see Aspidiotus).
Selenaspidus pertusus (see Aspidio-
tus).
Selenaspidus pumilus (see Aspidio-
tus).
Selenothrips ruhrocinctus (see Helio-

thrips).
seltis, Plotheia.
semhlidis, Trichogramma.
Semi-tropical Army Worm (see

Xylomyges eridania).
semicostatum, Colasposoma.
semiflavus, Podothrips.
semifumipennis, Uscana.
semilunaria, Tetraneura.
Semimanatha fumosa, natural
enemies of, on Quercus pedun-
culatain S. Africa, 392.
Semiotellus nigripes, parasite of

Oscinella frit in Britain, 70.
semipunctata, Phoracantha.
senatoria, Anisota.
senecio. Aphis.

senicula, Epicometis {Tropinota).
septemdecim, Tibieen.
seftemfasciata, Schisiocerca.

Septoria lycopersici, on tomato, dis-
seminated by insects in U.S.A., 7.

sepulchralis, Euphoria.

seriatum, Gonocephalum.

Serica, on sal in India, 190; food-
plants of, in Korea, 273.

Serica alternata (June Beetle), on
avocado in California, 198.

Serica assamensis, on tea in India,
375.

Serica orient alis (see A serica).

sericariae, Crossocosmia.

sericea, Blastothrix ; Scirpophaga.

sericeus, Metamasius.

Sericoris littoralis (see Polychrosis).

Sericulture, in Ceylon, 249 ; in
India, 235, 287^288, 354 ; in
Japan, 273.

serieventris, Podisus.

serinopa, Nephantis.

serpentina, Anastrepha.

serpentinus, Conotraehelus.

serraticeps, Pulex (see Ctenocephalus
canis).

serraticornis, Acanthophorus.

serricorne, Coelichneumon ; Lasio-
derma.

Service Berry (see Amelanchier).

Service Tree {Pyrus sorbus), Phyl-
lobius psittacinus on, in Germany,
159.

Sesamia inferens, on rice and sugar-
cane in India, 133, 287; on rice
in Tonkin, 519.

Sesbania, pests of, in India, 134, 402.

Sesbania aegyptiaca, not attacked
by Helopeltis in Dutch E. Indies,
31 ; Tetranyclius telarius on, in
Java, 41.

Sesbania coccinea, food-plant of
Bruchus pruininus in Hawaii,
435.

Sesbania grandiflora, pests of, in
India, 262, 403.

Sesia (see Aegeria).

Setaria, Gobaishia nirecola on, in
Japan, 111.

Setaria italica (Lukka), cultivation
of, as a substitute for maize
against Chilo simplex in Meso-
potamia, 355.

setariae. Aphis.

setinodis, Liothrips.

Setomorpha, measures against, in

cacao in Java, 107.
Setomorpha margalaestriaia (To-
bacco Moth), measures against,
in stored tobacco in Dutch E.
Indies, 251, 286, 389.
setosa, Chaetophleps.
setosella, Dorcatoma.
Seudyra subflava, on vines and ivy

in Japan and Manchuria, 350.
Seventeen-year Locust (see Tibieen
septemdecim).

INDEX.

703

sexdentatum, Sinoxylon.
sexdentatus, Ips {Bostrychus).
sexnotata, Cicadula.
sexnotatus, Chrysobothris.
sexpunctata, Cicindela.
sexvittata, Pseudococcinella.
seychellarum, Asterolecanium pustu-

lans ; Icerya.
Seychelles, miscellaneous pests in,

483.
Shadbush (see Amelanchier).
Shallot, food-plant of Eumerus
strigatus in N. America, 356 ;
Phorhia plaiura on, in Holland,
124.
Sheep, utilisation of, against Aphis
bakeri in Idaho, 479; effect of
arsenical residues on, after spray-
ing, 263.
Sheep Sorrel (see Bumex acetosella).
Shellac, in formula for treating
wood and books against termites,
349.
ShepTierdia arvensis, Myzus braggi

on, in Louisiana, 78.
SMma noronhae, food-plant of
Capsid infesting tea in Java, 537.
shiraii, Nurudeopsis.
Shivaphis celti, on Celtis cinnamomea

in Ceylon, 165.
Shorea, food-plant of Tachardia

lacca in S. India, 402.
Shorea obtusa, Hoplocerambyx spini-

cornis in, in India, 292.
Shorea robusta (Sal), pests of, in
India, 190, 291, 292, 367, 403, 535.
Shot-hole Borer of Tea (see

Xyleborus fornicahis).
Shrews, destroying Otiorrhynchus

sulcatus in Europe, 465.
Sialis, parasitised by Trichogramma

evanescens in Europe, 231.
sicarius, Apanteles.
Sicily, citrus pests in, 42, 218;
miscellaneous pests in, 66, 195,
373, 413 ; pests of pistachio in,
87 ; outbreak of Phthorimaea
operculella in, 426 ; Homalotylus
quaylei parasitic on an unidenti-
fied Coccinellid in, 523 ; Para-
leptomastix abnormis introduced
into California from, 359.
Sicyos angulatus (Star Cucumber),
suggested eradication of, against
Anasa spp. in U.S.A., 120.
Sida acuminata, food-plant of cotton

stainers in Montserrat, 366.
Sida cordifolia, Phenacoceus insoli-

tus on, in S. India, 402.
Sidemia (Hadena)devastatrix{Gla,s,s,j
Cutworm), in Br. Columbia, 180;
on cereals in Quebec, 525.
Sideridis unipuncia (see Cirphis).
Sideroxylon attenualv7n . Acrocercops
angelica on, in Seychelles, 483.

Sigalphus caudatus, j)arasite of
Oscinella frit in Britain, 70 ;
parasite of Thamnurgus euphor-
biae in France, 236.

Sigalphus luteipes, parasite of
Bruchus affinis in France, 236.

sigillatus, Oryllodes.

sigmoides, Drosophila.

signata, Cephaleia ; Monolepta.

signatus, Anthonomus ; Ophion-
eurus.

signifera, Coptocycla ; Ocinara.

signiferum, Lecanium.

Signiphora conjugalis, probably a
parasite of Coccids in Spain, 350.

Signiphora simillima, sp. n., in
Spain, 350.

Silesia, Meligethes aeneus on rape
in, 354.

Silk Cotton Tree (see Eriodendron
anfractuosum).

Silkworms (Bombyx mori), effect of
meteorological conditions on, in
Bengal, 483 ; coccobaciUi causing
disease in, in France, 217 ; di-
seases of, in India, 235 ; natural
enemies and diseases of, in Japan,
12, 99, 152, 235, 239, 273, 274,
275 ; temi^erature for storing eggs
of, in Japan, 98 ; effect of feeding,
on Gudrania triloba in Japan,
275 ; prevention of infertility in,
in Japan, 274 ; (see Bombyx mori
and Sericulture).

Silpha atrata, on beet in Holland,
124.

Silpha opaca (see Blitophaga).

silvai, Galosoter.

Silvanus, measures against, in cacao
in Java, 107.

Silvanus surinamensis (Saw-toothed
Grain Beetle), measures against,
in wheat in Britain, 94, 95, 383 ;
infesting flour in Jamaica, 502 ;
in stored maize in New South
Wales, 85 ; measures against, in
U.S.A., 358, 366, 428, 474.
Silver Fir (see Abies pectinata and

A. picea).
Silver Sword, Coleopterous larvae
intercepted on, in California, 503.
Silver Wattle (see Acacia dealbata).
silvestrella, Dioryctria (Phycis).
silvestrii, Blastophaga ; Galesus ;

Bipersia.
silybi, Aphis.
Simaethis nemorana (see Hemero-

phila).
similalis, Loxostege.
simile, Alissonotum.
similis, Anisotylus {Homalotylus) ;
Diprion ; Eriophyes ; Porihesia,
(see Arctornis chrysorrhoea) ; Tetti-
gonia.
simillima, Signiphora {Matritia).

704

INDEX.

similli'mus, Hahrocytus.

simplex, Agromyza ; Anabrus ;
Arrhinotermes ; Ghilo ; Gonoce-
'phalum ; Pyroderces.

Simplieia inarcuaUs, on vanilla in
Keunion, 192.

simulator, Trichodes.

Sinea diadema, predaceous on
Diabrotica vittata in U.S.A., 521.

Sinea spinipes, predaceous on
Chlorochroa sayi in U.S.A., 399.

sinensis, Ceroplastes ; Thosea.

Singapore, list of Aphids from, 233 ;
citrus canker in, 201 ; mango
pests in, 425 ; Brucliids inter-
cepted in Br. Columbia in nutmegs
from, 507.

-s ingapore nsis, Oregma.

■singu laris , O tiorrhynchu s .

■sinica, Parasa.

Sinoxylon anale, food-plants of, in
India, 291.

Sinoxylon atratum, food-plants of,
in India, 291.

Sinoxylon capillatum, food-plants of,
in India, 291.

Sinoxylon crassnm, food-plants of,
in India, 291.

Sinoxylon japonicum (Two-horned
Borer), food-plants of, in Japan,
369.

■Sinoxylon sexdentatum, parasitised
by Dendrosoter ferrugineus in
France, 236 ; relation of, to
withering disease of fig in Italy,
413.

■sinuata, Eniylia ; Phyllotreta.

Sinuate Pear Borer (see Agrilus
sinuatus).

■sinuatus, Agrilus.

Sipalus hypocrita, food-plants of,
in India, 404.

■Sipha flava (Yellow Sugar-cane
Aphis), controlled by natural
enemies in Porto Eico, 515.

■Sipliocoryne avenae (see Siplionaphis
padi).

SiphonapMs padi (Oat Aphis, Oat
Apple Aphis, European Grain
Aphis), migrations and control of,
in Britain, 267 ; on cereals in
Denmark, 445 ; bionomics and
control, of, in U.S.A., 205, 254,
362, 539.

Siphonatrophia, gen. nov., key
differentiating Brachycolus and
Cryptosiphum from, 112.

Sipho7iatrophia (Cerosipha) citpressi,
on cypress in California, 112, 388.

Siphonella, 421.

Siphonella {Oscinis) pumilionis.
Mil sea pumilionis not identical
with, 421.

•Siphonophora absinihii (see Mac-
rosiphoniella).

Siphonophora artemisiae (see Mac-

rosiphoniella).
Siphonophora frigidae (see Macrosi-

phu7n).
Siphonophora linariae (see Macrosi-

phoniella).
Siphonophora lutea (see Macrosi-

phoniella).
Siphonophora tanacetaria (see 2Iac-

rosiphoniella artemisiae).
Sirex gigas, in Picea omorica in

Balkans, 452.
Sirex juvencus, in black pine in

Spain, 90.
siro, Tyroglyphus.
Sissoo (see Dalbergia, sissoo).
sissu, Aphoderus.

Sitka Spruce (see Picea sitchensis).
Sitodiplosis ( Thecodiplosis)mosellana

(Wheat Midge), in Denmark, 445 ;

in New York, 137; in Ontario,

187.
Sitodrepa paniceo, in stored tobacco

in U.S.A., 367.
Sitones lineatus, on leguminous

plants in Denmark, 445, 449 ;

food-plants of, in Holland, 124;

on peas and beans in Norway,

539.
Sitotroga cerealella (Angoumois

Grain Moth), measures against,

in cereals in S. America, 126,

501 ; introduced into Br.

Columbia in stored rice, etc., 13 ;

in maize in France, 462 ; in

stored wheat in Italy, 157 ;

measures against, in stored cereals

in U.S.A., 208, 255, 409, 543;

infesting stored maize in New

South Wales, 85 ; not resistant

to ether, 115.
s ( ical ikeiisis, Sphaerotrypes.
sjostedti, Coptotermes.
skrimshiranus, Stenolophus.
Skunk, destroying Gortyna immanis

in U.S.A., 173 ; suggested intro-
duction of, into Porto Rico to

destroy Lachnosterna, 515.
Small Beet Webworm (see ZincJcenia

fascialis).
smaragdina, Oecophylla.
smaragdinus, Hyalopeplus.
smaragdula, Nezara,
smei, Xylotrechus.
smithi, Phytalus.

Smynthurodes betae, identity of, 443.
Sviynthurus cucumeris, on cucumber

and pumpkin in Denmark, 449.
Sviynfhuriis viridis, on beet in

Denmark, 445.
Smyrna, Ephestia cautella infesting

figs in, 411.
Snakes, PromecotJieca opacicollis

probably destroyed by, in New

Hebrides, 460.

INDEX.

705

snelleni, Psyche.

Snowberry (see Syniphoricarpus
raceriiosus).

Soap, in sprays, 2, 19, 20, 21, 25, 32,
36, 68, 78, 79, 81, 84, 115, 155,
159, 166, 171, 175, 181, 182, 183,
189, 200, 204, 208, 209, 216, 223,
250, 268, 273, 278, 308, 322, 338,
340, 342, 360, 362, 365, 371, 376,
390, 418, 431, 443, 463, 464, 470,
472, 487, 510, 512, 516, 522, 530 ;
formulae containing, 2, 15, 301,
322, 450, 463, 498^ in formula
for adhesive bands, 89 ; etYect of
using, with nicotine when com-
bined with arsenicals, 342 ; no
■danger from combining arsenates
with, 223 ; effect of, as a spreader
for lead arsenate spray, 208 ;
■effect of, in insecticides, 115 ;
addition of, to derris, 496 ;
watering with, against Hylemyia
antiqua, 449; and coal-tar, against
locusts, 465, 532 ; for sealing
injections of carbon bisulphide,
etc., 44, 357.

Soap Bark (see Saponaria Bark).

sohrinata, Tephroclystia.

sohrius, Oncopsis ; Tetrastichws.

Soda, in spray against Nysius
vinitor, 200 ; in formula for wash
for Saperda calcarata, 301.

sodalis, Euarthrus.

Sodium Acetate, effect of boiling
Paris green in sokition of, 218.

Sodium Arsenate, spraying with,
against pine pests, 90 ; addition
of, to Bordeaux mixture against
Sparganothis pilleriana, 191 ;
experiments with, against sugar-
cane grubs, 110; and miscible
oil, spraying with, against boring
beetles, 265, 377, 378 ; calcium
arsenate preferred to, for orchard
use, 305 ; meat saturated with,
as a bai^ for Leptocorisa vari-
cornis, 493 ; in formula for bait
for ants, 523.

Sodium Arsenite, in bait for AntesUa
lineaticollis and Mertilia malayen-
sis, 39 ; and miscible oil, as a pre-
ventive for Cyllene robiniae, 377 ;
in baits for Hylemyia antiqua,
171 ; in baits and sprays for locusts
and grasshoppers, 36, 87, 263,
315, 535 ; in spray against
Sparganothis pilleriana, 464.

Sodium Carbonate, in formula for
resin compoimd, 405 ; in formula
for spray against Cydiapomonella,
463.

Sodium Chloride (Salt), spraying

experiments with, against Aphids,

342 ; in baits for army-worms

and cutworms, 85, 262 ; and

(672)

lime, dusting with, against cater-
pillars, 81 ; solution of, against
caterpillars, 442 ; in baits for
locusts, 162 ; solution of, against
Tylenchus tritici, 380.

Sodium Cyanide, experiments with,
against Eriosoma lanigeruyn on
apple-roots, 152 ; watering soil
with, against Ileterodera radi-
cicola, 418; as a soil disinfectant
against PopilUa japonica, 101,
394, 511 ; in preparation of hydro-
cyanic-acid gas, 18, 77, 131, 138.

Sodium Hydroxide, spraying experi-
ments with, against Apliids, 362.

Sodium Nitrate, as a dressing for
oats against Oscinella frit, 70.

Sodium Polysulphide, spraying
apples with, 304.

