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OE oe eC ENS anes abel Viena wir we % . if "be Ve {| | eT aset eb aa Says COLO CC Seagnva Wiener tS wrlln mon untttteeetaeasi mC aethmy ang h Fes os | AP el POA DRA | |) if We > BS be SAE Rao paral Fed UPS Spares Poe vi Ono ic) aioe 3 ae Ona Lat ae i ate ral Ri (8 Cal ‘ - oa " ay d . § aw nny i fe mae my 1a oe f | ie ee ie " ves ‘ane : 7 " HOM, Ps een eee n° Nal a yes ae or % eo ny iy ey i iD My h . te wy @ Oo tna 7 a * ae Hin Heese a a nr Bh lL Gh oy ats Sen AUP eS eT Fg EN yo eG Snes a Pe. ra nay ms : en ial oF i oad ny! a) 5 ang i 7 nig sal e i 14 r ee aa ey 5 ; . 4 (ir . rr me fen a i. oes ' ee iP ay Paee Sane yesh ae viet i i ae nt cs a c mn nie 7 i r ivan Lif gain . ' oh iy Pn ong _ - nae ot, Rca, vs : ie hs , ve ee o “Tae as ne a ne Ay ae inst tie ie Paty ss “ A" i ay’ The ie, ? Be Ze ah a nee ’ c ene Yay >... mn >. 9 7 , ’ ae aii) __—s }) i , = Bea ah, al di a b i Fi Shy : iY 7 7 aia | Lo & i Ji ; 7 + . 4 WSs, a. wed H . ane otud 7 7 Wits Bi rT i ; mn mh (as a?) ; i a“ aay wu od he _ a i wa ahs ; AM ae te TC) ae ‘dys eu aay 4) Bh 5 a aL St 1 ae 7 , - ry ey , 7) ve) ee ay ua nv oF es a : —-_ uot * Antes 6s als » Way i - - "i ; ; a ‘a aie 1. ae Tie a ha i, m7 a ae | Ue : _ - 7 Hi oy e 3) _ ae My qt 4 ae oA Ws. ee ~ 00 le or (Ae es: Ae r i] 7 7 _ a Tr : ? : ot ; ‘tr y ve q 7 " . “he ae / - wary 7 7 7 7 i «fi Pt Dart at Tue ae To it : _ cn Dr a 7 aig 7 his 7 rm i . mY ve eo > eo ; Mn wa a | ay Hy ‘Aee Lik Mie: ny : ; . ) , x i ae, ¢ re, \ eo LUIS) ae A Oe i e in! fa 3 Bh, aa ti i a ey ‘a f a a i i oie a se? Uh + in i a ene Shi aN iy ay" oi ir ‘ a4, *) ) } H ih ie ioe ie Ane ys , _ LA r ‘ fi , : ae 7 bey _ a} a i ™ : . y ‘a ie ry ve ts - * in oe i oh. ity ite) aoe YY Ad a) Sale “a i H) 5 i le ts sh A eats a. re ae “ mo ie THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES B: MEDICAL AND VETERINARY. VOR. VIL ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. \a,2 « 26 26, f LONDON: S0LD BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 88, QUEEN’S GATE, LONDON, S.W. 7. 1919. Ail Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Honorary Committee of Management. VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Aucock, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Major HK. E. Austen, D.8.O., Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. Baasoawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Major-General Sir J. Ros—E Braprorb, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir Davip Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.MS. Mr. J.C. f. Fryer, Entomologist to the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. 8. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxweti Lerroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia. Dr. R. Stewart MacDoveatt, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir Joun McFapyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Parrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Danret Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstreap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nurratt, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor K. B. Poutton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davin Pratrn, C.M.G., C.1.E., F.R.S., Director, Roval Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Reap, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. RoruscHip. Dr. Hua Scorr, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Surpeiey, F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Mr. R. A. C. Spertine, C.M.G., Foreign Office. Sir Srewart Srockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. TuHeopatp, Vice-Principal, South-Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warsurton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-Governing Dominions is an ex officio member of the Committee. General Secretary. Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director and Loitor. Dr. Guy A. K. MarsHatt. Assistant Director, Dr. 8. A. NEAVE. Head Office—British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 8.W. 7. Publication Office.—88, Queen’s Gate, London, 8.W. 7. (653) ERRATA. 11 line 38 for “ cajennensis”’ read Lo 4a) Argus” 45 ,, Qafter “ chickens ” 63_,, 11 for “ D. ferrugatus ” GOMeraa iP a elvan 105), 13.) ~ Leshocampa ” 154m = OL OLD.?? (ae, One. ivaegyme’ ope cee lavlon (Ls i.) i Some Lie GTalk LIOR 55 822 “ Jarvis (F. E.) ” PO ores os) Cryloneura ? 9) 23 29 9) 3° “ cajennense.”’ ce Argas.”’ “in the Philippines.” * Diachlorus ferrugatus.” “ Neiva.” * Lesticocampa.” SIE “ Kvaegmyg.” “Taylor (H) H:.).” “ Graaf.” “ Jarvis (Miss F. E.).” * Cyrtoneura.” P1921/144. 1,500. 4.20. B.&F., Ltd. Gp.11/13 i . 2 Registered at the G.P.0. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post, VOL. VII. Ser. B. Part 1.—pp. 1-24. JANUARY, 1919. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES B: MEDICAL AND VETERINARY. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY sonian Instip, ia ees | * FEB251919 3} LONDON : SOLD BY. THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN’S GATE, S.W. 7. Price Gd. net. All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Bonorary Commiliee of Ranagement, VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman, — Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Atcoog, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Mr. E. E. Austen, Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. BacsHawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Sir J. Rose Braprorp, K.C.M.G., F.R.8., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir Davip Brucez, KC. B.; F.R.S., A.MLS. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Eolas: British Museum (Natural History). , Professor H. Maxwett Lrrroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir Jonn McCatt, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R. Stewart MacDoveat1, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir Jonn Mcfapyzan, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M. G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Danret Morris, K.OMG., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Nrwsteap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nurratt, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor B. B. Poutton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davip PRaIn, C.1.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Reap, K.C.M.G., C. B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. RoTHSCHILD. Dr. Hue Scorr, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Suiptay, F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Mr. R. SPERLING, Foreign Office. Sir Srewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. THEOBALD, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warsurton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions is an ex officio member of the Committee. . General Secretary. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office), Director and Editor. Dr. Guy A. K, MarRsHatt. Zissistant Director, Dr. 8. A. NEAVE. Head Office. British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, S.W. 7. Publication Office —89, Queen’s Gate, London, 8.W. t IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. See 2 Ror " SERIES B. Vou: VII.] [1919. Krrx (H. B.). On Mosquito Larvicides—Trans. & Proc. New Zealand Inst. for 1917, Wellington, |, 15th July 1918, pp. 193-196. The control of mosquito larvae is usually effected either by means of a film that prevents their breathing when they come to the surface, or by the use of a lethal agent that diffuses evenly throughout the water. The substances generally used are crude petroleum for the former and an emulsion of crude carpolic acid for the latter, Light oil, which comprises those constituents of coal-tar distillate that have a boiling-point up to 392° or 410° F., is very fatal to fly larvae or to adult flies when sprayed in mixture or in emulsion with 3 or 4 parts of water. It has to be applied in greater strength to kill the pupae. Experiments with the larvae of various species of Culex found in New Zealand, and with the larvae of a Culicine mosquito often found in brackish water-on the coast near Wellington, have shown that light oil is most useful as a mosquito larvicide, whether used as a film or as an emulsion. It makes a film that spreads more rapidly than crude petroleum ; its colour enables the operator to see at a glance whether the film is complete ; it is very fatal to insects, and a larva thrusting the breathing-siphon into the film is paralysed and seldom comes again to the surface. Experiments with dishes of the same size, containing equal quantities of water and the same number of larvae at the same stage, and treated with light oil and crude petroleum respectively, have shown that the larvae in the former case have all been dead, or helpless on the bottom within fifteen minutes, while those under the crude petroleum have been alive and active after an hour or more. In view of the possible Wreaking of the film by wind, comparative rapidity of action is a matter of great importance. The film is best produced by spraying, but the oil may be sprinkled from a bottle or other vessel, or a leafy twig may be dipped in it and shaken over the water. A spraying instrument should be chosen ° withgut rubber tubing, as some constituents of light oil are solvents of rubber. (C530) Wt. P2/137. 1,500. 1.19. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. A 9 wr Toughening of the film may be effected by well shaking up the light oil with raw linseed oil just before application, though whether the advantage gained is sufficient to justify a strong advocacy of its use is uncertain. In testing the efficacy of crude carbolic acid, an emulsion was made as follows :—Crude carbolic acid containing about 15 per cent. phenol was heated to 212° F., finely pulverised resin was added, and the mix- ture boiled till all the resin was dissolved. Caustic soda was then added and the mixture kept at 212° F. for about 10 minutes, or until a perfectly dark emulsion without sediment was obtained, the mixture being thoroughly stirred from the time the resin was added to the end. Tt is claimed that 1 part of this mixture in 5,000 parts of water containing mosquito larvae will kill them all within 5 mimutes, or in 30 minutes when used in the proportion of 1 to 8,000. The author did not obtain results as good as these, though much better ones were arrived at when using an emulsion of light oil. Experiments with iron and copper sulphates, potassium ferrocyanide, and other well-known substances gave negligible results. When there is no access of fresh water, an emulsion that contains nearly all the light oil that the emulsionising agent can carry and that has no needless water may be used in the proportion of 1 in 32,000. The following are reliable formulae :—(1) Soft soap, 100 parts ; light oil 440 parts; water, 100 parts; caustic soda, 80 parts; the light oil being added after the other substances have been heated together to 212° F. ; the resultant substance is a thick jelly that may be liquefied by dilution with water. (2) Soft soap, 20 parts; light oil, 50 parts ; giving a thick, jelly-lke soap. (3) Castor-oil 50 parts ; caustic soda (sat. sol. of 98 per cent. caustic soda), 15 parts; water, 20 parts ; light oil, 170 parts ; the castor oil and caustic soda being first boiled together to make an even yellow-green soap, to which the light oil may then be added ; the resulting emulsion is a clear liquid that keeps well. ; Owing to the shortage of potash, soft-soap is becoming costly, and other emulsionising agents are being experimented with, good results having been obtained with resin, neatsfoot-oil, and whale-oil. The last is the cheapest and is used for work in military camps, but it is sometimes difficult to saponify it by the means available. Ticks affecting Big Game. —1/th Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric. Province of Saskatchewan for Siateen Months ended 30th April 1916, Regina, 1916, pp. 232-235, 2 figs. [Received 3rd October 1918. ] Dermacentor albipictus (moose-tick or wood-tick) is not generally considered to be of economic importance, but of recent years it has been recorded as an ingportant pest of horses and cattle, especially the former. Reports from California, Montana and Oregon state that in districts infested by D. venustus (Rocky Mountain spotted- fever tick) the combined attack of these two species, together with a shortage of feed in spring, often causes the death of numbers of horses in cases where they are not properly cared for. D. albipictus has also been recorded from Manitoba on the ntoose, and is found also on the wapiti and horse, being a common species 3 throughout the northern United States and Canada. It does not drop off its host to moult, and is found upon it chiefly during the winter and spring months. The scarcity of moose in some seasons is attributed to the attacks of ticks in the previous spring, the pests being present in thousands and causing the death of the host from exhaustion following loss of blood. The non-parasitic part of the life-history begins in the spring, when the engorged fertilised female drops off the host to oviposit.: Under laboratory conditions in British Columbia, oviposition began in April, 3,000 to 5,000 eggs beimg deposited by each female during the months of May and June, and the larvae began to emerge in July. It was found that the pre-oviposition period ranged from 7 to 134 days, the incubation period from 33 to 71 days, and the longevity of the larvae from 50 to at least 346 days. The combined pericds range normally from 159 to 479 days. The larvae attach themselves to their host during the autumn, winter and spring months. Duwn (L. H.). The Lake Mosquito, Mansona titillans, Wik., and its Host Plant, Pistia stratiotes, L., in the Canal Zone, Panama (Dip. : Culicidae).—Entom. News, Philadelphia, xxix, nos. 7-8, July- October 1918, pp. 260-269 & 288-295. Prominent changes in the flora and insect fauna of the Canal Zone, Panama, have been caused by the formation of the great artificial lake covering more than 170 square miles and having a maximum depth of more than 87 feet. Part of this area was known as the “black swamp,” and in this region, several square miles in extent, a few scattered masses of Pistia stratiotes (wild water lettuce), the host plant of Taenorhynchus (Mansoma) titillans (lake mosquito), occurred in various small bodies of water. The spread of the plant at this time was very slow, and the mosquitos were present in relatively small numbers. However, with the rising of the lake the plants were carried to the periphery of the inundated lowlands, where the thick forest growth and stagnant waters offered good protection. Conse- quently they increased so rapidly that large floating islands were soon formed, covering the surface of the water in masses several miles in diameter. The association of the larvae of 7. titalians with the Prstia plant was first discovered in 1910. The eggs are attached in a mass to the under-surface of a Prstia leaf lying flat, or nearly so, on the surface of the water. When the larva emerges from the egg it descends into the mass of rootlets and pierces the thin outer skin of one of them with its pointed air siphon, which remains in the opening, the larva com- pleting its development attached in this manner to the host-plant. It feeds on the microscopic plankton, desquamations from the plant roots, and other vegetable débris fotnd in abundance among the root- masses, the particles often becoming attached to the larva in such a way that it resembles a piece of decayed vegetable fibre. Under laboratory conditions the larvae develop very slowly and are difficult to rear, seeming to thrive better in water that is stagnant and quite foul with vegetable débris than in clean fresh water. When placed in a dish containing no plant life the larvae are able to live for (C530) G 4 a few days as free living larvae, somewhat similar to those of Culex. However, they seldom live longer than 5 or 6 days in a jar that does not contain Pistia plants. The pupa forms and escapes from the larval skin without causing the latter to become detached from the air-supplying rootlet, the pupal period ranging from 2 to 5 days, 3 being the average. The emergence of the adult occurs at night, possibly during the early morning hours, the pupa becoming detached from the plant and rising to the surface of the water, where the pupal skins are always found. T. titillans is tropical or sub-tropical in its habitat, being found in some parts of the southern United States, Mexico, Central and South America, and the Antilles. In Panama it is at present the most ubiquitous mosquito of the Gatun Lake region. Being a strong flier, it travels long distances and may be met with in the jungle several miles from the lake shore. It bites readily at all hours between sunset and sunrise, but shuns the light as much as possible and does not usually bite in broad daylight. This species is a persistent biter, readily piercing even the tough cuticle of the palm of the hand, and thin clothing offers but little protection against its attacks. The feeding of a female sometimes continues for a period exceeding 10 minutes, and one specimen, kept alive in captivity for 17 days, in that time took 14 blood meals. T. titillans is present in the Canal Zone throughout all months of the year, but is most abundant from late April to early October. As far as known at present this mosquito is not concerned with the transmission of any disease to man or domestic animals, but should it ever prove to be a vector, the only means of eliminating it will be by the eradication of Pistia stratiotes, which is presumably essential to its larval existence. These plants are readily killed by arsenical sprays and will decay and sink in from 6 to 8 days after treatment. They are remarkably free from natural insect enemies, there being only one, the larva of a small moth, Samea multiplicalis, Gn., which destroys large numbers by tunnelling into, and feeding upon, the leaves. This, however, does not constitute an efficient control, owing to the rapid propagation of the plant by means of both seeds and runners. : Snyper (T. E.). A Peculiar Habit of a Horsefly (Zabanus americanus) in the Florida Everglades.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, D.C., xix, no. 1-4; March, June, September, December, 1917: pp. 141-145, 2 plates. [Received 22nd October 1918. | During the month of March 1917, many thousands of adults of ‘ Tabanus americanus were observed in flight over one district in Dade County, Florida. The flies took to the wing at daybreak ; each morning they could be heard leaving the tree-trunks where they had been resting and striking the foliage as they rose. The flight generally lasted about twenty minutes, beginning with a buzzing sound that gradually increased to a dull roar. Individuals hovered particularly over openings in the forest or over the road, in the manner of Syrphids. It is not known whether this is a mating flight. Mules in the district were protected with closely-fitting coverings of sacking; men were 5 attacked even through thick clothes. By the end of June individuals of T. americanus had almost disappeared, while another species of Tabanid had become more numerous, MastTerRMAN (HE. W. G.). Jerusalem from the Point of View of Health and Disease.—Lancet, London, exciv, no. 4930, 23rd February 1918, pp. 305-307, 2 figs. Malaria is the greatest scourge of Jerusalem, being practically universal in autumn when the malignant tertian form is prevalent. Mosquitos are abundant, and of these Anopheles maculipennis is plentiful. BaBer (Lieut. E.). A Method of Trapping Fly Larvae in Manure Heaps. — Lancet, London, ecxcix, no. 4935, 30th March 1918, p. 471, 1 fig. This method is used at Potchefstroom Camp, Transvaal, in dealing with the manure of over 1,000 horses. It consists in isolating the manure heaps by sinking round them a gutter 34 inches deep, which is not V-shaped, but has concave sides with the greatest depth of the curves near the lips (ground-level), so that there is a marked overhang. The sides must be smooth, and at Potchefstroom sheet metal for the purpose was obtained from paraffin tins. Fly larvae are unable to climb such surfaces and they can only live in the space between the edge of the heap and the gutter, being quickly killed by the heat inside the heap (130° —160°F.). The general plan of the trap is a narrow rectangle, the gutter for one of the short-sides being moveable. This short gutter is simply laid on the ground and the earth from the manure heap to it is banked up so that the larvae can get into it without difficulty. Its ends are open so that the larvae can drop into the long sunk gutters on either side. This loose gutter is moved along as the heap increases, while the manure at the other end may be removed after sufficient time has elapsed to ensure the destruction of the larvae there. Close attention to minutiae is essential if this method is to be successful. The adult flies that are attracted to the heap are destroyed by the sodium arsenite bait method, leafy branches sprayed with this poison being hung from a wire stretched over the top of the dump. Houaeu (F. P. W.). Extermination of Mosquitoes at the Naval Proving Ground.—U.8. Naval Bull., Washington, D.C., xii, no. 1, January 1918, pp. 144-146. Owing to their location, the naval proving ground and smokeless powder factory have always had a bad reputation for mosquitos, and malaria has been prevalent. Anophelines represented about 10 per cent. of the mosquitos present. Oil had been used regularly and all Navy quarters and offices were well screened. The former measure was not practical owing to the ground being swamp land. A campaign was begun in the early spring [of 1917], the insecticide used being “ nitre cake,” a by-product in the manufacture of powder, so that the total cost of the work was the pay of one labourer and the supervision of the medical officer. Nitre cake is an impure sodium 6 acid sulphate, containing about 30 per cent. free acid. This substance being solid and partly granular, dissolves slowly, and it has been found that in water containing 10 per cent. by volume of the sulphate the mosquito eggs will hatch, but the larvae nearly all die, very few reaching the pupal stage. In practice a much stronger solution was obtained by well loading the pools. Grass and weeds around the pools are killed by the acid, which is an advantage on land of this character. Mosquitos appear to have been almost eliminated and the cases of malaria have decreased, no new ones having been treated during the year. Bonne (C.). A Dengue-like Fever in Dutch Guiana.—J/. Trop. Med. Hygiene, London, xxi, no. 18, 16th September 1918, pp. 189-193, 8 charts. In 1917 several cases of a benign fever of the dengue type were observed at Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana, a colony from which no dengue or fever allied to dengue has ever been described. All the well developed cases were in newly-arrived individuals or in children, and none occurred among the Creole, negro and mulatto populations, which enjoy an acquired immunity. Among the abundant mosquitos present were Culex fatigans (quinquefasciatus) and Stegomyia fasciata (Aédes calopus). CHALMERS (A. J.). Notes on some minor Cutaneous Affections seen in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan.—Jl. Trop. Med. Hygiene, London, xxi, no. 19, Ist October 1918, pp. 197-200, 7 figs. At Khartoum cases of oedema of the eyelids are ascribed to the bites of ants, and it is stated in this paper that where ants were kept away from beds by means of powdered camphor no swellings of the eyelids occurred. GABBI (U.). Febbre di Tre Giorni. [Three Day Fever. }|—Malaria ¢ Malattie det Paesi Caldi, Parma, ix, no. 3-4, May—September 1918, pp. 78-83, 2 figs. This is a monograph intended for medical men and students. Phlebotomus papatasii is the subject of a brief mention as the carrier. Fermi (C.). Sull effettuato Risanamento antimalarico di Trinitapoli. [The Successful Liberation of Trinitapoli from Malaria.]— La Malariologia, Naples, Ser. I, xi, no. 1, 28th February 1918, pp. 3-23. This is a detailed description of the measures successfully adopted at Trinitapoli, province of Foggia, against malaria. The work was done on lines similar to DORE employed i in Sardinia [see this Review, Hens; vp. Lt7 McCuttocu (Col. C. C.). Dengue Fever.—New Orleans Med. & Surg. Jl., New Orleans, lxx, no. 9, March 1918, pp. 694-706. The major portion of this paper is clinical. The history of dengue is dealt with. The causal agent is an intramuscular organism in the 7 blood, somewhat similar to the Prroplasma (Babesia) bigeminum of Texas cattle fever. Culex fatigans is the principal transmitter, but Brooks recorded Stegomyia fasciata (calopus) as the only mosquito present in one epidemic observed by him, and in Australia in 1916 this mosquito was experimentally proved to be a vector [see this Review. Ser. B, iv, p. 1961. DunLEY-OweEN (Major A.). Notes on Malaria.--S. African Med. Record, Cape Town, xvi, no. 9, 11th May 1918, pp. 136-138. This paper is a record of the author’s experience in the treatment of malaria. With regard to the question whether the mosquitos of the Cape are malaria carriers, a case is instanced where this was undoubtedly true: a soldier who had never had malaria and who had lived in the Cape Peninsula for the past six years having a heavy infection of subtertian rings, while crescents were found a few days later. Le Prince (J. A.). Malaria Control in the Environment of the Cantonments.— Southern Med. Jl., Birmingham, Ala., xi, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 551-554. This paper describes the anti-mosquito measures employed for the military cantonments and aviation fields established in the southern States of the Union during the present War. The work has been done on recognised lines, varying according to local geographical conditions. Derivaux (R. C.). Some Results of Malaria Control by Control of the Insect Host: Public Health and Economie Aspects.— Southern Med. Jl., Birmingham, Ala., xi, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 556-561, 4 charts. This is a synopsis of results gained in a number of control campaigns conducted under the advisory supervision of the United States Health Service, anti-mosquito work being in most cases the chief, and in some the sole measure adopted. Abstracts of the reports have already been published. Jarvis (EK. M.). Report on Ixodie Lymphangitis (German East Africa Campaign, 1916-1917) made to the A.D.V.S., Dar-es-Salaam.— Vet. JI., London, \xxiv, no. 2, February 1918, pp. 44-53. This paper describes a number of conditions due to secondary infection of wounds caused by the bites of ticks in horses, mules, asses, and more rarely cattle and sheep. The micro-organisms con- cerned include the Preis Nocard bacillus, Cryptococcus farciminosus (occasionally), the necrosis bacillus, staphylococci, etc. In Southern Rhodesia the disease was almost entirely spread and mechanically conveyed by a tick, Amblyomma variegatum, but it seems to have disappeared from there since tick eradication was effected. It is stated that an examination of over 1,000 cases in ‘‘ German ” East Africa showed that 75 per cent. contracted: the disease through the 8 agency of Amblyomma and 20 per cent. through the agency of Stomoxys. The remaining 5 per cent. were directly moculated through the entry of organisms by abrasions from thorns, etc. That the one genus of ticks should be so pernicious is due to the length of the rostrum, to the habit of keeping the rostrum pendulous and so scooping up the virus off contaminated ground, to the polyandrous habit aggravating the lesion, and to the considerable longevity of the tick, affording it an opportunity of leaving an infected host and attaching itself to another. Stomowys and Tabanids have been observed to infect unabraded tissue by direct inoculation, and tick birds may be mechanical carriers, as they peck at open wounds and go from one animal to another. As regards prophylaxis, the author found in Southern Rhodesia that if ticks were pulled off within 12 hours no infection resulted, as the rostrum had not penetrated to the sub- connective tissue. In the East African campaign this measure proved fairly successful in the 4th S.A. Horse on the march. Even up to 24 hours the disease could be prevented by pulling the ticks off (rostrum and all), squeezing the minute sinus which exudes a serous discharge, _ and painting with iodised phenol (1:4). This method was eminently successful [in South Africa] and all the B.S. A. police were supplied with a small bottle and brush, and not one case occurred in the force after its practical application. It could not be employed during this campaign as drugs were unobtainable. Under peace conditions tick eradication, the destruction of flies and of refuse, and the segre- gation of malignantly infected wounds, may be adopted, but this policy would require a few years. BautLowE (H. L.). The Breeding of Mosquitos in Alkaline Water.— Psyche, Boston, Mass., xxv, no. 4, August 1918, p. 96. [Received 31st October 1918. ] The case is recorded of both Anopheles and Culex breeding in large numbers in a solution of caustic soda, prepared to kill San José scale and left standing exposed to the weather for about eight months. Adults that developed from this solution appeared normal. Martini (E.). K6rperentlausung durch Enthaarungspulver zwecks Fleckfieberbekéampfung. [Freeing the Body from Lice by means of a Depilatorygn order to combat Typhus.]—Miinchener Med. Wochenschr., Munich, \xv, no. 15, 9th April 1918, p. 404. In maintaining the body free from lice, especially in the case of individuals not over-particular as to the condition of their persons, the use of a depilatory powder was found very valuable in Poland. The powder contains strontium sulfuricum 2 parts, zinc oxide 1 part, and powdered tale 1 part. For use the powder is worked to a thin paste with water and this compound is then spread on the hair that is to be removed. In 10-15 minutes the application is dry and may be lifted off the skin which remains quite smooth. This method is not recommended for use on the head and face. It must be followed by a bath and the skin which has been treated may require to be slightly greased with oil or vaseline. 9 Krrscupaum (—). Zur Epidemiologie der Malaria.—Miinchener Med. Wochenschr., Munich, lxv, no. 39, 24th September 1918, pp. 1074-1076. The author confirms the conclusions reached in a previous paper with the same title [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 58] that the malaria outbreak was due to latent infection, the plasmodia in man being rendered active by the warmth of spring. The climate in summer in this region of north-western Russia seems so unfavourable to the development of plasmodia in the mosquito that big epidemics are not to be feared. In 1917 the number of cases was only 37°6 per cent. of that in 1916; only 6 occurred among civilians, none being in children. This would prove that the infection was introduced by German troops from other parts of Russia. Report of the Government Entomologist on the Spread of the Tsetse Fly and Trypanosomiasis in the Wankie District.— British S. Africa Dept. Agric., Salisbury, 23rd June 1918. [MS. Received from the’ Colonial Office 10th October 1918. ] The results of investigations into tsetse-fly conditions in. various localities of the Wankie District of Southern Rhodesia are reported and discussed. The problem of dealing with the increase in abundance of the fly [Glossina morsitans] and the consequent spread of trypanosomiasis has become a serious one. The suggestions made as to the measures calculated to check the fly include :— (1) Throwing open a guard area to free shooting. This it is believed would probably do more harm than good, as it would almost undoubtedly léad to poaching in neighbouring fly country with the result of driving game back into the open area; while a remote area would never be thoroughly cleared by professional hunters for the reason that it would not pay. (2) Organised destruc- tion of game, by driving big game from a guard area and keeping that area free. By this means a state of equipoise might be reached between the tendency of the fly to spread and human efforts to keep it back. This would entail the permanent employment of one or more wardens with a staff of native hunters, and is considered to be out of the question. It is thought, however, that a properly organised attack on the whole area invaded or threateséd by tsetse-fly would have an excellent chance of success. This idea involves the wholesale extermination of game, first around the boundaries of the infected area and gradually towards the centre, and such an undertaking appears both feasible and economically sound. (3) Deforestation of a guard area. A difficulty about this scheme is that it is not known how wide a cleared area would prove an effective check ; it is thought that the cleared strip should be at least 200 miles long and would consequently cost a large sum of money to establish and maintain, while it would very likely prove ineffective. (4) Deforestation of a strip of country, perhaps a mile wide, fenced on both sides to prevent game crossing over. While this might be an effective barrier it. would be far too expensive in construction and maintenance and too doubtful in result to be worth serious consideration. (5) Destruction of winter haunts in threatened areas. It is suggested that as the fly is dependent 10 durmg the time that the trees are leafless upon evergreen trees in the vicinity of water courses, the removal of such trees would probably render the locality unsuitable as a permanent fly belt. In conclusion it is pointed out that no method of definitely checking tsetse is known, and any measures taken must be in the nature of experiments. The necessity for begining dipping experiments in relation to tsetse-fly as quickly as possible is emphasised. Dunn (L. H.). The Tick as a possible Agent in the Collocation of the Eggs of Dermatobia hominis.—Jl. of Parasitology, Urbana, Iil., iv, no. 4, June 1918, pp. 154-158. [Received 16th October 1918.] The case is recorded of man being attacked on several occasions by ticks im the interior of Panama, the wound caused by the bite of the tick being discovered later to be infested with a larva of Dermatobia hominis, which had evidently hatched from an egg deposited by the tick during its attack. The tick concerned was in all probability Amblyomma cajennense, which has a variety of hosts and attacks man and all classes of both domestic and wild animals with equal freedom. The incrimination of ticks in the dispersion of eggs of D. hominis opens up a new field. Previous writers have adduced more or less convincing evidence that a mosquito, Janthinosoma (Psorophora) lutzi, is the active agent in this dispersal, but it has never been proved to be the sole carrier. Among many mosquitos collected at the time and in the vicinity of the above-mentioned attacks, J. lutzi was not found. : Cory (EK. N.). The Control of House Flies by the Maggot Trap.— Maryland State Coll. Agric. Expt. Sta., College Park, Bull. no. 218, February 1918, pp. 103-126, 12 figs. [Received 15th October 1918. ] The subject-matter of the first part of this bulletin has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. B, i, p. 134]. In the years 1914, 1915 and 1916 the average percentage of maggot destruction was 95°8 per cent. The reduction in fly prevalence in 1914 was 76 per cent., but in 1915 and 1916 this was not so marked, the apparent discrepancy being probably due to the presence of additional fly breeding sources and the difficulty of obtaining accurate results on fly reduction. Modifications of the traps as dictated by experience have evolved a trap that is practical for the farm producing large quantities of manure daily. ‘Lhe close packing of manure, the watering of the heap and the return of leached materials to the manure tends to conserve its fertilising value, and the labour involved is only slightly greater than that required to dump the manure in a heap. The saving in fertiliser and the destruction of a large percentage of the flies, particularly on isolated farms, will more than repay the cost of construction and operation. : A table shows the seasonal prevalence, from July to October, of the flies trapped, including :—Musca domestica, Muscina stabulans, M. assimilis, Pollenia rudis, Phormia regina, Lucilia caesar, L. sericata, Calliphora vomitoria, Graphomyia maculata, Ophyra leucostoma, Uh: Stomoxys calcitrans, Pseudopyrellia cornicina, Morellia micans and Chrysomyia macellaria, the latter not having been previously recorded from Maryland. e Barker (C. N.). Some Records of Predaceous Insects and their Prey in the Durban Museum.—Ann. Durban Museum, ii, no. 2, 30th July 1918, pp. 94-96. A species of Bembex is recorded as preying upon seven species of Asilids, two of Tabanids, Glossina morsitans, Westw., and Sarcophaga haemorrhoidalis, Mg. Barpar (B.) & Dios (R. L.). Contribuci6n al Estudio de la Sistematica y Biologia de los Ixodidae de la Repiblica Argentina y de algunos Pafses vecinos. [Contribution to the Study of the Systematic Position and Biology of the Ixodids of the Argentine Republic and some neighbouring Countries. Rev. Inst. Bactertolégico Dept. Nac. Higiene, Buenos Aires, i, no. 3, April 1918, pp. 285-322, 3 plates. [Received 18th October 1918.] This study of the parasitic Arthropods of domestic and wild animals of the Argentine Republic and neighbouring countries has been undertaken in view of the increased interest in the subject from the point of view of the transmission of disease. A key is given to the species of ticks known to occur in the countries investigated, including : ARGASIDAE, Argas persicus, Ok., a common parasite of domestic poultry, to which it transmits spirochaetosis, living in the crevices of hen-coops and pigeon-houses and attacking the birds at night Ornithodorus megnini, Dug., is frequently found in the ears of sheep, cattle and llamas and sometimes of man, particularly children. O. talaje, Guér., recorded from Asuncién, Paraguay, is found in cracks in the walls of houses and hen-coops; this species remains hidden during the day and attacks both man and animals in the night. O. turicata, Dug., is parasitic upon man and pigs and is probably identical with O. rostratus, Arag., which is believed to be the transmitter of relapsing fever in Colombia. Representatives of the [xoprpaz include Amblyomma altiplanum, Dios, abundant on llamas and apparently peculiar to this host ; A. agamum, Arag., found on a snake, Xenodon merremi, investigations on this species indicating that it is parthenogenetic, though this has not been definitely proved; A. brasiliensis, Arag., from Paraguay ; A. cajennensis, F., which is widely distributed in sub-tropical America, attacking man as well as practically all domestic and wild animals ; A. maculatum, Koch, which is common in Argentina, the habitual host being the dog, though cattle, deer and sometimes horses are also attacked ; A. testudinis, Con., taken on tortoises; and Boophilus (Margaropus) annulatus var. microplus, Can. Shipyard Sanitation. —California State Bd. Health Mthly. Bull., Sacramento, xiv, no. 2, August 1918, pp. 61-64, 3 figs. [Received 19th October 1918.] The entire shipbuilding industry of California has lately been threatened owing to the heavy infestation by mosquitos of the marshy 12 land surrounding the shipyards, and the consequent interruption of work. The matter became so serious that the Consulting Entomo- logist of the State Board of Health was detailed to deal with it. Drainage operations on the marsh were undertaken, with oiling of the pools where ditching and draining was impossible. The complete abatement of the mosquito nuisance was secured in the vicinity of the shipyards by these measures. The restaurants that have sprung up in the vicinity to meet the requirements of largely increased bands of shipbuilders have also been inspected ; these were found to be ina very insanitary condition and have been greatly improved, all places where food is exposed being now screened from flies. RosBertson (W.A.N.). Diseases of Sheep.—J1. Dept. Agric. Victoria, Melbourne, xvi, no. 7, July 1918, pp. 410-415. [Received 19th October 1918.1] Among the diseases of sheep dealt with in this paper is that caused by the sheep bot-fly [Oestrus_ ovis] [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 93]. The infestation very seldom does any serious harm to the animals. To prevent the adult flies from attacking sheep it is suggested that battens smeared with tar should be placed about two inches apart over a trough of food or over the lick. The tar becomes smeared on the nostrils of the sheep and acts as a repellent to the fly. Taytor (F. H.). Australian Tabanidae [Diptera]. No. iii-—Proc. Iinn. Soc. N.S.W., Sydney, xiii, no. 3, 31st October 1917, pp- 513-528, 1 plate. [Received 21st October 1918.] This paper includes notes on the following Tabanids: Pelecorhynchus maculipennis, Macq., P. fusconger, Wik., P. mirabilis, sp.n., Hrephopsis gibbula, Wlk., Diatomineura auriflua, Don., D. testacea, Macq., D. pulchra, Ric., D. montana, Ric., D. auripleura, sp. n., Corizoneura fulva, Macq., Palimmecomyia celaenospila, gen. et sp.n., Silvius stradbrokei, sp. n., S. psarophanes, sp. nu., Demoplatus australis, Ric., Caenoprosopon hamlym, sp.n., Tabanus hackeri, sp.n., T. confusus, sp. n., TZ. parvicallosus, Ric., T. laticallosus, Ric., T. rufoabdominalis, sp.n., ZT. dubwosus, Ric., T. froggatti, Ric., T. edentulus, Macq., and T. brisbanensis, sp. 0. The Cattle Tick in Australia.