Sodium Silicate, effect of, on
Tetranychus hioculatiis, 56.

Sodium Sulpliide, as an orchard
spray, 169, 305, 310 ; and calcium
arsenate, formula for spraying
with, 310; and talc, dusting
with, against Aspidiotus per-
niciosus, 28.

Sodium Sulphoricinate, in formulae
for sprays against Eriosoma
lanigerum, 487 ; effect of, on vine
moths, 457.

Soft Brown Scale (see Coccus
hesperidum).

Soja (see Glycine).

sojae, Agromyza.

solanella, Lita (see Phthorimaea
operciilella).

solani, Macrosiphoniella {Aphis) ;
3Iyzus.

solanifolii, Macrosiphum.

solanina. Aphis.

8olanophila paenulata (see Epi-
lachna).

Solanum, Phthorimaea operculella
on, in France, 486 ; new thrips
on, in Uganda, 543.

Solanum melongena (see Egg-plant).

Solanum torvum. Aphis gossypii on,
in Ceylon, 164.

Solanum tuberosum (see Potato).

SolenococcHs, intercepted on avocado
in U.S.A., 278.

Solenopsis debilis, predaceous on
Coeliodes inaequalisin U.S.A., 150.

Solenopsis geminata (Fire Ant),
measures against, in tobacco
seed-beds in Java, 30 ; predaceous
on Murgantia histrionica in U. S. A . ,
243.

Solenopsis molesta, predaceoiis on
Blissus leucopterus in U.S.A., 34.

Solidago squarrosa (Golden Rod),
Disonycha quinquevittata on, in
Nova Scotia, 303.

solidus, Platypus.

(06

INDEX.

Solomon Islands, Axiagastns caiti-
belli on coconuts in, 14.

solstitialis, AmphiTnallus (Bhizo-
trogus).

soluta, Anostrepha.

Somaliland, Italian, Oxycarenus
hyalinipennis infesting cotton in,
125.

somniaria, Therina.

sonchi, Macrosi/plinm,.

Soot, as a soil -dressing against
Balaninus nucuvi, 309 ; against
Psila rosae, 449.

Sooty Mould [Capnodmm, Meliola),
associated with Aphids and
Coccids, 218, 317, 395.

sophorae, Brassolis.

sorbi. Aphis.

sordida, Eburia.

sordidns. Cosmopolites.

Sorghum, (Juar), Calandra granaria
intercepted in, in California, 504 ;
pests of, in India, 72, 73 ; Cirphis
unipuncta on, in Korea, 273 ;
pests of, in, U.S.A., 40, 60, 105,
281, 394 ; occasionally attacked
by DicJiocrocis punctiferalis in
New South Wales, 85.

Sorghum hcdepense, Monecphora
bicincia on, in Cuba, 348.

Sorghum vulgare (see Sorghum).

Sorrel Cxitworm (see Acronycta
rum ids).

Sour Sop (see Anona muricata).

Southern Corn Koot Worm (see
Diahrotica duodeeimpunctata).

Soy Bean (see Glycine hispida and
G. SO) a).

Spain, forest pests in, 89, 90, 209,
229, 253, 350 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 66, 293, 365, 373 ;
measures against locusts in, 268,
293, 365 ; parasites of Porthetria
dispar in, 229 ; notes on
Signiphorinae of, 349 ; new
tlirips from, 543 ; pests from,
intercepted in Florida, 81.

Spalangia cameroni, establishment
of, in Hawaii, 33, 385.

Spanish Cocklebur (see TJrena
lobaia).

Sparganoihis pilleriana (Vine Moth),
measures against, in France, 45,
191, 286, 319, 372, 464; on
strawberries in Holland, 124 ;
in Italy, 455 ; iise of light-traps
for, in Switzerland, 488.

sparsus, Pityokteines.

Spartocera confluenia, on tomatos
in Florida, 419.

Spartocera fusea, on potato in
•Jamaica, 58.

Spartoeerus brevicornis, Bembidula
discisa predaceous on, in Argen-
tina, 318.

Spathius, parasite of Ips pini in

N. America, 430.
Spathius curvicaudis, in France,

236.
Spathius pedestris, parasite of

Anobiids in France, 236.
spathodeae, Longiunguis.
Spatulicraspeda castaneiceps, on tea

in Ceylon, 520.
speciosa, Orphulella.
speciosissivius, Centrodora {Para-

phelinus).
spengleri, Diaprepes ahbreviatus.
Spermatoplex, 241.
Spermophagus pectoralis (Mexican

Bean Weevil, Two-spotted Bean

AVeevil), in beans in S. Africa,

257 ; measures against, in N.

America, 229 ; in Hawaii, 435 ;

intercejjted in maize and beans

in Porto Rico, 514.
Sphaerococcus, species erroneously

placed in genus, 11.
Sphaerococcus cupressi (see

Ehrhornia).
Sphaerococcus disticlium (see

Paludicoccus).
Sphaerococcus pulchellus (see

CaMococctis).
Sphaerostilbe coccophUa (Red-
headed Scale Fungus), infesting

scale-insects in Florida, 20.
Sphaerotrypes siwalikensis (Sal

Bark-beetle), in India, 190.
sphenophori, Ceromasia.
Sphenophorus, on maize, etc., in

U.S.A., 105, 137.
Sphenophorus aeguaUs (Clay-
coloured Bill Bug), bionomics of,

on cereals and grasses in U.S.A.,

378.
Sphenophorus caMosus (Curlew Bug),

bionomics of, in U.S.A., 379.
Sphenophorus destructor, bionomics

of, in U.S.A., 379.
Sphenophorus discolor, on Scirpus

occidentalis in U.S.A., 379.
Sphenophorus inaegualis (Corn Bill

Bug), 43.
Sphenophorus maidis (Maize Bill

Bvig), bionomics of, in U.S.A., 378.
Sphenophorus minimus (Little Bill

Bug), bionomics of, on grasses

in U.S.A., 379.
Sphenophorus obscurus (see Bhab-

docnemis).
Sphenophorus parvulus (Blue-grass

Bill Bug), bionomics of, on

cereals and grasses in U.S.A., 378.
Sphenophorus pertinax (Cat-tail Bill

Bug), bionomics of, on maize in

U.S.A., 379.
Sphenophorus phoeniciensis, bion-
omics of, on cereals in U.S.A.,

379.

INDEX.

707

8phenopho7-ns venatus, food-plants

of, in U.S.A., 379.
Sphenophorus zeae (Corn Bill Bug),

bionomics of, on cereals and

grasses in U.S.A., 378.
Sphenoptera aterrima, in Cedrus

deodara in India, 291.
Sphenoptera gossypii (Cotton Stem-

borer), in India, 287.
Sphenoptera lafertii, in Cedrus

deodara in India, 291.
Sphinx atropos, in Denmark, 449.
Sphinx drupiferarum (Plum Sphinx),

on plum and sand cheriy in S.

Dakota, 183.
Sphinx pinastri (see Hyloicus).
Sphodromantis gastrica, predaceous

on Hippotion celerio in S. Africa,

166.
Spicaria aleurodis, infesting

Aleurodes variabilis in Cuba, 349.
Spicaria farinosa, infesting Scolytid

larvae in France, 461.
Spicaria farinosa, var. verticilloides,

experiments with, against vine

moths in France, 123, 461.
Spices, pests intercepted in, in

California, 427.
Spiders, destroving insects, 78, 80,

139, 163, 182, 183, 256, 270, 330,

367, 527.
Spike Disease of Sandal, trans-
mission of, by insects in India,

162.
Spilocrypttis exannulatws, sp. n.,

parasite of Polychrosis viteana in

N. America, 376.
spilota, Olenea.
Spinach, food-plant of Phlyctaenia

fernigalis in Canada, 433 ;

Pegoniyia. hyoseyami on, in Den-
mark, 449; pests of, in U.S.A., 2,

148, 189, 224, 493.
Spinach Blight, transmission of,

by insects, 62, 493.
spinator, Coelosterna.
Spined Soldier Bug (see Podisus

macnliventris).
spinicornis, Hoplocerambyx.
spinifera, Ewxoa.
spinipennis, Agrilits.
spinipes, Sinea.
spinosa, IJydroecia.
spinosus, Phenacoccvs ; Podisus.
spinulosns, Phloeophthorus.
Spiny Bollworm (see Earias insu-

lana).
Spiny Citrus Whitefly (see Aleuro-

canthns woghimi).
Spiraea, Popillia japonica on, in

New Jersev, 511 ; Orgyia antigva

intercepted on. in Wisconsin, 494.
Spiraea chavtaedry folia, food-plant

of Ceroplastcs sinensis in Italy,

218.
(672)

Spiraea discolor, Haplotlirips
statices on, in Br. Columbia, 509.

spirifex, Tarsonemus.

splendana, Cydia (Carpocapsa).

splendens, Closterocerus.

splendoriferella, Coptodisca.

Spodoptera, on rubber in Malava,
128.

Spodoptera mauritia (Paddy Cut-
worm, Rice Worm), measures
against, in Assam. 492 ; in Ceylon,
249, 374, 497 ; measures against,
in India, 287, 288 ; food-plants
and control of. in Philippines, 405.

Spondias dulcis, food-plant of
Anastrepha jraierculusm iSim&icA,
57.

Spondias lutea (Hog Plum), Helio-
ihrips ha-emorrhoidalis on, in West
Indies, 186.

Spondias mangifera, Podontia
quatuordecimpunciata on, in India,
403.

Spondias momhin, food-plant of
Anasirepha fraterculusm S&viMiiaa.,
57.

Spondias purpurea, food-plant of
Anastrepha fraterculus in Jamaica,
57.

Sponia micrantha, Heliothrips
rubrocinctus on, in West Indies,
185.

Sporotrichum globuUfetum, infesting
Xyleborus and Metaniasius
hemipterus in Cuba, 349 ;
unsuccessful experiments with,
against Eriosoma lanigerutn in
France, 461 ; infesting Eleodes
opaca in Kansas, 282 ; infesting
Blissus leucopterus and cotton
stainers in Kansas and West
Indies, 355.

Sporotrichum globulosum, infesting
Heliothrips rubrocinctus in St.
Vincent, 1 85.

Spray Calendar, notice of, for use in
Georgia, 264.

Spray-gun, value of, 313.

Spraving. dusting compared with,
5, 28, 292, 507, 517, 525.

Sprays, notice of list of, for apples,
292, 495 ; toxic to bees, restric-
tions against use of, in Qiiebec,
524 ; (see under the various
Insecticides).

spretus, Melanoplus.

Spring Canker-worm (see PaJaea-
crita vernata).

Spruce, Xyloterus lineatus in, in
Bavaria, 1 ; pests of, in Britain,
542 ; pests of, in Canada, 156,
178, 299, 430, 527, 544 : pests
of, in Sweden, 97, 422, 424, 469,
470 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 9, 156,
430, 505.

1.2

708

INDEX.

Spruce, Douglas (see Pseudotsuga
taxifolia).

Spruce, Engelmann (see Picea
engelmanni).

Spruce, Norway (see Picea excelsa).

Spruce, Red (see Picea rubens).

Spruce, Sitka (see Picea sitcliensis).

Spruce Bark-beetle (see Ips typo-
graphus).

Spruce Budworm (see Tortrix fmni-
ferana).

Spruce Gall Louse (see CJiermes
abietis).

Spruce Sawfly (see Diprion abietis).

spumarius, Philaenus.

spuria, Oossyparia.

squamosus, Hi/pomeces.

Square-necked Grain Beetle (see
CatharUis gemellatus).

Squash, Diabrotica vittata on, in
Canada, 24 ; pests of, in Porto
Rico, 249 ; pests of, in U.S.A., 2,
147.

Squash Bug (see Anasa tristis).

Squash Vine Borer (see llelittia
satyr iniforrnis).

Squirrels, destroying cutworms in
Nevada, 22.

Stagmatophora gleditscliaeella, on
Oleditschia triacanthos, new
parasites of, in U.S.A., 321.

stagm.atopJiorae, Apanteles.

stanfordiana. Phylloxera.

stantoni, Dolicliurus.

Star-apple, Aleurocantlius woglumi
on, in Costa Rica, 395.

Star-cucumber (see Sicyos angu-
latus).

Starch, in mixture for rex^elling
Xylotrechus quadripes, 519.

Starling, deslTroying grasshoppers
in Australia, 263 ; economic
position of, in Britain, 238, 372 ;
economic importance of, in vine-
yards in France, 466 ; destroying
8citala pndnosa in New South
Wales, 485.

Starling, Wattled, in S. Africa,
245.

statices, Eaplothrips (AnthotJirips).

Stauroderus bicolor, destroying
turnips in Denmark, 446.

Stauronotus maroccanus (see
Dociostmirus).

Steam, use of, against insect pests,
359, 367, 492 ; for sterilising soil,
492.

stefanii, Eriophyes.

Steironema ciliatum (Fringed Loose-
strife), bionomics of Pelenomvs
sulcicollis on, in New York, 509.

Stella, Paratrigonogastra.

stellariae, BracJiycolus (Apliis).

stellata, AcantJwlyda (Lyda) ;
Plectana.

Stem Shield Scale (see Chionaspis
madiunensis).

Stenobothrus bicolor{Hee Stauroderus).

Stenobothrus ciirtipennis (see
Chorthippus).

Stenobothrus rufipes (see Omocestus
ventralis).

8tenolophus slcrim shir anus, inter-
cepted in Connecticut, 339.

Stenoma, on avocado in Florida, 241 ;
intercepted in avocado seed in
U.S.A., 277.

Stenoma caienifer, bionomics of, on
avocado in Ecuador and
Guatemala, 382.

stenopterus, Corynothrips.

Stenozygurti personatuni (Painted
Capx^aris Bug), measu^res against,
on citrus in New South Wales,
373.

Stephanitis pyri (Pear Tingid),
measures against, on apple and
pear in France, 500 ; on j)ear in
Italy, 157 ; on apple and pear in
Switzerland, 234 ; in Trans-
caucasia, 344.

Stephanitis pyrioides, on azaleas in
Switzerland. 234.

Stephanoderes ham.pei, on coffee in
Dutch E. Indies, 389.

stercoraria, Bothrochalcis.

Sterculia caribaea (Mahoe Cochon
Tree), relation of Dysdercus
delauneyi to, in West Indies, 355,
366.

Sternochetus mangiferae (Mango
Seed Weevil), quarantine meas-
ures against, in Florida, 215 ; in
India, "288.

Sternodontis damicornis, in Jamaica,
57.

steropastis, Melanchra.

Sthenias grisator, on forest trees in
India, 535.

Stiboscopus broolcsi, parasite of
Coeliodes inaequalis in U.S.A.,
150.

stieticalis, Loxostege (Phlyctaenodes).

stictipennis, A cmaeodera.

Stietocephala festina (Three-cornered
Alfalfa Hopper), bionomics of, in
U.S.A., 23, 205, 418,

Stigmaeoccus asper, in N. America,
336.

Stigmaeus floridanus (Pineapple
Mite), intercepted on pineapple
in Hawaii, 33, 329 ; intercepted
on pineapple in Porto Rico, 514.

Stigmaphyllon ciliatuni, occasionally
attacked by Acanthopsyche alba
in S. Africa, 391.

stigmaterus, Bassiis {Microdus) ;
Hemerobius.

stigmaticollis, Calandra (see Dio-
calandra frumenti).

INDEX.