—Commonwealth of Australia Advisory Council of Science & Industry, Melbourne, Bull. no. 1, 1917, 30 pp., 4 plates. [Received 22nd October 1918. ] Boophilus australis (cattle tick) may affect the health of cattle in two distinct ways, namely by conveying tick fever and by the uritation, etc., caused by its presence.. This fact of the tick being capable of giving rise to sickness per se by gross infestation, has not always been recognised, and early records of the pest refer almost exclusively to tick fever. The particular form of piroplasmosis known as tick fever in Australia is due to Piroplasma (Babesia) bigeminum, which is also the cause of Texas fever in the United States of America and similar diseases in Europe, Asia, South America and South Africa. 13 It is considered probable that this pest was introduced into America by cattle imported by the Spaniards during the early colonisation of Mexico. Circumstantial evidence points to the importation of Brahma cattle from Batavia into Australia in 1872 as being the source of Australian infestation. This bulletin deals at length with the life-history of the tick, tick infestation, tick fever, its treatment, and measures of protection against it. Of these, artificial inoculation confers immunity for a period of 1 to 2 years, or occasionally longer in individual cases. An moculated individual, however, acts as a reservoir of infection, and since all ticks are not infective, there is little doubt that protective inoculation has been an important factor in the dissemination of tick fever in certain centres in Queensland. In New South Wales an official embargo exists against moculation, as, with the exception of a single locality on the Queensland border, infective ticks are not known to exist in that State. The loss from mortality caused by tick fever in Queensland alone is estimated at £7,000,000 sterling, and considerable loss from this cause has also occurred in the Northern Territory and Western Australia. Further, the affected States have suffered considerable direct loss from deaths due to tick worry, interference with the natural increase of the herds, retardation of growth and improvement of stock, and from diminished production of meat, milk and dairy products. The decrease in the value of leather production of Queensland amounts to about £114,000 for one year alone. Apart from these direct losses, the expenditure occasioned in connection with the erection and main- tenance of dipping vats, and general disturbance of stock business, is also very considerable. The cost to New South Wales of putting into operation restrictive measures has amounted for the past 5 years to £123,480. Moreover the value of land in infested and adjoining areas has depreciated even up to 40 per cent., and when the extent of acreage involved is considered, this loss alone becomes stupendous. The general methods of tick eradication directed against the pest in its free existence are the “ starving-out method,” usually combined in practice with the “ pasture rotation” system. By this means all possible hosts of the tick are excluded from pastures until sufficient time has elapsed for the tick to die out and the eggs to perish, the cattle bemg removed systematically to clean pastures before the eggs laid by the matured females dropping from them have time to hatch out. The land thus vacated is immediately placed under cultivation, and is not re-stocked until it may be assumed to be tick-free. Field observations in the north coast districts of New South Wales indicate that this period exceeds one year. The most efficacious direct method of dealing with the pest is by attacking it during its parasitic existence by hand-picking and grooming or by hand-dressing and spraying, or by dipping, the last being the only practicable way of treating unhandled cattle and horses. It is also the cheapest method for the treatment of large numbers. Experience has shown that arsenic is the only reliable tick-destroying agent, there being several efficient official formulae for arsenious cattle dips, such as:— Queensland Cattle Dip “ A,’—Arsenious acid 8 Ib., caustic soda 4 Ib., Stockholm tar } gal., tallow or oil (animal or vegetable) 4 lb., water 400 gals. ; Queensland Cattle Dip B,—Arsenious acid 8 Ib.. 14 caustic soda 4 Ib., bone oil 1 gal., water 400 gals.; New South Wales Dip,—Arsenious acid 8 lb., washing soda 12 lb., common hard soap 2 lb., Stockholm tar (best) 4 to 1 gal., water—add to 400 gals, The effect of these arsenical preparations is not immediately notice- able, and for eradicating the pest the treatment must be continuous and systematically carried out, dipping being practised every fifteenth day. The tendency is for owners to stop treatment too soon, with the result that eradication is often approached but not accomplished. The success that has attended tick-eradication work in the United States is primarily due to the educational campaign. The treatment adopted is thoroughly and systematically applied, and, as eradication is aimed at in America, the yards, dippmg vats and other structures used in connection with the work are not of a permanent character, and are therefore cheaper, which means that more are acquired for a given outlay. The work has been greatly facilitated by the Federal authorities assuming control of stock and of satisfactory fencing opera- tions, by the existence of an extensive system of railways, and, to a material degree, by the severity of the winter weather being inimical to tick life. In New South Wales, the main operations have so far aimed at keep- ing the tick from spreading south, and there does not appear to be any prospect of complete eradication of the pest under the existing disabilities which are inseparable from State Administration. Even when it has been accomplished, as has been the case in two large areas, there is always the risk of re-introduction from Queensland, unless extermination is effected there also. Many of the difficulties that militate against eradication in New South Wales obtain in Queensland in an accentuated form, and there seems but little likelihood of the tick being exterminated until operations are sustained by Federal intervention. Worm Nodules in Cattle-—Commonwealth of Australia Advisory Council of Science & Industry, Melbourne, Bull. no. 2, 1917, 31 pp. [Received 22nd October 1918.] This bulletin contains the report of a special committee appointed to enquire into the nodule disease in cattle and to make recommenda- tions as to a future plan of research. The deliberations of the committee came under two heads :—The economic aspect of the worm nodule question, having regard to the necessary mutilation of infested carcases before export ; and the scientific aspect, two series of investiga- tions being conducted, one in view of the hypothesis that the trans- mitting agent is a biting fly, and the other that the parasite is probably water or soil borne. The committee recommended that specific experiments should be undertaken to ascertain whether biting flies are the transmitters of this parasite, and that the full financial assist- ance asked for be granted. In the opinion of some members of the committee the discovery of the source of infection may eventually save Queensland over £1,000,000 per annum, if the grazier is aided in preventing infection. Other papers included in this report deal with the occurrence of onchocerciasis in cattle and associated animals in countries other than Australia [see this Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 70]; bovine onchocerciasis 15 in South America [see this Review, Ser. B, v, p. 88] ; and investigations into the cause of onchocerciasis in cattle conducted in the Northern Territory [see this Review, Ser. B, iv, p. 8, and vi, p. 27]. CLELAND (J. B.), Dopp (S.) & McHacuran (J. F.). Further Investiga- tions into the Etiology of Worm-nests in Cattle due to Onchocerca gibsoni—Commonwealth of Australia Advisory Council of Science & Industry, Melbourne, Bull. no. 2, 1917, pp. 19-29. [Received 22nd October 1918. ] Accounts of earlier investigations on this subject by one of the present authors have already appeared [see this Review, Ser. B, 11, p. 207, and v, p. 110]. The experimental results of the work here detailed were, in both instances, negative, owing to the small number of both Tabanids and mosquitos present during the season. Report of the Medical Officer for 1917-1918.— Forty-seventh Ann. Rept. of the Local Govt. Bd., 1917-18; London, 1918, pp. 1—]xxviii. [Received 24th October 1918. | 5 Among the insect-borne diseases dealt with in this report are plague, which occurred on two vessels arriving in the Thames. Both ships came from the infected port of Bombay and carried cargoes attractive to rats, Mus rattus being the species commonly found on board. There was no extension of the infection after the vessels had been dealt with by the London Port Sanitary Authority. Louse-borne diseases such as typhus and trench fever largely increased owing to War conditions, and infestation by lice and scabies have become wide- spread among the civil population. Recently, however, methods adopted for disinfection and destruction of lice in the army have greatly increased in efficiency, and up to the present there has been no case known in which soldiers returning to this country have brought with them the infection of typhus, or of trench fever. During 1917, 178 cases of locally-acquired malaria were recorded in England. The areas affected were mostly those in which malaria or ague had been very prevalent up to the middle of the last century, and it is probable that in these and other areas a considerable risk arises of the re-estab- lishment of endemic centres of malaria owing to the return from abroad of men who are carriers of the malaria parasite. LEGER (L.). Grandes Lignes de la Répartition géographique des Zones Anophéliques dans le Sud-est de la France et Méthode d’Etude. [The Geographical Distribution of the Anopheline Zones in South- eastern France and the Method of Studying them. |—C.R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxvii, no. 11, 9th September 1918, pp. 399-401. The study of the geographical distribution of Anophelines in South- eastern France in the region east of the Rhone of great interest on account of the varied climatic and physical features of this region. High mountains, elevated plateaux, hills, and wide or deeply cut valleys, afford varied habitats for each of which the presence and distribution of an Anopheline species and its relation to ancient or present-day malaria must be worked out. Although the exploration of this region is not completed, it is clear that the distribution of 16 Anophelines and consequently of malarial centres in so varied an area is difficult to define. It is in some way connected with the geographical features of the country and from that point of view the breeding- places, or zones of breeding-places, may be grouped as follows :— Those at the bottom of valleys, those at river mouths or deltas, those of the sea-shore, of the plains, of the plateaux, and artificial breeding- places. Taken as a whole, the south-eastern region appears to be relatively slightly mosquito-infested compared with other parts of France, although mosquitos occur frequently in the South and some littoral districts. Apart from the valleys and littoral zones and doubtless other points in the interior not yet located, it offers, with its massive mountains and hills often extending to the sea, a vast area where malaria has small chances of becoming established. Lécer (L.) & Mouriquanp (G.). Anophéles et anciens Foyers paludiques dans les Alpes. [Anophelines and Malarial Centres in the Alps.]—C.R. hebdom. Acad. Sci., Paris, clxvii, no. 138, 23rd September 1918, pp. 461-463. The greatest altitude at which Anophelines have been met with in the Alps is 4,950 feet, at Villar-d’Aréne, where nearly full-grown larvae of A. bifurcatus have been found in mid-August in almost stagnant water of a temperature of 68° F. Other apparently suitable sites containing Culex at greater altitudes (6,000 feet) have been found free from Anopheles. At lower levels Anopheline sites become more and more frequent, A. bifurcatus and A. maculipennis occurring in great numbers at about 3,700 feet. Below 3,600 feet A. maculipennis is the dominant species in summer, A. bifurcatus beimg discovered only at the end of spring. Near Grenoble (3,300 feet) both species have been found in abundance in August. At Modane (3,222 feet) several breeding places of A. maculipennis have been discovered, while at 3,300 feet in water comparatively cold (57° F.) only A. bifurcatus has been found. Below 3,000 feet the sites are more extensive, and A. maculipennis is the dominant species, at least m summer. Though Anophelines are thus widely distributed, outbreaks of malaria, which appear to have been always rare and local, have actually disappeared. The disease does not appear to be capable of maintaiming itself at altitudes greater than 2,100 to 2,400 feet ; even then special conditions of temperature are necessary, such as those obtaining in the deeply embanked plain of Bourg d’Oisans, where the summer tempera- ture is specially high. These mountains therefore constitute an excellent environment in summer for malarial convalescents, both from their security, from the prophylactic point of view, and from the beneficial action of altitude on malarial anaemia. Altitude has also a beneficial effect on the number and frequency of malarial attacks. LEGENDRE (J.). Note sur les Stegomyia de Tamatave. [A Note on the Stegomyia of Tamatave.}—C.R. Soc. Biol., Paris, xxxi, no. 16, 12th October 1918, pp. 832-833. Besides Stegomyia fasciata, which is known to occur throughout the coast of Madagascar, the author records the presence at 'Tamatave, 17 the port of the eastern coast, of S. albopicta (scutellaris), which occurs, though less abundantly than the former, in hollows in trees, or in water in wooden receptacles, either natural or artificial. The only species of Culex which occurs in C. argenteo-punctatus, which is not numerous, the permeability of the sandy soil rendering stagnant pools impossible. Anophelines have also almost completely disappeared following upon the drainage operations carried out in connection with building. Stegomyia on the other hand find ideal conditions in the town and breed in alarming numbers. A fever which is probably dengue causes severe epidemics, and must be transmitted by S. fasciata, since Phlebotomus has not been observed in the town. Srockman (S.). Louping-ill—J1. Comp. Path. Therapeut., London, xxxi, no. 3, 30th September, 1918, pp. 137-193, 10 figs. While previous experimental evidence, recorded in an earlier paper by the author, was against the view that louping-ill in sheep might be carried by ticks, it was realised that the possibilities of this theory had not been exhausted, and further experiments have recently been carried out. These prove that larvae of Ixodes ricinus from females which as adults engorged on affected sheep can give rise to a highly febrile and sometimes fatal disease in other sheep, when put to feed upon them in very large numbers, and that adults fed as nymphs on affected sheep may have the same effect. The apparently negative results recorded in an earlier paper may have been due to the fact that only a small proportion of ticks become carriers of infection. Ticks allowed to engorge upon sheep undergoing experimental imocula- tion were found capable, after moulting to their next stage, of causing the disease in other sheep upon which they were put to feed. It is evident that the infective agent can be transmitted from the female ticks through the eggs to the next generation of larvae, but it is not conclusively proved that ticks in their nymphal stage can transmit - the disease. It follows almost certainly from the fact of ticks trans- mitting the infection that the infective agent is a protozoan parasite. The blood of a sheep that has recovered from the disease produced either by inoculation or in natural manner does not continue to be infective by inoculation to others, and it is therefore unlikely that ticks can infect themselves from such animals. The cure, prevention and eradication of the disease is discussed. Drugs that have proved more or less successful in treating similar diseases were tried, but were invariably ineffective. It is possible, however, that an anti-serum with curative properties may be prepared, and investigations in this direction are being carried on. Serum treatment is not promising in dealing with this class of disease. Prevention of the disease by inoculation in the field is rather more promising and arrangements are being made for practical tests of this method. Eradication of ticks would reduce louping-ill to a negligible factor. The seasonal incidence arises from the fact that ticks infected on sheep in the spring have hatched out or moulted by the autumn and are capable of infecting other sheep; those ticks infected in the autumn are in a position to infect other sheep in the following spring. The isolated cases that may occur at other times are due to infected and fasting ticks that previously failed to obtain a vertebrate host. The (C530) B 18 methods of eradication will be dealt with more fully in a later article. The possibilities mentioned in this paper include starving out the ticks. As, however, it has been shown that J. ricinus can live for a year or more without food this method is not promising. It does not follow, however, because ticks retain viability for long periods that they necessarily retain infectivity ; this is one of the subjects for further investigation. If it can be proved that infected ticks lose their infectivity by feeding on non-susceptible animals, it would be possible to get rid of infection by removing sheep from the pastures and substitutmg other stock for one or two seasons. The difficulty then arises that most of the infected pasture is unsuitable for other stock than sheep. It is hoped to reduce the number of ticks greatly by dipping the sheep at short intervals, such as five days. This should be done during the seasonal incidence of louping-ill; it is feared, however, that among sheep affected with the disease the number of severe or paralytic cases might be increased owing to the dipping. It is thought that tick eradication may best be obtained by a combina- tion of the above methods and trials in the field are being organised to determine this. Lionnet (Ff. E.). Report on the Work of the Veterinary Division.— Ann. Rept. Dept. Agric. for 1917, Mauritius, pp. 12-13. [Received 31st October 1918. | Two fatal cases of piroplasmosis were recorded in milch cows during the year. The importance and necessity of dipping tanks is becoming more and more known and appreciated, many estates having already constructed their tanks and being satisfied with the results obtaimed. This is an important step towards the improvement of cattle-rearing in Mauritius, especially in tick-infested districts. The Construction of Dipping-tanks.—Dept. Agric. Mauritius, Leaflet no. 6, 14th March 1918, 2 pp., 3 figs. [Received 3lst October 1918. ] This leaflet gives full instructions for the erection of a dipping-tank, with a ground plan, cross section and longitudinal section drawn to scale, and the estimated cost of construction. Siawart (H.). Beitrag zur Zeckenkenntnis von Deutsch-Stidwest- afrika, unter besonderer Beriicksichtigung der Funde in den Bezirken Outjo und Waterberg. [The Ticks of German South- west Africa, with Special Reference to Species found in the Districts of Outjo and Waterberg.|—Zeitschr. f. Infektionskr., parasitire Krankheiten u. Hyg. der Haustiere, Berlin, xvi, no. 6, Ist June 1915, pp. 434-444, 6 figs., 1 map. These investigations were made from September 1912 to May 1914. The rapid multiplication of ticks in this part of Africa is hindered Ue) by the sharp differentiation between the rainy and dry seasons. In the districts visited the rains lasted from about the beginning of December to the end of April, the average rainfall varying from 4 to 28 inches according to the locality. In western Outjo 16 ches may be taken as a very good rainfall. This moderate amount of moisture is followed by a dry period of from six to seven months. Furthermore the night temperatures from May to August often drop to 0° C. [32° F.] and sometimes still lower. Thus even during the months when ticks were most numerous, from February to April, they were not obvious on horses, cattle and other mammals. In the dry season (May to September) many domestic animals and wild game especially are entirely free from ticks. The following ticks are recorded, together with particulars of their morphological characters and prevalence :—ARGASIDAE : Argus persi- cus, abundant in most fowl houses. [xopIpAE: Aponomma exornatum, found in one locality. Hyalomma aegyptium, equally distributed throughout the region visited. It was chiefly found, always in the adult stage, on equines including zebras, cattle, sheep, goats, oryx antelopes, small antelopes, wild pigs, dogs and man. Rhipicephalus evertsi var. mimeticus, Don., is a very common tick on horses, cattle, sheep and goats. Nymphs were also taken from cattle. As its external characters have never been described, except very briefly by Dénitz, they are dealt with here. R. oculatus is widely distributed. Its chief host is the hare, others in order of decreasing importance being small antelopes, sheep, goats, dogs, equines including zebras, and cattle. Nymphs were found on a dog and an ox. £&. san- guineus was found in two localities. The dog is the chief host, others being equines, wild pigs and sheep. Rhipicentor bicornis is a parasite of canine animals; it was never found on goats. The specimens were always somewhat smaller than as described by Dénitz after Nuttall and Warburton. One female of Haemaphysalis leachi was taken from a dog. On the whole, ticks in this region cause much less damage than in other countries, chiefly owing to their small numbers. SWELLENGREBEL (N. H.). De Anophelinen van Nederlandsch Oost- Indié. [The Anophelines of the Dutch East Indies. |—Koloniaal Instituut te Amsterdam, Meded. no. vii, Afdeeling Trop. Hygiene no. 3, 1916, 182 pp., numerous text-figures, 16 plates. Price fl. 4.50. [Received 6th November 1918.] This detailed review of the Anophelines found in the Dutch East Indies has been published in consequence of the literature on the subject being very complicated owing to the lack of agreement between the work of Dénitz and Theobald, and the author hopes that it wall assist to render civil medical officers in the Dutch Hast Indies inde- pendent of European specialists in the identification of the various species concerned. The structure of the Anophelines is described and keys are given to the species known from the Dutch East Indies, as well as to the more important ones from south-eastern Asia. Practical hints on identification are added and the bulk of the volume is occupied with descriptions of the various genera and species. 20 Doren (S. B.). Department of Entomology.—Ann. Repis. Board of Control for Year ending 30th June 1915, Univ. Nevada Agric. Expt. Sta., Reno, 1916, pp. 38-39, 1 fig. [Received 14th November 1918. ] The possibility of the survival of the bed-bug [Cimex lectularius] in bunk-houses throughout the winter, in spite of starvation and cold weather, has been made the subject of a series of experiments by Mr. Schweis. It was found that examples taken on 21st January and placed in tubes in a box which was kept under shelter in the open air till 10th April, and which were then placed in tubes in a tin box, packed in cotton, and stored in a refrigerator at a constant tempera- ture of 40°-50° [F.] emerged on Ist July, alive and vigorous. A number of newly-hatched individuals survived after being kept in cold storage for nearly three months without food, and eggs kept under the same conditions hatched promptly when the temperature was raised. Bunk-houses, therefore, should be fumigated before being used again, either with potassium cyanide or with sulphur; in the latter case, two fumigations, a week apart in warm weather, are necessary to effect a complete eradication. Pierce (W. D.). Medical Entomology a Vital Factor in the Prosecution of the War.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, D.C., xx, no. 5, May 1918, pp. 91-104. [Received 15th November 1918.] The importance of medical entomology is discussed in its various phases, namely (1) the biological, comprising types of relationships between the disease organism and its host, types of transmission, insect life-histories and the connection between bacteria and insects ; (2) the medical, dealing with the importance of insects as vectors of diseases of man and animals; and (3) the sanitary, showing that disease prevention is often synonymous with insect destruction. The paper concludes with the enumeration of some problems still be to worked out. Mosier (C. A.) & Snyper (T. E.). Notes on Gadflies in the Florida Everglades.—Proc. Hntom. Soc. Washington, D.C., xx, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 115-126. [Received 15th November 1918.] The flight at dawn of the large gadfly (Tabanus americanus, Forst.) at Paradise Key in the Lower Everglades in enormous numbers has been observed for two years. In 1917 it was thought that both sexes were in flight. This year’s observations show that most of the swarming flies are males. Owing to the height at which the adults fly, mating has not been observed ; all low-flying adults captured have proved to be males. In 1918 the swarm was first observed on 9th March and ended on 10th May. Males of several species of Tabanus congregate in large numbers during the day and feed on the blossoms of the saw palmetto (Serenoa serrulata) where the bloom is shaded. T. lineola, F., was found swarming at dusk on 10th May, and the night-flying 7. flavus, Macq., is common. Dviachlorus ferrugatus, F., a few Tabanid larvae in the water under saw grass, and a number of other Tabanids have been collected at Paradise Key, including Tabanus americanus" Forst.. T. turbidus, Wied., T. trijunctus, Wlk., T. melanocerus, Wied., T. atratus, F., T. quinquevittatus, Wied., T. pumilus, Macq., Chrysops plangens, Wied., and C. flavidus, Wied. 21 Dunn (L. H.). A New Mosquito (Aédes whitmorei) from Colombia.— Proc. Entom. Soc., Washington, D.C., xx, no. 6, June 1918, pp. 128-130. [Received 15th November 1918. ] Aédes whitmorei, sp. n. is described from specimens captured at Muzo, Colombia. Other examples were bred from larvae taken from a small, heavily shaded pool of clear, but apparently stagnant, water. Heabtex (T. J.). The Problem of Mosquito Control.—4sth Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario for 1917, Toronto, 1918, pp. 49-59. [Received 16th November 1918. | Anti-mosquito work in New Jersey does not aim primarily at the elimination of disease, since malaria occurs only in a few limited areas and is in each case a strictly local problem. The State contains, however, some 296,000 acres of salt marsh, large portions of which are gradually being reclaimed for urban properties or seaside communities, while most of it is potentially good salt-hay land. Mosquito control therefore has for its object the comfort and well- being of the citizens. The problem of control alone can be considered under existing conditions; that of extermination must be relegated ° entirely to the future. Plans for analysing the mosquito fauna of a district or State and for making a map of infested districts are outlined. Wherever the charts show the presence of invasions, these must be traced to the source from which they come [see this Review, Ser. B, v, p. 141]. Examinations of a sewage-charged salt marsh showed enormous numbers of Culex salinarius and C. pipiens, with small numbers of Ochlerotatus (Aédes) sollicitans and O. (A.) cantator in larval and pupal stages. The majority of the mosquitos found in houses were C. salinarius, with a smallet number of C. pipiens which had evidently migrated a distance of 2} miles from their breeding-place. The charts should show the mosquito breeding-grounds and a seasonal map of the more or less permanent breeding-places ought to be made. Plans for the elimination of these haunts, which consist largely of drainage problems, should then be prepared and efforts made to obtain and organise co-operation of the persons interested and if possible financial help from the public treasury. It is important, when the initial work has been completed, that it be maintained. With the present methods the protected territory will at times be troubled by some mosquitos, because the enormous increase in breeding surface, brought about by a prolonged rainy period, may be such as the organisation cannot cope with. Some statistics are given computing the value of mosquito control as shown by results. Baker (A. W.). The Effect of Stable and Horn Fly Attacks on Milk Production. —4Sth Ann. Rept. Entom. Soc. Ontario, for 1917, Toronto, 1918, pp. 91-93. [Received 16th November 1918. ] In a previous paper the author discussed some repellents for stable flies [Stomozxys] and horn flies [Lyperosia] on cattle [see this Rewew, Ser. B, v, p. 187]. During 1917 spraying experiments have been carried out in order to discover the effect of fly attacks on milk production and the benefit to be derived from a prevention of these. The results showed remarkable benefit from spraying, treatment before the morning 22 milking giving the best results. In certain periods of the test the use of a repellent produced an increased milk supply of from 4 to 6 per cent. The repellent used consisted of 1 U.S. gal. each of kerosene, shghtly sour milk, fish-oil and strong hot soap solution made from about 4 cake laundry soap, with the addition of 6 oz. citronella oil. The kerosene and milk are emulsified, then the fish-oil and soap solution separately ; these two are then thoroughly mixed and the oil stirred in when cold. One gallon of this stock is used to two of water. Dyar (H.G.) & Barrer (H. P.). Deseriptions of hitherto unknown Larvae of Culex (Diptera, Culicidae).— Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., vi, no. 7-9, July-September 1918, pp. 119-120. The larvae dealt with in this paper are those of Culex peccator, D. & K., and C. floridanus, D. & K. The former were found in fairly large numbers associated with C. saxatilis, Grossb., beneath the over- hanging bank of a stream and in small pools in marshy ground. The larvae of C. floridanus, not previously recorded as occurring -further north than Georgia, were found in very small numbers in a temporary rain-pool, their scarcity being probably due to the presence of predaceous larvae. They somewhat resemble Psorophora discolor, with which they occur, and have the same habit of lying inverted at the bottom of the pool. Dyar (H. G.). New American Mosquitos (Diptera, Culicidae).— Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., vi, no. 7-9, July-September 1918, pp. 120-129. The new species dealt with in this paper are :—Wyeomyia aphobema, the larvae of which were found in Bromeliaceae in March in Surinam ; Culex surinamensis, bred from larvae in a rock pool and in a water barrel in March in Surinam; Culex usquatus, many larvae of which were found in Surinam, in very dirty puddles, water barrels, etce., sometimes preyed upon by Lutzia albostigma, and always found breeding near houses in February ; Culex (Melanoconion) zeteci, from the Canal Zone, Panama, in January; Culex (M.) dunni, from Panama, bred from larvae associated with Pistia; Culex (Choeroporpa) tecmarsis, taken at light in Panama in May and June; C. (Helcoporpa, subgen. n.) menytes, from Panama in March; C. (Mochlostyrax) alogistus, from Surmam, bred from larvae in temporary pools, lying on their backs on the bottom; Psorophora ctites, taken in Texas in August; Aédes (Ochlerotatus) eucephalaeus, bred from larvae lying on their backs on the bottom of temporary rain-pools in sandy land, Surinam, in March ; A. (0.) camposanus from Ecuador; and A. (Taeniorhynchus ?) thelcter from Texas in August. Dyar (H. G.). Notes on American Anopheles (Diptera, Culicidae).— Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., vi, no. 7-9, July-September 1918, pp. 141-151. The view is expressed that the genera of Anopheles erected by Theobald and others and based on scale-characters, which have been abandoned by some recent writers, should be retained as subgenera. 23 There are eleven (including Kerteszia) such subgenera occurring in America, viz. :—Coelodiazesis, D. & K., represented by one species, A. (C.) barberi, Coq., from the eastern United States, the larvae being found in tree-holes. Anopheles; Meig., represented by 10 species :—A. erseni, Coq., from tropical America, the larvae in tree-holes and pools in rocks ; A. pseudo- punctipennis, Theo., from tropical America and the adjacent warmer temperate regions, the larvae in permanent ground-pools ; A. puncti- pennis, Say, from southern Canada and the United States to Central Mexico, the larvae in ground-pools, both permanent and temporary ; A. crucians, Wied., from the south-eastern United States and Greater Antilles, the larvae in ground-pools, especially near the coast; A. quadrimaculatus, Say, from North America, east of the Rocky Mountains, the larvae in permanent swamps, especially connected with rivers; A. occidentalis, D. & K., in North America west of the Rocky Mountains and eastward through Canada to Maine, the larvae in ground-pools of permanent character; A. atropos, D. & K., from Florida Keys and Gulf Coast, the larva unknown; A. walkerz, Theo., in eastern North America, the larvae in fluctuating swamps along rivers, filled by flood-water ; A. vestitipennis, D. & K., from Mexico, Central America and Greater Antilles, the larva unknown; and A. annulipalpis, Arrib., from Argentina, the larva unknown. Dendropaedium, D. & K., represented by 4 species :—A. (D.) bellator, D. & K., from Trinidad, the larvae in Bromeliaceae ; A. (D.) cruzi, D. & K., from Brazil, the larvae in Bromeliaceae ; A. (D.) hylephalus, D. & K., from Venezuela, Ecuador and Panama, the larva unknown; and A. (D.) newwai, H. D. & K., from Panama and southern Mexico, the larvae in Bromeliaceae. Cycloleppteron, Theo., with one species, A. (C.) grabhami, Theo., from the Greater Antilles, the larvae in ground-pools. Stethomyia, Theo., with one species, A. (S.) nimbus, Theo., from British Guiana and Brazil, the larva unknown. Arribalzagia, Theo., represented by 7 species:—Anopheles (A) intermedius, Chagas, from Brazil, the larva unknown; A. (A.) puncti- macula, D. & K., from Panama, the larvae in ground-pools; A. (A.) mediopunctatus, Theo., from Trinidad and Brazil, the larva unknown ; A. (A.) maculipes, Theo., from Brazil, the larvae in ground-pools ; A, (A.) pseudomaculipes, Chagas, from Brazil, the larva unknown ; A. (A.) apicomacula, D. & K., from Mexico, Central America, and Trinidad, presumably also the northern coast of South America, the larvae in pools in stream-beds; and A. (A.) strigimacula, D. & K., from Tropical Mexico, the larvae in pools in stream-beds. Kerteszia, Theo., with one species, A. (K.) boliviensis, Theo., from Bolivia, the larva unknown. Myzorhynchella, Theo., represented by 4 species :—A. (M.) lutx, Cruz, A. (M.) parvus, Chagas, A. (M.) mgritarsis, Chagas, and A. (M.) gilesi, Neiva, all from Brazil, the larvae unknown. Chagasia, Cruz, with one species, A. (C.) farjardi, Lutz, from Brazil, the Jarva unknown. Manguinhosia, Cruz, with one species, A. (M.) peryassui, D. & K., from Brazil, the larva unknown. Cellia, Theo., represented by 5 species :—A. (C.) argyrotarsis, R. D., from the tropical American mainland and Lesser Antilles, the larvae 24 in ground-pools and artificial receptacles; A. (C.) pictipenms, Phil., from Chile and Argentina, the larva unknown; A. (C.) brazihensis, Chagas, from Brazil, the larva unknown; A. (C.) tarsimaculatus, Goeldi, from the tropical American mainland and Lesser Antilles, the larvae in any kind of ground-pools except artificial- ones; and A. (C.) albimanus, Wied., from tropical America, including the greater Antilles and southern Florida, the larvae in ground-pools, often of brackish water. Heaviee (T. J.) & Beckwirs (C.8.). Sprinkling Sewage Filter Fly, Psychoda alternata, Say.—Jl. Econ. Entom. Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918, pp. 395-401. Psychoda alternata, a small, light-coloured, moth-like fly has proved to be a serious nuisance wherever sprinkling filters have been utilised for the purification of sewage, penetrating into houses situated ? mile or less from the sewage plant, and being popularly aderedited with carrying various infectious diseases. The eggs are laid upon the surface of the stones in the filter bed in irregular masses of from 30 to 100, and hatch in from 32 to 48 hours at a temperature of 70°F. The larvae on hatching make their way into the film, where they thrust their breathing tubes through the film itself and exist in much the same manner as mosquito larvae. They are present throughout the filter from top to bottom, but most abundant in the zone from 3 to 12 inches below the surface. The larval stage lasts from 9 to 15 days, and the pupal from 20 to 48 hours at a temperature of 70° F. With the beginning of warm weather the flies emerge from the over-wintering larvae and pupae in such immense numbers as to inconvenience those working at the filter beds, but with the breaking-down and sloughing-off of the over-wintering film, the flies rapidly disappear. As the summer film becomes heavier the flies increase in abundance, until in August they reach a density greater than that of spring, their abundance being thus correlated with the thickness of the film, within which, and on which, the larvae feed. Experimental attempts to control this pest in the larval and pupal stages by means of insecticides such as borax, hypochlorite of lime, stone lime, copper sulphate, iron sulphate, pyrethrum, carbon bisul- phide, Black-leaf 40 and a saturated solution of hellebore, showed that, in general, the minimum dosage for the fly was destructive to the film. The most promising of the above substances, hypochlorite of lime, destroyed only 85 per cent. of the larvae and considerably injured the film. The placing of a stone from the filter bed in water over-night to await examination in the laboratory next day, accidentally led to the discovery that 100 per cent. of the larvae and pupae are killed by drowning in 24 hours. This was confirmed experimentally by submerging the sprinkling sewage filter for 24 hours with the ordinary sewage, the results showing that by this simple means P. alternata and the less important allied species, P. cinerea, may be completely destroyed without in anyway impairing the film upon which the efficiency of the sprinkling sewage filter depends. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- munieate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review fs 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queon’s Gate, London, S.W. 7, or through any bookseller, CONTENTS. Notes on Mosquito Larvicides .. aes The Bionomies of Dermacentor venustus in Canada os $4 a The Lake Mosquito, Taentorhynchus titillans, in Panama .. ws The Habits of Tabanus americanus in Florida 4 ee Malaria and Mosquitos in Jerusalem .. A Method of Trapping Fly Larvae in Manure Heaps. Extermination of Mosquitos with Sodium Acid Sulphate i in U.S.A. A Dengue-like Fever in Dutch Guiana N ons en some minor Cutaneous Afiections in the Anglo- 10F e yptian udan oe : 383 : 3 Three Day Fever in Italy 5 The Successful Liberation of Trinitapoli (aly), from Malaria As Notes on Dengue Fever aa A Case of Malaria in the Cape Peninsula ai Malaria Control Measures in U.S.A. .. Report on Ixodic Lymphangitis i in East Africa Mie The Breeding of Mosquitos in Alkaline Water in U.S. a 3 Freeing the Body from Lice by means of a Depilator Malaria in North-western Russia Suggestions for DEOCUNNE the Spread of Glossina morsitans in 8. Rhodesia Ticks as possible Agents i in the Dispersal of the Eggs of Dermatobia hominis in Panama The Control of House Flies by means of Magvot Traps i in Maryland Bembex predaceous on Blood-sucking Flies in : Natal Ticks infesting Man and Domestic Animals in Argentina Measures acainst Mosquitos in Shipyards in U.S.A. we Oecstrus ovi infesting Sheep in Australia ‘ 5 7; New Australian TABANIDAE.. The Problem of Margar bac australis and Tick Fever of Cattle in Australia . 3 Onchocerciasis of Cattle in Australia .. Insect-borne Diseases in Britain in 1917-18 . The Distribution of Mosquitos in the South of France . The Distribution of Anophelines and Malaria in the atts Poh Mosquitos at Tamatave (Madagascar). . = The Relation of Ticks to Louping-il in Britain The Importance of Dipping against Ticks in Mauritius Notes on the Ticks of South-west Africa The Anopheline Mosquitos of the Dutch East Indies (Review) The Resistance of Bed-bugs to Cold in Nevada Medical Entomology, a Vital Factor in the Prosecution of the War The Habits of Tabanids in Florida as Me 33 A New Mosquito (Aédes whitmorei) from Colombia .. $3 ate Anti-mosquito Work in New Jersey Sprays and Repellents for Flies infesting Cattle in Canada. . Descriptions of hitherto unknown Larvae of Culex in the U.S.A. New American Mosquitos oe ie Se The Classification of American ‘Anophelines. es ate 4S Psychoda alternata infesting Sewage Filters in U.S. A. y se PAGE, SCAWMAWWAGAHAAD HBr wne 4 14, 15 Registered at the G@.P,0. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post. VOL. VII. Ser. B. Part 2.—pp. 25-40. FEBRUARY, 1919. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES B: MEDICAL AND VETERINARY. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY - Is i Ty, ~ / Ce ‘oN A ak MSIE a \ MAR 292 1979 3) iW eee on™ LONDON SOLD BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN’S GATE, S.W. 7. Price Gd. net. All Rights Reserved. “IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. — Honorary Committee of Management. VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Atcoog, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Major E. E. Austen, D.S.0., Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). | Dr. A. G. BacsHawE, 0.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. __ Major-General Sir J. Rosz Braprorp, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir Davip Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Keeper of Zoology, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwett Lerroy, Jmperia! College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir Jonn McCatt, M.D., Agent-General for Tasmania. Dr. R. Stewart MacDovaatt, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. _ Sir Joun MoFapyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Dante, Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. NewsreapD, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nutratu, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davin Prat, C.1.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Reap, K.C.M.G.,C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. RorascHinp. ‘ Dr. Huan Scort, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Suipiey, F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Mr. R. Spertine, Foreign Office. Sir Srewart StockMAN, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Tseosatp, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warburton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions is an ex officio member of the Committee. General Secretary. Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director and Lditor. Dr. Guy A. K. MarsHatt. Assistant Director. Dr. 8. A. NEAVE. Head Ofice.—British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 8.W. 7. Publication Office.—89, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W, 7, 25 | : Dyar (H. G.) & Knas (F.). Bromelicolous Anopheles—a Correction (Diptera, Culicidae).—Insecutor Inscitiae Menstruus, Washington, D.C., vi, no. 7-9, July-September 1918, pp. 140-141. It appears that the earlier identification of Kerteszia bolimensis, Theo., with Anopheles lutzi, Theo., nec Cruz (A. cruz, D. & K.) is an error. Kertesziais still unknown in nature, but it evidently cannot be used as a subgeneric name for the bromelicolous species of Anophelines, and for these the name Dendropaedium is suggested, based on the character of the hairs and scales of the thorax and abdomen. Ewine (H.E.). The Use of Palliatives for Mosquito Bites.—J/. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no, 5, October 1918, pp. 401-404. This paper records an experimental investigation into the remedial qualities of the different chemicals that have been suggested as palliatives for mosquito bites. A table shows the results of tests with soap, bay rum, 95 per cent. alcohol, 30 per cent. alcohol, hydrogen -peroxide, glycerine, concentrated and weak solutions of ammonia, and indigo in water. Of these, soap, bay rum, dilute alcohol and ammonia have slight value. Strong alcohol and strong ammonia have the greatest value as palliatives, both giving a marked reduction in pain. The former is apt to leave a hardened lump, while the latter is rather harsh on the skin. Hurtcuinson (R. H.). A Note on the Life Cycle and Fertility of the Body Louse (Pediculus corporis).—Jl. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., . xi, no. 5, October 1918, pp. 404-406. A table is given recording the rate of development and of deposition of eggs of the body-louse, Pediculus huwmanus (corporis), at body- surface temperature with unlimited opportunities for feeding. This fully confirms the data given by Nuttall [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p- 19], but shows a higher record of oviposition than any previously published. A total of 276 eggs were deposited during a period of 25 days, or an average of 11 per day with a maximum of 14 eggs in 24 hours. Watrer (HE. V.). Experiments on Cockroach Control.—J1. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xi, no. 5, October 1918, pp. 424-429. The results of experiments undertaken by the Iowa Agricultural Experiment Station in the summer of 1917 on the control of Phyllo- dromia (Blattella) germanica and Blatta orientalis may be summarised as follows :—(1) Traps may be used as a means of control, but cannot be relied on as a method of extermination. (2) Boric acid is a safe and economical material to use, as it is non-poisonous to human beings and yet very effective against cockroaches. (3) A mixture of equal parts of powdered borax and powdered sugar ground together is effective against cockroaches, is safe and economical, although slower in action than boric acid. (4) Cockroaches eat these substances in an effort to keep clean and not for any possible food value. (C539) Wt. P2/137. 1,500, 2.19. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. A 26 Gipson (A.). The Value of High Temperature for Controlling the Common Bedbug.— Agric. Gaz. Canada, Ottawa, v, no. 10, October 1918, pp. 949-951, 2 figs. During the summer of 1918 a four-roomed cottage at Ottawa, which was badly infested with bed-bugs, was successfully treated by superheating. The windows having been made air-tight, heat was supplied by two plasterer’s stoves. On the day on which the experiment was made, the outside temperature at 4 p.m. was 60°4° F. The fires were started at noon, high temperatures (120°, 115°, 165° and 140°) being reached in all the rooms by 4 p.m. At 8.30 p.m. the fires were checked, but not put out and the temperatures continued high for at least an hour after that time. At 6.30 p.m. a thorough examination of the premises showed absolutely no sign of life, a large number of dead bugs being found lying on the bedroom floors. This result confirms previous experimental work as to the effect of heat on bed-bugs. Sen (S. K.). Beginnings in Insect Physiology and their Economic Significance.— Agric. Jl. India, Pusa, xiii, no. 4, October 1918, pp. 620-627. Investigations on mosquito larvae with regard to osmosis have shown that equi-molecular solutions of cane-sugar and common salt act differently on them. Thus 12 larvae in 15 c.c. water containing 3 gm. sugar all died in from 9 to 22 hours; 12 larvae in 15 c.c. water containing 4 gm. salt (sea-water strength) all died in about 3 hours; while in a mixture of equal parts of the above solutions they were mostly dead in 9 hours, As regards the respiration of mosquitos, experiments have shown that larvae and pupae enclosed with a known quantity of air consume the whole amount of the oxygen present before dying, thus indicating the thoroughness with which remedial operations on the principle of deprivation of free air must be carried out. Little is known of the nature of the digestive secretions of insects, but the fact that mosquito larvae thrive on Sanatogen, a glycero- phosphate of casein, suggests that proteim is necessary for their tissue formation. However, on the other hand, it may be that they thrive at the expense of bacteria present as the result of putrefaction due to the introduction of Sanatogen. The fact that the protein require- ments of some insects is practically nil is proved by their being able to live on a solution of simple carbohydrate, such as cane-sugar. The liking shown by many insects, such as mosquitos, for sugar makes it difficult to understand why these insects should exhibit a liking for two such dissimilar substances as blood and sugar, the percentage of dextrose in blood being too small to impart a sweet taste, especially in the presence of so many inorganic salts. Experiments have estab- lished the following conclusions :—(1) Warmth, though it actuates the mosquito to bite, does not encourage it to suck; (2) the salinity of blood is not what induces it to suck ; (3) sugar in blood is not what induces it to suck; (4) shed goat’s blood is not attractive to mosquitos. _ The hypothesis that blood is necessary for ovulation in mosquitos is contradicted by the fact that freshly emerged females of Stegomya at ulbopicta (scutellaris) have oviposited after being fed on meals of milk, peptone sweetened with cane-sugar, or on meals of cane-sugar only. It is probable that the presence of a food-odour is an important factor in attracting insects; in the case of mosquitos the odour is probably that of the secretion of the sebaceous glands. Thus Dacus is similarly attracted by methyl eugenol, the larva of Chrysomyia (Pycnosoma) flaviceps by the odour of night-soil, and the adults by the spirit smell of Bassia latefolia (mohwa). 6 Foster (M. H.). Preliminary Report on Carbon Tetrachloride Vapour as a Delousing Agent.—U.S. Public Health Repts., Washington, D.C., xxxiii, no. 43, 25th October 1918, pp. 1823-1827. Dry and moist heat and hydrocyanic acid gas, though effective as a means of destroying body-lice on clothing, require the use of some- what complicated apparatus, which is not easily transported nor suitable for cleaning infested clothing in gaols, small hospitals, asylums, ete. Investigations on the effects of carbon tetrachloride vapour as a practical method of destroying lice which can be easily applied and does not injure woollen fabrics have shown it to be a most efficient and convenient means of killing lice on clothing. As an insecticide it appears to be very toxic, the pure vapour killing unprotected lice in 15 minutes, though failing to destroy them in 10 minutes. The method used for delousing soldiers’ clothing was as follows :— Each article was fairly firmly rolled up and placed in a 10 gal. tin can, 19 ins. high, 12 ins. in diameter, sheathed with a light wood covering and weighing 54 Ib. A soiled shirt, badly infested with lice, was cut into 4 pieces, each piece being tightly rolled and then wrapped in 10 thicknesses of ordinary sheeting. These were placed in the container amongst the complete clothing of a soldier and the whole contents firmly compressed so as to occupy a little more than half the total space. Several layers of filter paper were laid on the top of the clothing and 25 e.c. carbon tetrachloride was poured on this and the top of the can was covered by several thicknesses of towelling. A loose cover was placed over this to protect the can from draughts while allowing the air displaced by the heavy vapour to escape. At the end of two hours when the can was opened and the clothing aired and examined, all the lice were found to be dead. The quantities of carbon tetrachloride required with 2 hours’ exposure are as follows :—For 100 cu. ins. of space, 2 ¢.c. ; for 231 cu. in. (1 U.S. gal.) 4°5 c.c.; for 1 cu. ft., 30°5 c.c. The tests were made at temperatures ranging from 68° to 72° F., being approximately those of artificially warmed living rooms even in winter. It is essential that the container should be air-tight, about twice as high as broad, and only 3 full of clothing, as the vapour appears to be easily dissemi- nated from shallow or broad receptacles. It was definitely determined that the above proportions are useless against the eggs; m one test the use of 150 c.c. of the chemical per cubic foot of space prevented the eggs from hatching after 8 hours’ exposure, though a few of them hatched after one of 4 hours. In considering the applicability of carbon tetrachloride as a delous- ing agent, the possible danger to human life must be borne in mind, as it is slightly more poisonous to human beings than chloroform. (C539) A2 28 Géip1 (EH. A.), Darmkanal und Riissel der Stubenfliege vom sanita- rischen Standpunkte aus. [The Intestine and Proboscis of the House-Fly from the Sanitary Point of View.]—Mitt. Schweiz. Entom. Ges., Berne, xii, no..9-10, December 1917, pp. 418-431, 3 figs. Some description is given of the anatomy of the house-fly [Musca domestica], more particularly of the mouth-parts and intestine. It is pointed out that house-flies play a twofold part as mechanical carriers of disease germs. In the carriage of germs attached to the exterior of its body the réle is a passive one, but a more active part is played by the intestine. It may be assumed that under normal conditions the house-fly is the vector of typhus abdominalis, cholera, dysentery, epidemic diarrhoea, tuberculosis, anthrax, framboesia tropica, and ophthalmia. VAN Es (L.) & Scuatxk (A. F.). Sur la Nature anaphylactique de lIntoxication parasitaire. [On the Anaphylactic Nature of Parasitic Poisoning.|—Ann. Inst. Pasteur, Paris, xxxii, no. 7, July 1918, pp. 310-362. In a notice of this paper published in this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 209, it is not made clear that the conclusions given are those of MM. Seyderhelm and that the authors themselves disagree with them, both as a result of their own experiments and because the foci of equine pernicious anaemia are more or less limited, whereas flies of the genus Gastrophilus are universally distributed. CaMERON (A. E.). Warbles and Bots.—Tenth Ann. Rept. Quebec Soc. Protection Plants from Insects and Fungous Diseases, 1917-1918 ; Quebec, 1918, pp. 21-39. [Received 23rd November 1918.] This paper gives a popular account of the warble-fles, 1ypoderma bovis, DeG., & H. lineatum, Vill., and of the bot-flies, Gastrophilus intesiinalis, DeG., G. nasalis, L., and G. haemorrhoidalis, L. Bopvetr (—). Note sur quelques Cas de pseudo-Myiase rampante ou pseudo-Draconculose, observés 4 Tamatave. [A Note on some Cases of creeping pseudo-Myiasis or pseudo-Draconculosis observed at Tamatave.}—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xi, no. 8, 9th October 1918, pp. 716-722. Several cases are recorded of a curious skin affection of indeterminate origin which the author has had under observation at Tamatave, Madagascar. The disease is popularly ascribed to “' Senegalese worm, and while it is apparently caused by some parasite, the species implicated is unknown. Possible parasites that might be concerned are a Dipterous larva, a Sarcoptid mite or some such insect as Dermatophilus (Pulex) penetrans. The author is inclined to accept the last possibility, although the cases recorded were observed during the rainy season, when this flea is rare. 29 M. Roubaud, in commenting upon this paper, remarks that the serpentine dermatose eruption described occurs apparently throughout the tropical zone and is at first glance analogous with the creeping myiases produced by Oestrid larvae. As, however, no parasite has been discovered as the cause of the affection, the real nature of the disease remains to be elucidated. Rousseau (L.). Un Cas de Parasitism2 vulvo-vaginal par un Acarien Sarcoptide au Cameroun. [A Case of vualvar-vaginal Parasitism by a Sarcoptid Mite in Kamerun. ]|—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Parvs, x1, no. 8, 9th October 1918, pp. 722-724. The case is recorded of infestation of a child of 35 years by a Sarcoptid mite, the species in question being Tyroglyphus siro, L. CorpigerR (H.). Capture en Argonne d’Anopheles nigripes, Staeger, 1839, Espéce nouvelle pour la Faune francaise. |The Capture in Argonne of Anopheles nigripes, Staeger, 1839, an Addition to the French Fauna. |—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xi, no. 8, 9th October 1918, pp. 726-727. The capture of Anopheles plumbeus, Hal. (nigripes) in August and September in the forest of Argonne is recorded. LANGERON (M.). Présence de l Anopheles nigripes, Staeger, 1839, dans la Région parisienne. |The Presence of Anopheles nigripes, Staeger, 1839, in the District of Paris. }—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xi, no. 8, 9th October 1918, p. 728. A single female example of Anopheles plumbeus (nigripes) is recorded from Bourg- la-Reine in the southern outskirts of Paris in September 1918. The individual in question was taken in a house, although this species is reputed not to penetrate into habitations. Lacaze (H.). Note au Sujet del Hibernation des Larves de Moustiques en Macédoine. [Note on the Hibernation of Mosquito Larvae in Macedonia. |—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xi, no. 8, 9th October 1918, pp. 729-730. During a spell of cold weather in Macedonia from 4th to 12th Decem- ber 1917, many mosquito larvae were observed embedded in the ice covering stagnant water in Salonika and the surrounding country, while numerous individuals could be seen in the unfrozen water underneath. On 12th December after the cold had passed and thaw set in, living larvae were collected from the same spots; these comprised Anopheles (Pyretophorus) palestinensis, Theo., Culer pipiens, L., and one larva of Uranotaena unguiculata, Kdw. These species can evidently hibernate in Macedonia in the larval form. It is considered probable that U. wnguwiculata has been accidentally imported into Macedonia but has not properly established itseli there, in view of its extreme rarity in 1918. 30 Franca (C.). Note sur les Espéces portugaises du Genre Phlebotomus. [Note on the Portuguese Species of the Genus Phlebotomus.}— Bull. Soc. Path. Exzot., Paris, xi, no. 8, 9th October 1918, pp. 730-733, 3 figs. As the great epidemic that raged in Spain and Portugal in 1918 had all the characteristics of sand-fly or three-day fever, a further study was made of the species of Phlebotomus occurring in Collares and Porto. Besides P. papatasi, which was found there in 1912 and 1913, a great many individuals belonging to two other species have been observed in 1918; one of these is P. sergenti, Parrot, hitherto known only from male specimens, the female of which is described, and a new species resembling P. legert, Mansion, which 1s here described under the name P. lissttanieus. TEISSONNIERE (—), B&cuEeT (—) & Jouty (-—). Observation dune Epidémie de Grippe 4a l’Armée d’Orient (mai-juin 1918). {Observations on an Epidemic of Influenza in the Balkan Army (May-June 1918).]—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xi, no. 8, 9th October 1918, pp. 738-744. The suddenness of the outbreak of the influenza epidemic in the Balkan Army in May-June 1918, the knowledge of the endemicity of three-day fever in Macedonia, and the discovery of Phlebolonus in several localities, were the causes of mistakes in diagnosis at the begin- ning of the epidemic. The determination of the incubation period, however, the close relation between the pulse and the temperature, and the undoubted absence of any insect bite in many cases, quickly disposed of the diagnosis of sand-fly fever in favour of that of influenza, which was soon confirmed by the serious pulmonary complications that in some cases proved fatal. RoussgEav (L.). Maladies parasitaires 4 Douala (Cameroun). [Parasitic Diseases at Duala (Kamerun). |—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xi, no. 8, 9th October 1918, pp. 744-759. Among the parasitic diseases recorded at Duala are malaria, of which a separate account has been given [see this Remew, Ser. B, vi, p. 140]. Sleeping sickness, though occurring with severity in the vicinity of Duala, has only been observed on three occasions within the town and two locally-acquired cases are described. Animal trypanosomiasis is common among cattle and sometimes among dogs, and cases have also been observed among mules and horses. ‘T'setse-flies are rare in the town, but are occasionally found; the species captured include Glossina palpalis, G. pallicera and G. fusca, the first-named only having been observed in houses. Filariasis appears to be general among the native population; Filaria loa seems to occur most frequently, but F. volvulus has also been taken from a thoracic tumour on a native. Elephantiasis is also common. Parasitic insects causing skin diseases are common both among Europeans and natives; the jigger flea [Dermatophilus penetrans] is of frequent occurrence ; lice are represented almost entirely by Pediculus capitis ; one case of skin infestation by a young larva of the fly, Cordylobia anthropophaga, is recorded. 31 Lacaze (H.). L‘Etude des Réservoirs de Virus malarique indigénes en Macédoine. [The Study of native Reservoirs of the Malaria Virus in Macedonia. }—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xi, no. 8, 9th October 1918, pp. 759-772. The first prophylactic step towards reducing the native- reservoirs of the malaria virus in a given area must be the determination of the intensity of infection in the villages of that region. The two methods by which this can be done are by the search for the malarial parasite in the peripheral blood, and by determination of the endemic spleen index. he relative merits of these two methods are discussed, the author being decidedly in favour of the second. The most reliable index is obtained by examination of children between the ages of 18 months and 10 years; prior to the minimum age, the child has been less exposed to insect bites and the spleen has not had time to show reaction to malarial infection; after the maximum age, a certain immunity to, or tolerance of the virus makes it more difficult to discover. A table shows the results of three examinations of all the cases showing a positive reaction out of 184 children examined. The results show that all new gamete carriers discovered at the second examination were among those found to be suffering from enlarged spleen during the first examination, thus confirming the malarial nature of the affected spleens. A second table gives a résumé of each of the three examinations, showing the number of cases in which the search for parasites and hypertrophy of the spleen were simultaneously positive, and the number of cases in which one only of the tests proved positive. Another table shows that the number of hypertrophied spleens and the number of positive blood examinations undergo seasonal variations, being higher in November than in June or January. Examinations should therefore be made for preference during the autumn. While the curve of the hypertrophied spleens and that of the positive blood examinations run almost parallel, the former is invariably higher than the latter. The results of these investigations indicate that even when the parasites are not circulating in the peripheral blood, the spleen, in the case of a native Macedonian child that has not been treated, or has been insufficiently or wrongly treated, remains the touchstone of malarial infection and the evidence of the persistence of the pathogenic protozoa. La Lucha contra el Paludismo. [The Campaign against Malaria. ]— Boletin Agric. Técnica y Econémica, Madrid, x, no. 117, September 1918, pp. 785-792. The chief precautions that should be adopted for protection against mosquitos are reviewed. The methods advocated include the usuat measures against the bite of the insect, several repellents for application. to the skin being recommended. Suggestions for the destruction of the adults include fumigation with sulphuric anhydride, with a mixture of camphor and phenic acid, with cresilol and creolin and with hydro- cyanic acid and various other substances. Various culicide solutions are recommended for spraying, and traps for catching the adults are described. Measures against the earlier stages include suppression of the breeding-places, oiling of pools, ete. Instructions for making 32 the soap larvicide used in Panama are given and various other larvicide preparations are mentioned. The introduction of fish into water reservoirs 1s also recommended. Bretues (J.). La Mosea Brava. [Stomoxys calcitrans.|—Anales Soc. Rural Argentina, Buenos Avres, li, no. 8, August 1918, pp. 496— 498, 2 figs. [Received 27th November 1918. | A short account is given of the life-history and habits of Stomoxys calcitrans, and the importance of cleanliness in stables and places where the fly breeds is emphasised. If a breeding-place of the fly should be discovered, control measures should be based on the fact that the larvae descend into the ground about two inches, rarely more, to pupate. Holes should therefore be drilled with a stake, about 6 to 8 inches deep at intervals of about a yard. Into each sufficient carbon bisulphide should be poured to fill a couple of walnuts [sic] and the holes at once filled in. This will penetrate the soil and kill any larvae or pupae within the area treated. Bacor (A.). Mosquitoes and the Danger of Malaria in England.— Essex Naturalist, xviii, pp. 241-263, 4 plates, 3 figs. [Received 12th November 1918.] A brief general account is given of mosquitos, their life-history and habits, particularly those species that are responsible for the dissemi- nation of diseases, a description of these being given and the choice of breeding- places of the various species compared. The history of malaria in England is briefly reviewed, the disease probably having been introduced after the Norman conquest. During the latter half of the 19th century it gradually died down, owing probably in part to improve- ments in drainage and in part to the use of quinine. The cause for such disappearance in some localities is, however, difficult to determine ; in South Essex, for instance, malaria is said to have practically disappeared since the 18th century, although the marshes have been drained for 300 years in the same manner as now. ‘Two charts show respectively the distribution of Anopheline mosquitos and the past occurrence of malaria in England. A comparison of these shows that the distribution of the disease is more restricted than that of the mosquitos. At the outbreak of the War, apart from a few imported cases, malaria was probably extinct. The factors necessary for the continuance of the cycle of the malaria organism are discussed, and it is pointed out that malaria can only exist during the period in which the temperature is high enough to allow the parasite responsible for the disease to develop within the body of the mosquito. Within this hmit the survival of malaria will depend upon the ‘period during which the organism can linger on in the system of its human host, coupled with the prevalence of mosquitos when any recrudescence, due to hardship and exposure, occurs. These two factors are amenable to human influence, and.as England is situated at the limit of the range of the disease it should not be difficult to control it in this country. The prevention of the infection of mosquitos when a malarial subject has a renewed attack of fever is difficult, but not impossible. If there were a thoroughly organised national medical service the 33 danger attending such attacks could be minimised, if not prevented ; but there is no chance of such a service being available before the troops return from abroad. Cases of malaria in persons who have never been out of the country have already been reported. The Local Government Board is therefore turning to the last line of defence, namely, the control of Anophelines. Three species of Anophelines occur in England ; Anopheles maculi- pennis, the commonest malaria carrier in Europe, A bifurcatus, and A. plumbeus (nigripes). The last-named is rare and of rather unusual habitat. It occurs in Epping Forest, where the larvae have been taken from holes in beech trees, but there is no evidence that this species is able to convey malaria. A, bifurcatus is a malaria carrier, but is much less common than A. maculipennas. There is considerable difference between the breeding-places of Anophelines and those of other groups of mosquitos. The former, as typified by A. maculipennis, frequent open sunlit water. Small, impermanent and very shallow collections of water such as appear in the holes made by horses’ hoofs, or waters that are much obstructed and clogged with weeds, require much more careful attention as breeding-places than the more permanent pools and streams, the latter being generally tenanted by enemies of mosquito larvae while the former are not. The inventions of man for combating mosquitos are summarised as follows :—-The use of mosquito curtains, screening of dwellings, the application of repellents, the destruction of adults by traps, fumigation or spraying, the removal of cover near houses and the cutting of trees, bushes and grass. Control of the larval and pupal stages 1s effected by drainage of surfacetwater and swamps, the filling of pools and water-holes, the removal of weeds in streams and ponds, deepening the margins of ponds, filling in of hoof-holes, oiling of water-surfaces and the penalising of persons who allow mosquitos to breed in lily- ponds, rock-gardens, swamps, water-tanks, znd other domestic supplies of water, and those who leave about discarded tins and empty bottles. The methods of contro! must be chosen to suit the conditions of a particular district ; it must be considered whether the filling in or oiling of a poo! will destroy natural enemies of the mosquito ; the time of undertaking the control measures must be duly considered in regard to the time of breeding of the mosquitos. The first steps should be the drainage of swamps (not bogs) and the clearing of ditches to secure a better level and quicker flow. All small temporary collections of water should be filled up or regularly oiled as long as they contain water. Water-tanks and butts should be kept stocked with a few small fish or carefully screened with wire netting. Certain kinds of trapped surface-water drains that afford breeding-places for Culicines should be treated during dry weather with crude naphthaline or disinfectants. The water-holes often found about the roots of old beech trees should be filled in with sand or leaf mould. Larvicides should be carefully chosen. Heavy oils are best in hot climates as they do not evaporate too rapidly ; in cool climates light oils can be used and the oil can be emulsified with a soap solution with equally good results; such an emulsion will kill at a dilution of 1 in 20,000. For Anophelines in running water and for any species in salt water, the Panama larvicide, made of crude carbolic acid and resin soap, 34 may be recommended. Any anti-mosquito campaign in this country should be controlled by a committee of experts; any system leaving the administrative work to local councils directed by leaflets from the Local Government Board is strongly deprecated, as it 1s considered ’ that. this would lead to wastage and unnecessary expense together with weakness on the executive side. Hartiey (J. A.). Notes on an Outbreak of Phlebotomus Fever.—/!. R.A.M.C., London, xxxl, no. 4, October 1918, pp. 317-318, 1 chart. In the middle of the summer of 1917 an outbreak of sand-fly fever occurred in a squadron of yeomanry in mid-Egypt, 86°4 per cent. being infected. The first case was discovered on the 37th day of occupation, being followed by 3 or 4 fresh cases daily for a week, with an average of 6 daily in the second week. The camp was then moved to fresh ground about 14 miles distant, and although it was impossible to avoid carrying the infection, better conditions followed. For military reasons it was desirable to maintain occupation of the first position, and after taking additional preventive measures a guard drawn from another unit was placed in it. Within four days the men showed symptoms of infection and all of them developed the fever. Preventive measures were adopted consisting of cresol spraying, and the use of parafiin oil,on breeding-places. Every individual had a mosquito net, but this was of little use owing to the small size of the midges. Examples of Phlebotomus were found on walls and in rubble, and required moisture for their breeding-places. Rawnstey (Col. G. T.), Cunnincuam (Lt.-Col. R.A.) & Warnock (Capt. J.). The Prophylaxis of Malaria—JI. R.A.M.C., London, Xxxl, no. 4, pp. 272-276. In January in Macedonia, both in 1917 and 1918, Anopheline larvae were found, but no pupae; in 1918 very few Anopheline larvae were found in the traps, and none earlier than the middle of May. In 1917 it was considered that primary infections hegan about 12th June, which the observations as regards larvae will undoubtedly confirm for 1918. The only mosquitos in the earlier months are hibernating and inactive, cases occurring at this period being therefore due to relapses. With the increase of temperature in the summer months cases of malignant malaria occur, which are rare in the winter, the maximum intensity being reached about October or November, from which time it gradually declines, until from March to June such cases are seldom seen. The question has arisen whether A. paleslinensis (superpictus) carries the subtertian parasite entirely or better than does A. maculinennis, as it 18 more prevalent during August and September when subtertian malaria is most in evidence. Haves (F. M.). Hogs and the Tent Caterpillar.—JI. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., Baton Rouge, La., liv, N.S. vu, no. 1, October 1918, pp. 59-61, 4 plates. In June 1918 a disease among pigs, suspected at first to be hog cholera, occurred on two small ranches in California. Of two herds 30 of 47 and 35 respectively, 39 died within two weeks, many of the remainder showing symptoms of sickness. Post-mortem examination revealed the presence in the digestive tract of a continuous string of undigested matter largely composed of a fine, wool-like fibre enclosing bits of grass, barley hulls and small fragments of a dark brown material. On examining the feeding-places, hundreds of cocoons of tent cater- pillars [Malarosoma] were > found, individual fibres of the cocoon being identical with those of the intestinal mass. A number of collected cocoons on being given to a healthy animal were consumed with avidity, the masticated pupae appearing in the intestinal contents as dark brown fragments. The only treatment adopted was that of keeping the animals away from the infested area until the pupae had emerged, the majority recovering under this treatment. Ticks “On the Run” in Louisiana.—J/. Amer. Vel. Med. Assoc., Baton Rouge, La., liv, N.S., vii, no. 1, October 1918, p. 83. According to Dr. E. I. Smith in charge of tick eradication in Louisiana, the total number of cattle Suniuges August was 2,113,386 ; 84.461 horses and mules were inspected and 32,188 were dipped. About 5,000 dipping tanks are available in Louisiana, in which i 518,087 dippings took place under Federal supervision between 15th March 1918 and Ist September 1918, tick-infestation having been thereby reduced to one-tenth of what it was at the beginning ot the work in April 1918. Mouter (J. R.). The Bureau of Animal Industry as a War Auxiliary. —Jl. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., Baton Rouge. La., liv, N.S. vii, 0. 2, November 1918, pp. 96-107. On Ist July 1906, 728,565 square miles of territory, involving 15 States, were quarantined for Texas fever, the annual losses from which were estimated at £8,000,000 at least. At this time the belief prevailed generally throughout the South that the tick [Boophilus annulatus| could not be exterminated, and though the work of eradica- tion was begun in 1906 in a small way it progressed very slowly for several years owing to limited funds and opposition to the movement. Once it had been proved that extermination was possible, the work progressed rapidly, and up to the present 52 per cent. of the original quarantined area has been declared free. After the declaration of war, the work was pushed as a war measure, there beg 286 Bureau inspectors, 284 State inspectors, and 1,202 county inspectors in the field during the latter part of 1917, and 21,247 dipping vats were in operation. With the release of the entire State of Mississippi from quarantine in December last, a wedge has been forced through to the Gulf of Mexico, and as the force of inspectors will be increased as much as possible during the coming season, it may safely be predicted that the cattle tick will be completely exterminated in the South within the next five years. 36 Horstman (E.). Tick Eradication Talks at New Orleans.—J1. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc., Baton Rouge, La.,liv, N.S. vii, no. 2, November 1918, pp. 196-199. At a conference of the Bureau of Animal Industry employees of Louisiana engaged in cattle fever-tick eradication, held at New Orleans in September 1918, statistics were quoted by Dr. E. P. Flower, of the Louisiana State Live Stock Sanitary Board, showing that tick eradication would mean a grand total increase of profits of £1,706,000 from the improved value of cattle due to dipping, and from the increase in stock and milk supply. Against this the cost of the anti-tick crusade is only £199,090, leaving a net profit of £1,507,000. Tick eradication also makes the introduction of blood-stock possible and safe, and is, in fact, one of the most constructive and conservative measures of the day. Tsetse Fly in Southern Rhodesia.—British S. Africa Company, London, 29th October 1918, 8th November 1918, and 2nd January 1919. [MSS. received from the Colonial Office 8th and 22nd November 1918 and 14th January 1919. | A further report of the Government Entomologist, supplementary to that already noticed [see this Review, Ser. B, vil, p. 9], defines the Sebungwe and Umniati fly areas, as existing in June - July 1918. It is noticed that records of extreme abundance of tsetse-fly [Glossina mursilans| in certain spots, with one exception, coincide with localities where game is particularly plentiful. The exception is on the west bank of the Umniati river, where the fly may be associated with the river itself or may be feeding on the troops of baboons that are extraordinarily plentiful there. The fact that game in this neighbour- hood has been checked by professional hunters for the past five or six years without a corresponding reduction in the numbers of tsetse is disappointing, but is not a proof that this method would not succeed elsewhere, the unusual prevalence of baboons being a complicating factor. Evidence as to whether tsetse-flies can feed on these animals is extremely contradictory, and if some means could be devised of getting rid cf the baboons in the locality, it would constitute a valuable experiment. At a meeting held at the Administrator’s office on 21st August the position regarding tsetse-fly in Southern Rhodesia was discussed. It was stated that farmers from the Wankie District had reported that if the fly spread the district would be ruined for settlement, while the colliery working might be seriously hampered. In the Medical Director’s opinion the spread of the fly would tend to increase the spread of sleeping-sickness. The suggestions made by the Govern- ment Entomologist for the control of the tsetse-fly [loc. cit.] were then discussed. With regard to throwing open a guard area to free shooting, it was remarked that while a general opinion prevailed that fhe destruction of game would reduce the fly danger, no definite conclusion had ever been reached on this point. It was thought that the best time to undertake destruction of game within a prescribed area would be during the breeding season, as game disturbed at that time usually forsake permanently their old haunts. The suggestions regarding 37 deforestation of a guard area, deforestation and fencing, destruction of winter haunts such as evergreen trees near water, and the use of poison gas, were all rejected on the grounds of expense. It was eventually decided to take steps for the destruction of game within a prescribed area in the southern part of the Wankie District. A scheme was subsequently drawn up, defining the tsetse eradication area, within the limits of which antelopes and other mammals should be removed as thoroughly and rapidly as possible by a series of hunts or battues and the cleared area maintained free of such animals as far as possible by patrols for a sufficiently long period to test the eflect on the fly. If results within the area treated warrant a continuance of this method, operations would probably he extended to another area. ‘I'he details of the scheme are outlined and the cost of labour and materials estimated. As an experiment in the destruction of haunts of the tsetse-fly, an isolated patch of bush has been selected. It is proposed, after a preliminary inspection to determine the degree of tsetse infestation of this area, to effect the complete removal of all evergreen or deciduous heavy-foliaged trees by felling, coupled with burning of the grass. Such clearing is to be repeated ‘in subsequent seasons, with periodical inspection by the entomologist to note results. A recently published report of a committee appointed by the Natal Province records a very creat spread of disease in Zululand owing to tsetse-fly. In some localities natives have not been able to keep cattle for several years, and others have sustained heavy losses in their stock. Occupation of the affected areas remains very sparse and the opening up of Crown Lands reserved for purposes of settlement is rendered impossible so long as the several species of game that are known to be carriers are allowed to overrun the lands in question. Whatever arguments may be brought forward with a view to dis- associating trypanosomiasis from game, it is considered that actual demonstration in Zululand has clearly proved that once the reservoir of infection in the shape of certain species of game is removed from a locality, losses from trypanosomiasis cease forthwith. In the opinion of the committee it is imperative in the interests of a closer settlement of Zululand by both Europeans and natives that all game known to act or suspected of acting as carriers of trypanosomiasis should be strictly confined within the limits of their reserve. Burnett (J. E.), Methods of Combating Flies —Qtrly. Bull. Michigan Agric. Coll. Expt. Sta., East Lansing, 1, no. 1, August 1918, pp. 18-19. [Received 12th December 1918.] The most effective means of poisoning house-flies is to fill soup plates up to the rim with a mixture of | part commercial formalin and 19 parts water sweetened with syrup. A good repellent that should be sprayed on cows with a hand-sprayer just before milking time 1s composed of :—12 oz. crude carbolic acid, 12 oz. turpentine, 12 oz. tar-oil, 2 oz. tannin, made up to 5 U.S. gals. with kerosene oil. A suitable trap may be made of a barrel from which both ends have been removed. One end is covered with wire netting, and in the other is fixed a funnel made of wire screen, the opening at the point, } to 3 inches across, being in the interior of the barrel. This trap is baited. with sugar, decayed fruit, etc., and placed on legs 3 inches long. 38 Tick Eradication.