709

Stilpnotia salicis, on black poplar iu

Spam, 210; parasitised by Car-

celia gnava, 450.
stifator, Phaeogenes.
Stirastoma, on cacao in Ecuador,

210.
Stirastoma depressum (Cacao Beetle),

measures against, in West Indies,

210, 531.
Stizolobium lyoni (see Beans, Velvet).
Stoviacoccus platani (Sycamore

Scale), on shade-trees in U.S.A.,

476.
StomapMs yanonis, sp. n., in Japan,

211.
Stonecrop, food-plant of Nemato-

campa limbata in U.S.A., 174.
Stork, White, destroyina; locusts in

S. Africa, 245.
Strachia oleracea (see Eurydema).
Strategus aloeus, on coconuts in Br.

Guiana, 484.
Strategus anachoreta, 57.
Strategus quadrifoveatus (Larger

Rliinoceros Beetle), measures

against, on coconut and sugar-
cane in Porto Rico, 131, 515.
Strategus titanus, on coconut in

Jamaica, 57.
Strawberry, Aegeria ruiilans inter-
. cepted on, in California, 199;

pests of, in Br. Columbia, 13,

171, 240 ; pests of, in Denmark,

449 ; Otiorrhynclms on, in Europe,

465; pests of, in Holland, 124,

364 ; pests of, in Norway, 541 ;

pests of,in.U.S.A., 2, 38, 148, 174,

201, 418, 440.
Strawberry Crown Borer (see

Aristotelia fragariae).
Strawberry Crown Moth (see Aegeria

rutilans).
Strawberry Flea-beetle (see Haltica

igniia).
Strawberry Leaf-roller (see Ancylis

coinptana).
Strawberry Root Weevil (see

Otiorrhynclms ovatvs).
Strawberry Tortrix (see Oxygrapha

comariana).
Strawberry Weevil (see Anthonovius

signatus).
Streptocofcus pityocampae, Cnetho-

campa pityocampa infected with,

in France, 270.
striata, Buprestis ; Oregma.
siriatella, Phthorimaea.
striatellus, Doryctes.
striatum, Anobium.
strictus, Anthophagus (Geodromicus).
strigata, Agrovtyza.
strigatus, Eum erus.
strigiUata, Endoxyla.
Striped Cucumber Beetle (see

Diabrotica vittata).

Striped Maple Worm (see Anisota
rubicunda).

strobi, Pissodes ; Chermes.

strobUella, Cydia (GrapholitJia).

strobilicola, Chlorophorus.

Stromatimn barbatum, in India, 292 ;
in furniture in Seychelles, 484.

Stromatimn longicorne, in Tedona
grandis in India, 292.

Strophosomus amplicollis, food-
plants of, in S. Africa, 247, 331.

Strychnine Tartrate, ineffective
against Gallobelicus nicotianae,
538.

Sturnus vulgaris, economic impor-
tance of, in vineyards in France,
467 ; (see Starling).

stygieus, Pterostichus.

stylifer, Tridacus.

StylocepTialus giganteus, parasite of
Eleodes opaca in Kansas, 282.

styraci, Astegopteryx.

Styrax obassia, Astegopteryx styraci
on, in Japan, 111.

Suaeda, Cecidomyiid on, in U.S.A.,
401.

Suanacontolor, on sal in India, 190.

suasa, Polia.

subapicalis, Ingura.

Subclytia rotundiventris, 451.

subcoleoptratus, Beduviolus.

subcostatum, Nodostoma.

subflava, Seudyra.

su bgracilis, Eucoptolophus.

subhyalina, ManatJia.

submedia, Apate.

subpolita, Crioceris.

subsericea, Formica fusca.

su bsignatus, Brachyxystus.

subspinosus, Macrodactylus.

succedanea, CJiryso bothris.

sudanica, Oregma.

Sugar, effect of, on wing develop-
ment in Aphids, 299 ; in baits
and sprays, 39, 230, 262, 315,
523 ; ineffective in bait for
tobacco moths, 41 ; (see Molasses).

Sugar-beet (see Beet).

Sugar-beet Leaf -hopper (see Eutettix
tenella).

Sugar-beet Webworm (see Loxostege
stieticalis).

Sugar-cane {Saccharum officinarum),
pests of, in Assam, 115, 492;
pests of, in Cuba, 348, 349 ;
CeratapMs saccTiarivora on, in
Formosa, 111 ; pests of, in Br.
Guiana, 139, 310, 484; pests of,
in Hawoii, 314, 329, 398, 412;
pests of. in India, 72, 73, 133, 134,
287, 288, 402 ; pests of, in Dutch
E. Indies, 31, 108, 512, 515;
pests of, in West Indies, 58, 125,
132, 181, 229, 335, 414, 502, 512,
531 ; Bhizotrogus gravis on, in

710

INDEX.

Mauritius, 372 ; pests of. in
Porto Rico, 514, 515, 516 ; pests
of in Queensland, 80, 109, 110,
167, 200, 295, 411, 465, 536;
pests of, in U.S.A., 60, 103, 214,
279, 380, 407 ; pests intercepted
on, in U.S.A., 238, 277.
Sugar-cane xipliis (see Apliis

sacchari).
Sugar-cane Beetle Borer (see Rhab-

docnemis obscura).

Sugar-cane Froghopper (see Tomas-

pis flavilatera and T. saccharina).

Sugar-cane Leaf-hopper (see Perkin-

siella saccharicida and Pyrilla

aberrans).

Sugar-cane Moth Borer (see

Diatraea saceharalis).
suis, Haematopinus.
sulcata, Chelonella.
sulcatus, Otiorrhynchus ; Tra-

chyderes.
sulcicolUs, Buprestis ; Ceutlio-

rrhynehus ; Pelenomus.
sulcifronf!, Tabantis.
Sulphocide, in formula for sodium

sulphide, 310.
Sulphur, dusting with, 6, 41, 56,
129, 174, 175, 196, 207, 251, 256,
293, 338, 341, 389, 431, 497, 525 ;
fumigation with, 59, 64, 65, 191,
193, 200, 372, 465 ; in sprays,
134, 205, 310, 365, 366, 431, 433,
466; and lead arsenate, 6, 174,
175, 256, 341 ; and nicotine, 433,
466 ; in mixture for protecting
fruit-trees from Capnodis tene-
brionis, 485 ; in preparation of
calcium polysulphide, 219; in
preparation of sodium sulphide,
310.
Sulphur. Liver of (see Potassium

Sulphide).
Sulphur Dioxide, fumigation with,
against Gorcyra ceplialonica, 428 ;
effect of, on Ephestia kuhniella,
384 ; fumigation with, not recom-
mended against coffee pests, 107 ;
ineffective against Lasioderma
serricorrie, 286.
Sulphuric Acid, in preparation of
hydrocyanic-acid gas, 18, 77, 138,
230.
Sulphurous Anhydride, fumigation
with, against Sitotroga cerealella,
126.
Sumac (Ehus), new scale-insects on,
in S. Africa, 242 ; pests of, in
U.S.A., 216, 383, 416.
Sumac Psyllid (see Calophya nigri-

pennis).
Sumatra, food-plants of HelopelHs
theivora in, 31 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 64, 425, 508 ; tobacco
pests in, 25C, 251, 538.

suniatranus, HelopeUis.
sundeuHilli, Phaenomerus.
Sunflower, pests of, in S. Africa, 247,
331 ; Calundra oryzae intercepted
in seeds of, in California, 238 ; as
a trap-crop for Leptoglossus
jihyllopns in Florida, 418;
Estigrriene acraea on, in Nova
Scotia, 302 ; Pseudococcits inter-
cepted on, in Porto Rico, 514 ;
Dindymus versicolor on, in Tas-
mania, 121.
Sunflower, Russian, food-plant of
Lar.JinosternOf cribrosa in Texas,
394.
sunia, Xylomyges.
Smin Hemp (see CrotaJaria juncea).
superans, Dendrolimus.
super stitiosus, Dysdercus.
surinamensis, Pycnoscelus ; 8il-

ranus.
suspensa, Annstrepha.
sutor, 3Ionocliamus.
snturalis, Brachyderes ; Epicometis

( Tropinoia).
suturellus, Dysdercus.
suzukii, Clirysopa.
Swamp Mandrake, Tortricids in-
tercepted on, in California,
62.
Swede, interplanted with mangels
against Pegomyia hyoscyami in
Britain, 442 ; pests of, in Den-
mark, 445, 446, 447.
Sweden, pests of cereals in, 193,
421 ; currant and raspberry
pests in, 351 ; forest pests in,
97, 422-424, 469 ; experiments
against orchard pests in, 450 ;
Cryptocampus laefus on Salix
viminalis in, 350 ; Ichneumonid
and Tachinid parasites of
Lepidoptera in, 96, 420 ; notice
of Thysanoptera of, 96.
Sweet Potato {Ipomoea batatas),
food-plant of Hippotion celerio in
South Africa, 166 ; quarantine
measures against Cylas fonni-
carius on, in Alabama, 523 ; Eus-
cepes batatae on, in Brazil, 488 ;
measures against Cylas formi-
carius on, in Ceylon, 17; Cylas
turcipennis infesting, in Dutch
E. Indies. 388 ; pests of, in West
Indies, 56, 185, 414, 512, 517;
prohibition against importation
of, into U.S.A., from Jamaica,
56 ; Cylas femoralis on, in
Liberia, 277 ; pests of, in Porto
Rico, 249 ; measures aeainst
pests of, in U.S.A., 21, 22'; 101,
102, 148, 276, 418, 473, 511;
pests intercepted on, in U.S.A.,
62, 127, 199, 214, 215, 238, 361,
427, 503.

\

INDEX.

711

Sweet Potato Leaf -hopper, para-
sitised by Anagrus frequens in
Hawaii, 330.

Sweet Potato Webworm (see Pilo-
croeis tripunctata).

Sweet Potato Weevil (see Cylas
fortyiicarius).

swezeyi, Anagrus.

Swiss Chard, Pyrausta nubilalis on,
in Massachusetts, 224.

Switzedand, miscellaneons pests
in, 234, 530 ; measures against
vine moths in, 46, 126, 488;
Nosetna aqns infesting bees in,
376 ; oiitbreaks of Fieris hrassi-
cae on cabbages in. 234, 512-
514.

Syagrus costatipennis, on cacao in
Madagascar, 268.

Sycamore, pests of, in, Britain, 416,
542 ; Citheronia regalis on, in
U.S.A., 416.

Sycamore Scale (see Stomacoccus
platani).

sycophanta, Calosoma.

Sycophruriis hesperophanis, gen. et
sp. n., parasite of Hesperophanes
griseus in France. 268.

Sylepta derogata (Cotton Leaf-roller),
parasite of, in Ceylon, 520; in
India, 72, 73.

Sylvius, Microterys.

Sympherobius barberi (Brown Lace-
wing), predaceous on mealy-bugs
in California, 359.

Sympherobius californicus (Brown
Lace-wing), predaceous on mealy-
bugs in California, 359.

Symphoricarpus racemosus (Snow-
berry), food-plant of Bhagoletis
jiomonella in Br. Columbia, 172,
186, 480.

Symydohius albisiphus, 8. cliryso-
lepis resembling, 387.

Symydobius chrysolepis, sp. n.,
bionomics of, in California, 387.

Synaldis, parasite of Gortyna
immanis in U.S.A., 174.

Synanthedon (see Aegeria).

Synetaeris, parasite of Phlyctaenia
ferrugalis in U.S.A., 433.

Syntomaspis druparum (Apple-seed
Chalcid). 172; in seeds of apple,
etc., in Britain, 517.

Syntoviaspis medicaginis, sp. n.,
parasite of Asphondylia ivebsteri
in U.S.A., 401.

Syntomaspis umbilicata, sp. n.,
parasite of a Cecidomyiid in
U.S.A., 401.

Syria, campaign against locusts in,
161.

Syrjyhus americanus, predaceous
on Aphids in N. America, 28, 78,
175.

Syrphus novae -zealandiae, pre-
daceous on other insects in New

Zealand, 49.
Syrphus obesus (see S. viridieeps).
Syrphus ortas, predaceous on other

insects in New Zealand, 49.
Syrphus ribesii, predaceous on

Myzus cerasi in Canada, 28 ;

predaceous on Aphis gossypii in

U.S.A., 2.
Syrphus ropalus, predaceous on

other insects in New Zealand, 49.
Syrphus viridieeps, predaceous on

Aphids' in Australia and New

Zealand, 49.
Syrup, in baits, 394, 417, 441, 477 ;

ineffective as a bait for Ophideres

fullonica, 287.
Systates, on maize in S. Rhodesia,

314.
Systena basalis, on carrot in Porto

Rico, 248.
Systena blanda, on maize and

tomatos in Ohio, 147.
Systena taeniata, in Ohio, 147.

T.

tabaci, Catorama ; Myzoides ;

Thrips.
Tabanus, parasitised by Tricho-

gramma evanescens in Europe,

231.
Tabanus atratus, predaceous on

Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.
Tabanus sulcifrons, predaceous on

Lachnosterna in N. America, 256.
Tabernaemontana alba. Coleopterous

pests of, in India, 535.
tabida, Lepiodictya.
tabidus, Trachelus.
Tachardia lacca (Lac Insect), in

Cevlon, 249 ; bionomics of, in

India. 135, 247, 375, 402.
Taehardia larreae, experiments with,

on Covillea glutinosa in U.S.A.,

476.
Tachina fascial, number of genera-
tions of, in Denmark and Green-
land, 451.
Tachina mella, parasite of Lepidop-

tera in Nova Scotia, 178, 305 ;

unable to parasitise Porthelria

dispar, 450.
Tachinidae. relation of, to their

hosts, 450, 451.
Tachycines, measures against, in

greenhouses, 465.
taeniata, Systena.
taeniopus, Ghlorops.
Taeniothrips inconsequens (Pear

Thrips), bionomics and control

712

INDEX.

of, in Canada, 13, 170, 308, 509;
in orchards in New York, 137 ;
control of, in Norway, 420, 540.
Taeniothrips primulae, Tlirips

picipes identical with, 421.
Taeniothrips pyri (see T. inconse-
quens).

Tahiti, pests from, intercepted in
California, 62, 199, 504.

Talc, in dusting powders, 28, 293,
525.

Tamarind (Tamarindus indica),
weevils intercepted in, in Cali-
fornia, 62 ; pests of, in India, 291,
402 ; Pachymerus gonagra infest-
ing, in Jamaica, 5i8.

tamarindus, Monoplilehxis.

Tamarix, Orgyia mi/igw a intercepted
on, in Nebraska, 9.

tanacetaria, Siphonophora (see
Macrosiphoniella artemisiae).

tanaceti, Galertica.

Tanaomastix (see Paraleptomastix).

Tangerine (see Mandarin Orange).

Tanglefoot, banding with, 305.

Tanks, description of, for trapping
HelopeUis, 31.

Tannin, in plant tissues, effect of,
on Aphids, 323 ; percentage of,
in Cudrania and mulberry leaves,
275 ; cultivation of Acacia
moUissima for, in S. Africa,
332.

Tanymecus, onmaize in S. Ehodesia,
314.

taprohana, Ergolis.

Tar, suggested use of, for barriers
against Blissus leucopterus, 148 ;
lime-trees treated with, against
Leptostylus praemorsus, 532 ; for
trapping Nisotra breiveri, 521 ;
experiments with, against
XylotrecTius quadripes, 53, 270,
518.

Tar Oil, use of, against Phorhia
brassicae, 284 ; as a repellent for
Strategws quadrifoveatus, 515.

Tar- oil Emulsion, effect of spraying
wath, against locusts, 87.

Tar-water, expeiiments with, as
repellent for Agromyza, 16.

Tarache delecia, on Hibiscus mos-
cheutos m New Jersey, 322.

tarandus, Oryctes.

Taraxacum officinale (Dandelion),
food-plant of Pieris brassicae in
Switzerland, 513.

tarda, Melanophila.

Tarnished Plant Bug (see Lygus
jyratensis).