—Jamaica Dept. Agric. Ann. Rept. for Year ended 31st March 1918, Kingston, 1918, pp. 24-26. [Received 5th December 1918.] : As the result of Professor Newstead’s visit to Jamaica in 1909 to study the tick problem, a very successful liquid for spraying cattle was introduced in which arsenic in the form of Cooper’s Dip was added to a solution of paraftin-naphthaline or paranaph. In 1915, 80 per cent. sodium arsenite was adopted as the source of arsenic and has proved to be the cheapest, most convenient and most effective form to use. A new, single-solution dip has been put on the market containing sodium arsenite and certain emulsifying ingredients, but this, though having the practical advantage of greater simplicity in preparation, has only 89 per cent. of the efficiency of the above mixture. At the beginning of the tick eradication campaign, the only method employed was that of spraying, but in 1913 it was recognised that dipping tanks were necessary for dealing with large herds of cattle, and in 1915 a tank was constructed at a cost of £25, though subsequent modifications and improvements brought its cost up to £60. In 1918 several planters decided to erect tanks, and a garmresnnn for the erection of seven has been received from a single proprietor. The departmental dipping hquid is based on a standard content of 2 lb. of 80 per cent. sodium arsenite per 100 gals., experience having shown this to be the optimum strength for tick-destruction in Jamaica, and the emulsifying effect is obtained by the addition of 3 lb. paranaph per 100 gals. liquid. The pre-war cost of this solution was 1s. 2d. per 100 gals., or less than one-sixth that of the proprietary dips on the market. During 1917 the whole of the herd on the Government Stock Farm was dipped 16 times, or about every 3 weeks, the average cost of dipping for the year being only two-pence per head. Regular dipping is carried out as a preventive measure, the occurrence of ticks on cattle being rare, though there is always the risk of infestation from neighbours’ lands and from horses and mules. The dipping of horses and mules in a cattle dipping tank is somewhat risky, and though it has been safely dene on the stock farm, control of the tick is generally effected in this case by spraying and painting with sheep- -wash, At the same time ticks derived from equines do not impart tick-fever and they are therefore not dangerous to cattle. A remarkable feature of dipping is the way in which long-haired cattle are completely freed from ticks, no previous clipping being necessary, as 1s the case when spraying is carried out. For use as a spray the standard wash consists of :—Sodium arsenite 1 0z., paranaph 2 qts. or 5lb., water 12 qts. An economical commercial wash for use as a spray consists of :---Sodium arsenite 3$ oz., paranaph 1 lb., water 10 gals., tank or rain water being used if procurable. The dip for use in dipping tanks contains sodium arsenite 2 lb., paranaph 3 lb., water 100 gals. Rircure (A. H.). Annual Report of Entomologist—Jamaica Dept. Agric. Ann. Rept. for Year ended 31st March 1918, Kingston, 1918, pp. 34-40. [Received 8th December 1918.] In the rice-growing districts the drainage of the land, if carried ‘out extensively, would act as a considerable control of mosquitos. 39 on the plains, where incidence of malaria is high. No attempt has been made by adjustment of weirs on the water channels to maintain continual water interchange, with the result that stagnant water is changed only at long intervals by rain or river overflow. As there is no proper irrigation system or adjustment of soil and water levels, pools are left in the fields which act as mosquito breeding-places. Satisfactory drainage and water control in districts where rice is being grown, besides ameliorating the malaria and mosquito situation, would also greatly assist in control of liver fluke of cattle and certain ‘Tabanid flies. vAN Gorxkom (W. J.). Dienst der Pestbestrijding. Verslag over het eerste Kwartaal 1915, [Anti-Plague Service. Report on the First Quarter of 1915.]—Meded. Burgerlijken Geneesk. Dienst in Nederlandsch-Indié, Batavia, v, 1918, pp. 1-71. [Also in English. ] [Received 11th December 1918. ] Fumigation of village dwellings as a means of combating plague does not appear to be as effective as at first supposed. Young rats, small lizards and fleas sometimes survive this treatment. In villages where only rat-plague was known cases of human-plague have occurred after fumigation. Furthermore, plague sometimes returns after a brief absence which has followed treatment, and rats escape while preparations are being made. Besides mechanical measures and the use of sulphur dioxide and liquids, experiments have been made with hydrocyanic acid gas, but no definite conclusions were reached as to the value of this agent. Baupet (HE. A. R. F.). Het Onderkennen van Sarcoptes-, Psoroptes- en - Choro ptes-schurftmijten. [The Differentiation of Sarcoptes, Pso- roptes and Chortoptes Scab-Mites.|— Tijdschr. Vergelijkende Geneeskunde, Gezondheidsleer, en Parasitarre- en Infectieuse Dier- ziekten, Leyden, i, 1915, pp. 22-27, 6 plates. [Received 10th February 1919. | The object of this paper is to indicate with the aid of micro- photographs some special differences between these genera. ‘These are of practical value in making a correct diagnosis in cases of scabies. Roos (J.). Psoroptesschurft bij Paarden. [Psoroptic Mange in the Horse. ]—Tjdschr. Vergeliykende Geneeskunde, Gezondherdsleer, en Parasitaire- en Infectieuse Drerziekten, Leyden, i, 1915, pp. 252-262, 1 plate. [Received 10th February 1919. ] Horse mange due to Psoroptes, Dermatocoptes, and Dermatodectes communis 1s less common than the sarcoptic and chorioptic forms. It occurs on those parts of the animal where the hair is long enough to protect the mites from being brushed away. In the case described here, however, the places affected were nearly all on both sides of the buttock and on the saddle. English investigators have believed that Psoroptes and Sarcoples can sometimes occur together, but in this case the latter was not found. An indispensable part of treatment is close shearing. After removing any scabs and crusts the skin is washed with a tepid soap-soda solution and this is followed by the application of a tobacco decoction. An ointment containing 3 per 40 cent. of chloret. hydrargyric-ammon. gave excellent results. Without any preliminary measures the ointment is rubbed on and left for 4 days and is then scraped off with a spatula. This procedure is repeated twice and the animals are then washed. Two applications may suffice in some Cases. Parrot (L.). Répartition Géographique de Phlebotomus minutus var. africanus, dans le Département de Constantine.—[Geographical Distribution of Phlebotomus minutus var. africanus in the Department of Constantine. ]|—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xi, no. 9, 13th November 1918, pp. 791-792. In view of the hypothesis advanced by MM. Sergent, Lemaire and Senevet concerning the possible réle of Phlebotomus, and particularly of P. minutus var. africanus in the transmission of Oriental sore [see this Review, Ser. B, iti, p. 2301, the authors publish the results of their observations upon the geographical distribution of these blood-sucking midges in the Department of Constantine. Captures up to the present time have included the following species :——(1) In the littoral zone, at Bone (Saint-Ferdinand district, 1915): P. papatasia, Scop., 40 per cent.; P. perniciosus, Newst., 10 per cent.; P. minutus var. africanus, Newst., 50 per cent. (2) On the high plateaux, at Gambetta (near Souk-Ahras, 1914): P. papatasi, 45 per cent. ; P. perniciosus, 30 per cent. ; P. minutus var. africanus, 25 per cent. 5 and at MacMahon (at the northern limit of the so-called Biskra centre oi endemic leishmaniasis, 1917-1918): P. papatasii, 10 per cent. ; P. pernciosus, 60 per cent.; P. sergenti, Parrot, 20 per cent. ; P. minulus var. africanus, 10 per cent. (3) In the ante-Saharan steppe, at Barika (1915--1916): P. papatasi, 25 per cent. ; P. perniciosus 5 per cent. ; P. minutus var. africanus, 70 per cent. It is obvious that the abundance of P. minutus var. africanus varies greatly from one region to another. It would, however, be rash to conclude that certain localities are more favourable than others to the development of that species ; on the contrary, inspection shows that within the limits of one locality the distribution of the different species of Phlebotomus varies considerably in different quarters and in different houses. In other words, the percentages given above have only a relative value, and might be completely modified by extending the investigations to other points of the localities from which they have been drawn. All that can be stated with certainty is that P. minutus var. africanus is found throughout the Department of Constantine, from the sea to the Sahara. Mesniu (F.) & Rousaup (E.). Inseets and Infections at the Front.— C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, Ixxxi, no. 20, 16th November 1918, pp. 1034-1038. The importance of insects as carriers of disease, as emphasised by the conditions of trench warfare during the past four years, is summarised in this paper. Those dealt with include biting flies such as Stomoxys, Simulium, Ceratopogon, mosquitos and Phlebotomus, house-flies such as Fannia canicularis, F. scalaris, Muscina and Pollenia, blow-flies such as Calliphora, Lucila, Phormia, and Sarcophaga, as well as fleas and lice. 7 NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- munieate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. par annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen’s Gate, London, §.W. 7, or through any bookseller, CONTENTS. The Identity of Bromelicolous Anophelines .. The Use of Palliatives for Mosquito Bites A Note on the Life-cycle and Fertility of the Body Lone A) Experiments on Cockroach Control in U.S.A. The Value of High Temperature for Controlling Bed-Bugs in Cane Notes on the Physiology of Mosquito Larvae Experiments with Carbon Tetrachloride against Lice House-flies in Relation to Disease The Relation of Gastrophilus spp. to Bowneans ‘Wares of the Fone Oestrids infesting Domestic Animals in Canada Cases of Pseudomyiasis attributed to Insects in Madagascar Tyroglyphus siro infesting Man in Kamerun .. Records of Anopheles nigripes in France Notes on the Hibernation of Mosquito Larvae in Macetoni Notes on the Portuguese Species of Phlebotomus Influenza and Sandfly Fever in the Balkans .. Insects and Disease at Duala, Kamerun as Native Reservoirs of the Malaria Virus in Macedonia Measures against Mosquitos and Malaria in Spain Stomozys calcitrans and its Control in Argentina Mosquitos and the Danger of Malaria in England An Outbreak of Sandfly Fever in Egypt The Seasonal Incidence of Malaria in Macedonia The Injurious Effects of the Cocoons of Bp eae on Pigs California The Results of Dipping yeast Ticks ; in -v, S. Tsetse-Fly in Southern Rhodesia Methods of Destroying House-flies on eee in U. s. re Dipping against Ticks in Jamaica Malaria and Rice Cultivation in Jamaica ae Measures against Plague in the Dutch East Indies .. The Differentiation of the Mites causing Scabies The Treatment of Psoroptic Mange in the Horse The Distribution of Phlebotomus in Algeria Insects and their Relation to Disease on the neat: Front ea ips toe at the G.P.0, for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post. VOL. VII. Ser. B. Part 3.—pp. 41-52. MARCH, 1919. - THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. a “ oN APRiG oie Oe SERIES B: MEDICAL \ 4 (721919 * AND VETERINARY. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY LONDON: SOLD BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN’S GATE, S.W. 7. Price Gd. net. All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Honorary Committee of Management. Ve VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Atcoox, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Major E. E. Austen, D.8.0., Entomological Department, ‘Britich Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. BacsHawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Major-General Sir J. Rose BRADFORD, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir Davip Brocs, K.C.B., F.R.S., AMS. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomolosist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwett Lerroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. The Hon. Sir Joun MoCatx, M.D., Agent-General for Paamanie. Dr. R. StewARtT MacDovaat, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir Jonn MoFapyeay, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Danret Morris, K.C.M.G.,. Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newsteap, F.B.S., Dutton Memorial Professor ae Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Norratt, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poutton, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davip PRAIN, C.LE,, C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Reap, K.C.M.G., €.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. RoTHsoxILp. Dr. Hues Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Saretey, F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Mr. R. SPERLING, Foreign Office. ¢ Sir Srewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Tumopatp, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. WarsurTon, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist i in each of the Self-governing Dominions is an ex officio member of the Committee. General Secretary, Mr. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director and Boditor. Dr. Guy A. K. MarsHatt. Assistant Director. | Dr. 8. A. NEAVE. Head Office. —British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 8.W. 7. Publication Office. —89, Queen’s Gate, London, 8.W. 7 Sasi 2 ae “s 41 [2 ADD rR / Viemine (E.). Vergelijkend Onderzoek omtrent Filariase?-bij den Mensch en bij den Hond in Suriname. [A Comparative Investiga~\j ,, municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen’s Gate, Londen, S.W. 7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. The Susceptibility of a Rodent to cemononere anlany in Hagt ve Africa a“ a eh Bi Immunity of Camels to Trypanosoma bareeriias in Algeria . Beh estes The Treatment of Mange in Camels in Algeria AN Ap 85 A New Species of Ornithodorus in Morocco .. F 86 Sarcophagid Larvae probably accidentally parasi ‘sing Glossina ote palpalis in Captivity in the Congo 86 A Note on two Species of Ohoeromyia in Eastern Africa se Sea ee The Identity of the Mite causing River Feverin Japan .. .. 87 The Use of Nicotine against Mites on Fowls . : 98 ae 87 Modern Methods of destroying Mosquito lacus in Us A. WR EE EEN bent. Dipping against Ticks in Guadeloupe 90 The Control of the coe Sewage Filter My, Paychoda alternate, in U.S Ais 90 Some New Phases of Medical Banorulcey af ss te OF Measures against Pests of Domestic Animals in U. § BY PUNE Miele AUN. The Bionomics and Control of the Spinose Ear Tick in USA. .. 93 The Progress of Tick Eradication in U.S.A. . sere Mis vate 94 The Isolation of the Virus of Trench Fever . ; ate MES VA 45M Ra Trypanosomiasis i in Domestic Animals in ierapicd) Mies! PPR MA BADR ioe Argas persicus infesting Fowls in Rhodesia .. ; atmo Ven The Bionomics and Control of Haematopinus suis on Pits 4 in U. S.A. 95. Measures for the Eradication of Insect-borne Diseases in North and Central America ay ; : yt SMa Mosquitos and Malaria in Batavia .. “i BB The Susceptibility of va ie a to Malavil Infections in the - Dutch East Indies . ma 97 The Biology of Anopheles ludlowi i in Sumatra ise Si si 98 A List of Mosquitos found in France .. O98 A Coleopterous Larva in the seit Tract “Of Man in the inngla! Egyptian Sudan .. bait 90). The Artificial Propagation of Ne asonia Were in 1 ‘Australia i OO The Bionomies of Glossina palpalis on the sa of asia Nyanza oe ; oak Oe The Male of Oulicoides peeNeatiis deseribad front’ Korea _ 101 The Relation of Flies to ogo eeiauate in E sypt and Macedonia .. 101, 102 The Relation of Biting Flies to Bagdad Boils i in ial ipotanea ~» > LOS Insect-borne Diseases in the Philippines vie 102 The Danger of the Introduction of Yellow Heger ae the Philippines : ok ee as Ai The Early Stages of Taeniorhynchus richiardit i in attean me Ae) A Scabies in Cattle and its Control in U.S.A. .. bi ath .. 104 New Tropical American Mosquitos .. ve ge sie eer Li A List of Mosquitos from Canada aN oa dh ED The Larval Stages of Aédes bimaculatus in U. 3. Ai a int er G Notes on Mosquitos from Argentina .. Bh ik oy PME 8 | Flies affecting Live-stock in New Zealand .. SMR ag Ht Insect-borne Diseases among Belgian Troops in Fast in pet te POE The Flight of Mosquitos through horizontal Water eae in the Virgin Islands ‘i yr 108 Measures against Mosquitos in Military Cantonments i in rr, S. A. 108 Registered at the G.P.0. for Transmission to Canada and Newfound/and by Magazine Post. - VOL. VII. Ser. B. Part 7.—pp. 109-124. - JULY, 1919. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED Peoria Sti iS ENTOMOLOGY(: AUG 2.11912 Nv. evs / *tiong| MUS SERIES B: MEDICAL AND VETERINARY. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY LONDON : SOLD BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 89, QUEEN’S GATE, S.W. 7. Price Gd. net. All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. sfueebaels Committee of Management. VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Cleiténant-Colonal A We Avoooie CRABS Pasian eee ot Tropical Medicine. Major E. E. Ausren, D.S.0., Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. BaasHaweE, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Major-General Sir J. Rosz BRADFORD, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, | Royal Society. Major-General Sir Davin Bruog, K.C.B., F.R.S., AMS. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. 8. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural History). Professor H. Maxwett Lerroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Dr. R. Srewart MacDovaatt, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir Joun MoFapyEan, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Parrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Dantret Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newsteap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nurratz, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. _ Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., ‘Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davip PRAIN, C.1L.E., C.M.G., F.R. S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Reap, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. RoTHScHILD. Dr. Hues Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. pate F.R.8., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Mr. R. SPERLING, Foreign Office. Sir Srewart SrocgMAN, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Turopatp, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Wansur0%, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. - ‘The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions {a an ex officio member of the Committee. General Secretary. Capt. A. C. C. Parxtnson (Colonial Office). Director and oditor. Dr. Guy A. K. Marsnat. Assistant Director. Dr. NEAVE. Head Office.—British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road , London, 8.W. 7. Publication Office.—89, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W. ce 109 AUG 2h" \ 4, e Hurcuins (K.). Annual Report of Chief Veterinary Oficer —Uyandé' \ Be < Dept. Agric. Ann. Rept. for the Year ending 31st March -1918;— Kampala, 1918, pp. 36-41. [Received 19th April 1919.] Deaths of cattle from trypanosomiasis were not quite so numerous as in previous years though several outbreaks occurred, one trader losing 21 out of 25 oxen from Trypanosoma pecorum, and in another district 80 out of 108 transport oxen became infected. The disease in this case appears to have been mainly spread by TABANIDAE, especially Tabanus africanus. Another outbreak was reported where Glossina fusca occurred, No outbreaks of trypanosomiasis have been recorded in Busoga amongst transport oxen since the road on which G. palli- dipes was found in 1916 was closed. Stomoays calcitrans is considered to be chiefly concerned in spreading JT. pecorum and T. vivax at Kampala. Some extensions of the previously known distribution of Glossina morsitans are reported. Several deaths occurred amongst transport oxen from African Coast fever and anaplasmosis, and a number of dogs were treated for piroplasmosis. Low (G. C.). Antimony in the Treatment of American Leishmaniasis of the Skin.—Brit. Med. JIl., London, no, 3042, 19th April 1919, pp. 479-480. A case is recorded in British Honduras of infestation of man with the larvae of Dermatobia hominis (cyaniventris), 30 maggots being removed from various parts of the body. A sore subsequently appeared on the pinna of the right ear, from which, 24 years later, Leishmania americana was isolated. No treatment checked the progress of the disease until antimony ointment was tried 5 years later, followed by intravenous injections of antimony tartrate continued over a period of 4 months; this resulted-in a complete and permanent cure, no secondary buccal lesions developing. Bassett-SmitH (P. W.). Naval Cases of Malaria contracted in England, 1918.—J]. R.N.M.S., London, v, no. 2, April, 1919, pp. 201-202. During 1918 nine fresh naval cases of malaria were reported in England, of which only two had ever been abroad and neither of these had had previous attacks. Most of the cases occurred in the spring. Many specimens of Anopheles maculipennis were found in marshes in Suffolk and this species also occurred among mosquitos sent from Kent, as well as larger numbers of Culex pipiens. All cases were treated at once and placed under mosquito nets until they could be transferred to non-malarial districts. The pools were paraffined ’ to destroy the larvae, and the edges kept free of grass, the area involved being so large that it was impossible to adopt more extensive measures, Matone (A. E.). A ease of Malaria contracted in England.—J1. R.N.M.S., London, v, no. 2, April 1919, p. 202. A case of malaria is recorded from Pembroke dock. The man in question had never been abroad but had lived in H.M. Dockyard, Sheerness, from January 1916 to April 1918. There is, however, a (C573) Wt. P1921/144. 1,500. 7.19; B.&F.,Ltd. Gp. 11/14 A 110 possibility of the infection having been acquired from men invalided home in consequence of malaria. Anopheles bifurcatus and A. plumbeus have been found in the neighbourhood, but not A. maculipennis. The first mentioned is an active malaria carrier abroad, but has not been proved to be so in England. James (Lt.-Col. 8. P.). Malaria contracted in England.—Trans. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., London, xii, no. 3, 17th January 1919, pp. 37— 51. The total number of civilian cases of malaria for 1918 in England was 67, 43 of which are believed to have contracted the disease in or before 1917. The majority of cases occurred in north-east Kent. In England it is probable that two independent conditions of malaria have to be dealt with. One is due to a foreign strain of the parasite arising from the importation of exotic malaria and the other a true indigenous malaria due to a parasite which has always been in the country. The latter seems to be localised in certain streets and houses, which would seem to indicate that the mosquito concerned spends most of its life in the immediate vicinity of the place where it obtained its first meals of blood. In 1918 most relapses occurred in April and May, although adult Anophelines were not found in dwelling houses until July. The first found in June were only in stables. Anopheles maculipennis seems to be the sole agent of infection in Queenborough. Measures were at once taken to discover and control the cases and carriers. During the discussion following this paper, Mr. A. J. Grove stated that three areas, in Essex, Kent and near’Shrewsbury in Shropshire, had been selected for observations. The first two of these had a pre- vious history of malaria, and the third had not, being selected to serve as a sort of control. The results obtained showed a marked decrease in the numbers of A. maculipennis until the end of May, the new brood appearing at the beginning of June and reaching its maximum about September, after which the numbers began to decline. Although A. bifurcatus and A. plumbeus were sometimes found in numbers, counts of these species could not be made. Larvae of A. bifurcatus were found in decreasing numbers until the end of April, after which they apparently disappeared until June; those of A. plumbeus were not found at all and those of A. maculipennis from May to September. The chief factors necessary for a building to be favoured by mosquitos are the continued use of the building by animals; the absence of draughts, particularly near the roof ; comparative stability of temperature ; and the intensity of light. The invasion of houses is probably associated with the swarming of the insects for pairing purposes, Capt. A. Macdonald stated that he had found A. maculipennis during the winter in the warmth and shelter of stables and that durmg warm weather it wandered into houses; A. bifurcatus on the other hand is very seldom found in human dwellings. He was of opinion that malaria has occurred in the British Isles in the past, and that, given a coincidence of optimum conditions, extensive but temporary epidemics of the disease might arise. rt Sir Ronald Ross expressed the hope that further investigations will be made as to the correctness of the author’s hypothesis that there are two strains of benign tertian parasites in England. Bousrretp (L.). Malaria, with reference to (1) the Danger of imported Anopheline Insects, (2) an unusual Breeding Ground.—Trams. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., London, xii, no. 3, 17th January 1919, pp. 52- 58, 2 figs. Besides the natural sources of infection from malaria in Khartoum, there is a large traffic in steamers, native boats and trains coming from highly malarious districts. Since preventive measures have been adopted the town has been very free from infection until recent years. This is accounted for by the increased native boat traffic to supply wood owing to the shortage of coal. The boats travel slowly down the Nile from malarious districts and are moored to the banks at night; mosquitos come on board them and having fed on the native crew, shelter in the cargo and remain undisturbed until it is unloaded. As the Anophelines found on board are usually females, it is believed that human blood is the attraction ; they very seldom breed on board, whereas Culex and Stegomyia frequently do so. Mosquitos have been found in houses near the river bank that had been free from them for months. Details are given of the anti-malarial measures adopted in the district. Anopheles (Pyretophorus) costalis, Culex fatigans and Stegomyra fasciata breed locally, whereas Anopheles (Cellia) pharoensis and an unidentified species of Culex have been found in houses near the river banks and trains, but do not breed locally. When the Nile receded in 1917, after the inundation around Khartoum, a mud flat was formed by the deposited silt in which Anopheline larvae, probably those of A. costalis, were found. Horney (H. V.). The Trypanosomes found in Domestic Mammals in South Central Africa.—Vet. Jl., London, Ixxv, no. 4, April 1919, pp. 128-138. The following is the author’s summary of this paper: The common trypanosomes found in domestic mammals in South Central Africa are three in number viz :—Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense and T. vivaz. They are readily distinguishable by their morphological characters, T. brucei is very fatal to equines, smaller ruminants and dogs, but is almost non-pathogenic for cattle. TT. congolense is the commonest cause of trypanosomiasis of cattle, but it is also pathogenic for other domestic mammals. TJ. vivax resembles T. congolense in the forms of disease it causes in stock. Dogs are generally immune to its ill-effects. The distribution of these parasites is coincident with that of tsetse- flies. Different strains of the same species of trypanosome vary greatly in their range of virulence. Individuals and races of the same species of domestic animals vary greatly in the resistance they offer to infection. The presence in the blood of one species of parasite _appears to inhibit the development of another. (C573) a2 112 A fourth species—T. simiae—causes disease in pigs. It is con- ceivable that it may be only a variety of J. congolense modified by passage through the warthog. Rice Culture and Malaria.—California State Bd. Health Mthly. Bull., Sacramento, xv, no. 8, February 1919, p. 270. Owing to the increase in rice cultivation in California, the malaria problem will require greater consideration ; for this reason special work is to be undertaken in the eradication of mosquitos from the cultivated districts. Jounson (T. H.) & Bancrorr (M. J.). Report on Mr. Munro Hull’s Claims regarding Tick-resisting Cattle—Qucensland Agric. Jl. Brisbane, xi, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 31-35. The question of the tick resistance of cattle has been investigated by the authors during the years 1915-1918, special attention having been given to the animals forming part of Mr. Hull’s herd, concerning which the latter put forward certain claims in 1912. He maintained (1) that on these cattle only a few female ticks (50 to 100) mature in the year, though they are regularly (naturally) infested by myriads of larvae ; (2) that they do not require any attention as regards ticks, and may be turned out on any country for indefinite periods without experiencing tick worry ; (3) that this peculiarity is transmissible to other cattle by contact and by vaccination and is always transmitted to their progeny, in which, however, it does not manifest itself until after the first year of life; (4) that the material used for vaccination (the exudate on the escutcheon of resistant stock) does not result from excessive tick worry ; (5) that the few female ticks found maturing on such animals have been displaced without injury from other cattle and have re-attached themselves to the resistant stock ; (6) that though these ticks oviposit, no larvae develop ; (7) that a few ticks are to be found on such animals at odd times during winter when other cattle © are free from them; (8) that such cattle have a markedly higher temperature during winter. In 1914 Mr. C. J. Pound, as a result of his observations regarding two tick-resistant cows purchased by the Government, reported ad- versely on the above claims, disagreeing with every point. In 1915 Mr. Hull again restated his claims, and, as a result of further observations, modified certain of them, as follows :—The number mentioned under point (1), was in many cases underestimated, many of the minute ticks continuing to develop but dying before engorge- ment; that certain cases of transmission of resistance (3) are really due to contact ; and that in one case the exudate appeared on a calf during the first year of life. In 1918 one of the authors made a detailed study of Mr. Hull’s cattle for a prolonged period, during January, February, March and June, when all the engorged ticks to be found on resistant animals were carefully collected, most of the cattle being inspected twice daily, and the non-milkers once daily. A thorough collection from 9 supposed resistant cows during a period of 27 days at the height of the tick season yielded only 13 fully matured ticks, though control 113 heifers from another district showed a fairly heavy infestation. In the opinion of the authors no stronger evidence could be adduced to prove the presence of a very marked tick resistance in these animals. In practically all other cases examined or reported by others, these animals retained their resistance even, when moved to other districts and did not require any treatment to prevent tick worry if they were kept in fair or good condition, these being the first 3 points claimed originally by Mr. Hull. Though departmental findings on 2 selected cows were exactly the opposite of the above, it may be conceded that they were probably correct when the animals were subjected to abnormal circumstances, such as poor condition, intense artificial infestation, etc. Further observations on the fertility of engorged ticks from resistant animals showed the existence of some impairment of vitality as proved by the lessened number of viable eggs. The authors do not support the claim that the ticks on resistant cattle have developed on other animals and re-attached themselves, and they explain the occurrence of the few ticks found in winter, when other cattle are free, by the fact that these occurred on milkers, which . are frequently in low condition during winter ; they further found that the registered temperatures of resistant cattle during summer were approximately normal. In reply to a published appeal for observations by farmers [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 187] it is stated that Brahmin cattle and crossbreds are more or less strongly resistant. In Queensland resist- ance 1s not confined to any one breed but seems to be more common . among Jerseys and Jersey crosses, perhaps on account of their fine short hair and oily skin. Individual animals of various other breeds and their crosses may possess a marked resistance, due to individual idiosyn- cracy. Resistance in animals from isolated localities, usually in the vicinity of scrub country is perhaps due to the more abundant fodder maintaining them in better condition. The claim that the application of an arsenical dip or wash temporarily Suppresses resistance does not seem to hold good, provided that the condition of the animals is not lowered by the treatment. After collecting all the available evidence concerning the hereditary transmission of resistance by vaccination and by contact, the authors conclude that in certain cases this does occur, though they have not succeeded in transmitting it by vaccination with exudate to any of their experimental animals, nor has resistance developed in animals kept in contact with resistant ones for periods varying from 1-7 years, They conclude that the condition is naturally acyuired as a direct result of moderate, long-continued infestation, which causes the production of an anti-tick substance in the blood and other fluids of certain cattle. In view of the greater probability of undipped animals dying of tick worry than of becoming resistant, dipping in conjunction with a rotation of paddocks should be systematically carried out in order to control the ticks and assist in their eradication. Associated with tick resistance there may be an exudate forming small granular masses of thin flat yellow scabs, this condition appearing to graduate into a type of tick-sore, so far noticed only on resistant animals. The exudation makes its appearance particularly during the warmer months (October to June), and especially during the 114 moist weather, first occurring before the presence of ticks is noticed, though the larvae begin to infest cattle some time before their presence is obvious to an ordinary observer. The authors agree with Mr. Pound that the condition is the result of tick attack, but not, as he claims, an ordinary tick-sore, and they agree with Mr. Hull that it is not the result of irritation caused by excessive tick worry. Pounp (C. J.). Report on Mr. Munro Hull’s Claims regarding Tick- resisting Cattle—Queensland Agric. Jl., Brisbane, xi, nos. 1 & 2, January & February 1919, pp. 36-39 & 76-78. Commenting.on Mr. Hull’s first claim that the number of female ticks maturing on tick-resistant animals is small, the author remarks that the number of ticks found on cattle in infested areas is extremely variable and largely due to the conditions of environment. Gross tick infestation and so-called tick-resistance are not by any means constant, 7.e., at variable periods a heavily infested animal may become lightly infested or a so-called resistant one heavily infested, obviously necessitating the dipping or spraying of these alleged tick- resistant cattle. Concerning the remark in the previous report [see above] that the two cows selected for departmental experiment were subjected to abnormal conditions, the author states that when in his charge they were well fed and specially cared for, and not subjected to conditions likely to produce a lowered resistance ; and further, they were sprayed periodically with other cattle in order to keep down gross tick infestation. With reference to the view that the influence of food is a factor in the degree of infestation, the author points out that fat, healthy cattle from shows are readily susceptible to tick invasion, and that the experience of those who have for years closely observed good healthy cattle on station properties, and the constant arrival of fat, healthy, tick-infested cattle at meat factories does not support it. In-an appendix the author categorically negatives the claims [see previous paper] advanced by Mr. Hull in respect of the two alleged tick-resistant cows lent for departmental investigation. Brown (W. G.). , Conclusions to Date upon the Experiments by the Department of Agriculture and Stock in Relation to the best Means to cope with the Maggot-fly Pest in Sheep._Queensland Agric. JL., Brisbane, xi, no. 2, february 1919, pp. 60-63. _The results of 5 years’ experimentation on the control of the maggot- flies in sheep show that, generally speaking, the specifics used with success are more or less poisonous. One or two non-poisonous and easily soluble ones have given fairly good results, though they are liable to be washed out of the wool by heavy tropical rains. The effects of crutching remain good for about 3 months, but the large amount of expensive labour required renders the method impracticable 115 except in small flocks. Spraying with poisonous dips at intervals of 3 months, with a pressure of not less than 120 lb. per square inch has given good results, it having been found that with a race 3 ft. wide and 50 ft. long, 3 men are able to treat about 2,000 sheep a day. Adult flies are held in check by means of traps and poison-baits and by isectivorous birds, and the larvae are devoured by mice and are parasitised by Chaleids. Arsenic in its crude form is effective for killing both the fiies and the maggots, but care is necessary in its use owing to its little-known effect upon the health of the sheep. An arsenical dip in use for over 30 years in England and consisting of white arsenic 50 lb., caustic soda 4 Ib., carbonate of soda 20 Ib., soft-soap 35 |b., sulphur 30 lb., water 25 gal ., one gallon of which mixed with 59 gals. water forms a one-minute dip, has, on one occasion, been known to kill a large number of sheep. Sheep with 2 months’, 6 months’ and 8 months’ wool dipped twice and thrice in a poisonous dip came through the fly se son well and yielded a good fleece. It is believed by many that flies are very local, but they are known to follow sheep into a fresh paddock, though they are generally picked up by the sheep in camping places, water-holes, shearing-sheds, lamb- marking yards, etc., where they breed. Nothing has, as yet, been found, either poisonous or non-poisonous, which will prevent. flies from attacking sheep. The health of the sheep has & marked influence on the incidence of the maggot-fly, and for that reason all sick sheep should be isolated from the flock when flies are active, and sheep suffering from internal parasites should be regularly treated. Dersity of wool, when excessive, seems to be a pre isposing cause of fly-attack, since crossbreds do not suffer nearly so much as merinos in this respect. In regard to sex, maiden ewes in every breed are the most susceptible animals. The order of the seasons in which sheep are most liable to attack are:—Spring, autumn, wet winters and summer. In dry weather the flies are little in evidence. ° SALMON (D. E.), Gatuacuer (B. A.) & Foster (W. D.). Important Poultry Diseases—U_S. Dept. Agric., Washington, D.C., Farmers’ Bull., no. 957, March 1918, 48 pp., 10 figs. [Received 28th April 1919. ] The information contained in this paper has been previously dealt ‘with [see this Review, Ser. B, i, p. 115, iii, p. 158, v, p. 173, vi, pp. 14, 142}. Guitet (f.). La Station entomologique de ia Faculté des Sciences de Rennes en 1917.