Tarred Discs, use of, against Phorbia
brassicae, 43, 98, 230, 338 ;
corrosive sublimate as a substitute
for, 338.

tarsale, Trogoderma.

Tarsonemns, infesting barley in

Japan, 153.
Tarsonemus cnlmicolus, on grasses

in Germany, 455.
Tarsonemus fragariae, on straw-
berry in Denmark, 449 ; on
strawberries in Norway, 541.
Tarsonevius spirifex, in Denmark,
445 ; on grasses in Germany, 455;
on oats in Holland, 443.
Tarsonemus transhlcens, measures
against, on tea and cinchona in
Dutch E. Indies, 41, 389.
Tartaric Acid, in formula for bait

for ants, 523.
Tasmania, bionomics of andmeasures
against AegeriatipuUformis in, 48;
miscellaneous pests in, 120.
tasmaniensis, Campsomeris.
tatarica, Schistocerca.
Taiocliila autodice, on cabbage in

Argentina, 501.
taurella, Ochsenheimeria.
tavaresi, ApMs.
taxicornis, Labidostomis.
taxifolia, Lachnus.
Taxonus glabratus, parasitised by
Ilesoleius balteatus in, in N.
America, 376.
taxus, Aonidiella.

Tea (Thea), measures against pests
of, in Cevlon, 112, 113, 135, 181,
196, 261,' 374, 404, 497, 498, 519,
536 ; pests of, and their control
in India, 31, 55, 375, 402, 505,
534 ; measures against pests of,
in Dutch E. Indies, 31, 32, 39, 41,
64, 107, 389, 489, 499, 500, 536 ;
experimentally infested with
Xylotrechus quadripes in Tonkin,
51 ; pests of, in Uganda, 260.
Tea Aphis (see Toxoptera coffeae).
Tea Green Fly (see Empoasca

flavescens).
Tea Leaf-roller (see Gracilaria

theivora).
Tea Mite, Orange (see Brevipalpus

obovatus).
Tea Mite, Pink (see Erioj)hyes ilieae).
Tea Mite, Yellow (see Tarsonemus

translucens).
Tea Mosquito (see HelopeUis

theivora).
Tea Eed Spider (see Tetranychus

bioculatus).
Tea Tortrix (see Homona coffearta).
Teak (Tectona grandis), pests of, in
India and Burma, 136, 291, 292,
367, 403, 489, 535 ; not attacked
by Microtermes obesus in India,
135 ; pests of, in Dutch E. Indies,
388, 536 ; Stromatium barhaium
boring in, in Seychelles, 484 ;
pests of, in Tonkin, 54, 369,
518.

INDEX,

713

Teak Bee-hole Borer (see Duomitiis
cer amicus).

Technomyrniex albipes, associated
with scale-insects in Seychelles,
483.

Tectona grandis (see Teak).

tectonae, Calotermes.

telarius, Tetranychus.

Telea polyphenms, in Canada, 26.

Teleas, parasite of Diprion pini in
Germany, 453.

Telenomus ashmeadi, parasite of
Chlorochroa sayi in U.S.A., 399.

Telenomus fuscicornis, in St. Vin-
cent, 401.

temperatella, Scythris (Oecophora).

Temperature, effects of, on pests
of stored grain, etc., 29, 57, 93,
94, 132, 167, 168, 193, 219, 222,
229, 257, 258, 320, 353, 358, 367,
428, 474, 507 ; on fumigation, 29,
84 ; on in-;ecticides, 83 ; on wing
development in Aphids, 299 ;
Cirphis unipuncta less affected
by, than previously supposed,
396 ; effect of, on Cylas formi-
carius, 102; on mite-disease
infesting silkworms, 153 ; on
Nosema apis, 377 ; on Pectino-
pliora (jossypieJla in cotton seed,
490 ; on Pycnoscelus surina-
mensis in Connecticut, 342 ;
experiments to determine effect
of, on silkworm eggs in Japan,
98 ; effect of, on Xylehorus, 261.

tenax, Eristalis.

tenebricosus, OtiorrJiynchus.

Tenebrio molitor (Meal Worm), intro-
duced into Br. Columbia in stored
rice, etc., 13 ; in stored maize m
New South Wales, 85 ; develop-
ment of, when reared on food
sterilised by heat, 191.

tenebrioides, Capnodis (see C. tene-
brionis).

tenebrionis, Capnodis.

Tenebroides, possibly predaceous on
CJirysobothris tranquebarica in
Florida, 265.

Tenebroides mauritanicus, measures
against, in flour in Britain, 384 ;
in stored wheat and tobacco in
U.S.A., 367, 474 ; in stored maize
in New South Wales, 85.

tenella, Eutettix.

Tennessee, measures against AntJio-
nomus grandis on cotton in, 148 ;
measures against orchard pests
in, 315; Heliothis obsoleta in
tomatos imported into Canada
from, 506.

Tent Catei-pillars (see 3Ialacosoma).

Tenthecoris bicolor. probably inter-
cepted on orchids in Porto Rico,
514.

Tenthredinidae, notice of list of,
from Japan, 369.

tenuicornis, Frankliniella (Physa-
pus); FranJclinothrips ; Pimplidea.

ienidmaculatus, Adoretus.

tenuis, HypopMoeus ; Phaeboscelis.

Tephritis crassipes, in Bidens, para-
sitised by Microbracon terryi in
Hawaii, 437.

Tephroclystia sobrinata, parasitised
by Platylabus pactor in Sweden,
97.

Tephrosia, pests of, in Dutch E.
Indies, 64, 107, 233.

Tephrosia Candida, grown as a shel-
ter crop in Dominica, 261 ;
EncJienopa auropicta on, in St.
Vincent, 257.

tepJirosiae, Agromyza.

Terastia egialealis, on Erytlirina
indica in Assam, 55.

Terastia meticulosalis, on Erytlirina
lithosperma in Ceylon, 520; on
Erytlirina in India, 55.

Teratodes, on sal seedlings in India,
190.

Terebinth (see Pistacia terebinthus).

terebrans, Apate.

Termes bellicosus, in W. Africa,
142.

Termes flavipes (see Beticulitermes).

Te'rmes gilvus, Trochoideus termi-
tophilus associated with, in Java,
232.

Terminalia beleriea, Xylodectes
ornatus in, in India, 291 ; pests
of, in Dutch E. Indies, 388.

Terminalia catappa (African
Almond), pests of, in West Indies,
58, 185 ; Apoderus tranquebaricus
on, in India, 403.

Terminalia tomentosa, pests of, in
India, 291.

terminalis, Cynips.

terminatus, Scymnus.

terminifera, Chortoicetes.

Termites, list of, from W. Africa,
142 ; Psychopsis elegans pre-
daceoiis on, in captivity in
Australia, 416 ; new, from Bel-
gian Congo, 232 ; new, from
Eritrea, 143 ; in Br. Guiana,
311 ; infesting timber in Hawaii,
328 ; intercepted in bananas and
yams in Hawaii, 33 ; measures
against, in India, 133, 135, 288;
attacking rubber in Malaya, 520 ;
measures against, in Sumaira,
65 ; associated with Xylotrechns
quadripes on coffee in Tonkin,
52; in U.S.A., 22, 40, 105, 226,
^20.

Termitophiles, in W. Africa, 142.

termitojihilus, Trichoideus.

te rnatensis , Mert i I ia.

714

INDEX.

Terns, destroying Gryllus integer in

California, 37.
Terrapin Scale (see Eulecanium

7iigrofasciat-mn).
terry i, Microhracon ; Pseudocoeco-

bius.
tessellaris, Halisidota.
Tessellated Scale (see Eucalymnatus

tessellatus).
tessellatus,Eucalymnatus{Lecanium);

Prociphilus.
testacea, Luperina (Apamea).
testaceipes, LysipMebus (Aphidius).
testata, Lygris.
tesiudinea, Hoplocampa.
testulalis, Maruca.
Tetracnennis, introduction of, into

California against Pseudococcus

aiirilanatns, 358.
tetradactyla, Macras'pis.
Tetradonema plicans, gen. et sp. n.,

parasite of Sciara copropliila in

U.S.A., 400.
Tetraloplia robustella, on white pine

in Connecticut, 341.
Tetraneura eomicnlaria, on Pistacia

terebinthus in Sicily, 87.
Tetraneura derbesi, on Pistacia vera

in Sicily, 87.
Tetraneura follictilaria, on Pistacia

terebintlius in Sicily, 87.
Tetraneura foUicularia var. initidlis,

on Pistacia terebinthus in Sicily,

87.
Tetraneura fusiformis, sp.n., forming

galls on Ulnms campestris in

Japan, 111.
Tetraneura semilunaria, on Pistacia

vera in Sicily, 87.
Tetraneura ulmi, not affected by

meteorological conditions in

Germany, 160 ; on elm in S.

Eastern Russia, 143.
Tetraneura, wtricvlaria, on Pistacia

vera in Sicily, 87.
Tetraneura yesoensis, sp.n., forming

galls on Uhnus campestris in

Japan, 111.
Tetranyclms (Red Mite, Red Spider),

on fruit trees in Denmark, 448 ;

on flax, etc. , in Germany, 158,161;

measures against, in Holland,

431 ; measures against, on

bananas in Jamaica, 57 ; on

sugar-cane in Porto Rico, 515 ;

suggested spray for, in Washing-
ton, 8 ; measures against, in New

Zealand, 357, 533.
Tetranychus birnaculatus (see T.

telarius).
Tetranychus bioculatus (Tea Red

Spider), control of, in India, 56,

376 ; food-plants of, in Java, 41.
Tetranychus exsiccator, on sugar-
cane in Java. 515.

Tetranychus mytilaspidis (see
Schizotetranychus).

Tetranychus pilosus (see Paratet-
ranychus).

Tetranychus quadrimaculatus, inter-
cepted in Porto Rico, 514.

Tetranychus telarius (Red Spider),
on leguminous plants in Den-
mark, 449 ; on fruit-trees in
Norway, 540 ; bionomics of, in
Germany, 160, 161 ; measures
against, in Dutch E. Indies, 41,
389 ; on vine and angelica in
Italv, 157 ; bionomics and con-
trol'of , in U.S.A., 36, 175, 183,
205 ; effect of derris on, 496.

Tetrastichus, new species of, parasitic
on A qrilus arcuatus var. torquatus
in Minnesota, 325.

Tetrastichus asparaqi, parasite of
Crioceris asparagi in Europe, 234,
461,

Tetrastichus bruchophaqi, parasite
of Bruchophaqus funebris in
U.S.A., 327, 401.

Tetrastichus giffardianus, estab-
lishment of, in Hawaii. 33, 149,
385.

Tetrastichus isis, sp. n., parasite of
Oeceticus in Brazil, 125.

Tetrastichus rapo, hyperparasite of
Apanteles glomeratais in France,
397.

Tetrastichus rugglesi, sp. n., parasite
of Agrilus arcuatus in Minnesota,
407.

Tetrastichus sobrius, sp. n., parasite
of Asphondylia websteri, in U.S.A.,
401.

Tetrastichtts xanthomelaenae, para-
site of Galerucella luteola in
France, 462.

Tetropium oreinum, in Cedrus
deodara in India, 292.

Tettigia orni, bionomics of, in Italy,
65.

Tettigonia ferruqinea var. apicalis,
on hemp in Japan, 155.

Tettigonia similis, a possible factor
in dissemination of mottling
disease of sugar-cane in Porto
Rico, 514.

Tettix, Eutrombidium locustarum a
natural enemy of, in Minnesota,
327.

texanus, Anisotylus similis.

Texas, cotton pests in, 149, 214;
miscellaneous pests in, 36, 338,
382, 393, 434 ; financial loss due
to Lachnosterna cribrosa in, 394 ;
introduction of beneficial insects
into, 237 ; pests from, intercepted
in California, 199, 238, 361, 504.

Thalpochares cocciphaga (see Eubl-
emma).

INDEX.

715

Thamnonowa traroria, oii goose-
berries in Norway, 540.
Thamnurgides myristicae, sp. n.,

bionomics of, infesting nutmegs

in Java, 231.
Thamnurgus euphorbiae, in Euphor-
bia characias, parasitised by

Sigalphns eaudatus in France,

236.
Thanasimus dubius, predaceoiis on

Ips pini in N. America, 430.
Thtmeroclerus girodi, predaceoiis on

Lasioderma serricorne in U.S.A.,

367.
tlieae, Eriophyes (Phytoptus) ;

UemicMonaspis ; Oscinis.
Thecahius affinis, on Banunculus

in Britain, 543.
Thecla rubi, parasitised by Anisobas

platystylus in Sweden, 96.
Thecodiplosis mosellana (see Sitodi-

'plosis).
theivora, Antinia ; Gracilaria ;

Helopeltis.
Thelymorplia vertiginosa, parasite of

Nygmia phaeorrJioea in Britain,

444.
Theobroma cacao (see Cacao).
theobromae, Toxoptera (see T.

coffeae).
Therina somniaria (Oak Worm

Looper), in shade- trees in U.S.A.,

477.
theristis, Pamrnene.
Theronia zebra, parasite of Cricula

trifenestrata in Java, 104.
Thersiloclms morionellus, parasite

of 3Ieligethes aeneus in Silesia,

354.
Thespesia popuhiea, scale- insects on,

in S. India, 402, 403.
thespesiae, Pulvlnaria.
theuiis, Cryptomeigenia.
Thistle (Cardmis), Aphis pomi on,

in Britain, 267 ; Aphis cardui on,

in S. Eastern Russia, 143.
Thistle, Russian (Salsola), food-
plant of insect pests in U.S.A.,

9, 282, 398, 399, 474.
thoaniiades, Papilio thoas.
Thonalmus viilitaris, not damaging

sugar-cane in Jamaica, 58.
Thoracaphis fici, on Ficiis benjaniina

in Hongkong, 234.
Thoracaphis hongkongensis, sp. n.,

in Hongkong, 234.
Thorn-leaf Aphis (see AnurapMs

crataegifoliae).
Thosea cervina (Nettle Grub), on

tea in India, 375.
Thosea cinereomarginata, on coconut

in Philippines, 493.
Thosea sinensis, on coffee in Tonkin,

54.
thrax, Erionota.

Three-brooded Rice Borer (see

Schoenobius incertellvs).
Three-cornered Alfalfa Hopper (see

Stictocephala festina).
Three-lined Fig- Tree Borer (see
Piychodes trilineaius).

Three-lined Potato Beetle (seeLema
trilineata).

Thrinax parviflora, pests intercepted
in seeds of, in Java, 488.

Thrips, new genera and species of,
in Australia, 434 ; intercepted on
maple in California, 503 ; list of,
from Br. Columbia, 509 ; meas-
ures against, on cereals in Finland ,
468 ; a minor pest of wheat in
France, 386 ; associated with
Tarsonemus iranslucens in Java,
41 ; on cereals in Norway,
539 ; on cacao in Trinidad, 181 ;
imidentified species of, on coffee
in Uganda, 260 ; control of, on
citrus in New Zealand, 50 ;
classification and new species of,
195, 262, 417, 434, 543 ; pre-
daceous species of, 509.

Thrips abdominalis, on Bidens
leucantha in Cxiba, 349.

Thrips arizonensis, on cotton in
Arizona, 206.

Thrips cerealium (see Limothrips).

Thrips flaviis, on fruit-trees in
Norway, 540.

Thrips lini, on flax in Germany,
161.

Thrips oryzae, on rice in Argentina,
271.

Thrips oryzophaga, on rice in
Argentina, 271.

Thrips physapiis, food- plants of, in
Br. Columbia, 509.

Thrips picipes, identity of, 421.

Thrips robustus (see Kakothrips
pisivora).