—Insecta, Rennes, viii, 1918, no. 5-96, pp. 177- 181. [Received 29th Apri! 1919.] The Argasid tick, Ornithodorus coniceps, is reported from the Depart- ment of Aude, and is recorded for the first time as biting man in France. During the years 1915-1917, leaflets concerning insects injurious to troops in the field have been constantly disseminated among the army, and large quantities of sublimated sulphur for use agairst Pediculus humanus (vestimentr) were distributed. 116 LeerMans (S.). Bijdrage tot de Biologie van de Wandluis, Cimex lectularius, L., en tot zijne Bestrijding. [A Contribution to the Biology of Cimex lectularius and to its Control.]— Teysmanma, Batavia, xxx, no. 1, 1919, pp. 12-30, 1 plate. The species of bed-bug found in the Dutch East Indies is illustrated, and is believed to be Cimez lectularius * the identity and synonomy of which is discussed. It is seldom found permanently in the stone houses of Europeans, but occurs in the wooden dwellings of the natives and also in hotels, etc. The presence of these insects causes no concern to the natives, who appear to be immune to the effects of their bites, though this is not the case in Europeans. Experiments showed that hungry bugs will feed in daylight; the time of feeding varied from 4 to 12 minutes. The longest time that a nymph was observed to live without food was 34 days; in the case of adults this period was 19 days. Eggs laid on Ist February hatched on the 10th February and the bugs were full-grown on 18th March. At Buitenzorg the nymphs reached maturity after the fifth moult. The section dealing with remedial measures reviews the various known methods for dealing with this pest. GEDOoELST (L.). Notes sur les Oestrides.—Rev. Zool. Africaine, Brussels, iv, no. 2-3, April 1915 and December 1916, pp. 144-161, and 259-264. Received 3rd May 1919. ] A new Oestrid genus Kirkiat, having recently been erected [see this Revew, Ser. B, 11, p. 91] for larvae the type of which was described for the first time by Blanchard in 1893, the author deals with four sets of larvae which evidently belong to a single species of this genus, for _ which he proposes the name Kirkia surcoufi, sp. n. These were obtained respectively from the frontal sinus of Bubalis sp. from Shari, of B. major from Upper Senegal and the Ivory Coast, and of B. lichten- stemi from Portuguese East Africa. The larva originally described differs from these and seems to constitute a distinct species, for which the name K. blanchardi is proposed. Gedoelstia cristata, Rodh. & Beq., originally described as a parasite of Bubalis lichtenstent from Katanga, 1s now recorded from Bubalis coket and from Connochaetes albojubatus 11 Kast Africa. G. hdssleri, sp. n., 1s described from larvae from antelopes in the Niger delta, from Abyssinia, and from the nasal cavities of Damaliscus lunatus in Uganda. A key to, and descriptions of, the species of Cobboldia are given, viz. :—C. parumspinosa from the basin of the Zambesi, C. roverei from the Belgian Congo, C. loxodontis from the Ivory Coast, Lake Chad, Uganda and the Gold Coast, and C. elephantis from Asia. Oestromyia marmotae, sp. n., is described from a larva enclosed in a cyst in the subderma! tissue of the paw of a marmot from Central Asia. Other new species described are :—Oestrus disjunctus, from the nasal cavities of Hippotragus equinus in Katanga; O. compositus, from unknown hosts in British Kast Africa, Mozambique, Abyssinia and the Sudan, similar larvae, parasitic in Bubalis lichtensteini, having been received from Katanga; and Hypoderma gazellae, from the dorsal muscle of the skin of Gazella granti from East Africa. [* Judging by the figure, it is more probably O. hemiptera, F.—Ep.] [t Kirkicestrus has since been proposed in place of this name which is preoccupied, see this Review, Ser. PB, iv, p. 22.—Ep.] LAL) Ropuain (J.) & Bequaert (J.). Matériaux pour une Etude mono- graphique des Diptéres de l’Afrique. Troisiéme Partie. Diptéres Parasites de l’Eléphant et du Rhinoceros.—--Bull. Biol. France et Belgique, Paris, li, no. 4, 25th March 1919, pp. 379-465, 21 figs. At the present time five species of Dipterous larvae parasitic on elephants are known. The African elephant is the host of four species, all of which have been met with in the Belgian Congo, two infesting the stomach and intestine, one the oesophagus and one the sole of the foot. The Asiatic elephant has so far been found to harbour one only, in the stomach, though it is certain that investigation would result in the discovery of many more. Treatises on the care and treat- ment of the Indian elephant contain vague references to the presence of Dipterous larvae in different organs. In Burma such parasites are mentioned as occurring in tumours of the skin, on the head, the ears and the body. Neocuterebra squamosa, Griinb., a parasite of the sole of the foot, was first described in 1906 and is far rarer than parasites of the digestive tract. The larvae occur in the inner dermal layer, which is very thick and hard, almost cartilaginous, their position being irregular and horizontal rather than vertical. The adult fly has never been reared, ‘Pharyngobolus africanus, Br., the larva of which is parasitic in the oesophagus of the African elephant, has probably the same distribution as its host, but it has hitherto been met with very rarely. The only two adults that have been reared are in such bad preservation that it is impossible to describe them or to determine their systematic position. The mature larvae detach themselves from the wall of the gullet and pass through the alimentary tract, being found in the morning in freshly deposited excreta, from which they burrow into the soil to pupate; they are therefore never found in old excreta. The pupal stage lasts for 20 or 21 days. The numerous gastricolous larvae received from the Belgian Congo, and from which it has been possible to rear the adults, belong to two quite distinct species, Cobboldia chrysidiformis, Rodh. & Beq., and C. loxodontis, Br., the pupal stage of both being 19 or 20 days. Mating and oviposition have frequently been observed in the case of C. chrysidiformis, but not in C. loxodentis. A third allied species parasitic in the stomach and intestine of the Asiatic elephant is C. elephantis, Steel, the adults and third stage larvae of which are known, but in which oviposition has not yet been observed. The pupal period is short, only 16 days elapsing between the expulsion of the mature larvae and the emergence of the adult fly. Rhinoceros Oestrids belong to four species :—G'yrostigma sumatrensis, Br., described from larvae in the stomach of R. sumatrensis and R. lasvotis from individuals that died in captivity; G. conjungens, described from larvae in the stomach of R. bicornis from Kast Africa, the adults of both these species being unknown ; @. meruensis, Sjost., described from larvae in the stomach of R. bicornis, from East Africa, and from an adult female captured in Abyssinia, the male being unknown and the length of the pupal period being about 6 weeks ; G. paves, Cort., described from larvae in the stomach of the African Rh. bicorms and R. simus cottont and from adults of both sexes. The 118 duration of the pupal stage of flies reared in the laboratory was 36, 37 and 38 days respectively. In its general form the egg of this species. strongly resembles that of Gastrophilus equi. TAKATSUKI (A.). Mosquito Control by means of Petroleum.—Kyolo Jl. Med. Sci., Kyoto, xiv, no 7, 20th November 1917, pp. 117-118. (Abstract in China Med. Jl., Shanghai, xxxiil, no. 2, March 1919, p. 166.) [Received 5th May 1919.] The action of heavy mineral oils on mosquito larvae is not so much a mechanical process of obstructing the breathing pores of the immature stages as a rather acute intoxication. Other oils that are relatively inert, such as rape-seed oil, etc., do not cause death nearly so readily. The author finds that the breathing siphon does not stain with ordinary water-soluble dyes, but is intensely coloured by Sudan IIT suspended in petroleum, from which he concludes that some fat-like substance is present in that organ which combines with the petroleum to the injury of the body as a whole. According to this hypothesis, there is needed, perhaps, 26 mils of oil per sq. metre of water surface instead of 1/44 [sic] litres as usually recommended, An emulsion makes the spreading much more efficient. It is unfortunate, however, that both larvae and pupae in late autumn were found to be more resistant to the oil than those developed earlier in the summer. Hii (G. F.). Relationship of Insects to Parasitic Diseases in Stock. — Proe. R. Soc. Victoria, Melbourne, xxxi, no. 1, December 1918, pp. 11-107, 7 plates. [Received 5th May 1919.] The first part of this paper deals with the life-history of Habronema muscae, which has been known for some years as the result of investi- gations made in the United States, and with those of H. microstoma and H. megastoma, nothing concerning which is definitely known in Australia or elsewhere. Such knowledge has become important owing to the belief that the larvae of Habronema are the causative agents of Cisease in the horse, and that splenic and stomach abscesses due to H. megastoma have been of more frequent occurrence in Australia during the past few years, the mortality caused in stock under certain conditions being considerable. As a result of numerous experiments, the details of which are given, it was found that the embryos of H. muscae that are passed out: in the faeces of the horse, are taken up by the larvae of Musca domestica, reared from eggs deposited by adults on them. These remain infective in this respect up to at least 8 days after leaving the rectum, and the fly larvae are known to react to infection when from 48 hours to 9 days old. After a slight amount of development in the faeces, the embryo of H. muscae enters the larva of M. domestica, where it continues to develop through its various stages until in the adult fly it is ready to develop in the stomach of the horse, where such stages have been met with. The infection of the horse probably takes place by the ingestion of both living and dead infected flies, it being beyond question that these are quite commonly ingested by horses from drinking troughs and mangers. In summer the fodder is frequented by great numbers igs) of Musca domestica and Stomoxys calcitrans, the former predominating, and many of these are doubtless ingested. Attempted experimental infection of S. calcitrans with H. muscae gave negative results. Other theories of the infection of the horse, by ingestion of the parasite in water or moist material or by ingestion after its escape from the fly whilst feeding upon the mucous membrane of the horse’s mouth, have no foundation in fact. H. microstoma im the adult stage has been known since 1866 as a parasite occurring in the stomach of the horse, but nothing has been known definitely of its life-history. Experiments have shown that S. calcitrans is the principal intermediary host of H. microstoma and that M. domestica only occasionally, possibly only accidentally, acts in this capacity. Fresh horse- faeces are not the usual breeding place of S. calcitrans, which frequently, if not generally, breeds in decaying grass, straw and similar matter, and in loose soil contaminated by stable drainage, while the larvae and pupae are commonly found in the older portions of manure heaps. The embryos of H. microstoma passed out in the faeces from the horse are taken up by the larvae of S. calcitrans that have oviposited on the faeces, which remain infective in this respect up to at least 15 days, the fiy larvae being known to become infected when 2-9 days old, and possibly earlier and later, Development occurs to a slight extent in the faeces and continues in the larval, pupal and adult stages of S. calcitrans, which last, either living or dead, i is ingested by the horse and thus infects the alimentary canal. It is yet unproved whether a living S. calcitrans infected with H. microstoma can infect the definitive hese by means of direct inocu- lation into the skin. In two experiments the negative results obtained may have been due to a clogging of the proboscis by the 15 or 20 parasites present in it, over-infection thus preventing it from properly piercing the skin. H. megastoma, which has been recorded as the causative agent of tumours in the stomach of the horse, has been shown by experiments to have M. domestica as its intermediary host, all available evidence being against S. calcitrans acting, even acciden tally, in such capacity. The larvae are infected by embryos passed out in the faeces from the horse which remain infective up to 15 days after leaving the rectum. The fly larvae are known to react to infection when from 3-5 days old, and possibly earlier and later. Development continues in the fly in all its stages and is completed in the stomach of the horse, where the larva finds its way into a nodule already formed, or else penetrat tes the lumen of glands, there setting up the irritation which results in the formation of a new tumour. The adult parasites occur naturally only in tumours, from which they escape after the death of the host, being rarely found on the external surface of the tumour or adjacent membrane. The adults are known to occur also in the s splenic abscesses that have become more common of recent years, causing considerable increase of mortality in horses in certain seasons and certain districts in south-eastern Australia. No evidence is forth- coming to show that the larvae of this and the preceding species can enter the fly larvae by penetration or in any way other than by ingestion. No flies have ever been met with in the stomach of the horse in the 120 course of experiments, so there is no positive evidence as to whether the larva of the worm is passively liberated by the digestion of the fly, or. whether it escapes prior to such digestion, though probably the former is the case. Once freed from the fly-host in the stomach of the horse the larvae of H. muscae and H. microstoma develop in the stomach contents, and retain their hold by inserting their heads into the mucous membrane, or at least into the lumen of the glands. The second part of the paper deals with investigations on certain points in the life-history of Melophagus ovinus, L. (sheep louse-fly or sheep-tick) undertaken in view of the fact that the enforcement of the Sheep Dipping Act has not had the eflect of eradicating this pest, Unlike the true ticks, which leave their host to oviposit, this Hippo- boscid fly spends its whole life upon its host, the nearly mature larva being extruded into the wool, where it forms a puparium that is securely attached to the fleece by a glutinous substance. The pupal stage varies according to temperature. On sheep kept in a stall in winter (43° F. to 47° F.) the period was found to be from 22 to 24 days, while in summer (47° F. to 72° F.) it was from 19 to 21 days. Young female flies are capable of pairing 5 days after emergence from the pupae, and the first pupa is extruded 13 to 23 days after emergence, but the length of life of, and the number of pupae extruded by, an individual female have not yet been determined. Pupae appear to be extruded, for a time at least, at an average rate of 1 every 9 days. The period of viability of M. ovinus when removed from the host and kept without food is longer under Southern Australian conditions than those obtaining elsewhere. HKuropean and American investigators have stated that it does not live to the 8th day, and that most indivi- duals die in from 2 to 4 days. In Victoria however they were kept alive off the host for 11? days under cool, uniform conditions in early summer. [See this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 42.] The adult lives longer apart from the host than does either the unfed insect under one day old, or the young insect of 3 to 7 days old that has fed upon the host. The longest period for which an adult female has been kept off the host and without food is up to the 18th day. Except under extreme temperatures, a certain proportion of the pupae are viable for periods varying up to 42 days after removal from the host. This fact shows that there is some slight ground for the contentions of those sheep owners who maintain that sheep pre- viously freed by dipping may become reinfested from individuals left on grass, bushes or posts, or with those that emerge from pupae dislodged from the fleeces of infested sheep, either by rubbing or by the dipping fluid or heavy rain dissolving the glutinous matter at- taching them to the wool. Even under favourable conditions however the numbers that survive for more than 4 or 5 days off the host and subsequently re-infest clean sheep must be extremely small, much too small to account for a general re-infestation of a clean flock or even a moderately large part of it. The author concludes that most of the parasites found on previously dipped sheep are the progeny of pupae extruded prior to dipping, which escaped the destructive action of the fluid. All the sheep used by him experimentally had to be dipped twice, even though strong solutions were used for the first dip, such as cyllin, in the proportion of 2 oz. to 1 gal. water, 121 Bisuopp (F.C.) & Laake (EK. W.). U.S. Bur. Entom, The Dispersion of Flies by Flight.—JI. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 210-211. In the course of various tests made to ascertain the distance of flight of flies, about 80,000 coloured individuals were released and traps set at varying distances and directions. The results showed that marked house-flies [Musca domestica] were taken at a distance of 13 miles ; screw-worm flies [Cochliomyia macellaria] at 15 miles ; Phormia regina at 11 miles; and Ophyra leucostoma at 7 miles. ‘The following of vehicles by the flies is believed to be an unimportant factor in these experiments. Apparently many favourable feeding and breeding- places were passed in the course of migration. ParRMAN (D. C.). U.S. Bur. Entom. Notes on Phlebotomus Species attacking Man.—Jt. Econ. Entom., Concord, N.H., xii, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 211-213. In 1915 Phlebotomus was noticed for the first time attacking man in Texas. The species is unidentified ; there have been no previous records of the occurrence of midges of this genus in the south-western States, and P. vexator, Coq., the only species known to occur in the United States, has not been recorded to attack man. In Texas this midge appeared in September, October and November ; the following year the infestation was greater and appeared a month earlier, The adults always disappear with the occurrence of frosts. During the day they hide in dark places and begin biting about one hour after sundown, but although they will attack in late twilight, they never do so in the dark or in moonlight. The breeding habits are not known but breeding-places are believed to include neglected poultry houses. Itis suggested that the autumn epidemics of dengue fever in 1916 and 1917 and of influenza in 1918 may possibly have been connected with the presence of this midge. CHAPIN (EH. A.). New Species of North American Siphonaptera.— Bull. Brooklyn Entom. Soc., New York, xiv, no.2, April 1919, pp. 49-62. The classification of the genera Hoplopsyllus, Ctenocephalus and Spilopsyllus is discussed and a key is given to these. The following new species are described: AHystrichopsylla schefferi, taken in Washington from the nest of Aplodontia rufa; Stenoponia wetmorer, taken from Peromyscus leucopus noveboracensis ; Myodopsylla subulata, taken in Connecticut from a bat, Myotis subulatus; Neopsylla similis, taken in New Mexico from Peromyscus sp., in company with numbers of Ceratophyllus wagnert, Baker; and Ceratophyllus utahensis, from Utah, parasitic on a bird, probably Steganopus tricolor. RopHAIN (J.). Nouvelles Observations sur la Biologie de Passeromyia heterochaeta, Villeneuve.—Bull. Biol. France et Belgique, Parcs, li, no. 4, 25th March 1919, pp. 499-510, 2 figs. The Anthomyid fly, Passeromyia heterochaeta, the larva of which is parasitic in birds’ nests, is uniformly distributed throughout eastern and central Africa and occurs to a less extent in the basin of the Congo almost to the Atlantic coast. The adult flies were taken near Lake Tanganyika at the end of April together with Sarcophaga, Ochromyia, 122 Tricyclea, Musca and Cordylobia anthropophaga on the Coccid-infested bark of a mulberry tree. The eggs are laid in small groups directly in the birds’ nests close to the host which the larvae will ultimately attack, the fly being attracted by the odour of the inhabited nest and feeding to some extent on the fresh excrement of the nestlings, resembling Cords ylobia in this habit. The life-cycle of P. heterochaeta from the deposition of the .egg to the appearance of the adult occupies 34 to 40 days, and oviposition occurs 11 days after emergence. The imcubation period varies from 48 hours to 5 days according to the temperature. SERGENT (Kt.). Influence du Froid sur le Développement du Plasmodium relictum chez le Moustique. [The Influence of Cold on the Development of Plasmodium relictum in the Mosquito. |—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 4, 9th April 1919, pp. 174-176. From experiments made with 198 mosquitos to determine the in- fluence of cold as a sterilismg agent on the development of Plasmodium relictum, the following conclusions have been reached : A temperature of 12°C [54°F.] during the first six hours after an infecting bite does not prevent infection of the insect by the Plasmodium ; after the sixth hour the Plasmodium may be sterilised, the extreme limit of its resistance at this temperature being three days. The influence of cold is in direct relation to its duration to a degree that is remarkably uniform. This sterilisimg influence of cold may operate after a pre- liminary fifteen hours of optimum temperature (20° to 30°C. =68° to 86°F.), even on the sporozoites that have reached the salivary glands. Frytaup (J.) &GENDRE(E.). Sur la Répartition des Gites d’ Anopheles macultpennis, Hoftm., et d’ Anopheles bifurcaius, Meig. [Concerning the Distribution of the Haunts of Anopheles maculipennis, Hoftm., and Anopheles bifurcatus, Meig.| —Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xu, no, 4, 9th April 1919, pp. 178-182. Very few authors writing on the biology of the mosquitos occurring in France have given any precise indications of the conditions of habitat of the two commonly found species, Anopheles bifurcatus and A. macu- lipennis. In the course of vestigations in various parts of France, the authors have examined and compared a great number of the haunts of both species. It was found that their habitats differ con- siderably ; the essential factor influencing their distribution appears to be the temperature of the water, which is itself influenced by the factor of insolation. A. maculipennis breeds preferably in stagnant water, when fairly clean and in sunlight, such as clean pools, lakes, marshes, the edges of ponds and rivers, where vegetation is abundant and the temperature variable with exposure to summer heat. This is the species most frequently found in the water of public gardens in the towns of the south-west of France and in the ditches and pools in the country, even when these are more or less dirty. A. bifurcatus prefers pure, cold water that is frequently renewed, with but little vegetation. It is found in fresh springs, in shaded streams, covered fountains and wells. Although the preferred haunts of the two species are different, both may be found in the same environment. The larvae of both species have been taken co-existing in the same stretch of water, while in other 123 cases one species succeeds and replaces the other according to the season of the year. In May and June 1918, larvae of A. bifurcatus were abund int in Périgord in certain pools and ditches while the water was fresh and frequently renewed, but when it became stagnant and warm puring a long spell of summer weather, only larvae of Beh maculipennis were found by the month of August. The two species can also exist in adjacent spots, each in its own environment. A striking example of this is seen near Pau where two roads cross at right-angles, one running east and west, the other north and south. A ditch runs along the south side of the one and continues along the east side of the other. In its east-west portion the ditch, shaded from the sun throughout the year by heavy foliage, harbours only A. bifwrcatus, while in the north-south portion, upon which the sun shines during the greater part of the day, and which is much less cool, only larvae of A. maculi /pennis are to be found. It seems evident from these observations that although the two species of Anopheles commonly found in France sometimes co-exist in the same water, their normal habitats are decidedly different, their distribution being influenced chiefly by the temperature of the water in which they breed, A. maculipennis being adapted to warm water, and A. bifurcatus to cold. This would explain the earlier development of the latter species in the spring, noticed in various regions, and its extension into mountainous districts such as the Alps and the Pyrenees. SERGENT (Et.). A Propos de Pyretophorus chaudoyei—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 4, 9th April 1919, pp. 182-184. The presence of Anopheles (Pyretophorus) chaudoyei in the Tell Valley of Kabylia was recorded in 1904 by H. Gros on the determination of F. V. Theobald, but doubt is now expressed as to the correctness of this. The species that has been constantly found in that region is A. turkhudi (P: myzomyifacies), which also occurs in the Sahara with A. chaudoyei and A. (P.) sergenti. The author of the present paper has found A. chaudoyei in the Sahara only, where several investigators have studied it, and its occurrence outside this region requires further confirmation. BucuuHoutz (M.). Trench Fever: A Summary from the Literature.— U.S. Public Health Repts., Washington, D.C., xxxiv, no. 14, 4th April 1919, pp. 677-681. This is a general account of trench fever summarised from literature much of which has been previously dealt with in this Review. Marcuanp (W.). Collecting the Larvae of Tabanus ee Chrysops (Dip.).—Hntom. News, Philadelphia, Pa., xxx, no. 5, May 1919, pp. 131-137. Some particulars are given of the habitat of Tabanid larvae, which are chiefly found in the soft mud immediately adjoming water. The best means of collecting them is to place a lump of mud in an ordinary kitchen strainer with a medium-sized mesh; this should be gently shaken and immersed in water, when the larvae can be easily separated from the mud. Full. particulars are given with regard to treatment of larvae to be dispatched for scientific investigation. 124 Froceatt (W. W.) & Froaeart (J. L.). Sheep-Maggot Flies, No. 4. —-Dept. Agric. N.S.W., Sydney, Farmers’ Bull. no. 122, December 1918, 24 pp., 4 figs. [Received 16th May 1919.] The work carried out at the Government sheep-fly experiment. station established near Moree, in the north-west, in 1917, is reported upon. Studies on the question of the eradication of the sheep-fly, Chrysomyia (Calliphora) rufifacies, have been continued for the last — four and a half years and all indicate that the main solution of the problem lies in the destruction of its breeding-grounds. The blow- - flies that cause all the damage to wool and sheep have increased all over Australia owing to the increase of suitable media, such as carcases. of dead animals. The obvious remedy for this is to render such material unfit for further development of the maggots, and to kill all maggots and flies on it. This can be done by poisoning it with arsenic water, by burning and by screening [see this Review, Ser. B, v, p. 163]. Other methods described for the destruction of the flies include the use of traps for the adults, the most successful of which has been described elsewhere [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 74]. Several modifications of this trap are described and their merits discussed. A hundred or more of these traps should be used by each sheep-owner, and each one can catch some hundreds of thousands of flies. Poisoning the bait within the traps is considered unnecessary, as the files caught can easily be destroyed by passing a flare of burning paper over the gauze top. Various baits for the traps were compared and tested ; a mixture of fermented yeast and water gave very variable results, attracting swarms of flies on some days and on others apparently proving no attraction. Further tests with baits are in preparation. Spraying sheep as a preventive against infestation has not given good results, the sprayed sheep being no more immune from flies than the untreated ones. Sheep that have been blown should have all infested or damaged wool shorn off the skin, and then a dressing applied with a swab over the infested area. Mixtures that have given good results in this treatment include spirits of tar 1 pint, and kerosene about 5 pints ; 14 Ib. sodium arsenite dissolved in 50 or more gals. water; 1 pint turpentine to 5 pints castor-oil, and bluestone solution. The last- named is not recommended owing to its staining and hardening the skin. The value of dipping and spraying [see this Review, Ser. B, v, p. 165] is doubtful, and in all cases the effects last only a short time. The breeding and distribution of the Chalcid, Nasonia brevicornis on a large scale and the study of the other natural parasites proceeds steadily [see this Review, Ser. B, vii, p. 100]. In response to requests from many sheep-owners, simple instructions are given for the breeding of N. brevicornis and its liberation. The season of 1918 was remarkable for the comparative absence of blow-flies among sheep, and for the rapidity with which blown sheep recovered. Flies responsible for the blowing of sheep during the year and captured in traps included Pollenia (Calliphora) villosa (golden- haired blow-fly), which was absent from October 1917 to April 1918, and Anastellorhina augur (Calliphora oceaniae) (smaller yellow house blow-fly), which disappeared in February and early March. Lwucilia sericata (English sheep-fly) was in evidence throughout the year. Chrysomyia (Calliphora) rufifacies and C. varipes appeared in mid- October and disappeared in early April. NOTICES. Seeretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchange their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subscriptions should be sent direct to the Assistant Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W. 7, or through any bookseller. CONTENTS. PAGE Insect-borne Diseases of Stock in Uganda in 1917-18 aa 109 Dermatobia hominis attacking Man in British Honduras .. ea OS Locally acquired Cases of Malaria in England ne i 1095110577" Mosquitos and Malaria at Khartoum .. Bye ge Me ane S| The HD ceaatiss found in penee Mammals in Sante Central rica } ays F Malaria and Mosquitos i in iiiae paar Districts in California 112 The Question of Tick-resistant Cattle in Queensland bs 112 & 114 Measures against Maggot-Flies in Sheep in Queensland... aan ab be Poultry Parasitesin U.S.A... v4 a as i Beare: BU} Insects injurious to Manin France .. : Batata! (bs The Biology of Oimea lectularius in the Dutch ast Indies... pad Be Notes on Oestrids from Tropical Africa 116 Diptera parasitic on the ey and Bhoesere in Adria fae India a Se rear n § ky § The Effect of Pbbrnleann: on koanatee Taga in Gagan ie Seeayip iY Relationship of Insects to Parasitic Diseases in Stock in ‘Ati lie 118 The Dispersion of Flies by Flight in U.S.A... 3... $5 Pelee Bet A Species of Phlebotomus attacking Man in Kansas 6G ais, Hea New Fleas from U.S.A. rae ; 121 The Bionomies of Passeromyia hAonoehactd infesting Birds’ N baie eas Africa 121 The Influence of Cold on litte Development of Pharnoabunk kalietuse in Mosquitos ‘ 122 The Breeding Places of Anopheles maculipennis ae A. bifureata in France ; 122 The Distribution of Maiehaids chapman in North Africa Bis oh 2S A Summary of the Literature on Trench Fever ie eX Re Uo Methods of collecting Tabanid Larvae in U.S.A... a RAW h aL bs Measures against Sheep Maggot Flies in New South Wales Reig te! eee 4 Registered at the @.P.0, for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post. - VOL. VII. Ser. B. Part 8.—pp. 125-136, August, 1919. THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES B!: MEDICAL AND VETERINARY. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY \% SFPL 51919 Na ss Honal Muse rey LONDON: ) qos SOLD. BY _ THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, _ 89, QUEEN’S GATE, S.W. 7. Price Gd. net. All Rights Reserved. , Saha 1 48, i eg EA IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Honorary Committee of Management. VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Atcoox, O.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Major E. E. Austen, D.S.0., Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. BagsHuawe, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Major-General Sir J. Rose BRADFORD, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, . Royal Society Major-General Sir Davip Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., A.M.S. Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. _ §. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum (Natural geyternen Professor H. Maxwett Lerroy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Dr. R. SrewaRT MacDoveatn, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir Jonn MoFapyvean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Danret Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstreap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Prokeseae of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nutrratu, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Pourron, F.B.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Gatord: _Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davin PRAIN, C.LE., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Reap, K.C.M.G.,C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. RoTHscnILD. Dr. Hues Scorr, Curator in Entomology, Museum of’ Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Suipiey, F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Mr. R. SPERLING, Foreign Office. Sir Stewart SrocKMAN, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. Taeopaup, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Vir, C. Warsorton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions is an ex officio member of the Committee. General Secretary. Capt. A. C. C. Parxinson (Colonial Office). Director and Bditor, Dr. Guy A. K. Marswatt. Assistant Director. Dr. S. A. NEAVE. Head Office.—British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 8. \W, 7. Publication Office.—89, Queen’s Gate, London, 8.W. 7. 125 Bonaln (—.). Dératisation et Désinfection des Locaux de petites Dimensions.—Arch. Méd. et Pharm. Navales, Paris, cv, no. 3, March 1918, pp. 215-223, 1 fig. The use of liquid sulphurous anhydride is recommended for fumi- gating small spaces and a suitable apparatus has been built to the author’s specification. This consists of a metal cylinder provided with a screw tap and removable union connected with a tube which is passed through a key-hole or other suitable aperture into the space to be fumigated. The cylinder has an internal diameter of 70 mm. and a height of 300 mm. After allowing 1/5 volume for the expansion that will take place if the apparatus be stored in a warm place the contents should be 1,290 grams of sulphurous anhydride, this being sufficient to disinfect a space of 18 cub. metres [630 cub. ft.] which is that of an average ship’s cabin. The liquid is converted into gas in about 5 minutes and the gas must be allowed to act for about 2 hours in order to destroy rats ; insects require a longer period. GALLI-VALERI0 (B.) & StaLDER (H.). La Piroplasmiase des Bovidés en Suisse.—Schweiz. Archiv. f. Tierheilkunde, Ziirich, lx, no. 10, October 1918, pp. 471-477, 1 fig. A few cases, observed by Stalder since 1912, of acute anaemia accompanied by severe haemoglobinuria among the milch cows of the Cossonay district (Canton of Vaud) are the first recorded cases of bovine piroplasmosis in Switzerland. The species of Piroplasma concerned has not been determined, but is possibly P. divergens. The tick, Ixodes ricinus, is very common in the district, I. hexagonus being more rare, and the former is probably the intermediate host. Veuu (H.). Une Trypanosomiase du Cheval au Maroc. Etude clinique et experimentale.—Rev. Gén. Méd. Vélérinaire, Toulouse, xxvii, no. 322, 15th October 1918, pp. 489 -513. During the year ended August 1917 the author studied an outbreak of trypanosomiasis among the horses of a native cavalry unit in Morocco caused by a dimorphic trypanosome, which was probably transmitted by Tabanids and occurred only at the foot of the Atlas range. The prophylactic measures mentioned include the isolation or slaughter of diseased animals and the avoidance of places infested " by the flies. Di Domizio (G.). Una Tripanosomiasi del Dromedario eritreo (Gudhd). Cenni sulle Mosche ematofage della Colonia Eritrea. [A Trypano- somiasis (Gudho) of Eritrean Camels. Notes on the Blood-sucking Flies of the Colony of Eritrea.|—Clinica Veterinaria, Milan, no. 16-17, 31st August—15th September 1918, pp. 391-413. (Abstract in Trop. Vet. Bull., London, vi, no. 4, 30th December 1918, p. 221.) The first part of this paper reviews published observations, especially those of Martoglio [see this Review, Ser. B, i, p. 181], who stated that the bovine trypanosomiasis known as “ jahan” in Eritrea occurs in camels under the name of “ gudho.” The author records his own (C579) Wt. P1921/144, 1500. 8.19. B.&F.Ltd. Gp.11/3, re 126 observations on this disease, which occurs in the low-lying or moderately elevated districts, except in the pastures quite close to the Red Sea. The losses are most severe on the mountain slopes facing the sea, where blood-sucking flies are most numerous. In the interior of the Colony losses are rare. The incubation period lasts 3-4 months and the first symptoms are a gradual loss of condition, slight intermittent fever and lachrymation without ocular lesions. The appetite usually remains unimpaired. Diarrhoea may set in before death. There are no appreciable oedematous swellings and the excretory system is not disturbed. The disease lasts from 6 months to 2 years. Death occurs, owing to extreme debility, in most cases. Recovery requires a long convalescence and apparently results in a lasting immunity. Camel-owners avoid fly-infested localities and consequently the disease does not appear to spread. A list of the blood-sucking flies of Eritrea has been given by Ferraro [see this Review, Ser. B, v, 176]. This paper deals very fully with their distribution. All these species are capable of transmitting the disease mechanically, but the most deadly localities for camels are not those infested by Stomoxys, but those where Pangonia and Tabanus occur, especially the latter. Comrnorti (L.) & Dr Domizio (G.). L’Emoglobinuria dei Bovini delle Regioni prealpine é una Piroplasmosi. Nota preventiva. [The Haemoglobinuria in the Cisalpine Districts (of Italy) is a Piro- plasmosis. Preliminary Note.]—Clinica Veterinaria, Milan, no. 16-17, 31st August-15th September 1918, pp. 425-430. (Abstraict in Trop. Vet. Bull., London, vi, no. 4, 30th December 1918, p. 227.) It is probable that the acute form of red water in cattle which occurs perhaps throughout the whole of the cisalpine districts of Northern Italy is due to a species of Piroplasma which is believed to be distinct from P. bigeminum. The tick, Boophilus (Margaropus) annulatus, is said to be common in the districts m question. TEICHMANN (E.). i. Bekampfung der Stechmiicken durch Blausaure. [Combating Mosquitos with Hydrocyanic Acid.]—Zeitschr. f. Hyg. u. Infektionskrankh., Leipsic, xxxv, no. 1, 1st February 1918, pp. 1-16. il. Bekampfung der Stechmiicken durch Blausaure. II. Die Anwendung des Verfahrens auf die Brut der Stechmiicken. [The Application .of the Hydrocyanic Acid Method to Mosquito Breeding-Places. ]-— Ibid., Ixxxvi, no. 1, 2nd May 1918, pp. 35-51. (Abstracts in Trop. Dis. Bull., London, xiii, no. 1, 15th January 1919, p. 48.) An account of experiments with Culex has already been noticed [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 57]. In testing the effect of hydrocyanic acid on Anophelines, which are numerous in September in Wurtemburg, 150 Anopheles bifurcatus were submitted to the action of the dilute gas and were found to succumb as readily as Culex. It was not necessary to make the room air-tight. In the second paper the fact is recorded that mosquito larvae can be killed by the presence of the gas above the water-surface or by dis- solving sodium cyanide in the water. A freshly prepared 1 in 100,000 solution in water destroys all the larvae and pupae contained therein 127 in 24 hours ; the gas which is formed soon diffuses into the air. The opportunities for the employment of this method are however very limited. In a note the Editor of the Tropical Diseases Bulletin points out that in 1911 Ross and Edie found that potassium cyanide in water, 1 in 300,000, was effective experimentally, larvae of Culex and Anopheles being killed by it. It was mixed with floating soap and the whole compressed into tablets. The method was tried in Ceylon, but a strength of 1 in 37,000 was found to be required, and this concentration was considered to be risky. Russett (F. F.). Summary and Discussion of the Work performed at the Board of Health Laboratory during the Calendar Year 1916. —Proc. Med. Assoc. Isthmian Canal Zone, x, no. 1, January-June 1917, pp. 7-25.. Published by the Panama Canal Health Dept. A table shows the numbers of the various species of mosquitos captured in different parts of the Isthmus of Panama during the year. Taeniorhynchus (Mansonia) titillans accounted for 242,900 out of a total of 391,300. The other figures were: Anopheles albimanus 55,365 ; A. tarsimaculatus 3,813; A. argyrotarsis 4; A. pseudopuncti- pennis 45; A. apicimacula 19; A. malefactor 114; Taencorhynchus (Mansonia) fasciolatus 265 ; T. (M.) nigricans 67 ; Ochlerotatus (Aédes) taeniorhynchus 2,154; Aédomyia squamipennis [45]; Lutzia allostigma 3 ; Stegomyia fasciata (calopus) 2,068 ; Culex and allied genera 76,145 ; Wyeomyia 990; Lesticocampa 62; Psorophora 35; Dewnocerites 36 ; Sabethes 1; Joblotia 11 ; Haemagogus 3 ; and damaged Anopheles 7,155. Much information is given regarding the plant, Pzstia stratiotes, attached to which 7’. titallans passes its entire larva and pupal life beneath the surface of the water. The breathing tubes of both larva and pupa are so modified as to be able to pierce the rootlets of P. stratiotes and obtain oxygen direct from the plant. Its roots are sometimes several feet in length and they hang straight downward in the water with a quantity of decayed vegetable matter and débris attached to them. In this mass of filamentous rootlets the larvae and pupae of 7. titillans are to be found. A negative result attended the one test made to determine if this mosquito could transmit dengue fever. Observations on the biology of Dermatobia cyaniventris showed that half-grown larvae could be successfully transplanted from one animal to another, The iguana tick, Amblyomma dissimile, was found on Iguana tuberculata, on 70 per cent. of the snakes recorded, and on 90 per cent. of the toads. Hirst (8.). Studies on Acari. No.1. The Genus Demodex, Owen.