Thrips tabaci (Onion Thrips), food-
plants of, in Cuba, 349 ; bion-
omics and control of, in Br.
Columbia, 171, 509 ; intercepted
on onions in Porto Rico, 514 ;
food- plants of and measures,
against, in U.S.A., 343, 417.

Thrips, Bean (see IleUothrips
faseiatus).

Thrips, Cacao (see IleUothrips
rubrocinctws).

Thrips, Camphor (see Cryptothrips
floridensis).

Thrips, Citrus (see Scirtothrips
citri).

Thrips, Oliveiaee Phloeothrips oleae).

Thrips, Onion (see Thrips tabaci).

Thrips, Pear (see Taeniothrips
ineonsequens).

Thrips, Yellow Orcliid (see Physo-
thrips xanthius).

716

INDEX.

ThripsapMs caricicola, sj). n., on
Carex in California, 112.

Thripsaphis verrucosa, T. caricola
related to, 112.

Thrush, a beneficial bird in Britain,
238.

Thryptocera flavipes, predaceous on
Phryganidia californicain U.S.A.,
381.

Thuja, pests intercepted on, in
California, 361.

Thuja orientalis, Curculionid beetle
intercepted on, in Hawaii, 208.

Thuja plieata (Western Red Cedar),
pests of, in N. America, 156, 226.

Thunbergia laurifolia, new thrips
on, in Gold Coast, 543.

thunbergii, Eulachnus.

thurberiae, Anthonomus grandis.

Thuya (see Thuja).

Thyestes gebleri, bionomics of, on
hemp in Japan, 154, 155, 156.

Thyreocoris pulicarius, on Cynara
scolymus in Louisiana, 79.

Thyridopteryx, intercepted on
Daphne in California, 503.

Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis

(Evergreen Bagworm), inter-
cepted in California, 361, 504 ; in
Maryland, 240.

thyrsis, Oangara.

Thysanoptera (see Thrips).

Thysanus ater, parasite of scale-
insects in Italy, 66 ; on pines in
Spain, 349.

Tiberioides hxiwerii, on forest trees
in India, 535.

tibetanus, Criocephalus.

tibialis, Pelatachina.

Tibicen septemdecim (Periodical
Cicada, Seventeen- year Locust),
bionomics of, in U.S. A, 203,. 381,
427, 445, 504, 533 ; expected
outbreaks of, in U.S.A., 381,
427, 504 ; infested with Masso-
spora cicadina in U.S.A., 445;
natural enemies of, in W. Virginia,
533.

Ticks, attacking silkworms in Japan,
240.

tigrinus, Mecotagus.

Tilia (see Lime).

Tilia americana (see Basswood).

tiliae, Eucallipterus ; Gargaphia.

Timber, insects infesting, and their
control, 58, 141, 261, 288, 328,
349, 395, 484, 516 ; Longicorn
beetles introduced into Buenos
Aires in, 319 ; pests intercepted
in, in California, 361.

Timbuctoo, Bruchus trabuti in
cowpeas at, 236.

Timothy Grass {Phleuvi pratense),
Luperitutftestacea on, in Denmark,
445, 446 ; Tortrix paleana on, in

Finland, 455 ; Oscinella frit
ovipositing on, in ISiorwav, 539 ;,
pests of, in U.S.A., 77, 378, 379„
471.

Tin Chloride, experiments with,
against locusts, 532.

Tinea granella, in stored wheat in
Italy, 157.

Tinea pelUonella (Case-making
Clothes-moth), in Canada, 26 ;.
in U.S.A., 404.

tinei, Leidyana.

Tineola biselliella (Webbing Clothes
Moth), in U.S.A., 404.

Tineola pellioneUa (see Tinea).

Tingis pyri (see Stephanitis).

Tipburn of Potato, Empoasca mali
associated with, in U.S.A., 278^
394.

Tiphia, revision of the Korth.
American species of, 33; apparent
failure of establishment of, in
Hawaii, 412.

Tiphia inornata, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256..

Tiphia lucida, apparent failure of
establishment of, in Hawaii, 412..

Tiphia parallela, parasite of
P%toZtts smii/ii in Barbados, 415 ;.
establishment of, in Mauritius, 4,.
8.

Tiphia punctata, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256>

Tiphia transversa, parasite of
Lachnosterna in N. America, 256»

Tiphia vulgaris, parasite of Lach-
nosterna in N. America, 256.

Tipula (Leather-jacket), on grass-
land in Britain, 209 ; mustard-
growing as a preventive against,,
in U.S.A., 208.

Tipula oleracea, in Britain, 489 ; on
cereals, etc., in Norway, 538, 540..

Tipula paludosa, on cereals in
Denmark, 446.

tipuliformis, Aegeria (Sesia).

tipuloides, Tjeptocorisa.

TiratJiaba, in coconuts in India, 133..

Tirathaba trichogramma, in Fiji,
133.

Tischeria complanella, on chestnut
an oak in Transcaucasia, 345.

titana, Botocera.

titanus, Strategus.

titea, Phigalia.

titillator, Monochanius.

Tits, beneficial in Britain, 238 j.
destroying B.hahdopliaga salici-
perda in Germany, 159.

Tmethis, notice of key to species of,
347.

Tmethis saussrirei, sp. n., in Trans-
caucasia, Persia, etc., 347.

Tmethis zaitzevi, sp. n., in Trans-
caucasia, 347.

INDEX.

717

Tmetocera ocellana (see Eucosma).

Toads, destroying noxious insects,
163, 379, 399, 465 ; suggested
introduction of, into Porto Rico
to destroy LacJinosterna, 515 ;
destroyed by mongoose in
Trinidad, 269.

Tobacco {Nicotiana), Hippotion
celerio on, in S. Africa, 166 ;
Phlyctaenia fermgalis on, in
Canada, 433 ; Haplothrips gow-
deyi in seeds of, in Cuba, 349 ;
Phthorimaea operculella on, in
Prance, 486 ; Agrotis ypsilon on,
in India, 73 ; pests of, in Dutch
E. Indies, 30, 108, 250, 251, 363,
389, 508, 538 ; pests of, in
Kamerun, 159, 160 ; Serica on,
in Korea, 273 ; cutworms on, in
Pbilippines, 405 ; Myzoides iabaci
on, in Transcaucasia, 344 ; pests
-of, in U.S.A., 103, 148, 282, 343,
366, 419, 534.

Tobacco (Stored), Lasioderma laeve
infesting, in Holland, 30; meas-
ures against pests of, in Dutch
E. Indies, 29, 250, 286, 389 ;
measures against Lasioderma
serricorne in, in Nyasaland, 138 ;
measures against Lasioderma
serricorne in, in Philippines, 493 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 366.

Tobacco, as an insecticide, dusting
with, 98, 148, 176, 212, 322, 338,
450 ; fumigation with, 322, 492 ;
in sprays for Aphids, Coccids,
etc., 21, 32, 62, 79, 159, 166, 198,
200, 209, 288, 418 ; and soap, 79,
166, 216, 390 ; restrictions affect-
ing the use of, for insecticides in
'British Isles, 62, 63 ; (see Black-
Leaf 40 and Nicotine).

Tobacco Aphis (see 3Iyzws persicae).

Tobacco Beetle (see Lasioderma
serricorne).

Tobacco Flea-beetle (see Epiirix
parvula).

Tobacco Moth (see Setomorplia
margalaestriata).

Tobago, measures against Helio-
thrips riibrocinctus in, 531 ; legis-
lation regarding importation of
cotton into Montserratfrom, 360.

toTcionis, Agrotis.

Toluine, injection of, into soil
against underground insects, 465.

Toluol, experiments in sterilising
soil with, against Tylenchus
devastatrix, 356.

Tomaspis flavilatera (Sugar-cane
Froghopper), natural enemies and
control of, in Br. Guiana, 139.

Tomaspis saccharina, bionomics of,
on sugar-cane in Trinidad, 181,
269, 335.

Tomato {Lycopersicum esculentum),
Epitrix cucumeris on, in Canada,
25 ; Heliothis obsoleta imported
into Canada on, from Tennessee,
506^ Heliothis o&so^e/o intercepted
on, in California, 361, 427, 504 ;
Alabama argillacea on, in Colom-
bia, 534 ; Agromyza on, in Cuba,
349 ; Aj)hids and mites on, in
Denmark, 449 ; Phthorimaea
operculella on, in France, 486 ;
Heterodera radicicola on, in
Holland, 443 ; planting of, to
protect peas against Aphis rumicis
in Holland, 431 ; Pseudococcus
virgatus on, in S. India, 402 ;
Epilachna nijwnica on, in Korea,
155 ; cutworms on, in Philippines,
405 ; pests of, in Porto Rico,
249 ; Nysius vinitor on, in Tas-
mania, 120; pests of, and their
control in U.S.A., 2, 7, 61, 121,
147, 148, 189, 196, 399, 418, 419,
472, 473, 492, 493, 521 ; Nysius
vinitor on, in Victoria, 199.

Tomato Blight (see Alternaria
solani).

tomentosus, Byturus ; Chlaenius ;
Lachnus.

Tomictis, on pine, fungi infesting,
in France, 461.

tomis, Forficula.

Tomocera californica, parasite of
Asterolecanium pustulans in
Hawaii, 437.

Tomyrus elegans, Syntomaspis
druparum erroneously recorded
as, in Britain, 517.

tondusi, Blastophaga,

Tonga, Bipersia palmarum inter-
cepted in California on coconuts
from, 427.

Tonkin, Xylotrechus guadripes and
other pests of coffee in, 50-54,
269, 518 ; rice pests in, 518.

tonkinensis, Ghlorophorus.

torguata, Baris ; Haltica.

torquatus, Agrilus arcuatus.

Torrubiella tecanii, associated with
Cephalosporium lecanii on
Saissetia hemisphaerica in Cuba,
349

Tortola, miscellaneous pests in, 337.

Tortricodes fragariana, sp. n., on
strawberry in Br. Columbia, 240.

Tortrix albieoviana, on rose in
Connecticut, 340.

Tortrix argyrospila (Fruit-tree Leaf-
roller), bionomics and control of,
in Ontario, 10; bionomics and
control of, in U.S.A., 175, 471.

Tortrix bergmanniana, bionomics
of, and measures against, on rose
in Britain, 508.

Tortrix buoUana (see Ehyacionia).

718

INDEX.

Tortrix cerasi i-orana (Cherry-tree
Ugly-nest Tortricid), measures
against, on cherries in Maine,
175.

Tortrix eonflictana (Large Aspen
Tortrix), bionomics and control
of, in Canada, 74.

Tortrix diiplana (see Bhyacionia).

Tortrix fumiferana (Spruce Bud-
worm), 212 ; measures against,
in forests in Quebec, 299, 527.

Tortrix funehrana, on plums in
Denmark, 448.

Tortrix obsoletana, intercepted on
roses in California, 504.

Tortrix ocellana (see Eucosma).

Tortrix paleana, scarcity of, in
Denmark in 1916, 446 ; on
Phle^im pratense in Finland,
455.

Tortrix 2:)aralMa, intercepted in
Porto Rico, 514.

Tortrix 2iilleriana (see Sparga^i otitis)

Tortrix postvittana, attacked by
Perisierola emigrata in captivity
in Hawaii, 435 ; control of, on
citrus in New Zealand, 50.

Tortrix rosaceana (Oblique-banded
Leaf-roller), T. argyrospila con-
fused with, in Ontario, 11 ;
control of, on apple in Nova
Scotia, 309 ; a minor pest of hops
in U.S.A., 175.

Tortrix viridana, parasitised by
Pteromalus deplanatus in Britain,
143 ; on oak in Spain, 90, 210,
293, 365.

iorvus, Eurylahus.

Torymus exilis, hosts of, in France,
426.

Toumeyella, on shade- trees in U.S.A.,
476.

Toumeyella Uriodendri (Tulip-tree
Scale), infested with Aschersonia
cubensis in Florida, 19, 20.

Toxomerns polita (see Mesograpta).

Toxoptera aurantii (Black Citrus
Aphis), nippodaniia convergens
predaceous on, in California, 237 ;
in Ceylon, 164 ; on citrus in
New Zealand, 50.

Toxoptera cojfeae (Tea Aphis),
measures against, in India, 365 ;
food-plants of, in Uganda, 259,
260.

Toxoptera, gramimmi (Green Bug),
food-plants of, in Kansas, 40.

Toxoptera minwta, in Ceylon, 164.

Toxoptera nigra, sp. n., on sedge in
U.S.A., 6.

Toxoptera theobromae (see T. coffeae).

Trabala vislinu, in Ceylon, 135 ; on
sal in India, 190 ; on Terminalia
belerica in Dutch E. Indies, 388.

irabuti, Bruehus {Acartthoscelides).

Trachea basiUnea, on wheat in
Britain, 442 ; on rye in Denmark,
445 ; on cereals in Norwav,
538.

Trachea secalis, on rye in Denmark,
445, 446 ; on grasses and wheat
in Germany, 455 ; on cereals in
Norway, 538.

Trachelus tabidns (Wheat Sawfly),
in U.S.A., 102.

Tracliy centra calamias, on coconut
in Fiji, 311.

Trachyderes sulcatus, introduced
into Buenos Aires in timber,
319.

Trachylcele nimbosa, in Abies
magnifica, parasitised by Dereta-
phrusoregonensis\nC3i\iiornia,,ZSi.

Trachylcele opulenta, in Libocedrus
decurrens, parasitised by Dere-
taphrus oregonensis in California,
381.

Trachynotns, on maize in S.
Rhodesia, 314.

trachypygu s, Dyscinetus.

Trachys griseofasciata, in Zelkowa
acuminata in Japan, 275.

Tram a, notice of key to species of,
in France, 458.

Trama caudata, bionomics of, in
France, 458.

Trama erigeronensis, possibly refer-
able to ProcipMhts, 243.

tranguebarica, Chrysobothris.

tranquebarictis, Apoderus.

transcarinatus, Galeopsoviopsis.

Transcaucasia, spraying experi-
ments against Aphids in, 345,

346 ; bionomics of Myiopardalis
caucasicaintesiing melons in, 347 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 344, 345,

347 ; new Orthoptera from, 346,
347.

transcaucasica, Arcyptera flavicosta.
translucens, Aspidiotus simillimns ;

Tarsonemus.
transparens, Aspidiotus (see A.

destructor),
transvaalia, Antestia.
transversa, Chlumetia ; Lissonota ;

Tiphia.
transversoguttata, Coccinella.
Traps, for insects infesting stored

cereals, 95.
Travancore, coconut pests in, 506.
travians, Goptotermes.
Treacle (see Molasses).
tredecimpunctata, Hippodamia.
Trefoil, suggested as an alternative

crop against Tylenchus devastatrix

in Britain, 442.
tremulae, Melasoma.
Treivia nudiflora, Crioceris quadri-

pustulata on, in India, 403.
triangularis, Disonycha.

INDEX,

719

Triaspis curculionis, parasite of
Coeliodes inaequalis in U.S.A.,
151.

triboUi, Acarophenax.

Tribolium, intercepted in wheat in
Br. Columbia, 507 ; mea.sures
against, in cacao in Java, 107.

Tribolium castaneum (Red Flour
Beetle), measures against, in
cereals in Britain, 92, 94, 95, SSI ;
measures against, in California,
474; infesting flour, etc., in India,
134, 288 ; Corcyra cephaloniea
associated witli, in U.S.A., 428 ;
in stored maize in New South
Wales, 85.

Triboliiim confusum (Confused
Flour Beetle), measures against,
in flour in Britain, 92, 384 ;
introduced into Br. Columbia in
stored rice, etc., 13 ; infesting
flour in Jamaica, 58, 502 ; meas-
ures against, in U.S.A., 222, 327,
474.

Tribolium ferrugineum (see T.
castaneum,).

Trichiocampus viminalis (Poplar
SaWfly), on Carolina poplar in
Canada, 44.

Trichobaris mucorea, on jimson weed
in Arizona, 208.

Trichobaris trinotata, T. mucorea
erroneously recorded as, 206.

tricJwdactyla, Phorbia, (Chortophila).

Trichodes simulator, probably pre-
daceous on Jps pini in N . America,
430.

Trichogramma, parasite of Heliothis
obsoleta in Sumatra, 508.

Trichogramma evanescens, hosts of,
in Europe, 231.

Trichogramma minuium, hosts of, in
N. America, 223, 266, 280, 310,
313, 380, 408.

Trichogramma piniperda, 231 ;
parasite of Panolis flammea in
Germany, 453.

Trichogramma pretiosum (see T.
minutuvi).

Trichogramma semblidis, 231.

trichogramm a, Tirathaba.

Trichogramminae, notes on Euro-
pean species of, 231.

Trichoideus tervntophilus, sp. n.,
associated with Termes gilvus in
Java, 232.

Trichomanus cristatus, parasite of
Oscinella frit in Britain, 70.

Trichosiphum, distribution of. 111.

Trichosiphum, formosanum, sp. n.,
food- plants of, in Formosa, 111.

Trichosiphum kuwam,ae, in Japan,
211.

Trichosiphum nigrofasciatum, sp. n.,
food-plants of, in Formosa, 111.

Trichosiphum nigrum, sp. n., on

Quercus formosana in Formosa,
111.
Trichosiphum roeplcei, sp. n., in

Singaj)ore, 233.
Trichosphaeria, on sugar-cane,

encouraged by cane borers, 528.
Trichothrips, notice of key to X.

American species of, 417.
Trichothrips brevitubus, sp. n., in

Florida, 416.
trichura, Bipersia (see Cryj)tori-

persia arizonensis).
tricolor, Neoborus.
Tridacus stylifer, sp. n., in Br. E.

Africa, 241.
trifasci ata, Coccinella.
trifenestrata, Cricula.
trifolii, Pseudococcus ; Sciara.
Tri folium pratense, food- plant of

Pieris brassicae in Switzerland,

513.
trifureata, Cerotoma.
Trigonocolus brachmanae, food-
plants of, in India, 404.
Trigonura hicoriae, sp.n., bred from

Hicoria glabra in New York, 407.
trigonus, Dacus.
trilineata, Hyperaspis ; Lema.
trilineatus, Ptychodes.
trilobitiformis. Aspidiotus.
trima, Orthocraspeda.
trimaculata, Hyperaspis.
Trimeromicrus maculatws, parasite

of Bruchophagus funebris in

U.S.A., 266, 401.
Trinidad, measures against cacao

pests in, 531 ; miscellaneous pests

in, 181 ; sugar-cane pests in, 139,.

335, 531 ; doubt as to identity of

Schistocerca paranensis in, 491 ;

thrips of economic importance

in, 185 ; relation of the mongoose

to insects in, 269 ; legislation

regarding importation of cottoa

into Montserrat from, 360.
trinitatis, Azya.
trinotata, Trichobaris.
Trionymiis insularis, parasites of,

in Hawaii, 437.
Trioxys cupressicola, sp. n., parasite

of Cerosipha in U.S.A., 321.
Trioxys heraclei, species allied to,

parasitic on Aphis rumicis in

France, 487.
Trioza alacris, on laurel in Argentina,

252.
Trioza bussei, sp. n., forming galls

on rubber in Kamerun, 159.
Trioza koebelei, on Persea gratissima

in Mexico, 241.
Trioza litseae, food-plants of, in

Reunion, 192.
Trioza magnoliae, on Persea borbonia

in Florida, 241.

720

INDEX.

Trioza viridula, on vegetables in

Denmark, 446, 449.
Triplileps, predaceous on Pectino-

phora gossypiella in Egypt, 163 ;

predaceous on Hyalopterus

arundinis in U.S.A., 297.
Triplileps insidiosus, predaceous on

other insects in U.S.A., 34, 35, 78.
Triphleps tristicolor, predaceous on

Aphis bakeri in U.S.A., 36.
Triplosporiumfresenii (see Empusa).
i ri punctata, Pilocroci s.
trirhodus, Hyalopterus (seell.flavus).
Trissolcus murgantiae, parasite of

Murgantia histrionica in U.S.A.,

243.
Trissolcus podisi, parasite of

3Iurgantia histrionica in U.S.A.,

243.
tristani, Blastophaga.
tristicolor, Triphleps.
tristis, Acanthopsyche ; Anasa ;

Coccophagus ; Emyon ; Eury-

labus.
tristriatus, Eriopeltis.
tritici, Contarinia {Diplosis, Itonida);

Euxoa (Agrotis) ; Frankliniella

{Euthrips) ; Harmolita (Isosoma);

Lysiphlebiis ; TylencMis.
Triticum, Oobaishia nirecola on, in

Japan, 111.
Trium.fetta, Pempheres affinis on, in

India, 114.
trivittata, Onathocera ; Plagiotoma.
Trogocarpus balestrerii (see Mega-

stigmus).
Trogoderma Tchapra, infesting stored

grain in India, 219 ; effect of air-
tight storage on, 94.
Trogoderma tarsale, in stored

tobacco in U.S.A., 367.
Trogus exaltatorius, parasite of

Dendrolimus pini in Sweden,

420.
Trombidium. locustarum (see

Eutrombidium ) .
Tropidacris latreillei (Giant Locust),

on coconut in Br. Guiana, 310.
Tropidosteptes cardinalis, on Frax-

inus americana in New York, 400.
Tropinota (see Epicometis).
truncota, Phragmatiphila {Nonagria).
iruncatus, Dinoderus.
tryoni, Dacus (see D. ferrugineus) ;

Diachasma ; Opius.
Trypeta, possible confusion of

Apyrgota personata with, in Brazil,

•352.
Trypeta ludens (see Anastrepha).
Tryphactothrips roboris, s^. n., on

Thunbergia laurifolia in Gold

Coast, 543.
Tsuga canadensis (Common Hem-
lock), Melanophila fulvoguttata in,

in U.S.A., 226.

Tsuga heterophylla (Western Hem-
lock), Melanophila drummondi in,
in U.S.A., 226.

Tsuga mertensiana (Alpine Hem-
lock), Melanophila drummondi in,
in U.S.A., 226.

Tsuga sieboldi, Porthetria fumida
on, in Japan, 370.

isuneonis, Dacus.

tihberculatus, Blacus.

tuberosa, Sarcophaga.

tuberosellae, Phopalosiphum.

tubiformans, Amitermes.

Tule (see Scirpus occidentalis).

Tulip, measures against Aphis
tulipae infesting bulbs of, in
Holland, 444 ; legislation

restricting importation of, into
U.S.A., 184.

Tulip- tree Scale (see Toumeyella
liriodendri).

tulipae. Aphis.

Tum^idiscapus orthopterae, sp. n.,
parasite of Orthoptera in U.S.A.,
362.

turcica, Diapromorpha.

turcipennis, Gylas.

turionellae, Pimpla.

turioniana, Phyacionia (Evetria).

Turkey, danger of introduction of
Egyptian cotton pests into, 160.

Turkeys, destroying noxious insects,
22, 466.

Turnip, Bagrada hilaris on, in S.
Africa, 165 ; Ceuthorrhynchus
assimilis on, in Britain, 442 ;
pests of, in Canada, 25, 27, 544 ;
pests of, in Denmark, 98, 445,
446, 447, 449 ; attacked by
Ileterodera schachtii in France,
467 ; Oaleruca ta7iaceii on, in
Germany, 195; Phyllotreta on, in
Holland, 124 ; Agriotes lineatus
on, in Italy, 157 ; Prodenia
dolichos on, in Jamaica, 58 ;
Athalia colibri on, in Korea, 274;
pests of, in Porto Rico, 516 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 42, 140, 148 ;
in bait for cutworms, 294.

Turnip Beetle, Red (see Entomoscelis
adonidis).

Turnip Flea-beetle (see Phyllotreta
vittaia).

Turnip Seed Weevil (see Ceutho-
rrhynchus assimilis).

Turpilia punctata, on citrus in St.
Lucia, 257.

Turret Bagworm (see Monda
rogenhofferi).

Two-brooded Rice-borer (see Ghilo
simplex).

Two-horned Borer (see Sinoxylon
japonicum).

Two-spotted Bean Weevil (see
Spermophagus pectoralis).

INDEX.

721

Two-spotted Red- Spider («ee Tet-

ranychus telarius).
Tyehius picirostris, bionomics of,

on clover in New York, 283.
Tyehius quinquepunctalv s, measures

against, in Italy, 465.
Tydeus coecophagus, 242.
Tydens gloveri, associated with

Lepidosaphcs vlmi in N. America,

242.
Tylenchus, on coffee in Dutch E.

Indies, 389.
Tylenchus angusius (Rico Worm),

bionomics of, and measures

against, in India, 289-291.
Tylenchus devastatrix, bionomics of,

and measures against, in Britain,

355, 441 ; on clover in Denmark,

446 ; on flax in Germany, 161 ;

food- plants of, and measures

against, in Holland, 443.
Tylenchus ribes, cau.sing disease of

black currants in Britain, 289.
'Tylenchus tritici, damage of,

resembling that of T. devastatrix

in Britain, 442; measures against,

on wheat in U.S.A., 324, 380,

426.
Tyndarichus, new species of,

parasitic on Porthetria dispar in

Spain, 230.
Typha latifolia. (Cat-tail Rush),

insect pests on, in U.S.A., 297,

379.
typha, Nonagria.
Typhaea fuvrata, in stored maize in

New South Wales, 85.
Typhlocyba comes, measures against,

on vines in Canada, 44.
Typhlocyba cyviba, sp. n., on elm in

Nova Scotia, 76.
ryp7iJoc?/6oros«.e( Rose Leaf -hopper),

bionomics and control of, in

America, 182 ; not affected by

meteorological conditions in

Germany, 160.
typographus, Ips.
Tyrannus rostratus, destroying

noxious insects in St. Vincent,

188.
Tyroglyphus, infesting stored vanilla

in France and French Colonies,

193 ; predaceous on Lasiodervia

serricorne in U.S.A., 367.
Tyroglyphus farinae, infesting flour

in Jamaica, 58 ; bionomics and

control of, in stored cereals and

cheese in Britain, 91.
Tyroglyphus longior, not found in

stored cereals in Britain, 91.
Tyroglyphus minutus, attacking

Eriophyes coryligallarum in Sicily,

413.
Tyroglyphus siro, in stored wheat in

Britain, 91, 94.

(672)

u.

u, berife ra, C ryp t op arlalor i a.

Ufens nigcr, parasite of Diatraea
saccharalis crambidoides in Texas,
408.

Ufra, of rice, caused by Tylenchus
angustus in India, 289.

Uganda, new fruit- fly from, 241 ;
miscellaneous pests in, 259, 405 ;
new thrips from, 543.

ugandensis, Apanteles.

uhleri, Chlorochroa.

Ukraine, hemp planted among other
crops against insect pests in, 431.

ulmi, Eriosoma {Schizonenra) ; Hal-
tica ; Kaliosysphinga ; Lepidosa-
phes ; Tetraneura.

u hnosedens, Eriosoma.

Ulmus (see Elm).

TJlmus americana, food- plant of
Eriosoma lanigeriivi in N.America,
432 ; not a food- plant of Eriosoma
lanigermn and E. ulmcsedens in
France, 432 ; Brachys ovatus on,
in U.S.A., 308.

Ulmus campestris, life- cycle of Erio-
soma uhnosedens spent on, in
France, 432 ; Gobaishia japonica
on, in Japan, 111.

Ulmus campestris var. major, pests
of, in Japan, 111.

Ulmus montana, Gobaishia japonica
on, in Japan, 111.

Ulmus parvifolia, Agrilus spinipen-
nis in, in .lapan, 275.

umbilicata, Syntomaspis.

umbra, Pyrrhia.

umbrarum, Platy stoma.

umbrina, Deromyia.

umbrosus, Adoretus.

Uncaria gambir (Gambir), pests of,
in Dutch E. Indies, 388, 425.

uncariae, Hyalopeplus.

uncinatus, Epepeotus.

tondata, Pyrgota.

Underground Insects, methods of
destroying, 464.

undulans, Procubiterm cs.

undulata, Hyperaspis.

unicolor, Byturus ; Empoasca ;
Lepidosaphcs ; Macrobasis ;

Saperda concolor.

unicornis, Heterobostrychus.
Unilachmis parvus, gen. et sp. n.,
on Pintts spp. in U.S.A., 137.

unipuncta, Cirphis {Ileliophila,
Leucania, Sideridis).

United States of America, cereal
pests in, 3, 34, 40, 45, 67, 68, 101,
102, 105, 137, 140, 148, 183, 189,
202, 277, 281, 324, 378-380, 392,
394, 395, 398, 411, 426, 441, 470,
471, 507 ; citrus pests in, 2, 18,
20, 34, 58, 61, 105, 106, 205, 228,

722

INDEX.

237, 267, 358, 359, 409, 417, 473 ;

pests of clover and llieir control
in, 4, 35, 36, 77, 145, 227, 283,
327, 479, 543 ; cotton pests in.
2, 3, 22, 74 76, 102, 106, 122, 149,
180, 199, 205, 2C6, 214, 220, 229,
277, 279, 296, 380, 382, 393, 394,
399, 418, 419, 497, 522 ; pests of
fifts in. 410 ; forest pests in, 23,
37, 42, 45, 6C, 103, 105, 137, 156,
169, 207, 226, 300, 308, 321, 326,
340, 377, 381, 393, 416, 429, 475,
476, 477, 494, 501, 503, 505, 520 ;
pests of hops in, 2, 148, 173-175 ;
Incerne pests in. 9, 22, 36, 40, 61,
105, 145, 201, 205, 227, 232,265,
282, 321, 327, 343, 374, 382, 394,
399, 401 ; miscellaneons pests in.
4, 6, 24, 34, 35, 37, 38, 39, 80, 100-
104, 116, 119, 138, 147, 156, 169,
186, 201, 211, 227, 243, 265, 266,
279, 302, 316, 321, 395, 396, 398,
404, 474, 477, 493, 511, 523;
orchard pests and their control
in, 5, 18, 60, 95, 101, 151, 172.
178, 207, 223, 228, 365, 366, 440,
475, 478, 480: measures against
raspberry and blackberry pests
in, 5 ; pests of stored food-stui^s
in. 3, 144, 206, 208, 221, 229, 255,
320, 343, 409, 428, 441, 544 ;
sugar-cane pests in, 407 ; sweet
potato pests in, 21, 22, 101, 102,
148, 276, 418, 473, 511 ; tobacco
pests in, 103, 148, 288, 343, 366,
419, 534 ; pests of vegetables in
3, 7, 15, 81, 120, 243, 276, 278,
284, 294, 521 ; pests of vines in,
38, 58, 101, 150, 151, 495, 503,
511 ; parasites and other bene-
ficial insects in, 18, 23, 34, 35, 80,
95, 104, 234, 236, 256, 263, 265,
297, 298, 307, 321, 361, 400, 401,
407, 428, 461, 478, 486, 521, 523,
524 ; bionomics and control of
Ancj/lis com plana in, 440 ; bio-
nomics and control of Aphids in,
2, 24, 67, 95, 137, 151, 186, 243,
297, 307, 480, 494 ; bionomics
and control of fHilorochroa sayi
in, 398 ; Depressaria spp. and
their food- plants in, 404 ; bio-
nomics of Diatraea seacoleUa on
maize in, 380 ; new sawflies of the
subfamily Diprioninae in, 24 ;
Empoasca mali audits relation to
scorching of potato foliage in,
278, 394 ; bionomics oi Eulia pina-
tubana on Pinus strobvs in, 393 ;
bionomics of Eutettix tenella in,
474 ; measures against grass-
hoppers in, 282, 283, 477 ; Har-
molita spp. on cereals and gi'asses
in, 470 ; pests of nelianthus tub-
erosus in, 358 ; measures against

Heterodera radicicola ir\, 323, 324;
bionomics of and measures
against Lachnoslerna in, 227, 256,
334 ; notes on mealy-bugs in,
473 ; bionomics of and measures
against Miris dolabratus in, 77 ;
financial loss due to Neocerata
rhodophaqa in, 211 ; danger of
spread of Popillia jaqjonica in,
511 ; bionomics of and measures
against Fi/raHsta. nuhilalis in, 183,
189, 224-226, 395, 411, 426, 507 ;
bionomics, control and distribu-
tion of Pi/rausia penUalis on lotus
in, 116 ; bionomics of and mea-
sures against Sphenophorus spp.
infesting cereals and grasses in,
378-380; experiments with
Tachardia larreae for cultivating
lac in, 476 ; expected outbreaks
of Tibicen seplevidreivi in, 381 ;
bee diseases in, 267, 376, 395 ;
economic importance of the crow
as a destroyer of insects in, 202-^
204 ; value of plants imported
into, for insecticides, 543 ; uses
of insect galls in, 284 ; the local
distriltution of insect pests in,
477 ; development and organisa-
tion of economic entomology in,
34, 220, 278, 453, 462 ; methods
of estimating insect infestation
in, 280 ; insect pests introduced
into, 60, 122, 207, 228; danger
of introduction of foreign insect
pests into, 117, 180, 382, 395 ;
pests from, introdiiced into other
countries, 211, 433, 485, 514;
pests intercepted in, 21, 277 ;
danger of introduction of insect
pests into Canada from, 354, 524;
plant pest legislation in, 21, 56,
103, 184, 207, 213, 225, 232, 511,
524 ; (see also under separate
States).

uiii vittatus, Lygus.

unimguis, Paratetranychu s.