— Brit. Mus. Nat. His., London, 1919, 44 pp., 13 plates, 4 figs. Price 10s. The species of the genus Demodex may be present without causing any inconvenience to their host and they have been frequently found on perfectly healthy animals. D. folliculorum has been met with in man without causing disease. Gmeiner is of opinion that these mites occur in the skin of practically every human being, and although not the actual cause of disease they are considered amongst the possible transmitters of leprosy and other skin infections, 128 The most serious disease with which Demodex has been connected is follicular or red mange of dogs, which is caused by Staphylococcus pyogenes albus, and the symptoms and treatment of which are discussed. Mites of this genus have also been found in connection with skin disease of cats, horses, cattle, pigs and goats. Little is known of the habits of these parasites, but infection is probably due to actual contact of infested animals with others of their species. They may attach them- selves to active ectoparasites as a means of dispersal. All stages have been found to be present together in one follicle. A list of the species and varieties of this genus with their hosts and known distribution is given. McArEE (W. L.) & Watton (W. R.). District of Columbia Diptera : Tabanidae.—Proc. Entom. Soc. Washington, D.C., xx, no. 9, December 1918, pp. 188-206, 2 figs. [Received 21st May 1919.] The number of species given in this list of Tabanids occurring in the District of Columbia is 54. The larvae of most of them live in water or wet soil and the adults are found in the greatest abundance in well-watered situations. Keys are given to the genera and species contained in the list and a comparison is made between the species found in the district of Columbia and those of New Jersey. A species closely allied to Chrysops, but differing markedly from it in habitus as well as certain structural characters, is described as Neochrysops globosus, gen. et sp. nov. ParKER (R. R.) & Weis (R. W.). Observations on and Experiments with Cuterebra tenebrosa, Coquillet.—Jl. Parasitology, Urbana, Iil., v, no. 3, March 1919, pp. 100-104, 1 plate. During investigations of large numbers of rodents as possible hosts of Dermacentor venustus, Banks, a pack rat (Neotoma cinerea) and a grasshopper mouse (Onychonomys leucogaster missouriensis) were found infested with larvae of Cuterebra tenebrosa, Coq. (rodent bot- fly). A female fly in captivity deposited 186 eggs, and the larvae reared from these were used for experimental infestations of prairie dogs, Belgian hares and ground squirrels. In the case of the two latter, negative results were obtained. Full particulars of each experiment are given. The effect of the presence of the larvae on the prairie dog is very slight. Frey (J. J.). Problems in Anthrax Control.—J1. American Vet. Med. Assoc., Baton Rouge, La., lv, (N.S. viii), no. 2, May 1919, pp. 192-198. In this paper suitable vaccines and their application to cattle in- fected with anthrax are discussed. Tabanus atratus is considered to be responsible to a large extent for the transmission of the bacilli. Other flies and mosquitos are probably concerned to a less extent. All carcases should be immediately cremated to prevent the spread of the disease, 129 Bopkin (G. E.). Report of Economie Biologist. —Brit. Guiana Dept. Sci. & Agric., Rept. for the Year 1917, Georgetown, 8th May 1919, 14 pp. [Received 24th May 1919.] The following blood-sucking parasites are additional to those pre- _ viously recorded [see this Review Ser. B, v, p. 4]:—Ixodids, Amblyomma naponense, Pack., found on wild hog (Dicotyles torquatus) and A. fossum, Neum., taken on man in the forest area ; Tabanids, Selasoma tibiale, F., and Pangonia (Erephopsis) sp. ; Hippoboscids, Stilbometopa podestyla, Speis., found on a pigeon (Leptotila verreauxt) and Pseudolfersia vulturis on a vulture (Cathartes uruba); Pulicids, Xenopsylla cheopis, Roth., on rats, and Rhopalopsyllus lugubris, Roth., and R. australis, Roth., on Myoprocta acouchi. Brunerri (E.). Review of Progress in our Knowledge of Oriental Diptera during the last two Deecades—Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Calcutta, xiv, no. 9, April 1919, pp. 358-371. The Diptera of economic importance referred to in this paper in- clide a number of SIMULIIDAE, some species of which bite viciously, especially m the hills, where they are sometimes fairly common. S. indicum, Becker, the first species to be described from Assam, is pro- bably the commonest, while S. striatwm, Brunn., occurs as far south as Ceylon, and S. nobile, Meij., in Java. Some 360 species of Oriental CuLiciDaE have been recorded, though these are probably not all valid. Comparatively few additions have been made to the knowledge of the family ‘TaBANIDAE, which is abundantly represented, close on 200 species having been catalogued. In the small family OzstripaB£, the species known in 1896 have not been added to. About 20 Oriental species of Musctnak have been re- corded, though some appear to require corroboration. The common European dung fly, Scatophaga stercoraria, L., has not previously been recorded from the East, though it has been found quite commonly by the author in Mussoorie and Darjiling. About a dozen species of HippoposcipaE and eight N YCTERIBIIDAE have recently been described. The Construction of Dipping Tanks for Cattle.-—Rhodesia Agric, Jl., Salisbury, xvi, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 131-139. Drawings and descriptions are given for guidance in the erection and use of dipping tanks, and while these may be taken as generally applicable, they are meant to serve only as an indication of dimensions, specifications and accessory requisites of a serviceable and economical dipping tank and are subject to modification to suit individual ideas and circumstances. A schedule gives the approximate capacities of a tank built to the dimensions shown on the drawing and many hints on dipping and the maintenance of the strength of the dip are included. Sinciarr (J. M.). Management of Dipping Tanks.—Rhodesia Agric. Jl., Salisbury, xvi, no. 2, April 1919, pp. 139-141. Notes are given on the management of the dipping solution and dipping tanks generally, which it is hoped will be of assistance to stock owners, particularly in the matter of maintaining the exact strength of the liquid in the tanks [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 218], 130 GrirFitts (T.H. D.). Winter Hibernation of Anopheles Larvae. U.S. Public Health Repts., Washington, D.C., xxxui, no. 46, 15th November 1918, pp. 1996-1998. Observations of the author and others on the winter hibernation of American species of Anopheles has led to the conclusion that A. crucians and A. punctipennis, at least, pass the winter in the larval stage. Pupation does not apparently take place until ordinary room temperature occurs. An ice-covered pool that was searched for larvae in the morning without success showed many individuals in the afternoon, when the sun had warmed the pool and had evidently caused them to rise. Larvae of A. crucians taken from a pool on 22nd February and put in room temperature pupated and emerged as adults on the fourth day. Larvicides should therefore be app!ied in the autumn sufficiently late to kill the last batch of larvae, or before the season suitable for the completion of their aquatic stages in the spring. Lentz (W.). Hiihnerspirillose in Serbien. [Spirillosis of Fowls in Serbia. ]—Centralbl. Bukt., Parasit. u. Infektionskr., Ite. Abt. Orig. Jena, |xxxii, no. 3-4, lith November 1918, pp. 303-304, 1 fig. This is brief record of observations on fowl spirillosis as observed in Serbia in 1918. A remarkable fact was that the disease occurred in what was a severe winter for the country. The cold weather was broken by a warm spell lasting 14 days and the affected fowls were allowed to run on a wet meadow and were then probably exposed to the infection transmitted by the tick, Argas persicus (miniatus). VrigpurG (A.). Babesiose en Babesiaparasieten in Nederland. [Babesiasis and Babesia Parasites in Hoiland.|—Reprint from Tijds. v. Diergeneesk, xlv, nos. 19-20, 1st and 15th October 1918, 33 pp., 4 plates. (Abstract in Trop. Vet. Bull., London, vii, no. 1, 30th March 1919, pp. 14-15.) Little new information on the pathology of redwater in cattle in various parts of the world is here given. Observations are recorded on the life-cycle of Ixodes ricinus, which is apparently the vector of redwater in cattle in Holland. The female tick was able to lay eggs when kept a very few degrees above freezing-point, but at this tem- perature only a few larvae emerged after 8 months. After storage for 6 months at this temperature and subsequent exposure to a change- able winter temperature the eggs were killed. Engorged larvae were found to remain alive for more than10 months. At room temperature the fully engorged females oviposited after 18 days and larvae hatched 46 days later. Larvae were hatched from eggs kept at outside tempera- tures after 59 days. Piroplasma (Babesia) bovis appears to be the parasite causing redwater of cattle in Holland. The author agrees with Nuttall that the name P. (Babesia) divergens should be sunk, and that P. (B.) bigeminum should be retained for the Texas fever parasite and P. (B.) bovis for the European one, 131 Pricoto (A.) & Ferraro (G.). Cirea il Tripanosoma del Camello della - Colonia Eritrea. [The Camel Trypanosomiasis occurring in Eritrea. |—Clinica Veterinaria, Milan, no. 20-21, 31st October— 15th November 1918, pp. 522-524. It is stated that the trypanosome found in Eritrean camels is Try- panosoma evansi and is identical with that occurring in other parts of North Africa, there being no appreciable difference in morphology, pathogenicity for various animals, transmission by flies other than Glossina or clinical symptoms in affected animals. BarDELLI (P.). La Rogna sarcoptica negli Equini militari. [Sarcoptic Mange in Army Equines. |—Clinica Veterinaria, Milan, no. 20-21, 31st October-15th November 1918, pp. 524-555. This paper reviews the available information as to the various methods of combating mange in horses, mules and donkeys, due to Sarcoptes scabiei var. equi. The biology of this mite is dealt with briefly. Rivas (D.). Diagnostic Method, Treatment and Prophylaxis of Malaria as conducted in the Sanitation of Brioni, Istrie (Austria), in 1899 to 1902.—New Orleans Med. & Surg. Jl., New Orleans, \xxi, no. 7, January 1919, pp. 322-335, 5 figs. The financial value of anti-malarial work on the Island of Brioni, in the Adriatic off the coast of Istria, is emphasised. Known as the “ Tsland of the Dead,” it was purchased in 1880 for £8,000 and in 1902. after it had been officially declared free from malaria, it was valued at £200,000. The methods employed are described. CouncrLMAN (W. T.) & Lampert (R. A.). The Medieal Report of the Rice Expedition to Brazil. From the School of Tropical Medicine, Harvard University.—Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. London: Humphrey Milford. Oxford Univ. Press. 1918. vi + 126 pp., 35 figs. Price 5s. 6d. In the chapter dealing with insects noxious to man in the Amazon region, an account is given of ants and other biting insects. The pium, a small biting fly, which is most troublesome, is confined to the banks of rivers. No typical ulcers due to Leishmania were found in the natives in the regions where these flies were most abundant. Even more dreaded are minute orange Trombidiid mites, against which clothing affords no protection. The common house-fly [Musca domestica] appears to be absent, nor do carrion flies seem to occur. Mosquitos were practically absent save on one or two occasions. Macponatp (A.). Antimalarial Measures in England.—-Bril. Med. JI., London, no. 3048, 3lst May 1919, pp. 669-670. A brief summary of a record to be published for the War Office of the occurrence and control of malaria, imported and indigenous in England, enumerates the general anti-malarial, anti-larval and anti-mosquito measures adopted. 132 The latter measures were carried out mainly in the “dangerous areas,’ ‘Sheppey, Sandwich, and Romney Marsh. Anopheles maculipennis is the main domestic danger in England, wintering where the condi- tions obtamable are warmth, freedom from draught and disturbance, shade and food, such as in buildings where cattle and other domestic animals are housed, and during summer in human dwellings. Stables, cowsheds, and pig-sties, by means of repeated operations, including the destruction of cobwebs and whitewashing, have been cleared of mosquitos in winter, those not actually destroyed being unable to withstand the winter temperatures outside. Where “ myriads” were recorded on 4th March 1918, 6 were found with difficulty on 4th March 1919. In districts under observation, but where no measures were taken, the prevalence of A. maculipennis in 1917, 1918 and 1919 has not varied. Prevention of larval development in Sandwich has entailed opera- tions on notoriously infested waters together with the maintenance of more than 20 miles of dykes drained and free from weeds, all this being within the camp area and in intimate relation to an aggregation of some 30,000 men, harbouring a carrier volume not readily ascertain- able. The result of these combined operations has been a rarity of A. maculipennis within military quarters, absence of larvae from treated dykes, and a record of 6 indigenous cases in 1918 as against 69 in 1917, these 6 resulting in a local defect in detail. In Sheppey, where such thorough measures could not be carried out, the reduction has been from 68 to 34 military cases, and from 35 to 14 among civilians. Mosquito prevalence and conditions for indigenous infection similarly existed both in 1917 and 1918, but the carrier population was increased in 1918. Where general measures were adopted, but when control was more accurate, the scattered occurrences were 26 in 1917 and 24 in 1918. Where sanitary measures were added to the scheme of prevention, as in Sheppey, the cases were reduced from 103 in 1917 to 45 in 1918. Wasupurn (F. L.) & Howarp (C. W.). Household Inseets.—Office of Minnesota State Entomologist, Univ. Farm, St. Paul, Cire. no. 44, 15th October 1917, 14 pp., 7 figs., 1 plate. [Received 28th May 1919.] This paper, which is compiled from previous circulars, includes the usual measures for dealing with bed-bugs and fleas. Macris (J. W.8.). Two Parasites of Naja nigricollis—Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., Inverpool, xiii, no. 1, 12th May 1919, pp. 23-30, 1 plate. Trypanosoma voltariae, sp. u., and Plasmodium mesnili, Bouet, both found in the blood of a snake, Naja nigricollis,m the Gold Coast, are described. Evans (A. M.). On the Genital Armature of the Female Tsetse-fiies - (Glossina).—Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., Liverpool, xiii, no. 1, 12th May 1919. pp. 31-56, 18 figs. This paper contains a general account of the morphology of the female armature of the tsetse-flies with a description of the technique 133 employed. A table for distinguishing on these characters the three groups as represented by G. morsitans, G. fusca and G. palpalis is given, with a key to the species in the G@. fusca group. A comparison is made between the external female armature of G. fusca and Calliphora erythrocephala. G@. submorsitans, Newst., G. pallidipes, Aust., and G. longipalpis, Wied., were examined, but do not exhibit any marked features dis- tinguishing their armature from that of G. morsitans. Brain (C. K.). Report on Typhus Conditions in Native Dwellings.— Union S. Africa, Dept. Agric., Pretoria, Loc. Ser. 57, 1919, 20 pp. 6 figs. Owing to the prevalence of typhus among South African natives there is urgent need for far greater attention being paid to the con- ditions under which they live in the proximity of Europeans. The conclusions arrived at from an inspection of native dwellings are that the body-louse, Pediculus humanus, is the most important if not sole means of conveying the infection. When a locality is freed from this vermin the disease disappears. Typhus is more prevalent in the winter owing to crowding indoors for warmth, which facilitates the rapid migration of lice from one person to another. Bed-bugs, fleas, flies and mosquitos do not exhibit any connection with the transmission of the disease. The abundance of lice and other insect vermin is closely associated with unwholesome conditions of native dwellings and their surroundings, so that a serious effort should be made to improve this state of affairs. It is suggested that heat should be used for the treatment of blankets and clothing but repeated applica- tion is essential. Neat paraffin is recommended as a dressing for the head followed by soap and water to eliminate the danger from fire. WaLpEN (B. H.). Mosquito Work in 1918.—18th Rept. Connecticut State Entomologist for 1918, Conn. Agric. Expt. Sta., New Haven, Bull. no. 211, 1919, pp. 337-340. [Received 5th June 1919. | No new mosquito work was carried out during the year. The severe storm occurring in the autumn of 1917 caused much damage to existing structures, and owing to the scarcity of labour only such work as was absolutely necessary was done in order to maintain the former constructions in good repair and working order. Details of this work carried out in various localities are given. Townsend (C. H. T.). Oviposition of Rhinogastrophilus nasalts, L.— Canadian Entomologist, London, Ont., li, no. 5, May 1919, p. 120. Referring to a criticism of a note on the oviposition of Gastrophilus (Rhinogastrophilus) nasalis, L. [see this Review, Ser. B, vil, p. 58], the author insists that his observations [see this Review, Ser: B, vi, p. 189] are absolutely correct. He remarks: “In repeated instances I saw the fly strike at the muzzle of the horse just as I have described. While the egg of nasalis is easily to be distinguished from that of intestinalis, I still maintain that both are practically the same size 134 and shape as compared with that of haemorrhoidalis. IT also still believe that my tentative conclusions as to the method of oviposition are extremely probable. As to the observations recorded, they are not inaccurate in any sense.” CLEARE (L. D.). Mosquitoes: How they live, how they spread Disease, and how to destroy them.—J1. Brit. Guiana Bd. Agric., Georgetown, xii, no. 1, January 1919, pp. 19-35, 8 figs. [Received 5th June 1919.] This popular paper, compiled largely from recent literature on the subject, gives a general account of the commoner mosquitos, their connection with disease and recommendations for their control. Species of Culex, Anopheles and Stegomyia are abundant in British Guiana and two of the diseases carried by them, malaria and filaria, are prevalent. No outbreak of yellow fever has occurred in the Colony since 1885, though its transmitter, Stegomyia fasciata, is probably the commonest mosquito in Georgetown and 1s important in view of the possible re-introduction of the disease. Malaria was the cause of 1,436 deaths in the Colony in 1917, or 15:1 per cent. of all the deaths, as well as a great deal of illness and loss of labour. While the number of deaths caused by filariasis 1s not so large, some 13 to 15 per cent. of the native population and about 25 per cent. of the primary school children in Georgetown have been found to be suffering from it. D’EMMEREZ DE CHaRMoy (D.). Poultry in Mauritius: Their Diseases, Breeding and General Management.—Mauritius Dept. Agric., Port Louis, Bull. no. 12, December 1918, pp. 26-28, 1 plate, [Received 10th June 1912.] The external parasites causing disease among poultry in Mauritius include the mites, Sarcoptes mutans and Dermanyssus sp., and lice such as Goniocotes abdominalis. Animportant pest of ducks isa large Acarid, Hylothyrus coccinella, which lives in shady and moist places under stones and vegetable refuse. A volatile substance with a very penetrating édour which acts on the nasal tissues exudes from it. Contact of the insect with the mucus membrane of the mouth causes violent imflammation, usually ending in death after a few hours, and the rearing of ducks is impossible in localities where this Acarid abounds. Vetu (H.). Trypanosomiase des Chevaux du Maroc. Guérison de la Maladie expérimentale du Chien par lOsarsan. [‘Trypanosomiasis of Horses in Morocco. Experimental Cure of the Disease in Dogs by Osarsan.]—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 5, 14th May 1919, 220-223. Experiments, which are described in detail, have led to the conclusion that Trypanosoma marocanum is susceptible to a series of injections of osarsan in strong doses. A dog can stand doses of 1/10 grams per 1000 grams, repeated at 7 to 9 days’ interval. Prolonged observation alone will determine the value of this drug as producing a definite cure. 135 Frytaup (J.) & Genpre(E.). Sur la Résistance des Larves de Culicides dans les Eaux picriquées.— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 5, 14th May 1919, pp. 231-234. One of the authors, visiting a melinite factory in July 1918, was surprised to find Anophelines breeding in water heavily tainted with sludge from the factory. The brown tinge of the water made it appear unlikely to harbour any fauna, while it had beén considered certain that the presence of the sediment in the water would prevent Anophelines from breeding and would be, in fact, a guarantee against any possibility of the presence of malaria. Having discovered the possibility of breeding in such media, experiments were undertaken to determine the resistance of the larvae in solutions of picric acid at various degrees of concentration, and to work out a suitable treatment for the reservoirs in melinite factories. A solution of 1 part picric acid in 80 parts water was chosen and this was used in varying dilutions on larvae of Anopheles bifurcatus, A. maculipennis, Culex pipiens and Theobaldia (C.) annulata. A. maculipennis can withstand a stronger solution than A. bifurcatus, the larvae apparently being scarcely inconvenienced by dilutions stronger than 1/500. The larvae of Culex are more resistant and lived for several days in a dilution of 1/50. It is quite probable that the resistance is greater when the larvae, instead of being plunged suddenly into a picric solution, develop in this medium from their birth, and they can certainly stand a greater strength when it is added gradually. It was noticed that all the larvae of A. maculipennis recovered from the tainted water of the factory were small in size, indicating perhaps that the majority of them die before reaching maturity, or it may be that metamorphosis is accelerated owing to the unfavourable medium. It is possible that in time a dwarf race might develop which would be still more resistant. As regards the poisonous effect of picric acid alone, without reckoning any other substance present in the sediment, it is necessary to use at least one part of pure picric acid to 8,000 parts of water. ScuweEtz (J.). L’Identité des Conditions géo-botaniques des Gites a Pupes de la Gi. palpalis, de la Gl. fusca, de la Gl. brevipalpis, de la Gl. pallidipes, et de la Gl. morsitans.—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 5, 14th May 1919, pp. 234-238. While some records have been published of the haunts of the pupae of Glossina palpalis and of G. morsitans, very little seems to be known about the favourite breeding-places of G. brevipalpis, G. pallidipes and G. fusca. The author has been studying these five species during 1916-1918 in the north of the province of Katanga (Belgian Congo), and gives a preliminary résumé of his observations. Pupae of two and even three species have been found together, indicating ‘that identical or very similar spots are chosen for the deposition of larvae. The absolutely essential conditions for pupae of all species of Glossina are (1) dry, loose soil, and (2) shade. Local conditions force the flies to a certain adaptation, and thus a difference appears to exist at first glance between the breeding-places of various species. But this apparent difference is due only to the fact that the various species choose their habitat with a view to the special vegetation necessary to them. G. palpalis breeds on the wooded banks of waterways’ 136 and it is in favourable spots on these banks that the pupae are found, wherever possible in pure sand or otherwise in sand mixed with earth, or in soil only, provided that it is sufficiently loose. When the wooded belts beside rivers or streams are inhabited by G. brevipalpis or by G. fusca, their pupae are found in similar situations to those of G. palpalis, and may even occur with them. G. morsitans, while it does not avoid the neighbourhood of water if the foliage is not too dense, generally prefers a large area of moderately wooded land, even without water, and the same may be saidof @. pallidipes. G. brevipalpis, while preferring the forest belts beside the rivers, adapts itself also to the haunts of G. morsitans and G. pallidipes. G. fusca inhabits only large tracts of forest and does not seek water. Isolated individuals or groups of pupae may at any time be found under any favourable conditions, but there are certain preferred positions where they are most surely to be found. These are large trunks of felled or uprooted trees lying horizontally or slightly obliquely, whether living or dead. Low-growing vegetation also has some influence on the choice of breeding-places. It must not be too dense or the fly cannot find a suitable spot owing to the numerous small roots binding the soil together, and it must not be absent because, although sufficient shade might be provided by surrounding trees, the flies would not have the necessary support at the moment of expulsion of the larvae. Pupae have, however, occurred without vegetation where the branches of trees are sufficiently near to the ground, and have also been found on the ground itself, immediately under dead leaves. VAN DEN Heoxuovut (M. A.). Du Traitement de la Gale sarcoptique chez le Cheval. [Treatment of Sarcoptic Mange in Horses.]— Ann. Méd. Vét., Brussels, Ixiv, no. 3-4, March-April 1919, pp. 112-115. [Received 23rd June 1919.] Mange in horses is communicated directly by contact with infected animals or indirectly by contact with harness, vehicles and other objects that have been in close proximity to infested animals. These should be treated with milk of lime, which can be used for stable walls, etc., and concentrated creoline solution for harness and objects that are too valuable to burn. The life-history of the mite [Sarcoptes scabier equi] is briefly given. The treatment recommended as being efficacious, as well as easily applied, is the rubbing in by means of a hard brush, so as to penetrate through the skin into the burrows of the following ointment: carbonate of soda, water, brown soap, sulphur and creoline one part by volume of each. The carbonate of soda is dissolved in water and the other ingredients added in the above order to form a liquid paste. Before use the paste should be well stirred and diluted with 5 parts by volume of water. Each treatment should be continued for about half an hour, after which the horse should be well washed down with clean water and dried. The treatment should be repeated 4 times at intervals of.3 to + days. One of the advantages of this treatment is that it does not cause shedding of the coat. NOTICES. Secretaries of Societies and Editors of Journals willing to exchangs their publications with those of the Bureau, are requested to com- municate with the Assistant Director. The Subscription to the Review is 12s. per annum, post free; or the two series may be taken separately, Series A (Agricultural) being 8s., and Series B (Medical and Veterinary), 5s. per annum. All orders and subseriptions should be sent direct to the Assistaat Director, Imperial Bureau of Entomology, 89, Queen’s Gate, London, $.W. 7, or through any bookseller. ) x SA Ran Se A Ninety RT AR Yn AS J aa ; Me UE Avi OS eet ai Fag LS CNR, CONTENTS. An Apparatus for fumigating with Sulphurous Anhydride .. Ticks and Piroplasmosis of Cattle in Switzerland Trypanosomiasis among Horses in Morocco .. Trypanosomiasis of Camels and Blood-sucking Flies i in a Eitres Ticks and Piroplasmosis of Cattle in Italy sf The Use of Hydrocyanic Acid against Mosquito Larvae Mosquitos and other Blood- ee Insects in the Panama Canal Zone .. : 43 a He Tannin, hig Notes on the Gunns Demodse Notes on the TABANIDAE of the District of Commbine it S. NS Notes on the Rodent Bot-fly in U.S.A. ; The Relation of Biting-flies to Anthrax in U.S.A. .. Blood-sucking Parasites from British Guiana Notes on Oriental Diptera The Management and Construction of Dipping Tanks for Cattle . in Rhodesia . Be Hibernation of Maples Lieve in U. 8. ‘ng Spirillosis of Fowls in Serbia .. Ixodes ricinus and Piroplasmosis in Cattle i in ‘Holland: ‘Trypanosomiasis in Camels in Eritrea. . Mange in Horses in Italy The Value of Anti-malarial eG: on athe iaind of Brioni, Istria Biting Insects in the Amazon Region, Brazil Anti-malarial Measures in England Measures against Bed-bugs, etc., in Minnesota New Blood Parasites of a Snake in the Gold Coast .. The Genital Armature of Female Tsetse-flies. . “Lyphus among Natives in South Africa bie 5 Measures against Mosquitos in 1918 in Connecticut Note. on the Ovaposition of Gastrophilus nasalis in Ae ets Mosquitos and Disease i in British Guiana Parasites of Poultry, in Mauritius 5 Treatment of ‘Trypanosomiasis i in Dogs in Rroroaed:. 5 5 The Breeding of Mosquitos in Solutions of Picric ne in Franee ~ Breeding Places of Glossina in the Belgian Congo .. The Treatment of Mange in Horses in Belgium Registered at the @.P.0. for Transmission to Canada and Newfoundland by Magazine Post. VOL. VII. Ser. B.. Part 9.—pp. 137-152. SEPTEMBER, 1919. THE REVIEW BF APPLIED cant, ENTOMOLOGY.:1 | eae & SERIES 8B: MEDICAL AND VETERINARY. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY LONDON: SOLD BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 88, QUEEN’S GATE, S.W. 7. Price Gd. net. All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. Honorary Committee of Management. VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Atcook, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Major E. E. Austen, D.S.0., Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. BaasHaweE, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. Major-General Sir J. Rose BRADFORD, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., Secretary, : Royal Society. Major-General Sir Davip Bruce, K.C.B., F.R.S., AMS. | Mr. J. C. F. Fryrr, Entomologist to the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, British Museum aera History). Professor H. Maxwett Lerroy, Imperial College of Rctaned and Technology. Dr. R. Stewart MacDoveatt, Lecturer on Agricultural Entomology, Edinburgh University. Sir Jonn MoFapyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Patrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Dantet Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. NewstEap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor af Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nurrattu, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Poutron, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davip PRAIN, C.L.E., C.M.G., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Reap, K.C.M.G., C.B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N.C. ROTHSCHILD. Dr. Hues Scott, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoology, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Berar: F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Mr. R. SPERLING, Foreign Office. Sir Stewart StocKMAN, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. THEoBatp, Vice-Principal, South Kastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. her pare Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural Society of England The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions is an ex officio member of the Committee. General Secretary. Capt. A. C. C. PARKINSON (Colonial Office). Director and Boditor. Dr. Guy A. K. Maren. Assistant Director. Dr. NEAVE. Head Office.—British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 8.W. 7. Publication Office.—88, Queen’s Gate, London, 8.W. 7. 137 LEGER (M.) & Vienne (M.). Epizootie 4 Trypanosomes chez les Bovidés de la Guyane franeaise. [An Epizootic caused by Trypanosomes in Cattle in French Guiana. |—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 5, 14th May 1919, pp. 258-266. Several diseases due to trypanosomes are known to occur in South America. Mal de caderas, caused by Trypanosoma equinum, disease in Venezuela due to 7. venezuelense, a trypanosomiasis of mules imported from the United States to Panama in 1910, caused by T. hippicum, and dourine, caused by T. equiperdum, all occur naturally in horses, but no epizootic caused by these flagellates has hitherto been known in cattle in South America. The present paper describes a disease of this kind occurring in a village in French Guiana, which is said to have broken out in July and August 1918, though, in view of the slow nature of the disease, it is probable that it started unnoticed at the end of 1917. It has been impossible to trace the source of importation of the trypanosome into the village in question. The symptoms of the disease are discussed and may be described as a progressive anaemia, developing very slowly and almost always terminating fatally. Certain symptoms frequently found in other forms of trypanosomiasis are entirely absent, such as keratitis and ophthalmia, precocious paralysis of the hind quarters, pulmonary troubles, etc. The duration of the disease is not definitely known, but the mortality is more than 52 per cent., which is much higher than that known in cattle infected with other forms of trypanosomiasis. The number of trypanosomes in the blood of infected animals 1s very variable, being sometimes very numerous in those that still appear healthy, and sometimes very rare or absent during the course of the disease. It is thought that this trypanosome is transmitted by some of the numerous Tabanids that attack infected herds, although the authors have searched in vain for flagellated forms in the intestines of some of these flies. The trypanosome concerned is described. A few experiments in inoculation were tried ; a guinea-pig and a dog were both inoculated from an infected monkey, but neither animal con- tracted the disease. The question is discussed as to whether this trypanosome is identical with any of the flagellates naturally occurring in horses in South America, and a comparison is made with those previously recorded and with 7. evansi, which has not yet been recorded from South America. The conclusion is reached that the trypanosome which infects cattle in the natural state, and cattle only, in French Guiana, is a new species, the name proposed for which is 7. guyanense. DEGoyon(J.). Répartition du Paludisme dans les Territoires de Gora, Verca et d’Opara (Basse Albanie). [Distribution of Malaria in the Territories of Gora, Verca and Opara (Lower Albania).|—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 5, 14th May 1919, pp. 266-273. The distribution of malaria in Lower Albania is described, being deduced from the splenic index of 36 villages in that regior. The (C592) Wt.1921/144. 1,500. 9.19. B.& F.Ltd. Gp.11/3. A 138 mosquitos taken in the territory include the Anophelines, A. maculi- pennis, A. bifurcatus, and A. (Pyretophorus) palestinensis, and the Culicines, Culex hortensis, C. pipiens, Ochlerotatus sp., and Theobaldia longiareolata (spathipalpis). Separate tables show the distribution of these species in the various villages examined. The territory is generally but not excessively malarial upon elevated ground, but is situated between two centres of infection, Lake Malik and the deep valley of Dévoli, the endemic index rising gradually with the approach to either of these districts. It is recommended that bivouacs and cantonments should be confined to a certain altitude and that troops should not be marched along ravines after sundown. Generally speaking the region is easily dealt with by regulating the course of the streams and draining the pools that are found about their beds. On account of the general occurrence of Anophelines, even at an altitude of nearly 4,000 feet, and of their probable abundance in the wet autumn season, quinine prophylaxis and the use of individual mosquito nets should be continued until the first frosts. PatssEAu (G.). Une Entreprise d’Assainissement antipalustre au Maroc. [Antimalarial Drainage Measures undertaken in Morocco.] —Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 5, 14th May 1919,. pp. 274-287, 1 map. The Valley of Sébou is one of the most unhealthy districts in Morocco owing to the great expanse of marshy land forming intensely malarial centres. Ever since the French occupation the luxuriant vegetation due to the abundance of water has caused many applications to be made for concessions of land to be drained for agricultural purposes. In view of these, the Government appointed a medical commission to determine the chief malarial centres and the advisability of draining them, and to suggest preventive measures to be observed by those employed in the work for the protection of the general public as well as themselves. Great importance is attached to this work, which necessi- tates the drainage of nearly 247,000 acres of land and the employment of about 20,000 workmen. The plans drawn up for the medical investigations were based on the methods previously employed in Algeria, and included careful search for mosquito larvae in all types of stagnant water; these seemed in abundance everywhere, especially in the clear pools on the borders of marshy depressions. After the month of April adult mosquitos were caught in alldistricts, the majority being Anopheles maculipennis. Clinical enquiries were made, but the mortality could not be definitely ascertained. The various centres of malarial infection are described, of which the marshes and lagoons are the most important. The preventive measures for the protection of the workers necessi- tate strict supervision to prevent any contact with natives of the surrounding villages, and to enforce the use of mosquito nets. Preven- tive quininisation is a most important factor; although it will not completely protect those exposed to infection, it nevertheless greatly minimises the danger of the disease. All carriers must be removed from the working centres, for which purpose the erection of well- equipped hospitals and laboratories is essential. 139 Taytor(F.H.). Contributions to a Knowledge of Australian Culicidae, no. 4.—Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales for the Year 1918, Sydney, xlii, part 4, 27th November 1918, pp. 826-843, 4 plates. [Received 23rd June 1919.] This is a continuation of a previous paper [see this Review, Ser. A, v, p. 67]. The following new species are among those described : Pseudoskusea cairnsensis from Queensland ; Mimeteon ya doddi from Papua ; Culicada wilsoni from Victoria ; Lophoceratomyia cairnsensis from Queensland ; Uranotaenia tibialis and U. antennalis from Queens- land ; and U. hilli from the Northern Territory. A key is given to the Australian species of Anopheles, Bironella gracilis, Theo., being treated as a representative of a distinct genus. Horney (H. E.). The Diagnosis of African Equine Trypanosomiasis. —Vet. Jl., London, lxxv, no. 6, June 1919, pp. 218-225. Trypanosoma brucei, T. congolense and T. vivax are the three species responsible for equine trypanosomiasis. The disease caused by T. brucei only differs in that it generally follows a rapid course, whereas that caused by 7. congolense and T. vivax is more frequently chronic. All three are fatal. The author’s method of diagnosis is given, with tables showing the effects of infection by the different trypanosomes. Batracuta (M. 1.) & BarBard(B.). Tifus exantematico. Contribucién al Estudio de la Epidemiologia argentina.