Urea, effect of, on wing develop-
ment in Aphids, 299.

Urena lobata (Spanish Cocklebur),
suggested destruction of, against
Dysdereus suturellus in Florida,
106.

Urocystis cepulae, 195.

Uropoda, natural enemy of Diabro-
tica vittata in U.S.A., 521.

urticae, Orgyia ; Vanessa.

urticana, OJethreutes.

Uruguay, introduction of Crypto-
chaetum. into, against leery a
purehasi, 237.

usanibarica, Antestia.

Uscana semifumipennis, parasite of
Bruchids in Hawaii, 434, 435.

usitatus, Bassus.

INDEX.

723

ustulaUis, Agriotes.

IJstulina, Coptotermes gestroi

probably associated with, on

rubber in Malaya, 127,
Utah, Phylloxera on Popnlus can-

clicans in, 264 ; pests from,

intercepted in California, 62, 361.
utahensis, Anisodactylus similis.
Utetheisa pulchella, bionomics of

and measures against in India, 55.
uiilis, Oligosita ; Sarcopliaga.
utricularia, Tetraneura.
uzeli, Gynailiothripf;.

V.

vacciniana, Ehopobota.

vaccina, Mineola.

vagans, Olene.

vaginicola, Harniolita.

valens, Dendroctonus.

Valentinella, new sub- genus of

Blastophaga, 352.
valida, Pyrgota.
validirostris, Pissodes.
valUcola, Neodiprion (Z(tdiprion).
Valuta, food- plant of Merodon

equestris in N. America, 356.
ValvicystiarJiopaloides, gen. etsp. n.,

parasite of Oxycareniis liyalini-

pewrtis in Italian Somaliland, 125.
Vancouver Island, food- plants of

Taeniothrips inconsequens in, 13.
vancouverensis, Feltia.
vandinei, Aplestomorpha ; Neocato-

laccus.
Vanessa, parasitised by PelatacJdna,

450, 451.
Vanessa antiopa, parasitised by

Compsilwra concinnatain Eastern

Canada, 526.
Vanessa c- album, on gooseberries in

Norway, 540.
Vanessa ealifornica, in Br. Columbia,

479.
Vanessa piolychloros, in orchards in

Denmark, 448.
Vanessa uriicae, experimentally

infected with bacteria in France,

217, 396.
vanessae, Pteromalus.
Vanilla, Aspidiotus intercepted on,

in California, 238 ; stored,

Tyroglyphus infesting, in France

and French Colonies, 193 ; pests

of, in Madagascar and Reunion,

192 ; Conchaspis angraeci on, in

Porto Rico, 131.
vanillana, Conchylis.
vanpoetereni, Chiloneurus.
tnporariorum , A leurodes.
varia, Jleliothis.
variabilis, Aleurodes ; EuzenilUa ;

Hypera {Phytonomus) ; Hypono-

meuta ; Hypostena ; Nupserha.
(672)

Varichaeta, parasite of Eypliantria

in Canada, 301.
varicolor, Micromyzus.
varicornis, FranJdiniella ; Lepto-

corisa ; Padothrips.
variegana, Argyroploce (Olethreutes).
variegata, Antestia.
Variegated Cutworm (see Lycophotia

margaritosa).
variegatus, Kermes {see K. roboris).
variicolor, Lymidus.
variolosuvi, Asterolecaniiim.
Vaseline, banding with, against

Monophlebus, 288.
vastatrix, Pyrausta.
Vegetable Marrow, Lonehaeaplumo-

sissima bred from, in Eritrea, 243.
Velvet Bean (see Beans, Velvet).
venafuscus, ProcipJii Ins.
venatus, Sphenophorus.
Venezuela, locusts invading Br.

Guiana from, 491; pests from,

intercepted in Porto Rico, 514.
venezuelensis, Scelio.
venosata, Diatraea.
ventralis, Gonotrachelus ; Om ocestus ;

Bhizobius.
ventricosus, Nematiis (see Pteronus

ribesii) ; Pediculoides.
Venturica dendritica, on apple,

experiments with sprays against,

in Sweden, 450.
Venusia verriculaia, natural enemies

of, on Cordyline indivisa in New

Zealand, 49.
vepallidus, Qamasus.
Veratrnm viride, imported into

U.S.A., for preparing hellebore,

543.
verbasci, Anthrenus ; Campylomma.
Verbascum, new tlirips on, in India,

543.
vermicellaris, Libyaspis (Plataspis).
Vermilion Frog-hopper Parasite (see

Oligosiia girauUi).
Vermisapon, against Tetranyclms

bioculatus, 56.
vernata, Palaeacrita.
Vernonia, Plagiotoma spp. in galls

on, in Brazil, 352.
Veriionia baldwini (Ironweed), food-
plant of Lachnosterna lanceolata

in U.S.A., 227.
Vernonia einerea, Macrosiphum

minutum on, in Ceylon, 165.
Veronica, destruction of, against

Myzus ribis in Britain, 371.
Veronica salieifolia, food- plant of

Ceroplastes sinensis in Italy, 218.
Veronica speciosa, food- plant of

Ceroplastes sinensis in Italy, 218.
verriculata, Vemisia.
verrucicollis, ]^I oechotypa.
verrucosa, Thripsaphis.
versicolor, Dindynnis ; Meteorns.

724

INDEX.

vertehratus, Promachus.

Verticilliuni heterocladum , infesting
Aleurodes in Cuba, 349.

vertiginosa, Thelym orpha.

Vespa, infected with Bacillus para-
typhi-alvei in Denmark, 451.

Vespa crabro, relation of, to wither-
ing disease of fig in Italy, 413.

Vespa germanica, relation of, to
withering disease of fig in Italy,
413.

Vesperugo, suggested use of, against
insects in France, 17.

vespiformis, Franldmotlirips.

Vetch, Bruchiis rufipes imported
into S. Africa in seed of, 257 ;
measures against Heliothis obso-
leta on, in S. Carolina, 105.

inburni, Aphis ; Lichtensia.

Viburnum, Aphids on, in Britain,
542 ; intercepted on, in Wiscon-
sin, 494.

Viburnum opulus (Guelder Rose),
Aphis vibnrni on, in Britain, 322 ;
Lygus parrotti on, in New York,
516.

Vibiirnum sterilis, Lygus parroUi on,
in New York, 516.

vicaria, Schistocerca.

Vicia faba (see Beans, Broad).

viciae, Macrosiphoniella (Aphis).

vieina, Memmia.

vicinus, Scapteriscus.

Victoria, food- plants of and meas-
ures against 3Ionochamus fistula-
tor in, 248 ; food- plants of and
measures against Nysius vinitor
in, 199.

viginiiodopunctaia, Epilachna.

Vigna (see Cowpeas).

Vigna catjang, Nupserha in, in India,
133.

Vigna sinensis (Cowpea), food- plant
of Agromyza destructor in the
Philippines, 15 ; Bruchus trab^lti
in, at Timbuctoo, 236.

villosa, Bipersia.

viminalis, Trichiocampus.

Vine, Grape ( Viiis vinifera), food-
plant of Hippotion celerio in S.
Africa, 166 ; Margarodes vitium
on, in S. America, 136 ; pests of,
in Australia, 199, 263; pests of,
in Canada, 26, 27, 44 ; Phylloxera
intercepted on, in Br. Columbia,

507 ; measures against Zygaena
ampelophaga on, in Cyprus, 71 ;
identity of species of Drepano-
thrips infesting, in Central
Europe, 195 ; pests of, and their
control in France, 45, 46, 90, 123,
191, 286, 319, 372, 397, 455, 457,
461, 462, 464, 465, 466, 467, 501,

508 ; Otiorrhynchus singularis on,
in Holland, 124 ; pests of, in

India, 134, 262 ; Heliothrips
rubrocinctus on, in West Indies,
185 ; pests of, in Italy, 106, 142,
157, 373, 535 ; pests of, in Japan,
350, 440 ; pests of, in Korea, 274 ;
Seudyra subfl-ava on, in Manchuria,
350; Labidostomis hordei on, in
Morocco, 372 ; Pseudococcus vitis
on, in Palestine, 519 ; pests of,
and their control in Switzerland,
46, 488 ; Polyphylla olivieri on,
in Transcaucasia, 345 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 38, 58, 101, 150, 151,
495, 503, 511.

Vine Moth (see Clysia ambiguella,
Polychrosis botrana and Spargano-
this pilleriana).

Vine Sirividhi (see Zygaena ampelo-
phaga).

vinitor, Nysius.

vinula, Dieranura (Harpyia).

Violet, Cecidomyiids forming galls
on, in France, 426 ; new thrips
on, in India, 543.

virescens, Caligonus.

virgatus, Pseudococcus.

Virgilia capensis, Chrysomphalus
corticosus on, in S. Africa, 242.

Virginia, notes on Aphids in, 207,
383, 492 ; orchard pests in, 382,
512, 533 ; pests of tomatos under
glass in, 492 ; Balaninus carya-
trypes intercepted in California
in chestnuts from, 199.

Virginia Creeper (see Ampelopsis).

virginiana, Neodiprion.

virginica, Diacrisia.

viridana, Tortrix.

viridans, Psiloptera (Lampetis).

viridanus, Myllocerus.

viridiceps, Syrphus.

viridis, Cassida ; Coccus {Lecanium)
Smynthurus.

viridisuturalis, Buprestis.

viridula, Gastroidea [Gastrophysa) ;
Nezara ; Trioza.

visci, Chionaspis [Phenacaspis).

vishnu, Trabala.

vitalbae, Phytomyza.

vitana, Pyralis (see Sparganothis
pilleriana).

viteana, Polychrosis.

vitellinae, Phyllodecta (Phratora).
Vitex negundo, Colasposovia semi-

costatum on, in India, 403.
Vitex pubescens, Zeuzera coffeae on,
in Dutch E. Indies, 388.

viticola, Drepanothrips.

vitiensis, Haplogonatopus.

Vitis lanceolaria, Chionaspis vitis

on, in S. India, 402.
Vitis riparia, Drepanothrips reuteri

on, in Sicily, 195.
Vitis rupestris, Drepanothrips reu-
teri seldomf ound on, in Sicily, 195.

INDEX.

725

Vitis vinifera (see Vine, Grape).
tntis, Chionaspis ; Eriophyes ; Pseu-

dococcus (Dactylopi'Uft) ; Pulmn-

aria.
vitium, Margarodes.
vitripennis, Hyalopeplus.
vittata, Diabrotica ; Epicantn ; Phyl-

lotreta.
vittatus, Athous ; PtycJiodes.
vittiscutus, Pachypeltis.
vittula, Phyllotreta.
Viviania cinerea, relation of, to its

hosts, 450, 451.
vivida, Parasii.
volkei, Coleophora.
volucre, Praon.
volutatorius, Banchus.
volvulus, Derolus.
voronovi, Nocarodes.
vulgaris, Asaphes (Isocratus) ;

(Jremnops (DisopTirys) ; Exorista ;

Gryllotalpa (see G. gryllotalpa) ;

Jlelolontha (see 31. melolontha) ;

Phytodiehis ; Polydesma; TipMa.
vulgatissim a, Phyllodecta.
vulgatissimus, Physapus.
vulnerator, Pristom ei'us.
vulpes, Cryptophlebia.
vnlpinus, Dermestes.
riilrivngellvs, Cram hiis.

w.

walkeri, Conistra.

Walkeriana cinerea, food- plants of,
in S. India, 403.

Walnut {J'uglans), pests of, in S.
Airica, 242, 332 ; Datana integer-
rima on, in Canada, 27 ; attacked
by a variety of Cydia pomonella
in California, 317, 359 ; Cydia
pomonella on, in Cyprus, 71 ;
pests of, in Italy, 157 ; pests of,
in U.S.A., 58, 112, 169, 170, 317,
359, 416.

Walnut, Japanese (see Juglans
sibboldiona).

valsingh ami, Enarmonia.

Waltheria americana, Noropsis
MeroglypMca on, in Porto Rico,
131.

Washing Powder, experiments with,
as a substitute for soap in kero-
sene emulsion against Aphids, 223.

Washington, campaign against
grasshoppers in, 510; miscellane-
ous pests and their control in,
8, 9 ; pests from, intercepted in
California, 62, 199, 238, 361, 427.

Wasmannia auropunctaia, preda-
ceous on Heliothrips rubrocinchis
in Guadeloupe, 185.

Wasps, destroying noxious insects
110, 240, 318, 332, 498, 533;

introduction of beneficial, 8, 312 ;

relation of, to withering disease

of fig in Italy, 413.
Watabura nishiyae, gen. et sp. n.,

on C ydonia vulgaris in Ja^pixn, 111.
Water, Distilled, elfect of, on wing

development in Aphids, 299.
Water, Hot, against insect pests,

59, 81, 121, 191, 323, 359, 372,

397, 464, 471.
W^atermelon (Cucumis citrullus),

Myiopardalis caucasica on, in

Transcaucasia, 348 ; pests of, in

U.S.A., 418, 511.
Wattle, pests of, in S.Africa, 246,391.
Wattle, Black (see Acacia molliss-

ima).
Wattle, Silver (see Acacia dealbata).
Wattle Bagworm (see Chaliodes

junodi).
wavaria, Thamnonoma.
Webbing Clothes Moth (see Tineola

biselliella).
websteri, Asphondylia ; IlarmoUta.
Webworm, Corn (see Crambus cali-

ginosellus).
Webworm, Corn Root (see Crambus

vulvivagellus).
Webworm, Garden (see Loxostege

similalis).
Webworm, Grass (see Crambus

luteolellus).
Webworm, Parsnip (see Depressaria

heracleana).
Webworm, Small Beet (see ZincTc-

enia fascialis).
Webworm, Sugar-beet (see Loxos-
tege sticticalis).
Webworm, Sweet Potato (see Pilo-

crocis tripunctata).
Wendlandia, food- plant of Xylo-

trechus quadripes in India, 270.
ivesmaeli, Lygaeonemahis.
West Indies, cacao pests in, 181,

185, 186, 502, 530, 531 ; coconut
pests in, 57, 132, 186, 502, 515;
citrus pests in, 34, 257, 348, 349,
434, 502 ; cotton pests in, 113,

186, 213, 295, 296, 337, 372, 414,
415, 481, 512, 520 ; miscellaneous
pests in, 95, 125, 210, 257, 338;
sugar-cane pests in, 58, 125, 132,
181, 229, 335, 414, 502, 512, 531 ;
Anastrepha fraterculus indigenous
to, 117; thrips and their food-
plants in, 185, 186 ; new Tingids
from, 197 ; pests from, inter-
cepted in Florida, 19, 214; plant
pest legislation in, 213, 296, 360 ;
(see also under the various
Islands).

Western Hemlock (see Tsxiga hetero-

pliylla).
Whale-oil, in formula for adhesive

bands, 89.

726

INDEX.

Whale-oil Soap, in sprays, 255, 259.
Wheat, pests of, in S. Africa, 165,
246 ; pests of, in Argentina, 501 ;
influence of harvesting methods
on weevils infesting, in Australia,
200 ; pests of, in Britain, 267,
356, 371, 442 ; Calandra granaria
intercepted in, in California, 361 ;
pests of, in. Canada, 43, 172, 187,
543 ; pests intercepted in, in Br.
Columbia, 507 ; legislation
against Scythris temperniella on,
in Cyprus, 88 ; pests of, in Den-
mark, 445, 446 ; Oseinella frit on,
in Europe, 68, 69 ; suggested
sowing of oats instead of, against
Limotlirips deriticornis in Finland,
468 ; measures against pests of,
in France, 385, 386 ; pests of, in
Germany, 455 ; BMzopertlia
dominica intercepted in, in
Hawaii, 329 ; Elaterid larvae on,
in Holland, 124 ; cereal rust of,
in India, 289 ; Agrioies lineatus
on, in Italy, 157 ; mites infesting,
in Jajjan, 153 ; pests of, in Korea,
273, 274 ; pests of, in Norway,
538, 539 ; Aelia rostrata on, in
Spain, 365 ; pests of, in Sweden,
193, 421 ; pests of, in Trans-
caucasia, 345 ; Macrosiphum
granarium on, in Uganda, 260 ;
pests of, in U.S.A., 40, 46, 80,
102, 140, 147, 202, 221, 227, 280,
281, 284, 315, 324, 378, 379, 380,
398, 441, 470, 492, 510.

Wheat (Stored), pests of, in Arizona,
206 ; Sitotroga cerealella in, in
Argentina, 501 ; experiments
against pests of, in Australia, 132,
167; measure-i against pests of,
in Britain, 91, 92, 93, 94, 95, 219,
529 ; measures against weevils,
etc., in, imported into California
from Australia. 474 ; pests inter-
cepted in, in Hawaii, 188 ; pests
of, in India, 288 ; pests of, in
Italy, 157.

Wheat Bran, in baits for grass-
hoppers, 9.

Wheat Bulb Fly (see nylemyia
c oar data).

Wheat .Joint- worm (see Ilarmolita
tritiei).

Wheat Midge (see Contarinia tritiei
and Sitodiplosis mosellana).

W^heat Sawfly (see Trachelus
tahidus).

Wheat Sirividhi (see Scythris tem-
peratella).

W^heat Stem Sawfly, Western (see
Cephus occidentaUs).

Wliite Ants (see Termites).

White Fir (see Abies concolor).

White Grubs (see Lachno sterna).

White Oak (see Quercus alba).

White Pine WeevU (see Pissodes
sir obi).

White Scale (see Ckionaspi citri
and llentichionaspis minor).

White-headed Scale Fungus (see
Ophionectria coecicola).

White- marked Tussock Moth (see
Hemerocampa leucostigma).

Whiteflies (see Aleurodes).

Whitefly, Citrus (see DiaJeurodes
citri).

Whitefly, Cloudy- winged (see
Dialeurodes citrifolU).

Whitefly, Coconut (see Alenrodiciis
cocois).

Whitefly, Woolly (see Aleurothrixus
hoivardi).

tcliitei, Myzus.

m Idhami , Bhoptomeris.

willcoxi, Calosowa.

tcilliani si, Frankliniella.

tvillingi, Olerie.

Willow {Salix), Chionaspis

kiggelariae on, in S. Africa, 242 ;
bionomics of Evdo.ryla strigiUata
on, in Argentina, 252 ; Fygaera
bucepliala on, in Britain, 416 ;
pests of, in Canada, 13, 43, 44,
304, 409 ; Bhabdophaga salici-
jicrdaou, in Germany, 159 ; pests
of, in Holland, 124, 444 ; Lepi-
dosaphes nlmi on, in Italy, 157 ;
Flaqiodera distincta on, in Korea,
274; pests of, in U.S.A., 204, 264,
316, 341, 511, 522.

WMllow, Basket {nee Salix virninalis).

Willow Scale (see Chionaspis salicis-
nigrae).

Wilt Disease, infesting Phryganidia
californica in U.S.A., 381.

Wilt Disease of Cotton, varieties of,
resistant to, in Georgia, 229.

Wind, effect of, on distribution of
insects and plant diseases, 7, 40,
42, 56, 103, 329, 380, 434.
Winter Moth (see Cheimatobia

brumata).
winthemi, Deromyia.
Winthemia, parasite of Sphingid

larvae, 451.
Wireworms, measures against, in
Britain, 208, 433, 442 ; control
of, in Canada, 13, 25, 171, 337,
407 ; infested with Metarrhi-ium
anisopliae in Cuba, 349 ; on
vegetables in Denmark, 449 ;
measures against, on beans in
Holland, 432 ; measures against,
on sugar-cane in Jamaica, 57,
502 ; in coffee seed-beds in .Java,
363 ; on maize in S. Rhodesia,
314 ; bionomics and control of,
in U.S.A., 40, 148, 203, 281, 338,
367, 492 ; attacking maize in

INDEX.

727

New South Wales, 85 ; mustard-

oTowing as a preventive against,

208 ; baits for, 13, 171, 364, 407 ;

(see Agriotes, etc.)
Wisconsin, measures against

Empoasca mali on potatoes in,

510; miscellaneous pests in, 494,

522 ; pests from, intercepted in

California, 361, 504.
Wisiarin, pests inlercei>ted on, in

California, 361, 427, 503.
Wistaria sinensis, food- plant v.f

Eulecanimn persicaeiw France, 90.
Woburn Bordeaux Mixture, 304.
woglumi, Aleurocantlius.
Wohlfahriia brunnipalpis (Ijocust

Fly), scarcity of, in S. Africa in

1917-18, 245.
Wood- tar (see Creosote).
Woodpeckers, destroying insect

pests, 159, 388.
Woolly Apple Aphis (see Enosoma

lanigerum).
Woolly Pear Aphis (see Eriosoma

pyricola).
Woolly Whitefly (see Aleiirothrixus

howardi).
wrigliii, Macrotom a.

X.

xanthaenobares, Diorijciria.
xantkius, Physothrips.
xanthochaeta, Anastrepha.
Xaniliocncyrius apterus, sp. n.,

probably a parasite of Trionymus

insularis in Hawaii, 437.
Xanthoencyrtus fullawayi, sp. n.,

parasite of Psciidoeoccus sacchari-

folii in Hawaii, 437.
.ranthogastrello, Scirpophaqa.
Xantholinus cephalus, predaceous on

Ips pini in N. America, 430.
xanthome laena, D iso nycli a.
xanthom elaenae, Tetrastichus.
Xanthorlioe praefectaia, (New Zea-
land Flax-grul)), bionomics and

control of, in New Zealand, 49, 82.
xanthostigmus, Bracon.
Xenoborus commissuralis, on

Fraxinvs nigra in U.S.A., 401.
Xenoborus neglectus. sp. n., on

Fraxinus nigra in U.S.A., 401.
Xenoborus peititi, associated with

other Capsids on Fraxinus

americana in U.S.A., 401.
Xenoborus plagifer, on Fraxinus

nigra in U.S.A., 401.
Xiphidium, parasitised by Centro-

dora speciosissima in U.S.A., 362.
Xiphidium propinquum, predaceous

on Tomaspis flavilatera in Br.

Guiana, 139.
XL All, use of, against Taeniothrips

inconsequens, 420.

X-rays, use of, against Lasioderma

serricorne, 367.
Xyleborus, intercepted on Wistaria

in California, 427 ; Sporotrichum

ghbulijerum infesting, in Cuba,

349 ; measures against, in timber

in Dominica, 261 ; food-plants

of, in Dutch E. Indies, 388, 389 ;

a possible factor in dissemination

of mottling disease of sugar-cane

in Porto Rico, 514.
Xyleborus aflinis, in rubber in

Uganda, 260.
Xyleborus caiuerunus, in cacao,

associated with Diplodia in Ugan-
da, 260.
Xyleborus roffeae, in coffee in Dutch

E. Indies, 389 ; intercepted in

palm seeds in Java, 488 ; in

coffee in Tonkin, 54.
Xyleborus compactus, in tea in

Ceylon, 498.
Xyleborus eonfusus, in rubber in

Uganda, 260.
Xyleborus destruens, infesting teak

in Java, 536.
Xyleborus dispar, in apple and pear

in Italy, 157 ; in apples in

Noiway, 540.
Xyleborus fornicalus (Shot-hole

Borer of Tea), measures against,

in Ceylon, 135,181, 196, 261, 498.
Xyleborus imm at urus, in avocado in

Florida, 241.
Xyleborus perforans, measures

against, in coffee, etc.. in Dutch

Guiana, 125; in rubber in Uganda,

260.
Xyleborus saxeseni (see ^Y. xylo-

graphus).
Xyleborus xylographus, in apple in

Bohemia, 499.
Xiflia dolabriforviis, pests of, in

India, 291, 292.
Xyl'ma spp., control of, on apples

in Nova Scotia, 313.
Xylinades plagiaius, food- plants of,

in India, 291.
Xylococeus alni, regarded as a

synonym of X. bctulae, 336.
Xjjiococcus betulae, in N. America,

336.
Xylodectes ornatuy, food- plants of,

m India, 291.
xylographus, Xyleborus.
Xyhmyges eridania (Semi-tropical

Army Worm), measures against.

on sweet potatoes in Florida, 418.
Xylomyges sunia, on chard in Porto

Rico, 248.
Xylonomus propinquus, parasite of

Hesperophanes griseus in France,

268.
Xylopsocus capucinus, in Maiigifera

indica in India, 291.

728

INDEX.

xylostei, Prodphilus.

.rylostella, Cerostoma (see Plutella

maoilipennis).
Xyloterus lineatns, in Picea onioriea

in Balkans, 452 ; measures

against, in forests in Bavaria, 1.
Xylothrips flaripes, food- plants of,

in India, 291 ; on Hevea in

Sumatra, 64.
Xylotrechns annularis (see Chloro-

phorus).
Xyloirechvs bnqueti, in Shorea

rohusta in India, 292 ; not taken

in coifee in Tonkin, 50.
Xylotrechus (jaliani, in Ficua claaiica

in India, 292.
Xylotrechus javanicus, in Goffea

arabica in Java, 51.
Xylotrechus ])erforans, in sal in

India, 190.
Xylotrechus pyrrhoderus, in Japan,

154.
Xylotrechus quadripes (Coffee Borer),

in coffee in Ceylon, 48 ; measures

against, in coffee in India, 288,

292 ; bionomics of, and measures

against, in Tonkin, 50-54, 269, 518
Xylotrechus smei, food- plants of,

in India, 190, 292.
Xylotrupes gideon, on coconuts in

Sumatra, 64.
Xysticus gvlosus, natural enemy of

Lachno sterna in N. America, 256.
Xystrocera globosa, food- plants of,

in India, 292.

Yam (Dioscorea), food- plant of hard-
backs in Antigua, 414; weevils
intercepted in, in California, 127,
199 ; pests intercepted on, in
Hawaii, 33, 438 ; measures
against pests of, in Jamaica, 502 ;
Aspidiottis destructor on, in
Nigeria, 185 ; prohibition against
importation of, into U.S.A. from
Jamaica, 56.

yamadai, Kmiugia.

yanoniella, Nwnideopsis.

yanonis, Nippovaphis ; Stnviaphis.

Yellow Fungus (see Aschersonia
flavocitrina).

Yellow Sugar-cane Aphis (see Sipha
flava).

Yellow- necked Caterpillar (see
Datana ministra).

yezoensis, Tetraneura.

yoseviitii, Orothrips keUoggi.

ypsilon, Agrotis.

yuccae, Ceroputo.

Zabrus, measures against, on wheat

in France, 385.
zachrysa, Gracilaria.

Zadiprion, new sub- genus of saw-
flies, 24.

Zadiprion vallicola (see Neodiprion).

zaitzevi, Tmethis.

Zavipio belfragei, parasite of Spheno-
j)horus callosus in U.S.A., 379.

zeacolclla, Diairaea.

zeae, Girphis (Leucania) ; Spheno-
phorus.

zealandica, Odontria.

Zebra Caterpillar (see Ceramica
pi eta).

zebra, Olynthoscelis ; Theronia.

Zclkon-a acuminata, Buprestids in,
in Japan, 275.

Zelus mimns, predaceous on Tomas-
pis flavilatera in Br. Guiana, 139.

Zelus peregrinus, predaceous on
Peregrinus maidis in Hawaii, 330.

Zemelucha facialis, parasite of
Pyrausta penitali s in U.S.A., 117.

Zethenia rufescentaria, percentage
of parasitism in, in forests in
Japan, 370, 371.

Zeugophora scutellaris (Poplar Leaf-
miner), bionomics of, and meas-
ures against, in U.S.A., 216, 293.

Zeuzera aesculi (see Z. pyrina).

Zeuzera coffeae (Coffee Borer, Red
Borer), measures against, in Cey-
lon, 84, 374, 488 ; on tea in India,
375 ; food- plants of, in Dutch
E. Indies, 388 ; parasitised by
Amyosoma zeuzerae in Java, 104 ;
food- plants of, in Tonkin, 54.

Zeuzera postexcisa, in Dutch E.
Indies, 389.

Zeuzera pyrina, on apple in Italv,
157.

zeuzerae, Amyosoma.

zeylanicum, Ceresium .

Zinc Arsenate, and Bordeaux mix-
ture, 394 ; value of, as an insecti-
cide, 522.

Zinc Arsenite, in sprays, 81, 325,
394, 428, 495 ; and molasses, 495.

Zinc Phosphide, experiments with,
against lociists, 535.

Zinckeniafascialis (Small Beet Web-
worm), in Porto Rico, 248.

Zinnia, Poecilocapsus lineatus on,
in Canada, 25.

Zizyphus, Tachardia /occrt cultivated
on, in S. India, 135, 402.

Zizyphus JKJuba, pests of, in India,
135, 402, 403, 535.

Zizyphus xylopyra (Ghont), food-
plant of Tachardia lacca in India,
247.

Zophodia cactorum (see Gactoblasiis).

Zygaena ampelophaga (Vine Siriv-
idhi), measures against, in Cyprus,
71, 534.

Zygothrips, new species of, on sugar-
cane in Cuba, 349.

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