—Anales Dept. Nac. Higiene, Buenos Aires, xxv, no. 1, January-February 1919, pp. 3-46. [Received 23rd June 1919. | The history of previous epidemics of exanthematic typhus in South America is reviewed. It is known that the disease is transmitted by lice and that it only occurs within certain degrees of temperature ; in Kurope cases are known during winter and spring ; in Mexico the disease only occurs at certain elevations. The present paper reports upon an epidemic in Argentina which was investigated in July 1918, when it was found that spotted typhus had been endemic for years in the region inspected, which is situated on the river Luracatan, beneath the first ranges of the Andes. Pediculosis is general in this region, and typhus has occurred with more or less regularity in past years, most of the families there having lost some member from this disease. From the end of March to the middle of August 17 deaths occurred from the malady and 115 cases of illness, the inhabitants declaring that the mortality was no higher than usual, though the amount of sickness was exceptional. While it is remarkable that such a con- tagious infection should have persisted unnoticed and remained localised in the same region for a number of years, the explanation probably lies in the isolation of the towns concerned, which have very little communication with other parts, in the topography and climate, and in the absence of any medical authority or persons capable of diagnosing the disease. The present epidemic is considered to have been a recrudescence caused by an unusually cold season, resulting in greater crowding and contact among the very primitive population, lack of personal cleanliness, etc. (C592) A2 140 While recommending the usual measures for extermination of lice, which in that region are incredibly abundant, both Pediculus capitis and P. humanus (vestiment?) occurring, and for disinfection of clothing, buildings, etc., the authors are of opinion that a long period must elapse before the state of educational, intellectual and economic im- provement will be such that general hygiene will constitute a successful resistance to the spread of the disease. Wo.LiMAN (E.). Elevage aseptique de Larves de la Mouche a Viande (Calliphora vomitoria) sur Milieu stérilisé 4 haute Température.— C. R. Soc. Biol., Paris, \xxxii, no. 16, 3lst May 1919, pp. 593- 594. The larvae of Calliphora vomitoria are easily reared on meat sterilised at a temperature of 115° C. (220° F.), but with a higher temperature the results are not so good ; this is probably due to the fact that the coagu- lation of the constituents owing to the increased temperature renders assimilation by the small larvae more difficult. To eliminate this factor brains were used in place of meat for further experiments. When eggs of C. vomitoria sterilised with corrosive sublimate were placed in tubes containing brains sterilised at a temperature of 130° C. (226° F.) for 45 minutes, the emerging larvae thrived better than on the sterilised meat and were full-grown. at the end of the 5th day. The following hypotheses are tentatively suggested pending further investigations: (i) The vitamines of brain matter are not destroyed when heated to a temperature of 130° C. (266° F.) continued for 45 minutes. This seems scarcely probable since 120° C. (248° F.) has hitherto been considered sufficient to destroy them. (11) The larvae of C. vomitoria do not need “certain accessory factors of growth.” This is all the more remarkable in that the organism concerned is of very rapid growth, increasing by hundreds of times its own weight in a few days. (ii) The larvae themselves create vitamines from a food- substance that is devoid of them. Investigation is now in progress to elucidate these questions. BROLEMANN (H. W.). Sur quelques Culex des Pyréneés et Description d’une Espéce nouvelle-——Ann. Soc. Entom. France, Paris, Ixxxvii, nos. 3 and 4, 1918, pp. 425-440, 13 figs. [Received 25th June 1919.] A new species of Culex, C. pyrenaicus, is described from a collection mosquitos from the Pyrenees. Nacayo (M.). Mryacawa (Y.), Miramura (T.) & Inamura (A.). Ueber das Prosopon und die Nymphe der “Tsutsugamushi.’’ [The Adult and Nymph of the Mite, Leptotrombidium akamushi, Brumpt.}—Verhandl. Japan. Path. Gesellschaft, Tokyo, vii, April 1917, pp. 183-135. This is a detailed technical description of the adult and nymph of the mite carrying Tsusugamushi fever. The authors do not consider that Miyashima and Okumura are justified in adopting the name of Leptus akamushi {see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 187-8]. 141 Carpamatis (J. P.). Le Paludisme en Macédoine.—Gréce Médicale, Athens, xx, no. 13-18, July- August-September 1918, pp. 21-30. Owing to the wide tracts of marshy land and stagnant water, malaria is endemic in Macedonia perhaps to a greater degree than in the rest of Greece. The four species of Anophelines common to both regions are Anopheles maculipennis, A. palestinensis (superpictus), A. bifurcatus and A. sinensis, A. maculipennis being the commonest in Macedonia and A. palestinensis in Greece proper. The capacity of Anophelines for conveying infection is a factor to be added to those known to favour an epidemic, and in those years when malaria diminished A. palestinensis appeared to be smaller in size and of less vitality. The chief cause of _ this degeneration would appear to be severe cold in winter retarding its development. KINGHORN (A.). Plague in the Luangwa Valley, 1917-1918.— M.S. Report to the Administrator, Northern Rhodesia, dated 9th May 1918. The outbreak of plague here recorded was chiefly confined to village rats (Mus rattus), although it is not suggested that MW. norvegicus and field rats were not affected. Not uncommonly rats were infested with the larvae of a species of Cordylobia. No determinations were made of the species of fleas found on the rats. GrReEGGIO (J.). La Maladie du Sommeil dans |’ Afrique équatoriale.— Etudes, Revue fondée en 1856 par des Péres de la Compagnie de Jésus, clvili, nos. 1-2, 5th January 1919, pp. 41-64, 195-211. (Notice in Trop. Dis. Bull., London, xiii, no. 5, 15th May 1919, p. 271.) An interesting popular account is given of sleeping sickness in equatorial Africa, dealing in turn with its history, aetiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment and effect on the future of Africa. CuaGas (C.). [Host of the Trypanosoma cruzi.}—Revista Medico- Cirurgica Brazil, Rio de Janeiro, xxvi, no. 5, May 1918, p. 220. (Abstract in Jl. Amer.. Med. Assoc., Chicago, Ill., xxi, no. 12, 21st September 1918, p. 1015.) ; The author found that 45-50 per cent. of the armadillos caught in regions infested with Chagas’ disease contained the causal trypano- some (Trypanosoma cruz), which does not appear to affect them, though it is extremely virulent to man. The intermediate host, the bug, Triatoma (Lamus) megista, may possibly be a parasite of the armadillo. Darutna (8S. T.). Sobre algumas Medidas anti-malaricas em Malaya. [Some Anti-malarial Measures in Malaya.}—Annaes Paulistas Medicina e Cirurgia, Sao Paulo, ix, no. 12, December 1918, pp. 265-274, 3 plates. This is a description of some of the measures, chiefly concerned with drainage, employed against malaria in Malaya. 142 Kopayasul (H.). Chosen no Hai (Daiichi Hokoku). [Flies in Korea. Report I.]—Chosen Igakukwai Zasshi [Journal of the Korean Medical Society], Seoul, no. 24, 12th April 1919, 29 pp. This report is the result of observations made on house-frequenting flies in Korea during 1916-1918. These flies (amounting to 400,000 individuals) were collected in the city of Seoul; the total numbers and percentages of all the species captured are shown in the form of tables for each year. Though according to the author’s observations made in Tokyo in 1912-13 the maximum emergence of the house-fly [Musca domestica] was attained in July and August in Japan, in Korea this occurs in May, June and July and in August it diminishes, while in September it increases. In other words it appears that in Korea the prevalence of the house-fly does not coincide with the increase of temperature, a fact that is contrary to the results found by many investigators in other parts of the world. Other house-frequenting flies however appear abundantly in the months of July and August. In Seoul, the species that oviposit in the latrines are :—Muscina stabulans, Fall., Fannia canicularis, L., Sarcophaga carnaria, L., Ophyra nigra, Wied., Musca autumnalis, DeG. (corvina, L.), and occasionally Musca domestica, L., and Lucila caesar, L. Latrines that are exposed to the sunshine produce more flies than those in the shade. Trico (P.). El Bano de las Ovejas. [Sheep Dips.|—Gaceta Rural, Buenos Aires, xii, no. 143, June 1919, pp. 735-745, 3 figs. Detailed instructions are given, with a plan and sectional drawings, for the construction of a dipping apparatus for sheep. Doren (8. B.). Report of the Department of Entomology.—Ann. Rpt. Board of Control for the Fiscal Year ending 30th June 1918, Agric. Expt. Sta. Univ. Nevada, Reno, 1919, pp. 16-18, 2 figs. Owing to the abundance of biting flies injurious to cattle on the pastures of Nevada and California, investigations have been made, which have led to the conclusion that most of the annoyance is caused by a horse-fly, Tabanus phaenops. The females rest in dry grass during the late afternoon and early morning hours, obtaining their food during the hot part of the day partly from the blood of cattle and horses. The eggs are laid in short grass over swampy meadow lands ; the emerging larvae drop to the ground and mature in the mud during the course of one or more years. As no possible method of control, either by the introduction of parasitic insects or by artificial means, has yet been discovered, a change from ranching to farming is appar- ently the only way to exterminate this pest. Masoccut (D.). Il Demodex folliculorwm sulla Pelle dei Leprosi. [D. folliculorum on the Skin of Lepers.|—Revd. R. Accad. Sci., Bologna, New Series, xviti, 1913-1914, pp. 107-108. [Received 18th August 1919.] Investigation as to the relation of Demodex folliculorum to Bacillus leprae has shown that this mite was present in only four out of the 143 seven cases of leprosy studied. The author believes that it is possible that D. folliculorum distributes the virus of leprosy on the patient himself and that it may perhaps also transmit the disease to healthy individuals. OESTERLIN (E.). Erfahrungen tiber den mechanischen Schutz gegen Malaria. [Practical Knowledge relating to Mechanical Protection against Malaria.]—Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Trop. -Hyg., Leipzie, xxii, no. 3, February 1919, pp. 49-57. On his appointment as Malaria Inspector at Durazzo early in 1917 the author was led to adopt mechanical measures of protection against mosquitos as the only workable method under the conditions then obtaining in Albania. Individual protection was found to be useless, as the men often lacked either the intelligence or the will, or both, to employ nets in a proper manner. Mass protection was successful, either in the form of an indoor cage enclosing a raised wooden platform accommodating a number oi sleepers, or in that of a similar, but larger cage, erected out of doors under a weather-proof roof. In both cases the height was 2 metres, allowing free movement but making it difficult for mosquitos that entered to escape capture. Doors with a well-fitting frame were used, double doors being provided for the outdoor building. The latter could house 100 men and was divided lengthwise by a passage, and each half was again divided into 2 sections for 25 men each. This sub-division enabled any intruding mosquitos to be easily caught. Paper netting was the material used ; this proved superior to the ordinary article in many ways and was remarkably resistant to rain. Stkora (H.). Zur Kleiderlaus-Kopflausfrage. [The Body- and Head- Louse Question. ]—Arch. f. Schiffs- u. Tropen-Hyquene, Lerpzic, xxii, no. 4, February 1919, pp. 65-67. In a previous paper it was stated that normal Pediculus capitis fed on the arm for several generations attained the average dimensions of P. humanus (vestimentt) [see this Review, Ser. B, vi, p. 191]. This has now been found to be incorrect. If the length of the femur in the foreleg in the male and the number of rows of abdominal muscles (2 in P. humanus and in | P. capitis) mm the female be accepted as reliable and constant characters, the indefi- niteness of other characters and the variability in size is to be explained by the presence of the crosses between the two which make the mor- phological identification of a single individual quite impossible. An examination of the host and of the largest possible number of parasites is necessary to determine the species present. Rickettsia pediculi, which sometimes occurs in P. humanus, was never found in P. capitis. In crosses positive findings of Rickettsia were noted on several occasions. Traitement de la Gale des Pattes de Volailles. {Treatment of Mange in the Feet of Domestic Birds.]—La Vie Agricole et Rur., Paris, ix, no. 26, 28th June 1919, p. 472. Parasitic mange of the feet attacks a number of birds, particularly poultry. The disease is very contagious, but is confined to birds, and as 144 its onset is very insidious and its development very slow, it may pass unnoticed until many birds have become infested. The Sarcoptid mite causing it is frequently conveyed to the head by scratching, and often causes the death of the bird. The mites can be destroyed by the parasiticides used against other Acarids of the same group, sulphur preparations being particularly efficacious. Fowl-houses, etc., should be thoroughly disinfected at the same time with hot water containing potassium sulphide. . Laurie (D. F.). Factors Detrimental to the Poultry Industry.—J1. Dept. Agric. S. Australia, Adelaide, xxii, no. 9, April 1919 pp. 727-728. [Received 5th July 1919.] In South Australia there is a remarkable absence of many of the fatal diseases of poultry common to other countries; the majority of cases of illness that occur are due to the poultry tick, Argas persicus. Owing to carelessness on the part of poultry keepers with regard to the presence of this tick, it 1s proposed to enforce the regulations concerning it that form part of the Stock Diseases Act of 1888. Under these regulations, anyone exhibiting for sale, or offering to sell any tick-infested poultry will be prosecuted. Inspectors have the power to seize and destroy all tick-infested birds. Infested buildings should be thoroughly treated with kerosene or Pintch gas residue; where this cannot be done, they should be burned. Bourrarp (G.). Du Paludisme au Dahomey.—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 6, 11th June 1919, pp. 304-307. For many years past, Dahomey has been regarded by the successive medical officers who have been on duty there as a centre in which endemic malaria rages at frequent intervals among both the military and civil population. While the situation has improved of recent years, the troops continue to suffer far more than the civil population, the latter being more permanently and more comfortably installed and having learnt the value of daily quininisation and the use of a mosquito net maintained in perfect condition. The taking of the endemic index among the 30,000 or more natives of Porto-Novo, the chief town of the Colony, situated on the edge of a lake, shows the percentage during 1916-1917 to be a low one, averaging about 9 per cent. for the year. The percentage is much higher in the rainy season, from May to November, and reaches its maximum in July, a month of comparative dryness, but not sufficiently so to affect the numerous breeding-places of Anopheline larvae created by the heavy rains of May and June. The low percentage of cases shows that Dahomey is one of the least malarial of this group of colonies, but it must be remembered that the figures quoted are only relative, and would not necessarily be true for any other year. Numerous cases have been noticed of primary infection with schizonts of tropical malaria among very young children and adults newly arrived in the colony, while it is to be expected that an exceptionally rainy winter would result in a largely increased number of Anopheles and a consequent rise in the malarial index. It would therefore be very unwise to relax any part of the anti-malarial prophylactic measures now carried out. 145 LavERAN (A.) & Francutnt (G.). Au Sujet de l’Herpetomonas ctenocephali de la Puce du Chien et de sa Culture.—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 6, 11th June 1919, pp. 310-318, 2 figs. The authors in an earlier note described Herpetomonas ctenopsyllae, obtained from Ctenopsylla musculi [see this Review, Ser. B, 1, p. 144]. They record in the present note the culture of a flagellate from Ctenocephalus canis, the dog-flea. The organisms, thus obtained, show a great resemblance to H. ctenopsyllae, but differ in having long flagella which are absent or very short in H. ctenopsyllae. It is hoped to make experiments to discover whether H. ctenocephali is inoculable to mammals. CHaTTon (E.). Sur la Culture pure d’un Leptomonas de la Puce du Chien et sur un Caractére de ses Formes culturales qui les distinguent de celles du Kala-Azar de Souches humaine et canine. —Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xi, no. 6, llth June 1919, pp. 313-316. During the course of experiments on kala-azar in October 1918, the author examined a dog of which the fleas (Ctenocephalus canis) were infected to the extent of 75 per cent. by a species of Leptomonas. No culture could be obtained either from the marrow of the leg-bones or from the blood. In view of the number of times that fleas have been considered to be connected with the transmission of Mediter- ranean kala-azar, investigations were made upon these flagellates to determine whether they were identical with those causing kala-azar, or definitely distinct from them. The inoculation of a culture from 30 fleas into two mice gave a negative result. A pure culture of the Leptomonas from these dog-fleas was obtained, and the flagellates are described. The author is convinced, in view of these investigations, that there is no relation between the Leptomonas isolated by him from the dog-flea and the Leishmama causing canine kala-azar in Tunis. Judging from its form, the species obtained seems to be distinct from the flagellates previously described by other investigators [see preceding paper]. In the course of the discussion following this paper, in reply to the question whether in the cultures of Herpetomonas obtained from these fleas there were any cysts identical with those obtained from the rectum or the excreta of these insects, it was stated that there were present in the cultures certain ovoid, non-flagellate forms that might be the equivalent of the cystic forms; these were however very rare in the fleas examined. CuHaTTon (H.) & Bianco (G.). Inoeulations positives de Cultures de Leishmania tropica aux Geekos.—Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 6, pp. 316-322. From experiments made to discover whether geckos act as reservoirs of the virus of Oriental sore, it has been found that Tarentola mauri- tanica is infected with Leptomonas in the south of Tunisia in the proportion of 37°5 per cent., but appears to be immune in the north. It would be interesting to discover the limits of distribution of this 146 flagellate. In the case of geckos moculated with cultures of Lezsh- mania tropica, the flagellates pass into the blood and can be recovered at least 13 days after moculation. Neither Leishmania nor Lepto- monas manifest their presence by any lesion of the blood or organs, nor can they be discovered by direct examination, but only in a culture medium. Oriental sore has never yet been produced either in men or monkeys by means of Leishmania passed through geckos, though whether the virulence is actually lost by this passage is not known. Perit (G.) & TournarreE (P.). Sur la Répartition des Gites d’Ano- phéles dans 1’ Arrondissement de Bergerac (Dordogne).— Bull. Soc. Path. Exot., Paris, xii, no. 6, 11th June 1919, pp. 332-339. The observations recorded in this paper on the occurrence of Anophelines in the environs of Bergerac were made in the course of compiling the Anopheline chart of France for the Malaria Com- mission. The districts examined are described in detail and their suitability as breeding places of mosquitos discussed. Bergerac, on the right bank of the Dordogne, is intersected with a network of canals, streams and ponds, providing both running and stagnant water which is nearly always polluted and forms excellent breeding- grounds for the development of mosquitos. The banks of the river are in many places overgrown with aquatic plants and these harbour an abundant fauna of Anopheles, Culex and other Diptera. In all the breeding-places in Bergerac only Anopheles maculipennis was found, but in one spot, in the shady park of a private residence, some larvae of A. bifurcatus were taken from the fresh water of a fountain. South of the Dordogne the outskirts of Bergerac extend into a plain, where a system of small streams, more or less permanent, and many small stretches of boggy ground harbour many larvae of A. maculi- penns and A. bifurcatus, sometimes occurring together, but the former more abundantly than the latter. This plain and the valleys around generally show a greater abundance of Anophelines than the higher ground. Although A. maculipennis, the predominant species, prefers pure water, it is frequently found in soiled and polluted water in company with Culex spp. a ONES Esa ARGENTINA: Fleas infesting Pigs .. ie SC ag Sig Ao 181 ages: Arcentina: An Outbreak of Dengue is Fae 2 AE AUSTRALIA: The Aucoin for Precautions aeainkt he Spread o of we Lo ae Malaria ris si pitta! ke) sateen & AUSTRALIA : The Cattle Tick Probl. PE iy Re ie re kN AUSTRALIA: Rat Fleas in New South Wales. . Sy the eee hy ee AUSTRALIA: Poliomyelitis probably not transmitted = eee ROT ee Britisu Istus: The Occurrence of Aleurobius farinae on Gaes 183 Ragen BritisH Istms: Observations on the Horse Bot-Fly ee 186 pete BritisH Istes: The Occurrence of the Immature Sone oh of to Git ea aa Anopheles in London ie Bailie oP 1 fag ae British Istrms: The Habits. of Plies, especially of Hees breeding SE ON tits in Manure .. Mapes CMAs an CanapA: The Spread of Fuabtennn hotied in “Olitatio ae i ue 194 Bice ConGco, BELGIAN: The Relation of Game to ‘Trypanosomiasis of ese ery Domestic Animals .. : a bRSIC See Dutca East Inpirs: The Brooking Places of Anephelie ie OE: eA Mosquitos: > .. 2 “ts mi fe pag pee ea aR roe Inpi1a: The Breeding Places of Piddholoaives: zt ey ie ede tee InpiA: Proposals for the Provision of Facilities for the Study of 2a Bate Insect Parasitology ie ee ae. e Korma: The Identity of the Mite causing Japanese hives Fever. Sith 182 z ie NIGERIA: Trypanosomiasis of Cattle “és a Be een Dee : Puivippines: A New Phlebotomus .. a SS ee OS aces PuHILiprinns: Notes on Blood-sucking ean bee Oe eS EOR oe ste Porto Rico: Lyperosia irritans attacking Cattle... 9... .. «186 SOMALILAND, | ITaLIan: The Bionomies of Glossina pall dipes. oo BBO U.S.A.: The Seasonal Infection of Mosquitos with Malaria RAB ace ‘U.S.A.: Deer-fly Fever in Utah TER = : a Wan een Fumigaticn against Bed-bugs .. os =, ae hes ek SQ ‘ The Treatment of Mange in Horses .. ee guewoce ee ESS : Experiments with Insectox against House- flies RE AG a be at 192 oa The Rat as a Carrier of Diseases transmissibleto Mam... .. (192 eh “yet \ VOL. VII. Ser. B. Title-page and Index. [Issued April, 1920.] THE REVIEW OF APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY. SERIES B: MEDICAL AND VETERINARY. ISSUED BY THE IMPERIAL a BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY. / , STi gOlOP NTT HF a { MAY 18 1920 j ce Stonal Meee LONDON SOLD BY THE IMPERIAL BUREAU OF ENTOMOLOGY, 88 QUEEN’S GATE, S.W. 7. Price 1/6 net. ‘All Rights Reserved. IMPERIAL, BUREAU OF. ENTOMOLOGY. bonorary Committee of Management. VISCOUNT HARCOURT, Chairman. Lieutenant-Colonel A. W. Aucocg, C.I.E., F.R.S., London School of Tropical Medicine. Major E. E. Austen, D.8.0., Entomological Department, British Museum (Natural History). Dr. A. G. BagsHAwE, C.M.G., Director, Tropical Diseases Bureau. 3 Major-General Sir J. RosE BraDrorp, K.C.M.G., F.R.S., , Secretary, Royal Society. Major-General Sir Davip Bruce, K. C.B., F.R.S., A.MLS, | Mr. J. C. F. Fryer, Entomologist to the ee, of Agriculture and Fisheries. Dr. S. F. Harmer, F.R.S., Director, ‘British Museum (Natural History). Professor i. MaxwELL ‘Lernoy, Imperial College of Science and Technology. Hon. E. Lucas, Agent-General for South Australia. Dr. R. SrewarT MacDovcatt, Lecturer on Agricultural Hatimncany, Edinburgh University. Sir Joun McFapyean, Principal, Royal Veterinary College, Camden Town. Sir Parrick Manson, G.C.M.G., F.R.S., Late Medical Adviser to the Colonial Office. Sir Dante, Morris, K.C.M.G., Late Adviser to the Colonial Office in Tropical Agriculture. Professor R. Newstgeap, F.R.S., Dutton Memorial Professor of Medical Entomology, Liverpool University. Professor G. H. F. Nurrau, F.R.S., Quick Professor of Protozoology, Cambridge. Professor E. B. Pourron, F.R.S., Hope Professor of Zoology, Oxford. Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Davip PRAIN, C.M.G., C.LE., F.R.S., Director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Sir H. J. Reap, K.C.M.G., C. B., Colonial Office. The Honourable N. C. Roruscuizp. Dr Huvuex Scorr, Curator in Entomology, Museum of Zoolopy, Cambridge. Dr. A. E. Surptey, F.R.S., Master of Christ’s College, Cambridge. Mr. R. A. C. SPERLING, C. M. G., Foreign Office. Sir Srewart Stockman, Chief Veterinary Officer, Board of Agriculture. Mr. F. V. THropaup, Vice-Principal, South Eastern Agricultural College, Wye. Mr. C. Warsurton, Zoologist to the Royal Agricultural So iety of England. The Chief Entomologist in each of the Self-governing Dominions is an ex officio member of the Committee. _ General Secretary. Capt. A. C. C. Parkinson (Colonial Office). Director and Ldifor. | Dr. Guy A. K. MARsHALL, ZFssistant Director, Dr. 8. A. NEAVE. Head Office-—British Museum (Natural History), Cromwell Road, London, 8.W. 7. Publication Office —88, Queen’s Gate, London, S.W. 7. 197 INDEX OF AUTHORS. A reference in heavy type indicates that a paper by the author has been abstracted, Abbott, W. S., 153. Boye, G., 67. Acton, W. H., 102. | Bradley, B. 61, 187. Allen, J. A., 54, Brains Cs iKeadss. Ameuille, 79. | Brandt, F. R., 182. Archibald, R. G., 99. _ Breemen, M. L. van, 96. Arkwright, J. A., 146. | Bréthes, J., 32, 181. Brocq-Rousseau, 182. Brook, G. R., 64. Baber, E., 5. | Brooks, 7. Bacot, A., 32, 50, 72, 146. | Brown, W. G., 114. Baker, A. W., 21. Bruce, HE. A., 43. Bancroft, M. J., 112. | Brumpt, E., 160. Bang, B., 172. | Brunetti, E., 129. Banks, C. S., 193. Barbara, B., 11, 139. Buchholtz, M., 123. Buen, 8. de, 78. Barber, M. A., 97, 98. fully Be. 62: Bradford, Sir J. R., 94. NES UEneti. Ji. eet. Bardelli, P., 131. | Bushnell, L. D., 169. Barker, C. N., 11. Barret, H. P.,:22, 106. Bashford, E. F., 94. Caesar, L., 194. Bassett-Smith, P. W., 109. Caillon, L., 153. Bates, L. I., 74. | Cameron, A. H., 28, 55, 58. Battaglia, M. I., 139. | Campbell, A. W., 187. Baudet, E. A. R. F., 39. | Cantacuzéne, J., 158. Bayliss, H. A., 154. | Cardamatis, J. P., 144. Beckwith, C. S., 24. | Carpano, M., 52. Beéguet, 30. Carter, H. F., 80, 160. Bequaert, J., 117. In Carters Hey Res 178: Bertrand, G., 182, 184. Chagas, C., 141. Bishopp, F. C., 121. Chalmers, A. J., 6. Blacklock, B. 160. | Champetier, 167. Blane, G., 58, 145. Chandler, W. L., 162. Blanchard, 116. Chapin, H. A., 121. Bodet, 28. | Charmoy, D. dE. de, 134. Bodkin, G. E., 71, 129, 179. | Chatton, E., 58, 145. Bonain, 125. Clark, Hi: C.5 166: Bonne, C., 6. | Cleare, L. D., 134. Borrel, 150. Cleland: Jz, Bs 15;.61./8i5 075; Bouffard, G., 144. Nae a Core Bousfield, L., 111. le@oles FA. Ce. 70: 198 INDEX OF AUTHORS. Cominotti, L., 126. ) Fermi, C., 6. Cooley, R. A., 81. Ferraro, G., 126, 131. Cordier, E., 29. 41, 59. Ferris, G. F., 195. Cory, “EEN Sa: Feytaud, J., 122, 135. Councilman, W. T., 131. Figueiredo Parreiras Horta, P. de, Cowan, J., 101. 66. Croll) D2 G357'79: Flower, Dr. E. P., 36. Croveri, P., 158, 189. Hlw PaCeei, Cunningham, R. A., 34. Forbes, J. G., 54. Curasson, M. G., 156, 157. Foster, M. H., 27. Curlewis, A. W., 174. Foster, W. D., 115. Foulerton, A. G. R., 192. Fowler, R., 186. Franga, C., 30. Franchini, G., 145, 158, 160. Francis, E., 188. Frankenberg, 49. Frey, J. J., 128. Froggatt, J. L., 100, 124. Froggatt, W. W., 124. Darling, S. 7... 4d. Dassonville, 182, 184. de Buen, S., 78. de Figueiredo Parreiras Horta, P., 66. de Goyon, J., 137. de Graaf, J. M. H. Swellengrebel, 97, 98, 183. de Meza, J., 47. | Deegener, 49. inet eee d’Emmerez de Charmoy, D., 134. Gabbi, U,, 6. cohiba ee Gabriel, 184. Derivaux, R. C., 7. f Gallagher, B. A., 115. Descazeaux, J., 166. Galli Valerio. B.. 125 Di Domizio, G., 125, 126. ae ‘bi a "alee : Dickinson, C. G., 46. Ween era 3 Dios 12% Gp 41. Gedoelst, L., 116, 170. : 4 Geiger, J. C., 74. Dodd, 8., 15. mee Gendre, E., 122, 135. Doflein, F., 78. Gibson, A., 26. Domizio, Di, 125, 128. Gmeiner, 127 . i ( i, ) Ly ate Donitz, 19. Géldi, E. A., 28. Dore. AS Bey aie Gomes, J. F., 65 Doten, 8. B., 20, 142. @onrales Renate Dudgeon, L. 8., 102. | ‘ Gorkom, W. J., van, 39. miner EY. Goyon, J. de, 137. Tega area Graaf, J. M. H., Swellengrebel de, Dunn, L. H., 3, 10, 21, 44. 81, 98s, Tears Datton 1bo: Graham-Smith, G.5., 71, 191. Duvall ‘ 183 | Grant, J: oe 50. es arate _ Grassi, B., 156. Dyar, H. G., 22, 25, 105, 107, 196. Gray D. By | Greggio, J., 144. Kaland, C. A., 42. | Griffitts, T. H. D., 130. Ebert, E. C., 75. | Gros, H., 84, 123, Eckstein, F., 69, 173. | Grove, A. J., 110: Edie, 127. Guitel, F., 115. Edwards, F. W., 103, 164. | Guyot, R., 67. Eeckhout, M. A., van den, 136. Ks, L. van, 28. | Evans, A. M., 132. | Hadlington, J., 67. Ewing, H. E., 25. Hadwen, S., 43, 55, 80. INDEX OF AUTHORS. Hall, M. C., 74. Hamm, A. Hi., 186. Hardy, G. H., 60. Hartley, J. A., 34. Mase. “Av. 173. Haughwout, F. G., 102. Hayes, F. M., 34. Headlee, T. J., 21, 24, 90. Henry, A. K., 168. Herms, W. B., 163. Hertwig, 49. Hesse, E., 79. Hildebrand, 8. F., 162. Fol 7G. K.,, 118. Hirschfelder, A. D., 155. Hirst, 8., 127. Hornby, H. H., 94, 111. Horstman, E., 36. Horta, P. de Figueiredo Parreiras, 66. Hough, hes We jo: Howard, C. W., 132. Howard, L. O., 44. Howlett, F. M., 46, 187. Hull, M., 112, 113, 114. Hutchins, E., 109. Hutchison, R. H., 25, 164. Imes, M., 98, 104, Inamura, A., 140. Irigoyen, A. C., 181. Jack, R. W., 42, 60, 179. Jackley, J. G., 169. James, 'S. P., 110. Jarvis, EK. M., 7. Jarvis, F. E., 190. wonnspneel. He 112. Johnson, W. B., 169. Jolly, 30. Jones, H. L., 45. Kieffer, J. J., 154. Kine, Hi. H., 99; 170: King, W. W., 108. Kinghorn, A., 144. Kinoshita, 8., 101. Kerk He Bey: Kitashima, T., 44, 87. Knab, F., 25, 105. 199 Kobayashi, H., 142. Koch, A., 49. Kraus, R., 181. Krausse, A., 59. Kuczynski, 68. Laake, E. W., 121. Labbé, M. 79. | Lacaze, H., 29, 31. | Lambert, R. A., 131. | Langeron, M., 29. | Laurie, D. F., 144. Laveran, A., 145, 158, 160. Le Prince, J. A., 7, 108. Lebailly, C., 150, 153. Leboeuf, A., 51. | Leefmans, S., 116. Lefroy, H. M., 161. | Legendre, J., 16. Léger, L. 15, 16. Leger, M., 137. Leiva, L., 103. Lemaire, 40. Lentz, W., 130. Lhéritier, A., 85. Lionnet, F. E., 18. Little, A., 95, 154. Lloyd, Ll., 45. Lodge, O. C,, 56. Lomholt, 8., 172. Lorenz, F. H., 157. Low, G. C., 109. Lund, C. Wesenberg, 170. Macdonald, A., 110, 131. Macfie, J. W. S., 132. | Mackie, F. J., 101. Majocchi, D., 142. Malloch,, J. R., 196. Malone, A. E., 109. Mangkoewinoto, R. M. M., 76. Mann, W. L., 75. | Manson, J. K., 176. | Marchand, W., 63, 123. | Martoglio, 189. | Masterman, EK. W. G., 5. | Mayne, B., 185. | McAtee, W. L., 128. | McCulloch, C. C., 6. McDonald, A. H. E., 155. McDonald, R. E., 168. 200 McDonald, W., 61. McKachran, J. F., 15. McFadyean, Sir J., 166. Mellor, J. E. M., 190. Mercier, L., 150. Mesnil, F., 40. Metz, C. W., 47, 87, 153, 169. Meza, J. de, 47. Miller, D., 107. Mitamura, T., 140. Mitter, J. L., 184. Miyagawa, Y., 140. Miyajima, M., 44, 87. Miyashima, K., 182. Mohler, J. R., 35, 91, 94. Montgomery, Rh. H., 155. Moore, W., 66, 74, 155. Morris, L. M., 147. Mosier, C. A., 20, 62. Mouriquand, G., 16. Moussu, G., 188. Munro, J. W., 161. Nagayo, M., 140. Neiva, A., 65. Newham, Lt.-Col., 194. Newstead, Prof. R., 38 183. Niclot, 53. Nicolle, C., 153. : Nuttall, Prof. G. H. F., 25, 70, 72, 130, 196. O’Connor, F. W., 161. Oesterlin, E., 148. Okumura, T., 182. Owen, A. Dunley, 7. Paez, F. R., 69. Page, G. B., 192. Palmén, 49. Parker, R. R., 82, 83, 128. Parman, Do\C;, 121. Parreiras Horta, P. de Figueiredo, 66. Parrot, L., 40. Parsons, A. C., 64. Peacock, A. D., 72. Péju, G., 41, 59. Pettit, G., 146. Petrovskaia, 55. INDEX OF AUTHORS. Phipps, F. E., 159. Pickels, A., 64. Pierce, W. D., 20, 45, 91, 164. Pillers, A. W. N., 183. Pittaluga, G., 78. Plotz, H., 75. Pound, C. J., 112, 114. Pricolo, A., 131. Princes Jos len. | Purdy, W. C., 74. Railliet, A., 55. Rawnsley, G. T., 34. | Ritchie, A. H., 38, 178. Rivas, D., 1381. Robertson, W. A. N., 12. Robles, R., 159. Rodhain, J., 85, 86, 107, 117, 121, 149, 151, 160. Roos, J., 39 Roper, R., 97. Rosenbusch, F., 174, 181. | Ross, Sir KR. LL, 1277 162. Ross, W. A., 194. Rothschild, N. C., 164. | Roubaud, H., 29, 40, 79, 174. | Rousseau, L., 29, 30, 59. | Russell, F. F., 127. Saceghem, R. van, 148, 157, 188. Salmon, D. E., 115. Salvestroni, 158. Saunders, P. T., 90. Schalk, A. F., 28. Schiifiner, W., 97, 98. 183. Schweis, 20. | Schwetz, J., 80, 135. | Scott, J. W., 165. | Sen, S. K., 26. | Senevet, 40. Sergent, Ed., 40, 43, 85. Sergent, Et., 40, 43, 85, 122, 123. | Seurat, L. G., 58. | Seyderhelm, 28. Sigwart. H., 18. Sikora, H., 68, 143. Simpson, W. J. R., 53. Sinclair, J. M., 129. Smith, Dr. E. I., 35. Smith, Sir F., 54. Smith, P.W. Bassett, 109. INDEX OF AUTHORS. 201 Smith, G. 8. Graham, 71, 191. Smyth, H. G., 186. Snyder, T. E., 4, 20, 62. Sollmann, T., 75. Somerville, B. M., 175. Soulet, 167. Southon, C. E., 155. Stalder, H., 125. Stanton, A. T., 98. Steel, T., 173. Stockman, Sir 8., 17, 147. Strisower, R., 77. Swellengrebel, N. H.. 98, 183. Swellengrebel de Graaf, J. M. H., 97, 98, 183. Takatsuki, A., 118. Walbot,. Gy t2: Taylor, BF. H.¥ 12,62, 175. Taylor, J. F., 102. Teichmann, E., 126. Teissonniére, 30. Thargetta, 79. Theobald, F. V., 19, 123. Thornton, L. H. D., 176. Todd, 152. Torrance, F., 150. Tournaire, P., 146. Townsend, C. H. T., 58, 133. rico. Ps,, 142. Tullgren, A., 157. Valerio, B. Galli, 125. Valle, V., 156. 195" 76, | Van Breemen, M. L., 96. Van den Keckhout, M. A., 136. Van Ks, L., 28. Van Gorkom, W. J., 39. Van Saceghem, R., 149, 157, 188. Van Zwaluwenburg, R. H., 52. Velu, H., 86, 125, 134. Vienne, M., 137. Villeneuve, J. 99. Vincent, G. E., 162. Vieming, H., 41. Vriburg, A., 130. Walden, B. H., 133. Walter, E. V., 25. Walton, W. R., 128. Wanhill, 176. Warburton, C., 69. Warnock, J., 34. Washburn, F. L., 132. Waterston, J., 57. Watts, Ho R., 95: Weiss, A., 151. Wells, R. W., 128. Wesenbere-Lund, C., 170. Wharton, L. D., 45. White, M. J., 76. Williams, T. H., 60, 175. Wilson, J. A., 94. Winckel, C. W. F., 96. Wolbach, 8. B., 84. Woodcock, H. M., 102. Zabala, J., 174. Zwaluwenburg, R. 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Ts - = oe y hy 7 rk ae a ag a S : el a Fe iie 7 i : ; ne Caer alee) Lae , ee a iA mae - iv Ne Wie) lata - "ae Nec re abreast BAe aes aA, roe : LR, ae “thas tea 5 a ate aay ao : writ . tae ‘J fa 7 1 _ _ os Le : a ie vay we ey ia ot re is +1 va: a 7 : rt a ry ha ‘ on 5 oa aA a 7 7 Ave ara) ne iF oe Nev fj wee A me yi : —— oF _ . a > ae ns lee 7 " wart, ? sou t Valea 7 —_ — . am) fi ere : > : = Mi) BY = aes 8 ie a ; - ore t Con ent’ 7 a) ory at ene a aN a 7 203 GENERAL INDEX. In the case of scientific names the page reference is cited only under the heading of the generic name. When a generic name is printed in brackets it signifies that the name is not adopted. A. abdominalis, Goniocotes. Acalypha, Glossina palpalis brocd- ing amongst, on the Victoria Nyanza, 101. acer, Chrysoconops (see Taenio- rhynchus brevicellulus). aconitus, Anopheles (Myzomyia). Aédes, undescribed species of, in Aretie regions, 196. A édes albifasciata, in Argentina, 107. Aédes argenteus (see Stegomyia fasciata). Aédes bimaculatus, habits of larva of, in North Carolina, 106. Aédes butleri, in Philippines, 193. Aédescalopus(seeStegomyiafasciada). Aédes camposanus, sp. N., Wm Ecuador, 22. Aédes canadensis, bionomics of, in Canada, 106. Aédes cantator (see Ochlerotatus). A édes cinereoborealis, in Canada, 106. Aédes cinereus, bionomics of, in Canada, 106; in Denmark, 171; in France, 99; in Germany, 69. Aédes curriei, bionomics of, im Canada, 106. Aédes decticus, breeding places of, in Canada, 105. Aédes diantaeus, breeding places of, in Canada, 105. A édes ( Heteronycha) dolosa, in Argcn- tina, 107. Aédes eucephalaeus, sp. n., in Sur- inam, 22. Aédes excrucians, brecding places of, in Canada, 105. Aédes fitchi, in Canada, 106. Aédes fletcheri, bionomics Canada, 106. Aédes hirsuteron, bionomics of, in Canada, 106. Aédes intrudens, sp. n., breeding places of, in Canada, 105. Aédes lazarensis, breeding places of, in Canada, 105. Aédes lynchit, possibly a synonym of A. dolosa, 107. of, in Aédes (Ochlerotatus) nearcticus, sp. n., in Arctic regions, 196. Aédes pionips, breeding places of, in Canada, 105. Aédes poliochros, in Canada, 106. Aédes prodotes, breeding places of, in Canada, 105. Aédes pullatus, bionomics of, im Canada, 106. Aédes punetor, Canada, 105. Aédes riparius, in Canada, 106. Aédes sollicitans (see Ochlerotatus). Aédes spencert, bionomics of, in Canada, 106. Aédes sylvestris, not exhibiting ther- motropic reaction, 63. Aédes tharteri, sp. n., brecding places of, in Grenada, 105. Aédes thelcter, sp. n., 1 Texas, 22. Aédes trichurus, bionomics of, im Canada, 106. Aédes vexans, (see Ochlerotatus). Aédes vinnipegensis, bionomics of, in Canada, 106. Aédes whitmorei, sp. n., in Colombia, 21. Aédomyia squamipennis, breeding places of, in British Guiana, 105; in Panama Canal Zone, 127. Aegean Islands, mosquitos and malaria in, 147-149. aegyptium, Hyalomma. aeratipennis, Culicoides, affinis, Gam busta. Africa, Oestrids of, 116, 117, 170; Passeromyia heterochaeta, ifest- ing birds’ nests in, 121; history bionomics of, in of sleeping sickness rooy, ati trypanosomiasis of domestie animals in, 85, 111, 139, 149, 188. Africa, East, notes on Choeromyia from, 86; insect-borne diseases in, 7, 107, 155; bionomics and control of Ornithodorus moubata in, 1541, 176; distribution of sleeping sickness in, 194. Africa, North, measures came! mange in, 157. against 204 Africa, Portuguese East, Oestrids from, 170. Africa, South, mosquitos and ma- laria in, 7; bionomics of ticks in, 18; typhus and lice in, 138. Africa, West, new Ceratopogoninae from, 80. African Coast Fever, in Rhodesia, 179; in Uganda, 109. africanus, Pharyngobolus ; Phlebo- tomus minutus ; Tabanus. agamnum, Amblyomma. aikenti, Oulex (Melanoconion). aitkent, Anopheles (Stethomyia). akamushi, Trombidium (Leptotrom- bidium, Leptus). Alaska, blood-sucking insects of, 195, 196. alaskaénsis, Culex. Albania, mosquitos and malaria in, 137, 143. albifasciata, Aédes. albimanus, Anopheles (Cellia). albipes, Anopheles sinensis. albipictus, Demacentor. albirostris, Anopheles aconitus. albolineatus, Pelecorhynchus. albopicta, Stegomyia. albopunctatus, Culex. albostigma, Lutzia. albotaeniatus Anopheles. albus, Staphylococcus pyogenes. Aleohol, as a palliative for mos- quito bites, 25. Alewrobius farinae, infesting horses, 183. Algae, protecting mosquito larvae against fish, 163. Algeria, measures against diseases of camels in, 85; fleas found on rodents in, 151; mosquitos and malaria in, 43, 53, 84, 99; distribution of Phlebotomus minu- tus var. africanus in, 40; Ihi- noeslrus purpureus in, 170. algeriensis, Anopheles. alogistus, Culex (Mochlostyraz). Alopex lagopus innuitus, fleasfound on, in Arctic regions, 196. Alps, distribution of Anopheles in, 16. Alsace, mosquitos and malaria in, 53, 69. aliernata, Psychoda. altiplanum, Amblyomma. allitudinis, Tomentes tenuis. Alum, in formula for protecting horses from flies, 157. Amazon, blood-sucking insects in, 131. Amblyomma, 46. Amblyomma agamum, on snakes in Argentina, 11. Amblyomma altiplanum, on llamas in Argentina, 11. INDEX. Amblyomma americanum, attacking man in British Guiana, 179. Amblyomma brasiliense, in Para- guay, 11. Amblyomma cajennense, hosts of, in South America, 11; probably carrying eggs of Der matobia homi- nis 1 Panama, 10. Amblyomma dissimile, bionomies of, in British Guiana, 71; bionomics of, in Panama, 44, 127. Amblyomma fossum, on British Guiana, 129. Amblyomma hebraewm, compulsory dipping against, in Rhodesia, 48. Amblyomma maculatum, hosts of, in Argentina, 11. Amblyomma naponense, on Dico- iyles torquatus in British Guiana, 129. Amblyomma testudinis, on tortoises in Argentina, 11. Amblyomma variegatum (Bont 'T ick), measures against, on cattle in Antigua, 90; transmitting lym- phangitis to "domestic animals in East Africa, 73; compulsory dipping against, in Rhodesia, 43. America, Central, eggs of Derma- tobia hominis, carried by Janthi- nosoma lutzi in, 66; mosquitos from, 4, 23, 24. America, North, new Chironomids from, 154; new fleas from, 121. America, South, new Chironomids from, 154; mosquitos of, 4, 23, 24; trypanosomiasis of domestic animals in, 187; typhus and lice in, 139. americana, Leishmania. americanum, Amblyomma. americanus, Tabanus. Ammonia, as a palliative for mos- quito bites, 25. man in Anaplasmosis, of cattle in Uganda, 109. Anastellorhina augur, infesting sheep in Australia, 100, 124, 187; parasitised by Nasonia brev- cornis, 100. annulata, Theobaldia (Culex, Culi- seta). annulatus, Boophilus. annuliferus, Mansonioides. annulipalpis, Anopheles. annulipes, Anopheles (Nyssorhyn- chus) ; Ochlerotatus (Culex). annulirostris, Culicelsa (see Culex sitiens). Anopheles, measures against, in Arkansas, 162; distribution of, in the Alps, 16; distribution of American species of, 22-24; key to Australian species of, 1893; in Dahomey, 144; review of, in INDEX. Dutch East Indies, 19, 183; dis- tribution of, in France, 15, 122, 146; in British Guiana, 134; breeding places of,in London,190; seasonal incidence of, in Nigeria, 169; percentage of, in Panama Canal Zone, 127; hibernation of, in U.S.A., 180; danger of intro- duction of, into New Zealand, 180; bionomics and control ot larvae of, 8, 106, 126, 127, 169, 183; subgenera of, 23; and malaria, 33, 34, 43, 61, 64, 76, 96, 98, 109, 110, 134, 144, 148, 153, 156, 160, 163, 175, 183, 185, 187. Anopheles (Myzomyia) aconitus, in Dutch East Indies, 76, 96, 98, 183. Anopheles aconitus albirostris, in Dutch East Indies, 76. Anopheles (Stethomyia) aitkent, in Dutch East Indies, 76, 1838. Anopheles (Cellia) albimanus,bree d- ing places of, in Tropical America, 24; percentage of, in Panama Canal Zone, 127; in Venezuela, 9. Anopheles albotaeniatus, breeding places of, in Dutch East Indies, 76, 183. Anopheles algeriensis, transmitting filariasis in Tunis, 58. Anopheles annulipalpis, in Argen- tina, 23. Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) annu- lipes, and malaria in Australia, 61, 175, 187. Anopheles (Arribalzagia) apicima- cula, in Central America, 23; percentage of, in Panama Canal Zone, 127. Anopheles (Cellia) argyrotarsis, breeding places of, in Tropical America, 23; percentage of, in Panama Canal Zone, 127; in Venezuela, 69. Anopheles atropos, distribution of, inv Uas-A., 23% Anopheles (Coelodiazesis) barber, breeding places of, in U.S.A., 23. Anopheles barbirostris, and malaria in Dutch East Indies, 76, 96, 97, 98, 183. Anopheles barbirosiris var. pallidus, n., breeding places of, in Dutch East Indies, 183. Anopheles (Dendropaedium) bellator, in Trinidad, 28. Anopheles bifurcatus, 42; in the Aegean Islands, 148; in Albania, 138; distribution of, in the Alps, 16; in Alsace, 53, 69; habits of, in Britain, 33, 65, 110, 190; bio- nomics of, in Denmark, 172; bionomics of, in France, 41, 205 59, 99, 122, 146; in Germany, 69; in Italy, 156; breeding places of, in London, 190; in Macedonia, 78, 141; effect of hydrocyanie acid on, 126; effect of picric acid on, 135. Anopheles (Kerteszia) boliviensis, in Bolivia, 23. Anopheles (Cellia) braziliensis, im Brazil, 24. Anopheles chaudoyei, distribution of, in North Africa, 84, 128. Anopheles claviger (see A. maculi- pennis). | Anopheles costalis, at Khartoum, 111; infesting houses in Nigeria, 169. | Anopheles erucians, bionomics of, in U.S.A., 23, 47-49, 74, 88, 130, 153, 169, 185; hibernation of, 130; food of larva of, 169; sea- sonal infection of, with malaria, 185. Anopheles (Dendropaedium) cruzi, 253 im Brazil, 23. Anopheles eiseni, breeding places of, in Tropical America, 23. Anopheles (Chagasia) farjardi, in Brazil, 23. Anopheles fuliginosus, East Indies, 76, 96. Anopheles funestus, infesting houses in Nigeria, 169. Anopheles gigas, supposed larva of, in Dutch East Indies, 183. Anopheles (Myzorhynchella) gilesi, in Brazil, 23. Anopheles (Cycloleppteron) grabhami, breeding places of, in Greater Antilles, 23. Anopheles (Dendropaedium) hyle- philus, in Central America, 23. Anopheles (Arribalzagia) intermedius, in Brazil, 28. Anopheles jamest, in Dutch East Indies, 76, 96. Anopheles karwari, breeding places of, in Dutch East Indies, 184. Anopheles kochi, and malaria in Dutch East Indies, 76, 96, 97, 184. Anopheles (Neomyzomyia) leuces- pane breeding places of, in utch East Indies, 76, 184. Anopheles. ludlowi, and malaria in Dutch East Indies, 76, 96, 97, 97, 98, 184. Anopheles lukisi, a possible carrier of Baghdad boils in Mesopotamia, 102. Anopheles (Myzorhynchella) lutai, in Brazil, 23 ; Kerteszia boliviensis incorrectly identified as, 25. Anopheles maculatus, breeding places of, in Dutch East Indies, 76, 184. in Dutch 206 Anopheles maculipennts, in Aegean Islands, 148 ; in Albania, 138; and malaria in Algeria, 43 ; distribution of, in the Alps, 16; in Alsace, 53,69; and malaria in Britain, 33, 64, 109, 110, 132, 190; bionomies of, in Denmark, 172 ; bionomies of, in France, 41, 59, 79, 99, 122, 146; in Germany, 69; and malaria in Italy, 156; the | in Jerusalem, 5; breeding places | of, in London, 190; and malaria in Macedonia, 34, 78, 141; in Morocco, 1388; in Sweden, 157; flight habits of, 79; effect of | picrie acid on larva of, 135. Anopheles (Arribalzagia) maculipes, im Brazil, 23. Anopheles malefactor, percentage of, in Panama Canal Zone, 127. Anopheles (Arribalzagia) medio- punctatus, in Brazil, 23. Anopheles (Myzomyia) minimus, in Dutch East Indies, 76, 184; in Philippines, 193; larva of, | 184 Anopheles myzomyifactes (see A. lurkhudi). Anopheles (Dendropaedium) neivat, in Panama, 28. Anopheles nigripes (see A. plum- beus). Anopheles (Myzorhynchella) nigri- tarsis, in Brazil, 238. Anopheles (Stethomyia) nimbus, in South America, 23. Anopheles occidentalis, of, in Canada, 106; bionomics breeding | places of, in North America, 23; | of Al. considered a quadrimaculatus, variety 163. Anopheles palestinensis (sergenti), | Albania, 188; and malaria in Macedonia, 29, 34, 78, 141; in the Sahara, 123; hibernation of larva of, 29. Anopheles (Myzorhynchella) parvus, | in Brazil, 238. Anopheles (Manguinhosia) peryas-- sui, in Brazil, 23. Anopheles pharoensis, at Khartoum, 111. Anopheles (Cellia) pictipennis, in Chile and Argentina, 24. Anopheles plumbeus, habits of, in Britain, 33, 65, 110; in France, 29, 41, 59, 79, 99; in Denmark, 172; in Germany, 69; breeding places of, not found in London, 190; experimental infection of, with tertian malaria, 160. Anopheles (Arribalzagia) pseudo- maculipes, in Brazil, 28. Anopheles pseudopictus, in Rumania and Bulgaria, 78. INDEX. Anopheles pseudopunctipennis, breeding places of, in Tropical America, 23; a doubtful carrier of malaria in California, 163; percentage of, in Panama Canal Zone, 127. Anopheles pulcherrimus, a possible carrier of Bagdad boils in Meso- potamia, 102. Anopheles (Arribalzagia) punctima- cula, in Panama, 28. Anopheles punctipennts, bionomics of, in U.S.A., 23, 47-49, 74, 88, 130, 163, 169,185; hibernation of, 130; food of larva of, 169; ther- motropism in, 63. Anopheles (Neomyzomyia) punctu- latus, in Duteh East Indies, 76, 96, 97, 184. . Anopheles quadrimaculatus, biono- mics of, in North America, 23, 47— 49, 63, 74, 88, 153, 163, 169, 185 ; seasonal infection of, with mala- ria, 185; food of larva of, 169. Anopheles rossi, in Dutch East Indies, 76, 96, 98, 184; in Philip- pines, 193; two types of larva of, 184. Anopheles rossi indefinitus, and malaria in Dutch East Indies, 76, 96, 98, 99, 184. Anopheles rufipes, infesting houses in Nigeria, 169. Anopheles schiiffnert, in Dutch East Indies, 76. Anopheles sergenti tinensis) Anopheles sinensis, and malaria in Dutch East Indies, 76, 96, 97, 183; in Macedonia, 141. Anopheles sinensis albipes, in Dutch East Indies, 96. Anopheles sinensis mesopotamiae, a possible carrier of Bagdad boils in Mesopotamia, 102. Anopheles (Arribalzagia) macula, in Mexico, 28. (see A. pales- slrigi- | Anopheles superpictus (see A. pales- tinensis). Anopheles (Cellia) tarsimaculatus, breeding places of, in Tropical America, 24; percentage of, in Panama Canal Zone, 127. Anopheles turkhudi, and malaria in Algeria, 43; in the Sahara, 123. Anopheles uwmbrosus, and malaria in Dutch East Indies, 76, 96, 97, 183. Anopheles vagus (see A. ludlow?). Anopheles vestitipennis, distribution of, in Central America, 23. Anopheles walkeri, breeding places of, in North America, 28. INDEX, 207 Antelopes, ticks on, in South West Africa,» 19; Oestrids infesting, in Africa, 116, 117, 170; (seeGame). antennalis, Uranotaenia. Anthomyia, breeding in manure in British Isles, 191. Anthomyia radicum, Ichneumonid parasite of, in British Isles, 191. Anthrax, relation of house-flies to, 28; transmission of, by Tabanus atraius and other flies in U.S.A., 128. anthropophaga, Cordylobia. Antigua, measures against ticks on cattle in, 90. Antilles, Anophelines of, 23, 24; Taentorhynchus titillans im, 4. Antimony artrate, use of, against Leishmania amerscana, 109. Ants, attacking man in Sudan, 6. aphobema, Wyeomyta. apictmacula, Anopheles zagia). Aplodontia rufa, U.5-A., 124. Aponomma exornatum, West Africa, 19. arbustorum, Hristalis. Arctic Regions, blood-sucking sects of, 195, 196. Argas miniatus (see A. persicus). Argas persicus (Poultry Tick), on fowls in South West Africa, 19 ; (Arribal- new flea on, m in South raal= infesting poultry in Argentina, 11; measures against, in Aus- tralia, 67, 144, 187; measures against, in Rhode sia, 95, 154; transmitting spirillosis to fowls in Serbia, 130. argenteo-punctatus, Culex. argenteus Aédes (see Stegomyia fas- ciata). Argentina, new Chironomids from, 154; fleas infesting pigs in, 181; mosquitos of, 28, 24, 107, 181; measures against insects and disease in, 180, 181; measures against parasites of domestic animals in, 11, 174; measures against Siomorys calcitrans in, 32 ; outbreak of dengue in, 181; typhus and lice in, 139. argyrotarsis, Anopheles (Cellia). Arkansas, measures against Anophe- les in, 162; measures against cattle tick in, quSe Armadillo, infected with Try- panosoma cruzi in Brazil, 141. Arribalzagia, subgenus of Anopheles, 23. Arsenic, in baits for house-flies, 68 ; against maggot flies in sheep, 115; inte ernal treatment of horses with, against Habronema muscae, 158. Arsenical Dips, formulae for, 13, 14, 88; for domestic animals, 18, 14, 38, 52, 60, 155, 178. Arsenious Acid, in formulae for cattle dips, 18, 14; less effective than black arsenic against house- flies, 68; against horse mange, 166, 167. Arsenious Oxide, in cattle dips, 178. Ascia podagrica, breeding in man- ure in British Isles, 191. Asia, elephants attacked by Cob- boldia elephantis in, 116, 117. asperus, Ornithodorus. Assam, Simulium indicum in, 129. assinilis, Musecina. Atractodes extlis, parasite of Hy- drotaea dentipes in British Isles, ASA. Atractodes tenebricosus, parasite of Hydrotaea denttpes in British Isles, 191. atratus, Atrichopogon ; Atrichopogon atratus, New South Wales, 154. Alrichopogon atratus, var. rufiven- tris n., from New South Wales, 154. Atrichopogon auricoma, sp. n., from Colombia, 154. Atrichopogon bifasciatus, sp. n, from New Guinea, 154. Atrichopogon birét, New Guinea, 154. Atrichopogon columbianus, sp. from Colombia, 154. Atrichopogon coracinus, sp. n., from New South Wales, 154. Tabanus. sp. n., from sp. n., from Ty Atrichopogon fiebrigi, sp. n., from Paraguay, 154. Atrichopogon immaculatus, sp. n., from New Guinea, 154. Atrichopogon microtomus, sp. 2., from Paraguay, 154. Atrichopogon pallidipes, sp. n. , from Paraguay, 154. Atrichopogon peruvianus, sp. 0., from Peru, 154. Atrichopogon piceiventris,. sp. ., from Paraguay, 154. Atrichopogon sancti-lawrentit, sp. n., from Paraguay, 154. Atrichopogon sessilis, sp. n., from New Guinea, 154. Atrichopogon vestitipennis, sp. ., from New Guinea, 154. atrohirtus, Tabanus. atropos, Anopheles. Aucheromyia luteola, in Kast Africa, 86. augur, Anastellorhina (Calliphora). aureo-argentatus, Oestrus. auricoma, Atrichopogon. auriflua, Diatomineura. 208 aurifrons, Sarcophaga. | auripleura, Diatomineura. Australia, bionomies and control of Boophilus australis in, 12-14, 175, 186; Chironomidae of, 62, 154; mosquitos of, 45, 61, 139, 175; new Simuliids from, 62; bionomics of Stomoxys calcitrans in, 61; insect-borne diseases in, 45, 46, 61, 118-120; measures against parasites of fowls in, 67, 144; measures against worm nodules in cattle in, 14, 15 ; para- sites of dingo in, 173 ; parasites of pigs in, 62,175 ; measures against maggot flies in sheep, 12, 114, 124, 155; parasites of sheep in, 12, 60; supposed tick-resistant cattle in, 112, 114; filariasis in, 79; precautions against plague in, 81; danger of spread of malaria in, 186; artificial propagation of Nasonia brevicornis against blow- flies in, 100. australiensis, Ceratopogon; Culi- coides. australis, Boophilus annulatus ; De- moplatus ; Rhopalopsyllus. autumnalis, Leptus ; Musea. azurea, Phormia. B. Babesia (see Piroplasma). Baboons, relation of Glossina 36. Bacillus enteritidis, transmitted to pigs by lice, 62. Bacillus leprae (see Leprosy). Bacterium proteus X19, not iden- tical with Rickettsia, 68. Bacterium tularense, virus of deer- fly fever believed to be identical with, 188. Bacterium typhi - exanthematics, question as to identity of, with causal agent of typhus fever, 68. Baghdad Boils, relation of biting flies to, in Me sopotamia, 102. Baits, for cockroaches, 25; for house-flies, 5, 37, 56, 57, 68 ; for ground squirrels, formula for, 82. Baleri (see Trypanosoma pecaudt). Balsam of Peru, against mites | causing scabies in man, 162. | Bamber Oil, use of, against tsetse- flies, 195. bancrofti, Filaria; Simulium. barbarus, Ceratophyllus. barberi, Anopheles (Coelodiazesis). barbirostris, Anopheles. Bassia latefolia (Mohwa), odour of, attractive to Chrysomyia flaviceps, 27. Bats, new flea on, in U.S.A., 121. to, INDEX. Bay Rum, as a palliative for mos- quito bites, 25. Bed Bugs, bionomies of, in Dutch East Indies, 116; in U.S.A., 132; effect of temperature on, 20, 26, 173; not transmitting typhus, 133; bionomies of, 173; chloro- picrin against, 182; (see Cimex lectularius). bellator, Anopheles (Dendropaedium). Bembex, predaceous on Glossina morsitans and other flies in Natal, ils Benzol, effect of, on lice, 164. bequaerti, Choeromyia. berberum, Trypanosoma. Bibio hortulanus, breeding in manure in British Isles, 191. Bibio johannis, brecding in manure in British Isles, 191. bicornis, Rhipicentor. bifasciala, Palpomyia. bifasciatus, Alrichopogon. bifurcatus, Anopheles. bigeminum, Piroplasma (Babesia). bimaculatus, A édes. Birds, Passeromyia heterochaeta in- festing nests of, in Tropical Africa, 121. biroi, Atrichopogon. Bironella gracilis, considered dis- tinct from Anopheles, 139. Black-leaf 40, experiments with, against Psychoda alternata, 24. blanchardi, Kirkioestrus. Blatta orientalis, measures against in Jowa, 25. Blattella germanica (see Phyllodro- mit). Blepharis, Pangonia feeding on, in Belgian Congo, 80. Blow-flies, effect of humidity on, 57; artificial propagation of Nasonia brevicornis against, in New South Wales, 100. bocaget, Trypanosoma. Bolivia, Anophelines of, 23; Chironomids from, 154. boliviensis, Anopheles (Kerteszia) ; Palpomyia. bonariensis, Culex. bonneae, Culex. Bont-legged Tick (see Hyalomma aegyplium). Bont-Tick (see Amblyomma). Boophilus, 46. Boophilus annulatus, spread of, Australia, 175; Penang new piroplasmosis in Italy, 126; suc- cess of measures against, in U.S.A., 35, 36. Boophilus annulatus australis (Cat- tle Tick), bionomics and control of, in Australia, 12-14, 186; m Philippines, 194. ‘INDEX. Boophilus annulatus — decoloratus (Blue Tick), and piroplasmosis in Nyasaland, 47. Boophilus annulatus microplus, measures against, in Argentina, Ns Lae By fa Borax, against cockroaches, 25; experiments with, against Psy- choda alternata, 24. Borborus equinus, breeding in man- ure in British Isles, 191. borealis, Prosim ulium. Boric Acid, against cockroaches, 25. bovis, Chorioptes bovis; Demodex folliculorum ; Hypoderma; Piro- plasma ; Psoroptes communis ; Sarcoptes scabet. brasiliense, Amblyomma. Brazil, blood-sucking insects in, 131; bionomics of Dermatobia hominis in, 65; mosquitos of, 23, 24, 105; new disease of domestic animals carried by ticks in, 66; Trypanosoma cruzi in- fecting armadillos in, 141. braziliensis, Anopheles (Cellia). bréthesi, Culex. brevicellulus, Taeniorhynchus. brevicornis, Nasonia. brevipalpis, Glossina. brevitarsis, Culicoides. brisbanensis, Tabanus. British Columbia, bionomics of Dermacentor albipictus in, 2. British Guiana, bionomics of Am- blyomma dissimile in, 71; mos- quitos of, 23, 105; blood-sucking insects of, 129, 179; mosquitos and disease in, 134. British Honduras, Dermatobia homi- ' mis attacking man in, 109. British Isles, Gastrophilus equi in, 186; mosquitos and malaria in, 32-34, 64, 109, 110, 131, 160; Spirochaeta icterohaemorrhagiae infesting rats in, 70; early stages of Taeniorhynchus richiardw in, 103; insect-borne diseases im- ported into, 15; transmission of louping-ill in sheep by ticks in, 17, 147; hibernation of house-flies in houses in, 71; bionomics of flies breeding in manure in, 190-192. brucei, Trypanosoma. Bubalis cokei, Oestrids infesting, in Tropical Africa, 116. Bubalis lichtensteini, Oestrids in- festing, in Tropical Africa, 116. Bubalis major, Oestrids infesting, in Tropical Africa, 116. Buttalo, ticks on, in India, 70; lice on, in Philippines, 193. Bufo marinus, attacked by Ammbly, omma dissimile in pen Guiana, 15l- (653) 209 Bufo mauritanicus, trypanosome found in blood of, in Tunis, 153. Bufo regularis, trypanosome found in blood of, in Portuguese Guinea, 153. Bulgaria, ria, 7A butleri, Aédes. Anopheles pseudopictus C: cadaverina, Cynomyia. caecutiens, Onchocerca. Caenoprosopon hamlyni, sp. 1., in New South Wales, caerulea, Phormia. caesar, Lucilia. caesia, Oyrtoneura. cairnsensis, Lophoceratomyia ; Pseu- doskusea. cajennense, Amblyomma. calettrans, Stomoxys. California, effect of rice cultivation on malaria in, 112; measures against malaria in, 163; tent- caterpillars injurious to pigs in, 34; Tabanus attacking domestic animals in, 142. callangana, Palpomyia. Oalliphora, 40. Calliphora augur rhina). Calliphora erythrocephala, in New Zealand, 107; experiments against, in manure, 191, 192; female armature of, 133; sense reactions of, 56. Calliphora oceaniae (see Anastell- orhina augur). Calliphora quadrimaculata, in New Zealand, 107. Calliphora rufifacies (see Chrysom- Yyla). Gainers varipes (see Chrysomyia). Calliphoravillosa (see Polleniastygia). Calliphora viridescens, in Northern Canada, 196. Calliphora vomitoria, seasonal pre- valence of, in Maryland, 10; in Sweden, 157; sense reactions of) 56): larvae of, reared on sterile meat, 140. Callosciurus nigrovittatus bocki, flea on, in Sumatra, 164. Callosciurus notatus, flea found on, in Java, 164. calopus, Aédes (see Stegomyia fas- ciata). cameli, Sarcoptes scabiet. Camels, measures against mange in, 85, 157; attacked by Ornitho- dorus savignyi in Somaliland, ‘151; trypanosomiasis of, in Northern Afriea, 85, 125, 131, 156, 189. (see Anastello- new B 210 Camphophenique, fumigation with, against mosquitos, 65. Camphor, as a protection from ants, 6; fumigation with, against mosquitos, 31; oil of, as a re- pellent for mosquitos, 73. camvposanus, Aédes. Canada, measures against cattle mange in, 150; mosquitos of, 28, 105; warble and bot-flies in, 28, 48, 55; blood-sucking insects in North West Regions of, 195, 196. canadensis, A édes. Cancer, in fowls, believed to be conveyed by mites, 150. canicularis, Fannia. Canis dingo (Dingo), parasites of, | in New South Wales, 178. canis, Ctenocephalus; Sarcoptes scabiet. cantans, Culex maculatus). cantator, Ochlerotatus (Aédes). Canthon violaceus, proposed in- troduction of, into Porto Rico to destroy breeding places of Lyperosia, 186. canus, Lepus arcticus. Cape Colony, Dermatoestrus strep- sicerontis infesting kudu in, 170. Capillaria strumosa, infesting fowls in Philippines, 45. capitis, Pediculus. capreae, Sarcoptes scabiei. Carbolic Acid, in dips, 155; in spray for house-flies, 37 ; against mosquito larvae, 1, 2, 338; fumigation with, against mos- quitos, 31; fatal to Ornithodorus (see Ochlerotatus moubata, 51; for disinfecting poultry houses, 95. Carbon Bisulphide, experiments with, against Psychoda alternata, 24; for destroying larvae of Stomoxys calcitrans, 32. Carbon Tetrachloride, experiments with, against lice, 27. Carabao, lice on, in Philippines, 193. Caribou, infested with Oedemagena tarandi in Northern Canada, 196. carnaria, Sarcophaga. Carolina, North, habits of larva of A édes bimaculatus in, 106. caroliniensis, Hydrochloa. Cassia, Oil of, as a repellent for mosquitos, 73. Castor Oil, in baits and sprays for house-flies, 68, 161 ; against mag- got flies on sheep, 124; in emul- sion against mosquito larvae, 2. Cathartes wruba, Hippoboscid on, in British Guiana, 129. bionomics of | INDEX. Cats, infested with Cheiletiella para- sitovorax, 172; Demodex on, 128 ; attacked by Dermatobia hominis in Brazil, 66; attacked by Pulex writans in Argentina, 181; Rickettsia ctenocephali. found in fleas from, 68. Cattle, ticks on, in North America, 2; ticks infesting, in Africa, 7, 19; ticks infesting, in Argentina, 11, 174; parasites and diseases of, in Australia, 12, 14, 15, 46, 62, 112, 114; parasites and diseases of, in Brazil, 65; attacked by Simuliids in Denmark, 172; ticks on, in Jamaica, 38, 178; ticks on, in Mauritius, 18; mea- sures against parasites of, in Porto Rico, 52, 186; parasites and diseases of, in U.S.A., 35,. 36, 81, 82, 88, 92, 93, 94, 104, 142, 178; Demodex on, 128; repellents for flies attacking, 24, 22, 37; measures against mange in, 104, 150; myiasis in, 60, 74; piroplasmosis of, in Europe, 125, 126, 130; piroplasmosis of, in Panama, 166 ; tick-borne diseases in, and their control, 2, 7, 11, 12, 18, 19, 35, 36, 38, 52, 66, 81, 82, 83, 92, 98, 94, 174, 178, 186; supposed resistance of, to ticks,. 112, 114; dipping against ticks on, 18, 35, 36, 42, 52, $0, 92, 93, 94, 178; dipping tanks for, 129 ; trypanosomiasis of, in Africa, 30, 49, 109, 111, 156, 159, 182, 189; trypanosomiasis of, in French Guiana, 137 ; infected with toxo- plasmosis in Tunis, 58 ; measures against worm nodules in, 14, 15. Cattle Louse (see Haematopinus eurysternus). Cattle Tick (see Boophilus annula- tus). Caustic Potash, for disinfecting poultry houses, 95. Caustic Soda, in emulsion against mosquito larvae, 2. celaenospila, Palimmecomyia. Cellia (see Anopheles). cellu, Trypanosoma. centrale, Janthinosoma (see J. pos- ticata). Cephalophus sylvicultor, new Filaria infesting, in Belgian Congo, 160. Oephenomyia, in Northern Canada,. 196. Ceratophyllus barbarus, 151. Ceratophyllus fasciatus, 155; on rats in Australia, 81, 187. Ceratophyllus haesidatoris desidera- tus, subsp. n., on rodents in Tunisia, 151. INDEX. 211 Ceratophyllus idoneus, sp. 0., hosts of, in Sumatra, 164. Ceratophyllus klossi, sp. D., on Rattus inflatus in Sumatra, 164. Ceratophyllus maurus, on rodents in Algeria, 151. Ceratophyllus sodalis, sp. n., on squirrels in Sumatra, 164. Ceratophyllus utahensis, sp. N., on Steganopus tricolor in U.S.A., 121. Ceratophyllus wagneri, on Peromy- seus in U.S.A., 121. Ceratopogon, 40; in India, 46. Ceratopogon australiensis, sp. 0., | from New Guinea, 154. Ceratopogon coquilletti, sp. n., from U.S.A., 154. Ceratopogon flaviventris, sp. n., from New Guinea, 154. Ceratopogon lepidopus, sp. New Guinea, 154. Ceratepogon punctum-album, sp. N., from New Guinea, 154. Ceratopogon tropicus, sp. Costa Rica, 154. Ceratopogoninae, new, from West Africa, 80. cervi, Lipoptena. Cervicapra arundinum, Trypano- soma congolense obtained from blood of, in Belgian Congo, 189. cervus, Dicranomyia. Ceylon, Simulium striatum in, 129. Chagas’ Disease (see Trypanosoma cruzt). Chagasia, subgenus of Anopheles, 23. Chaoborus, thoracic air-sacs_ of larva of, 1038. chaudoyer, Anopheles. Cheiletiella parasitovorax, mange in man, 172. cheopis, Xenopsylla (Loemopsylla, Pulex). Chernes nodosus, breeding in manure in British Isles, 191. Chile, Anophelines of, 24. Chironomids, new from Australia, 62, 154. Chlorine, fumigation with, against mosquitos, 65. Chloroform, for treating myiasis in cattle, 60; not suitable for fumigation against mosquitos, 65. Chloromyia formosa, breeding in manure in British Isles, 191. Chloropicrin, against bed-bugs, 182; against mange in horses, 184. Choeromyia bequaerti, infesting bur- rows of Orycteropus in East Africa, 86. Choeromyia praegrandis, infesting burrows of Orycteropus in East Africa, 86. (653) n., from n., from causing Choeroporpa (see Culex). Cholera, relation of house-flies to, 28. Chorioptes, 39. Chorioptes bovis bovis, causing mange in cattle in U.S.A., 104. Chorioptes symbiotes equi, causing mange in horses in Britain, 166. | Chortophila cinerella (see Phorbia). chryselatus, Culex (Microculex). chrysidiformis, Cobboldia. Chrysoconops acer (see Taenio- _ rhynchus brevicellulus). Chrysomyia _flaviceps, odours attractive to, 27. Chrysomyia macellaria (see Coch- liomyia). Chrysomyia marginalis, fly allied to, causing myiasis in $. Rhodesia, 60. Chrysomyia rufifacies, artificial pro- pagation of Nasonia brevicornis against, 100; measures against, on sheep in Australia, 124. Chrysomyia varipes, parasitised by Nasonia brevicornis in Australia, 100 ; infesting sheep in Australia, 124. Chrysops, in Belgian Congo, 80; notes on larvae of, 123; new genus allied to, in U.S.A., 128. Chrysops dispar, in Sumatra, 164. Chrysops flavidus, in Florida, 20, 63. Chrysops plangens, in Florida, 20, 63. Chrysops signifer, im Philippines, 194. | Chrysops tristis, in British Guiana, 179. Cimex hemiptera, probably occur- ring in Dutch East Indies, 115. Cimex lectularius (Bed-bug), in Australia, 187; possibly occur- ring in Dutch East Indies, 116 ; in Philippines, 193; in Sweden, 157; effect of low temperatures on, 20; bionomics of, 173; chloropicrin against, 182. cinerea, Neotoma ; Psychoda. cinerella, Phorbia (Chortophila). cinereoborealis, Aédes. cinereus, , in baits for ground squirrels, 82. stygia, Pollenia. submorsitans, Glossina. subnitidus, Culicoides. subulata, Myodopsylla. subulatus, Myotis. Sudan, Anglo- Egyptian, ants attacking man in, 6; Coleopter- ous larvae in urinary tract of man in, 99; Oestrids from, 170. Sudan, French, trypanosomiasis of domestic animals, 156. Sugar, in baits for cockroaches, 25; effect of, on mosquito larvae, 26. suis, Haematopinus ; Sarcoptes scabiet. Sulphur, fumigation with, against bed-bugs, 20; against lice, 115, 172 ; against mites on fowls, 87 ; against. mites causing mange, 136, 157, 162, 166, 167, 175, 188; in dip against maggot flies on sheep, 115. Sulphur Dioxid>, fumigation with, against mosquitos, 65; use of, against rats, 39. (Arribal- ‘Sulphurous Anhydride, against mange in horses, 184, 188; fumigation with, against mos- quitos, 31; fumigation with, against rats, 125. Sumatra, new ficas from, 164; Tabanidas from, 164. sumatrensis, Gyrosligma. superpictus, Anopheles (see A. palestinensis). fb) | surcoufi, Kirkioestrus (IK irkia). Surinam, mosquitos from, 22; filariasis in, 41. surinamensis, Culex ; canis. Surra (see Trypanosoma evanst). Sus cristatus, ticks on, in India, 69. Swamp lever, of horses in Wyom- ing, 165. Sweden, insects and disease in, 157. Switzerland, piroplasmosis of cattle in, 125. sydneyensis, Culicoides. sylvatica, Limosina. sylvestris, Aédes. sylvicultor, Cephalophus. Syritta pipiens, breeding in manure in British Isles, 191. Syrphid Larvae, causing myiasis in man and animals, 74. Ate Tabanidae, transmitting trypano- somiasis in Africa, 109, 125, 126, Microfilaria 137, 189; carrying eggs of Dermatobia hominis in Brazil, 66; habits of, in Florida, 4, 20, 62; number of Oriental species of, 129; in Tasmania, 60; in New South Wales, 12; in Sumatra, 164; breeding places of, 123; elassification and new species of, 12, 60, 128; tzans- mitting anthrax in U.S.A., 128. tabaniformis, Glossina. Tabanus, in Belgian Congo, 80; transmitting trypanosomiasis in Eritrea, 126; transmitting swamp fever of horses in Wyom- ing, 165; notes on larvae of, 123. Tabanus africanus, transmitting trypanosomiasis in Uganda, 109. Tabanus americanus, bionomics of, in Florida, 4, 20, 62. Tabanus atratus, in Florida, 20, 63; transmitting anthrax in WESPAW AZ Tabanus atrohirtus, in Sumatra, 164. Tabanus brisbanensis, sp. 0., in New South Wales, 12. Tabanus confusus, sp. n., in New South Wales, 12. Tabanus costalis, in Florida, 63. Tabanus dubiosus, in New South Wales, 12. Tabanus edentulus, in New South Wales, 12. Tabanus flavus, in 63. Tabanus froggatti, im Wales, 12. Tabanus hackeri, sp. n., in South Wales, 12. Florida, 20, New South New 236 Tabanus laticallosus, in New South Wales, 12. Tabanus lineola, Florida, 20, 62. Tabanus lugubris, in Florida, 63. Tabanus melanocerus, in Florida, 20, 63. Tabanus optatus, in Sumatra, 164. Tabanus parvicallosus, in New South Wales, 12. Tabanus phaenops, attacking cattle in Nevada, 142. Tabanus pumilus, in Florida, 20. Tabanus quinquevittatus, in Florida, 20. Tabanus rubidus, 194. Tabanus rufoabdominalis, sp. N., in New South Wales, 12. Tabanus rufus, in Florida, 68. Tabanus striatus, in Philippines, 194. Tabanus trijunctus, habits of, in Florida, 20, 62. Tabanus turbidus, in Florida, 20, 63. Tachina, breeding in manure in British Isles, 191. Tachyorectes annectens, infected with Trypanosoma pecaudi in East Africa, 85. Taeniorhynchus brevicellulus, in Northern Australia, 46. Taeniorhynchus fasciolatus, percent- age of, in Panama Canal Zone, 127. Taeniorhynchus nigricans, percent- age of, in Panama Canal Zone, 127. Taeniorhynchus (Mansonia) pertwr- bans, bionomics of, in Canada, 106; larva of IT. richiardu resembling that of, 103. Taeniorhynchus richiardii, early stages of, in Britain, 103; in Denmark, 172; in France, 99. Taeniorhynchus (Mansonia) titillans, in Argentina, 181; in British Guiana, 79; bionomics of, in Panama Canal Zone, 38, 127; distribution of, 4; relation of larva of, to Pistia stratiotes, 127 ; not found to transmit dengue,127,. taeniorhynchus, Ochlerotatus. talaje, Ornithodorus. Tale, in formula for depilatory powder against lice, 8. Tampan (see Argas persicus). Tana tana, flea found on, in Sumatra, 164. Tannin, in spray for house-flies, 37. Tar, for protecting sheep against Oestrus ovis, 12; spirits of, against maggot flies on sheep, 124. Tar Oil, in sprays for house-flies, 37, 56. habits of, in in Philippines, INDEX. tarandi, Oedemagena. Tarentola mauritanica (Gecko), in- fected with Leptomonas in Tunisia, 145. tarsimaculatus, Anopheles (Cellia). Tartar Emetic, against trypano- somiasis in domestic animals, 94.. Tasmania, new Tabanids from, 60.. tecmarsis, Culex (Choeroporpa). Temperature, effect of, on bed- bugs, 20, 26, 173; on larvae of Calliphora vomitoria, 140; on house-flies, 57; on lice, 50, 67,,. 176; on mites causing scabies in man, 162; on development: of Plasmodium relictum m mos- quitos, 122; on stored pyrethrum,. 153. tenax, Hristalis. tenebricosus, Atractodes. tenebrosa, Cuterebra. Tent Caterpillars (see Malacosoma). tenuicrus, Palpomyia. Tephrochlanys rufiventris, breeding in manure in British Isles, 191. ternicinctus, Gastrophilus. terraenovae, Phormia. territans, Culex (see OC. hortensis). testacea, Diatomineura. testudinis, Amblyomma. Texas, mosquitos from, 22, 235: Phlebotomus attacking man in, 121; successful measures against ticks in, 94. Texas Fever, loss due to, in U.S.A., 35; measurcs against, in U.S.A... 92, 94. thaxteri, Aédes. theileri, Spirochaeta. theleter, Aédes. theobaldi, Theobaldia (see T. fumi- pennis). Theobaldia (Culex) annulata, biono- mies of, in Denmark, 1713; in France, 99; in Germany, 69; in Italy, 156; effect of picric. acid on larva of, 135. Theobaldia fumipennis, in Germany, 69. Theobaldia glaphyroptera, in Ger- many, 69. Theobaldia (Culiseta) impatiens, bionomics of, in Canada, 106. Theobaldia (Culiseta) incidens, bio- nomics of, in Canada, 106. Theobaldia (Culiseta) inornata, bio- nomics of, in Canada, 106. Theobaldia longiareolata, in Albania, 138; in France, 99 ; in Italy, 156. Theobaldia morsitans, in Denmark, 171; in France, 99 ; in Germany, 69 ; breeding places of, in London, 190. Theobaldia spathipalpis longiareolata). (see 22 INDEX. ‘Theobaldia theobaldi (see T. fumi- pennis). Theobaldinella nemorosa (see Ochler- otatus). Theobaldiomyia gelidus (see Culex). Thermotropism, in Anopheles punc- tipennis, 63. ‘Three-day Fever, and Phlebotomus papatasivt in Italy, 6. Thuja articulata, tar prepared from, for treating mange in camels, 85. tibiale, Selasoma. tibialis, Uranotaenia. ‘Ticks, hosts of, in South Africa, 7, 18; measures against, in Austra- lia, 12-14, 186; conveying new disease in domestic animals in Brazil, 66 ; transmitting louping- ill in British Isles, 17; in British Guiana, 129; dipping against, in Porto Rico, 52; compulsory dipping against, im Southern Rhodesia, 42; conveying piro- plasmosis in Switzerland, 125; toxoplasmosis transmitted by, in Tunis, 58; measures against, in U.S.A., 2, 35, 36, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 90, 92, 93, 94, 178; supposed resistance of cattle to, in Aus- tralia, 112, 1145; possible carriers of eggs of Dermatobia hominis, 10; new species of, 69, 70; dip- ping against, 13, 14, 18, 35, 36, 38, 42, 52, 90, 92, 93, 94, 178. tigripes, Culex. Tipula, breeding in British Isles, 191. titillans, Taeniorhynchus (Mansonia). ‘Toads, attacked by Amblyomma dissimile, in Central America, 71, 127; trypanosomes found in, in Tunis, 158. ‘Tobacco, in spray against biting flies, 168; against mange in horses, 39. Tomentes tenuis altitudinis, new flea on, in Sumatra, 164. Tortoise, Amblyomma testudinis on, in Argentina, 11. townsvillensis, Culicoides. Toxoplasma. Ctenodactylus — in- fected with, in Tunis, 58. ‘Toxoplasmosis, transmitted by Rhipicephalus sanguineus in Tunis, 58. Toxorhynchites regius, im pines, 193. ‘Transvaal, measures against house- flies in, 5. Traps, for cockroaches, house-flies, 5, 37. ‘Trench Fever, and lice, 453 isola- tion of virus of, 94; summary of literature of, 123; relation of Rickettsia to, 146; associated with scabies, 161. manure in Philip- 25; for 237 Triatoma megista, conveying Try- panosoma cruzi in Brazil, 141. Triatoma rubrofasciata, in Philip- pines, 194, Trichodectes latus, Australia, 174. Trichodectes sphaerocephalus (Sheep Louse), measures against, in Australia, 60. trichopus, Lesticocampa. trichurus, Aédes. Tricyclea, 122. trijunctus, Tabanus. Trinidad, Anophelines of, 28. tristis, Chrysops. Triumfetta macrophylla, Glossina palpalis breeding amongst, on the Victoria Nyanza, 100. Trombicula, in Java, 182. Trombicula coarctata, akamushi mite allied to, 87. Trombicula medioeris, 182. Trombidium. Leptus not a species of, 87; man in British Guiana, in Philippines, 194. Trombidium akamushi, Fever in Japan, 44, in Philippines, 194. tropica, Framboesia ; Leishmania. tropicus, Oeratopogon. Trypanosoma berberum, immune to, 85. Trypanosoma bocagei, found in Bufo regularisin Portuguese Guinea, 153 Trypanosoma brucei, in domcstic animals in Africa, 111, 139; possible confusion of, with T. rhodesiense in East Africa, 194, 195; tartar emetic ineffective against, 95. Trypanosoma cellii, infesting cattle in Somaliland, 189. Trypanosoma congolense, in domestic animals in Africa, 111, 139; in blood of Cervicapra arundinum in Belgian Congo, 189; tartar emetic against, 94. Trypanosoma cruzi, infesting arma- dillos in Brazil, 144. Trypanosoma equinum Caderas), infesting South America, 137. Trypancsoma equiperdum (Dourine), infesting horses in South Amer- ica, 1372 Trypanosoma evansi (Surra), in- festing camels in Northern Africa, 131, 156, 189 ; not recorded from South America, 137. Trypanosoma gambiense, 194. Trypanosoma guyanense, sp. 0, infesting cattle in French Guiana, 137: on dingo in in Formosa, autumnalis attacking 179 ; and River 140, 182; camels (Mal de horses in 238 Trypanosoma hippicum, infesting mules in Panama, 137. Trypanosoma lewisi, infesting rats, 47, 192; in New Zcaland, 47. Trypanosoma marocanum, osarsan against, 134. Trypanosoma pecaudi, infesting domestic animals in Africa, 85, 156. Trypanosoma pecorum, carried by flies other than Glossina in Uganda, 109. Trypanosoma rhodesiense, possible confusion of, with J. brucei in East Africa, 194, 195. Trypanosoma simiae, infesting pigs in South Africa, 112. Trypanosoma somalilense, trans- mitted by Glossina pallidipes in Italian Somaliland, 189. Trypanosoma venezuelense, in Vene- zuela, 137. Trypanosoma vivax, in domestic animals in Africa, 111, 139, 182; carried by flies other than Glossina in Uganda, 109; tartar emetic against, 94. Trypanosoma voltariae, sp. n., infest- ing a snake in Gold Coast, 132. Trypanosomes, innocuous forms of, in cattle in Panama, 166 ; in rats in New Zealand, 47; found in toads, 158. Trypanosomiasis, in domestic ani- mals in Africa, 9, 30, 36, 37, 42, 47, 94, 111, 125, 131, 134, 187, 139, 149, 156, 182, 188, 189; camels rendered immune _ to, 85; carried by flies other than Glossina in Africa, 42, 109, 125, 126, 131, 137, 156, 159, 189 ; tartar emetic against, 94. Trypanosomiasis, Human (see Sleeping Sickness). Tsetse-flies (see Glossina). Tsutsugamushi Fever (see Japanese River Fever). tuberculatus, Haematopinus. Tuberculosis, relation of house- flies to, 28. : tularense, Bacterium. Tunis, Anopheles chaudoyei in, 84; new flea from, 151; Leishmania causing canine kala-azar in, 145 ; parasitic Nematodes of, 58. turbidus, Tabanus. twricata, Ornithodorus. turkhudi, Anopheles. Turpentine, in spray for house- flies, 37; against maggot flies on sheep, 124. Turpentine, Oil of, against ticks on domestic animals, 8135 as a repellent for mosquitos, 73. typhi-exanthematici, Bacillus. INDEX. Typhus, and lice, 8, 45, 68, 133, 139, 157, 158; relation of house- flies to, 28; relation of Rickettsia. to, 146; identity of causal agent of, 68. Tyroglyphus, an accidental parasite of horses, 52. Tyroglyphus siro, attacking man in Kamerun, 29. U. Uganda, bionomics of Glossina palpalis in, 100; Oestrids from, 170; trypanosomiasis of domes- tic animals in, 109. umbrosus, Anopheles chus). undecimpunctatus, Culicoides. unguiculata, Uranotaenia. uniformis, Mansonioides. unilineata, Stegomyia. unizonata, Haematopota. Uranotaenia, habits of larva of, 106. Uranotaenia antennalis, in Queens- land, 189. Uranotaenia Nigeria, 169. Uranotaenia hilli, in Australia, 139. Uranotaenia tibialis, in Queens- land, 139. Uranotaenia unguiculata, hiberna- tion of larvae of, in Macedonia, 29. urius, Haematopimus. wruba, Cathartes. usquatus, Culex. U.S.A., new Chironomids from, 154; measures against parasites of domestic animals in, 44, 91,. 93, 94, 95, 104; insects affecting man and animals in, 443 experi- ments in the dispersion of flies. in, 121; measures against house- flies in, 37; household insects in, 132; measures against lice in, 74, 753; measures against mosquitos and malaria in, 5, 7, 11, 23, 47-49, 63, 74, 75, 76, 87-90, 106, 108, 130, 133, 153, 162, 168, 178, 185; measures against parasites of poultry in, 87, 115, 169; bionomics and control of Psychoda alternata in, 24, 90; measures against ticks in, 2, 35, 36, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84,. 90, 92, 93, 94, 178; new Tabanid from, 128; development of medi- cal entomology in, 915; (see under separate States). Utah, deer-fly fever probably an insect-borne disease in, 188. ulahensis, Ceratophyllus. (Myzorhyn- coeruleocephala, im INDEX. N: vaginalis, Lonchaea. vagus, Anopheles (see A. ludlowi). vartabilis, Dermacentor. variegatum, Amblyomma. vartolosus, Oestrus. varipes, Chrysomyia (Calliphora). Venezuela, Anophelines of, 23; eggs of Dermatobia hominis carried by Janthinosoma lutzi in, 66; mos- aquitos and malaria in, 69 5 trypanosomiasis of domestic ani- mals in, 137. venezuelense, Trypanosoma. ventricosus, Pediculoides. venustus, Dermacentor. verreauat, Leptotila. vestitipennis, Anopheles ; pogon. Veterinary Science, importance of, in War, 54. veterinus, Gastrophilus. vetustissima, Musea. vexans, Ochlerotatus (Aédes, Culex, Culicada). vexator, Phlebotomus. victoriae, Simulium. vigiax, Ochlerotatus (Culicelsa). villosa, Calliphora (see Pollenia stygia). villosipes, Culicoides. vinnipegensis, Aédes. violaceus, Canthon. Virgin Islands, notes on mosquitos in, 108. viridescens, Calliphora. vittata, Stegomyia. vivax, Plasmodium ; Trypanosoma. viviparus, Crossocephalus. Volhynian Fever, transmitted by lkcen Wire Rickettsia bodies found in, 68. voltariae, Trypanosoma. volvulus, Filaria (Microfilaria) Onchocerca. vomitoria, Calliphora. vulturis, Pseudolfersia. W. Atvricho- wagneri, Ceratophyllus. walkeri, Anopheles. Wapiti, Dermacentor albipictus on, in Canada, 2. Wart-Hog, Ornithodorus moubata associated with, 151; a supposed reservoir of Trypanosoma simiae, 112. Weil’s Disease (see icterohaemorrhagiae). wetmorei, Stenoponia. Spirochaeta 239 Whale Oil, in emuls on mosquito larvae, 2. whitmorei, Aédes. Wildebeeste, Oestrids infesting, in Africa, 170. wilsoni, Culicada. wolhynica, Rickettsia. Wood Tick (see Dermacentor albi- pictus). Worcesteria grata chites regius). Wyeomyia, percentage of,in Panama Canal Zone, 127. against (see Toxorhyn- Wyeomyia aphobema, Spe ik, an Surinam, 22. Wyeomyia fauna, sp. n., from Panama Canal Zone, 105. Wyeomyia prolepidis, sp. n., from Panama Canal Zone, 105. Wyoming, measures against swamp fever of horses in, 165. >. Xanthates, effect of, on mosquito larvae, 46. xanthoceras, Culicoides. Xenodon merremit, Amblyomma aga- mum on, in Argentina, 11. Xenopsylla cheopis (Plague Flea), 155; on rats in Australia, 81, 187; on rats in British Guiana, 129; in Philippines, 194. NG Yellow Fever, measures against, in Central America, 96; not of recent occurrence in British Gui- ana, 1384; and Slegomyia fasciata. in Ecuador, 162; in Nigeria, 64, 169; not known to be carried by Stegomyia fasciata (persistans) in Philippines, 102; danger of introduction of, mto New Zea- land, 180. Z. Zanzibar, Oeslrus ovis from, 170. Zebra, ticks on, m South West Africa, 19; infested with Crosso- cephalus vivriparus, 154; Oestrids: infesting, in Africa, 170. zeleci, Culex (Melanoconion). Zine Oxide, in formula for depila- tory powder against lice, 8. sonata, Pangonia. Zululand, trypanosomiasis Glossina in, 37. and A . _ ‘ t ~ =. 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